Global Studies Directory : People, Organizations, Publications [1 ed.] 9789004353855, 9789004348479

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Global Studies Directory

Value Inquiry Book Series Founding Editor Robert Ginsberg Executive Editor Leonidas Donskis† Managing Editor J.D. Mininger

VOLUME 302

Contemporary Russian Philosophy Editor Mikhail Sergeev (University of the Arts, Philadelphia) Advisory Board Dr. Alexander Chumakov (Moscow, Russia) Dr. Natalya Shelkovaya (Kharkov, Ukraine) The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/vibs and brill.com/crph

Global Studies Directory People, Organizations, Publications Edited by

Alexander N. Chumakov Ilya V. Ilyin Ivan I. Mazour

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Chumakov, Alexander Nikolaevich, editor. | Ilyin, Ilya Vyacheslavovich, editor. | Mazour, Ivan Ivanovich, editor. Title: Global studies directory : people, organizations, publications / edited by Alexander Nikolaevich Chumakov, Ilya Vyacheslavovich Ilyin, Ivan Ivanovich Mazour. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2018. | Series: Value inquiry book series ; volume 302 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017034008 (print) | LCCN 2017035375 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004353855 (E-Book) | ISBN 9789004348479 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Globalization--Research--Directories. | International relations--Directories. Classification: LCC JZ1318 (ebook) | LCC JZ1318 .G517 2017 (print) | DDC 300.25--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017034008

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0929-8436 isbn 978-90-04-34847-9 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-35385-5 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Contents Expert Council vii From the Editors ix

People

part 1

part 2 Organizations Directory Publishers 345 Institutes, Centers, Associations 359 Universities 491

part 3 Publications Periodicals 619 Annotated Monographs, Published in English 656 Annotated Monographs, Published in Russian 662 Monographs, Published in Russian 677 French Monographs 709 German Monographs 714 Spanish Monographs 718

Expert Council CHUMAKOV A.N., Doctor of Sciences (Philosophy), Professor (Russia) (Chairman) ABYLGAZIEV I.I., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor (Russia) AHAMER, GILBERT, Doctor of Philosophy (Austria) AKAEV A.A., Doctor of Mathematical Sciences, Politician and Statesman (Kirgizia) ALESHKOVSKIY I.A., Ph.D. (Economist), assistant Professor (Russia) AN QINIAN, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (China) BUSH W., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Germany) CHATTOPADHYAY S.N., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (India) DANILOV-DANILYAN V.I., Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor (Russia) DYURCHIK B., Ph.D. (Philosophy), assistant Professor (Slovakia) GAY W., Doctor of Philosophy, (Philosophy), Professor (usa) GRININ L.E., Doctor of Philosophy (Russia) GIRUSOV E.V., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Russia) HRUBETS M., Ph.D. (Sociologist), (Czech Republic) ILYIN I.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor (Russia) KAMUSELLA T., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor (Poland) KATSURA A.V., Ph.D. (Philosophy) (Russia) KHASBULATOV R.I., Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, (Russia) KISS E., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Hungary) KONE G.C., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (France) KOROLEV A.D., Ph.D. (Philosophy), Associate Professor (Russia) KOSICHENKO A.G., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Kazakhstan) KUZURADY J., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Turkey) LASZLO E., President of the Club of Budapest, Professor (Italy) LEE DINGXING, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor (China) LISEEV I.K., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Russia) LOS V.A., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Russia) MAMEDOV N.M., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Azerbaijan) MARKOVICH D., Doctor of Sociology, Professor (Serbia) MARTIN G., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (usa) MAZOUR I.I., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor (Russia) McBRIDE W., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (usa) MITROFANOVA A.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor (Russia) NASYNBAEV A., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Kazakhstan) PIETERSE JAN N., Doctor of Sociology, Professor (usa) PIN V.G., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Spain) ROBERTSON R., Doctor of Sociology, Professor (England)

viii SANAI M., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Iran) SNAKIN V.V., Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor (Russia) STEGER M., Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor (Australia) TEYMOURI B., Ph.D., Assistant Professor (Iran) TOBIAS, M., Ph.D. (Sociologist), Ecologist, Anthropologist, (usa) URSUL A.D., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Russia) VASILESKU G., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor (Moldova) ZHANG BAICHUN., Ph.D. (Philosophy), Professor (China)

Expert Council

From the Editors This book is a translation from Russian into English, a substantially revised and expanded edition of the Encyclopedic Handbook of Global Studies published in Russia in 2012.1 The publication of this book is the natural result of extensive work by an international creative team, over the course of the past twelve years. This reference volume is also an integral part of a larger research and publishing project, the origins of which date back to the end of the twentieth century, when the global and Russian academic community formed a new ­interdisciplinary field – globalistics. By the time a large amount of theoretical and applied knowledge had accumulated in this field, a multitude of new specific concepts and generalizing interdisciplinary categories had emerged, together with a large number of organizations, periodicals, and specialized literature. In various areas of theory and practice a mass of brainpower had emerged, whose activity focused on the study of globalization and its possible consequences. All this, as well as rapidly increasing knowledge of global processes and their manifestations, was undoubtedly of positive significance for understanding the realities of the modern world but, at the same time, brought major challenges to the development of research in this area due to the lack of systems. Thus serious obstacles arose during the development of this new academic discipline, making the task of imposing order on such varied and diverse information particularly relevant. A priority was to make an inventory of creative ideas, generalize them and order them according to good practice approved knowledge accumulated in globalistics to date. Typically, such problems are solved by the publication of reference books. This task was entrusted to the Russian Philosophical Society, the Russian Academy of Environment, Centre of Science and Applied Programs Dialogue, the international public organization Concerned Philosophers for Peace and the Project Paideia of Boston University (usa), which ­embarked on the preparation of the international interdisciplinary encyclopedia Globalistics.2 The main objective was to compile and organize the most important theoretical results obtained to date in research into globalization processes and their possible consequences. The encyclopedia, prepared by 450 of the most renowned experts from 28 countries, was published in 2003 in 1 The Global Studies: Persons, Organizations, Editions. Encyclopedic Directory, ed. A.N. Chumakov, I.V. Ilyin, and I.I. Mazour (Moscow, 2012). 2 S.v. “Dialog,” The Global Studies Encyclopedia, ed. I.I. Mazour, A.N. Chumakov, and W.C. Gay (Moscow, 2003). In Russian and English.

x

From The Editors

­Russian and English, and became the first reference book in the new interdisciplinary field of globalistics. The next stage of the project was the preparation and publication in 2005 of the international globalistics encyclopedic dictionary,3 in which 647 authors from 58 countries took part. The main objective of this publication was to inventory, clarify the meanings and put in order an entire set of basic concepts and categories. The book received widespread acceptance in the academic community professionally engaged in various aspects of globalistics. The English edition of this dictionary was published in 2014.4 Both editions, encyclopedia and encyclopedic dictionary, played an important integrative and methodological role in the new discipline and gave a big impetus to the development of interdisciplinary interaction in the study of all complex of processes and issues of global world. They have also become a valuable source of up-to-date information, based on a generalization of a multitude concrete examples and actual data from various spheres of life in the global community and their interaction with the environment. It should be noted that the West also understood the need to solve this issue, but was not able to embody a similar project until nine years later. Thus in 2012 American colleagues published a fundamental work on global studies – ­Encyclopedia of Global Studies, edited by H. Anheier, M. Jurgensmeyer, and B. Fessel. The book was created, as noted by the publishers, to standardize key concepts in a rapidly growing area of global studies. By global studies the authors of the encyclopedia imply analysis of events, activities, ideas, processes and threads that are transnational or can affect all regions of the world. It is noteworthy that, according to M. Jurgensmeyer, while global studies flourished at the start of the twenty-first century, a powerful impetus to the field was given by the Club of Rome in the late 1960s, as well as by fundamental works from the Soviet school of globalistics. In this regard, the Russian scientific school identifies two main stages of global studies: 1) the study of contemporary global issues (late 1960s–early 1990s.) 2) investigation of the processes of globalization (beginning of the 1990s–today).

3 The Global Studies International Encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. A.N. Chumakov and I.I. Mazour (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, & New York, 2006). 4 Global Studies Encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. Alexander N. Chumakov, Ivan I. Mazour and William C. Gay, with a Foreword by Mikhail Gorbachev (Amsterdam and New York, 2014), xi.

From The Editors

xi

Both of these stages are now recognized as contributing to the establishment and development of modern globalistics, which is an interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge, embracing various scientific disciplines engaged in the research of global processes and their possible consequences. Thus, the immediate objectives of the encyclopedia and encyclopedic dictionary have been met. At the same time another critical issue remains: the systematization of information on academic journals and publications, specialists, organizations, and periodicals in the field of globalistics. The urgency of fulfilling this task was dictated by the fact that, in the c­ ontext of growing globalization and intensification of world contradictions, interest in globalistics is increasing and will continue to increase worldwide in the future. There is already a demand for knowledge not only about the state of theoretical advances in this area but also information about who has carried out relevant work and where, which organizations, universities, and other structures are purposefully engaged in global issues. An analysis of the most relevant periodicals and specialized literature will also be of great value to all involved in global studies. Lack of such information significantly reduces opportunities for interdisciplinary research and broad international participation, and also hampers effective interaction between academics, public figures, and politicians of various countries and helping to create a theoretical understanding of global issues. This applies to both theoretical research, related to the preparation, for example, all kinds of analytical material such as reports, and practical focus on contemporary global issues (development of specific proposals for change and improvement of the existing governance structures, preparation of legal acts, development of mechanisms for their implementation, etc.). In other words, over the last forty years of intense theoretical research, globalistics not has only accumulated a vast amount of theoretical material but has formed a particular academic discipline with its own representatives, organizations, specialized literature, and network of interdisciplinary connections and relations. Putting it all in order and creating a complete system was and is a matter of time. It began when the above-mentioned Globalistics Encyclopedia and Globalistics Encyclopedic Dictionary were published, which released the creative power necessary to expand the discipline. Another impetus was the creation at Moscow State University of a Faculty of Global Studies, through which students could accumulate a lot of information in different languages. To further study of the discipline, the Faculty of Global Studies at msu, the Russian Philosophical Society, and the Scientific and Production Corporation Intellektualnye Sistemy agreed to cooperate on a project originally called “Who’s who and what’s in Globalistics.” The aim of the project was the

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From The Editors

­preparation and publication of an international, interdisciplinary, encyclopaedic handbook to cover the agents, organizations, and publications on the subject. Implementation of this plan eventually determined the final name of the proposed manual – Globalistics: People, Organizations, Publications5 – in which each of the sections had a set of specific goals and objectives. PEOPLE. Collect, as far as possible, detailed information about Russian and foreign academics and experts who have made outstanding and significant contributions to the development of globalistics, the emergence of a holistic, global, and systematic world and (or) its interpretation. Assess and select 300 of the most significant Russian and foreign contributors to the discipline. ORGANIZATIONS. Gather, as far as possible, detailed information on a global scale and assess and select the most important Russian and foreign organizations, universities, centers, faculties, departments, etc. whose main aim is the study of globalization, global issues, and other aspects of globalistics. EDITIONS. Collect, as far as possible, detialed information about Russian and foreign periodicals (specialized journals), thematically focused on globalistics. On the basis of expert judgment select the most significant Russian and foreign source materials (monographs) on various aspects of global world, ­globalization and its consequences. Of course, the editors and the creative team headed by them are fully aware that they were tackling an extremely complex issue on a planetary scale, where certain shortcomings and omissions could occur because the project is the first of its kind in the world. It is also important to note that, to ensure the highest standards of information was selected, only the world’s top experts in the field of global studies were involved, this notwithstanding the large number of volunteers whose knowledge of different languages enriched the project, even if it also complicated coordination of the process of creative cooperation and decision-making on a number of controversial issues. Nevertheless, this longterm project undertaken by a large international team eventually came to its logical conclusion, and now this work is also being published in English. The English version of the book The Global Studies Directory: People, Organizations, Publications significantly differs from the Russian edition. Firstly, since the book was published in Russia, a lot of changes have taken place in global studies. Secondly, to better reflect the world’s achievements in the field of global studies, the number of individuals representing Russian globalistics was significantly reduced. At the same time, the list of representatives of other 5 Global Studies: Persons, Organizations, ed. A.N. Chumakov, I.V. Ilyin, I.I. Mazour (Moscow, 2012).

From The Editors

xiii

countries actively conducting research in the field of global studies was greatly expanded. Now that our work on the English edition of Globalistics Directory: People, Organizations, Publications is drawing to a close, we would like to extend our deepest and most sincere thanks all those who have participated in this multidimensional and multi-year project. In addition to the members of the Expert Council, whose names are published on the front pages of the Directory, we also thank the numerous teams of academics and specialists who participated in gathering information and writing articles for this edition. A large team of collaborators, graduate students, and undergraduates at msu’s Faculty of Global Studies deserves special mention: their analytical research work has played a crucial role in gathering information from multiple sources in different languages. As we are unable to mention all contributor names, we would like to thank the most active participants of the project and highlight the second-year Master students at msu’s Faculty of Global Studies, Krupin Stanislav and Nesterenko Valeria, whose creative and selfless work proved to be particularly valuable and productive. In conclusion we would like to emphasize that the work presented here is an important, but not the final stage in the development of global studies. It is based on the latest achievements in the field of globalistics, reflects its current state and, of course, will be continued in print form (as supplemented reprints of this handbook) and by new forms of data collection and dissemination (­replication) information, for example, through the creation of an Internet portal with a continuously updated database. This publication is the first example of an edition designed both for specialists and anyone interested in the development of the modern global world, global processes and specific outcomes that have accrued in the field of globalistics. A.N. Chumakov I.V. Ilyin I.I. Mazour

part 1 People

∵

A AHAMER, Gilbert (b. 1960, Salzburg, Austria) – Interdisciplinary senior scientist at universities in Salzburg and Graz, the Austrian Academy of Sciences (2007–12) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (1992–95). After studies in physics, in environmental protection and in economics, business administration and law, Ahamer worked on air emissions, energy, ­climate change, and global economic scenarios at the Austrian Federal Environment Agency and at iiasa. He has lectured at six Austrian universities on subjects including environmental systems sciences, ethics, systems thinking, and social and cultural geography. On behalf of the Austrian government, he was one of the first one hundred Europeans to be sent in the role of ­Pre-Accession ­Adviser to an applicant country to the European Union, for which purpose he was registered in the Diplomatic Protocol. After eu Twinning projects in Slovenia and Slovakia with the aim of supporting candidate countries’ administrations in implementing the eu acquis communautaire, he organized conferences in Central Asia and later co-authored the terms of reference for three eu ­Twinnings in the three Caucasian states. For the detection and analysis of global long-term trends, he created the Global Change Data Base (gcdb), and for the creation of consensus solutions to complex, interdisciplinary, and international problems involving multiple stakeholders he devised the web-supported negotiation game Surfing Global Change (sgc), which was shortlisted as a finalist in the largest European prize on didactic media, Medidaprix 2007. As a member of the Steering Committee for Global Studies, Ahamer cofounded Austria’s most comprehensive and cross-disciplinary developmental curriculum, Global Studies (gs), in Graz and gave all gs-specific lectures there to over ninety students annually. More of his affiliations are listed in the ­Marquis Who’s Who in the World, where he has been a biographee since 2010. He received an honorary medal for scientific cooperation from the office of the Moscow Mayor in 2013. Ahamer is co-editor of six peer-reviewed journals and is an editorial board member or reviewer for over three dozen books and international journals. His main ideas on the dialogical structure of reality, discourse in humanitarian ethics, redefinition of space on the basis of communication, ­techno-socio-economic megatrends, and the evolutionary sequence of structural transitions (meta-trends) are described in his monograph, Mapping G ­ lobal Dynamics, published by Springer, the first volume of a trilogy.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi 10.1163/9789004353855_002

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PEOPLE: AITMATOV–AKHLAQ

Works: Mapping Global Dynamics – Geographic Perspectives from Local ­Pollution to Global Evolution (Springer, 2015); Tracing Global Dynamics – ­Milestones, Landmarks and Transitions in Techno-Socio-Economic Evolution (Berlin, 2016). Over 300 articles, of which a selection of full texts can be retrieved at www .researchgate.net/profile/Gilbert_Ahamer/contributions. AITMATOV, Chingiz Torkulovich (b. December 12, 1928, Sheker, Kyrgyzstan; d. 2008) – Prominent Kyrgyz writer, founder (1986) of the international ­movement Issyk-Kul Forum, concerned with the moral and intellectual development of mankind in an era of global issues on the basis of the ideas of humanism and the unity of mankind. The Issyk-Kul Forum was the first informal association of prominent thinkers of our time in the ussr and in spiritual terms was a breakthrough for that era, but it did not receive the proper support and following that it deserved. For many contemporaries Aitmatov’s thoughts and actions seemed controversial, but can now be seen as prophetical; his words “The new generation should join in globalization, but we cannot forget our roots” sound extremely relevant today. Aitmatov’s ideas have continued to be developed by intellectuals through the Issyk-Kul Youth Forum, “Youth of cis: Cultural Diversity, Tolerance and Acceptance.” AKAYEV, Askar Akayevich (b. 1944, Kyrgyzstan) – Kyrgyz politician and statesman, scientist; President of the Kyrgyz Republic (1990–2005); President of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz ssr (1989–90). Since 2006 Akayev has been a major researcher in the field of applied mathematics and optics, chief scientific researcher at the. I.R. Prigogine Institute of Mathematical Studies of Complex Systems at Lomonosov Moscow State University, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the coordinator of the subprogram “Complex System Analysis and Modeling of Global Dynamics” of the Praesidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From 1990 to 2005 he was President of the Kyrgyz Republic. Akayev has made a significant contribution to the methodology of modelling global socio-economic and political processes. His research has been focused on the development of techniques for forecasting global dynamics based on the modeling of long-term cyclic processes. This research acquired special urgency during the global financial and economic crisis (2008–09). Akayev compiled forecasts for global socio-economic development in the first decade of the twenty-first century and, in particular, he predicted the second wave of the global financial crisis (beginning in August 2011).

PEOPLE: AITMATOV–AKHLAQ

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Works: Transition Economy from a Physicist’s Point of View (­Mathematical Model of Transition Economy) (Bishkek, 2000); Thinking about the Future with Optimism: Reflections on Foreign Policy and World Order (Moscow, 2004); “A New Methodology for Predicting Long-Term Cyclic Dynamics of the Global System and Russia,” in Forecast and Modeling of Crises and Global Dynamics (Moscow, 2009) (co-author V.A. Sadovnichy); “Modern Financial and Economic Crisis in the Light of the Theory of Innovational and Technological Development and Managing the Innovation Process,” in System Monitoring: Global and Regional Development (ed. D.A. Halturina and A.V. Korotaev) (Moscow, 2009) (url: www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2rg7b2pm#page-1). AKHLAQ, Sayed Hassan (b. June 1, 1976, Bamyan, Afghanistan) – Muslim philosopher and professor, who has made significant contributions to dialogue among civilizations with regard to comparative philosophy, modernization, and global studies. Akhlaq received his Doctorate of Philosophy at the University of Allame ­Tabatabaii in Tehran (2009) and graduated from the Great Islamic Seminary in Mashhad, Iran. He has been an Advisor of the National Academy of Sciences in Afghanistan and is the author of several books and papers on mutual understanding between Islam and the West. Currently, Akhlaq is a Visiting Scholar at both the Catholic University of America and the George Washington University. He also leads a Muslim community in North America that contributes to the building of a more multicultural community for the global era. Akhlaq was one of the first Muslim scholars to deal with issues of globalization in the context of the philosophical dialogue between Islam and the West. He treats globalization as the natural outcome of Enlightenment philosophy, examining the metaphysical and philosophical features of the New World in light of the development of rationalism, epistemology, humanism, and the study of world affairs. He considers the development of rationalism – which, like rationality itself, has both positive and negative aspects – to be the central issue in globalization. He argues that although globalization seems to be an entirely new and revolutionary phenomenon closely connected to Western modernity, it is a product of humanity. Nowadays, multiple cultures participate in the shaping of global life. Akhlaq has articulated principles from the Quranic verses that encourage Muslims to make positive contributions, alongside non-Muslims, to build a better community for all. For example, in the case of immigration, the Quran highlights how mixing with other peoples enriches the content of one’s faith and encourages people to work together to enhance their lives. Similarly, when the Quran refers to the prophets as the brothers of infidels, it reveals a wider

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PEOPLE: ALESHKOVSKY–AMELI

perspective on brotherhood related to humanity rather than to a particular faith. Because justice is central to the Islamic faith, and because there is a strong connection between Islam and politics throughout the Quranic verses, Islamic commands and the earliest practise of Islam, in Akhlaq’s view, ­together give a greater balance to politicized Islam. The current form of politicized ­Islam comprises three aspects: the reaction to Western colonialism, the political potential of Islam, and the process of modernization in various regions where the Islamic faith is predominant. It feeds both Islamophobia and the clash of civilizations in the Islamic context, which changes the nature of the interaction between Islam and the West from a mutual cultural understanding to a politics of temporary policies. According to Akhlaq, the distinction many Muslim scholars make between globalization and globalism, by which they equate globalization with ­Westernization and approach it pessimistically while admiring globalism as a good idea for humanity, is invalid. He takes a positive approach to globalization, discussing the ability of reason to understand itself and its potential for learning through an empirical process, to reform its mistakes, and to progress further. He also encourages Muslims to take a more active role in the process of globalization and shows that they can make a contribution to the Global Culture without losing their own tradition of intellectualism. Accordingly, he highlights three aspects of Islam: (a) the Islamic emphasis on human values such as rationalism, empirical argumentation, world affairs, immigration, multi-characteristic identity, dealing with other nations, and working for common values among humanity; (b) the historical meeting and metaphysical agreement between Western philosophy, particularly Enlightenment philosophy, and Islamic Peripatetic philosophy; and (c) Islamic spirituality and intuition, which inspires people in two directions: first, towards openness and modern values like freedom, individualism, and human rights, and second, by reminding them not to lose their humanity under the pressure of globalism and secularization. Based on his analysis of rationality as the core of the New World, Akhlaq sees in gloabalization the capactiy both for totalitarianism and for openness to others. Opportunity acts as a double-edged sword; this is the nature of life and the meaning of human struggle. He recommends the use and exploration of rationality in examining religious and intuitional sources, the diversity of real life, the fusion of horizons, and the idea of progress. Individuals have only one judge – reason – but they have multiple sources of knowledge. Globalization promotes reason without forcing one to neglect diverse sources or to examine one’s rational achievements.

PEOPLE: ALESHKOVSKY–AMELI

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Works: From Rumi to Nietzsche: The Meditation on Tradition, Modernity and Post-modernity (Qum, 2007); The Philosophical Discourse between Islam and the West (Qum, 2008); The Enlightenment Tradition in Islam and the West (Tehran, 2009); From the Tradition of Balkh to the Modernity of Paris (Kabul, 2010); “Identity and Immigration: A Quranic Perspective,” in Building Community in a Mobile/Global Age: Migration and Hospitality (Washington dc, 2013); “The Gates to Violence in the Current Politicized Islam,” in Religion: Key to Understanding Violence and Promoting Peace in Global Times (Washington dc, in press). ALESHKOVSKY, Ivan Andreevich (b. 1983) – Candidate in economic sciences, professor, demographer; Associate Dean of msu fgs; co-author of Russian and English editions of the International Encyclopedia of Global Studies; member of the International Union for the Study of Population (iussp). Aleshkovsky’s research focuses on global and regional migration processes. His interests include international economics; the economics of transformational processes, especially in the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe; population demography, in particular demographic indicators of economic development; migration studies; and economic – mathematical modelling of demographic development. He has authored more than 150 scientific and educational works. Works: Internal Migration in Contemporary Russia (Moscow, 2007); Internal Migration in Contemporary Russia: Trends, Determinants, and Politics (Moscow, 2006); “Demographic Crisis as a Threat to Russia’s National Security,” Age of Globalization 2/10 (2012); “Trends in International Migration in a Globalizing World,” Age of Globalization 2/2 (2008) (co-authored with V. Iontsev); “Trends in International Migration in Modern Russia in the Context of Globalization,” Age of Globalization 2/8 (2011); “Mathematical Models of Migration,” in Systems Analysis and Modeling of Integrated World Systems (Oxford, 2006) (co-authored with V.A. Iontsev); 32 co-authored articles in Global Studies: International Encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. A.N. Chumakov, I.I. Mazour, and W.C. Gay (New York, 2006). AMELI, Saied Reza (b. 1961, Karaj, Iran) – Professor of communications at the University of Tehran and Vice-President of Planning and Information Technologies at the University of Tehran. Ameli’s multidisciplinary education has included mechanical engineering, theology, philosophy, and sociology. He has studied in Sacramento, Qom, Tehran, Dublin, and London. He obtained his Ph.D. from Royal Holloway in 2001,

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PEOPLE: AMIN

where his research focused on The Impact of Globalisation on British Muslim Identity. Ameli is the author of a study on the Organisation of the Islamic Conference and its role in the global world. This study was discussed by Michael Schulz and Ziad Abdel Samad during a workshop in Gothenburg chaired by Robert Lloyd, of One World Trust. Contributions to the discussion were then used to develop and refine the study, which was published in book form, along with all the other case studies, in 2009. Ameli is also the founder of the Faculty of World Studies at the University of Tehran. He is currently a member of the Department of Communications and director of the Cyberspace Policy Research Center, Faculty of World Studies at the University of Tehran. For the past decade, he has been working on issues of Muslim minority identity in the West and Muslim minority rights in the uk, France, and the us Works: Glocal Space: Power and Powerlessness of Cultures (2003); Dual Globalizations and the Future of the World (2003); The Universality of Liberation Theology: One Is Equal to All and All Are Equal to One (2005); Law and British Muslims: Domination of the Majority over the Minority or Process of Balance? (2006); Global Media and Political Representation of Islam and Muslims: bbc and cnn (2006). AMIN, Samir (b. 1931, Cairo, Egypt) – Egyptian Marxian economist. Amin spent his childhood and youth in Port Said, where he attended a French high school and earned a Baccalauréat in 1947. From 1947 to 1957 he studied in Paris, earning a diploma in political science (1952) before graduating in statistics (1956) and economics (1957). After arriving in Paris, Amin joined the French Communist Party (pcf), but later distanced himself from Soviet Marxism and became associated for some time with Maoist circles. With other students he published a magazine entitled Étudiants Anticolonialistes. In 1957 he presented his thesis, supervised by François Perroux among others, originally titled The Origins of Underdevelopment – Capitalist Accumulation on a World Scale but retitled The Structural Effects of the International Integration of Precapitalist Economies, a theoretical study of the mechanism which creates so-called underdeveloped economies. After finishing his thesis, Amin returned to Cairo, where he worked from 1957 to 1960 as a research officer for the government’s Institution for Economic Management. Subsequently Amin left Cairo to become an adviser to the Ministry of Planning in Bamako (Mali) from 1960 to 1963. In 1963 he was offered a fellowship at the Institut Africain de Développement Économique et de Planification (idep). Until 1970 he worked there as well as being a professor at the

PEOPLE: AMIN

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University of Poitiers, Dakar and Paris (of Paris viii, Vincennes). In 1970 he became director of the idep, which he managed until 1980. In 1980 Amin left the idep and became a director of the Third World Forum in Dakar. Amin has written more than thirty books, including Imperialism & Unequal Development; Specters of Capitalism: A Critique of Current Intellectual Fashions; and Obsolescent Capitalism: Contemporary Politics and Global Disorder and The Liberal Virus. His memoirs were published in October 2006. For Amin, economic ascent and decline is largely determined in our age by the following “five monopolies”: (1) the monopoly of technology, supported by military expenditures of the dominant nations; (2) the monopoly of control over global finances and a strong position in the hierarchy of current account balances; (3) the monopoly of access to natural resources; (4) the monopoly over international communication and the media; and (5) the monopoly of the military means of mass destruction. Recent economic performance is an illustration of the evolving mechanisms of the future Kondratieff cycle that began in the mid-1980s. Dependency and World Systems theory, in the tradition of Amin, identifies four main characteristics of the peripheral societal formation: (1) the predominance of agrarian capitalism in the “national” sector; (2) the formation of a local bourgeoisie which is dependent on foreign capital, especially in the trading sector; (3) the tendency toward bureaucratization; and (4) specific and incomplete forms of proletarization of the labor force. High imports by the periphery, and hence, in the long run, capital imports, are the consequence of the already existing structural deformations of the role of peripheries in the world system, namely by (1) rapid urbanization, combined with an insufficient local production of food; (2) excessive expenditures of the local bureaucracies; (3) changes in income distribution to the benefit of the local elites (demonstration effects); (4) insufficient growth of and structural imbalances in the industrial sector; and (5) the resulting reliance on foreign assistance. The history of periphery capitalism, Amin argues, is full of shortterm “miracles” and long-term blocks, stagnation and even regression. Works: “Les effets structurels de l’intégration internationale des économies précapitalistes. Une étude théorique du mécanisme qui a engendré les éonomies dites sous-développées” (thesis) (1957); Trois expériences africaines de développement: le Mali, la Guinée et le Ghana (1965); L’économie du Maghreb, 2 vols (1966); Le développement du capitalisme en Côte d’Ivoire (1967); Le monde des affaires sénégalais (1969); The Class Struggle in Africa (1969); Le Maghreb moderne [The Magrheb in the Modern World] (1970); L’accumulation à l’échelle mondiale [Accumulation on a World Scale] (1970); Histoire économique du Congo 1880–1968 (1970); L’Afrique de l’Ouest bloquée (1971); Le développement inégal

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PEOPLE: ANDERSON–ANNAN

[Unequal Development] (1973); L’échange inégal et la loi de la valeur (1973); Neocolonialism in West Africa (1973); Le developpement inegal. Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique (Paris, 1973); L’échange inégal et la loi de la valeur (1973); La question paysanne et le capitalisme (1974); “Unequal ­Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism” (1976); L’impérialisme et le développement inégal [Imperialism and Unequal Development] (1976); La nation arabe [The Arab Nation] (1976); La loi de la valeur et le matérialisme historique [The Law of Value and Historical Materialism] (1977); Classe et nation dans l’histoire et la crise contemporaine [Class and Nation, Historically and in the Current Crisis] (1979); L’économie arabe contemporaine [The Arab Economy Today] (1980); L’avenir du Maoïsme [The Future of Maoism] (1981); Irak et Syrie 1960–1980 (1982); La crise, quelle crise? [Crisis, What Crisis?] (1982); Transforming the World-Economy?: Nine Critical Essays on the New International Economic Order (with G. Arrighi, A.G. Frank and I. ­Wallerstein) (1984); La déconnexion [Delinking: Towards a Polycentric World] (1985); L’eurocentrisme (translation: Eurocentrism) (1988); La faillite du développement en Afrique et dans le tiers monde (1989); Transforming the Revolution: Social Movements and the World System (1990); Itinéraire intellectual; regards sur le demi-siecle 1945–90 [Re-reading the Post-War Period: an Intellectual Itinerary] (1990); L’Empire du chaos [Empire of Chaos] (1991); Les enjeux stratégiques en Méditerranée (1991); Le grand tumulte (with G. Arrighi, A.G. Frank and I. Wallerstein) (1991); L’Ethnie à l’assaut des nations (1994); La gestion capitaliste de la crise (1995); Les défis de la mondialisation (1996); “Judaism, Christianity and Islam: An ­Introductory Approach to their Real or Supposed Specificities by a Non-Theologian,” in Global Capitalism, Liberation Theology, and the Social Sciences: An Analysis of the Contradictions of Modernity at the Turn of the Millennium (1999); Spectres of Capitalism: A Critique of Current Intellectual Fashions (1999); L’hégémonisme des États-Unis et l’effacement du projet européen (2000); Mondialisation, comprehendre pour agir (2002); The Liberal Virus: Permanent War and the Americanization of the World (2004); Beyond us Hegemony: Assessing the Prospects for a Multipolar World (2006); Eurocentrism – Modernity, R ­ eligion and Democracy: A Critique of Eurocentrism and Culturalism (2010); Ending the Crisis of Capitalism or Ending Capitalism? (2010); Global History: A View from the South (2010); Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure (2011); The Implosion of C ­ ontemporary Capitalism (2013). ANDERSON, Chris (b. 1961) – American journalist, chief editor of Wired; predicts a world where everything is free and there is no need for advertising. ­Networks will change the world, and every digital sector will become free.

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Anderson proposed the theory of the “long tail”: “In a Long Tail economy, it’s more expensive to evaluate than to release.” He describes a new business model with zero costs. This model has little to do with our modernity, in which advertising guarantees revenue; on the contrary, it is based on a new reality in which there will be no need to advertise. “It ends in this economy of waste,” he says. If the incremental cost of making content that was originally produced for physical distribution available online is low, the price should be low too. To explain how this is possible, Anderson uses the example of nuclear energy. If electricity were too cheap to be measured – so cheap that it would spend for nothing – there would exist an electricity economy. Everything would run on electricity, because it would cost nothing. Such is the case today with the technology revolution. In fact, he strongly believes that “free” is the future of business. All the technology of the computer revolution is too cheap to measure. As more and more companies become digital, services and products will become available through software and downloads. This means that everything will be free. Companies like Google and Yahoo, earning billions of dollars, are based on the business model of giving something for free. This “donation economy” is based on free labor and no advertising. “Any industry that has become digital, will eventually become free,” he concludes. The future will be digital and, more importantly, free. Works: The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More (New York, 2006); Free: The Future of a Radical Price (New York, 2009). ANNAN, Kofi Atta (b. 1938, Ghana) – Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world.” From February 23 until August 31, 2012, Annan served as un – Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria, to help find a resolution to the ongoing conflict there. In 2000, ahead of the Millennium Summit, he issued a report entitled “We the peoples: the role of the United Nations in the 21st century.” The report argued that the significant geopolitical changes and increased globalization experienced over the previous 50 years required the United Nations to reassess and transform the way it operates. The report called for member states to “put people at the center of everything we do. No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better.” At the end of the Millenium Summit, delegates adopted the Millennium Declaration, in which they committed to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty

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PEOPLE: APPADURAI–APPIAH

and set out a series of time-bound targets, which subsequently become known as the Millennium Development Goals. In the late 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as hiv/aids pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued a five-point Call to Action to address the hiv/aids pandemic. Stating that it was a “personal priority,” Annan proposed the establishment of a Global aids and Health Fund, “dedicated to the battle against hiv/aids and other infectious diseases” to stimulate the increased international spending needed to help developing countries confront the hiv/aids crisis. In June of that year, the General Assembly of the United Nations committed to the creation of such a fund during a special session on aids, and the permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was subsequently established in June 2002. In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an independent, not-for-profit organization, which works to promote better global governance and strengthen the capacities of people and countries to achieve a fairer, more peaceful world. The Foundation believes that fair and peaceful societies rest on three pillars: peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights and the rule of law, and they have made it their mission to mobilize the leadership and the political resolve needed to tackle threats to these three pillars, ranging from violent conflict to flawed elections and climate change, with the aim of achieving a fairer, more peaceful world. In May 2009 Annan became a global fellow of the School of International and Public Affairs. The Global Fellows program brings students together with global practitioners to share their first-hand knowledge and experience of life as an international or public figure. He is also a fellow of the Committee on Global Thought appointed by the university. On October 7, 2010 Annan was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Global Center for Pluralism, Canada’s new international research and education center dedicated to the study and practice of pluralism worldwide. APPADURAI, Arjun (b. 1949, Mumbai) – Contemporary social-cultural anthropologist recognized as a major theorist in globalization studies. In his anthropological work, Appadurai discusses the importance of the modernity of nation-states and globalization. He was formerly a professor at the University of Chicago where he received his m.a. (1973) and Ph.D. (1976). After working there, he spent a brief time at Yale before going to the New School University. He is currently a faculty member of New York University’s Media Culture and Communication department in the Steinhardt School.

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For Appadurai, the global situation is interactive rather than singly dominated. In his widely cited paper “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy,” Appadurai argues that in this new conjuncture the invention of tradition and other identity markers becomes slippery, as the “search for certainties is regularly frustrated by the fluidities of transitional ­communication.” He also stresses that there are various fears besides that of Americanization: “it is worth noticing that for the people of Irian Jaya, Indonesianization may be more worrisome than Americanization, as Japanization may be for Koreans, Indianization for Sri Lankans, Vietnamization for Cambodians, Russianization for the people of Soviet Armenia and the Baltic republics,” and it must be acknowledged that “one man’s imagined community is another man’s political prison.” Appadurai differentiates between five dimensions of global “scapes” that flow across cultural boundaries: (1) ethnoscapes, the landscape of persons, which constitute the shifting world in which people live; (2) technoscapes, the global configuration of technologies moving at high speeds across previously impermeable borders; (3) financescapes, the global grid of currency speculation and capital transfer; (4) mediascapes, the distribution of the capabilities to produce and disseminate information and the large complex repertoire of images and narratives generated by these capabilities; and (5) ideoscapes, ideologies of states and counter-ideologies of movements, around which nationstates have organized their political cultures. Appadurai stresses that globalizing and localizing processes, or “global homogenization” and “heterogenization,” feed and reinforce each other rather than being mutually exclusive, and he calls for more anthropological studies on the “production of locality.” Works: Worship and Conflict under Colonial Rule (1981); Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy (1990), of which an expanded version is found in Modernity at Large (1996); Fear of Small Numbers (2006). APPIAH, Kwame Anthony (b. 1954, London) – British philosopher, cultural theorist, and novelist whose interests include political and moral theory, the philosophy of language and mind, and African intellectual history. Appiah was born in London, raised in Kumasi, Ghana, and educated at Bryanston School and Clare College, Cambridge, where he earned his b.a. (First Class) and Ph.D. in philosophy. Appiah taught philosophy and ­African-American studies at the University of Ghana, Cornell, Yale, Harvard, and Princeton from 1981 to 1988. He was the Bacon – Kilkenny Professor of Law at Fordham University in the fall of 2008, and until recently a Laurance S. ­Rockefeller ­University

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Professor of Philosophy at Princeton (with a cross-appointment at the University Center for Human Values). Until the fall of 2009, he served as a trustee of Ashesi University College in Accra, Ghana. He is currently a professor of philosophy and law at nyu. He has also lectured at a number of universities and other institutions worldwide, including in the us, Germany, Ghana, South Africa, and Paris. Appiah served on the board of the pen American Center and was on a panel of judges for the pen/Newman’s Own First Amendment Award. He has received several honours and many nominations. He was the 2009 finalist in the arts and humanities for the Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement. In 2010, he was included by Foreign Policy magazine on its list of top global thinkers. On February 13, 2012, Appiah was awarded the National Humanities Medal at a ceremony at the White House. Appiah has been influenced by the cosmopolitanist philosophical tradition, which stretches from German philosophers such as Hegel through W.E.B. Du Bois and others. In his article “Education for Global Citizenship,” Appiah outlines his conception of cosmopolitanism. He defines cosmopolitanism as “universality plus difference.” Building on this definition, he asserts that the former takes precedence over the latter, that is: different cultures are respected “not because cultures matter in themselves, but because people matter, and culture matters to people.” Initially he defined it as a problem, but later Appiah determined that the practice of a citizenship of the world and conversation is more suitable in a post-9/11 world. Therefore, according to Appiah’s take on this ideology, cultural differences are to be respected insofar as they are not harmful to people and in no way conflict with our universal concern for every human’s life and well-being. In Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers, Appiah introduces two ideas that “intertwine in the notion of cosmopolitanism” (Emerging, 59). The first is the idea that we have obligations to others that are greater than just the sharing of citizenship. The second idea is that we should never take for granted the value of life, and we should become informed about the practices and beliefs of others. Appiah has been a critic of contemporary theories of Afrocentrism. In his essay “Europe Upside Down: Fallacies of the New Afrocentrism,” he argues that current Afrocentricism is striking for “how thoroughly at home it is in the frameworks of nineteenth century European thought,” particularly as a mirror image to Eurocentric constructions of race and a preoccupation with the ancient world. He also finds irony in the conception that if the source of the West lies in ancient Egypt via Greece, then “its legacy of ethnocentrism is presumably one of our moral liabilities.” His critique of contemporary Afrocentrism

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has been strongly criticized by some of its leading proponents, such as Temple University African American Studies scholar and activist Molefi Asante, who has characterized Appiah’s work as “anti-African.” Works: The Politics of Culture, the Politics of Identity (2008); In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992); Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (1996); Kosmopolitische Patriotismus (2002); Africana: The Concise Desk Reference (2003); The Ethics of Identity (2005); Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (2006); Experiments in Ethics (2008); Lines of Descent: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity (2014). ARAB-OGLY, Edward Arturovich (b. October 13, 1925, Tbilisi, Georgia; d. June 14, 2001, Moscow, Russia) – Russian scientist in the fields of globalistics, demography, and social forecasting; author of many books on social forecasting and futurology. Arab-Olgy graduated from the Faculty of Geography of Lomonosov Moscow State University (1947), the graduate school of the Institute of Philosophy of the ussr (1951), was a Doctor of Philosophy (1981), and a professor. From 1966 to 1971 he was the head of the Department of Sociology, Institute of International Labor Movement Sciences of the ussr. From 1993–2001 he was Lead Researcher at the Rights Institute, Russian Academy of Science. In 1971 he was elected professor at the Sorbonne. He also worked for several journals, including Issues of Philosophy (1953–58), Issues of World and Socialism (1958–65), World Economy and International Relations (1972–86), and Communist – Free Thought (1986–94). From the late 1960s Arab-Ogly’s scientific and social activities were closely connected with the study of contemporary global issues from the perspective of population growth and the prospects for social development. His scientific works on global demographic trends were among the first in the emerging globalistics of that time. They are complex, based on the methodology of philosophy and natural science disciplines. They contain a significant proportion of criticism of the Club of Rome forecasts; warnings; and polemically developed ideas of post-industrial society. He also introduced a classification of different kinds of global forecasts by their nature and duration. Arab-Ogly actively cooperated with many international environmental and demographic organizations. In the late 1980s and early 1990s he participated in the international ecumenical movement. According to Arab-Ogly, global issues are primarily technological, and therefore not just generated by humans, but potentially solvable by humans as well. The prevention of negative consequences arising from scientific and technological progress, spontaneity and uneven social development, short-sighted

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PEOPLE: ARCHIBUGI–ARENDT

state policies, and human behavior requires mobilization of the ­entirety of “human potential” – humankind’s transition to self-regulation of its activity. The further preservation and development of life on Earth will involve controlled co-evolution of humankind and its environment. His work has had a significant impact on the development of research on globalistics. Works: On Demographic Forecasting – Population Issues on the Earth (Moscow: Knowledge, 1969); In the Maze of Prophecy. Social Forecasting and Ideological Struggle (Moscow, 1973) (in Czech, German, Bulgarian, English and ­Italian); Perspective of Growth in World Population, Ch. 2 (Moscow: Statistika, 1974); Demographic and Environmental Forecasts. Criticism of Modern B ­ ourgeois Conceptions (1978); Demographic Forecasting. Forecasting Workbook, Chs 8, 12 (Moscow: Mysl’, 1982); Foreseeable Future: Social Consequences of Scientific and Technological Revolution: The Year 2000 (Moscow, 1986); Raymond Aron in the Mirror of his Memoirs (Moscow, 1988); “European Civilization and Panhuman Values,” Issues of Philosophy 8 (1990); Environmental Crisis as a Stimulus of Scientific and Technological Progress (Moscow: Novaya Planeta, 1996); “Mankind,” New Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. iv (Moscow, 2001). ARCHIBUGI, Daniele – Italian economic and political theorist. His research focuses on the economics and policy of innovation and technological change, the political theory of international relations, and political and technological globalization. Archibugi studied economics at the University of Rome La Sapienza, where he worked with Federico Caffè, and earned his D.Phil. at spru, University of Sussex, under the direction of Christopher Freeman and Keith Pavitt. He has worked and taught at the universities of Sussex, Naples, Cambridge, Sapienza University of Rome, luiss University of Rome, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto and swefe University, Chengdu. He was Leverhulme Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics, and Lauro de Bosis Visiting Professor at Harvard University. In June 2006 he was appointed Honorary Professor at the University of Sussex. He currently works at the Italian National Research Council in Rome and at Birkbeck, University of London. Together with David Held, Archibuggi has been a key figure in the development of cosmopolitanism and of cosmopolitan democracy in particular, namely the attempt to apply some of the norms and values of democracy to global politics. He has advocated substantial reforms in international organizations, including the United Nations and the European Union. He has criticized the G7, G8, and G20 summits as undemocratic and argued for a more transparent gathering for global politics. He has also taken a position against a League of Democracies, arguing that the same demands would be better served by

PEOPLE: ARCHIBUGI–ARENDT

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a democratic reform of the United Nations. He is among the promoters of a directly elected World Parliament. Archibugi and Jonathan Michie developed a taxonomy of the globalization of technology in which they distinguish among three main devices of transmission of know-how: international exploitation of innovations, global generation of innovation, and global collaborations in science and technology. As chairman of an Expert Group of the European Research Area on international collaboration in science and technology, he has pointed out that the demographic decline in Europe, combined with the lack of vocation among youngsters for hard sciences, will generate a dramatic shortage of qualified workers in less than a generation. This will jeopardize the standard of living of Europeans in key areas such as medical research, information technologies, and knowledgeintensive industries. He has argued for substantial revisions to European immigration policy in order to accommodate at least two million qualified students in science and engineering from developing countries in a decade. Works: Cosmopolitan Democracy. An Agenda for a New World Order (with ­David Held) (1995); Reimagining Political Community. Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (with David Held and Martin Koehler) (1998); Debating Cosmopolitics (2003); The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy (2008); Global Democracy: Normative and Empirical Perspectives (with Mathias Koenig-Archibugi and Raffaele Marchetti) (2011); Technology, Globalisation and Economic Performance (with Jonathan Michie) (1997); ­Innovation Policy in a Global Economy (with Jonathan Michie) (1999); The Globalising Learning Economy (with Bengt-Åke Lundvall) (2001). ARENDT, Hannah (b. October 14, 1906, Linden, Germany; d. December 4, 1975, New York) – Political thinker, philosopher, and researcher on issues of the totalitarian epoch of the formation of global relations. Arendt was a pupil of Heidegger, from whom she adopted the phenomenological method, and a friend of Karl Jaspers. After the Nazis came to power in 1933, she fled Germany for France and in 1941 emigrated to the United States. Her comprehensive work The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) is a comparative study in which Nazism and Stalinism are analyzed from the political and historical points of view. Much attention is paid to Arendt’s report on Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem, published in 1963, entitled “A Report on the Banality of Evil.” In the philosophical work The Human Condition (1959), Arendt develops a theory of human action that is the result of in-depth analysis of the ancient polis, described by Plato and Aristotle. According to Arendt, justice is a part of human relations. In the system of human relations, only obligations and agreements are able to create “some isolated islands of predictability” or “isolated

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PEOPLE: ARON–ARRIGHI

islands of certainty in an ocean of uncertainty.” In this case, she refers to the Roman legal system as a core element of political life. Describing the issue of political violence and political power, Arendt argues that violence is carried out in accordance with the categories of means and goals. The modern man refuses to be active in politics, while political power tries to establish stability through justice, supported by mutual obligations and treaties. The proper condition for such political power is a culture of sincere communication. Arendt’s political theory is based on phenomenological anthropology and is considered an example of a global political concept. Works: The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), trans. from English I.V. B ­ orisova et al., afterword Y.N. Davydov, ed. M.S. Kovaleva and D.M. Nosov (Moscow, 1996); The Human Condition (1958); People in Dark Times: Essays, trans. from English and German G. Dashevskiy, B. Dubin (Moscow, 2003). ARON, Ramone (b. 1905, Paris; d. 1983, Paris) – French philosopher, sociologist and political scientist. Founder of the critical philosophy of history. Political columnist for the newspapers Le Figaro (from 1947) and Express (from 1977). Professor at Collège de France (from 1970). Aron’s historical and philosophical ideas preceded the understanding of world events in the context of global integrity. By the “critical philosophy of history” he meant the foundation of the theory of historical knowledge, considering the main object of the philosophy of history to be logical/theoretical and historical issues. He understood historical science as the reconstruction of the past based on historical facts that are understood as an inner experience, rather than as an objective historical reality. However, he did not consider the science of history to be the simple and clean reproduction of what happened in the past. He believed that a sequence of events cannot be seen twice, as there is no historical recurrence. In history, every event happens only once. Aron denied the objective nature of historical facts; the past represents an irrational stream of events, devoid of objective logic. In the study of social determinism, he followed the theory of factors, according to which in the historical process there is no unilateral determination by a given factor, but rather all factors are equal. Aron rejected social progress, believed that the notion of progress is axiological, and claimed that history is dramatic and irrational. In the last years of his life Aron thought a lot about the future of human society. He believed there would come the dawn of universal history, when war and conflict between nations and states would disappear. Humanity, Aron noted, was progressing toward an entirely industrial society.

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Aron’s philosophical and historical ideas played an important role in the spiritual life of France and influenced the formation of a global outlook. They were adopted by many French historians and philosophers who opposed the prevalence of positivism in the social sciences. Works: Imaginary Marxism (Moscow, 1993); Selected Works: Introduction to the Philosophy of History (Moscow, 2000); Selected Works: Measurements of Historical Consciousness (Moscow, 2004). ARQUILLA, John (b. 1964, usa) – American military theorist, specializing in international relations, cyber and network warfare, and cyber terrorism. Received his Ph.D. at Stanford University in 1991. Professor of defense analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School, Director of the Information Operations Centre. Received the Hamming Award in 2001, and the Schieffelin Award in 2002. Arquilla’s concept of “network cyber warfare,” which he developed together with his colleague D. Ronfeldt, is widely known. The term has been used repeatedly by former us secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld to describe the nature of the conflict in Iraq. According to Arquilla, cyber war is an attempt to gain an informational advantage over the enemy. This can be achieved by controlling cyberspace and communication, as well as by destroying the enemy’s flow of information. Cyber attack can be highly unpleasant and even subversive, but not devastating. The most famous examples of this type of social networking war have been the unexpectedly massive and highly successful performances of anti-globalists in Seattle, wa and Genoa. Works: Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (with D. Ronfeldt) (2001). ARRIGHI, Giovanni (b. July 7, 1937; d. June 18, 2009) – Italian scientist in the fields of politics, economics, and sociology. Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University. Professor of Sociology at Fernand Brodel Centre for WorldSystems Analysis (Binghamton) from 1979. One of his most famous works was a trilogy about the origins and transformations of global capitalism. The first book in the trilogy, The Long Twentieth Century. Money, Power and the Origins of Our Time, was released in 1994. Scientific interpretation of globalization, according to Arrighi, combines several cognitive models, which together form a concept. In his paradigm, he admits the existence of a new theoretical possibility, which consists in the fact that the new historical and even philosophical and historical models again become possible as globalization gains more mature forms. Even his “long” twentieth-century concept can be considered successful in a variety of ways

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(in particular, the interpretation of the historical and philosophical category “Modern era” as referring to the second half of the nineteenth century, which actually lasted until 1914). This concept can be seen as more adequate than the actual interpretation of the long nineteenth century. The relevant problem in Arrighi’s interpretation of globalization is that the specific and particular significance of globalization is negated. Like other successors of Wallerstein’s world-system theory, Arrighi’s process is also reductionist. What we intend to consider in the form of the globalization as a new phenomenon is, just in ­Arrighi’s eyes, not a new phenomenon. Concretely, Arrighi adapts analysis of the financial side of the capitalism to the present. On this basis, he denies the specifically new character of globalization. The novelty of his cyclical theory is that he combines the conservative character of cyclical theories with the most recent insights that have arisen in the last two decades because of the reconstruction of monetary capitalism. Thus, contemporary globalization represents the fourth round of global development and has a cyclical structure itself. The first iteration of the cycle is marked in medieval Genoa. Later, another cycle of financial processes manifested in the Netherlands and England in early modern times. The next iteration of the cycle occurred during the depression years of 1873–76. The process of accumulation forms a cycle, while the economy experiences a material expansion and stimulates production. In the second phase the financial expansion occurs, including speculation. We can say that the virtualization of the money economy occurs due to its effects. This interpretation does not lack a cyclical economic rationality, and certainly forms the skeleton of the global economy. However, this theory pays very little attention to political and social components, not to mention new structures in cultural systems and liberation movement. As reasonably noted by many critics, Arrighi consistently returns to the processes around capital. Taking into consideration the particularities of globalization history in the 1990s and 2000s, at which time this deficiency became evident, Arrighi’s rhetorical appeal to territoriality and imperial contexts also cannot be ignored. It creates a “production concept of capital,” sometimes a mirror image of Machiavelli, who analyzed the situation in the Italian citystates, but did not draw conclusions about the absence of central authority. In general, this is a denial not only of the other (sub)systems in favour of the economy, but also of the study of the nature of qualitative leaps that have occurred in the last twenty years in various fields, from computer science to the money economy. What is important is that, in its theoretical justification, he turns to China (Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the 21st Century, 2007); however, it can be challenging to interpret this explanation due to insufficient “historical distance.”

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ASHBY, William Ross (b. November 15, 1903; d. 1972, London) – English mathematician, cybernetician, author of Introduction to Cybernetics (translated into Russian in 1959), a pioneer in the study of complex systems. He graduated from the University of Cambridge. In 1948 Ashby invented the homeostat, a unit of four magnetic systems with cross feedbacks. When unstable, the magnets move, accidentally changing the wiring system of the homeostat and finding a new position at which the state of equilibrium is achieved. The homeostat has an option for self-organization: it can to some extent change the parameters of placement and adjust to a sustainable equilibrium with the environment at a certain randomness in the internal structure (for example, when changing parameters or relations with the environment, partial failure, and so on). The term “self-organization,” introduced by Ashby in 1947, refers to the control of processes (spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal) in an open system through the coordinated interaction of multiple elements. In the 1960s the term was applied to systems theory, and in the 1970s and 1980s to the physics of complex systems. Ashby also formulated the basic principle of control: the diversity of the control system must not be less than the diversity of the controlled object. In other words, in order to control a large (complex) system, the control system must contain its own variety. Because it is impossible to create such a complex organ in practice (for example, in the economic system), it is reasonable to refer to management subsystems, which solve problems independently in a relatively small area of the system. Thus, the principle provides a theoretical hierarchical structure to economic systems. It also requires the empowerment of information processing, which can be achieved, for example, when creating an automated control system. Ashby’s theories are crucial for modern globalistics faced with the challenge of managing the global world. ATTFIELD, Robin (b. 1941) – British historian of science and philosophy, specializing in environmental philosophy and environmental ethics; teacher in the Department of Philosophy, University of Cardiff, since 1968. Attfield represents the conservative trend in environmental ethics, opposed to a radical break with the scientific, philosophical, and cultural heritage of the Western European tradition. According to Attfield, the complex of “­management of nature” ideas as an expression of the global mission of humanity is quite firmly rooted in Western culture, which still has not lost its value. Management of nature is associated with environmental responsibility, and an environmentally reconsidered ethical utilitarianism tradition is sufficient to determine the philosophical assumptions and the general principles of environmental ethics. Attfield criticizes moral atomism, recognized as ­determining the benefit and vital interests of the individual species, as well

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PEOPLE: BAICHUN–BARBER

as holism, p ­ referring the good of the entire biosphere. From his point of view, rejecting normative ethics, with its insistence on the inviolability of individual rights, holism precludes a positive attitude towards all living things. ­Modifying ethical utilitarianism, he uses the idea of the self-worth of individual living beings and their species. According to Attfield, living beings are endowed with moral status by analogy with humans and their spiritual, intellectual, and ­psychic abilities. The more distinctly a living being displays these abilities, the higher its status. Unlike supporters of the “land ethic,” Attfield believes that the land, inanimate things, ecosystems, and the biosphere as a whole (as well as the noosphere) do not have any moral status. Works: The Ethics of Environmental Concern (1983); Environmental Philosophy: Principles and Prospects (1994). B BAICHUN, Zhang (b. May 17, 1965, Heylun-jian, China) – Chinese philosopher, translator, and professor at Beijing Normal University; co-author of the international encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics (2006). Baichun graduated from Harbin Normal University in 1988, and from the graduate school of the Faculty of Philosophy, St. Petersburg State University, in 1993. He has participated in and organized many international forums, congresses, and conferences. He is the founder and director of the Research Centre of Russian Culture at Beijing Pedagogical University, where leading foreign and Chinese scholars regularly lecture on issues of culture, religion, the global world, and modern globalization. Baichun views globalization from the perspective of the opportunities it provides to the traditional cultures of individual nations for entry into the world arena. Much attention is paid to Russia, China, India, and other countries that are developing their own cultures apart from the dominant Western culture, thereby changing the modern world and the prejudice that shapes the future of humankind and, ultimately, world civilization. Noting that globalization can only be controlled through intercultural dialogue, he pays considerable attention to the relations between East and West, in which a special dialogue between Russian and Chinese cultures occupies a special position. Works: “Chinese Philosophy in the Era of Globalization,” in Globalistics. International Encyclopedic Dictionary (Moscow, 2006); “National Ideas of Russia and China,” in China in the Dialogue of Civilizations (2004); “Cultural Youth Education Background: A Comparison of Situations in China and Russia,” Vestnik. World Public Forum. Dialogue of Civilizations (Russia, 2006); Modern Orthodox

PEOPLE: BAICHUN–BARBER

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Theological Thought: Russian Orthodox Theology (2000); History of Religions in Russia, 2 vols (co-authored) (2007). BAN, Ki-moon (b. 1944, North Chungcheong Province) – Eighth and current Secretary-General of the United Nations. Before becoming Secretary-General, Ban was a career diplomat in South Korea’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the United Nations. He entered diplomatic service the year he graduated from university, accepting his first post in New Delhi, India. In the foreign ministry, he established a reputation for modesty and competence. The Secretary-General of the United Nations has the ability to influence debate on nearly any global issue. Although unsuccessful in some areas, Ban’s predecessor, Kofi Annan, was successful in increasing the un peacekeeping presence and in popularizing the Millennium Development Goals. Ban early on identified global warming as one of the key issues of his administration. In a speech before the un General Assembly on March 1, 2007, Ban emphasized his concerns about global warming: “For my generation, coming of age at the height of the Cold War, fear of nuclear winter seemed the leading existential threat on the horizon. But the danger posed by war to all humanity – and to our planet – is at least matched by climate change.” BARBER, Benjamin R. (b. August 2, 1939, New York) – American political theorist and author. He is Senior Research Scholar at the Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society of The Graduate Center, The City University of New York; president and founder of the Interdependence Movement; Walt Whitman Professor of Political Science Emeritus, Rutgers University; and Senior Fellow at the usc Center on Public Diplomacy since 2005. Barber served as an outside adviser to President Bill Clinton and a foreign policy adviser to Howard Dean’s 2004 presidential campaign. He has advised political parties and political leaders in the uk, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Finland, and Italy on civic education and participatory institutions, and has done the same, more controversially, with civil society and government leaders in Turkey, the Emirates, Libya, and China. As a political theorist, Barber argues for a renewed focus on civil society and engaged citizenship as tools for building effective democracy, particularly in the post-Cold War world. His current work examines the failure of nationstates to address global problems, and argues that cities and intercity associations are more effectively addressing shared concerns. Works: Superman and Common Men: Freedom, Anarchy and the Revolution (1971); The Death of Communal Liberty: A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton (1974); Liberating Feminism (1976); The Conquest of Politics: Liberal

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PEOPLE: BARLYBAEV–BAUMAN

Philosophy in Democratic Times (1988); Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World (1996); The Truth of Power: Intellectual Affairs in the Clinton White House (2001); Fear’s Empire: War, Terrorism, and Democracy in an Age of Interdependence (2003); Consumed: How Markets Corrupt Children, Infantilize Adults, and Swallow Citizens Whole (2007); If Mayors Ruled the World: Dysfunctional Nations, Rising Cities (2013). BARLYBAEV, Khalil Abubakirovich (b. 1944) – Professor of economics, specializing in the theory of globalistics and sustainable development; author of articles in the international encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics (2006); member of the editorial board of and author of articles in the journal Age of Globalization. Barlybaev graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1972 and taught political economy at Bashkir State University (bsu) from 1976–89. He served as head of the Economics Department of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bashkortostan from 1990–92; chairman of the Fund’s assets, then chairman of the State Committee of the Republic of Bashkortostan for managing state property, from 1992–95; Vice President for Economics at bsu, 1995–99; Deputy of the State Duma, 1999–2003; and Professor, Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, since 2004. Barlybaev was one of the developers of legislation for, and a participant in, reforming the economy of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the ­post-Soviet ­period. Since 2000 he has been researching the concept of sustainable development and issues of globalization in the context of philosophical a­ nthropology. On the basis of his analysis of the interrelation between nature, humans, and society, he designates a special system – bioanthroposocioagrotechnosphere – and examines its structure. He describes eighteen p ­ arameters of human ­nature in the structure of a single system, which determine the quality of orientations and spheres of globalization, and finally the appropriate measures for the transition to sustainable development. This approach allows him to go beyond the concepts according to which human nature has no system integrity, globalization processes are limited to a couple of directions, and measures for the transition to sustainable development do not have concrete practical content. Works: Path of Humanity: Self-Destruction or Sustainable Development (2001); General Theory of Globalization and Sustainable Development (2003); Globalization: For or Against Sustainable Development (2006); Human. Globalization. Sustainable Development (2007); Man in the Flow of Universal Evolution (2008); “Globalization: Theory and Practice,” Age of Globalization 2 (2008); “Modern

PEOPLE: BARLYBAEV–BAUMAN

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Science about Human in the Context of Globalization and Sustainable Development,” Socio-Humanitarian Knowledge 1 (2008); “Philosophical Anthropology in Context of Globalization and Sustainable Development,” in Abstracts of Reports on World Philosophy Congress xxii (Seoul, 2008); Intellectual and Humanistic (Noospheric) Formation – a Natural Future of Humanity (2010). BAUDRILLARD, Jean (b. July 27, 1929, Reims, France; d. March 6, 2007, Paris) – French sociologist, cultural specialist, postmodern philosopher, and photographer. Professor of Sociology at University of Paris in Nanterre. One of the most famous thinkers on the phenomenon of postmodernism, and on the contemporary state of Western civilization, which is characterized by the proliferation of artificial, non-genuine formations and mechanisms, and simulacra of social existence. Baudrillard introduced the concept of “hyperreality” as the development of the Marxist concept of the superstructure. The basis of hyperreality is a simulation. The units of the hyperreal are simulacra, signs or not self-identical phenomena, referring to something else, thus simulative. He developed the doctrine of the three orders of simulacra – copies, functional analogs, and simulacra themselves. He included in the third order of simulacra all modern phenomena, including money, public opinion, and fashion, that operate on the principle of symbolic exchange. Baudrillard became known to the general public in 1991 when he published the essay “The Gulf War did Not Take Place,” about the anti-Iraq campaign. Based on his theory of the “hyperreality of simulacra,” Baudrillard concluded that this campaign was the first “virtual war” in world history, the events of which were designed by the media. Baudrillard developed this theory further in reference to the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001: he considered them the beginning of “World War iv, in which globalism opposes itself” (“The Spirit of Terrorism”). Works: La societe de consommation: ses mythes et ses structures (1970; R ­ ussian trans. 2006); Pour une critique de l’economie politique du signe (1972; Russian trans. 2003); Simulacres et simulation (1981; English trans. 1996); A l’ombre des majorites silencieuses, ou le fin du social (1982; Russian trans. 2000); Amerique (1986; Russian trans. 2000). BAUMAN, Zygmunt (b. 1925, Poznan, Poland) – English sociologist. Participated in World War ii in the Polish Army, formed in the ussr. After the war he taught sociology at the University of Warsaw. In 1968 he emigrated to Israel, where until 1972 he taught at Tel Aviv University. He then moved to the uk and is currently an honorary professor at the University of Leeds.

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PEOPLE: DE BEAUVOIR–BECK

Bauman analyzes in detail the social and cultural issues of globalization in the context of the social and psychological characteristics of a consumer society. He sees the basic meaning of globalization in an uncertain, uncontrollable, independent nature and the absence of central control of processes in the world. Bauman considers globalization and territorialization (the formation and maintenance of a set of weak states) as two sides of the redistribution of sovereignty, power, and freedom of action on a global scale. Globalization results in the redistribution of privilege and deprivations, wealth and poverty, power and powerlessness, freedom and limitations. Dissemination of quasisovereignties and territorial division do not indicate the arrival of a large number of equal partners on the world stage. Works: Modernity and the Holocaust (1989); Globalization: The Human Consequences (1998); Liquid Modernity (2000); Rent, Anti Rent, Quasi Rent in Global Civilization Dimension (2003). DE BEAUVOIR, Simone (b. September 1, 1908, Paris; d. April 14, 1986, Paris) – French writer and philosopher, whose work had a great influence on the development of the feminist movement and women’s emancipation; supporter of humanistic existentialism; partner of J.P. Sartre. She received the Prix Goncourt for her novel Les Mandarins (1954). In 1949, de Beauvoir published The Second Sex, a fundamental historical and philosophical study of the complex issues related to the role of women in the modern world: what is “feminine destiny” and what is behind the concept of the “natural function of sex”; how and why is the situation of women in this world different from that of men; is a woman able in principle to establish herself as a complete person, and if so, in what circumstances; what conditions restrict the freedom of women and how can they be overcome. The Second Sex has a special place in feminist literature, functioning rather as a women’s bible for several generations. It is one of the most comprehensive, fundamental historical and philosophical studies of issues associated with women. Works: Pour une morale de l’ambiguit (1947); Le deuxime sexe (1949); Le Mandarins (1954); La Vieillesse (1970). BECK, Ulrich (b. 1944; d. 2015) – German sociologist; professor at Munich University and London School of Economics; theorist of the concepts of “reflexive modernization” and “risk society.” Known for his work on the periodization of the modern age and the complex investigation of contemporary globalization. Founder and chief editor of the journal Soziale Welt.

PEOPLE: DE BEAUVOIR–BECK

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Beck sees the origins of globalization in the economic sphere and links this  phenomenon with the activity of transnational corporations and the ­formation of a global economy. The main issue, associated with globalization, is that political view beyond the traditional categorical frameworks of the nation-state, political aftermaths, caused by the influence of economic mechanisms. This view is expressed through the opening to political interference and control of institutions of industrial society, which have traditionally been independent from it. The economy functioning on a global scale undermines the foundations of the national economy and the national state. Globalization policy aims not only to get rid of union restrictions, but also to weaken the politics of nation-states. He introduced the concept of “subpolitics,” describing it as an extra chance at action and usurpation of power outside the political system, which is obtained by corporations acting on the whole space of the world community. Based on his analysis of the value and ideological components of contemporary global processes, Beck considers the differences between the concepts of “globality” and “globalization,” on the one hand, and “globalism,” on the other. Globalism means that the world market displaces or replaces political activity; it is an ideology of domination of the world market – the ideology of ­neoliberalism. It operates on a purely economic basis and reduces the multidimensionality of globalization to only one – economic – dimension, and therefore the ecological, cultural, political, social, and civilizational aspects of globalization become subject to the world market supremacy measurement. At the ideological core of globalismis the elimination of the fundamental difference between politics and economics. The main objective of politics is to define the legal, social, and environmental framework according to which economic activity is carried out. Globalism makes it possible to control the state, society, culture, and foreign policy as a simple organization. Globality means that everyone lives in a global society in which there is no place for the isolated spaces. World society implies a commonality of social relations that cannot be integrated in national state policy or be determined by it. Meanwhile, the key role is played by self-identification, that is, how the world society is perceived by its members, to what extent the peoples and cultures of the world perceive themselves in the mutual intertwining of their differences, and to what extent this self-perception within the global society becomes a significant factor of behavior. Globalization is a process by which nation-states and their sovereignty are intertwined in a web of transnational actors and subjected to their powerful capabilities. An essential feature of the current state of the world is the

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PEOPLE: BELL–BENTLEY

i­ mpossibility of eliminating the globality that has already emerged. Thus, while there are various logics of ecological, cultural, economic, political, and sociocivic globalization, irreducible to each other, they can only be deciphered and understood in terms of their interdependencies. Works: Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order (1994); Was ist Globalisierung? (1998); World Risk Society (1999); Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk (2002). BELL, Daniel (b. May 10, 1919; d. January 25, 2011) – American sociologist, w ­ riter, philosopher, author of the theory of post-industrial society. Bell graduated from City College in New York, then from Columbia University. In 1960 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. From 1959 to 1969 he taught sociology at Columbia University, and from 1969 to 1990 he was Professor of Sociology at Harvard University. In 1999 he received the Alexis de Tocqueville Award for humanism. In his first major publication, The End of Ideology, Bell laid out his thesis on the exhaustion of the existing political ideologies. He offered up moderate social reformism, free markets, and civil liberties to replace the “programmed” ideologies of the time – fascism and communism. In American scientific communities he became one of the leading theorists of the social and political sciences. In 1973, Bell gained worldwide fame with The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, in which he posited the transition from a society based on industrial economics and capitalism, to a post-industrial society based on knowledge – a “knowledge society.” Rapid scientific and technological progress, the development of information and communication technologies, the growing influence of scientific and expert communities, as well as the centralization of power are the main indicators of post-industrial society. Bell also examines cultural aspects of perturbations, arising contradictions of a transitional society. He addressed this and other issues in Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, published in 1976. By 1980 he was already referring to a new “information society,” and he predicted that scientific and technological advances in the sphere of communications would have a direct effect on the scientific learning process and on the specifics of future forms of human employment, which would be radically transformed as a result of the transition to post-industrial society. Bell described himself as “a socialist in economics, a liberal in politics and a conservative in culture.” Works: The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (New York, 1965); The Coming Post-Industrial Society (Moscow, 1999);

PEOPLE: BELL–BENTLEY

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“­Social Frameworks of the Information Society,” in New Technocratic Wave in the West (Moscow, 1986), pp. 330–342; Era of Disunity (with V. Inozemtsev) (Moscow, 2007). BELLO, Walden (b. 1945, Manila) – Filipino author, academic, and political analyst who currently serves in the Philippine Congress. He is a professor of sociology and public administration at the University of the Philippines Diliman, as well as executive director of Focus on the Global South. Born in Manila, Philippines, Bello became a political activist following the declaration of martial law by then-president Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972. Educated at Princeton University, where he did his Ph.D. in sociology in 1975, he subsequently taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was a research associate with the Center for South East Asian Studies. He served as executive director of the Institute for Food and Development ­Policy (Food First) in Oakland, California prior to founding Focus on the Global South, a policy research institute based in Bangkok, Thailand. He is also a guest professor at Binghamton University, where his lectures focus predominantly on issues of globalization. Bello currently sits as a member of Congress in the Philippines’ House of Representatives, where he serves as the political party Akbayan’s second nominee. In 2003, Bello was awarded the Right Livelihood Award, whose website describes him as “one of the leading critics of the current model of economic globalization, combining the roles of intellectual and activist.” He is also a fellow of the Transnational Institute (based in Amsterdam), and is a columnist for Foreign Policy in Focus. In March 2008 he was named Outstanding Public Scholar for 2008 by the International Studies Association. Bello currently sits on the board of directors of the International Forum on Globalization. Works: Dragons in Distress: Asia’s Miracle Economies in Crisis (1990); A Siamese Tragedy: Development & Disintegration in Modern Thailand (1999); The Future in the Balance: Essays on Globalization and Resistance (2001); Deglobalization Ideas for a New World Economy (2001); The Food Wars (2009); Capitalism’s Last Stand?: Deglobalization in the Age of Austerity (2013). BENTLEY, Jerry H. (b. 1949, Birmingham, Alabama, usa; d. 2012, Hawaii) – Professor of world history at the University of Hawaii, usa, and founding editor of the Journal of World History. Bentley wrote on the cultural history of early modern Europe and on crosscultural interactions in world history. He attended Brainerd High School in Chattanooga, Tennessee; he then earned his b.a. from the University of Tennessee in 1971, and his m.a. (in 1974) and his Ph.D. (in 1976) from the University

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PEOPLE: BERGER–BERNAL

of Minnesota. He became an Assistant Professor at the University of Hawaii in 1976, Associate Professor in 1982, and full professor in 1987. In 2002, Bentley became the Director of the Center for World History. Two awards have been named for him: the Bentley Book Prize (est. 2012) of the World History Association and the Jerry Bentley Prize in World History of the American Historical Association (est. 2014). In his 1993 book Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and ­Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times, Bentley examines processes of cultural exchange and religious conversion before modern times. His 1996 pamphlet “Shapes of World History in Twentieth-Century Scholarship” discusses the historiography of world history. Bentley’s interests included processes of cross-cultural interaction and cultural exchange in modern times. In his works, he separates time into the following periods: early complex societies, 3500 to 500 bce; the formation of classical societies, 500 bce to 500 ce; the postclassical era, 500 to 1000 ce; an age of cross-cultural interaction, 1000 to 1500 ce; the origins of global interdependence, 1500 to 1800 ce; an age of revolution, industry, and empire, 1750 to 1914 ce; and contemporary global realignments, 1914 to the present. Works: Humanists and Holy Writ: New Testament Scholarship in the Renaissance (1983); Politics and Culture in Renaissance Naples (1987); Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (1993); Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past (2000–03); Making History: A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing (1998); Shapes of World History in Twentieth-Century Scholarship (2001); The New World History (2002); World History and Grand Narrative (2003); Why Study World History? (2007); Europeanization of the World or Globalization of Europe? (2012). BERGER, Peter Ludwig (b. March 17, 1929, Vienna) – Austrian Lutheran theologist and sociologist, living in the United States, a representative of the socioconstructivist field in sociology. Berger’s major works are devoted to the development of a phenomenological sociology of knowledge, sociology of religion, the theory of modernization, cultural globalization, and the development of the “third world.” As a sociologist of religion, Berger insisted on the tendency to revitalize religion in modern society. Although he publicly acknowledged in the late 1980s that religion is not a dominant social force, he noted that in many cases (e.g. in the United States) it asserts itself much more persistently now than in the past. He points to the fact that pluralism and the globalized world fundamentally affect the way an individual experiences a state of religious belief, where faith is increasingly considered an individual search for personal religious preferences.

PEOPLE: BERGER–BERNAL

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In his work Berger paid great attention to the issue of cultural g­ lobalization. He considered language, the business elite or “club of intellectuals,” social movements, and popular culture to be its driving forces. In 2004 he c­ o-authored The Many Faces of Globalization: Cultural Diversity in the Modern World with Samuel Huntington. Exploring the phenomenon of globalization from the positions of five superpowers, the authors aim to prove the existence of a global culture. Despite the fact that globalization has American roots, according to the authors, it is wrong to regard it as a centrally directed force, like classic imperialism. They instead analyze the primary trends that constitute global culture. Berger’s most famous work is Social Construction of Reality, a treatise on the sociology of knowledge (1966), co-written with Thomas Luckmann. Works: Social Construction of Reality (with T. Lukman) (1966); Questions of Faith: A Skeptical Affirmation of Christianity (2003); Sacred Cover: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967); The Many Faces of Globalization: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World (with S. Huntington) (2004); A Far Glory: The Quest for Faith in an Age of Credibility (1992); The Limits of Social Cohesion: Conflict and Mediation in Pluralist Societies: A Report of the Bertelsmann Foundation to the Club of Rome (1998); Homeless Mind (with B. Berger and G. ­Kellner) (1973); Pyramids of Victims (1974); Saving Laughter (1997); ­Rumor of Angels (1969). BERNAL, John (b. 1901; d. 1971) – English physicist; member of the Royal Society; a foreign member of the ussr Academy of Sciences and various other academies; public figure; formerly executive president of the Praesidium of the World Peace Council. Bernal received his secondary education at a Jesuit college, but as an adult he rejected religion and became an atheist. In 1922 Bernal graduated from Cambridge University. He worked from 1923–27 at the Royal Institution in ­London, from 1927–37 at Cambridge University, and in 1937 he became a professor at the University of London. During World War ii he worked in the field of air defense from 1939–42, and as a scientific adviser to United headquarters operations of the Allied forces from 1942–45. Much of Bernal’s work explores the origin of life, as well as the role and place of science in modern society. His 1939 book The Social Function of Science marked the beginning of a new field – the Science of Science. In the final section of his fundamental work from 1956, Science in the History of Society, he prophesied that the transformation of nature will occur in the direction indicated by biology and geology. Bernal was awarded the Royal Medal in 1945, and the International Lenin Prize “for strengthening peace between peoples” in 1953.

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PEOPLE: BERNARD–BERTALANFFY

Works: Social Function of Science (1938); Science in the History of Society (1956); Science of Science (1966); Origin of Life (1969). Lit.: I.D. Rozhansky, “J. Bernal (on the 50th anniversary of his birth)” (1951); Ch. P. Snow, John Desmond Bernal (1966). BERNARD, Jesse (b. June 8, 1903, Minneapolis; d. October 6, 1996, ­Washington) – American sociologist primarily concerned with feminism and the role of ­women in modern global society. Bernard received her Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1935. She served as the president of the Eastern Sociological Society; president of the Society for the Study of Social Issues; and from 1953–54 as vice-president of the American Sociological Association. Bernard’s research focused on family issues, gender, and sexuality. From a sociological description of the traditional role of women, she moved on to the analysis of “women’s world,” which has historically limited the opportunities available to women. In 1972 she compared the symptoms of anxiety, depression, neurosis, and passivity among married versus single people and found that married men were happier than single men. She concluded that the main source of better health among men is women. This idea later became a central tenet of feminism, gaining force in the 1970s. The American Sociological Association named a prize for scientific work on the role of women in society after Bernard. Works: Biculturalism (1942); Origins of American Sociology (with Luther L. Bernard) (1943); Academic Women (1964); The Future of Marriage (1972); The Future of Motherhood (1975); The Female World (1981); The Female World from a Global Perspective (1987). BERNERS-LEE, Tim (Sir Timothy John “Tim” Berners-Lee) (b. June 8, 1955, London) – British scientist; inventor of uri, url, http, html, and the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee assembled his first computer in Oxford on an M6800 processor with a television set as a monitor. In 1976 he joined Plessey Telecommunications Ltd., and in 1978 moved to dg Nash Ltd., where he worked on programs for printers and created a type of multitasking operating system. While employed at the European Laboratory for Nuclear Research (cern) in Geneva, Switzerland as a software consultant, he wrote a program, Enquire, which used random associations, and established the conceptual framework for the World Wide Web. While working on an internal system of documents exchange in 1989, ­Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, now known as the World

PEOPLE: BERNARD–BERTALANFFY

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Wide Web. The project was approved and implemented. From 1991 to 1993 Berners-Lee continued to work on the World Wide Web. He collected feedback from users and coordinated the Web, then asked for public comment on his first specification of uri, http, and html. In 1994 Berners-Lee became head of the department of the founders of 3Com in the Informatics Laboratory at mit. In 1994 he founded the World Wide Web Consortium at the Laboratory of Computer Science. The Consortium develops and implements standards for the Internet and aims to unlock the full potential of the World Wide Web, combining stability standards with their rapid evolution. In 2004 Berners-Lee was knighted for “service for the benefit of the global development of the Internet.” He is an honorary professor at the following ­universities: Parsons School of Design, New York (A., 1996); University of Southampton (D.Sc., 1996); University of Essex (d.u., 1998); Southern Cross ­University (1998); The Open University (d.u., 2000); Columbia University (D.  Law, 2001); Oxford University (2001); and University of Port Elizabeth (D.Sc.). He is an outstanding member of the British Computer Society, Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Electrical Engineers, an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication, a member of Gugliermo Marconi Foundation, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the Royal Society (2001), a member of the American Philosophical Society, and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences, usa (2009). Berners-Lee has received many honors and awards, including the Order of Merit, the Koji Kobayashi award ieee “Computers and Communications,” pioneer award from the Foundation of e-freedom, Japan prize from the Japan Foundation for Science and Technology (2002), award for scientific and technological research from the Prince of Asturias Foundation (with Larry Roberts, Rob Kahn, and Vint Cerf), first prize “Technology of Millennium” (2004), and a special award from the American Society of Information Science and Technology. Works: Weaving the Web: Origins and Future of the World Wide Web (1999); Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential (2005). BERTALANFFY, Ludwig von (b. 1901; d. 1972) – Austrian theoretical biologist and philosopher; theorist of general systems theory. Bertalanffy received his Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1926, where he then worked until 1948 firstly as a lecturer, then as a professor. From 1948–69 he lived and worked in North America. Bertalanffy was the first European scholar to develop the theory of biological open systems, which was the central theme of his publications from the

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PEOPLE: BESTUZHEV-LADA–BHAGWATI

mid-1920s. The theory of open systems has had a profound impact on the perception and, consequently, the control of different organizations. It contributed to the development of organization and management theory in the 1950s and 1960s and remains relevant for the practice of management. He created the framework for general systems theory, the contours of which were outlined in his works in late 1930s, in particular the ideas of the unity of science, having direct relevance to this theory. From the 1950s he was engaged in applying open systems theory and general systems theory to the social sciences, which resulted in a so-called systemic view of people and their activities. He was one of the few scientists to have a significant impact on how Westerners perceive communication with each other (at work and outside of it) and with the world around them. Bertalanffy’s open systems, which became the forerunner of general systems theory, had a profound influence on the formulation of the theory of management of organization in the 1950s and 1960s and on management practices in the 1990s. Planning and decision-making are often implemented using the concepts of differentiation of the external environment, functions, growth, and interdependence of theology (depending on the behavior of some of the organizations in from the planned events in the future). Working extensively on generalizing the concept of open systems for use in other fields, Bertalanffy came to the idea of general systems theory and a new understanding of the unity of science. General systems theory aims at the formulation and development of principles that are applicable to all systems. Its main provisions were first announced at a scientific seminar in Chicago in 1937. Bertalanffy gave impetus to the development of new systematic trends in science. He played a key role in the development of the Company’s general systems theory, which was formed by a group of scientists, established in 1954 at the conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Berkeley. In 1956 he became editor of the yearbook General System. Bertalanffy was at the forefront of systems thinking, which has been widely used in various spheres of public life, in the modern global and fundamental principle of theoretical researches and the basis for making decisions. Works: Theoretical Biology (Vol. i, 1932; Vol. ii, 1951); Biological Picture of the World (1949); Robots, People, Mind (1967); General Systems Theory. Base, Development, Application (1968). BESTUZHEV-LADA, Igor Vasil’evich (b. January 12, 1927) – Professor of historical sciences; employee of a number of humanitarian institutions of the Russian Academy of Science (history, international labor movement, specific social studies, sociology); professor in the Sociology Faculty at Lomonosov

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Moscow State University; academician of public organizations (Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences); Honorary President of the International Academy for Future Studies. Bestuzhev-Lada is one of the founders, together with E.A. Arab-Ogly and others, of the Soviet school of prognostics (futurology), whose representatives tried within a monistic (Marxist) ideology to analyze the prospects of modern civilization. He continues to defend the thesis, according to which social forecasting, based on modern technology, not only creates a scientific basis for identifying the main trends of national and global development, but also allows us to offer adequate ways to overcome the potential (and actual) “challenges” that threaten the positive development of civilization. From the 1990s Bestuzhev-Lada has worked to develop possible scenarios for Russian speakers. He links positive prospects for national and global development with access to “alternative civilization.” Works: Normative Social Forecasting: The Possible Ways of Achieving the Goals of Society. Experience of Systematization (Moscow, 1987); Technology of Forecasting Developments of Social Processes (Moscow, 1992); Russia on the Eve of the xxi Century, 1904–2004. From Colossus to the Collapse and Back (Moscow, 1997); Alternative Civilization. The Only Salvation for Humanity (Moscow, 2003); Committing Suicide. Futurist Notes about the Past and Incoming (Moscow, 2004). BHAGWATI, Jagdish Natwarlal (b. 1934, Mumbai) – American economist and professor at Columbia University. In 1956 Bhagwati graduated from the University of Cambridge. He continued his studies at mit and at Oxford, specializing in the economic development of peripheral countries. Bhagwati then returned to India and in 1961 became a member of the National Planning Commission, and later was appointed a professor of the School of Economics in New Delhi. He returned to mit in 1968 to teach, and became a professor at Columbia University in 1980. Bhagwati has held positions in various international organizations. From 1991–93 he served as an adviser on economic policy to the General Manager of gatt; from 1997 as an adviser to the Director-General of the wto; from ­2000–01 as an adviser to the un Secretary-General on globalization; from 2003 as a member of the un Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on African Issues; and as a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations at the National ­Bureau of Economic Research. Bhagwati is a consistent supporter of globalization. His well-known book In Defense of Globalization is a response to opponents and critics of globalization, especially economic globalization. Bhagwati considers primarily economic globalization, defining it as integration of national economies into the global

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system through foreign trade, foreign direct investment (carried out by transnational corporations), short-term capital flows, redeployments of the labor force and population in general, and international technologies exchange. The main question of the modern world is not whether we are satisfied with the speed of economic advance, stimulated by globalization, but what additional political tools are required to speed it up. Works: World Trading System at Risk (1991); Writings on International Economics (1997); Stream of Windows: Unsettling Reflections on Trade, Immigration, and Democracy (1998); Globalization and Appropriate Governance (2002); In Defense of Globalization (2004). BLOCH, Mark (b. July 6, 1886, Lyon, France; d. June 16, 1944, Saint-Didier-leForman, France) – French historian, representative of the phenomenological study of history; one of the founders of the Annales school that transformed historical methodology; author of works on Western European feudalism, agrarian relations in France, and general issues of historical methodology. Together with Lucien Febvre founded the journal Annales in 1929. According to Bloch, the subject of historical research is the human in time. Human consciousness does not remain constant over time, but rather changes under the influence of various factors. One cannot understand the past without understanding the present. Likewise, certain modern phenomena can only be understood in light of their origins in the past, sometimes very distant. He cautions historians to avoid instinctively blending elements from the past with their own experience, but to pursue conscious controlled observation. Social integrity, which is the purpose of historical research, expresses itself in the human mind. It merge all the features are typical for the era. If we can realize it, we could solve the issue of coverage of studied holistic society. History apology or craft of historian; Kings-wonderworkers: Essay on ideas about the supernatural nature of royal power, spread mainly in France and in England; Feudal society. BLONDEL, Jean (b. October 26, 1926, Toulon, France) – French political scientist and expert on comparative political science; one of the founders of the European Consortium for Political Research. Blondel is an Honorary Professor at the European University Institute, Florence; a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Sweden; and a member of the non-governmental European Academy of Sciences Academia Europaea. He contributed to the development of the theory of party systems, comparative analysis of European cabinet ministers, and the relationship between parties and governments. He is known for his work on the study of political

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leadership in a globalized world. His book Political Leadership: The Way to a Comprehensive Analysis was a bestseller. In 2004 he was awarded the Johan Skytte award in the field of political science. Works: Voters, Parties and Leaders: The Social Fabric of British Politics; An Introduction to Comparative Government; Comparative Legislatures; Political Parties. A Genuine case for Discontent?; The Discipline of Politics; Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis; Cabinets in Western Europe (ed. with F. Müller-Rommel); Governing Together: the Extent and Limits of Joint DecisionMaking in Western European Cabinets (ed. with F. Müller-Rommel); Party and Government: an Inquiry Into the Relationship Between Governments and Supporting Parties in Liberal Democracies (eds with M. Cotta); People and Parliament in the European Union: Participation, Democracy, and Legitimacy (with R. Sinnott and P. Svensson); The Nature of Party Government: a Comparative European Perspective (ed. with M. Cotta); Cabinets in Eastern Europe (ed. with F. Müller-Rommel). BOGDANOV (real name Malinowski), Alexander (b. August 10(22), 1873, Sokolka of Grodno province; d. April 7, 1928, Moscow) – Russian scientist, physician, philosopher, economist, politician and science fiction writer; ­spearheaded the development of global systems thinking. He is the author of a popular textbook on Marxist political economy. Bogdanov became involved with the revolutionary movement in 1894 and was one of the leaders or the rsdlp (b) from 1904–09. In 1904–06 he proposed the philosophical concept “empiriomonism,” a “social and labor outlook” based on integrative tendencies in science. In the novels Red Star (1908) and The Engineer Manny (1912), he depicted a utopian world of planetary integration and indicated resource, demographic and psychological limitations of the progress. He also anticipated the main directions of development of technologies (automation, organic synthesis, telecommunications) and the threat of “terror and the military” under socialism. Bogdanov’s book Issues of Socialism (1917), along with his criticism of the “military-communist” nature of the ­October Revolution of 1917, represent the first clear warning about the dangers of self-destruction of mankind. Bogdanov was attacked for Leninist “revisionism” and for giving priority to “the connectedness of all people” over “the idea of class struggle and the group.” In 1926 Bogdanov established the Institute of Blood Transfusion; he later died as a result of experimenting on himself. In 1999 the Bogdanov International Institute was founded in Yekaterinburg and Moscow to develop his theories, including tectology. In his main work, Tectology: General Organizational Science (1913–22), Bogdanov gave a general theory of the “world of organizational dynamics” with

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the analysis of “repeatability of organizational types at different stages of life”: “no matter how different elements of the universe – electrons, atoms, things, people, ideas, planets, stars – no matter how different in appearance are their combinations, it is possible to establish a small number of general methods by which these sorts of elements are interconnected as in the spontaneous process of nature and in human activity.” In tectology (from Greek Tekton – builder) Bogdanov provided a detailed characterization of general institutional arrangements (formative and regulatory), as well as the types of stability (quantitative, structural), classification systems (centralist, fusion, beaded), and crises (connection, separation, explosive, the dying). He expanded the meaning of principles established by the natural sciences, such as selection (selection), plasticity, “the law of the minimum,” dynamic equilibrium, differentiation, and integration, and he introduced new concepts: ingression (entering into a range), egression (going out of range), and degression (going down), showing that in any system “ingression collects organized content, egression concentrates it, degression fixes.” He also provided the original wording of the cybernetic principle of feedback and the “Gaia hypothesis”: the most important task of humanity is mastery of the “statutory minimum” in the cultural sphere, in order to avoid its alignment with the lowest level of mass psychology, which subordinates civilization to the remnants of savagery. Bogdanov’s tectology should be considered as a general system of sciences applied for the first time in an attempt to implement a system-cybernetic analysis of the functioning and management of social structures. Thus, Bogdanov can be considered as the author of the first version of general systems theory and as a cybernetics predecessor, because his ideas preceded those of Norbert Wiener and L. von Bertalanffy by more than 30 years. Emphasizing this fact, academician N.N. Moiseev wrote: “The most amazing thing is that Bogdanov has claimed isomorphism of physical, biological, and social laws without sufficient empirical material, which modern science disposes – the existence of general principles of self-organization of the material world at all three levels: the world of inert matter, living matter and society. Such a statement is the starting position for the construction of the theory of self-organization.” Works: Basic Elements of View on Nature (1899); Empiriomonism: Articles on Philosophy (Books 1–3, 1904–06); Course of Political Economy (Vols. i–ii, ­1910–19); Philosophy of Living Experience (1913); Tectology. Universal Organizational Science (Vols. i–ii, 1913–20); The Science of Public Consciousness (1914); Introduction to Political Economy (1914); Short Course of Economic Science (1922). Lit.: M.I. Setrov, “On Common Elements of A. Bogdanov Tectology, Cybernetics and Systems Theory” (1967); A.A. Tchistova, “The Role of A.A. Bogdanov in the Development of Soviet Medicine” (1967); A.A. Belov, A.A. Bogdanov (1974).

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BOHR, Niels Henrik David (b. 1885; d. 1962) – Danish physicist and social activist. Nobel Prize Winner in Physics, 1922. The major stages of twentieth-century scientific development are associated with Bohr: the development of atom physics and quantum m ­ echanics. His chief intellectual partner and scientific reviewer for many years was ­Albert Einstein, while many outstanding scientists, including V. Heisenberg and L.D. Landau, were his students. At the beginning of World War ii, he was forced to flee Nazi-occupied Copenhagen. In the United States he participated in the creation of nuclear weapons, considering this, as did other well-known physicists, a necessary measure to counter the possibility that Hitler’s regime had a nuclear weapon. Bohr played a major role in the development of philosophical issues of ­non-classical science and in the development of a new stage of the theory of knowledge and methodology of science. His principles of correspondence and complementarity proved to be applicable not only in physics, but also far beyond its borders, including in the field of humanities. Bohr himself, reflecting on the fate of world culture, creatively applied the principle of subsidiarity in the comparative analysis of civilizations of East and West. Bohr was an active participant in the movement of scientists for peace, disarmament, international security, and scientific cooperation. His humanistic ideas and social activities significantly improved relations during the Cold War. Lit.: Niels Bohr. Life and Work (Moscow, 1967); D.S. Danin, Niels Bohr (Moscow, 1978). BOTKIN, James (b. 1945, usa) – American scientist; one of the authors of the seventh report to the Club of Rome; a leading specialist in the field of higher education. Twenty years prior to the turn of the century, Botkin emphasized the need for innovative thinking in the twenty-first century. After receiving his doctorate in higher education and automated systems management in 1973, he was one of the first to raise the issue of innovative training, showing that the informatization of society provides new opportunities to improve the efficiency of traditional education. He played a critical role in the preparation of the Club of Rome’s seventh report, “No Limits for Learning,” published in late 1979. The report was the ­result of collaboration between three independent groups in the United States, ­Morocco, and Romania, led by J. Botkin, M. Elmandjra, and M. Malica, respectively. Their central task was to study issues related to changes in people’s behavior in a changing world, focusing specifically on education as a social ­institution. The decision to focus on the field of education was inspired by the

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student rebels in Western Europe during the period 1964–68; it attempted to put global human issues in the center of the discussion, shifting the emphasis to the humanitarian sphere and “life support system.” The report noted that people are not prepared to consider the simultaneous actions of many factors; they traditionally focus their efforts on solving immediate issues, including minor ones that are related to the long term. The modern education system should teach “foresight,” giving students the ability to “create new, not previously existing alternatives” and to constantly “re-learn.” It also noted that the future is often mistakenly presented as an extrapolation of the present without taking into account the possibility of a qualitatively new phenomenon. When making decisions, one must be able to anticipate the results of one’s actions in terms of their implications. The report also focused on cost imbalances and society’s limited resources in the modern world, when the humanitarian sector and the education system are financed with leftovers. It highlighted the fact that the cost of military targets exceeds the cost of research in the fields of education, health, energy, and power together, despite the fact that at that time one-fifth of the world’s population were illiterate, the bulk of them in developing countries. All this, as Botkin and his co-authors pointed out, significantly hinders social development and represents a serious obstacle to solving complex modern global issues. Works: “No Limits for Learning. Report to the Club of Rome” (with E. ­Elmandjra and M. Malitsa) (1979); “Innovative Education, Microelectronics and Intuition,” Perspectives: Educational Issues 1 (1983); Smart Business (1999). BOULDING, Kenneth Ewart (b. January 18, 1910, Liverpool, uk; d. March 18, 1993, usa) – British and American economist, sociologist, and philosopher; one of the founders of the general theory of systems, as well as a participant in numerous research projects in the fields of economics and social sciences. Graduated from Oxford University in 1931. In order to understand the essence of economics it is necessary, according to Boulding, to plunge into the process of economic activity itself. To understand economic processes, it is necessary to consider the totality of human activity, rather than seeing man as simply a creature that consumes. Since all of the social sciences in fact study the same thing – humankind – an interdisciplinary field of public knowledge is needed. In his book Economics Reconstruction Boulding first expressed the idea of the evolutionary nature of economics, developing an approach to economic and social life based on the concepts of ecological interaction. Based on economic analysis and definitions of the “balance sheet,” and also using assets as a primary expression of economic behavior, Boulding concludes that c­ onsumption

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leading to the destruction of assets and the maximization of welfare should be minimized. Otherwise, the supply of some assets, particularly natural ­resources, will be depleted. He draws attention to the fact that for future progress, humankind should not focus on economic consumption, but on the formation of a holistic view of the interaction of all social processes as well as on the impact of man on nature. He also talks about the crisis nature of the existing system of man – society – nature and the inevitable global problems humankind will face (although he did not use the term “global problems” in his work). Boulding concludes that it is necessary to create “a united global ecological system” and to refresh people’s morality accordingly. From 1949 to 1967 Boulding continued to develop the ideas expressed in Economics Reconstruction. In the 1953 book Organizational Revolution, he looks at the increased role played by major international organizations. Understanding the trend toward globalization, Boulding asserts that such organizations were created as a result of an increased ability to organize and a desire for integration. Studying the ethical implications of such large-scale organizations, Boulding argues that they will be able to correct injustice in society and lead to a structural break of the existing system in the world. In 1954, Bounding founded the Society for General Systems Research, with the aim to establish general systems theory as “the science skeleton,” – the knowledge that would absorb and integrate the features “of certain disciplines and certain research subjects in their pursuit to arrangement and ­consequently to structured knowledge body.” Boulding was a passionate pacifist, an active Quaker who opposed World War ii and the Vietnam War. In parallel with his promotion of general systems theory, he wrote a series of sonnets glorifying peaceful coexistence, published as Here is the Spirit. Conflict and Protection, Boulding’s main work dedicated to issues of peace and war, was a significant contribution to the theory of conflicts, and became the stimulus for the founding of the journal Conflict Settlement, the main voice of pacifism for many years. In one of his last works, Three Faces of Power, he talked about the possibility of a future world government formed on the basis of “large organizations” (as mentioned in Organizational Revolution) as well as on aggregated power. Most of Boulding’s works were attempts to abstract from a narrow representation of people as selfish maximizers of rational use and to rise to a higher interdisciplinary level, and to explore the essence of human existence from the point of view of general social studies and philosophy. Boulding spoke about the need for an interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge, and about the impact of integration processes on nature and humankind

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PEOPLE: BOUTROS-GHALI–BRANDT

i­ tself, as well as investigating the causes of crises in various areas of the world systems. Works: Economic Analysis (1941); A Reconstruction of Economics (1950); in Russian translation: “General Systems Theory – the Skeleton of Science,” Studies in General Systems Theory (1969). BOUTROS-GHALI, Boutros (b. November 4, 1922, Cairo, Egypt) – Diplomat, jurist; un Secretary-General, 1992–97. From 1977–91 he served as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Egypt and as Deputy Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs of Egypt. In 1987 he became a member of the Egyptian Parliament. From 1974–77 he was a member of the Central Committee and Political Bureau of the Arab Socialist Union, and in 1980 he was a member of the secretariat of the National Democratic Party. Prior to his appointment as un Secretary-General, he was also deputy chairman of the Socialist International. Boutros-Ghali received a Bachelor of Laws degree from Cairo University in 1946 and a Ph.D. in international law from the University of Paris in 1949. His doctoral thesis was devoted to the analysis of activities of regional organizations. He has received special awards from the University of Paris in the fields of political science, economics, and public law. Prior to becoming a diplomat, Boutros-Ghali was a professor of ­international law and international relations at Cairo University, from 1949–77. He served as director of the research center of The Hague Academy of International Law in 1963–64, and was a visiting professor at the Law Faculty of the University of Paris in 1967–68. He delivered lectures on international law and international relations at universities in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin and North America. Over the years Boutros-Ghali has been engaged in international relations as a diplomat, jurist, scholar, and author of many published works. He has participated in numerous meetings on international law, human rights, socioeconomic development, decolonization, the Middle East issue, international humanitarian law, the rights of ethnic and other minorities, non-alignment, development in the Mediterranean region, and Afro-Arab cooperation. In September 1978 Boutros-Ghali participated in the Camp David Summit and contributed to the conclusion of the Camp David Agreements between Egypt and Israel, which were signed in 1979. He was head of the Egyptian delegation to meetings of the Organization of African Unity and the Non-Aligned Movement several times, as well as to the Conference of Heads of States and Governments of France and African states. He was also head of the Egyptian delegation to the un General Assembly in 1979, 1982, and 1990. Boutros-Ghali has received honors from many universities worldwide, and he is a member of many countries’ scientific academies and societies. He has

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been honored by twenty-four countries and has received numerous awards, including the Peace Fighter award from the Italian fund Uniting Efforts for Peace in July 1993; the Crystal Star award, named after Arthur A. Houghton Jr., for outstanding achievements, from the African-American Institute in November 1993; and an award named for Christian A. Herter from the Council on Foreign Relations in March 1993. Boutros-Ghali is the author of over 100 published works and numerous articles on regional and international relations, law, diplomacy, and politics. Works: Way of Egypt to Jerusalem: The Story of a Diplomat about the Struggle for Peace in the Middle East (1999); Unconquered Organization: The History of Relations between the United Nations and the United States of America (2000); Democracy and Globalization: Conversations with Yves Bertelo (2002); Will Earthmen Survive? (with A. Gromyko, R. Macnamara and others) (1989); The United Nations and Human Rights (1996); The United Nations and Apartheid (1996); Speeches of Secretary General of the United Nations in Moscow May 14–18, 1996 (1996). BRANDT, Willie (real name Carl Herbert Frahm) (b. December 18, 1913, ­Lubeck, Germany; d. October 8, 1992, Unkel, Germany) – German politician; Federal Chancellor of Germany, 1969–74; initiator of Neue Ostpolitik (new East politics) to ease tensions in Europe in the 1970s; active champion of peace, international security, and disarmament; contributed to “third world” development; President of the Socialist International, 1976–92. Brandt was the illegitimate son of Martha Fram, a sales assistant, and was raised by her and his grandfather. Influenced by his grandfather, while at gymnasium he joined the Organization of Young Specialists (1929), and a year later the Social Democratic Party of Germany (sdpg). In 1931 he joined the Socialist Workers Party (swp), which split from the sdpg and tended toward a more left position. He graduated from gymnasium in 1932. When Hitler came to power in 1933 the swp was banned, but it decided to continue struggling against Nazism in secret. Brandt was entrusted to create a cell organization in Oslo, and in April 1933 he illegally traveled to Norway, where he pursued party work and continued his education at the University of Oslo. In 1934, he changed his name to Willy Brandt. He used this name during official speeches in 1947. In September–December 1936 he illegally returned to Germany as a student using the name Gunnar Gaasland. In January 1937, on behalf of the swp with the leaders of the sdpg and the cpg, as well as with famous cultural figures, he signed an anti-fascist appeal to the German people. He also traveled across Europe as a journalist, including to Spain to cover the events of the Civil War for the Norwegian newspapers. After Germany attacked

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Norway in 1940, he managed to escape to Sweden. The embassy in Stockholm gave him Norwegian citizenship (he had been deprived of German citizenship in 1938). Staying in Stockholm until the end of the war, he actively participated in the activities of the Social Democrats’ organizations for immigrants from European countries. In 1944, he again joined the sdpg. After World War ii, Brandt returned to Germany and worked as a correspondent for newspapers in Scandinavia. In 1948, he again adopted German citizenship. In 1949 he was elected from the sdpg as a deputy of the first West German Bundestag. In the 1950s, he held various positions in the West Berlin branch of the sdpg: member of the board (1950), deputy chairman of the board (1954–58), and chairman of the sdpg in West Berlin (1958–63). In 1955 he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies of West Berlin. From 1957 to 1966 he served as Governing Mayor of West Berlin. During the Cold War he gained international fame as a herald of the freedom of (West) Berlin, which played a decisive role in his future political career: he was elected a member of the board of the sdpg in 1958, deputy in 1962, and chairman of the sdpg, succeeding E. Ollenhauer, in 1964. In the elections to the Bundestag in 1965 the sdpg significantly strengthened its position, receiving 39.3% of the votes, allowing it to enter into the coalition government formed by K. Kiesinger (cdu). Brandt held the positions of foreign minister and vice-chancellor. In 1969, for the first time in the post-war period, the sdpg headed a government, formed with the assistance of the Free Democratic ­Party. Brandt’s policy to diffuse tensions between the countries of Western and Eastern Europe (Moscow Treaty, recognition of the gdr, agreements with ­Poland, Czechoslovakia) found support among the majority of the population of Germany. Brandt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to the improvement of international relations in 1971. However, despite the great success of the sdpg in the Bundestag elections in 1974 (45.8%), Brandt had to resign from the post of chancellor the same year after one of its employees was exposed as an agent of the secret police of the gdr. He remained chairman of the sdpg until 1987, and was honored chairman of the sdpg until his death. Brandt’s achievements as a German and a European politician made him one of the leading figures of the European and global social democratic movement: in 1966 he became vice-chairman of the Socialist International (si), and in 1976 he was elected president of the si. Under his governance the si undertook an organizational and software update (“fresh start”), transforming itself into a world organization of democratic socialist parties. His reports to the si congresses presented a global vision of the world, examining world issues and possible solutions.

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From 1977–83 Brandt headed the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, also known as the Brandt Commission or the North–South Commission. Comprising outstanding representatives from the worlds of politics and science, it focused on the most acute issues of relations between the countries of North and South; and in 1980 it presented its first report, “North–South: A Program for Survival.” In 1983, the Commission published a second report on the topic of dialogue and cooperation between North and South, “Common Crisis: North–South Cooperation for World Recovery.” Works: Memories (trans. from German; first published 1989) (Moscow, 1991); Democratic Socialism. Articles and Speeches (trans. from German) (Moscow, 1992); Friedenspolitik in Europa (Frankfurt, 1968); Begegnungen und Einsichten, die Jahre 1960–1975 (Hamburg, 1976); Der Organisierte Wahnsinn. Wettrflsten und Welthunger (Koln, 1985). Lit.: T. Prittie, Willy Brandt (1975); P. Koch, Willy Brandt. Einepolitische Biographie (Berlin, 1988); P. Merseburger, Willy Brandt 1913–1992. Visionar und Realist (Stuttgart and Munich, 2002); Willy Brandt – a Person, Politician: History and Modernity. Based on the materials of the international scientific conference (Volgograd, 2005). BRAUDEL, Fernand (b. 1902; d. 1985) – French historian and professor at the Collège de France (1949); member of the French Academy (1984). From 1956–68 Braudel was editor of the historical journal Annales, founded by French historians L. Febvre and M. Bloch. Historians of the Annales school rejected the traditional primacy of political history and the history of diplomacy, devoting themselves to the study of deep factors in the historical ­process – climatic and geographic, demographic, communications and means of communication, and so forth. They employed methods of statistical and quantitative analysis to examine in detail the development of trade and everyday life in a given era. Braudel’s most important work is the three-volume Material Civilization, Economics and Capitalism. xv–xviii Centuries (Civilisation materialle, economie et capitalisme): Vol. i, The Structures of Everyday Life (Les structures du quotidien) (1968); Vol. ii, Exchange Mechanisms (Les Jeux de l’echange) (1979); Vol. iii, Time of the World (Le Temps du monde) (1979; Russian trans. 1992). This comprehensive study of global social and economic history from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, examining all aspects of human activity and experience, aimed to explain why the epicenter of the Industrial Revolution was Western Europe.

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BROWN, Lester (b. March 28, 1934, Bridgeton, n.j., usa) – American scientist; head of the Earth Policy Institute (World Watch Institute) in Washington; one of the initiators of the green movement. After graduating from the Faculty of Agriculture at Rutgers University in 1955, Brown spent six months in rural India, where he faced provision issues and started thinking about global issues and global solutions. Brown soon became well known as an analyst in the field of global agriculture, and went on to earn several more degrees, including one from Harvard University. He worked for several years as a government adviser and official. In 1974 he founded the World Watch Institute, the first research institute dedicated to the analysis of global environmental issues. In 2001 he founded the Earth Policy Institute, aiming at the creation of ecologically oriented economics. Already widely known in academic and environmental circles, Brown became known worldwide for his 1995 book Who Will Feed China, expressing concern about the demographic and economic boom in China and India. His more recent works, primarily updated versions of his 2003 book Plan B, express the author’s somber idea that political paralysis, along with imperfection in the economic system, dooms the environment to inevitable death, which will have a devastating impact both on the world food system and on civilization in general. He estimated what size of population would be sustainable, and warned of food price increases and poor harvests well before 2007–08, when his predictions came true. Record heat in Russia caused fires which destroyed on average 38% of the country’s grain harvest, confirming Brown’s arguments. Immediately following the disaster, he told an interviewer, “Generally I think that in our modern world, food cannot but be a weak link.” Brown’s book Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, of which 45,000 copies were printed, is devoted in part to China. “If at that point China’s per capita resource consumption were the same as in the United States today, then its projected 1.45 billion people would consume the equivalent of two-thirds of the current world grain harvest. China’s paper consumption would be double the world’s current production. There go the world’s forests. If China one day has three cars for every four people, us-style, it will have 1.1 billion cars. The whole world today has 800 million cars. To provide the roads, highways and parking lots to accommodate such a vast fleet, China would have to pave an area equal to the land it now plants in rice. It would need 99 million barrels of oil a day. Yet the world currently produces 84 million barrels per day and may never produce much more.” In the end, Brown is an incurable optimist. Rather than simply identifying issues, he has devoted his life to solving them. “Did you know that the best way to import water – is to import grain? To produce 1 ton of grain, you need 1000

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tons of water,” Brown said. World leaders appreciate his opinion and often ask him for solutions. Works: Man, Land and Food (1963); Increasing World Food Output (1965); Seeds of Change (1970); Man and his Environment: Food (with G. Finsterbusch) (1972); World Without Borders (1972); In the Human Interest (1974); By Bread Alone (with E. Eckholm) (1974); The Twenty-Ninth Day (1978); Running on E­ mpty (with C. Norman and Ch. Flavin) (1979); Building a Sustainable Society (1981); State of the World (with others) (1984–2001); Vital Signs (with others) (1992–2001); Eko Keizai Kakumei: Environmental Trends Reshaping the Global Economy (1998) (in Japanese); Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy (with Ch. Flavin and S. Postel) (1992); Full House: Reassessing the Earth’s Population Carrying Capacity (with H. Kane) (1995); Who Will Feed China?: Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet (1995); Tough Choices: Facing the Challenge of Food Scarcity (1996); Beyond Malthus: ­Nineteen Dimensions of the Population Challenge (with G. Gardner and B. Halweil) (1999); ­Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (2001); Earth Policy Reader (with J. Larsen and B. Fischlowitz-Roberts) (2002); Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (2003); Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures (2004); Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (2006); Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization (2008); Plan B 4.0 : Mobilizing to Save Civilization (2009); World on the Edge: How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse (2011). BRUNDTLAND, Gro Harlem (b. April 20, 1939) – Norwegian stateswoman and politician; first female Prime Minister of Norway, 1981, 1986–89, 1990–96; head of the World Health Organization (who), 1998–2003. After leaving the who she participated in the work of the International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament; performed various functions as a special representative of the un Secretary-General; and was a member of the Elders human rights group dealing with tough world issues, consisting of world opinion leaders including Nelson Mandela, Jimmy Carter, and Kofi Annan. Brundtland earned high international acclaim in the 1980s while president of the International Commission on Environment and Development. When the Commission was created in 1983, she accepted the post from the un ­Secretary-General despite then being the head of the government’s opposition, the leader of the Norwegian Labour Party and the Socialist International. She wrote that the arguments of the Secretary-General “were not easy to conclusively deny: there was no other political leader who would become the prime minister, with several years’ experience of political struggle at the national and

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international level as a Minister of the Environment… In the end I decided to accept the challenge. Call to turn to the future and protect the interests of future generations. It was perfectly clear – we need radical changes” (Our Common Future, Moscow, 1989, pp. 7–8). Brundtland had a considerable role in determining the character and principles of the Commission. She recalled: “When in 1982 we for the first time discussed the responsibilities to the Commission, some people wanted me to consider only certain environmental issues. It would be a fatal mistake … the ‘environment’ is where we live; and ‘development’ is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable.” (Our Common Future, p. 9). As a result, the Commission’s aim was defined as the development of a “Global Change Program,” and the objective of the General Assembly included the following: (1) to offer long-term strategies in the field of environment, which would allow for sustainable development by 2000 and on; (2) to recommend ways in which environmental care would lead to closer cooperation between developing countries and countries with different levels of socio-economic development, and contribute to the achievement of common and interdependent goals, which would take into account connections among populations, natural resources, the environment, and development; (3) to examine ways and means through which the international community would be able to effectively solve environmental issues; (4) to help identify common approaches to the understanding of long-term environmental issues and what should be done to successfully solve the issues of protection and improve the quality of the environment, to work out a long-term program of action for the coming decades and goals to be set by the global community (Our Common Future, p. 7). In recognition of Brundtland’s achievements, the International Commission on Environment and Development was renamed the Brundtland Commission. Comprised of twenty-three members from twenty-two countries, the Commission started its work in October 1984. It involved a large team of highly qualified scientists and politicians, representing more than 880 organizations, as well as individuals. A wide range of issues was analyzed and comprehensive discussions took place, special unions were established, and experts from around the world were invited to meetings. As the Secretary General of the Commission D. McNeil noted, it “did everything that had not been done before by any of the international commissions: it organized public hearings in each region of the world – from Jakarta to Moscow, from Sao Paulo to Oslo, from H ­ arare to Ottawa. We received evidence from about a thousand experts, political leaders and concerned citizens on five continents. In the course of this work we witnessed the contradictions between the two realities – the ­environment and

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the process of economic development” (D. McNeil, “Ways to Achieve Balanced Economic Development,” In the World of Science 11 (1989), p. 99). In 1987 the Brundtland Commission presented its comprehensive report, Our Common Future, consisting of thirty printed sheets with twelve chapters and supplements, to the 42nd Session of the un General Assembly. The authors of the report analyzed the alarming tendencies of socio-ecological crisis, focusing on its global nature and confirming that the crisis was spread across the world: in all regions, developed and developing countries, reaching uninhabited lands and ocean depths, affecting all spheres of public life – from ­economics to culture. The report defined for the first time the concept of sustainable development: “development that meets the needs of the present, but does not endanger the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Our Common Future, p. 50). The important result of the Commission’s work was the confirmation of the environmental rights of humankind. It recommended the recognition of the “right to environment favorable for health and welfare” as a fundamental right (Our Common Future, p. 310). After completion of the Commission’s work in 1988, For Our Common Future, a center and charity fund, was created in Geneva aimed at strengthening social and organizational activities to achieve sustainable development all over the world. The Commission’s work also became the basis for an international forum at the highest level – the un Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, when the concept of sustainable development was officially proclaimed, with documents based on the provisions of the Brundtland Commission report. In 2004 the Financial Times named Brundtland one of the most influental European in the last 25 years after Pope John Paul ii, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Margaret Thatcher. Works: Our Common Future (Moscow, 1989). BRZEZINSKI, Zbigniew Kazimierz (b. March 28, 1928, Warsaw or Kharkov) – American political scientist of Polish origin; sociologist; ideologist of American foreign policy and anti-communism; us statesman; author of the theory of technotronic society. Currently adviser and board member of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies and Professor of American foreign policy at Paul Nitze School of Area and International Studies, Johns Hopkins U ­ niversity in Washington; member of the board of directors of the National Endowment for Democracy; member of the organization Freedom House; member of the Trilateral Commission; member of the American Academy of Arts and ­Sciences; co-chairman of the American Committee for Peace in Chechnya; member of the Council on Foreign Relations (cfr).

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In the 1960s Brzezinski held the position of adviser in the administrations of President Kennedy and President Johnson, where he took a hard line against the Soviet Union. He proposed to explain everything that happens in socialist countries from the standpoint of the concept of totalitarianism. At the end of Johnson’s term he was a foreign policy adviser to Vice President Hubert Humphrey and to his presidential campaign. He has been a consistent critic of the Nixon – Kissinger foreign policy. From 1977–81 Brzezinski served as national security adviser in the administration of President Carter. He was an active supporter of the cia program to engage the Soviet Union in a costly military conflict in Afghanistan. During the presidency of Bill Clinton, Brzezinski was the author of the concept of nato’s eastward expansion. In his most famous book, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives, Brzezinski focuses on the geopolitical strategy of the United States relative to Eurasia. He believes that the supremacy of the Eurasian continent is actually worldwide delusion. Brzezinski also believes that in the coming decades no country in the world will be able to challenge us global domination. In 1960 Brzezinski developed the sociological theory of the technotronic society, in which new technologies and electronics are the decisive factor in social progress, and the convergence of different systems determines the entry of a society into the technotronic era. According to this theory, the main social force is technocrats, and ideology loses its importance. Works: Game Plan: A Geostrategic Framework of Fighting between the us and the ussr (trans. from English) (Moscow: Progress, 1986); Large Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century (trans. by L. Gershtein) (New York: Liberty, 1989); Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997) (trans. by O. Uralskaya: Moscow: International Relations, 1998); The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership (trans. by E.A. Narochnitskaya and Yu. N. Kobyakova) (Moscow: International Relations, 2004); Another Chance. Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower (trans. By Yu.Firsov) (Moscow: International Relations, 2007). BUCHANAN, James McGill Jr. (b. October 3, 1919, Marfrisboro, Tennessee, usa; d. January 9, 2013, usa) – American economist; one of the founders of the new school of political economy; Nobel Prize winner, 1986, for studies of the contractual and constitutional bases of the theory of economic and political decisions.

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The events of the 1960s, including the struggle for civil rights, unrest in the cities, the Vietnam War, student protests, along with the continuous growth of “big government” (i.e., the increase in the share of government taxes and ­expenses for gnp), led Buchanan to refer to constitutional theory – to the question of the balance between freedom and coercion and the role of “constitutional rules” restricting state intervention in economics. In his 1975 book The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan, he attempts to work out a new contractual theory of the state. He was an opponent of Keynesianism, believing that its recipes for budgetary management of economics had destroyed the primary basis of healthy finances, that is, a balanced budget; paved the way for inflation and welfare dependency; and led to the loss of the former individualistic morality that called for work, economy and self-reliance. Works: Constitution of Economic Politics; Consent Calculation. Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschet soglasiya (with G. Tullock); The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan (1975). BUDYKO, Mikhail Ivanovich (b. January 20, 1920, Gomel; d. December 10, 2001, St. Petersburg) – Russian geophysicist; doctor of physical and mathematical sciences; academician of the Russian Academy of Science, 1992; highly respected climatologist, whose work is frequently referenced in climatology textbooks. In 1937 Budyko entered the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1942. From 1942–75 he worked in the Main Geophysical Observatory named after Voeykov in Leningrad. In 1948, he published his first book, Evaporation in Vivo. Together with his teacher, geographer and climatologist A.A. Grigoryev, he conducted research on climate zones and climate classification. This work became the basis for a new field of knowledge, which was able to forecast climate change as well as to cause the climate to change in a given direction – to heat or cold. Grigoryev and Budyko realized that the heat balance of the Earth’s surface is a climate control mechanism. As a result, they discovered the periodic law of geographical zoning and proposed an original ­classification of the Earth’s climates. Budyko also conducted extensive research on the energy balance of the Earth’s surface, publishing the Atlas of the Heat Balance of the Earth in 1958, which was awarded the Lenin Prize. At the beginning of the 1960s Budyko became particularly interested in the inverse relationship between the heat balance, surface temperature, and sea ice (Polar Ice and Climate, 1962). In his 1962 article “On Some Methods of Climate Change” he came to the conclusion, based on results of the study of the inverse relationship between heat balance and ice, that the Arctic could heat quickly as a result of human activities. According to Budyko, it is enough to

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spray over the Arctic soot collected over several years from run-offs of rubber industry. Rapid darkening of the surface of the ice and snow should increase the amount of absorbed solar radiation and lead to rapid melting of sea ice. The essence of Budyko’s discovery was that after Arctic’s realizing of floating ice, formation of new ice will require great changes in the heat balance of the surface than their melting. His understanding of the importance of the inverse relationship between ice and climate led Budyko to create a mathematical model of the global climate by which temperature changes are associated not only with changes in solar radiation, but also with the intensity of inverse relations between ice and heat balance (known as the Budyko–Sellers model). In his 1971 book Climate and Life Budyko showed how the climate could have changed in the past from the effects of volcanic activity, which on the one hand saturated the atmosphere with CO 2, and on the other hand led to increased concentrations of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. Budyko identified two of the most important factors for understanding of the history of the planet’s climate: atmospheric concentration of CO 2 and atmospheric aerosol. From 1975 Budyko worked in the State Hydrological Institute, where he created the department of climate change studies to deal with different aspects of climate change – from data collection and analysis to the study of the effects of climate change on productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems, the global carbon cycle and paleoclimate. Budyko and his colleagues suggested a new approach to forecasting the state of the climate system – through the development of so-called analogues of future climate. Based on the paleoclimate analysis, Budyko received estimates of global and regional changes in surface temperature when radiation forces the changes. The method of paleoanalogues makes it possible to provide consistent forecasts of future climate. The Working Group 8 (RG8) created by Budyko played an important role in the Intergovernmental Agreement between the ussr and the us on Environmental Protection and climate change. RG8 held numerous international meetings on climate change, and also organized a number of joint publications of Soviet and American climatologists (among them “The Upcoming Climate Change,” 1991). Budyko was an honored member of the Russian Geographical Society and of the American Meteorological Society. He was awarded numerous prizes, including the Lenin Prize (1958); Prize named after A.P. Vinogradov; Prize named after A.A. Grigoryev; gold medal named after F.P. Litke; the gold medal of the World Meteorological Organization; the medal named after R. Horton; and the Blue Planet award of the Asahi Foundation (1998).

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Works: Evaporation in Vivo (1948); On the Periodic Law of Geographic Zoning (with A. Grigoryev, 1956); Heat and Water Balance of the Earth’s Surface, General Theory of Physical Geography and the Issue of Nature’s Transformation (with I. Gerasimov, 1959); Climate and Life (1971); Climate Change (1974); Global Ecology (1977); Thermal Regime of Dinosaurs (1978); Evolution of the Atmosphere in the Phanerozoic (with Ronov, 1979); Climate in Past and Future (1980); Changes in Thermal Regime of the Atmosphere in the Phanerozoic (1981); Environmental Change and Change of Consecutive Faunas (1982); “The Heat Balance of the Earth’s Surface” (transl. from the Russ. N.A. Stepanova) (Washington dc: Dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau, 1958); “On the Causes of the Extinction of Some Animals at the End of the Pleistocene,” Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 8/10 (1967), pp. 783–793; History of the Earth’s Atmosphere (with A.B. Ronov and A.L. Yanshin) (New York: Springer Verlag, 1987); Global Climatic Catastrophes (with G.S. Golitsyn and Y.A. Izrael) (New York: Springer Verlag, 1988); Anthropogenic Climatic Change (ed. with Y.A. Izrael) (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1991); Global Climate Warming and its Consequence: “Blue Planet Prize” (1998); “Commemorative Lectures,” Ecology Symphony 30 (1998). BUFFETT, Warren (b. August 30, 1930, Omaha, Nebraska, usa). As a teenager, Buffett became a landowner and opened his first business. In 1947 he received a General Certificate of Education and enrolled in the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania, but soon transferred to the University of Nebraska. He attended master’s level courses at the School of Business at Columbia University in 1950–51, where one of his teachers was the famous economist Benjamin Graham. In 1965 Buffett bought a controlling stock of the textile production company Berkshire Hathaway, which remained his main investment company thereafter. In 1967 he bought the National Indemnity Co. for $8.6 million, then geico for $17 million; during the stock market crisis in 1973 he bought shares of the Washington Post newspaper for $11 million. Berkshire Hathaway is a conglomerate which now includes geico (car insurance), Benjamin Moore (paint manufacture), Fruit of the Loom (textiles), and many other companies. In September 2007, Berkshire Hathaway was named by the magazine Barron’s as the most reputable and respected company on the planet. Buffett is known as one of the world’s biggest philanthropists. Once a year, he has breakfast with an individual who has won this right at a charity auction. In 2007 breakfast with Buffett cost the winner $600,000. In 2008, despite the crisis, the amount increased to $2.11 million, in 2009 it was $1.68 million, and in 2011 it reached a record $2.63 million. Along with Bill Gates, founder of ­Microsoft, he pledged to give at least half of his money to charity. In June 2010

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he announced that he would donate more than 75% of his fortune, or about $37 billion, to five charitable foundations. Most of the funds were allocated to the fund under the control of Bill and Melinda Gates. This action became the most generous act of charity in the history of humankind. In the era of a globalizing world economy, high-quality economic forecasts have become of great importance. Buffett has earned the nickname “The ­Oracle from Omaha” for his phenomenal market flair and decades of accurate economic forecasts. His every word and action are scrutinized and analyzed, and the slightest hint from him about a company’s financial insolvency is able to cause the stock market to collapse. For example, in 2008, speaking to the shareholders of his company, he mentioned the possible bankruptcy of a large organization operating in the reinsurance market. According to him, the company owed primary insurers billions of dollars and had practically ceased to pay money on insurance. Analysts quickly realized that he was referring to the German company Gerling Global Re – the seventh-largest reinsurance company in the world. He also predicted the collapse of the us housing market, which he called a soap bubble, saying, “when the price of something grows faster than the accompanying costs, this can have very serious consequences.” In addition, he predicted the decline in revenues of printed mass media under the pressure of other sources of information, primarily the Internet. In 2003, Buffett, concerned about the growing budget deficit and trade imbalance of the United States, predicted that the dollar would fall and invested in thirteen foreign currencies. In the autumn of 2004, Buffett again predicted the imminent collapse of the dollar and advised Americans to invest in the euro. Global central banks (including Russia’s) began to differentiate their foreign exchange reserves and buy euros as the dollar strengthened: “No bigotry, friends! Do what I say, and everything will be alright.” BULL, Hadley (b. June 10, 1932, Sydney, Australia; d. May 18, 1985, Oxford, uk) – Professor of international relations at the Australian National University, the London School of Economics, and Oxford University; Director of the London Research Group on issues of arms control and disarmament. In 1965, after a series of meetings and studies on nuclear weapons, Bull published the book Arms Race Control, which promoted the control of arms rather than disarmament. Nuclear weapons should be a deterrent rather than used for fighting. He said there was reason to believe that destruction of nuclear weapons would increase the likelihood of war. In 1977 he published his book The Anarchist Society: Study of Order in World Politics, in which he insisted that world order was possible if international relations were based not on the principle of the international community (with conflicting interests of the sovereigns), but

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on the model of the International Society in which, as in every national society, constructive interaction predominates over destructive confrontation. In the book he used the term “new Middle Ages” to describe the erosion of state sovereignty in the modern world. The contemporary political system resembles a medieval one, Bull wrote, where political power was exercised by various non-governmental organizations, rather than by the state (a single political authority), which has full sovereignty over its territory. The power of regional organizations such as the eu increases, and the growing role of subnational governments such as Scotland and Catalonia becomes evident. Private military companies, transnational organizations, and the revival of religious movements all over the world (e.g., political Islam) also show the decreased role of government and the decentralization of power and governance. Works: The Control of the Arms Race: Disarmament and Arms Control in the Missile Age (1965); Strategic Studies and its Critics (1967); The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (1977); Intervention in World Politics (1984). BUZGALIN, Alexander Vladimirovich (b. 1954, Moscow) – Russian economist, left-wing Marxist publicist, and distinguished professor at Lomonosov Moscow State University. From 1971–79 Buzgalin studied in the Faculty of Economics at Moscow State University, earning his Ph.D. in economics in 1979 and becoming Doctor of Economics in 1989. From 1991 he was Professor in the Department of Political Economy at the Faculty of Economics. He was one of the founders of the Federation of Socialist Clubs, as well as the initiator of the movement Scientists for Democracy and Socialism. From 1990/1991 he was a member of the cpsu Central Committee, one of the founders of the Marxist platform. Buzgalin founded the independent leftist magazine Alternatives in 1995 and serves as its chief editor. In 2000 he founded the All-Russian Public Movement Alternatives. He was one of the organizers of the Russian Social Forum, and has been Russia’s representative to the organizing committees of a number of world and European forums. He is the leading Marxist theorist of globalization. He is the developer and organizer of the alterglobalization movement which, unlike spontaneous anti-globalism, is not against integration, but for its constructive nature. He is the author of more than 300 scientific works, including twenty-seven books, many of them published in English, German, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and other languages. Buzgalin’s primary research interests include Marxist methods of study, the theory of socialism, issues of modern globalization, the development of postindustrial tendencies, the course and consequences of capitalist reforms in Russia, the development of the socio-political struggle, new social movements

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of citizens, and the international alterglobalist movement. He publishes articles and speaks on current economic and political topics in magazines and various media. Works: Theory of Social and Economic Transformations. Past, Present and Future of the Economics of “Real Socialism” in the Global Post-Industrial World (with A.I. Kolganov) (Moscow, 2003); Stalin and the ussr Fall (Moscow: Editorial urss, 2003); Global Capital (Moscow, 2004); Economic Comparative Studies. Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems (Moscow, 2005. Global Capital (2nd ed.). M, 2007); Capitalism Ranges: Methodology and Ontology. Reactualization of Classical Philosophy and Political Economy (selected texts) (Moscow, 2009); “Russia in the Global Economics of Knowledge Transformation: Contexts and Alternatives,” in Terra Economicus, Vol. vi, No. 1 (ed. A.V. Buzgalin), pp. 27–39; Alterglobalism: Theory and Practice of the Antiglobalization Movement (Moscow, 2003); Who Makes History: Russia and Alterglobalism (Moscow, 2009); Who Makes History (Moscow, 2011). C CASTELLS, Manuel (b. 1942) – American sociologist of Spanish origin. Considered to be one of the leading sociologists of our time, Castells specializes in the theory of the information society. He was taught in Paris by Alain Touraine. In his early academic career he studied the issues of urbanity. He taught sociology at the Graduate School of Social Sciences (Paris, France). Since 1979 he has been a Professor at Berkeley, University of California. As a visiting professor he has lectured at major universities around the world. Since 1984 he has repeatedly visited the ussr, and later Russia. In 1995–97 Castells participated in the expert group at the highest level of the Information Society of the European Commission. Castells was an adviser to unesco and various un agencies, collaborated with usaid, the European Commission, and the governments of Chile, Mexico, Ecuador, France, China, Russia, Portugal, and Spain. Castells is the founder and current member of the us Centre for Public Diplomacy University of Southern California, and a senior member of the Centre’s Advisory Board. Castells was also a member of the Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Since 2008 he has been a board member of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. He has dual citizenship: Spanish and American. In his work on sociology Castells conducts a synthesis of the literature on empiric studies and various combinations of urban sociology, organization

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s­ ciences, Internet research, social movements, the sociology of culture, and political economy. Reasoning about the roots of the network society, the ­author concludes that Internet technologies are often associated with the concept of the network organization, preceded by a series of changes in the organization of labor in factories. In addition, Castells is the author of the concept “fourth world.” Close to A. Neklessa’s “extreme geoeconomic south,” the fourth world concept describes the countries and territories that are completely devoid of connection with other worlds and societies. Lacking communication, development, and changes, these areas become blank spots on the geo-economic map of the world. In the 1970s Castells had a decisive influence on the development of Marxist urban sociology, which focuses on the role of social movements in the transformation of the urban environment. He proposed the concept of “collective consumption,” which served as the source of progressive social conflicts. At the beginning of the 1980s Castells moved away from Marxism and focused his research interest on the role of new technologies in economic restructuring. In 1989 he proposed the concept of “flows,” tangible and intangible components of the global economic and global information network used for “remote” Economic Coordination in real time. In the 1990s Castells summarized his research results in the trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, published in 1996–98 and covering three sociological measurements – production, power, and experience – as well as highlighting the fact that the organization of economy, state and its institutions, as well as the ways in which people fill their existence with meaning through collective action, are inexhaustible sources of social dynamics. Castells is a recognized cybernetician and system theorist of culture. In his analysis of the development of the Internet he emphasized the role of state (as a military and scientific structure), social movements (computer hackers and social activists), and business in shaping the infrastructure of the economy according to their group interests. Works: Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, trans. from English O.I. Shkaratan (Moscow: gy vshe, 2000); Galaxy Internet: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society, trans. from English (Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria, with the participation of Humanities University Press, 2004); (ed. with P. ­Himanen), Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model, trans. from E ­ nglish (Moscow, 2002); The Urban Question. A Marxist Approach (London: ­Edward ­Arnold, 1977); City, Class, and Power (London: Macmillan, ny: St. Martin’s Press, 1978); The Economic Crisis and American Society (Princeton, nj: Princeton University Press, 1980); The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983);

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The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process (Oxford and Cambridge, ma: Blackwell, 1989); The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. i (Cambridge, ma, and Oxford: Blackwell, 1996; second edition, 2000); The Power of Identity: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol.  ii (Cambridge, ma, and Oxford: Blackwell, 1997; second edition, 2004); The End of the Millennium: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. iii (Cambridge, ma, and Oxford: Blackwell, 1998, second edition, 2000); The Internet Galaxy. Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society (Oxford: ­Oxford University Press, 2001); (ed. with P. Himanen) The Information S­ ociety and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002); (editor and co-author), The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (Cheltenham and Northampton, ma: Edward Elgar, 2004); (co-editor), The Network Society: From Knowledge to Policy (Centre for Transatlantic Relations, 2006); (­co-author) Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective (­Cambridge, ma: mit Press, 2006). CHASE-DUNN, Christopher K. (b. October 1, 1944, Corvallis, Oregon, usa) – American sociologist best known for his contributions to world-systems theory. Chase-Dunn earned his Ph.D. in 1975 at Stanford University (studying under John W. Meyer) and has taught at the Johns Hopkins University (1975–2000) and at the University of California, Riverside (2000 – present). He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and served as President (2002–06) of Research Committee 02 (Economy and Society) of the International Sociological Association from 2002 to 2006. He was Chair of the Section on International Political Economy of the International Studies Association 1984–86, and Chair of the Section on the Political Economy of the World-System of the American Sociological Association in 1982. He founded the Institute for Research on World-Systems at the University of California, Riverside. He is founding editor of the Journal of World-Systems Research, which is the official journal of the Political Economy of the World-System section of the American Sociological Association. Chase-Dunn is the author, co-author, editor, or co-editor of over a dozen books, including most notably Global Formation: Structures of The World-­ Economy, a major theoretical synthesis and restatement of the world-systems approach to the study of social change. Works: The World – System Since 1950: What Has Really Changed? (­Beverly Hills, 1984); Global Formation: Structures of the World Economy (London, ­Oxford, and New York, 1991); The Changing Role of Cities in World Systems (New Brunswick and London, 1992); Global Social Change. Historical and

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C ­ omparative Perspectives (Baltimore, 2006); Rise and Demise. Comparing World Systems (Boulder, co. 1997); Globalization from Below: Toward a Democratic Global Commonwealth (2010). CHESHKOV, Marat Alexandrovich (b. September 15, 1932) – a Soviet and ­Russian scientist who has actively studied the interrelationship of global issues, of which he has studied methodological aspects and scientific methods. Cheshkov graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University (1955), with degrees in economics (1969) and history (1985). His research focuses on world integrity. In particular he realizes that not only the world of man and mankind, but modern scientific knowledge may by used as an adequate way of seeing the problem. The conceptual and categorical apparatus is included into the sphere of author’s cognition, covering the sphere of knowledge and consciousness and logic of imaginative thinking. Scientific thought is understood not only as a complete knowledge of the world, but especially focuses on holistic understanding of science. Modern general scientific knowledge includes, according to the author, systematics, synergy, and diatropics, which allows you to capture complex of heterogeneous disciplines, which is becoming more connected, splitting and multiplying unit. Cheshkov formulated the concepts of a “human universe” and a “global universe,” which have a universal nature and differ from other forms / ways of individual, group, collective activity at different scales. Cheshkov distinguishes three historical types of world universe – conglomerate, systemic and ­post-systemic. Particular attention is given to the new type / method of development, which at the turn of the millennium moves simultaneously on different irredundant together aggregates of different organic forms – both systemic and non-systemic entities (mosaic and uncertain multitudes). He believes that the open type of the development of global universe is its inherent dominant form of life, conditional on the specific – pulsating chronotope inherent in the human universe at the turn of the second to third millennia. The essence of such chronotope is that in this situation the global universe has no clear boundaries, and the present, past and future are built into each other both in relation to themselves and to their same spaces. According to Cheshkov, in a situation at the junction of the second to third millennium special attention should be paid to the activity of the subject. Characteristics of the world subject as a whole and its individual sub-subjects is in the fact that the activity of such subject of the global universe responds to questions about the development of the former forms of the global universe, given by systemic and cultural interpretation of its world forms (sixteenth to twentieth centuries). He believes that the subject of the world universe means

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that the various components of this subject, its components acquire a new quality, which gives them a double life or multiplicity of existence that confronts them with the issue of their authenticity. Thus, an essential component of the global subject of the global universe is seen by the author as a specific individual in his universal nature – generic and universal (integral). Recognition of such “unit” as a new composite subject of the global universe is a complex theoretical and methodological operation involving the removal of oppositions of universal and the individual, concrete and abstract, so stable in philosophical anthropology. As Cheshkov believes, the various components of the subject of the world universe develop various strategies that imitates the reproduction strategies of imitation, assimilation and reproduction of basic values. By three parameters – the nature, the subject and the type of ­development – the concept of “global universe” is accompanied by humanization of the subject and at the same time his own dehumanization, and as the result the world universe humanizes and dehumanizes. Both tendencies, immanent to the process of approaching of the world universe with the human universe, are doomed to constant reproduction of the dilemma of “to be or not to be.” World study in the long run is doomed to reproduction in a position at the crossroads. Therefore, the transformation of world knowledge (knowledge accumulated on the world’s issues in a variety of disciplines in the twentieth century.) looks as constantly reversible process. Such a transformation of world knowledge into world study depends, firstly, on a number of disciplines (and their number is becoming increasingly limitless, due to natural scientific knowledge) and, secondly, on the ability of ­appearing world study to master form of modern – post-neoclassic – science (interdisciplinarity, the key role of the subject of knowledge, the principle of combining incompatible, principle of increasing complexity of objects, subjects and ways of knowing). Awareness of the world universe as a whole, and as a number of sets leads modern scientific knowledge not just to the era of transformation from a conglomerate of various scientific disciplines, but to the era of comprehensive knowledge and consciousness. Before this transformation the consciousness itself and the knowledge of our world are changing in different directions, among which are the philosophy and theology, and literary knowledge. Works: The Global Context of Post-Soviet Russia. Essays on the Theory and Methodology of World Integrity (Moscow, 1999); Globalistics: The Search for the Subject (M, 2002); Globalization – Global – Globalistics (Moscow, 2005); Globalistics as Scientific Knowledge. Essays on the Theory and Categorical Apparatus (Moscow, 2005); Double Helix of Globalization (Theoretical Experience of Constructing Reality) (Moscow, 2007).

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CHIZHEVSKY, Alexander Leonidovich (b. January 26, 1897, Ciechanowiec, Poland; d. December 20, 1964, Moscow) – noted for his important work on global evolutionism, founder of heliobiology, cosmobiology, electrogeodynamics, biophysicist, philosopher; member or honorary member of thirty academies, universities, and scientific societies in many different countries. Chizhevsky was born into a family of artillery generals. His secondary education was received in Kaluga in a private secondary school. Here, in early April 1914, he became closely acquainted with K.E. Tsiolkovsky, learning many of his philosophies. The relationship between Tsiolkovsky and Chizhevsky, which began as teacher and student, evolved over the years into friendship. In 1915 he moved to Moscow, where he studied at the Commercial and Moscow archaeological institutes. His first thoughts about the relationship between solar activity and Earth processes was expressed in October 1915 in the report “Impact of perturbations in electric mode of the Sun on biological phenomena,” which developed a hypothesis of Swedish scientist Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927) that concerned the existence of links of solar activity with various phenomena in the Earth’s biosphere. The report provoked a stormy debate, and opinions of students and teachers were divided diametrically. In the years 1918–22, Chizhevsky studied science and mathematics and at the medical faculty of Moscow University. From 1922 a Professor at Moscow University, he worked in the laboratory of animal psychology (1925–31), organized by the Central Laboratory of Ionization. Starting his work on a systematic study of the effects of solar activity on the body in 1915–16, in 1918 Chizhevsky defended his doctoral thesis: “Study of the periodicity of the world historical process,” in which he established a ­relationship between the cycles of solar activity and many phenomena in the biosphere. He revealed eleven- and twenty-two-year cycles of solar activity, and carefully studied the connection of periodicity of solar activity with the spread of epidemics and other phenomena in the biosphere and the atmosphere, as well as the impact of physical factors of space on processes in wildlife, including social and historical processes. He was the first to introduce into the scientific vocabulary the term “space weather.” Chizhevsky defended the hypothesis of cosmic origin of life on the Earth (“life, to a much greater extent, is a cosmic phenomenon rather than terrestrial. It is created by the exposure of the creative dynamics of the cosmos to inert material of the Earth”). These ideas were supported by Tsiolkovsky. However, they seemed too revolutionary and were only accepted by the scientific community with reservations. In the same year Chizhevsky started to explore some elements of a possible mechanism of solar-terrestrial relationships. In the first place he explored the

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issues of air ionization. By the end of 1919 he garnered his first results, and in December at the Kaluga society for the study of nature, he read a report on the results of his experiments. Chizhevsky copied this report and sent it to many scientists, including some abroad. Great was his joy when he got a response from Nobel laureate Svante Arrhenius, who invited the young scientist to work for him; but the trip did not take place because of the “public interest.” In 1939, in New York at the First Congress on Biophysics and Biological Cosmology, Chizhevsky was elected its honorary president. On behalf of the Congress a memorandum on Chizhevsky’s scientific writings was sent to the Nobel Committee, which said: “Brilliance in the novelty of an idea, in the breadth of coverage, in the courage of synthesis and depth of analysis put Professor Chizhevsky ahead of other biophysicists and make him a true citizen of the world.” But Chizhevsky refused the nomination for the Nobel Prize “for ethical reasons.” Chizhevsky was invited to the usa, but was again not allowed to go abroad. However, in the same year, 1939, Chizhevsky received the Stalin Prize for his works. Chizhevsky was the first to establish experimentally the opposite physiological effects of negative and positive ions in the air (Aeron) on living organisms, and to apply artificial aero-ionization, which led to the creation of the “Chizhevsky chandelier” (ionizer). In 1942 Chizhevsky was convicted on false charges. His non-proletarian origin, the book Physical Factors of the Historical Process, and other “sins” were recalled. He was imprisoned in camps in the Sverdlovsk region (Ivdellag) and Kazakhstan (Karlag, Steplag) for eight years. After his release in January 1950 he was sent into exile in Karaganda (Kazakhstan). In June 1954 he was released from the settlement, but continued to live in Karaganda, where he worked in the laboratory of the Regional Oncology Centre at the Karaganda coal research institute. In exile in Kazakhstan Chizhevsky became acquainted with N.V. Engelhardt (a descendant of the famous noble family), who became his wife. She was arrested in 1924 while trying to leave the Soviet Union illegally, and spent many years in the Gulag. After rehabilitation in 1958 Chizhevsky returned to Moscow and headed the laboratory of aero-ionification. His works on aero-ionification and structural analysis of moving blood were published, and a scientist developed them in Karlag and Karaganda. All in all, Chizhevsky authored about 500 scientific works. In these he ­closely intertwined general biology, physiology, and medicine on the one hand, and geophysics, meteorology, and astronomy on the other. Many of his ideas were later picked up by the wider scientific community, and developed

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and i­mplemented – in heliobiology, cosmobiology, electrogeodynamics, aero-­ ionization, and practical medicine, for example. Works: Physical Factors of the Historical Process (1924); Epidemiological Catastrophes and Periodic Activity of the Sun (1930); Guidance on the Use of Ionized Air in Industry, Agriculture and Medicine (1959); Structural Analysis of Flowing of Blood (1960); Aeroionification in the National Economy (1960); (ed. with U.G. Shishina) In the Rhythm of the Sun (1969); Electrical and ­Magnetic Properties of Red Blood Cells (1973); Terrestrial Echo of Solar Storms (1976); G ­ eliotarakation Theory (1980); Space Pulse of Life (1995); Aerons and Life. Conversations with K.E. Tsiolkovsky (1999). Literature about Chizhevsky: V.N. Yagodinsky, Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky. 1887–1964 (M, 1987); N. Smirnov. Russian Leonardo. vii International Crimean Conference “Cosmos and Biosphere,” dedicated to the 110th ­anniversary of the birth of A.L. Chizhevsky (1997); A.A. Gagiev and V.P.  ­Skipetrov, Philosophy of A.L. Chizhevsky (Saransk, 1999); V.K. Karnauh, ­Cosmic Cycles and Social Rhythms: the Concept of A.L. Chizhevsky: Russian Science Leaders xix–xx Centuries (St. Petersburg, 2001), 1st edn; U.G. Popov, ­Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky in Karlag, Steplag and Karaganda (local historian notes about the activity of the famous scientist and his associates in Kazakhstan) (St. ­Petersburg. 2008). CHOMSKY, Avram Noam (b. 1928, Philadelphia, usa) – American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political commentator, social justice activist, and anarcho-syndicalist advocate. Sometimes described as the “father of modern linguistics,” Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy. He has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (mit), where he is currently Professor Emeritus, and has authored over 100 books. He has been described as a prominent cultural figure, and was voted the “world’s top public intellectual” in a 2005 poll. Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from relatives in New York City. He later undertook studies in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, where he obtained his b.a., m.a., and Ph.D., while from 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to Harvard University’s Society of Fellows. In 1955 he began work at mit, soon becoming a significant figure in the field of linguistics for his publications and lectures on the subject. He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, the ­Chomsky–Schützenberger representation theorem, and the Chomsky–­ Schützenberger enumeration theorem. Chomsky also played a major role in the decline of behaviorism, and was especially critical of the work of B.F. ­Skinner.

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In 1967 he gained public attention for his vocal opposition to us involvement in the Vietnam War, in part through his essay “The Responsibility of Intellectuals,” and came to be associated with the New Left while being arrested on multiple occasions for his anti-war activism. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also developed the propaganda model of media criticism with Edward S. Herman. Following his retirement from active teaching, he has continued his vocal public activism, for instance supporting the anti-Iraq War and Occupy movements. Chomsky has been a highly influential academic figure throughout his career, and was cited within the field of Arts and Humanities more often than any other living scholar between 1980 and 1992. He was also the eighth most cited scholar overall within the Arts and Humanities Citation Index during the same period. His work has influenced fields such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, logic, mathematics, music theory and analysis, political science, programming language theory, and psychology. Chomsky continues to be well known as a political activist, and a leading critic of us foreign policy, neoliberal capitalism, and the mainstream news media. Ideologically, he aligns himself with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. Chomsky made early efforts to critically analyze globalization. He summarized the process with the phrase “old wine, new bottles,” maintaining that the motive of the elites is the same as always: they seek to isolate the general population from important decision-making processes, the difference being that the centers of power are now transnational corporations and supranational banks. Chomsky argues that transnational corporate power is “developing its own governing institutions” reflective of their global reach. According to Chomsky, a primary ploy has been the co-opting of the global economic institutions established at the end of World War ii, the International Monetary Fund (imf), and the World Bank, which have increasingly adhered to the “Washington Consensus,” requiring developing countries to adhere to limits on spending and make structural adjustments that often involve c­ utbacks in social and welfare programs. imf aid and loans are normally contingent upon such reforms. Chomsky claims that the construction of global institutions and agreements such as the World Trade Organization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (gatt), the North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta), and the Multilateral Agreement on Investment constitute new ways of securing elite privileges while undermining democracy. Chomsky believes that these austere and neoliberal measures ensure that poorer countries merely fulfill a service role by providing cheap labor, raw materials, and investment opportunities for the developed world. Additionally, this means that ­corporations can

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threaten to relocate to poorer countries, and Chomsky sees this as a powerful weapon to keep workers in richer countries in line. Chomsky takes issue with the terms used in discourse on globalization, beginning with the term “globalization” itself, which he maintains refers to a ­corporate-sponsored economic integration rather than being a general term for things becoming international. He dislikes the term anti-globalization being used to describe what he regards as a movement for globalization of social and environmental justice. Chomsky understands what is popularly called “free trade” as a “mixture of liberalization and protection designed by the principal architects of policy in the service of their interests, which happen to be whatever they are in any particular period.” In his writings, Chomsky has drawn attention to globalization resistance movements. He described Zapatista defiance of nafta in his essay “The Zapatista Uprising.” He also criticized the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, and reported on the activist efforts that led to its defeat. Chomsky’s voice was prominent among the critics who provided the theoretical backbone for the disparate groups that united for the demonstrations against the World Trade Organization in Seattle in November 1999. Works: Perspectives on Vietnam (1969); American Power and the New Mandarins (1969); At War with Asia (1971); The Pentagon Papers (1972); Counter-­ Revolutionary Violence – Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda (1973); Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood (1974); Intellectuals and the State (1976); Human Rights and American Foreign Policy (1978); The Political Economy of Human Rights, Vol. i: The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism (1979); The Political Economy of Human Rights, Vol. ii: After the C ­ ataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology (1979); Radical Priorities (1982); Superpowers in Collision: The Cold War Now (1982); ­Toward a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There (1982); The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (1982, 1999); Turning the Tide: us Intervention in Central America and the Struggle for Peace (1985); Pirates and Emperors: International Terrorism and the Real World (1986); Turning the Tide: the us and Latin America (1987); The Culture of Terrorism (1988); Terrorizing the Neighborhood: American Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era (1991); The Umbrella of us Power: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Contradictions of us Policy (1999); Latin America: from Colonization to Globalization (1999); The New Military Humanism: Lessons from Kosovo (1999); Profit over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order (1999); A New Generation Draws the Line: Kosovo, East Timor and the Standards of the West (2000); Propaganda and the Public Mind (2001); 9–11 (Seven Stories Press, 2001); Pirates and Emperors, Old and New: International Terrorism and the Real World (2002); Power and Terror: Post-9/11 Talks and Interviews (2003); Middle

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East ­Illusions: ­Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood (2003); Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (2003); Getting Haiti Right This Time: The us and the Coup (2004); Imperial Ambitions: Conversations on the Post-9/11 World (2005); Perilous Power. The Middle East and us Foreign Policy. Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War, and Justice (2006); Interventions (2007); What We Say Goes: Conversations on us Power in a Changing World (2007); New World of Indigenous Resistance (2010); Making the Future: The Unipolar Imperial Moment (2010); Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel’s War Against the Palestinians (2010); Power and Terror: Conflict, Hegemony, and the Rule of Force (2011); 9–11: Was There an Alternative? (2011); A New Generation Draws the Line: Humanitarian Intervention and the “Responsibility to Protect” (2011); Making the Future: Occupations, Interventions, Empire and Resistance (2012); Power Systems: Conversations on Global Democratic Uprisings and the New Challenges to us Empire (2013); Nuclear War and Environmental Catastrophe (2013); On Western Terrorism: from Hiroshima to Drone Warfare (2013). CHUMAKOV, Alexander Nikolaevich (b. October 1, 1950, settlement Northern, Astrakhan region, Russia) – Theorist and organizer of science, specialist in the field of global studies, Ph.D., professor, member of the Presidium of the Russian Ecological Academy, vice-president of the International Association for Global Studies. Chumakov’s field of research interests included the philosophical and ­socio-cultural aspects of globalization and its consequences, as well as issues of scientific and technological progress and social ecology. He is the author of over 500 scientific works in the field of globalistics and more than twenty monographs and textbooks, including in foreign languages. He was laureate of the N.K. Baybakov prize, awarded by the International Fuel and Energy Association “For great achievements in the solving of issues of sustainable development of energy and society” (2004). Having graduated from Khadyzhensk Oil College (1972), Chumakov worked as a driller in the oil industry, at the nuclear firing grounds in Semipalatinsk, at Novaya Zemlya (1972–75). With honors (K. Marx scholarship), he graduated from the Philosophy Faculty and postgraduate course of Lomonosov Moscow State University (1981). He defended his Candidate’s thesis on Social Ecology (1984) and his doctoral thesis on “Socio-philosophical aspects of global issues” (1991). Currently he is the first vice-president of the Russian Philosophical Society; founder and editor of the journal Bulletin of the rfo; head of the Department of Philosophy of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; head of the Global Research Institute of Philosophy ras; and

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professor of the department of global processes of Lomonosov msu, where he teaches a course entitled “Globalistics.” Chumakov is the founder (together with L.E. Grinin) and chief editor of the journal The Age of Globalization; the founder and co-director (I.K. Liseev, Katsura A.V.) of the theoretical seminar “Philosophical and Methodological Studies of Globalization,” which is held monthly in the Institute of Philosophy ras (since 2000). He is a member of the editorial councils and editorial boards of the following: Geopolitics and Security, Polignozis, Philosophy and Culture, The Humanities, Evolution, Space and Time, The Caspian Region, Credo, Journal of Globalization Studies, Philosophy of Education, Informacion Filosofica (Italy), and Open Journal of Social Sciences (usa). In addition, he is executive editor and co-author of a series of books, textbooks, and reference books. He is coeditor, compiler, and author of more than forty articles for the international interdisciplinary encyclopedia Global Studies in Russian and English (Moscow: Raduga, 2003). In 2003, this encyclopedia was launched at the xxi World Congress of Philosophy (Istanbul); in the same year it was recognized as “Book of the Year”-2003 on the results of the annual contest of Russian publishers in the category “Encyclopedia,” and in 2004 won the N.K. Baikov prize. Chumakov is co-editor, compiler, and author of about 100 articles of the international interdisciplinary encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics (Moscow and St. Petersburg, 2006, in Russian), English edition to be published (Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi, 2014). In recent years, significant creative work on the project entitled Globalistics: Personals, Organizations, Works. Encyclopedic Reference has been carried out under his scientific and operational leadership. Chumakov is an active participant in global, international, and all-Russian congresses, forums, and conferences on issues of globalistics; one of the main organizers of the six Russian Congresses of Philosophy (1997, St. Petersburg; 1999, Ekaterinburg; 2002, Rostov-on-Don; 2005, Moscow; 2009, Novosibirsk; 2012, Nizhny Novgorod; 2015, Ufa), and member of five World Congresses of Philosophy (1988, Brighton; 1993, Moscow; 1998, Boston; 2003, Istanbul; 2008, Seoul; 2013, Athens), where he led the sections and “round tables” on global issues. At the xxii World Congress of Philosophy in Seoul he was an invited plenary speaker at the symposium “Globalization and cosmopolitanism,” where he delivered a report entitled “Globalization and cosmopolitanism in the context of modernity.” In his works Chumakov formulates and substantiates a look at globalistics as a special interdisciplinary field of scientific, philosophical, and ­cultural studies aimed at understanding the processes of globalization, as well as theoretical and practical solutions to the global issues of the modern world established by globalization; identifies and develops major categories of ­globalistics

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(­“globalization,” “global issues,” “world community,” “global consciousness,” “anti-globalism,” “ecological crisis,” “mass culture,” etc.); formulates the fundamental assumptions that make up the philosophical basis of globalistics as a specific branch of philosophical knowledge (genesis of processes of globalization, criteria of globality, classification of global issues, their influence on social and practical activity, etc.); and singles out different directions of ­globalistics – philosophical and methodological, intersocial, socio-natural, futurological, global modeling. His work of recent years has been devoted to the construction of a general theory of globalization, in which he recreates a holistic picture of the world, showing how the emergence and establishment of globalistics took place. Globalization is seen both as a natural historical process and as the sphere in which relationships take place and different forces and interests are confronted. History in Chumakov’s works appears as a single process that unfolds in time and takes certain steps, the shifting of which marking the key turning points of social development – metamorphoses. The inexorable development of these objective processes gives rise to globalization, which covers the entire Earth at the level of its three main spheres – geological, biological, and social – which are given the combined name “triosphere.” As a result, culture, civilization, and globalization turn out to be the focus, analyzed as closely ­interrelated, fundamental characteristics of the different cultural and civilizational systems. Chumakov showed how, as a result of the progressive development and improvement of culture and civilization, civilizational connections appeared and began to develop, giving rise to separate seats of civilization; and finally civilizational development led to globalization, which in its turn conditioned the emergence of global issues in the modern world in the second half of the twentieth century. Using a systematic approach to the understanding of social processes and resting upon the latest philosophical and scientific achievements in this field, Chumakov concludes that a linear and flat world gave way to a volumetric and holographic world. From this position he develops the theme of conflicts of interests and possibilities of dialogue in a global world, affirming that a unifying beginning for mankind is its civilizational unity, while cultural diversity is the basis of differentiation between various countries and peoples. He concludes that intercultural dialogue is the most constructive, the highest level of civilizational development which the opposing sides have as they build a relationship. He substantiates the view that in the twenty-first century the theory and practice of global governance will move to the forefront of globalistics, and the centre of attention in the philosophical analysis of globalization and global

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issues will move toward the sphere of axiology, environmental education, and the formation of a global consciousness. Works: The Global Nature of Environmental Issue and Its Dependence on ­Social Factors: Issues of Interaction between Society and Nature (Moscow, 1983); Global Issues of Modernity and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist: vf. (1988), Number 7; Global and Regional Aspects of Human Issues: Ecology, Culture and Education (M, 1989); Philosophy Global Issues (Moscow, 1994) (Beijing, 1996, in Chinese language); On the Way into the World Community: Environmental Barriers: Diplomatic Yearbook (1996); Philosophy as an Indicator of the Openness of Society: On the Way to an Open Society: the Ideas of Karl Popper and Modern Russia (M, 1998); Philosophy: Textbook (Moscow, 1998, in collaboration) (2nd edn, 2001; 3rd edn, 2003; 4th edn, 2004); “Human Values: the Key to Solving of Global Issues”: Concerned Philosophers for Peace (1999), Number 1, Charlotte (in English language); Background and Trends of Shaping the Global Civilization: Man, Culture, Civilization at the Turn of the Millennia ii and iii (Volgograd, 2000); Ecology and the Information Revolution: Modern Philosophy (­Guangzhou, ­China, 2001), Number 4 (in Chinese); “Philosophy without Borders,” Herald (of the ras) 71/4 (2001); “Geopolitical and Regional Aspects of the Spiritual Renewal of Russia”: Caspian region (2002), Number 1; Culture as the limit of globalization?: Materials of Scientists’ Club “Global Peace” (2002), (my. 5/17); “The Development of Democracy in a Globalized World: Trends and Prospects: Europe Forum: Philosophy” (2002), Number 46 (in English) Globalization: The Cultural and Civilizational Aspect: Materials of the Third Russian Congress of Philosophy, Rostov-on-Don (2002), T. 4; Globalistics as a Field of Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Action Area: Materials of the Scientists Club “Global World” (2003), T. 4; Historical Process in Terms of “Culture,” “Civilization,” “Globalization”: Materials of the Scientists’ Club “Global World.” (Moscow, 2003), 3rd edn (26); Globalization as a Natural Historical Process: Materials of xxi World Congress of Philosophy (Istanbul, 2003, in English); Trends and Prospects of Development of Democracy in a Global World: Democracy in Russia and Europe (Kaliningrad, 2003); “The Question of the Status and Content of Globalistics,” Naukovedenie 3/19 (2003); Globalistics: from Global Challenges to Globalization: Science. Society. Man (Moscow, 2004); The Issue of Civilization: Methodological Aspect: Philosophy, People, Civilization (Saratov, 2004); Globalization. Contours of Holistic World (Moscow, 2005) (2nd edn, Rev. and ext. M, 2009, 2011); The Social Dimension of Scientific and Technical Progress: Philosophy of Science and Technology (Moscow, 2005); Metaphysics of Globalization. Cultural and Civilizational Context (M, 2006); Global Risks: Scenario of Development in the Twentieth Century: Risk Society and Man in the xxi Century: A ­ lternatives and Scenarios (M and ­Saratov, 2006);

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The Essence of Contemporary Globalization, Its Consequences and Reflection in Science (Astana: Institute of History and Culture of Eurasia: SayasiAghartu, 2007); “Modern World: on the Verge of Fundamental Transformations,” Age of Globalization 2/2 (2008); Globalistics: Handbook (Moscow: maks Press, 2008); “Globalization and Sustainable Development in the System of Environmental Education,” Journal of Environmental Education in Russia 3/49 (2008); “The Modern World: on the Verge of Fundamental Transformations,” Age of Globalization 2/2 (2008); “On the Subject and Borders of Globalistics,” Age of Globalization 1/1 (2008); Globalization: New Russian Encyclopedia. T. iv (2). (M:  ­Encyclopedia, 2008); Philosophical Measurement of Globalization: Philosophy in the Context of Globalization (Almaty, 2009); “Reconstruction of the Global World – Need of the Time”: International Affairs 2/3 (2009); “Globalization and Cosmopolitanism in the Context of Modernity,” Issues of Philosophy 1 (2009); “Globalistics as an Interdisciplinary Field of Study” (in Chinese), Values and Culture 6 (2009) (Beijing, China); “Global World: Management Issue,” Age of Globalization 2/6 (2010); Mass and Elite Culture as a Product Of Globalization: Russia: Multiculturalism and Globalization (Moscow, 2010); (ed. with S.A.  ­Lebedev) Globalization and Global Issues: Philosophy (M: Eksmo, 2011); Transformation of Culture in the Context of Global Processes: Kazakhstan in the Global World: Challenges and Preservation of Identity (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science, kh mes, 2011); “Philosophy before Challenge of Globalization” (in Chinese), ­Jianghai Academic Journal 1 (2011); “On the Way to a Global Society”: Global Symposium “Toward a New World Civilization” (December 8–11, 2006, Lucknow, India); “Metaphysique de la Globalisation: Europa Forum: Philosophie” (October 2006); Globalization Studies// Ideas in Russia. Idee w Rosji. Leksykonrosyjsko-polsko-angielski; pod red. J. Kurczak. Lodz, (2007). T. 6; “On the Way to a Global Society: Europa Forum,” Philosophie 58 (2008); “Globalization and Cosmopolitanism in the Context of Modernity,” xxii World Congress of Philosophy. Abstracts. Symposia 2: “Globalization and Cosmopolitanism” (Seoul (Korea), 2008); “Recognizing Globalization: Europa Forum,” Philosophie 58 (2008); “On the Subject and Boundaries of Global Studies: Age of Globalization. Studies in Contemporary Global Processes,” Scientific Journal 1 (2008); (ed. with S. Zhao Yan) “The Globalized World that Faces Reconstruction” (Chinese), Teaching and Research 11 (2009); “China in the World System of Coordinates,” Humanities and Social Sciences Forum in China (2009). 60 Years of People’s Republic of China (Beijing, 2009); “Dialog and Conflict of Cultures in the Global World”: Proceedings of International Conference (I) Traditions and Contemporary World – toward Multi-Culture? Idea and Value Dialogue and Communication (Beijing Normal University, 2009); Russia and Eastern

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E­ urope: Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, J.B. Callicott and R. Frodeman (eds.) (Detroit and ny, 2009), Vol. ii; An Anthropological Dimension of Globalization: The Human Being in Contemporary Philosophical Conceptions (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009); Philosophy of Globalization. S­ elected Articles (M.: MaKs Press, 2010); “Conflict of Interesting and Possibilities for Dialog in the Global World: World Cultural Forum” (Taihu, China). The First Conference: “Dialog and Cooperation for the World Harmony and Common Development. A Collection of Paper Abstracts by Experts and Scholars from China and Abroad” (Suzhou (China), May, 2011); The Phenomenon of Globalization: Globalistics, Global Studies, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012); Global Studies Encyclopedic Dictionary, ed. Alexander N. Chumakov, Ivan I. Mazour and William C. Gay, with Foreword by Mikhail Gorbachev (Amsterdam and New York: Editions: Rodopi b.v., 2014), xi, 531pp.; A.N. Chumakov and A.D. Ioseliani, Philosophical Problems of Globalization (Moscow: University Book, 2015), 172 p.; A.N. Chumakov, A.V. Katsura, and I.I. Masur, Planetary Mankind: On the Edge of an Abyss (Moscow: Prospect, 2015), 192 p.; A.N. Chumakov, Philosophy of Globalization. Selected Articles (Moscow: University Press, 2015), (2nd revised and expanded edition). Lit.: Russian Philosophers of xix–xx Centuries. Biographies, Ideas, Works (Moscow, 1993; second–fourth editions, 1995, 1999, 2002); (ed. with P.V. Alekseev and M. Rosspen) Russian Philosophers of the Early xxi Century: Biographies, Ideas, Works. Encyclopedic dictionary (2009); (ed. with Deen K. Chatterjee), Encyclopedia of Global Justice (2011); Scientists of Russia: . CHURCHILL, Winston Leonard Spencer (b. November 30, 1874; d. January 24, 1965) – British politician, the eldest son of Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of the seventh Duke of Marlborough. Winston Churchill was in politics for seventy years, repeatedly led Britain as prime minister, was involved in many wars, created international organizations, fought for freedom and democracy throughout the world, and, according to prominent contemporaries, possessed a truly global thinking. In 1894, Churchill received the rank of officer and set off as a correspondent to report the rebellions in the Spanish dominion of Cuba, from where he sent London newspaper The Daily Graphic, “Letters from the Front.” In 1896, in North–West India, he took part in bloody hand-to-hand battles against the rebellious Pashtuns. In 1898, as part of a cavalry regiment he participated in the battle of Omdurman in Sudan, where the rebellious army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the British troops. In 1899 he departed to the Boer War,

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where he escaped after having been taken prisoner. In January 1901, Churchill for the first time became a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons. In 1911 he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty (the naval minister). He completely reorganized the naval forces, equipped the fleet with battleships, developed “anti-submarine tactics,” initiated the creation of a new type of weapon – tanks, which were successfully used in World War i. In the years 1918–21, while Minister of War, he supported the White Guard formations in Russia, which were fighting with the armies of the Bolsheviks; this did not make him popular among politicians on the left wing. From the late 1920s until 1939, Churchill did not hold positions in the government. He devoted much time to painting (he was a talented artist) and literary work, writing many books in different genres. On May 10, 1940, during the hardest time of war for England, when the country was threatened by German invasion, King George vi offered the sixty-fiveyear-old Churchill the chance to head the government. For the first time in his life Churchill became prime minister, and addressed the nation with the words: “Victory at all costs. Without the victory we have no future. All I can offer you is blood, toil, tears and sweat.” He headed the “Battle for Britain,” an air victory which prevented the invasion of Nazi troops. In late June 1941, forgetting for some time his hatred of Bolshevism and deep hostility to Stalin, he announced full support for the Soviet Union in its struggle against Nazi Germany. Convoys containing Anglo-American military aid were sent to the port of Murmansk. In 1942–43 British troops fought with the Germans in North Africa, preventing them from reaching Middle Eastern oil, and in 1944 the “Second Front” opened in Western Europe. In 1945, the Allies celebrated victory over world fascism. In 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, Churchill delivered a speech that impressed the leading politicians of the world and set the trends in world politics for the next decade. This speech (which the speaker called “Sinews of Peace”) expressed ideas that had a globalistic nature. Churchill denounced all forms of tyranny and called for a relentless and uncompromising struggle for the great principles of democratic freedoms and human rights – free, unhampered elections, freedom of speech and thought, independence of courts. Welcoming the launch of the un and expressing his hope that the organization would become a “true temple of the world” and an efficient mechanism, Churchill proposed to form international military forces (the so-called “Sinews of Peace”). Speaking about the need to cooperate in all areas – in the air and at sea, in science and technology, and in culture – he expressed the confident view that “our destiny is still in our hands and it is still in our power to save our future.”

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In the postwar years Churchill continued to write a lot, including his s­ ix-volume history of World War ii. In 1953 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature. CLINTON, William (Bill) Jefferson (b. August 19, 1946, Hope, Arkansas, usa) – forty-first President of the United States (1993–2001). During his time in office Clinton was able to lobby for a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons around the world and also to achieve the fourth expansion of nato, the secession of Kosovo and Metohia from Yugoslavia after nato’s war against Yugoslavia in 1999 Thus, Clinton continued the expansion of us dominance in the world. At the same time, he actively promoted the idea of free economic integration and was a supporter of the peaceful settlement of many global conflicts. Moreover, he devoted a large portion of his career to halting nuclear tests around the world, The Clinton presidency was aimed at maintaining the peaceful coexistence of the international community. Works: My Life (2004); Science in the National Interest (1994); The White House (1994); The Climate Change Action Plan (with Albert Gore, 1993) ­Technology for America’s Economic Growth, a New Direction to Build Economic Strength (­Washington, dc: The White House, 1993). COMMONER, Barry (b. May 28, 1917, Brooklyn, usa; d. September 30, 2012, usa) – American biologist, one of the founders and the leading representatives of social ecology, an active fighter for the preservation of the environment and the prohibition of nuclear tests. Commoner graduated from Columbia University. In 1938 he received a master’s degree, and in 1941 a doctorate. He fought in World War ii, after which he taught plant physiology at the University of St. Louis for thirty-four years. At the end of the 1950s he received wide acclaim by writing several books about the dangers of nuclear testing for the Earth’s ecosystem. In 1980 he announced his candidacy for us president, speaking out for an entire change of direction of environmental policy. After a failed attempt to run for the us presidency, Commoner moved to New York, where he was head of the Centre of Biology and Natural Systems (Centre for the Biology of Natural Systems) at Queens College. In 1960 Commoner formulated four basic laws of ecology, which he published in his famous monograph Closing Circle: Nature, Man, Technology (1971). In this book he notes that the environment has not yet reached the integrity that is typical of physics, so that it is difficult to make generalizations.

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­ evertheless he made a number of generalizations, based on what we now N know about the ecosphere and can be represented in the form of a system of laws, which he explains: 1)

the law “Everything is connected to everything” is explained thus: “The ecological network is similar to the amplifier: a small shift in one place can cause remote, significant and long-term consequences.” In other words, Commoner draws attention to the general relationship between processes and phenomena in nature; 2) the law “Everything must go somewhere”: “This is an informal paraphrase of the fundamental physical law of nature … there is no such thing as junk. One of the main causes of the current environmental crisis is that large amounts of substance are extracted from the earth, transformed into new compounds and dispersed in the environment, excluding the factor that everything goes away somewhere. As a result, a large harmful amount of substances is accumulated in places where they should not be”; 3) the law “Nature knows better”: “One of the most characteristic features of the modern technology is the notion that it is designed to improve nature.” “Frequent catastrophic results of our activity bring a special credibility to the point of view that ‘nature knows better.’ In this regard calculations of mathematicians are interesting: only one mathematical calculation of parameters of the biosphere requires infinitely more time than the entire existence of our planet as a solid body and it is unreal with modern technical possibilities. Nature still ‘knows’ better than us”; 4) the law “Nothing is free”: The “Global ecosystem is an organic whole, within which nothing can be acquired or lost and that cannot be object of an overall improvement, everything that is extracted from it by human labor should be compensated. Payment of that bill cannot be avoided, it can only be delayed. The current environmental crisis suggests that this delay lasted too long.” These laws, which were formulated by Commoner, captivate with their simplicity, clarity, and obviousness, and because of these features they became widely known. While some specialists fairly note that the laws are formulated in fictional form, somebody calls them aphorisms, everyone, as a rule, recognizes their scientific and practical importance. This is confirmed by the fact that almost all books on ecology include them.

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In 1974 Commoner identified five main types of human intervention in ecological processes: (1) simplification of ecosystems and gaps in biological cycles; (2) the concentration of dissipated energy in the form of thermal pollution; (3) the growth of waste from chemical plants and human activity; (4) the introduction of new species into an ecosystem; and (5) the emergence of genetic changes in plants and animals. He also noted that the vast majority of anthropogenic impacts are targeted; that is, carried out by people deliberately in order to achieve specific goals. Works: Closing Circle: Nature, People, Technology (1974); Technology of Profit: Not a Literary Text (1976); The Political History of Dioxides (1996). D DANILEVSKY Nikolai Yakovlevich (b. October 12, 1822, s. Oberts Liven County; d. November 19, 1885, Tiflis) – Russian writer, who proposed the original concept of historical process development, which pointed up the issue of world integrity, when the first signs of globalization were only faintly discernible. Danilevsky’s main work, Russia and Europe (1869), was a journalistic response to the general political and international issues of the day and an attempt to solve the problem of the historical role of Russians and Slavs. Danilevsky denied the reality of the existence of “humanity” as a whole, recognizing as the bearer of historical processes only certain “types” (by analogy with biological species) – “cultural-historical types,” implying distinct peoples with their particular distinctive civilizations and cultures, which were not to be transmitted or borrowed. This theory was attached to the Slavophile doctrine. Danilevsky pointed out four categories of historical activities of cultural-historical types: religious, cultural, political, and socio-economic. The main stage of culturalhistorical development he considered by analogy with living organisms (birth, development, maturity, death), from ethnographic state to national state and from national state to civilized state. Historical progress, Danilevsky believed, was accompanied by a change of cultural-historical types. Danilevsky singled out ten types that partially completed their development, with the historically later place belonging to the European or Romano-Germanic type. The original Slavic type, according to Danilevsky, received its fullest development in the Russian people, as opposed to Europeans. A statement of the “messianic” role of the Russian people corresponds to a struggle with the idea of Europeanization (Westernism). In the Slavs Danilevsky recognized inclinations towards full development of all four types of historical activity, potential diversity of the

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socio-political structure, and moral-political superiority, in which characteristics the elements of the old Slavophile are found in relation to the history of Russia. On the basis of his thesis about the diverse fruitfulness of peoples as part of their cultural-historical type, Danilevsky justified combining Slavic peoples into a single political entity (the highest stage of development, in his opinion), and claimed the political program of pan-Slavism. Works: DarwinisMoscow, Critical research (St Petersburg, 1885), Russia and Europe (St. Petersburg, 1869). DANILOV-DANILYAN, Viktor Ivanovich (b. September 5, 1938, Moscow) – Russian environmentalist, economist, statesman. Danilov-Danilyan graduated from the Mechanics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (1960), became a Doctor of Economics (1975), Professor (1979), and a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2003). He worked in the Computer Centre of msu (1960–64), Central Economics and Mathematics Institute (cemi) of the ussr Academy of Sciences (1964–76), the All-Union Institute for System Studies (vniisi) of The State Committee for Science and Technologies, and as of ussr (1976–80), currently the Institute for Systems Analysis ras), the Academy of National Economy (ane) under the Council of Ministers of the ussr (1980–91). At the same time he taught at the Economics Faculty of Moscow State University (1977–90). Between 1971 and 1991 more than forty master’s theses were prepared and defended under his guidance. In cemi Danilov-Danilyan was engaged in the development of mathematical models of planning, and was one of the first in the ussr to apply mathematical games theory to these tasks. Principles of interaction between the centre, regions, and sectors of the economy, defined and justified in his writings of these years, was used practically in the 1990s in vniisi and ane, continuing work on economic-mathematical modeling and systems analysis of socio-economic processes. He gave more emphasis to environmental economics and environmental protection, as well as to methodological issues, from the applicability of mathematics in the social sciences to the possibilities of formalizing scientific knowledge. He developed issues around negative impacts on the environment, natural resource assessment, use of marginal costs, and capital efficiency. At the same time he prepared analytical materials for the country’s leadership, was engaged in various expert groups, was commissioned to design reforms, and so on. In November 1991, Danilov-Danilyan was appointed Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, and from August 1996 was

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Chairman of the State Committee for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation. He served in this position until May 2000, implementing many of the ideas that he had developed as a researcher. Under his leadership have developed systems of territorial environmental agencies, environmental impact assessment, environmental control, environmental monitoring, protected natural areas, and the economic mechanism of environmental protection. Russia has conducted intense international cooperation in the field of ecology, working closely with environmental ngos, and DanilovDanilyan has actively promoted environmental work (with hundreds of articles in newspapers and news magazines, on tv, radio, and online). In 1994–95 he was appointed a deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. His public activities in the 1990s were combined with scientific research. Thus, he began work on the theory and methodology of sustainable development. He proposed a concept that systematically uses a broad scientific base and differs significantly from conventional beliefs. With this base concept Danilov-Danilyan laid the limits of destruction, in terms of the environment, man’s population health, and stabilizing social structures. Works of this series were presented in the Eminent Persons Panel, which was formed during the preparation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (2002) by the un Secretary-General (Danilov-Danilyan participated in this group of twelve experts). Since 2003 Danilov-Danilyan has been Director of the Institute of Water Problems of ras. Continuing earlier work in various areas, including the concept of sustainable development and the global environment, he gives priority to the economic valuation of natural resources, especially water, economic methods of management and protection of water, monitoring its condition, and the theory of natural resource rents. He is concurrently Head of the Department of Environment and Water Management of People’s Friendship University (since 2005) and the Department of Natural Resources Management Faculty of Public Administration of Moscow State University (since 2009). Danilov-Danilyan is chief editor of the Russian Academy of Science journal Water Resources, an editorial board member of the journals Environmental Planning and Management, Water: Chemistry and Ecology, and Biosphere, a member of the International Editorial Board of The Age of Globalization, chief editor of The Great Russian Encyclopedia and publishing with this publishing house New Russian Encyclopedia (in 2006–11 Vol. 1–10 were published in eighteen books). Since the foundation of the Russian Ecological Academy in 1997,

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Danilov-Danilyan has been an active member and vice-president. He is also Laureate of the Russian Federation Government Award (1996) for his work on monitoring the water environment. Danilov-Danilyan is the author and co-author of over 500 scientific works, including thirty-two monographs, is chief editor (and author of over 100 articles) of Economic and Mathematical Encyclopedia (Moscow, 2003), editor and author (with K.S. Losev) of Environmental Encyclopedia in six volumes (in 2008–11 Vols. 1–5 were published), a member of the International Editorial Board, and the author of the encyclopedia Globalistics (2003) and the interdisciplinary encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics (2006). Works: Escape to the Market (M, 1991); (ed. with V.M. Kotlyakov), Environmental Issues in Russia (Moscow, 1993); (ed. with K.Y. Kondratyev), Ecology and Politics (St. Petersburg, 1993); (ed. with Yu.M. Arsky), Environmental Issues on the Way to Integration of Russia and Europe (Moscow, 1997); (ed. with Yu.M. ­Apsky), Environmental Issues: What Happens, Who Is to Blame and What to Do? (Moscow, 1997); Is There a Possibility of Coevolution of Nature and Society? (Moscow, 1998); (ed. with K.S. Losev), Environmental Challenge and Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2000); Escape to the Market: Ten Years Later (­Moscow, 2001); (ed. with M.Ch. Zalikhanov and K.S. Losev), Environmental Safety. ­General Principles and Russian Aspect (Moscow, 2001; second edition, 2007); (ed. with A.G. Granberg), Strategy And Sustainable Development ­Problems in R ­ ussia in xxi Century (Moscow, 2002); (ed. with K.S. Losev and I.E. Reif), Before the Main Challenge of Civilization (Moscow, 2005); (ed. with K.S. Losev), Water Consumption: Environmental, Economic, Social and Political Aspects (Moscow, 2006); (ed. with K.S. Losev and I.E. Reif), Sustainable Development and the Limitation of Growth (Chichester, 2009); World Water Recourses and Prospects of Russia Water-Economic Complex (Moscow, 2009). DARWIN, Charles Robert (b. February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, England; d. April 19, 1882, Down, England) – the founder of the theory of evolution of living systems. Darwin graduated from Cambridge University and was a professor of mineralogy and botany there. He was a foreign corresponding member of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1867). In 1831–36 he toured the world on the naval ship Beagle as naturalist, collecting the richest zoological, paleontological, and geological collections. After that Darwin became a convinced evolutionist and started searching for the driving force of evolution. As a result, he came to the conclusion that species come from races formed naturally from common ancestors, and that a sequence of generations connects fossil forms with modern ones. He saw the geographical distribution of animals and plants as a result of evolution, that

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the extinction of species was a natural and long process, and drew conclusions about the common origin of humans and animals. In 1858 Darwin received a manuscript of his compatriot Alfred Russel Wallace, in which Wallace formulated independently of Darwin the principle of natural selection. In the same year, Darwin and Wallace’s manuscripts were simultaneously presented at the Linnaean Zoological Society in London. Since that time, we can talk about the theory of evolution, which indicates the driving force of evolution, which is natural selection, and explains the processes of biological evolution, which has exceptional value for the scientific explanation of contemporary globalization processes. Works in Russian translation: Illustrated Collected Works, ed. K.A. Timiryazev, 8 vols (Moscow, 1907–09); Complete Works, ed. Menzbir, 4 vols (Moscow, Leningrad, 1923–29); Works, 9 vols (Moscow, Leningrad, 1935–59); A ­ utobiography (St. Petersburg, 1896); The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection (1871); Memories of the Development of My Mind and Character (Autobiography). The Diary of Work and Life, full translation from Darwin’s manuscripts, introductory article, and comments by S.L. Sobol (Moscow, 1957). Lit.: A.D. Nekrasov, Charles Darwin (Moscow, 1957); M. Gallya, Darwin (Moscow, 2004). DAWKINS, Richard (b. March 26, 1941, Nairobi, now Kenya) – British scientist and popularizer of scientific achievements, famous for his books on evolution and genetics issues, and participation in many television and radio programs about evolutionary biology and creationism. Dawkins became widely known in 1976, when his book The Selfish Gene was published. This illuminated, in a popular form, the view of the evolution “from the position of the gene.” His book The Extended Phenotype (1982) made a significant contribution to the theory of evolution. Dawkins proposed assuming that the phenotypic effects of the gene are not limited by the individual body and may extend to habitat, including other individuals. Works: The Selfish Gene (Oxford, 1976); The Extended Phenotype (Oxford, 1982); The Blind Watchmaker (New York, 1986); The River Out of Eden (New York, 1995); Climbing Mount Improbable (New York, 1996); Unweaving the Rainbow (Boston, 1998); A Devil’s Chaplain (Boston, 2003); The Ancestor’s Tale (Boston, 2004); The God Delusion (London, 2006; Russian translation, M, 2008); The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution (London, 2009). DERRIDA, Jacques (b. 1930, Algiers, Algeria; d. 2004, Paris, France) – French philosopher. Derrida was born into a Jewish family. He graduated from the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and after military service became a lecturer at the Sorbonne.

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He became famous in 1967 after the publication of three major books – The Voice and the Phenomenon, Writing and Difference, and About Grammatology. Derrida was inclined to consider globalization as a natural and irreversible process. Following Marx, he suggested that all social change was caused by the necessity of history and was primarily a change in the person. Therefore, as the title for one of his books Derrida chooses a paraphrase of a Marxist slogan: Cosmopolites of all Countries, One More Try! (1997). He does not consider the process of globalization as an artificial (“unnatural”) process and, therefore, destructive, and offers to take the most effective part in this process: the ultimate challenge, which puts Derrida in pole position as the figurehead of the globalization era, is to surround yourself with a new world. He was inclined to consider globalization as a development of law, going beyond national and state law, the approval of universal principles and people’s fight for their rights (Right to Philosophy from the Perspective of C ­ osmopolitanism, 1997). He connected the three themes of the modern world – globalization, cosmopolitanism, and law. In the book Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness (2001) Derrida points out that the main issue of globalization becomes not a question of the strength of the legal framework in which we live today, nor how this common space is homogeneous, but namely the question of what we can rely on in our law when there is no longer a world with a uniform culture, tradition, and law. Works: The Death Penalty, Vol. i (Chicago, 2014); Athens, Still Remains: The Photographs of Jean-François Bonhomme (New York, 2010); For What Tomorrow…: A Dialogue, with Elisabeth Roudinesco (Stanford, 2004); Spurs: The Archaeology of the Frivolous: Reading Condillac (London, 1980); Nietzsche’s Styles (Chicago, 1979); Writing and Difference (Chicago, 1978). DIEZ-HOCHLEITNER, Ricardo (b. 1928, Bilbao, Spain) – outstanding Spanish economist and important figure in science and education. From 1955 to 1956 Diez-Hochleitner was Deputy Secretary of State for Education in Spain, as well as the Inspector General of Technical Education. From 1956 to 1957 he served as Deputy Minister of Education of Colombia. Hochleitner also held several leading positions at the World Bank, unesco (1964–68), and the Organization of American States, where he served as advisor for planning and management of educational policy. In 1968–72 Hochleitner headed the National Centre for Research and Development in the field of education in Spain. In 1988–95 he served as vice-president of the Club of Rome, and in 1995–2000 he was its president. Currently Hochleitner is honorary president of the Club of Rome and a member of the executive committee of the organization. Since 2001 he has also

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served as an adviser to the un University for Peace, headquartered in Costa Rica. Hochleitner is a board member of the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and of the Committee on the Restructuring of the Institute fride (European centre of expertise to promote global cooperation). He is also a member of the board of the Foundation for Economic Education (fee). DOBROVOLSKY, Gleb Vsevolodovich (b. September 22, 1915, Moscow; d. April 8, 2013, Moscow) – Russian soil scientist, Doctor of Biological Sciences (1964), Professor (1965), academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992) and the Natural Sciences (1991), Dean of Biology and Soil, then Soil Science Faculty in Lomonosov Moscow University (1970–90), from 1996 until his death organizing director of the Institute of Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences (from 2005 Institute of Environmental Soil Science), chairman of the Scientific Council on Soil, president of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Society of Sciences (from 2005 until his death he honorary president), co-chairman of the Scientific Council for the Study and Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage, co-chairman of the International Coordinating Council on Environmental Stresses Plant Sciences, and Agricultural Sciences, and at Moscow State University, he headed the Department of Soil Geography. He was chief editor of the journal Soil, a member of the editorial board and the author of an international multidisciplinary encyclopedia Globalistics (2003) and of the international encyclopedia Globalistics (2006). Dobrovolsky developed the theoretical basis of the genesis and systematics of alluvial soils, revealed ecological and geochemical features of soil formation in flood plains and river estuaries, and formulated basic ideas regarding the doctrine of the environmental functions of soils and their role in preserving the biosphere and biodiversity. Dobrovolsky was ussr (1987) and Russia (2002) State Prize winner, and V.V. Dokuchaev Gold Medal (1987) winner. Works: Soils of Flood Plains of Central Russian Plain (Moscow, 1968); Soil Geography of Central Economic Region of the ussr (moscow, 1972); Functions of Soils in the Biosphere and Ecosystems (Moscow, 1990); Geography of Soils (Moscow, 1984); Protection Soils (Moscow, 1985); Selected Papers on Soil (Moscow, 2005); Soil Ecology (Moscow, 2006); The Red Book of Soils (Moscow, 2009). DOKUCHAEV, Vassily Vasilyevich (b. March 1, 1846, Miliukovo village, Smolensk province; d. November 8, 1903, St. Petersburg) – Russian natural scientist; in 1884–97 Professor at St. Petersburg University at the Department of Mineralogy and Geology.

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Dokuchaev stated that soils are special natural history bodies, formed on the surface of the Earth as a result of exposure to centuries of climatic elements (solar heat and atmospheric moisture) and to rocks, plants, and animal organisms. He formulated the basic laws of the genesis and geography of soils, developed the methods of their study, and the basic principles of their sciencebased use in agriculture, forestry, and other fields of human activity. From 1877 to 1881 Dokuchaev led extensive field studies of the Russian chernozem soils. The main result of these studies was the work Russian Chernozem, the publication of which was a major event in the history of not only domestic but also international soil science. This work marked the emergence of a new discipline of natural history – genetic soil science, which often became known as “Dokuchaev’s.” In Russian Chernozem Dokuchaev, for the first time, on the basis of comprehensive geographical materials, substantiated the modern view that chernozem and all other soil were special and quite independent natural history bodies, formed on the surface of the Earth under the influence of centuries of sunlight, atmospheric moisture, flora, and fauna. Dokuchaev developed a genetic profile method of soil investigation, believing that successive downward soil horizons formed with time under the influence of soil-forming processes and reflected the genesis of soils; that is, the history of their formation and development. It is from this genetic point of view that he explored a variety of soils and the natural character of their spatial and geographic locations. In 1897–1900 Dokuchaev most fully formulated his famous doctrine of native zones, the law of horizontal (latitude) and vertical (altitude) soilzonality. He carefully prepared extensive materials regarding the study of Russian soils for the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900. These materials included the first schematic map of soil zones of the Northern Hemisphere, an overview map of soils in European Russia, compiled in accordance with the natural and scientific classification of soils. On the basis of established zoning laws Dokuchaev created entirely new principles for time zone agronomy. Highlighting five agricultural zones in Russia, Dokuchaev gave detailed characteristics of the most rational agriculture to be undertaken in each of them, as well as the most important ameliorative and agronomic actions to be taken in order to maintain and improve soil fertility. Dokuchaev contributed greatly to the understanding of the interrelationship in the world around us and had many disciples and followers, among whom V.I. Vernadsky, creator of the doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere, and the most important Russian soil scientist V.R. Williams, who said that “­Dokuchaev in practical proposals on the raising of agriculture was in advance of his time for several decades.” In 1897 Dokuchaev began to write a great work

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entitled “About the Relations between the So-Called Living and Dead Nature” (unfinished), in which he laid the foundations of ecology, biocenology, landscape science, and the study of the biosphere. Works: Methods of Formation of River Valleys of European Russia (St. Petersburg, 1878); Russian Chernozem. The Report to the Free Economic Society (St.  ­Petersburg, 1883); Our Steppes Before and Now (St. Petersburg, 1892); Detailed Natural and Historic, Physical and Geographical and Agricultural Research of Saint Petersburg and Its Environs (St. Petersburg, 1890); Place and the Role of Modern Soil Science in Science and Life. (St. Petersburg, 1899); To the Doctrine of Natural Zones. Horizontal and Vertical Soil Zones (St. Petersburg, 1899); Selected Writings, Vols. 1–3 (Moscow, 1948–49); Works. Vols. 1–9 (Moscow, 1949–61). Lit.: L.A. Chebotareva and V.V. Dokuchaev, Biographical Sketch: V.V.  ­Dokuchaev. Op. Vol. 9 (Moscow, 1961); B.B. Polynov, I.A. Krupenikov, L.A.  Krupenikov, and V.V. Dokuchaev, Essay the Life and Creativity (Moscow, 1956); Writings of the Jubilee session Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of V.V.  Dokuchaev (Moscow, Leningrad: 1949); V.V. Dokuchaev. (Moscow, 1997); S.V. Zonn, V.V. Dokuchaev (Moscow, 1991); G.V. Dobrovolskiy, “Dokuchaev and Modern Natural Science,” Soil Science 2 (1996); 2 (1997). DUBOS, Rene Jules (b. February 20, 1901, Saint-Brice, France; d. February 20, 1982, New York, usa) – French microbiologist, author of the well-known maxim “Think globally, act locally.” Dubos was a professor at the Advanced Research Centre at Wesleyan University (usa) and chairman of the Center for Human Environments, which assisted in the development of policies to address environmental issues and the creation of new environmental values. A significant part of Dubos’s life was connected with the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York. His research interests included the study of the influence of soil bacteria on pathogens. For many years Dubos was chief editor of the Journal of Experimental Medicine. In the last decades of his life Dubos devoted himself to issues of environmental protection. His clear and catchy slogan “Think globally, act locally,” first put forward on his suggestion at the un Conference on the Environment in Stockholm in 1972, was supported by the Club of Rome and was taken as the basis of many organizations’ work. In solving global environmental problems Dubos called into consideration local ecological, economic, and cultural conditions, believing that a conscientious attitude to the environment should begin with the family. In addition, he saw that there was a need to create a world order where natural and social systems, interacting with each other through a complex system of communication, kept their true nature.

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Works: The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society (New Jersey: 1952); Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress & Biological Change (New Jersey: 1959); Pasteur and Modern Science (Washington d.c.: 1960, 1998); So Human an Animal (1968); (New York, 1987). DURCHIK, Vladimir (b. April 6, 1952, Zvolen, Slovakia) – philosopher, Associate Professor of Ethics and Applied Ethics at Matej Bel University (Banska Bystrica, Slovakia). Durchik graduated from the Philosophy Faculty and received postgraduate education at Lomonosov Moscow State University. His thesis on “Modern ecological situation (socio-philosophical analysis)” (1983) was one of the first in Marxist philosophy which analyzed the nature and genesis of environmental issues. His research interests are philosophical, ethical, and social aspects of globalization and its consequences. In the applied aspect he develops globalization ethics, politics, law, and also ethics of fairness and responsibility. Durchik has participated in international conferences studying issues of ­globalization, is the author of more than 100 scientific papers published in ­Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland, is executive editor and a member of writer teams for a number of books and textbooks on environmental issues, a member of the International Editorial Board of Journal of Globalization Studies, and author of a series of articles in the international interdisciplinary encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics (2006). Works: The Problem of Management Organization of the Environment (on materials of Czechoslovakia: Actual Issues of Social Cognition and Practice). ussr Academy of Sciences. (Moscow, Institute of Philosophy, 1983); (ed. with A.N. Chumakov) “The Club of Rome: Overview and Outcomes” [“Rimskyklub – prehl’adavysledkycinnosti,”] Filozofia, rocnik 38/4 (1983); (ed. with M. Ignyatovich and D. Ignyatovichova) “About the Importance of Ecology and Psychology at the Millennium Eve” [“Ovyznameekologieapsychologienaprahunovehomilenia,”] Psychiatria 8/4 (2001); “Philosophic and ethical reflections on humanization of society” [“Filozoficko-etickereflexiehumanizaciel Udskejspolocnosti,”] TUZvolen (2002); “Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of Constant Sustainable Development” [“Filozoficzno-etyczneaspektyzrownowazonegorozwoju,”] Problemy Ekologii, zrownowazonyrozwojtoobowiazeknaszejcivilizacji 8/3 (2004); “Philosophical and Ethical Correlations of Society and Nature” [“Filozoficko-­etick easpektyinterakciespolocnostiaprirody”] Clovek, dejiny, hodnoty ii (­Ostrava, 2005); Eco-Philosophy and Several Eco-Philosophical Conceptions: ActaFacultatisecologiae (Zvolen, 2005); The Ethics of Globalization: New Challenges for Present Time [Ekologickakriza – prilezitost‘a(lebo)pohroma?] (Zvolen, 2008); Global Issues and Ethics of Responsibility/Globalneproblemyaetykaodpowiedzialnosci//Filozofiawobecglobalizacji. (Katowice, 2009); Human Rights from the

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Point of View of Globalization [Globalnekontekstyposzanowaniaprawwolnosciczlowieka] (Sosnowiec, 2011); Ethics of Human Rights and Poverty as a Global Phenomenon/Etikaludskychpravachudobaakoglobalnyfenomen//Aplikovanaetikaaprofesionalnaprax (FHVUMBBanskaBystrica, 2011). DYSON, Freeman John (b. December 15, 1923, Crowthorne, England)  – ­physicist, member of the Royal Society of London (1952) and the National Academy of Sciences of usa (1964). He graduated from the University of Cambridge (1945), and was a Professor of Cornell and Princeton universities. Dyson became famous through his books, which cover key questions about the origin of man and the Universe, thinking, and genetics, methods of ­searches for aliens, and space exploration (his daughter Esther was a backup space flight participant in 2008). To Dyson belongs the famous phrase: “God is the mind, outgrown the boundaries of our understanding.” His inherent taste for paradox breaks all limits and encourages participation in solving global issues. He uses his keen mind to explore the nature of God, cells, and global warming. The result of his thought is always stunning. Dyson and his books have won numerous international awards, including the Templeton Prize for progress in spiritual life. Dyson lectured to young scientists a lot, including on March 23, 2009, in Moscow, at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, naming his lecture “Heretical Thoughts about Science and Society.” His first “heresy” was devoted to the fact that the danger of global warming is greatly exaggerated, and that is extremely difficult to separate the scientific part of the climatologists’ debates from the political. “When I listen to the public debates about climate change, I am impressed by the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations and the superficiality of our theories. Many of the basic processes of planetary ecology are poorly understood. They must be better understood before we can reach an accurate diagnosis of the present condition of our planet. When we are trying to take care of a planet, just as when we are taking care of a human patient, diseases must be diagnosed before they can be cured. We need to observe and measure what is going on in the biosphere, rather than relying on computer models.” Dyson dedicated a significant part of his speech to thinking about the dangers and questionable effectiveness of nuclear weapons. He was convinced that there is a need to take both unilateral and joint measures to get rid of nuclear weapons in the same way as has been done with biological weapons. Works: The Future of Physics (New York, 1971); (ed. with D. ter Haar) Neutron Stars and Pulsars (New York, 1973); (ed. with E. Montroll, M. Katz, and M. Fisher) Stability and Phase Transitions (New York, 1973); Weapons and Hope (New York, 1990).

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PEOPLE: ECIMOVIC–EINSTEIN

E ECIMOVIC, Timi (b. 1941) – a famous scholar from Slovenia, Ph.D. in environment, professor, a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, a member of the European Environmental Academy, un adviser on environmental issues, the first director of the International Institute for Global ­Warming, the first chairman of the Forum of World Reflectors. In the centre of Ecimovic’s scientific interest are environmental nature, space and protection, climate change, system views, globalization and global studies, stability, and the sustainable future of humanity. He was among the first researchers who began to consider environmental nature, space, and protection at the local level, which became known as the “Local Agenda for the Twenty-First Century.” In fact, it is a complete program for the survival of our civilization in the context of new challenges arising in the third millennium, focused on the transition “from the sustainability of local community to the sustainable development of global human civilization.” Ecimovic is one of the leading independent researchers, actively collaborating with colleagues around the world in the field of philosophy and the theory and practice of global studies, which develops systemic, holistic, and better understanding of the present. His recent researches in the field of system analysis help to gain a great understanding of our world. During the last ten years he has developed two trilogies: “Nature” and “Sustainable Future of Mankind” (see: ). In 2011 he published the results of his research in the field of natural processes in the form of a book and cd-rom: Principles of Nature: Nature and the Global Community of a Reasonable Person. This is the first presentation of his new understanding of the fundamentals of nature. In September 2011, together with an international team of researchers, he published an electronic declaration “World Reflectors for a Sustainable Future for Humanity,” which was presented in Xiamen (China) as the Xiamen declaration. Works: Ećimović (with Rashmi Mulej and Mayur) System Thinking and Climate Change (2002); The Philosophy of the Sustainable Future of Mankind (2010); Philosophy of the Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Future of Humankind: The Survival of Humanity (2013); Introduction to the Climate Change System (2014). EINSTEIN, Albert (b. March 14, 1879, Ulm, Germany; d. April 18, 1955, Princeton, usa) – an outstanding philosopher, humanist, pacifist of the twentieth century. A theoretical physicist, the author of the famous theory of r­ elativity,

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Nobel laureate (1922), a member of different academies, and an honorary member of the ussr Academy of Sciences (1926). In 1909 Einstein was appointed as extraordinary professor at the University of Zurich. In 1933 he emigrated to the usa, where he became a professor of physics at the newly established Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, nj). As a protest against crimes of Nazism he renounced his German citizenship and membership of the Prussian and Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In a letter to Romain Rolland, he wrote: “whether our future generations thank Europe where three centuries of cultural work led only to the state where religious madness changed to nationalist madness only? Even scientists from different countries behave as if they have brains amputated.” After the end of World War ii, Einstein continued to work in physics, as well as in new areas – relativistic cosmology and the unified field theory, which, according to his plan, should unite gravity, electromagnetism, and (he hoped) the theory of the microworld. However, earlier, in August 1939, Einstein signed a letter addressed to us President Franklin D. Roosevelt, where he tried to draw the president’s attention to the possibility that Nazi Germany could acquire a nuclear bomb. Roosevelt took the threat seriously and opened his own project to create atomic weapons. Einstein did not participate in these studies and criticized the use of nuclear weapons in Japan and the tests at Bikini Atoll (1954), and he considered his involvement in the acceleration of work on the American nuclear program to be the greatest tragedy of his life. His aphorisms became widely known: “We won the war, but not the peace,” “If a third world war is fought with atomic bombs, the fourth will be fought with sticks and stones.” A few days before his death the scientist changed the world’s idea of the universe, and signed an appeal by Bertrand Russell to leading scientists to meet for an international conference to discuss the risks that would arise if people possessed nuclear energy. This historical document, called the “­Manifesto ­Russell – Einstein,” warned about the threat of nuclear war and the need for new thinking in times of nuclear age, and initiated the Pugwash scientists, politicians, and leaders’ movement that stands for peace, disarmament, security, and scientific cooperation. Einstein was against all forms of personality cult, and the funeral of a great scientist, attended by only twelve of his closest friends, was, as he wanted, without publicity and lavish ceremony. His body was burned in the crematorium, and the ashes scattered to the winds. Works: The Meaning of Relativity (Moscow: 1955); Collected Works, 4 vols, (1965–7).

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PEOPLE: ELMANDJRA–ENGELS

Lit.: V.E. Lviv, Life of Albert Einstein (1959); K. Ziling, Albert Einstein (1966); B. Hofman, Albert Einstein – the Creator and Rebel (1983); A. Pais, The Science and Life of Albert Einstein (1989); Einstein’s Dream: In Search of a Unified Theory of the Structure of the Universe (2001). ELMANDJRA, Mahdi (b. March 13, 1933), a Moroccan economist, sociologist, and futurist. He has been a member of the Club of Rome. In 1948 Elmandjra graduated from the Lyautey Lyceum (the French school in Casablanca). After that, for two years he studied at the Pyutni School (vt, usa), and in 1950 he entered Cornell University in Ithaca (ny, usa), where he studied as an undergraduate majoring in public administration. Elmandjra received his doctorate at the London School of Economics. From the very beginning of his career Elmandjra was actively engaged in teaching. Since 1958 he has taught international relations at the University of Rabat. After graduation Elmandjra began his career as ceo of the Moroccan television broadcasting service and became an adviser to the Moroccan Mission to the un. Since 1961 up to 1981 he took various posts in the United Nations, including Assistant Director-General for Social and Human Sciences as well as conference coordinator for technical cooperation between developing countries under the un Development Program. Elmandjra served as President of the World Future Studies Federation and the International Association Futurible as well as the president and founder of the Moroccan Association for Future Studies and the Moroccan Organization for Human Rights. At present Elmandjra is a member of the African Academy of Sciences and the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco. He was also an invited professor at the University of Tokyo (1998) and invited expert for the Japanese Society for Science Advancement in Tokyo University of Economics (1999). Elmandjra has received several awards, including some from France and ­Japan. For example, in 1985 he was awarded the Order of Arts and Literature, and in 1986 he was awarded the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun. Elmandjra also received the Albert Einstein medal of the world and the award of the World Futures Studies Federation in 1995. In 2002 he became an honorary member of the Moroccan Association for researchers and scientists. Elmandjra is the author of over 500 articles on the humanities and social sciences. He was one of the co-authors of the famous Club of Rome report “There Are No Limits to Learning” (1979). Works: The United Nations System (1973); Maghreb and Francophonie Countries (1988); First Civilizational War (1991); Retrospective Future (1992); Prelude

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Confrontation of North and South in the Post-Colonial Era (1993); Cultural Diversity: Key to Survival (1995); Cultural Decolonization: The Main Challenge of the xxi Century (1996); Reglobalization of Globalization, 2000, Intifada (2001); Humiliation in the Era of Mega-Imperialism, 2003. Many of these works have been translated into Japanese. ELTON, Charles Sutherland (b. March 29, 1900, Manchester, England; d. May 11, 1991, Manchester, England) – famous British zoologist, one of the founders of ecology as a science, academician of the London Royal Society (1953). After graduating from Oxford University, Elton started to undertake studies, described as exploring “the sociology and economy of animals.” In essence, he initiated the transformation of natural history into ecology. Modern biocenology and in part population ecology are considered to begin with Elton’s first book Animal Ecology (1927), which switched the ecologists’ attention from studying individual organisms to studying populations as a whole. This work became a classic, as it highlighted a wide range of theoretical and methodological issues of synecology – a part of ecology, the study of the life of communities, biogeocoenoses, and ecosystems. In 1930 Elton’s book Animal Ecology and Evolution was published, in which he outlined the environmental aspects of the processes of the historical development of wildlife; and he became the founder of evolutional ecology, making a significant contribution to the study of populations. In 1958 the book Ecology of Invasions of Animals and Plants was published, being translated into Russian in 1960. In 1966 Elton wrote Types of Communities, in which he summed up the results of long studies and outlined the general principles of ecology. ENGELS, Friedrich (b. November 28, 1820, Barmen, Prussia (now Wuppertal, Germany); d. August 5, 1895, London, England) – German philosopher and social figure, founder (with Marx) of dialectical and historical materialism, one of the founders of the globalization theory. Marx and Engels, when developing the natural historical development theory of society, presented the concept of social progress, based on the development of dynamics of the relations between man, nature, and society as a foundation of material production. The dialectical-materialist conception of modern civilization states that capitalism appears as a natural stage of the world historical process, and the most important element is the internationalizing tendency of production and economic and socio-cultural activities in society. Operation on the “world market,” cosmopolitanization of production, and consumption overcome traditional national isolation. Civilizing capital influence consists in the fact

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that the results of “individual nations become public property” (Works, Vol. 4. p. 428). National prejudices and limitations are destroyed. History turns into “global history.” Marx and Engels, when considering the history of society as a continuation of natural history, however, did not equate their laws with nature. Society is treated as a dynamic system in which natural and social processes exist in dialectical interaction. The social dynamic is determined by the scale and pace of tools and improvements in industrial relations, and this is the difference between human activity and animals’ instinctive behavior. This is considered as a key factor in human history. Engels made a fundamental contribution to the development of the dialectical-materialist theory of anthrosociogenesis in his unfinished essay “The Part Played by Labour in the Transition of Ape to Man” (1876). As scientists explained later, animals, unlike people, can use natural things but they cannot make tools. The study of human creative mind led Engels to his thesis about the existence of a complex transition from biological rules to social ones within the framework of anthropogenesis. As natural conditions of life changed, man started to use natural objects (stones, sticks) more frequently. Natural conditions stimulated the development of simple labor skills, which on a physical level affected the structure of the human upper arm, and eventually even affected human impact on the environment. Evidence shows that even in ancient times (in Mesopotamia, Greece, Asia Minor, for example) forests uprooted for crops led to problems in local ecosystems. Engels was one of the first to notice that the socio-economic development of modern society is accompanied by increasing human intervention in natural processes. At the same time, he emphasized ambiguity in anthropogenic activities. On the one hand, a human can foresee the consequences of his intervention in natural processes, but on the other hand, “unintended consequences” may occur, which have a negative impact on the natural ecosystems. “Thus at every step we are reminded that we do not rule nature like a conqueror rules a foreign people, like someone who stands outside nature – but we consist of flesh, blood, and intellect that belong to nature, and exist in its environment, and all our rule over it is the fact that we have the advantage over all other entities to follow and apply nature’s laws.” Moreover, Engels p ­ ointed that we should not “flatter ourselves overmuch on account of our human conquest over nature. For each such conquest takes its revenge on us. Each of them, it is true, has in the first place the consequences on which we counted, but in the second and third places it has quite different, unforeseen effects which only too often cancel out the first.” (Works, Vol. 20. pp. 495–496).

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Considering the functions of science, Engels believed that its main task lay in the study of natural (and social) processes. The premises consist of the fast development of science that “moves forward proportionally to the mass of knowledge inherited from the preceding generation …” (Works, Vol. 1. p. 568). In the Dialectics of Nature, he gives a vast panorama of natural science ­development – from the historical background to an analysis of current tendencies and possible prospects. He forecasted that the most important discoveries in science would be made in the spheres where physics, chemistry, and biology mixed (electrochemistry, protein synthesis, etc.). Moreover, according to Engels, the prospects of communism were connected with the unprecedented progress in scientific and technical fields. In his works (The Principles of Communism, 1847, etc.) he proposed more specific characteristics of a future society (public property from the means of production, the balanced organization of production and economic activity, the ­accelerated development of productive forces, overcoming the controversy between mental and physical labor, elimination of class differences, the demise of state, and a radical change in the family, for example). On the one hand, at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first century and especially after the collapse of the “communist empire,” a significant number of such ideas are considered mainly in a historical (utopian) context. On the other hand, some of them reveal its heuristic significance (in the context of globalization, the role of a sovereign nation state changes radically, as does the nature of work during an information revolution). Moreover, the fundamental principles of future society are unlikely to lose their prognostic significance, where “the free development of each individual is the basis of free development of all society” (Works, Vol. 4. p. 447). Engels understood that the formation of a new civilization type was an evolutionary process in which it was unacceptable to “dictate any determined laws to humanity” (Works, Vol. 22. p. 563). The most important tendency of the civilization process is to liberate humanity from violence. Communism was considered not as a social system imposed on humanity, but as a “high equality of social contract” (Works, Vol. 20. p. 143). Trying to evaluate objectively how possible it was for a civilization to reach a new level of social relations, Engels noted that when the productive forces of bourgeois society develop as fruitfully as possible within bourgeois relations, a real revolution is out of the question (Works, Vol. 7. p. 467). “if the social revolution and practical communism are the necessary result of our existing conditions,” said Engels at a meeting of workers in Elberfeld in 1845, “then we will have to concern ourselves above all with the measures by which we can avoid a violent and bloody overthrow of the social conditions. And there is only one

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means, namely, the peaceful introduction or at least preparation of communism” (Works, Vol. 2. p. 554). In the twenty-first century, when humanity seeks to unite its efforts to resolve conflict on a global scale, Engels’ thesis that appropriate targets can be achieved through the process of “social production to a prepared plan” (Works, Vol. 20, p. 676), becomes particularly relevant. In this sense, “the specter of communism” is haunting not only Europe, but the world. Works: K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2nd edn, Vols 1–50 (1955–81). F FERSMAN, Alexander Yevgenyevich (b. 8 November 1883, St. Petersburg; d. 20 May 1945, Sochi) – Soviet mineralogist and explorer of Russia’s natural resources, one of the founders of geochemistry, organizer of science and national economy; academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1919); V.I. ­Vernadsky’s student and colleague. While travelling around the industrialized areas of Europe in the twentieth century, Fersman was one of the first to notice how mankind has geochemically remade the world, and this subsequently allowed him to propose and develop a new scientific school – the geochemistry of technogenesis. According to Fersman, by developing industry during a historically short period, man turned into a grand geochemical agent that is beginning to change chemical elements in nature and subdue the substance of nature to his will. The economic and industrial activities of man in their scope and value are therefore becoming comparable with the processes that occur in nature. Fersman pointed to the inevitability of destabilization of the Earth’s biosphere by creating alien chemical compounds that generate reactions unusual in nature and change the flow rate of many geological and geochemical processes. Mankind’s geochemical activity has its “limits of growth,” as it is directed in large part to the accumulation of substances with large amounts of energy rather than towards natural bodies. Thus creating unsteady systems, man directs his work against the natural geochemical reactions with which he inevitably comes into conflict, and thereby violates the thermodynamic equilibrium of the biosphere. Fersman believed that the solution to minimizing the number of destructive man-made processes in the biosphere was linked to the creation of fundamentally new industrial geotechnologies, which would form the basis of waste-free production. In Fersman’s papers the whole range of issues associated with modern globalization is reflected – the geographical distribution of the productive forces

PEOPLE: FERSMAN–FISCHER

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of mankind and the limits of their growth, the absence or presence of strategic raw materials, the spatial gap between industrial centers and the sources of raw materials and energy. In his opinion, the development of the global industrial economy has its limits, which are determined neither by the will of man, nor by the historical processes of the development of mankind, but by the inexorable factors of the Earth itself, its composition, and the laws of the distribution of elements in the universe. Works: Collected Works, in 7 vols (Moscow, 1955); Chemical Industry Issues (St. Petersburg, 1924); Geochemistry, Vol. 2. (Moscow, Leningrad: 1934); War and Strategic Raw Materials (Krasnoufimsk, 1941). FISCHER, Karin (b. 1965, Vienna, Austria) – one of the leading Austrian researchers and university teachers in the field of development studies, university professor, and longtime chief editor of the leading Austrian peer-reviewed development journal. Karin Fischer studied social and economic history, non-European history, political sciences, and philosophy with a particular focus on North–South ­relations. She was substantially involved in the struggle for and the establishment of a Development Studies program at the University of Vienna. She is head of a network of academics in the field of development studies research in Austria and served as chief editor of the Austrian Journal of Development Studies (jep) for more than ten years. After working at the Austrian Academy of Sciences on a project concerning socioeconomic transformation and urban processes in Latin America, and following her engagement at the University of Vienna, she now heads the politics and development research department at the Institute of Sociology at Linz University. Her areas of research include the history and theories of development and underdevelopment, global commodity chains and uneven development, development strategies, and neoliberal transformation. Her regional s­ pecialization is Latin America. She investigates transnational class formation, contemporary elite change in Chile with a comparative perspective, and neoliberal transformation in Latin America. In these fields, she is involved in international research projects which frequently lead her to Berlin, Santiago de Chile, and Buenos Aires. Karin Fischer is co-editor of two book series, “History and Social StudiesInternational Development and Global History” and “Development Policy,” board member of the Network on Global Capitalism and the Austrian Latin American Research Working Group, deputy chairwoman of the Institute for Political Economic Studies, and longstanding chairwoman of the Mattersburg Circle for Development Studies at Austrian Universities.

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Selected Works: Eine Klasse für sich. Besitz, Herrschaft und ungleiche Entwicklung in Chile 1830–2010 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011); (ed. with G. Hödl, I. MaralHanak, and C. Parnreiter), Entwicklung und Unterentwicklung. Eine Einführung in Probleme, Theorien und Strategien (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 20062); (ed. with G. Hödl), “Perspectives on Development Studies,” Journal of Development Studies 23/2 (2007); (ed. with S. Zimmermann), Internationalismen. Transformation weltweiter Ungleichheit im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 2008); (ed. with G. Hödl and W. Sievers), Klassiker der Entwicklungstheorie. Von Modernisierung bis Post-Development (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2008); (ed. with C. Reiner and C.  Staritz), Globale Güterketten. Weltweite Arbeitsteilung und ungleiche Entwicklung (Vienna, 2010); (ed. with C. Parnreiter and K. Imhof), “Global Cities and the Governance of Commodity Chains: A Case study from Latin America,” in P.  van Lindert and O. Verkoren (eds), Decentralized Development in Latin America. Experiences in Local Governance and Local Development (New York, 2010, pp. 49–67); (ed. with C. Reiner), “Globale Warenketten: Analysen zur Geographie der Wertschöpfung,” Z. Zeitschrift für marxistische Erneuerung 23/89 (2012), pp. 27–44; “North–South-Relations,” Online Dictionary Social and Political Key Terms of the Americas: Politics, Inequalities, and North–south Relations, Version 1, 2012; (ed. with D. Plehwe), “Redes de think tanks e intelectuales de derecha en América Latina,” Nueva Sociedad 245 (2013), pp. 70–86; “Peripherisierung, Industrialisierung und Abhängigkeit: die Frage nach den Hemmnissen gelungener Entwicklung,” Journal of Development Studies 01 (2013); (ed. with D. Plehwe), “The ‘Pink Tide’ and Neoliberal Civil Society Formation: Think Tank Networks in Latin America,” State of Nature 01 (2013); (ed. with M. Boatca and G. Hauck), Handbuch Entwicklungsforschung (Wiesbaden, 2015). FORRESTER, Jay (b. July 14, 1918, Anselmo, ne, usa) – American scholar and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (mit), the creator of system dynamics – theoretical foundations of global modeling. In 1969, Forrester and his associates, in response to the Club of Rome’s proposal that a model of global development should be worked out, presented the model World-2 (W-2), which is built on the principles of system dynamics – a method of studying complex systems with nonlinear feedbacks that was developed at mit from the beginning of 1960s. Relying on the theory of information feedback systems he developed from the beginning of the 1950s, studies of decision-making mechanisms, experimental modeling of complex processes using computers as a means of simulating the actual processes using mathematical models, Forrester created a new type of model – simulation models that combine the advantages of analog and mathematical models. According to Forrester, the industrial ­enterprise,

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the modern city, the world in general are complex systems, the relationship between the elements of which are essentially nonlinear and cannot be described by linear functions; therefore the analytical apparatus of mathematics, adapted to the study of linear dependencies of simple systems, cannot be applied to them. Forrester emphasizes that the processes occurring in complex systems do not allow for precise unambiguous description, as they are not strictly determined, stochastic. The elements of complex systems affect each other, generating a lot of positive and negative feedback loops. The condition of any item at any given time is determined not only by the entire set of interactions of other elements, but the whole history of the system. The parts of a complex system are in turn systems of a lower order of complexity. Forrester notes that a complex system, its components, and elements are characterized by a state of stable equilibrium. In its behavior the complex system is counterintuitive. The elements of the complex system do not change as a direct result of a local effect. The change of an item occurs when a number of impacts within a certain time interval reach a critical level. When the critical level is near, even the slightest pressure on the system is able to stimulate its radical transformation. The basic concepts of simulation modeling are level and pace. The notion of “level” reflects the relationship between the discreteness of meanings and the continuity of their accumulation and is close in content to the concept of phase coordinates, which is used to construct formal models of dynamic processes. The concept of “pace” focuses on the dynamics of complex systems, describing the ratio of the first derivative (usually the time parameter) to the original function (for example, acceleration to speed). It is required that a change of levels causes the change of pace, and to indicate the time interval, Forrester introduces the term “delay” (“lag”). He believes that to describe a dynamic system it is necessary to analyze the dependence of pace on levels, to build a system of causality. Simulation methods are not as elegant and concise as mathematical ones, but, according to Forrester, they have greater heuristic power, as a meaningful model is able to penetrate the deepest essential levels of the complex system. The simulation model as opposed to the mathematical one needs no substantial restructuring of its units when there is interference in its work at any stage of the modeling (reconstruction, insertion, replacement, or removal of blocks). The structure of the simulation model is not dependent on the accuracy of the original data and the nature of the variables that are used. The simulation model is ideally suited to the practice of system analysis application and the study of complex systems. The model has a high degree of generality. To get results, you need to clearly define the basic theoretical assumptions on which it is created. Forrester’s contribution to global modeling is

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that, despite the specific type of social system described by his model (a single industrial enterprise or a entire city), general patterns are traced after main results have been obtained. The simpler, more transparent the structure of the model is, the more fundamental the patterns are which are taken into account in its creation. This determines the validity and generality of the results. System dynamics is a tool that allows experts in specific fields of knowledge who do not have special training in the field of control theory and the theory of complex systems to successfully build models of processes that are of interest to them, and use them to understand more deeply the qualitative behavior of complex systems. Forrester points out that the simulation cannot be used as a method of prediction of certain events at a certain time or a guarantee of the correctness of a decision. It only helps to better understand the control process and to take successful decisions, but does not guarantee their absolute correctness. At the same time Forrester’s works are characterized by unjustified absolutization of modeling as a universal method of cognition. Forrester ignores the specificity of extrapolation methods, analogy, and experiment, treating them as special cases of simulation. The social system, according to Forrester, also belongs to the class of complex counterintuitive nonlinear systems with numerous feedback loops. Man cannot comprehend how social systems function, or clearly identify possible consequences arising from incomplete, vague, inaccurately articulated mental models. Forrester emphasizes that any attempts to expand traditional theoretical understanding and to provide practical solutions to urgent problems that are beyond the control of civilization are fruitless. Forrester develops W.R. ­Ashby’s idea of the need to use a cybernetic amplifier of human thinking abilities in analyzing these processes. In World Dynamics (1971), Forrester proposes a preliminary, methodological model of the world. The world appears to him as a whole, a complex system of different, interrelated levels (six phase variables) – people, time, funds in industry, assets in agriculture, natural resources, environmental pollution. In this case the absolute values are population size and time. In World Dynamics, Forrester formulates the basic ideas of the theory of “limits to growth.” By simply displaying the real economic situation, Forrester offers not a model of economic development, but of extensive growth. Experiments with this model allow him to conclude that extensive growth cannot continue indefinitely, as it has “physical limits” and is contradictory in nature. Natural resources cannot grow, the areas suitable for agricultural cultivation of land are limited; crop yield and the saving of raw materials increase in arithmetical progression, while population, consumption, and pollution in geometric ­progression. The peak of living standards was irreversibly passed by mankind in the mid-1950s,

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says Forrester. If the exponential growth of the basic parameters of the economic organism continues, in the middle of the twenty-first century there will inevitably be a crisis in relations between society and nature. The inertia of biospheric processes temporarily hides the scale of the impending crisis. Forrester defines the functioning of the global system as a spontaneous process, and considers any conscious intervention as a factor that will destabilize the system. Considering the alternatives for the future development of mankind, the degradation of society and the environment, the total regulation of fertility, the rate of consumption and production, which cast doubt on the very possibility of personal freedom, Forrester chooses another option. By analogy with the evolution of natural populations, he sees the solution to the current situation as a transition by society itself to some higher equilibrium level. His main conclusion is the need to harmonize human activities with the capabilities of the biosphere. The functioning of society in equilibrium can be achieved by stabilizing population growth, whereby advanced planning tools and new technologies are used to compensate for pollution by way of artificial and natural self-cleaning of the environment. Forrester’s contribution to scientific knowledge consists of the creation of a model that shows that it is possible in the main to translate into the language of formal models the verbal models that exist in research, and to obtain quantitative estimates where previously only qualitative categories were used. Forrester offers a convenient and efficient method of treatment of expert judgments, preparing the issue to the required level of detail and eliminating the need for bulky data banks. All Forrester’s works are devoted to complex and poorly formalized issues and not only contain an attempt to their quantitative estimate, but they are a creative and intensive search for alternative methods of social development within economic processes around which common environmental parameters have evolved. The basic methodological principles of global modeling, developed by Forrester, were the basis of projects undertaken by D. M ­ eadows, M.  Mesarovic, and E. Pestel, the Latin American project of A. Errera, and ­projects by Y. Kay, H. Linnemann, J. Tinbergen, and V. Leontiev. Forrester’s works significantly influenced the nature of scientific thinking in the last decades of the twentieth century. FRANK, Andre Gunder (b. 1929, Berlin; d. 2005, Luxembourg) – a GermanAmerican economic historian and sociologist who promoted dependency theory after 1970 and world-systems theory after 1984. Frank’s undergraduate studies were at Swarthmore College. He earned his Ph.D. in economics in 1957 at the University of Chicago. His doctorate was a study of Soviet agriculture

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entitled “Growth and Productivity in Ukrainian Agriculture from 1928 to 1955.” Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s Frank taught at American universities. In 1962 he moved to Latin America, inaugurating a remarkable period of travel that confirmed his peripatetic tendencies. His most notable work during this time was during his stint as Professor of Sociology and Economics at the University of Chile, where he was involved in reforms under the government of Salvador Allende. After Allende’s government was toppled by a coup d’état in 1973, Frank fled to Europe, where he occupied a series of university positions. From 1981 until his retirement in 1994 he was professor in developmental economy at the University of Amsterdam. Frank wrote widely on economic, social, and political history, and contemporary development of the world system, the industrially developed countries, and especially those of the Third World and Latin America. In the 1990s, Frank increasingly turned his attention to world history and produced The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand about the last 5,000 years of world history. Frank’s theories center on the idea that a nation’s economic strength, largely determined by historical ­circumstances  – especially geography – dictates its global power. He is also well known for suggesting that purely export oriented solutions to development create imbalances that are detrimental to poor countries. Frank has made significant contributions to the world-systems theory (which, according to him, should rather be called the World System theory). He has argued that a World System was formed no later than in the fourth millennium bc; his argument contrasts sharply with the scholarly majority who posit beginnings in the “long sixteenth century” (a position held, for example, by Immanuel Wallerstein). Frank also insisted that the idea of numerous “world systems” did not make much sense (indeed, if there are many “world systems” in the world, then they simply do not deserve to be called “world systems”), and we should rather speak about a single World System. In one of his last essays, Frank argued prophetically about the looming global economic crisis of 2008. Works: The Development of Underdevelopment (1966); Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (1967); Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (1969); On Capitalist Underdevelopment (1975); Economic Genocide in Chile. Equilibrium on the Point of a Bayonet (1976); World Accumulation, 1­ 492–1789 (1978); Crisis: In the World Economy (1980); Crisis: In the Third World (1981); Dynamics of Global Crisis (1982); Re-Orient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (1998); Re-Orienting the 19th Century: Global Economy in the Continuing Asian Age (2013). FRIEDMAN, Thomas Lauren (b. July 20, 1953, St. Louis Park, Minneapolis, mn, usa) – American journalist and the author of works on globalization, which received a large public response.

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He graduated from Brandeis University (1975) and St. Anthony’s College at Oxford University. Since 1980, he has been engaged in journalism, has worked as a reporter for the New York Times in the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon). Since 1992, during the presidency of Bill Clinton, he has been the New York Times correspondent for foreign policy and the economy – as well as the paper’s correspondent in the White House since 1994. In his articles and books Friedman pays special attention to international terrorism, the events of 9/11, and the monitoring of extremist religious groups that promote their views in the media and on the Internet. As a war correspondent and expert he wrote a lot about conflicts in Kosovo (former Yugoslavia) and Iraq. He first expressed his views on globalization in 1999 in his book The Lexus and the Olive, and developed his ideas later in the book The World is Flat, in which he reviewed the main trends of globalization and the forces that influence its process. According to Friedman, countries must partly sacrifice their economic sovereignty in favor of global institutions, a situation he calls “the golden straitjacket.” At the same time, Friedman is a glocalization supporter, according to which countries must preserve and protect their local cultures. Environmental issues play an important role in Friedman’s works. He believes that in the future energy technologies will be more significant than information (“energy technology will have an even greater impact than ­information technology”). Friedman is confident that the usa must become an energy independent power: it will pacify authoritarian rulers in the Middle East and establish stability in the region. While us energy independence should be based on i­nternal potential and at the expense of internal resources (for example, the widespread use of biodiesel). In the book Hot, Flat, and Crowded, he argues that “any car company that gets taxpayer money must demonstrate a plan to transform the model lineup of its vehicles into modern ones running on alternative fuels.” Awards: National Book Award for Nonfiction (1989), Polk Award (1982), ­Pulitzer Prize (1983, 1988, 2002). Works, the most important of which are the following: From Beirut to Jerusalem (1989; revised edition, 1990); The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (1999; revised edition, 2000); Longitudes and Attitudes: Exploring the World after September 11 (2002; reprinted in 2003 as Longitudes and Attitudes: The World in the Age of Terrorism); The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (2005; expanded edition, 2006; revised edition, 2007); Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution – And How It Can Renew America (2008). FRIEDRICHS, Guenther (b. 1928) – West German scientist. Together with the Polish philosopher A. Schaff he prepared the Club of Rome report “Microelectronics and Society: the Joy or Sorrow” (1982).

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Various aspects of computerization of the world and the invasion of microprocessors into all spheres of public life are examined and analyzed in the report, which looks at extensive factual material. The spheres of industrial production, information, and education are studied in particular. The report shows the duality of the effects of the microelectronics revolution: on one hand it opens up opportunities for increased productivity and effective exchange of information, and the development of economy of services, and on the other it leads to massive layoffs in traditional industries, strengthening of control over people, and pressure on them by using electronic controls, and eventually human robotization. According to the report, we are in a period of profound transition processes which will last maybe thirty to fifty years before leading to a totally different type of world society with new values, new political and administrative structures, new forms of behavior, and in essence significantly different from the technical base that is familiar to us today. FROLOV, Ivan Timofeevich (b. September 1, 1929, Dobroe, Russia; d. Novem­ber 18, 1999, Moscow) – a famous Russian philosopher, a political activist, an organizer of domestic research and development in the field of ­contemporary global issues, and one of the founders of the new scientific field of globalistics. Frolov graduated from the Philosophy Faculty of Moscow State University after Lomonosov (1953), being appointed a Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, and Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1987). He played a crucial role in the development of globalistics in Russia, in the promotion of global issues and raising public awareness of this topic. In the 1960s to the 1980s Frolov researched the philosophical issues around biology, progress in science and technology, the environment, and so on, and played a positive role in weakening the ideological pressure on philosophical thought in the ussr. Actively participating in the dethroning of Lysenkoism, he sought to show the failure of attacks on genetics, first through the Marxist philosophy which staged and raised to a high level of theoretical discussion these co-humanistic aspects of science and technology. Frolov has done a lot to turn the Soviet philosophy towards understanding environmental and other global problems of today. After the publication in the early 1980s of his works devoted to this subject, the philosophical definition of global problems given by him has become firmly established. He was one of the first to indicate the basic features of global problems, and formulated criteria that allow them to be singled out and classified in order of importance. In recent works, he has actively developed the ideas of a new humanism that is able to contain scientific and technical achievements.

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Frolov is one of those philosophers who tried to overcome the dogmatism of official philosophy, and to give an objective analysis of the processes and trends of modern scientific knowledge. As chief editor of the journal Problems of Philosophy (1968–77), he managed to establish cooperation with representatives of major national science organizations who constantly spoke on the magazine pages on the issues of international development. Round Tables, in which discussions about the most pressing issues of concern, were especially important (“Man and His Environment,” Vyazma 1–4 (1973); “Science, Ethics, Humanism,” Vyazma 6/8 (1973); “Socio-Philosophical Problems of Demography,” Vyazma 4/11 (1974), 4/11 (1975), No. 1, and others). The dialectics of scientific and technical progress was objectively evaluated. On the one hand the str and its modern forms (biotechnology, microelectronics, computer science, etc.) opened up new possibilities for science and social practice, and on the other hand identified some negative effects, including social and environmental issues. Later, this was reflected in the thesis that indicated civilization needed to go to the level of “high ground” (1984, No. 9, in collaboration with N.N. Moiseyev) in which man, society, and the biosphere worked together. Asking the question “Does the ecological crisis threaten the world?” (Pravda, August 16, 1974), Frolov focused on socio-economic contradictions of Western industrial civilization. However, he proceeded from the fact that the environmental issue has a universal nature, which necessitates an integrated approach to its solution (Vyazma 1 (1973)). Studying the controversial nature of the functioning of science in modern civilization caused his interest not only in the methodological issues of scientific knowledge, particularly biology and genetics, but the mechanisms and forms of the governance of science and its institutions. Science is analyzed in a broad philosophical and socio-cultural context (Modern Science and Humanism (Moscow, 1974); The Progress of Science and the Future of Man (Moscow, 1975)). He defended the thesis, asserting the unity of science and humanism as an imperative of the inevitable positive future of modern civilization. As Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Presidium of the ussr Academy of Sciences (ras) on the complex problem of “philosophical and social issues of science and technology” (1980–99), he initiated and actively supported research in the rising field of global research. The multifaceted activities of the Scientific Council received fundamental coverage in his official publication (see Philosophy and Sociology of Science and Technology: Yearbook; Br. Ed. it Frolov. Nauka (Moscow, 1983–88)). In the 1980s Frolov was particularly interested in the work of the global issues section of the Scientific Council (Head of Section – V.V. Zagladin). Already in

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the first publications on this subject (vf. 1974, No. 8), Frolov managed to reveal their essence and meaning, which was later developed in “Man and mankind in the terms of global issues,” EoF 9 (1981) and in Global Issues of Modernity: The Scientific and Social Aspects (ed. with Zagladin) (Moscow, 1981). Theoretical results obtained by Frolov in the field of globalistics can be formulated as follows: (1) the development of general theoretical aspects of a global range of issues (“Philosophy of Global Issues,” EoF 2 (1980)). The classification of global issues, which was proposed by him (together with Zagladin), acquired a fundamental nature, and has retained its conceptual meaning up to the present. Those methods were analyzed, primarily with a systematic approach, which can be applied to adequate analysis of an inherently complex (integral) range of issues; (2) analysis of the global consequences of the armament race and the real threat of global thermonuclear catastrophe. The potential possibility of the exchange of thermonuclear attacks between the superpowers and the reality of the corresponding negative consequences, which threaten the very existence and even the survival of civilization, were treated as “global issue number one.” The environmental issue eventually became regarded as one of the most important contemporary global issues, and Frolov, as the chief of section of socio-philosophical issues of the Scientific Council of the Presidium of ras on biosphere issues (1980–99), made a significant contribution to its analysis. At the same time the extent and nature of human activity were evaluated as a determining factor of environmental degradation that was dangerous to humans and the biosphere. On the one hand, the causes of the intensification of global biospheric tension were analyzed, which were associated with the type of anthropogenic civilization, demographic processes, the growth of social needs, and so on. On the other hand, the arrangements for “removal” of the severity of socio-ecological contradictions were proposed (the increase in the “degree of closure” of activity, “ecologization” of thinking, and so on). Dynamics of scientific and technical development were discussed in the context of a global range of issues. The dialectics of the interconnection of elements of the system of science – technology – production was revealed. A historically established orientation of scientific and technical progress (the scale of activity in society, exaggerated status of technocracy, etc.) has become a significant factor aggravating the contradictions of modern c­ ivilization. However, it is a constructive direction for scientific research and development, access to a new level (biotechnology, information technology, etc.) being considered as the basis of scientific and practical solutions to selected global i­ ssues as well as to the system in general.

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During the decade of “Soviet globalistics” (1981–91) the following results were achieved: attraction of the attention of a large group of scientists to the study of global issues; the formation of a new direction in domestic science, moving towards the interaction (and integration) of social sciences and humanities, natural-scientific and technical and technological knowledge; ­development and application of scientific methods (system approach, modeling, etc.) to the analysis of complex objects on a global scale; inclusion of ideas, beliefs, and concepts from Western studies in the scientific revolution, which significantly increased the possibility of domestic developments taking place; and perception of the results of global research by decision-makers (the policy of peaceful coexistence, new political thinking, etc.). Discussions of global issues were organized in the leading scientific institutions of ras. During this period, discussions were held in the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Institute of Geography, the Computer Centre, and so on, with the publication of material in the journals ­Issues of Philosophy (1983, No. 12 and others), Social Sciences (1985, No. 3, etc.). Major national and international scientific forums were conducted, such as the National Symposium “Marxism-Leninism and the Global ­Challenges of Our Time” (Moscow, June 1983), which focused on the entire system of global issues, and the National Conference “Social and Methodological Issues of Scientific and Technical Progress” (Moscow, November 1984), where the focus was on identifying the role of science and technology in the resolving of contradictions that were faced by modern civilization on a global scale (see “Scientific and Technological Progress at the Present Stage of Development of Socialism,” Issues of Philosophy 9 (1985)). Eminent domestic s­cientists took part, including academicians N.G. Basov, M.I. Budyko, B.A. Kirillin, I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov, and M.A. Styrikovich. Discussion of various aspects of global issues, and the identification of the role of scientific and technical progress in their resolution was combined with the development of practical recommendations. The workshop led by I.T. Frolov was directly involved in the organization and conducting of a number of international forums, such as “Socialism and Global Issues” (Prague, June 1985) and “Ecology and Peace” (Varna, August 1986), where, in particular, the need to strengthen international cooperation in the solving of global issues was stressed. In particular they discussed the prevention of global thermonuclear catastrophe and the rationalization of interrelations of elements of the man – biosphere – society system. Frolov was elected one of the leaders of the international organization Eco Forum for Peace (1986–99).

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As part of the Eighth International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (Moscow, August 1987), a “round table” was organized on the global issues of modern civilization. This was attended by leading national experts (academicians D.M. Gvishiani, N.N. Moiseev, for example) and foreign scholars (such as D. Meadows). Advocacy of global issues was actively conducted through the society Knowledge in the ussr, and in the Central Lecture Centre, where the most eminent domestic scholars and experts read a series of lectures for two seasons (1985–87), in which the whole modern system of global issues and prospects for their development were discussed. Similar lecture cycles were held in the capitals of a number of Union republics (in Alma Ata, Ashkhabad, etc.). Corresponding informational materials were published (see Library “global issues of the modern world”; comp. I.T. Frolov. Issues 1–4. Moscow, 1984). In 1990 on Frolov’s initiative as the ussr Institute of Man was created; it existed until 2004. This institute attempted to establish interdisciplinary studies of human essence and the main issues in the context of globalization. As director, Frolov managed to run the program of interdisciplinary study of man and his interrelationship with the natural and biological, sociocultural, and moral aspects of a personality. It consisted of the implementation of a scientific program, the selection of like-minded collaborators, editions of the magazine Man, preparation of fundamental scientific works published under Frolov’s editorship (About the Human in Man (Moscow, 1991); Man. Philosophical and Encyclopedic Dictionary (Moscow, 2000); and others). Frolov, in thinking about the historical transformations of human studies, noticed that there are “eternal questions” but there are no “eternal answers.” On the one hand, the priority of a man remains unchanged: the spiritual value of world culture. On the other hand, adequate responses to the global challenges of civilization require the development of new approaches, such as scientific research and overcoming of historical delusions. Works: Genetics and Dialectics (Moscow, 1968); Modern Science and Humanism (Moscow, 1975); The Progress of Science and the Future of Man (Moscow, 1975); Perspectives Rights (Moscow, 1979; 2nd edn, 1983); Essence and Meaning of Global Issues (Moscow, 1981); Global Issues of the Modern World: The Scientific and Social Aspects (Moscow, 1981); Global Issues and the Future Of Mankind (Moscow, 1982; 2nd edn, 1984); About the Meaning of Life, Death and Immortality of Man (Moscow, 1985); About Man and Humanism. Works of Different Years (Moscow, 1989). FUKUYAMA, Francis (b. October 27, 1952, Chicago, il, usa) – American philosopher of Japanese descent, who formulated the concept of the “end of

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­history,” which has become an alternative to the concept of the “clash of civilizations” developed by Samuel Huntington. Fukuyama received a bachelor’s degree at Cornell University and a Ph.D. at Harvard University. Since the late 1970s he has been an employee of the research centre Rand Corporation and the Policy Planning Department of us State Department. Since the mid-1990s he has been a professor of prestigious educational institutions (George Mason University, Washington, Johns Hopkins University, and others). Fukuyama, developing the ideas of his predecessors as regards conditions of contemporary globalization (Hegel, Marx, and others), argues that the dissemination of the ideology of the Western-style democracy is fraught with completing the socio-cultural evolution of mankind (the rejection of social revolutions, ideological confrontation, etc.). Finally this should lead, in his opinion, to the degradation of art, decline of philosophy, and so on. Criticism of his ideas and, in particular, his absolutization of ideological stereotypes of Western civilization and the underestimation of the socio-cultural character of the Oriental countries (the Islamic world, China, etc.) led to the gradual transformation of primary representations that exaggerated the Western liberal consensus. Works: The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992) (The End of History and the Last Man (Moscow, 2004)); Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (Free Press, 1995) (Trust: The Social Virtues and the Path to Prosperity (Moscow, 2004)); The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order (1999) (Moscow, 2003); Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution (New York, 2002) (Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution) (Moscow, 2004); StateBuilding: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (New York, 2004) (Strong State: Governance and World Order in the xxi century (Moscow, 2006)); America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy (New Haven, ct, 2006) (America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy (Moscow, 2007)). FYODOROV, Yevgeny Konstantinovich (b. April 10, 1910, Bendery (now Transnistria); d. December 30, 1981, Moscow) – Soviet geophysicist, statesman, and public figure; academician of the ussr. Fyodorov was a member of the first drifting ice station “North ­Pole-1” (1937–38), and was responsible for meteorological research in “Papanin ­ ­Quartet.” He was one of the organizers of the Hydrometeorological Service of the ussr, the modern system of which (observing stations, aircraft-­ laboratories, satellites, etc.) operates at the international level of ­forecasting.

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He was the first director of the Institute of Applied Geophysics. From the late 1960s to the early 1980s he was one of the leaders of national and international programs on global issues, namely the struggle for peace and the cessation of nuclear weapons tests (Vice-President of the World Peace Council, Chairman of the Soviet Committee on Peace Protection, etc.), and environmental protection (Vice-President of the World Meteorological Organization, and others). Relying on scientific developments in the field of artificial impact on meteorological processes, Fyodorov concluded that human activities can have a positive impact on climate changes – the transition from a “description of nature” to its “design.” He was one of the first representatives of the ussr in the Club of Rome. Works: Global Atmospheric Research and Weather Forecast (Moscow, 1971); The Interaction of Society and Nature (Leningrad, 1972); Ecological Crisis and Social Progress (Leningrad, 1977); “From the Description of Nature to Its Design,” Issues of Philosophy 1 (1978). G GABOR, Denis (b. June 5, 1900, Budapest, Hungary; d. February 9, 1979, L­ ondon) – Hungarian physicist, engineer, inventor, co-author of the fourth report of the Club of Rome, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics “for his invention and development of the holographic method” (1976). He was Member of the Royal Society of London and an honored member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was awarded honorary degrees by many universities. Gabor studied in Budapest, then at Berlin Technical University. In 1927 he earned his doctorate in electrical engineering. Then he worked at the physical laboratory of Siemens and Halske in Siemensstadt (Germany), making several significant inventions. In 1934 he moved to the uk, where he worked for British Thomson-Houston, then he became a professor of Applied Physics (Electronics) at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London (1958–67) and from 1967 he was a consultant at the laboratories of cbs in Stanford (ct, usa). In 1976 Gabor (together with Italian specialist W. Colombo) headed the preparation of the Club of Rome report “Beyond the Age of Waste” (Oxford, 1978), which suggested different ways in which global issues could be solved. The authors of the project looked to the future with a greater degree of optimism than in previous reports, believing that science and technology would allow mankind to cope with the issues faced. The main difficulties, they noted,

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were socio-political. Without providing many details, Gabor and his colleagues nevertheless made an important contribution to the development of globalistics, indicating the main direction for further studies of contemporary global issues. Works: Inventing the Future (London, 1963); Innovations: Scientific, Technological, and Social (London, 1970); The Mature Society. A View of the Future (London, 1972); Beyond the Age of Waste: A Report to the Club of Rome (Oxford, 1978). GALTUNG, Johan Vincent (b. October 24, 1930, Oslo, Norway) – Norwegian scientist (sociologist and mathematician), one of the most influential experts in the field of peaceful conflict settlement, making a significant contribution to the study of the theory and practice of violence. Galtung acted as a mediator in many military conflicts (in Ecuador, Afghanistan, and Sri Lanka, to name but three). In the 1970s, he was president of the World Futures Studies Federation. In recent years he has paid much attention to questions of reforming and democratizing the un, creating the preconditions for development of a global parliament. He taught in Chile, Switzerland, Princeton, Columbia, and the University of Hawaii, usa, and was director of the International University Centre in Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia). He was in charge of the international project on the objectives, processes, and indicators of development of the United Nations University. He founded and became the first director of the world-famous International Peace Research Institute (sipri), as well as of the Journal of Peace Research. Galtung introduced the concept of structural violence and structural conflicts, implemented such terms as “structural violence,” “positive peace,” and “negative peace,” and suggested a classification of violence types. Galtung’s major contribution to global studies has been his studies of the laws of international relations, in which he observes that economic and social inequality within the global world capitalist system, “asymmetric interdependence,” makes it possible for the “centers” of the world economies to use their “peripheries.” Works: Members of Two World (Oslo, 1971); The European Community: A Superpower in Making (London, 1973); Images of the World in the Year 2000 (Hague: 1976); The True Worlds. A Transnational Perspective (New York, 1980); Hitlerismus, Stalinismus, Reaganismus (Baden-Baden, 1987); Europe in the Making (New York, 1989). GANCHEV, Petko Dimitrov (b. October 18, 1941, v. Staroseltsy, Pleven region, Bulgaria) – Professor, Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Political Sciences.

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In 1966 Ganchev graduated from the Sofia University Kliment Ohridski in the fields of philosophy and history. In 1980 he received the title of Doctor of Philosophy, and in 2006 Doctor of Political Sciences. Since 1982, he has been Professor of Philosophy at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He works in the fields of philosophy, philosophy of history, futurology, social ecology, geopolitics, international relations theory, and globalistics. Ganchev is the author of more than thirty monographs and more than 600 scientific and popular articles. He has lectured at various universities in Bulgaria, Germany, Russia, and Belarus. Since June 2001, Ganchev has been the people’s representative (deputy) in the 39th National Assembly of Bulgaria, and a member of the parliamentary committees on Education and Science and the Environment. From April 25, 2005 to May 31, 2009 he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Bulgaria in the Republic of Belarus. He was also appointed Professor Emeritus of Yanka Kupala Grodno State University and Maxim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University, and is an honorary member of the Union of Writers of Belarus – as well as chairman of the Geopolitical Centre of Eurasia-Sophia and vice-chairman of the Academic Council of the International Science Foundation, Sofia. Works: V bitkata za bdescheto. Svett and Bulgaria on a global balnata epocha (In the Battle for the Future. Peace and Bulgaria in the Global Era) (Varna, 2002); “Globalization, Global Challenges and Conflicts in the Balkans,” ­Social Conflicts in the Post-Socialist Countries in the Context of Globalization and Regionalization (Moscow, 2005); Transmutatsiyata na isto-riata. Scenarii za razvitieto na sveta prez xxi vek: xxi Century – Heritage and Prospects (Varna, 2003); “Globalnata nesigurnost and globalniyatterorizm,” International Relations (2003), Vol. 6; Globalization and Democracy: Mondays (2004, Bulgarian); (ed. with D. ­Dimitrov), “Bdescheto na Europeyski syuz. Tendencii, perspektivi I prognozy za razvitieto na eu,” International Relations (2004), Vol. 5; “V bit-kata za bdescheto Novato globalna Epocha – Scenarii za raz-vitieto na Kitay prez xxi century,” International Relations (2006), Vols 4–5. “Vodeschi tendencii razvitieto na svremennia sviat ipreustroystvotoтф socialismф,” Vodeschi tendencii v svremenniya sviat (Sofia, 1989) (p. art. and ed.); “Globali ziraneto na istoriyata and tsiviliztsiyata I neobhodimost ot nova forma na filosofiyata,” International Relations 4 (1995); “Negativnite efekty na globalizatsiyata,” Vezni 5/6 (2000); “Kde e Blgaria vnastpvaschata globalna epoha?” Vezni 7 (2000); “Globalizatsiyata na istoriyata I neobhodimost ot nova duhovna kultura: godishnik the Varna free university,” Godin prva 1 (1999); “Globa-lizatsiyata na tsivilizatsiyata I neobhodimost ot nova forma na filosofiyata,” Write-offs on the ban 5 (2000); “Globaliza tsiyata

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na kulturata I neobhodimost ot nova duhovna kultura,” K ­ ulturata na praga na hilyadoletieto (Sofia: Choveschina, 2000); “Drzhavata v epohata na globalnite predizvikatelstva,” Godishnik na vsu (Varna, 2000), Vol. vi. “­Globalizatsiyata – chovechestvoto vrvi km edno trevozhno I opasno bdesche,” New Time 7 (2001); “Integratsiyata na Balkanite v epohata na globalizatsiyata  – pre zatyahnata evrointegraciya,” International Relations 4 (2002); “Globalizatsiyata – osnovny idei i principy za natsionalna strategia na ustoychivo razvitie na Republika Blgaria,” Globalization and Sustainable Development (Varna: 2002); “Globalization of Civilization and the Need of a New Form of Philosophy,” Problems of Philosophy 8 (2007, in Russian); “The Global Challenges and Threats, the Ideology of Pragmatism and Vital Need of Preservation and Development of Humanistic Culture,” Culture, Science, Creativity (Minsk, 2008, in Russian). GANDHI, Mohandas “Mahatma” (Mahatma – literally “Great Soul”) (b. ­October 2, 1869, Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India; d. January 30, 1948, New Delhi, Delhi, India) – Indian thinker, a prominent political figure of the t­ wentieth century, who influenced the structure of the modern world, the nature of international relations, and the development of a global outlook. In 1893, engaged in the practice of law in South Africa, Gandhi first organized satyagraha (literally “perseverance in the truth”) – a campaign of civil disobedience to protest against British racism. Satyagraha was very successful from 1908 to 1914, and attracted worldwide attention. Gandhi was supported by Tolstoy, Shaw, Einstein, Russell, and Rolland. On his return to India in 1915, Gandhi launched a wide campaign of civil disobedience, which in 1920 was recognized as a national method of the Indian national liberation movement. The principle of non-violence was consistently defended by Gandhi throughout his life both in practice and in theoretical constructs about the future of independent India and world civilization in general. A decisive role in shaping Gandhi’s world outlook (by his own admission) was played by the religious philosophy of Hinduism (primarily the Bhagavad Gita) and Jainism (especially the principle of ahimsa), as well as the views of Toro, Tolstoy, and Ruskin. Gandhi reinterpreted a number of fundamental provisions of the ­Indian spiritual tradition: the understanding of God as Truth, moksha (exception from the chain of rebirths) as swaraj (non-violent democracy), tapas (literally “heat,” ascetic fervor) as an experiment with collective forms of penance on special colonу farms, the ashram as the place of collective improvement in order to transform earthly life, and so on. Gandhi saw in liberation from colonial oppression the first step towards building a “non-violent civilization.” He considered modern Western

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­civilization as the epitome of evil: he hated machine production, which destroys traditional crafts and is not organically inherent in the human relationship with nature. Non-violent civilization was conceived as the principles of conscious and voluntary self-restraint. In the economic sphere, it relied on villages and crafts, on decentralized and mainly cooperative production, on the abolition of exploitation by introducing the institution of “custody.” The political organization of society was assumed to be an ideal “confederation of free and voluntarily interacting villages” self-managed by the panchayat – original village councils, with “direct democracy” recognizing labor as the only qualification, in addition to age, with the exception of the caste and religious discrimination. Gandhi opposed imperialism and military aggression strongly. Although Gandhi was closely associated with Indian culture, he never tired of insisting on the unity of mankind in his search for the Truth-God. Despite the utopian nature and even conservatism of Gandhian doctrine, it had an enormous positive impact on public consciousness throughout the world, especially in the movements against racism and militarism. Works: My Life (Moscow, 1969); The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (Delhi). Lit.: E.N. Komarov and A.D. Litman, Outlook of Mo-Khandasa Karamchand Gandhi. (Moscow, 1969); M.T. Stepanyants, Philosophy of Non-Violence: Lessons of Gandhism (Moscow, 1992); Gandhi and Global Nonviolent Transformation (New Delhi, 1994); Gandhi and the Future of Humanity, ed. R. Singh (New Delhi, 1997). GATES, William Henry (Bill) (b. October 28, 1955, Seattle, wa, usa) – a prominent American businessman and public figure on a global scale, whose influence encompasses both modern computer technology and the major social and demographic aspects of the global world. Computers were a passion of Gates from youth, and he was sure that the time would come when personal computers would be in every home and become an integral part of our lives. In 1975, Gates, together with Paul Allen, founded Microsoft, later called Microsoft Corporation. The company developed software. Until June 2008 he was head of the company, and after his resignation remained as executive chairman. In 1995, Gates published The Road Ahead, which outlined his views on the direction in which society is moving in relation to the development of information technologies. In 1996, when Microsoft had been refocused on Internet technologies, Gates made significant adjustments to the book, the second edition reflecting the idea that the emergence of interactive networks is an important milestone in the history of mankind.

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Gates is co-chair of the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The main focus of his multi-billion dollar fund is vaccination, especially in Africa and other developing countries. The Foundation is a founding member of the gavi Alliance (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) in partnership with the World Bank, who, and vaccine producers. gavi’s goal is to vaccinate every newborn child in the developing world. The Foundation also tackles disease and food shortages in Africa and alleviates poverty. In this era of globalization and increasing world population Gates advocates birth control. Works: The Road Ahead (New York: 1995), Business @ the Speed of Thought (New York, 1999). GAY, William C. (b. April 25, 1949, Clearwater, fa, usa) – engaged in the field of philosophy of globalistics and peace and justice studies. Gay earned a ba in philosophy from Carson Newman College (Jefferson City, tn, usa) in 1971, a Ph.D. from Boston College (Chestnut Hill, mt, usa) in 1976, and has published five books and over 100 scientific articles in journals and anthologies. He is a member of the editorial boards of two journals that study globalization: The Age of Globalization: The Study of Contemporary Global Processes (2008) and Journal of Globalization Studies (since 2010). In addition to numerous appearances in the United States, the Russian Federation and the ussr, he has lectured in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Germany, Kenya, Puerto Rico, and Turkey. Since the founding of the Russian Federation Gay has been making significant efforts to bring together Russian and American scientists who are working in the field of globalistics, participating both in the organization of international conferences and in joint publications. Gay prepared and conducted “round tables” on the topic of democratization at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, usa) in 1996 and the Institute of Philosophy ras in 1997, which were attended by leading politicians of both countries. He was instrumental in organizing joint meetings of the Russian Philosophical Association and the organization Concerned Philosophers for Peace, held during the World Congress of Philosophy in Boston (usa, 1998), Istanbul (Turkey, 2003), and Seoul (South Korea, 2008). Gay’s current efforts are aimed at organizing annual conferences on globalization under the jurisdiction of the Faculty of Global Studies of Lomonosov msu, directed by Dean I.V. Ilyin. In 1994 Gay and T.A. Alekseeva published the first book written jointly by Russian and American authors after the formation of the Russian Federation.

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They were co-authors of a book about the new Russia (1996) and the editors of a collection of scientific articles that studied democratization, bringing together the work of leading Russian and American politicians (2004). The most significant contribution that Gay has made to globalistics is his participation in the creation of the international encyclopedia Globalistics, edited by I.I. Mazour, A.N. Chumakov, and himself (2003). The English edition includes 430 articles by 278 authors from different countries. Gay’s publications in the field of globalistics have focused on two main themes – the definition of globalistics and its relation to the issue of global war. On the first theme his most significant articles include “Understanding and Assessment of Globalization: The Role of Global” (2008) and “Globalization and Discipline ‘Globalistics’” (2008), where he argues that the approach to globalistics promoted by the Russian Philosophical Society (headed by A.N. ­Chumakov) and by the Faculty of Global Studies of msu (led by I.V. Ilyin) is the most adequate theory and methodology for the study of globalization. On the second theme, his most significant articles are “Globalization, the Problem of War and Regulatory Issues” (2010) and “Nuclear Weapons and ­Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Importance of the First Philosophical Reactions to the Atomic Bomb” (2009). Works: “Globalization and the Future of Slavic Culture: The Role of Nonviolent Strategies in Preserving Diversity,” Eastern Slavs as a Cultural-Ethnic Community (Volgograd, 2002, pp. 93–99, 105–107) (Globalization and the Future of Slavic Culture: the Role of Non-Violence Strategies in Preserving of Diversity) (in Russian); “Understanding and Assessing Globalization: The Role of Global Studies,” in D. Poe and E. Souffrant (eds), Parceling the Globe: Philosophical Explorations in Globalization, Global Behavior, and Peace (Amsterdam, 2008); “Processes of Globalization and the Discipline of Global Studies,” The Age of Globalization: Studies in Contemporary Global Processes 1 (2008), pp. 15–21; “Processes of globalization and globalistics science,” Age of Globalization: Researches of Modern Global Processes 1 (2008), pp. 23–30 (Russian version is the primary, the English version is among selected articles published in the English edition); “Globalization, the Problem of War, and Normative Issues,” Journal of Globalization Studies (May) (2010), pp. 141–149; “Nuclear Weapons and Philosophy in the 21st Century: The Relevance of Initial Philosophical Responses to the Atomic Bomb,” in E. Demenchonok (ed.), After Hiroshima: Memory, Warfare, and the Ethics of Peace (Cambridge, 2009, pp. 34–60); (ed. with T.A. Alekseeva), Capitalism with a Human Face: The Quest for Middle Road in Russian Politics (Lanham, md, 1996); (ed. with T.A. Alekseeva), On the Eve of the 21st Century: Perspectives of Russian and American Philosophers (Lanham, md: Rowman & Littlefield, 1994).

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Edited by: (ed. with T.A. Alekseeva), Democracy and the Quest for Justice: Russian and American Perspectives (Amsterdam, 2004); (ed. with I.I. Mazour, and A.N. Chumakov), Global Studies Encyclopedia (Moscow, 2003, p. 592). GIARINI, Orio (b. January 31, 1936, Trieste, Italy) – Italian economist, the founder and director of the Institute of Risk (established in 2001 with the support of the Geneva Association), designed to facilitate comprehensive research into risk and uncertainty and their impact on societal development. Giarini is one of the initiators and the chief editor of a series of publications “The European Papers on the New Welfare,” published under the auspices of the Institute of Risk. From 1973 to 2000 he was General Secretary of the Geneva Association, the global centre of expertise in insurance and risk management. Giarini was also the director of the Department of Technical and Economic Studies at the University of Basel in Geneva. In 1982–86 Giarini participated in the work of the Executive Committee of the Rome Club. He is also actively engaged in teaching at the Higher Institute of European Studies, the University of Geneva, and the International University Institute for European Studies in Gorizia (University of Trieste). Giarini is the author of twelve books, including The Double Helix of Learning and Work, written in 2003 with Mircea Malica, as well as reports to the Club of Rome: “The Employment Dilemma” (co-written with Patrick Liedtke in 1997), “Limits to Certainty” (1993), “Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare” (1980), as well as “Emerging Service Economy” (1988). Moreover, Giarini has published more than 100 scientific articles. In his work “Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare” Giarini analyzes current economic trends and substantiates the need for a new economic concept, to take into account not only economic preconditions but also environmental issues. Works: The Double Helix of Learning and Work (Bucharest, 2003), The Employment Dilemma (Geneva, 1997), Limits to Certainty (Luxemburg, 1993), Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare (Oxford, 1980). GELLNER, Ernest (b. December 9, 1925, Paris; d. November 05, 1995, Prague) – British philosopher and social anthropologist. Gellner graduated from the University of Oxford (1949), taught at the London School of Economics, University of Cambridge, led the Centre for the Study of Nationalism at the Central European University, organized and was first chairman of the Association of Ethnic Researches and the Study of ­Nationalism, and published a magazine Nations and Nationalism. Gellner criticized the Marxist theory of historical formations and offered a different periodization of history, depriving the concept of nation of its

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­ aterial basis (territory, economy, language, culture) and defining it solely m through communion, solidarity, voluntary identification, and shared opposition. He also believed that nationalism was not an innate or internalized sense, but primarily a political principle, which requires the coincidence of political and national units. This approach explains Gellner’s intensive attention on the Soviet Union, the historical experience of the multinational Russian Empire, as well as the Soviet interpretation of transients during the formation of new nation-states. Some of Gellner’s articles were published in Russian translation in the ussr, for example “Nationalism Returns” in the magazine The New and the Newest History (1989, No. 5). Gellner wrote a book State and Society in Soviet Scientific Thought after a year in the Soviet Union during the “perestroika” period, when he directly observed the aggravation of interethnic conflicts, their perception within society, and the methods by which they were resolved. Works: Muslim Society (Cambridge, 1981); Nations and Nationalism (New York, 1983); Islamic Dilemmas: Reformers, Nationalists and Industrialization (Berlin, 1985); State and Society in Soviet Scientific Thought (Oxford, 1988); Conditions of Liberty (London:, 1994). GIDDENS, Anthony (b. January 18, 1938, London) – one of the leading modern sociologists. Giddens is a board member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a life member of the Royal College of Cambridge, where Giddens received his doctor degree in philosophy. From 1997 to 2003 he was a director of the London School of Economics, one of the leading educational institutions in the uk He is author of more than thirty books, translated into approximately thirty-five languages. Currently Giddens is Professor Emeritus at the London School of Economics. In the mid-1980s Giddens was one of the first writers who dealt with issues of globalization. He treats globalization as an absolutely real and new phenomenon, disagreeing with those authors who believe that everything that happens is a repetition of the global situation at the end of the twentieth century, when there was an open global economy and large-scale trade and currency transactions. Explaining his point, Giddens emphasizes that the current level of international trade is much higher than ever before, and involves a much wider range of goods and services. But the main difference lies in the intensity of financial flows and capital movements. The modern global economy, tied to “electronic money,” existing only in the form of figures on a computer screen, has no analogues in the past. Proceeding from this, globalization is largely a phenomenon that is not just new, but revolutionary. It covers not only the economic sphere, but also the political, technological, and c­ ultural.

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­ iddens ­considers the central issue of globalization to be the question of G whether states, and hence their political leaders, retain their power and situation in the world today, which were determined by completely different forces. The author is convinced that states still have power and that the role of political leaders in the world is still great. At the same time, the role of the sovereign state is changing rapidly. Economic policy at state level does not possess the same efficiency as before; and, more importantly, the old forms of geopolitics are obsolete. According to Giddens, these changes will create something unprecedented, a global cosmopolitan society. It will radically transform the basis of traditional lifestyles. At the moment it is not yet a world order that is defined by the collective will of the people. Its formation is anarchic and random, and it is influenced by many different factors. Thus Giddens emphasizes that the sense of powerlessness experienced in connection with this is not a sign of our own weakness, but a reflection of the impotence of our current institutions. Therefore, the author calls for the reform of existing institutions or the creation of new ones. Works: The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, 1990); Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Cambridge, 1991); The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy (Cambridge, 1998); Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives (London: 1999); The Global Third Way Debate (Cambridge, 2001); The Progressive Manifesto. New Ideas for the Centre-Left (Cambridge, 2003); The New Egalitarianism (Cambridge, 2005); The M ­ issing World. How Globalization Changes Our Lives (Moscow, 2004, in Russian); Transformation of Intimacy. Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies, translated from English (St. Petersburg: Piter, 2004, in Russian); ­Arrangement of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Moscow, 2005). GIRUSOV, Eduard Vladimirovich (b. July 26, 1932, Leningrad) – Doctor of Philosophy, professor, well-known expert on social ecology and issues of methodology of science researches. Girusov is a member of the ras Commission on the Scientific Heritage of V.I. Vernadsky, the author of articles and a member of the Editorial Board of the encyclopedia Global Studies (2003) and the international encyclopedia Global Studies (2006), a member of the Editorial Board and author of articles in the magazine The Age of Globalization. He graduated from the Philosophy Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (1955), post-graduated from the Institute of Philosophy of the ussr (1961). From 1970 he was an Associate Professor and since 1980 a Professor of the Moscow State University (Ph.D. thesis “Methodological Issues of Interaction between Society and Nature,” 1978), and

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in 1987–2007 he was Head of the Department of Philosophy of the as ussr (ras). In 2007–09 he was Professor of Department of Ecology of Environmental Management rags, and from 2009 to the present Professor of the Moscow State Academy of Business Administration, reading a course in Social Ecology at the Faculty of Global Studies msu. In Girusov’s works a number of global status laws are formulated: the law of necessity of optimal match of the character of social development and the state of the environment, as well as the most general laws of the global socionatural system functioning, as circulation in the use of the substance of the planet, renewability in obtaining energy, consistency in the use of information; the subject of social ecology is specified as a science of the laws of biospherecompatibility of human activity; the main stages in the development of interaction between society and nature and accordingly, the rising of technogenic units of human use of matter, energy and information are highlighted; the main contradiction of the global environmental crisis is formulated and the main ways to overcome it by subordinating human activity to the conservation laws of the biosphere are outlined; the essence of ecological culture as a way of ensuring the biosphere-compatibility of the development of society is investigated; systemic unity of contemporary global issues is considered and the main trait is identified that characterizes them as exceeding by the basic human activities of limited possibilities of the biosphere; the necessity of a global ecological revolution as a way to transition from the pre-environmental era of humanity to environmental and accordingly from homo sapiens to homo ecologus is proved; the concept of the natural foundations of the society transition towards sustainable development and the noosphere by organizing a system of measures to maintain and preserve the biosphere is developed. On the initiative of Girusov in 1978 the ussr’s first public environmental fund was created, and he was elected chairman. The fund began to print the country’s first ecological newspaper Green World, the Russian–German Journal of Ecology Metronome was established, a number of schools with an environmental slant were opened, an environmental lecture centre was organized, a large number of conferences, symposia, and seminars were conducted. One of the national conferences held in Lviv in 1986 laid the foundation for such sciences as social ecology. On Girusov’s initiative a volunteer Ecological Academy was formed (in 1982), headed by Academician A.L. Yanshin. Girusov was elected vice-president of the Academy and head of the Social Ecology section. Currently Girusov is working on developing alternative (renewable) energy sources in the engineering group in the Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation. Sixty-five candidates and eighteen doctors of philosophy and philosophical issues of science and technology have been trained under his leadership.

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Girusov is author of over 200 scientific works, including eighteen monographs, course books and textbooks. One of his latest books, Ecology and Economy of Nature, which appeared under his editorship, ran to four editions (the last two in 2008 and 2010 ran under the title “Gold fund of Russian textbooks”). Works: The Biosphere as a Whole: Integrity Problem in Modern Biology (Moscow, 1968, in Russian); Dialectics of Interaction of Animate and Inanimate Nature (Moscow, 1969, in Russian); “Actual Problems of Development of the Theory of Interaction between Society and Nature,” fn 4 (1976, in ­Russian); “Methodological Issues of the Modern Theory of the Biosphere,” General B ­ iology 4 (1976, in Russian); System Society-Nature (Moscow, 1976, in Russian); “Contradictory Impact of the str on the Earth Nature,” str and Society (Moscow, Leipzig, 1976, in Russian); “Normative Nature of Ecological Knowledge,” Ecological Problems of Civilization (Moscow, 1983); “The Natural Character of the Evolution of the Biosphere into the noosphere,” Cybernetics and Noosphere (Moscow, 1986, in Russian); “Social Ecology: Specificity of Its Issue and Main Development Tasks: Questions of Socio-Ecology,” Materials of the First All-Union. conf. (Lviv, 1987, in Russian); Ecology and Culture (in ­co-authorship) (Moscow, 1989, in R ­ ussian); “Philosophy and social meaning of the term ‘noosphere,’” V.I.  ­Vernadsky’s ­Doctrine of Biosphere-Noosphere Transition, Vol.  2 (Moscow, 1991, in Russian); “Public Ecofund helps to save the life sphere,” ­Metronome (Russian-German Journal of Ecology) 1 (1992, in Russian); Introduction to the Social Ecology: Textbook (et al.) (Moscow, 1994, in Russian); “Environmental Borders of Culture,”: Philosophical Anthropology: Origins, Current Status and Perspectives (Moscow, 1995, in Russian); “Issue of Socio-Natural Laws in Science and Practice,” Herald of rsuh 3 (1996, in Russian); “Humanistic Component of Ecological Knowledge,” Humanism on Millennium: the Idea, the Destiny, the Prospect (Moscow, 1997, in Russian); “Principles of Autotrophy of Mankind and Space Ecology,” Scientific Notes: Scientific-Theoretical Collection of Mosk. State Social Univ.3 (1998, in Russian); “Creativity and Biosphere Issue,” Pedagogy 2 (1998, in R ­ ussian); Ecology and Environmental Economics: The Textbook (Moscow, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2010, in Russian) (ex. ed. and author); Philosophy of Sustainable Development Society and Environmental Issues. The New Paradigm of Development of Russia (Moscow, 1999, in Russian); Basis of Social Ecology: Textbook (Moscow, 1998, in Russian); “Features of the Modern Millennium,” Philosophical Understanding of the Destiny of Civilization, Part 1 (Moscow, 2001, in Russian) (ex. ed. and ­author); “Continuity of V.I. Vernadsky’s Ideas in Scientific Creativity of A.L. Yanshin,” Global Issues of Biosphere (Moscow, 2001, in Russian); Globalistics, Encyclopedia, eleven articles (member of Ed. Council and author) (Moscow, 2003, in Russian); Globalistics. Encyclopedia. two articles (Moscow, 2003); (et al.), Economics Society of Sustainable D ­ evelopment:

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Textbook (Moscow, 2004, in R ­ ussian); “Global Issues of Modernity in Their Systemic Unity,” Science, Society, Man (Moscow, 2004, in Russian); “Humanism of Environmental Law,” Independent Library Attorney 2 (2005, in Russian); “Philosophy of Global Ecology,” Philosophy of Natural Sciences: Textbook (Moscow, 2006, in Russian); Dialogue of Cultures as a Condition for Deal with the Global Environmental Issues (et al.) (in Russian); Interacting of Cultures in the Context of Globalization (Moscow, 2010, in Russian); “Ecological Culture as the Highest Form of Humanism,” Philosophy and Society 4 (2009, in R ­ ussian); “Energy of Humanity on a Global Scale,” Age of Globalization 2 (2008, in Russian); “Social Ecology in the system of modern scientific knowledge,” fn 6 (2011, in Russian); “Does Nature need a Man?” fn 8 (2011, in Russian). GORBACHEV, Mikhail Sergeevich (b. March 2, 1931, p. Privolnoe Stavropol Territory) – statesman and politician, President of the ussr (1990–91). From a Russian–Ukrainian peasant family: his father was Sergei Andreyevich Gorbachev (1909–76), a Russian, and his mother, Gopkalo Maria Panteleevna (1911–93), a Ukrainian. From the age of thirteen he combined study in school with work on a tractor station. From the age of fifteen he worked as a combine assistant. In 1950 he joined the Communist Party. In the same year, after high school, he entered the law faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Among his student friends were such famous people as philosopher Merab Mamardashvili, VTsIOM founder Yuri Levada, and Czech Zdenek Mlynar – one of the leaders of the “Prague Spring” in 1968. Then he met R.M. Gorbacheva (née Titarenko, 1933–99), who studied at the Philosophical Faculty of Moscow State University, and they married in 1953. After graduation (1955) he was placed at the disposal of the Stavropol regional prosecutor’s office, but soon transferred to work in the regional committee of Komsomol. From September 1955 he was the first secretary of the Stavropol Komsomol City Committee, from April 1956 the second secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the Komsomol, from March 1961 first secretary of the regional committee of the same committee. In September 1966 he was elected first secretary of the Party Committee of Stavropol, in August 1969 the second secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee of the cpsu, from April 10, 1970 first secretary of the regional committee. In the centre of Stavropol a development program undertook rational distribution and specialization of agricultural enterprises, the establishment of agrocomplexes, implementation of new technologies, the construction of the Great Stavropol Canal and irrigation water systems, and the modernization of light and food industries. At this time Gorbachev met U.V. Andropov, and formed a close relationship of trust with him as well as with the other members of the Politburo.

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On November 27, 1978 the Plenum of the Central Committee of cpsu elected Gorbachev Secretary of the cpsu. Two years later he became a member of the Politburo. On March 11, 1985, after the death of K.U. Chernenko, he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of cpsu. Occupying the highest position in the country, Gorbachev initiated reforms of economy, the Party, and the state, called “perestroika.” This democratic ­restructuring, outlined in his report at the xxvii Congress of the cpsu (1986), represented a new vision of the world, and served as the starting point for overcoming the tenets of Soviet ideology and the neo-Stalinist regime in the ussr. The election of People’s Deputies, which took place on a competitive basis, and the work of the Congress of People’s Deputies of the ussr (1989) marked the beginning of the elimination of the Communist Party’s monopoly on power (1990). On March 15, 1990 the Congress of People’s Deputies elected Gorbachev President of the ussr. The driving forces of perestroika were glasnost, democratization, and pluralism. A program of economic transition to a socially oriented market was developed, and the first steps in this direction were made. The goals of perestroika demanded a revision of foreign policy, its philosophy reflected in the concept of “new thinking.” Launched at the xxvii Congress of the cpsu, it was embodied by the disarmament and elimination of nuclear weapons program (statement dated January 15, 1985), in the Delhi Declaration on Principles of a Non-Violent World (signed by Gorbachev and Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi on November 27, 1986), and was further unfolded by Gorbachev in his book Perestroika and New Thinking for Us and for the Whole World (1987), then in his speech at the un on December 7, 1988. The principles of “new thinking” formed the basis of an active policy of detente, overcoming distrust in relations with the United States and other Western countries, the struggle for the elimination of the nuclear threat, the limitation and reduction of armaments. This course received (although not immediately) wide recognition and made Gorbachev a key player in world politics. This new foreign policy played a decisive role in ending the Cold War, while overcoming the division of Europe and leading to the unification of Germany. Great foreign policy events during perestroika included the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and the normalization of relations with China. Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (1990) “in recognition of his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community.” The progress of perestroika was frustrated at the end of 1991, but it by that point a return to the totalitarian past was impossible. Destructive social and ethnic processes in the ussr which weak democracy could not resist led to the disintegration of the multinational country. In an effort to prevent such

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an outcome, Gorbachev did his best, excluding only the use of force – which was contrary to the basic principles of his political philosophy and morality. During the August putsch he was isolated in Foros (Crimea). After the putsch’s fail he made another attempt to save the ussr in its transformed, democratic, and confederal form. However, the pact of leaders of three Soviet republics and their action in the Bialowieza Forest led to the dismantling of the ussr, and Gorbachev announced his resignation. In 1992 he founded the International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (the Gorbachev Foundation) and became its president. Along with researching the history of perestroika and upholding the truth about it and its foreign policy, this focuses on contemporary global issues. A fundamental collective work, Facets of Globalization: The Difficult Questions of Modern Development (2003), was prepared under the supervision of Gorbachev, and included his introduction and afterword. Gorbachev was Founding President from 1993 of the Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and, on the initiative of representatives of 108 countries, led the non-governmental environmental organization International Green Cross. International Green Cross focuses on informing the world community about global environmental threats. He was one of the initiators of the F­ orum of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates (1999), at the annual meetings of which the global challenges of our time are discussed – war and violence, poverty, and ecological crisis. He has also been a member of the Forum of World Politics (2003–9) and the Forum of the New Policy (since 2010), which involved discussion of global issues by the most respected political and civic leaders from around the world. Since 1992, Gorbachev has made more than 250 trips abroad, visiting fifty countries, where he has participated in various social and political activities, lectured and reported. He is an honorary member of the Club of Rome. Gorbachev played a prominent role in Russian political life, defending democratic values and concerned with the response to issues and events in the country. In 2000 he headed the Russian United Social Democratic Party, which in 2001 together with other social democratic groups formed the Social Democratic Party of Russia (2001–7). Gorbachev led the All-Russian public movement Union of Social Democrats (2007) and founded the Forum of Civil Dialogue (2010). His political credo and mission is characterized by the following: “I sought to combine politics with science, morals, ethics, and responsibility to the people. For me it was a matter of principle. It was necessary to put an end to the rampant lust of rulers, their tyranny. I could not do everything, but I do not believe that such an approach was flawed. Without this it is difficult to expect that policy could fulfill its unique role, especially today,

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when we entered the new century, when we stand in front of the dramatic challenges.” Works: Selected Speeches and Articles, in 7 vols (Moscow, 1986–1990, in Russian); Collected Works (in 2008–11, 21 vols. were published, covering the period to 1990 inclusively) (in Russian); Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (Moscow, 1987, in Russian); December-91. My Position (Moscow, 1992, in Russian); Life and Reforms, in two books (Moscow, 1995, in Russian); Reflections on the Past and Future (Moscow, 1998) (in Russian); Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century (dialogues with D. Ikeda, Moscow, 2000, in Russian); Unfinished Story. Three Colors of Time (conversations with B.F. Slavin, Moscow, 2001, Moscow, 2005, in Russian); Understand Perestroika… Why Does It Matter Now (Moscow, 2006, in Russian); In the Interests of the Majority. Social-Democratic Project for Russia (Moscow, 2007, in Russian). Lit.: A.S. Cherniayev, Six Years with Gorbachev (1993, in Russian); G. Shahnazarov, Price of Freedom: Gorbachev’s Reformation from the Eyes of His Assistant (1993, in Russian); V. Medvedev, In the Gorbachev Team (1994, in Russian); A.  Grachev, Gorbachev (2001, in Russian); In the Politburo. On the Records of Anatoly Chernyaev, Vadim Medvedev, Georgy Shakhnazarov (1985–1991) (2006, in Russian; second edition, 2008); Responding to the Challenge of Time. Foreign Policy of Perestroika: The Documentary Evidence. On the Records of Gorbachev Conversations with Foreign Leaders and Other Materials (2010) (in Russian); M. Goldman, Gorbachev’s Challenge (1987); T. Naylor, The Gorbachev S­ trategy: Opening the Closed Society (1988); A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (1996); J. Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended (2004); A. Brown, Seven Years That Changed the World (2007). GORE, Albert (b. March 31, 1948, Washington, usa) – a prominent politician, a graduate of Harvard University, us Vice President (1993–2001). In 2007, Gore was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work “on protection of the environment and researches on climate change.” One of the main achievements of Gore as vice-president is the National Performance Review, which sets out waste, fraud, and other abuses of the federal government, and also the need to reduce bureaucracy and the number of directives. Gore was one of the initiators of the Live Earth festival, held on July 7, 2007. His work to warn the public about global warming has become widely known, in particular through the creation of the popular science film An Inconvenient Truth about the human impact on climate. Works: The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change (New York, 2013); Our Choice (Emmaus, 2009); Our Purpose: The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2007 (Emmaus, 2008).

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GORELOV, Anatoly Alekseevich (b. September 23,1946, Zaraysk, Moscow Oblast) – Russian philosopher, Ph.D., Senior Researcher at the Philosophy Institute of ras. In the 1970s–1980s Gorelov investigated philosophical questions about the relationship between man and nature, including the global dimension of environmental issues. Gorelov is characterized by a holistic approach to the ­environment: the unity of all its aspects. In his book Ecology – Science – Modeling he gave a methodological analysis of the possibilities of global modeling in solving environmental issues, demonstrating its positive aspects and its limitations, as well as identifying the scientific and technical roots of the modern environmental crisis, associated with excessive analysis of scientific cognition and the disunity of sciences, and its socio-economic roots, consisting of the orientation of consumers’ attitudes towards nature. Gorelov observed the relationship of the global ecological crisis with socio-economic crises and the spiritual crisis of man. In the book Man – Harmony – Nature, he formulated the priorities of scientific, technical, and socio-economic goals to prevent environmental disaster. In his opinion, there is a need to harmonize the relationship between man and nature in three areas – converter, cognitive, ­ethics-aesthetical. Gorelov developed concepts of socio-natural progress, creative alternatives to personality development, the integrity of cognition, and the transformation of the world. Since the beginning of the 1990s Gorelov has paid great attention to contemporary global issues. He believes that globalization is an objective trend of world development, continuing the general trend of humanity towards social integration. However, globalization should not be limited by any single embodiment, but include the use of cultural diversity that has been achieved by past and present civilizations. In his book Globalization and the Future of Russia he analyzed the meaning of Russian culture in the modern era. In order to take its rightful place in a globalizing world, the development of Russia must comply with the modern trends of informatization, mechanization, democratization, greening, and so on, but at the same time preserve the civilizational specificity that defines Russian culture as a link between the cultures of East and West in the vast area of Eurasia. For the formation of a new global world great importance must be attached to overcoming the ecological, socioeconomic and spiritual crises of humanity, and to the attainment of a higher moral level, for which the spiritual and social potential of the Russian idea is essential. Gorelov also focuses on the methodological issues of science, epistemology, and philosophical anthropology. In his book Truth and Meaning, he develops an idea of the meaning of life as a transformation of the material to the

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s­ piritual, of truth as a process of this transformation, of creativity as a method, and of freedom as a potential outcome of this transformation. Gorelov believes that the development of philosophical issues themselves is necessary for a positive analysis of the challenges of globalization, and underpins this analysis. Works: Environmental-Science-Modeling (Moscow, 1986, in Russian); Digested Man and Integrated Personality (Moscow, 1990, in Russian); Human Harmony – Nature (Moscow, 1990, in Russian); Evolution of Culture and Ecology (Moscow, 2002, in Russian); Individuality and Evolution (Moscow, 2006, in Russian); Practical Philosophy (Moscow, 2008, in Russian); Globalization and the Future of Russia (Moscow, 2009, in Russian); Truth and Meaning (Moscow, 2010, in Russian). GOWAN, Peter (b. January 15, 1946, Glasgow, uk; d. June 12, 2009, London) – a Professor of International Relations at London Metropolitan University, activist, published author, and public speaker. He was a member of the editorial committee of New Left Review and was one of the founders of Labour Focus on Eastern Europe. Gowan will be particularly remembered for his work from 1978, with his wife, Halya Kowalsky, as co-founder of the highly influential journal Labour Focus on Eastern Europe, which supported socialist and democratic opposition movements including Solidarity, in Poland, and Charter 77, in Czechoslovakia. Following the end of Communism in eastern Europe, Peter sharply differentiated himself from the many voices that saw “actually existing capitalism” as the only horizon for the future. But it was to the field of international relations and political economy that he directed most of his intellectual energies in the last two decades of his life. In The Global Gamble, a prescient work published in 1999, he began a probing analysis of what he called the “dollar/Wall Street regime.” As he rose above the destructive factionalism that engulfed so much of his generation, he made a transition over his last two decades to occupy a prominent place in the Left academic world, epitomizing the best qualities of the engaged Marxist scholar. He identified the continuing class struggles in Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism; he helped to foster a new understanding of the imperial nature of the American state in contemporary global capitalism, and he laid the groundwork for a historical materialist approach to the study of international relations. It was by analyzing the imposition of these neoliberal purposes on Eastern Europe after 1989 through what became known as “Shock Therapy” (as prescribed by economists like Jeffrey Sachs) that Gowan really made his mark in the 1990s, combining his first-hand knowledge of the region with a deep

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­ nderstanding of the active role of the states of the West in the development u and spread of neoliberal globalization. He became one of the first to see clearly that globalization was not an inexorable process taking place behind the backs of states, but rather was the product of a determined state strategy. Thus, Gowan’s 1995 essay on “Neoliberal Theory and Practice in Eastern Europe” in New Left Review concluded: “the death of communism had led the West to try to stamp out economic nationalism in favour of its own national and collective interests in the region. But this does not so much suggest a new era on the globe as something rather old-fashioned which, in the days of communism, used to be called imperialism.” Works: European Union Policy Towards the Visegrad States (London: 1996); Crisis East and West: Must It Be Global Barbarism? (Nottingham, 1997); The Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London:,1999); Book review – The Global Political Economy and Post-1989 Change (Basingstoke, 2002); A Calculus of Power: Grand Strategy in the Twenty-First Century (London, 2010). GRANOVETTER, Mark (b. 1943 in New Jersey, usa) – American sociologist, Bachelor of Arts of Princeton University, a Ph.D. in sociology of Harvard University (1970), Professor of Sociology of the Department of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University; taught at North-Western University, Johns ­Hopkins University, and the University of New York in Stony Brook. Granovetter studied the labor market, social and labor mobility, labor market efficiency and promotion, explored issues of social stratification, and so on. He was the founder of the new economic sociology that studies social networking and the dissemination of information in a global society. This subject is based on the assumption that the current global society is permeated with “networks” of social relations, in other words stable systems of relations and contacts between individuals, which cannot be squeezed into the traditional dichotomy of the market hierarchy. In modern society, these networks of informal relationships allow us to find work, exchange information, and resolve most of our problems and conflicts, bypassing judges, lawyers and other traditional social institutions. Works: The Strength of Weak Ties (Chicago, 1973); Threshold Models of Collective Behavior (Chicago, 1978); The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited (Chicago, 1983); Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness (Chicago, 1985). GRININ, Leonid Efimovich (b. December 16, 1958, Kamyshin, Volgograd ­ egion) – Ph.D., editor of several journals, including chief editor of Vek R

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g­ lobalizatsii (in Russian) and Age of Globalization, co-editor of magazines Journal of Globalization Studies, Social Evolution & History, co-editor of anthologies Kondratieff Waves, Evolutsia (in Russian), Evolution, a Full Member of the World Association of universal history. Grinin is the author of over 120 scientific works on globalistics. His research interests are the theory of the historical process, origin and evolution of the state, contemporary processes of globalization, and the world-system approach to understanding global and universal history. In 2008, together with A.N. Chumakov, he founded the magazine The Age of Globalization (in Russian), and in 2009, together with A.V. Korotaev, J. Sheffield, and V. de Munk created the Journal of Globalization Studies in English. Both magazines lead the way in the analysis of globalistics and globalization issues. Grinin’s research interests relate to the analysis of contemporary issues of globalization and modernization, predicting political and socio-economic development of the world, the current global crisis, economic cycles of different durations and their modeling, globalization history and the periodization of global processes, analysis of global trends in the historical process, and comparing global processes in nature and society. Works: “Formations and Civilization,” Philosophy and Society (1997–2001, in Russian); “Genesis of State as Part of the Transition from Primitive to Civilization,” Philosophy and Society (2001–06, in Russian); Productive Forces and the Historical Process (Moscow, 2006, 3rd edn, in Russian); Macroevolution in Nature and Society (ed.: A.V. Korotaev, A.V. Markov) (Moscow, 2008, in ­Russian); Social Macroevolution: The Genesis and Transformation of the World-System (ed.: A.V. Korotaev). (Moscow, Librokom, 2009, in Russian); State and the Historical Process, in 3 volumes. (2nd edn, Moscow, 2009–11, in Russian); Global crisis in Retrospect: A Brief History of Booms and Crises from Lycurgus to Alan Greenspan (ed. A.V. Korotaev) (Moscow, 2010, in Russian); From Confucius to Comte. Formation of the Theory, Methodology and Philosophy of History (Moscow, 2011, in Russian); Development Cycles of Modern World-System (ed.: A.V. Korotaev, S.V. Tsirel) (Moscow, 2011, in Russian); Macrohistory & Globalization (Volgograd, 2011); The Evolution of Statehood: From Early State to Global Society (Saarbrucken, 2011). GROMYKO Alexey Anatolyevich (b. April 20, 1969, Moscow, ussr) – is one of the leading Russian experts in Politics and International Relations, Russian foreign policy and European security. His research focuses on the formation of a polycentric world, including from the European and Russian perspectives. This is reflected in two co-authored monographs, Building Good Neighbourly Relations. Russia in Europe (2013), and Greater Europe. Ideas, Reality, Prospects

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(2014). He has offered innovative approaches to geopolitics, formulated a number of advanced provisions on Global Governance and regulation in the twenty-first century, the role of the United Nations, innovation and tradition in resolving regional and global conflicts. Gromyko is a significant contributor to civilizational studies. He has offered a new approach to the concept of “slow history,” the definition of “European civilization” and its interrelationship with “Russian civilization.” His conceptual views on these issues are reflected in a number of publications, including the monograph Russia in the Variety of Civilizations (2011). The focus of his research is international relations, regional studies, processes of regional integration, problems of international security, combating global terrorism and radicalism. Special attention is paid to relations between Russia and nato. Gromyko represented Russia in the nato-Russia Council Security Committee (2009–2013). He is Member of the Academic Councils at the Security Council of Russia and the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chairman of the Russian Movement for Democratic International Order and Support of the United Nations. Works: Images of Russia and Great Britain: Reality and Prejudice (Moscow, 2008); Modernization of the Party System of Great Britain (Moscow, 2007); Political Modernization of Great Britain: From Westminster to a Plural Model of Democracy (Moscow, 2005); Political Reformism in Great Britain, 1970–1990s (Moscow, 2001). GROMYKO Anatoli Andreevich (b. April 15, 1932, Borisov, ussr) – Russian social scientist. From 1932 to 1939 Gromyko lived in Minsk (Belarus) and Moscow; from 1939 to 1948 in Washington and New York, when his father, Andrei Andreevich Gromyko, was Soviet Ambassador to the usa and the un. In 1954 Anatoli Gromyko graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He served in the Soviet Government apparatus and later as a diplomat in Great Britain, usa and East Germany. From 1966 he worked in the ussr Academy of Sciences as Head of Section in the Institute for African Studies and later in the Institute of usa and Canada Studies. In 1976 Anatoli Gromyko was elected Director of the Institute for African Studies in Moscow. In 1981 he was elected the Correspondent Member of the ussr Academy of Sciences, and later to Madagascar Academy of Sciences and to the Royal Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco. Anatoli Gromyko is also an Honorary Doctor of Leipzig University. In recent years Anatoli Gromyko has been Professor at the Faculty of World Politics at the Lomonosov Moscow State University.

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Anatoli Gromyko is acknowledged as a prominent scientist in the field of international relations and political science. He has published books and articles on Soviet-American relations, African studies, African traditional art and geopolitics. Many of his books – including 1036 Days of President Kennedy, Masks and Sculptures of Tropical Africa, New Thinking in the Nuclear Age, and, as a coauthor with American scholars, Breakthrough – became bestsellers. His most recent publications include Kremlin’s Labyrinth, Metamorphosis of Our Times, The Fly of His Arrow, Lessons of World Politics, Order or Legal Order?. He is an influential contributor to research on the last years of Soviet power, Prestroika and its aftermath. Currently the main focus of Anatoli Gromyko’s research is on the United Nations, the theory of international relations, globalization and latest developments in international affairs. He also analyzes Russian foreign policy. Works: African Countries’ Foreign Policy (Moscow, 1981); The Conflict in Southern Africa: The International Dimension (Moscow, 1979); 1036 Days of President Kennedy (Moscow, 1971); The Order or the Rule of Law? (Moscow, 2016). GUERNIER, Maurice (France) – economist, employee at the Ministry of National Economy of France, member of the Executive Committee of the Club of Rome, the author of the eighth report to the Club of Rome, which marked the beginning of a special study of the issue of the relationship between “North” and “South,” the gap between developed and developing countries. In the report “The Third World: Three-Quarters of the World,” made in 1980, Guernier analyzed historical economic and cultural forms of development in countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and came to the conclusion that the only way to end poverty and underdevelopment in these countries is orientation of their economies, especially agriculture, towards self-sufficiency. Since mankind has a “common destiny,” Guernier noted, the choice of the model of socio-economic development is not critical, but at the same time the reorganization of agriculture should be carried out on the principles of decentralization.Lit.: Encyclopeie politique de la France et du monde; Sous la dir. de M. Guernier (Paris, 1950–51); La Derniere chance du Tiers Monde (1968); Guernier M. Tiers-Monde: Trois Quart du Monde (Paris, 1980). GUMILEV, Lev Nikolaevich (b. October 1, 1912, Tsarskoye Selo; d. June 15, 1992, St. Petersburg) – Russian historian, geographer, anthropologist and philosopher. Son of poets N.S. Gumilev and A.A. Akhmatova. Founder of passionate theory of ethnogenesis, Gumilev contributed to the development of the historical and philosophical foundations of Eurasianism.

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He studied at the History Department of the Leningrad State University (lsu) (1934–35, 1937–38, 1945–46). Studying was interrupted by arrests and war. In 1946 he graduated from the lsu and there in 1948 defended his Ph.D. thesis. In 1949 he was arrested again. In 1956 he was fully exonerated for lack of evidence. He was made a Doctor of History (1961) and Geographic Science (1974). In 1965–86 he worked at the Research Institute of Geography at the lsu. Academician of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (rans) (1991). In 1996 in Kazakhstan’s capital Astana Gumilev was the name given to one of the leading universities in the country – the Eurasian National University. The concept of ethnogenesis developed by Gumilev considers the historical process as a dynamic interaction of life and interaction of ethnic groups – the peoples of the Earth. Proposed by Gumilev, this method of ethnogenesis research consists of parallel study of historical information about the climate, geology, and geography of landscapes and archaeological and cultural resources. In his main work, the treatise Ethnogenesis and the Earth Biosphere, Gumilev describes the natural-scientific mechanism of emergence and function of ethnicities, proving on the basis of biogenetic research that the development of society is in fact the development of ethnic groups, or ethnogenesis. Arguing with the evolution theory of Charles Darwin, Gumilev proved that ethnic groups form not as a result of the struggle for survival, but because of mutagenesis, in other words development within ethnic mutations that fundamentally changes its energy. Gumilev connects the ethnogenesis process with changes in the level of passionate tension within the ethnic group. If there is a certain number of people with high thrust-to-action (passionaries) within the population, life becomes dramatically more active, with its so-called passionary impulse, as a result of which ethnicity can undergo qualitative changes or absorb other ethnic groups, causing new integrity that is welded together by passionate energy. According to the passionate theory of ethnogenesis, the expectancy of ethnic group life is usually the same, and from the moment of the push to complete destruction amounts to about 1,500 years, except in cases where foreign aggression disrupts the normal course of events. The development of Gumilev’s concept was especially influenced by the ideas of G.V. Vernadsky and the author of general systems theory L. von Bertalanfi. A special place in the historical-philosophical doctrine of Gumilev is given to the history of the interaction of Eurasian peoples. By making an extensive analysis of ethnic groups that have inhabited the Eurasian space in different historical periods, he continued and developed the idea of Eurasianism during the course of the early twentieth century. Eurasia, according to Gumilev, is “not only a vast continent, but also a superethnos under the same name, formed in its centre.” This approach, in particular, allowed him to view the territory of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, as had existed since ancient times, as

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one historical and historical-geographical unit. In this regard, Gumilev warned that the result of impositions upon Russia since Peter I’s move towards Western Europe in terms of cultural and civilizational transformation might be the loss of its historical traditions and their subsequent assimilation into the framework of the Western European superethnos. Works: Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere (Leningrad, 1989, in Russian); Millennium around the Caspian Sea (Baku, 1991, in Russian); Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe (Moscow, 1989, in Russian); Geography of Ethnicity in the Historical Period (Leningrad, 1990, in Russian); From Rus to Russia: Essays on Ethnic History (Moscow, 1994, in Russian). Lit.: Doctrine of L.N. Gumilev and Modernity: Proceedings of the International Conference Dedicated to the 90th Anniversary of L.N. Gumilev, two volumes; Editorial Board: L.A. Verbitskaya (ed.) [et al.] (St. Petersburg, 2002, in Russian). GVISHIANI, Jermaine Mikhailovich (b. December 24, 1928; d. April 18, 2003) – Soviet (Russian) scientist, Academician of ussr Academy of Sciences (since 1979), specialist in the field of management, statesman, Deputy Chairman of the State Committee on Science and Technology of the ussr (1965–85). Gvishiani was one of the first representatives of the ussr (Russia) in the Club of Rome. he was organizer and first director (since 1977) of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for System Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the ussr and scst ussr (now the Institute for Systems Analysis). He was leader of the author group (V.A. Gelovani, S.V. Dubovsky, N.I. Lapin, etc.) that developed alternatives to the Club of Rome (Limits to Growth, 1972) and a computer model of global development (1980–2000). He was co-founder (Chairman of the Board 1972–87) of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (1972, Austria), which is associated with a wide range of global development issues. Works: Sociology of Business (Moscow, 1962); The Social Role of Science and Science Policy (Moscow, 1968); Organization and Management (Moscow, 1970, 1998, in Russian); The Club of Rome. History of Creation, selected reports and speeches, official materials; comp. D.M. Gvishiani and others (Moscow, 1997, in Russian); Bridges to the Future (Moscow, 2004, in Russian); Selected Works on Philosophy, Sociology and Systems Analysis (Moscow, 2007, in Russian). H HABERMAS, Jürgen (b. 1929, Dusseldorf) – a German sociologist and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism, best known for his theories on communicative rationality and the public sphere.

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Global polls consistently find that Habermas is widely recognized as one of the world’s leading intellectuals. Associated with the Frankfurt School, Habermas’s work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalistic societies and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary politics, particularly German politics. Habermas’s theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions, and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of rationalization originally set forth by Max Weber. He has been influenced by American pragmatism, action theory, and even poststructuralism. Within sociology, Habermas’s major contribution was the development of a comprehensive theory of societal evolution and modernization focusing on the difference between communicative rationality and rationalization on one hand and strategic/instrumental rationality and rationalization on the other. His defense of modernity and civil society has been a source of inspiration to others, and is considered a major philosophical alternative to the varieties of poststructuralism. He has also offered an influential analysis of late capitalism. Habermas perceives the rationalization, humanization, and democratization of society in terms of the institutionalization of the potential for rationality that is inherent in the communicative competence that is unique to the human species. Habermas contends that communicative competence has developed through the course of evolution, but in contemporary society it is often suppressed or weakened by the way in which major domains of social life, such as the market, the state, and organizations, have been given over to or taken over by strategic/instrumental rationality, so that the logic of the system supplants that of the lifeworld. Works: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962); On the ­Logic of the Social Sciences (1967); Legitimation Crisis (1975); The Theory of Communicative Action (1981); Philosophical-Political Profiles (1983); Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (1992); Old Europe, New Europe, Core Europe (2005); Europe. The Faltering Project (2009); The Crisis of the European Union (2012). HAECKEL, Ernst (b. February 16, 1834, Potsdam, Germany; d. August 9, 1919, Jena, Germany) – German naturalist and philosopher, offered the first “family tree” of the animal world, formulated the biogenetic law, initiated the formation of a new scientific field – ecology.

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Haeckel studied medicine and science in Berlin, Würzburg, and at Vienna University. In 1857 he received his medical degree. From 1861 he was assistant professor and from 1865 to 1909 professor at Jena University. Darwinist ideas had the strongest impact on Haeckel. In 1863 he made a public speech about Darwinism at the meeting of the German Research ­Society, and in 1866 published his book The Overall Morphology of Organisms. Two years later came The Natural History of Creation of the World, where he described the evolutionary approach that he had developed in a popular form. In 1874, Haeckel published his Antrophogeny, or a History of Human Development, which addressed the issues of human evolution. The idea of the existence of forms that are intermediate between ape and man belongs to him, and this was later confirmed by finding on the island of Java the remains of Pithecanthropus (bones that were between 500,000 and 800,000 years old). With regard to the evolution of organisms, Haeckel tried to combine the principles of Darwin and Lamarck, recognizing both natural selection and the direct adaptation of organisms to their environment through inheritance of acquired characteristics. He was first to build a “generalizing phylogenic tree” of the organic world. Haeckel saw tracing kinship between forms and the construction of a genealogical world as a major role of phylogenic research. With the help of these “trees” he sought to recreate the overall picture of evolution. Successively extending this principle to the whole organic world, Haeckel, following Darwin, came to confirm the common origin of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. To indicate the processes of historical development of the world of living organisms Haeckel introduced the terms “phylogeny” and “ontogeny” (1866), the first to describe the development of the world of living organisms in general, the second to denote the individual development of organisms. In the same year, he formulated the so-called biogenetic (fundamental) law: according to this, individual development (ontogeny) is like a brief repetition (recapitulation) of the most important stages of evolution (phylogeny) of the group to which that individual belongs. Biological concepts of phylogeny and ontogeny have spread in a number of other sciences, such as geology, where they were first used to describe the processes of mineralization. The term “ecology” (from the Greek oikos – house, dwelling, habitat, and logos – teaching) first gained public use in 1866 in Haeckel’s “General Morphology of Organisms.” Haeckel not only introduced this term into scientific circulation, but also used his talents to form a new scientific field – ecology. Speaking in 1889 at the opening of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Jena with a lecture on “The Path of Development and the Problem of Zoology,” Haeckel said that this science “explores the general attitude of the

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animals both to their organic and inorganic environment, their friendly and hostile attitudes towards other animals and plants with which they come into direct or indirect contact, or, in short, all those intricate interactions that Darwin conditionally designated as a struggle for existence.” In a subsequent lecture “Natural History of World Creation,” dating from the same year, Haeckel gives a more comprehensive definition of the term “ecology”: “Under ecology we mean the general science of the relation of the organism and the environment, where we include all the conditions of existence in the broadest sense of the word. It has partly an organic, partly an inorganic nature.” Works: General Morphology of Organisms (Vols 1–2, 1866, in Russian); The Natural History of the World Creation. Public Presentation of the Doctrine of Development (1868, in Russian); Anthropology, or a History of Human Development (1874, in Russian); Systematic Phylogeny (1894–96, in Russian); The World Riddles (1899, in Russian). Lit.: B. Belshe, Ernst Haeckel, His Life and Doctrine (1910, in Russian); M.F. ­Vedenov, Haeckel Struggle for Materialism in Biology (1963, in Russian). HARDT, Michael (b. 1960, Washington dc, usa) – an American literary theorist and political philosopher. Hardt is best known for his book Empire, which was co-written with Antonio Negri. It has been praised by some as the “Communist Manifesto of the 21st Century.” In Empire, Hardt and Negri offered an analysis of the functioning of current global power structures thanks to the transformation of imperialism and American dominance which happened after the Vietnam war. In this new state of affairs, the sovereignty of the nation state has declined and a new form of sovereignty has been created, which they name the “empire.” Following the poststructuralist model developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the empire is seen as being characterized by flexible, mobile boundaries and hybrid identities, as a decentered global network, and a dynamic pattern of breaks and flows. In this network of coordinated collaboration, no nation state is really sovereign anymore, and even the most powerful nation is not able to control the global order. Therefore, the main question Hardt and Negri were interested in was to define the new authority that guarantees the long-term survival of capital after the relative decline of the nation state, which functioned as its main guarantee of sustainability. According to them, this authority is the empire, with no center or binary opposition of the outside and inside. Further on, Hardt and Negri formulate what they see as the most relevant task today, which is the mapping of the geography of global power divisions where power is seen as transcendental and not transcendent. Only through this might we reach some

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of the possible answers to the question, “what forms of contestation of power are possible today?” As Hardt and Negri remind us, the most dangerous thing would be to fight the enemy that no longer exists. Upon completing Empire, Hardt and Negri felt the need to further elaborate on the subject or form of an alternative. Therefore, in Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire they examine the possibilities of cooperative resistance to the new global order. Hardt and Negri decided to work upon this question by rethinking the concept of the working class, which they refuse to see as a homogeneous group. They formulate the need for a political party that will have a horizontal network structure without a centralized point of decision or leadership. For this, they found their inspiration in several organizations created after the 1960s in order to defend the rights of marginalized groups, such as black power, the civil rights movement, and homosexual and queer organizations. Established in such a way with no centralized power, these organizations have raised a question about the possibility that multiplicities can act together. Works: Gilles Deleuze: An Apprenticeship in Philosophy (1993); (ed. with ­Antonio Negri), Labor of Dionysus: a Critique of the State-form (1994); The Withering of Civil Society (1995); (ed. with Antonio Negri), Empire (2000); (ed. with Antonio Negri), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (2004). HARVEY, David W. (b. October 31, 1935) – is the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Geography at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (cuny). He received his Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Cambridge in 1961. Harvey has written many books and essays that have been prominent in the development of modern geography as a discipline. He is a proponent of the idea of the right to the city. In 2007, he was listed as the eighteenth most-cited author of humanities and social sciences books in that year, as established by counting citations from academic journals in the Thomson Reuters isi database. On that basis, his books were cited 723 times in 2007. In a study of the most-cited academic geographers in four English-speaking countries between 1984 and 1988, Harvey ranked first. By the mid-1960s, he was following trends in the social sciences to employ quantitative methods, contributing to spatial science and positivist theory. Roots of this work were visible while he was at Cambridge; the Department of Geography also housed Richard Chorley, and Peter Haggett. The onset of us military action since 2001 has provoked a blistering ­critique – in The New Imperialism (2003) he argues that the war in Iraq allows us neoconservatives to divert attention from the failures of capitalism “at home.”

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His next work A Brief History of Neoliberalism (2005), provided a historical examination of the theory and divergent practices of neoliberalism since the mid-1970s. This work conceptualizes the neoliberalized global political economy as a system that benefits few at the expense of many, and has resulted in the (re)creation of class distinction through what Harvey calls “accumulation by dispossession.” His most recent work The Enigma of Capital (2010) takes a long view of the current economic crisis. Harvey explains how capitalism came to dominate the world and why it resulted in the current financial crisis. He describes the essence of capitalism as its amorality and lawlessness, and says that to talk of a regulated, ethical capitalism is to make a fundamental error. A series of events linked to this book took place in London’s academic forums, such as the lse. They proved hugely popular and sparked a new interest in Harvey’s work. Works: Explanation in Geography (1969); Social Justice and the City (1973); Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (1996); Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development (2006); Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom (2009); Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (2014). HAWKING, Stephen William (b. January 8, 1942 Oxford, uk) – outstanding British theoretical physicist of our time, professor, graduated from Oxford University, a member of the Royal Society of London (1974). Hawking works in the field of cosmology and quantum gravity: the application of thermodynamics to the description of black holes; the development in 1975 of a theory according to which black holes “evaporate” owing to a phenomenon called “Hawking’s radiation”; the resolution of the paradox of the disappearance of information in a black hole (2004). He is the author of the “anthropic principle,” according to which we see the universe for what it is, because if it was different, we would not be here and we could not observe it. Successfully engaged in the popularization of science (bestsellers, A Brief History of Time, 1988; Black Holes and the Early Universe, 1993; The World in a Nutshell, 2001; (together with his daughter Lucy) the children’s book George and the Mysteries of the Universe, 2006). According to Hawking, a man is not the crown of evolution and should improve with the help of scientific and technical means (cyborgization, gene therapy, etc.). Despite paralysis due to an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and loss of the ability to speak (since 1985 only his index finger retained mobility, and then only facial muscles of his cheek), he communicates with the world via computer sensor and a speech synthesizer and leads an active life: in 2007 he accomplished a weightless flight on a special aircraft. Among Hawking’s vital principles are: “My goal is very simple.

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I want to ­understand the universe, why it is arranged in that way, and why we’re here,” “I have no idea what my iq is. Those interested in their record are just losers,” “The main enemy of knowledge is not ignorance, but the illusion of knowledge,” “We can connect the world order with the name of the Lord, but it would be an impersonal God”; “I’m not sure that the human race will live at least a thousand years more, if it doesn’t find opportunities to escape into space. But I am an optimist. We will definitely reach the stars.” Works: A Brief History of Time (1988); Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993); The Universe in a Nutshell (2001); On The Shoulders of Giants (2002); God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005); My Brief History (2013). HAWRYLYSHIN, Bohdan (b. October 19, 1926, Koropets, now Ternopil region, Ukraine) – Canadian scientist and economist, the leading expert on education in economics and international business. Since 1972 he has been a member of the Club of Rome and the author of the tenth report of this club (1980). He was member of many academies and scientific societies, author of numerous works on formation of economic and political environments, management education. He was an honored doctor of several universities. After he earned a Master’s degree in mechanical engineering (1954) and a doctorate in economics from the University of Geneva (1976), Hawrylyshin taught courses on global business environment, economic development, international operations management, and governance at the International Management Institute in Geneva. From 1968 to 1989 he was director of the Institute. He also directed the Supervisory Board of International Charitable Foundation “Renaissance” (1989–98), the main objective of which was the development of the foundations of civil society in cultural, educational, scientific, and social spheres in Ukraine. Hawrylyshin became famous worldwide after publication of his report for the Club of Rome, “Routes leading into the future – to a more efficient society,” which presented a model of a future world order based on coexistence of different cultures, religions, and ways of life. This presentation was the tenth for the Club of Rome and differed fundamentally from previous reports, as the emphasis was shifted to human issues, socio-economic structures, and social development. Hawrylyshin stood for the possibility and even necessity of convergence of different social systems, including opposite approaches, and he considered market economics a crucial factor for such integration. He wrote that principles of group cooperation live in any society, though they often “sleep” and remain out of sight. If they are awoken, then eventually a social system based on these principles will be established in the world: such ­principles

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being implemented in different countries according to their historical experience, level of development, scale and quality, and human and material ­resources. Time proved that these ideas are prescient: even ten years before radical changes in various countries the general course of events had been worked out, but also the main stumbling block in the transition from planning to market economics had been indicated – a return to private property. This was his most important contribution to expanding upon the problems of globalistics, as the actual study of global issues faded into insignificance to be replaced with the analysis of socio-political structures and social institutions, which became the key conditions for understanding of global issues and ways in which to settle them. Works: The Road Map to the Future – to the Most Efficient Society (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980). HEDLEY, Bull (b. October 6, 1932, Sydney, Australia; d. May 18, 1985, Oxford, uk) – Australian and British scientist in the field of international relations; Professor of International Relations at the Australian National University (1966–76), London School of Economics, Oxford University (1977–85), director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Unit of the British Foreign Office, and a member of the International Group for Strategic Studies. Relying on a series of discussions and a series of studies on the issue of nuclear weapons, in 1965 he published the book The Control of the Arms Race: Disarmament and Arms Control in the Missile Age, in which he expressed the idea that “the destruction of nuclear weapons, i.e. elimination of a major source of fear of war, would increase the likelihood of war.” In his book The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (1977) he argued that world order would be possible if international relations were based not on the principle of the international community (with the conflicting interests of sovereigns), but on a model of international society in which, as in any national society, constructive interaction dominates destructive confrontation. To describe the erosion of state sovereignty he used the term “new Middle Ages.” In today’s world, our political system resembles the medieval one: political power is realized by various non-governmental organizations, rather than the state (a single political authority), which has full sovereignty over its territory. In this world the power of regional organizations increases (such as the European Union) and the role of sub-national governments strengthens (such as Scotland and Catalonia). Private military companies, multinational corporations, and the revival  of worldwide religious movements (e.g. radical Islam) also show a decrease  in the role of government and the decentralization of power and control.

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Works: The Control of the Arms Race: Disarmament and Arms Control in the Missile Age (1965); Strategic Studies and Its Critics (1967); The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (1977); Intervention in World Politics (1984). HENRY, Louis (b. February 19, 1911, France; d. December 30, 1991, France) – French demographer who is considered the “father” of historical demography. Henry analyzed population trends in France and other European countries in the early postwar years for the magazine ined to improve demographic analysis tools. This work led to important insights on the interaction between demographic phenomena. Henry along with Norman Ryder developed the concept of parity progression ratio, which is currently the main tool for the analysis of fertility. Henry was also interested in fertility level in populations in which no birth control was implemented. He called this mode “natural fertility.” To obtain reliable evidence in such situations, Henry used the data from births in France until 1830. Applying “family reconstitution” basic analytical techniques outlined by Michael Fleuri in 1956, as well as adding his own, in 1975 Henry published the results of his recovery picture of population change in France for the period 1670 to 1830; these historical data were also used to construct demographic models. Henry identified the key components of fertility, and combined them into mathematical models to show how they affect fertility and other rates. Works: Fecondite des Manages: Nouvelle Methode de Mesure (Paris, 1953); Manuel de Demographie Historique (P.: Librairie Droz, 1967); Demographie: Analyse et Modèles (Paris, 1976; Spanish translation, 1976); Selected Writings, ed. M. Sheps and E. Lapierre-Adamczyck (Amsterdam, 1972). HERDER, Johann Gottfried (b. August 25, 1744 Mohrungen, Kingdom of Prussia (today Morąg, Poland); d. December 18, 1803 Weimar, Saxe-Weimar) – a prominent German philosopher and historian, one of the ideologists of the Enlightenment. Herder started his activities in Riga, where he taught at the church school. In 1771–75 he was court preacher in Byukkenburge, and then until the end of his life he was head of the Protestant Church in Weimar. Following Giambattista Vico he was one of the founders of the philosophy of human history, taking on an ambitious attempt to comprehend the process of human development set against the background of the development of the universe – the solar system, the Earth, flora and fauna. Considering the history of mankind as a direct ­continuation of the history of nature, Herder studied in particular human origins, the transition from animal to man. Aiming to encompass in a single span mankind’s entire history, Herder, like other educators, proceeded from

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the idea of a steady course of history from savagery and barbarism to the emergence and spread of humanist ideas. The progressive development of a single humanity was combined with his recognition of the importance of self and individual uniqueness in the eras which were replaced as time went on. Herder proceeded from the fact that “the human race” originated in the East, in Asia. His work is characterized by a critical attitude towards the history of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, the Byzantine Empire, the role of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, the Crusades, and the aggressive policy of the absolutist monarchs of Europe. However, he acknowledged the positive role of the influence of Arab culture, with sympathy and compassion spoke of Slavic peoples, of whom he predicted a great future, welcomed the French Revolution, and was a supporter of sovereignty and equality of nations. Experiencing the influence of Immanuel Kant in his youth, Herder defended the idea of “eternal peace,” dreamed of a “harmony of nations, united and working together in the great workshop of nature,” and condemned policies of national and colonial oppression, including chauvinistic behavior by his countrymen. Works: I. Samtliche Werke. Bd 1–33. (Berlin, 1877–1913); Zur Philosophie der Geschichte. Eine Auswahl. Bd 1–2 (Berlin, 1952); in Russian translation: Selected Writings (Moscow: L, 1959). Lit.: A.V. Gulyga, Herder (Moscow, 1963, in Russian); “Herder and His ­Philosophy of Human History,” in B.G. Weber (ed.), Historiographical Issues (Moscow, 1974). HOLMES, Arthur (b. January 14, 1890, Hebburn, England; d. September 20, 1965, London) – English geologist, petrographer and geophysicist, one of the founders of radiogeology, a member of the Royal Society (1942). He graduated from the University of London (1909), and was a professor at Durham University (1927–43) and Edinburgh (from 1943). Homes studied the age of rocks by measuring their radioactivity, and was the first to highlight the role of uranium in the heat balance of the earth’s crust. He made up the first table of geological chronology (1913) and estimated the age of the Earth by measuring temperatures. He was known for his works in the field of radioactivity of the Earth and the theory of identification of the absolute age of rocks and the Earth (about 4.7 billion years). In 1920, together with Charles Shuhert, he offered a scale of absolute geological time. Holmes developed (in 1946) an original mathematical method of calculating the age of the Earth according to the isotopic analysis of lead ore, which received universal recognition, and also (in 1947) developed the first geochronological scale for the Phanerozoic – the longest stage of geological history, which lasted for 570 million years. The range of issues solved by these methods is very wide

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and covers much of general geological and theoretical value (the age of the Earth, crustal rocks, elements of meteorites, etc.) as well as specific aspects of regional geology (such as the timing of tectonomagmatic stages, and the determination of the time course of superimposed processes, including the process of rock formation). Holmes showed that tectonic and magmatic phenomena are connected with the Earth’s upper shell to the thickness of 20–40 km. He was the author of works on the Precambrian in Africa and India, courses in physical geography, and petrographic methods of studying of rocks. His main work is Principles of Physical Geology (1928). Works: The Age of the Earth (1913, Harper & Brothers, 2nd edition 1927, 3rd edition 1937); The Nomenclature of Petrology (New York, 1920); Petrographic Methods and Calculations with Some Examples of Results Achieved (London, 1921); “Radioactivity and Earth Movements,” Trans Geological Soc, Glasgow, vol. 18; The Phanerozoic Time-scale: A Symposium (London, 1964). HOSSEINI, S.A. Hamed (b. 1970, Iran) – a sociologist, and a lecturer at the ­University of Newcastle, Australia. He works in the fields of global social movements, global social problems, sociology of knowledge, and the political sociology of ethnic minorities in the West. Hosseini has written articles and a book on the ideological aspects of global social movements including ideological and cognitive transitions in the global  justice movements. His original research interests were in the political sociology of Iran and Islamist thoughts. This resulted in a series of articles published in an Iranian leftist magazine, through which he criticized the applicability of mainstream Western social theories in non-Western (particularly Muslim) societies such as Iran. The demise of the 1990s Iranian reformist movement led by Mohammad Khatami, the former president of Iran (1997–2005), and the rise of a new conservative government were predicted by Hosseini. He explained this in terms of the movement’s limits caused by its association with the urban middle-class’s concerns and values; for their failure in paying attention to social justice and the class divisions; their incapacity to communicate with the working and lower classes; adoption of structural adjustment policies; and an inability to develop indigenized models for political and economic change. Through a number of articles he outlined a post-colonial Southern perspective in sociology. Hosseini’s Ph.D. research at the anu was in the area of social movements, focusing on the so-called anti-globalization movement (global justice or alterglobalization movement). His recent studies and publications have contributed to Social Sciences by developing new concepts such as accommodative consciousness, interactive solidarities, activist knowledge, social nexuses of

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inequality, ideological visions, and transversal cosmopolitanism. It provides researchers in the areas of social movement and social ideation studies with a new integrative approach which accommodates major theoretical disputes. His research resulted in a series of journal articles and a book on the ideational aspects of and ideological transformations in the global justice movement (the so-called anti-globalization movement) in the period between 2001 and 2010. Both undergraduate and postgraduate courses that are taught by Hosseini address the consequences of economic and financial globalization for human welfare, including health, education, democracy, human rights, justice, and so on. Hosseini introduces the new concept of Transversal Cosmopolitanism or Transversalism both to social movement studies and to cosmopolitanism literature. According to him, the recent uprisings in the Middle East, Europe, Turkey, North America, and Brazil, in response to the failures of post-gfc policies, manifest the rise of a new cosmopolitanist vision which is not only based on the recognition of the Other but also on collaborative and collective learning and reflexivity. Works: “Social Conservatism among Iranian University Students” (ma thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 1998); “Responsive Democracy?” Iran Newspaper, vol. 5. No. 1264, 27 June, 1999; “The Theoretical Contractions and Extensions of Development (‫)توسعه ک ی تئور بسط و قبض‬,” Farhange-Tose’eh, vol. 8, No. 42–43, pp. 86–93, 1999; Development Dialogue, 19 (1)] in Mousavi-Khorasani, J. Ketabe Tose’eh: Nazariyehaye Tose’eh [Development Theories], Tehran: Nashre Tose’eh isbn 964-6609-42-2, 2003; “Between ‘Social Cognition’ and ‘Social Knowledge’: Towards a New ‘Sociology of Cognition’ as a Synthetic Space of Study.” Post-Graduate Conference, anu, Canberra, Australia, 2003; “Beyond Practical Dilemmas and Conceptual Reductionism: the Emergence of an Accommodative Consciousness in the Alternative Globalization Movement,” Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 3, 1, 2006; “Interactive solidarities: Experiencing the open spaces of convergence & controversy in Cosmopolitan Civil Societies,” 2007 uts Conference on Cosmopolitan Civil Societies, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.; “Global complexities and the rise of global justice movement: A new notion of justice?” Global Studies Journal, 2, 3, 15–36, 2009; Alternative Globalizations, Routledge. “Activist knowledge: Interrogating the ideational landscape of social movements,” International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5, 5, 339–357, 2010; T. Lovat et al. (2011), Australian Muslim Jobseekers: Labour Market Experience, Job Readiness, and the Relative Effectiveness of Employment Support Services, diac, Australia; “Theorizing Social Ideations: Beyond the Divide between Humanities and Social Sciences,” International Journal of the Humanities, 9 (5): 53–68, 2012;

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Occupy Cosmopolitanism: Ideological Transversalization in the Age of Global Economic Uncertainties, Globalizations, 10(3), pp.425–438, 2013; “Transversality in Diversity: Experiencing Networks of Confusion and Convergence in the World Social Forum,” International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 54–87. HRUBEC, Marek (b. 1968) – Czech philosopher and sociologist, director of the Centre of Globalistics at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Charles University in Prague. Hrubec graduated from the Philosophy faculty of Charles University in Prague, training in the United States, Great Britain, Russia, and Germany. The main area of his research is the global processes and critical theory of society and politics. Hrubec bases his researches on political and social philosophy, political science, and sociological theory, which allows him to extend the scope of research from the local and national to the global level. He also analyzes alternative social and political systems, reveals the relations between world cultures and civilizations, and pays special attention to intercultural dialogue. Hrubec is the author of articles and monographs on the Czech, Slovenian, Russian, English, Chinese, and Spanish systems language, as well as the chief editor of a series of books for Filosofia on social and political theory in the context of globalization. He is engaged in teaching in the field of globalistics and political psychology at the Faculty of Political Science at Charles University. He occasionally acts as an expert by providing analytical reports to non-governmental organizations and politicians, and was an advisor to the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic. In addition, Hrubec participates in the activities of the Democratic Academy Masaryk, the World Social Forum, and the non-governmental organization Social Watch, monitoring state structures for human rights and security guarantees. Works: (ed.), “Background of Intercultural Dialogue on Human Rights,” Age of Globalization 1/5 (2010, in Russian); From Misrecognition to Justice. A Critical Theory of Global Society and Politics (2011); (ed.), Between Islam and the West (2009); Social Criticism in the Era of Globalization. An Elimination of Socio-­Economic Inequalities and Conflicts (Al.) (2008); Intercultural Dialogue on Human Rights. Western, Islamic and Confucian Perspectives (ed.) (2008); “Dispute over Europe: The Post-Democracy, or Pre-Democracy?” (2005); Global Justice, and Democracy (ed.) (2004); Democracy, Public Sphere, and Civil Society (ed.) (2004). HUDSON, Michael (b. 1939, Chicago, il, usa) – research professor of economics at University of Missouri, Kansas City (umkc), and a research associate at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.

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Hudson is a former Wall Street analyst and consultant as well as president of the Institute for the Study of Long-term Economic Trends (islet) and a founding member of the International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies (iscanee). Hudson received his Ph.D. in economics from New York University in 1968. His dissertation was on American economic and technological thought in the nineteenth century. He had also received his m.a. from New York University in 1963, in economics, with a thesis on the World Bank’s philosophy of development, with special reference to lending policies in the agricultural sector. He was a philology major with a minor in history at the University of Chicago, where he received his b.a. in 1959. He attended the University of Chicago’s Laboratory School for high school and grade school. Hudson states that finance has been key to guiding politics into reducing the productive capacity of the usa and Europe, even as the usa and Europe benefit from finance methods using similar and expanded techniques to harm Chile, Russia, Latvia, and Hungary. He states that the “magic of compound interest” results in increasing debt that eventually extracts more wealth than production and labor are able to pay. Hudson states that the mortgage crisis was caused by parasitic finance that used law and outright fraud, and that the government backing of toxic debt and quantitative easing are ways in which real estate can continue to be inflated while the banks shift the real losses to us labor, taxpayers, and the international community. He points out that Joseph Stiglitz has similar views. He states that banks should have been allowed to fail, with the government stepping in to protect savings and continuing with qualified loans that encourage real productive capacity rather than financial loans that merely inflate asset prices. He states that the Federal Reserve needs to understand that inflating asset prices with low interest rates does not increase the long-term productive capacity of the economy. Works: Super Imperialism: The Economic Strategy of American Empire (1972); Trade, Development and Foreign Debt, Vol. i and Vol. ii, International Trade: A History of Theories of Polarisation and Convergence in the International E­ conomy (1992); Urbanization and Land Ownership in the Ancient Near East (1999); Super Imperialism Walter E. Williams, new edition: The Origin and Fundamentals of us World Dominance (2003); Global Fracture: The New International Economic order, 2nd edition; The Bubble and Beyond (2012). HUMBOLDT, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Aleksandr Fraygerr von (b. September 14, 1769, Berlin; d. May 6, 1859, Berlin) – an eminent German scientist, naturalist, and explorer, who made a fundamental contribution to the formation of a coherent scientific picture of the world; the founder of physical ­geography, landscape science, climatology, environmental geography of plants,

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as well as studies of geomagnetism. Humboldt was also one of the pioneers of mountaineering: his climb of Chimborazo in Ecuador was long recognized as a world altitude record. His contemporaries called him the “Aristotle of the nineteenth century.” Even in his early works on the physiology of plants and animals, Humboldt’s desire to find a common basis for observed phenomena was evident, which allowed him to anticipate many of the achievements of science fifty years later. Describing the universe in vibrant figurative form, but at the same time remaining true to scientific facts, defined his goals. This task culminated in the main work of his life – an encyclopedic work named Cosmos. He hatched the idea of this for about fifty years. The first volume was published in 1845, the second in 1847, the third in 1852, the fourth in 1857, and the fifth was left unfinished. Through this book, many educated people in Europe and around the world were given a glimpse of the structure of the Earth and the universe, and the universal connection of cosmic phenomena with life on Earth. Humboldt first introduced into science the concept of the “sphere of life” (Lebenssphera). He is one of the first scientists to highlight life as a global geographic phenomenon along with the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. In the twentieth century these ideas were embodied and given universal recognition in V.I. Vernadsky’s doctrine of biosphere. The first volume of Cosmos concludes with these words: “The physical picture of nature pointes the limit beyond which begins sphere of mind…” The second volume is devoted to the study of the “intellectosphere.” This allows us to place Humboldt among those who anticipated the noosphere. HUNTINGTON, Samuel F. (b. April 18, 1927, New York; d. December 24, 2008, Martha’s Vineyard, ma, usa) – American political scientist who put forward in the early 1990s the “clash of civilizations” concept, which became an alternative to the concept of “end of history” by F. Fukuyama. Huntington received a bachelor’s degree from Yale University (1946), a master’s degree from Chicago (1948), and a Ph.D. from Harvard University (1951). He taught at Harvard (1950–58). During the 1960s–90s he worked in leading us research centers (the National Security Council, the Center for International Affairs, the Strategic Studies Institute, and others). Analysis of the dynamics of the global socio-political and socio-cultural situation has led him to the conclusion that globalization does not lead to a “universal civilization,” but on the contrary contributes to the tendency of Western and Eastern civilizations to “clash.” In his opinion, this is because globalization, leveling national identity, contributes to the socio-political strengthening of fundamentalist sentiment and therefore the intensification of socio-cultural

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tensions. He registers a trend for a return to the origins of national existence in non-Western countries (“Asiatization” of Japan, “Hinducization” of India, “reIslamization” of the Middle East after the collapse of Western ideas of socialism and liberalism). Oriental countries tend to live, says Huntington, on their own recipes, and not on the recommendations of the Western countries. Works: American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, ma and London, 1981); The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman; L, 1991); “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72/3 (1993) “The Clash of Civilizations?” Polis 1 (1994) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (London, 1996) The Clash of Civilizations (Moscow, 2007). Works: Alternative Globalizations: Global Complexities and the Rise of Global Justice Movement: A New Notion of Justice? (2009); Beyond Practical Dilemmas and Conceptual Reductionism: the Emergence of an Accommodative Consciousness in the Alternative Globalization Movement (2006); An Integrative Approach to Studying Dissident Knowledge in the Global Justice Movement (2010); “‘Political Identity’ of Muslim Youth in Western Diaspora: Towards an Integrative Research Agenda,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs (2013); Occupy Cosmopolitanism: Ideological Transversalization in the Age of Global Economic Uncertainties, Globalizations (2013). I ILYIN, Ilya Vyacheslavovich (b. July 25, 1973, settlement Pravdinsk, Balakhninsky district of Gorkovsky region; now Balakhna, Nizhny Novgorod r­egion)  – Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical ­sciences, Dean of Global processes faculty at Lomonosov Moscow State University (since 2007); professor, head of Global Studies department (since 2009); head of the laboratory of educational technologies and Youth Policy of Moscow State University (since 2004). Ilyin is now also the chief editor of the journal Vestnik of Moscow University. Series xxvii. Globalistics and Geopolitics, vice-president – Secretary General of the International Association for Global Studies; the chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Consortium of Global Studies; the chairman of the Board of Educational Methodological Association for classical u ­ niversity education, training “Organization of work with youth”; and a ­member of the Scientific Council of Moscow State University (since 1997), a member of the International Academy of Noosphere (Sustainable Development) (since 2009), and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (since 2011); as well as invited professor at Yunnan University of Finance and Economics (China).

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In 1998 Ilyin graduated with honors from the Geological Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1999 he defended a Master’s thesis on paleontology. In 2004 he was awarded a Ph.D. for Geological and Mineralogical Sciences. His main scientific works in the field of geology and paleontology are devoted to biostratigraphy and paleogeography of the Kazanian Stage of the Permian system; systematics, phylogeny, and paleoecology of decapod crustaceans (Ilyin described seven new species of decapod from cretaceous and Paleogene sediments); and the general laws of the evolution of Earth and life. In 2011, for his thesis entitled “Globalistics in the Context of Political Processes,” he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Political Sciences. Ilyin has been the leader of several student organizations and youth movements: msu Student Union President (1997–2005), chairman of the Youth Council of the Moscow State University (since 2004), president of the Russian Union of Students (1998–2004), chairman of the Board (1997–2000), president (2000–05) of the Eurasian Student Association, chairman of the International Community of Student Organizations and Youth (since 2006), Executive Secretary (2007–09) and Deputy Chairman (since 2009) of the Coordinating Council on Youth Affairs of the Russian Federation Presidential Council for Science, Technology and Education, the founder of the Russian public organization “Youth Union of the Fatherland” (1999), and the social movement “Universal Alterglobalist League” (2005). He also worked in the rectorate of Moscow State University as the Deputy Chief of protocol events (2002–05). A member of the editorial boards of a number of domestic and foreign scientific journals, among them The Age of Globalization: A Study of Contemporary Global Processes, Geopolitics and Security, and the Journal of Globalization Studies, Ilyin is also the author and co-author of over 200 scientific works, including ten monographs and five textbooks, most of which are devoted to various aspects of globalistics. In his works, Ilyin examines a range of issues that relate to the theoretical status of globalistics and global studies methodology. Globalistics is interpreted as the area of scientific knowledge about global phenomena and processes, and appears in three forms: as an interdisciplinary research area, as one of the foundations of the modern world, and as the scope of conflict of interests, covering a wide range of public and international ­relations – from economics and politics to ideology and culture. Recently, the main area of Ilyin’s scientific research has related to the development of theoretical and methodological foundations for global studies; the justification of the concept of global evolutionism and the model of globalization through sustainable development – nooglobalism (together with A.D. ­Ursul); the study of the laws of global processes and systems within the concept of coevolution of geospheres (together with A.V. Ivanov); the ­development of new

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scientific research areas, such as political and ­evolutionary globalistics, paleo-, futuro- and cosmoglobalistics, global ecology, and geopolitics; the creation of a new classification of global issues, processes, and systems; using the methods of mathematical simulation of nonlinear dynamics of global processes; studying the history of the student movement, contemporary youth policy, and the latest socio-political movements and anti- and alterglobalists, as well as the impact of global natural processes on the prospects for the development of human society; identifying opportunities to create global governance mechanisms of political and economic processes; and the creation of the modern scientific picture of the world with regard to factors of global development as a set of coevolutionary global processes and systems. Currently he focuses on the organizational and methodological development of global education and global studies in Russia, the promotion of ­globalistics, the organization of major international events, scientific and educational projects in the field of global issues, processes, and systems. Among his most important tasks are leading the educational process and research activity at the Faculty of Global Studies in msu, the creation of the International Association for Global Studies, the organization of the international scientific conference Globalistics, and training highly qualified personnel in the field of international relations and global studies. Ilyin’s achievements have been marked by a number of public and government awards and titles, including from overseas, among them the medal “In memory of the 850th anniversary of Moscow” (1997), Diploma of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (2004), “The Star of Moscow University” (2005), “Honored Worker in the area of the Youth Policy of the Russian Federation” (2009), Namnandordzh gold medal of mpr (2010), Diploma of Central Committee of Workers Union of Science and Education (2010), and the Government of Moscow medal “For contribution to international cooperation” (2010). Works: Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Globalistics (Moscow, 2009); (ed. with A.D. Ursul), Evolutionary Globalistics: The Concept of the Evolution of Global Processes (Moscow, 2009); Youth Policy: Historical ­Experience, Current State and Prospects for Development. (Moscow, 2009) (collection);   ­Modeling Nonlinear Dynamics of Global Processes (Moscow, 2010) (collection); Global Geopolitics (Moscow, 2010) (collection); Global Studies in the Context of Political Processes (Moscow, 2010); (ed. with V.A. Zmeev and A.I. Andreev), Student Life of Imperial Moscow University (Moscow, 2011); City in the Context of Global Processes (Moscow, 2011) (collection); (ed. with A.D. Ursul and T.A. ­Ursul), Global Evolutionism (Moscow, 2012); (ed. with O.G. Leonova), Fundamentals of ­Globalistics: The Political Dimension (The Theory and Practice

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of Global Political Globalistics) (Moscow, 2012); Global Urban Systems (Moscow, 2012) (collection); (ed. with R.R. Gabdullin and A.V. Ivanov), Evolution of Earth and Life (Moscow, 2005) (manual); (ed. with A.V. Ivanov), Introduction to the Global Ecology (Moscow, 2009) (Manual); (ed. with R.R. Gabdullin and A.V. Ivanov), Introduction to Paleoglobalistics (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2011) (manual); Global Socio-Natural Processes and Systems of (Moscow, 2011) (Manual); “Alterglobalistic Youth Movement in Russia,” Observer 1 (2009); “Global Issues And Processes in the Context of Synergetic Approach and Understanding of Global Evolutionism,” Socio-Humanistic Knowledge 5 (2009); “On the Possibilities of Modeling and Forecasting of Global Processes,” Math. Universities. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 4/98 (2009); “Global Studies as a Field of Scientific Research on Global Processes,” Bulletin of the University 25 (2009); “Evolutionary Approach to the Global Research and Education: Theoretical and Methodological Problems,” The Age of Globalization 1/5 (2010); “Security Issues in ­Globalistics: Political Aspect,” Geopolitics and Security 4 (2010); “Global Processes, Systems And Issues: Towards a Unified Synthetic Concept,” Globalistics as a Field of Research and the Sphere of Teaching (2010, 3rd edn); “Correlation of Globalistics and Political Sciences,” mgimo Bulletin 5/14 (2010); “Global Studies and Political Sciences: the Emergence of an Evolutionary Approach,” Law and Politics 12 (2010); “Forming of Global Political Processes and Global Governance,” Bulletin of Moscow University. Series xii. Political Sciences 6 (2010); (ed. with I.I. Abylgaziev), “Problem Field of Globalistics: a Study of Global Processes and Systems,” Bulletin of Moscow University. Series xxvii. Globalistics and Geopolitics 1/2 (2011); (ed. with A.D. Ursul), “Global Evolutionism and Evolutionary Globalistics,” Bulletin of Moscow University. Series xxvii. Globalistics and Geopolitics 1/2 (2011). INOZEMTSEV, Nikolay Nikolayevich (b. April 4, 1921, Moscow; d. August 12, 1982, Moscow) – prominent international affairs activist, Doctor of History Academy of Sciences of the ussr (1968), politician (member of the cpsu Central Committee, member of the Supreme Soviet of the ussr). After graduating from high school, Inozemtsev was a participant in World War ii (see N.N. Inozemtsev, Frontline Diary (Moscow 2005), 2nd edn, revised and supplemented). In 1949 he graduated from Moscow State Institute of ­International Relations, and in 1952 its postgraduate department. He was consultant of the international department of the magazine Communist and deputy chief editor of the newspaper Pravda. He was also Director of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the ussr (1966–82). Inozemtsev is one of the most influential figures in the Soviet world economy and international relations. In the “period of stagnation” he defended

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the idea of cooperation with developed countries in the field of scientific and technical progress (see E.M. Primakov, Thoughts Aloud (Moscow: 2011)). He initiated domestic developments in the field of socio-economic integration, the effectiveness of international relations, socio-economic forecasting, and so on. He headed research at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Academy of Science in the field of global issues. Under his editorship was published the first in the ussr collective monograph on global issues: Global Issues of Modernity (Moscow: 1981), which shows the results of a ­comprehensive study of the causes of, and solutions to, the essence of panhuman, global issues such as the prevention of nuclear war, overcoming the economic backwardness of developing countries, the needs of people for food, energy, and raw materials, the use of ocean resources and space exploration, protecting the natural environment, and the demographic problem. Along with the monograph of V.V. Zagladin and I.T. Frolov, Global Issues of Modernity: The Scientific and Social Aspects (Moscow 1981), this work defined the direction of the appropriate national research throughout the 1980s. Works: us Foreign Policy in the Era of Imperialism (Moscow, 1960); Modern Capitalism: New Developments and Contradictions (Moscow, 1972). IZRAEL, Yury Antonievich (b. May 15, 1930, Tashkent; d. January 23, 2014, ­Moscow) – Russian meteorologist and politician, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1969), professor (1974), academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994), Director of the Institute of Applied Geophysics (1963–70), Vice-President of the World Meteorological Organization (1975–87), Chairman of Roshydromet (1978–91), chief editor of Meteorology and H ­ ydrology (since 1994), President of the Russian Ecological Academy (since 2001). In 1990 Izrael founded a laboratory for monitoring the environment and climate, the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Science, and became its director. He participated in the creation of a new concept of the World Climate Programme (1978), and initiated the First and Second World Climate Conferences. After the Chernobyl accident (1986), he led the work on the assessment of radioactive contamination, on the basis of which decisions about evacuation or alienation of uninhabitable areas were made. He believed that spraying aerosols into the stratosphere was a more efficient way to alter global warming patterns than the regulation of carbon dioxide emissions (Kyoto Protocol), because “there is no proven link between human activity and global warming.” His works are the most important in the field of atmospheric physics, oceanography, geophysical aspects of ecology, global climate change.

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Izrael won the ussr State Prize (1981) and the Sasakawa unep award, the V.N. Sukacheva Gold Medal of the ussr Academy of Science (1983), and the Order of Lenin (1987), among other awards. He was a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and obtained the Nobel Peace Prize (2007) jointly with Al Gore “for their efforts to analyze and disseminate the vast amount of information about the human impact on climate change on Earth and a justification for the measures that are needed to counteract such changes.” Works: Ozone Shield of the Earth and Its Changes (Moscow 1992); Radioactive Fallout after Nuclear Explosions and Accidents (Moscow 1996); (ed.), Atlas of Cesium Contamination of Europe after the Chernobyl Accident (Moscow 1998); (ed.), Atlas of Radioactive Contamination of the European Part of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (Moscow 1998); (ed.), Atlas of Modern and Forward-Looking Aspects of the Effects of the Chernobyl Accident in the Affected Areas of Belarus and Russia (Moscow 2009). J JAMES, Paul (b. 1958, Melbourne, Australia) – is Professor of Globalization and Cultural Diversity at the Institute for Culture and Society, University of Western Sydney, Australia, and a writer on globalization, sustainability, and social theory. After studying politics at the University of Melbourne James became a lecturer in the Department of Politics at Monash University, Melbourne, before moving to Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 2002 as Professor of Globalization and Cultural Diversity. He was Director of the United Nations Global Compact Cities Programme, a un International Secretariat with offices in Sydney, Melbourne, and New York, until 2014. James is primarily known as a theorist of globalization, particularly how local and national communities alter under an emergent level of global integration. His work has been read as challenging the simple notion of “global flows” presented by other writers such Zygmunt Bauman and Arjun Appadurai. His collaborative work includes writing with other senior scholars such as Jonathan Friedman, Peter Mandaville, Tom Nairn, Heikki Patomäki, Manfred Steger, and Christopher Wise, amongst others. His work also contributes empirically to understanding contemporary politics and culture, particularly in Australia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea. His research on sustainable community development laid part of the foundation for the 2007 legislation

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that went through the Papua New Parliament, and was developed by the Minister for Community Development at the time, Dame Carol Kidu. As Director of the un Global Compact Cities Programme, James also works in the crossover fields of urban sustainability and sustainable development. He argues against the mainstream view that “smart cities” are necessarily better or more sustainable, suggesting instead that it is the integration of learning and practice which makes for intelligent and sustainable cities. Along these lines he is quoted as saying that London used the 2012 Olympics in an intelligent way, “where the economy, politics and culture thrive, aided by good transport and a strong information technology infrastructure, all built on a platform of ecological sustainability.” Works: Technocratic Dreaming: Of Very Fast Trains and Japanese Designer Cities (Leichhardt, 1990); Critical Politics: From the Personal to the Global (Melbourne, 1994); The State in Question: Transformations of the Australian State (St.  Leonards, 1996); Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract C ­ ommunity, Vol. i (London, 1996); Work of the Future: Global Perspectives (Crows Nest, 1997); Burning Down the House: Bonfire of the Universities (Lanham, md, 2000); Tour of Duty: Winning Hearts and Minds in East Timor (South Yarra, Vic., 2002); Global Matrix: Nationalism, Globalism and State-Terrorism (Chicago, 2005); Globalization and Violence, Vol. 1: Globalizing Empires, Old and New, Globalization and Violence, Vol. 2: Colonial and Postcolonial Globalizations, Globalization and Violence, Vol. 3: Globalizing War and Intervention, Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict (London, 2006); Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism, Vol. 2: Global Finance and the New Global Economy, Vol. 3: Global Economic Regimes and Institutions, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour (London, 2007); Nationalism and Global Solidarities: Alternative Projections to Neoliberal Globalisation (Abingdon, 2007); Rethinking Insecurity, War and Violence: Beyond Savage Globalization? (Abingdon, 2009); Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition (Melbourne: 2010); Culture Globalization and Culture, Vol. 1: Globalizing Communications, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions, Vol. 3: Global–local Consumption, Vol. 4: Ideologies of Globalism (London, 2010); Stolen Lands, Broken Cultures: The Settler Colonial Present (Melbourne, 2012); Globalization and Politics, Vol. 1: Global Political and Legal Governance, Vol. 2: Global Social Movements and Global Civil Society, Vol. 3: Political Critiques and Social Theories of the Global, Vol. 4: Political Philosophies of the Global (London, 2014). JANTSCH, Erich (b. January, 1929, Vienna, Austria; d. December 1980, Berkeley, ca, usa). Jantsch conducted his first studies in the sphere of astrophysics, but then became fascinated by reality problems and began to make attempts to e­ stablish

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a connection between science and humanism. Jantsch is often referred to as a member of the Prigogine school. The interest in forecasting intensified, and in the mid-1960s he began to study ways to forecast the development of technology, criticizing those who were in favor of the possibility of a neutral prediction, and supporting the revolutionaries who wanted to reconsider the role of science. He feared the uncertain future of ecology, and also predicted that in 1981–90 the gap between rich and poor countries would be of such scale that we would be afraid to move to developing countries because of the prevailing famine there, and that class war might take place throughout the world. Asians would devastate European and American cities, and even if the birth rate was controlled by 2000, the lack of resources would lead to starvation of the majority of the population. In 1962 he participated in the creation of the Club of Rome, and was a co-author together with Alexander Christakis, Aurelio Peccei, and Hasan Ozbekhan. In his book The Model of Evolution: Self-Organization and Society Development (1975) Jantsch discusses the second law of thermodynamics in the context of Brownian motion “human molecules” (individuals). Lectures on general systems theory at the University of California (1979) became the basis for his book The Self-Organizing System: The Role of Science and Society in the Development of a New Paradigm of Evolution, where self-­ organization is considered as a factor that unites cosmology, biology, sociology, physiology, and social consciousness in the formation of an evolutionary paradigm. Even though the book has not been in print for quite a long time, it influenced supporters of interdisciplinary studies of biomimetics who were attempting to understand the holistic, co-evolution and self-organization of science. Works: The Self-Organizing Universe: Scientific and Human Implications (New York, 1980); The Evolutionary Vision, Evolution and Consciousness: Human Systems in Transition (Boston, 1976); The Self-Organizing Universe: Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution (Oxford, 1980); Design for Evolution: Self-Organization and Planning in the Life of Human Systems (New York, 1975); Technological Planning End Social Futures (New York, 1972); Technological Forecasting in Perspective: A Framework for Pronusticos del Future (New York, 1967). JASPERS, Karl (b. February 23, 1883, Oldenburg, Germany; d. February 26, 1969, Basel, Switzerland). One of the first theorists in the sphere of globalistics, in the mid-twentieth century Jaspers considered the “global world,” “global unity,” “one humanity,”

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“common destiny,” and “the closure of the world,” introducing these and other fundamental concepts. Now they are the basis of modern global terminology and have expanded their philosophical base greatly. Jaspers started his academic career as a psychologist. After the 1920s his interests shifted to philosophy, and he studied history, epistemology, religion, and politics. In 1937, as he didn’t want to collaborate with the Nazis, Jaspers lost the title of professor, and until the end of the Second World War was constantly under threat of being arrested. In the postwar period, he took an active social and political position and became popular among German liberal ­intellectuals. The works The Problem of German Guilt (Die Schuldfrage. Ein Beitragzurdeutschen Frage, 1946) and Whither Germany? (Wiley, 1969) made him famous. During the postwar period he also paid much attention to the problems of social life, the history of progressive development, interdependence, and the integrity of mankind. While exploring historical process dynamics, Jaspers noticed the short (from the historical point of view) period of the ancient world, when the fundamental characteristics of social life radically changed. A mythological world view was based on feelings and emotions, but it lost its place to a philosophical outlook, based on rationality. As opposed to polytheism, monotheism appeared and a new type of social relations – a slaveholding system – appeared. Jaspers called this era an “axial age.” This term is widely used in the literature, including in contemporary globalistic studies. The term “axial age” was used to denote “a decisive turning point in the stream of events” and refers to a well-defined period of time. It characterized world history between 800 and 200 bc, when almost simultaneously in three different, almost unrelated, regions of the world – in Europe, India, and C ­ hina– dramatic changes “in the spiritual foundations of humanity” took place. Jaspers speaks about “the explosion of the human spirit” when understanding of universality emerges, and he calls the times when this happens “axial,” a turning point from one qualitative state of society to another. The concept of an “axial age” is relatively abstract and speculative, and should not be exaggerated by trying to identify it with mathematical precision, for example, how many of those turning points in history have already happened, or how many could happen in future. The basic meaning of the term is that it can show more clearly the uneven changes in history, which gradually accumulated and then caused a breakthrough into a new societal stage. Recently, owing to the growing interest in global history, this term was further justified and its content was updated, allowing it to be used in a wider context, including at other turning points in world history, so we can now refer to not one but several “axial ages,” in particular with regard to the processes of globalization.

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One of the most significant works for globalistics is Origins of History and Its Purpose (1948), where Jaspers first used the term “global” in the sense it is understood nowadays, with a strong concern that some day humankind would lack space amid a depletion of natural resources. Jaspers saw the global perspective and people’s future, and formulated it clearly when he wrote that people no longer had open paths. As regards space and substance they can only go round. If there were a single world order, one would not face barbarous people outside but nature itself. Its limits in the very near future would create a new historical situation, he warned, and careless consumption indicated that nature’s stocks would eventually be exhausted. Jaspers also noticed situational changes for people in general, and changes in their relationships with their geographical environment. “Owing to the technical possibilities of modern communication, our planet has become a single integrated whole, fully accessible to man, ‘smaller’ than was once the Roman Empire.” He continued, referring to history, “The development since the era of the great discoveries 400 years ago made it possible. However, until the end of the nineteenth century history for us was in fact the history of the West. The rest of the world remained in the minds of the Europeans as a colonial territory of minor importance, prey for the Europeans. Only then, and inadvertently, the foundation for emerging world history was set, and it was established by powerful forces that sought to subjugate the vast territories of the globe. These areas had already contributed to World War i. However, this war was more European. America again receded. Only World War ii required the participation of everyone and was really global. Military operations in East Asia were no less serious than in Europe. It was in fact the first truly global war.” After drawing attention to this fundamental historical transformation, Jaspers was the first to notice that it was World War ii that completely tied together various aspects of public life in all the countries and nations. Thus he not only stressed the integrity and territorial isolation of humanity on the globe, but was also the first who spoke the language of globalism, thus laying the basis of its categorical framework. “From this moment,” he said, “world history as a single unified whole story begins. From this point of view, the entire previous history is represented by scattered, independent attempts, by different sources of human capabilities. Now the main issue is the world as a whole. And history is changing dramatically. The following is crucial now: there is nothing that would be out of ongoing events. The world became integral, the globe became united. New threats and opportunities may appear. All significant problems have become global ones and the state of all mankind.” Another of Jaspers’ statements, this time on the formative period of globalistics, makes it plain that he played an important role in understanding the unity and integrity of the world. In particular, he noted that “after creating an

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incredible speed of communication, technologies led to global unity. The history of united mankind started; its destiny became indivisible. People around the globe can now see each other. As our planet is now more accessible to people than was East Asia for China or the Mediterranean for Rome, the political unity of the planet is only a matter of time. Development goes, apparently, from national states through major continental spheres of influence to the world empire or world order.” More than half a century has passed since he wrote those lines, and today it is clear how correct his prediction was regarding the changes of the postwar world as it moved towards globalization. And many of his words have already widely come to pass, and nowadays are relevant and urgent. Jaspers’ role in the formation of globalistics is still undervalued. In this respect he is not so well known not only in Russia but also in the West, even though publications and discussions about the environment have shifted towards global problems, as they did in the 1980s. His name was not mentioned, although he fully deserved it. The problem here is not about some omission or misunderstanding, but in the fact that scientists, philosophers, and researchers who faced global problems were mesmerized by the situation on the state, on the phenomenon of global problems, while the changes in dynamics and especially the issues behind them remained out of sight. More emphasis was given to facts and figures that showed the situation was getting worse, with data (by year, by region, by pollution intensity) fixing the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances, and charts, tables, and graphs showing that humanity, step by step, was moving towards a catastrophe. In other words, the static rather than dynamic state, and not variability but the specific situation were being focused on. That is why global unity, progress towards a single world order, and finally the integration of the world (more than half a century ago Jaspers had noticed this, the much deeper characteristic of the essence of globalization) remain behind the scenes and therefore ignored almost to the beginning of the twenty-first century. Jaspers forecast the dynamics of change of the postwar world on its way to globalization, and can rightly be considered one of the founders of modern globalistics. Works: Vom Ursprung und Zici der Geschichte, 3 Aufl (Munchen, 1952); ­Rechenschaft und Ausblick (Munchen, 1951); Die grofien Philosophen, Bd 1–2 (Munchen, 1957); Die Atom-bombe und die Zukunft des Menschen (Munchen, 1962); Der philosophische Glaube angesichts der Offenbarung (Munchen, 1962); Gesammelte Schriften zur Psychopathologie (Berlin, 1963); Chiffren der Transzendenz (München, 1970). The Origins of the History and Its Purpose

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(Moscow, 1991), my. 1–2; Meaning and Purpose of History, trans. from German (Moscow: Politizdat, 1991); Karl Jaspers: Philosophical Autobiography (M, 1995). Lit.: P.P. Gaidenko, Existentialism and the Problem of Culture (Moscow, 1963); Karl Jaspers: P.A. Schilpp (Stuttgart, 1957); Karl Jaspers. Werk und Wirkung; K. Piper (Munchen, 1963); Karl Jaspers in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (Reinbekbei Harnb, 1970); A.N. Tipsina, Philosophy of Religion Jaspers (Leningrad, 1982). JOBS, Stephen Paul (b. February 24, 1955, San Francisco, California, usa; d. October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, California, usa) – American inventor and ­entrepreneur, who has advanced the process of globalization with the help of the active development of innovative information and communication technology. In 1976 Jobs became one of the founders (then Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer) of the Apple corporation – a pioneer in the field of personal computers and modern multitasking operating systems with a graphic interface. In January 1984 Jobs introduced the Macintosh computer – the first commercially successful computer with a graphic user interface. Small, convenient, and simple to handle (no special skills were required to operate it), computers could appear in every home, providing access to information for everybody. Jobs was at the forefront of the development of technologically advanced “interpersonal computers,” and supported the use of innovation in education. For example, he developed the NeXT workstation, which was designed for tertiary institutions and businesses and performed complex calculations. In addition, for the first time it was able to send e-mails that consisted not only of text characters, but also graphics and audio and video recordings. Thanks to Jobs’ inventions, distance between the user and a source of information was significantly reduced. Using technologies developed by Apple (the iPod, iPhone, iPad), you can immediately know, see, hear what is going on hundreds of thousands of kilometers away. For example, the iPad tablet computer lets you read books that are not available in print or are not for sale in developing countries, where some books are banned for ideological, religious, or political reasons. Modern technologies thus allow access to information that helps to develop the individual and society itself. These information technologies associated economic and social globalization with scientific and technological progress, which, in the opinion of those such as Jobs and Bill Gates, gives access to global markets for developing countries, allowing exports to increase, human rights to be defended, and, most important, gives permanent access to the most valuable resource in the twenty-first century – information.

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JOUVENEL De, des Ursins Bertrand de (b. October 31, 1903, Paris, France; March 1, d. 1987, Paris, France) – French economist, sociologist, and futurist Jouvenel was the founder and first president of the international association Futuribles, one of the founders and the first president of the Federation of World Futures Studies, one of the most active members of the Club of Rome, co-president of the Committee for Future Studies of International Sociological Association, one of the first theorists and methodologists of modern research about the future. He was the author of several books, the most famous of which – Art Prediction (L’art de la conjecture (Monaco, 1964)) – was translated into several languages. Works: On Power: The Natural History of Its Growth (Indianapolis: 1993); The Ethics of Redistribution (Indianapolis, 1990); Sovereignty: An Inquiry into the Political Good (Indianapolis, 1998). JUERGENSMEYER, Mark (b. 1940, Carlinville, il, usa) – director of the Centre for Global and International Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and also a professor of sociology and global studies. He is considered to be one of the founders of the academic sphere in global studies, as he is a leading expert on global religion. In 1995 he became the founder and director of the educational program on global and international studies at the University of California in Santa Barbara, the first academic program in the sphere of global research at the university. The program included twelve faculties over fifteen years. Juergensmeyer is the author or editor of more than twenty books on world religion and global studies, including The Oxford Handbook of Global Religion, Encyclopedia of World Religions, Encyclopedia of Global Studies and the book Global Uprising: Religious Problems in a Secular State. His book Terror in the Name of God (published in 2003), is dedicated to the global growth of sectarian violence. The book received the Grawemeyer Award for contributions to the study of religion and received a silver medal of the Centre of Queen Sofia in Spain for the study of violence. The book is based on interviews with religious leaders around the world, from the Sikh separatist movement in India to the activist movements Hamas and Al-Qaeda in the Middle East, and Christian militants in the United States. The book was assessed in the Los Angeles Times and Washington Post as the most notable work of 2003. A previous book The New Cold War? The Opposition of Religious Nationalism to Secular State has also been featured as one of the most famous books of the year, according to the New York Times. Juergensmeyer helped to organize the first international meeting of representatives of academic programs concerning global research, which made it

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possible to create the Consortium for Global Studies (Global Studies Consortium) in 2008. This brings together representatives of more than sixty universities worldwide. Annual meetings of the Consortium are held in Tokyo, Leipzig, Shanghai, Melbourne, and Santa Barbara. The members played a significant role in the publication of The Encyclopedia of Global Studies, edited by Mark Juergensmeyer and Helmut Anheier. Works: The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Oakland, 1993); Violence and the Sacred in the Modern World (Terrorism and Political Violence) (London, 1992); Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Oakland, 2003). JUNGK, Robert (b. May 11, 1913, Berlin, Germany; d. July 14, 1994, Salzburg, Germany) – Austrian writer and futurist, one of the founders of the World Futures Studies Federation, director of the Centre for Future Studies in Salzburg (Austria), which publishes Bulletin. Jungk is the author of several books, the most famous being The Future Has Already Begun (Die Zukunft hat schon begonnen, 1952). This book sat on the border between early and modern futurology, becoming the first classic work of modern prognostics. Works: Tomorrow Is Already Here (New York, 1954); Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists (New York, 1958). K KAHN, Herman (b. February 15, 1922 Bayonne, New Jersey, usa; d. July 7, 1983 Chappaqua, New York, usa) – American futurist, concerned with modern prognostics, which closely correlates with globalistics. In 1948–61 Kahn worked at the rand Corporation, where in the late 1950s technology foresight was developing, forming the methodological basis of modern research about the future. He gained fame after the publication in 1960 of his book On Thermonuclear War, which gave forecast scenarios if nuclear weapons of mass destruction were used in the next world war. In 1961 he founded and headed the Hudson Institute, one of the leading us forecasting centers. He was author or co-author of many books: these include Thinking about the Unthinkable (1962); On Escalation: Metaphors and Scenarios (1965); The Year 2000 (1966–7); Things to Come: Thinking about the Seventies and Eighties (1972); The Next 200 Years: A Scenario for America and the World (1976). The most popular was The Year 2000 (1967, in collaboration with A. Wiener). In this book, as in all subsequent ones, Kahn developed the idea of “technological

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optimism” as opposed to “environmental pessimism,” most clearly expressed later in the first reports of the Club of Rome. He believed that as a result of scientific and technical progress, all countries of the world will eventually escalate to a post-industrial society in which all global issues will be safely resolved. However, the United States and other major industrialized countries will need only a few years to do this (achieving it long before 2000), the less developed countries, such as the uss.r., a few decades (later in the twenty-first century), and the most backward countries, such as India, China, Indonesia, Nigeria, a few hundred years. Kahn introduced into futurology the concept of “great transition”; this transition period covers the nineteenth to twenty-second centuries. For four centuries more ambitious socio-economic, cultural, political, and other transformations have occurred and will continue to occur, as a result of which society will be able to provide people with a higher quality of life. Works: On Thermonuclear War (Princeton, nj, 1960); Thinking about the Unthinkable (1962); The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next ThirtyThree Years (London, 1967); The Emerging Japanese Superstate: Challenge and Response (1970); The Japanese Challenge: The Success and Failure of Economic Success (1970); The Future of the Corporation (1974); Will She Be Right? The Future of Australia (1981); The Coming Boom: Economic, Political, and Social (1983); Thinking about the Unthinkable in the 1980s (New York, 1984). KAMUSELLA, Thomash (b. 1967, Upper Silesia, Poland) – Doctor of Cultural Research (Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland, 2011), Doctor of Political Sciences (Institute of Western Concerns, Poznan, Poland, 2001), Master of European Studies (Central European University, Budapest/Prague/London, 1994), Master of South African English Literature (University of Potchesftroom, South Africa, 1992), Master of English Philology (University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, 1992). Kamusella’s main scientific area of research is European studies; his specialties are the history of linguistic policy in Central Europe, the history of Central Europe, and the study of nationalism and ethnicity. Currently Kamusella works at the Centre of Transnational History at the University of St. Andrew (Scotland). Previously, he worked at the Krakow Institute of Economics (Poland), Trinity College (Dublin, Ireland), Herder Institute (Marburg, Germany), the Institute of Human Sciences (Vienna, Austria), the Library of Congress (Washington, usa), European University Institute (Florence, Italy), and the University of Opole (Opole, Poland). He is the founder (2008) and co-editor of the book series “Nationalism in the World” (Oxford: Peter Lang), and since 2009 has been a freelance senior fellow at the European Centre of Minority Issues (Flensburg, Germany).

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Works: The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe (London, 2009); Szlonzocy (Slgzacy) i ich jgzyk. Pomigdzy Niemcami, Polskg a szlonzskim (slgskim) nacjonalizmem (Poland: Zabrze, 2009) (Silesians and Their Language: Between Germany, Poland and Silesian Nationalism); Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918 (West Lafayette, 2007). Edited: (ed. with K. Jaskulowski), Nationalisms Today (Oxford, 2009); (ed. with W. Burszta and S. Wojciechowski), Nationalisms Across the Globe: An Overview of Nationalisms in State-Endowed and Stateless Nations, 2 vols (Poznan, 2005–6). KANG, Youwei (b. March 19, 1858, Nanhai County, Guangdong, Qing Empire; d. March 31, 1927, Qingdao, Shandong, Republic of China) – Chinese philosopher, adherent of Confucius. In the Book of the Great Unity, which Kang based on the Confucian tradition, the great age of peace and unity is represented as a goal, attainable through political reform. Constant striving for a better world, which is the main work of moral philosophy in China, found its fullest expression in Kang’s call for the ideal pervasive harmony of human life. Advancing world peace and the unity of the higher purposes of any action, Kang worked on the implementation of political and social reform. According to him, in the age of the so-called great world “the way of great unity is the highest point of fairness, justice, love, and good governance.” Kang encouraged individuals and states to seek the destruction of suffering and foster in all people a sense of compassion. Kang considered Confucius the first and foremost political reformer and strived to revive Confucian ethics. He agrees with the view that human nature is intrinsically kind and that the basis of morality is empathy for the suffering of others. This was openly expressed for the first time by Mencius and has been asserted since by many neo-Confucian thinkers. KANT, Immanuel (b. April 22, 1724, Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia); d. February 12, 1804, Königsberg, Prussia) – German philosopher. Kant’s treatise “Perpetual Peace” (“ZumewigenFrieden,” 1795) became one of the most socially significant projects created in the study of global issues. The treatise appeared after the conclusion of a peace treaty between France and Prussia in Basel in 1795. This event, the end of the war between the monarchical countries of Europe and the French Republic, prompted Kant to reflect on the powerful and enlightened nations, that they could create a peaceful union of the peoples, who would put an end to all wars forever. Kant appealed to heads of state, strongly urging them to take the advice of scientists, and tried

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to prove the existence of a certain degree of natural harmony between reason and moral order. He argued that philosophers’ projects that explored the possibility of peace in the world should be considered by states that were armed for war. Kant warned that asking endless spheres of influence would entail a giant graveyard of humanity. “Perpetual Peace” is an appeal to all mankind. Kant attempted to formulate the principles and fundamentals of an international law which could contribute to the creation of a single human community. Kant did not propose the creation of a world state; on the contrary, he understood the utopian nature of this idea, and believed that the development of individual nations created the necessary conditions for social progress. He understood that humanity’s progress was possible when a community of free and independent states grew into a federal union based on economic, trade relations and international interests, taking into account the interests of individual nations. Reflecting on the roots of war, Kant came to the conclusion that it was ­instilled in human nature and even considered to be something noble, something that motivated human ambition, as opposed to being caused by greed. He even claimed that war itself is a useful natural phenomenon that helps to maintain the identity and independence of nations, and to some extent stimulated the diversification of human abilities: that by the nature of war people had been forced to populate the desert regions of the Earth. But this does not mean that Kant approved of war; on the contrary, he argued that war is sad, necessary tool for asserting of rights by force. According to his approach, peace between people is not their natural state, it is war. But Kant believed that modern history is approaching the critical point beyond which the positive effects of war are outweighed by its ravages. According to Kant, the ability of a nation to start a war depends largely on the power of its economy and not on the training of its army. But the “spirit of commerce” which characterizes the modern state is incompatible with a state of war: war deprives people of well-being, and inhibits the scientific, cultural, and spiritual development of the people. The need to be constantly ready for war, Kant noted, entails a waste of human abilities, which delays the full development of human nature. “Perpetual Peace” called for war and the national security of the state, based on a constant readiness for war, to be regarded as historically outmoded concepts. For progressive development humanity needs genuine lasting peace, and war is a hopeless road to a dead end. In Kant’s time this was only a proposal, rational but, alas, unacceptable. Today it sounds like a tough necessity, dictating the rules of the game. Hope for a union of nations is justified, especially when you consider that the negative effect of modern wars is not

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only enormous material damage, but also pessimism about the political future of humanity. Kant anticipated overcoming pessimism through the implementation of the idea of unification of the peoples, in order to stop war and achieve perpetual peace. Kant’s theoretical project of “Perpetual Peace” is associated with advanced practical projects in the field of international relations (un, unesco, New Delhi Declaration, etc.). Kant’s ideas are also perceived as anticipating, if not warning about events of the twentieth century. They had a great influence on the development of modern international humanitarian and military law, and stimulated the public peace movement in the nineteenth century. Works: Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1749); Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven (1755); Brief Outline of Certain Meditations on Fire (1755); A New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition (1755); The Use in Natural Philosophy of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, Part i: Physical Monadology, 1756; The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures, 1762; The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God, 1763; Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy, 1763; Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, 1764; Essay on the Illness of the Head, 1764; Inquiry Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality (the Prize Essay), 1764; Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, 1766; Dissertation on the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World, 1770; On the Different Races of Man, 1775; First edition of the Critique of Pure Reason, 1781; Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics, 1783; “An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?” 1784; “Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose,” 1784; Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 1785; Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, 1786; “What does it mean to orient oneself in thinking?” 1786; Conjectural Beginning of Human History, 1786; Second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason, 1787; Critique of Practical Reason, 1788; Critique of Judgement, 1790; Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, 1793; On the Old Saw: That may be right in theory, but it won’t work in practice, 1793; “Perpetual Peace,” 1795; Metaphysics of Morals (Metaphysik der Sitten). First part is The Doctrine of Right, which has often been published separately as The Science of Right., 1797; Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, 1798; The Contest of Faculties, 1798; Logic, 1800; On Pedagogy, 1803; Opus Postumum, 1804; Lit.: I.S. Andreeva, The Issue of Peace in Western Philosophy (Moscow, 1975); Peace: Alternatives to War from Antiquity to the End of the Second World War. A ­ nthology (Moscow, 1993); V. Windelband, From Kant to Nietzsche (Moscow, 1998).

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KAPITSA, Sergei Petrovich (b. February 14, 1928, Cambridge, uk) – Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, professor of the Moscow PhysicalTechnical Institute, Senior Researcher of Institute for Physical Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the Club of Rome, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences; honorary senior vice-president of non-governmental organization Eurasian Academy of Television and Radio. Kapitsa’s scientific works have been in the field of supersonic aerodynamics, terrestrial magnetism, particle accelerators, applied electromagnetics, synchrotron radiation, and nuclear physics. As the leading presenter of the tv program Incredible, but True, as well as chief editor and a member of the editorial boards of several scientific and popular publications, Kapitsa has examined the status of science as one of the leading driving forces of modern civilization, a positive factor in negotiating global contradictions of world development. From the 1990s he has focused on the study of the global population issue, applying methods of theoretical physics and synergetics. He is the author of a phenomenological mathematical model of hyperbolic growth of world population. Works: The General Theory of Human Population Growth: How Many People Lived, Lives and Will Live on Earth (Moscow, 1999); “On the Acceleration of Historical Time,” Modern and Contemporary History 6 (Moscow, 2004); “Asymptotic Methods and their Strange Interpretation,” Social Sciences and Modernity 2 (Moscow, 2005); Demographic Revolution and Russia (Moscow, 2007); Paradoxes of Growth: The Laws of Human Development (Moscow, 2010). KASIMOV, Nikolai Sergeevich (b. May 16, 1946, Moscow) – Russian geographer, ecologist, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, professor, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2008), a member of the Presidium of the Russian Ecological Academy, Dean of the Faculty of Geography in Lomonosov Moscow  State University, the chairman of academic tips on geography and environmental education of the Board of Educational Methodological ­Association  of  universities in Russia, chief editor of the journal Vestnik mgu. Line Geography. He works in the field of landscape geochemistry and geo-ecology. Works: Landscape Geochemistry of Fault Zones (Moscow, 1980); Landscape Geochemistry of Ore-Rich Provinces (Moscow, 1982); Landscape Geochemistry of the Steppe and Desert (Moscow, 1988); Landscape and Geochemical Bases of Background Environmental Monitoring (Moscow, 1989); Eko- and Geo-Chemistry of Urban Landscapes (Moscow, 1995); Modern Methods of Geographical Researches (Moscow, 1996); Geoecology of Caspian Sea Region (Moscow, 1998).

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KATSURA, Alexander Vasilyevich (b. May 27, 1941, Moscow) – philosopher, writer and artist, a member of the Union of Russian Writers, a member of the Creative Union of Professional Artists, candidate of philosophical sciences, a member of the editorial board and author of a considerable number of articles for the encyclopedia Globalistics, the encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics, the international journal Age of Globalization. Katsura graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University. He was one of the pioneers of national research into the global environment. For many years Katsura (together with A.N. Chumakov and I.K. Liseev) was a co-director of the scientific and research seminar on the philosophical and social issues of globalistics, working from the Institute of Philosophy of the ras and the Presidium of the Russian Philosophical Society. In his thesis “Philosophical questions of ecological forecasting” (1974) he raised the issue of system connection of the environmental present and future of our planet. He introduced the concept of abstract ecology – the science of relations, the system being an environment of any nature. Since 1981 he has published a number of science fiction stories and novels, studying the acute cognitive and moral problems of humanity as it fails to cope with the pace of scientific and technological development. For a more holistic understanding of contemporary globalization processes, he proposed the principle of “look from the twenty-fifth century” in his short story “The World Is Beautiful.” Works: “‘World Responsiveness’ or Russian Way to Globalism,” Age of G ­ lobalization. 1–2 (2008) and 1 (2009); (with Otarashvili. Z.), Environmental Challenge: Will Mankind Survive? (Moscow: MZ-Press, 2005); “Scientific Knowledge and Systemic Patterns,” System Studies. Yearbook, 1985 (Moscow: Nauka, 1986); “Methodological Peculiarities of Prognostic Modeling,” Philosophical and Methodological Foundations of Systems Research (Moscow: Nauka, 1983); “Valuable Motives in Environmental Issues,” Valuable Aspects of Science (Moscow: Nauka, 1981); “Fundamental Knowledge and Laws of Ecology,” Human and Nature (Moscow: Nauka, 1980); “Ecological Forecasting Issues,” Methodological Aspects of the Study of the Biosphere (Moscow: Nauka, 1975); “Mystery Cults and Environmental Pessimism,” Foreign Literature 6 (1985); “The World Is Beautiful,” Knowledge Is Power 4 (1981); “Fault of Philosophy at the Sunset of Culture,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta, February 26, 1997; “Einstein, Anthropic Principle and the Lord God,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta. NG-Nauka 6 (1999); Abduction (Moscow: Rif, 1991); Outlines to the Theory of Miracles. (Moscow: Raduga, 2007). KEFELI, Igor Fedorovich (b. November 18, 1945, Leningrad, uss.r.) – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian

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Federation, a specialist in the field of social philosophy, globalistics, geopolitics, and the philosophy of science and technology. Kefeli began his career in 1964 as a laboratory technician in PhysicoTechnical Institute of the ussr Academy of Sciences, named after A.F. Joffe. In 1974 he graduated from Northwestern Correspondence Polytechnic Institute, majoring in “electronic computers.” In 1970–74 he worked in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of Science and Technology of the ussr Academy of Sciences. In 1974–77 he was a postgraduate student of the Institute of Philosophy of the ussr (the department of philosophy of natural science issues), after graduating from which he defended his Ph.D. thesis on “The Dialectics of Control Processes in Nature.” In 1977–86, he worked as an associate professor at the philosophy and scientific communism department of Northwest Correspondence Polytechnic Institute. Since 1986 he has worked at the Leningrad Mechanical Institute (now the Baltic State Technical Military Mechanical University named after D.F. Ustinov) in the philosophy department, and since 1989 he has been Head of the Department of Cultural Studies and Global Studies. In 1989 he defended his doctoral thesis on the theme “The Dialectics of Natural, Social and Technological Automation.” He was vice-president of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems and the head of its North-West Branch, chief editor of the analytical and scientific journal Geopolitics and Security, a member of the editorial board of the journals SocioHumanitarian Knowledge, Age of Globalization, and Arctic and North. Kefeli was the first to substantiate the theoretical status of global geopolitics and its civilizational grounds, developing the basic principles of research and decision-making in the field of globalistics, global security, and strategic stability in the context of sustainable development. He conducts educational courses on global studies and Eco-Political Science, political regionalism, geopolitics, philosophy, culture, history, and the philosophy of science and technology. In 1989 he organized the first department in technical universities of the country where training sessions and scientific studies in the field of global studies and geopolitics are conducted. Under the supervision of Kefeli twelve postgraduates successfully defended their theses on the philosophical and methodological problems of global processes. Kefeli is an author of over 150 scientific papers, including seven monographs and fourteen textbooks. Works: History of Science and Technology (St. Petersburg: Balt. Reg. Techn. University, 1995); Sociocultural Dynamics of Russian Geopolitics (St. Petersburg.: Balt. Reg. Techn. University, 2001); Fate of Russia in Global Geopolitics (St. Petersburg: Severnaya zvezda, 2004); Theory of World Politics (St. Petersburg: Balt. Reg. Techn. University, 2006) (ed., co-author); The Philosophy of Geopolitics (St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 2007); Geopolitics of Eurasia (St. Petersburg: Russian

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Ministry for Emergency Situations Petersburg University, 2009); Geopolitics of Eurasia (St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 2010); Global Geopolitics, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilina, and I.F. Kefeli (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2010); Political Regionalistics (St. Petersburg: Balt. Reg. Techn. University, 2010) (ed., co-author); Globalistics and Ecopolitiology (St. Petersburg: Balt. Reg. Techn. University, 2010) (ed., co-author); Globalistics: Chrestomathy (St. Petersburg: Balt. Reg. Techn. University, 2010) (ed.; comp. by R.S. Vykhodets). KEYNES, John Maynard (June 5, 1883, Cambridge, uk – April 21, 1946, Firle, Sussex, uk) – English economist, founder of Keynesianism as one of the areas of economic theory. Keynes graduated from Cambridge University in 1905 and then studied economy for a year under the direction of Alfred Marshall, well-known theorist of the neoclassical economic school and adherent of a self-regulating economy. In his professional career Keynes successfully combined teaching and research work at Cambridge University (1908–13, 1921–39), editorial duties at the Economic Journal (1911–44), public service (1913–21, 1940–45), and entrepreneurial activity. As a representative of the British Treasury, Keynes participated in the Paris Peace Conference (1919–20), opposed the proposed terms of the World War i peace treaty between victorious countries and Germany and its allies, believing that these conditions would form the basis of subsequent destabilization of Europe’s economy. He expressed his views in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace, in which he predicted the Great Depression of the 1930s. That is the book that brought fame to Keynes. During World War ii, as a peer and a member of the House of Lords, he developed the concept of the postwar economic recovery of Europe, and proposed a plan for the creation of global financial institutions, named the “global central bank” and “International Clearing Union.” This plan is reflected in the Bretton Woods Agreement (1944), which determined postwar international monetary system calculations and decided to establish the International Monetary Fund (imf) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Keynes’s global vision of the economy was clarified in his analysis of the economic manifestations of the global crisis of the 1930s and his recommendations to overcome it. In particular, Keynes advocated an active state economic policy and the formation of supranational financial control bodies, which later became instruments of globalization of the world economy. In his main work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and M ­ oney, published in 1936, Keynes builds new approaches to understanding the

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­essence of the capitalist economy with an emphasis on macroeconomic indicators – flows of investment, revenues, accumulation and saving, consumption and production throughout society. It is believed that macroeconomics as a science about the economic system as a single entity began with this work. In contrast to the previously dominant neoclassical school, which defended the idea of a self-regulating economy and non-interference of the state in economic life, Keynes and his followers argued that state regulation of macroeconomics was an indispensable companion to a healthy market economy. The economic strategy of Western governments was built on Keynes’s doctrine and that of his followers for decades. This has made a considerable contribution to the overall long-term stabilization of capitalism, but has also created a theoretical foundation for the internationalization of the capitalist economy, creating the conditions for globalization of the world economy. The idea of a global monetary system and supranational financial management bodies belongs to Keynes. He proposed measures such as the creation of an international reserve currency (the so-called bancor) which were not approved at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. It was decided instead to use the us dollar along with gold as a reserve currency for the economically strongest country. However, Keynes’s idea was later realized in the decision of the International Monetary Fund to create “special drawing rights” (sdrs) in 1960. After this, the introduction of a conditional international reserve currency was regarded by economists as a way in which global credit and financial regulation could be improved. The global financial and economic crisis of 2007–09 gave a new impetus to this idea, demanding a radical reformation of the international financial system and reviving interest in Keynesian theory, which substantiated the economic function of the state in the modern economy. Works: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (The Economic Consequences of the Treaty of Versailles) (New York, 1922); Treatise on Money (London, 1930); The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London, 1936). Lit.: P. Davidson, John Maynard Keynes (Great Thinkers in Economics) (London, 2007); D. Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace (Oxford, 2006); V.N. Kostyuk, History of Economic Thought (Moscow, 1997); Dornbusch, R. and Fischer, S. Macroeconomics Math. from English (Moscow, 1997). KHAIN, Victor Efimovich (b. February 13, 1914, Baku; d. December 24, 2009, Moscow) – a prominent geologist, a leading specialist in the field of geotectonics, regional and petroleum geology, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the ussr and many national and international academies. He graduated from the Azerbaijan Oil Institute.

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In 1954 Khain moved to Moscow. He worked in the Museum of Earth in msu and in the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of as ussr. At that time he was involved with A.P. Vinogradov, A.B. Ronov, and V.D. Nalivkin in analyzing the spread of lithological formations on a global scale and on the creation of an atlas of geological and paleogeographic maps of the Russian platform and its geosynclinal framing, which was published in two volumes in 1960–61. The work on this Atlas continued for about ten years. In 1967–69 an atlas of lithological-paleogeographic maps of the ussr in four volumes was published. Khain published more than 900 works, including more than thirty monographs that became fundamental. Trying to gain insight into a wide range of natural geological phenomena from a philosophical position, he considered geology as the most important fundamental natural-historical science. According to Khain, the twentieth century was only a prelude to its further development: geology in the next century, based on the potential of physics, chemistry, biology, and computational mathematics, will take priority in society. These ideas he presented in a compact form in his monograph The Main Issues of Modern Geology (Geology in the Twenty-First Century) (1994). Khain has contributed to many areas of Earth Sciences, primarily in the development of: issues of geotectonic structure and development of the geosynclinal belts, periodization of the tectonic history of the Earth, tectonics of oil and gas basins, issues in the history and methodology of geological sciences, and so on. In the field of history and methodology of science his major works are The History of International Tectonic Maps (1982) and The Main Periods of Geological Science (1986). Oil geologists consider Khain as one of the founders of the doctrine of oil and gas basins. He considered questions of oil and gas content in close connection with the issues of geodynamics. He highlighted the global oil- and gas-bearing zones of the planet, creating the new classification of oil and gas pools from plate tectonics. In his article “The Oscillatory Rhythm of the Earth’s Crust” (1939), Khain substantiated the idea of geopulsations on a planetary scale, which he developed in subsequent works. In the mid-1960s he began to summarize all regional geological material by continents, and then by oceans, in order to determine the structure and patterns of the Earth’s crust. In 1964 he published his fundamental monograph General Geotectonics, which is dedicated to the development of questions of geological theory, which ran into several editions in the ussr and abroad. This is original scientific research, which summarizes and highlights from the author’s theoretical positions the achievements of world science as regards types of tectonic structures and crustal movements. In 1971 he published the first volume of his monumental work Regional Geotectonics,

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and the fifth and last volume was published in 1985. In the first four volumes he synthesized materials about the tectonic structure of all continents, and in the fifth volume the tectonics of the oceans. In 1984 the “International Tectonic Map of the World” at a scale of 1:45,000,000 and 1:15,000,000 was published under his editorship. In addition, the explanatory note “Tectonics of Continents and Oceans” (co-authored) was published in 1988. In collaboration with his students, Khain created the uniquely complete three-volume Historical Geotectonics (1988, 1991, 1993). For this work, together with his co-authors he was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1995. In 2009 Khain initiated a communiqué on global changes of the geological environment, which presents geological and geophysical facts that confirm a significant increase in seismic and volcanic activity, as well as significant acceleration of the magnetic poles’ drift and global climate change. This communiqué was supported by the coordinating council of the World Organization for Scientific Cooperation, was signed by prominent scientists and public and political figures, and is intended for submission to the United Nations, European Union, international organizations, and heads of state. Throughout his life Khain maintained close collaboration with many scientists of the world, and was actively involved in collaborative research and international projects. With his scientific support a global network of earthquake prediction was created. Khain’s works in recent years include the co-authored Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Seismic and Volcanic Activity (2008) and Recurrence of Geodynamic Processes: Its Possible Nature (2009). Works: V.E. Khain, E.N. Cyclicity of geodynamic processes: its possible nature, Moscow. 2009; V.E. Khain, E.N. Khalilov. Cyclicity of geodynamic processes: Its possible nature. Moscow, Scientific World, 2009; V.E. Khain, E.N. Khalilov. Spatiotemporal patterns of seismic and volcanic activity. Burgas, Bulgaria, swb, 2008; V.E. Khain, E.N. Khalilov. About possible influence of solar activity upon seismic and volcanic activities: long-term forecast. Science without borders. Transactions of the International Academy of Science H & E. Vol. 3. 2007/2008, swb, Innsbruck, 2009; V.E. Khain, E.N. Khalilov. Global climate fluctuation and cyclicity of the volcanic activity. Transactions of the International Academy of Science H & E. Vol. 3. 2007/2008, swb, Innsbruck, 2009. KHASBULATOV, Ruslan Imranovich (b. November 22, 1942, Grozny), Doctor of Economic Sciences, professor, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, famous politician and statesman, President of the Supreme Council of Russia (October 1991–October 1993), the founder and first chairman of the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly cis.

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In 1965 Khasbulatov graduated from the Law Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, in 1970 from the post-graduate course of the Department of Economics of Foreign Countries in the Faculty of Economics after defending his thesis, and in 1981 defended his doctoral thesis on the issues of state regulation of the economy of developed countries (using the example of Canada) at the Economics Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in the ussr Academy of Science as an executive secretary of the Scientific Council of the as ussr on the issues of scientific and technological revolution (Chairman – Academician D.M. Gvishiani); since 1979 he has been working in the Plekhanov Russian Economic University, where in 1982 he founded the chair of the global economy, which he heads, and the Faculty of International Economic Relations. Khasbulatov’s research interests include theoretical issues of modern capitalism, the world economy and international economic relations, organization, management, and activity of international corporations, the role of government in the economy, the theory of the mixed economy, the theory of crises and cycles in the global economy, economic policy and the government, and the issue of alienation in capitalist society, amongst others. Khasbulatov gained fame during Gorbachev’s perestroika, when he published a series of critical articles on the socio-economic policy of the government of the ussr in the national press. Khasbulatov’s name is closely associated with a number of historical events in Russian history. At an extraordinary session of the Supreme Soviet of Russia in August 23, 1993 (convened upon the coup), he was the first among the country’s state leaders to speak about the “discredit of practical socialism by the leaders of the cpsu” and “the need to move to a different paradigm of sociopolitical and economic development…” in the form of “soft, socially oriented market capitalism.” He is renowned for his uncompromising struggle with the postulates of the “Washington Consensus,” in other words an economic policy imposed on Russia by the imf and by the us government. On this basis, there developed a strong conflict between the Supreme Council of Russia on the one side and presidential and governmental power on the other. This eventually led to the dissolution of the Supreme Council. In subsequent years, Khasbulatov has been involved in research and teaching at the Russian Economic University. He has consistently developed his views on the fallacy of the criteria of the “Washington Consensus,” demonizing the economic functions of the state, not only for the Russian economy but in general as a theoretical and methodological framework of global economic policy. These views were confirmed during the global economic crisis of 2008–10, when states were forced to drastically regulate crisis economy, which

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meant the return of Keynesianism. “Consensus” came from the omnipotence of the market and tried to achieve reduction of the regulatory role of the state and allow the uncontrolled activity of banks and corporations (partly through low taxation). This, according to Khasbulatov, was one of the causes of the global crisis. In connection with this pattern, identified by Khasbulatov, the correlation of forms of ownership in the economic systems of the state depending on the “maturity” of technological factors is of interest. This pattern was revealed by studying the Wagner Act, according to which in developing and transitional countries the scope of the public sector as well as general state regulation of social and economic processes should be more extensive and intense than in developed countries. Khasbulatov deduced statistical and mathematical formulas that establishing these relations for each group of states. In his publications, he gives detailed recommendations about the qualitative improvement of the structure of the Russian economy, the weakening of its dependence on oil and gas, and justifies the need for the development of a fundamental economic policy based on conditions in the country. Khasbulatov also explores issues of politics and international relations, touches upon fundamental issues in the theory of the state and models of democracy, develops his version of the death of a powerful state in the ussr, and in particular disproves two established points of view: first, the conspiracy according to which the Soviet Union has been undermined by “insidious activity of the us and the West in general”; and secondly, the principle of the “impractical” nature of socialism, which is firmly established in Russia and dominates in the West. Khasbulatov believes that the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union – are of a purely subjective (man-made) nature. Many erroneous decisions in the field of economy, internal relations, including interethnic, military policy, and international relations that were committed by the leadership of the ussr and the Union Republics of 1985–91, in combination had a cumulative effect of enormous destructive power, which crushed the ussr. Khasbulatov is an active participant in Russian and international congresses, conferences, and symposia on various aspects of the global economy, international cooperation, economic development, as well as studies of conflicts in the modern world. He lectures at foreign universities, and is an honorary doctorate of Bar Ilan University (Israel) and a professor of the European Polytechnic Institute (Kunovice, Czech Republic). Works: Economy of Modern Canada. And State Monopoly (Moscow: High School, 1977); Modern State-Monopoly Capitalism (Moscow, 1981); “Social Aspects Of Disarmament: Report of the World Congress of Sociology in Toronto (Canada)” (Moscow: Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the ussr

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(in Russian and English), 1974); Organization and Management of the Capitalist Corporations (Moscow, 1982); Modern World Trade (Moscow, 1985); World Economy and International Economic Relations. Part 1. Developed Countries, Part 2. Developing Countries (Moscow, 1988); Countries in Transition. PoliticoEconomic Analysis; Society (Ed. ma Economics, 1986); International Economic Relations, in 2 vols; answer. Ed. and hands. auth. coll. (Moscow, 1991); World Economy (Moscow, 1994); World Economy. Theory, Principles, Policies, B2m (ma Economics, 2001); “State and Economy: The Issue of Optimality in the Form of Ownership Relations,” International Economics 12 (2010); World Economy and International Economic Relations: The Textbook. B2m.; Hands. Intl. auth. coll. (Moscow, 2006); Great Russian Tragedy, in 2 vols (Moscow, 1994); The Great American Tragedy and What Should Be Done to Prevent the Death of Civilization (Moscow, 2001) (in Russian and English); Imperialism and Development of Nations (New Delhi, 1987); Perestroyka: As Seen by an Economist (Moscow: Novosti Press, 1989); Birokratska Drzava (Beograd yox, 1991, in Serbian); Der Burokratische Staat (Beograd yox, 1991) (on him. Lang.); Le Gople d’Agosto. Firenze: Ponte alle Grazie Editori (1992); Les Ombres Au-dessus De La Maison Blanche. Traduit durusse par Marina Vichnevski (Paris, 1992); The Economic Reform in Russian Federation (1992–1993) (Moscow, 1993); Struggle for Russia. Power and Change in the Democratic Revolution (L and ny: Routledge, 1993); Chronicle Coup (in Japanese) (Japan Dzidzi-Tsusiu, 1992); “The ­Kremlin’s Chechen Policy,” in D. Carlton and P. Ingram (ed.), The Search for Stability in Russia and the Former Soviet Bloc (Ashgate: Aldershot, Brookfield (usa), ­Singapore, and Sidney, 1997); “Doswiadczenid gospodarki amerikanskiej: morliwosci i bariery w zastowaniu do Rosji,” Amerikanski model Rozwosu Gospodarczego. Istota, efektywnosc, moxliwosc zastosowanid (Warszawa, 2006); American Economic Experience: Russian Perspective, Possibilities and Limits of Application Reaganomics Goes Global. What Can the eu, Russia and Other Transition Countries Learn from the usa?, ed. W. Bienvowski, J.C. Brada, and M. Radlo (London, 2006). KHOZIN, Grigory Sergeevich (b. August 9, 1933, Novosibirsk; d. June 4, 2001, Moscow) – Russian scientist, doctor of historical sciences, professor, founder and director of the Centre for Global Issues of the Institute of Topical International Issues of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Federation ­(1994–2001). He graduated from the Military Institute of Foreign Languages 1956), worked as head of Bureau of Translation of the Red Air Force Academy, was on the editorial board of the journal Aviation and Astronautics, was the chairman of the Section of Scientific Journalism, a board member of the Moscow Union of Journalists of the ussr, participated in the creation and work of the M ­ oscow

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Space Club and Tsiolkovsky Russian Academy of Cosmonautics, of which he was a full member. Khozin’s scientific activity began at the Institute of usa and Canada at as ussr and continued at the Philosophy Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University. He also led research and teaching at the University of Huntsville (Alabama, usa), the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University (usa), and the International Space University (Strasbourg, France). From 1994 he worked at the Diplomatic Academy of Russia, where he created a research center on the study of global issues (now the Centre of World Economy and Global Issues). Khozin was at the forefront of the theoretical study of global issues in the ussr; his main focus was on humanitarian (philosophical and political) aspects of space exploration and space activity. The ­solution to the global issue of space exploration he saw as the equal cooperation of the whole of mankind, as opposed to military rivalry for mastery of outer space. Khozin was one of the first in the Soviet Union to realize the urgency and danger of environmental issues, one of the most important global issues of our time, and effectively used foreign knowledge and social technologies for the development of national and international ecopolitics. At a time when the environmental issue had not yet received official status in the Soviet Union, Khozin conducted a profound analysis of the hazardous effects of the armament race on the environment and the future of mankind. He carried out a number of complex humanitarian studies on the interaction between society and nature, was the un expert on environmental issues, and constantly gave estimates and proposals for a range of global environmental issues in the context of international relations. He worked on sustainable development strategies and regularly acted as translator, reviewer, and expert of critical documents of environmental and global orientation. Several works by Khozin contain criticism of modern technocracy and technocratic projects, as well as analysis of the environmental aspects and consequences of the development of post-industrial civilization at the turn of the century. In the 1990s he was active in teaching, and lectured on globalistics and political science, in particular global environmental issues and sustainable development strategies. Central place in Khozin’s works on environmental issues for the past twenty years was taken by the contribution and potential of astrophysics to the solution of global environmental issues. He thought that implementing the ideas of K.E. Tsiolkovsky on the mastering of limitless space resources based on modern social and technical technologies would be a way out of the deadlock reached in the development of technocratic civilization.

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Khozin’s works were published in Russia, as well as abroad, and played an important role in acquainting Soviet scientists with different currents and trends in Western globalistics, as well as facilitating the spread of innovative ideas in this field, and having some influence on the formation of Soviet globalistics. Works: The Militarists in Space (Moscow, 1967); Space – for the National Economy (Moscow, 1972); In Defense of the World (Moscow, 1974); The ussr–usa: Orbit Space Cooperation (Moscow, 1976); Militarism – A Threat to the Planet (Moscow, 1979); Global Issues of Modernity (Moscow, 1982); World Aeronautics: Achievements, Issues and Prospects (Moscow, 1987). Khozin’s last book – The Great Confrontation in Space (ussr–usa). Eyewitness Accounts (Wiley, 2001) – was published posthumously. KING, Alexander (b. January 26, 1909, Glasgow, Scotland; d. February 8, 2007, London, uk) – scientist, statesman, and a public figure, co-founder of the Club of Rome, one of the authors of the concept of sustainable development. President of the Club of Rome in 1984–85. He was educated in the field of chemistry at the Universities of London and Munich. In 1940, when there was a real threat that Britain would be occupied by Nazi Germany, King led a research group, which developed programs for British military intelligence. Also during World War ii he explored the properties of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) as an effective means of protection against insects, which was especially important during the war in Asia. Despite his significant contribution to the promotion of ddt and its further production, he strongly opposed its use later, because of its devastating effects on the environment. In 1943–47 he led the uk mission to Washington and served as attaché for science of the British Embassy in the United States. In 1947–50 he was the head of the secretariat of the first scientific committee of science policy (Committee of the Defense Science Policy of the Cabinet of Ministers of the uk). From 1957, King worked in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd). In 1961–68 he was Director for Science in the oecd. In 1968–74 he was the organization’s General Director for Science. He was extremely worried about the prevailing admiration in the oecd for growth and development, without consideration for its long-term consequences. He felt and realized the need to create a non-governmental body which could ask direct questions and demand straight answers, forcing the government to think about the future. In 1967–68, Aurelio Peccei and King held several meetings, and the result was their realization that affirmative actions needed to be taken to create this

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non-governmental body, which they named the Club of Rome. Peccei and King were convinced that economic development needed to be viewed in a broader context, taking into account political, social, and environmental consequences. King worried about the problem of accelerating population growth, and the consumption of food, energy, and resources, which could eventually lead the world to the point of exhaustion of resources, and eventual destruction of the environment. He sharply criticized the concept of “growth for growth’s sake,” calling the oecd a “temple of prosperity of industrially developed countries.” Being a pioneer in the field of sustainable development, he introduced the practice of annual surveys in the field of science policy, which were made by all participants in the oecd, and he participated in the creation of reviews of the role of science and technology in the development of society, something which was advanced for its time. He paid great attention to the problem of inequality between North and South. He emphasized the importance of cooperation between nato and the Warsaw Pact countries in the face of global challenges. King received international recognition for his contributions to science policy, as well as for his attempts to attract the world’s attention to the problems of environmental degradation and the dangers of a worsening environment long before the existence of these problems was recognized by national governments. He believed that in today’s technologically developing world support for science and application of high technologies should be the foundation of socially responsible government. In his autobiography, Let the Cat Turn Around: One Man’s Traverse of the Twentieth Century, King warned mankind that globalization involves the risk that culture will be degraded. Works.: Science and Policy: The International Stimulus (London,1974); The State of the Planet (Oxford, 1980); The First Global Revolution (New York City, 1991); Let the Cat Turn Around: One Man’s Traverse of the Twentieth Century (London, 2006). KISS, Endre (b. 1947, Debrecen, Hungary) – Ph.D., professor, member of the forecasting committee of Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Since 1974 Kiss has been a fellow at the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, since 2008 a professor at the University of West-Hungary (Sopron-Szombathely). Since 1989, he has investigated the complex problem of Eastern and Central Europe’s development, and in 1991 created a research group for this work. Originally Kiss considered globalization not only as a new philosophical problem but also as a comprehensive explanation of historical and social processes. He also studied globalization as a theory of the present. From the beginning of his studies he tried to consider the problem of globalization

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s­ imultaneously from several independent philosophical and theoretical points of view (the theory of globalization, imperial problems in the postmodern period, everyday consciousness, post-materialist values as a philosophical typology and taxonomy). The basis of this interpretation is globalization, a deep analysis of which is identical to a performed analysis of the present. In his major work Monetarista globali-zacio es magyar rendszervaltas (Currency Globalization and Changes in the Hungarian System, Budapest, 2002), Kiss describes globalization as a global dimension not of a particular problem (for example the threat to nature), but as an aggregate of structural and functional subtexts of a new world situation. The problem of globalization is also reflected in the political problematics of individual countries, for example in Hungary, where it means a specific change for a particular society and a particular political system. However, during transition to a global community (this applies particularly to transitive societies), a model of this transformation and a coherence of actions are absent. Lack of these two major factors splits political daily routine in many countries and often leads to such phenomena as split and collision. According to Kiss, the global context changes the usual doubts surrounding transitology, in other words the theory of democracy in transitive societies expressing doubts about such new occurrences as sociocultural restructuring, social psychology, or differentiation of written and unwritten democracy. Kiss develops a model of the world out of the spatial theory of the present in order possibly to predict the future. The system of monetarism grows out of a specific interaction between global functional systems and installed nonfunctional subsystems. Monetarism is a harmful sequence of these functional systems, which “cohabit” with the political system in the state and in society leads to coexistence with numerous conflicts, violations, and collisions. A specific intermediary link between the system of functional demands and policy causes the phenomenon of public debt, which therefore becomes a special phenomenon of globalization. Kiss shows that an informational society in its current state is not capable of imitating global relations, because of the factor that creates controversy as well as being a strategic component becomes an illustration of globalization. Globalization, as well as the theoretical results of analysis of the present, is performed with the help of postmodern values. Kiss explains this postmodern phenomenon in his work Globalizacio es/vagy posztmodern – Tanulmanyoka jelen elmeleterol (Globalization and / or Post-Modern Period in the Study of Theory of the Present (Budapest-Székesfehérvár, 2003)). The postmodern period is not analyzed in comparison with the postmodern age, which is taken from nowhere nothing.

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Kiss works with the thesis against the arbitrariness of this process that the postmodern period grew as an intellectually active and multifaceted institution in the vacuum created by the fall of neo-Marxism and structuralism. The postmodern period converts our view not only on semantics but also of the nature on conceptualization. Although the postmodern period is beyond all doubt the theory of the present, it assumes modernity because of its point of view. It is impossible to interpret the present without seeing globalization and the postmodern period as the same thing. Works: Monetarism and Liberalism. To the Theory of Global and Historical and Philosophical Relevance (Dresden, 1998); To the Reconstruction of Present Rationality Central Europe. Draft of the Issue. Cuxhaven (Dartford, 1996); (ed. with Eva Hideg and Erzsebet Novaky), Posztmodern es evolucio a jovokutatasban (Budapest, 1998); (ed. with CsabaVarga) A legutolsу utolsу esйly. Uj valуsбg йs uj viziу (Budapest, 2001); Monetarista globalizacio es magyar rendszervaltas. Tarsadalomfilozofiai tanulmanyok (Budapest, 2002); “Globa-lizacio es,” vagy posztmodern. Tanulmanyok a jelen elmeleterol (Budapest-Szekesfehervar, 2003, pp. 1–285); “Global Nearest Future of the Absolute?” Hegel’s Yearbook, 1996 (Berlin, 1997, S. 33–41); “Identity and Difference – Functions of Logic, Logic of Functions. About Other Things, the Difference, Intercultural,” Understanding and Communication. Ethnology, Xenology, Intercultural Philosophy (Wflrzburg: Wolfdietrich Schmied-Kowarzik, 2002, S. 359–369); “Postmodernism in the Context of Dual Hegemony in Philosophy” (The Pamplona issei-Conference, 2004); “Understanding of the Informational Society,” Philosophy of the Informational Society (30th International Symposium Wittgenstein, August 5–11, 2007) Kirchberg am Wechsel: Herbert Hrachovec, Alois Pichler, and Joseph Wang, 2007, pp. 106–108; “Conversations” and the Rhetoric of Post-Socialist Transition, ed. M. Stamenkovic. (Beograd, 2007, pp. 102–112); “Dialectics of Modernity. Theoretical Interpretation of Globalization,” Journal of Globalization Studies 1/2 (2010), pp. 12–26; “Philosophy of Globalization,” Age of Globalization. Studies of Contemporary Global Processes (2010), pp. 53–65. KISSINGER, Henry Alfred (b. May 27, 1923, Furth, Bavaria, Germany) – ­American statesman, diplomat, and expert in international relations, the initiator of detente in relations between the us and the Soviet Union. Kissinger was National Security Advisor to the us in 1969–75, us Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977 in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 together with Vietnamese Le Duc Tho. He was a member of the Trilateral Commission (Trilateral Commission). In 2002, Henry Kissinger led the list of 100 leading intellectuals of the world.

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In 1938 his family moved from Germany to the United States. From 1943 to 1945 he was a serviceman in the us Army and served in a subdivision of the Military Intelligence Division, participating in the Ardennes operation. He is a graduate of Harvard University: Bachelor (1950), Master (1952), Ph.D. (1954). His doctoral thesis was entitled “Recycled Peace: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of the Peace Period 1812–1822.” In 1956–58 he worked at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Kissinger was a supporter and one of the premier developers of policy of detente in us relations with the ussr and China (1972). The idea of the usChinese anti-Soviet bloc (this policy has been called the “China card”) also belongs to him, as do support of anti-communist regimes in South America, particularly Pinochet’s coup in Chile in 1973, and Operation Condor in Argentina. In 1973, Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the Paris Agreement, which led to the conclusion of the war in Vietnam. As war broke out in 1973 between Israel, Egypt, and Syria Kissinger made several visits to seven Middle Eastern capitals. This so-called “shuttle” diplomacy led to a ceasefire between Israel and Egypt, the resumption of diplomatic relations between the United States and Egypt, the opening of the Suez Canal, and the signing of the Israeli–Syrian agreement in May 1974. In 1977, Kissinger retired from state service and began teaching at the Institute of International Relations at Georgetown University. Kissinger conducts scientific work and lectures, h is a member of the academic council of the Aspen Institute, and is a private consultant. On September 25, 2007, along with several other retired us secretaries, he signed a letter urging Congress not to adopt Resolution 106, which would have officially recognized the Armenian Genocide of 1915–23. On the personal instruction of us President W. Bush, Kissinger led the Commission to investigate the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Sixteen days after his appointment, Henry Kissinger was forced to leave the post. Currently he is a member of the Bilderberg Group and chairman of Kissinger Associates (an international consulting firm). Kissinger considers the us to be a major driver of globalization, and that the country has benefited from it more than any other. The purpose of his works on globalization issues is to prevent the world of politics from destroying globalization’s economic achievements. Kissinger criticizes the imf programs, which are aimed at the reduction of the losses for creditors to a much greater extent than the reduction of losses for debtors. If there is no punishment for mistakes, crises are destined to repeat themselves. Kissinger points at the unprecedented social costs of financial crises. Even afterwards, the poorest part of the population does not reach the pre-crisis level of welfare. The gap between developing and industrialized economies increased dramatically in

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the 1990s. Kissinger describes a two-tiered social system in the most diverse countries on the planet: the globalized elite, which lives in highly secured suburbs, and most of the rest of the population in megacities, tempted by nationalists to speak out against globalization, which is associated with American domination. Kissinger believes that the revolution created by modern means of communication in the global world can be compared with the invention of printing. The gap between information and knowledge, between knowledge and wisdom is growing. Kissinger’s works on the history of diplomacy and on war and peace issues had a significant impact on politicians, lawyers, and academics engaged in the struggle of geopolitical rivals today. Even in official legal documents in various countries, including Russia, “opponent” is used instead of the word “enemy,” “humanitarian assistance,” instead of “war.” In contrast to previous centuries, it is thanks to the works of Kissinger that a victory is considered not to be destruction of one’s opponent but a successful deal with him. In his works, Kissinger points at the need for a new world order based on freedom and democracy. The task of the United States as the sole superpower is to transform its power into a moral consensus, to create conditions under which American values are taken up by the entire world, which is desperately in need of enlightened leadership. Works: Diplomacy (Diplomacy, 1994) (Moscow, 1997); (ed. with W. Burr) Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks with Beijing and Moscow (1999); Does America Need a Foreign Policy? Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century (Does America Need a Foreign Policy? Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century, 2001), trans. from English, ed. V.L. Inozemtsev (Moscow, 2002); On China (New York, 2011). KLEIN, Naomi (b. May 8, 1970, Montreal, Canada) – Canadian author, social activist, and filmmaker known for her political analyses and criticism of corporate globalization and corporate capitalism. Klein frequently appears on global and national lists of the most influential thinkers, most recently the 2014 Thought Leaders ranking compiled by the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute, Prospect magazine’s world thinkers 2014 poll, and Maclean’s 2014 Power List. She is a member of the board of directors of the climate activist group 350.org. In 2000, Klein published the book No Logo, which for many became a manifesto of the anti-corporate globalization movement. In it, she attacks brandoriented consumer culture and the operations of large corporations. She also accuses several such corporations of unethically exploiting workers in

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the world’s poorest countries in pursuit of greater profits. In this book, Klein criticized Nike so severely that Nike published a point-by-point response. No Logo became an international bestseller, selling over one million copies in over twenty-eight languages. Klein has written on various current issues, such as the Iraq War. In a September 2004 article for Harper’s Magazine, she argues that, contrary to popular belief, the Bush administration did have a clear plan for post-invasion Iraq, which was to build a completely unconstrained free market economy. She describes plans to allow foreigners to extract wealth from Iraq, and the methods used to achieve those goals. The 2008 film War, Inc. was partially inspired by her article “Baghdad Year Zero.” In March 2008, Klein was the keynote speaker at the first national conference of the Alliance of Concerned Jewish Canadians. In January 2009, during the Gaza War, Klein supported the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (bds) campaign against Israel, arguing that the best strategy to end the increasingly bloody occupation is for Israel to become the target of the kind of global movement that put an end to apartheid in South Africa. Since 2009, Klein’s attention has turned to environmentalism, with particular focus on climate change. She has encouraged the Occupy movement to join forces with the environmental movement, saying the financial crisis and the climate crisis have the same root – unrestrained corporate greed. She has been a particularly vocal critic of the Athabasca oil sands in Alberta, describing it in  a ted talk as a form of “terrestrial skinning.” She attended the Copenhagen Climate Summit of 2009. She put the blame for the failure of ­Copenhagen on Barack Obama, and described her own country, Canada, as a “climate criminal.” In May 2011, Klein received an honorary degree from Saint Thomas University. On October 6, 2011, she visited Occupy Wall Street and gave a speech declaring the protest movement “the most important thing in the world.” On November 10, 2011, she participated in a panel discussion about the future of Occupy Wall Street with four other panelists, Michael Moore, William Greider, Rinku Sen, and Patrick Bruner, in which she stressed the crucial nature of the evolving movement. Works: No Logo (1999); Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate (2002); The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (2007); This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate (2014). KOLODKO, Grzegorz W. (b. January 28, 1949, Tczew, Poland) – the chief architect of Polish economic reforms, a professor of economics, an expert in the field of economic development, system reformation, and public finance.

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Kolodko graduated from the Warsaw School of Economics. Prior to his appointment at Kozminski University in 2000, he held various academic positions at universities and research centers, including the Warsaw School of Economics, Yale University, the University of California, and the University of Rochester. In 1989 Kolodko participated in the historic Polish roundtable which was a prologue to the formation of the first post-communist governments in Central and Eastern Europe. In 1989–91 he was a member of the Economic Council of the Government and is still a member of the European Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. As Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of the Republic of Poland (1994–97), he represented the country in the oecd (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), and occupied the same position again in 2002–03. He played an important role in the integration of Poland into the European Union. While he actively influenced the economic policies of Poland, gdp per capita grew by a third. Currently Kolodko is director of the Centre of Transformation, Integration and Globalization at the University of Kozminski. As an expert, Professor Kolodko is regularly asked to work for the United Nations, the imf, and the World Bank. He is Professor of Kozminski University, Yale University, the University of Los Angeles and Rochester, New York; he lectures in educational institutions and organizations worldwide. He is the author of forty books and over 400 articles and scientific papers  published in twenty-five languages worldwide; most are available in English. For his great contribution to the transformation of the Polish economy Kolodko was awarded the Cross of the Commander of the Order of Polonia Restituta by the President of Poland, Alexander Kwasniewski, in 1997. He was also the winner of a special prize from the Ministry of Education and Science of Poland. Kolodko has been awarded honorary degrees by eight foreign universities. Works: Globalizacio es a volt szocialista orszagok fejlodesi tendenciai. Kossuth Kiado () (Budapest, 2002); Globalizacja i perspektiwy rozwitku postsocjalistycznych krain. Osnownije Cennosti (Kijow, 2002); Globalization and Prospects of Development of Postsocialistic Countries (Minsk: European Humanitarian University, 2002); Globalization and Catching Up in Transition Economies. Rochester Studies in Central Europe (Rochester, ny, 2002); Globalizacion y perspectivas de desarrollo en los antiguos paises comunistas (Siddharth Mehta Ediciones, 2003); Globalizacja, Marginalizacja, Rozwoj. Wydawnictwo WSPiZ (Warszawa, 2003); Globalizacija i posocialistiniu saliu vystymosi perspektyvos (Vilnius: Leidykla Vilnijos Zodis, 2003); Globali-zacijata i perspektiwite za

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razwoj na postsocijalisticzkite zemji (Skopje: Magor Economic Institute, 2004); ­Globalization and Social Stress (Nova Science Publishing House, 2005); Torn cau hoa vr tyong lai cua cac nyoc dang chuygn doi (Globalization and Catching-up in Transition Economies) (Hanoi: Nhrxuat ban chinh tri quoc gia (State Political Publishing House): 2006); Globalization, Crisis and What is Next? (Warszawa: Poltext, 2010, in Polish); Truth, Errors, and Lies. Politics and Economics in a Volatile World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), Vol. xii; Globalization, Transformation, Crisis: What Is Next? (Moscow, 2011); World in Motion (Moscow, 2009); “Neoliberalism and the Global Economic Crisis,” Problems of Economics 3 (2010), pp. 56–64. KOROLEV, Andrey (b. January 2, 1957, Perm, Russia) – a specialist in the field of ontology and social issues of globalistics. Korolev graduated from the psychology department of Moscow State University, which was named after M.V. Lomonosov. In 2001 he defended his Ph.D. thesis “The Philosophical Foundations of Perception of Ecological Crisis.” He was the scientific secretary of the Open World association (1991–93). Since 1993 he has been Chief Scientific Secretary of the Russian Philosophical Society, Scientific Secretary of the theoretical seminar “Philosophical and Methodological Studies of Globalization” based at the Institute of Philosophy of ras. He is a member of the editorial board and author of articles for the interdisciplinary encyclopedia and international encyclopedia Globalistics and the magazines Age of Globalization, Bulletin of the rfo, Space and Time, and Evolution. He is one of the organizers of international and Russian philosophical congresses. Korolev develops the ideas of global evolutionism, virtualistics, and social ecology, and explores the interaction of latent and virtual realities, including the example of the influence of gold on European history (1492–1991). Korolev believes that after the abolition of the “gold standard” in all countries of the world the main goal of global humanity has been a transition to currencies in which the specified interval between the numbers is independent of human consciousness and does not change over time. Works: “Globe, Autocracy” [and other articles], Globalistics: Encyclopedia (Moscow, 2003); Genesis: Latency and Virtual Reality (Moscow, 2004); “Transformation of Man as The Goal of Education,” Science. Philosophy. Society. Materials of the v Russian philosophical Congress (Novosibirsk, 2009), T. iii; “Duplex Concept of Life,” Philosophy in the Dialogue of Cultures. Materials of World Philosophy Day (Moscow, 2010); “Bundle ‘Resources-Purpose’ in the Conditions of Globalization.” Materials of the ii International Scientific ­Congress

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“­Globalistics 2011: Ways to a Strategic Stability and the Problem of Global Governance,” Moscow, May 18–22, 2011, (Moscow, 2011), T. 1. KOROTAYEV, Andrey Vitalyevich (b. February 17, 1961, Moscow) – Russian demographer, sociologist, and historian, who made a notable contribution to the development of mathematical models of global processes, the study of the historical roots of globalization, the development of the world-system approach, global and universal history. A doctor of historical sciences, professor, and a member of the World Association of universal history, together with A.A. Akayev and G.G. Malinetskii Korotayev is a coordinator of the Presidium of ras project “Complex Systemic Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of Global Dynamics.” He is a leading Researcher at the Centre for Global History and for the forecasting system at the Institute of Oriental Studies, co-editor of the Journal of Globalization Studies, and member of the editorial board of The Age of Globalization. A new approach to the development of world-systemic researches has been formulated and substantiated in Korotayev’s papers. In collaboration with L.E. Grinin he significantly pushed back the date of the beginning of the formation of a world system, dating it as ninth millennium bc and associating it with the start of neolithic revolution in West Asia, where the center of the world system was situated in the first millennia of its existence. They also proposed a new approach, in which the generation and diffusion of innovations are considered as the most important mechanisms in the integration of the world system. In addition, their proposed approach implies redefinition of the world-system kernel, as they propose it should be understood as opposed to the worldsystem zone. exploiting other zones and the world-system zone, which has the highest ratio between the generated within it (and getting spread in other zones) and borrowed from other zones by innovations, such zone that acts as a donor of innovations to a much greater extent than as their recipient. In collaboration with L.E. Grinin and S.V. Tsirel, using spectral analysis, Korotayev revealed Kondratieff waves (and cycles of Juglar and Kitchin) in global dynamics of gdp at a statistically significant level. He also studied the interaction of Juglar cycles with Kondratieff waves at the global level, developing a model of this interaction. In the field of mathematical modeling of global dynamics he offered a mathematical explanation of the law of hyperbolic growth of the world population. Mathematical analysis of global dynamics allowed Korotayev, in collaboration with A.A. Akayev and V.A. Sadovnichiy, to predict the beginning of the second wave of the global financial crisis in August 2011.

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Works: Social Evolution (Moscow, 2003); (ed. with Alexander Malkov and D.A. Halturina), Laws of History. Mathematical Modeling of Macro-Historical (Moscow, 2005); (ed. with Alexander Malkov and D.A. Halturina), Laws of History. Mathematical Modeling of the Development of the World-System (Moscow, 2007); (ed. with L.E. Grinin and A.V. Markov), Macroevolution in Nature and Society (Moscow, 2008); (ed. with L.E. Grinin), Social Macroevolution. Genesis and Transformation of the World-System (Moscow, 2009); (ed. with D.A. Halturina), Modern Trends in World Development (Moscow, 2009); (ed. with A.V. Markov), Hyperbolic Growth in Nature and Society (Moscow, 2009); (ed. with L.E. Grinin), The Global Crisis in Retrospect (Moscow, 2009); (ed. With DA Khaltourina, AS Malkov, Yu V Bogevolnov, SV Kobzeva, Yu V Zinkina), Laws of ­History: ­Mathematical Modeling and Forecasting of Global and Regional Development (Moscow, 2010); (ed. with L.E. Grinin and S.V. Tsirel), Cycles of the Modern World-System (Moscow, 2011); (ed. with Khaltourina D.), “Compact Mathematical Model of Economic and Demographic Development of the World-System,” Economics and Mathematical Methods 4 (2008); (ed. with Jack A. Goldstone, Leonid E. Grinin), “System Monitoring Global and Regional Development,” System Monitoring: Global and Regional Development ­(Moscow, 2010); “To System Analysis of the Global Dynamics: the Interaction of the Centre and the Periphery of the World System,” Globalistics as a Field of Research and the Sphere of Teaching (Moscow, 2010); “Globalizing Trends in the Pre-Modern Islamic World and Modern Globalization,” Globalization and the Dialogue of Civilizations (Cairo, 2003); “Compact Mathematical Models of World System Development, and How They Can Help Us to Clarify Our Understanding of Globalization Processes,” Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change (London, 2007); “The Global Financial System: Pros and Cons,” Journal of Globalization Studies 1 (2010); (ed. with A.A. Akayev and V.A. Sadovnichy), “Huge Rise in Gold and Oil Prices as a Precursor of a Global Financial and Economic Crisis,” Doklady Mathematics 2 (2011); (ed. with A.A. Akayev, et al.), “The Second Wave of the Global Crisis? On Mathematical Analyses of Some Dynamic Series,” Structure & Dynamics 1 (2011); “Global Unconditional Convergence among Larger Economies after 1998,” Great Powers, World Order and International Society (Changchun, 2011). KORTEN, David C. (b. 1937, Longview, usa) – is an American author, former professor at the Harvard Business School, political activist, and a prominent critic of corporate globalization. In 1955 Korten graduated from the R.A. Long High School. He received a master of business administration and a Ph.D. from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business. He served during the Vietnam War as a captain in

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the United States Air Force, undertaking us-based teaching and organizational duties. In the late 1970s, Korten moved to Southeast Asia, where he lived for nearly fifteen years, serving as a Ford Foundation project specialist and, later, as Asia regional adviser on development management to the United States Agency for International Development (usaid), which involved him in regular travels to Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Korten has written that he became disenchanted with the official aid system, and devoted his last five years in Asia to working with leaders of Asian non-governmental organizations on identifying the root causes of development failure in the region and building the capacity of civil society organizations to function as strategic catalysts of national- and global-level change. He returned to the usa in 1992 and has assisted in raising public consciousness of the political and institutional consequences of economic globalization and the expansion of corporate power at the expense of democracy, equity, and environmental protection. Korten is co-founder and board chair of the Positive Futures Network, which publishes the quarterly YES! magazine. He is also a founding board member, emeritus, of the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies, a former associate of the International Forum on Globalization, and a member of the Club of Rome. He wrote that the rise of powerful, advanced technology combined with the control of corporate- as well as nation-based empires is becoming increasingly destructive to communities and the environment. Korten postulates that the world is on the verge of a perfect storm of converging crises, including anthropogenic adverse climate change, post-peak oil production decline, and a financial crisis caused by an unbalanced global economy. This will precipitate major changes to the current economic and social structure. Works: Planned Change in a Traditional Society: Psychological Problems of Modernization in Ethiopia (1972); People-Centered Development: Contributions Toward Theory and Planning Frameworks (1984); Bureaucracy and the Poor: Closing the Gap (1985); Community Management: Asian Experience and Perspectives (1986); Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda (1990); The Post Corporate World: Life After Capitalism (2000); When Corporations Rule the World (2001); Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World is Possible (2004); Globalizing Civil Society (2010). KOSICHENKO, Anatoly Grigoryevich (b. April 11, 1947, Belarus) – Kazakh philosopher and theologian, Doctor of Philosophy, professor, academician, the first vice president of the Academy of Social Sciences of Kazakhstan.

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Kosichenko has explored personal, moral, and spiritual aspects of globalization for more than twenty years. In a number of works he describes the negative impact of globalization on human possibilities as regards the implementation of free spiritual development and responsible life in its personal and social dimensions. He also notes the positive impact of globalization on the formation of a competitive environment in the financial and economic field, which, however, does not relieve mankind from global conflicts and permanent crisis. He shows that even the negative energy of globalization can be transformed into the progressive development at international, regional, and country level, and believes that globalization has a chance to turn the challenges and threats (largely generated by itself) to the advantage of the world community according to the principles of the new humanism, integrating secular and religious values. Kosichenko is the executive editor and co-author of monographs: Kazakhstan in the Context of Globalization: The Philosophical and Political Analysis (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science, mes, 2006), Philosophy in the Context of Globalization (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science kh mes, 2009), Kazakhstan in the Global World: Challenges and Preservation of Identity (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science kh mes, 2011). Works: Impact of Globalization on Culture and Human Values (Almaty, 2002); Sustainable Development as a New Utopia in the Era of Globalization (Almaty, 2002); Paradigm of Globalization for Central Asia (Almaty, 2004); Religion in the Global Processes of Modernity (Almaty, 2004); Dialogue on Confessions in Conditions of Globalization (Sofia (Bulgaria), 2005); Personal Aspects of Globalization (Moscow, 2011); Religion in Constructs of a New World Order (Almaty, 2011). KOSTIN, Anatoly Ivanovich (b. August 27, 1948) – Russian scientist, professor emeritus at msu, named after M.V. Lomonosov. He researches globalism and eco-political science, world politics and international relations, modern ideological and political trends, and the political process in modern Russia. He graduated from the Philosophy Faculty of Moscow State University. His Ph.D. thesis was on the philosophical, social, political, and futurological aspects of the study of contemporary global issues (1979); his doctoral thesis was entitled “Global Studies and Planetary Security Problems” (1992). His main subject of research is the analysis of theoretical and methodological, social, and political aspects of global issues, processes of ecologization, and globalization in the modern world. Kostim implements an integrative approach to the study of global problems, allowing him to include innovative transboundary subject areas of political science and to reflect new trends in world political development. He pays special attention to the study of the interrelation of the physical, social,

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and political in space and time. Considering the global issues of mankind, Kostin characterizes them – in the most general and abstract form – as the issues which arise from the contradictions of the social form of movement and its conditions. According to Kostin, the intensification of contradictions and the inability to resolve them eventually leads to the destruction of space-time integrity, to the destruction of the social form of the movement; and the worsening of a range of global issues brings to the fore the issue of planetary security. Kostin develops the idea of political globalistics, proposing such concepts as “the era of risk,” “global security policy,” “global political process,” “planetary political culture,” and “planetary political thinking.” He assigns an important place for a new and evolving field in political globalistics – eco-political science. He considers it a complex structural formation, including global, regional, and applied levels. The textbook Ecopolitology and Globalism, which he published, was awarded with a diploma at the 2006 competition held by the Russian Political Science Association in the category of “Educational Publishing.” Works: Global Problems of Modernity and An Ideological Struggle (Moscow, 1989); “Environmental Policy and Development Models (Adaptation in an Era Of Risk),” Vestnik mgu. Ser. Social and Political Studies 4 (Moscow,1992); “Planetary Paradigm and Political Consciousness of Russia,” Russian Nation: The Historical Past and the Issues of Revival (Moscow, 1995); “Political Science and Radical Changes in Russia,” Problems and Fates of Russia in Modern Planetary Atmosphere (Moscow, 1997); “Globalistics and Political Science,” Vestnik mgu. Ser. Political Science 3–4 (Moscow, 1997); “Planetary Paradigm of the Policy in the Age of Globalization,” Vestnik mgu. Ser. Political Sciences 5 (Moscow, 2001); “In Pursuit of a Permanent Crisis,” World Economy and International Relations 3 (2001); “Applied Eco-political Science,” Vestnik mgu. Ser. Political Science 3 (Moscow, 2002); “Globalistics and Political Aspects of Globalization,” Contemporary Russian Political Science in the Context of Globalization and the Dialogue of Cultures. For the xix World Congress of Political Science Association. Durban, June 2003, Moscow, 2003; “Global Security; Eco-Political Science; Formation of Global, Global Problems of Modernity,” Globalistics: Encyclopedia (Moscow, 2003); “Eco-Political Science and Globalistics in the System of Political Education,” Politological Education in Russia: Traditions and Innovative Search (Moscow: University for the Humanities Lyceum, 2004); “Common Heritage of Mankind and Politics,” Vestnik mgu. Ser. Political Science 2 (Moscow, 2004); “Civilization Crisis, Sustainable Development Strategy and the Problem of Political Choice,” Vestnik mgu. Ser. Political Science 5 (Moscow, 2004); “Cross-Cultural Management and Policy Environment in the Context

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of Economic Globalization,” vmu. Ser. Political Science 1 (2005); “Demographic Problems and Human Health in the Policy of Global Changes,” vmu. Ser. Political Science 4 (2005); “Russia and the Alternative of World Order of XX1 Century,” Philosophy and the Future of Civilization, T. 5 (Moscow: Modern notebook, 2005); “Political Ideology. Lecture 9,” in M.N. Marchenko (ed.), Politics: Lectures (Moscow, 2001); (ed. with V.I. Kovalenko), Modern Political Process in Russia: Training Manual, Sec. vi (Moscow, 2002); “Resources and Policy in Conditions of Globalization,” Vestnik Moskov. Political Science 2 (Moscow, 2007); (ed. with V. Izotov), “The Global Crisis in the Mirror of World Politics,” vmu. Ser. Political Science 5 (2009); “The Crisis of Civilization and Human Security: The Problem of Political Choice,” The Strategy of Innovative Development of Russia as a Distinct Civilization in the Twenty-First Century (Moscow, 2010). KOVDA, Viktor Abramovich (b. 1904, Vladikavkaz ; d. 1991, Moscow) – an outstanding Soviet soil scientist, corresponding member of the ussr Academy of Sciences (1953), author of classic works in the field of genesis, evolution, and amelioration of soils, and their role in the functioning of the biosphere of the planet, was one of the founders of modern theories of desertification, aridization, and soil salinity. Kovda graduated from the Kuban Agricultural Institute (1927), worked in the Soil Institute named after V.V. Dokuchaev, and from 1939 was professor of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. In 1969–71 on his initiative the Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the ussr Academy of Sciences in Pushchino was created, which was led by him until 1980. In 1958–65 he was Director of the Department of Natural Sciences of unesco (Paris), initiator and leader (1960–65) of the International Project of fao/unesco “Soil Map of the World.” In 1968–69 he was president of the All-Union Society of Soil Scientists, was elected President of the International Society of Soil Scientists at the Ninth International Congress of Soil Scientists (1968, Australia) and actively participated in the preparation of the Tenth International Congress of Soil Scientists (1974, Moscow). Works: Salt Marshes and Salt Licks (Moscow, 1937); Origin and Saline Soil Conditions (in 2 Vol. Moscow, 1946, 1947); Fundamentals of Soil Teachings. The General Theory of Soil-Forming Process (2 Vol. Moscow, 1973); Aridization Land and Fight against Drought (Moscow, 1977); Biogeochemistry of Soil (Moscow, 1985); KRUGMAN, Paul (b. February 28, 1953, New York, usa) – American economist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics “for the analysis of trade patterns and issues of economic geography” (2008).

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He studied at Yale University. He received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1977), where he began teaching. He continued teaching at Yale, Stanford, and California universities, as well as at the London School of Economics. Since 2000 he has been Professor of Economics and International Affairs at Princeton University. He has an analytical column in the New York Times. Krugman’s studies cover various aspects of international financial and economic activity and global economic policy. In contrast to such prominent economists as Ulin and Meade, the founders of the neoclassical doctrine of international trade, Krugman examines features of the present stage in the development of the world economy, and the objective regularities of changes (including institutional, associated with globalization) that must be considered and used in the formation of an adequate international trade and economic policy. He also examines developments in the theory of foreign policy, associated with factors of an imperfect competition, and strategic interactions due to the oligopolistic structure of the markets and economy of scale. All these developments have received the common name of a “new international economics” (the New Trade Theory). For his pioneering research Krugman was awarded the Adam Smith Prize in 1995, in 2000 he was awarded the Rektenvald Medal (an economic prize, awarded since 1995 by Nuremberg University for scientific merit), and in 2004 the Prince of Asturias Prize, which is the most prestigious award in Spain (it is often called the Spanish Nobel Prize). He is an honorary member of the Munich Centre for Economic Research (1997) and a member of the “Group of Thirty.” Works: Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics (1986); Trade Policy and Market Structure (1989); (ed. with M. Fujita and E. Veneyblos), The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade (1999); The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century (2003); The Conscience of a ­Liberal (2007); The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 (2008). KÜNG, Hans (b. March 19, 1928, Sursee, Lucerne, Switzerland) – Swiss theologian and philosopher, a Catholic priest and writer. Küng was a Doctor of Theology of the Catholic Institute of Paris (1957), Professor of Theology at the University of Tübingen (Germany), and an Honorary Doctor of Science, University of St. Louis (usa) (1963). In the 1990s he organized the “Global Ethics” project. Since 1995 he has been chairman of the Fund of Global Ethics. The project aims to find common ground and similar principles in religions of the world, to make a general

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code of conduct. Küng’s views on ethics in its global aspect are reflected in the document “On the Way to a Global Ethic: The Original Declaration,” which was signed by the spiritual leaders of different countries at the Congress of Religions of the World in 1993. Works: Christ Sein (Munich, 1974); Die Kirche (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1967); Unfehlbar? Eine Anfrage (Zurich, 1970). KUHN, Thomas Samuel (b. July 18, 1922, oh, usa; d. June 17, 1996, ma, usa) – historian and philosopher of science. Kuhn taught at Harvard and Princeton, and proposed the concept of scientific revolutions as a change of paradigms – initial conceptual schemes, ways of formulation of problems and methods of research, that prevailed in the science of certain historical periods. Kuhn noted that the scientific revolution is a change by the scientific community of psychological paradigms, which is essential for determining the nature and place of the modern scientific knowledge of globalistics. His book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which was published in 1962, brought fame to Kuhn. His ideas originated while he was teaching at Harvard. When he studied theoretical foundations of mechanics of the seventeenth century, he found out that the physics of Aristotle was not a preparatory phase for the physics of Galileo and Newton. Analyzing the revolution in science, Kuhn showed that the history of science was not a linear process of accumulation of knowledge, rather it was an alternation of periods of “normal science” and “revolutionary science,” which denies the “normal” periods. Although critics of Kuhn’s work initially focused attention on his concept of paradigm, another of his theses, about the incommensurability of scientific theories, caused the most active discussions. Supporters of Carnap and logical positivism considered science to be a process of proposal and critical inspection (verification) of statements; followers of Popper didn’t consider verification as a key procedure but rather falsification (refutation) of scientific hypotheses. But they both proceeded from the notion of science as a process of accumulation of knowledge: Aristotelian and medieval physics were considered to be a partial understanding of reality, supplemented later with a new science. Kuhn insisted that the doctrines of Aristotle and Newton are two incompatible systems of knowledge. This approach opens new opportunities for interpreting globalization as an interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge, which is formed on the integrative basis, in contrast to special disciplines, emerging as a result of the differentiation of science. Works: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, il: University of Chicago Press, 1962); The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition

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and Change (Chicago and London, 1977); Black-Body Theory and Quantum Discontinuity.1894–1912 (Chicago, 1987). KUMPFMÜLLER, Karl A. (b. 1947, Lambach, Austria) – the leading Austrian peace researcher and founder of several institutions in the field of international development, peace research, economics, and global studies; also founder of the Global Studies (gs) Master’s curriculum at Graz University, Austria. Kumpfmüller studied law, economics, psychology, languages and international relations at universities in Graz, Edinburgh, Montpellier, Krakow, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Washington d.c., and Montclair State University, New Jersey, usa He completed training in adult and further education, psychoanalysis, Gestalt therapy, supervision, and mediation. He initiated and led the following development- and peace-related institutions: the Austrian Information Service for Development in Vienna, the House of Europe in Eisenstadt, the Austrian Institute for Peace Research and Peace Education in Stadtschlaining, the Graz Centre for Peace and Development, and the interfaculty study program Global Studies at Graz University. Since 1978, he has worked as a university lecturer in Development Economics and Development Politics, Global Studies and Environmental Systems Sciences at Graz University, and held guest lectures at Austrian as well as numerous international universities (e.g. in Cologne, Erlangen, Bologna, Padova, Budapest, Riga, Helsinki, St. Petersburg, Seattle, Eugene, Madang, and Hong Kong). Works: Austria’s Development Policy in the 1970s. A Contribution towards Closing the Gap? An Empirical Approach (Bologna, 1977); Europas langer Schatten– Afrikanische Identitäten zwischen Selbst – und Fremdbestimmung (Frankfurt, 2000); “Concordia versus Pax: The Impact of Eastern Governance for Harmony on Western Peace Concepts,” in J. Tao, A.B.L. Cheung, M. Painter, and C. Li (eds.), Governance for Harmony in Asia and Beyond (2009, pp. 329–347); Friede – Kultur – Politik (ed.), Verlag Burgenländische Kulturoffensive (Eisenstadt, 1983). “Nationalismus und Neofaschismus,” in Südtirol (ed.), Braumüller (Vienna, 1987). K.A. Kumpfmüller, A. Pelinka, J. Riedl Stein in der Hand, Taube auf dem Dach. Zum Verhältnis von Pazifismus und Widerstand, Edition S (Wien, 1988); Gewalt in der Stadt und Stadt ohne Gewalt (ed.) (Münster, 1994); “Du nix Hammel braten in Hof…,” in Grazer Printmedien (ed.), Fremdenbild und Ausländerpolitik (Wien: Südwind-Verlag, 1996); (ed.), Integration contra Nationalismus; “Socrates Project of the European Union” (Duisburg, 1997, published in four languages); Den Frieden stärken. Festschrift des Grazer Büros für

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Frieden und Entwicklung (ed.) (Vienna, 1998); “Neutralität und Bündnisfreiheit: Auf dem Weg zu militärfreien Friedenszonen, ” in Thomas Greven and Oliver Jarasch (ed.), Für eine lebendige Wissenschaft des Politischen, edition suhrkamp (Frankfurt am Rhein, 1999); (ed. with G. Ahamer, K.A. Kumpfmüller, and M. Hohenwarter), “Web-based Exchange of Views enhances Global Studies,” Campus-Wide Information Systems 28(1) (2011), 16–40. KUVALDIN, Viktor Borisovich (b. 31 August 1943, Moscow) – Doctor of Historical Sciences (1985), Professor (1994). Kuvaldin graduated from the historical faculty of Moscow State University n.a. M.V. Lomonosov in 1965. He began his scientific work at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of ussr Academy of Sciences. He taught at mgimo for many years, and headed analytical centers of the International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (The Gorbachev Foundation). He was head of the department of social and humanitarian disciplines of Moscow School of Economics msu named after M.V. Lomonosov. In his works he analyzes the socio-political problematics of modern capitalism, the position and role of the intelligentsia in bourgeois society, the institution of the presidency, the uniqueness of post-Soviet societies, and regional specificity of the global world. Since the mid-1990s he has focused on the problems of globalization, especially in terms of the impact of globalization processes on world politics. He formulated the idea of the megasociety as the initial stage of the formation of a global world. He was one of the founders of an international consortium of centers for the study of globalization. He is author of more than sixty scientific publications, including three monographs. Works: Intellectuals in Modern Italy (Moscow, 1973); American Capitalism and the Intelligentsia (Moscow, 1983); “‘Seven’: A New Round?” World Economy and International Relations 10 (Moscow 1989); “From Cold War to New World Order,” Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991. A Retrospective (Moscow 1994); “Federalism and the Postsocialist Experience of Eastern Central Europe,” Federalism and the New World Order (Calgari, 1994); “Presidency in the Context of the Transformation of Russia,” Political Russia (Moscow, 1998); “Globalization: Birth of the Megasociety,” Postindustrial World And Russia (Moscow, 2001); “Globalization, the Nation-State and the New World Order,” Polity 2 (Moscow 2002); “Globality: A New Dimension of Human Existence,” Facets of Globalization (Moscow, 2003); “Globalization and Russia,” Politics in Modern Russia (Moscow, 2005); The Global World: Economics, Politics and International Relations (Moscow, 2009).

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L LAMARCK, Jean-Baptiste de Monet Chevalier de (b. August 1, 1744, Bazentin, Picardy, France; d. December 18, 1829, Basant, Paris, France) – French naturalist, botanist, zoologist, founder of zoopsychology, he introduced the term “biology” in 1802, creator of the first integrated theory of evolution, a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences (1783). In 1783 Lamarck started long-term work on the compilation of a botanical glossary within his Methodical Encyclopedia. The first issue was published in 1785, but in total he described 2,000 genuses of plants. In 1791–1800, Lamarck compiled “Illustrations of Genuses of Plants” for the same encyclopedia (two volumes and 900 tables in three volumes). In 1801 he published his first comprehensive survey of invertebrates – The System of Invertebrates – and in 1815–22 the work Natural History of Invertebrates was published, which contains a description of all known invertebrates at the time. These fundamental works established the credibility of Lamarck among French zoologists and significantly advanced the study of a vast and complex taxonomically group. In 1802 Lamarck published Hydrogeology, which analyzes the causes of changes to the surface of the Earth. He assigned a major role in geological processes to the action of water – rain, rivers, tides, and so on. Lamarck shows how the oceans move, the climate is changing, and relief changes. He downplayed the role of catastrophes in the history of the Earth, instead stating that its surface gradually changed over the millennia under the influence of the existing forces of nature. Lamarck was the first who considered the biosphere as a surface shell of the Earth, “the field of life” (the term “biosphere” was introduced by the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess in 1875). In Hydrogeology Lamarck considered all minerals, including granites, as the waste products of organisms. In his work The Philosophy of Zoology (1809) Lamarck first introduced all the major problems of evolution – the reality of species and the limits of their variability, role of external and internal factors in evolution, the direction of evolution, causes of adaptation in organisms. He brought into focus ideas about the hierarchy of organisms and their affinity. As evidence Lamarck used geographical variability and a lack of firm boundaries between species and varieties. The essence of Lamarck’s theory is that animals and plants were not always as we see them now. In the distant past they were arranged differently and much more simply. Life on Earth arose naturally in the form of very simple organisms. Over time, they gradually changed and improved, until they reached their current state. Thus, all living beings are descended from d­ issimilar

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a­ ncestors, which were more primitive. The innate desire to improvement, and the impact of environment create, according to the doctrine of Lamarck, the diversity of the organic world. However, Lamarck’s main merit is not his explanation of the causes of evolution, but that he was the first who proposed the theory of natural origin and development of the organic world; the idea of the influence of environment on organisms. Therefore Lamarck is deservedly considered to be the creator of the first evolutionary theory, and Darwin’s predecessor. Works: Zoological Philosophy: Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals (Paris, 1809); Hydrogeology (Paris, 1802); Methodical Encyclopedia (Paris, 1785). Lit.: V.L. Komarov, Lamarck (Moscow, 1925); Puzanov ii Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (Moscow, 1959); I.M. Polyakov, J.B. Lamarck and the Doctrine of Organic Evolution (Moscow, 1962). LASZLO, Ervin (b. May 12, 1932, Budapest, Hungary) – Hungarian scientist, professor. Laszlo spent his childhood in Budapest. His life was darkened by the invasion by Germany and the siege by the Soviets during World War ii. He was a celebrated child prodigy, with public appearances from the age of nine. Receiving a Grand Prize at the international music competition in Geneva, he was allowed to cross the Iron Curtain and begin an international concert career, first in Europe and then in America. At the request of Senator Claude Pepper of Florida, he was awarded us citizenship prior to his twenty-first birthday by an Act of Congress, Laszlo received the Sorbonne’s highest degree, the Doctorat ès Lettres et Sciences Humaines, in 1970. Shifting to the life of a scientist and humanist, he lectured at various us universities including Yale, Princeton, Northwestern, the University of Houston, and the State University of New York. Following his work on modeling the future evolution of world order at Princeton, he was asked to produce a report for the Club of Rome, of which he was a member. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Laszlo ran global projects at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research at the request of the Secretary-General. In the 1990s his research led him to the discovery of the Akashic Field, which he has continued to study and expound ever since. The author, co-author, or editor of eighty-nine books that have appeared in a total of twenty-three languages, Laszlo has also written several hundred papers and articles in scientific journals and popular magazines. He is a member of numerous scientific bodies, including the International Academy of Science, the World Academy of Arts and Science, the International Academy of P ­ hilosophy

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of Science, the International Medici Academy, and the Hungarian Academy of Science. His autobiography was published in June 2011 by Hay House under the title Simply Genius! And Other Tales from My Life. Currently Laszlo appears in several documentary films, including one based on his theory of the Akashic Field. The script for a full-length film based on his autobiography is in development. The recipient of various honors and awards, including honorary Ph.D.s from the United States, Canada, Finland, and Hungary, Laszlo received the Goi Award, the Japan Peace Prize in 2001, the Assisi Mandir of Peace Prize in 2006, and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004 and 2005. Ervin Laszlo is founder and president of the Club of Budapest, the international think-tank dedicated to promoting the evolution of a more ethical and embracing “planetary consciousness” together with members Mikhail Gorbachev, the Dalai Lama, Miloš Forman, Jane Goodall, Bianca Jagger, Zubin Mehta, Desmond Tutu, Elie Wiesel, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Jean Houston, Marianne Williamson, Deepak Chopra, and others. Works: Goals for Mankind (London, 1977); The Evolutionary Outrider: The Impact of the Human Agent on Evolution (1998); Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything (Rochester, 2004); The Chaos Point: The World at the Crossroads (Hampton Roads: 2006); Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New Scientific Reality Can Change Us and Our World (Rochester, 2008) (in Russian – Macroshift, 2001); (ed. with Kingsley Dennis), The Science and Spirituality Reader (Rochester, 2012); (ed. with Anthony Peake), The Self-Actualizing Cosmos, and the Immortal Mind (Rochester, 2014). LEIBIN, Valery Moiseevich (b. March 8, 1942, p. Khmelevka, Zuevsky district, Kirov region, ussr) – Russian expert in the field of globalistics and psychoanalysis, Doctor of Philosophy (1982). Leibin graduated from the Philosophy Faculty of the Leningrad State University (1969) and is a graduate of the Institute of Philosophy of the ussr (1972). Currently he is head of metapsychology, and the theory and history of psychoanalysis at the Institute of Psychoanalysis, Professor of Moscow State Medical and Dental University, senior researcher of the Institute of Systemic Analysis, member of the Academy of Pedagogical and Social Sciences, honorary doctor of the East European Institute of Psychoanalysis, honorary member of the Russian Psychoanalytic Society. At the end of the 1970s he showed a researching interest in the activities of the Club of Rome and participated in international meetings of representatives of the organization, including Laszlo, Meadows, Mesarovic, and Russian scientists. At the beginning of the 1980s he corresponded with the president of the Club of Rome, A. Peccei, and published a book Models of the World and the

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Image of Man (1982), reprinted in Bulgaria (1984) and Czechoslovakia (1985). In 1987 he introduced the concept of a scientific revolution known as “globalistics.” He participated in the International Round Table “Global Modeling and Political Science” (Moscow, 1988) and in the Fourteenth World Congress of the International Association of Political Sciences on globalization of political science (Washington, 1988). During the 1980s and 1990s he participated in the development of a project on global modeling at the Institute for System Studies scst and the ussr (now the Institute for Systems Analysis). He published a number of papers, reflecting the results of research on philosophical and socio-cultural aspects of the modeling of global and regional development. He translated from English to Russian Mesarovic’s report entitled “Search for a New Paradigm for Global Problems,” which was presented at the meeting of the Club of Rome in Hanover in 1989. Along with E.P. Velikhov and D.M. Gvishiani he was editor of the book Modeling of Processes of Global Development and Cooperation (1991). From early 1990 he conducted a course of lectures on globalistics at the University of the Russian Academy of Education. Under the auspices of the Union of Russian Lawmakers, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the non-commercial partnership Eco-Forum, he participated in the development of the plan of systemic interdisciplinary study of sustainable development of Russia and its regions in the context of global problems in the first quarter of the twentieth century, and in the scientific and practical conference “Sustainable Development of Russia and Regions – Public Policy and National Idea” (Moscow, 2001). Leibin is author of thirty-two monographs, four textbooks and tutorial manuals, as well as more than 500 articles, sections in collective works, and reviews, which were published in various places, including the international interdisciplinary encyclopedias Globalistics (2003) and Globalistics (2006). Works: “Review of the Book, Laszlo, E. Goals for Mankind (ny, 1977),” New Books from Abroad in the Social Sciences 10 (1977); “Summary of the Book,” Peccei, A. The Human Quality (Leningrad, 1977), Economy 4 (1978); “Review of the Book Peccei, A. The Human Quality (Leningrad, 1977),” New Books from Abroad in the Social Sciences 1 (1978); “Worldview and Global Modeling,” Philosophical Aspects of Systemic Researches (Moscow, 1980); “Ideological Foundations of Global Modeling,” Systemic Modeling of Global Development (Moscow, 1980); “Typology of Ideological Orientations on the Future,” Non-Formalized Elements of Global Modeling (Moscow, 1982); “Models of the World” and the Image of Man. Critical Analysis of the Ideas of the Rome Club (Moscow, 1982); “Models of the World” and Image of Man (Sofia, 1984); Rimski Klub a jeho ideje (Praha, 1985); “Globality and Uniqueness of Human Existence in the World,” M ­ arxist-Leninist

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Concept of Contemporary Global Problems (Moscow, 1985); “Global Modeling and the Purposeful Human Activity,” Nature of Models and Model of Nature (Moscow, 1986); “Social Nature on Global Modeling,” Globalni problemi (Sofia, 1986); “Science and the Future of the Planet,” New World 10 (1986); “Socio-Cultural Development Trends in usa,” Global Issues – Objective Condition and Evaluation (Moscow, 1986); “Dilemmas of Global Modeling,” System Study. Yearbook, 1986 (Moscow, 1987); “Unique Human Being in the Context of a Global Perspective,” Man, Science, Humanism (Moscow, 1987); “Universality and Uniqueness of Global Development Processes,” Concept of a Single Law-World Process and Modernity (Perm, 1987); “From Self-Destruction to Self-Salvation,” Ecology: The Path of Survival and Development of Humanity (Moscow, 1988); “Global Modeling and Political Science,” Social Sciences 5 (1988); Foreign Globalistics: Problems and Contradictions (M, 1988); Global Issues: Research and Discussion (Moscow, 1991); “Global Positioning System: Challenges and Contradictions,” xx century (Moscow, 1991, in Portugal); Global Studies: Past and Present: a Course of Lectures (Moscow, 1992); “Ecology of the Spirit: From Self-Destruction to Self-Salvation,” Social Sciences and Modernity 5 (1992); “Trojan Horse of the Club of Rome,” Knowledge 6 (1993); Global Studies: History and Modernity: Program of the Course (Moscow, 1996); “The Club of Rome and the Project of Models of World Order,” Systemic Studies. Methodological Problem. Yearbook, 1997 (Moscow, 1997); “The Club of Rome: A Chronicle of Reports,” Philosophy and Society 6 (1997); “Conceptual Representations of the Functioning of the Global System,” System Study. Methodological Problems. Yearbook, 1998 (Moscow, 1998); “About Promising Areas of Development and Globalization,” Systemic Studies. Methodological Problems. Yearbook, 1998. Charles ii (Moscow, 2000); “Social: from Confrontation to Social Stability,” Sustainable Development of Russia and Regions. Project. (Moscow, 2001); Globalistics, Informatization, Systemic Studies. T. 1. Global Studies (Moscow, 2007), T. ii. Informatization, Systemic Studies (Moscow, 2008); “Aurelio Peccei: Touches to the Portrait,” Age of Globalization. Studies of Contemporary Global Processes 1 (2008); “Human as a Globally-Unique Problem of Modernity,” Age of Globalization, Studies of Contemporary Global Processes 1 (2011). LEMMA, Aklilu (b. 1934; d. April 5, 1997) – famous Ethiopian doctor, who had a significant influence on the development of medicine in Third World countries. Lemma was one of the authors of the report “Africa, Which Overcame Hunger” (1989) for the Club of Rome, in which he proposed solutions to this global challenge for the African continent. He discovered the treatment for the disease bilharzia, which in the 1970s was the cause of many deaths in Africa,

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Asia, and Latin America. In 1965 he discovered that the foam from the foam tree which African women use as soap can be an effective analogue for expensive drugs in the disease’s treatment. This discovery provided a cheap remedy against a disease that which caused much damage (second only to malaria) to public health in the Third World. The drug that he created, endod, was distributed in five African countries where the foam tree grew. Lemma founded the Institute of Pathobiology at the University of Addis Ababa for the development of research. As a result of long-term cooperation with the University of Toledo (oh, usa) Lemma was granted a patent for his invention. He received a doctorate in the field of pathobiology at the University of Johns Hopkins in Baltimore (md, usa), where he was one of the leading teachers. In Ethiopia Lemma held senior academic and advisory positions. From 1976 he worked in the un system, and was deputy director of the International Centre for Child Development, unicef, Florence. In 1989 he received an award from the Right Livelihood fund “for his outstanding contribution and work for the benefit of mankind.” LEONTIEV, Vassily Vasilyevich (b. August 5, 1906), Munich, Germany; d. February 5, 1999, New York, usa – American economist of Russian origin, founder of the theory of inter-branch analysis. In 1925 Leontiev graduated from Leningrad University, and in 1931 he emigrated to the United States, teaching at Harvard University. He was a Nobel Prize winner and a foreign member of the ussr Academy of Sciences (1988). In 1948 Leontiev created the Harvard Centre for Economic Research, which has become a leading global institution for the development of the method of “input–output.” In 1960s–1970s this method of “input–output” and analysis of interbranch balances was universally recognized in global economics and became common for statistical practice. In 1973 “for the development of the method of” input–output “and its application to important economic problems” Leontiev was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics. Later, Leontiev headed a large project to study the structure of the global economic outlook by using the “input–output” system, and this was carried out under the auspices of the un by Leontiev and his team. They built a giant model of “input–output,” in which the world was divided into fifteen regions with forty-five sectors in each, related to the balance of trade relations. The authors tried to assess realistically the prospects for the world economy until 2000, its demand for major types of raw materials, and goods and capital flows between groups of developed and developing countries. It was an unprecedented work in terms of its use of statistics and computers. The results of the

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study were published in 1977 in the report “The Future of the World Economy.” Leaning toward the idea of compatibility of economic growth with the objectives of environmental problems, Leontiev together with other un experts believed that the main factors for a sustainable economic growth are not physical and technical but political, social, and institutional Works: Economic Essays (1966); Economic Essays. Theory, Research, Facts, Politics (1990, in Russian); “The Future of the World Economy. Report by un Group of Experts led by V. Leontiev” (1979). Lit.: K.V. Terpagosov, Scientific View on the Country’s Economy (2004). LISEEV, Igor Konstantinovich (b. April 28, 1941, Fergana, ussr) Russian philosopher, Doctor of Philosophy, professor, member of the Russian ecological academy, a specialist in the fields of globalistics, philosophy, biology, and ecology, the author of over 200 papers in these fields. In the 1970s Liseev worked as a research consultant editor of the journal Voprosy philosophii, covering philosophical issues of biology, ecology, and today’s global problems. From 1973 to the present he has been a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the as of the ussr (then ras), head of the Bio- and Ecophilosophy Centre at the Institute of Philosophy of ras, and a professor at the faculty of philosophy at the Lomonosov Moscow State University. All these years his attention has been attracted by global challenges of globalization as a universal civilizational phenomenon. Under the direction of Liseev a number of large Russian and international projects on the research of philosophical foundations of globalistics were implemented. Among them are “Russia: Cultural Diversity and Globalization” (2010), “The Philosophy of Nature Today” (Russian–Polish study, 2010), “Life Science and Contemporary Philosophy” (2010), and “The Phenomenon of Globalization in the Context of Cultural Dialogue” (Russian–Iranian study, 2010). For many years Liseev (with A.N. Chumakov and A.V. Katsura) has been a co-director of the scientific research seminar on philosophical and social issues of globalistics, working from the Institute of Philosophy of the ras and the Presidium of the Russian Philosophical Society. While teaching at the faculty of philosophy, and at the faculties of philosophy and political science at the gaugn, Liseev has actively engaged modern student youth in realizing and understanding new civilizational problems associated with the phenomenon of globalization. Works: (ed. with N.F. Reimers), “The Feeling of the Wildlife (V.I. Vernadsky and Modern Idea of Biosphere),” Man and Nature 12 (1978); (ed. with Y. Efimov and V.I. Strel’chenko), Ecology and World View (Moscow, 1979); (ed. with N.F. Reimers), “Synthesis of Knowledge and the Formation of Global E ­ cology,”

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How to Integrate Biological and Socio-Humanitarian Knowledge (Moscow, 1984); Philosophical Concept of a Man and Global Problems of Today (Moscow, 1987); “Philosophy in the Face of Global Challenges,” To Ecological Civilization (Moscow, 1993); (ed. with R.S. Karpinskaya and A.P. Ogurtsov), Philosophy of Nature: Coevolutionary Strategy (Moscow, 1995); “Global Ecology as a Challenge to Modern Culture,” Philosophy in the Spiritual Life of Society (St. Petersburg, 1997); “New Imperatives of the Formation of Global Civilization Processes,” The Dialog Of Worldviews. (Nizhny Novgorod, 2002); “Russia: Cultural Diversity in a Globalizing World,” Ethnonational Values in the Context of Globalization (Makhachkala, 2008); “Globalization as a Process and the Problem,” Proceedings of the International Scientific Congress on Globalistics, T. 1. (Moscow, 2009); “Philosophy of Biology in the Formation of New Value Orientations of the Globalizing World,” Man, Science, Humanism (for the 80th birthday of I.T. Frolov) (Moscow, 2009); “Globalization and Cultural Dialogue,” Russia: Multiculturalism and Globalization (Moscow, 2010); “Globalization in the Context of Civilizational Orientations of the West, East and Russia,” The Phenomenon of Globalization in the Context of the Cultural Dialogue (Moscow, 2010); “Dialogue and Interpenetration of Cultures in the Process of Globalization,” Globalization and the Problem of Cultural Diversity Preservation (Moscow, 2010); “The Ecology of Thinking in Realizing the Globality of the World,” Philosophy of Science 8 (2011). LOMONOSOV, Mikhail Vasilyevich (b. November 8, 1711, Mishaninskaya, Arkhangelsk province; d. April 4, 1765, St. Petersburg) – the great Russian scholar and encyclopedist of global importance, and the founder of Moscow University. In 1730 he went to Moscow, where he studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, then was admitted to the St. Petersburg academic university. From 1736 to 1741 he studied in Germany. In 1757 he was appointed an advisor to the academic chancellery, and in 1758 he became the head of the historical meeting, geography department, academic university, and gymnasium. In 1760 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences elected Lomonosov its honorary member. In 1763 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences at the Bologna Institute. A number of ideas expressed by Lomonosov in the eighteenth century are embodied even today in scientific concepts and theories. Lomonosov anticipated the development of many scientific fields – physics, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, geography, history, demography, and philology, for example. Lomonosov realized his potential as a researcher in the field of natural and human sciences, so the global and even universal interrelation between causes

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and mechanisms of all the processes and phenomena on Earth and in space was obvious to him. Lomonosov chose as an epigraph to the prolegomena of natural philosophy the expression “Congruit Universum” (Everything is agreed in the universe) that reflects the idea of universal interconnection and interdependence, which defined the scientific worldview of Lomonosov and which underlies the interdisciplinary fields of scientific knowledge, a part of which is globalistics. Lomonosov claimed that a holistic system of consistent conclusions comprises many small truths – the System of Everything, the Congruence of Universe, or the major integration of the universe. This universal, global system confirms all separate truths. One of the trends of modern science development is the desire for integration of sciences, transition from one idea to broad, problem-oriented research. The interdisciplinary synthesis is based on the idea of the universality of the laws of the universe, which Lomonosov described. Laws are uniform; only their manifestations at different levels of matter are different. This principle became the basis for the creation of interdisciplinary fields. Lomonosov was in at the origins of some of them, such as physical chemistry. This principle has become the basis for the research of global processes and systems. Lomonosov formulated the “universal law of nature” – the law of conservation of matter and motion. In a letter to Leonhard Euler, he wrote: “All the changes occurring in nature, have such states that how much of the one body shall be taken, this much will be added to another one, so if some matter anywhere loses anything, then there will appear more in another place… This universal law of nature extends to the rules of motion, for the body that moves another one with its power, loses just as much as it gives to another one, which receives motion from it.” Studying the development of the Earth, Lomonosov showed that the history of our planet is a process of evolution, where qualitatively different stages can be found. The general development of the Earth is the result of the connection of contradictory processes – mountain forming and mountain destruction, rock forming and rock destruction, and so on. Lomonosov actively studied physics of atmospheric processes. In 1753 he published “A Word on the Air Phenomena That Occur from the Electric Force,” where Lomonosov links polar light with electrical phenomena in the atmosphere, and also describes the mechanism of atmospheric circulation, which in modern terms is called a system of global circulation of air masses. Lomonosov knew the geopolitical challenges that Russia faced. He created a project for the exploration of the northern sea route, which should, he thought, encourage the economic development of Russia and the exploration of the

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northern Trans-Urals. Everyone remembers the visionary line of Lomonosov that “the power of Russia will be growing thanks to Siberia.” Today Russia’s rights to the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean are disputed. Lomonosov often wrote about the unexplored lands of the Arctic Ocean and their exceptional importance for Russia. Under the direction of Lomonosov the Russian Atlas was created, surpassing similar atlases in Europe. Apart from refined geographic information, the atlas contained the description of the empire in political and economic perspectives. He developed a detailed plan of statistical and economic studies of Russia. Lomonosov is rightly considered to be the founder of economic geography. Modern scientists highly appreciate Lomonosov’s thoughts on the integrated approach to research. His universal multi-interdisciplinary approach led to the merging of sciences and the formation of new branches, such as the development of physical chemistry, economic geography, and so on. In his ideas we see the origins of globalistics. LOS’, Viktor Alexandrovich (b. June 15, 1943, Kazan, ussr) – Doctor of philosophy, professor, graduated from the Lomonosov Moscow Institute of Fine chemical technology (now Moscow Acad. of Fine Chemical Technology) in 1966, completed postgraduate studies at the Institute of Philosophy of the as of the ussr in 1972. During the 1970s–90s he worked at the isiss of the as of the ussr Academy (1972–77), rric of the as of the ussr and scst of the ussr (1977–82), at the Institute of Philosophy of the as of the ussr (1982–88), as a professor of the philosophy department at the ras from 1989 to 1995, and since 1995 he has been a professor of the department of environmental management and environmental protection of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation. In the 1970s and early 1980s he developed a new line of research based on the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky and studied a system of aspects (philosophical, methodological, social, etc.) of relationships between society and nature. He proves the reality of the greening process of modern scientific knowledge, regarded as one of the global integration trends in the structure of natural, technical, and social sciences in the second half of the twentieth century (“The Relationship between Man and Nature as a Global Problem,” Problems of Philosophy 5 (1982)). Since the mid-1980s Los’ has been an academic secretary of the section of global problems (chairman – V.V. Zagladin) at the Scientific Council of the Presidium of the as ussr (ras) on the complex problem “Philosophical and social issues of science and technology” (chairman I.T. Frolov), and participated

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in organizing and conducting national studies on global issues (“Global Issues as a Matter of Comprehensive Scientific Research,” Problems of Philosophy 12 (1985)). Since the beginning of the 1990s his major works have focused on comprehensive study of the concept of sustainable development of civilization, proving the thesis that the sustainable development strategy is an attempt made by civilization to reach the level of “managed” globalization. Works: Man and Nature. Social and Philosophical Aspects of Environmental Problems. (Moscow, 1978); (ed. with O.K. Dreyer and B.V. Los’), Environmental Problems of the Developing Countries. Theoretical and Methodological and Socio-Political Aspects (Moscow, 1983); “Last Chance,” Social Sciences 6 (1990); (ed. with O.K. Dreyer and B.V. Los’), Global Problems and the “Third World.” Global and Regional Development Processes (Moscow, 1991); “A Retrospective Look at the Environmental Activities of the Soviet Power and Three Scenarios for the Near Future,” Vestnik ras 8 (1992); “Lessons of Prometheus: to the 25th Anniversary of the Club of Rome,” Vestnik ras 4 (1994); (ed. with A.D. Ursul), Strategy of Russia’s Transition to a Sustainable Development Model (Moscow, 1994); (ed. with O.K. Dreyer), Ecology and Sustainable Development (Moscow, 1997); (ed. with A.D. Ursul), Civilization and Russia: Towards Sustainable Development (Moscow, 1999); Concepts of Modern Science (Moscow, 2000); (ed. with A.D. Ursul) Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2000); General and Social Ecology (Moscow, 2003); History and Philosophy of Science (Moscow, 2004); Ecology (Moscow, 2006); (ed. with A.D. Ursul and F.D. Demidov), Globalization and Transition to Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2008); “In Search of Categorical Bases of Globalistics,” Age of Globalization 2 (2009); Bases of Globalization: Philosophical Approach (Moscow, 2010); “Do We Need a National Strategy for Sustainable Development?” Public Service 3 (2010); “In Search of National Strategy for Sustainable Development,” Public Service 2 (2011). LOVELOCK, James Ephraim (b. July 26, 1919, Letchworth Garden City, uk) – is an independent scientist, environmentalist, and futurist, best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis. In 1948 Lovelock received a Ph.D. in medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In the United States, he conducted research at Yale, Baylor College of Medicine, and Harvard University. Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974. He served as the president of the Marine Biological Association (mba) from 1986 to 1990, and has been an Honorary Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford (formerly Green College, ­Oxford) since 1994. He has been awarded a number of prestigious prizes including the Tswett Medal (1975), an American Chemical Society c­ hromatography

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award (1980), the World Meteorological Organization Norbert Gerbier Prize (1988), the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for the Environment (1990), and the Royal Geographical Society Discovery Lifetime award (2001). First formulated by Lovelock during the 1960s as a result of work for nasa concerned with detecting life on Mars, the Gaia hypothesis which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with the capacity to keep the planet healthy by controlling the interconnections between the chemical and physical environment; the living and non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism. Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding, the hypothesis proposes that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth’s environment that acts to sustain life. In Lovelock’s 2006 book, The Revenge of Gaia, he argues that the lack of respect humans have had for Gaia, through the damage done to rainforests and the reduction in planetary biodiversity, is testing Gaia’s capacity to minimize the effects of the addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. This eliminates the planet’s negative feedbacks and increases the likelihood of homeostatic positive feedback potential associated with runaway global warming. Similarly, the warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic nutrients in the surface waters and eliminating the algal blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains depend. As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts. In his 2009 book, The Vanishing Face of Gaia, he rejects scientific modeling that disagrees with the scientific findings that sea levels are rising faster and that Arctic ice is melting faster than models previously predicted, suggesting that we may already be beyond the tipping point of terrestrial climate resilience, and are therefore moving into a permanently hot state. Given these conditions, Lovelock expects human civilization will be hard pressed to survive. He has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect. In 2004 he caused a media sensation when he broke with many fellow environmentalists by pronouncing that “only nuclear power can now halt global warming.” In his view, nuclear energy is the only realistic alternative to fossil fuels that has the capacity both to fulfill the large-scale energy needs of humankind while also reducing greenhouse emissions. Sustainable retreat is a concept that he has developed in order to define the necessary changes to human settlement and dwelling at the global scale in order to adapt to global warming and prevent its

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expected negative consequences on humans. Lovelock thinks the time is past for sustainable development, and that we have come to a point where development is no longer sustainable. The concept of sustainable retreat emphasizes a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs with lower levels and/or less environmentally harmful types of resources. Works: The Quest for Gaia (Boulder, co, 1975); Scientists on Gaia (Cambridge, 1995); Ages of Gaia (New York, 1998); Homage to Gaia: The Life of an Independent Scientist (Collingdale, pa, 2000); Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth (Oxford, 2000); Gaia: The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine (Oxford, 2001); Gaia: Medicine for an Ailing Planet (London, 2005); The Revenge of Gaia: Why the Earth Is Fighting Back – and How We Can Still Save Humanity (2006); The Vanishing Face of Gaia: A Final Warning: Enjoy It While You Can (New York, 2009); A Rough Ride to the Future (New York, 2014); LOVINS, Amory Block (b. November 13, 1947, Washington, usa) – environmentalist, chairman and chief scientist at the Rocky Moon Thane Institute, studies ways in which energy use can be made more efficient and also ­renewable energy use, conducted the so-called “Megawatt revolution,” and is the author of twenty-nine books. In 1971, Lovins (together with Philip Evans) wrote about the endangered Snowdonia National Park in the book Eryri: The Mountains of Longing San Francisco. Authorized by David Brower, the president of Friends of the Earth, Lovins spent about ten years as a British representative of Friends of the Earth. At the beginning of the 1970s he became interested in the policy of resources, especially energy policy. In 1973 the energy crisis helped to draw attention to his works. His first book concerning energy was Global Energy Strategies (1973); the next Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy (1975). Lovins published an essay entitled “Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?” in October 1976. Its content was the subject of many seminars in offices, universities, energy agencies, and nuclear energy research centers between 1975 and 1977. The article was expanded and published as “Soft Energy Paths: Towards a Lasting Peace” in 1977. By 1978, Lovins was a consultant on energy issues in fifteen countries. In 1982, he and Hunter Lovins founded the Rocky Mountain Institute (rmi), based in Snowmass, co, usa Together with a group of colleagues, Lovinses promoted the efficient use of energy resources and sustainable development. In 2009, Time 100 named him as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. Works: (ed. with John H. Price) Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy (San Francisco, 1980); (ed. with Patrick O’Heffernan and L Hunter Lovins) The First Nuclear World War (New York, 1983); (ed. with

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L Hunter Lovins and Seth Zuckerman) Energy Unbound: A Fable for America’s Future (San Francisco, 1986). LYELL Sir Charles (b. November 14, 1797, Forfar, Scotland; d. February 22, 1875, London) – English naturalist and founder of modern geology; foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1871). The activity of forces of nature was shown for the first time in Lyell’s threevolume work Basic Principles of Geology (1830–33). Climate theory, the laws of action of water and volcanic agents, volcanic origin, a theory of mountain building, the role of organisms in the history of the earth crust and the link between the development of organic and inorganic world – these were the main points in Lyell’s work. His researches had a great philosophical significance, showing that “the modern state of affairs” has lasted for a long geological time and led to a complete transformation of the earth’s surface with respect to its construction, climate, flora, and fauna. Lyell built a historical geology on this foundation – sketching the changes experienced by the Earth’s crust from the earliest times to the present. He subsequently issued his essay as a separate work, for the first time sketching out the subject of historical geology in the form in which it is studied today. Lyell devoted the last years of his life to the science surrounding prehistoric man: the appearance of man on Earth was a brand new issue for geologists. In the search for traces of ancient man he traveled to France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and North America. He wrote Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man (1863) , in which he presented his research results, laying out all the accumulated fragmentary data about prehistoric man. Lyell’s work attracted the attention of other scientists and gave them an incentive to research further in this direction. Thanks to this, a new branch of science arose: prehistoric archeology. Works: Introduction to Geology (1838); Travel and Geological Observations in North America (1845). Lit.: D.K. Samin, 100 Great Scientists (2000). M MAJOR, Federico Zaragoza (b. January 27, 1934, Barcelona, Spain) – a scientist, politician and public figure. In 1956 Major graduated from the University of Madrid, receiving a doctorate in pharmacy. When he was thirty-four, he became a rector of the University of Granada. In the 1970s he occupied several ministerial positions in the

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Spanish government – advisor to the Prime Minister, Minister of Science and Education, etc. He was elected to the Spanish (1977–78) and then to the European (1987) parliament. One of the key posts in Major’s career was as a deputy director general of unesco (1978) and director general of unesco (1987). He made a significant contribution to the reform of the organization. Under his direction, unesco created the Culture of Peace Program, which includes five main sections: education for peace, human rights and democracy, fight against isolation and poverty, protection of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue, and conflict prevention and peace-building. Professor Major fulfilled his duties for two consecutive terms, but he voluntarily refused to serve a third and devoted himself to the organization of the Foundation Culture of Peace (Fundación Cultura de Paz, founded in 2000), the president of which he has remained to this day. Major continues to pursue the goal which he started as the director general of unesco to facilitate a transition from a culture of coercion and violence to a culture of peace and tolerance. Each year the Foundation together with the Juan Carlos i University of Madrid, conducts a course entitled “Cultures of Peace,” which includes the following topics: democracy, human rights, and the origin of conflicts. In December 2000 the Foundation organized an international conference, which was attended by prominent figures engaged in the struggle for justice, freedom, and peace. At the end of the conference the Declaration of Madrid was unanimously adopted. In December 2002, Major was appointed Chairman of the European Research Council Expert Group (erceg). In 2005, he became one of the co-chairs of the high level Group of the Alliance of Civilizations under the un Secretary General. Major holds an Honorary Doctorate (University) of the msiir (U) under the mfa of Russia. Works: Un mundo nuevo (“New World,” in English – “The World to Come: Creating Our Future”) (1999); Los nudos gordianos (“The Gordian Knot”) (1999); Mañana siempre es tarde (“Tomorrow Is Always Late”) (Stanford, ca, 1987); La nueva pagina (“New Page”) (Geneva, 1994); Memoria del futuro (“Memories of the Future”) (Geneva, 1994); La paix demain? (“World of Tomorrow?”) (Geneva, 1995); Science and Power (Geneva, 1995); Un ideal en action (“Ideal of activity”) (1996). MALITZA, Mircea (b. February 20, 1927, Oradea, Romania) – a Romanian mathematician, diplomat, and philosopher; honorary member of the Club of Rome. From 1956 to 1961 Malitza served as adviser to the Permanent Mission of Romania at the un headquarters in New York. In 1962–70 he was the deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania, and in 1970–89 Minister of Education.

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In 1971–89 he was a professor of the faculty of mathematics at the University of Budapest. From 1980 to 1982 Malitza was a Romanian ambassador to Switzerland and to the un headquarters in Geneva, and in 1982–84 he was a Romanian ambassador to the usa Malitza was a member of the Preparatory Committee for the World Conference on Population, held in 1974 in Bucharest, and also headed the Committee on the Future of Science at the World Conference on Science and Technology for Development (1979, Vienna). He is currently a chairman of the Futurological Commission and vice-­ chairman of the Committee on Policy in Science at the Romanian Academy of Sciences. Malitza also heads the Association of International Law and International Relations, is the deputy chairman of the European Cultural Centre in Bucharest, and president and founder of the Black Sea University Foundation, and a professor of international relations. He is an honorary doctor of the University of Cheboksary (Russia), University “Polytehnica,” and the University of Oradea in Romania. Works: Pagini din trecutul diplomatiei romanesti (Pages of the History of Romanian Diplomacy) (1966); Diplomatia. Scolisi institutii (Diplomacy. Schools and Institutions) (un Charter, 1970); Romanian Diplomacy. An Historical Outlook (1970); Teoria si practica negocierilor (Theory and Practice of Negotiations) (1972); Mathematical Approaches to International Relations (ed.), 3 vols ­(1977–78); Mecanisme de reglementare pasnica a diferendelor dintre state (Mechanisms for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States) (1982); Modele matematice ale sistemului educational (Mathematical Models of Educational Systems) (1973); Incertitudine si decizie (Uncertainty and Decision) (1982); Bazele inteligentei artificiale (The Bases of Artificial Intelligence) (1987); Aurul cenusiu (Grey Gold), 3 vols (1971–73) (transl. into Hungarian, Polish, ­Italian languages); “No Limits to Learning” (a report to the Club of Rome) ­(co-author) (New York, 1979); “New Informational Technologies in Higher Education” (Bucharest: cepes-unesco, 1989) (co-author); Zece mii de culturi, o singura civilizatie (Ten Thousand Cultures, One Single Civilization) (1998). MALTHUS, Thomas Robert (b. February 17, 1766, Westcott, Surrey, uk; d. December 29, 1834, Bath, Somerset, uk) – an English economist, priest, and population theorist, the founder of the Malthusianism concept. Malthus came from a wealthy aristocratic family. He was educated at home, growing up on the books of Hume, Voltaire, and Rousseau. He graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge (1788), received a theological degree (1793), taught at Jesus College, and fulfilled the duties of a vicar in a nearby parish. In 1805–34 he was professor of the department of modern history and political economy

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at the College of the East India Trading Company in Hurtford, Heilsbery. In 1819, Malthus was elected to the Royal Society of London. He was a member of the academies in Paris and Berlin, a foreign member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and was one of the founders of the Statistical Society of London. Malthus’s scientific and philosophical world view was influenced by British traditions of spiritual rationalism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Hobbes, Locke, Mandeville, etc.). He was interested in various fields of scientific knowledge, but is particularly known for his research into population, rent, profit, “the impact of reformations and revolutions” on manners, morality, and religion, as well as his development of terminology and standard concepts of political economy. He is considered to be the precursor of such scientific disciplines as ecology, human geography, ethnology, population statistics, demography, and sociology. In 1798 Malthus anonymously published a tract entitled “An essay on the Principle of Population and its impact on the future prosperity of society. With comments about the theories of Mr. Godwin, Condorcet and other writers,” in which he raised the problem of poverty, overpopulation, and pauperism, believing that social relations cannot be built on principles of harmony and justice. This is prevented by the “eternal law of nature,” he says, that population grows exponentially and will always be ahead of the means of living, which increases in arithmetic progression. Malthus believed that the possibilities of food production are limited because of the “law of diminishing returns.” He did not approve of compassion for the poor, as it led to the exacerbation of the overpopulation problem: “The main and continuous cause of poverty depends little or does not depend at all on the form of government or the unequal distribution of property: the rich cannot give work and food to the poor, so the poor, by the very nature of things, have no right to require work and food from them.” Figuratively speaking he proved the idea thus: “A man who came to the world that is already occupied by other people … is totally unnecessary in this world. On the great feast of nature there is no place for him. Nature tells him to leave, and if he cannot resort to compassion of any of the revelers, it takes steps to ensure that its order was fulfilled. If revelers move and give him a seat at the table, there will immediately appear new and uninvited guests and will demand for the same grace themselves, for the news that the table has enough dishes for newcomers, will immediately spread everywhere.” His conclusions were not obvious, especially before the regular censuses of population in the nineteenth century. His claim that famine, pestilence, and war are natural regulators of the “overproduction” of people found not only enthusiastic supporters but also active opponents. Malthus was highly appreciated by John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace,

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John Maynard Keynes, and others. In Marxist literature his ideas were considered to be misanthropic, unscientific, and reactionary, and Malthus himself was dubbed imitator, “priest,” a corrupt minister of the reactionary bourgeoisie, and a plagiarist. This position was most clearly expressed by Lenin in “The Working Class and Neo-Malthusianism,” where he wrote: “We are definitely enemies of Neo-Malthusianism. Conscious workers will always hold the most relentless struggle against attempts to impose this reactionary and cowardly theory on the strongest, most ready for great changes class of modern society” (Lenin, Collected Works, 5th edn, Vol. 23, p. 257). Malthus’s ideas were evaluated no less critically by the founders of Marxism, in the belief that his views were “the most explicit declaration of war of the bourgeoisie against the proletariat” (Marx and Engels, Works, 2nd edn, Vol. 2, p. 504). Malthus himself wasn’t consistent in his views, gradually clarifying and correcting them. Returning from a trip to Europe in 1803, he published a new version of the book under his own name, adding historical studies and extensive statistical data. This was reissued four times during his lifetime (1806, 1807, 1817, and 1826). The second edition was significantly different from the first, for example in its more moderate language when referring to issues surrounding the right to life for the disadvantaged. Successes of the scientific and technological revolution, visible since the 1930s and 1940s, as well as World War ii and the Cold War, lessened the interest in Malthus and his ideas for some time. He was remembered and talked about again in the early 1970s, and in 1972 the first report to the Club of Rome, “Limits to Growth,” was published. Key findings of the report were essentially the same as Malthus one and a half centuries before: “The order and harmony of the feast will soon be broken, and happiness of the revelers will be darkened by the sight of poverty that appears everywhere.” If mankind wants to avoid a global catastrophe, it must necessarily change the trends of its development. Works: An Essay on the Principle of Population (St. Petersburg. 1868), Vols 1–2; An Essay on the Principle of Population: Anthology of Ecological Classics (Moscow, 1993); The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus, ed. E.A. Wrigley and D. Souden (London, 1986), Vols 1–8. Lit.: D. Ricardo, “Notes to the Book of Mr. Malthus ‘Principles of Political Economy,’ Considered in Terms of Their Practical Application,” D. Ricardo (Moscow, 1955), Vol. 3; T.R. Malthus, Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary (M, 1985); T.R. Malthus, New Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 2 (Moscow, 2001). MAMEDOV, Nizami Mustafaevich (b. January 1, 1946, Kazakh, Azerbaijan ssr) – doctor of philosophy, professor, member of the Russian ecological academy, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, the International Academy of

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the Noosphere (sustainable development), known for his work in the field of philosophy of science and technology, globalistics, social ecology, the theory of sustainable development, and ecological education. In 1967 Mamedov graduated from the Azerbaijan Polytechnic Institute and became a researcher there. In 1972 he entered graduate school at the Institute of Philosophy of the as of the ussr Academy to study “philosophical problems of natural science.” From 1976 to 1986 he was a researcher and head of the department of philosophical problems of natural science at the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the as of the Azerbaijan ssr. In 1977 he defended his thesis on “Modeling and Synthesis of Knowledge,” in 1984 his doctoral thesis was “The Ecological Problem and Engineering Sciences (Philosophical and Methodological Aspects).” From 1987 he was a professor at the Moscow Pedagogic State University. Currently he is a professor at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of Russian Federation, and Director of the Institute of Globalization and Sustainable Development at the Academy of mnepu. He is author of more than 300 publications, including monographs, textbooks, and programs that are recognized by the scientific and educational public in many countries. He is also a unesco expert. In Mamedov’s works the foundations for modeling methods are described, their main functions, the specific character of global modeling, system theory of the ecological problem, the relationship between technology and sociocultural factors, values and the worldview of society, the specific character of the greening of engineering sciences, the principles of classification of certain fields of ecology, the system of general ecological concepts, and the unity of ecology, ecological education and the essence of ecological culture, while he also develops methodological issues regarding the reform of education for sustainable development, and illustrates the genesis of the sustainable development concept in the globalizing world, as well as much else. Mamedov is the author of a textbook on social ecology for higher education establishments and a school textbook on ecology, which has appeared in several editions and has been translated into several languages. He initiated the creation of a scientific and methodological training manual for teachers on individual subjects centered on greening, which received recognition from the international teaching community. Under his leadership there have been more than fifty candidate and doctoral theses defended. Since 2002 he has been the chairman of the editorial board of the Education for Sustainable Development series. Mamedov’s research and teaching activities were honored with state and departmental awards, and he is an honorary worker in the sphere of education

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for the Russian Federation, and a laureate of the Grant of Moscow in the field of science and technology in education. Works: “Biosphere Criteria for Optimization and Synthesis of Knowledge,” Methodological Aspects of the Study of Biosphere (Moscow, 1975); “Methodological Aspects of Harmonization of the Relationship between Technology and Biosphere,” Philosophy (1977); Modeling and Synthesis of Knowledge (Baku, 1979); “Ecological Problem and Engineering Sciences,” Problems of Philosophy 5 (1980); “Values and Technical Exploration of Nature,” The Values Dimension of Science: Problems of Ecology (Moscow, 1981); “Global Aspects of Ecological Interaction,” Problems of Philosophy 11 (1981); Ecological Problem and Engineering Sciences (Philosophical and Methodological Aspects) (Baku, 1982); “Ecological Problem and the Problem of the Scientific and Technical Progress Management,” Problems of Philosophy 11 (1982); “Place and Role of Engineering Sciences in Addressing Environmental Problem,” Philosophy and Ecological Problems of Modern Civilization (Moscow, 1983, in English); “Technical Exploration of Nature,” Philosophical Problems of Global Ecology (Moscow, 19830); “Population and Natural Resources,” Marxist-Leninist Theory of the Historical Process (Moscow, 1987) (translated into Spanish and Chinese); Ecology and Technology (Problems of Optimal Orientation of Technological Development) (Moscow, 1988) (translated into Azerbaijani) Problems of Ecology: Some Relevant Aspects (Moscow, 1989); Culture, Ecology, Education (Moscow, 1996) (translated into Azerbaijani and Turkish); “Ecological Education (Conceptual Synthesis),” Didact 3 (1997) (translated into French); (ed. with A.D. Ursul), Introduction to Social Ecology: Textbook (Moscow, 1993), Parts i–ii; (ed. with I.T. Suravegina) Ecology: Textbook (Moscow, 2006); Basics of Social Ecology: Textbook (Moscow, 2003); “Basics of the Sustainable Development Concept,” Science and Education for Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2006); Status of Education in ­Society’s Transition to Sustainable Development. Ecological Education in the un Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (Global and Regional Aspects) (Khanty-Mansiysk, 2008); (ed. with A.N. Chumakov), “Ethics of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development in Eastern Europe,” Ecology and Environmental Ethics: Encyclopedia (in English) (ny and London, 2008); “The Concept of Sustainable Development – Modern Theory of the Historical Process,” Proceedings of the xv International Conference “Education for Sustainable Development” (St. Petersburg, 2009); “Globalization and Future Alternatives: The Concept of Sustainable Development,” Ecology and Society: Challenges and Priorities in Terms of Integration of Russia and Belarus (Moscow, 2009); “Genesis of the Sustainable Development Concept,” Interaction of Cultures in the Context of Globalization (Moscow, 2009); “The Sustainable Development Concept and the Historical Process,” Age of Globalization 2 ( Moscow, 2010);

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“Culture as a Factor of Development,” Vestnik mgada 3 (Moscow, 2011); “New Facets of Ecological Knowledge,” Philosophic Sciences 6 (2011). MANTATOV, Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (b. July 29, 1941, Ust-Orda Buryat national district, Irkutsk region) – doctor of philosophy, professor, head of ­u nesco international department on ecological ethics, director of the Institute of Sustainable Development of the East Siberian State University of Technology and Management. He graduated with honors from the Philosophy Faculty of Lomonosov msu in 1965. After finishing postgraduate studies there, since 1969 he has been working in the East Siberian State University of technology and management (Ulan-Ude). Mantatov was one of those who pushed for the inclusion of Lake Baikal in the unesco World Heritage List and also for the creation of the Russian Federation law “For the Protection of Lake Baikal.” He has also organized several international scientific conferences, and is the author of more than 100 works on globalistics that provide a rationale for a sustainable development strategy as the noosphere alternative to capitalist globalization. He explained the humanistic paradigm of sustainable development – a paradigm that incorporates ecological rationality, social justice, scientific and technological innovation, spiritual, moral, and socio-cultural processes. Failures and breakdowns in the transition to global sustainable development, according to Mantatov, are connected with the underestimation of the role of spiritual and moral transformation of a man and society, with the depreciation of the socio-political problems that stem from the dominance of financial capital. Sustainable development policy, in his opinion, should be given much more spiritual and moral effort than today, in particular to ensure social justice, maintaining the viability and creative potential of the population. Sustainable development of the world, as Mantatov proves, is a creative evolution – the continuous climbing of humanity to new heights in the noosphere. He regards sustainable development as a post-capitalist project of the new noosphere civilization, which will eventually replace material (capitalist) civilization. Using the method of backcasting he explains the changes that should occur in the future to realize the project, as well as the strategies required to implement these changes. This project is based on two basic constructs: (a) noosphere socialism as a universal liberation strategy (the liberation of humanity plus the liberation of nature), and (b) a strategy for a global partnership of civilizations, cultures, peoples, and all social forces based on the principles of planetary ethics. Manatov’s scientific achievements in the field of globalistics and sustainable development issues include the development of the philosophical theory of sustainable development based on the creative interpretation of the latest

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concepts of modern natural science, as well as a comparative analysis of the philosophical-axiological and ecological-ethical traditions of the East, the West, and Russia. The basis of this theory is the idea of the dialogue of civilizations (East and West) and the dialogue of cultures (natural-scientific and humanitarian). In the context of the dialogue of civilizations, he developed the Program for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Buryatia, the Ecological and Ethical Code of the Republic of Buryatia, the Baikal Charter project, and gave a scientific and philosophical explanation of the geocivilizational status of Siberia (in particular, the Baikal region), defining it as a strategic noosphere territory for global sustainable development. Works: “Buddhist Prospects of Sustainable Development of the World,” Sustainable Development of the Lake Baikal Region. A Model Territory for the World (Berlin and New York, 1996); Mind Strategy: Ecological Ethics and Sustainable Development, 2 vols (Ulan-Ude, 1998, 2000); “Globalization and Sustainable Development (on the Example of the Baikal Region),” Russia and the East. Philosophical Problems of Geopolitical Processes: Caspian region at the Turn of the Third Millennium (Astrakhan, 2001); “The Buryat Republic as a Model Area for Sustainable Development,” Project: Sustainable Development of Russian and the Regions (Moscow, 2001); “The Third Way: Sustainable Development Strategy in the Context of the Dialogue between the Civilizations of East and West,” Scientific Heritage of V.I. Vernadsky in the Context of Global Problems of Civilization (Moscow, 2001); Sustainable Development Is a Revolution in Values (UlanUde, 2001); (ed. with L.V. Mantatova), Ethics of Sustainable Development in the Information Age (Ulan-Ude, 2002); “Baikal Target Area for Sustainable Development of World Significance,” Sustainable Development: Science and Practice 3 (Moscow, 2003); “Future of the Earth Civilization: Information Society with Sustainable Development,” Problems of Civilization (Irkutsk, 2005), Ed. 13; “Sustainable Development as a Moral Issue,” Alma Mater. Vestnik of the High School 8 (2006); (ed. with L.V. Mantatova) Revolution in Values: Philosophical Prospects of Civilizational Development (Ulan-Ude, 2007); Sustainable Development Theory: Ontology and Methodology (Ulan-Ude, 2009); “Globalization, Sustainable Development and the Society of the Future,” Age of Globalization 1 (Moscow, 2009); “Keys to the Global Crisis: Sustainable Development and Noosphere Socialism.” Proceedings of the International Conference “Global and Regional Issues of the World Sustainable Development” (Ulan-Ude, 2010); “Civilization Bases and Prospects for Sustainable Development of the Baikal Region,” Vestnik vsgtu 2 (Ulan-Ude, 2010); (ed. with A.M. Korshunov), “Ontology of Sustainable Development: Dialectics and Synergetics,” Vestnik msu. Ser. Philosophy 6 (Moscow, 2010); “Sustainable Development Theory: Natural Sciences and Ecological and Ethical Bases,” Herald of unesco 13 (2010); “Ecological Ethics in

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light of Cosmic Evolution Paradigm,” Herald of esstu 4 (Ulan-Ude, 2011); “Noospheric Strategy for Sustainable Development of Siberia,” Priorities and Peculiarities of the Baikal Region Development: Proceedings of the v International Scientific Conference (Ulan-Ude, 2011); (ed. with L.V. Mantatova), “Towards the New World Civilization: In Search Transuniversal Values,” Dialogue of Cultures in the Context of Globalization (Baku Forum) (Baku, 2011). MARKARIAN, Eduard Sarkisovich (b. December 24, 1929, Yerevan, Armenia; d. March 12, 2011, Moscow) – an Armenian philosopher and theorist of culture and social ecology issues, a doctor of philosophy, professor, author of 150 works, including fourteen books on ecology, culture, and sustainable development issues. Markarian graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (1953), completed postgraduate studies at the Department of Philosophy of the Philosophy Faculty of msu (1956). He was the head of the Department of Theory of Culture that he founded (in 1973) and of the group on key strategic issues of survival and development (since 1992) at the Institute of Philosophy and Law of nas ra. He was the initiator and president of the International Association for the Creation of Survival and Development Strategies (asvrasds) from 1994. He was author of the theory that diagnosed the evolutionary nature of the modern planetary crisis, identifying its root causes. The area of Markarian’s research interests was vast: from studying the philosophical and historical concepts of local civilizations to explaining the issue of extraterrestrial civilizations, from building his own system theory of culture to the development of general principles of the self-organization of living systems of any nature, from the philosophical problems of human culture and the origins of human society to identifying the root causes of the global crisis in world civilization and analytical modeling of its further development. The studies that Markarian carried out in the second half of the 1970s were the basis for a new field of cultural knowledge, ethnoculturology, in the Soviet Union. He focused on studying ethnic culture, which is essential in order to adapt various nations to the conditions of their surrounding natural and social environment, as well as studying the role of cultural traditions in the life of various ethnic groups. From the 1990s Markarian focused on the fundamental contradictions and inconsistencies inherent in the dynamics of world civilization. Latterly, while continuing to productively develop his integrative ideas, he reached a new milestone in research. He concluded that the modern era is characterized by an increasingly deepening planetary crisis, which brings deadly threats to the whole of humanity. The project “Humanism Twenty-First Century” that he

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d­ eveloped in the early 2000s was aimed at identifying long-term parameters for the survival and development of humanity. In his view, achieving this goal is only possible through the transition from a spontaneous, purely technocratic, highly destructive type of development to a qualitatively different, consciously directed development; a humanistic transformation of world civilization. All spheres of human activity should be directed towards achieving the desired goal – which is nothing less than the self-preservation of mankind. Humanism of the new millennium should mean that this goal is achieved. In this regard, Markarian put great emphasis on reforming the current scientific and educational system, so that it was consistent with the humanist imperatives of the twenty-first century. He believed that one of the most vulnerable sides of modern civilization is the wayknowledge about society is so fragmented. As Edward Sargis bitterly remarked, sometimes researchers are even excluded from actual scientific knowledge by representatives of other groups of sciences which are much more developed. Presenting the phenomenon of social life in an extremely distorted way, this knowledge does not meet the requirements of the modern era. Markarian saw a vivid example of such distortion in the long-rooted and still dominating worldview that reduces all culture to art. One of the consequences of this situation, according to his thesis, is the cognitive trap in which people find themselves as a result of such a reductionist interpretation. The problems posed by Markarian in his last works are extraordinarily large and significant for the survival of mankind. There is every reason to believe that the study of these problems will eventually acquire yet more importance and relevance. Works: Essays on the Theory of Culture (Yerevan, 1969) (the book was also published in Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia); On the Genesis of Human Activity and Culture (Yerevan, 1973); “Methodological Problems in the Study of Ethnic Cultures”: Proceedings of the Symposium, ch. ed. (Yerevan, 1978); Culture as a Way of Social Self-Organization. The General Formulation of the Problem and Its Analysis in Relation to str (Pushchino, 1982); Theory of Culture and Modern Science (Logical and Methodological Analysis) (Mosocw, 1983); “Culture of Life Sustenance and Ethnicity. An Essay on Ethnocultural Research (on the Basis of Armenian Rural Culture),” with Y. Mkrtumian (Yerevan, 1983); Cultural Studies in the Armenian ssr (Moscow, 1984); The Science of Culture and the Imperatives of the Era (Moscow, 2000); “Cultural Studies in the Context of Global Security,” Fundamental Problems of Cultural Studies (St. Petersburg. 2008), T.I. Theory of Culture; “The Concept of Culture in the System of Modern Sciences.” A Contribution to the Ninth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (Chicago, 1973); “Neo-Evolutionism and Ecological Study of Culture.” A Position Paper for the Symposium Organized within

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the Eleventh International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (New-Delhi, India, 1979); “On the Principles of Integration of Social and Biological Sciences,” Evolution and Environment (Praha, 1982); “Correlation of General and Local Historical Types of Culture,” Civilization and Historical Process (1983); Theorie der Cultur (Moscow, 1986); Capacity for World Strategic Management the Forthcoming Reform of the un System through the Prism of Evolutionary Survival Imperatives (Yerevan, 1998). Lit.: Cultural Studies and Global Challenges of Today: Towards the Development of a Humanistic Ideology of Self-Preservation of Mankind. Col. of scient. art. dedicated to the 80th anniversary of E.S. Markarian; ed. A.V. Bondarev and L.M. Mosolova (St. Petersburg, 2010). MARKOVIC Danila George (b. June 30, 1933, Dol, Bela Palanka) – a doctor of social sciences, professor, member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Education. Markovic graduated from the faculty of law at the State University of Belgrade (1958). In 1959–74 he worked as an assistant, associate professor, and professor at the University of Nish, and since 1974 at the University of Belgrade. His research interests in that period were connected with general sociology, sociology of labor, and social ecology. At the University of Nis and the University of Belgrade in different years he was the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Political Science. Since 1988 he has been the Minister of Education, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Serbia, and Deputy of the Federal Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. From 1994 to 1998 he was the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia to Moscow. In these years, which coincided with the economic blockade of Yugoslavia by the European Union, when he was a representative of his country in the Russian Federation and a hard-working scientist, Markovic was engaged in establishing and developing scientific and educational contacts between Russian and Yugoslavian universities, initiated Russian–Yugoslavian scientific conferences, often gave lectures to students and to research and teaching staff at universities in various Russian cities. He actively encouraged the scientific study of the environmental effects of the nato bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 by specialists at the International Independent Ecological-Political University (Moscow). As a specialist in the fields of sociology of labor, modern education, social ecology, and globalistics, Markovic considers in his works, which have been published in Yugoslavia, Serbia, Russia and other countries, the situation of the Slavic peoples in the Balkans and their role in building a political, cultural, religious, and economic bridge between Western countries, Eastern Europe, and

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Asia, as well as the impact of globalization on the national identity of peoples and human dignity in the post-socialist society. Modern education occupies a significant place in his work, and in the context of globalization it acquires the features of a permanent process, at the same time increasing the risk of losing the identity of national cultures, which is seen as the most essential human value. In recent years, Markovic has examined the challenges of globalization as regards the economies of the Balkan countries, together with the consequences of the economic crisis and its impact on the social spheres of life. Markovic has given many series of lectures as a visiting professor at Russian universities. In the Russian Federation he has issued a number of works on social ecology and globalistics. He is a Serbian co-editor of a series of Russian–Serbian collections of scientific works on ecological education and culture issues (2006–11). He has been named an honorary doctor at a number of universities, including the Academy of Labor and Social Work (Moscow) and the International Independent University of Ecological and Political Sciences. Works: Social Ecology (Belgrade, 1986); Globalization and Education (Belgrade, 1999); Sociology and Globalization (Belgrade, 1999); Global Economy (Nish, 2008); Globalization of Viso koshkolsko Education (Nish, 2009); Globalistics and the Global Economic Crisis (Belgrade, 2010); Global Economy (Belgrade, 2009); Social Ecology (Moscow, 1991); Social Ecology (Moscow, 1996); Social Ecology and the Quality of Life (Moscow, 1989); Sociology and Globalization (Moscow, 2002). MARTIN, Hans Peter (b. 1957, Austria) – journalist and politician, mep since 1999, editor of the weekly Der Spiegel. Martin examines contemporary globalization processes in the context of the activities of the global financial and economic elite and the impact of those activities on the political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of human life on a global scale. Describing his views on the current processes, Martin uses the concept 20:80 and the term “tittytainment.” The essence of 20:80 is that in the twenty-first century the functioning of the economy will be enough for 20 per cent of the population. A fifth of all job seekers will suffice for the production of essential goods and the provision of expensive services, which will be what the international community can afford. It is these 20 per cent, in whatever country, who will actively participate in society, earning and consuming. To these can be added about 1 per cent who will, for example, inherit a lot of money. The remaining 80 per cent in the new social order will have huge problems. Their number will swell to tens of millions around the world, including all who until now have been considered part of the middle class. The expression “tittytainment,” coined by Z. Brzezinski, is a combination of the words

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“tits” and “entertainment,” and is intended to be associated not so much with sex as with milk flowing from the breast-feeding mother. The combination of entertainment, which to some extent brightens a joyless existence, and food sufficient for life will maintain the rest of the world’s population in a relatively good mood. Martin connects the first major step towards preventing the onset of society 20:80 with limitation of political power of the financial markets. If transaction currency and foreign loans have vat imposed upon them, the central banks and governments of developed countries no longer have to unconditionally concede to the financial requirements of finance dealers. According to Martin, it is important to combine these measures with environmentally oriented tax reform, to systematically increase the cost of natural resources and improve the situation of workers by reducing the cost of social security. This is the only way to stop the over-exploitation of the environmental base of economic activity, which deprives future generations the chance of survival. Martin formulates ten ways to prevent society 20:80: a democratized and capable European Union; the strengthening and Europeanization of civil society; European Monetary Union; expansion of the tax legislation of the European Union; tax on currency transactions (Tobin tax) and on eurocredits to non-European banks; minimum social and environmental standards in world trade; pan-European ecological tax reform; European luxury tax, European trade unions; and termination deregulation without social protection. Works: The Global Trap: Globalization and the Assault on Prosperity and Democracy (Di.e. Globalisierungsfalle, 1996); Europafalle: das Ende von Demokratie und Wohlstand (2009). MARTIN, Glen (b. January 21, 1944, Rochester, New York) – currently the Secretary General of the World Constitution and Parliament Association (wcpag), President of the Institute on World Problems, as well as President of the international organization Philosophers for Peace (ippno). Occupying these positions, he has spent many years lecturing, conducted seminars and master classes on global issues and their solutions in different countries. Martin is a professor of philosophy and religious studies at the University of Radford (Virginia) as well as founder and chairman of the Peace Studies program at the same university, the author and editor of eight books and dozens of articles on global studies in connection with human spirituality, philosophy of law, and democracy, as well as the creation of a democratic world government. In his book Dawn of the Millennium. Philosophy of Planetary Crisis and Human Liberation (2005) Martin poses a philosophy of history in which the human mind develops through increasing cognitive and spiritual steps in the

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direction of what he calls “planetary maturity.” The main characteristic of the present generation is the “fragmentation” resulting from the split at the level of subject–object, which originated in the Axial period of human history. In the late Renaissance, this fragmentation was formulated primarily in the philosophical dualism of Cartesianism, in the emergence of modern Newtonian science, and in the emergence of global capitalism, as well as in the system of autonomous sovereign nation-states. Martin argues that our age is struggling with this “paradigm shift,” which foreshadows planetary maturity and is characterized by “unity in diversity” rather than “fragmentation.” The author argues that “deep violence” in our world is the result of a fragmented modern paradigm that dominates our thinking and leads to a huge structural and spiritual violence. The main form of outright violence is military power, which is needed to maintain the current world system of global domination and exploitation. The primary form of structural violence is global poverty, which is not a consequence of the failure or defeat of capitalism, but its success as a system of exploitation of the poor by rich. But open militaristic violence could not take place if there was not widespread “spiritual violence,” lies, propaganda, and spreading of the ideas of the ruling classes, which justify the general system of inequality and injustice. According to Martin, an adequate response to total violence is “deep (total) non-violence,” which is composed of “compassion, critical social theory and the active form of non-violence.” Compassion is the consequence of going beyond a “self-blocking ego” through meetings (meditation) with the “deep silence” that surrounds our lives. Critical social theory proposes a critical analysis of society resulting from the Marxist tradition, which involves penetration of the ideological veil of class societies to uncover the brutal reality. Active non-violence is a transformative practice that combines compassion and critical theory, which should encompass all the inhabitants of Earth if we want to achieve planetary maturity. In his book Rise to Freedom: Practical and Philosophical Foundations of a Democratic Legal World (2008), Martin says that a democratic legal framework of the world is the culmination of human history and is a fundamental step in the ascent to planetary maturity. According to Martin, the integrity of the cosmos, human life, and the planetary ecosystem is reflected in the integrity of democratic theory. He shows that true democracy is at odds with global capitalism and the system of sovereign national states in the modern world is devoid of democratic, moral, and practical legitimacy. Today, national states will be able to recover their lost legitimacy if they unite under the “unity in diversity” of global democratic legislation. Martin’s book The Triumph of Civilization: Democracy, Non-Violence, and the Piloting of Spaceship Earth appeared in 2010 and is devoted to the prospect of a

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free transformation of our “fragmented” world order which is associated with revolutionary breakthroughs in the twentieth century in physics, psychology, social theory, and spirituality. Martin writes that the triumph of human civilization will be associated with “planetary maturity, non-violent institutions and holistic society.” Nonviolent government will require the ratification of a civilian democratic constitution of the Earth Federation, civil police who renounce violence, and conflict resolution programs worldwide, as well as a holistic culture of “unity in diversity” of all nations, peoples, and individuals. The Earth Constitution also defines a new economy, aimed at the common good of the peoples of the Earth. The author calls this “democratic socialism,” in which the economy is based on the fundamental human values of mutual respect, co-existence of communities, stability, and prosperity, which will lead to a global economy that will serve the common good. Works: Dawn of the Millennium. Philosophy of Planetary Crisis and Human Liberation (Arizona, 2005); Rise to Freedom: Practical and Philosophical Foundations of a Democratic Legal World (Arizona, 2008); The Triumph of Civilization: Democracy, Non-Violence, and the Piloting of Spaceship Earth (Arizona, 2010). MARX, Karl (b. May 5, 1818, Trier, Prussia; d. March 14, 1883, London) – German philosopher and social activist, founder (along with Engels) of dialectical and historical materialism, one of the founders of the theory of globalization. By developing the theory of natural historical development of society, Marx presented a variant of the holistic concept of social progress, taking as a base the development of material production, the dynamics of the man – nature relationship, and the man phenomenon. In the Marxist concept of the development of modern civilization, capitalism appears as a natural stage of the world-historical process, the most important element of which is the trend towards internationalization of the industrial-economic and socio-cultural activity of society. Under the influence of capital, the active process of overcoming national seclusion begins in both material and spiritual production. His “great civilizing influence” is seen in the fact that “individual nations become common property” (Works, Vol. 4, p. 428), national prejudices and limitations are destroyed, the traditional complacently guarded satisfaction of current needs and reproduction of the old way of life is removed (Works, Vol. 46, Part 1, p. 387). In other words, the “initial isolation” of individual nations is overcome, and history transforms into “world history.” The history of man and the history of nature are, Marx explained, in a dialectical relationship. Marxist analysis is based precisely on those “natural foundations and those modifications, which they, due to the activities of people,

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are exposed to in the course of history” (Works, Vol. 3, p 19). The Marxist interpretation of global relations between society and nature is based on this. Nature is seen as a prerequisite and precondition of the genesis, development, and existence of man (and society). Nature is involved in “man reproduction” at all stages of his development as the material-energetic source, generating spatial and temporal boundaries of existence, and being the basis of ethical-aesthetic experience of the individual. Moreover, a man starts to allocate and approve his “generic nature” to distinguish himself from the animal world only when he begins to actively explore necessary means of subsistence. With the advent of man in this sense, Marx emphasizes the story of “humanized” (“second”) nature, transformed in accordance with social needs and specific targets. During the processing of the objective world natural and social dialectic is revealed, because nature is a source of “all wealth and all culture” as well as labor, which acts as a manifestation of “one of the forces of nature.” Labor is, according to Marx, “the eternal natural condition of human life,” the “general condition” of its existence. It is in the process of working that a man mediates, regulates, and controls “metabolism” between himself and nature. In the words of Engels, in man (and in society) “nature comes to realization of itself” (Works, v. 20, p. 357). With the development of material production, direct human dependence on natural forces of nature is fading. According to Marx, creation of “real wealth” increasingly depends on “the general level of science and technological progress.” However, during man’s development of nature its elements are involved more intensively with the sphere of human activity. On the one hand, any production is appropriation by the individual of the objects of nature within a particular social form, while on the other a man in the process of production “can only act as nature itself, i.e. can change only the form of matter” (Works, Vol. 23, pp. 51–52). Engels explained that a man does not have “power over nature” and his “victory” over it is conditional and comparative. It is, first, about the projected impacts, in other words those that can be foreseen at the current level of societal development, and secondly, about unforeseen consequences that often “destroy the value of the first” (Works, Vol. 20, p. 496). Therefore, the conditionality and relativity of the terms “victory” (or “dominance”) in relation to nature lie in the fact that people (unlike other creatures) have the prerequisites for understanding natural laws and rationalization of their “interference” in natural processes. Marxism proceeds from the thesis according to which natural-historical development is an enhanced opposition of man and nature. However, this opposition is not seen as the result of labor in general but “alienated labor.” This

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refers to “exchange processes” in the system of man and nature in the field of unconditional freedom, where nature is a passive attribute and man is an almighty demiurge. It is necessary, Marx foresaw, that man should see himself as part of a more universal system and find the measure of his activity in relation to it. We are talking about the formation of such conditions where man acts in production as “controller and regulator,” and natural processes are placed as an intermediary between him and nature, transformed by man into the production process. The social solution to this problem is associated with the possibilities of conscious and planned regulation of the relationship between man and his environment; that is, features of the social order. And if the resolution of escalating conflict between society and nature encounters, according to the ideology of Marxism, inherent contradictions under capitalism, socialism theoretically has the potential to overcome severe global socio-environmental conflicts. Its  “associated producers” should be able to manage the exchange process with  nature efficiently, giving it “appropriate” forms (Works, Vol. 25, Part ii, p. 387). This task involves the formation of a new type of man, the implementation of a socialized approach to the phenomenon of man. This is not only an “exchange process” between man and nature, but also a form of self-identity. The emergence and formation of man, as a result revealing his biosocial essence, is expressed primarily, according to Marxism, in the genesis and progress of modes of activity. A method of production is considered not only from the point of view of reproduction of “physical existence of the individuals,” but to an even greater extent through a certain way of “activity of these individuals, a certain kind of life” (Works, Vol.3, p. 19). Reality is an open book of “essential human forces.” Man appears as a “constant premise of history,” its “product and result.” Therefore, the development of human nature’s richness is also the process of man’s development as a personality through his material and spiritual activities, communication, learning, education, and training, in other words his process of development and the reproduction of the socio-cultural experience of mankind. The highest goal of a future society is declared human development, when everyone will be able to develop his “human nature” freely; when “the free development of each one is the condition for the free development of all” (Works, Vol. 4, p. 447). Marxist theory, based on the extrapolation of scientific concepts of the twentieth century, inherently looks forward. Engels was one of those thinkers who, on the one hand, differentiated the trends of scientific knowledge, and on the other hand foresaw, by taking into account the complicated challenges of

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future social practices, the increase of integration in the dynamics of science, the transition from “subjective” to the development of “problematic” scientific knowledge. It is in this context that Marx’s thesis is considered, according to which in the future “natural science will include the science of man to the same extent that the science of man will include natural science: it will be one science” (Marx and Engels, From Early Works (Moscow, 1956, p. 596)). In these new historical conditions, attitude towards Marxism as a theoretical doctrine has been changing. If in the late 1980s and early 1990s the disintegration of “Soviet socialism” caused a crisis in Marxist ideology, by the beginning of the twenty-first century a change becomes apparent: first, the historical limitations of any theoretical framework, including Marxism, have been realized, and, secondly, such a framework’s heuristic focus on the formation of contours relating to the future of global humanity. Works: K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2nd edn, in fifty vols (Moscow, 1955–81). MAZLISH, Bruce (b. 1923) – American historian and philosopher, professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one of the founders of the American school of global history. Mazlish’s area of interests are the history of thought, the philosophy of history, and social psychology, as well as, since the 1990s, the global history and theory of globalization. Mazlish is the author of several conceptual articles on the methodology of global history (“The New Global History,” “Comparing Global History to World History,” “Crossing Boundaries: Ecumenical, World and Global History”), as well a co-editor of scientific collected volumes, Conceptualizing Global History (1993) and The Global History Reader (2005), which deal with questions about the subject and methods of global history, and its interrelationship with parallel research. According to Mazlish, global history is an independent research space, different from areas such as world history and global history. He considers the history of globalization to be the heart of global history. Mazlish believes that globalization is not a process of Westernization, but the result of interaction between many factors operating on all the continents. According to Mazlish globalization is a phenomenon of the twentieth century, which dates back to the early modern period. Works: (ed. with J. Bronowski) The Western Intellectual Tradition (New York and London, 1960); The Riddle of History: The Great Speculators from Vico to Freud (New York and London, 1966); Psychoanalysis and History (New York, 1971); A New Science: Breakdown of Connections and the Birth of Sociology (New York, 1989), (University Park, pa, 1993); The Leader, the Led, and the Psyche (Hanover, ct, and London, 1990); The Uncertain Sciences (New Haven, ct, 1998).

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MAZOUR, Ivan Ivanovich (b. January 1, 1948, Malin, Zhytomyr region, Ukrainian ssr) – doctor of engineering sciences, professor, honorable scientist of Russia, honorable builder of Russia, honorable builder of Moscow, honored worker of the Ministry of Energy, the laureate of the Lomonosov award in the field of science and education, laureate of the State Prize and the prize of the Council of Ministers and other international, national and public awards. Mazour is author of over 250 scientific papers, twenty-seven encyclopedias, and books, as well as forty-two patents. He is the president of the ­research and production corporation Intelligent Systems, established together with the Russian Academy of Sciences, and president of the international energy ­association Energy of the Future, the first vice-president of the International  Fuel and Energy Association and the Russian Ecological Academy, a member of the  ­Russian Union of Industrialists and the Supreme Mining Council, a ­member of the Central Council of the Supporters of United Russia, chairman of the ­public Russian–Ukrainian Council and other public organizations,  vice-president and chairman of the board of directors of rao Rosneftegazstroy. Mazour graduated with honors from the Lugansk Railway Technical College and the Kiev Engineering and Construction Institute with a degree in Industrial and Civil Construction (1970). He his thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences on environmentally safe construction in the north in winter (1981), and defended his doctoral thesis on the sustainability and environmental safety of oil and gas facilities in the permafrost (1990). He graduated from the Academy of National Economy under the ussr Council of Ministers (Moscow) (1983) and the Academy of Economics (frg) (1988). He has worked for more than thirty-five years in the oil and gas sector of the economy. He started his career as a master, worked as a chief engineer, chief of the construction department, and manager of the trust. He was head of the All-Union Scientific-Industrial Association, Soyuztransprogress (1980), member of the board of the Ministry of Oil and Gas Industry Facilities Construction of the ussr (Minneftegazstroy ussr) (1981), head of the Chief Department for the Construction of Pipelines – the largest construction union in the former Soviet Union. He was deputy minister at Minneftegazstroy ussr (1985–91), and headed research and construction in this major branch of the national economy, with hundreds of organizations across the country and employing more than 500,000 people. Mazour made a significant contribution to the development of the country’s fuel and energy complex. He worked for more than ten years working in Western Siberia, and taking an active part in the establishment and development of a Eurasian system of oil and gas transport with a total length of more than

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1 million kilometers, with all the infrastructure facilities, compressor and pump stations, oil and gas processing plants, as well as social facilities. He participated in the initial stage of Western Siberian development, the organization of the first construction capacity in the Far North that carried out the arrangement of the largest oil and gas fields in middle Ob and the Far North, including the Urengoy, Yamburgsk, and Samotlorsk fields. He supervised the construction of the world’s largest oil and gas pipelines, such as Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhgorod, Urengoy – Centre, and Surgut–Polotsk. In the ministry he managed the scientific and technological development of the industry, and was the initiator of the introduction of new techniques in the field of construction technologies and environmental engineering maintenance of the oil and gas industry in difficult climatic conditions. In the field of science, he was engaged in issues of sustainability and environmental safety of oil and gas systems, management problems, and restructuring of large enterprises. Mazour is the founder of a new fundamental scientific direction named Engineering Ecology, and his textbooks are used to study this discipline in universities. The results of his scientific research and development are implemented in the largest oil and gas industry projects. Furthermore, in the field of science he is engaged with issues of governance and enterprise restructuring. For the first time in national science Mazour systematically researched a range of issues that constitute the essence of a new discipline for Russia, “enterprises restructuring and companies,” which considers the following stages: concept, legal framework and organization of restructuring, enterprise diagnostics, effective methods of restructuring, business processes improvement, reorganization of production structure, personnel management, and peculiarities of crisis enterprise restructuring. Mazour combined practical and scientific activities with teaching, was appointed a professor in 1993, and was engaged in the preparation of scientific personnel. For more than ten years he headed the attestation commission of the Moscow Mining University, and was a member of the doctoral council in Geoecology. Under his direction, there were written and defended eighteen candidate and six doctoral theses. Since the 1980s he has been engaged in scientific research. He is the author of eight textbooks and manuals on the issues of management and engineering ecology. Among his most important fundamental works can be named Introduction to Engineering Ecology (1989), Engineering and Ecological Solutions in the Practice of Oil and Gas Industry Facilities Construction (1989), Structural Reliability and Environmental Safety of Pipelines (1990); Ecology of Oil and Gas Industry Facilities Construction (1990), and Fundamentals of Environmental Protection in the Construction of Oil and Gas Facilities (1992).

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Since 1990, he has been engaged in publishing, primarily as a chief editor of Energy of Future and Oil. Gas. Construction, Environment Protection in Oil and Gas Industry, Intelligent Systems. Mazour is chief editor of the publisher Elima, which is a Russian publisher that produces scientific, popular, encyclopedic, and reference books. He is chief editor and co-author of a series of books, textbooks, and reference books; and co-editor of, member of the international editorial board, and author of articles in the Russian and English versions of the encyclopedia Globalistics (2003) and the interdisciplinary international encyclopedia Globalistics (2006). Under his direction and editorship there have been published fundamental scientific and analytical publications in Russian and English, such as Oil and Gas. World History (2004), Energy of Future (2006), East of Russia: A New Era (2008), and Arctic: Past, Present, Future Horizons (2012), as well as several other publications in the fields of globalistics, energy industry, management, engineering, and social ecology. The main directions of modern globalistics, with comprehensive analysis, trends and prospects of research on the subject, were reflected by Mazour in his articles in the Globalistics encyclopedia and the international interdisciplinary encyclopedia Globalistics. Creating these publications found a great deal of support among scientists and specialists, as in recent years all over the world there has been an actively growing interest in the processes of globalization and global issues, a subject that science has been actively engaged in since the late 1960s. With the encyclopedia Oil and Gas. World History Mazour began a series of fundamental scientific and analytical publications. This encyclopedia contains extensive material from many scientific and practical disciplines – history, globalistics, economics, technology, oil geology, for example – and it is the first comprehensive study of the history of mining, processing, and industrial use of oil and gas resources of our planet. All aspects of global relations between man and oil during a long historical period are discussed – from the beginning of the practical application of oil in the Ancient East right up to the beginning of the twenty-first century. The book covers in detail various fields of oil and gas use, scientific hypotheses about the origin of hydrocarbons, the emergence of modern methods of exploration and development of oil and gas fields, and the development of oil production worldwide. An important part of the research is the history of the international oil monopolies and their formation, which had a decisive influence on the destiny of individual states and the whole of humanity. It provides an overview of global development prospects of oil and gas up to 2100, and the possibilities of the use of alternative energy sources in anticipation of the depletion of the world’s hydrocarbon reserves are also considered.

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In his fundamental scientific research publication Energy of Future Mazour accumulated international experience and scientific knowledge on the efficient use of energy. The concept or paradigm “energy of the future” is a system of views on the development of world energy, taking into account energy conservation, use of advanced technologies, and renewable energy sources as a basis for the development of mankind. Mazour considers energy conservation on a global scale as a priority direction, having a huge potential and many successfully tested technologies that allow many countries to increase industrial production without an increase in energy consumption. In his book East of Russia: A New Era, which is an encyclopedia of Eastern Siberia, Russia’s richest region, Mazour describes in detail the history, geography, current status, and the social structure of East Siberia. Here the characteristics of its natural resources are given, the geopolitical situation in the region in the context of contemporary globalization processes in Russia and the world, and the prospects for international cooperation in the development of the region’s resources and the protection of the natural environment there. In his book Arctic: Past, Present, Future Horizons Mazour comprehensively covers the geopolitical problems of the region, climatic conditions, natural resources, and the environmental safety of the Far North. A large section is devoted to global prospects for Arctic exploration: various scenarios of socioeconomic development of the Arctic region are considered. Mazour work has been honored with eight state and twenty-three public awards (including Red Banner of Labor, Honor Badge, R and D work) and five medals. Among his other awards are the Order of Peter the Great for the strengthening of the Russian State, the medal of A.S. Pushkin “To the adherent of Enlightenment,” the Honor Badge of V. Tatishchev “For bringing the benefit to the Fatherland,” and the Order of the Patron for Charity. For many years Mazour has provided charitable assistance to veterans of oil and gas construction, the Russian Orthodox Church, rehabilitation and restoration of churches, the regular congress “Ecology and Children,” and to a number of funds and public organizations. He was a co-chairman and co-patron of the forum “Gifted Children” throughout its lifetime. For supporting the Orthodox Church, and the restoration of the St. Sergius of Radonezh church he was awarded the Order of St. Sergius of Radonezh, St. Constantine the Great, and St. Alexander Nevsky by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy ii. Works: (ed.) Engineering Ecology Course (Moscow, 1999); (ed.), Engineering Ecology Course (Moscow, 2001); (ed.), (ed.), Amorphous Rocks (M, 2002); Ecology of the Gas Complex (Moscow, 1993); Ecology of Oil and Gas Industry Facilities Construction (Moscow, 1991); (ed.), Ecological Culture and Education: Experience of Russia and Belarus (Moscow, 2000); (ed.), Pipelines Constructors (Moscow, 1995); (ed.), Structural Reliability and Environmental Safety of

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P­ ipelines (Moscow, 1990); (ed.), Introduction to Engineering Ecology (Moscow, 1989); (ed.), Living Pulse of the Earth (M, 2003); (ed.), English-Russian Ecological D ­ ictionary (Moscow, 2000); (ed.), Engineering Ecology, in two volumes (Moscow, 1996); (ed.), Project Management (Moscow, 2001); (ed.), Restructuring of Enterprises and Companies (Moscow, 2000); (ed.), Energetics and Society. Way to Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2002); (ed.), Effective Management (Moscow, 2003); (ed.), Quality Management (M, 2003); (ed.), Restructuring of Enterprises and Companies (Moscow, 2001); Project Management: A Guide for Professionals (Moscow, 2001); (ed.), Russia’s Security (Moscow. 2002); (ed.), Globalistics (encyclopedia) (Moscow, 2003); (ed.), Chance of Survival (Moscow, 1992); (ed.), Theoretical Foundations for Forecasting Retention Ability of FrozenIn Anchors for Gas Main Pipelines (Moscow, 1990); Engineering and Ecological Solutions (Moscow, 1990); (ed.), Fundamentals of the Environment Protection (Moscow, 1992); (ed.), Research and Development of Effective Solutions for Using Frozen-In Anchor Devices in the Constructions of Underground Pipelines on Grounds Frozen for Many Years (Moscow, 1991); (ed.), Ecologically Depressed Areas (Moscow, 1999); (ed.), Main Directions of Scientific and Applied Research (Moscow, 1994); Route of Courage (Moscow, 1985); (ed.), Information Support for Rational Nature Management (Moscow, 2001); “Acceleration. Perestroika. From a Worker to a Minister,” Collection of Articles (Moscow, 1986); (ed.), Echo Is Stronger Than Thunder (Moscow, 1994); (ed.), Way to Ecological Culture (Moscow, 2001); (ed.), International Interdisciplinary Encyclopedic Dictionary “Globalistics” (Moscow, 2006); Oil and Gas. World History (Moscow, 2004); Energy of Future (Moscow, 2006); East of Russia: A New Era (Moscow, 2008); Arctic: Past, Present, Future Horizons (Moscow, 2012). McLUHAN, Marshall (b. July 21, 1911, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; d. December 31, 1980, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) – Canadian cultural studies scholar, professor at the University of Toronto, one of the pioneers in the study of the information and technological revolution, which gave a tremendous momentum to contemporary globalization that as a result has become multifaceted. The subject of McLuhan’s study is man’s everyday life in information society, in the world created by media. When studying this it is quite natural to appeal to pop culture, which alone can be responsible for the formation of a man. Hence the famous McLuhan style, that reminds one of advertisement appeals and has been a large part of his fame as a “priest of pop philosophy.” According to McLuhan, communication technologies play the decisive role in culture. The dominance of these means of communication determines the character of culture, creating the codification of reality and intensifying the activity of the human senses. The difference between this culture and all other cultures is

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determined by which organ’s activity is intensified. With the appearance of each new means of communication there breaks out a “civil war” between it and the old methods, in which a huge amount of energy is released and a communicative explosion occurs, causing the imbalance in human sensory organs as the dominant provider of information is replaced. There emerge new socio-economic and cultural structures, the new “galaxy.” History, according to McLuhan, is a range of successive “galaxies,” which for a long time can pass through one another, without being destroyed, but changing their configuration. In the history of mankind McLuhan distinguishes four ages: (1) era of preliterate barbarism; (2) millennium of phonetic writing; (3) “Gutenberg galaxy” – five hundred years of printing; and (4) “Marconi Galaxy” – modern electronic civilization. But the introduction of new means of communication carries not only hope. Means of communication are not just information transmitters. They themselves, regardless of the transmitted information, actively influence the mind, structuring and codifying reality. “The medium is the message” is one of McLuhan’s famous aphorisms. New media, exteriorizing the human nervous system, open up new possibilities of exploitation of a man and of control over him. The danger is invisible without a proper understanding of communication. As the means of communication have become the life environment of a man and the conditions in which he exists, it is necessary for a man to understand their nature, if only for self-protection. The most important thing for this is to abandon the illusion that the most important aspect is how means of communication are used, rather than the impact they have on a man. Works: The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man (New York, 1951); The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (Toronto, 1962); Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York, 1964); The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects with Quentin Fiore (New York, 1967); War and Peace in the Global Village (New York, 1968); From Cliché to Archetype (New York, 1970). McNAMARA, Robert Strange (b. June 9, 1916, San Francisco, ca; d. July 6, 2009, Washington d.c.) – an American businessman and politician, Republican, us Secretary of Defense in 1961–68 (under presidents Kennedy and Johnson), one of the major us military reformers of the twentieth century, popularizer of system analysis in public policy, permanent member of the Bilderberg Group. McNamara received an excellent education at Berkeley and at the age of twenty-four was the youngest and highest-paid professorial assistant at Harvard, teaching economics. He served at the Air Force headquarters, and was engaged in the analysis of the bombing effectiveness of us aircraft. At the age of forty-four he became the first non-family member to head the Ford ­Motor

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Company. This appointment took place in November 1960, simultaneously with the election of John F. Kennedy as us president. The head of the White House gathered together a team of the young and the ambitious, and McNamara was offered either Secretary of the Treasury or Secretary of Defense. Having worked as the head of Ford for five weeks, he chose the latter. In appointing McNamara to this post, Kennedy aimed to develop a management system that would create new weapons, primarily aimed at achieving us military and strategic goals, rather than meeting the demands and ambitions of individual branches of the armed forces. McNamara sought to lead his department as a modern progressive corporation: he prioritized system analysis, built a clear governance structure, established strict efficiency control in arms procurement, and fought with ruthlessly cut costs if he saw that proposed cuts did not have the desired effect. McNamara’s reforms may primarily be summed up as the introduction in 1961 of a planning, programming, and budgeting system. From that point, all the Pentagon’s needs and the financial resources that were needed to meet them began to be planned by the Secretary of Defense not annually, as before, but within the framework of a five-year defense plan. McNamara created a system analysis service headed by the Deputy Secretary of Defense for financial affairs. Civilian specialists along with a critical analysis of proposals developed alternative ways of fulfilling the tasks set by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As Secretary of Defense, McNamara became the primary ideologist of the Vietnam War. After his resignation from the post of Secretary of Defense, McNamara was the president of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981. Works: The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office (New York, 1968; London, 1968); One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development (New York, 1973); The McNamara years at the World Bank: Major Policy Addresses of Robert S. McNamara, 1968–1981; with forewords by Helmut Schmidt and Léopold Senghor (Baltimore, md, 1981); The Challenges for sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, dc, 1985); Blundering into Disaster: Surviving the First Century of the Nuclear Age (New York, 1986); Out of the Cold: New Thinking for American foreign and Defense Policy in the 21st Century (New York, 1989); The Changing Nature of Global Security and Its Impact on South Asia (Washington, dc, 1992); (with Brian Van De Mark) In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam(New York, 1995); (with James G. Blight and Robert K. Brigham) A ­ rgument without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy (New York, 1999); (with James G. Blight, and Robert K. Brigham) Wilson’s Ghost: ­Reducing the Risk of Conflict, Killing, and Catastrophe in the 21st Century (New York, 2001).

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MEADOWS, Dennis L. (b. June 7, 1942, Montana, usa) – a famous scientist who has made a significant contribution to the study of contemporary global issues, co-author and head of the creative team of the famous first report to the Club of Rome, “Limits to Growth” (1972). Meadows’s main activity is the computer simulation of complex systems. A Bachelor of Chemistry (1964) and a Ph.D. in Management (1969), he first worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1969–72), then at the Dartmouth College and the University of New Hampshire (1972–2004). For many years he taught the theory of system dynamics. In 2003, he headed the Laboratory of Interactive Teaching Methods, which took up the development of innovative methods in teaching the theory of complex systems and solutions to global issues. Meadows is an honorary doctor of the University of Economics in Budapest, D.I. Mendeleev Moscow Chemical Technology Institute, and an honorary professor at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (2005). He was awarded the Prize for Environmental Protection of the Bavarian Society for the Protection of the Environment (1975), the Jay Forrester Award for his important contribution to the study of system dynamics (1991), the Pangea Foundation Award for the contribution to solving issues of humanity (1999), the International Environmental Communication Award of the European Fund for Nature (2005), the Hungary Medal of Honor (2006), the Peace Prize of the German branch of unesco (2006), and the Japan Prize (2009). In 1970–72 Meadows was the leader of the Club of Rome project “The Plight of Humanity.” The group also included his wife, biophysicist Donella Meadows, physicist Jurgen Renders, and engineer William W. Burns. In 1972, the results of this study, edited by Dennis and Donella Meadows, were presented to the Club of Rome in the form of the first report “Limits to Growth,” in which a model of global development was put forward, indicating that the world will collapse if we do not take measures to regulate population growth, industrial and agricultural production, and measures to protect the environment. In his studies, Meadows used methods of system analysis and mathematical simulation, which he applied to study the problems of demography, environment, consumption of natural resources, population health status, and so on. Armed with these developments, the authors of the first Club of Rome report began to analyze the global mainstream with a view to exploring the immediate and long-term effects of large-scale solutions that were associated with the selected paths of development chosen by mankind. From the beginning it was implicit that the research results should be understood by the largest number of people. As a result, “The Limits to Growth,” written in simple and clear language, immediately turned into a bestseller and was translated into

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many ­languages, becoming the subject of extensive discussion and acrimonious debate. The very title of the report emphasized the need to destroy ingrained technophiles’ ideas about the unlimited possibilities of man. “No sane person believes that good old Mother Earth can sustain any growth, meet any human whims. It is already clear to everyone that there are limits, but what they are and where they are – remains to be found out,” wrote then-President Club of Rome A. Peccei, talking about the conception of the project (Peccei, Human Qualities (Moscow, 1980, pp. 123–124)). And this occupied the authors, whose conclusions were sensational. Briefly the essence of their results was that material growth cannot continue indefinitely and that the true limits of social development are determined by causes that are not only physical in nature, but environmental, biological, and even cultural. Taking the five main interdependent variables – environmental pollution, the use of non-recyclable or nonrecycled resources, investment, population growth ensuring the population’s food supply, the report’s authors, using about a thousand mathematical equations, made a computational study of long-term trends in world development, and for the first time in the practice of science came to the following conclusion: if current trends of social development remain at the beginning of the third millennium, humanity will completely lose control over events and as a result reach an inevitable disaster. It was concluded that it was necessary “to slow down” production growth, to keep it “at zero,” and to stabilize the quickly increasing population through appropriate social policies. Presentation of the report and its publication was met with shock, provoking a strong reaction from both supporters and opponents of the cited ideas. Critics particularly focused on Meadows’s idea of “zero growth.” There were many other points of contention, but the project’s authors and the Club of Rome as a whole managed to ensure that no one remained indifferent to the issues that had recently been underestimated, if not ignored. “Limits to Growth” was awarded the Peace Prize of German Booksellers in 1974, and was recognized as one of the most influential works on the environment to be produced in the twentieth century. Works: Dynamics of Commodity Production Cycles (1970); The Limits to Growth (1972); Dynamics of Growth in a Finite World (1974); Toward Global Equilibrium (1976); Alternatives to Growth (1976); Beyond the Limits (1992); Creating High Performance Teams (1997); Games from Many Nations-International Handbook of Games for Leadership and Management Training (2000); System Thinking Playbook (2001); Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update (2004). MESAROVIC, Michael D. (b. 1928, Yugoslavia) – Yugoslav scientist, Professor of Mathematics and Engineering Systems at Case Western Reserve University.

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Mesarovic – a pioneer in the field of systems theory, a unesco scientific expert on global change, member of the Club of Rome. In 1951 Mesarovic received the degree of Master of Science of Faculty of Electrical Engineering at University of Belgrade, and in 1955 a Ph.D. in technical sciences at the same university. From 1954 to 1958 he worked as a researcher there. In 1958 he became a research associate at the Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1959 to 1964 he was a lecturer and from 1964 to 1978 Professor at Case Western Reserve University. In 1965–68 he led a group of system design, in 1968–72 headed the Department of Systems Engineering, and in 1968–78 served as director of the Centre for System Studies. Since 1978 Mesarovic has been a professor of systems engineering and mathematics. As a member of the Club of Rome, Mesarovic continues to develop the ideas of Forrester and Meadows, constructing alternative (more precisely, adjusted) global models of the future. In 1974, at the annual meeting of the Club of Rome in West Berlin Mesarovic and his German counterpart Eduard Pestel presented the Club of Rome’s second report “Mankind at the Turning Point” (M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel, Mankind at the Turning Point (New York, 1974)). This report was substantially different from the previous one in the volume of its calculations (based primarily on Mesarovic’s theory of multilevel hierarchical systems), with attention to the adequacy of the data used and the reliability of factual information. Unlike Forrester and Meadows’s catastrophic conclusions about the necessity to accelerate the transition to “zero growth,” the fundamental idea of Mesarovic and Pestel is the dependence of crises’ emergence on specific conditions of a particular region, that is, environmental, economic, food, demographic. Energy crises will occur not because of growth per se, but rather because of the nature of this growth, which is caused by the inconsistency of the processes of development in different regions of the world. The authors do not recommend the “zero growth” option but regionally differentiated and globally integrated “organic growth,” taking into account geographical, socioeconomic, and socio-cultural characteristics of different regions, providing an increase in aid to developing countries, as well as solving the world’s food and energy problems. The concept of “organic growth” was adopted and approved by the Club of Rome, and is still considered to be its fundamental idea. Mesarovic lectured in more than sixty countries, advising civil servants on many issues and advising international organizations. His work is widely published around the world. In addition, he is the founder of the magazine The Mathematical Theory of General Systems, published by the German publishing house Springer Verlag. His research interests include such areas as the theory of complex numbers, the theory of complex systems, global changes and sustainable human

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­development, hierarchical systems, the theory of large systems, the mathematical theory of general systems, multi-level systems, systems biology, and regional and planetary modeling. In the field of mathematics, he is considered the founder of the mathematical theory of coordination; he is a developer of multilevel hierarchical systems as well as software to support negotiations. In 1999, unesco Director-General Federico Major appointed Mesarovic scientific expert on global change. Mesarovic moved to the headquarters of unesco in Paris, where he was consulted on climate change, the economy, population, technological exchange, and women’s education in developing countries. In 2003 Mesarovic received the Hovorka Prize from Case Western Reserve University for outstanding achievement. In 2005, he was awarded the United Nations Prize of the American Club of Rome for Lifetime Achievement. Works: Multi-Variable Control Systems (Multidimensional Management System). (Cambridge, ma,, 1960); Systems Theory and Biology (Gamburg, 1968); (ed. with R. Banerjee), Non-Numerical Problem Solving (Gamburg, 1970); (ed. with Yasuhiko Takahara and D. Mako), Theory of Multi-level Hierarchical Systems (Leningrad, 1970); (ed. with Yasuhiko Takahara), Mathematical Theory of General Systems (Leningrad, 1972); Organization Structure: Cybernetic Systems Foundation. ifsr International Series on Systems Science and Engineering, Vol. 22 (Alphen, 1972); Systems Approach and the City (Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1972); (ed. with E. Pestel), Mankind at the Turning Point (Rome, 1974); Abstract Systems Theory (Gamburg, 1994); unesco MOST. (ed. with D.L. McHines and A.U. Dalton), Cybernetics of Global Change: Human ­Dimension and Managing of Complexity, p. 43. MIDDELL, Matthias (b. 1961, Leipzig, Germany) – German historian and specialist in the field of global history and transcultural studies, director of the Leipzig Institute for Global and European Studies. Middell received a degree in history at the University of Leipzig, and defended his thesis on “The Formation of the Counter-Revolution in the Early Years of the French Revolution” (in the process of writing this he worked in archives in Moscow and St. Petersburg). In 1991 he founded the magazine Middell “Comparativ” (published six times a year) on comparative historical researches, the history of globalization, and cross-cultural interactions. In 1994 Middell became managing director of the Centre for Advanced Studies at Leipzig University. In 2001, on Middell’s initiative, the University of Leipzig opened a Ph.D. program entitled “Transnationalization and regionalization from the eighteenth century till our time.” Since 2004 Middell has been the editor of the electronic journal geschichte.transnational, which provides information on

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recent publications, conferences, and ongoing research projects in the field of global studies worldwide. Since 2005 Middell has coordinated the master’s program “Global Research,” which now includes eleven universities throughout the world. In 2008, Middell became director of the Institute of Global and European Studies at the University of Leipzig. Since 2009 Middell has also coordinated the work of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Regional Studies at Leipzig University. Middell is a Visiting Professor at universities in France, Australia, Cameroon, India, and the usa, as well as the honorary chairman of the Fulbright Foundation in transnational history at Duke University (2007). Middell made a significant contribution to the development of the methodology of transnational and global history. He has paid particular attention to the issue of transfer of culture and globalization. His areas of research interests include historiography as well. His three-volume study Weltgeschichts – schreibung im Zeitalter der Verfachlichung und Professionalisierung (2005) is dedicated to the German tradition of writing about the history of the world since the end of the nineteenth century to date. He has devoted several books to the history of the French school “Annales” and the specifics of writing national histories in the context of globalization. Middell’s book Transnational Challenges to National History Writing (Basingstoke, 2012) is of great interest. Works: Die Geburt der Konterrevolution in Frankreich 1788–1792 (Leipzig, 2005); Weltgeschichtsschreibungim Zeitalter der Verfachlichung und Professionalisierung. Das Leipziger Institut fur Kultur und Universalgeschichte 1890–1990 (Leipzig, 2005); Theoretiker der Globalisierung (Leipzig, 2005); Transnational History as a Transnational Practice (Leipzig and Berlin, 2007); Dimensionen der Kultur und Gesellschaftsgeschichte (Leipzig, 2010); World Orders Revisited (Leipzig, 2010), Transnational Challenges to National History Writing (Basingstoke, 2012). MITROFANOVA, Anastasia Vladimirovna (b. 1973, Moscow) – Russian political scientist, Doctor of Political Sciences (2005), Head of the Euro-Atlantic Research Centre at Institute of Contemporary International Studies of Diplomatic Academy at Ministry of International Affairs of Russia. Member of the Editorial Board, author and translator of an international multidisciplinary encyclopedia Globalistics (2003), International Encyclopedia of Global Studies (2006), a member of the editorial board and author of articles in the magazine The Age of Globalization. Mitrofanova is the author of works on the role of religion, in particular Orthodoxy, in global politics, civilization and ethnic factors in global politics, nationalism, and terrorism; and she is the co-author of a textbook on

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i­nternational political regionalism. She is author of courses in world politics, regional aspects of international relations, global challenges of international relations, and religion in world politics. Works: Global Alternative? In Search of New Forms of Democracy in Russia and in the West (Moscow, Nauchnaya Kniga, 2000, in Russian); (ed. with A.G. Zadohin), Globalization and Global Issues of Mankind (Methodological Aspect) (Moscow, 2003, in Russian); The Politicization of “the Orthodox World” (Moscow, 2004, in Russian); The Politicization of Russian Orthodoxy: Actors and Ideas (Stuttgart, 2005); (ed. with K.N. Kulmatov), Regional Aspects of International Relations Moscow (Vostok-Zapad, 2010, in Russian). MODELSKI, George (b. January 9, 1926, Poznań, Poland; d. February 21, 2014, Washington d.c.) – Trained at the London School of Economics (B.Sc. in Economics) and the University of London (Ph.D. in International Relations), he was Professor Emeritus at the University of Washington and was a professor of political science there between 1967 and 1995. His main earlier appointment had been as a Senior Research Associate at the Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University. Visiting appointments at various points were held at the University of Chicago, Princeton University, Harvard University, the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, the University of Stockholm, and the University of Catania. His main contribution to the study of international relations, nonetheless, has to be founding a research program on leadership long cycles. Modelski began developing this original perspective in about 1974 (when he published his first conference paper) and published his first article on the subject in 1978, following a slightly earlier effort to begin to develop a systemic interpretation of world politics (Principles of World Politics, 1972). Responding to the destabilized international system of the 1970s, Modelski constructed an interpretation of world politics that was based on the emergence of lead economies, their rise and fall, and implications for global war and order. His core writings on these processes, some co-authored, came out at about the same time (Exploring Long Cycles (1987); Long Cycles in World Politics (1987); Sea Power in Global Politics, 1494–1993 (1988); Documenting Global Leadership (1988); and Leading Sectors and World Power (1996)). It is fair to say that the perspective that emerged over time became one of the leading schools of thought in world systems analysis. Some of Modelski’s other work was highly complementary to the long cycle interpretation. Transnational Corporations and World Order (1979) focused on multinational corporations, while North/South Relations (1983) examined dependency reversal processes in international political economy. The co-edited World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change (2000) reflected the interest he and others had

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developed in the 1990s to push the study of world politics back to its origins. In addition to an edited special issue of International Studies Quarterly in (1997), Globalization as Evolutionary Process (2008), also a co-edited work, highlighted his commitment to harnessing evolutionary perspectives to the study of longterm international processes. Another major venture in this vein was his effort to develop a better empirical and theoretical understanding of historical urbanization processes, as reflected in World Cities, –3000 to 2000 (2003). Written after he had retired, this book represents a major contribution to the database on city sizes in the ancient world, which he viewed as indicators of an evolving city network that undergirded world economic growth. The long-term trend towards democratization was another special interest, culminating in several articles on the subject. Works: A Theory of Foreign Policy (1962); Principles of World Politics (1972); Multinational Corporations and World Order (1972); Transnational Corporations and World Order (1979); Exploring Long Cycles (1987); Long Cycles in World Politics (1987); Sea power in Global Politics, 1494–1993 (1988); Documenting Global Leadership (1988); World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change (2000); Leading Sectors and World Powers: (ed. with William R. Thompson), The Coevolution of Global Economics and Politics (1996); Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change (2008). MOISEEV, Nikita Nikolayevich (b. August 23, 1917, Moscow; d. February 29, 2000, Moscow) – Russian scientist, mathematician, expert on systems theory, Academician of Academy of Sciences of the ussr (1984), member of the International Academy of Astronautics (Paris), President of the Russian branch of the “Green Cross,” President of the Russian National Committee for the un Programme on Environmental Protection, the founder and director of several scientific schools, the author of thirty-five monographs, ten textbooks, and more than 300 scientific and popular articles. Moiseev’s most famous scientific achievements include the creation of a team of scientists that he led which studied a mathematical model of the probable consequences of a nuclear war for the Earth’s biosphere (developing the concepts of “Nuclear Winter” and “Nuclear Night”). This model served as a scientific confirmation of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear weapons on the Earth as a whole and had a marked influence on world politics, in particular stimulating negotiations between the major powers on nuclear arms reduction. In the 1990s Moiseev published a number of notable works on philosophical, environmental, educational, social, and political topics. In particular, they developed the concept of “universal evolutionism,” putting the evolution of

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i­nanimate nature, life, man, and society together. He describes the modern type of human society as leading inexorably to a global crisis of civilization and creating fundamental environmental, social, and political threats for mankind. Studies of the human impact on processes in the biosphere led Moiseev to an original concept of universal evolutionism, under which he came to a new understanding of the principles of coevolution of man and nature, realizing the need for new moral imperatives as the conditions of preservation of the human species on the planet. He saw that possible ways out of the global crisis were based, above all, in recognizing humanity’s threat to its own existence as being a major issue of our time, and the need to gradually move towards a different type of civilization development, based on the coevolution of society and nature. The key to this transition, he believed, was the development of education, which should put forward a new view of the world, coming from an understanding of the fundamental relation between nature, man, and society. The idea of coevolution of nature and society, primarily the biosphere and man, was launched as a direction of development that would settle particular environmental problems. Moiseev was interested in the possible changes in the biosphere and its characteristics that were taking place because of human activity. Moiseev believed that there was only way out of this situation – to achieve harmony in the relationship between society and nature: “I want to call the twentieth century not the century of disasters, as it is sometimes called, but a warning century. Events of this century have allowed us to look beyond the horizon, we saw the face of reality, which we can expect – expect all of us, all of humanity. Endured years and events warn us. But at the same time they give us a chance, because we have realized there is much to do that is not too late. But this requires collective decisions and collective will! … If a person does not find the necessary key in his relationship with nature, then he is doomed, no matter what the policy, democracy, government, the desires, and the ambitions of the powerful!” (1995). Analyzing the concept of the noosphere, Moiseev was inclined to believe that this is not a new sphere, the sphere of the mind, but a qualitatively new era in the development of the planet, in which the coevolution of humans and the biosphere is taking place in tandem. Coevolution of man and the biosphere is “a development of humanity, which does not disturb the stability of the biosphere, its homeostasis, preserve evolutionary channel necessary for mankind” (1998). Entry into the era of the noosphere, according to Moiseev, should not happen as a “bifurcation leap,” for any bifurcation mechanism can develop in a completely unpredictable direction and lead ultimately to the destruction of mankind. Mankind from the beginning should control this transition, develop a specific strategy; a strategy of Mind. “We need to say that society can provide

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mode of coevolution with the biosphere only if the activities of the people will not allow the new bifurcation, transition of the biosphere into a new channel of its evolution” (1999). A special place in the works of Moiseev is taken by questions about the destiny of Russia in a globalizing world. He interprets the processes taking place in Russia in the 1990s as catastrophic, posing a threat to its very existence. In order to transform these conditions, firstly there must be awareness of the depth of the crisis and a common search which may be a support for the forces of the people in its quest to prevent the degradation of the country. Such a support, according to Moiseev, might become human potential and collective intelligence, creating centers of high technology, “the organization of the North of Eurasian supercontinent.” The Russian experience of interaction between peoples belonging to different types of civilization can inspire populations to make concerted and vigorous efforts. Works: Modern Rationalism (Moscow, 1995); Agony of Russia (Moscow, 1996); The International Community and the Destiny of Russia (Moscow, 1997); With the Thoughts on the Future of Russia (Moscow, 1997); Time to Define National Goals (Moscow, 1997); In Thought about the Future (Moscow, 1998); The Fate of Civilization. The Way of Reason (Moscow, 1998); Reflections on Contemporary Political Science (Moscow, 1998); Mankind: To Be or Not To Be? (Moscow, 1999); Universum. Information. Society (Moscow, 2001). DE MONTBRIAL, Thierry (b. March 3, 1943, Paris) – a French economics and international relations specialist and researcher, Founder and President of ifri, France’s leading think tank, Chairman of the World Policy Conference (wpc), which he founded in 2008. Every aspect of de Montbrial’s intellectual engagement and action is permeated with the idea that progress in human societies is possible when reason and sensitivity are harmoniously combined. Trained in the exact sciences and in particular mathematics, in which his interest has never flagged, he wrote his doctoral thesis at Berkeley on the time dimension in the economic theory of general equilibrium, directed by Gérard Debreu, 1983 Nobel Prize winner. The concepts of time and equilibrium, and thus history, can be found throughout his work. In his view, economics remains the queen of the sciences of action, even though, as 2008 showed, reality sometimes offers a harsh reminder of its limits. He transformed the way the subject is taught at the Paris École Polytechnique, with a team he chaired for eighteen years (1974–92). Alongside this, from 1973, his functions as Head Director of the Policy Planning Staff (Centre d’analyse et de prévision, cap) at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs gave him the chance to extend the scope of his explorations

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and action to international policy and strategy. Having formed an expert team with some of the most brilliant minds in the field, he worked in the firm belief that, in these areas too, while knowledge ordered in scientific fashion is of the essence, it must be applied with an in-depth understanding of others, with respect, tolerance, and empathy. Over the course of his six years at cap, he established an “intellectual diplomacy” never before seen in France, which led him to travel the five continents, meeting with others and building ever more ties. This experience was pivotal, enabling him to go to other cultures with an open ear. In the same spirit, he brought the concept of the think tank to his country in 1979, when he founded the Institut Français des Relations Internationales (Ifri), now considered one of the best in the world. In his view, think tanks have a major part to play in the twenty-first century, putting flesh on what are still the bones of global civil society. While geopolitics is often associated with war, Thierry de Montbrial has unflaggingly worked for geopolitics of peace. He feels that there is no collective undertaking more important than the creation of legitimate and effective global governance. Toward this end, in 2008, he initiated the World Policy Conference (wpc), which over six years established itself across the planet as a forum of prime importance. The seventh wpc took place in Montreux, Switzerland, November 20–22, 2015 The twofold scientific and human dimension of Thierry de Montbrial’s work is expressed in his many books, teaching, and conferences, which often overrun the bounds of economics and international relations to touch on philosophy and spirituality. Works: Une goutte d’eau et l’océan – Journal d’une quête de sens (Paris, 2015); Journal de Russie – 1977–2011, 2012; Vingt ans qui bouleversèrent le monde (Paris, 2008); Il est nécessaire d’espérer pour entreprendre (Paris, 2006); Géographie politique, Que sais-je ? series (Paris, 2006); La guerre et la diversité du monde (Paris, 2004); Pratiques de la négociation (ed. with S. Jansen) (2004); Quinze ans qui bouleversèrent le monde (Paris, 2003); Réformes-révolutions : le cas de la France (ed.) (Paris, 2003); L’action et le système du monde (Paris, 2002), 2nd ed., Quadrige (Paris, 2003, won the Prix Georges Pompidou); La France du nouveau siècle (ed.) (Paris, 2002); Dictionnaire de stratégie (ed. with Jean Klein), (Paris, 2000); Pour combattre les pensées uniques (Paris, 2000); Introduction à l’économie (Paris, 1999); Mémoire du temps présent (Paris, 1996, won the Prix des Ambassadeurs); Que faire ? : les grandes manœuvres du monde, La Manufacture (Paris, 1990); La science économique ou La stratégie des rapports de l’homme vis-à-vis des ressources rares : méthodes et modèles (Paris, 1988); La revanche de l’Histoire (Paris, 1985); L’énergie : le compte à rebours (Paris, 1978); Le désordre

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économique mondial (Paris, 1974); Essais d’économie parétienne (Paris, 1974); Économie théorique (Paris, 1971). MOREWEDGE, Parvez (b. January 30, 1934, Mazandaran, Iran) – Professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, teaching for over forty-eight years at usa universities, including Columbia, Cornell, California in Los Angeles, Rutgers, New York University, Fordham, City University of New York and State University of New York. For six years Morewedge worked as a leading researcher at General Motors, was a design engineer at Litton Industries, and collaborated with other tech companies. In the last decade Morewedge has been a diplomatic advisor and consultant to several un missions. At the moment, he is the director of the centre Global Scholarly Publications (gsp) – a consortium of diplomatic institutions and research organizations. His publications include thirteen books and over fifty articles and reviews that he wrote or edited. His works have been published in many university journals (Oxford, Columbia, California, New York University, for example). His works have been translated into Persian, Arabic, and Russian and used in educational courses at Harvard, Columbia, and other universities. He served as the principal editor of the bilingual editions (in classical Sanskrit and Chinese) and the chief editor of the first five books of the Islamic Translation Series of Brigham Young University, and its bilingual edition and English translation of “The Metaphysics of Tusi” (Classical Persian Poetry of the thirteenth century), “Mulla Sadra Metaphysics” (an Arabic text of the fifteenth century), and the translation of “The Metaphysics of Avicenna” (a Persian work of the eleventh century, containing a glossary of terms in Persian, Arabic, Greek, Latin, and English). Morewedge has presented various aspects of the theory of global studies and technological languages at more than 150 conferences held in the usa, Canada, uk, Malaysia, Iran, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, China, Belarus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (ten times), Kyrgyzstan, and other countries. In 1968 at the University of Texas (Austin) he lectured on the ancient and medieval understanding of the concepts and models of personality, and in 2001 as a guest lecturer he presented “Globalization and self-deprivation” at a conference organized by unesco in Kyrgyzstan. Morewedge’s basic assumptions are embodied in his researches and methodology. He believes that the requirement of knowledge globalization increases because of the ongoing process of globalization of communication and economy, and he proposes to use the ontology of the term “process” in its anti-Descartian and post-Hegelian sense, but not in the

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sense of the doctrine of the Enlightenment in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which was based on a static model of laissez-faire capitalism. To do this, he focused the researching capacities of gsp on the project “Economics of Globalization and the Globalization of Economic Thought,” and is cooperating with a number of well-known scientists, such as Wei Xiaoping (Manager of Program of History of the Study of Marxist Philosophy at the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China, and Deputy Director of the Foundation of History of Marxist philosophy in China), Professor P. Nahser of the University De Paul (Chicago, usa), Samuel M. Natale from Adelphi University (usa), and so on. The main objective of this initiative was to build a meta-language that would be associated with a post-Xiaopin vision of Marxism and a pragmatic model of capitalism (the project was realized in the form of four published books and ten workshops). A new gsp project centers on aspects of the new Eurasian Union, which includes Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan with the possible accession of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Through the implementation of a process model of metahistory scientists investigate how the reality of the twenty-first century rejects the non-process model of Samuel Huntington. If the contrary is not proved, it will be confirmed that the dynamics of the twenty-first century give a special place to the Eurasian Union under the patronage of Russia, which will lead to new dynamic collisions of the largest cultural centers in the world (the West – the usa, e.u., China, India, and the Islamic states). Morewedge is working on this project with a group of scientists from Belarus and other countries. Another major gsp project is the study of centers of higher education in light of the challenges of the twenty-first century, which is especially important because of the economic crisis in 2009. To this aim gsp has published material on higher education in the International Journal of Decision Ethics (Oxford University Press, with the support of Oxford University). Morewedge lectured on this topic in Egypt, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Morewedge organizes conferences that allow non-Western ideas to penetrate Western academia. He is co-organizing committees of the following conferences: the International Conference on Ancient and Medieval Philosophy (Greek, African, Jewish, Christian, Muslim, Indian, Chinese, and Korean traditions; the conference has been held for thirty years in New York) and the Spring Conference on Global Research (held for more than ten years). Morewedge also runs summer seminars in China (eight meetings), Russia (two meetings), Egypt (two meetings), Turkey, and other countries. Publications of gsp combine works by the leaders of countries and reputable scientists from Russia, China, India, Japan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, and so on.

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Works: The Universal Message of Islamic Mysticism (Faridabad, Haryana, 1993); Essays in Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Mysticism (New York, 2003). N NAISBITT, John (b. January 15, 1927, Salt Lake City, ut) – American author and social activist in the field of futurology. Naisbitt’s first book Megatrends was the result of almost a decade of research. It was published in 1982 and for two years topped the bestseller list. Megatrends has been published in fifty-seven countries and over 14 million copies have been sold. Naisbitt studied at Harvard, Cornell University, and the University of Utah. He gained business experience as executive director of ibm (International Business Machines) and Eastman Kodak. In 1963 he became an assistant to the Minister of Education under the administration of President John F. Kennedy, and was appointed Assistant for Special Affairs at the Ministry of Health, Education and Welfare under the administration of President Lyndon Johnson. In 1966, Naisbitt left Washington and joined Science Research Associates. In 1968 he founded his own company – the Urban Research Corporation. For nearly forty-five years Naisbitt turned his attention to China, as he felt that the country was a major world player, asserting itself increasingly in the international arena. In 2007, at Tianjin University, Naisbitt established the China Institute – a non-profit independent research institute that studies the social, cultural, and economic transformations of China. Naisbitt is a professor at Nanjing, Nankai, Yunnan, and Yunnan Normal Universities and Tien Chin University of Economics and Finance. Naisbitt and his wife Doris live in Vienna (Austria) and in Tianjin (China). At various times Naisbitt has been an adviser on agricultural development for the Royal Government of Thailand, a Visiting Fellow at Harvard University, a Visiting Professor at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, an Outstanding Foreign Fellow of the Institute of Strategic and International Studies of Malaysia (first non-Asian to be awarded this title), and a member of the advisory board of the Asian School of Business in Tianjin. In 2009, Naisbitt, in collaboration with his wife, published China’s Megatrends: the 8 Pillars of a New Society, which is published in more than fifteen countries and became a bestseller in many of them. In 2010 he was co-author of the book Chinese Model, and in 2011 in collaboration with his wife he published Innovation in China. Chengdu Triangle.

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In almost all his works Naisbitt discusses issues related to globalization. Thus, in Megatrends Naisbitt defines mega-trends as “main directions of motion that determine the shape and substance” of a changing society (Moscow, 2003, p. 9), and formulates the main development trends of world civilization for the next decade, based on the study of social, economic, technological, and political trends that are “maturing” in modern society as “the most reliable way to predict the future – to understand the present.” Naisbitt identified and analyzed ten megatrends that characterize the structure and appearance of the “new society.” As it turned out, his predictions were true: these megatrends identified the development of American society for decades to come. In 1990 he published Megatrends 2000, which makes prognoses about the last decade of the twentieth century. In his book Global Paradox (1995) Naisbitt talks about the most important new trends that are being caused by the impact of globalization on the economy, politics, and the social sphere. Primary amongst these is a “global paradox”: “the more global economy increases, the more powerful its smallest players become.” With the growth and increasing complexity of the system, the overall impact of its individual elements increases proportionally. Such apparent contradiction has been noted both in the economy and in politics. To stay afloat in modern conditions, large corporations are forced to decentralize and restructure. Many of them find benefits not in a vertical structure, but in a horizontal, where independent elements are organized according to the network principle, unlike the hierarchical principle which was previously used. Therefore, alongside the globalization processes of the world economy, a growing fragmentation and reduction of its constituent national elements may be seen. As examples, Naisbitt examines the economic and political imperatives that caused the collapse of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, as well as the modern desire for national independence, characteristic of countries such as Andorra. Many scientists and politicians believe that economic and technological factors weaken the traditional nation-states, while Naisbitt, in contrast, says that these processes do not divide but unite people according to linguistic features, culture, religion, and national heritage. Paradoxically, “linking communities of human beings is our identity.” According to Naisbitt, both of these trends, the desire for universalism or tribalism, “support” technological progress in electronic communications. Telecommunication links are the leading forces which build a new global economy and at the same time strengthen its constituent elements. In telecommunications, we are moving towards a single global information network, where everything is connected to everything else. This change has significant implications for democracy worldwide, and may perhaps be compared to the

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transition from slow central mainframe to interconnected personal computers. “While the force and the area of influence of all communication increases, the funds necessary for the control and use of their capabilities decrease more and more.” According to Naisbitt’s basic idea, central government as “a huge nationwide system unit” and the most important element of the board is out of date. Indeed, traditional representational politics is coming to its end, especially “today, when representative democracy citizens have the right to a radical decentralization and transition to direct democracy.” Naisbitt has traveled around the world several times a year, and has spoken to virtually all major corporations. John Naisbitt holds seventeen honorary doctorate degrees in the humanities, natural sciences, and engineering. Works: Megatrends (New York, 1982) Re-Inventing the Corporation (New York, 1985), Megatrends 2000 (New York, 1990), Global Paradox (New York, 1994), Megatrends Asia (New York, 1996), High Technology, Deep Humanity. Technologies and Our Search for Meaning (New York, 2001), Set Mind! (New York, 2006), China’s Megatrends: 8 Pillars of a New Society (New York, 2010). NAZARETYAN, Akop Pogosovich (b. May 5, 1948, Baku, Azerbaijan ssr) – psychologist, philosopher, and anthropologist, professor, senior researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of ras, Chief Editor of magazine The Historical Psychology and Sociology of History, the head of the Euro-Asian Centre of mega-history and system forecasting. Nazaretyan is author of works on the synergetic theory of systems, on Big History, the history and methodology of science, political and historical psychology, as well as psychological factors of anthropogenic crises and global forecasting. Exploring common vectors and mechanisms in human evolution, the biosphere and the universe, Nazaretyan has developed a detailed conceptual model of endo-exogenous crises – in other words, adverse changes in the environment which are triggered by the activity of a system that does not exist in equilibrium, owing to which the preservation of stability requires ­qualitative improvement of anti-entropic mechanisms. The general model at a socio-historical stage is seen as the systemic relationship between technological potential, quality of cultural-psychological regulators, and the vitality of society – the law of techno-humanitarian balance. The emergence of more powerful technologies improves the external sustainability of society; that is, its independence from natural and geopolitical fluctuations. However, this often causes a surge of environmental and geopolitical aggression accompanied by mass euphoria, a feeling of permissiveness and impunity, and other signs of “pre-crisis syndrome,” so that society

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becomes unstable in relation to internal fluctuations. Reducing internal stability intensifies the selection of different values and norms that are adequate for the new circumstances. Thus there is a catastrophic rejection of societies that have failed to adapt to the culture of aggression, restricting their reaction to increased instrumental powers. As a result of the complex cultural and psychological adaptation of the society to more powerful technology, the volume of useful effect per unit of damage increases, so techniques of socio-natural inner social (including intergroup) compromise are improved. To verify the hypothesis that the law of techno-humanitarian balance is a universal mechanism for selecting viable social systems at all stages of human history and prehistory, methods for the comparative assessment of social violence (bloody ratio) were developed. It was found that in the long historical perspective, with the increasing destructive power of weapons and population density, the average number of homicides per unit time in relation to the population has declined, nonlinearly but consistently. Basing his research on a general model of evolutionary crises, catastrophes, and phase transitions, Nazaretyan considered future scenarios. Independent calculations show that planetary evolution is coming to the point of “historical singularity”: in the next decades the logarithmic curve of the acceleration of processes will be converted into the vertical, which should mean an unprecedented phase transition of historical significance. Interdisciplinary analysis of emerging circumstances has led to the conclusion that the destiny of planetary civilization may depend crucially on the ability of the mind to develop a strategic sense and goal orientations that are free from religious and ideological contexts. Another part of Nazaretyan’s research explores issues of social security, in particular the study of mechanisms, patterns, and management technologies of natural behavior of the masses (crowd, mass panic, rumors, etc.). Works: Cybernetics and Integration of Sciences (Yerevan: Hayastan, 1986); Intelligence in the Universe: Sources, Formation and Prospects (Moscow: Nedra, 1991); Aggression, Morality, and Crises in the Development of World Culture (Moscow: Knizhnik, 1995) (2nd edn, extended, 1996); Psychology of Spontaneous Mass Behavior (Moscow: Per se, 2001) (2nd edn, extended, 2005); Aggressive Crowd, Mass Panic, Rumors: Lectures on Social and Political Psychology (St. Petersburg, 2003); Civilization Crises in the Context of Universal History. Synergetics – Psychology – Forecasting (Moscow: Per se, 2001) (2nd edn, extended, 2004); Anthropology of Violence and Self-Organization Culture. Essays on the Evolutionary-Historical Psychology (Moscow: urss, 2007) (2nd edn, extended, 2008); “The Meaning of Life as a Global Issue of Modernity,” Problems of Philosophy 5 (2009); “Virtualization of Social Violence – Sign of Era?” Historical

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Psychology and Sociology History 2/2 (2009) (all cited in Russian); Evolution of Non-Violence. Studies in Big History, Self-Organization and Historical Psychology (Saarbrucken: lap, 2010). NEGRI, Antonio (b. August 1, 1933, Padua, Italy) – Italian sociologist, Marxist and political philosopher, Professor of political philosophy at University of Padua, lecturer at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris). Born in Padua, he became a political philosophy professor in his hometown university. Negri founded the Potere Operaio (Worker Power) group in 1969 and was a leading member of Autonomia Operaia. As one of the most popular theorists of Autonomism, he has published hugely influential books urging “revolutionary consciousness.” He joined the Italian Socialist Party in 1956 and remained a member until 1963, while at the same time becoming more and more engaged throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s in Marxist movements. He had a quick academic career at the University of Padua and was promoted to full professor at a young age in the field of “dottrina dello Stato” (State theory), a peculiarly Italian field that deals with juridical and constitutional theory. This might have been facilitated by his connections to influential politicians such as Raniero Panzieri and philosopher Norberto Bobbio, strongly engaged with the Socialist Party. In the early 1960s Negri joined the editorial group of Quaderni Rossi, a journal that represented the intellectual rebirth of Marxism in Italy outside the realm of the communist party. In 1969, together with Oreste Scalzone and Franco Piperno, Negri was one of the founders of the group Potere Operaio (Workers’ Power) and the Operaismo (workerist) Communist movement. Potere Operaio disbanded in 1973 and gave rise to the Autonomia Operaia Organizzata (Organised Workers’ Autonomy) movement. Unlike other forms of Marxism, autonomist Marxism emphasizes the ability of the working class to force changes to the organization of the capitalist system independent of the state, trade unions or political parties. Autonomists are less concerned with party political organization than are other Marxists, focusing instead on self-organized action outside of traditional organizational structures. Autonomist Marxism is thus a “bottom-up” theory: it draws attention to activities that autonomists see as everyday working-class resistance to capitalism, for example absenteeism, slow working, and socialization in the workplace. The journal Quaderni Rossi (“Red Notebooks”), produced between 1961 and 1965, and its successor Classe Operaia (“Working Class”), produced between 1963 and 1966, were also influential in the

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­development of early autonomism. Both were founded by Antonio Negri and Mario Tronti. Works: (ed. with M. Hardt), Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York, 2004); (ed. with M. Hardt), Empire (Cambridge, ma, 2000); The Savage Anomaly: The Power of Spinoza’s Metaphysics and Politics (Minneapolis, 1991). NEKLESSA, Alexander Ivanovich (b. April 29, 1949, Moscow, ussr) – a Russian scientist and political analyst, who graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the ussr in 1972, the graduate school of the Africa Institute of the ussr in 1978, and the Higher Courses for Strategic Analysis (Institute for Strategic Studies, Cairo). Neklessa was Group Manager of intelros, chairman of the Committee on Social and Cultural Challenges of Globalization, a member of the Bureau of the scientific council History of World Culture at the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Director of the Institute for Economic Strategies at Office of Social Sciences ras, Head of Laboratory of Geo-Economic Studies (at Laboratory North–south), ifa ras (Branch of Global Issues and International Relations), Professor of the Geo-Economics Department of Geopolitical Problems Academy, and a member of the Strategic Development Committee under the Board of Directors of vvc. Neklessa is author/researcher and manager of Project Xinli, ekolar (1988), “Camelot” (2004), “Sofia” (2004), OCE-2/“Time Forward-Centre” (2009), “Phoenix-K” (2010), and “Big Volhonka” (2011). Having previously headed the Synergistic laboratory ngo “Xinli,” Neklessa was chief specialist of ibec rf, manager of Service of Strategic Analysis at MAPS “mig,” an expert-consultant for the Directorate of Strategic Planning mic MAPS, and a member of the analytical group of the Council of Defence of Russian Federation. He supervised the Moscow intellectual club Red Square, the theoretical seminar Global Community (the History of World Culture scientific council), and an interdisciplinary seminar SYNERGIA (Centre for Problem Analysis and the Governance un ras). Neklessa is a full member of the Russian Historical Society, the philosophiceconomic scientist meeting of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, as well as the Russian branches of the International League of Strategic Management, Valuation and Accounting (ilsmaa), the World Futures Studies Federation (wfsf), a member of the International Editorial Board of Philosophical Alternatives, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian editorial boards of the journals Asia and Africa Today, intelros – Intellectual Russia,

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Issues of Development, Forecasts and Strategies, and Economic Strategies. He is also host of the weekly analytic program “The Future” (FINAM fm). Author of about six hundred publications on international relations, political science, economics, and history, Neklessa’s main research areas are international management and global development trends, strategic analysis and planning, geo-economics, and the philosophy of history. Works: Global Community: Cartography of Postmodern World (Moscow, 2002) (ed.); Unidentified Culture (Moscow, 2001); Global Community: New Coordinate System (Moscow, 2000) (ed.); Russia’s Response to the Challenge of Time: A Strategy for Technology Transfers (Moscow, 1997); Global Outlook and Place of Africa in the New World (Moscow, 1995); Pentamino: Russia and the New Meta-Regional Context (Moscow, 1994); Russian-African Economic Relations in a Global Context: Issues and Trends (Moscow, 1993); “Controlled Chaos: A New Civilization Context,” Communication of Times (Moscow, 2002); “Fourth Rome. Global Thinking and Strategic Planning in the Last Third of the Twentieth Century,” Russian Strategic Research (Moscow, 2002); “Ordo Quadro: Coming of Postmodern World,” Megatrends of World Development (Moscow, 2001); “The End of Great Modernity Era,” Postindustrial World and Russia (Moscow, 2001); “System of Geo-Economic World Order as a Global Project,” Economic Theory in the xxi Century (Moscow, 2001); “Pax Oeconomicana,” Economic Theory in the xxi Century (Moscow, 2000); Russia in the System of Geo-Economic Coordinates of the xxi Century in the xxi Century: Strategic Issues and Prospects of the Russian Economy (Moscow, 1999); “Controlled Chaos,” MEiMO 9 (2002); “Transmutation of History. September 11, 2001 in a Historical Perspective and Retrospective,” New World 9 (2002); “Intellect, Elite and Control,” Russia xxi 1 (2002); “Entry into Postmodern World of the Third Millennium,” East 4 (2001); “A la carte,” Polis 3 (2001); “Transmutation of History,” Problems of Philosophy 3 (2001); “Understanding the New World,” East 4 (2000); “Requiem to the Twentieth Century,” MEiMO 1–2 (2000); “End of Civilization, or History Conflict,” MEiMO 3 (1999); “Epilogue Stories,” East 5 (1998); “African Restructuring,” Asia and Africa Today 6 (1997); “Geometry Economy,” MEiMO 10 (1996); “Issue of Global Development and the Place of Africa in the New World,” MEiMO 8 (1995) (all mentioned in Russian). NOVOGRATZ Jacqueline (b. March 15, 1961) – member of the Board of Trustees of the international non-profit organization the Aspen Institute, a member of the World Economic Forum, a member of Global Agenda Councils. She founded the Acumen Fund in 2001 and has been its ceo, participating in the development of the Next Generation Leadership program.

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She was awarded a bachelor’s degree in international relations from the University of Virginia. Travel to Africa prompted the idea of fighting poverty in third world countries, and annually the Acumen Fund invests more than $40 million in more than twenty-five countries. Donations are sent to a wide range of projects, from the struggle against malaria in Africa to the maintenance of agricultural systems in Pakistan. Novogratz is one of the few people who have dedicated their lives to a single goal – to change the world for the better. The creation of the Acumen Fund, aimed at combating the global issue of the rich North and the poor South, says much about her great contribution to global research. Perhaps even more important is that, based on the fund, Novogratz developed the Next Generation Leadership program, which educates new entrepreneurs and businessmen, whose activity will not adversely affect third world countries, and will ensure stability in different regions. Novogratz has delivered a report on issues of global poverty at various conferences and forums (the Clinton Global Initiative, the ted Conference, and World Economic Forum). Works: The Blue Sweater: Bridging the Gap Between Rich and Poor in an Interconnected World (NewYork: 2009). NYSANBAEV, Abdumalik (b. May 1, 1937, Kazakhstan) – Kazakh philosopher, political scientist, and public figure. Doctor of Philosophy, professor, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 1990–2011 Director of the Institute of Philosophy and Political kn men rk. Under the leadership of Nysanbayev, the International Scientific School of Philosophy and Political Science was created, which operates in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Russia, the Republic of Korea, Iran, Buryatia, and Azerbaijan. Under his supervision much research and organizational work was done for the state program Cultural Heritage (2004–12), and twenty volumes on Kazakh philosophy were published, as well as twenty volumes on world philosophy and the ten-volume collected works of al-Farabi. He has also prepared and published textbooks for high schools: Eastern Philosophy (2009), Western Philosophy (2009), and Kazakh Philosophy (2011) (in Kazakh). Nysanbayev’s scientific achievements include the opening up of Kazakh and Turkish philosophy, which was taboo in Soviet times, laying the foundations of a new integral philosophy of understanding in the context of the dialogue of cultures of East and West, and the emergence and study of a new integrated outlook and a new system of values for the people of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization, disclosing the role of a national idea to consolidate multi-ethnic Kazakh society, and strengthening national identity. Works: Philosophy Understanding (Almaty, 2001, in Russian); Kazakh Philosophy. (Tehran, 2002, in Kazakh); ­Cultural

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Heritage and Social Transformation in Kazakhstan (Washington, 2004); (ed. with O.V. Nechyporenko), Russia and Kazakhstan in the xxi Century. Experience of Modernizing Reforms (Novosibirsk, 2005, in Russian); Independence. Democracy. Humanism, in two volumes (Almaty 2011, in Russian), Kazakhstan in the Context of Globalization: The Philosophical and Political Analysis (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science, mes, 2006), Philosophy in the Context of Globalization (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science kn mes, 2009), Kazakhstan in the Global World: Challenges and Preservation of Identity (Almaty, 2011). O ODUM, Eugene P. (b. September 17, 1913, Newport, nh, usa; d. – August 10, 2002, Athens, ga, usa) – the famous American zoologist, one of the greatest world-class environmentalists, engaged in a comprehensive study of ecosystems and their dynamics in space and time. Thanks to Odum, ecology moved from an exploration at the level of living organisms to a higher level of existence: landscape-cenoses (or ecosystem). In 1953, the first edition of his major work Fundamentals of Ecology was published, where he clearly formed the structure of this science, in which the central place was given to the ecosystem. Although the concept of the ecosystem was introduced into scientific use in 1935 by the English botanist Arthur Tansley, it remained undeveloped for a while. Odum carried out a real revolution in the explanation of the unity of components, transferring ecology from environment reductionism (auto-ecology) to a new level of sinecology that has stimulated research into energy processes. Since that time, ecology has begun to win a place in the system of other sciences. On the basis of the Odum concept was laid the idea that all species of plants and animals on the planet, as well as man, are equal and have the same right to exist. An awareness of emergent change in the organization and functions of the systems depending on the level of their existence has provided an opportunity to address many of the environmental issues facing mankind. In determining the idealized, the main object of ecology, Odum’s concept of ecosystems is dominant in modern ecology: environmentalists’ efforts should be concentrated on the study of the properties of the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Odum’s Fundamentals of Ecology is the most comprehensive overview of the major issues of general ecology. In the first part a modern and clear definition of ecology is given, the broad concept of “ecosystem” is analyzed, the different levels of its organization are discussed, and principles for the development

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and evolution of ecosystems are established. This part ends with a description of the principles of mathematical modeling of ecosystems. The second part is devoted to issues of regional “landscape” ecology. The third contains application issues that relate primarily to the relationship between nature and society. The book, rich not only in facts but also ideas, is Odum’s great contribution to the development of environmental issues, and it is deservedly viewed as a classic by specialists in the field; references to it are the norm in all the major papers on ecology, regardless of their orientation. Revised and abbreviated by the author, Fundamentals of Ecology was published in two volumes in 1986 in Russian as Ecology. The first volume includes chapters that in the light of the latest achievements explore concepts and classification of the ecosystem, their origin and evolution, energy characteristics, and the relationship of environmental trends of development alongside the development of human society. The second volume presents questions of population dynamics, relationships between populations, communities, and ecosystems, ecosystem dynamics, and evolutionary ecology, as well as issues related to the future development of mankind. Works: (with Howard T. Odum), Variations in the Heart Rate of Birds: A Study in Physiological Ecology (1939); Fundamentals of Ecology (1953); Ecology (1963); Ecology, the link between the Natural and The Social Sciences (1975); Basic Ecology (1983); Ecology and Our Endangered Life Support Systems (1993); Ecological Vignettes: Ecological Approaches to Dealing with Human Predicament (1998); (with Martha Odum), Essence of Place (2000). ÖZBEKHAN, Hasan (b. 1921, Turkey; d. February 12, 2007, Philadelphia, pa, usa) – American scholar of Turkish origin, involved in cybernetics, philosophy, and planning, Professor Emeritus of Management at the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania. He made an attempt to apply systems theory to global issues, and was co-founder and first director of the Club of Rome. Özbekhan was born in Turkey into a diplomatic family. He graduated from the French Lycée Chateaubriand in Rome, after which he studied law and public administration at the Free School of Political Sciences in Paris. He was also a graduate of the London School of Economics. After being elected a member of the Leverhulme Community, Ozbekhan received his Ph.D. from Cambridge University. In 1960s Özbekhan worked as a management consultant to large transnational corporations. He wrote a number of studies that were carried out by order of the Turkish and French governments, including a model of state policy in the field of science in Turkey and extensive analysis of current events that

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might affect the future shape of Paris. From 1963 to 1969 Özbekhan served as chief expert and planning director of the System Development Corporation in Santa Monica (ca, usa). In 1970 Özbekhan joined the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, where he later became a professor of statistics and operations research, as well chairman of the Graduate Group in the Faculty of Social Systems Science. From 1986 until his retirement in 1992 Özbekhan was a professor in the Management Department at the Wharton School. Özbekhan was also a member of the Royal Economic Society, the Economic Club of New York, the American Economic Association, the National Academy of Economics and Political Science, the Society of Business Advisory Professionals, the National Belgian Scientific Organization Committee, the American Society of Political and Legal Philosophy, and the international associations Mankind 2000 and Futuribles. Özbekhan attempted to apply system theory to global issues. He was the author of the famous Club of Rome report “The Predicament of Mankind,” which played a key role for club members who subsequently focused their research interest on energy issues, overpopulation, and environmental degradation. This work inspired other researchers in the field of systems theory, which under the leadership of Alexander Christakis developed the science of structural dialogic modeling. Works: The Isle of Princes (New York, 1957); Toward a General Theory of Planning (Paris, 1968); The Predicament of Mankind (the Club of Rome report) (1970). P PANARIN, Alexander Sergeevich (b. December 26, 1940, Gorlovka, Donetsk Region, ussr; d. September 25, 2003, Moscow, Russia) – philosopher, political scientist, writer, and public figure, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Head of Department of Political Philosophy Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Director of the Centre for Socio-philosophical Studies of Institute of Philosophy at Russian Academy of Sciences. Globalization, according to Panarin, is the process of forming a single interconnected world, in which peoples are not separated from each other by the usual protective barriers and borders, which at the same time prevent their communication and protect them from disordered external influences. Globalization is presented as a challenge to industrialized countries by the rest of the world, the main issue of globalization being the fact that different

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c­ ountries and nations come to the new “open world” system as far from equal in terms of economic, military and strategic, and socio-cultural potential. Panarin considered globalism as being the subjective manifestation of globalization through politics and psychology, as the installation of will and consciousness that deliberately opposes the usual methods by which selfdetermination of people takes place. Globalism is based on ideological and sociocultural alienation of certain social groups in relation to the surrounding social environment. Panarin identifies three types of globalization: (1) globalism of the Enlightenment, initiating the formation of European modernity and a single world space; (2) esoteric globalism of the ruling elites, leading to the creation of a new world order that approves this order; and (3) globalism of a single power, claiming to be the exclusive carrier of world power and leader of a unipolar world. Works: Global Political Forecasting in Terms of Strategic Instability (Moscow, 1999, in Russian); Global Political Forecasting (Moscow, 2001, in Russian); Temptation by Globalism (Moscow, 2002, in Russian); Orthodox Civilization in a Global World (Moscow, 2002, in Russian). PANTIN, Vladimir Igorevich (b. April 23, 1954, Moscow) – philosopher, political scientist, a forecaster of global political and economic development, the author of the concept of global cycles of history. In 1976 Pantin graduated from the Philosophy Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. In 1998 he defended his doctoral thesis “Cycles and Waves of Modernization as Forms of Social Evolution.” Since 1997 he has been working at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations at Russian Academy of Sciences, and since 2011 has been Visiting Professor of Faculty of Global Studies Lomonosov msu. In his work on cycles and waves of global development, Pantin allocated global cycles of differentiation a duration of 800–1,000 years, which are observed from the earliest times to the present, and cycles of evolutionary complexity for the global economic and political system that last 100–120 years, typical for New and Newest time. Together with V.V. Lapkin he developed an approach to forecasting global development based on cycles and waves of historical trends (“philosophy of historical forecasting”). He hypothesized that owing to the natural reduction in duration of cycles of evolutionary complication because of the acceleration of information, economic, and socio-political processes, the global system had at the beginning of the 2000s entered a phase of “great turbulence in world economy and politics.” Works: Cycles and Rhythms of History (Ryazan, 1996, in Russian); Cycles and Waves of Global History. Globalization in the Historical Dimension (Moscow,

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2003, in Russian); Waves and Cycles of Social Development: The Civilization Dynamics and Processes of Modernization (Moscow, 2004, in Russian); (ed. with V.V. Lapkin), Philosophy of Historical Forecasting: Rhythms of History and Prospects of Development of the World in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century (Dubna, 2006, in Russian); World Cycles and Prospects of Russia in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century (Dubna, 2009, in Russian); (ed. with A. Dynkin), “The World on the Verge of Troublesome Years?” Russia in Global ­Affairs 8/3 (2010). PECCEI, Aurelio (b. July 4, 1908, Turin, Italy; d. March 14, 1984, Rome, Italy) – Italian economist, prominent social activist, founder and first President of the Club of Rome, bright, outstanding personality and the greatest humanist of the twentieth century. Peccei was one of the first to see that mankind is entering a global era, and undertook a Herculean effort to bring this to worldwide attention. His name is associated primarily with the origin and formation of globalistics as a new interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge, as well as the area of social ­practices and political activities that were aimed at addressing global issues of our time. Peccei studied economics at the Sorbonne, receiving his Ph.D. in 1930. During World War ii he was a member of the Italian Resistance, and passed through the Nazi torture chambers. After the war he became a recognized expert in the field of industrial management and a successful businessman, holding key positions in major Italian companies Fiat, Italoconsult, and Olivetti. He traveled the world extensively, and with his own eyes saw increasing problems and difficult situations caused by poor organization and deepening because of the technological revolution gap between developed and developing countries. As he wrote in his remarkable work devoted to the analysis of social relations and the essence of man as he entered an era of global interdependence (Human Qualities (Moscow, 1980, pp. 88, 121, in Russian)): “Having visited and worked in many countries around the world, I had the opportunity to see how amazingly badly human administration was established everywhere – there were many things I would like to organize more smartly and more efficiently. The clearer I imagined a danger threatening humanity, the more convinced I became of the need to take drastic measures before it was too late.” The concern about “global issues” and the desire to make his own contribution to overcoming the “difficulties of mankind,” which by the mid-1960s were demonstrating their long-term and deepening nature, became decisive in Peccei’s life. In 1965 he published a brochure entitled “The Challenge of the Seventies to the Modern World,” and sent it to his friends, representatives of international organizations, and business circles. At the end of 1966, lecturing in

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the United States, he set out his views on the prospects for global development and proved the necessity of joint efforts in the face of imminent danger. He also spoke in favor of the widespread use of system analysis and other modern scientific methods, in the development of which the us led the world by that time. These ideas, as well as his support of and active participation in solving practical problems, played an important role in the creation of a number of influential research institutions, such as the International Institute for Applied System Analysis, whose main task was to study the relevant scientific, technical, economic, social, and other issues surrounding international cooperation. Peccei was also involved in the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study and the Vienna Council. Describing his life, Peccei explained the shift from business to scientific, organizational, and social activities: “Wandering on the planet, I’ve seen people around the world fighting – and by no means always successfully – to address many of the challenges that, I became more and more convinced, were going to be in the future even more difficult and dangerous for mankind. I felt that I could not be honest with myself if I didn’t try one way or another to warn people that their current efforts are not enough and that they need to do something else, something radically different from the actions that are currently being taken” (“Ordinance,” p. 284). Having set himself a goal to “appeal to the people of the world,” Peccei played a crucial role in bringing together leading scientists, prominent public and political figures, and representatives of industry and the financial public in order to develop theoretical and practical solutions to address global issues and to identify ways in which further scientific, technical, and economic development of the world community could be undertaken. His efforts, supported by well-known scientists Alexander King, E. Young, H. Timann, and others, as well as public and political figures, who were primarily united by similar views on global development trends and by serious concern for the fate of mankind, led to the creation in 1968 of one of the most authoritative international nongovernmental organizations of the twentieth century – the Club of Rome. This made a name for itself through research projects called the “Reports to the Club of Rome.” The first of these, “Limits to Growth,” published in 1972, made a sensation, showing in an easily understandable form that the finite size of the planet necessarily presupposes limits to human expansion; it can be concluded from this that population growth cannot continue endlessly. Although the first reports focused on objective matters of global development and their technical study, for Peccei it was already obvious that the major difficulties were directly connected with man. “I wanted to focus the attention of the Club on a few basic ideas, the main one being that in human systems all elements

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are interconnected and that currently the greatest importance should be given to those that are directly dependent on man” (“Ordinance,” p. 114). Peccei’s exceptional talent as an organizer and his solid management experience allowed him ultimately not just to promote the emergence of new and innovative structures, but to achieve significant results in the realization of their development. There is no doubt that the activities both of himself and the organizations created with his participation had a significant impact on scientific thinking and world public consciousness, which became more receptive to global changes and the resultant danger to mankind. And if today almost no state, no political party, and no public figures and politicians can expect to succeed by ignoring contemporary processes of globalization and the problems they cause, then much of the credit for this belongs to Peccei, who did so much to understand the modern world and provide for its security, leaving us challenging thoughts and original arguments about the interaction between society and nature, social development, freedom, violence, equality, and social justice. Works: The Human Quality (New York, 1977); The Chasm Ahead (New York, 1979); One Hundred Pages for the Future. Reflections of the President of the Club of Rome (New York, 1981); Human Qualities (Moscow, 1980 and 1985). Lit.: The Club of Rome. History of Creation, Selected Reports and Speeches, Official Materials (Moscow, 1997); A. King, “The Club of Rome – Reaffirmation of a Mission,” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 11/1 (1986). PESTEL, Eduard (b. May 29, 1914, Hildesheim, Germany; d. November 19, 1988, Hanover) – German scientist, statesman, politician and public figure, one of the principal founders of the Club of Rome (1968). From 1956 Pestel was Professor of Mechanics at the Technical University of Hanover, from 1966 nato Economic Committee delegate, then a member of  the Board of Trustees of the Volkswagen Foundation, and Vice-President of the Central German Association for Research (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). In 1975 he founded the Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and Forecast (isp) in Hanover (now the Institute for System Studies of Eduard Pestel). In 1977–81 he was Minister of Science and Arts of Lower Saxony. In 1982 he revived the Technical Society named after Albert Einstein (he was President of this organization to the end of his life). He founded the Institute of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering Faculty of the Technical University of Haifa (Technion), both of which are also named after him. In 1972, together with Jay Forrester and Donella Meadows, he developed “World Models” at mit, as well as the world’s first computer model that simulates the dynamic system of the population and the economy. In 1974, under the

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direction of Pestel and Mihajlo Mesarovic, the report “Mankind at the Turning Point” was presented to the Club of Rome. This not only described the global situation, but attempted to offer effective tools for solving specific issues. The authors put forward the concept of “organic growth,” according to which each region of the world should perform its specific function, like the cell of a living organism. The world was divided into regions, and the study described ten subregions, using a variety of information and complex procedures. The concept of “organic growth” proved to be quite attractive and, despite criticism, has received considerable attention. The report gave a powerful impetus to works in the field of global modeling, which unfolded during the 1970s. In 1987 Pestel published a report for the Club of Rome entitled “Beyond the Limits to Growth.” This was not a traditional presentation, aimed at solving a particular issue. It was written in the form of a reflection on the evolution of theoretical and practical activities at the Club of Rome during the fifteen years since the publication of the first, and most sensational report, “Limits to Growth.” It was dedicated to the memory of Aurelio Peccei, founder and first president of the Club of Rome. According to Pestel, the publication of “Limits to Growth” was very useful because it drew the attention of millions of people to “the world’s issues,” forcing them to face the dangers and to recognize the need for radical revision of values because of material interests. In his new report Pestel focused on finding “practical ways to secure development policy.” The main role in this development was given to new technologies. In “Limits to Growth” various global issues are elaborated upon, and generalizations are made about scientific and technological progress and its social consequences. Works: Matrix Methods in Elastomechanics (Columbus, oh, 1963); Dynamics (Columbus, oh, 1968); Beyond the Limits to growth (Rome, 1989). PETROV, Vladislav Vasilyevich (b. September 2, 1929, Pavlovskiy Posad, Moscow Region, ussr; d. April 18, 1995, Moscow, Russia) – Russian lawyer, ll.d, professor, specialist in environmental, land law and legal issues of agriculture, founder of the new scientific field related to environmental and legal regulation of economic activity. Petrov worked at the Law Faculty of Kazan State University from 1972, and from 1984 was Professor of the Law Faculty of Moscow State University n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, then he was Head of Department of Environmental and Land Law at Moscow State University. For many years he was Chief Editor of the journal Bulletin of Moscow University (series “Law”). In 1981 his monograph Ecology and Law was published, devoted to the analysis of the structure and efficiency of the legal framework for the protection of

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the environment, the role of environmental control, and environmental – legal liability in its functioning. A number of Petrov’s scientific papers were devoted to fundamental issues of environmental law as a new, developing field of law and its place in the Russian legal system. He proposed and proved fundamental theoretical principles concerning the objects of environmental law, central being man’s actions simultaneously as the subject and object of environmental rights and responsibilities. A significant place in Petrov’s writings is given to the development of theoretical issues of liability for environmental violations and compensation for the damage caused to the environment and to certain natural objects, as well as to human health. He developed the concept of eco-liability, including economic and legal responsibility, and developed legal criteria for distinguishing economic and environmental harm caused as a result of environmental offenses. The most important part of Petrov’s scientific work is his theoretical justification of the mechanism of legal protection of the environment, based on a combination of society’s economic and environmental interests, environmental and economic liability, and the redress of economic and environmental damage. For many years, Petrov worked actively to systematize and develop legislation on environmental protection, conservation, and use of natural resources. In recent years he worked on the chapter entitled “Environmental Crimes” in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. He directly participated in the production of a series of decisions by the Supreme Court of the uss.r. surrounding the issues regarding the application of the legislation about offenses in the field of environmental protection. Petrov was one of the main developers of the rsfsr law “On Environmental Protection” (1991). He prepared and published, either personally or as editor, ten textbooks and manuals for law schools in the uss.r. and courses entitled “Legal Protection of Nature,” “Legal Protection of the Environment,” “Land Law,” and “Environmental Law.” His textbook Environmental Law, published in early 1995, was reprinted over the next few years. Largely owing to his active organizational and educational activities ,the training course “Environmental Law” is now taught in all law schools in Russia as an obligatory legal discipline. Works: Environmental Law (Moscow, 1995), Ecology and Law (Moscow, 1981). PIETERSE, Jan Nederveen (b. July 30, 1946, Amsterdam, Netherlands) – graduated from the University of Amsterdam with a degree in cultural anthropology and non-Western sociology, then engaged in research activities in Tunisia

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and the Netherlands, and taught sociology at the University of Cape Coast (Ghana). Pieterse defended his doctoral thesis at the University of New York, Binghamton. He was a teacher and the director of studies and projects department at the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague (the International Development Institute) and at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a professor of global research and sociology at the University of California in Santa Barbara. He was a visiting professor in universities in Argentina, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, and Thailand. Pieterse is the co-organizer of the annual conference on global research (Global Studies Conference), which is held in Chicago, Dubai, Busan, Rio de Janeiro, and Moscow (). Pieterse edits the book series “Limits to Globalization” for Palgrave Macmillan and “Emerging communities” for Routledge. He is also the editor and consultant editor for several magazines (electronic magazine of global studies, magazine Ethnicities, European Journal of Social Theory, Third Text, Encounters, Social Issues). His scientific contribution to the study of globalization includes the articles “Globalization as Hybridization” (1995), the monograph Globalization and Culture: Global Mixing (second edition, 2009) and his works on the study of development problems. His research on globalization covers the issues of empire and hegemony (“Empire and Emancipation” (1989); “Globalization or Empire?” (2004); “Is there Hope for Uncle Sam, or Beyond the American Bubble” (2008); a collection of articles entitled Humanitarian Intervention and Beyond (1998); “Global Future: The Formation of Globalization” (2000); “Politics of Globalization” (2009)), emancipation (“Emancipation, Modernity and Postmodernity” (1992) and “Globalization and Social Movements” (2001)), and the global political economy and culture (“White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture” (1992), “Decolonization of Imagination” (1997), and “Ethnicities and Global Multiculture” (2007)). In his latest works, Pieterse examines history over long periods of time and eastern globalization (e.g. “Interweaving of Globalization: Mutual Recognition of East and West”), globalization of the twenty-first century, and the growth of developing societies (he is co-editor of the anthologies Globalization and Emerging Societies: Development and Inequality (2009) and Globalization and Development of East Asia (2012)). He is currently working on new books on the revival of global balance and modernity and capitalism. Works: Development Theory: Deconstructions/ Reconstructions (London, 2010); Is There Hope for Uncle Sam? Beyond the American Bubble (London, 2008); Global Mélange: Globalization and Culture (London, 2003).

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POPPER, Karl (b. July 28, 1902, Vienna, Austria; d. September 17, 1994, London, uk) – the greatest philosopher of the twentieth century. Until 1937 Popper worked in Vienna, in 1937–45 in New Zealand, from 1946 in London. He created an expanded concept of an open society. This concept, introduced into scientific thought by Henri Bergson (“Two Sources of Morality and Religion,” 1932), was actively used by Popper in his book The Open Society and Its Enemies to overcome totalitarianism and to form a planetary consciousness in a global world. In the 1970s Popper’s critical rationalism concept became the leading factor in the political culture of Germany. It had and still has an impact not only on science, but also on the economy, educational system, and political parties. The Popperism movement that arose spreads the philosophy of open society throughout the world, surpassing the spread of Marxist theory. Popper’s social philosophy becomes global. A man can be wrong; therefore it is necessary to develop a critical attitude towards the forms of his life. Human language gives us a possibility to make the choice that allows theories but not people to die. The struggle for existence in society is the struggle between theories. Conflicts should be resolved in a discourse in conditions of tolerance, humility, and intellectual honesty. Within society as a whole, as well as within the scientific community, these are necessary requirements. In political terms, Popper introduces the theory of social reformism in small steps. At the same time, people should take into account the side effects of the implementation of each step. Popper said that one should never force a person to be happy, but it is necessary to free him from misery, from negative phenomena. Instead of utilitarianism in the positive sense, he offers negative utilitarianism (exemption from suffering). The concept of small but permanent reforms can improve people’s lives. We should attempt to make the world happy, but instead constantly fix flaws in it. The interrelationship between science and democracy is a form of social existence without violence. Science and democracy are a natural alliance for social progress, which can be implemented through education and small reforms. This allows us to change the world for the better. Works: Logic and Growth of Scientific Knowledge (Moscow, 1983); The Open Society and Its Enemies (Moscow, 1992); Objective Knowledge. An Evolutionary Approach (Moscow, 2002). PRIGOGINE, Ilya Romanovich (b. January 25, 1917, Moscow; d. May 28, 2003, Austin, tx, usa) – a Belgian and American physicist, chemist and philosopher  of Russian origin (Belgian citizenship), Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1977).

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In 1921 Prigogine’s family emigrated from Soviet Russia, first to Lithuania, and then a year later to Berlin, and finally in 1929 to Belgium, where Prigogine graduated from the Free University of Brussels (1941). From the beginning of the 1960s he lived in Chicago, then in Austin (tx), where he founded the Centre for the Study of Complex Quantum Systems, which he managed until his death. From the mid-1940s Prigogine worked on the issues of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics of irreversible processes. He found that the processes occurring in systems that are far from equilibrium can be transformed into the temporal and spatial structures. The system becomes sensitive to natural fluctuations, which can turn into a factor guiding global evolution (order through fluctuations). Prigogine paid major attention to the study of how dissipation generates order in time and space. He defended the priority of existence of open systems in nature, which are connected with each other in a complicated manner and that he called dissipative. To explain the behavior of systems far from equilibrium, Prigogine formulated the theory of dissipative structures, presenting dissipative structures in terms of a mathematical model with time-dependent nonlinear functions that describe the ability of systems to exchange matter and energy with the environment and spontaneously restabilize themselves. Prigogine introduced the idea of bifurcation development of such systems. From the specific model of complex behavior in chemistry, Prigogine moves to profound philosophical generalizations about the change of scientific paradigm and radical changes in the vision of the world; evolutionary paradigm covers the whole of chemistry, as well as substantial parts of biology and the social sciences. He discovers a new world of irreversibility, internal randomness, and complexity. Prigogine develops the philosophy of instability, which plays a fundamental role in modern globalistics. He is one of the founders of a new scientific field – the worldview called “synergetics.” This interdisciplinary area of scientific research has the primary task of understanding the general laws and principles that underlie the processes of self-organization in systems of any nature and in any discipline (physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, economics, sociology). Prigogine paid particular attention to the issue of time; the nature of irreversibility. According to him, the essence of the scientific revolution is that nature comprises instability as an essential element: as a rule, a single bifurcation does not take place, but a whole cascade of bifurcations, as a result of which new macrostructures appear. Therefore, we cannot predict what will happen; the future is open. The world is in the process of establishment, and we ourselves are its participants. We live in an era of fluctuations and

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bifurcations where individual actions are very important. The end of certainties in science means the beginning of a special responsibility of man for the fate of nature and humanity. Prigogine emphasized that the new science that has emerged on the threshold of the third millennium should be focused on a dialogue with nature, rather than a confrontation with it. The fundamental issues that Prigogine dealt with cover a wide range of issues of natural science and worldview, and do not have a clear disciplinary framework. This makes his theoretical legacy particularly valuable for globalistics, as his work represents an interdisciplinary field of research. Works: Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations (Moscow, 1973); (ed. with I. Stengers), Order out of Chaos. New Dialogue with Nature (Moscow, 1986); “Philosophy of Instability,” Problems of Philosophy 6 (Moscow, 1991). Lit.: “Borodkin L.I. Bifurcation in the Processes of Evolution of Nature and Society: General and Specific Assessed by Prigogine,” Information Bulletin of History and Computer Association 29 (2002). R RAMADAN, Tariq (b. August 26, 1962, Geneva ,Switzerland) – a graduate of the University of Geneva, theologian, preacher of EuroIslam, Professor of Philosophy at the College in Geneva and Professor of Islam at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), member of the Lokahi Foundation, dedicated to the study of issues related to religion, multiculturalism, and integration of immigrants into Western society. Ramadan is an enemy of the isolation of Muslims within ghettos. He insists on the decisive demarcation of Islam and Arab culture, which will allow Muslims to adapt to European civilization without denying the basic principles of Islam, and he believes that sharia laws in Europe can be mitigated. He actively participated in the resolution of the “cartoon controversy” and the conflict that occurred after Pope Benedict xvi made a remark that was taken as insulting by Muslims in the German city of Regensburg. Ramadan’s main theses are “I am a European, and I am a Muslim”; “Do not be afraid to stop being Arabs, be afraid to stop being Muslims”; and “Arab culture is not the culture of Islam.” He was named the European of the Year in the category of citizens of non-European origin. Works: Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (New York, 2004); To Be a European Muslim (Leicester, 1999); Islam, the West, and the Challenge of Modernity (Leicester, 2001).

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RASHID, Ahmed (b. June 9, 1948, Rawalpindi, Punjab Province, Pakistan) – a Pakistani journalist, expert on Islam, expert on Central Asia, “Al-Qaeda,” and the Taliban, having played an important role in Afghanistan–Pakistani relations since the late 1970s. Rashid is a reporter on the Far Eastern Economic Review and the Daily Telegraph who covers Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. In his articles and books he has tried to tell politicians the truth about the danger to the region and indeed the world that is posed by the extremism and fundamentalism that is rapidly gaining momentum in Afghanistan. Being a reporter for authoritative international publications for over twenty years, Rashid covered the Soviet–Afghan war and inter-Afghan armed conflicts after the Soviet troops withdrew. This, together with personal contacts with leaders and Taliban militants, allowed him to assess the situation that was developing, and analyze facts that were known only to him. His book Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia, published in 2000, became a political bestseller, number one in the usa, and was translated into twenty-five languages. The special value of the book is that its first edition was published before September 11, 2001, so the reader is able to observe events as an attentive and well-informed observer in the 1990s saw them. His book Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia is also widely known. Works: The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? (New York, 1994), Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, ct, 2000), Pakistan on the Brink: The Future of America, Pakistan, and Afghanistan (New York, 2012). RAWLS, John (b. February 21, 1921, Baltimore, md; d. November 24, 2003, Lexington, ma) – an American political philosopher, professor at Harvard University. Rawls is primarily known for his book A Theory of Justice (1972), which played an important role in determining the direction of discussions in the AngloSaxon theory of politics and beyond for several decades. The book claims that imaginary interlocutors placed in a hypothetical “original position,” in which they know some general facts, but not the social status that they will have in the real world, and intending to determine the basic principles of justice for the governance of the world, will first choose the principle of equal liberty for everybody, and secondly the principle of equitable distribution of wealth. Rawls called the latter the “difference principle,” and suggests that inequality in the distribution of wealth is permitted only to the extent to which it is beneficial for the less privileged members of society.

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In the middle of his career Rawls paid more and more attention to the problem of consensus concerning political institutions in the modern pluralistic society, which is characterized by a wide diversity of religions and other competing worldviews. In Political Liberalism (1993) – a collection of lectures and essays of those years – he takes the opportunity to attempt to convince nearly everybody to agree upon basic political institutions without having to agree upon philosophical principles, which represents a retreat from the rigid ethical standards expressed in A Theory of Justice. Although his early studies were deliberately limited to the issue of justice in an isolated, “closed” society, in a brief later work, The Law of the Peoples (1999, an expanded version of a lecture delivered in 1993), Rawls considered a global society. At the same time he distinguished liberal and “decent” peoples. By the latter he meant the societies that are more hierarchical than democratic, but still retain some of the principles of justice. Rawls also acknowledges the existence of “outlawed states,” which is considered to be a justification for the “liberal” states preserving nuclear weapons. In this book Rawls denies the need to use globally his own principles of equitable distribution for individual societies. He argues that poor, “burdened” societies became like that in most cases because of the shortcomings of their own culture, work ethics, and practices of reproduction. Some philosophers continue to try to derive from Rawls’s principles a more generous conception of global justice than his own, while others believe that the end of liberal democracy in the form in which it existed in the twentieth century took place with the death of one of its leading theoreticians. Works: A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, ma, 1971), Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge, ma, 2001). REIMERS, Nikolai Fedorovich (b. April 6, 1931; d. 1993) – Russian environmentalist, scholar and lexicographer, doctor of biology, Professor at the Lomonosov msu, an active participant in reserve studies in the ussr. Reimers was one of the first to attempt to collect and combine, based on the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky, all current knowledge about the biosphere. Systematized numerous terms and concepts in this field gave a new interpretation to many of them and introduced a number of new ones (e.g. demecology – the ecology of small groups, population ecology, global ecology or ecospherology). He was the author and co-author of a number of encyclopedic dictionaries of ecology. From the beginning of the 1960s Reimers actively worked on the theory and practice of the organization of reserve studies. From 1966 he was the Deputy Director of the Oka-Terrace Reserve; from 1968 to 1969 he worked in the Directorate for Nature Protection, Reserves, and Hunting of the Ministry of

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Agriculture of the uss.r. From the problems of autecology and population ecology Reimers subsequently moved to the study of theoretical ecology problems, ecological economics (bio-economy), and human ecology. He actively promoted and popularized science, conservation, the conservation business, and environmental management. In 1988 he became the first chairman of the Ecological Union of the uss.r. From 1992 he was one of the organizers and the first dean of the Faculty of Ecology at miepu. From 1993, miepu has held an annual scientific reading in his honor. In his works, Reimers explained theories, laws, rules, principles, and hypotheses of ecology within the hierarchy of natural, social, and technical systems. He paid great attention to the socio-economic and other aspects of applied ecology, and above all to their role in the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources. He tried to establish the interaction between natural, social, and technical sciences. Works: abc of Nature. Microencyclopaedia of Biosphere (Moscow, 1980); (ed. with A.V. Yablokov), Dictionary of Terms and Concepts Related to the Protection of Wildlife (Moscow, 1982); Basic Biological Concepts and Terms (Moscow, 1988); Nature Management: Reference Dictionary (Moscow, 1990); Greening. Introduction to Ecological Issues (Moscow, 1992); Hopes for the Survival of the ­Humanity. Conceptual Ecology (Moscow, 1992); Protection of Nature and Human Environment: Reference Dictionary (Moscow, 1992); Ecology. Theories, Laws, Rules, ­Principles and Hypotheses (Moscow, 1994); A Brief Dictionary of Biological Terms. Book for Teachers (Moscow, 1995, 2nd edn). ROBERTSON, Roland (b. 1938) – considered by many experts to be the founder of globalistics. Having been educated in British schools and universities, in 1967 Robertson moved to the usa Returning to the uk in 1970, he worked for three years as a professor in the Department of Sociology at York University before going back to the usa, where for thirty years he taught at the University of Pittsburgh. He then returned to the uk again, where until 2010 he worked at the University of Aberdeen. Today, Roland Robertson is the honorary professor in several universities in the usa, China, Scotland, England, and Italy; he is also Honorary President of the Association for Global Studies. He has established close ties with universities in Hong Kong, Brazil, Sweden, Austria, Japan, and Turkey. Robertson began to work in the field of globalistics in the 1960s. His research during the 1970s and 1980s created the basis for his major work Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture (1992). His earlier works had been devoted to international relations, political sociology, social stratification, social theory, and the sociology of religion. His first books were: The Sociological

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­Interpretation of Religion (1969) (ed.), Sociology of Religion: Interpretation and International Systems, Modernization of Society (1968). In the 1970s most of his works came out as articles or book chapters and were published in English and Chinese. His Meaning and Change was published in 1978. Robertson was the co-author and co-editor of Identity of Authorities (1980) and Church and State: Conflicts and Lulls (1986). In the 1990s he participated in the creation of such works as Global Modernity (1995), Talcott Parsons: Theorist of Modernity (1991) and Religion and Global Order (1991). Later Robertson was the co-editor of books such as the four-volume Encyclopedia of Globalization (2007), the sixvolume Globalization: Basic Sociological Concepts (2003), Globalization and Sports (2007), and Globalization and Football (2009). In 2012 he published, in collaboration with Anne Sophie Cross, European Cosmopolitanism in Question. He plans to publish essays on culture, religion, and globality in the future, as well as editing a book about the global processes in Europe. Many of his publications have been translated into at least twenty languages. The main subjects of his research are globalization, geopolitics, culture, religion, and science. Robertson has been interested in such regions as East Asia, Latin America (especially Brazil), Europe, the usa, and Russia and Eurasia. For his research and teaching activities Robertson has been honored with numerous awards, including Distinguished Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and Distinguished Career in the Global and Transnational Sociology section awarded by the American Sociological Association, as well as being recognized as a distinguished world sociologist. Works: The Sociological Interpretation of Religion (1969); Identity of Authorities (1980); Conflicts and Lulls (1986); Global Order (1991); Global Modernity (1995); Globalization: Basic Sociological Concepts (2003); Globalization and Football (2009). ROSENAU, James N. (b. November 25, 1924, Philadelphia, pa; d. September 9, 2011, Louisville, co) – an American political scientist and international affairs scholar. He served as President of the International Studies Association from 1984 to 1985. James Rosenau obtained his Ph.D. from Princeton University, after which he embarked on a long and distinguished career studying world politics. In the first part of his career, he was a leader among scholars who sought to bring a “scientific” approach to the study of international relations, part of the “behavioral revolution” that swept through us political science in the 1950s and 1960s. By the end of the 1970s, however, he became increasingly dissatisfied, if not uneasy, with the scientific approach. This had worked well as long as one could assume that states controlled all important transactions within their

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own borders and could act as autonomous actors engaging with other states on matters of common concern. When those borders became more porous and when non-state actors became strong enough to become players in world politics in their own right, the assumptions underlying the behavioral approach were challenged. Professor Rosenau found it necessary to leave the “scientific” approach behind, and dedicated the latter part of his career to studying and theorizing about the increasing “turbulence” in world politics. In carrying out this research, he engaged directly with the concept of globalization. His scholarship and teaching focused on the dynamics of world politics and the overlap between domestic and foreign affairs. He was the author of scores of articles and more than thirty-five books, including Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton University Press, 1990) and Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World (Cambridge, 1997). His book Distant Proximities: Dynamics Beyond Globalization completed a trio on globalization, and was published by Princeton University Press in 2003. Rosenau was among the first to apply Complexity Science, an interdisciplinary system of analysis with origins in the hard sciences, to political science and international affairs. A November/December 2005 publication in Foreign Policy magazine listed Rosenau as among the most influential scholars in the field of International Affairs. Arriving at usc Dornsife in 1973, Rosenau served as director of the usc School of International Relations from 1976 to 1979. He left usc Dornsife in 1992 and was appointed University Professor of International Affairs at George Washington University in Washington, d.c. Rosenau then served as University Professor of International Affairs at the George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs until his death in 2011. He was a Democrat. Works: Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, nj, 1990); Along the Domestic-Foreign Frontier : Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World (Cambridge, 1997); Governance in a New Global Order (Cambridge: 2002); Distant Proximities : Dynamics beyond Globalization (Princeton, nj, 2003); People Count!: Networked Individuals in Global Politics (Boulder, co, 2008). ROY, Suzanna Arundhati (b. November 24, 1961, Shillong, India) – an Indian author, actress, and political activist, involved in human rights and environmental causes. Roy has spent much time engaged upon political activism and writing nonfiction (such as collections of essays that relate to her social causes). She is a spokesperson of the anti-globalization/alter-globalization movement and a

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vehement critic of neo-imperialism and us foreign policy. She opposes India’s policies towards nuclear weapons as well as industrialization and economic growth. In an August 2008 interview with the Times of India, Arundhati Roy expressed her support for the independence of Kashmir from India after the massive demonstrations in 2008 in favor of independence had taken place. In a 2001 opinion piece in the British newspaper The Guardian, Arundhati Roy responded to the us military invasion of Afghanistan, finding fault with the argument that this war was retaliation for the September 11 attacks. In August 2006, Roy, along with Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, and others, signed a letter in The Guardian calling the 2006 Lebanon War a “war crime” and accusing Israel of “state terror.” In 2002, she won the Lannan Foundation’s Cultural Freedom Award. In 2003, she was awarded “special recognition” as a Woman of Peace at the Global Exchange Human Rights Awards in San Francisco. Roy was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in May 2004 for her work in social campaigns and her advocacy of non-violence. Roy was featured in the 2014 list of Time 100, the 100 most influential people in the world. Works: The God of Small Things (New York, 1997); The Algebra of Infinite Justice (London, 2002); Power Politics (New York, 2002); Public Power in the Age of Empire (New York, 2004); Capitalism: A Ghost Story (New York, 2014). ROY, Édouard le (b. June 18, 1870, Paris; d. November 11, 1954, Paris) – a French scientist and philosopher who studied paleontology and anthropology; a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences (1919), member of the French Academy of Sciences (1945). A follower of Henri Bergson, and friend and adherent of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Le Roy created the evolutionary concept, in which he tried to correlate Catholic dogma with the facts accumulated in paleontology and anthropology, and the latest discoveries in biology. On the basis of Bergson’s idea of life breakthrough he considered evolution as a creative development, the source of which is the spiritual force, acting as thought. With the appearance of a man the evolution of nature and life acquires a whole new character, because a man endowed with conscience and mind becomes a condition and the instrument for further progressive development of nature; and thus the transition from the biosphere to the noosphere, the sphere of reason, occurs. The term “noosphere,” which Le Roy coined in the 1927–28 in his lectures at the College de France, became a new scientific concept. Evolutionary ideas were set forth in the works of Le Roy, such as The Need for Idealism and the Fact of Evolution (1927) and The Origin Of Man and Evolution of Intelligence (1931), and

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he developed the concept of the noosphere together with Teilhard de Chardin. V.I. Vernadsky, giving lectures on geochemistry in Paris, became acquainted with Teilhard de Chardin and Le Roy and with their theory of the noosphere. Upon his return to Russia, Vernadsky reconsidered the idea of noosphere from materialistic positions, and created his own original teaching about the transition of biosphere into noosphere. Works: Sur l’intégration des équations de chaleur (1898); What Is a Dogma? (1918) ; Discours de réception (1946). RUSSELL, Bertrand Arthur William (b. May 18, 1872, Trellech, Monmouthshire, Wales; d. February 2, 1970, Penrhyndeudraeth, Caernarvonshire, Wales) – a British mathematician, philosopher, and social activist, who made a significant contribution to the prevention of nuclear war and the formation of a global consciousness. A grandson of the Prime Minister John Russell, he inherited the title of Lord, and in 1931 was elected to Parliament, after 1944 participating in the work of the House of Lords. Together with Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells he founded the socialist Fabian Society. He was a member of the London Royal Society. In 1950 he received the Nobel Prize for literature “in recognition of the diverse and important works, in which he defends the humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.” In his Autobiography Russell wrote: “All my life was penetrated with three passions, simple but irresistible in their power: longing for love, thirst for knowledge and painful sympathy for the suffering of mankind.” Russell was a versatile scientist. The author of numerous works on mathematical logic, he was a popularizer of Einstein’s theory of relativity, writing a work called The abc of Relativity (1925). His general work Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948) is devoted to the issues of language and knowledge. Russell is one of the greatest philosophers of the twentieth century. He called his philosophical evolution the transition from Plato’s interpretation of Pythagoreanism to Humism. He is the author of the well-known History of ­Western  ­Philosophy (1945), and his book Problems of Philosophy (1912) is still considered in Anglo-Saxon countries to be the best introduction to philosophy. As a prominent public figure, during World War i and World War ii Russell carried out active pacifist activities. During World War i he was jailed for making pacifist speeches. The author of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which founded the Pugwash movement of scientists who advocated the prevention of war and preservation of peace, in 1963 he founded the Peace Fund. Together with Jean-Paul Sartre he initiated the International Tribunal for War Crimes of the usa in Vietnam. Russell participated in demonstrations for the p ­ rohibition

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of nuclear weapons, for which he was imprisoned for a week in a London jail (1961). During the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), he actively corresponded with John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev, preventing them from taking hasty steps and offering to convene a conference of Heads of State, in order to prevent a nuclear conflict. Russell’s letters to heads of state throughout the world are published in the book Unarmed Victory (1963). Russell actively fought against us intervention in Vietnam and condemned the invasion of the Soviet Union and the signatories of the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Russell created deeply considered pieces of work and gave popular public lectures on social and ethical issues. He argued that ethical goals and moral motivations are expressions of emotion, so they cannot be true or false; but this does not mean we should abandon them. The motive for Russell’s own activities was his desire to unite and harmonize people’s moral aims. To this end, he wrote much on the topics of international relations, the global economy, education, government relations, and so on, as well as many works devoted to religion and the Church, in which he presented claims about Church institutions and ­religious ­dogmas. His famous work Why I am not a Christian is devoted to this ­issue. Because of Russell’s liberal views he was forbidden to teach at the City College in New York and for some time at Cambridge University in England. Works: Common Sense and Nuclear War (Moscow, 1959); Practice and Theory of Bolshevism (Moscow, 1991); The Wisdom of the West (Moscow, 1998); Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (Moscow, 2000); “Autobiography (in brief),” Foreign Literature 12 (Moscow, 2000). RYBALSKY, Nikolay Grigoryevich (b. February 4, 1953) – a Russian ecologist, writer, and publisher. Rybalsky is also a doctor of biology (1991), an academician (1993), and a member of the Presidium (2005) of the Russian Ecological Academy, Russian Deputy Minister of Ecology (1992–94), Director General of the Russian Ecological Federal Information Agency (1994–2005), Director of the National Information Agency “Natural Resources” (nia-Priroda, since 1997), the chief editor of the report “The Use and Protection of Natural Resources in Russia” (1999), the chief editor of the newspaper Natural and Resources Sheets (since 1999), the editor of the National portal Russian Nature – (since 2002). He is a laureate of the prize awarded by the Russian government in the field of science and technology (2004). Rybalsky has written more than 350 publications on the informational and analytical maintenance of global ecological problems, ecological security, biotechnology, patent examination, ecology, and nature management.

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S SACHS, Jeffrey David (b. November 5, 1954, Detroit, mi) – an American economist. He graduated from Harvard University. From 1980, he taught at Harvard, then at Columbia University; since 2002 he has been the Special Adviser to the  un Secretary General on the fight against poverty, debt forgiveness to the poorest countries, and control over the spread of diseases in developing countries. Sachs’s activity as an advisor for several governments began in 1985 in Bolivia, which was experiencing hyperinflation and could not pay its foreign debt. Sachs developed a reform plan, subsequently named “shock therapy.” His ideas presupposed the liberalization of markets, the termination of government subsidies, the abolition of quotas, and the binding of the national currency to the dollar. As a result of the implementation of these measures inflation declined sharply. His experience of macroeconomic stabilization in Latin America came in handy later in Poland, when he worked on its plan of economic reforms with former imf economist David Lipton. Economic reforms in Poland have also been effective and had a positive result. In 1991–94 Sachs had a prominent position in the group of economic advisers who worked with the Russian President Boris Yeltsin. He also made a significant contribution to economic education in Russia, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union had to be rebuilt almost from scratch. The textbook Macroeconomics. Global Approach that he wrote with Fellipe Larren in 1996 was translated into Russian and is still widely used in the teaching of macroeconomic theory. Sachs is actively engaged in issues of global economic development, poverty reduction, healthcare, and international aid, as well as ecological sustainability. In 2002–06 he was the head of the Millennium Project, a comprehensive development program under the auspices of the un, which gained worldwide fame as the organizer of numerous campaigns that helped poor countries solve their most pressing problems. Works: (ed. with W. McKibbin), Global Linkages: Macroeconomic Interdependence and Co-operation in the World Economy (Washington, d.c., 1991); Macroeconomics in the Global Economy (Englewood Cliffs, nj, 1993); Development Economics (Hoboken, nj,, 1997); The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (London, 2005). SADOVNICHYI, Viktor Antonovich (b. April 3, 1939, Krasnopavlovka village, Lazouski province, Kharkov region, the Ukrainian ssr) – a Russian scientist and public figure, a mathematician, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, academician of the ras, from 1992 to date rector of the Lomonosov

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msu, vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2008), president of the Eurasian Association of Universities (1992). Sadovnichyi was founder of the scientific school and training school at Moscow University for the interdisciplinary study of global socio-economic processes. He initiated the creation of the msu Faculty of Global Studies (2005), was honorary president of the International Association for Global Studies (2010), and chairman of the Organizing Committee of the International Scientific Congress Globalistics – 2009 and Globalistics – 2011. In 1995, together with the Nobel Laureate I.R. Prigogine, he created the Institute of Complex Systems Mathematical Research at msu, and has been the director of the Institute since its foundation to date. He heads the Institute’s lecture centre and the seminar “Time, Chaos and Mathematical Problems” on the modeling of dynamics and information processes in living systems, the main task of which is to explain the development of modern methods that describe complex systems in nature and society. In May 2000 Sadovnichyi was elected a member of the Club of Rome. On May 29–30, 2000 in Moscow, msu and the Club of Rome held a joint conference entitled “Sustainable Future of Russia?” In his speech Sadovnichyi defined “sustainable development” as the “naturally evolving combination of tradition and modernization,” and stressed that a special role in this belongs to universities. Thereafter, in numerous speeches at Russian and international conferences, Sadovnichyi philosophically interpreted the interrelation between globalization and the development of education and science, and the role of science and knowledge in the globalizing world. Sadovnichyi was one of the initiators of the implementation of interdisciplinary approaches to the study of contemporary global problems. In 2008 he founded the Institute of Human in msu and headed its Scientific Council. The Institute of Human informally brings together scientists of the university working in its numerous educational and scientific and research departments in order to study human issues in terms of various humanitarian, natural, and medical sciences. Since the mid-2000s Sadovnichyi was the head of the project “Complex system analysis and modeling of global dynamics,” part of the fundamental research program of the ras Presidium “Economics and sociology of knowledge,” implemented with the participation of scientists from the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the ras, Prigogine Institute of Mathematical Research of Complex Systems of the msu, and the Faculty of Global Studies of the msu (in the project group were, for example, Professor A.A. Akayev, Professor A.V. Korotaev, Professor S.Y. Malkov, and Professor G.G. Malinetsky). Under the direction of Sadovnichyi there were laid the foundations of the

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­ athematical modeling of global processes, taking into account the impact of m cyclical fluctuations. In his works, he gave an overview of current methods and models for long-term forecasting, the creation of which dates back to the late 1960s and is associated with the activities of the Club of Rome. Sadovnichyi pointed out directions that would help perfect them, and schematically presented a mathematical model and cyclic forecasting methodology. He considered the issues of programming long-term economic development with the help of structural changes (industry and technology), and proposed a flexible model of population dynamics with three independent delays that allow controlled access to the stationary mode of development. In the joint work On the Possibility of Forecasting the Current Global Crisis and Its Second Wave (2010), the beginning of the second wave of the global economic crisis in July–August 2011 was predicted. Globalistics, according to Sadovnichy, has every reason to become an interdisciplinary science for the new generation, in which methods of exact and natural sciences will play a significant role. Works: “Knowledge and Wisdom in the Globalizing World,” report for the Fourth All-Russian Congress of Philosophy (Moscow, 2005); (ed. with A.A. Akayev), “Global Demographic Models as a Basis for Strategic Forecast,” Projects and Future Risks: Concepts, Models, Tools and Forecasts (Moscow, 2011); (ed. with A.A. Akayev), “A New Methodology for Long-Term Cyclic Forecasting of Dynamics of the Development of Global System and Russia,” Forecasting and Simulation of Crises and Global Dynamics (Moscow, 2010); (ed. with A.A. Akayev and A.V. Korotaev), “About the Possibility of Forecasting the Current Global Crisis and Its Second Wave,” Economic Policy 6 (2010), pp. 39–46; (ed. with A.A. Akayev, A.V. Korotaev, and G.G. Malinetsky), Scenario and Prospects for the Development of Russia (Moscow, 2011); (ed. with A.A. Akayev, A.V. Korotaev, and S.Y. Malkov), Modeling and Forecasting of Global Dynamics (Moscow, 2012); (ed. with A.A. Akayev), “A Mathematical Model of Population Dynamics with the Stabilization of the World Population around the Steady-State Level,” Reports of the ras 435/3 (2010), pp. 320–324; “Universities and global challenges of today,” the report at the Third Forum of Rectors of Russia and Japan, Sendai, Japan, March 19, 2012. SAGAN, Charles Edward (b. November 9, 1934, Brooklyn, ny; d. December 20, 1996, Seattle, wa) – an American astronomer, an astrophysicist, and an outstanding popularizer of science. He studied at the University of Chicago. In 1960 he defended his doctorate thesis in astronomy and astrophysics, and became an assistant at Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago. Sagan worked as a visiting scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech and contributed to the organization of the first mission to Venus in

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the Mariner series. His ideas were confirmed during the Venus-4 expedition in 1967. In 1962 Sagan became a teacher of astronomy first at Harvard, then at Cornell. Nearly ten years later, he headed the Laboratory for the Study of the Planets, and was engaged in the development of the project that searched for extraterrestrial intelligence, seti. It was Sagan’s idea to send messages to extraterrestrial civilizations (on aluminum and gold plates, which were attached to the space explorers). Sagan was one of the first to put forward the hypothesis that Saturn’s moon Titan and Jupiter’s moon Europa might possess oceans (it was assumed that on Europa the ocean was under the icy surface) or lakes. He suggested that Europa’s ocean might be suitable for life. Sagan made a significant contribution to the study of the atmosphere of Venus, finding that it is very hot and dense, and studied seasonal changes on Mars and Saturn’s moon Titan. He suggested that those on Mars are the ­result of dust storms, and not processes connected with flora, as was previously ­assumed. He also noted that global warming is a threat, artificially created by man. Sagan is known as the co-author of a work that predicted a nuclear war would result in nuclear winter; and along with the Soviet mathematician N.N. Moiseev he is considered to be the creator of this model. Sagan actively popularized knowledge about space, his most famous work being the series Space: Personal Journey. He also wrote several books, such as Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence. The award-winning film Contact (1997) was based on his science fiction novel of the same name, which was published in 1985. Sagan participated in civil disobedience actions at facilities that were associated with the development of nuclear weapons during discussions about curtailing the program of nuclear weapons development, and on one occasion was arrested in Nevada. He openly opposed us President Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative, known as “Star Wars.” Sagan’s work was repeatedly honored with prestigious awards and prizes. Among these were awards from nasa, Emmy, Homer, Xyugo, and Isaac Asimov, as well as the title of “Great American.” Works: (ed. with J.N. Leonard and editors of Life), Planets (New York, 1966); (ed. with I.S. Shklovsky), Intelligent Life in the Universe (San Francisco, ca, 1966); Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (Cambridge, ma, 1973); The Nuclear Winter: The World After Nuclear War (London, 1985); (ed. with R. Tarko), A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race (New York, 1990); Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence (New York, 1989); (ed. with E. Druyan), Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors: A Search for Who We Are (New York, 1993); Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of

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the Human Future in Space (New York, 1997); (ed. with E. Druyan), Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium (New York, 1998). SAID, Edward (b. January 11, 1935, Jerusalem, Palestine; d. September 25, 2003, New York) – a literary theorist and journalist who criticized Eurocentrism. Said studied at the Victoria College in Alexandria, and from 1951 in the United States. He was a professor at Columbia University, the President of the Modern Language Association, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was an independent member of the Palestinian National Council (leaving in protest at the Oslo agreements that were reached in order to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict), and was the editor of Arab Studies Quarterly. According to Said, the West’s policy in relation to the Eastern world has an imperialist character. In his major book Orientalism, he argued that this policy is based on a set of prejudices and wrong stereotypes. Works: Orientalism (New York, 1978); The Question of Palestine (New York, 1979); Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World (New York, 1981); Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993); Representations of the Intellectual (New York:, 1997); Out of Place: A Memoir (New York, 1999); The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After (New York, 2000); Power, Politics, and Culture: Interviews with Edward W. Said (New York, 2001); From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map (New York, 2003). SAKHAROV, Andrey Dmitrievich (b. May 21, 1921, Moscow; d. December 14, 1989, Moscow) – a Russian physicist, social and political activist, thinker, academician of the ussr Academy of Sciences, and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (1975). Sakharov was one of the authors of the first studies about the carrying out of a thermonuclear reaction, and the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. He participated in the development and creation of Soviet thermonuclear weapons. Realizing the dead-end nature of the Cold War and the disastrous path of the arms race, and deeply understanding the essence of the totalitarian Soviet regime, by the 1960s Sakharov was already calling for a reduction in tension and a move towards political rapprochement between the two hostile camps (the convergence theory), and in the ussr he began an unprecedented struggle for peace and human rights. Almost single-handedly he threw down a political challenge to the all-powerful Soviet state, and in the hardest unequal struggle won a moral historical victory, which resulted in the beginning of the peaceful dismantling of the Soviet totalitarian political system.

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Works: Anxiety and Hope (Moscow, 1991); “Danger of Thermonuclear War. Open Letter to Dr. Sidney Drell,” Elena Bonner. Postscript (Moscow, 1990); Gorky, Moscow, Then Everywhere (New York, 1990); For and Against (Moscow, 1991). Lit.: G. Gorelik, Andrey Sakharov. Science and Freedom (Moscow and Izhevsk, 2000). SARWAL, Anil (b. 1955, Patiala, Punjab, India) – An ardent worker for world peace, a teacher activist and a researcher in the field of English Language Teaching, Associate Professor of English at the dav College, Chandigarh; Member, Editorial Board, All India Journals Teachers’ Movement (published by the All India Federation of University and College Teachers’ Organizations) and Journal of English Language Teaching (published by the English Language Teachers’ Association of India); Ex-member, Academic Council, Panjab University (1990–92); Trustee and member of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha’is of India from 1989 to 2007 (Secretary General 2002–04). Sarwal firmly believes that “the earth is but one country and humankind its citizens.” His goal in life is to help in the removal of all kinds of prejudice, whether national, racial, linguistic or gender. He believes that religion and science must go hand in hand and be in accord with reason. He sees education as the main instrument of overcoming superstition, bigotry, fundamentalism or terrorism. As a youth, he traveled to all parts of India and gave the message of peace and hope in many universities and colleges and addressed a large number of public and specialist meetings. He has visited over thirty countries in all five continents and interacted with thousands of people, teachers and students on the importance of inculcating spirituality in one’s daily life and actively worked for the unity of humankind. He has met with many world leaders and discussed with them the prerequisites of communal harmony, world peace, and prosperity. Professor Sarwal is a much admired teacher and has effectively contributed to better teaching practices by innovations in teaching methodology, such as the “Developmental Approach to Teaching.” He has trained a number of teachers for various state governments in India. He firmly believes that “human heart is like a box, and language is the key.” For the establishment of global unity it is essential that all children in the world are taught an international auxiliary language along with their mother tongue so that they can feel at home wherever they go in the world. His seminal work on the framework for a global language and its teaching methods is viewed with great interest. Works: Reflections (a book of poems), (New Delhi, 2004); Miracles in Religion (A scientific study of the miraculous in all the major religions of the world),

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(Lucknow, 1996); “Principles and Methodologies of a Global Language Teaching Program,” in “Communicating across the Curriculum”: Cross Institutional Experiences and Best Practices, ed. Nagawa Kassabgy and Amani Elshimi (Newcastle, uk, 2007). SASSEN, Saskia (b. January 5, 1947 The Hague, Netherlands) – an American sociologist, the author of studies in the field of urbanism and international migration. Sassen made a significant contribution to the study of socio-economic aspects of globalization. She was one of the first to turn to the study of such phenomena as the “global city” and the “global network,” publishing the book The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (1991, 2nd edn 2001) and acting as a science editor for the collection Global Networks, Linked Cities (2002). Sassen suggested considering the global city as a model of the global socioeconomic system: “Globalization can be studied with the help of sociological and anthropological research of the processes occurring in large cities. Studying the systems of technological processes control and infrastructure of the city is also studying the possibility of governing the global economy concentrated in metropolitan areas.” Using the examples of New York, London and Tokyo, Sassen shows how major metropolises gradually become “command centers” of the global economy, creating around themselves strategic cross-border networks – financial, legal, advertising, construction, engineering, architecture, telecommunications, and others. Global networks create a “new economic geography,” which erases not only national boundaries but also the “notorious divide between the North and the South.” Sassen’s research interests also include issues such as the transformation of liberal democratic systems of Western society, the transnationalization of technological, political, and socio-cultural processes, and the formation of a global civil society. Speaking at the Global Policy Forum in Yaroslavl in 2010, Sassen said: “I place special hopes on the global civil society. The emerging global civil society, as well as civil society within countries, may be new historical actors involved in the creation of the new policy, which will be able to resist (though not to overcome completely) the tendency of the enrichment of some and impoverishment of others.” Recently Sassen has studied the formation of global social space, which has fundamentally new economic and political potential, creating new transnational identities. Sassen writes herself, that her research is “focused on the study of globalization (including its social, economic and political dimensions), immigration, global cities (including the problem of terrorism), new technologies, as well as the changes that occur in the present time in the

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s­ystem of liberal-state governance” (). In addition, she works on the project “When Territory Exits Existing Framings” commissioned by Harvard University Press. Works: Globalization and its Discontents. Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money (New York, 1998); Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton, nj, 2006); Digital Formations: it and New Architectures in the Global Realm, ed. R. Latham and S. Sassen (Princeton, nj, 2005). SAUL, John Ralston (b. June 19, 1947, Ottawa, Canada) – a Canadian author, essayist, president of pen International, and co-founder and co-chair of the non-profit Institute for Canadian Citizenship. As an essayist, Saul is particularly known for his commentaries on the nature of individualism, citizenship, and the public good; the failures of manager-led societies; the confusion between leadership and managerialism; military strategy, in particular irregular warfare; the role of freedom of speech and culture; and his critique of contemporary economic arguments. In an article written for Harper’s Magazine’s March 2004 issue, titled “The Collapse of Globalism and the Rebirth of Nationalism,” he argued that the globalist ideology was under attack by counter-movements. Saul rethought and developed this argument in The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World (2005). Far from globalization being an inevitable force, Saul argued that it is already breaking up into contradictory pieces and that citizens are reasserting their national interests in both positive and destructive ways. Following the economic collapse he had predicted, The Collapse of Globalism was reissued in 2009 with a new epilogue that addressed the current crisis. Works: Voltaire’s Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West (New York, 1992); The Doubter’s Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense (New York, 1994); The Unconscious Civilization (New York, 1995); On Equilibrium: Six Qualities of the New Humanism (Toronto, 2001); The Collapse of Globalism and the Reinvention of the World (New York, 2005); A Fair Country: Telling Truths About Canada (Toronto, 2008); The Comeback (Toronto, 2014) SCHAFF, Adam (b. 1913, Lviv, Poland; d. 2006, Warsaw, Poland) – a Polish philosopher and one of the authors of the Club of Rome report “Microelectronics and Society: For Better or for Worse” (1982). He graduated from the University of Lviv (1935) and the School of Political and Economic Sciences in Paris (1936). During World War ii (1939–45) Schaff lived in Moscow, was a post-graduate student, researcher (after defending his candidate’s thesis), and senior research supervisor (after the defense of his doctoral thesis), at the Institute of Philosophy ras uss.r. In 1945 he returned

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to Poland, becoming the Marxist philosopher with the highest academic degree in the country. In 1945–48 Schaff headed the Department of Philosophy at the University of Łódź. In 1950–57 he was the director of the Institute of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (pzpr) and corresponding member of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in 1957–68 director of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and its full member. In the same years, Schaff was a member of the Central Committee of the pzpr. For two decades, Schaff remained the leading representative of Marxist philosophy in Poland; his works were translated and published in all the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, and were treated with interest in the West. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria, as well as an honorary doctor of the Sorbonne and the University of Michigan. Schaff, together with Gunter Friedrichs, wrote the report to the Club of Rome “Microelectronics and Society: For Better or for Worse.” At the heart of the report were new technologies based on microelectronics. The influence of microelectronics will be global, the authors stressed. Through miniaturization, automation, computerization, and robotization, they claimed, microelectronics will fundamentally transform the world; will solve seemingly insurmountable issues, including those relating to global nature. Microelectronics will be a new force in the world, which is, if not in a state of crisis, at least in a state of uncertainty as regards its values, goals, and destiny. We live, the authors noted, under the Sword of Damocles of nuclear annihilation, surrounded by many “small” wars that use conventional weapons, while we experience economic hardships, desertification, and other forms of environmental destruction that threaten our health and climate. The world is threatened by population explosion, the growth of violence, and alienation of individuals from society. The main question for mankind is whether it will allow this new force of microelectronics to make the current situation even more severe, or to create new more equitable forms of society, which could provide a decent life and moderate prosperity for all people. An optimistic answer is given to the question asked in the report: mankind has the opportunity to overcome these difficulties, but such a transformation will require specific sacrifices by the elites. Works: Concept and Word (Ksiazka,1946); Introduction to the Theory of Marxism (1948); The Origins and Development of Marxist Philosophy (1950); Introduction to Semantics (1960); Marxism and Existentialism (1961); Marxism and the Human Individual (1965); Sketches of Structuralism (1975). SCHNEIDER, Bertrand (b. 1929, Grenoble, France) – French scientist, a specialist in the field of global issues and international relations, the leading expert on the issues of developing countries, a diplomat and public figure.

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In 1974–84 Schneider was a member of the Executive Committee of the Club of Rome; and Secretary General in the years 1982–98. he was a successful president of the society sycor 1965–99 (this later became Futuring the World Society – fws), president of fws 2000–03, a consultant at the Centre for International Strategy and Development, President of the World Symposium on Information Technology (Washington 1999, Futuroscope 2000, unesco 2001), a member of the World Academy of Art and Science, a member of the European Academy of Art and Science, and Honorary Doctor of the University of Brasov. He led the group which presented the Club of Rome’s famous fifteenth report, “Barefoot Revolution” (1985). This was named after Schneider’s description of the processes in developing countries. He considers this revolution to be peaceful and non-violent revolution, unconnected with political parties and ideological structures; but it can develop either into a serious political movement or a destructive anarchic process, depending on the forces that are able to take advantage of it. The report examines the practical results of several projects carried out in Asia, Africa, and Latin America by different researchers, and suggests a move from microprojects to integrated development programs that are developed according to a global perspective and are carried by ngos, which are well proven by previously implemented projects. This forms a new approach to development: the initiative goes from north to south; the main priority for policy being the needs of the rural population, and more attention is given not to the import and export of food, but to its local production and consumption. The Club of Rome report called “The First Global Revolution” appeared in 1990. It was written by the Club president Alexander King and Schneider as Secretary General. Summing up its twenty-five-year activity, the report referred to changes occurring in the world in recent years and characterizes the current state of the global problems in the context of a new state of international relations that arose after a long confrontation between East and West ended. Schneider also describes the new economic situation, which resulted in the creation of new units, the emergence of new geo-strategic forces, and new priorities in the “traditional” set of global issues (development, population, environment, resources, energy, technology, finance, and so on). Works: Schneider, B., & Blikstein, P., “Tangible User Interface and Contrasting Cases as a Preparation for Future Learning,” International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative learning (2016, forthcoming); Blikstein, P., Gomes, J., Henrique, A., & Schneider, B., “The Effect of Highly Scaffolded vs General Instruction on Students’ Exploratory Behavior and Arousal,” Computer & Education (2016, forthcoming); Schneider, B., Sharma., K., Cuendet, S., Zufferey, G., Dillenbourg, P., & Pea, R. (under review), “Unpacking The Perceptual Benefits of a Tangible Interface. acm Transactions on Computer-Human

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Interactions” (2016); Schneider, B., Sharma, K., Cuendet, S., Zufferey, G., Dillenbourg, P., & Pea, R., “Detecting Collaborative Dynamics Using Mobile Eye-Trackers,” in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the Learning Sciences (2016); Martinez, R.M., Schneider, B., Charleer, S., Shum, S.B., Klerkx, J., & Duval, E., “Interactive Surfaces and Learning Analytics: Data, Orchestration Aspects, Pedagogical Uses and Challenges. acm International Conference on Learning Analytics, lak ’16” (2016); Worsley, M., Abrahamson, D., Blikstein, P., Grover, S., Schneider, B., & Tissenbaum, M. (accepted), “Situating Multimodal Learning Analytics,” in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the Learning Sciences (2016); Schneider, B., & Pea, R., “Does Seeing One Another’s Gaze Affect Group Dialogue? A Computational Approach,” Journal of Learning Analytics, 2(2) (2015); Schneider, B., & Blikstein, P., “Flipping the Flipped Classroom: A Study of the Effectiveness of Video Lectures Versus Constructivist Exploration Using Tangible User Interfaces,” ieee Transactions on Learning Technologies, 9(1) (2015); Schneider, B., & Blikstein, P., “Unraveling Students’ Interaction Around a Tangible Interface using Multimodal Learning Analytics,” International Journal of Educational Data Mining, 7(3) (2015); Schneider, B., Bumbacher, E., & Blikstein, P., “Discovery Versus Direct Instruction: Learning Outcomes of Two Pedagogical Models Using Tangible Interfaces,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning , Vol. 1. International Society of the Learning Sciences (2015); Schneider, B., Sharma, K., Cuendet, S., Zufferey, G., Dillenbourg, P., & Pea, R., “3D Tangibles Facilitate Joint Visual Attention in Dyads,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, Vol. 1. International Society of the Learning Sciences (2015); Schneider, B., & Blikstein, P., “Comparing the Benefits of a Tangible User Interface and Contrasting Cases as a Preparation for Future Learning,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, Vol. 1 International Society of the Learning Sciences (2015); Suthers, D., Wise, A., Schneider, B., Shaffer, D.W., Hoppe, H.U, & Siemmens, G., “Learning Analytics of and in Meditational Processes of Collaborative Learning,” in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, Vol. 1 International Society of the Learning Sciences. 2015; Schneider, B., & Pea, R., “Toward Collaboration Sensing,” International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 9(4) (2014); Schneider, B., & Pea, R., “he Effect of Mutual Gaze Perception on Students’ Verbal Coordination,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (London, 2014 Best Bridging Paper Award); Schneider, B., & Blikstein, P., “Unraveling Students’ Interaction Around a Tangible Interface using Gesture Recognition,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (London,

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2014); Schneider, B., “Toward Collaboration Sensing: Multimodal Detection of the Chameleon Effect in Collaborative Learning Settings,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Educational Data Mining, yrt-Doctoral Track (London, 2014); Schneider, B. “The Perceptual Benefits of a Tangible Interface Decrease with Users’ Expertise,” in idem, chi’14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2014); Schneider, B., “Designing Tabletop Activities for Inquiry-Based Learning: Lessons from Phylogenetics, Neuroscience and Logistics,” Doctoral Symposium, acm International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces, its ‘12 (Boston, ma, 2012); Schneider, B., & Pea, R., “Real-Time Mutual Gaze Perception Enhances Collaborative Learning And Collaboration Quality,” International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 8(4) (2013); Schneider, B., Review of the book “You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto,” by J. Lanier. Journal of Technology Education, 23, 2 (2012); Schneider B., Perceptual Benefits of Physical Material for a Spatial Task. American Educational Research Association Conference, aera ‘2012 (Vancouver, bc, Canada. 2012). SELLERS, William (b. August 18, 1928, Culver City, ca; d. August 27, 2014, Tucson, az)– a renowned climatologist, who published in 1969, almost simultaneously with M.I. Budyko, a global climate model which was very similar to Budyko’s. The difference from Budyko’s model consists in the parameterization of the meridional heat flux, which Budyko concluded after observations of the energy balance, and Sellers for macrodiffusion reasons. In modern publications, researchers often refer to energy balance climate models as the models of Budyko-Sellers. SEN, Amartya Kumar (b. November 3, 1933, Santiniketan, British India, now West Bengal, India) – an Indian economist and Nobel Prize laureate in 1998 “for his contribution to the economic theory of welfare.” Sen made an outstanding contribution to the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of development and returned a philosophical and ethical dimension to discussions of economic issues. He graduated from the Presidency College of Calcutta University (India) and the University of Cambridge (uk), where in 1959 he received a doctorate degree. He taught at the universities of Calcutta (1956–58), Cambridge (1957–63, 1998), New Delhi (1963–71), Oxford (1977–88), and Harvard (1987–98). In 1998–2004 he was Master of Trinity College (Cambridge). He has also been the president of the International Economic Association (1986–89), the Econometric Society (1984), and the American Economic Association (1994), as well as a member of the Board of Directors of ekaar-usa.

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Sen’s most famous book is Development as Freedom (1999), which assesses the impact of social and political institutions on the standard of living, and is addressed to all those interested in the interrelation between economic and social processes in the modern world. He proposed the concept of a human development index – an indicator widely used in demographic statistics and in social, political, and economic research that allows the assessment of countries’ development levels, not only in terms of material well-being (e.g. gdp per capita), but also taking into consideration education, infant mortality, access to clean water, and so on. This index is especially important in the analysis of the global economy and in analyzing the problems of developing countries, such as hunger and the level of development. Sen’s works on the development of economic theory of welfare are closely related to the global problems of hunger and poverty, which are particularly acute for developing countries. Sen discovered an economic mechanism that underlies the existence of these phenomena. He is a laureate of the Indian Mahalanobis award (1976), F. Seidman award (1986), and the Leontiev award (2000). Works: Poverty and Famines (Oxford and New York, 1981); Inequality Reexamined (Oxford and New York, 1992); Development as Freedom (Oxford and New  York, 1999); “If It’s Fair, It’s Good: Ten Truths About Globalization,” International Herald Tribune, July 14, 2001; “Freedom, Unanimity and Rights,” Milestones of Economic Thought, Vol. 4; Welfare Economics and Public Choice (2004). SERGEEV, Mikhail Yurievich (b. 1960, ussr) – Russian-American historian of religion, philosopher, writer, and educator. He is the editor of Contemporary Russian Philosophy (crp) Special Series at Brill, the Netherlands, and he teaches philosophy, religion, and modern art at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, usa. Sergeev approaches the field of global studies from the perspective of the history of religions. In his works he develops a theory of religious cycles, which he applies to all the major world faiths – Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. According to his views, in the course of its evolution religion passes through six common phases – formative, orthodox, classical, reformist, critical, and post-critical. Every religion also undergoes two types of crisis, structural and systemic. Structural crisis of religion is marked by doubts in its sacred tradition, which are usually resolved by the appearance of new denominations within the established system. Systemic crisis undermines the foundation of religion by

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questioning its sacred scriptures. It is commonly overcome by the formation of new religious movements in the midst of their mother-faiths. According to Sergeev, modernity, which was initiated by the European Enlightenment, represents the critical phase of Christianity – a systemic and global crisis of spirituality, which will lead to the rise of universal religious movements such as the Bahá’í Faith that offers a spiritual extension of the modern worldview. Works: Theory of Religious Cycles: Tradition, Modernity and the Bahá’í Faith (Brill, 2015); Sophiology in Russian Orthodoxy: Solov’ev, Bulgakov, Losskii, Berdiaev (New York, 2006); The Project of the Enlightenment: Essays on Religion, Philosophy and Art (Moscow, 2004); “Teoriia religioznykh tsyklov: opyt filosofii religii” [Theory of Religious Cycles: An Essay in Philosophy of Religion], Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society, 1 (2012); “Proekt Prosveshcheniia: zametki ob amerikanskoi national’noi idee” [“Project of the Enlightenment: Reflections on the American National Identity”], Works of the Members of Russian Philosophical Society, vol. 1, 2001. SERVAN-SCHREIBER, Jean-Jacques (b. February 13, 1924, Paris; d. November 7, 2006, Fécamp, Normandy, France) – a French writer, publisher, politician, public figure, and the author of the bestseller The American Challenge, in which he urged European countries to economically cooperate in the fight against the threat of the expansion of American investment. In 1943, Servan-Schreiber entered the Higher Polytechnic School of Paris. Soon, however, he fled abroad, where he joined the Free French forces. After training in the us Air Force, he served in fighter aviation, and was awarded the Cross for Military Valor. After the war he graduated from the Higher Polytechnic School, and became a journalist, working at the newspapers Le Monde (1948–53) and Paris Press (1951–52). In 1953 together with F. Giraud he founded the weekly Express, whose publisher and director he was until 1970. He was accused of using this newspaper in order to achieve the Radical Party’s success in the elections to the French Parliament in 1970. Servan-Schreiber was a consultant to two socialist prime ministers: P. Mendès France (1954–56), with whom he served in the Free French Air Force, and G. Defer (1963–65). In 1956–57 he was called up as a reserve lieutenant in the army, and participated in the war in Algeria. In his most famous book The American Challenge (1967), Servan-Schreiber warns of the threat that Americanization poses to European industry and culture. Being more and more disappointed by the policies of Charles de Gaulle, Servan-Schreiber, who by this time had already been a well-known publisher, decided to take a more participative position in political journalism. The

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French economist Michel Albert helped him to prepare his material. Some of this evidence made a particularly strong impression on Servan-Schreiber: according to this materials, the usa and Europe were involved in a latent economic war in which Europe would be defeated on all fronts – management techniques, technological equipment, and research potential. Considering The American Challenge was a political essay, an unprecedented number of copies were sold: in France alone 600,000 copies. It was translated into fifteen languages. The book contributed a lot to the revival of French nationalism and drew attention to the importance of international cooperation in Europe. Servan-Schreiber was an active party, state, and public figure: the Secretary General (1969) and the chairman of the Radical Party (1971–79), a member of the National Assembly (1970–78), one of the founders of the Movement for ­Reform (1971), the Minister for Reforms (1974), the Chairman of the Lorraine Regional Council (1976–78), the president of the joint-stock company Paris Group (1980), and the chairman of the World Centre for Informatics and ­Human Resources (1982–85). In 1985 Servan-Schreiber was elected the president of the International Committee of the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Works: Awakening of France: May–June 1968 (Paris, 1968); Radical Alternative (radicals’ manifesto, 1970); Regional Powers (1971); The Army of the World (1974) (co-author); The Army of Trust (1976); The Global Challenge (Paris, 1980); Passions (Paris, 1991); Gravediggers (1993); The Jewish Choice (Paris, 1988) (devoted to the Jewish issue); Le Défi américain (Paris, 1968). SHELFORD, Victor Ernest (b. September 22, 1877, Chemung, ny; d. December 27, 1968, Urbana, il) – American zoologist, an expert in the field of ecology, mainly of aquatic organisms, author of the law of tolerance, founder of the Ecological Society of the United States in 1915, and in 1916 its first president. Shelford was engaged in studying the ecological and physiological biogeography of animals, introduced the concept of the biogeography landscape – a bionomic interpretation of the concept “biome,” denoting a natural area with its specific plant and animal populations. He was also the author of numerous works in the field of biocenology. As well as undertaking hydrobiological research he studied the interaction of organisms in terrestrial communities, the impact of climate change on communities, and classified mixed communities. Shelford was the first to describe the nature of North America from an environmental standpoint. In 1913 he published his book Animal Communities in Temperate America, in which he revealed the role of physical and biological environment, showed the necessity of quantifying the registration of animals, and described the methods of field biology. Shelford was also the author of the

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law of tolerance (1913), which described the body’s ability to tolerate the effects of adverse environmental factors and which expanded the idea of the limiting effect of the specified factor. SHISHKOV, Yury Vitalyevich (b. November 19, 1929, p. Starominskaya, Krasnodar region) – Doctor of Economics, professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation. Shishkov graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Lvov, in 1965 he defended his candidate’s thesis, in 1977 his doctoral thesis. Since 1969 he has been working at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the uss.r. Academy of Sciences (ras). In 1979–85 he taught courses at the Diplomatic Academy of the uss.r. His field of research interests is the driving forces, forms, and consequences of globalization, issues of the regulation of globalization processes, and the fate of the national state in the era of globalization. HE has primarily researched regional integration processes, mainly in Western Europe. For his joint research in this area with scientists from other countries of cmea, he was awarded the International Prize of the Academy of Sciences from these countries. Shishkov was one of the first in the country to apply a functional approach to understanding the patterns of the development of integration, considering it to be a complex, multidimensional, selfdeveloping historical process that emerges first in regions which are the most developed in technical, economic, and socio-political terms, and step by step involves more and more countries as they mature to the relevant economic, political, and legal conditions. His book Integration Processes at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century. Why Don’t the cis Countries Integrate was awarded the Prize of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the E.S. Varga prize. These studies allowed Shishkov to move naturally to an active study of the economic and political aspects of globalization. Unlike those researchers who consider globalization simply as a linear extension of processes of internationalization of the economic, political, and cultural life of the world community and try to find its origins in the late nineteenth century, and even in the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, in the Age of Discovery, Shishkov considers it to be a qualitatively new stage in the history of world civilization, which began in the last third of the twentieth century. In his works, he shows that globalization of the economy is not just an outburst and acceleration of previous processes, reinforcing the interconnection of national economies, and not even just the achievement of global economy on a global scale, reaching a point where it can no longer grow in breadth. The deep essence of globalization is the fact that the accumulation of these changes has brought the

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global economy to a new level of development, at which point the degree of ­interdependence of national economies has reached a critical mass where at least three new phenomena become inevitable. First, the global economic community made up of the loose aggregate of more or less interdependent countries turns into a integral economic system where national societies turn out to be the constituent elements of a single global economic organism, less dependent on the actions of various governments. Secondly, the global economic system begins to dominate national economies. In the past, internal economic relations were primary and international relations were secondary. Now, global economic relations increasingly lead and define, while internal relations, even those of very large and powerful countries, gradually become secondary as they adapt to the realities of the global economy. In all countries both business and government circles closely monitor movements on the stock and currency markets in different parts of the world, and almost in real time correct their current policy. Thirdly, globalization objectively leads to the diffusion and depreciation of the regulatory functions of the national state. Today, the state can no longer solve internal state issues or protect national interests from unwanted external influences as effectively as before. It is even less able to regulate those economic, social, and cultural processes that took place across national borders, largely gaining independence and becoming unmanageable. Fourthly, in recent decades demographic, environmental, and other global issues have emerged, with which any state cannot cope alone. Mankind faces the task of unprecedented complication – search for an effective regulatory mechanism on a global scale. In Shishkov’s recent studies the question of how to replace the familiar and seemingly choiceless state regulatory mechanism is investigated. He shows that the organization of the world community, which was established more than two hundred years ago and consists of many separate state cells that are competing for the sovereignty, is not only unable to cope with the regulation of global issues, but also becomes an obstacle in the path of their solution. States are introverted by nature. Their ruling elites, often conflicting and even warring with each other, are educated in the spirit of opposition of national interests to any outside interests. It is natural for them to ignore universal issues. The same ideology is rooted in the minds of the masses. As a result, universal interests inevitably find themselves in the background of most people’s thoughts, and some states disregard or positively disrupt measures that are designed to protect the environment, preserve biodiversity, and so on, which are undertaken by the international community.

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But the situation is not hopeless, because during the twentieth century, simultaneously with governmental and intergovernmental management structures, other international institutions have developed, and these have had an increasing impact on various aspects of globalization. about the real influence of transnational corporations (tncs) often exceeds the influence of national states, and in civil society a network of non-governmental and non-profit organizations concerned with the fate of the world community has grown up. Both these institutions are responding to new global challenges faster and more farsightedly than interstate or suprastate bureaucracies, which are limited by diplomatic formalities. As for the methods and tools of in-country regulation of economic and social processes, established according to state terms, they are undoubtedly of great value for the future mechanisms of global governance. According to Shishkov, the best option on the long road of formation of a system of global governance is probably not to send the national state to the “Museum of Antiquities,” but to incorporate it into a more adequate global regulatory system that includes multinational business circles and international social organizations, one of three components of a supranational mechanism that regulates global processes. Perhaps such a mechanism will acquire the nature of a network, in which national states become nodal points for the emerging global managerial net, at least at first. Works: Integration Processes at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century. Why Don’t the cis Countries Integrate (Moscow, 2001); “Globalization and Qualitatively New Nature of Interaction of National Economies,” Applied Aspects of Globalization (Moscow, 2001); “Globalization – Enemy or Ally in Developing Countries?” World Economy and International Relations 1 (2003); “The Process of Globalization,” World Economy: A Textbook (Moscow, 2004); Decisive HalfCentury in the History of Mankind (Moscow, 2004); Catching Development in an Era of Globalization (Moscow, 2006); “Prospects of Globalization,” World Economy: Forecast till 2020 (Moscow, 2007); “Globalization – a New Era in Human History,” Geography of World Development (Moscow, 2010), my. 2; The Nation State: Formation, Evolution and Decline. What’s Next? (Moscow, 2011). SHIVA, Vandana (b. November 5, 1952, Dehradun, India) – an Indian environmental activist and anti-globalization author. Shiva is one of the leaders and board members of the International Forum on Globalization (along with Jerry Mander, Edward Goldsmith, Ralph Nader, and Jeremy Rifkin), and a figure of the global solidarity movement known as the alter-globalization movement. She is a member of the scientific committee of the Fundacion IDEAS, Spain’s Socialist Party’s think tank. She is also a member of the International Organization for a Participatory Society.

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Central to Shiva’s work is the idea of seed freedom, or the rejection of corporate patents on seeds. She has campaigned against the implementation of the wto 1994 Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (trips) agreement, which broadens the scope of patents to include life forms. Shiva has criticized the agreement as having close ties with the corporate sector and opening the door to further patents on life. Vandana Shiva plays a major role in the global ecofeminist movement. According to her 2004 article “Empowering Women,” she suggests that a more sustainable and productive approach to agriculture can be achieved through reinstating a system of farming in India that is more centered on women. She advocates against the prevalent “patriarchal logic of exclusion,” claiming that a woman-focused system would change the current system in an extremely positive manner. She received the Right Livelihood Award in 1993, and has also received numerous other prizes. Works: Social Economic and Ecological Impact of Social Forestry in Kolar (Bangalore, 1981); Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India (New Delhi, 1988); The Violence of the Green Revolution: Ecological Degradation and ­Political Conflict in Punjab (New Delhi, 1992); Women, Ecology and Health: Rebuilding Connections (New Delhi, 1993); Ecofeminism (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1993); Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply (Cambridge, ma, 2000); Globalization’s New Wars: Seed, Water and Life Forms Women Unlimited (New Delhi, 2005); Earth Democracy; Justice, Sustainability, and Peace (Cambridge, ma, 2005); Making Peace with the Earth (London, 2013). SHUKYUROV, Agayar Magomed-ogly (b. 1946, Biel-Suvar district (former Pushkin) of Azerbaijan ssr; d. 2008, Baku) – philosopher, the founder of the social ecology school, and researcher of globalistics in Azerbaijan; also a Doctor of Philosophy (1989; doctoral thesis topic: “Role of Environmental Issues in Contemporary Globalistics”) and a professor. In 1984 Shukyurov published the monograph Social and Philosophical Essence of Global, Environmental and Demographic Issues of the Present. He is founder (1990) and the permanent head of the Department of Philosophy of Ecology (now the Department of Globalization and Philosophical Issues of Social Ecology) at the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Academy of ­Sciences of Azerbaijan (now the Institute of Philosophy and Political-Legal Studies). In order to coordinate and accelerate the scientific studies conducted in the Department of Philosophy of Ecology, in 1991 he published Philosophical Issues in Ecology (now Ecology. Philosophy. Culture). Fifty editions have been issued.

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Works: Nature and Society on the Brink of Disaster (Baku: Azerneshr, 1992); Social Ecology (Baku: Nauka, 1999); Globalization: The Nature and Prospects (Baku, 2001). Globalization and Philosophy (Baku, 2002); Globalization: Myth and History (Baku, 2005); Globalized Society: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (Baku: Azerbaijan University, 2006). SNAKIN, Valery (b. April 24, 1950, Tambov region) – a Russian environmentalist, doctor of biology (1993), professor (1998), an academician of rans (1995) and rea (2006), director of the All-Russian Research Institute for Nature Conservation (1993–94), the head of the Laboratory of Landscape Ecology at the Institute of Fundamental Problems of Biology ras (since 1995), head of the Museum of Earth Science at the Lomonosov msu (since 2007). Snakin is a member of the editorial board and the author of a considerable number of articles in the international interdisciplinary encyclopedia Globalistics (2003), the international encyclopedic dictionary Globalistics (2006), and a member of the editorial board and a regular author for the The Age of Globalization magazine. He developed new methods of soil liquid phase study directly in the field, developed new approaches to the assessment of stability and degradation of landscapes, made a significant contribution to the development of ecological terminology, and generalized cartographical materials concerning the environment and natural resources in Russia. Snakin won the prize awarded by the Russian Government in the field of science and technology (2004) and also the A.N. Kosygin Award (2004). Works: Analysis of the Composition of the Liquid Phase of Soil (Nauka, 1989); Soil Liquid Phase Composition (Elsevier, 2001); Assessment of Condition and Sustainability of Ecosystems (Moscow, 1992) (co-author); “Report on Lead Pollution of the Russian Federation Environment” (Moscow, 1997) (co-author); Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia: Federal Atlas (Moscow, 2002) (co-author); The National Atlas of Russia, Vols 1–4 (Moscow, 2005–09) (co-author); Water Resources of the Russian Federation: Atlas (Moscow, 2006); dictionaries-reference books: Ecology and Nature Preservation (Moscow, 2000); Natural Resources and Environment (Moscow, 2001); Wildness Protection (Moscow, 2003) (co-author); Globalistics: Encyclopedia (Moscow, 2005) (co-author); Ecology and Nature Management (Moscow, 2008). SOMERVILLE, John (b. March 13, 1905, New York; d. January 8, 1994, San Diego, ca) – an American philosopher, scientist, and public figure; worked tirelessly for the sake of world peace, human dignity, and survival of the planet.

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Somerville taught at the City University of New York and the West University of California in Point Loma. During thirty-five years of teaching he published many works and as a visiting professor or lecturer he visited fourteen us and foreign universities, including Charles University in Prague, the Institute of Philosophy in Moscow, and the University of Philosophy in Bucharest. As a researcher of social philosophy and ethics, and a world-renowned expert in Marxism, he worked incessantly towards overcoming the Cold War and to creating a dialogue between American and Soviet philosophers. Largely thanks to his efforts the first joint conferences of American and Soviet philosophers, in Mexico City (1963) and New York (1964), were organized. Somerville always put individual and global pacification above personal or professional achievements. At the age of seventy he wrote his first play, The Crisis: The True Story of How the World Almost Ended. Dedicated to ethical issues and the dangerous behavior of President J. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban missile crisis, this sobering play was translated into many languages and widely staged in North America and beyond, including in Sweden, Germany, and J­ apan. His second play, The Last Inquest, was staged by several university drama clubs. Devoted to world peace and the prevention of nuclear destruction, Somerville was the first philosopher to encourage North American philosophers to oppose the inhumanity of the nuclear threat, and gave us a new word with which to discuss the threat of nuclear destruction (“omnicide”). The organization International Philosophers for the Prevention of Nuclear Omnicide(ippno), renamed International Philosophers for Peace and the Union of American and Japanese Experts against Nuclear Omnicide, owe their emergence and existence to Somerville’s inspired labor, energy, and organizational skills. For those who heard his message, it was powerful and unequivocal: “Those who are not doing anything against the [nuclear] weapons actually vote for omnicide.” His writings and activities were highly appreciated by writers and scholars such as Thomas Mann, Albert Einstein, and Bernard Lown. In 1987 ippno, the organization he created, received the status of Messenger of Peace from the un during the un’s Year of Peace. Works: Soviet Philosophy: A Study of Theory and Practice (1944); (ed. with R.E. Santoni), Social and Political Philosophy (1963); The Philosophy of Marxism (1967); (ed. with G. Parsons), Dialogues on the Philosophy of Marxism (1974); and The Peace Revolution (1975). SOROS, George (b. August 12, 1930, Budapest, Hungary) – an American financier, investor, and philanthropist; created the network of charitable organizations known as the Soros Foundation.

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Soros is a proponent of the “open society” (Popper) and an active critic of “market fundamentalism.” His views are characterized by a dual interpretation of globalization. On the one hand, he evaluates globalization as a process associated with significant positive changes in the dynamics of global development, and on the other he focuses on the negative aspects, such as aggravation of the tendencies towards crisis created by a global scale, the increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, an inefficient distribution of resources between private and public interests, and so on. At the same time, he notes that globalization is not responsible for the ineffectiveness of government, the expansion of which “narrows,” according to him, under the influence of planetary processes. Soros is the author of several books on today’s economic and political issues. He notes that globalization in its economic dimension is a very recent phenomenon, which means the situation today is very different from fifty or even twenty-five years ago. The most important feature of globalization, according to Soros, is free movement of financial capital, while the movement of people remains largely limited. Since capital is an essential component of production, countries are forced to compete for their involvement, which limits their opportunities for its taxation and regulation. Under the influence of globalization the nature of economy and social mechanisms have undergone a radical transformation. Soros is an ardent supporter of globalization, considering that it creates additional wealth – which can give freedom to people. He argues that a global open society can provide a much higher level of freedom than any single state. Works: Underwriting Democracy (New York, 1991); Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (New York, 1998); George Soros on Globalization (New York, 2002); Underwriting Democracy: Encouraging Free Enterprise and Democratic Reform among the Soviets and in Eastern Europe (New York, 2004); Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power (New York, 2004); New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means (New York, 2008); Soros on Soros. Staying Ahead of the Curve (Moscow, 1996); The Crisis of Global Capitalism. Open Society Endangered (Moscow, 1999); “On Globalization,” Herald of Europe 2 (2001); Age of Errors. World on the Verge of Global Crisis (Moscow, 2010). DE SOTO Polar, Hernando (b. 1941, Arequipa, Peru) – an economist known for his work on the informal economy and on the importance of business and property rights; president of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ild), located in Lima, Peru. Since the 1980s, the ild has worked in twenty-three countries. Heads of state in thirty-five countries have sought the ild’s services, and ild staff have

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personally met twenty-nine of them to discuss precisely what the institute might do to help their economies prosper. The impact of de Soto Polar’s institute in the field of development – on political leaders, experts, and multilateral organizations – is widespread and acknowledged. The main message of de Soto’s work and writings is that no nation can have a strong market economy without adequate participation in an information framework that records ownership of property and other economic information. Unreported, unrecorded economic activity results in many small entrepreneurs who lack legal ownership of their property, making it difficult for them to obtain credit, sell their business, or expand. They cannot seek legal remedies to business conflicts in court, since they do not have legal ownership. Lack of information about income prevents governments from collecting taxes and acting for the public welfare. To survive, to protect their assets, and to do as much business as possible, these so-called extralegals create their own rules. But because these local arrangements are full of shortcomings and are not easily enforceable, the extralegals also create their own social, political, and economic problems that affect society at large. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, responsible nations around the developing world have worked hard to make the transition to a market economy, but have in general failed. Populist leaders have used this failure of the free market system to wipe out poverty in the developing world to beat their “antiglobalization” drums. But the ild believes that the real enemy is within the flawed legal systems of developing nations, which make it virtually impossible for the majority of their people – and their assets – to gain a stake in the market. The people of these countries have talent, enthusiasm, and an astonishing ability to wring a profit out of practically nothing. Time magazine chose de Soto as one of the five leading Latin American innovators of the century in its special May 1999 issue “Leaders of the New Millennium,” and included him among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2004. De Soto Polar was also listed as one of the fifteen innovators “who will reinvent your future” according to Forbes magazine’s eighty-fifth anniversary edition. In January 2000, Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit, the German development magazine, described de Soto as one of the most important development theoreticians. De Soto Polar has been criticized by some academics for methodological and analytical reasons, while some activists have criticized de Soto Polar for being a representative figure of the movement for prioritizing property rights. His theory does not provide us anything new over and above traditional land reform. What differentiates de Soto Polar from his predecessor is his attempt

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to include non-agricultural land in the scheme of reform and emphasizing the formalization of existing informal possession. The argument for a private and often individualist property regime asks questions about societal legitimacy, and may not be justified even if de Soto Polar tries to create a unified system in a state or unification with the global economy. Works: The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World (Londo, 1989); The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (London, 2000); The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism (London, 2002) (co-author); Swiss Human Rights Book, Vol. 1: Realizing Property Rights (2006); Global Meltdown Rule No. 1: Do the Math (2009). SPENGLER, Oswald (b. May 29, 1880, Blankenburg, Germany; d. May 8, 1936, Munich, Germany) – German philosopher, one of the founders of the philosophy of history and philosophy of culture. Spengler’s ideas had a great influence on the formation of system thinking and a holistic perception of the modern world; that is, perception of the basis of globalistics. The cyclic concept was formulated by Spengler in his famous book The Decline of the West (1920). It includes: (1) the denial of social progress, history as the continuity; (2) culture opposed to civilization; (3) a refusal of the normative understanding of civilization’s process and a recognition of the degradation of the West. According to Spengler, culture is a historical and cultural integrity, like an organism, and it goes through the same stages of life – birth, growth, maturity, and death. Every culture has its own soul, which appears at its birth culture from proto-soul condition and develops in many forms – language, art, government, science, and so on. When all the aspects are realized the soul returns to the initial state, and the culture enters its final stage – civilization, when cultural phenomena are no longer created and the existing ones begin to replicate. Civilization as a technical-mechanical phenomenon is opposed to culture as a living world. Civilization has the same features in all cultures, such as, for example, cosmopolitism, metropolitan areas, atheism based on science or dead metaphysics, massification, the slogan “bread and circuses,” focus on external actions rather than a deepening thirst for power. It is an expression of the decay of culture, the dying of the whole organism. Civilization is aging, dying; it is an inevitable fate of all cultures. Under this approach, Spengler singles out eight developed cultures that reached completeness: Antique (Apollonian), Arabic (magic), Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, Chinese, Mexican, and European (Faustian). Antiquity passed from culture to civilization in the fourth century bc. Its interior death happened in the Roman era. Europe moved to the stage of civilization in the nineteenth century, and its death should, according to Spengler, happen ­approximately

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in 2000. At the same time, he supposes that a developed Russian culture may appear, although in its early stages it experienced a powerful influence from more ancient civilizations that changed its essence. The strong influence of Spengler’s concept on the philosophy and culture of the twentieth century is caused by the socio-political context, especially the consequences of World War i, which showed the fragility of European civilization and shook the belief in its ideality and normativity. Spengler’s ideas are absolutely applicable when studying contemporary global processes that have an ambivalent nature: on the one hand, globalization includes objective transnational integrative tendencies; but on the other hand these are developing within the desire of social and cultural formations to preserve their civilizational identity. Works: The Decline of the West: Essays on the Morphology of World History (Moscow, 1993); Der Untergang des Abendlandes (Munich, 1918–22); Jahre der Entscheidung (Munich, 1933). Lit.: “S.S. Averincev Spengler,” Philosophical Encyclopedia (Moscow, 1970), T. 5; Comparative Study of Civilizations (Moscow, 1998); Sorokin P. Sociological Theories of Today (New York and London, 1966). STEGER, Manfred (b. 1961, Austria) – Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and the professor of Global Studies at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (rmit University), leading researcher of the Globalization and Culture program at the Global Cities Research Institute at rmit (). Steger worked as a research consultant on globalization in the us State Department, was a consultant for the television series “Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism.” Steger is the author and editor of more than twenty books on globalization, world history and the history of political ideas. Works: The Rise of the Global Thinking: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror (Oxford, 2008); Globalization: The Great Ideological Struggle of the Twenty-First Century (London, 2009, 3rd edn); and the bestseller Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2009). Personal page of Manfred Steger: . STIGLER, George (b. January 17, 1911, Renton, wa; d. December 1, 1991, Chicago, il) – us economist, Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Chicago, president of the American Economic Association in 1964, a Nobel Prize laureate in Economics “for the groundbreaking studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation.”

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In 1949, Stigler mounted criticism of the theory of “monopolistic competition” – the doctrine associated with the economist Edward Chamberlin and the so-called Harvard School of industrial organization. He introduced into economic science “the principle of survival,” which became an integral part of the theory of industrial organization. Stigler applied his “theory of search” in 1961 to what he called “the market of new ideas” in economics. He was awarded the us National Medal of Science (1987) and the Adam Smith Award (1987). Works: The Theory of Price (New York, 1946); “A Theory of Oligopoly,” Journal of Political Economy, 1964; Essays in the History of Economics (Chicago, 1965). STIGLITZ, Joseph (b. February 9, 1943, Gary, in) – American economist, a follower of John Keynes and “the New Deal” of President F.D. Roosevelt, a supporter of the active role of the state in the economy. In 1993 Stiglitz worked at the Council of Economic Advisers under President Bill Clinton. From 1997 to 2001 he served as chief economist and vice-president of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). In 2001 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics “for his research of markets with asymmetric information.” Stiglitz describes globalization as the close integration of countries and peoples, which has brought a reduction in costs of transportation and communication, the destruction of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and movement of people across borders. He notes that most aspects of globalization are welcomed everywhere. An intense debate is caused by the economic aspect of globalization and the international institutions that impose certain rules. To understand this particular aspect Stiglitz analyzes the performance of the three main institutions that govern globalization – the imf, the World Bank and the wto. Ideas and intentions that became the basis of the establishment of international economic institutions were certainly good, but over the years they have evolved and turned into something completely different. The Keynesian orientation of international institutions, which argues that the market is characterized by failures and recognizes the significant role of the state, such as in job creation, has been superseded by the ideology of the free market. Stiglitz says that the main issue of the modern world is not globalization, but how it is implemented. This is partly because of the international economic institutions that generate the rules. Often, these rules serve the interests of the advanced industrial countries and the interests of special groups in those countries. These institutions put commercial and financial interests first and look at the world through the eyes of a financier, not an economist. Thus,

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i­ssues of habitat conservation, as well as the provision of the poor with the right to vote on decisions that affect them directly, thereby promoting democracy, honesty, and fair trade, all remain out of sight. If globalization continues as hitherto, far from contributing to development it will only continue to create poverty and instability. In the absence of reforms, the rollback that has already started will pick up speed, and disappointment will grow. If reforms are implemented, a hope remains that globalization will acquire a more humane nature, which will allow a huge number of people to benefit from it. Works: Financial Systems for Eastern Europe’s Emerging Democracies (New York and London, 1993); Whither Socialism? (Cambridge, ma, 1994); Globalization and Its Discontents (New York, 2002); Making Globalization Work (New York, 2006). SUESS, Edward (b. August 20, 1831, London; d. April 26, 1914, Vienna) – ­Austrian geologist. In 1867 Suess was elected as an active member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in 1890 as its president; in 1901 he was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and as an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Suess started to write his major works quite late, after long years collecting and accumulating the material through which he explored the basic f­eatures of Earth. In correspondence with many scientists from different countries, he drew information from the results of new research, being especially interested in the least studied continents – Asia, Africa, and Australia. In 1875, he published his book Die Enstehungder Alpen (The Origin of the Alps), which aroused great interest among geologists. According to contemporaries’ opinions, it opened a new era in geology, interpreting a new mechanism of orogeny. Thus Suess gave rise to a new geological discipline, regional tectonics, and expressed an original idea about the origins of the Alps, which later became generally accepted. In the same monograph he introduced into scientific use the term “biosphere,” proposing to consider the surface of the lithosphere inhabited by living organisms as the biosphere. In his prime, he published the classic four-volume work Das Antlitz der Erde (Face of the Earth) (1883–1909). Suess wove into a coherent system the most important forms of the Earth’s surface, and established logical connections between the modern distribution of seas, oceans, continents, and mountain ranges and the geological history of the Earth. He greatly enriched the arsenal of geological concepts and ideas, introducing the concept of spheres of the Earth – the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. According to V.A. Obruchev, “with this paper Suess

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could be considered as the teacher of all geologists not only in Europe, but also in other parts of the world.” Lit.: V.A. Obruchev and M.E Zotina, Suess (Moscow, 1937). SUKMA, Rizal (b. 1964, Aceh, Indonesia) – Indonesian political scientist, received his doctorate in international relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science (lse) in 1997. Sukma is an expert in international relations and intercultural dialog. He is Executive Director of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a member of the Board of Governors of the Institute for Peace and Democracy (ipd), the agency for the implementation of the Bali Democracy Forum (bdf), chairman of the International Relations Department of the Central Executive Council “Muhammad,” a board member of the Syafii Maarif Institute for cultural and human problems, and a member of the National Committee on Strategy for the Ministry of Defense of Indonesia. At the heart of Sukma’s research there is the political situation and security in Southeast Asia, asean policy, foreign policy of Indonesia, military reform, Islam and politics, and domestic political changes in Indonesia. He is the author of several books, numerous articles, and reports that have been published in many international magazines, chief among them being Indonesia and China: The Politics of a Troubled Relationship (1999, 5th edn); Security Operations in Aceh: Goals, Consequences, and Lessons (2004); Islam in Indonesian Foreign Policy: Domestic Weakness and Dilemma of Dual Identity (2006, 5th edn). Works: Peace in the Pacific: The Confrontations (London, 2007); Future Architecture of the asean Policy on the Security in the Asia-Pacific Region (2009). SUNSTEIN, Cass (b. September 21, 1954, Concord, ma) – an American law scholar, the author of works in the field of constitutional, administrative, and ecological law, law and economic behavior, and the global problems of today. Sunstein is a professor of Chicago and Harvard (Law School) universities, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 1992) and of the American Law Institute (1990). He is employed by the administration of us President Barack Obama. Sunstein developed the Program on Risk Regulation, which studies the major global challenges and threats of the twenty-first century – terrorism, climate change, health and safety, infectious diseases, natural disasters, and so on. He speaks in favor of the second Bill of Rights proposed by Franklin Roosevelt: among these rights are the right to education, the right to housing, the right to health protection, and the right to protection against monopolies. Sunstein argues that the second Bill of Rights found a great international

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­resonance and should be revived in the usa He is also an active advocate of animal rights. In the book Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2008), written with economist Richard Thaler, he examines how public and private organizations can help people to make better choices in their daily lives. Works: After the Rights Revolution (Cambridge, ma, 1990); Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (New York, 1995); Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict (Oxford, 1996); Free Markets and Social Justice (Oxford, 1997); (ed. with Martha Nussbaum), Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies about Human Cloning (New York and London, 1998); Risk and Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Why Societies Need Dissent (Cambridge, ma, 2003); (ed. with Martha Nussbaum), Animal Rights: Current Controversies and New Directions (Oxford and New York, 2004); Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle (Cambridge, 2005); Radicals in Robes: Why Extreme Right-Wing Courts Are Wrong for America (New York, 2005); Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge (Oxford, 2006); The Second Bill of Rights: Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More than Ever (New York, 2006); Worst-Case Scenarios (Cambridge, ma, 2007); (ed. with R. Thaler), Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New Haven, ct, 2008); Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide (2009); Law and Happiness (Oxford, 2010). T TANSLEY, Arthur George (b. August 15, 1871, London; d. November 25, 1955, Grantchester, Cambridgeshire, uk) – English geobotanist, president of the British Ecological Society, introduced into scientific use the term “ecosystem.” Tansley’s scientific activities took place during the 1920s and 1930s, when in the course of the development of experimental and theoretical ecology the conditions for the approval of the system concept of ecology as a science of the twentieth century finally matured. The profound study of the composition, structure, functioning, and evolution of the most important types of terrestrial and aquatic biocenoses in many countries had shown the need for a comprehensive study of the biocenosis and biotope. Tansley, who introduced the concept of “ecosystem” into ecology (1935), made a fundamental contribution to the solution of this issue. As far back as 1935 he had noted that the object of ecological research is correlation systems, in which the higher processes and phenomena adapt to the properties and regularities of lower phenomena, acting as a medium of their existence. He also stressed that the climate in an

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ecosystem determines soils, with which vegetation and wildlife are connected, but the opposite effect of soils on the climate is negligible. This unidirectionality of causal relationships always distinguishes correlation systems from dialectical ones based on the cause – effect interaction. For example, the climate can be defined as a natural passage of certain air masses across the territory. But obviously these air masses are born and the sequence of their passage is formed not in this ecosystem, although the soils do have some influence on them. Similar correlations underlie the existence of socio-natural systems, in which social phenomena adapt to natural environmental factors by means of human activity. Defining ecosystem, Tansley does not bind it with only a limited portion of the earth’s surface, and considers as sustainable dimensionless systems of living and nonliving components, in which external and internal circulation of substances and energy occur. He develops a mode of looking at the ecosystem as an integral formation that includes not only organisms, but also the whole complex of physical factors of the habitat in the broadest sense, paying particular attention to the fact that “within each system there is an exchange of various kinds, not only between organisms, but also between the organic and inorganic components. These ecosystems are of various types and sizes. They form one category among the variety of physical systems of the universe, extending from the universe as a whole down to the atom.” Thus, according to Tansley, ecosystem is a very broad concept, and its main value to the ecological theory is that it emphasizes the existence of relationships, interdependence, and causality in nature. In other words, we are talking about merging components into a functional whole. So if at the lowest level it is possible to represent the organism and its environment as independently existing, even though correlated entities, in studying this relationship at a higher (superorganism) level the environment acts not only as a condition for the development of a biological system, but also its most important component. At higher levels, in the transition from organism to population and biogeocenose, and then to biosphere, more environmental factors go into the internal environment of these formations. Works: Practical Plant Ecology (London, 1923); Introduction to Plant Ecology (London, 1946); The British Islands and Their Vegetation, Vols 1, 2, (Cambridge, 1939, 1949); Uses and Misuses of Concepts and Terms in Plant Ecology (1935). TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, Pierre (b. May 1, 1881, Clermont-Ferrand, France; d. April 10, 1955, New York) – French geologist, philosopher, and theologian. As a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, Teilhard tried to create a synthesis of Christian doctrine and the theory of cosmic evolution. His ideas, ­combining

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science, philosophy, and Christian mysticism, were outlined in posthumously published works, which provoked much debate. Once, according to the Church, Teilhard passed the point of actual science and delved into theoretical constructs of a controversial nature, his relations with ecclesiastical authorities became very complicated. His evolutionism seemed too straightforward and radical. Because of this, he was forbidden to engage in teaching or in printing works of philosophy, although he had already received international fame and was elected a member of the French Academy (1950). The conflict lasted until the end of Teilhard’s life. In 1929, participating in the stratigraphic work at the excavations at Zhoukoudian near Beijing, Teilhard was one of the scientists who discovered Sinanthropus (Homo erectus), and received wide recognition because of the analysis of his findings. The discovery in 1931 that Sinanthropus used primitive tools and fire brought even greater glory to him and to A. Braley (French archeologist and primitive art researcher). Staying during expeditions face to face with the pristine silence of mountains and deserts, Teilhard knew times of profound enlightenment. The universe was opened more and more to him as divine flesh, as a member of the global ordinance. Teilhard’s thoughts were constrained by narrow specialization; he was attracted by broad generalizations. His works in the field of paleontology are closely connected with the issues of the origin of man, and he kept returning to this exciting puzzle (see The Emergence of Man (1956) and Looking Back at the Past (1957)). The main philosophical work of Teilhard, The Phenomenon of Man, was the anthem of man. The book consists of four chapters that reveal the author’s vision of the principal stages of evolution: “Prelife,” “Life,” “Thought,” “Superlife.” Written in 1938–40, it was banned by the Vatican and was published in 1956, after the author’s death. In the book Teilhard reveals the ideas of evolution and eventually merges them with theology, although this does not make him a theologian in the strict sense of the word. Building on the achievements of modern science, Teilhard tried to create a whole worldview, so-called scientific phenomenology, in which the opposition between science and religion must be removed. Considerable attention is paid in the book to the problems of life on Earth and its future: “The centre of the prospect is man, simultaneously the centre of constructing the universe. The whole science therefore should be ultimately brought to him. The more a person becomes man, the less he will agree to anything but the infinite and indestructible movement to the new. Something ‘absolute’ joins in the course of his own actions.” Along with Edouard Le Roy (French Catholic philosopher and friend) he introduced the concept of “noosphere,” and gave an insight into its essence: “Mankind, impelled by a vague instinct, seeks to go beyond the narrow confines of its

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place of origin and settle throughout the world. Thought becomes a multitude, to conquer all habitable space over any other form of life. In other words, the spirit weaves and deploys the cover of noosphere.” The history of mankind, according to Teilhard, is the final stage of cosmogenesis; its premise is “personalization” – the emergence of personality and thought and the formation of noosphere – the ideal spiritual envelope of the Earth. Teilhard’s main methodological principle is the idea of evolution that has received his theological interpretation. He portrays the evolution of the universe (cosmogenesis) as a number of stages of a single complicated substance – the “fabric of the universe,” which is a modification of the special radial energy of psychic nature. The ultimate goal and at the same time the regulator of cosmogenesis is “Omega Point” – the spiritual centre that affects the course of events through the radial energy, serving as a form of divine grace. Teilhard sees the key to understanding the evolution of the universe in the “phenomenon of man.” People are the peak of evolution, aimed at the future. He considers man as the most striking phenomenon in the universe: “A miserable morphological leap and yet an incredible shock to the spheres of life – this is the whole paradox of man.” With the emergence of man along with the biosphere there appears the noosphere. According to Teilhard, this cannot stop developing, because it is part of evolution. Its masterpieces are an idea, a personality, the unity of personalities. But that is not enough. Going beyond the “phenomenon,” Teilhard expects a new stage of evolution. He talks about the coming of the final period in the history of the world, when without the participation and efforts of humanity the entry of creatures into pleroma will be accomplished. He calls this phase of world evolution the “Omega Point.” Just as the merging of singlecelled animals in the body was the beginning of further progress, the spiritual union of humanity leads it to Superlife and Superhumanity. The dissemination of the thought and power of man around the world, his “planetization,” is the key to the future. Teilhard believes that the development of science, technology, and social systems leads to this higher spiritual point. In an age when so many people curse technology and are burdened by civilization, he sees them as “hominization” of the Earth and the world. It is necessary that something superhuman should exist independently of people. This is the “Omega Point.” Omega stands out of time. It is the transcendent beginning. This is why it could erect the universe higher and higher to the “divine hearth.” Omega is God who intimately permeated the world with His power, pulling it into a giant Tree of Life that approaches His Being. All creative efforts of man, his culture and civilization, his love and energy, his deeds, and finally all the personalities, which are immortal, serve the universal Divine Purpose.

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Transforming matter, man becomes involved in creative evolution. Talking about the process of evolution of living beings themselves, Teilhard attaches great importance to the facts, proving the direction of development towards less and less probable structures. “I think that there is a direction and a line of the progress of life, so distinct that their reality, as I am convinced, will be well recognized by tomorrow’s science.” The very fact of increasing complexity and the desire of organisms for perfection bear record to the direction of the evolutionary process. Further improvement of evolution, according to Teilhard, is possible only on a collective basis. Technical progress and economic development are the necessary conditions of the process, but a spiritual factor should play a decisive role. Religion that justifies morality, united with science, should update the interpretation of the principles and actions of religion and science alike, and become a religion of action. While focusing on the future of man and the universe, Teilhard was by no means an abstract thinker. His truly Christian optimism was charged with inexhaustible creative energy. His confidence in being and trust in God inspire and give hope. Everything beautiful, creative, infused with love that is carried out in the world is for Teilhard the “sign of the time,” a harbinger of the coming transformation. He sees the evolution and development of mankind through the prism of faith, forming an organic unity with knowledge. This makes the theoretical heritage of Teilhard especially important now, when significant efforts are being directed towards solving the problems of global evolution and to searching for answers to many questions that concern the international community today. Works: The Phenomenon of Man (New York, 1959), The Divine Milieu (New York, 1960), The Future of Man (London, 1964), Letters to Léontine Zanta (London, 1969). Lit.: P. Teilhard de Chardin, “Divine Wednesday,” Monuments of Religious and Philosophical Thought Issue 3 (1992). TINBERGEN, Jan (b. April 12, 1903, The Hague, Netherlands; d. June 9, 1994, The Hague) – a well-known economist, active in scientific, educational, and social spheres. Tinbergen was an expert in economics in the League of Nations, an economic advisor to the governments of some developing countries (Chile, Syria, Iraq, and Libya, for example), served as a consultant to the governments of India, Turkey, and Iraq, as well as in the World Bank and the un, where he had a significant impact on the International Development Strategy for the Second Development Decade (1971–80). He lectured at the University of Amsterdam, was a professor at the University of Rotterdam, the Netherlands School

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of Economics. From 1945 he was director of the Central Planning Bureau of the Netherlands, and in 1966 he headed the Planning Committee of the un. From 1975 he worked closely with the Club of Rome, publishing the magazine New to Economic Analysis (Contributions to Economic Analysis). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969 (with Ragnar Frisch) for the development of mathematical methods for the analysis of economic processes. Under his leadership, the third report was made to the Club of Rome, “Reshaping the International Order” (1976). This played an important role in redefining global peace and focused wide attention on the global problems of our time, and on to the work of the Club of Rome. This report is Tinbergen’s important contribution to globalistics. Impetus was given to its writing by the oil crisis that erupted in 1973, which highlighted the negative aspects of the current international economic order and growing discontent in the developing countries. Taking this fact into account, the Club of Rome recognized that econometric models, which were the basis of two previous reports, were not enough to cope with the existing problems, and that it was necessary to explore the socio-political and ideological aspects that contribute to a crisis. In this regard, Tinbergen was asked to lead the development of a new report, in which options for restructuring existing international relations would be given. Exploring this problem, the authors of the project made an important observation from the beginning: no single important problem in the modern world can be solved in isolation. Attempts to act in this way will almost inevitably lead to the aggravation of other problems, which are seemingly unrelated. The report also indicated that the average income of the wealthiest strata of the world’s population is growing steadily. In 1970 it reached thirteen times the average income of the poorest; the gap between the highest incomes of most developed countries and the lowest of the most backward is even greater. In the report basic conclusions were made, and it was recommended that income growth per capita should be amended, so that in developing countries, it was 5 per cent higher than in developed countries. It was also proposed that a radical reorganization of power structures around the world, including economic, financial, political, military, and other relationships, should be undertaken. Tinbergen has been widely recognized not only for his development and application of statistical methods for the study of economic cycles, but also for his pioneering research in the field of macroeconomic modeling of economic processes in developing countries. Tinbergen made a significant contribution to the formation and development of globalistics. He tried to address the major global challenges of our time, and throughout his life adhered to humanistic ideals. He put forward

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the “optimal system” theory (a variant of the theory of convergence), and ­advocated peaceful coexistence and business cooperation between countries with different socio-economic and political systems. Works: Revision of the International Order (Moscow, 1980); International Economic Integration (Amsterdam, 1965, 2nd edn); (ed. with H. Boss), Mathematical Models of Economic Growth. (Moscow, 1967); A Method and Its Application in Investment Activity (Cambridge, 1939); Business Cycles in usa (Geneva, 1939); Statistical Testing of Business Cycle Theories (Amsterdam, 1939); The Theory of Economic Policy (Amsterdam, 1952); Economic Policy: Principles and Design (Amsterdam, 1956); Income Distribution: Analysis and Policies (Amsterdam: 1975); Warfare and Welfare: Integrating Security Policy Into Socio-Economic Policy (Amsterdam, 1987). TOBIAS, Michael Charles (b. June 27, 1951, San Francisco, ca) – ecologist, author, filmmaker, historian, explorer, anthropologist, educator, and non-­ violence activist. The distinguished scholar Dr. Michael Charles Tobias earned his Ph.D. in the History of Consciousness at the University of California-Santa Cruz. His work encompasses ecological anthropology and aesthetics, the history of ideas, environmental psychology, comparative literature, philosophy and ethics, global biodiversity field research, systematics, deep demography, animal rights, and animal liberation. Tobias has tackled the complex issues concerning human population pressure on the environment. In addition, he focuses on aspects of zoosemiotics and ethology, and the critical links between human demographic pressure (various population issues) and the genetic corridors and diverse, remaining habitats on Earth. He is the author of over fifty books and has written, directed, and/or produced over 100 films. His works have been read, translated, and broadcast throughout the world. He has conducted field research in over eighty countries. Tobias has been on the faculties of such colleges and universities as Dartmouth, the University of California-Santa Barbara, and the University of New Mexico-Albuquerque. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including the prestigious Courage of Conscience Prize. Tobias is an Honorary Member of the Club of Budapest. For sixteen years Tobias has been the President of the Dancing Star Foundation (dsf), an international ecological ngo that works assiduously throughout the world in areas of biodiversity conservation, animal rights, and environmental education. dsf is a nonprofit public benefit corporation based in California. Its mission is focused on international biodiversity conservation, global environmental education, and animal protection. Tobias’s field research has taken him to well over eighty countries, and from regions like

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Antarctica, to many of the world’s deserts, temperate zones, tropics and Boreal forests. Tobias has been a mountaineer for many decades, having soloed hundreds of ascents throughout the world, many of them “firsts.” He has also specialized in alpine environments and mountain people, subjects of several of his books and essays, as well as one of his early films, Cloudwalker. Tobias’s films have garnered numerous awards throughout the past thirty years and have played at countless festivals, as well as being broadcast in most countries of the world. His books and films have been translated into numerous languages, including Italian, German, Hungarian, Turkish, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic. Works: World War iii: Population and the Biosphere at the End of the Millennium (1994); God’s Country: The New Zealand Factor (2011); (ed. with Jane Gray Morrison), Sanctuary: Global Oases of Innocence (2008); (ed. with Paul Ehrlich), Hope On Earth – A Conversation (Chicago, 2014). TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis de (b. July 29, 1805, Paris; d. April 16, 1859, Cannes, France) – French sociologist, political thinker, and statesman, and French foreign minister in 1848. In 1831–32 Tocqueville made a trip to the United States. After returning to France, he worked on the fundamental work Democracy in America (Vols 1–4, 1835–40). As he points out, the democracy that had emerged in America was a picture of future political developments in Europe. In his analysis of American democracy, Tocqueville identifies three series of reasons that determine the nature of the social development of Anglo-Americans: (1) a special situation, in which American society is found, including natural and geographical conditions, (2) laws, and (3) habits and mores. Tocqueville was the first political thinker who viewed democracy as not only political but also as a social order. It is based on social equality, which in turn means that there is no inherent difference in social status, and all kinds of activity, occupations, and titles are available to everyone. Thus, in a democratic society, according to Tocqueville, both social equity and trends towards the same way and standard of living are laid. It by no means implies any intellectual equality or economic equality, the achievement of which Tocqueville considered absurd and impossible. In the first part of Democracy in America, Tocqueville thoroughly explores the genesis of American democracy since the formation of the community spirit of New England, established during the colonial period by 1650. In this community spirit there is evidently a practice of visible democracy through town meetings, which were attended by the majority of citizens, actively discussing and taking decisions. Issues of federalism are considered in Democracy

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in America at considerable length. Analyzing the nature of the federal structure of America, Tocqueville points out all the benefits that citizens derive from this structure. Within the scope of federalism it is possible to combine the advantages of large and small states, associated with a reasonable mix of centralization and decentralization, where the highest legislative body – Congress – passes only the basic laws governing society, while local legislators are engaged in their detailed specification and implementation, taking into account the actual needs of the residents of a particular state. The problem of the possible tyranny of the majority, resulting from a tendency toward equality, is of great importance in the creative legacy of Tocqueville. This tyranny of the majority in a democratic society may be more severe than in the historically notorious absolutist regimes. According to Tocqueville, the separation of powers, rigid adherence to the law, decentralization, and the minimum number of functions concentrated in the hands of the central government, as well as the autonomy of associations, can confront the danger. In his book The Old Order and Revolution (1856) Tocqueville investigates, using the French Revolution in 1789 as an example, the causes of social and political crisis of the old regime, which led to the revolution. One of the causes of the political crisis was rigid centralization and uniform control. Ultimately, says Tocqueville, the crisis of the old regime’s mores, caused by an absence or lack of freedom, leads to a revolution. Without endorsing the revolution and its devastating consequences, Tocqueville sought to provide an analysis of its causes. Using the example of France, Tocqueville notes that the main reasons that caused the revolution were centralization and uniformity of governance. Over time, these political conditions always make people similar to each other and mutually indifferent to their fate; hence there is the crisis in society’s morals, guaranteeing revolution. A democratic revolution, according to Tocqueville, is made in the name of freedom and equality. However, there are certain contradictions between these two principles, which manifested themselves during the French Revolution of 1789–94. Works: Democracy in America (Moscow, 1992); The Old Order and Revolution (Moscow, 1997); “A. de Tocqueville,” Anthology of World Political Thought in Five Volumes, Volume i, Foreign Political Thought: Origins and Evolution (Moscow, 1997). TOFFLER, Alvin (b. October 4, 1928, New York) – American sociologist and futurist, an honorary member of the Academy of Prediction (Future Studies). Toffler is the author of the sensational book Future Shock, which opened a new stage in the development of modern research into the future. The problematic approach proposed by Toffler, was developed later in the first reports

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of the Club of Rome, which initiated globalistics as one of the main directions of the research of the future. In 1996, Alvin Toffler with his wife Haneda Toffler (also a futurist, and co-author of many of his books) founded Toffler Associates (). Works: Future Shock (New York, 1970); Facing the Future (New York, 1972); The Report on Ecospasm (New York, 1975), The Third Wave (New York, 1980); The Shift of Power (New York, 1990). TOYNBEE, Arnold Joseph (b. April 14, 1889, London; d. October 22, 1975, York, uk) – British historian and sociologist. In 1919–24 Toynbee was Professor of the University of London, in 1925–55– the supervisor of the Royal Institute of International Relations and research fellow of the University of London, and in 1920–46 editor of Survey of International Affairs (Leningrad, 1925–65). During the Second World War Toynbee headed the research department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdom. Toynbee is the founder of the civilizational approach to the understanding of the historical process. His ideas had a great influence on the formation of the global outlook, systems thinking, and a holistic perception of the world, which is a basis of modern globalism. Among Toynbee’s numerous works a special place is occupied by the fundamental work A Study of History, in twelve volumes (1934–1961). Following Spengler, Toynbee rejects the traditional concept of the unity of world history. He conducts a comparative study of local civilizations (in the original version he totaled twenty-one civilizations, then reduced that number to thirteen), which, however, show a similarity in their life cycle. Each civilization passes through the stages of appearance, growth, break, and decay, and then dies, giving way to another. The driving force of the development of civilizations is a “creative minority,” the bearer of mystical “vital force,” which, in response to various historical challenges, drags the “inert majority.” The peculiarity of these “challenges” and “responses” determines the specificity of each civilization, its hierarchy of social values. Being unable to solve another socio-historical problem, the “creative elite” becomes a dominant minority that imposes its power by force, but not authority, and the alienated mass of the population becomes the “internal proletariat,” which together with the barbarian periphery or the external proletariat eventually destroys this civilization, if it has not perished before as a result of military defeat or natural disasters. Toynbee rejected Spengler’s theory of civilizations as organisms with a life expectancy of 1,000 years. He gave moral degeneration and the loss of the creative impulse as reasons for the decline of civilizations. Christian civilization, according to Toynbee, will

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die, but it, like Hellenism, will serve its historic role if in dying it gives rise to a new syncretic religion. Drawing on his ideas of civilization development, as well as summarizing the historical experience of the death of Victorian England, two world wars, and the collapse of the colonial system, of which he was a living witness, Toynbee subtly observed that “at the height of its power the West faces non-Western countries that have enough desire, will and resources to give a non-Western look to the world.” He also prophetically foresaw that in the twenty-first century the main challenge would be made by Russia, which would put forward its own ideals, as well as the Islamic world and China. This, and the fact that the study of contemporary processes of globalization is closely related to the analysis of the historical process in the context of the cultural and civilizational development of society, makes Toynbee’s creative heritage especially vital. Works: A Study of History (Moscow, 1992); Civilization Before the Court of History (St. Petersburg, 1996); A Study of History. Abridgement by D. Somervell, Vols 1–2 (Leningrad, 1946–7); An Historian’s Approach to Religion (Leningrad, 1956); America and the World Revolution. (Leningrad, 1962). Lit.: E.S. Markarian, On the Concept of Local Civilizations (Yerevan, 1962); E.B. Rashkovsky, “The Structure and Origins of the Philosophical and Historical Concepts of A.D. Toynbee,” Issues of Philosophy 5 (1969); A.N. Chumakov, Metaphysics of Globalization: Cultural and Civilizational Context (Moscow, 2006). TSIOLKOVSKY, Konstantin Eduardovich (b. September 17, 1857, Izhevsk, Ryazan Province; d. September 19, 1935, Kaluga) – an outstanding Russian thinker, founder of astronautics, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian cosmism, creator of cosmic philosophy. Tsiolkovsky’s space philosophy is an original ideological system that includes detailed developed metaphysics, ethics, and social philosophy, including forecasts of the emergence of global issues of anthropogenic civilization and ways in which they may be resolved. Space philosophy synthesized some ideas of various systems of the West (Plato, Democritus, Bruno, Leibniz, Buchner, etc.) and the East, mostly esoteric philosophy. Tsiolkovsky insisted that, as a pure materialist, he recognized nothing but matter. However, he criticized the materialism that turned helpless before it had solved various philosophical issues. Science, according to Tsiolkovsky, indicates the spirituality of matter. The substantial foundation of the world is “atom-spirits,” unknown to science. These simple “creatures” have “sensitivity.” They are true “citizens of the universe,” whereas people are only “communities” of such atoms living in “harmony” with each other. Calling himself a materialist, Tsiolkovsky at the same time believed that the universe has a “cause” or “initial cause,” by which he

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meant a transcendent creator, a God. But he considers space (pantheism) and powerful “presidents” of extraterrestrial intelligent communities to be gods “of various ranks” in which something like a cosmic Mahatma can be discerned (noo-cosmic hierarchy). Space also has “will,” which is passed through the noo-cosmic hierarchy to mankind. Space, according to Tsiolkovsky, is infinite in space and time, although it was created (that which is forever for man, he said, is finite for God). Tsiolkovsky understood evolution as an endless process of transformation of a set of “atom-spirits,” forming cosmic structures at different levels. The “sense” of the universe he saw in the drive of matter towards self-organization, the occurrence of highly developed forms of cosmic intelligence, and the ability to transform space. Tsiolkovsky’s ethics is antinomic, having absorbed many of the principles of Christian ethics, as well as opposing ideas of Eastern philosophy, particularly Buddhism. There is no death, wrote Tsiolkovsky, developing a doctrine that is close to the idea of reincarnation. The imperatives of space ethics are love and duty, reverence and obedience. At the theistic level of his ethics Tsiolkovsky saw an imperative proclaimed love for space and “submission” to noo-cosmic hierarchy. An imperative of the metaphysical level of ethics was formulated as a duty towards the “atom-spirits,” especially those that are part of (or were a part of) the body of one or another person. This he regarded as a “true selflove.” On a social practical level metaphysical reasoning about emotions of “atom-spirits” are translated into rather specific projects of human activity and the cosmic mind, aimed at making the “atom-spirits” experience “bliss.” Space exploration, associated with increasing levels of living and intelligent systems, served as one of these projects. A characteristic feature of Tsiolkovsky’s cosmic philosophy – was a projective approach to man and the world. He considered the most important task to be the improvement of human nature (by natural and artificial selection) and the destruction of “imperfect genera,” as well as the earth and the cosmos. Transforming the world was done through solving global issues, of which Tsiolkovsky especially emphasized the exhaustion of the Earth’s resources because they were needed for the limitless progress of anthropogenic civilization and the achievement of “universal happiness.” According to space future of mankind proposed by Tsiolkovsky, man would not remain forever on the Earth: first penetrating beyond the atmosphere, and then “winning” the circumsolar space. In the solar system “etheric islands” or “space colonies” would appear, which after the exhaustion of the Earth’s resources would be populated by new generations of people; that is, according to Tsiolkovsky, the way in which problems of issues of demography and natural resources would be solved. Space he regarded as “a bottomless pantry” of resources for mankind.

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This process of cosmic expansion is sometimes considered to be a variant of sustainable development, but actually has very little in common with it. If sustainable development in any scenario assumes the limits of growth, the scenario of globalistics by Tsiolkovsky, on the contrary, comes from their infinity owing to the development first of terrestrial nature and then space. This process is accompanied by a “painless” destruction of “imperfect” people or animals. A notable aspect of cosmic philosophy was the idea of the unity of mankind, which Tsiolkovsky strongly put forward. Works: Collected, four volumes (Moscow, 1951–64); Industrial Space Exploration (Moscow, 1989); Essays on the Universe (Kaluga, 2001); Space philosophy (Moscow, 2001). Lit.: A.A. Kosmodem’yanskii Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Moscow, 1976); A.L. Chizhevsky, On the Shore of the Universe. Years of Friendship with Tsiolkovsky (memories) (Moscow, 1995); V.V. Kazyutinsky, “Space philosophy of K.E. Tsiolkovsky,” Philosophy of Russian Cosmism (Moscow, 1996). TURCO, Richard Peter (1943, usa) – an American atmospheric scientist, and Professor at the Institute of the Environment, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Turco is one of a growing number of scientists and citizens who are concerned about the widespread misuse and degradation of our environment – locally, regionally, and globally. He has attempted to establish, through his affiliations with the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, and the Institute of the Environment, a program that addresses a wide range of environmental issues, from urban air pollution to stratospheric ozone depletion, to the influence of aerosols on climate. He believes that research and teaching in this field are closely connected and equally important. Turco’s work focuses on the application of numerical models to analyze field and laboratory observations, thereby achieving a clearer understanding of complex natural and anthropogenically influenced phenomena. Turco, with his colleagues Owen Toon, Thomas P. Ackerman, James B. Pollack, and Carl Sagan, first defined the severe environmental impact of smoke and dust generated by a nuclear war – the so-called nuclear winter. Turco initiated efforts to assess the prospects for global engineering of the environment to mitigate global climate change and preserve the ozone layer. Works: Evolution of an Impact-Generated Dust Cloud and its Effects on the Atmosphere (1982); Nuclear Winter in the Post-Cold War Era (Sage, 1993); Recent Assessments of the Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War (1986); Earth Under Siege: From Air Pollution to Global Change (London, 1997).

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U UDOVIK, Sergey Leonidovich (b. August 26, 1956, Kiev, Ukraine) – politician and member of the Union of Journalists of Ukraine, the author of more than a hundred works on globalization. In 1979 Udovik graduated with honors from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute. In 2000 he studied at the Kennedy School of Government (University of Harvard, usa). In 1979–93 he worked at the Academy of Sciences, and since 1993 he has been general manager and chief editor of Vakler. In his works Udovik examines a wide range of issues related to globalization and its manifestations in various fields of human activity – economics, finance, politics, high-tech technologies, and the military sphere. The formation and development of Christian civilization, including in Russia and Ukraine, are of importance. The correlation between modernism, postmodernism and the phenomenon of globalization is traced, and the psychological roots of these processes are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the “war of civilizations,” including the globalization of terrorism, and methods in which a new architecture of the international community, based on the principles of synergy, are offered. Works: Globalization: Semiotic Approaches (Moscow and Kiev, 2002); (ed. with Y.N. Pakhomov and Y.V. Pavlenko), “Macro-Christian World in the Era of Globalization,” in Civilizational Structure of the Modern World, in three vols, 4 b (Kiev, 2007, Vol. 2, p. 692); “Features of Modern Political and Economic Elite of Ukraine in the Context of Globalization,” Social Economy 1 (2003), pp.  216–227; “Globalization as the Outer Contour of the Expansion of Human Self,” Philosophy and the Future of Civilization, abstracts of reports and presentations of the iv Russian Philosophical Congress (Moscow, 2005), T. 3, p. 324; (ed. with V. Lyakh), “Finnish Model of the Information Society: An Example to Follow,” in M. Castells and P. Himanen (eds), Information Society and the Welfare State (Kiev, 2006); “From the Village to Sociopolis,” Day. The Day Weekly Digest 22 (2001); “From the Village to Sociopolis,” Day 152 (2001). URRY, John (b. June 1, 1946, London; d. March 18, 2016, Lancaster, uk) – a British sociologist, professor at Lancaster University. He was noted for his work in the fields of the sociology of tourism and mobility. He wrote books on many other aspects of modern society, including the transition away from “organized capitalism,” the sociology of nature and environmentalism, and social theory in general.

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Urry was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a Founding Academician of the uk Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences, and a Visiting Professor at both Bristol and Roskilde Geography Departments. Born in London and educated at the Haberdashers’ Aske’s Boys’ School, Urry gained his first degrees from Christ’s College, Cambridge in 1967, a “double first” b.a. and m.a in Economics, before going on to gain his Ph.D. in Sociology from the same institution in 1972. He arrived at Lancaster University Sociology Department as a lecturer in 1970, becoming head of department in 1983 and a professor in 1985. Works: The Anatomy of Capitalist Societies (London, 1981); Localities, Class, and Gender (London, 1985); Localities, Policies, Politics. Do Localities Matter? (New York, 1990); Economies of Signs and Space (London, 1994); Consuming Places (London, 1995); Touring Cultures (New York, 1997); Bodies of Nature (London, 2001); Global Complexity (Cambridge, 2003); Tourism Mobilities (New York, 2004); Mobile Technologies of the City (New York, Routledge: 2006); Mobilities, Geographies, Networks (New York, 2006); Mobilities (Polity Press, Cambridge: 2007); Climate Change and Society (Cambridge, 2011); Societies Beyond Oil (London, 2013); Offshoring (Cambridge, 2003, 2014). URSUL, Arkady Dmitrievich (b. July 28, 1936 Krasnye okna, Odesskaya region, ussr) is one of the first scientists in the field of global issues, which he has explored through the correlation of social, natural, engineering, and other sciences. Ursul graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute which was named after S. Ordzhonikidze (1959), and his many qualifications and appointments include the following: Doctor of Philosophy (1969), Professor (1971), Honored Scientist of Russia (1997), Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education (2001), academician of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova (1984), the International Academy of Astronautics (1991, Paris), the International Academy of Sciences (Munich, 1994), and the International Academy of Philosophy (2010). He is a member of several scientific and public academies – the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1995), the Academy of Social Sciences (1995), the Russian Academy of Ecology (1992), the International Informatization Academy (1992), the International Academy of Philosophy (2010), and Petrovskaya Academy of Sciences and Arts (1997); and he is an honorary member of the International Academy of Information Processes and Technology (1993), the international society Man and Space (1975). He is the founder and president of the International Academy for Sustainable Development (noosphere) (1991) and Honorary President and the founder of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics after K.E. Tsiolkovsky (1991). He is currently director of the Centre for

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Research of Global Processes and Sustainable Development of the Russian State Trade and Economic University and Professor in the Department of Global Processes msu, named after M.V. Lomonosov. Since the beginning of the 1970s, Ursul has explored a major global issue – space exploration. During his methodological search he has advanced and substantiated the school of globalistics, which later received the name cosmoglobalistics (he proposed this name in the early 1990s – see Global Issues of Social Development (Philosophical and Methodological Aspects), ed. A.D. Ursul (Kishinev: Shtiintsa, 1988)). He created the concept of anthropogeocosmism (sociogeocosmism), according to which space development is a priority for the solution of the global issues of mankind, leading to the formation of a single supersystem Mankind – Earth – Universe, which has become the methodological basis of cosmoglobalistics. In the monograph Humanity, Earth, Universe. Philosophical Issues of Space (Moscow, 1977), he considers the question of the establishment of humanity as a global civilization that can most effectively interact with the nature of the planet and the cosmos, and identifies two main aspects of this unity (integrity) of mankind. The first is connected with the systematic and historical/spatial characteristics (global and space), and the second with general laws, which allow us to speak about a certain unity of mankind long before the appearance of stable relations between Earth’s previously independently developing civilizations. Taking into consideration that the problem of the formation of integrity is the essence of humanity and the historical “purpose” of the globalization process, we are talking in this case about globality criteria and their transformations in and by space. In the monograph The Problem of Extraterrestrial Civilizations. Philosophical and Methodological Aspects Ursul advanced and substantiated the idea that one of the most important tasks regarding the search for extraterrestrial life is t promoting the development of science and humanity’s global problems, requiring an approach to our civilization as a systemic and integral progressively developing object (see V.V. Rubtsov and A.D. Ursul, Chisinau: Shtiintsa (Moscow, 1984; 2nd edn, 1987)). In the book Philosophy and Integrative General Scientific Processes (Moscow: Nauka, 1981) Ursul coined the term “globalization” (p. 204), apparently for the first time, and substantiated the integrative general scientific nature of global issues. He is widely known for his works on information in which the globally scientific nature of the issue is substantiated (in particular, in terms of a global process, with the informatization of society and the emergence of a global information society), and in which he formulates the information criterion of development, which is used in global studies.

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In the book The Way to the Noosphere. The Concept of Survival and Sustainable Development of Civilization (Moscow, 1993), Ursul shows for the first time in Russian literature that the solution to the whole complex of global issues lies in the path of global transition to sustainable development, and the emergence of the noosphere as a global (and in the future planetary cosmic too) process will first be realized through sustainable development. He treated noospherogenesis in socio-technological terms, first as the creation of a global information society of sustainable development (infonoosphere), then as the emergence of an ecological society (econoosphere) on a global scale, and in the long term the cosmonoosphere. He formulated the main principles of the new stage in the global process of mind formation (through the formation of advanced noosphere intelligence), which would be implemented through a global process of sustainable development, marking the beginning of the “unconventional stage” of the theory of the noosphere – noospherology. Ursul pays particular attention to socio-natural global processes, in particular their socio-ecological aspects, applying evolutionary and futurist approaches to their research, and focusing on the features of the planetary ­eco-development in terms of the transition to a sustainable future. He was the first to put forward the concept of agro-noospheric revolution, which is regarded as a fundamentally new global process, guaranteeing food security in the future. In a series of monographs he proposed and developed an interdisciplinary concept of global socio-natural transition to sustainable development. He proposed and developed the concept of the right of sustainable development as the most probable form of the transition from today’s international law to global law in the future, having a fundamentally innovative and advanced character. He first proposed and developed the concept of security through sustainable development, which was the basis of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, which was adopted in 2009. Studying the issues of global education, Ursul proposed the concept and developed the basic principles of education for sustainable development, as well as the concept of advanced education, which is closely associated with both ecologization and the informatization of society, as well as with the security and the transition to the noosphere through sustainable development. He predicted the possibility of and the need for the fundamental transformations of modern education, which is directed from its modern industrial and postindustrial forms to education for sustainable development, and in the future to noosphere education. He developed the concept of globally evolutionary education as the most extensive representation of the educational process, in

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which education is seen through the prism of universal (global) evolutionism in the socio-natural system Man – Society – Nature. Since the beginning of the 1970s, Ursul has been engaged in the research of global (universal) evolution, and has put forward an original concept of this, seeing it as a permanent self-organization in the universe and its socionatural continuation on the planet and in space. He revealed general and socio-­natural principles of global evolution, provided information about and a synergistic interpretation of the anthropic cosmological principle, introduced the principles of temporal integrity and futurization to explore socio-natural history, and researched the prospects for social immortality and a postsocial scenario of global evolution. Together with I.V. Ilyin, he proposed an evolutionary approach (different from the historical approach) to globalistics in the monograph Evolutionary Globalistics (the Concept of the Evolution of Global Processes) (Moscow: Moscow State University, 2009). The main subject of global research in this paper is considered to be global processes (including natural global processes), and their evolution on the planet is examined. In the future there are other directions for global studies: paleoglobalistics, modern globalistics, and futuroglobalistics (the last of which exploring such global processes as the transition to sustainable development and noospherogenesis). Works: The Problem of Information in Modern Science (Moscow: Nauka, 1975); The Prospects of Eco-Development (Moscow: Nauka, 1990); Globalization and Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2001); Sustainable Future ­(Globalization, Security, Noospherogenesis) (Moscow, 2006); Globalization and the Transition to Sustainable Development (Moscow: 2008); Evolutionary Globalistics (The Concept of the Evolution of Global Processes) (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2009); Globalization in the Perspective of Sustainable Development ­(Moscow, 2011); Global Knowledge and Global Education (Evolutionary Approach). (Krasnoyarsk, 2011). UTKIN, Anatoly Ivanovich (b. February 4, 1944, Balakovo, Saratov region; d. January 19, 2010, Moscow) – an outstanding Russian historian and political scientist, doctor of historical sciences, professor, who has contributed to the analysis of the processes of globalization and development of globalistics. Utkin graduated from Moscow State University named after Lomonosov, and was a postgraduate of the Institute of usa and Canada ras, where he worked until his death, for the last decade as the director of the Centre for International Studies. He was author of more than fifty monographs, some of which are devoted to the problems of globalization.

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Utkin was interested in the paradigm of the new world, with globalization at the forefront. He saw it in the theoretical background of modernism, antimodernism, postmodernism, and neomodernism. His central theme was the description and understanding of globalization, which he correlated only with economic development, highlighting the first globalization as a process of free trade (1885–1914) and the second, which began in the late 1990s, in connection with the collapse of communism and the disappearance of zones that were closed to private capital. He considered it in terms of the free exchange of goods, capital, information, and labor. Describing the second globalization, Utkin revealed a diversity of approaches to its interpretation – evolutionary, revolutionary, and skeptical. The first approach pointed out the difficulties of globalization and its unevenness, and included the gradual flow of globalization and the possibility of correcting its course. The second approach – to a greater extent relating to the usa, by contrast, expected that country to take action to spread globalization, hoping to maintain the power of the usa and establish the interdependence of all countries. The subject of the interdependence of countries emerged in the 1970s, and globalization has adapted these ideas. Representatives of the skeptical point of view are not sure of the predominance of positive features of globalization over negative ones, and note the danger of chaos and a devastating impact on the Westphalian system of national states, as well as the victory of capital over national interests. At a later stage Utkin noted that among non-Western countries, China has succeeded in using globalization to realize its interests. He studied the connection between globalization and communication as an economic and political process with the problem of inequality, population explosion in the Third World countries, regional integration in the e.u., and the rise of Asia. Utkin paid considerable attention to analyzing the issues of a multipolar world and the study of reforms in Russia, considered priorities of Russia’s development in the context of globalization and the shaping of a new world order, and the challenges and opportunities of Russian policy in relation to a global world. He also analyzed the problems of the new world order that were arising in the context of globalization, the ideas of a multipolar world and catastrophic scenarios. From his point of view, the new picture of the world is connected with such effects of globalization as the dominance of the usa, the presence of zones of chaos, inequality, population explosion in poor countries, immigration, the uncertainty of the religious future of the world, the China factor, the weakening of Europe, the scientific revolution, and increasingly scarce bowels of the Earth. Utkin thought that all this entailed a search for a new identity, changing the face of the usa, the competition between trends in the unipolar and bipolar world, the hopes of many for a multipolar world, and

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the challenge from the e.u. and China. He also turned to the topic of resources due to the incipient rise of non-Western countries, especially China and India, suggesting that the rapid growth of populous countries and the growth of consumerism in the non-Western world would pose new questions about the ability of planet Earth to provide the growing ambitions of mankind with resources, especially energy, fresh water, and so forth. Utkin believed that many potential catastrophes can take place regardless of mankind’s intentions. Among these scenarios are territorial rivalries and competition for resources, the beginning of the decline of global leadership, social polarization owing to uneven economic growth, civilizational and cultural contradictions, the opposition between the West and the rest of the world, the spread of nuclear weapons, and the scenario of global war. In Utkin’s last publications globalization is displayed in connection with the lack of energy resources and geopolitics. Noting that the problems of energy, resources, and climate change are coming to the fore, he made predictions, among which few are optimistic, condemning current policies that are intended to prevent the undesirable consequences of globalization. His last two books describe the forecasts for global peace that Americans are guided by, based on an analysis of public forecasts made by the National Intelligence Council of the usa, which are laid before the us president every five years. Utkin studied and presented to Russian readers the forecasts of the American organization Stratfor, which specializes in futurology. His book Twenty-First Century (2011) gives a modern futurological analysis of the global world, also developing an eco-political discourse that analyzes the environmental constraints of Earth while the world’s countries are involved in rapid economic growth. Works: Globalization: The Process and Interpretation (Moscow, 2001); The World Order Twenty-First Century (Moscow, 2001); The New World Order (Moscow, 2004); The Future Though the Eyes of the National Intelligence Council of the usa: Global Trends Until 2025. The Changed World (Moscow); (ed. with V.G. Fedotov), “The International Academy of the Research of the Future” (Moscow, 2009); “Foreign Policy of President Barack Obama,” International Scientific Journal (Moscow, 2010). V VAN DIEREN, Wouter (b. April 15, 1941, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) – Dutch sociologist, psychologist, journalist, active supporter of sustainable development, expert on the protection and rational use of the environment.

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Since 1968 he has been Director of the Institute of Environment and System Analysis in Amsterdam (imsa) and the Research Centre for Sustainable Development and Innovations. He is involved in global environmental activities in various fields. He is a member of the Club of Rome and the World Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the President of Ocean Desert Enterprises, Amsterdam/ San Diego, usa Van Dieren has earned a number of awards for his pioneering work in developing measures for the protection and rational use of the environment and sustainable development politics. In 2006 he earned the highest award of the Association of Environmental Experts (vvm) the gold medal of Rachel Carson; the same year he was awarded the Order of Orange. Works: Nature’s Price (London, 1977); Green Economics (1983); Taking Nature into Account: A Report to the Club of Rome (Göttingen, 1995). VASILESKU, Grigory Yakovlevich (b. January 20, 1951, Orgeev, Moldova) – Doctor of Philosophy, professor, Director of the Centre for European Studies of Moldova State University. Vasilesku’s research areas are the philosophical issues around local, regional (European), and global development. He is the author of several university courses in these areas, including the regulatory course Global Studies, Concepts of Contemporary Global Development for masters, and Global Processes and Issues, all available at Moldova State University and other universities in Moldova. For a number of years Vasilesku, as President of the Association of the Republic of Moldova Philosophers contributed to the organization of studies and discussion of topical issues of globalistics, global processes, and other issues. He initiated annual scientific sessions of the Philosophers Association (from 1996), focusing on global issues and processes. In 2001 he was the initiator and organizer of the philosophical congress Contemporary Global Issues and Philosophy of Local and Regional Development in Moldova; in 2002, with the assistance of the World Bank in Moldova Vasilesku organized the conference on the Policy of the World Bank in the Republic of Moldova. He is Founding Director of the journal Philosophical Pages, of the Philosophers Association of the Republic of Moldova, and periodically publishes articles on various issues of globalistics, global development, and global processes and issues. In his publications Vasilesku develops ideological, methodological, and conceptual issues of globalistics, global, regional, and local development. He actively develops and promotes the idea of the unity of global, regional (European), and local (communitarian) development. In 2003–05 he introduced into Moldova for the first time the project of the European Commission known as Philosophy of European Integration. As part of this project he developed

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and presented a university course in the philosophy of European integration, and held seminars and three international conferences: The European Union: Philosophy, Politics, Mentality, European Union: The Philosophy of Diversity, European Union: The Philosophy of the Future, material from which he published in different books. He developed various aspects of political globalistics within studies of problems arising from international development and international relations, including some issues of geopolitics, activities of international organizations, American studies, international diplomacy, ecology, and global political ethics. Works: Contemporary Global Issues and Philosophy of Local and Regional Development (Chişinău, 2001); World Bank Policies in the Republic of Moldova. Experience in Developing and Implementing Social and Economic Policies (Chişinău, 2002); European Union: Philosophy, Politics, Mentality (Chişinău, 2003); European Union: The Philosophy of Diversity (Chişinău, 2004); European Union: The Philosophy of the Future (Chişinău, 2005); “World Bank Concept on Globalization and Localization. About the Role and Some Principles of World Bank Activity,” The World Bank Policies in the Republic of Moldova (Chişinău, 2002); “Globalistics Concept: About the Definition, the Subject, the Status, Basic Concepts and Issues of Globalistics,” International Studies. Views from Moldova 3/2 (2007); “Geopolitics in the System of Political Sciences,” Political Science: A Textbook On Speciality “International Relations,” two vols (Chişinău, 2008, Vol. 2); “Methodological Aspects of Globalistics,” Age of Globalization. Studies of Contemporary Global Processes, Scientific Theory Journal (2010). VAVROUSHEK, Joseph (b. September 15, 1944, Prague, Czechoslovakia; d. March 18, 1995, Parihvost Valley, Slovakia) – Czech environmentalist, journalist, politician (the last federal minister of Czechoslovakia’s government), and an active climber. Vavroushek founded the Society of Permanently Sustainable Life, and he headed it until his tragic death in 1995 in the High Tatras in Slovakia, where he and his twenty-year-old daughter were buried in an avalanche. He proposed to replace the concept of “permanent sustainable development” with the term “permanent sustainable life,” is the former being very often understood in economic terms that, in his opinion, interfered with resolving environmental and global contemporary issues. The concept of “permanent sustainable life” focused on a search for harmony between man and nature, between society and environment. Vavroushek formulated his thoughts and principles in ten points: (1) relation of man to nature; (2) relation of an individual to society; (3) relation of man to historical process; (4) relation to the meaning of life; (5) relation to freedom and responsibility; (6) relation to the results of knowledge;

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(7) attitude to one’s own life; 8) relation to future generations; (9) relation to various views; (10) relation to general things. Vavroushek sees two possible scenarios for the future of humanity. The first may lead to disasters and finally result in its death. The second is focused on the search for solutions in the form of considered evolution, which has to settle the existing issues and is aimed at preventing problems from arising. VERNADSKY, Vladimir Ivanovich (b. March 12, 1863, St. Petersburg; d. January 6, 1945, Moscow) – Russian polymath; author in new science disciplines and fields – genetic mineralogy, geochemistry, radiogeology, biogeochemistry, cosmochemistry, meteoritics, doctrine of natural waters, biosphere and noosphere, the greatest organizer and historian of science, original philosopher and thinker. Vernadsky’s ideas, because of their heuristicity, continue to define not only the development of globalistics, but also many other fields of contemporary science. Vernadsky was the founder of many scientific schools, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1912), Russian Academy of Sciences (1917), Academy of Sciences of the uss.r. (1925), founder and first president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1919). He was one of the founders and chairman of the Commission for Study of Natural Productive Forces (1915–30). He was organizer and director of the Radium Institute (1922–39), and the Biogeochemical Laboratory (1928) (now the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry which is named after him). During the pre-revolutionary period he actively participated in the liberation movement, and was one of the founders and leaders of the Union of Liberation, a member of Country Movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party (1905), in 1917 becoming a member of its Central Committee. In August–October 1917 he was Comrade (Deputy) Minister of People’s Education of the Interim Government. The main direction of Vernadsky’s natural science interests is the development of the holistic theory of biosphere – the Earth sphere, in which the overall activity of living organisms, including humans, is presented as a geochemical factor of planetary scale and significance. The next evolutionary stage of biosphere is noosphere (the sphere of mind) – a qualitatively new form of organization of the biosphere arising from the interaction of nature and society which as a result transforms the world of human creativity, based on scientific thought. Anthropogenic human activity becomes, according to Vernadsky, the decisive factor of development, a powerful force comparable

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in its impact on nature to geological processes. Vernadsky’s theory about the relationship ­between nature and society made a decisive impact on the formation of contemporary environmental consciousness; it became the theoretical basis for environmental protection activities. The principal points of the noosphere concept can be summed up as the theory of historical process. Notions of “biosphere” and “noosphere” (misunderstood and not properly used while Vernadsky was alive) increasingly determine the intellectual climate today. Various fields of social consciousness now recognize the value of the Earth’s biosphere, its uniqueness in the solar system and its decisive importance for humanity. The traditional system of values and the basis for human activities are reinterpreted, with noosphere views being used for judging socio-economic and technological development perspectives regarding material and spiritual culture in general. Throughout Vernadsky’s life his ideology changed, developed, and became enriched, but it was always a holistic natural-scientific system of beliefs based on common theoretical grounds. A substantial part of his research comprises philosophical and methodological issues, the variety of spatio-temporal states of matter, structure, and properties of time, the logic of experimental and observing sciences, the ratio between theoretical and empirical in scientific knowledge, the nature of the scientific worldview, the history and organization of science and rules of its development, the philosophy of natural science, the interaction of natural science and philosophy, the social functions of science, and the ethics of scientific creativity. Vernadsky was one of the founders of Russian cosmism – a system based on the idea of the inner unity of man and the cosmos, in which natural-historical, natural (in the sense of cosmic), and socio-humanitarian human tendencies of science’s development are harmoniously blended into one entity. Works: Works and Speeches, p. 1922, Issues 1–2; Correspondence with B.L. Lichkov, Books 1–2 (Moscow, 1979–80); Scientific Thought as a Planetary Phenomenon (Moscow, 1991); Library of Works of Academic V.I. Vernadsky; Chief Editor of the Academy A.L. Yanshin. M, 1992–2000; Living Material and Biosphere (Moscow, 1994); Works on Philosophy of Natural Science (Moscow, 2000); Chemical Structure of Earth Biosphere and Its Environment (Moscow, 2001). Lit.: B.L. Lichkov, V.I. Vernadsky (Moscow, 1948); Life and Work of V.I. Vernadsky from the Memories of His Contemporaries (to the 100th Anniversary of His Birth) (Moscow, 1963); I.I. Mochalov, Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (­ 1863–1945) (M, 1982); R.K. Balandin, Vernadsky: Life, Thought, Immortality (Moscow, 1988); L.I. Gumilevsky, Vernadsky (Moscow, 1988); “Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky,” Materials to Scientists’ Bio-Bibliography (Moscow, 1992); Vladimir Vernadsky: Collection (Moscow, 1993); G.P. Aksenov, Vernadsky (Moscow, 1994);

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V.I. ­Vernadsky: Pro et Contra (otb, 2000); Pages of V.I. Vernadsky’s Autobiography (Moscow, 1981). VICKREY, William (b. June 21, 1911, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; d. October 11, 1996, New York) – American economist and Nobel Prize winner in economics for contribution “to the development of the economic theory of asymmetric information” (1996). Vickrey’s works are devoted to taxation, pricing, allocation of resources, and economic incentives in terms of asymmetric information. Vickrey’s studies overturn the common theory of leveling tax incomes’ difference. He repeatedly said that the main purpose of his work was to find an optimal level of taxation, which would not suppress employees’ anxiety for work, but on the contrary stimulate them. Vickrey was categorically against the “obsessive pursuit of politicians for the Holy Grail of a balanced budget,” believing that “we had to work for a balanced labour market not for a balanced budget.” He was the author of the “Vickrey Auctions” model. Vickrey’s studies of how management decisions based on asymmetric, incomplete information can be made are widely known. Works: Agenda for Progressive Taxation (New York, 1947, 1971); Metastatics and Macroeconomics (San Diego, ca, 1964); Public Economics (Cambridge, 1994, 1997). VICO, Giambattista (b. June 23, 1668, Naples, Italy; d. January 21, 1744, Naples) – the greatest philosopher of the Enlightenment, founder of the philosophy of history and psychology of nations, one of the pioneers of a holistic perception of historical process thinking in terms of global categories. In common with Descartes, Vico, contrasting the collective mind with the individual, proposed the idea of the objective nature of historical process. Based on the fact that we can only know what we do, Vico considered historical science as human consciousness about its actions. He proposed the theory of cycle – the development of all nations in cycles that consist of three epochs – divine (statelessness, subjection to priests), heroic (aristocratic state), and human (democratic republic or representative monarchy). Each cycle ends with a crisis and society’s decomposition. Epochs change because of social upheavals, a struggle between men and family members in a patriarchal society, and later because of the struggle between feudal lords and ordinary people. The state itself was formed so that fathers could lessen the chance that family members – and servants – would struggle against him. Vico considered agrarian laws in the ancient world to be the result of a struggle between a slaveowning democracy and landed aristocracy. Giving fundamental importance to

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human activity in the implementation of historical processes, Vico, however, also considered historical laws to be providential. He developed a clearer view of ancient periods in the development of culture in comparison with contemporary French thinkers because of his historical knowledge, and worked out a holistic approach to the interpretation of art, religion, law, and forms of social and economic life in their interaction and also to explain the unity of historical development. According to Marx, “Vico contains in embryo Wolf (on Homer), Niebuhr (The Story of Roman Kings), the foundations of comparative linguistics (even if in fanciful form), and a great deal else that is original” (K. Marks and F. Engels, Essay, 2nd edn. Vol. 30, p. 512). Works: Principles of New Science within Common Nature of the Nation (New Science) (1725). VINOGRADOV, Aleksandr Pavlovich (August 21, 1895, Saint Petersburg; d. November 16, 1975, Moscow) – member of the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r., the greatest biogeochemist, a geochemist, and a famous organizer of science. Vinogradov graduated from the Faculty of Chemistry at the University of Leningrad, and on the invitation of V.I. Vernadsky he worked as a research fellow at the Committee for the Study of Natural Productive Forces of Russia at the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r. from 1926 to 1928. From 1928 he was senior researcher at the Biogeochemical Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r. headed by V.I. Vernadsky. In 1945 Vinogradov became Director of the Laboratory of Geochemical Problems, which was restructured in 1947 as the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after V.I. Vernadsky (igac); he remained director until his death. As a leading expert in the field of analytical chemistry, who earned in 1934 the prize named after Lenin, he was involved in work relating to the creation of nuclear weapons and a nuclear industry in the Soviet Union. He was in charge of analytical support of production of fissile material of high purity, and under his leadership highly sensitive methods of analysis were developed. In the uss.r., at the Semipalatinsk testing area (Kazakhstan) on August 29, 1949, the explosion of the first Soviet atomic bomb RDS-1 was carried out, Vinogradov being directly involved in its preparation. Vinogradov worked in more than a dozen scientific fields. One of them was connected with the study of the biosphere. In 1957 he participated in the International Symposium on the origin of life on Earth. The report “Genesis of Biosphere,” published in 1959, included new and interesting ideas. Vinogradov was also interested in the average chemical composition of the Earth’s crust as well as in the patterns of chemical elements’ distribution in the

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Earth’s crust. In 1959 he presented a report entitled “Chemical Evolution of the Earth.” He worked out the concept of the formation mechanism of the planet based on studies of isotopic composition of meteorites, basalts, and various types of crustal rocks in the upper mantle of the Earth (together with A.A. Yaroshevsky). Studying isotopic composition of the rocks, Vinogradov approached the issue of their origin and age, identifying the possible temperatures at which they were formed. Systematic studies of isotopic composition of galenites and rocks over large areas made it possible for him to determine the absolute age of rocks and estimate the age of the Earth as four and a half to five billion years. Together with employees of igac, Vinogradov determined with different methods the absolute geological age of Precambrian rocks that made up mountains in Ukraine, Aldan, Kazakhstan, Altai, the Caucasus and other metallogenic provinces of the uss.r., Western Europe, and China. The twenty-second session of the International Geological Congress (igc) in 1964 in New Delhi (India) was devoted to the results of this work. In 1968, during the twenty-third session of the igc in Prague, a refined scale of absolute geological ages was presented. Vinogradov paid much attention to studying the chemical composition of ocean water as a source of chemogenic sedimentary rocks and as the environment for the development of sea organisms, and to investigating evolution of world ocean water during the Earth’s geological history. He concluded that hundreds of millions of years ago the composition of ocean water had been close to its composition today. In 1948 Vinogradov studied the diffusion of chemical elements in groundwater and explained the origin of iodine-bromine waters by their connection with oil fields. Recognition of Vinogradov’s merits and his great scientific contribution to oceanography was made when he was elected as president of the second International Oceanographic Congress (Moscow, 1966). In 1967 he published his monograph Introduction to Geochemistry of the Ocean, and in 1968 scholars around the world began fundamental studies of the oceans’ floor. Studying the origin of our planet, Vinogradov carried out research into the carbon phase of meteorites (together with G.P. Vdovykin), and into the makeup of meteorites (together with K.P. Florensky), bombing high energies with particles (600 MeV acc. to synchrotron) of different nuclei (together with A.K. Lavrukhina and other employees). The cause of other (than on the Earth) isotope fractionation for a number of elements in meteorites was presented. Some stony meteorites contained diamonds, carbonaceous chondrites had organic compounds, and their composition and distribution were examined. Vinogradov examined the vital issue of radioactive contamination of the Earth’s surface after nuclear testing, and the effects of low doses of ionizing

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radiation on living organisms. According to the data received as a result of nuclear explosions from 1955 to 1960, the isotope 14C increased by 30 per cent in the atmosphere. It was an important argument at international meetings towards the immediate cessation of nuclear testing. Vinogradov regularly participated in the Pugwash conferences for peace, disarmament, international security, and scientific cooperation. In March 1973, at the annual general meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r., Vinogradov presented a report on protection of the biosphere from contamination. He was chairman of the Scientific Council of the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r. on the issue of “Studying of Human Environment and Rational Use of Biosphere Resources” (1970–73), Chairman of the Scientific Council of the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r. on biosphere issues (1973–75), Chairman of the Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the uss.r. on the development of natural water protection issues. Vinogradov was a member of many international conferences: on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (1951, 1958), on prevention of nuclear weapons spread (1961), and so on. Works: Geochemistry of Living Matter (Moscow, 1932); Chemical Elemental Composition of Sea Organisms (Moscow, Parts 1–3, 1935, 1937, 1944); Geochemistry of Rare Dispersed Chemical Elements in Soils (Moscow, 1950); Chemical Evolution of the Earth (Moscow, 1959); On the Origin of Crust Material (Moscow, 1962); Introduction to Geochemistry of the Ocean (Moscow, 1967); Geology of the Present and Future (Moscow, 1970); Studies of Directions in Earth Sciences (Moscow, 1970); The Role of the Earth Sciences in Technical Progress (Moscow, 1971). Lit.: “Academician Alexander Vinogradov – 60th Anniversary,” Vestnik an sssr (1956). W WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel Maurice (b. September 28, 1930, New York) – American sociologist and economist, founder of world-system analysis, one of the trends of historical globalization. Wallerstein’s concept is also called the “theory of world systems.” He studied sociology at Columbia University in New York. He earned his Ph.D. in 1959 at Columbia University (1958–71), then taught at the universities of McGill (1971–76), Binghamton (1976–99), and Yale (since 2000). From 1976 until 2005 he headed the Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations, named after French historian and philosopher Fernand Braudel. In 1994–98 he was president of the International Sociological Association.

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Following Braudel, Wallerstein created the concept of the world-system analysis, which synthesized sociological, economic, and historical approaches to interpretation of social evolution. According to his analysis, between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, during the so-called “Age of Geographical Discoveries,” the structure of the world changed dramatically. Relatively closed and mainly self-sufficient civilizations, which Wallerstein called the “world empire,” were replaced with “the capitalist world-economics” based on trade and originating within the Western European civilization. Since then, for 500 years, “capitalist world economics” has acted as a “modern world system.” It gradually expanded geographically, incorporating new regions into the system of division of labor that it adopted. East Asia became the last large region to be incorporated in such a way, in the middle of the nineteenth century, after which the modern world system became truly global. At present the capitalist world system is an entity of world economics defined by relations between center and periphery, and a political structure consisting of members of the international system of sovereign states. The world system is characterized by a sustainable “division of labor” between the center and periphery. The center, which has a high level of technological development, produces complex products, while the role of the periphery is to provide the center with raw materials, agricultural products, and low-cost labor. According to Wallerstein, stability of such a “division of labor” is ensured by a deliberate policy of the states of the center: they impose economic specialization on the peripheral countries, which preserves the developed countries’ leadership. Despite the ideology of free trade common for capitalism, Wallerstein believes that the capitalist world system is deeply anti-free market, as the countries of the center monopolize their privileged position. Furthermore, the world system includes a so-called semi-peripheral zone, which acts as the center for the periphery and the periphery for the center. According to Wallerstein, the semi-peripheral zone at the end of the twentieth century comprised the countries of Eastern Europe, Russia, China, Brazil, and Mexico. Owing to its inherent internal inequalities, the capitalist world system differs by fundamental internal contradictions, the resolution of which occurs cyclically. These are the fifty- to sixty-year Kondratiev cycles, during which the main sources of income are moved from the production sphere to the financial one and back, and the 100–150-year hegemony cycles, which are determined by the rise and fall of successive “guarantors” of the world order. Each new cycle brings minor but important structural changes in directions that determine historical trends in the world system.

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Wallerstein’s important conclusion concerns the fact that the modern capitalist world system is doomed to self-destruction: “Like any other system it cannot develop forever and will come to its end, when historical trends will lead it to the point where the system oscillations become so extensive and chaotic that they will be incompatible with life support of its institutions. If this point is reached, bifurcation will take place and as a result of transition epoch, the system will be replaced with one or several other systems.” According to the concept of world-system analysis, the current development cycle of capitalist world economics should be completed in the middle or last third of the twenty-first century. The peak of us hegemony has been left behind, and from the second half of the 1970s its decline started. Wallerstein admitted that his concept was developed under the influence of previous three theories: (1) the theory of Fernand Braudel, which with the example of the history of Europe considered world development as development of a single world economics; (2) the dependency theory, which first conceptually divided the world into “the center” and “the periphery,” and (3) the theory of Marx, who developed the concept of prevailing economic factors over ideological ones in global politics, as well as the universal law of historical change of social formations on the way to a capitalist mode of production. Wallerstein’s approach, in particular the distinct anti-Americanism of his concept and his conclusions about the death of the capitalist world system, is widely popular among Marxists and radical leftist economists. In general, Wallerstein’s world -systems theory made a significant impact on the understanding of history as a single global process, and contributed to the development of a modern global trends – historical globalization. Works: The Modern World-System, Vols i–iii (New York and London, 1974–89); The Capitalist World-Economy (Cambridge, 1979); Historical Capitalism, with Capitalist Civilization (London, 1995); World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham, nc, 2004); European Universalism: The Rhetoric of Power (New York, 2006). Lit.: A.I. Fursov, “School of World-Systems Analysis,” East 1 (1992); A.I. Fursov, Global and Regional Problems in the Works of Immanuel Wallerstein: ref. compilation (Moscow, 1998); N.V. Romanovsky, “Immanuel Wallerstein warns … (One More Time about Globalization),” Social Sciences 6 (2000); K. Chase-Dunn and T. Hall, “Two, Three, Many World-Systems,” World Time: Anthology of Contemporary Research on Theoretical History, Geopolitics, Macrosociology, Analysis of World Systems and World Civilizations, 2nd edn. Structure of stories (Novosibirsk, 2001); M.N. Grachev, “The Concept of World-System Analysis of Wallerstein: Explanatory and Predictive Capabilities,” Where Does the

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World Community Head? Geopolitics of the Third Millennium, Chief Editor E.R. Grigorian (Moscow, 2006). WEBER, Alexander Borisovich (b. March 21, 1929, Moscow) – Doctor of Historical Sciences (1985), chief researcher at the Institute of Sociology, expert at the International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (Gorbachev Fund). Weber graduated from the historical faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (1952). He is the author of works on the socioeconomic history of capitalism, labor, and the trade union movement Social Democracy. Since the beginning of the 1990s. he has focused on the problems of globalization, criticism of ideology, and the politics of neoliberal globalism as the antithesis of the goals and values of sustainable development. From this point of view he has studied the social, humanitarian, and environmental consequences of neoliberal market globalization, issues of Russia’s development in the context of global social changes, ­possibilities of alternative strategies, the role of the “anti-globalist” (alterglobalist) movement, and other aspects of world development in the light of contemporary global issues. He was a member of the Club of Scientists “Global World” (2000–04), a permanent participant in the interdisciplinary seminar of the Club, a member of the International Editorial Board and a regular author for The Age of Globalization journal. He is the author of over 200 scientific publications. Works: Class Struggle and Capitalism: Labour and Trade Union Movement as the Factor of Socio-Economic Development (Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries) (Moscow, 1986); “Is Sustainable Development Possible? Man and Society against Global Challenges,” Free Thought 5 (1998); Sustainable Development as a Social Issue (Global Context and the Situation in Russia) (Moscow, 1999); Globalization and Sustainable Development: Issues Area and Possible Scenarios (Moscow, 2001); “To Disputes about Globalization: The West and the Rest of the World,” Globalization. Conflict or Dialogue of Civilizations? (Moscow, 2003); “Globalization and Human Rights,” People and Culture in Terms of Globalization: Series of Scientific Articles (Kiev, 2003); “Two Models of Global Development and New Protest Movements” Alterglobalism: Theory and Practice of “Anti-Globalist Movement” (Moscow, 2003); “Solidarity in the Age of Globalization,” Reforming Russia. Annual (Moscow, 2003); “World Development Policy: Between The Reality of Globalization and the Imperative of Sustainability,” Polis 5 (2003); “Global Climate Change on the Agenda of World Politics,” Polis 2 (2007); “Global Climate Change: Who Is to Blame and What to Do?” Age of Globalization 1 (Moscow, 2008); “Contemporary World and the Issue of Global

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Governance,” Age of Globalization 1 (Moscow, 2009); “The World Around Us,” Russia in the Outside World: 2010. Analytical Annual (Moscow, 2010); “Humanity against Global Environmental Challenge,” Age of Globalization 1/7 (Moscow, 2011); Market and Society: Economic and Social in Public Processes (Moscow, 2012). WEBER, Max (April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Germany; d. June 14, 1920, Munich, Germany) – German sociologist, social philosopher, and historian. Weber graduated from the University of Heidelberg, where he studied law. He is world famous for his works in various fields of social knowledge – general social studies, political and economic social studies, social studies of law and religion, the theory of capitalism. Tracing the evolution of human activities from antiquity to modern times, he included in his comparative analysis extensive empirical material from the history of the world – from Western Europe (Germany, England, France, Italy, Spain, etc.) and Russia to North and South America, from Africa and Asia to China, India, and Japan. He associated the features of economic activity and economic development with the influence of government institutions, legal regulations, ethical views, and religious consciousness. He considered rationality as a defining feature of European culture, which determined the development of rational capitalism in Europe in comparison to its irrational forms which, according to Max Weber, existed at all times, but were especially common in the East with its traditional ways of organizing social relations. Weber opposed his concept of the origin and nature of capitalism to Karl Marx’s doctrine, emphasizing the multidimensionality of status and prestige differences among different groups of society and conflicts among them. He considered the separation of people according to religious, ideological, and other characteristics no less important than the differences arising from property relations. Weber’s works had a great influence on the development of Western social studies in the twentieth century. Works (translated from German): Selected Works (Moscow, 1990); Favorites. Image of Society (Moscow, 1994); History of Economics: General Outline of Social and Economic History (St. Petersburg, 1923); History of Economics: City (Moscow, 2001); Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism (Moscow, 2003); Economics and Society (Moscow, 2010). Lit.: Y.N. Davydov. Max Weber and Contemporary Theoretical Social Studies (Moscow, 1998); Y.N. Davydov. Renaissance of M. Weber in the West (Second Half of the 70s–80s). The History of Theoretical Social Studies, Vol. 4 (St. Petersburg, 2000); E.I. Kravchenko, Max Weber (Moscow, 2002).

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PEOPLE: WEIZSÄCKER–WOLF

WEIZSÄCKER, Carl von Friedrich (b. June 28, 1912, Kiel, Germany; d. April 28, 2007, Starnberg, Germany) – German physicist, philosopher, and politician, author of numerous works on nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmogony as well as philosophical problems of natural science. In 1929–33 Weizsäcker studied physics in Berlin and Leipzig. As a young scientist he focused on nuclear physics. During World War ii Weizsäcker taught theoretical physics at the University of Strasbourg. Together with Heisenberg, who was his teacher in Leipzig, he participated in project Uranus for designing and building nuclear weapons for Germany. After the war the scientist became worrying about the issue of mass destruction weapons. Together with other scientists Weizsäcker made the Göttingen Statement – a protest against participation in the development, testing, or use of nuclear weapons. Members of the scientific community stressed the problem of a scientists’ responsibility for his invention. This question will remain for many years the key one among Weizsäcker’s philosophical reflections. From 1946 to 1957 the scientist worked at the Max Planck Institute of Physics in Göttingen. In 1957–69 Weizsäcker was Professor of Philosophy in Hamburg. In 1970 he moved to the Max Planck Institute in Sternberg. For ten years he was the director there. Weizsäcker was seriously engaged in philosophical issues of science, and developed his own vision of the philosophy of science, its goals, objectives, and higher purpose. According to him, philosophy allows you to create a complete vision of the world: it is a whole entity, combining and synthesizing knowledge of all sciences. Weizsäcker believed that the philosophy of science will create a new vision of the unity of nature. He was also worried about the issues of the contemporary world and culture. He published many articles in which he investigated the causes of the contemporary crisis. He considered the reason for it to be the peculiarities of “big” cultures. Interpersonal relationships and communications were no longer the basis for such cultures; focus was shifted to the material – power and money. In 1989 Weizsäcker earned the Templeton Prize for his achievements in researching spiritual life. Works: Zum Weltbild der Physik (Leipzig and Stuttgart, 1943); Die Geschichte der Natur (Leipzig and Stuttgart, 1948); Die Verantwortung der Wissenschaft im Atomenzeitalter (Göttingen, 1957); Die Einheit der Natur (Munich, 1971); Wege in der Gefahr (Munich, 1977); Wahrnehmung der Neuzeit (Munich, 1983); Aufbau der Physik (Munich, 1987); “Physics and Philosophy,” Problems of Philosophy 1 (Munich, 1993). WIENER, Norbert (b. November 26, 1894, Columbia, usa; d. April 18, 1964, Stockholm, Sweden) – American mathematician, philosopher and sociologist,

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one of the founders of cybernetics and artificial intelligence theory, who participated in the creation of the first analog computers in America. In a number of papers Wiener stated the basic provisions of cybernetics as the science of the management of technical, biological, and social systems, outlined the development perspectives of computing equipment, and fatefully indicated a number of tough social issues to be faced by scientific and technological progress. His book Cybernetics (1948) was almost immediately recognized by the world scientific community as an outstanding work and was translated into many languages. It had an enormous impact on the development of the theory and practice of automation and control, initiated the establishment and rapid development of computer technology, and anticipated the reality of the information society. Ideas and laws of cybernetics remain true in various concepts of contemporary globalization. Works: Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in Animal and Machine (Paris and Cambridge, ma, 1983); Creator and Robot (Moscow, 1966); Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (New York and Paris, 1948); God and Golem (Cambridge, ma, 1963); “Machines Smarter than Men? Interview with Dr. Norbert Wiener,” News & World Report (1964), February 24, p. 84–86; Former wunderkind (Moscow, 1967); I am Mathematician (Moscow, 1967). WOLF, Martin (b. 1946, London) – well-known journalist, writer, Director of Studies at the Trade Policy Research Centre in London. Since 1987 he has been chief economist columnist for the Financial Times. Wolf has studied world economics, as well as the issue of state intervention in economics. Many of his works are devoted to the analysis of the contemporary crisis. He is the author of Why Globalization Works (Yale University Press, 2004). “Bear woke up, and his roar is spread throughout the country,” – in such an imaginative way Wolf described a contemporary Russian position in his article “Russian bear will roar until you get out of the trap” (The Financial Times, February 21, 2007). He emphasizes that it is not great-power Russia any longer, but a country caught in the trap of a transitional period. While it is in this state, it will annoy its neighbors and disappoint its own citizens. Wolf believes that Russia recently came “back to the future” and became a “limited access society,” which is based on the balance of power between “insiders” and cutting off all power from “outsiders.” “Does Russia have a chance for a better future? Becoming in the end an ‘open access society,’ as all civilized nations?” the British columnist wonders. “It does, but a very small one.” Works: Fixing Global Finance (2008); The Resistible Appeal of Fortress Europe (aei Press 1994); Why Globalization Works (New Haven, ct, 2004); Fixing Global

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Finance (Baltimore, md, 2008); The Shifts and the Shocks: What We’ve Learned – and Have Still to Learn – from the Financial Crisis (London, 2014). WRIGHT, Sewall Green (b. November 21, 1889, Melrose, ma; d. March 3, 1988, Madison, wi) – a prominent geneticist and evolutionist. Wright was a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and a foreign member of the Royal Society. He showed the basic results of the synthetic theory of evolution, created a model of genetic drift, and is the founder of population genetics. He made a great contribution to the development of biochemical genetics and mammalian genetics and created the theory of shifting balance. His work (with Fischer and Helden) became the basis for the neo-Darwinist theory of evolution, which is considered the most important achievement in evolutionary biology since the time of Charles Darwin. Works: Evolution and the Genetics of Populations: Genetics and Biometric Foundations, Vol. 1. Genetic & Biometric Foundations (Chicago, 1984); Vol. 2. Theory of Gene Frequencies (Chicago, 1984); Vol. 3. Experimental Results and Evolutionary Deductions (Chicago, 1984); Vol. 4. Variability Within and Among Natural Populations (Chicago, 1984). Y YAKOVETS, Yuri (b. 1929 Ukraine) – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Scientist of Russia, President of the International Institute of Pitirim Sorokin and Nikolai Kondratiev. Yakovets believes that each historical epoch has a primary problem. In the first half of the twenty-first century, the major problem consists of the interaction of fourth generation civilizations within accelerating globalization and the formation of post-industrial society. The future of mankind depends on the solution of this problem. Yakovets focuses on the analysis of the interaction of civilizations in the context of globalization and proposes a multidimensional model of civilization, which includes the following aspects. First, it is intercivilization, its objective being the interaction between ten local civilizations of the fourth generation. Secondly, the model is multidimensional and consists of six blocks allowing to analysis and prediction of the dynamics of local civilizations, demographic, ecological, technological, economical, geopolitical, and socio-cultural. Thirdly, the model serves as a dynamic one, including longterm results in retrospect and in perspective. Fourthly, the model has a cyclical nature to detect unstable dynamics, and the long-term phase (­Kondratieff)

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and super long (civilizational) cycles in those six aspects. Fifthly, he relies on expert  opinion because of the lack of reliable statistical data on individual units. Yakovets considers globalization to be an irreversible process. Its driving forces are a continued demographic wave, leading to overpopulation of the planet; the growing threat of ecological catastrophe; the planetary character of scientific and technological breakthroughs; confrontation in geopolitics and the growing understanding for the need of a new world order based on the principles of cooperation and partnership; the formation of an integral system of postindustrial socio-cultural order and planetary consciousness, increasing awareness that the interests of the whole of humanity have to be united in the struggle for survival and recovery from nuclear, environmental, or demographic catastrophe. Works: Globalization and Interaction of Civilizations (Moscow, 2001); Economic and Political Problems Intonation of Civilizations (2002); The Rent, the Antirent, the Quasirent: Sources of Global Sustainable Development (Moscow, 2002); The World Economy and its Conjunctures During and After the War (2004); The Global Economic Transformations of the 21st Century (Moscow, 2014) YANSHIN, Alexander Leonidovich (March 15 (28), 1911, Smolensk; d. October 1999, Moscow) – Russian scientist on stratigraphy, tectonics, lithology, geography, and ecology. Yanshin was an academician (1958) and vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1982–88). He was Honorary Director of the Institute of the Lithosphere of the Russian Academy of Sciences and founder and first president of the Russian Academy of Ecology (1993). Yanshin discovered deposits of bauxite, iron ore, phosphates, artesian water, oil and gas, potassium salts, and so on. He developed new methods of ­stratigraphic, tectonic, and paleogeographic analysis and made a number of important theoretical and practical discoveries. He developed the doctrine on evolution of geological processes in the Earth’s history, together with N.S. Shatskii and N.P. Kheraskov, and the doctrine of geological formations  – ­natural parageneses of rocks containing certain mineral complexes. Using geophysical and experimental methods he studied the structure of depths of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle to develop theories about the processes occurring there. He participated in the study of the marine and ocean floor using various methods, including drilling, in order to clarify the possibility of wide use of its mineral resources. In 1960–82 he was closely involved in the studying and protection of the human environment, working in the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of

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Sciences of the uss.r. At this time he wrote articles about the recent origin of the Teletskoe Lake in Gorny Altai, the protection of forests in Siberia against fires, and the origin of Lake Baikal; and at the same time he began the struggle to preserve the purity of the lake, and against the construction of the Baikal pulp mill. From 1982, when Yanshin was elected vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences uss.r. and the chairman of the Scientific Council of the ras uss.r. on biosphere studies, his work on biospheric and ecological ­processes broadened significantly. Proven environmental and economic irrationality and even crime in the offered transfer of the northern rivers in the European part of Russia to the south – as far as the basin of the Volga river and the Caspian Sea, and the Siberian rivers – to Central Asia. Together with other scientists he failed to scientifically prove the need to stop producing pulp at Baikal and develop serious measures for the protection of natural resources in the basin of this unique lake. Several of Yanshin’s studies were related to environmental problems in Leningrad caused by the construction of a dam across the Gulf of Finland, high-speed railway from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and to the problems that appeared in Central Asia owing to a sharp decrease in the level of the Aral Sea, and to inadmissibility of building the Crimean Oil Refinery on a tectonic break. Yanshin’s great contribution to the promotion and development of the scientific ideas of Vernadsky, especially his theory of the biosphere and the noosphere, is priceless. He comprehended the deep ecological content of Vernadsky’s ideas and made sure that Vernadsky’s study of the biosphere and its transition into the noosphere became the theoretical basis of a broad environmental protection program. Based on a comprehensive analysis of Vernadsky’s unpublished works, he first identified the systemic conditions of biosphere to noosphere transition, showed the enduring value of this heuristic knowledge in solving contemporary global problems. During his last years Yanshin emphasized the methodological connection between Vernadsky’s ideas of biosphere and noosphere and the concept of sustainable development, which became especially urgent after the un Conference on Environment and Development accepted it in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. Works: Tectonic Map of Eurasia (Moscow, 1964); History of the Atmosphere (Leningrad, 1985); Evolution of Geological Processes in the Earth’s History (Leningrad, 1988); Studies of Environmental Blunders (Moscow, 1991); The Doctrine of the Biosphere (Moscow, 1993); On the Eve of the Noosphere Era (Moscow, 1995); Scientific Heritage of Academician V.I. Vernadsky – Golden Fund of Modern Science (Moscow, 1997).

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Lit.: “Alexander Leonidovich Yanshin,” Materials for Bio-Bibliography Scientists in the ussr (Moscow, 1991); V. Parfenov, From the Team of Ascetics (Moscow, 2001). Z ZAGLADIN, Vadim Valentinovich (b. June 23, 1927, Moscow; d. November 17, 2006, Moscow) – Soviet (Russian) politician, one of the founders and initiators, together with I.T. Frolov, of national developments in the field of global issues of our time, and one of the authors of the theory and strategy of “new political thinking.” Zagladin graduated from Moscow State Institute of International Relations of the ussr Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was a Candidate of Historical Science, a Doctor of Philosophy, and a professor. He worked for the weekly newspaper New Time and the journal Issues of Peace and Socialism, in the International Department of the cpsu Central Committee (1964–88), headed the Department of Issues of the International Labor Movement of the Academy of Social Sciences under the cpsu Central Committee, and was the chairman of the Global Challenges section of the Scientific Council of the Presidium of the uss.r. Academy on philosophical and social issues of science and technology, was an advisor to the Chairman of the Presidium of the uss.r. Supreme Soviet, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet, the ussr President (1988–91). From 1992 he was advisor to the President and leader of the Gorbachev Foundation, deputy chairman of the International Association of European Atlantic Cooperation, and senior executive of the Foreign Policy Association. One of the decisive factors that has been responsible for the genesis and active development of a new field in Soviet social science, the study of contemporary global issues, has been Zagladin’s creative community together with academician I.T. Frolov. If Zagladin was “responsible” for the socio-political aspect of problematics, then Frolov was “responsible” for its philosophical and scientific justification. In the mid – late 1970s they jointly published a series of articles in leading political magazines, giving a Marxist interpretation of the phenomenon of global issues, proposed a strategy to overcome them that took into account the severity and novelty of the contradictions that were exciting civilization at the turn of the twentieth century gave way to the twenty-first. As part of their scientific cooperation they proposed a methodology for the study of global issues, developed their classification, and identified scientific methods

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for solving global issues and social conditions of their implementation (see V.V. ­Zagladin and I.T. Frolov, “The Development of Global Issues Philosophy,” Ivan Timofeevich Frolov (Moscow, 2010)). The ideas outlined in the first domestic monograph on these urgent issues (see V.V. Zagladin and I.T. Frolov, Global Issues of Modernity: The Scientific and Social Aspects (Moscow, 1981)), for many years identified the research areas for Soviet social science in the study of contemporary global issues. Zagladin considered the phenomenon of global issues as a natural stage of the world-historical development of civilization, a form of expression of the trend of internationalization that affected of mankind’s production, economic, and socio-cultural activity. The fundamental principles of Marxist historical doctrine, emanating in particular from the fact that, on the one hand, an active process of overcoming national isolation, stereotypes, and lifestyle takes place under the influence of capital, but on the other there are historical socio-cultural contradictions, caused by the essence of the capitalist way of production, aggravated and extrapolated in the modern era by global issues. Analysis of the acute global issues of the 1970s and 1980s (war and peace, contradictions between developed and developing countries, global environmental tension, etc.) allowed Zagladin to formulate the conclusion that the severity of global contradictions, to an even greater extent than ever before, reveals the social constraints of the capitalist system, a convincing argument, as then it seemed, in favor of socialism. Zagladin participated in the development and implementation of the strategy of “new thinking,” as one of the leaders of the International Department of the cpsu Central Committee, the leading expert and developer of Soviet foreign policy in the 1970s and 1980s. In its framework it preserved the supporting structures of the traditional Marxist political model (ideological contradictions of the “two worlds,” the class approach, the role of the working class, etc.), and at the same time proved the thesis according to which universal values gained a higher status, increasingly determining the direction of world politics. Back in the 1930s, extrapolating the process of turning humanity into a force on a planetary scale, V.I. Vernadsky foresaw the situation where people will think and act not only in the “biospheric aspect” but also in the “planetary.” Later, in the Russell–Einstein Manifesto (1955), the need not only to think but to act globally was formulated, which took into consideration the disastrous aftermath of the possible use of nuclear weapons. The position of the Club of Rome in the 1970s and 1980s was characterized by the principle of “think globally, act locally.” It became clear, especially after the withdrawal of the “nuclear winter” model, that if humanity fails to curb the arms race and prevent nuclear war, the material basis of modern civilization will not simply be destroyed, but

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total ecological disaster will become a reality, leading to the death of all living things. However, if previously the thesis of “new thinking” had been predominantly scientific in nature, then from the mid-1980s, in terms of “perestroika,” when the Soviet Union was actively released from under the banner of “evil empire,” Soviet policies in the “Gorbachev era” (Zagladin was one of the leading members of Gorbachev’s team) obtained a new dimension. It turned out that the policy of “real socialism” fits into the doctrine of the peaceful coexistence of states with different political systems, contributing to a radical improvement of the international situation. The policy of “new thinking” has received considerable publicity. The Soviet Union was able to overcome the stereotypes of international politics of the past decades to convince the international community of the sincerity of its peace initiatives. The policy of “detente,” which led to a breakdown of the “iron curtain,” had a significant historical aftermath: the appearance of a “new Russia” on the world stage. As the chairman of the Section of Global Issues of the Scientific Council of the uss.r. (the chairman of the Scientific Council was I.T. Frolov), Zagladin participated in discussions about the entire spectrum of global issues, organized a summing-up of relevant developments in the framework of the leading scientific institutions of the uss.r. Academy of Sciences (Institute of World Economy and International Relations, All-Union Scientific Research Institute for System Studies, Institute of Geography, Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Computing Centre, etc.). The section (and the Scientific Council) undertook major discussions on global issues (summarized in Marxism-Leninism and Global Issues (Moscow, 1983); Socialism and Global Issues (Prague, 1985); etc.), and initiated the publication of fundamental monographs (ed. V.V. Zaglin et al., Marxist-Leninist Concept of Contemporary Global Issues (Moscow, 1985); ed. V.V. Zaglin et al., Countries and Peoples. Earth and Humanity. Global Issues, p. 20 (Moscow, 1985); etc.). Zagladin is considered to have been one of the liberal party figures at the level of consultants and speechwriters of top officials of the Soviet state who held unorthodox positions, trying to promote the modernization of the social and political system in accordance with the global challenges of the era. Zagladin proceeded from a position of political realism, trying to push neo-Marxist ideas through the “needle’s eye” of ideological Soviet stereotypes: “I am very sorry for what happened in the past, and I’m ashamed of what is happening now” (from an interview with Radio Svoboda, 1999). Works: Laws of the Labor Movement and the Struggle for Socialism (Moscow, 1970); Premises of Socialism and the Struggle for Socialism (Moscow, 1975); (ed.),

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PEOPLE: ZHOU–ZINOVYEV

Global Issues of Modernity: The Scientific and Social Aspects (Moscow, 1981); Historic Mission of the Socialist Society (Moscow, 1981); International Character of the Great October Socialist Revolution (Moscow, 1987). ZHOU, Xiaochuan (b. January 29, 1948, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, China) – Chinese economist, banker, statesman, a specialist in the field of modeling economic systems. In 1986–89 he was assistant to the Minister of International Trade of China. He was a member of the national committee on economic reform, and recommended to China’s State Council a restructuring of economic policy. In ­2000–02 he was Head of the Security Commission of China, and from 2002 has been the head of the National Bank of China; in this position determining the main direction of China’s monetary policy. Under his leadership China’s foreign borrowings amounted to 865 billion dollars. Zhou views the global financial crisis as a consequence of the weakness of the modern monetary system. He has called the imf to use special drawing rights to issue reserve currency on credit with following control over it. He is convinced that this will solve the issue of uncertainty generated by the use of a national currency as a loan. This is a so-called Triffin dilemma – a dilemma which is connected with the attempts of countries to simultaneously achieve domestic economic goals and at the same time lend to other countries. According to Zhou, currency diversity is necessary because the super-­concentration of foreign assets in dollars may lead to undesirable consequences. In December 2010, the American foreign policy journal Foreign Policy called Zhou one of those leaders who “holds in his hands the fate of the world economy.” He is author of several books and over 100 articles in Chinese and international journals. Among them are “Barriers on the Way to an Open Economic System,” “Restructuring the Relationship between Enterprises and Banks,” and “Social Security: Reform and Political Recommendations.” ZINOVYEV, Alexander Alexandrovich (b. October 22, 1922, Kostroma; d. May 10, 2006, Moscow) – Doctor of Philosophy, professor, member of numerous academies throughout the world, the creator of the concept of global supersocium, a critic of the pro-Western model of globalization and global capitalism, the author of over forty books. Zinovyev graduated from the Philosophy Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University. After the publication in Europe of his book The Yawning Heights (1976) his citizenship was revoked and he was expelled from the uss.r. He lived in Germany, and lectured at universities in Europe and North and South America. After 1985 the main objective of his work was to analyze

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what was happening in the Soviet Union after the end of the Cold War. He led research into the prospects and consequences of the collapse of the uss.r. In his works from this period he harshly criticized the anti-democratic manifestations that were taking place in a socialist society in the Western world. In the 1990s Zinovyev opposed the collapse of the uss.r. and the elimination of the Soviet regime. During this period, his criticism focused on the West and the global expansion of the Western values. The most famous work of the last decade of his life is an anti-utopia, using his definition – a sociological novel, The Global Cheloveynik (1997), which shows the socium of “victorious Westernism.” The author shows the society of the future, when bourgeois values have taken over the entire planet and a global “one-party system” has been established. The deity of Global cheloveynik becomes a computer, and human relations are replaced by impersonal relations, mediated by information technology: “Our twentieth century was perhaps the most dramatic in the history of mankind from the point of view of the fate of individuals, peoples, ideas, social systems and civilizations. But despite that, it was the century of human passions and emotions, the century of hope and despair, illusions and insights, delusions and disappointments, joy and sorrow, love and hatred… It was, perhaps, the last human century. It will be followed with a looming hulk of centuries of superhuman or posthuman history, history without hope and without despair, without illusions and without insight, without delusions and disappointments, without joy and without sorrow, without love and without hatred …” In 1999 Zinoviev returned to Russia, and until the last days of his life he actively opposed the values of Western civilization and their strengthening role in the global world. Works: Global Cheloveynik (Moscow, 1997); The Yawning Heights (Lausanne, 1976); Bright Future (Moscow, 1978); Without Illusions (1979); We And The West (1981); Communism as Reality (1980); Homosoveiticus (Moscow, 1982); No Freedom, Equality, Or Brotherhood (Lausanne, 1983); Power of Disbelief (1986); Katastroika (Moscow, 1985); Gorbachevism (Moscow, 1986); The Crisis of Communism (Moscow, 1991); The Death of the Evil Empire (1994); West (1995); PostCommunist Russia (Moscow, 1996); The Great Evolutionary Crisis (1999); On the Way to Super-Society (2000); The Death of Russian Communism (2001); Ideology of the Party of the Future (2003); Crossroads (2005); Factor of Understanding (2006).

part 2 Organizations

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Directory Publishers

Faculty of Global Studies (fgs) Lomonosov Moscow State University

Founded in 2005 Address: 1 19991, Vorobjevy Gory 1, Moscow State University, pp. 51, Faculty of Global Studies, Moscow, GSP-1 Phone: (495) 939 4323, (495) 939 4506, (495) 9394181 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Dean – Doctor of Political Sciences, candidate of geological-mineralogy, Professor and Head of the Chair of Globalistics I.V. Ilyin (see Personnel). Faculty Supervisor – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Chair of Geopolitics I.I. Abylgaziev. Vice-dean: for Education – Ph.D., Associate Professor I.A. Aleshkovsky (see Personnel), on general issues – Ph.D. A.I. Andreev, for scientific work – ­Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Associate Professor R.R. Gabdullin, on administrative work – Ph.D. in Sociology E.V. Berezovsky. Scientific Secretary of the Faculty: Doctor of Political Sciences G.A. Drobot. Heads of departments: educational – G.V. Bielskih, Graduate Division – ­Candidate of Economic Sciences, I.A. Kashuro, scientific – Ph.D. A.S. Rozanov, editing and publishing – Ph.D. T.L. Shestova. The main goal of the Faculty of Global Studies is to prepare highly qualified professionals in the sphere of international relations and global studies, combining broad theoretical knowledge and interdisciplinary education, capable of carrying out comprehensive monitoring and to develop approaches for the effective management of global and inter-regional processes. Graduates of the faculty are experts in various aspects of globalistics – ­interdisciplinary science of global processes and systems, combining different approaches and methods of natural sciences. The Faculty of Global Studies conducts training, bachelor’s and master’s degrees in international political and economic relations, global and regional studies in International Relations. Studying time: graduate – five years, Bachelor – four years, Master’s – two years. Qualification of graduates – Specialist, Bachelor, and Master of International Relations. Studying at the Faculty is based on the traditions of classical university education and international experience of training in global and regional political, economic, and socio-natural studies. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi 10.1163/9789004353855_003

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Training of specialists in the sphere of global processes has been conducted at msu since 2005. In 2007, according to the decision of the Academic Council of msu, the Faculty of Global Studies received the status of an independent structural unit. The training is provided in two courses – Geopolitics and Diplomacy and Global Economics and Management. They are a part of the faculty and each has two departments – the Department of Global Studies and the Department of Global Social Processes and Work with Youth at the department of Global Economics and Management; Department of Geopolitics and the unesco Chair  for the Study of Global Issues at the Department of Geopolitics and Diplomacy. The Department of Global Studies and Geopolitics was formed by msu’s Academic Council in 2008. In 2009, msu’s Regulations on the Faculty of Global Studies were approved. In 2010 the Scientific Council of the Faculty began its work; in 2010, according to the agreement between msu and unesco the unesco Chair for the Study of Global Issues was established (in 2012 according to the Academic Council of msu, the department was included in the structure of the faculty). In 2012, according to the decision of the Academic Council of the Faculty of the msu the Department of Global Social Processes and Work with Youth was established. The faculty includes the Research Centre, the Centre for Innovative Educational Technologies, and the Educational Laboratory of Mathematical Modeling of Global Processes. The faculty is managed through the Council and the Academic Council. The Board determines the main directions of development of the faculty. It includes prominent Russian academics, including ras academicians G.V. ­Dobrovolsky and A.A. Akayev, Professor A.D. Ursul, and A.N. Chumakov. There are also public units at the faculty: a trade union committee, student council, and a student committee for hostel accommodation. The International Association for Global Studies (Vice-President – ­Secretary General – Professor I. Ilyin) was formed. A system of pre-university training has also been developed; in 2010 the School of Young Specialists in International Affairs was founded, in conjunction with the mgimo National Olympiad in Global Studies and International Relations. The Faculty of Global Studies controls the branch of msu in Dushanbe (Tajikistan). Classes at the faculty are given by leading professors and teachers from msu University, the Russian Foreign Ministry’s Diplomatic Academy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Russian Foreign Trade Academy, Russian

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Academy of Sciences, as well as employees of public authorities, Russian and international corporations, and diplomats and consular services of the Russian Foreign Ministry. Representing about fifty regions of Russia and seven countries of the world, 550 students study at the Faculty of Global Studies. Special educational standards have been developed at the faculty, and many courses on the curriculum are unique. International cooperation and exchange are practiced at the faculty. Students have the opportunity to take part in international academic exchange programs and to undertake overseas training that lasts from one week to one year in leading universities in the uk, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Italy, China, usa, Turkey, France, Switzerland, and Japan. Graduates successfully work in various ministries, departments, special services, other government agencies, and domestic companies in international business. Many of them take postgraduate courses at fgp and other faculties of msu, as well as in the leading Russian and foreign universities and research institutes of ras. The importance of studying global issues and processes was recognized by the fact that the ras department Global Issues and International Relations was created in 2010. The faculty holds a regular international scientific congress called Globalistics, which is one of the world’s leading venues for the discussion of the results of global research. The first congress was held in May 2009 under the theme “Ways out of the global crisis and model of new world order,” the second in 2011 under the motto “Towards a strategic stability and the problem of global governance.” More than 500 scientists from thirty countries took part. They were welcomed by the Chairman of the Organizing Committee, msu head, VicePresident of ras V.A. Sadovnichyi, Chief Scientific Secretary Academician V.V. Kostyuk, representatives of the Commission of the Russian Federation for unesco, unesco Moscow Office, and prominent scientists. Foreign Minister S.V. Lavrov, Russian Presidential Envoy to the Central Federal District, G.S. Poltavchenko, Academician E.M. Primakov, one of the most respected Western experts on the Study of Globalization, English professor Ronald Robertson, author of several works on global issues S.P. Kapitsa, and famous biologist, historian, and sociologist Peter Turchin also welcomed the participants and organizers. The program of the 2011 congress, Global Studies 2011, had twelve sections and two round table discussions. The faculty participates in the publication of the scientific journals The Age of Globalization and Journal of Globalization Studies, and in 2011 established the journal Bulletin of Moscow University. Series xxvii. Geopolitics and Global Studies, and the first two issues have been published (see Part III: Editions).

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In June 2012, together with the Department of Global Studies Consortium (including more than thirty universities from the usa, China, Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Australia) the faculty held an International Conference on Global Research at msu: there were more than 150 foreign participants, including the most prominent figures in global studies. The faculty has numerous treaties on international cooperation. Cooperation with universities in China is successfully developing. A joint Centre for Global Studies in the Asia-Pacific Region has been established, while the faculty is involved in the work of the Institute of Strategic Cooperation between China and Russia at Tsinghua University (Beijing, China), and also has a cooperation agreement with the newly formed Centre for Studies of the Modern World at the cpc Central Committee. Faculty teaching staff consist of internal and external personnel. Studies and publishing are widespread: the faculty has produced more than 100 scientific papers, textbooks, and teaching aids (authors I.I. Abylgaziev, I.V. Ilyin, A.N. Chumakov, A.D. Ursul, for example – see Part III: Editions). The ­methodological foundations of globalistics are to be found in the works of the leading professors of the faculty, who investigate various aspects of global processes and global systems. Many experts in the field of global studies work at the faculty. DROBOT, Galina Anatolyevna – Doctor of Political Science, Associate Professor, and Scientific Secretary of the Scientific Council of fgp msu. The main direction of her research is modern world politics as a phenomenon of global peace. LEONOVA, Olga Georgievna – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor. She teaches a number of specialized courses at the Faculty of Global Studies. The main directions of her studies are the development of the concept of political globalistics, global regionalism, socio-cultural globalization, the concept of commuter cycling development of the global world, and the research methodology and design of the international image of countries. MALKOV, Sergey Yurievich – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, expert in mathematical modeling of the dynamics of social, economic, and technical systems. Known for his investigations of population dynamics due to climate change. SHESTOVA, Tatyana Lvovna – Doctor of Philosophy. Her research sphere is the history of social thought, the history and methodology of science, global social processes, and global history. SMAKOTINA, Natalya Leonovna – Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor. Studies include riskology, social change, social instability, social uncertainty, youth and globalization. The main direction of her studies is related to the concept of unstable sociology.

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ANDREEV, Alexey Igorevich – Ph.D., Deputy Dean of fgp for General Affairs and Strategic Development. Executive Secretary of the Organizing Committee of the international scientific congress Global Studies, an expert in the field of youth policy and educational technology, public policy, and global trends in science, education, and innovation, Executive Secretary of the Coordinating Council on Youth in scientific and educational spheres under the President of the Russian Federation on Science, Technology, and Education. GABDULLIN, Ruslan Rustemovich – Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Associate Dean for Research fgp msu, a specialist in global socio-natural processes and systems. He is deputy editor of the journal Bulletin of Moscow University. Series xxvii. Globalistics and Geopolitics. IVANOV, Alexey Viktorovich – Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences and geopaleontologist, author of the concept of co-evolution of geospheres. Together with I.V. Ilyin he develops ideas and interpretations of ­contemporary global processes of globalization as a consequence of coevolution of geospheres, as reflected in their joint work Introduction to Global Ecology (2009).

unesco Chair for Emerging Global, Social, and Ethical Challenges for Large Cities and Their Population at the Lomonosov Moscow State University

The unesco Chair for the Study of Global Issues on the faculty of global processes msu was established in 2010 to promote the cooperation of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov with unesco in the course of additional higher education (unitwin). Agreement to establish the department was signed on September 28, 2010 unesco by Director-General Irina Bokova and the rector of Moscow State University academician V.A. Sadovnichyi. The inauguration of the department took place during the official visit of unesco Director-General Irina Bokova to msu on September 9, 2011. According to the decision of the msu Academic Council of March 26, 2012 the unesco Chair became part of the structure of the university, and was approved by the Global Processes Faculty of msu. The main research topic for the unesco Chair is studying emerging global social and ethical challenges for big cities and their populations. The department is the first in the unitwin network to deal with global issues. The department is supported by the Government of Moscow, the subject of its work being included in the development plan of cooperation between the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the government.

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The department participated in the organization and holding of the international scientific congress Global Studies 2011 and in 2011 held a major study entitled “The City in the Context of Global Processes,” the first of its kind and culminating with the publication of a monograph of the same name. This project is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the global city with the social and ethical challenges that their populations face. These include the problems of global urbanization, the role of global cities in the modern architecture of global systems, the analysis of emerging challenges and transformation processes in the internal structures of various global cities, urban geodemographic processes in the context of globalization, major changes in the demographic structure of the urban population, and the role of replacement migration. Various aspects of changes in Moscow’s population were also studied. In 2011, agreements with the Baltic State Technical University and Saratov State Technical University were signed, and a network of sections relating to its St. Petersburg and Saratov branches were to be established. In 2012, under the aegis of the department, a large new study entitled “Global Urban Systems” was completed, in association with the Institute for Information Technologies in Education (iite) and the unesco Office in Moscow. The conference “Youth and Global Climate Change in the Era of Information Technology” was held, with the participation of the student leaders of Russia and cis countries. The department designed the educational courses “International Relations and the city in the context of global processes” and “Emerging global social and ethical challenges for big cities and their populations.” Prominent Russian scientists, as well as diplomats and experts of urban governance, have given lectures and seminars. A didactic project “unesco Model” is under development. This project is aimed at students around the world who are actively involved in youth involvement in public diplomacy. Together with the Faculty of Global Studies msu programs for interuniversity exchanges and partnerships are developing. Promising research projects on studying the problems of multiculturalism and social inequality in cities are of particular interest, and the topics of new humanism and soft power, as well as the phenomenon of ghost towns, for which the monograph “Dead Cities in their Geo-Environmental and Cultural Environment” has been published, are also of great importance. Studies under the auspices of the unesco Chair are closely connected with the process of teaching, in which the priorities and values promoted by u ­ nesco are as follows: Millennium Development Goals, sustainable development, ­education for all, and gender equality. Special lectures for students have been developed, with the topics being “The concept of sustainable ­development

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as the foundation of education for the future,” “Evolution of the outlook for global education,” “A new methodology for predicting long-term cyclic Russian and world economy,” and “Gender equality as a social and ethical issue.” Head: Yury Sayamov – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Honorary Doctor of the University Kiong Hee (Seoul, Republic of Korea), Academician of People’s Diplomacy, a member of the Association of Russian Diplomats, Centre for Political Studies (Geneva, Switzerland), the International Energy Club and Geopolitics (Nice, France). State Advisor Moscow i class. Author of more than seventy scientific papers on urban issues and geopolitical diplomacy.

Russian Philosophical Society

Address: 109240, st. Goncharnaya, 12/1, Suite 151 The Presidium of the rps Phone: (495) 697 9298 Fax: (495) 609 9076 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Voluntary public scientific organization uniting the citizens of Russia who lead scientific, pedagogical, and educational work in the sphere of philosophy. Society is open to all interested in philosophy, as well as those who do not have Russian citizenship, regardless of their place of residence. rps was established in 1992 as a successor to the Philosophical Society of the uss.r., created in 1971. It has an extensive network of primary organizations and offices (more than 150) in almost all regions of Russia, includes eight associate members of philosophical societies in Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ural, Don, Yakutsk, and so on, and has about 6,000 members. The main activities of the rps include organizing and conducting research, publishing, and the establishment and development of scientific communication, both within Russia and abroad. Every year, on the initiative of the rps or with its direct involvement, about 150 conferences, seminars, round tables, meetings, and so on were held throughout the country, much of them devoted to global issues. The rps is a full member of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies and its members invariably participate in the World Congress of Philosophy. The most important form of creative communication for philosophers is the Russian Congress of Philosophy, held under the auspices of the rps once every three or four years in different regions of Russia. At congresses there are always round table discussions and seminars that discuss ­philosophical

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and socio-political issues and globalization. Thus, at the First Russian Congress of Philosophy, Man – Philosophy – Humanism, which was held in 1997 in St. ­Petersburg, deep concern was expressed over the state of the spiritual health of society and its basic values. Members of the congress supported the retention of values that would revive Russian culture, which without the loss of identity and tradition would be able to meet the challenges of globalization, the information society, and market relations. The second Russian Congress on Philosophy, entitled The Twenty-First Century: Russia’s Future in the Philosophical Dimension, was held in Yekaterinburg (1999). It was the largest event in the philosophical life of Russia in the late twentieth century, as prospects for the country’s development were considered through the prism of holistic peace and global relations. The Russian Congress of Philosophy was held in subsequent years: in ­Rostov-on-Don, Rationalism and Culture on the Brink of the Third Millennium (2002), in Moscow, Philosophy and the Future of Civilization (2005), in Novosibirsk, Science. Philosophy. Society (2009), and in Nizhny Novgorod, Philosophy in the Modern World: The Dialogue of Worldviews (2012). These congresses have consistently considered the topic of globalization and its impact as one of their major issues. The World Congress of Philosophy is also of great importance for the development of globalistics. This has been held since 1900, once every five years, and the members of the rps always play an active role. At the Eighteenth Congress, entitled Philosophical Understanding of Man, held in 1988 in Brighton (uk), a clear concern was expressed among the world community about philosophical global challenges, and the future of humanity was considered. The Nineteenth Congress, held in 1993 in Moscow, was entitled Humanity Is at a Turning Point: Philosophical Perspectives. A clear anxiety about the future of life on Earth and growing concern over the widening gap in socio-economic development of various countries and regions of the world appeared. It is important to emphasize that until 1993 philosophical thought had not used the term “globalization,” and the focus was only on global challenges of current times, with a clear emphasis on the environment. The Twentieth Congress, Philosophy in the Education of Mankind, which took place in 1998 in Boston (usa), increased attention on global issues – from environmental issues to education, ethics, and global consciousness. In addition, for the first time the term “globalization” was officially used. About sixty Russian philosophers actively participated in all sections and in the round tables, and discussed global issues, as well as organizing a meeting with American philosophers. Together with colleagues from different countries they

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e­ ngaged in a dialogue on their responsibility for maintaining the security of philosophers in the modern world. World philosophers started to talk seriously about globalization in the Twenty-First World Congress of Philosophy, Philosophy Facing Global Challenges, which was held in Istanbul (Turkey) in 2003, thirty-five years after the Club of Rome had called on the international community to unite to confront global threats. Since the main theme of the congress was the world’s problems, this subject was directly or indirectly reflected in most of the presentations and discussions. It is noteworthy that along with the active use of the term “globalization,” the sessions were devoted to topics that used in their titles such terms as “global system,” “global responsibility,” “world problems,” “global institutions,” “global justice,” “global capitalism,” and “global age.” However, the philosophical analysis (compared to previous congresses), although shifted towards the humanitarian sphere, was nevertheless still largely based on data from natural science and science. Philosophers also actively (although to a lesser extent than before) used empirical material that used facts and figures, reinforcing their theoretical positions and conclusions. The Russian scientists, who by that time had drawn significant conclusions in their study of global issues and globalization processes, were thoroughly prepared for the congress. In particular, the Russian delegation of 150 people arrived at Istanbul from Novorossiysk on a specially chartered ship named Maria Ermolova, and then, in memory of the expulsion in 1922 of the greatest Russian philosophers, made a symbolic return on the “philosophical steamer.” Two years before the Congress, they had begun active work on the preparation and publication of an international multidisciplinary encyclopedia named Global Studies, in Russian and English. This project, which combined the efforts of 445 scientists and experts from twenty-eight countries, was successfully implemented, and was appreciated by the world philosophical community (see). Discussion of the encyclopedia was included in the main program of the congress, and met with much enthusiasm. This, together with the arrival of the “philosophical steamer” with its unusual mission, made the participation of the Russian delegation at the World Congress of Philosophy not just a notable international event, but also significantly adjusted the attitude of the international community to the philosophical achievements of Russian science, and in global studies in particular. The statements of prominent scientists of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies and reviews received by the Bureau of the Congress after the rps (see Bulletin of the rfo 3,4 (2003)) prove this fact. The Twenty-Second World Congress of Philosophy, Rethinking Philosophy Today (Seoul, South Korea, 2008), also developed understanding of the global

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world. Opening the Congress, the President of the Korean Organizing Committee, Professor Myung-Hyun Lee, focused his speech on global issues: “Today mankind faces grandiose changes. That’s why Congress is called ‘Rethinking Philosophy Today’ in order to reflect on the state of philosophical thought, facing global challenges and threats to the future of civilization. A new era requires a new philosophy, a new grammar of thinking.” The speech of the General Director of unesco Koichiro Matsuura to the Congress was filled with global themes. In particular, he said that “global issues approach closely to mankind and require an immediate solution. Like no one else philosophers are able to see these issues and they should try to develop a methodology to solve them. This task is not easy. Philosophers and scientists of certain states are unable to solve them separately.” Matsuura expressed hope that the World Congress of Philosophy would help to determine the development of human civilization for the next five years. These speeches set the appropriate tone for the work of the congress, which was different from previous ones. Here, a conversation about the contemporary issues facing mankind was associated primarily not with concrete figures, facts, and graphs borrowed from the natural sciences and exact sciences, but with philosophical understanding of them; and themes of globalization and cosmopolitanism, civil society and world civilization, national identity and global outlook came to the forefront. The issue of cosmopolitanism was formulated with the utmost clarity and the discussion was versatile and thorough. We can say that philosophy bases its understanding of global issues on a worldview and an ethical plan. It is quite natural that a modern world which has reached such a level of development cannot develop in the future without proper regulation (control). But morality and law underlie the control of public life. In other words, there is no control of society beyond moral and legal regulation. That is why human values, a global outlook, and planetary ethics are more actively discussed and debated at international forums. The activities of the rps are fully reflected in the pages of its main magazine: Herald of the Russian Philosophical Society. Besides the regular column “Globalistics,” where new ideas and discussion materials on this topic are published, materials considering various aspects of contemporary global issues, ecology, and so on, are printed periodically. Many rps offices and organizations are also engaged in publishing, much of which is closely related to globalistics. As already mentioned, the work on the preparation and publication of the interdisciplinary encyclopedia Globalistics in Russian and English (­Moscow: Raduga, 2003) was performed under the auspices of the rps from the end of the 1990s. In 2003, it was named Book of the Year, in the annual ­contest held

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by publishers in Russia, in the category “Encyclopedist,” and in 2004 it received the International Prize named after N.K. Baybakova. The work on the preparation and publication of the International Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Global Studies (Moscow, St. Petersburg, 2006 – in ­Russian) was also held under the auspices of the rps. A Globalistics scientific section works under the Presidium of the rps (Chairman – Prof. A.N. Chumakov, Academic Secretary – Assoc. A.D. K ­ orolev), and provides methodological guidance to an ongoing seminar entitled “­Philosophical and Methodological Studies of Globalistics.” Philosophical and Methodological Studies of Globalistics A monthly interdisciplinary seminar is held, which acts under the auspices of the Presidium of the rps and the Institute of Philosophy of the ras. Founded in 2001 by the Doctor of Philosophy Professor A.N. Chumakov as a monthly interdisciplinary research seminar, the first meetings were organized at the Academy of Public Service under the President of Russia. Since 2002, the seminar as been held on the last Wednesday of each month (starting at 16.00) under the auspices of the Russian Philosophical Society in the Institute of Philosophy at 119991, Moscow, str. Volhonka, 14, Institute of Philosophy, the 5th Floor, aud. 525 (M. “Kropotkinskaya”). The main task of the seminar is the study of the nature and genesis, the causes and conditions for the onset, dynamics, and trends of development and positive and negative effects of globalization and global processes in general. Considerable attention is also paid to identifying the connection of globalization with scientific and technical progress, socio-economic, political, sociocultural, and civilizational components of societal development. Issues of an applied nature, which are aimed at searching for specific solutions to various aspects of globalization, or global issues caused by it, are discussed. Usually the leading domestic or foreign scientist, social or political activist who works in the sphere of the theory and practice of the solution of issues of globalization, its essence, its genesis, and developmental trends, presents a speech on the stated theme. Then the speaker answers questions, after which the participants discuss the theme. Among the keynote speakers at the seminar have been ras Academician Yuri Israel, ras Academician S.P. Kapitsa, ras Corresponding Member V. Danilov-Danil’yan, ras Corresponding Member R.I. Khasbulatov, Founder and President of the largest City Montessori School in the world (Lakhnou, India) Dr. J. Gandhi, Doctor of Historical Sciences Professor A.I. Utkin, Doctor of Economics Professor A.V. Buzgalin, Deputy Chairman of the Committee on ngos of the State Duma of Russian Federation Council S.A. Markin, Chairman of the State Duma Security A.I. Gurov, and many others.

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Results of the seminar are covered in the press, particularly in the magazine Herald of the Russian Philosophical Society and in Age of Globalization, in Russian philosophical newspapers, and so on. Seminar heads: Professor A.N. Chumakov Ph.D., Professor. I.K. Liseev Ph.D., A.V. Katsura Ph.D.; Academic Secretary Assoc. A.D. Korolev Ph.D.

jsc Scientific-production Company “Intellektualnye Sistemy”

Address: 119049, Russia, Moscow, str. Donskaya, 15 Phone/fax: 8 (499) 272 6308 E-mail: [email protected] Founder and ceo – Chairman of the Board “rao Rosneftegasstroy,” Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor. I.I. Mazour. The company’s goal: • development and implementation of intelligent systems – a powerful tool of social development – and the promotion of innovative development of the use and introduction of domestic breakthrough technologies. Main areas of activity: • in the field of management, economics, and resource conservation – the development and implementation of information, analytical, and expert systems, the creation of international partnership information, and think tanks about intelligent technologies; • in the field of ecology and nature protection – creation of an international centre for environmental monitoring and management of the territories of Baikal, Caspian, Baltic, Black Sea, and other regions of Eurasia, the development and implementation of an information base for the certification of enterprises in compliance with international quality standards and environmental protection; • in training and educational activities – distance education for individual and corporate educational programs in the field of management and economics in accordance with state educational standards, training of scientific personnel, continuous updating and actualization of knowledge, holding conferences, symposiums, and exhibitions; • in the field of publishing – the publication of scientific, popular, educational, social, political, and promotional literature on the major activities of jsc

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“spc” Intellect-S. It is one of the most important aspects of the company, and the logical culmination of its research work. Paying homage to the best traditions of domestic publishing and scientific classics, jsc “spc” Intellect-S chose the preparation and publication of fundamental research and analytical works mainly of an encyclopedic type (as a rule in two languages – Russian and English) as one of its main priorities. A scientific bestseller, the encyclopedia Oil and Gas. World History (2004), opened a series of such publications. A book by Professor I.I. Mazour, Energy of the Future (2006), was the second. A fundamental work Energy of the Future, in Russian and English, was represented at the G8 summit in St. Petersburg in July 2006. The next book, East of Russia: a New Era (2008), is a true encyclopedia of Eastern Siberia – Russia’s richest region. The fourth book, The Arctic: Past, Present, Future Horizons (2012), makes it possible to obtain a c­ omprehensive and thorough understanding of the development, research, current state, and prospects of the Arctic region in Russia and elsewhere. Books in this series are published in several versions, and are a worthy adornment to any library. Because of their fundamental importance and encyclopedic nature, such publications as Globalistics. Encyclopedia (2003) and Globalistics. International Interdisciplinary Dictionary (2006) are a welcome adjunct to this series. jsc “spc” Intellect-S is a regular participant and exhibitor at the largest international exhibitions and book fairs – in Frankfurt, Leipzig, London, Beijing, and Moscow – and has won a number of book competitions and received prestigious awards. The encyclopedia Globalistics was named Book of the Year – 2003 in the category “Encyclopedia” and was given a prize named after N.K. Baybakova in 2004. The author of the book Energy of the Future, I.I. Mazour, won the national literary prize Golden Pen of Russia in 2006. Main publications of the Faculty of Global Studies: 1. 2. 3. 4.

R.R. Gabdullin, I.V. Ilyin, and A.V. Ivanov, Introduction to Paleoglobalistics: Proc. Manual (Moscow, 2010). Global Studies as a Field of Research and the World of Teaching, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva and I.V. Ilina (six editions since 2008); Global Geopolitics, monograph, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilina, and I.F. Kefeli (­Moscow, 2010). Global Studies. Persons, Organizations, Editions, Encyclopedic Directory, ed. Professor A.N. Chumakov, Professor I.V. Ilyin, and Professor I.I. Mazour (Moscow, 2012).

358 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

ORGANIZATIONS Global System of Cities, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva and I.V. Ilyin (Moscow, 2012). Global Socio-Natural Processes and Systems, studies and manual, ed. I.I. ­Abylgazieva and I.V. Ilyin (Moscow, 2011). City in the Context of Global Processes, monograph, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilyin, and N.A. Slukee (Moscow, 2011). G.A. Drobot. World Politics, textbook. manual (Moscow, 2010). I.V. Ilyin, Global Studies in the Context of Political Processes (Moscow, 2010). I.V. Ilyin, O.G. Leonova, and A.S. Rozanov, Theory and Practice of Political Globalistics (Moscow, 2013). I.V. Ilyin, Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Global Studies (Moscow, 2009). I.V. Ilyin and A.D. Ursul, Evolutionary Globalism: The Concept of the Evolution Of Global Processes (Moscow, 2009). I.V. Ilyin and A.D. Ursul, Global Research and Evolutionary Approach (Moscow : msu Publishing House, 2013). I.V. Ilyin, A.D. Ursul, and T.A. Ursula, Global Evolutionism: Ideas, Problems and Hypotheses (Moscow, 2011). Modeling of Nonlinear Dynamics of Global Processes, ed. D.I. Trubetskova and I.V. Ilyin (Moscow, 2010). Nonlinear Dynamics of Global Processes in Nature and Society, ed. I.V. Ilyin, D.I. Trubetskov, and A.V. Ivanov (Moscow, 2014). T.L. Shestov, Global Historicism (Moscow, 2011). A.N. Chumakov, Philosophy of Globalization. Selected Articles (M, 2010) (2nd edn, 2015).

Institutes, Centers, Associations

Adam Smith Institute

Founded in 1977 by Madsen Pirie, Eamonn and Stuart Butler. This independent non-governmental center of economic research is responsible for promoting liberal ideas in the uk through research, scientific publications, media articles, and educational programs. The objectives of the Institute are to: • maximize economic and social freedom in the uk; • convince people that the current model of fiscal policy is not fit for purpose, as demographic changes will make the tax system irrelevant for contributing to the welfare state; • contribute to the creation of a world in which trade is free, taxes are low, and people responsible and independent; • prove, through intellectual discussion, the ineffectiveness of the Keynesian economic model. President: Madsen Pirie Director: Eamonn Butler In recent years, researchers from the Institute have published numerous monographs: The Condensed Wealth of Nations (2011); The Alternative Manifesto (2010); Hayek: His Contribution to the Political and Economic Thought of Our Time (2010); Ludwig Von Mises: Fountainhead of the Modern Microeconomics Revolution (2010); A Beginner’s Guide to Liberty (2010); The Rotten State of Britain (2009); Zero Base Policy (2009); Freedom 101 (2008); The Best Book on the Market (2008); Adam Smith – A Primer (2007); The Future of the nhs (2006); Simply No Mistake: How the Stakeholder Pension Must Work (1998); City in the Mist (1998). In 2010–12 the following reports were published: “Patterns of Sustainable Specialization and Trade” (2012); “The Growth Agenda: The Self-Employment Option” (2012); “The Law of Opposites: Illusory Profits in the Financial Sector” (2011); “Renewable Energy: Vision or Mirage” (2011); “Reforming the National Health Service” (2011); “Bank Regulation: Can We Trust the Vickers Report?” (2011); “Hanging London Out to Dry: The Impact of an eu Financial Transaction Tax” (2011); “High Speed Fail: Assessing the Case for HS2” (2011); “Taxing Talent: How Britain Can Attract and Retain the World’s Best” (2011); “A Botched Opportunity: Why the Vickers Report Won’t Fix the Financial Sector” (2011); © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi 10.1163/9789004353855_004

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“The Tobin Tax: Reason or Treason?” (2011); “How Basel iii Threatens Small Businesses” (2011); “Does Inequality Matter?” (2011); “Reflections on Regulation: Experience and the Future” (2011); “Profit-making Free Schools: Unlocking the Potential of England’s Proprietorial Schools Sector” (2011); “The Case for Nominal gdp Targeting” (2011); “No Need to Flinch: A Comparative Review of the Condition of the nhs” (2011); “The Revenue and Growth Effects of Britain’s High Personal Taxes” (2011); “Dispelling the Myths: Palm Oil and the Environmental Lobby” (2011); “Seeing the Wood for the Trees” (2011); “On Borrowed Time” (2010); “Codification and Reform of the British Constitutional Arrangement” (2010); “Just the Facts: Previewing the Comprehensive Spending Review” (2010); “Privatization Revisited” (2010); “Welfare Reform: The Importance of Being Radical” (2010). Address: 23 Great Smith Street, London, SW1P 3BL, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Anti-Corruption Research Center Transparency International

Founded in Berlin in 1993 by former World Bank Director Peter Eigen, this nongovernmental organization investigates corruption worldwide. The organization scrutinizes aspects of corruption and seeks for practical methods to combat it. Since 1999 it has opened more than ninety offices in many countries, including Russia (Center for TI-R). This organization primarily works with companies to ensure transparency of revenues and with government agencies in various countries to help create national systems that combine various anti-corruption organizations; and also studies the impact of corruption on specific sectors of life through the Global Corruption Report (its last report considered the impact of corruption on information about climate change). The organization uses tools to measure corruption such as the Corruption Perception Index, which reflects the level of corruption on a ten-point scale, the Bribe Payers Index, and the Global Corruption Barometer. The organization’s publications are available in printed and electronic form. As well as those mentioned above, these include “Improving transparency, honesty and accountability in municipal water supply and sanitation,” “Communication corruption, water and environmental agendas of climate change,” and “Corruption and problems of access to information.” The main sources of funding are the us National Endowment for Democracy, the us Agency for International Development, the Soros Foundation and

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the Ford Foundation, as well as multinationals such as BP-Amoco, Exxon, Rio Tinto, and Shell. For general inquiries: [email protected] Address: Nikolo-Yamskaya Street, 6, 109189, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Asia Association for Global Studies (aags)

Founded in 2005, this is a professional organization of scientists and teachers  in  Asia who are interested in the development of research into global processes. the Association encourages innovative interdisciplinary research and alternative points of view on issues of international importance. It also works as an open forum for the expression of regional opinions and points of view. Its mission is to provide a forum in English for globally oriented scientists from Asia. The Association promotes the exchange of ideas and joint projects, as well as the development of regional networks in the spirit of friendship and cooperation. Activities include the following: • regular meetings, annual conferences, lectures by invited professors; • publication of an annual information newsletter; • publication of a scientific journal in the field of global studies (Asia Journal of Global Studies); • promoting the development of global research in scientific and educational spheres; • promoting the development of cross-cultural collaborative research projects in Asia; • promoting the development of international student exchange in Asian universities. President: Rab Paterson (International Christian University, Japan); e-mail: [email protected] Vice-President: Sarah Houghton (International Christian University, Japan); e-mail: [email protected] Address: 143–11 Hirato-Ooaza, Hanno-shi, Saitama-ken, 357–0211 Japan E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy, the Australian National University

The Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy (apcd) was established in 2003. While apcd’s outlook is global, it pays particular attention to the new dynamics arising from the shift in the distribution of power to the Asia-Pacific region. Its core mission is to understand and explain diplomacy in the Asian century. apcd seeks to foster a wide range of approaches in accomplishing this mission, much of it multi- and interdisciplinary. As the only such institute in the southern hemisphere, apcd serves as the focal point for diplomacy at the Australian National University (anu) – generating world-class research on diplomacy, providing high-quality graduate and post-graduate teaching, delivering diplomatic training to practitioners, convening seminars and conferences, hosting visiting scholars, and implementing externally funded research projects. Located in the anu College of Asia and the Pacific which hosts the largest assembly of regional experts in the English-speaking world, apcd is in a unique position to foster a common understanding that helps to bridge differences in Eastern and Western approaches to diplomacy. Address: The Australian National University, Hedley Bull Building, 130 Garran Road, Acton act 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Association of the World Constitution and Parliament

For over fifty years this has been the global movement for a democratic legal legislation. Its first leaders experienced World War ii, and they understood that the absence of the rule of law in relations between nations is a serious threat to the future of mankind. After the war they worked in the movement Campaign for World Government, which at that time had offices in New York and Chicago. The leader of the movement, Henry Philip Easley, who served a prison sentence in us federal prison during World War ii because of his protest against military action, was convinced that the two world wars were the result of imperial rivalry between sovereign countries. Like his colleagues Tang Reed, Guy Marchand, Marie Scott Phillips, he and his wife Margaret understood that the creation of a world constitution would put an end to international anarchy and unite the world under a planetary democracy. The World Committee World Constitutional Convention was formed, and in 1961 its headquarters

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were located in Denver (Colorado). Primary funding for this was from a successful business that the Easleys ran in Denver. This business also helped them to establish global contacts. The World Constitutional Convention was held in the same year, in the presence of delegates from fifty countries and supported by several heads of states. But it required three preparatory congresses, which took place in the mid-1960s, in order to work out procedures for the Constitutional Convention and gain public support throughout the world. A general meeting was held in 1968, attended by 200 representatives from twenty-seven countries. The meeting determined the main provisions of the constitution of the world and a committee of twenty-five members was elected, which was tasked to create a project and circulate it around the world for comments and criticisms. This process was planned to be completed in 1977. Dr. Reinhart Ruge was elected as the Chairman of the Projecting Committee. Five of the most active members held meetings for the next two months at the headquarters of the Association in Denver in order to create the first Constitution of the Federation of Earth: Henry Philip Easley (usa), Dr. Amerasinghe, a lawyer from Sri Lanka (later the co-chair of the Association with Dr. Reinhart Ruge), Professor Saddam Hussein from the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, and D. Spencer, a law professor from Mumbai, India. In 1973 the project was circulated worldwide, and in 1975 comments and criticisms were collected, processed, and then distributed throughout the world. In 1976, the Projecting Committee prepared the second Constitution, taking into account comments and criticisms of citizens around the world; this was also distributed throughout the world in preparation for the second Constituent Assembly, which was held in Innsbruck, Austria, in June 1977. In Innsbruck each paragraph of the Constitution was discussed, and delegates suggested additions. The Constitution was approved, and 138 delegates from twenty-five countries and five continents have signed it. These signatures are included in most editions of the Constitution. The General Secretary and Treasurer of the International Center of the World Union of Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry (India), A.B. Patel, presided at the signing of the Constitution, and he signed it first. Patel became co-chairman of the Association, together with Dr. Ruge. After Patel’s death in 1987, Dr. Terence Amerasinghe became cochairman in 2003 after the retirement of President Ruge. In subsequent years the Constitution of the Federation of Earth has been translated into several languages and has been sent to the heads of all states, the un, and all ambassadors, in response to the general criticism that no ­members of national governments were invited to Innsbruck. The Third Constituent Assembly was held in Colombo (Sri Lanka) in 1979. This meeting considered the Constitution in detail, and requested all national parliaments and

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citizens of the world to ratify the Constitution of the Earth. The meeting also adopted a declaration of rights, which includes the right of people to assemble, to make changes in the Constitution, and to ratify the Constitution, regardless of national governments, as it became clear that national governments were the main obstacle to the creation of a global democracy, despite the enormous challenges which face the world. Since that time, representatives of the Association have realized that although the people of the Earth can help national governments to create a ­decent system of the world, the World Constitution abolishes all government, and this document can be ratified by the inhabitants of the Earth, regardless of governments. Taking into account the catastrophic humanitarian issues which governments are unable to solve (from global climate change to global resource depletion, pollution on a planetary scale, ever-growing poverty, and global militarism), we can say that national governments have lost moral legitimacy, which can be restored only when they find their place in the Federation of the Earth. This unites all states under the power of planetary law, which is capable of solving these issues. Article 19 of the World Constitution obliges the inhabitants of the Earth to create an interim world government until final ratification of the Constitution by the people and nations of the Earth. According to the Constitution, any governmental authority can be created – from courts to police and to ministries. However, a lack of resources greatly limits the formation of the interim government of the world until the creation of the Interim World Parliament, which met for the first time at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton (uk) in 1982. The inauguration of this parliament took place under the chairmanship of Sir Mohammed Chaudhry Zafrulla, Khan of Pakistan, the former chairman of the un General Assembly and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan. Such famous persons as Dr. Lucille Green (later co-founder and president of the World Citizens’ Assembly), Max Habicht, and A.B. Patel, who took up a post of speaker of the parliament, became representatives. Many representatives from twenty-five countries and five continents attended the inaugural meeting of the parliament. In the 1980s the Association was focused on organizing sessions of the Interim Parliament according to Article 19 of the Constitution of the Earth. The parliament was held in New Delhi (India) in 1985 and in Miami Beach (usa) in 1987. However, because of criticism of the new Constitution, the need was recognized for a final session of the World Constituent Assembly in 1991. This was held in Troia (Portugal), and delegates adopted fifty-nine small changes in the wording of the Constitution before beginning a worldwide campaign for its ratification. This campaign was called Global Ratification and Global Elective network, and later became

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known as the Earth Federation Movement (efm). Most editions of the Constitution also contain signatures of these delegates. In 1985, the second session of the Provisional World Parliament was opened by the President of India Zail Singh before a packed house at Vigyan Bhavan in New Delhi. In the following days the parliament continued his work at the Club of the Constitution (where the Constitution of India was signed) under the chairmanship of the speaker of the lower house of the Indian Parliament, Lok Sabha Bal Ram Yakara. In June 1987 the third session of parliament was opened at the Fontainebleau Hilton in Miami Beach. It lasted eleven days. In this session a number of important legislative acts for the world were approved. The session also included displays by developing countries, which demonstrated their products and goods. At the beginning of the 1980s there was an opportunity to organize the first International Interim District Court in collaboration with a lawyer from Los Angeles, Leon Vikman, who pursued the study of nuclear weapons and the countries involved in this criminal activity. Vickman needed authorities and asked for help from the Association to act under the guidance of the World Constitution. Three law professors attended the court: Burns Weston (University of Iowa), Francis Boyle (University of Illinois), and Alfred Rubin (Tufts University). All countries that held nuclear weapons were invited to the court (including those suspected of developing nuclear weapons). Several written answers were obtained. For example, India denied that it was engaged in the development and creation of nuclear weapons. Most countries did not respond. In 1987, all countries were convicted in absentia and found guilty (with some difference in opinion as to the degree of guilt). The court has not continued this work since the 1980s despite there being resources available. A similar initiative, the creation of an interim International Court of Justice, was adopted at the twelfth session of the Provisional World Parliament in December 2010. A College of Magistrates (as stipulated by the Constitution) has been created, to operate before the ratification and creation of a World Court. Such a provisional judicial system of the world will act independently and therefore much more effectively than the International Criminal Court, which is “lame” because of politics and the un. If there were a global social contract (which allowed for prosecution), according to the Association the leaders of Russia, the us, Britain, France, Israel, China, and other countries would be in prison. In the 1980s, the first sessions of the World Interim Parliament were very successful and were widely covered in the press. Hundreds of organizations

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ORGANIZATIONS

around the world supported the Constitution of the Federation of Earth. The heads of some poor countries expressed interest in meeting leaders of the Association. A campaign for the ratification of the Constitution was in full swing, and numerous ratifications were brought to the office signed by individuals; a network was developing worldwide. In the early 1980s, leaders began to notice subversion of their activities, organized, in their opinion, by backstage manipulations organized by superpowers. After first three successful sessions of the Provisional World Parliament in 1982, 1985, and 1987, this became destructive. Heads of state in small countries that had been interested in cooperating with the Association suddenly and inexplicably refused to cooperate. Planned meetings failed to take place, when hundreds of delegates failed to arrive. The rapidly growing success of the movement to ratify the Constitution of the Earth Federation suddenly stopped. For example, for several months in 1998, the Association organized a meeting with un ambassadors in New York. Many ambassadors responded affirmatively, a venue was chosen, and lunch was booked for sixty people ($60,000 being spent on the organization of the event). Leaders of the Association arrived in advance to make sure that everything was properly organized. But none of the ambassadors were there at the appointed hour. Such a failure could not have been an accident. Philip Easley was very sad about such evident backroom activity, which further manifested itself in the fourth and fifth sessions of the Provisional World Parliament in Barcelona (Spain) in 1996 and on the island of Malta in 2000. Now eighty-five years old, his activities began to wane. Board members created a new Association, which started at the sixth session of the parliament in Bangkok (Thailand) in March 2003. In Bangkok, the Executive Board elected Dr. Glen T. Martin as General Secretary of the Association. Dr. Terence Amerasinghe became the president and Dr. Eugenia Almand became Deputy General Secretary. The international headquarters were moved from Denver (Colorado) to Radford (Virginia). The Association continues to update projects related to the Movement of the Earth Federation, ratification of the World Constitution, the organization of sessions of the Provisional World Parliament, and supports the activities of the Association’s offices in different countries, organizing seminars, conferences, and meetings around the world to promote research, awareness, and new translations of the ratification of the Constitution of the World (the Constitution is currently translated into twenty-three languages). In March 2003, the Association organized its seventh session in Chennai (India) in December 2003, eighth in Lucknow (India) in 2004, ninth in Tripoli (Libya) in 2006, tenth in Kara (Togo) in 2007, eleventh in Nainital (India) in 2009, and twelfth in Calcutta (India) 2010. These sessions of parliament with

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the support of the Association were focused on the creation and development of world law. The Association’s work is currently collected and published in three volumes entitled World Law, edited by Eugenia Alm and Glen T. Martin. Today, forty-two of the world’s prior legislative acts are placed on the website of the Institute on World Problems, ; there is also a link to the website . Since its twelfth session the Association has organized and promoted the College of Magistrates as a basis for a truly independent judicial system of the world, acting according to the Constitution of the World. The Association promotes the idea that people everywhere have the right to and indeed must act independently of the illegitimate power of so-called sovereign national states, because they are inhabitants of the world and are faithful to the law and the universal authority of the Constitution of the Federation of Earth.

Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (biiss)

The Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (biiss) is a statutory institution established on June 25, 1978 by the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The Institute was established with the aim of undertaking and promoting research and deliberation on international affairs, security, and developmental issues. The Institute is also expected to advance the knowledge and understanding of contemporary international and strategic issues in national and regional perspectives. The research activities of the Institute are carried out by a Research Faculty, consisting of a team of full-time researchers with varied social sciences background. An officer of the Armed Forces, usually of the rank of colonel, is also deputed to the Institute to undertake research in the field of defense-related studies. The Institute is organized along the territorial and functional distribution of Divisions and Desks. There are five divisions in the Research Faculty: (1) Defense Studies, (2) Non-traditional Security Studies, (3) International Studies, (4) Strategic Studies, and (5) Peace and Conflict Studies. Each division is headed by a research director. The following are the priority areas of the Institute’s research interests: • foreign policy, security, and strategic issues with specific relevance to Bangladesh; • regional, subregional, interregional, and international cooperation; • non-traditional security issues such as human security, globalization and its impact on poverty and the development process of developing countries in general and Bangladesh in particular;

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• socio-economic development, environment, and natural resource management; • conflict studies, peacekeeping, security of small states, disarmament, nonproliferation, global peace, North–South and South–South issues; and • area studies, particularly political and strategic developments in various parts of the world. Contemporary issues of South Asian politics, security, and development are the focus of research activities. Bangladesh’s relations with its neighboring countries receive key interest. Bangladesh’s external relations with its development partners also receive scholarly attention. The research agenda of biiss are continually adapted to the dynamics of global changes. Thus, in the post-Cold War era, attention is focused more on ethno-religious issues, regional and subregional cooperation, globalization, and environmental issues than on superpower rivalry, non-alignment, and related issues of the Cold War period. biiss has also developed some expertise on peace-keeping and peace-building. Address: 1/46, Old Elephant Road, Ramna, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Bulgarian Center for Sustainable Local Development and Ecopedagogy (bcslde)

The idea of creating bcslde was born in 2007 as a result of the ethical and sustainability vision of young Bulgarian experts and their international activity in the field of sustainable development policies, ecopedagogy, and direct democracy. In 2011, the bcslde was founded as a Non-Governmental Organization of Public Interest, with the mission to: • support local governments and local communities for the introduction, development, and implementation of scenarios, programs, and projects for sustainable development; • initiate and realize local, regional, and international sustainability ecopedagogy projects by enhancing Euro-cooperation and launching intercontinental cooperation programs. Its universal mission is to contribute actively to the creation of a new sustainable ecopedagogy-driven civilization all over the world by empowering and uniting people for sustainability and peace.

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The Center aims to build: • sustainable communities, eco-villages, and sustainable urban transformation; • sustainable local green economy and green jobs; • ecopedagogy for kindergartens, schools, universities, local institutions, and civil society; • an active youth culture of participatory democracy, cooperation, and multiculturalism; • active social integration, creative, and sport activities for disadvantaged and disabled people; fighting against inequality, aggression, and discrimination in society; • protection of nature and biological and cultural diversity; • climate change adaptation and mitigation; • culture and practice of active direct democracy, engagement with environmental problems, and self actualization; E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Canadian International Council (cic)

The cic was founded in 1928 as the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, and in 2007 was reformed into the Canadian International Council. It is a national non-governmental organization. The cic specializes in the study of global issues and the analysis of international relations. Its goal is the improvement of Canadian foreign policy. The most significant reports published by the Council in 2010–12 are “Will It Actually Make a Difference?” (2012); “Issues in Canada–China Relations” (2011); “Rights and Rents. Why Canada Must Harness Its Intellectual Property Resources” (2011); “Open Canada: A Global Positioning Strategy for a Networked Age” (2010). The cic publishes the following magazines: Foreign Policy for Canada’s Tomorrow; A Changing World: Canadian Foreign Policy Priorities; China Papers; cic Working Group Reports; cic Conference and Event Reports; International Insights; Behind the Headlines. Council Chairman: Jim Balsillie Deputy Chairman: Bill Graham Director: Jennifer A. Jeffs Address: 45 Willcocks Street, Suite 210, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1C7, Canada

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ORGANIZATIONS

Center for Ethics and Global Politics

The Center for Ethics and Global Politics at luiss University is a specialized research and teaching center that aims to develop the understanding of the key ethical and political issues that concern our global age. It intends to provide both academia and the professional world with expertise and consultancy on the most urgent normative dilemmas raised by public choices regarding globalization. The Center for Ethics and Global Politics is a new institution that incorporates the long-standing Center for the Study of Human Rights (cersdu) at luiss. It combines two particular specialisms: the philosophical study of political justice and the study of international affairs from different perspectives. Regarding research, the Center has a broad permanent and visiting faculty from several countries composed largely of political theorists and scholars of international relations. Regarding teaching, the Center runs an international Ph.D. program with over thirty students from seventeen countries, a Master’s course on human rights, and a summer school. The Center is part of several international networks and research projects, and regularly holds public lectures by leading scholars and professionals. Address: Libera Università Internazionale Studi Sociali Guido Carli – l­ uiss, Via Alberoni, 7, 00198 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Global Governance Studies

The Center for Global Governance Studies, established in 2006, studies ­political, economic, and cultural issues related to global governance. In studying these issues, the center draws on insights from several different academic disciplines, including political science, international politics, and public administration. The center has a Program for Urban Governance Studies managed by Dr. Liu Ye, and holds regular seminars for working paper discussion as well as small workshops on some strategic issues. Director: Lin Shangli Address: 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, China, 200433 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institutes, Centers, Associations



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Center for Global Nonkilling

In 1988 the Center for Global Nonviolence Planning Project was established by Professor Glenn Paige as an exploratory initiative in the Spark M. Matsunaga Institute of Peace, College of Social Sciences at the University of Hawaii. Its purpose was a creative facilitator of research, education training, and action in the form of problem-solving leadership for nonviolent global transformation. The Center has pursued the discovering and sharing of nonviolent spiritual and scientific skills and artistic resources through cooperation with individuals and institutions throughout the world, and by assisting the global emergence of nonviolent leadership and citizen competence. The Center has also produced a number of publications and convened and participated in leadership conferences around the world. In 2002, Professor Paige published Nonkilling Global Political Science. The research findings of the book, of which translations to over thirty languages have been completed or are currently in progress, have become the basis for curricula, on-the-ground advocacy, and affiliate centers in some of the most killing-prone places in the world. This book was published the same year as, and complements, the unprecedented World Health Organization (who) World Report on Violence and Health (2002), which concludes that human violence (including suicide, homicide, and war) is a “preventable disease.” These publications were significant contributions to the growing literature on issues, research, and initiatives related to reducing or eliminating killing from various causes, and in various places, around the world. In November 2007 the Center organized and convened the First Global Nonkilling Leadership Forum. A major outcome from this was the acknowledged need and demonstrable support for establishing a successor Center for Global Nonkilling, along with an associated Global Nonkilling Leadership Academy. Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Corrigan Maguire co-chaired the Forum with  retired Canadian science diplomat and Department of Peace advocate Dr. Bill Bhaneja. The Forum was attended by thirty participants from twenty countries. Immediately following the Forum, in December 2007, Professor Paige and cgnv Secretary Glenda Paige attended the Eighth World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Rome, where the Peace Laureates proclaimed a Charter for a World without Violence. A significant result from the meeting was the addition of a thirteenth principle to the Charter, drafted at the request of Nobel Laureate Mairead Maguire, that calls upon all “to work together towards a just, killing-free world in which everyone has the right not to be killed and the responsibility not to kill others.”

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The Center for Global Nonkilling has a unique mission: to promote change toward the measurable goal of a killing-free world in reverence for life. Address: 3653 Tantalus Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822–5033, United States E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (orsam)

The Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies was established on January 1, 2009 in order to provide relevant information to the general public and to the foreign policy community. The institute underwent an intensive structuring process, and began to concentrate exclusively on Middle Eastern affairs. orsam provides the general public and decision-making organizations with enlightening information about international politics in order to promote a healthier understanding of international policy issues and to help them to adopt appropriate positions. In order to present effective solutions, orsam supports high-quality research by intellectuals and researchers who are competent in a variety of disciplines. orsam’s strong publishing capacity transmits meticulous analyses of regional developments and trends to the relevant parties. With its website, books, reports, and periodicals, orsam supports the development of Middle Eastern literature on a national and international scale. orsam facilitates the sharing of knowledge and ideas with the Turkish and international communities by inviting statesmen, bureaucrats, academicians, strategists, businessmen, journalists, and ngo representatives to Turkey. Address: Süleyman Nazif Sokak No: 12-B Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Strategic and International Studies (csis)

At the height of the Cold War in 1962, Admiral Arleigh Burke and David Abshire founded the Center for Strategic Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, d.c. The institution was dedicated to the simple but urgent goal of finding ways for the United States to survive as a nation and prosper as a people. csis is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, d.c. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look to the future and anticipate change. csis has become one of the world’s preeminent

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international policy institutions focused on defense and security, regional stability, and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global development and economic integration. Today, csis is one of the world’s preeminent public policy institutions on foreign policy and national security issues. An independent not-for-profit organization since 1987, csis is now preparing to mark its first half-century of existence with a new state-of-the-art headquarters in downtown Washington, d.c. With its traditional defense and security programs, initiatives focused on global challenges such as health and energy, and research projects dedicated to every corner of the globe, csis is well positioned for another fifty years of providing strategic insights and policy solutions to the world’s decision-makers. Address: 1616 Rhode Island Avenue, nw, Washington d.c. 20036 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for International Security Studies (ciss)

In July 2006 ciss was established along with the Michael Hintze Chair of International Security to produce innovative research and education programs on the enduring and emerging security challenges facing Australia, the Asia Pacific, and the world. ciss is organized into four research and teaching areas: biosecurity, geosecurity, infosecurity, and global security. In a rapidly changing security environment it expects the unexpected and seeks to apply its expertise to unforeseen global events, natural and unnatural disasters, and shocks to international security as they arise. Its research informs and solicits an active engagement with the policy community and public at large. ciss has three key objectives: • to produce cutting-edge academic research by encouraging integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to traditional and emerging challenges to security, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region; • to develop the next generation of academics and practitioners by providing high quality postgraduate education in international security; • to broaden and deepen public understanding of the nexus between interstate conflict, transnational forces, and human insecurity. Located at the School of Social and Political Sciences, in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Sydney, the Center’s core strength is its

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interdisciplinary approach to the study of international security. ciss draws on the wide range of skills and expertise available within the faculty and across the university, including the Faculties of Law, Medicine, and Business, and the United States Studies Center. Partnering with organizations spanning policy, operations, and academia, ciss is uniquely positioned to analyze and interpret the strategic implications of world events for governments, businesses, and individuals. Address: Room 379, H04 – Merewether Building, The University of Sydney, nsw 2006, Australia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Conflict Resolution (South Africa) (ccr)

ccr, established in Cape Town in 1968, is an independent, nonprofit organization that makes a significant contribution to the achievement of peace in Africa through the development of different approaches to conflict resolution based on studies. ccr deals with the problem of reducing violence in Africa and the development of policies that promote capacity communications with the rest of Africa. The Center conducts public seminars, which serve as a platform of discussion of topical issues of global and regional governance, peace, and global security. The seminars involve members of parliament, civil society leaders, academics, students, and interested members of the public. Under the auspices of ccr there have been numerous publications, including publications on global topics, for example the book From Global Apartheid to Global Village: Africa and the United Nations; this can be read on the Center’s website. Address: Coornhoop, 2 Dixton Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Global Development (cgd)

cgd was founded in November 2001 by Edward Scott Jr., C. Fred Bergsten, and Nancy Birdsall. A technology entrepreneur, philanthropist, and ­former senior us government official, Ed Scott provided the vision and a

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­significant ­financial commitment that made the creation of the Center possible. Fred Bergsten, the director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, lent his formidable reputation in academic and policy circles and provided the fledgling Center with a roof and logistical support within the Peterson Institute for the Center’s initial months of operation. Nancy Birdsall, a former head of the World Bank research department and executive vice-president of the Inter-American Development Bank, became cgd’s first president. Her intellectual leadership and rare combination of being both hard-headed and soft-hearted about development attracted a cadre of researchers and other professionals who are deeply dedicated to cgd’s mission. Since its founding in 2001, cgd has earned a reputation as a “think and do” tank, where independent research is channeled into practical policy proposals that help to shape decisions in Washington, other rich-country capitals, and international financial institutions. They have put on the global agenda – and sometimes helped to drive to implementation – proposals to accelerate vaccine development; to permit migration as a tool in disaster recovery; to write down $36 billion in Nigerian debt; to make the World Bank more effective, accountable, and legitimate; and to create a new international institution for independent evaluation of povertyreduction efforts. cgd’s senior researchers and other experts are intellectual leaders in their fields, combining academic rigor and practical experience to increase global prosperity. Their visiting and non-resident fellows contribute an added level of knowledge to cgd’s work. Many are simultaneously employed at leading universities, institutions, and ngos around the world. cgd also provides promising young researchers from developing countries an opportunity to work for one year at the Center as part of the International Development Research Center (idrc) fellowship. The complete staff listing includes cgd policy analysts, program managers, communications professionals, and research assistants. Address: 2055 L Street nw, Fifth Floor, Washington d.c. 20036, usa Website:

Center for Sustainable Development (CSDi)

Since 2008, CSDi has specialized in providing sound, evidence-based information, tools, and training for humanitarian development professionals worldwide. CSDi is firmly committed to proven, results-based solutions to end

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s­uffering and poverty. Its goal is to spread these solutions across the globe through online field guides, resources, and interactive online workshops. The organization’s mission is to improve the lives of the world’s most vulnerable people by increasing the impact of development projects through empowering in-country field staff with the knowledge and skills to work more effectively. They provide in-country development field staff around the world with affordable, accessible, and personalized information, and training, consultancy, and networking services to enable them to better plan and execute their projects. Information services include fact sheets, lesson plans, reading lists, and articles that are provided free of charge. Training and consultancy services are principally provided via CSDi’s online courses, and in-country custom workshops are also run. Networking services are provided within a collaborative learning network, in which members can interact and problem-solve together. Address: 724 Via Santo Tomas, Claremont, ca 91711 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Global Initiatives at the University of North Carolina

Founded in 1993, the Center is a catalyst for innovative works of students and faculty at the University of North Carolina. It is included in eleven national science centers of global research, created on the initiative of the us Department of Education. Currently the Center focuses on the following research areas: (1) conflict resolution, (2) global health, (3) migration, problems of citizenship and human rights, (4) water resources, (5) globalization of the us South. Director: Professor Niklaus Steiner Address: The University of North Carolina, 301 Pittsboro Street, 3002, Campus Box, 5145, Chapel Hill, nc 27599–5145, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Global, International, and Regional Studies (cgirs) University of California, Santa Cruz

CGIRS was established in 1996 through a merger of the research centre of global transformations and the global security program of Stevenson C ­ ollege.

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The  Center is engaged in solving problems through innovative research ­conducted at universities, public relations, and analysis of political events. Activities are funded by the Department of the Center of Social Sciences, various private foundations, and corporations. cgirs is a major division of International Relations studies at the University of California at Santa Cruz. It recognizes the prerogative of regional studies. Modern societies are fixed in specific regions and localities and at the same time connected with other local societies through complex political, economic, social, and cultural communicative interactions. cgirs relies on the e­ xperience of teachers and participation of students, concentrating its a­ ctivities in four main areas: innovation, security, identity, and stability. The main objectives of cgirs are: • stimulating innovative theoretical work in the social sciences. Promotion of research results through conferences, workshops, publications, review articles, monographs, and journal articles; • interaction with the scientific community: organization of summer workshops, student internships, strengthening international cooperation with other research centers; • support of talented youth – promotion of educational initiatives, establishment of scholarships for young researchers; • participation in the development of civil society – in the framework of the Global Information Technology program students can master skills in the information economy, which are necessary for work with civil society and non-governmental organizations. cgirs aims to boost student capacity for civic participation and action. The directors are Professor of Sociology Paul Lubeck and Professor of Political Science Ronnie Lipschutz. Address: University of California, Social Sciences, 1, Faculty Services, Santa Cruz, ca 95064, usa E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Website:

Center for Global Studies (cgs) At George Mason University

cgs was established in 2004 in order to support interdisciplinary research on globalization and international relations.

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This division of the university employs more than 100 teachers. Research covers the entire spectrum of humanities, social and natural sciences, information technology and equipment, as well as practice-oriented areas such as conflict resolution, public policy, law, management, and health. cgs also coordinates information and advocacy efforts in the field of global research, promoting access to information for different target audiences. cgs recognizes that global society in the twenty-first century is characterized by an unprecedented level of connectivity and mobility. Nations, cultures, goods, and the capital market are expanding their boundaries and challenging existing models of geography, politics, and the market. Traditional approaches to geopolitical studies are unable to explain the complexity of global life. cgs experts argue that in recent years globalization together with a new world reality has caused the development of new research paradigms and programs, and this intense interdependence has to be understood better. Areas of research include: • • • • •

management issues and community “in transition”; cross-cultural values and ethical systems; global development and economic justice; transnational flows of people: migrants, diaspora, refugees; transnational democracy.

Information and educational activity includes: • collaboration with universities, think tanks, and research centers; • briefing and publishing executives and specialists in the field of global research in both the public and non-governmental sectors; • providing resources and expertise to regional public organizations and educational institutions. cgs is a member of Globalization Studies Network – an international consortium of university centers for research into globalization. The heads of cgs are Terrence Lyons and Jo-Marie Burt. Address: George Mason University, 3401 Fairfax Drive, ms 1B9, Arlington, va 22201, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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The Center for Global Studies and the Humanities, Duke University

The Center for Global Studies and the Humanities at Duke University aims to study the complex rhetoric of modernity and logic of colonialism under the imperial/colonial geo-historical power configuration. The analytical dimension of the modern process of colonialization is accompanied by the opposite process of decolonialization. Decolonialization is not only a consequence but also a departure from the concept of decolonization, which reflects the struggle of developing countries for liberation during the Cold War. After 1989 decolonialization began to show in the fields of knowledge, epistemology, and subjectivity: if colonialization is basically defined as a logic of control and control over man, resources, and knowledge, then subjective decolonialization is a process of liberation from the ideals of modernity, which conceals the logic and consequences of colonialization (for example, racism in its epistemic and ontological dimensions). Activities of the Center are organized in four main areas: • seminars and lectures at Duke University; • organization of workshops and seminars with center partners; publication in electronic and print formats; • organization of exhibitions; • conducting of special courses on geopolitics, colonialization issues, political economy, and international relations. Management of the Center is carried out by the Advisory Board, which consists of ten Duke University professors, and the Governing Board of the Center, which includes more than thirty Duke University professors. Address: Room 101 Friedl Building, East Campus, 1316, Campus Drive Duke Box, 90670 Durham, nc 27708, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Global Sustainability Studies (cgss)

cgss is designed to work with all other relevant sections of the Universiti Sains Malaysia, regional and international sustainability organizations, national and regional governments, the private sector, civil society groups, and ngos to promote sustainable development, paying particular attention to the disempowered bottom billion.

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cgss has built its foundation on sustainability and made the crucial decision to take on roles in this area. The time has now come for it to enter the next phase of its sustainability mission, in producing tangible impacts and becoming a major player in the field of sustainability. The commitment and clear understanding of cgss’s vision and mission collectively form the Center’s biggest assets toward achieving this role, and although affiliations and cooperation with other entities are warmly welcomed, it is nonetheless cgss’s mission to ensure the attainment of its sustainability goals. Such lofty aims require tremendous amounts of team effort, passion, and support from every individual on the team. That being said, individual efforts in fostering and nurturing sustainability are recognized and encouraged as fundamental in creating team success. cgss also recognizes that a balanced environment consisting of strong software, hardware, and financial support is crucial in propagating an effortless and lively work environment. Accordingly, new innovative ideas leaning toward cost-effectiveness will be a key feature of this work environment, that is, the satisfying of livelihood needs for all forming the core of every decision at cgss. The Center’s research is guided by a finely tuned balance between state-ofthe-art developments in science and technology as well as the needs facing humanity today. It is only natural therefore that local practices are included in the move toward enhancing a global shift, with education, training, multimedia, and lobbying functioning as agents of change. The impacts of water, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity (wehab) on: • population and poverty; • production and consumption; • climate change and disaster will be future key sustainability challenges facing all Earth’s inhabitants, and it is these challenges that cgss intends to address in its endeavors toward creating a more sustainable world. Address: 5th Floor, Hamzah Sendut Library (New Wing), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Website: < https://cgss.usm.my/>

Center for Independent Studies (Australia) (cis)

cis, established in April 1976 in Sydney, is a leading independent think tank in Australia. Its initial aim was to promote the study of liberal ideas, and today

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cis activities are associated with conducting discussions involving scientists, politicians, journalists, and the general public, considering the cis’s ideas, and discussing strategies for their implementation. cis supports young people who are interested in learning the basic principles of free society in a globalized world, and for many years has organized student conferences on the subject. Experts from cis are involved in studying global issues and processes. They publish articles on global issues on their website, for example “Imbalance of the Global Economic System.” The website includes a section relating to foreign policy analysis, in which articles are published under such headings as China, India, and global policy, which analyses the main vectors of the modern world, and provides forecasts for the future political alignment of forces in the world arena. Analyses of countries’ economic policies, as well as changes in the global economy, also appear on the website. Address: Level 1, 131 Macquarie Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Center for International Governance Innovation (cigi)

cigi was founded in 2001 and is currently an independent organization for studies in the field of international governance. It conducts studies, holds political debates, and offers ideas to improve multilateral governance. Activities are connected with carrying out research programs, interdisciplinary work, and collaboration with political, business, and academic communities around the world. cigi’s research program focuses on four themes: global economy, environment and energy, global development, and global security. To explore these questions, cigi collaborates with a number of strategic partners, in particular the Government of Canada and Government of Ontario. cigi aims to become the world’s leading think tank in the field of international management research. Its experts believe that better international governance can improve the lives of people around the world, enhance global stability, offer a solution to problems of inequality and human rights, and promote a more secure world. Director: Thomas Bernes Address: 57 Erb St. West, Waterloo, on, N2L 6C2, Canada Website:

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Center for International Sustainable Development Law (cisdl)

cisdl is a not-for-profit organization federally incorporated in Canada, committed to fostering engaged, cooperative legal research and dialogue among scholars and practitioners from all regions of the world, especially developing countries. The cisdl develops and maintains strong collaborative linkages ­between international legal researchers with backgrounds from diverse legal traditions (including civil law and common law), who hold academic and professional appointments related to specific fields of international law. The ­cisdl structure and programs seek to promote the greater integration of scholarly research being carried out in the areas of international social, economic, and environmental law. Through cisdl, members carry out legal research and analysis, host conferences, academic workshops, dialogue sessions, and legal panel events parallel to international negotiations, and publish books, peerreviewed journal articles, working papers, and legal briefs in English, Spanish, and French on the intersections between international social, economic, and environmental fields of law. cisdl is governed by a distinguished Board of Governors, and relies upon a roster of learned international advisors for guidance. There are a Senior Director, nine Lead Counsel (leading six different legal research programs, plus three with responsibility for cross-cutting governance and accountability initiatives), and senior research fellows (tenured professors, justices, and senior legal professionals), legal research fellows (academics and legal professionals), and associate fellows (graduate and law students). It has a small international secretariat, based at the McGill Faculty of Law, University of Nairobi Faculty of Law, ­University of Chile Faculty of Law, and University of Cambridge Faculty of Law. The mission of cisdl is to promote legal education relating to sustainable societies and the protection of ecosystems by advancing the understanding, development, and implementation of international sustainable development law. cisdl members include learned jurists and scholars from all regions of the world, and a diversity of legal traditions. Through a competitive annual process, cisdl selects Associate Fellows, Legal Research Fellows and Senior Research Fellows, who hold the associated privileges and obligations of membership. cisdl hosts law courses, seminar series, and conferences to further its legal research agenda. It provides instructors, lecturers, and capacity-building materials for developing country governments and international organizations in national and international law in the field of sustainable development, and works with countries to develop national laws to implement international treaties in these areas. Address: Chancellor Day Hall, 3644 Peel Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1 W9, Canada

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E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Centre for Policy Studies (cps)

Founded in 1974 in London, cps is an analytical center whose purpose is to promote consistent implementation of uk state policy, reform of the public service sector, assist the public, and eliminate the threat of national independence. cps is a charitable organization. On the cps website there is a blog where cps analysts publish articles on various issues, particularly global in scope. For example, “Going to War and ­Global  Morality – Some Thoughts” deals with relations between states in the  era  of  globalization and analyzes a range of views of international integration. cps often invites famous politicians and scholars to talk about politics, international relations, and developments in the global world, such as the global economic crisis. For example, Jill Kirby gave a lecture entitled “Conservative response to an economic crisis,” which provoked a public outcry. cps attracts students who are interested in national and international politics and gives them an opportunity to publish their articles, thus taking an active part in the world of politics. The cps website analyses events which have received wide press coverage. For example, a report by the Global Commission on Drug Policy was analyzed, indicating that data may be misleading about the prevalence of drug use in the context of global health issues. One of the main areas of studies is related to understanding the reasons behind failures of global capitalism and the class system in the British ­constitution (see “Constitutional Mania”), and analysis of world development in the era of globalization and global relations (e.g. “The End of the Western Model”). Address: 57 Tufton Street, London, SW1P 3QL, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Research on Globalization (crg)

The Global Research website was established on September 9, 2001, two days b­ efore the tragic events of 9/11. Just a few days later, it had become a major news source about the New World Order and Washington’s “war on terrorism.”

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crg is an independent research and media non-profit organization based in Montreal, Canada. In addition to its websites, crg is involved in book publishing, support for humanitarian projects, and educational outreach activities, including the organization of public conferences and lectures. It also acts as a think tank on crucial economic and geopolitical issues. The Global Research website publishes news articles, commentary, background research, and analysis on a broad range of issues, focusing on social, economic, strategic, and environmental issues. During the invasion of Iraq (March–April 2003), for example, Global Research published, on a daily basis, independent reports from the Middle East, which provided an alternative to the news emanating from the “embedded” journalists reporting from the war theater. Since 2004, Global Research  has provided detailed analysis and coverage of us–nato–Israel preparations to wage a pre-emptive nuclear attack on Iran. Starting in 2011, gr has developed dossiers on the us–nato-led wars on Libya and Syria, the Arab Protest movement, the environmental impacts of the Fukushima disaster, the ongoing crisis in Ukraine, the militarization of the African continent, the development of the police state in North America and Western Europe, and the devastating impacts of biotechnology, among other important topics. Global Research articles are used as source material by college and university students. Moreover, numerous universities, libraries, and research institutions have established a link to Global Research on their respective websites. Global Research has also become a source of specialized information and analysis for journalists, senior government officials, financial analysts, and non-governmental organizations. Director: Michel Chossudovsky E-mail: [email protected] Address: po Box 55019, 11 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, H2Y 4A7, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for Research on Globalization and Democratic Governance

The Center for Research on Globalization and Democratic Governance (­glodem) was established in September 2004 as an informal network at Koç ­University (Istanbul, Turkey). Fuat Cayman is founder and director of the ­Center. In September 2010, the Center was approved by the Council for Higher Education. Currently, the Board includes Associate Professor Reşat Bayer (vice-­ coordinator of the democratization program), Caner Bakir (coordinator of the

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global political economy program), Suhnaz Yilmaz (coordinator of the policy program), and Kamil Yilmaz. The Director is Ziya Onis. Address: College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarayer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Center for the Study of Global Change, Indiana University

The Center was established in 1989. Its activity concentrates on three main objectives: • promotion of internationalization of the University of Indiana; • contribution to a deeper analysis of global problems, widening achievements of Indiana University at regional, national, and international levels; • creating an enabling environment for innovation in teaching and research projects in the field of global problems. The Center conducts interdisciplinary studies and educational programs that cover global issues and focus on change and transformation of dynamic, transnational, complex, and multifaceted phenomena. Research groups, courses, seminars, and training programs focus on the study of topics such as social and democratic transformation, interaction of civil society and government, health care, culture, environment, international politics, nationalism and language, the global securities market, and human rights issues. Teaching and learning are the main activities of the Center. It is systematically and consistently engaged in the creation of educational programs for ­students, and promotes cooperation and innovation through conferences, exhibitions, and other events aimed at educating on various aspects of global issues. Director: Hilary Kahn Address: 201 North Indiana Avenue, Bloomington, in 47408–4001, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Centre for the Study of Global Governance, London School of Economics and Political Science (csgg)

The csgg was founded in 1992 by Lord Desai, who was one of the pioneers of the research challenges of globalization. The csgg is now a leading i­ nternational

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organization that specializes in research, analysis, and dissemination of global governance. It is part of the London School of Economics and Political Science. The csgg aims to raise awareness of global issues, encouraging interaction between scientists, politicians, journalists, and so on. Currently, it is headed by Graham Wallace, Professor of Political Science David Held and Professor of Global Governance Mary Kaldor. Among its completed projects is “Development of Training Programs in the Field of European Studies” in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The implementation of this project led to the introduction of two Master’s programs in Sarajevo and Banja Luka. After successful completion of the pilot project (Master’s programs in the field of democracy and human rights in South-Eastern Europe in 2000), the European Commission approved a new three-year cycle of the project – with development of the Master’s program in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Among recent projects are “Functional Boundaries and Sustainable Security: the Integration of the Balkans into the European Union” and “The New Security Program for Europe.” Address: Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, uk Website:

Centre for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization (csgr), University of Warwick

Opened in 1997, csgr is the largest research center in Europe. It is part of the Faculty of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, and focuses on the study of changes in international political economy, on the issues of globalization and regionalization, and on the links between political economy and economic sociology, law, and economics. Director: Shaun Breslin Address: University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (csis)

The American analytical center csis was founded in Washington in 1962 and is aimed at development of political strategies in us foreign policy. Recommendations and suggestions are focused on decision-makers in government, international organizations, the private sector, and civil society. In addition,

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csis conducts analysis of political and economic issues, as well as key aspects of security, focusing on public policy and global communication (interaction experience in the field of international trade, finance, and energy). csis covers all aspects of foreign and security policy, in particular new trends, as well as the long-term effects of global and regional crises, including analysis of events in specific geographical areas, such as the Middle East or Russia, as well as a global phenomenon, such as global terrorism and international trade, which is a definite contribution to development and globalization. csis implements a variety of programs, the thematic orientation of which is directly related to global studies. Among them are a program on global water policy (Project on Global Water Policy), a program that investigates ­global ­demographic trends (Global Aging Initiative), the Global Food Security ­Project, the Global Health Policy Center, and the Global Forum on security ­issues. E ­ ssential work is being done in the areas of global health, global trends and forecasting, and global strategy. In these areas studies on global trends, processes and phenomena, such as global politics, are conducted. Address: 1616 Rhode Island Avenue, nw, Washington d.c. 20036, usa Website: Press office: H. Andrew Schwartz (E-mail: [email protected])

Center for the Study Of Globalization, George Washington University

Founded in 2003, the Center and aims to educate the public on issues related to the causes of globalization, and the impact of globalization on business strategy and public policy, as well as on people’s daily lives. The Center has initiated research projects in collaboration with the Globalization Studies Network. It strives to develop new directions in this field, as well as conducting scientific analysis of globalization. Address: 2033 K Street nw, Suite 230, Washington d.c., 20052 usa E-mail: [email protected] Websites: ,

Center for Sustainable Development (cenesta)

cenesta is a non-governmental, nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting sustainable community- and culture-based development. Its main area of work is Iran and Southwest Asia, with programs and projects in other parts of

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the world. cenesta experts have also engaged in extensive activities in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and internationally in general. cenesta is a member of iucn (the International Union for Conservation of Nature) and is a founding member of the icca Consortium (an international organization dedicated to conservation by indigenous peoples and traditional communities). cenesta works with a variety of partners, from local communities in Iran and other countries to local and national government agencies, universities, research organizations, as well as national and international ngos. The un bodies with which cenesta and its experts have entertained collaboration include gef/sgp, fao, unicef, undp, ifad, unso, and the un Secretariat. In addition, cenesta is accredited to the Convention on Biological Diversity (cbd), the un Convention to Combat Desertification (unccd), the un Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc), and the European Commission (ec). cenesta is active in the following areas: • restoration of the rights of indigenous peoples (ips) and traditional local communities (lcs) over their natural resources and territories, including the facilitation of the self-organization of ips and traditional communities – through strengthening customary institutions of governance. There is a special emphasis on working with the 700 indigenous nomadic tribes of Iran as well as farmers and rural and urban traditional and local communities; • iccas: Indigenous People’s Biocultural Territories and Community Conserved Areas; • sustainable agriculture, food sovereignty, and agro-ecology, including conservation farming, participatory plant breeding, evolutionary plant breeding, non-chemical management of pests and crop production, regenerative soil management, agroforestry, farming systems research, gmo-banning ­advocacy, agro-fuels, social and environmental responsibly of agribusiness, local food systems, safeguards on industrial agriculture and animal husbandry, national seed laws, democratization of food and agricultural research, and land tenure rights; • community empowerment, voice, and equity (participatory development and conservation planning, social animation, Community Investment Funds including community-owned and operated rural credit schemes, women, and development initiatives); • national and international policies and programs for sustainable livelihoods and poverty eradication; Address: No. 108, Azarbaijan Street, Tehran, 13169 Iran

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E-mail: [email protected] Website:

China Institute of International Studies (ciis)

The ciis is the think tank of China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It conducts research and analysis on a wide range of foreign policy issues. The Institute was founded in 1956 as the Institute of International Relations, and assumed its present name in December 1986. In 1998, the China Center for International Affairs, formerly a research institution of China’s State Council, was incorporated with ciis. Successive presidents of the Institute include Meng Yongqian, Yao Zhongming, Li Huichuan, Zheng Weizhi, Wang Shu, Du Gong, Yang Chengxu, Song Mingjiang, Ma Zhengang. The current president is Qu Xing. Research is focused primarily on medium- and long-term policy issues of strategic importance, particularly those concerning international politics and the world economy. It also includes comments and policy recommendations on the world’s major events and hot-spot issues. The Institute hosts various seminars and conferences to discuss the latest international developments and advance issue-specific studies. It has constructed a world-wide scholarly and second-track exchange network, holding regular meetings with some foreign research institutions and running collaborative research projects with both domestic and foreign scholars on issues of shared interests. Research findings at ciis are presented in reports to the country’s foreign policymakers and institutions, as well as in published books and articles. In both cases, the views expressed in the writings are those of the authors, not of ciis. The staff of ciis consists of nearly one hundred researchers and other professionals. Among them are senior diplomats, leading area-study specialists, and preeminent experts in major fields of foreign affairs. Young scholars at ciis all have advanced university degrees in International Relations or related disciplines. The Institute consists of the Departments of Global Strategy, Information and Contingencies Analysis, American Studies, Asia-Pacific Security and Cooperation, eu Studies, Developing Countries Studies, Shanghai Cooperation Organization Studies, World Economy and Development Studies. Besides, there are research centers focused respectively on the study of the European Union, the Middle East, the South Pacific, China’s Energy Strategy, Periphery Security, and World Economy and Security.

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ciis has its own Library and Information Center. The library’s holdings include over 300,000 books. The collection on international affairs is among the best in the country. International Studies is the ciis journal. Its contributors include ciis researchers and outside foreign affairs experts. The journal provides an influential forum for the discussion of important international issues and China’s foreign policy. It has an English edition for foreign readers. Address: 3 Toutiao, Taijichang, Beijing, 100005, China E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (cass)

cass is the major academic research institution and national center for integrated research in philosophy and social sciences in China. According to the magazine Foreign Policy opinion, cass is the best analytical center in Asia. The Academy is closely connected with the State Council of China, and was established in 1977 in Beijing to promote the development of the social sciences, which were almost completely destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. It was formed out of fourteen research units of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Initially cass consisted of five academic departments: • philosophy, literature and history; economy; • law, social and political studies; • research on international issues; • international studies; • Marxism. Now it has thirty-five research institutes and ninety research centers. A typical feature of the Academy is a growing number of publications and magazines on global topics such as Social Sciences in China, which is published once every two months and contributes to globalistics development from the perspective of social sciences. The magazine Literary Review and World Economy examines the global nature of relationships in terms of economic events. All publications and magazines published under the auspices of the Academy emphasize the latest achievements in scientific developments in globalistics and reflect the level of China’s social sciences development.

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There is a forum on the Academy website where everyone can share the results of scientific studies and publish articles about global world order trends, for example in the section “Current Trends and Thoughts.” The Academy website also reports on events of international importance, such as the unesco seminar “Cultural diversity, development and globalization.” Address: 5, Jianguomennei Dajie, Beijing, 100732, China Website:

The Club of Budapest

Founded in 1993, the Club of Budapest is an informal international association dedicated to developing a new way of thinking and a new ethics that will help resolve the social, political, economic, and ecological challenges of the twentyfirst century. With its roster of internationally renowned members, the Club initiates a dialogue between different belief systems and worldviews in order to co-create and develop effective strategies for responsible and sustainable action with a global focus. The idea of the Club of Budapest was developed in 1978 in a discussion between Aurelio Peccei, founder and first president of the Club of Rome, and ­Ervin Laszlo, systems philosopher and member of the Club of Rome. They were convinced that the enormous challenges to humanity can only be dealt with through the development of a cultural and cosmopolitan consciousness. Based on these ideas, the Club of Budapest was founded by Ervin Laszlo in 1993. The city of Budapest lies at the heart of Europe and is spread out over both banks of the River Danube. The successful merging of the two cities Buda and Pest is symbolized by the famous Chain Bridge, and also symbolizes the Club’s ambition to build bridges between generations, disciplines, and cultures. The mission of the Club of Budapest is to be a catalyst for the transformation to a sustainable world through promoting the emergence of planetary consciousness and the interconnection of generations and cultures. The philosophy of the Club is based on the realization that the enormous challenges that humanity is currently facing can only be overcome through the development of a global cultural consciousness with a global perspective. The Club perceives itself as a builder of bridges between science and art, ethics and economy, between old and young, as well as between the different cultures of the world. One of the prime objectives of its work is the initiative “You can Change the World.”

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“It has been said that our generation is the first in history that can decide whether it is the last in history. We need to add that our generation is also the first in history that can decide whether it will be the first generation of a new phase and cultural evolution.” (Ervin Laszlo) President: Ervin Laszlo Science Director: Maria Sagi Some of the Honorary Members of the Club of Budapest: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Federico Mayor Zaragoza, Deepak Chopra, Chinghiz Aitmatov, Óscar Arias Sánchez, Ken-Ichiro Kobayashi, Paulo Coelho, Sir Arthur C. Clarke, Václav Havel (for further names see website) Address: Budapest, Toth Arpad setany 29, H-1014, Hungary E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Club of Rome

This international non-governmental organization was established in 1968 on the initiative of prominent businessman, and later well-known public figure, Aurelio Peccei. The aim of the Club was to study contemporary global issues and bring them to the attention of the world community. The first meeting was held the same year in Rome, where there were about thirty well-known scientists – natural scientists, sociologists, economists, planners – and the Standing Committee, which consisted of Peccei, Alexander King, Hugo Thiemann and others, was created. Concerned that the governments of nation-states have been unable to resolve serious differences on a global scale, the members of the Club of Rome attempted to organize the search for solutions and optimal models of the future world development, using the latest design and simulation of complex systems and involving leading scientists and experts. Global coverage, longterm vision, and a set of interrelated problems were the three pillars of the new approach, which was named “problematique.” Initially, it was decided that there would be no more than 100 members of the Club and they were to be, according to Peccei, “a slice of a modern progressive humanity.” As a result the Club of Rome included prominent social, political, and public figures (usually not those who were operating policies), and representatives of business, industry, and financial community, including those from developing countries. The activities of the Club of Rome are coordinated by the Executive Committee, which has thirteen members. They study global problems, formulate priorities, and define the business strategy of the Club. The Bureau consists

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of four members of the Club and is headed by the President and Secretary-­ General. Between its meetings the Bureau implements decisions and coordinates the ongoing work of the Club. The first presidents of the club were A. Peccei (1968–84), A. King (1984–95), and R. Diez-Hochleitner (1995–2000). The Club is currently headed by two copresidents – A. Khosla and E. von Koerber. Honorary members have included former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, former German President Richard von Weizsäcker, the first Czech president Václav Havel, President of Hungary Árpád Göncz, Argentine President Carlos Menem, and also Nobel laureates Ilya Prigogine and Lawrence Klein. The Club’s main undertakings include publication of research reports and notes, the organization of meetings and symposia, and contacts with decisionmakers in the public and private sector. The Club of Rome received acclaim at the beginning of the 1970s because of its studies (reports) in the field of globalistics. Today there are about three dozen of these reports. The most famous, which provoked scientific discussions, are “Limits to Growth” (1972), “Survival Strategy” (1974), “Revision of the International Order” (1976), “Goals for Mankind” (1977), “There Are No Limits to Learning” (1979), “Routes Leading the Future” (1980), “Microelectronics and Society” (1982), and “Barefoot Revolution” (1985). Reports published in recent years include: • S.P. Kapitsa (2006). “Global Population Blow-up and After: The Demographic Revolution and Information Society,” Global Marshal Plan Initiative (Hamburg); • O. Giarini and P.M. Liedtke (2006, 2nd edn): “The Employment Dilemma and the Future of Work” (Report to the Club of Rome, Geneva: The Geneva Association); • E. von Weizacker, K. Hargroves, M.H. Smith, with C. Desha and P. Stasinopoulos (2009): “Factor Five: Transforming the Global Economy Through 80% Improvements in Resource Productivity” (London: Earthscan); • G. Pauli (2010): “The Blue Economy-10 Years, 100 Innovations, 100 Million Jobs” (Available online: ). • Anders Wijkman and Johan Rockström (2012): “Bankrupting nature,” London; • Jorgen Randers (2012): “2052,” Chelsea Green Publishing; • Ugo Bardi (2014): “Extracted,” Chelsea Green Publishing; • David Korten (2015): “Change the story, change the future,” Berrett Koehler; • Claude Martin (2015): “On The Edge,” Greystone Books; • Ashok Khosla (2015): “To choose our future,” Academic Foundation;

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The main objectives of the Club of Rome are the study of global problems, the search for methods of solving global problems, and attracting the attention of the world community to them. During the first two years the Club’s founders were looking for supporters around the world, until finally they came to the conclusion that neither the scientific community nor the ordinary population had fully realized the danger that was hanging over mankind. The founders soon realized that appeals alone did not change the situation. Something unusual and shocking that would cause a “bombshell” to get a wide range of people to reflect on their fate, and to see the impending danger, was needed. In order to achieve this, the Club paid attention to the attempts of Jay Forrester of mit to simulate the dynamics of world processes using mathematical models and computer technology. This corresponded with the main tasks assigned to the Club of Rome. “Our goal was a landing operation designed to make a dent in that citadel of complacency, where society was foolish enough to stay,” recalled Peccei. But this was not enough to carry out serious research and report on the results; it was necessary to find another way to interpret the material. This threefold task was completed by a multinational group of seventeen scientists from various scientific fields under the leadership of Dennis Meadows. The group prepared the first report of the Club of Rome, “Limits to Growth.” It was published in thirty-seven languages and was sold in 12 million copies. “Limits to Growth,” as well as the follow-up studies, was more a report for the Club and not a report of the Club. The principal result of public interest in “Limits to Growth” was that the activities of the Club were widely covered in the media, which gave its members more opportunity to interact with “the powers that be.” Further reports have provided the Club of Rome with not only international fame, but also a high scientific status, prestige, and influence in international relations, economics, and politics. So in September 1969, prominent members of the Club E. Jantsch and H. Ozbekhan were invited to the European Summer University in Alpbach (Austria) for a seminar on the global problems of mankind. Here Austrian Chancellor J. Klaus, after witnessing one of the discussions, came to the conclusion that the issues were worth discussion by his ministers, and invited members of the Club to speak to his office in Vienna. This meeting was the first in a series with heads of state and public figures, businessmen, and so on. In 1974, on the initiative of the Club in Austria, officials and political leaders of nine states gathered. Peccei deliberately did not invite representatives of the leading European powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, to prevent the elucidation of national or ideological positions. By the end of the two-day meeting a press conference with 300 journalists was held, and the Salzburg

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statement was published in which, in particular, it was stressed that the oil crisis was only part of a complex of global problems. The participants called for detente, peace, and cooperation among all people on the planet. Such a position being taken by an independent public organization allowed the organization of a similar meeting of representatives of twenty-three countries the next year in Mexico. During the Cold War, members of the Club of Rome visited the Soviet Union and made presentations to the Soviet scientists, who had a great interest in the organization from the beginning, actively discussed its reports, and even participated in the preparation of the report “Goals for Mankind.” In promoting the basic ideas of the Club of Rome, personal diplomacy of its members played a huge role. It served as an impetus for a thaw in relations between East and West after 1985. So, in October 1986, before the summit in Reykjavik, Pestel and King sent a memorandum to the heads of the warring powers – Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan. Scientists had offered the leaders of the uss.r. and the United States a chance to take part in the joint work to reduce arms exports to the poorest countries. This step couldn’t bring enormous political dividends to economic superpowers, but working constructively together would be a unique experience. Washington answered formally, but Gorbachev seized on these initiatives with great enthusiasm, and this subsequently led to the strengthening of personal contacts between members of the Club and Soviet political leaders during the difficult period of perestroika in the uss.r. Changes in the global agenda, gained experience in research, and numerous discussions constantly pushed the Club to revise its activities and to improve its approaches. A major shift in its analysis of so-called “troubled mankind” occurred during the second half of the 1980s, after a conference in Helsinki in 1984. Although there were no doubts about the absolute importance of a global approach and an integrated vision of diverse relationships within the global perspective, at the Helsinki meeting it was decided to move the priorities towards particular aspects, focusing in the next few years on a single issue. The first such problem was the need for innovation, namely the innovation management of social mechanisms and institutions that could provide for the needs of a rapidly changing world. Today’s Club Action Plan states that its work should be in line with the growth paradigm and with holistic development, which in turn implies: • systemic, interdependent development in which no part of the world should be developed at the expense of another; • multilateral development that meets the needs of each part of the world;

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• harmonious coordination purposes; • ability to absorb destructive effects during development; • emphasis on the quality of development aimed at individual prosperity, for “man does not live by bread alone”; • constant updating of purposes. The Club of Rome has already written a significant chapter in the history of global studies because of many organizations that emerged in the wake of acute global problems, it was the first to identify the modern problems that were engulfing the entire planet, and articulated the need to deal with them in their entirety, by involving eminent scientists and experts. It also managed to accomplish a task of fundamental importance – to show the danger of current trends and bring them to the attention of all mankind. Members of the Club of Rome were listened to; and extraordinary conclusions and forecasts resonated in global academic and political circles, having a major influence on the formation of the world population’s mass consciousness. The practical r­ecommendations of many reports are often analyzed to predict the ­socio-economic development of individual countries and regions. Various sciences widely use methodological principles developed and first used by the organization. The Club of Rome holds annual conferences in different regions of the world. The latest meetings have been held in Kuala Lumpur, Hanover, Buenos Aires, Puerto Rico, Ottawa, Munich, Bilbao, Essen, Brussels, La Bilbaina, Rome, Madrid, Barcelona, Piran. Conferences allow the establishment of fruitful interpersonal contact between leaders and activists from different regions, contributing to a better understanding of the specific problems of the regions and their perception of global challenges and global self-determination. Members of the Club of Rome are actively involved in various working groups in international symposiums. An important part of the Executive Committee’s  ­activities  is its regular consultations with decision-makers in ­international organizations, governments, the business community, and civil society. According to West German scientist E. Gartner, “the Club of Rome won much of its credibility among many critical scholars and journalists because it speaks plainly about those things, systematic underestimation and concealment of which, in the Western post-war world, were the result of a fear that the image of ‘prosperous society’ and ‘post-industrial society’ of the future would be destroyed” (“On the ‘Second Phase’ of the Work of the Club of Rome.” Scientific World 20/4 (1976), p. 5). The organization is highly rated by Russian specialists. In particular, according to N.N. Moiseev, the Club of Rome’s studies adopt

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an “objective necessity of finding new ways of developing for our civilization, a need for a new understanding of the process of global development” (Algorithms of Development (Moscow, 1987), p. 223). This observation is particularly important, as important as the fact that these studies have shown an advanced level of modern scientific and social thought, and a deep engagement by a significant part of world liberal academic, political, and business circles of the West in their relationship to the vital issues of today. If some of the negative trends and gloomy forecasts in world development are not destined to come true (at least in the terms that have been predicted), then undoubted acclaim for this belongs to the Club of Rome. Individual countries have created more than thirty national associations to promote the Club of Rome. All of them operate in accordance with the Charter that was adopted in 1987 in Warsaw, and in accordance with this Charter are obliged to follow the Club’s lead. Expanding the network of national associations was natural and spontaneous. The first association appeared in the Netherlands as a public response to the Club’s report “Limits to Growth.” After the collapse of the uss.r. national associations began to appear in Eastern Europe – Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia,  Slovenia, and Ukraine. By this time, organizations already existed in ­Poland  and Russia. Divisions of the Club of Rome also exist in most developed  countries and in Latin America (Argentina, Chile, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela). In the uss.r., the Association of the Club of Rome was founded in 1989, and after the collapse of the uss.r. this was reformed into the Russian Association for the Club of Rome (the first president was D.V. Gvishiani). Currently there are fifty members in the organization and it is chaired by Sergei Kamionsky. The Association is actively developing a youth section, the purpose of which is to involve young people in leading Russian universities, of different cultures and ideas, who are interested in pursuing the mission of the Club through  ­activities. The Russian Association actively uses international experience and research methods in order to solve the Club’s problems. Every year it holds two meetings to discuss the most important conceptual and ­organizational issues. Honorary President: Dr. Ricardo Diez-Hochleitner Co-presidents: Dr. Ashok Khosla, Eberhard von Koerber Secretary General: Ian Johnson Address: Lagerhausstrasse, 9, CH-8400, Winterthur, (Canton Zurich), Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected]; Website:

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Consortium for Strategic and Global Studies (csgs) Norfolk State University

The Consortium for Strategic and Global Studies, previously known as the Center for Strategic and Global Studies, was founded in 2000. Its aims are to provide an interdisciplinary analysis of international relations, foreign policy, national security, military strategy, and international law. Today, approximately 160 countries are being analyzed as part of the Consortium’s activity The Consortium’s objectives are: • organization of scientific activities for academic, business, legal, military, and political circles; • provide opportunities for information and research exchange; • expansion of relations and interaction between scientists involved in global issues; • information provision for government agencies, enterprises, and organizations seeking national security analysis; • provision of opportunities for students to develop research skills and knowledge of the global community. Director: Professor Carol J. Pretlov Address: Norfolk State University, Department of Political Science, 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, va 23504, usa Website:

Dancing Star Foundation (“dsf”)

The California-based international ecological non-governmental organization “Dancing Star Foundation” is focused upon environmental education, international biodiversity protections, and animal rights. The long-time President and ceo is noted ecologist Dr Michael Charles Tobias. Global ecologist Jane Gray Morrison is the Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President of the Foundation. dsf has worked with such governments as Ecuador, New Zealand, the usa, Bhutan, Mozambique, and Haiti among many others, to help develop tenable strategies for addressing dire ecological crises. dsf is an Operating Foundation, which means it also has its own refuges for animals, directly and indirectly, from New Zealand to California to New Mexico. Its working thesis, in essence, can be summarized by a line from one of Tobias’ early books which declares: “Evolution neither condemns nor liberates us. Only our individual choices can do that.” dsf was awarded the 2012 Environmental Innovation

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Award from the Department of Conservation and Southland District Council in New Zealand for its application of cutting-edge technologies and conservation biology methodologies for saving rare and endangered New Zealand species. Website:

Danish Institute for International Studies (diis)

diis, based on the law adopted by the Parliament of Denmark on May 29, 2002, began its activity on January 1, 2003 and together with the Danish Institute for Human Rights (dihr) makes up the Danish Center for International Studies and Human Rights (dcism). diis conducts research and analysis on a wide range of issues in the area of globalization, security, and development, assesses the internal and external political situation in Denmark, and informs the Danish media, politicians, and the public about the results. The staff of diis number approximately one hundred, including support staff. diis conducts basic research and performs special studies on the order of the Danish parliament, ministries, and other organizations. diis is also charged with the special duty of preserving the memory of the Holocaust, performing constant educational and informative work on this issue. Currently diis focuses on eight areas of research: • defense and security – study of new threats to international security and defense, and requirements created by the crisis in the liberal system; • foreign policy and eu studies – important foreign policy issues being eu enlargement, development, migration, European security and defense policy, and the eu–nato relationship; • global economy, regulation, and development – as they are affected by current changes in the world economy; • holocaust and genocide – the European response to the genocide, historically and today, cultural memory, and the significance of the past in contemporary politics, and the responsibility of the state, including dissemination of information about the genocide, which contributes to the formation of public opinion; • migration – developing discussion on migration issues, such as the control and optimization of international migration and international organizations; • natural resources and poverty – inequality of access of poor rural populations to natural resources and the search for tools, strategies, and relationships to ensure their access;

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• policy and development – the impact of policy on the interaction between state and non-state subjects, the creation of alliances, and the conducting of negotiations and discussions as development policies are implemented; • Middle East – socio-political dynamics, transnational communications, and international relations in the Middle East – from Morocco in the east to Afghanistan and Pakistan. diis publishes the results of research into global issues and processes in books and in reports. Books include Impact of the Global Crisis on the Export Flows (2011), Adaptation to Multipolarity in the World Bank (2011), Global Agri-Food Program and Standards (2010), and Discipline in the Global Economy? (2009). Reports include “The Future of Global Economic Governance” (2011). Address: Strandgade, 56, 1401, Copenhagen K, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Website: Demos Demos was founded in 1993 in London by Martin Jacques, a former editor of Marxism Today, and Jeff Malganom, who became its first director. Demos is focused on issues of power and politics. It works with groups and individuals who are in the center of its research, including them in civil jury trials, deliberative seminars, focus groups, and ethnographic research. Owing to the high quality of work and socially responsible research, Demos has established itself as a leading independent think tank in British politics. In 2010, the work of Demos focused on five themes. 1. 2.

3.

4.

Family and society, investigating whether public policy can give individuals and families more control over their lives and society. Cruelty and extremism, considering the extreme and aggressive moves in the uk, Europe, and North America: terrorism inspired by Al-Qaeda, the extreme right, and white supremacist organizations, religious and political extremism, cults and gangs. Public interest, focusing on how to understand the measure of public interest in making decisions about economic and social policy and the consequences of these decisions for the relationship between the state, citizens, businesses, and society. Political economy, considering what looks like a progressive economy and how people feel living and working in its environment.

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Public services and welfare, investigating how radical financial actions, which are necessary to restore the balance of the state budget, can be implemented with the objectives of development and the basic functions of the state.

In 2011 Demos focused on three key themes that integrate social and economic policies. 1.

2.

3.

The way we live now: its purpose is to answer the question about what will determine the culture of Great Britain during the second half of the twenty-first century on the basis of research into modern British culture and society that provides the basis for a common identity of Britons as globalization takes place, as well as research into the consequences of social change for the welfare of individuals and society. Economic life: the purpose of this is to discover how to achieve the necessary economic growth and ensure the absence of serious losses, how to make the labor market so that it ensures high quality of life, flexibility, and skills, and how to develop a policy that leads to a new era of prosperity. Business and the larger society: this investigates the role of business in a large society (the policy of the Conservative Party in Britain, a “third way” between statism, absolutizing the role of the state, and privatization), and how to encourage business to play an active positive role in progress through daily work.

Demos also implements two projects which are focused on upgrading political traditions: 1.

2.

The Progressive Conservatism Project develops policy and ideas that are firmly rooted in the conservative tradition, but at the same time reflect the progressive values of the expansion of personal and social opportunities, and how these relate to poverty and inequality. Open Left rediscovers liberal idealism, pluralism, and radicalism, and discusses the question of political values and goals, without claiming a monopoly of knowledge about how to achieve effective and lasting change.

Demos publishes books, reports, collections of articles. Everything that has been published is available free in electronic form. Address: Third Floor, Magdalen House, 136 Tooley Street, London, SE1 2TU, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Division of Global Affairs (DGA), Isan Educational Institution

dga, founded in 2000, is part of Rutgers University (Newark) and offers a Master’s degree and Ph.D. in the field of global politics. An interdisciplinary graduate training program helps students to master practical skills in order to solve global problems of the twenty-first century. dga studies the relationship between globalization and governments, international and regional organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, civil society, local and non-state organizations, and world global dynamics. Various aspects of these phenomena are considered – from the viewpoints of anthropology, social, political, legal, and economic sciences, taking into account gender, cultural, and historical analyses in order to find practical solutions to the global challenges of the twenty-first century. dga includes the following research centers and research programs: • • • • • • •

Center for Study of the Threats Emerging in the Twenty-First Century; Center for Study of Public Security; Center for Study of Genocide and Human Rights; Corruption Study Institute; Global Security Program; Civil Resistance Study Program; Immigration And Integration Study Program.

Director: Professor Jean-Marc Koako Address: Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 190 University Avenue, Room 111, Engelhard Hall, Newark, nj 07102, usa Website:

Ege Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştirmalar Merkezi Ege Strategic Research Center (esam)

The basic mission of esam is to create scientific and academic knowledge on national, regional, and global issues, through geopolitical and geostrategic research into Turkey’s neighbors and other countries in the region. Since being academic, scientific, and impartial are the basic principles of esam, refraining from prejudices or interests is nothing but a mission for them. Therefore, preparing platforms for research, evaluation, and discussions, and encouraging individuals who have wide scientific visions, beliefs in achievable peace, and enlightened and knowledgeable minds is what esam wants to achieve.

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Address: Ege Üniversitesi Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, Ege Üniversitesi Kampüsü, 35100 Bornova-İZMİR, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Website:

eu Institute for Security Studies (euiss)

euiss is a Paris agency of the European Union that is working on issues around the eu’s common foreign and security policy. euiss, representing an autonomous institution, undertakes independent research of security issues in the eu, and prepares analyses and forecasts for the eu High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. euiss came into being on January 1, 2002 as a replacement of the Western Institute for Security Studies, which was founded in July 1990. The main directions of research are eu foreign policy (the eu’s relations with the United States, Western Balkans, Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East/Persian Gulf, Russia, Asia, and so on), defense policy (the development of the European Security Strategy), disarmament (biological control regimes and chemical weapons non-proliferation policy), and global governance (towards reforming global institutional structures), consolidation of the structures of regional cooperation and integration into multilateral cooperation, the establishment of a strategic partnership with the world’s biggest actors (China, Brazil, India, Russia). The leading publication of the Institute is a series of documents named the Chaillot Papers, which are monographs on current policy issues based on collective work or individual research (examples include “eu and us Security and Justice in Action” and “European Involvement in the Arab–Israeli Conflict”). The Institute also publishes special reports, monographs (e.g. “Global Governance – Building of Civil Society on the Agenda”), reports, short political references, and a quarterly newsletter. Address: 100, avenue de Suffren, F-75015, Paris, France E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Euro-Asian Center of Mega-history and System Forecasting

This was established in 2011 by the Scientific Council of the Institute of Oriental Studies (Chairman of the Board: V. Naumkin).

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ORGANIZATIONS

The objectives of the Center are to: 1)

conduct research in the following areas. • mega-history (or Universal History/Big History, understood in accordance with the definition adopted by the International Big History Association as “an attempt to understand the history of the cosmos, Earth, life and mankind in a single interdisciplinary paradigm”); • systematic forecasting of social, political, demographic, ethnic, and cultural processes at regional and global levels; • evolutionary and mega-evolutionary processes (laws, mechanisms, trends); • cyclic processes in nature and society; • socionatural history; • psychological and sociological aspects of social evolution; • world history and global processes; 2) promote collaboration among scientists from different countries and disciplines, who work in historical and evolutionary paradigms, as well as educators, community leaders, politicians, and political consultants; 3) join efforts of researchers, educators, and politicians in developing a secular humanistic worldview among youth based on the latest achievements of science; 4) improve the methodology and practice of systematic forecasting and humanitarian technologies of management in political and economic development. It is planned within the Center to: • publish Russian- and English-language academic journals Historical Psychology and Sociology History, History and the Present, Social Evolution & History, and Journal of Globalization Studies, as well as the almanac Evolution, monographs, and collections dedicated to global issues, global and universal history (mega-history), and forecasting. • ensure preparation and holding of international seminars and conferences; • perform comprehensive monitoring, analysis, and forecast of political situations. The staff of the Center include scientists of Oriental Studies L.E. Grinin (deputy head), A.V. Korotaev, E.S. Kulpin, Y. Lyubimov, and A.P. Nazarene (head), as well as a number of Russian and foreign scientists on a freelance basis. The Center’s work is carried out in collaboration with the Master publishing house,

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the Enlightenment tv channel, the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, the International Foundation for the Survival and Development of Mankind, the International Big History Association, Faculty of Global Studies, msu n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, and other scientific and public organizations. Address: 12, Rozhdestvenka Street, Moscow Preliminary contacts: [email protected], [email protected], leonid. [email protected].

European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and Democracy of the University of Graz (uni-etc)

The uni-etc was established in 2009 and is the first center of excellence for human rights at an Austrian university. It provides a comprehensive curriculum on human rights and human rights education to students of all faculties. In the area of research, the uni-etc has consolidated and expanded its activities in many areas. In 2011 studies on migration and on the situation of human rights education at Austrian universities were conducted by uni-etc. uni-etc is based at the Faculty of Law but nevertheless has a universitywide orientation. Its work is performed in close cooperation with the non-­ university European Training and Research Center for Human Rights and ­Democracy (etc Graz). Focus areas are as follows: • • • • • •

human rights education and university eu and human rights information society and human rights Globalization and human rights human rights in South-East Europe migration and human rights Address: Elisabethstraße 50b, 8010, Graz, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Website:



Food and Agriculture Organization (fao)

fao is an intergovernmental, international organization under the auspices of the un.

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Its sphere of activity is data collection, analysis, processing, and dissemination of information relating to agriculture and food development, technical and methodological assistance to needy countries, the study of global food and agricultural market conditions, and agricultural statistics development, all of which allows the fao to compare the data on agriculture from different countries. The main topics of studies are: • livestock farming and health: animal health protection, veterinary diseases and their control, animal genetic resources and livestock breeding, animal  digestion and forage, animal husbandry and domestic livestock breeding; • economics and politics: agro-industry, development, strategy, trade, marketing, consumer products; • the formation and expansion of communications capabilities in the sphere of development, education, dissemination, training, capacity building; • engineering, technological, and research approach to biotechnology, geographic information systems, post-harvesting technologies, studies, statistical data; • agricultural practice and management systems in agriculture, farming systems, land use; • fisheries and aquaculture: development, ecosystems, management; • food safety – agricultural situation and timely prevention of problems, emergency food aid, ethics, food provision, international cooperation; • food safety and human digestion – diet and digestion, food additives, food composition, training in the digestive system, quality and guarantees control; • forestry – assessment and monitoring, environment, forest management, forestry products and services, forest resources; • geographical/regional information portal – Africa, America, Asia, Europe, Oceania; • government, administration, legislative authorities – agricultural and rural legislation, environmental legislation, fisheries, food legislation; • information management – databases and information systems, documentation, timely information systems, geographic information systems, scientific approach to the information; • natural resources and the environment – biodiversity, climatic changes, desertification, drainage and irrigation, ecology and ecosystems; • crop production – crop cultivation and protection, fertilizers, integrated pest management, irrigation, pests, pesticides usage control;

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• agricultural and social development – gender equality, hiv/aids, household, participation, poverty. The fao collects data and statistics about nutrition in different countries, famine relief programs, veterinary medicine development and the fight against farm animal epidemics, the spread of education among farmers, fishermen, cookery experts, and food industry workers in different countries, and the ­development of food standards and guidelines for their implementation all over  the world (together with the un, who, and intergovernmental organizations). The following goals have been identified by the fao Charter: ensuring information availability, the exchange of experience via policy meetings, and transfer of knowledge. The fao’s goals in the field of development include extreme poverty and hunger eradication, the ensuring of universal primary education, gender equality and empowerment of women, a reduction in child mortality, maternal health improvement, struggle against hiv/aids, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and forming global partnerships for development. fao was founded on October 16, 1945 in Quebec City (Canada). This day is celebrated as World Food Day. From 1945 to 1951 fao was based in Quebec; its headquarters is now in Rome. General Director: Jose Graziano da Silva (Brazil) from January 1, 2012. fao organizational structure: • General Director Office: un Coordination Office, following activity to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, General Inspector Office, Office of Legal Affairs, Bureau of Coordination and Decentralization, Program, Budget and Assessment Office; • Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department: Livestock Farming and Veterinary Medicine Division, the Joint fao/iaea Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, Plant Production and Protection Division, Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division; • Economic and Social Development Department: Agricultural Development Economics Division, Statistics Division, Trade and Markets Division, Gender, Equality and Rural Employment Division; • Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Politics and Economics of Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Fish Products and Fishing Industry Division, Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division;

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• Forestry Department: Forestry Economics and Policy Division, Forest Products and Industry Division, Forest Management Division; • Information and Communications Department – Conference, Council and Protocol Affairs Division, Knowledge Exchange and Capacity Development Division, Communications Division, Information Technology Division; • Natural Resources Management and Environment Department: Environment, Climate Change and Bioenergy Division, Land and Water Resources Division, Research and Experience Extension Division; • Technical Cooperation Department: Policymaking Assistance Division, Emergency Operations and Rehabilitation Division Investment Center Division, Local Operations Division, Technical Cooperation Program; • Human, Financial and Physical Resources Department: Finance Division, Human Resources Management Division, Administrative Services Division. fao is directed by the Conference and the Council. The Conference meets once every two years to discuss global political issues and international frameworks, summarizing, and budget approval. For general fao program and budget activities management the Conference participants elect Board members for a three year term and the General Director for a fouryear term, with the right of one re-election. The Conference is the sovereign governing body of fao. It consists of all fao members and associate members. The Council carries out functions relating to the world state of food and agriculture and related issues; current and future activities of the organization, including its work program and budget; administration and financial management; statutory matters. Independent chairman (now Luke Guillot) is ­appointed by the Conference for two years; this period is renewable for another two years. Forty-nine members are elected to the Board for a term of three years, with some members of the Council elected annually; each member state shall have one representative. fao includes 191 member states, one member organization (European Union), and two associate members – Faroe Islands and Tokelau. Russia joined the fao on January 1, 2006. fao’s major publications are The State of Food and Agriculture, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, The State of Forests of the World, The State of Food Insecurity in the World, The State of the Markets of Agricultural Products, The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture, The State of Food Insecurity in the World (2011). Address: Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Fraser Institute

This Canadian think tank was founded in 1974. Its headquarters are located in Vancouver, and it also has offices in Calgary, Toronto, and Montreal, as well as being connected to the Economic Freedom Network, a global network of eighty think tanks. The Fraser Institute is a charitable organization. Global problems and processes are studied through opinion polls. The Institute promotes scientific documentaries and conducts political discussion about the global environmental crisis as a threat to all mankind. The Institute explores the causes of the crisis in specific regions, and thus makes a significant contribution to development and globalization. The Fraser Institute supported a film Not Evil Just Wrong. Its promotion is part of a campaign against the negative impact on climate change by human actions. It is experienced in promoting popular movies, calling for an end for the negative impact of humans on the environment, nature, and all living things. For example, the film Mine Your Own Business was promoted in order to stop uncontrolled mining operations in developing countries and to minimize the possible effects of climate change. The Institute often receives subsidies from larger corporations, such as ExxonMobil, to study natural global processes. It regularly conducts surveys and in-depth global analysis in the field of oil production (an example being data analysis of an annual survey of oil company executives regarding investment barriers in the development of oil and gas and their legal regulation in different parts of the planet). The Institute periodically conducts free workshops for students, teachers, and journalists on key economic events and topical issues of public policy in Canada, and also offers an internship program, which in 2010 was attended by over 430 people. The Fraser Institute publishes three magazines: Fraser Forum (every two months), which analyses public policy in Canada in the context of global politics, Perspectives (in French), which provides a clear view of public policies in Quebec and French-speaking countries; and Canadian Student Review – an overview of current global developments, where articles are written by students and for students. Office in Calgary Address: Lancaster Building, 609–304 8th Avenue sw, Calgary, Alberta, T2P 1C2 Canada Office in Montreal Address: 1470 Peel Street, Hermes Building, Tower B, Suite 252, Montreal, qc H3A 1 T1, Canada Office in Toronto Address: 401 – 1491 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, M4T 1Z4 Canada

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ORGANIZATIONS

Office in Vancouver Address: 4th Floor, 1770 Burrard Street, Vancouver, bc, V6J 3G7 Canada E-mail: [email protected] Website:

French Institute of International Relations/L’institut Francais Des Relations Internationals (ifri)

Founded in 1979 in Paris and headed by Thierry de Montbrial, ifri is a leading French independent research organization in the field of international problems. Its goal is to promote constructive dialogue between researchers, analysts, and policymakers at national and international levels, and carry out independent studies on major international issues and global trends. ifri research centers are divided by regions (Europe, Russia/cis, Asia, Middle East, Africa, usa) and thematic areas (strategy and security problems, international economics, energy, space, migration). Today it employs about seventy employees, thirty-five of whom are French researchers, the rest from various European countries. ifri experts constantly cooperate with foreign colleagues. Their studies are discussed regularly at conferences, which the Institute organizes in a non-party and informal context and strengthens relationships between researchers and those who make decisions in private and public sectors. Since 1979 ifri has organized more than 1,150 conferences, 95 international symposia, and 380 meetings with prominent French and foreign politicians. ifri study results are published in its publications, a quarterly magazine Foreign Policy (Politique Etrangère), the oldest French magazine on international issues, and an annual report entitled “Ramses,” with a circulation of 10,000 copies. Recent reports include “WikiLeaks – G8: Network against the us or vice versa?” (2012), “The Post-American World?” (2011), and “Global Crisis and Global Governance” (2010). “Ramses” contains analysis of events, a critical assessment of the past year, and projections for the following year. Address: 27 rue de la Procession, 75740 Paris Cedex, 15, France E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Foreign Policy Centre (fpc)

This uk independent think tank on foreign policy was founded in 1998 by Robin Cook, former Foreign Minister, with the support of former British Prime

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Minister Tony Blair. to the fpc has two co-presidents representing major political parties in Britain: Baroness Margaret Jay of Paddington, former leader of the House of Lords, and Michael Gove mp, Secretary of State for Justice. The mission of the fpc is to create comprehensive and effective foreign policy that requires new ways of working, different from traditional approaches. Today’s problems cross borders, so fpc seeks to organize its studies around important global issues that affect all countries in order to find joint solutions. The definition of “national interest” is too narrow in relation to foreign ­policy in a globalized world, but there are no new rules to replace it. Therefore fpc believes that a new, comprehensive, and thorough research policy will  ­guarantee results, taking into account the complexity of the interests involved. fpc implements five main research programs: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

International Development, which is aimed at answering the question how countries with a low income transform into stably developing states that improve the lives and livelihoods of their citizens. “Democracy, Governance and Human Rights,” which supports the fight for human rights and develops clear policy recommendations for the international community’s actions, in particular the uk and the eu. “Europe and World,” which studies the relationship of Great Britain and the eu, as the eu may become an important multilateral partner in addressing key cross-border and global issues. “Global Security Challenges,” which provides a broad overview of key security challenges facing the international community. “Rising Powers,” which analyzes the development and strengthening of the international influence of the bric countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) and a wide range of other countries from South America to Southeast Asia.

The fpc prepared a number of publications by leading analysts on topics ranging from the future development of Europe and international development to human rights and the role of non-state actors in policy. In addition books have been published, such as: China’s Secret Weapon? Science Policy and Global Power (2006), and Fighting the World Water Crisis: A New Perspective on the Future of Foreign Policy (2010). Address: Unit 1.9, First Floor, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, Vauxhall, London, se11 5RR, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (fes) Die Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung

The organization has existed since 1925. As part of the international work of fes, Dialogue on Globalization contributes worldwide to the debate on globalization and global governance. It is based on the premise that – through an inclusive and responsive global policy approach – globalization can be shaped into a direction that promotes peace, democracy, and social justice. The program draws intensely on the international network of the fes, a German nonprofit institution committed to the principles of social democracy with offices, programs, and partners in more than a hundred countries. Dialogue on Globalization addresses “movers and shakers” both in developing countries and in the industrialized parts of the world. The program is coordinated by the head office of fes in Berlin and by the fes offices in New York and Geneva. Address: Hiroshimastr. 28, 0785 Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Website:

German Council on Foreign Relations (dgap)

dgap is an independent nonprofit membership organization, which was founded in 1955. The headquarters is located in Berlin, and regional forums have been opened in Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Bonn, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich, and Dresden. dgap’s main tasks are the development of foreign policy debates in ­Germany, consulting decision-makers in politics, business, and in civil ­society, public awareness on issues of foreign policy, strengthening of the German foreign community, and raising the authority of German foreign policy in the world. More than thirty experts on foreign policy work in ten research programs focused on transatlantic relations, European integration, issues in Russia/ Eurasia, international security policy, energy policy, global economy, the Middle East, and China. They regularly publish results of research and analysis of current foreign policy, as well as offering specific policy approaches. Over 2,500 members of dgap receive invitations to speeches by prominent figures, as well as discussions and closed conversations and they take part in discussions on foreign policy with decision-makers in Germany and abroad. The library is one of the oldest and most famous public libraries on foreign policy and security. It dates from 1945 and contains more than 250 national and

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international journals, more than 75,000 books, and numerous electronic editions. It offers access to the most advanced database for international politics in Europe through the International Relations and Regional Studies research network. dgap publishes a magazine on foreign policy, in Germany twice a month and  in the uk as an online magazine. The magazine is a source of data for  ­in-depth analysis of the major issues of German and European foreign policy. Address: Rauchstraße 17–18, D-10787 Berlin E-mail: [email protected] Website:

German Development Institute Deutsches Institut for Entwicklungspolitik (die)

die was founded in 1964, its motto is “Global Development for Global Change.” The Institute accumulates information about studies in the field of development, received from different countries all over the world, studies the key issues in the field of development which have faced politicians, gives advice based on the results of independent studies conducted in Germany and in other countries, and helps to solve the current issues around cooperation between industrialized and developing countries. die bases its work on the interaction of studies, consulting, and training. These three areas complement each other and define the organization’s unique research profile. The key to its success as a nonprofit organization has been its institutional independence, which is laid down in its institutional arrangements. The Institute’s nine-month program of postgraduate training prepares twenty German and European university graduates for promotion in Germany and abroad. Starting from 2007, the Global Management School, which is part of die, has trained young graduate professionals from Brazil, China, Egypt, ­India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, and South Africa. These countries, thanks to their growing economic and political weight, play an increasingly significant role in their regions in global governance processes. die has more than 100 employees, of whom more than two-thirds work in six research departments: • bilateral and multilateral development cooperation department, learning goals, concepts, models, and architecture of bilateral and multilateral development, and un reformation to develop cooperation;

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• competitiveness and social development department, determining the relationship between economic development, innovation, competitiveness, and productivity growth on the one hand, and the problems of income distribution and poverty in developing countries on the other; • management, statehood, security department, focusing on democratization and external determinants of political order issues, armed conflicts, decentralization, and public finance; • environmental policy and natural resources management department, dealing with climate change issues, natural resource management, global environmental policy, and international cooperation issues; • world economy and development financing department, studying the issues of developing countries’ integration into the world economy and financial development at national and international levels; • education department, which includes the postgraduate training program, global school management, and so on. die publishes books in the “Nomos” series with the overall title “Development theory and policy in the field of development,” covering general research issues and development policy fundamental studies. Address: Tulpenfeld, 6, 53113, Bonn, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Website:

German Institute for International and Security Affairs/Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (swp)

swp is an independent research organization which conducts ­practice-oriented studies, on the results of which recommendations are made to the Bundestag (German parliament) and the federal government on issues of foreign and security policy. swp was founded in 1962 as a private initiative in Ebenhauzene near Munich. Since January 2001, the headquarters of swp have been located in Berlin. In January 1965, the Bundestag unanimously decided to support the swp, and it was funded from the federal budget. Support is supplemented with contributions from sponsors’ research. Today there are more than 140 employees and eight research units at swp, where more than sixty scientists work. In 2009, swp opened an office in Brussels. Research units of the swp deal with issues of migration, integration in the eu, eu external relations, European and Atlantic security research issues in

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North America, the Russian Federation/cis, Middle East and Africa, Asia, Latin America, globalization issues, global issues, challenges of global governance, and environmental policy. The swp does not have its own press department. Address: Ludwigkirchplatz 3–4 Berlin 10719, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Website:

German Institute of Global and Area Studies (giga)/LeibnizInstitut für Globale und Regionale Studien

giga emerged in 2006 after the restructuring of the German Overseas Institute (1964–2006). It is one of the leading European research institutes for Area Studies and Comparative Area Studies. The giga examines political, economic, and social developments in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. At the same time, it conducts comparative research on issues of global importance. Owing to global power shifts, public interest in areas outside the so-called West has grown considerably. This has seen Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East become focal points. giga is a leading research institute that combines social science expertise relating to these four regions. It explores developments in the field and links its knowledge to questions of global significance. Do democracies still have a chance? How are conflicts over resources resolved? What are the social and economic impacts of globalization at a local level? How do new alliances between emerging powers change international relations? For over fifty years, giga scholars have conducted research in these four regions and with renowned international partners. They are also sought-after experts for decision-makers in politics, business, and the media. As a member of the Leibniz Association, the giga follows the Leibniz principle of “theoria cum praxi”: science for the benefit of the people. Located on the Inner Alster Lake, the giga has had a long partnership with the city of Hamburg. As the “gateway to the world,” Hamburg offers ideal conditions for giga’s research. Currently, giga employs approximately 160 employees, including ­ninety academics. The latter, under the umbrella of giga, carry out research at the four regional institutes on Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. They also work in the following four comparative research programs:

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ORGANIZATIONS

Legitimacy and Efficiency of Political Systems Violence and Security Socio-Economic Development in the Context of Globalization Power, Norms, and Governance in International Relations

International networking and cooperation with local partners is a pillar of giga’s research. giga is a foundation under the civil law of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. It is jointly funded by the Federal Foreign Office, the Hamburg Ministry of Science and Research, and the other federal states. giga also receives external funding, which accounts for around 25 per cent of the total annual budget of 10 million euros. Address: Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20354 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Change Impact Studies Center (gcisc)

gcisc was established in May 2002 on the initiative of Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, then Special Advisor to the Chief Executive of Pakistan. The Center started functioning with seed money provided by the Ministry of Science and Technology, and functioned as a Public Sector Development Project (psdp) for eleven years. In March 2013, gcisc was granted the status of a regular national entity after the passage of gcisc Act 2013 through parliament. It is now functioning as a research arm of the Climate Change Division, Cabinet Secretariat, under the direction of a Board of Governors (bog-gcisc) duly approved by the Prime Minister of Pakistan (Minister-in-charge of Climate Change Division/ Chairman bog-gcisc). gcisc is the research arm of the Climate Change Division, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of Pakistan. It is dedicated to national research and development, capacity-building, policy analysis, information dissemination, and assistance to national planners and policymakers on issues related to past and projected future climatic changes in Pakistan and their likely impacts on the key socio-economic sectors of the country, such as water, food, agriculture, energy, forestry, health, and ecology. • Over the last ten years gcisc has actively participated in a number of collaborative international/regional research and capacity building projects, playing the lead role in several of them, as outlined below:

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• apn Project: Enhancement of National Capacities in the Application of Simulation Models for Assessment of Climate Change and its Impacts on Water Resources and Food and Agricultural Production (2003–07). Participating countries: Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Lead organization: gcisc in collaboration with pmd, Pakistan. • apn Project: Development and Application of Climate Extreme Indices and Indicators for Monitoring Trends in Climate Extremes and Their Socioeconomic Impacts in South Asian Countries (2005–09). Participating countries: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. Lead organization: gcisc, Pakistan. • unep Pilot Project: Information Technology (it) as a Tool for Information Generation and Dissemination enabling Farmers to Cope and Optimize Management of Climate Variability and Change (2005). Participating countries: Pakistan and India. Lead organization: The Energy and Resources Institute of India (teri), India. • gecafs Project: Basin Scale Analysis of the Vulnerability of Food Systems to Global Environmental Change (2005–06). Participating countries: Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Lead organization: Global Environmental Change and Food Security (gecafs), uk • apn Project: Improving Policy Responses to Interactions between Global Environmental Change and Food Security across Indo-Gangetic Plains (2006–09). Participating countries: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. Lead organization: Nepal Water Conservation Foundation (nwcf), Nepal. • apn Project: Assessment of Food and Water Security in South Asia using Crop Simulation and Water Management Model, and appropriate strategies to meet future demand (2008–13). Participating countries: Pakistan, ­Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Lead organization: gcisc, Pakistan. • apn Project: Impacts of Global Change on the Dynamics of Snow, Glaciers, and Runoff over the Himalayan Mountains and their Consequences for ­Highland and Downstream Regions (2008–10). Participating c­ ountries: ­Pakistan, Nepal, China, and India. Lead organization: Institute for Development and Innovation (idi), Nepal. • apn Project: Runoff Scenario and Water Based Adaptation Strategies in South Asia (2013–15). Participating countries: Pakistan, Bangladesh Nepal, and India. Lead organization: The Small Earth Nepal (sen), Nepal. • apn Project: Assessing Spatiotemporal Variability of npp, nep and Carbon Sinks of Global Grassland Ecosystem in Response to Climate Change in 1911–2011 (2013–15). Participating countries: Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, and China. Lead organization: Nanjing University, China.

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Address: National Center for Physics Complex, Near Quaid-e-Azam University Campus, Shahdra Road, p.o. Box 3022, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Global Cities Research Institute at Rmit University (Australia)

Global Cities was established in 2006 to bring together leading researchers in the globalizing cities (from local centers to megacities). The attention of researchers focused on issues of sustainability, safety, and urban adaptation in the context of globalization and global climate change. The work of Global Cities is connected with the study of carefully selected towns and cities in the Asia-Pacific region and the organization of applied research. During the study, strategies for sustainable urban development in the modern world are being developed which will help improve the quality of human life and the environment. Director: Paul James Address: rmit Building 96 Level 2, 17–23 Lygon Street, Carlton vic 3053, Australia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Environment Fund (gef)

This was established in 1990 and finances developing countries and countries with transition economy projects, implementation of which contributes to the solution of environmental issues, especially those related to the prevention of global warming, pollution of the oceans, the cessation of ozone depletion, and biodiversity conservation. The Foundation is supported by the United Nations Development Program (undp), the un Environment Program (unep), and the World Bank. Address: 2 Bethesda Metro Center Suite 440 Bethesda, md 20814 Website:

Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development

gLAWcal is an independent nonprofit research organization (a think tank) that aims to provide a new focus on issues relating to economic law, globalization,

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and development, namely the relationship between international economy and trade, with special attention to a number of non-trade-related values and concerns. Through research and policy analysis, gLAWcal sheds a new light on issues such as good governance, human rights, right to water, rights to food, social, economic, and cultural rights, labor rights, access to knowledge, public health, social welfare, consumer interests and animal welfare, climate change, energy, environmental protection and sustainable development, product safety, and food safety and security. gLAWcal analyzes, assesses, and diagnoses implemented policy in the developed and developing world, drawing on the skills of a team of analysts from a wide range of disciplines. gLAWcal seeks to provide training through conferences, workshops, and events, to a wide range of stakeholders at all levels of society. Address: 98 Hornchurch Road, Hornchurch, Essex, M11 1JS, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Studies Association (gsa)

The idea of the creation of gsa arose after a conference at Manchester City University in July 1999, when scientists from several universities of the world expressed the need for a new academic association. The Association’s inaugural meeting took place on July 6, 2000 during the conference Globalization, Culture and Everyday Life, organized by the Institute for Global Studies Faculty of Sociology, University of Manchester City. The goals of the Association are: • organization of a scientific platform for collaboration between scientists and other stakeholders, such as international ngos; • promoting the creation and dissemination of interdisciplinary knowledge in the social and human sciences of global issues and changes; • developing exchanges between scientists who work in all scientific areas related to global studies; • organizing regular conferences, thematic, national, and regional research groups; • publishing journals that focus on research of global issues: Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs, Globalizations, and Journal of Global Ethics.

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Address: c/o Department of Sociology Manton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, M15 6LL, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website: A branch of the Association in North America – the Global Studies Association (North America) – was established at the international conference at Loyola University in Chicago in May 2002. Members are scientists and activists from Canada, usa, Mexico, and Central America. Head of branch: Jerry Harris Address: Devry University, Chicago, il E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Studies Consortium

Global Studies Consortium is an international project, created by a number of universities to establish cooperation in the field of teaching and studies, training specialists in the field of globalistics. The first Consortium meeting was held in Santa Barbara in 2007, where the organization’s goals and objectives were developed. Subsequent meetings took place in Tokyo (2008), Leipzig (2009), Santa Barbara (April 2010), Shanghai (June 2011), Melbourne (2012), Moscow (2013), Roskilde (2014), Cairo (2015). The Consortium’s goals include programs and ideas exchange about educational programs, educational materials exchange, including the organization of lectures, the promotion of joint educational projects, such as distance education, student research assistance, information exchange about employment and internships for students, assistance in signing agreements for students’ and teachers’ academic exchange. The members of the Consortium are: University of Chicago, University of North Carolina, University of California, University of Arizona, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Minnesota, State University of New Jersey, University of Washington, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Faculty of Global Studies), University of Vienna, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of Leipzig, Free University (Berlin), School of Management “Hertie” (Berlin), Berlin Research Center for Social Sciences, University of Aarhus (Denmark), Wroclaw University (Poland), Hitotsubashi University (Tokyo, Japan), Fudan University (China), University of Shanxi (China), Hanyang University (South Korea), University of Hong Kong, University of Sydney (Australia), University of Mexico, Wilfrid Laurier University (Canada), University rmit (Canada), Shanghai University, Ateneo de Manila University

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(Philippines), Monash University (Australia, Malaysia, South Africa), Stellenbosch University (South Africa), and University of Sikkim (India). It is necessary to apply officially to the executive committee in order to join the Consortium. With committee approval the university becomes a part of the Consortium for an indefinite period. Withdrawal is carried by an official statement from the university administration. Consortium meetings are held annually in the country of one Consortium member and consist of plenary sessions and presentations that relate to Consortium areas of interest. The receiving organization representative is the meeting chairman. The venue of upcoming annual conference is chosen at the annual business meeting. The executive committee is engaged in current issues between annual meetings. It consists of the meeting chairman of the current, as well as the previous and next years, a system administrator, a secretary and working group chairmen related to the Consortium activities, but usually not more than ten members who have a broad geographical representation. One of the program participants supports a website and e-mail, and coordinates the Consortium members. All members provide a link to the Consortium website on their own websites and place a link to their university (faculty) on the Consortium website. Any suggestions (e.g. conducting studies by students and professors, exchange training programs exchange, training materials, developing online courses) are considered at the annual meeting or directed to the Executive Committee. The proposal approved by Consortium members’ majority vote is implemented. Website:

The Global Studies Foundation (gsf)

gsf is a nonprofit organization promoting international awareness and education. It was organized and incorporated in Concord, New Hampshire. A ­nonpartisan, tax-exempt, public charity, gsf conducts scientific research, sponsors educational outreach programs, and offers a growing array of grants and awards to advance the study of international affairs. gsf promotes learning, understanding, and preparedness for living in the complex world. Still based in Concord, gsf works nationally with schools, educators, students, and concerned citizens, as well as with public institutions and other nonprofit agencies, to generate and share scientific knowledge and to improve the American public’s understanding of international affairs.

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gsf pursues four fundamental objectives: • to promote global studies as a curricular movement at all educational levels; • to facilitate teaching and learning about the world – its geography, history, economics, politics, languages, and international relations; • to enrich social studies education by expanding its global orientation and by highlighting the vital role of nonlinear dynamics in complex systems; • to cultivate in students an awareness of global issues and a knowledge base of facts, concepts, and skills that will enable them to act as informed and involved citizens. Address: 325 Pleasant Street, Concord, nh 03301, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website: Greenpeace Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in  over forty countries across Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Pacific, and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect and conserve the environment, and to promote peace by: • catalyzing an energy revolution to address the number one threat facing our planet: climate change. • defending our oceans by challenging wasteful and destructive fishing, and creating a global network of marine reserves. • protecting the world’s ancient forests and the animals, plants, and people that depend on them. • working for disarmament and peace by tackling the causes of conflict and calling for the elimination of all nuclear weapons. • creating a toxic free future with safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals in today’s products and manufacturing. • campaigning for sustainable agriculture by rejecting genetically engineered organisms, protecting biodiversity, and encouraging socially responsible farming.

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To maintain its independence, Greenpeace does not accept donations from governments or corporations but relies on contributions from individual supporters and foundation grants. Greenpeace has been campaigning against environmental degradation since 1971, when a small boat of volunteers and journalists sailed into Amchitka, an area north of Alaska where the us Government was conducting underground nuclear tests. This tradition of “bearing witness” in a nonviolent manner continues today, and ships are an important part of Greenpeace’s campaign work. Greenpeace was one of the first parties to formulate a sustainable development scenario for climate change mitigation, which it did in 1993. According to sociologists Marc Mormont and Christine Dasnoy, Greenpeace played a significant role in raising public awareness of global warming in the 1990s. The organization has also focused on cfcs, because of their global warming potential and their effect on the ozone layer. Greenpeace was one of the leading participants advocating early phase-out of ozone-depleting substances in the Montreal Protocol. In the early 1990s, Greenpeace together with the refrigerator industry developed a cfc-free refrigerator technology, “Greenfreeze,” for mass production. The United Nations Environment Program commended Greenpeace for “outstanding contributions to the protection of the Earth’s ozone layer” in 1997. In 2011 two-fifths of the world’s total production of refrigerators were based on Greenfreeze technology, with over 600 million units in use. Greenfreeze technology was blocked in the us after the epa was lobbied by a coalition of chemical corporations, including Du Pont, until the 2011 decision that cited Ben & Jerry’s and General Electric’s interest in the technology, which had begun in 2008. Currently Greenpeace considers global warming to be the greatest environmental problem facing the Earth, calling for global greenhouse gas emissions to peak in 2015 and to decrease to as close to zero as possible by 2050. For this, Greenpeace calls for the industrialized countries to cut their emissions by at least 40 per cent by 2020 (from 1990 levels) and to give substantial funding to developing countries so they can build a sustainable energy capacity, adapt to the inevitable consequences of global warming, and stop deforestation by 2020. Together with erec, Greenpeace has formulated a global energy scenario, “Energy [R]evolution,” where 80 per cent of the world’s total energy is produced with renewables, and the emissions of the energy sector decrease by over 80 per cent of the 1990 levels by 2050. Using direct action, Greenpeace has protested several times against coal by occupying coal power plants and blocking coal shipments and mining operations, in places such as New Zealand, Svalbard, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands, and has used direct action to block the oil sand operations at Athabasca, Canada.

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Address: Ottho Heldringstraat 5, 1066 az Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Group of Twenty (G20)

G20 is an informal regional intergovernmental organization, which undertakes the following tasks: • coordination of policy in order to achieve sustainable economic development without doing harm to the environment; • promotion of the regulation of financial markets in order to prevent financial crises; • creation of a new international financial system. The founding conference was held on December 15–16, 1999 in Berlin. The group was established on the initiative of finance ministers of seven leading developed countries – Britain, Italy, Canada, usa, Germany, France, and Japan – to lead the dialogue with developing countries on key issues of economic and financial policy. The organization has no headquarters, and meetings are held in the format of summits to discuss the most important aspects of financial and economic development. Countries are represented by heads of state, finance ministers, central bankers, and mps. G20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Britain, Germany, European Union, India, Indonesia, Italy, Canada, China, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, usa, France, South Africa, South Korea, Japan. G20 publications for the last decade are as follows: • • • •

G20 Working Group 3: “Reform of the imf Final Report” (March 4, 2009). The Group of Twenty: “A History” (November 2008). “Initiatives to Develop Canadian Capital Markets: A Case Study” (May 2001). Globalization: “The Role of Institution Building in the Financial Sector”: Report to Ministers and Central Bank Governors (October 26, 2003); G20 Case Study: “An Australian Perspective” (September 30, 2003); “The Case Study of China” (August 31, 2003), “The French Banking System” (June 19, 2003), “Case Study on German Experience” (August 2003), “An Indian Case Study” (­August 2003), “The Case of Indonesia” (October 2003), “The ­Italian

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F­ inancial System: Trends and Perspectives” (August 2003), “The Role of ­Institution Building in the Japanese Financial Sector” (October 26, 2003), “Institutional Development in the Korea Financial Sector Accompanying Globalization and Its Economic Effects” (September 2003); “Institution Building in the Financial Sector; Korea’s Case” (August 2003); “The Case of Mexico” (October 2003); “A Case Study on Globalization and the Role of ­Institution Building in the Financial Sector in Saudi Arabia” (September 10, 2003); “United Kingdom Case Study” (October 26, 2003); “Innovation and Structural Change in the us Treasury Securities Market” (October 2003); “The eu Experience” (November 2003); “Financial Sector Standards and Codes and Institution Building, International Monetary Fund” (December 5, 2003); “G20 Workshop on Developing Strong Domestic Financial Markets” (September 28, 2004); “Economic Reform in This Era of Globalization: 16 Country Cases” (October 26, 2003). .

Address (office in Russia): 191014, St. Petersburg, Vilensky lane, 15 E-mail: [email protected] Sites: ,

Info Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich

This non-governmental organization was founded in Munich in 1949. It is a leading player in the field of economic studies in Europe and has the highest citation index in the German media. In 2002 the Institute signed an agreement with the University of Munich, officially becoming the Institute of the University of Munich. Since 1999 the Institute, along with the Center for Economic Studies (ces) and the Munich public support for Economic Research (­CESifo GmbH) has been part of CESifo research group, which is financed by the German Federal Government. The Institute is focused on applied, political-oriented economic studies and its goal is to achieve greater stability and social cohesion set against a background of greater environmental responsibility. It is involved with applied economic studies, training of highly qualified specialists, public and private sector consultation on economic policy, and advisory services for researchers, business, government, and the general public. Its studies are connected with European and global issues, such as carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere, the financial crisis, and educational and population problems.

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The Institute has eight departments. These focus on review and analysis of economic cycles; public finance; social policy and labor markets; human capital and innovation; industrial organization and new technologies; energy, environment, and non-renewable resources; international trade; and international institutional comparisons. The Institute has an integrated program for graduating students (Graduate Integrated Programs), which is oriented to qualified young economists. Doctoral candidates, according to their interests, can work at either the Center (ces) or the Institute for Economic Research (Ifo). The Institute has published numerous monographs and collections on global issues, including The Impact of Globalization on the Public Expense Composition: Panel Data Evidence (2006), Globalization, Competitive Governments and Constitutional Choice in Europe (2002), Globalization and the Mega-Cities Growth in Developing Countries (2008), and Incomplete Contracts and the Globalization Impact on Consumer Welfare (2011). Address: Poschingerstr, 581 679, Munich, Germany Website:

Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (idsa)

idsa was founded in 1965 in New Delhi and is an analytical center that specializes in international relations, strategic and security issues, and provides training for civilian and military officials from the Government of India. The Indian parliament often invites experts from the Institute as consultants in order to develop strategies and analyze foreign policy developments that relate to security in a globalized world. The purpose of idsa is to promote national and international security through dissemination of knowledge on defense and security issues. idsa is funded by the Indian Ministry of Defense and managed by the executive board, headed by the president. Board members are prominent politicians, scientists, and public figures. The Institute provides training and offers annual training programs for specialists in various branches of the Indian Civil Service (Indian Administrative Service, the Indian Foreign Ministry, Indian police, and the armed forces). idsa was originally created as a platform where the most important aspects of national and international security in a globalized world could be discussed, and to this end it hosts a number of annual national and international conferences, Round Tables, and seminars on important events of our time. idsa also invites scientists to participate in discussions and develops relations with a range of institutions in many countries.

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idsa issues the monthly magazines Strategic Digest (Strategic Guide) and Strategic Analysis (Strategic Analysis), where the Fellows of the Institute and well-known experts in the field of international relations publish articles on trends and recent developments in the global world. idsa employees publish numerous monographs and reports on global topics, such as “Western Asia in Turmoil: Implications for Global Security,” “Space Security and Global Cooperation,” and “Africa and Energy Security: Global ­Issues – Local Responses.” Address: Development Enclave, (near usi) Rao Tula, Ram Marg, New Delhi, 110010, India E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute for Global Studies (igs)

igs is the coordinator for a number of interdisciplinary centers that conduct research and program developments in the field of global studies, such as the National Research Center for International Studies, Western Research Center, and the Center of Asian Studies. Working groups, creative groups, and research communities approach the edge of advanced research in the field of global issues. igs conducts informational activities in the format of conferences, seminars, and short courses for students and teachers. Director: Professor Evelyn Davidhayzer (E-mail: [email protected]). Address: 214 Social Sciences, 269 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, mn 55455, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (ibsd)

ibsd was registered on April 26, 2001. It maintains a full-fledged library to fulfill the needs of researchers, policymakers, and general readers. At present ibsd undertakes research and development activities on plant, microbes, fish, insect bioresources, and bioresources database development for the north-east region of India. In order to exploit the bioresources of the region, ibsd trains new researchers through its human resources development program, Imphal. This training program helps to motivate and encourage them in scientific research and developmental activities that are linked to sustainable development and utilization of the region’s bioresources.

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ibsd’s mission is to develop bioresources and their sustainable use through biotechnological interventions for the socio-economic growth of the region. Its goal is to scientifically manage bioresources in the Indian region that falls under the Indo-Burmese Biodiversity Hotspot. ibsd’s objectives are to: • set up state-of-the-art biotechnology research facilities at Imphal, which is at the center of the Indo-Burmese Biodiversity Hotspot, for sustainable development of bioresources using tools of modern biology; • study and document the unique biodiversity of the bio-geographic junction of the Indian and oriental landmasses; • develop biotechnological interventions for sustainable development and utilization of bioresources; • undertake capacity-building (human resource development) in bioresources conservation and management; • generate technological packages for employments generation and economic progress of the region; • collaborate with other institutions/organizations/universities nationally and internationally in furthering research pursuits in bioresources. Address: Takyelpat, Imphal, Manipur-795001, India E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of General History of ras

The Institute is the leading research institution at ras, and is engaged in the study of world history. Founded in October 1968, it sat within a unified ­Institute of History of the uss.r., created in 1934 before the foundation of the Institute of General History. The priority areas of research in the Institute are: theoretical and methodological issues in the study of world history, globalistics, comparative study of ancient and medieval civilizations, history of the twentieth century, history of European countries, the usa, Africa and Latin America, Russia in world history, the history of the former Soviet Union; the history of religion and the Church, and special historical disciplines. There are sixty Doctors and eightyseven Candidates of Historical Sciences on the staff. The Institutes periodicals are as follows: Journal of Ancient History (published since 1937), Middle Ages (1942), The Byzantine Annals (1947), New Age

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(from 1957), French Yearbook (1958), American Yearbook (1970), The Most Ancient States of Eastern Europe (1978), Odyssey (1989), Journal of International Association of Institutes of the History of the cis Countries’ Historical Space (2007), The Case (1996), the yearbook Social History (1997), Dialogue with the Times (1999), Signum (1999), The Latin American Historical Almanac (since 2000), and Adam and Eve (2001), an almanac that focuses on gender history. Address: Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, d. 32A, 119334 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of International and European Affairs (iiea)

A leading Irish analytical center of European and international affairs, iiea is an independent nonprofit research institution with charitable status. Its extensive research program aims to provide a high level of analysis and forecasting of global and European policies that affect Ireland. iiea acts as a catalyst of new thinking, new solutions, and policy options. iiea provides a unique forum in Ireland for corporate networks. It annually organizes more than 100 events (briefings, speeches, Round Tables, seminars, conferences, symposia), to which speakers at the highest professional level, decision-makers and politicians at national, European and global levels, are invited. The main research themes of iiea are: • economy and finance – an analysis of events in the global political economy and changes in its institutional arrangements in the light of the global financial crisis, currently mostly focused on the ongoing process of monitoring and controlling finance reform in Europe; • energy and climate change – an analysis of eu energy policy and its consequences for Ireland, monitoring and analysis of climate change, and the consequences of change for Ireland and the eu; • China – China’s appearance on the world stage and the issues that it creates for the eu and the rest of the world; • foreign and defense policy – analysis of the impact of events in foreign policy for Ireland, as well as the security and defense policy of the eu, the study of eu–us relations in the context of international trade, business, finance, and law issues such as cross-border crime, immigration policy, border and customs cooperation, the fight against terrorism, international security, climate change, and energy policy;

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• future of Europe – an analysis of developments relating to Europe’s future, and the future of the Lisbon Treaty and eu borders; • digital future – issues of diverse and network neutrality, control and regulation of new media and payment systems, and intellectual property rights; • justice and law – current policy issues of justice and internal affairs, and the international point of view on events in this area, as well as the impact of developments in the area of freedom, security, and justice in Ireland and the eu; • expanding Europe – progress in the expansion of Europe and analysis of its implications for Ireland. iiea issues various publications in the field of research on global issues and processes, including “The Role of the eu as a Global Actor” (2011), “The Arab Revolution and the Global Food Crisis” (2011), and “The Growth of Triggers of the World Economy to 2025” (2012). Address: Europe House, 8 North Great Georges Street, Dublin 1, Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of International and Strategic Relations (iris)

Founded in 1991 in Paris by private initiative, iris is an independent research organization and research center for the study of strategic issues and international relations. The Institute has established itself as a leading actor in international and strategic studies. In 2010, iris entered the category of the world’s top think tanks that specialize in international issues and security (in 2011 it was at twenty-eighth place). iris’s activities are carried out in four areas: research/expertise, conferences, publications, and training. iris was established to provide an independent examination of strategic development and to create a center for dialogue specialists in various professional and intellectual areas – political leaders, senior officials, industrialists, military experts, and scientists – the key figures in the strategic community. iris conducts studies of French and foreign ministries, international institutions, and multinational corporations. The Institute’s studies cover all regions of the planet, as well as the following cross-cutting issues: protection/security, European security policy and nato, crisis management, disarmament, international economics and trade, climate change, international migration trends, energy resources, environmental safety, water issue, regional identity, and nationalism and extremism.

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iris has opened an office in Lille, named the Institute of Political Studies. It has also created iris sup, a commercial institution registered in Paris, which offers six graduate programs in the following areas: international relations; geo-economics and strategic information; protection, security, and crisis management; European policy issues; humanitarian career; and international actions of community and decentralized cooperation. As an accredited training center iris offers training courses for anyone who may be interested in this area, for professional or personal reasons. Training is conducted in such disciplines as international crime and offense, the Middle East, geopolitics of the European Union, African studies, defense and strategy, economic impact and intelligence, and the geopolitics of water. During the past ten years the popularity of these modules has helped iris to organize special seminars for top managers of corporations. iris issues the following publications: L’Annee Strategique – annual handbook, which since its launch in 1985 has given an annual survey of public peace and global strategic cooperation; La Revue Internationale et Strategique (International Review and Strategy) – quarterly magazine, produced since 1991, Editor Pascal Boniface; a series entitled “Strategic Issues” – brief, educational books, which allow experts to identify problems around important current international and strategic issues. More than 16,000 subscribers receive weekly material from irsi via e-mail. This allows them to keep track of the Institute’s numerous activities, and study articles about the current situation (which are posted on the iris website, as well as in magazines and other media). Address: 2 bis, rue Mercoeur, 7501 1, Paris, France E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Institute of Malaysian and International Studies at the University of Kebansaan (Malaysia)

The Institute of Malaysian and International Studies was founded in 1995, and is a research center of the University of Kebansaan (Malaysia). The Institute conducts interdisciplinary research and develops educational programs in economics, sociology, political science, and history. It aims to study Malaysian and International Studies in the context of globalization and social transformation, and provides an authoritative research center where the impact of globalization on Malaysia and its international relations is studied.

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The priority objectives of the Institute are to conduct basic, applied, and strategic research and dissemination of information on globalization and social change from the perspective of developing countries. Director: Professor K.S. Nathan Address: University of Kebansaan, Malaysia, 43600 ukm Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of Oriental Studies of ras

The Asian Museum was the first home of the Institute of Oriental Studies, which was opened at the request of the President of the Academy of Count Uvarov in November 1818 in St. Petersburg, at the Kunstkammer Room of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Most research centers and departments of the Institute are engaged in research of certain countries and regions, such as the Center for Arab Studies, Center for Japanese Studies, Center for Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania, and a number of research units are engaged in the most urgent issues of the East (the Center for Energy and Transport Research and others). In 2004 the Institute became the organizer of the International Congress of Orientalists – icanas xxxvii (International Congress of Asian and North African Studies), in 2008 it participated in the organization of a major international conference “Russia and the Islamic World,” and in 2009 in a Russian-Indonesian conference “Peaceful Coexistence in a Multicultural Society: Lessons Russia and Indonesia.” The Institute’s staff have published a essential six-volume work, The History of the East, which covers the period from antiquity to the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Institute of Oriental Studies also publishes a number of scientific journals: East/Oriens, Asia and Africa Today (jointly with the Institute of African Studies), and East Archive, among others. Address: Rozhdestvenka Str., 12, 107031, Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.ivran.ru/

The Institute for Citizenship and Globalization, Deakin University

The Institute is a major interdisciplinary research center. Its main tasks are: • theoretical development of the concept of citizenship and globalization;

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• research in the field of citizenship issues and globalization; • dissemination of theoretical, empirical, and practical developments in the study of issues of citizenship and globalization among scientific and public audiences • engaging in dialogue on issues of citizenship and globalization with representatives of government, business, community, and cultural groups outside the university; • increase the research capacity of key local, regional, national, and international organizations; • provide high-quality scientific and educational programs. Director: Professor Mansouri Feti Address: Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood vic 3125, Australia Website:

The Institute for the Study of Civil Society (civitas)

Civitas is an independent analytical center, which was founded by David Green and Robert Whelan in early 2000. Civitas’s main purpose is to improve public understanding of the legal, institutional, and moral norms that make possible the creation of a free and democratic society. The Institute’s work is divided into two main areas – services provided to the population and research and educational programs. Civitas offers two main services: first, primary education for children who fall behind in school whose families cannot afford the expensive private alternatives, and secondly, educational materials for schools and invited lecturers. Civitas defines itself as a research center that is “classical liberal” and “not related to any party.” The areas of research interest include 1. 2. 3.

Crime: Institute authors advocate a more coherent policy in the fight against crime, which should include earlier and preventive measures for offenders and the provision of reliable statistical data on crime. Education: solving the issue of objective presentation of educational standards in the uk to develop fair and high standards of education for all. Family: the study of the impact of social policy on social norms in the family, taking into account features of family structure and the socioeconomic importance of marriage in the uk

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Health: a project which is aimed to end the monopoly of the National Health Service in public health and health infrastructure, to diversify the structure in order to create a fairer system of health care for all. Immigration: an analysis of the positive and negative aspects of mass immigration, including the cost to the public sector and the pressure on low-paid jobs. Production: a project that promotes creation of a more balanced economy, based on the study of methods to stimulate production in order to promote a more sustainable economy and create jobs.

In addition, Civitas conducts research on topics such as the global financial crisis, global unrest, and global warming, and also calculates the global index of business and development. Civitas has published numerous publications, such as Crime and Civil Society (2005), Corruption in the Curriculum (2007), and Compartmentalized Kingdom (2009). Address: First Floor, 55, Tufton Street, Westminster, London, SW1P 3QL, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute for World Society Studies, Bielefeld University

The Institute for World Society Studies was founded in 2000 and is now an independent research center, which tries to contribute to the understanding of world community formation and development. Today it is headed by Mathias Albert (political science), Ulrike Davy (law), Bettina Heinz (sociology), and Lutz Leisering (sociology). About seventy experts are currently working at the Institute. The Institute conducts research on a wide range of global and transnational topics, in such traditional areas as international relations and focusing on the theory of the world community. Among the most urgent global research topics are social policy, human rights, and the role of organizations in the world community. The Institute finances and coordinates interdisciplinary studies, and regularly organizes seminars, conferences, and public lectures. Address: Bielefeld University Faculty of Sociology, po Box  100131, 33501, Bielefeld E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Institute of Economic Affairs (iea)

This nonprofit analytical center was founded in 1955 by Sir Antony Fisher and Lord Harris, its first ceo. The Institute’s mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analyzing and explaining the role of markets in solving economic and social issues. Now it is more important than ever that the iea should put forward a reasonable argument in favor of a free economy, low taxes, development of education, health and social welfare, and weaker state regulation. People need to understand the role played by social institutions, property rights, and the rule of law to create a society that promotes innovation, entrepreneurship, and efficient use of natural resources. In order to develop such institutions a worldwide network was established by iea, including more than 100 institutions in nearly eighty countries. They are all independent but share iea’s mission. iea is always looking for hard-working, dedicated young researchers willing to participate in their internship program. This training, which consists of operational and research tasks, demands a commitment of a full working day a week for two months in the iea offices in Westminster. iea also implements an academic internship program, designed for those people who are interested in assisting in the work of iea, obtaining experience in the think tank, and want to create a research project, which will possibly be published. Such studies are conducted under the supervision of an academic mentor: either from iea staff or someone from the academic world. iea undertakes extensive studies that may be grouped under the following headings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Trade and Development (themes: “International assistance and integral human development,” “Non-governmental organizations and development,” etc.). Crime (themes: “Police control in the liberal community,” “Winning the Drugs War: testify or not?,” etc.). Economic Theory (themes: “The crisis of the government,” “Left and public choice theory,” “Index of Economic Freedom 2012,” etc.). Education and Health (themes: “The adult approach for further education,” “Retrained, but undereducated: how the educational crisis threatens to teenagers,” etc.). Employment (themes: “Self-employment, small firms and enterprises,” “Public pension sector reformation: solutions to the growing problem,” etc.).

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6.

Environment and Transport (themes: “Environmental policy: personal or public choice?,” “Irresistible global warming,” etc.). 7. European Union (themes: “The European institutions as interest group,” “Single European market is not a free market,” “Italy in the crisis of confidence,” etc.). 8. Monetary and Credit Policy (themes: “The Central Bank, monetary stability and financial stability,” “Euro collapse,” etc.). 9. Morality and the Market Economy (themes: “Free economy, the welfare state and government borrowing,” “Moral limits of the market economy and the financial crisis,” etc.). 10. Control (themes: “Gambles, the state and the market,” “Does Britain need a financial regulator?,” etc.). 11. Taxes and Fiscal Policy (themes: “Sharper axes, lower taxes,” “The case against a financial transactions tax,” etc.). 12. Welfare (theme: “New understanding of poverty,” “Social capital” and so on.). iea is well known for the quality, availability, and accuracy of its studies. Its publications cover a wide range of issues, such as corporate social responsibility, public choice economics, morality and the market, corruption, and the legal basis of the market-based economy. Address: 2 Lord North Street, Westminster, London, SW1P 3LB, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Economics Russian Academy of Sciences (ie ras) was founded in 1930 with economic and cooperative sections and was attached to the Institute of Economics of Russian association of scientific-research institutes of social sciences in the Communist Academy. In 1947, the Institute of World Economy and International Affairs and Institute of Economics were joined into a single Institute of Economics uss.r. Academy of Sciences. The Institute has the following components: Political and Economic Studies Center, Investment and Innovation Center, Macroeconomic Policy Center, Labor Market Studies and Social Processes Center, Federalism Socio-Economic Problems Center, Institutional and Microeconomic Studies Center, Financial and Banking Studies Center, and Information Center.

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In 2005 the Institute of Economics was united with the Institute of International Economic and Political Studies (formerly the Institute of Economics of the World Socialist System of the uss.r. Academy of Sciences), which became a branch of the Institute of Economics named the International Economic and Political Studies Department. The Foreign Economic Research Center is part of the department. The Institute is one of the founders of the journal Economic Issues. Address: 117218, Russia, Moscow, Nakhimovsky prospect, 32 Website:

The Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Europe was established in 1987 by the Academy of Sciences of the ussr as a multidisciplinary academic centre with the mission of researching various aspects of life in the European continent and its interconnection with the world and the ussr (Russia since 1991). Over the years the Institute has made a significant contribution to the studies conducted by the Russian Academy of Sciences in the field of contemporary history, political science, economics and culture. Today the Institute regularly provides expert support to state authorities, institutions and organizations, including the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Security Council, Presidential Administration etc. The Institute boasts 84 researchers, includes one Academician of ras, two Corresponding Members of ras, two Professors of ras, 21 Doctors of Science and 21 Candidates of Science. The main fields of research are: • the role and place of Russia in Europe, Eurasia, in the system of international relations; • geopolitical and economic development in Europe and Eurasia in the xx– xxi centuries; • systems of security, arms control, European institutions and Euro-Atlantic structures; • models of European and Eurasian integration; • regional processes in Europe and Eurasia, country studies; • social, religious, cultural dimensions of Europe; • evolution of the European political process, systems and institutions. Since its incep`tion the Institute has held more than 400 international and national conferences. In 2015 the Institute’s specialists published over 250 papers,

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articles and books and made reports at more than 100 conferences (60 of them abroad). The ie ras experts participate in numerous international research projects, in expert commissions of the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, the Russian Science Foundation; serve in editorial boards of major Russian and foreign academic journals. Members of the Institute teach in leading Russian universities; over the last years individually or as co-authors they have published 25 textbooks covering different aspects of economic, political and social development of European countries and regions. The Institute runs a post-graduate course and two dissertation councils. Among major books, published by members of ie ras in the last years, are: “The Lessons of wwii for Europe of the xxi Century” (M., 2011), “Russia and Central Europe in New Geopolitical Realities” (M, 2013), “Dilemmas of Britain” (M., 2014), “The Military Policy of the European Union” (M., 2014), “Modern Germany. Economics and Politics” (M., 2015). The multi-volume Series of collective monographs “The Old World – the New Times” has been published by ie ras since 2007 (18 volumes by 2016). The Series “ie ras Reports” is a creative laboratory for the Institute’s research, allowing to test the results of latest studies, develop scientific methodology and promote analytical discourse. To date, more than 320 issues have been released. The Series “Working Papers of ie ras” is one of its new products, which reflect the Institute’s profound involvement in research of the most actual and demanding problems of the European continent, the post-Soviet area and the world as a whole. The Contemporary Europe journal was founded by ie ras in 2000. The journal boasts a broad range of distinguished authors and welcomes young researchers and post-graduates as well. Address: 125993, Moscow, Mokhovaya Str., 11/3. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website:

Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1921 as part of the Institute of Scientific Philosophy by the outstanding Russian philosopher-phenomenologist G.G. Shpet (1879–1937). In 1929 the Institute of Philosophy became an independent institution, in 1936 part of the uss.r. Academy of Sciences, and since 1992 part of ras. Currently, the Institute has more than 280 scientists, including more than 120 Doctors of Science.

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Various aspects of global problems are studied in scientific departments that cover the following: • • • •

philosophical issues of natural science; interdisciplinary issues of scientific and technological development; politico-philosophical issues; humanitarian expertise and bioethics.

The Bio and Eco-Philosophy Center focuses its activities on the study of various global problems, which may be grouped into the following areas: • the philosophy of biology and ecology; • the philosophy of social cognition; • global issues of civilization. For many years the Globalistics Philosophical Problems Group has been working as part of the Center, undertaking a research project entitled “Russia in the Labyrinth of Globalization: The Philosophical Analysis.” Since 2001 the Group, together with the Presidium of the Russian Philosophical Society, has conducted a seminar “Philosophical Issues of Globalistics,” meeting on the last Wednesday of each month. In 2011 ten workshops were conducted with the participation of eminent Russian and foreign scientists. Address: 12/1 Goncharnaya Str., Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of Sustainable Development (isd)

The isd was started by a group of social scientists and social workers with a vision to think globally and act locally in the arena of sustainable development. The Institute has emerged as a center of excellence in sustainable development with training, research, consultancy, and extension services that take a multidisciplinary approach to sustainable development. With due consideration for the social, economical, and environmental issues in sustainable development, as well as for the Millennium Development Goals, the isd prioritized selected issues, water, sanitation, and climate change, for its first decade of action, 2005–14. Currently the organization works in the following projects:

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• Community Organization for Water Governance (COWaG), research on a pilot basis • watsan (water and sanitation) education program for children, through the observation of watsan Week in schools • sustainable livelihood and health promotion for the rural community isd is part of the Karalapakkam Society for Rural and Sustainable ­Development (ksrsd). ksrsd is a secular not-for-profit organization under the ­Presidentship of Mrs. Gita Viswanathan, an eminent social worker based in Chennai, India, engaged in welfare and developmental activities in the rural areas of ­Tamilnadu. ksrsd works on the premise of sustainable development, with a pro-nature, pro-poor, and pro-women approach. Health, education, and livelihood enhancement are the primary focus areas for ksrsd at present, and women and children are the main concern. Address: Plots S1–S2, Air Force Nagar, tsp Road, Veerapuram, Chennai, I­ ndia 600 055E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Institute of World Economy and International Relations of ras (imemo)

imemo was founded in 1956. The Institute researches the main trends of modern world politics and the world economy, and has developed a strong analytical basis for its policy decisions. imemo is the successor of the Institute of World Economy and Policy that existed in 1925–48, gaining a reputation as authoritative and with no parallels in the uss.r. in terms of its complex fundamental and applied socio-­economic, political, and policy-oriented research into the main trends in world development. At that time a number of research institutions, engaged in regional issues, such as the Institute of usa and Canada, the Institute for African Studies, and the Institute of the International Labor Movement, were excluded from its structure. Real international processes, mechanisms of the market economy, and especially political systems of foreign countries, as well as issues related to the rapid development of the scientific and technological revolution, globalization trends, new challenges to international security, and qualitative changes in the economic and political systems of society are comprehensively researched at imemo. The priority areas of research are:

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• global contemporary issues; • analysis and forecasting of global economic dynamics and socio-political processes; • economic theory; • theory of international relations; • theory of social and political processes; • international political studies; • economic and socio-political processes in the us, Japan, European countries, and developing countries; • military and strategic studies; • study of the economic, social, and political issues of the transition period in Russia and its position in the world community; • theory of the world economy and international relations, a new model of global economic and political development; • long-term and short-term forecasts of global development; • long-term institutional and structural changes in the world economy, the role and place of Russia; • trends and perspectives of innovation development; • economic, political, and social development of overseas countries and world regions; • social factors and contemporary socio-political institutions in international development; • globalization and regional integration, Russia’s participation; • the formation and evolution of the system of international relations, the role and place of Russia; • international security and national security of Russia, international conflicts, international terrorism. Address: 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Center for Integrated Assessment and Sustainable Development (icis)

icis, at the Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Maastricht University, was founded in 1998. It addresses complex issues facing the planet and its inhabitants. Its aims are to conduct research and provide education in the fields of integrated assessment and sustainable development.

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icis is multidisciplinary; it has a mix of national and international, globalized, youthful people. Its researchers in the natural and social sciences work together in pursuit of solutions to real world problems. Such integrative studies involve analysis of the causes, effects, and mutual interlinkages between economic, environmental, institutional, and socio-cultural processes associated with a specific environment or complex issue (e.g. tourism, health, water, mobility). These interdisciplinary analyses complemented with participatory processes involving stakeholders usually form the basis for the development of visions and long-term strategies. The common languages are English and/or Dutch. The Center’s common values are trust, accuracy, transparency, flexibility and being open to new innovations around sustainable development. icis has become a scientific center of excellence related to the integrated assessment of sustainable development. Researchers of various nationalities conduct theoretical, empirical, and policy-relevant research. This scientific research program forms an excellent basis for the programs and courses that icis offers at Bachelor, Master, and Ph.D. level. Furthermore, icis works closely with the um Green Office, a body of Maastricht University that is managed by a team of employees and students. Supervised by senior staff, it addresses the green interests of university employees, students, and visitors with the goal of reaching higher sustainability standards within the university and its community. Address: Maastricht University, p.o. Box  616, 6200 md Maastricht, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (iiasa)

Founded in 1972, iiasa is an international scientific institute that conducts policy-oriented research into problems that are too large or too complex to be solved by a single country or academic discipline – problems such as ­climate change that have a global reach and can be resolved only by international cooperative action, or problems of common concern to many countries that need to be addressed at national and international level, such as energy security, population aging, and sustainable development. iiasa is funded by ­scientific institutions in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. It is independent and unconstrained by political or national selfinterest.

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iiasa’s mission is to provide insights and guidance to policymakers worldwide by finding solutions to global and universal problems through applied systems analysis, in order to improve human and social well-being and protect the environment. Over 300 mathematicians, social scientists, natural scientists, economists, and engineers from over forty-five countries carry out research at iiasa in Laxenburg, Austria, at the heart of Europe. These range from world-renowned scholars – four Nobel Prize laureates have worked at iiasa – to young scientists just embarking on their careers. In addition, research networks consisting of around 2,500 associated and visiting researchers from sixty-five countries collaborate with iiasa, including collecting and processing local and regional data for integration into iiasa’s advanced scientific models. It is through such scientific collaboration that iiasa is building bridges between countries. iiasa’s mission is to provide scientific insight and guidance to policymakers worldwide by finding solutions to global and universal problems through applied systems analysis in order to improve human and social well-being and to protect the environment. Systems analysis approaches are used to explore multiple complex global systems – for example, climate change, energy, agriculture, atmosphere, risk, and population dynamics – and most significantly the ways in which they interact. iiasa has a long and successful history of developing systems-based integrated solutions and policy advice for some of the world’s most pressing problems, including energy resources, climate change, environmental pollution, population demographics, land use and sustainable development, risk and resilience. iiasa is both international, with active collaborations in over sixty countries, and politically independent, with its governance and core funding provided by prestigious scientific institutions across its National Member Organizations (nmos) in twenty-two countries, which together represent over 60 per cent of the global population. iiasa’s research is strategically focused in three main areas: • energy and climate change: focuses on the interactions between energy production, greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, climate change, and the application and diffusion of new technologies. • food and water: covering a broad scope of disciplines from biology to Earth science, aims to balance the maintenance of biodiversity with the needs of agriculture and food security. • poverty and equity: analyzes the human side of development, ranging from how poor populations can best adapt to climate change to the impact of aging populations on developed societies.

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Research in the three global problem areas is supported by research into the main drivers of the transformations that are taking place in our world: population, technology, and economic growth. All iiasa research is peer-reviewed according to the highest international standards, is policy-relevant, and is geared toward the provision of robust solutions to the challenges of international, regional, and national policy and governance. The methodology used at iiasa since its foundation in 1972 is advanced systems analysis. Both methodology and data are constantly updated and refined in house to respond to emerging research needs. iiasa’s greatest strength is that its multidisciplinary research is problem-driven and solution-oriented, conducted with scientific excellence and policy relevance as its main principles. A summary of recent research highlights across these major research areas can be found in iiasa’s Annual Report. Currently nine research programs on the dynamics of global change are based at iiasa. One of the most significant advantages of iiasa is the ability to bring together scientists from across these programs, and its international partners, to build interdisciplinary teams that can undertake research at the intersections of these areas, such as the nexus between food, energy, risk, water, population, climate, and land use, all within a science-to-policy framework. This is a truly unique position among international research institutes. Address: Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International idea)

The Institute was founded in February 1995 in Stockholm; founding states were Australia, Barbados, Belgium, Denmark, India, Spain, Costa Rica, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Chile, Finland, Sweden, and South Africa. Today it has twenty-five members, including Botswana, Ghana, Germany, Cape Verde, ­Canada, Mauritius, Mexico, Namibia, Peru, Uruguay, and Switzerland. The Institute is an intergovernmental organization that supports sustainable democracy worldwide, and its mission includes support for sustainable democratic changes by providing comparative knowledge, assisting in democratic reform, and easing the impact on politics and politicians. The Institute is a link between democracy theorists and practitioners in this field. The Institute has been entrusted to work with new and old democracies, and to assist

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the development and strengthening of democracy institutions and culture at international, regional, and national levels. The Institute’s head office is in Stockholm; it also has offices in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The Institute has developed evaluation systems for democracy at state and local levels, which allows idea to appraise a country with specificity. These mechanisms are designed to enhance the public debate, as well as identify and evaluate reform priorities. idea publishes directories and forms databases to help local entities during the evaluation implementation. In the field of elections, constitutional system, political parties, gender democracy and women’s rights, political extension, democracy, and development, the Institute carries out work in three areas: • obtaining comparative knowledge from practical experience in building democratic processes in different environments around the world; • aiding politicians in reforming democratic institutions and processes, as well as participation in political processes when it is expected; • influence on democracy policy-building by providing knowledge from comparative resources and helping politicians. Institute research interests are: • electoral processes – support in creating more professional administrations; • constitutional arrangements processes – raising awareness of the role that constitutional development processes play in conflict management and democracy strengthening; • political parties, participation, and representation – political parties and gender equality support, focusing on four areas: political parties’ financing, policy parties, party effective aid, and cooperation in competition; • democracy and development – global policy debate support, knowledge, and tools to strengthen the political institutions that promote development and democracy in international development efforts. The following programs include all areas of the Institute’s activity, elections, democracy, and security global issues. The goal is to convince citizens that elections are important not only for democracy, but also for security, human rights, and development: • Democracy and Gender – knowledge transfer and capacity building in the field of gender equality and women’s rights expansion in electoral p ­ rocesses,

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political parties, constitutional arrangements, democracy state assessments, democracy processes, and development assessments; • Democracy, Conflict, and Security – factors causing violence during the electoral process, the constitutional system and security, as well as the influence of illegal networks on political processes; • Democracy and Diversity – challenges and dilemmas around the human diversity issue in its many forms and manifestations that face governments, parties, civil society organizations, and other political actors. The Institute has developed a training courses curriculum for managers and officials from developing democracies, and a detailed questionnaire for local communities around the world to assess to what extent democracy functions in their countries. For democracy practitioners at the national level advice is offered on such issues as referendums, constitutional reform, and reconciliation processes. Each year idea produces directories and country and regional reports. Published under the name International idea or in partnership with other organizations, these books cover a wide range of informational resources (Democracy and Development in a Global World (2009) is just one example). idea provides support for those who are involved in the process of building democracy around the world. Address: Strumsborg, SE-103 34, Stockholm, Sweden Website:

Institute on World Problems

The Institute on World Problems was founded in 2001 at the Higher School of World Issues, which had existed since 1982. Both organizations are associated with the Earth Federation Movement, which was established by the World Constitution and Parliament Association. This Association began its activities in 1958 to develop and promote the idea of global democracy on the basis of the Constitution of the Federation of Earth. The Institute essentially exists in accordance with Article 8 of the Constitution, which provides for such institutions within the World Federation. The Institute was registered as a nonprofit organization in the United States in 2003 and has an officially recognized branch in Croatia. It is considering the creation of a branch in Costa Rica. The purpose of the Institute is to achieve peace, justice, prosperity, and freedom in a healthy planetary environment. These goals can only be achieved through the development of a normative, democratic world law.

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The Institute serves as a central research and educational center for the leaders of the Association of the World Constitution and Parliament and the Earth Federation Movement. The Institute promotes sustainable development throughout the world, promoting Esperanto as a universal language, alongside English as the second language, democratic laws of peace, and nonviolent conflict resolution procedure. The Institute focuses on integrated solutions of global issues through the development of world law and the formation of a world parliament, sharing a common vision of world peace. Teachers and students learn about complex global issues: the challenge of global militarism and terrorism, the issues of global poverty, social chaos, and lawlessness, human rights violations around the world, outrages against personal dignity, issues around the population explosion, and the multifaceted challenges of global environmental degradation with regard to the world’s water resources, loss of farmland, global warming, deforestation, overfishing, pollution, ozone depletion, and so on. The Institute deeply explores these questions and questions related to them, seeking to analyze their interdependence and solutions through the development of world law. The Institute trains specialists in the understanding of these issues and their solutions set in the framework of democratic processes and global (world) government. Since its foundation, the Institute has conducted seminars on global issues, provided educational services in the field of environmental protection and agricultural projects, and participated in international conferences and meetings. A website is maintained, and an extensive e-mail correspondence with people worldwide who are interested in this work is conducted. Seminars of the Institute for World Affairs have been held in Ghana (May– June 2002), Lucknow, India (June 2002), Kara, Togo (June 2003), Lucknow, India (June–December 2002), Chennai, India (December 2002), ­Bangladesh (­January 2004), Calcutta, India (January 2005), Dhaka, Bangladesh (­January 2005), ­ Kameoka, Japan (January 2005), Tepoztlan, Mexico (May 2005), ­Lucknow, ­India (September 2005), de Herault, Tamil Nadu, South India ­(September 2005), Kalamata, Greece (March 2006), Colombo, Sri Lanka (June 2007), Toronto, Canada (May 12–13, 2008), Chennai, India (June 2008), San Jose, Costa Rica (January 2010), Zagreb, Croatia (March 2010), Chennai, India (June 2011), Bangalore, India (June 2011.), Lake Rakett, New York (July 2011), Santa Clara, Costa Rica (September 2011). The Institute officially participated as an international non-governmental organization at the General Conference for the Review of the International Criminal Court (icc) in Kampala. Uganda (July 1–11, 2010). The Institute sent an official statement to the Conference Secretariat and presented a report on the strengthening of global law (the icc is an important step forward), which

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should include the development of all the attributes of the current legislation, especially the constitutional basis for legislation – regulatory bodies and the judiciary. As a coordination center of information and a link between organizations and individuals who support the creation of a democratic world government, the Institute supports the work of the Internet and establishes cooperation between organizations and social movements whose members have registered themselves as citizens of the world, supports students throughout the world, organizing models of the Parliament of the World, conferences on the promotion of Esperanto, conferences on the environment, population, women’s rights, militarism, and so on. In particular, the Institute on World Problems  helped  to  organize meetings of the Interim World Parliament, acting on the basis of Article 19 of the World Constitution. Legislation, which was formed as a result of twelve meetings of the Parliament, is posted on the Institute website. Website:

International Global Research Association (igra)

The initiative to create igra was promoted in 2009 by members of the International Scientific Congress “Globalistics-2009.” This was held at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Global Studies. A year later, on May 22, 2010, a founding conference was held at the Faculty in which scientists from seven countries decided to create the Association. Organization registration procedure was completed on June 13, 2012. It is an international public organization that promotes scientists and specialists research activities. igra is an international nonprofit ngo. igra’s goal is to unite scientists, public figures, and all interested persons to implement joint scientific studies and coordinate research and practice activities in the study of global processes, systems, and problems. The main activities of igra may be summarized as follows: • research into global processes, systems, and problems; • creating a single information space to exchange information between ­researchers in the field of global processes, systems, and problems; • conducting scientific events and congresses; • globalistics research; • assistance for scientists, specialists, researchers, graduate students, and students who are studying global processes, systems, and problems;

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• organization of public events, conferences, Round Tables, exhibitions, and festivals; • providing publicity to all parties of global research through organizational information resources and other media; • preparing recommendations to increase cooperation between countries, and international governmental and non-governmental organizations, in global processes, systems and issues research, and management; • developing and publishing materials for scholars, professionals, and a wide range of readers who are interested in global processes, systems, and problems; • participating in shaping the legal and regulatory framework for the various spheres of life; • searching for and including in social work socially active scientists, professionals, graduate students and students, alongside the promotion of the activity of public associations; • forming databases by igra category; • disseminating information that emerges in the activities to igra members; • creating information resources and information exchange organizations, and representing it to interested persons; • developing and implementing projects and programs aimed at achieving igra’s goals; • cooperating with Russian, foreign, and international organizations, public associations, unions, associations, and foundations that act in accordance with igra’s goals. igra’s highest governing body is the General Meeting of the Global Studies International Association. At igra scientists and experts from various fields of science and practice are trying to find effective forms of cooperation related to globalization’s theoretical and practical issues. In Russia, such work has been actively directed for about fifty years, and every year it becomes more and more obvious that the study of global processes requires not only interdisciplinary cooperation but also broad international cooperation. igra was created to secure international scientific networks (648 scientists and experts from fifty-eight countries), which have established an international encyclopedia Globalistics, as well as the international encyclopedia Globalistics, which is published in Russian and English. igra has headquarters in Moscow and offices in various countries. Among igra’s recent projects are the International Scientific Congress “Globalistics 2013,” dedicated to the 150th anniversary of V.I. Vernadsky, p ­ reparation

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of annual reports on various aspects of globalization and global studies, and workshop implementation for students and young scientists. Address: 119991, Moscow, Lenin Hills, Moscow State University n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, 1st bldg. of humanities faculties, aud. 1165 E-mail: [email protected] Website: < www.globalistics.org>

International Institute for Sustainable Development (iisd)

iisd is a public policy research institute that has a long history of conducting cutting-edge research into sustainable development. In 1990, during the Globe Conference in Vancouver, British Columbia, Manitoba’s Premier Gary Filmon and Canada’s Environment Minister Lucien Bouchard signed the agreement that officially created iisd. The institute was originally established under the Canada Corporations Act, Part ii as a ­nonprofit corporation guided by an independent, international board of directors. Today, the institute is a non-partisan charitable organization specializing in policy research, analysis, and information exchange. Through its head office in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and its branches in Ottawa, Ontario, New York, and Geneva, Switzerland, iisd applies human ingenuity to help improve the wellbeing of the world’s environment, economy, and society. The institute champions global sustainable development through innovation, research, and relationships that span the world. It is devoted to the ongoing communication of its findings as it engages decision-makers in business, government, non-government organizations, and other sectors. iisd’s mission is to promote human development and environmental sustainability through innovative research, communication, and partnerships. Its 2014–19 Strategic Plan builds upon iisd’s core strengths in advancing ­integrated, multidisciplinary, and leading-edge perspectives and real-world solutions to sustainability. The strategy consolidates different iisd work streams in a focused and integrated manner. A core purpose of the strategy is to build a single, coherent institution capable of providing integrated and holistic solutions to sustainability challenges. Address: 111 Lombard Avenue, Suite 325, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 0Y4, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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International Policy Network (ipn)

This independent, nonprofit analysis center was founded in London in 1971 by Sir Anthony Fisher, and was known initially as the International Institute for Economic Research. ipn’s mission is to inform the international community about market solutions to problems of public policy of a global nature. ipn organizes awareness campaigns on international issues – from trade and development to health and environment. The main areas of research are sustainable development and environment, health care, free trade and globalization, technology, and economics. Current projects address a wide ranges of issues – from problems of clean water and safe medicine to climate change and foreign aid. In the context of global policy, ipn campaigns illuminate the role of markets and market institutions as means of empowering people to improve their lives and the lives of others. ipn works in partnership with more than seventy-five research centers around the world. ipn’s accountability project analyzes the financing of and other relationships between governments, intergovernmental bodies, and n ­ on-governmental organizations. In 2002, ipn established the Bastiat Prize in Journalism to promote, recognize, and award journalists who eloquently and wittily explained complex ideas based on a clear understanding of markets and their underlying institutions. ipn’s health program addresses issues around the economic role of market institutions in improving human health, alongside issues such as access to medicines, reducing the spread of infectious diseases, and the use of modern technologies that can improve nutrition and human health. ipn’s environmental program analyzes global issues, including agriculture, the problem of clean water, and global climate change, often intersecting with issues of sustainable development. ipn’s shopping project emphasizes the benefits of free trade for all people and the benefits of open investment and competition in tax and regulatory policy. ipn’s numerous publications in the field of research into global issues and processes are widely known, examples being Adapt or Die: The Science, Politics and Economics of Climate Change (2003), Climate Change and Sustainable Development (2005), and Global Medical Research And Development Agreement: Response to Global Health Needs (2007)?. Address: Rooms 200–205, Temple Chambers, 3–7 Temple Avenue, London EC4Y 0HP, uk Website:

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International Scientific Congress “globalistics”

The Congress is organized on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov msu Global Processes Department and under the auspices of the Russian Federation unesco Commission, with the participation of the unesco Chair to study global emerging social and ethical challenges for big cities and their populations, the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Russian Philosophical Society. The Congress objectives are global processes analysis, synthesis, comparative measurement by leading scientists, and forming in the future an international expert network to study global socio-natural trends. The interdisciplinary nature of globalistics sets the Congress’s scale and form. It allows participants to focus on the study of recent breakthrough trends in the field of globalization issues and global processes. The Congress is attended by experts and leading researchers in such fields as philosophy, sociology and political science, geography, ecology, economics, demography, history and law, geopolitics and geo-economics, and applied mathematics and control theory. The first Globalistics Congress was held at the Moscow State University in 2009 and attracted more than 300 scientists from fifteen countries. The second Congress, “Globalistics 2011: Ways to Strategic Stability and Global Governance Issues,” was held on May 19–21, 2011 at Moscow U ­ niversity and was dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the great Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov and the fiftieth anniversary of Gagarin’s first flight into space. It was also dedicated to the International Year of Youth, which was held under the auspices of the un. “Globalistics – 2011” was held under the auspices of unesco and with the direct participation of the National Commission of the Russian Federation for unesco. unesco Moscow Office Director Dendev Badarch spoke at the Congress inauguration. It was attended by more than 500 scientists and experts from thirty countries (Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, uk, Ireland, Finland, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, the Netherlands, Germany, usa, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania, Turkey, ­India, Iran, Mongolia, Japan, China, Canada, Brazil, Nigeria and Ghana), who were involved in global issues, conducting studies in the fields of philosophy, sociology and political science, geography, ecology, economics and demography, history and law, computer science, education, applied mathematics and control theory, and other areas of scientific knowledge. The plenary session was opened by the Congress Organizing Committee Chairman, the Chancellor of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vice-President of Russian

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­ cademy of Sciences, Academician V.A. Sadovnichyi. The Deputy Chairman A was the Dean of msu Global Processes Department, Associate Professor I.V. Ilyin. The Congress was held in nine sections. Among greetings announced by Congress co-chairman, msu scientific adviser of the Global Processes Faculty, I.I. Abylgazievym, were those from ­Russian Federation Minister of Foreign Affairs S.V. Lavrov, Russian Federation plenipotentiary representative in the Central Federal District G.S. Poltavchenko, Academician E.M. Primakov, co-author of the famous Club of Rome report “Growth Limits” Dennis Meadows, pioneer of globalization research English scientist Roland Robertson, Professor S.P. Kapitsa, and the famous biologist, historian, and mathematician Peter Turchin. At the opening were such prominent scientists of our time as Russian State Geological Prospecting University chancellor, Russian Academy of Education corresponding member, Professor V.I. Lisov; Academy of Geopolitical Problems vice-president, Professor I.F. Kefeli; research supervisor of ssu Nonlinear Processes Department, ras correspondent member D.I. Trubetskov; the prominent American philosopher and one of the founders of the international movement Concerned Philosophers for Peace, University of North Carolina professor William Gay; Dean of the Economic Faculty of Chengdu University, Professor Liu Fantszyan; International Organization of Philosophy Teachers vice-president, head of the philosophy department, Professor of St. Kliment Ohridski Sophia University Aneta Karageorgieva, and President of the Federation of Peace and Accord V.I. Kamyshanov. At the conclusion to the grand opening of the Congress participants and organizers were welcomed by the director of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (unido) International Industrial Cooperation Center in the Russian Federation S.A. Korotkov. The best-attended Congress section was “Globalization and Global Processes Philosophical Problems.” This was moderated by the well-known scientists Professor A.N. Chumakov, I.K. Liseev (Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences), N.M. Mamedov, E.V. Girusov, and H.A. Barlybaev (Russian Academy of Public Administration and the National Economy). The Congress International Organizing Committee included Roland Robertson, Professor at the University of Aberdeen (uk); An Tsinan, Professor at the Chinese People’s University (Beijing, China); William Hu-Dev, consultantanalyst, financial globalization researcher (Netherlands); Irene Herrmann, Professor, University of Geneva (Switzerland); Lee Dingsin, head of the Yunnan University of Economics and Finance (Kunming, China), co-director of the International Center for the Study of Global Processes in the Asia-Pacific Region; Liu Fantszyan, Professor, Dean of the Economics Department at the

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University of South-Western China; Norman Graham, professor at Michigan University (usa); Parviz Norvidzh, Professor at the New York University (usa); Tamas Bauer, Professor of Goethe University (Frankfurt am Main, Germany); and other prominent foreign scientists.

International Society for Intercultural Studies and Research (isisar)

isisar was established in 1983 in Calcutta (India) and received state registration in 1985. The main goals of the organization are: • a search for forms of peaceful coexistence; • exchange ideas and views in the international arena in order to achieve the common good, while preserving the fundamental values in different cultures and social communities. isisar’s activities are aimed at forming intercultural peace movements in a nonviolent form in India and abroad, creating a federal structure for the p ­ lanet, and developing common values for a harmonious and peaceful development of mankind. Among the most important national and international seminars and conferences organized by isisar have been The Thinkers of the World: the World Summit 2001, World International Conference 2002, World Peace Congress 2005, and World Thinkers and Poets, World Meeting 2010. Several development programs were developed and implemented for poor and repressed people in the field of education, health, economic development, and so on. Nowadays isisar is trying to present the unesco world educational model in several educational institutions, working to create the Peace Fund and Peace Institute in Calcutta. isisar President and ceo: Dr. Santi Nath Chattopadhy Address: uttaran. 22, SKDeb Road (4th Bye Lane), Kolkata, 700048, India E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Websites: ,

Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (enea)

enea was established in September 2009, but inherited all the expertise, skills, and capability of the prior research bodies.

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enea was set up with the purpose of developing “research and technology innovation as well as providing advanced services to the energy sector, notably the nuclear sector, and foster sustainable economic growth.” enea hosts over 2,700 staff employees, distributed in its nine research centers all over the national territory. It conducts research and innovation activities, and provides public administration, enterprises, and citizens with its advanced services. Specifically, enea is concerned with energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and nuclear energy. It hosts experimental laboratories and facilities, and also dedicates its technological innovation skills to cultural heritage conservation, agro-food, health, and the environment. enea’s multidisciplinary competences and great expertise in managing complex research projects are put at the disposal of all countries. Specifically, its activities are devoted to: basic, mission-oriented, and industrial research exploiting its wide-ranging expertise as well as experimental facilities, s­ pecialized laboratories, and advanced equipment. enea also develops new technologies and advanced applications; provides public and private bodies with high-tech services, studies, measurements, tests, and assessments; delivers training and information activities aimed at providing greater public knowledge and awareness of enea’s fields of competence, and a higher level of dissemination and transfer of research results, thus promoting their exploitation. Address: Lungotevere Thaon di Revel, 76 – 00196, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Iranian National Center for Globalization Studies (incgs)

Founded in 2003, incgs aims to disclose and explain the importance of fair globalization, focusing on the problems of humanity’s future. The Center is an independent organization, headed by the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The principal officer is the Executive Secretary. incgs investigates a wide range of issues connected with the new challenges and opportunities associated with the Iran’s international positioning as globalization unfolds. The Center aims to provide strategic, constructive, practical, and independent research projects, as well as public policy recommendations regarding Iran’s globalization strategy. It implements extensive studies, organizes Round Tables, forums, and seminars, and publishes reports, books, and magazines. incgs tries to act as the main advisory body for the Iranian government and other institutions, providing highly professional studies and producing political recommendations on globalization issues.

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incgs is also in charge of coordinating universities’ activities, as well as expert centers and other executive organizations in Iran, a crucial function. It provides an opportunity to participate in the international dialogue on globalization issues and share their scientific experiences with the world community. incgs’s mission is ensuring effective national participation in the management of the globalization process. incgs’s goals are: • providing means for harmonious development, leading to peace and prosperity; • coordinating editions and scientific studies, educational programs, and public activities in the field of globalization; • maintaining fair and constructive cooperation and dialogue with different nations and cultural communities; • advising public and governmental bodies and government institutions in order to achieve a better understanding of the processes of globalization; • preparing comprehensive political documents relating to Iran’s national strategy in the field of social, cultural, economic, and political aspects of globalization; • maintaining efforts to foster global cooperation; • developing and supporting globalization studies at country research centers and universities; • cooperating with similar organizations from other countries and associations, and creating thematic platforms for views exchange on globalization issues; • increasing people’s awareness of globalization issues and assisting cooperation between national and international institutions; • developing relations between international academic and scientific institutions to support multilateral cooperation on globalization issues. In recent years incgs has conducted a number of activities, some of them international. Among them are: International Symposium on Business Ethics in the Age of Globalization (February 18–19, 2007, Tehran); a joint meeting with  universities, research institutions, and government organizations (­September 6, 2010); a joint meeting with political leaders and international organizations in Iran (December 20, 2010); Global Governance in the Age of Globalization Scientific Conference (December 19, 2011); and Globalization and Cross-­Cultural Relations International Conference (January 29, 2012). incgs publishes Strategic Studies of Globalization Journal, Jahan-E-­Ayandeh, and Future Globe.

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Address: No. 17, 18th Western Street, Allameh Shomali Ave Saadat-Abad, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website:

Japan Institute for International Affairs (jiia)

The academic independent institution jiia was founded in 1960 in Tokyo. This analytical center does not belong to any political party; it is accredited by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan and focuses on issues of foreign and security policy. It carries out a wide range of research programs, promotes dialogue and collaborative studies with other institutions and experts in the country and abroad, studies Japan’s foreign policy, makes proposals to the government, and informs the public about the state of international relations, thus providing a platform for public debate. jiia conducts studies on international political and security issues, such as grand strategy, nuclear non-proliferation, regional integration, terrorism, energy, and bilateral relations. In 2011 research programs were carried out on the following subjects: • the place of alliances in us foreign policy, in a comparative study of historical and current alliances between the United States and other countries (Great Britain, Israel, nato, Germany, France, South Korea, New Zealand, the Philippines, and others; it is especially focused on the Japan–America alliance); • the medium- and long-term development prospects of Japan–us–China relations through an assessment of the role of regional organizations in deepening the economic interdependence and strengthening role of China, which is changing power relations in the Asia-Pacific region; analysis of the participation of Japan, usa, China, and asean in regional organizations in recent years, and the possibility of Japan unifying coexisting regional organizations in the future; • a comprehensive study and analysis of China’s foreign aid related to its prospects and to Japan–China cooperation in the field of development, based on the experience of Japan; • a multidimensional (political, economic, diplomatic, and social) approach to the North Korean regime – examining the current state from a different perspective, attempting to create a holistic picture of North Korea based on broader knowledge;

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• maritime safety and security, and the role that Asian countries should play in creating a stable environment of maritime security in East Asia, and the development of policy recommendations which should be taken by Japan; • energy, environment, and modernization in Russia and the prospects of Russia–Japan relations on these and other matters; • political turbulence in the Middle East, establishing cooperation with Middle Eastern media researchers and experts on the Middle East policy of the United States in order to conduct comprehensive research on causes for changes in the region’s regimes, as well as possible consequences of these events, the study of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, and regional stability issues affecting security and economic stability in Japan and around the world; • the rise of developing countries and the future of global governance through a theoretical study of the types of structural changes that the growth of developing countries will bring to the international order, identifying global challenges that the international community is currently facing, studying the attitude of developing countries to these areas of concern, and determination of future changes that may arise through accepting the idea of global governance; • international competitiveness of Japan – analyzing the status quo and developing strategic recommendations within human resources and youth employment; trade liberalization and expansion of domestic investment; rules of coordination and obtaining international standards; and development and use of human resources. jiia offers a wide range of publications in both Japanese and English, including books, magazines, newsletters, and reports on policy issues, such as Global Health Initiative, and Japan (2007) and China Will Not Enter in Global N ­ uclear Disarmament (2009). Publications are distributed in printed and electronic form. Address: 3rd Floor Toranomon Mitsui Building, 3-8-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 100–0013, Japan Website:

Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health (cgh)

cgh was founded in May 2006 as a unique collaboration between all of the Johns Hopkins University schools. It harnesses the expertise of its dedicated health and medical professionals to address a myriad of global health

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­challenges: hiv/aids, malaria, tuberculosis, malnutrition, hepatitis, and other threats to health, especially in developing countries. The Center pulls together Johns Hopkins’ extensive knowledge base to develop sustainable solutions that transcend the borders preventing good health throughout the world – borders between disciplines, languages, countries, governments, funding streams, drug availability, education, health care, and more: hence the Center’s motto: “Transcending borders for world health.” cgh brings together leaders from all over the world to share information and inspire innovation. The mission and vision of the Center is to facilitate and focus the extensive expertise and resources of the Johns Hopkins institutions together with global collaborators to effectively address and ameliorate the world’s most pressing health issues. Director: Thomas Quinn Address: 415 N Washington St., Rooms 333–341, Baltimore, md 21205, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Joint Global Change Research Institute (jgcri)

Initiated in early 2001, jgcri brings together the intersecting interests of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Maryland. jgcri houses an interdisciplinary team dedicated to understanding the problems of global climate change and their potential solutions. The staff bring decades of experience and expertise to bear in science, technology, economics, and policy. One of the strengths of jgcri is a network of domestic and international collaborators who encourage the development of global and equitable solutions to the climate change problem. Staff at jgcri are focused on developing new opportunities to train university students in five different research programs: • • • • •

Global Change Assessment Model Global Energy Technology Strategy Program Carbon Cycle Science Climate Impacts and Adaptation Energy Efficiency and Mitigation

In addition, jgcri focuses on developing dialogues around global change issues, across disciplines and national boundaries, and among diverse socioeconomic stakeholders.

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jgcri staff are part of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, with Research Affiliate status at the University of Maryland. Organizationally, the Institute falls under the Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate of pnnl and the Division of Research at umd. Address: 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, md 20740, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Kiel Institute for World Economy / institut für weltwirtschaft an der universität kiel (ifw)

This is a leading economic research organization in the field of economy. It was founded in 1914 by Bernhard Harms. The Institute’s research is focused on global economic issues. In order to respond quickly to the new challenges of the global economy, it is organized in relatively narrow areas. Currently, research projects are being carried out within International Economics and International Economic Policy (studying the causes and consequences of a growing integrated global economy, the impact of globalization on businesses and labor market regulation, and the global division of labor), Economic Policy for Sustainable Development (focused on two main aspects of sustainable development – global climate and environmental issues, and poverty reduction strategies in developing countries), and Macroeconomic Activity and Policy (investigating the sources and effects of macroeconomic fluctuations, global economic integration, and the instability of the financial sector owing to the complex structure of the interaction of market participants). Such a structure provides a flexible distribution of Institute researchers and facilitates the emergence of new areas of research. The structure of the Institute includes research centers that publish forecasts of the business cycle, generate new concepts and tools of economic policy, and develop new programs of academic education. Educational activity is focused on the extended curriculum in the area of international economic policy (since 1984 ten-month academic and applied training has been conducted). The Institute organizes an annual summer school on economic policy based on various topics (an example being an analysis of the relationship between financial markets and macroeconomic ­indicators). An internship program for graduate students (eight to twelve weeks) is also offered.

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The Institute produces the world-famous journal Review of World Economics, an innovative e-magazine Economy, and numerous monographs. Address: Hindenburgufer, 66, 24105, Kiel, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Millennium Project

The Millennium Project was founded in 1996 after a three-year feasibility study with the United Nations University, Smithsonian Institution, Futures Group International, and the American Council for the unu, in which participated over 200 futurists and scholars from about fifty countries. It is now an independent nonprofit global participatory futures research think tank of futurists, scholars, business planners, and policymakers who work for international organizations, governments, corporations, ngos, and universities. The Millennium Project manages a coherent and cumulative process that has collected and assessed judgments from over 3,500 people selected by its fifty “Nodes” around the world since the beginning of the project (the Nodes having been established to interconnect groups of individuals and institutions to promote global and local thinking). The work is distilled in its annual “State of the Future,” the “Futures Research Methodology” series, and special studies. The Millennium Project is not a one-time study of the future, but provides on-going capacity as a geographically and institutionally dispersed think tank. It was selected among the 100 Best Practices by un Habitat, among the best seven foresight organizations by the us Office of Energy, eleven of the thirteen annual State of the Future reports have been selected by Future Survey as among the year’s best books on the future, and the international journal Technological Forecasting & Social Change dedicates several entire issues to the annual State of the Future report. Millennium Project products include Futures Research Methodology; the annual State of the Future reports, Environmental Security studies; State of the Future Index; a six part series “Africa in 2025”; and World Leaders on Global Challenges. The Millennium Project works with un organizations, governments, corporations, ngos, universities, and individuals. Address: 4421 Garrison Street, n.w.,Washington d.c. 20016–4055, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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The Monash Institute for the Study of Global Movements

The Institute’s activity is oriented to increase knowledge about economic, ­social, political, and cultural aspects of the global movement. It conducts ­scientific research, promotes public debate, and offers consultations with experts. The Institute is focused on three main research questions: • What is the nature and consequences of the global movement of people, resources, and ideas? • What institutions, systems, and structures are developing to facilitate global flows, movement, and global interdependence? • What is the impact of global mobility on security, human rights, and national identity? The Institute defines its objectives as follows: • conducting research which is related to the global movement of people, resources, and ideas; • developing international relations at Monash University in order to promote and apply knowledge about global movements; • scientific expertise and advice on issues of global movements; • organization of conferences and seminars to raise awareness of issues around long-term strategies and policies for economic and human/cultural aspects of the global movement. Director: Professor John Noyvenhayzen Address: Building C, Level 3, Caulfield Campus, Monash University, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, Victoria, 3145, Australia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Moscow Club of Scientists “Global Peace” (2000–04)

This was established in 2000 by World Economy and International Relations Institute, ras, and the Institute of Russian Ministry of Microeconomics. The Club co-chairs were N.A. Simonya and Professor E.A. Azroyants. The Club manifesto explained its position and set two objectives:

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• creating an interdisciplinary association free from any political affiliation, involving professionals in basic research into globalistics; • providing favorable conditions for scientific disclosure and plans and ideas for effective implementation, so that the future transformation does not surprise those who are inevitably drawn into the deep and contradictory globalization process that have gained force all around the world. The main forms of club activities were monthly seminars, Round Tables, and an annual conference, as well as editorial and publishing work. The following Doctors of Science actively participated in the Club: E.A. Azroyants, A.S. Akhiezer, K.Z. Akobyan, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, V.S. Vasiliev, A.B. Weber, V.J. Kelly, E.G. Kochetov, N.N. Lukyanchikov, A.P. Nazaretyan, V.I. ­Pantin, V.M. Rosin, B.I. Samokhvalova, M.A. Cheshkov, A.N. Chumakov, Y.V. Shishkov, and Y.V. Yakovets; as did the Ph.D. Science O.V. Dobrocheev, N.A.  Kosolapov, and A.I. Neklessa. During its work, the Club Editorial Board published more than forty papers and brochures with seminar reports and discussions, and four volumes of “Global Peace.” The Club finished its work in 2004. Information about Club history and its materials can be obtained from [email protected].

National Resource Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The Center was created in 2000 on the initiative of the us Department of Education. The objectives of the Center for Global Studies are to: • encourage and support innovative research aimed at understanding global challenges facing the world’s population and possible ways in which to resolve these problems; • developing new educational courses and programs in the field of global research for researchers, teachers, students, businessmen, media, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations interested in understanding and solving global problems; • promoting deeper studies of world cultures and the study of rare languages.

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Headquarters of the Center for Global Studies are at the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the International Research building. Director: Edward A. Kolodziej (E-mail: [email protected]) Deputy Director: Steve W. Witt (E-mail: [email protected]) Address: 302 International Studies Bldg., 910 South Fifth Street, Champaign, il 61820, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael (Clingendael Institute)

The Institute is an independent nonprofit institution, which was established in accordance with Dutch laws and based in The Hague Clingendael estate. The Chairman of the Institute Board is the former Minister of Foreign Affairs Ben Bot. In a constantly changing global environment, this analytical center and diplomatic academy identifies and analyzes political and social changes for the government, politicians, and the public. To achieve this, the Institute conducts studies, publishes its results, organizes courses and training programs, provides information to interested ­parties, advises the government, parliament, and social organizations, holds conferences  and seminars, maintains a library and documentation center, and monthly issues publications in Dutch on international politics as well as a newsletter. Famous politicians, diplomats, journalists, and scientists are often invited by the Institute to lecture and participate in conferences and seminars. The Institute provides training courses on a variety of subjects for Central and Eastern Europe, South African diplomats, and experts who are being trained in different countries. In collaboration with major research institutions in ­Europe and the United States, the Institute conducts studies for the European Commission. The Institute’s scientific interests are represented in the following programs: • Diplomatic Studies Program (cdsp) combines diplomacy and modern trends and innovations in diplomatic practice, global issues, and policy development in response to the management problems arising as a reaction to the erosion of national borders; Dutch politicians’ diplomatic training; • European Studies Program (cesp) is a forum that studies the European Union’s political and administrative framework, the eu’s borders, current

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domestic and external eu policies, and the Netherlands’ changing position in the enlarging eu; • Security and conflict program (cscp) studies modern conflicts, security threats, and international justice issues; • International Energy Program (ciep) is an independent forum for governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, the media, politicians, and others interested in energy sector changes. The Institute produces a variety of publications in the field of global issues and processes research. These include: “eu as a Global Player: Financing eu Ambitions for 2014–2020” (2010), “Three Remarks on Global Energy and Climate” (2010), “The Debate of China’s Global Reputation” (2012), “Geopolitics and Nuclear Weapons: North Korean Provocation as a Tool of Survival Mode” (2011), and “Jihad Terrorists in Europe and the Global Salafi Jihadist Movement” (2008). Address: po Box 93080, 2509 ab, The Hague, Netherlands Visiting address: Clingendael, 7, 2597 vh, The Hague, Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (nupi)

nupi was established by the Norwegian Parliament in 1959 as a state research institute under the Ministry of Education and Research, but it acts as an independent, non-political organization in all areas of its professional activities. nupi performs long-term fundamental investigations, short-term applied studies, and consultations. A central place in nupi’s work is occupied by interdisciplinary collaboration both within the Institute and other research institutions and agencies in Norway and abroad. nupi consists of several departments: • Department of International Politics – studies in the field of international and global politics, management, European politics and the consequences of Norwegian foreign policy, security and defense policy programs: globalization and global governance, international security and transatlantic relations, European integration, world and diplomacy; military power, piracy, nuclear weapons disarmament/non-proliferation, international terrorism and radicalization, Europe, usa, and the Middle East; • Department of International Economics – focuses on globalization, international trade, international organizations (wto, imf, etc.), international

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technology diffusion, economic growth, transnational corporation activities, international corruption, and child labor; • Department of Development Studies – development processes in the South and the interaction between these processes and Norway foreign policy, as well as evaluating the various development projects; • Department of Russian and Eurasian Studies – various aspects of Russia’s political system, its political models, institutional development and ­institution-building, the bilateral relations between Russia and Norway, the ­Russian hegemonic ambitions of the former Soviet Union countries, and Russia’s relations with the eu and nato; • Department of Security and Conflict Management – peace-building issues, security sector reforms, multinational and multi-dimensional operations, political analysis, military operations, and peacekeeping operations. n upi’s main research programs at the moment are: • Afghanistan and Pakistan program – aimed at understanding the dynamics of the relationship between Afghan society (and the related society in ­Pakistan) and the fragmented international community in a difficult regional context, one of the priority issues being Norway’s role; • Balkan program – which consists of four autonomous projects – security sector reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina; the Belgrade School of Security Studies (bsss); long-term impact of international sanctions against Yugoslavia; Peace Support Operations Training Center (psotc) in Sarajevo; • Energy program – aimed at strengthening Norway’s role as a global energy power and also facilitating international energy policy discussions; • Peace Education – an international initiative to establish a peacekeeping capacity in Africa, its main goal being to contribute to the civil military ­potential for un and African peacekeeping operations. nupi operates the Global Governance Center, which conducts strategic studies aimed at analyzing global trends, being aimed at global tendencies analysis and evaluation of state governance strategies in general. The Center accumulates the results of studies conducted in the nupi departments and considers four interrelated issues: What forms of global governance dominate? How do authorities manage social institutions and how do they change over time? What is the power and state power in relation to non-state actors in different global governance networks? How can global governance be improved and made more effective and legitimate? nupi issues numerous publications in the field of global issues and processes research, such as “Global Wide Web, Global Flows and Global Political

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Control. Study Hypotheses” (2006), “Global Governance Future and the Role of Multilateral Organizations” (2010), “Globalization and Diplomacy” (2007), and “Nuclear Disarmament and Weapon Non-Proliferation” (2011). Address: po Box 8159 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara

The Center for Global and International Studies is situated in the University of California Orfalea in Santa Barbara and is one of the leading scientific centers in the field of global studies. The Center coordinated the first edition of the Encyclopedia of Global Studies (Sage, 2012), edited by Helmut Anheier and Mark Juergensmeyer. The Center organized an international conference, on the results of which a global research consortium was based. It consists of representatives from more than sixty universities around the world who have or plan to develop educational programs in the field of global studies. The Orfalea Center also holds a conference in Santa Barbara on Global Research (the Santa Barbara Global Studies Conference). This is an annual event that provides a platform for the presentation of results of global research, involving more than 300 scientists from around the world. The Orfalea Center implements research projects on topics such as “Religion and Global Civil Society” (a four-year project, funded by the Henry Luce Fund), “Climate Change Impacts on Democracy” (funded by Prince of Morocco Muleya Hisham), “Global Solutions To Transnational Challenges” and “Ethics of International Intervention” (both funded by the Orfalea Center and the United Nations University). The result of the project is its latest book, Legality and Legitimacy in Global Politics (Oxford University Press, 2012) edited by Richard Falk, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Vesselina Popovski. The Center is named in honor of a famous philanthropist, whose funds provide its administrative and program support: Paul Orfalea is an American businessman who founded Kinko’s International – an international network of copy centers. Founder and director of the Center is Mark Juergensmeyer, Professor of Sociology and Global Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara. He is also director of an academic program on Global and International Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara. Director: Mark Juergensmeyer Address: ms 7068, University of California, Santa Barbara, ca 93106–7068, usa

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E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Patel School of Global Sustainability (psgs), University of South Florida

All the efforts of the University of South Florida to implement educational programs and advanced research in the field of global sustainable development is currently concentrated in the Patel School, which includes the Center for Solving Global Problems, the School of Global Stability, and Management Studies of Sustainable Development. The Patel School is a division that is focused on collaborative interdisciplinary research support and the development of educational programs. The school became the center of a global network of experts in the field of sustainable development. psgs encourages and supports independent applied studies, which lead to the discovery, dissemination, and application of new knowledge about the sources and methods of global problems solving. In addition to research programs, the Center supports educational programs and initiatives, such as the Green University initiative. Executive Director: Dr. Vayravamurti Address: University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue Tampa, fl 33620, usa E-mail: Website:

Peace Research Institute of Oslo (prio)

prio is an independent nonprofit research institution established in 1959. The Institute conducts studies into creating conditions for peaceful relations between nations, social groups, and individuals, exploring issues relating to all aspects of peace and conflict. Studies of the Institute are interdisciplinary and focused on the driving forces of armed conflict, and also on issues of creation and maintenance of peace. The projects that are carried out by the Institute are organized within three programs and one center: • Security program – interdisciplinary research projects, focused on the study of the response of individual states, the European Union, and the un to

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s­ ecurity concerns, as well as exploring new ways in which the state is not the primary referent of security; • Ethics, norms, and identity program – study of the influence of different personalities on conflict and peace studies, dynamics of conflicts and peace, carried out within three themes of research: gender, security, and peacemaking; migration and transnationalism; ethical, legal, and religious aspects of armed conflict; • Conflict resolution and peacemaking program – studies on questions such as mine clearance, the proliferation of small arms, conflict management and resolution, reintegration of ex-combatants, and the distribution of wealth in exchange for a peace agreement. The Center for the Study of Civil War (cscw) explores how actors react to the events of civil war in all its stages (conflicts between main participants, ­civilians, and peacekeeping forces), to strengthen preventive and government initiatives to resolve conflicts, and provide guidance for other government agencies and organizations involved in peacekeeping operations. The Institute also supports the Cyprus Center prio in Nicosia, whose activity through a network, projects, and discussions is aimed at strengthening cooperation between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, and regional cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean in general. The Institute issues a variety of publications related to research into global issues and processes, such as the article “Globalization, Economic Shocks and Internal Armed Conflicts” (2008), a report of the conference “Contemporary World Politics and Global Peace” (2003), and “Global Trends in Armed Conflict” (2007). In addition, prio publishes the magazines Security Dialogue, Journal of Military Ethics and Journal of Peace Research. The working language of the Institute is English. Address: po Box 9229, Grunland, NO-0134, Oslo, Norway E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Policy Network

Policy Network is a leading think tank and international political network, founded in London in the late 1990s. Its mission is to promote strategic thinking with a view to progressive solutions in the twenty-first century and the future of democracy in the uk, Europe, and the world in general. Owing to its cooperation and an inter-ethnic approach to studies, events, and publications, Policy Network has gained a reputation as a high-value

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­ latform for discerning and sophisticated political analysis, discussion, and p exchange of views. Since its inception, Policy Network has become a point of contact between political scientists and public opinion, serving as a link between the worl ds of politics, science, business, civil society, and mass media. In the context of globalization and European integration, the distinction between national and international issues is becoming more blurred. Policy Network understands the interconnection of domestic and international, and develops studies in three main areas: • renewal of social democracy; • social and economic models of Europe; • multilevel governance policies and institutional reforms. Topics in which Policy Network has specific knowledge are welfare state and labor market reform, globalization, the European Union, economic management, industrial policy, climate change, migration, and integration. The major research projects are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

6.

Politics of Climate Change: a research initiative aimed at creating an innovative and radical political consensus on how to provide a political solution to a low-carbon economy. Globalization and Social Justice: a revaluation of the basic principles of social justice and radical reforms needed in during a rapid globalization process. Renewal of Social Democracy: researching the renewal of democracy and resolving key political and strategic dilemmas which left centrists currently face. Immigration and Integration: a research initiative that focuses on the development of a progressive agenda on migration and integration, contributing to the solution of demographic and economic problems and creating public confidence. The Future of the European Union: a project aimed at determining possible ways in which to adapt to the European Union both internally and externally to resolve the main problems that are encountered in a globalized world. International Politics and Global Governance: a program of research and debate on global politics. It focuses on the problem of establishing a common future in a multipolar world.

Policy Network has a definite influence on politics in Europe and at the international level through its publications: collections of articles that contain

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results of deep qualitative or quantitative research, and online papers, essays, and articles published on Policy Network’s website. In particular, during the last decade publications such as “Old Player, New Role? India in a Multipolar World” (2010), “Social Justice in the Age of Globalization” (2009), “Global Challenges: Accountability and Effectiveness” (2008), and “Towards a World of Democracy” (2005) have been produced. Address: Third Floor, 11 Tufton Street, London, SW1P 3QB, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Polish Institute of International Affairs (pism)

pism is an independent analytical center for foreign policy issues, which was founded in 1996 to conduct studies and provide objective expertise in the field of international relations for politicians, scientists, and the public in Poland. In 2009 pism was included in the top fifty non-us world analytical centers, and in January 2011 pism ranked among the most influential analytical centers in Central and Eastern Europe, becoming the sixteenth in the world according to the un University rating. pism’s Research Department, consisting of thirty analysts from different scientific fields, conducts long-term and daily analyses of regional and global issues. The Institute implements numerous activities and often serves as a source of information for the Polish media. It collaborates with various national and international organizations, provides advice for Polish government in particular, and initiates broad discussions on international relations in Europe and beyond. Furthermore, pism organizes personnel training for those involved in the field of international relations and Polish foreign policy (diplomatic and consular programs, foreign-policy studies, training, diplomatic protocol, and language courses). pism’s Research Department implements several major programs: • International security – learning objectives and directions of Polish security policy, and also debates about the future of nato, its political, social, and military consequences, its international operations, security considerations through the lens of proposals for the development of Poland’s Common Security and Defense Policy and other policy initiatives; • International economic relations and global issues – keyword processes research, events in the global economy, and their impact on multilateral institutions cooperation (wto, imf, G8, G20) and international economic

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organizations, the development of international law and institutions, analysis of un and regional organizations, and their role and sectoral policies consequence in the field of international relations, including global climate negotiations and international financial system reforms; • Eastern and South-Eastern Europe – a study of Poland’s relations with postSoviet and south-eastern countries, European Union policy towards the countries of Eastern Europe, the Eastern Partnership, and also the expansion process in the Western Balkans and Turkey; • European Union – a study of the eu’s functions, the eu’s institutional and political developments, energy policy, and restoration measures during the economic and financial crisis, and also eu and European External Action Service foreign policy and economic coordination projects (Lisbon Strategy, Europe 2020). pism researchers carry out analysis, interdisciplinary, comparative studies and forecasts on the government’s behalf and on its own initiative in the field of international relations and Polish foreign policy, Poland’s membership of the eu and nato, international energy security, and bilateral relations, in particular with neighboring countries. Researchers’ interest is also focused on Polish foreign policy development and implementation, and the methodology of the international relations study. pism publishes newsletters (“The G20 New Role in Global Economic Governance,” etc.), reports (“Clash of New World Order Issues: Japanese Perspectives,” etc.), strategic files (“eu Foreign Energy Policy: Between the Market and Strategic Interests,” etc.), political documents (“European Neighborhood Policy,” etc.), and articles (“Market Liberalization of the eu Defense Equipment,” etc.). pism also publishes an annual almanac, “Global Environmental Security Panorama.” All Institute publications are available online and at academic bookstores in Poland. Address: 1a Warecka Street, po Box 1010, 00–950, Warszawa, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Prague Global Studies Center (Czech Republic)

The Global Studies Center in Prague is a joint center of the Czech Republic Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Prague, established to provide broad international cooperation with scientists from various universities all around the world. Its research base is located in Prague. The Center focuses

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on interdisciplinary research in the field of philosophy and social sciences, exploring contemporary social, economic, political, and cultural changes as a consequence of the ongoing process of globalization. The Center’s work focuses primarily on social and political justice issues, social integration, cultural diversity, critical analysis of global capitalism using methods related to political and social philosophy, political science, and sociology, the formation of dialogue between different cultures and the regulation of their interaction in the framework of human civilization, and the search for consensus on universal values to contribute to the gradual leveling of mutual misunderstanding and suspicion between cultures. Scientific studies at the Center are implemented and presented in the following forms: • organization of seminars and conferences with the participation of Czech and foreign scientists; • participation in similar events organized by Czech and foreign colleagues; • publication of articles, books, and other materials, preparation of translations of foreign works, publication of research results in the media; • participation in educational programs. Founder and director: Marek Hrubec Address: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Jilska 1, 110 00, Prague 1, Czech Republic Website:

Globalization Program, Norwegian University of Technology (ntnu)

The Globalization Program is one of six strategic research programs that are implemented by the Norwegian University of Technology in its Humanities Department. The main goal of the program is to conduct scientific studies on globalization issues and disseminate research results in international publications, conferences, and projects. The program is supported by the Research Council of Norway, the European Union, and international scientific networks. The research program focuses on four priority areas: • global production and communication; • wars, conflicts, and migration in a globalizing world;

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• cross-cultural dynamics; • global economic flows, management, and stability. Director: Professor Catherine Skretting Address: Faculty of Humanities, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway Website: < https://www.ntnu.edu/studies/msglopol/about>

ras Institute of Europe

The Institute of Europe was founded in 1987. The need for a new academic center was determined by the requirement for scientific understanding of profound changes in Europe, the assessment of their prospects and consequences, and issues around the construction of a new security system for European cooperation in the spheres of economy, politics, science, the human dimension, and so on. The Institute conducts interdisciplinary studies of political, economic, military, political, social, informational, and other issues in Europe. A prognostic approach takes an important place in its analytical work. Studies draw practical conclusions and include recommendations and expert assessments, representing a wide range of interested organizations, ­including the highest authorities of the Russian Federation. The Institute of Europe is one of the most respected and influential research institutes. In 2007, according to the Foreign Policy Research Institute (Philadelphia, usa), it was included as one of the leading expert organizations in Russia and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. There are eighty-one people on the staff of the Institute, including twenty Doctors and 17 Ph.D. Sciences. Address: Moscow, Mokhovaya Str., 11/3 Website:

Research Center for Grassroots Society and State Building (rcgssb)

The Research Center for Grassroots Society and State Building (rcgssb) was established by the School of International Relations and Public Affairs (­s irpa) of Fudan University in 2006. By integrating a broad range of intellectual

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­resources, rcgssb aims to promote interdisciplinary studies on ­sociopolitical problems emerging from the grassroots. The major research interest is the transformation of state–society relations in both local and grassroots contexts. By research and by consulting, it purposes to produce solid theories in this field and provide policy implications for various stakeholders. The reconstruction of civil society and state power is playing a crucial role in nurturing democracy and improving governance quality. In response to the strategic importance of civil society growth and state building in China, ­r cgssb specializes in but is not limited to the following research areas: theories of civic  organizations, social network and state building, the pattern of party  organization in different levels and fields of society, community power and the governing structure of urban society, locality-based collective action, civic participation and democratization, ngos, and social structure transformation. rcgssb is composed of a director, a core panel, a network of research fellows, and an advisory board. The core panel is made up of faculty members from sirpa who are experts in the above-mentioned fields. The research fellows form a network across various academic units. The center is advised by a committee with senior academic scholars and governmental officials. The panel members as well as the research fellows of the center organize seminars to stimulate academic discussions, edit original working papers, and publish high-quality research works. The center plans and finances research projects for the research fellows. To promote synergy, rcgssb also develops project-based collaboration with government agencies and ngos. Furthermore, it provides professional training for local officials, social service workers, and party activists. Director: Lin Shangli Address: 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 20043, China E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House)

Chatham House is a nonprofit, non-governmental organization that studies international relations, established in 1920. It is a charitable organization, and is situated in Chatham House – a building in central London. The structure of Chatham House includes several research centers that study global issues and processes. The Centre on Global Health Security ­Studies

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works in three interrelated areas: risk of diseases that go beyond national borders and can become global; access to medicines, medical technologies, and services; international relations, management, and public health. The International Economics Centre explores the global economy issues of the twenty-first century. It conducts such studies as World’s Industrial Transformation Series, which looks at the prospects of key global industries over the next decade and identifies new “global champions” in this area; Global Financial Safety Nets studies the eurozone problems, which may spread to the global economy; and International Security Program examines global defense and security issues. In its framework research into cybersecurity is conducted, which studies information technology and global communications infrastructure. Chatham House also includes the Centre for Study of Global Governance. A range of Chatham House programs include studies of countries in Africa, America, Eurasia, the study of energy, environment, and development in ­Europe, global health security; research issues of international economics, international law, international security, the Middle East and North Africa, as well as Russia and Eurasia. Chatham House invites world politicians such as David Cameron, Ban Kimoon, Hamid Karzai, Condoleezza Rice, Gordon Brown, and Pervez Musharraf to lecture. Chatham House publishes a range of magazines: International Relations, one of the most famous British scientific periodicals in the field of international relations, The World Today, and World Review, both of which publish material relating to the global challenges of modern times in the field of international economics, politics, and other events. In addition, Chatham House publishes about sixty reports and background documents per year, and also working papers and reviews, where an analysis of the key issues in the field of international relations is given. Chatham House’s reference catalog lists all its publications since 1995. Address: 10 St. James Square, London, SW1Y4LE, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (rusi)

The Royal United Services Institute in the Field of Defence and Security Studies, which is better known by its old name of Royal United Services

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­Institute (rusi), is a British independent analytical center which is engaged primarily in defense and security. It was founded in 1831 by the Duke of Wellington. rusi constantly highlights vital policy issues both for domestic and global audiences, confirming its reputation as the “Institute of Advanced Thoughts.” rusi’s journal was awarded with the “Prospectus” as Think Tank of the Year in 2008 and as a bonus, Think Tank for Foreign Policy in 2009. In 2011 rusi celebrated its 180th anniversary. rusi allows corporate and individual membership. Its members benefit from exclusive access to the main forum for uk defense and security issues, and publications that include rusi’s authoritative analysis. Experience of rusi, which specializes in defense and security issues in the broadest sense, is used by the government, parliament, and other stakeholders. rusi, a British institution, operates in the international arena. Offices in Doha and Washington have intensified rusi’s global coverage. It contributes to the study and discussion of changes in military doctrine, defense management, and defense procurement. In recent years, rusi has expanded its competence to include all defense and security issues, including terrorism and the ideologies that encourage it, and the challenges which man faces through the threats created by other people and natural disasters. The basis of rusi’s research capacity is the knowledge and professionalism of its recognized analysts – who are the world’s experts and have the ability to create interdisciplinary research teams. The main research programs of rusi are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Defense, industry, and society, whose purpose is the creation of authoritative and evidence-based ideas about the role of industry in Western defense and society in general. The study of international (global) security, monitoring the security and development of foreign policy worldwide. National security and stability, evaluating and predicting technogenic threats and natural disasters. Military science, which researches the role of the armed forces in the world today.

In 2010 rusi expanded its research interests to include such topics as climate change and conflict, war, and culture. rusi publishes a number of periodicals and books. Its flagship publication is rusi Journal (articles include “Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction,” “Pirates of Somalia,” “nato after Libya:

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­Alliance Adrift?,” for example). The Institute also publishes “Roundup rusi” (“Chinese Trojan Horse for Europe,” “Iran: A Very British Issue,” etc.) and “Defence Systems rusi.” Address: Whitehall, London, SW1A2ET, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Russian Institute for Strategic Studies (riss)

riss is a major scientific research and analytical center that was established by the President of the Russian Federation. Its main task is to provide information support to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, the State Duma, and the Security Council, as well as to government offices, ministries, and departments. riss provides expert appraisals and recommendations, and prepares analytical materials for those bodies. riss: • deals with issues of national security, studying the relationships between Russia and other countries; • analyzes and predicts trends in political and socio-economic processes at global and regional levels; • examines ways of maintaining strategic stability in new geopolitical conditions and evaluates strategic risk factors; • considers ways to resolve crises that threaten global and regional stability, paying particular attention to the fight against terrorism; • resists the falsification of history in the post-Soviet space. Among the academics and experts of riss are thirteen Doctors and forty Ph.D.s. The Institute offers internships for undergraduate and graduate students of universities in Russia and abroad. riss publishes a series of books, monographs, and anthologies of materials presented at Round Tables and conferences, as well as periodicals such as The Russian Vector and riss Analytical Reviews, and the journal National Strategy Issues, which is included in the list of publications reviewed by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. Address: 125413, 15B Flotskaya st., Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Scientific Council of the uss.r. Academy of Science Presidium on the Complex Problem “Philosophical and Social Issues of Science and Technology”

The Scientific Council of the uss.r. Academy of Science Presidium on the Complex Problem “Philosophical and Social Issues of Science and Technology” (Board Chairman Academician I.T. Frolov) was established in 1980 to coordinate and conduct research on a wide range of philosophical, methodological, and sociocultural aspects of the man–society–technology–biosphere system, strengthening the interconnection between representatives of natural, technical, and humanitarian sciences. In 1930–50 the objective study of the philosophical problems of science in the ussr was hampered by the dominance of dialectical materialism and dogmatic interpretation of concepts (the defeat of genetics, cybernetics, etc.), which prevented much understanding between philosophers and scientists. To overcome this, the first (1959) and second (1970) all-ussr Conferences on Philosophical Problems of Natural Science were called, and played a major role in the expansion of philosophical-methodological and socio-cultural studies in the natural sciences. Coordination of these was entrusted to the Scientific Council of the uss.r. Academy of Science Presidium on Modern Natural Science Philosophical Problems (chairman P.N. Fedoseyev, deputies: B.M. Kedrov, M.E. Omel’yanovskii, I.T. Frolov, scientific secretary V.V. Kazyutinsky). Later, when research issues were greatly expanded, the Board’s activities continued under the auspices of the Scientific Council of the uss.r. Academy of Science Presidium on the Complex Problem “Science and Technology Philosophical and Social Problems.” Its structure consists of a number of sections, including a section that studies global problems. The Council organ is the yearbook The Philosophical and Social Issues of Science and Technology (1983–89). Many of the country’s scholars take part in the Scientific Council: for example, N.G. Basov, I.P. Gerasimov, V.L. Ginsburg, P.L. Kapitsa, B.F. Lomov, N.N. Moiseev, Y.A. Ovchinnikov, E.K. Fedorov, V.A. Engelhardt, and A.L. Yanshin. The main activities of the Scientific Council, which are supported by specialized institutions of the Academy of Sciences (Institute of Philosophy, Psychology, World Economy and International Relations, Geography, etc.), include: • national conferences that discuss problems of modern scientific knowledge (e.g. the Third Philosophical Issues of Modern Natural Science meeting (1981), the first conference on the comprehensive study of man (1983), the symposium Marxism-Leninism and the Global Challenges of Modern Time (1983), and the conference “Social Ecology Problems” (1986));

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• organizing large international forums (e.g. Eighth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Science Philosophy (1987), Nineteenth World Philosophy Congress (1993)); • publishing research results (e.g. Dialectics in the Sciences of Nature and Man. (Moscow: Nauka, 1983); Ecological Knowledge Horizons (Social and Philosophical Issues) (Moscow: Nauka 1986); Philosophy, Science, the str. (Moscow: Progress, 1986); Geography Global Problems (Moscow: as uss.r., 1988)); • disseminating information through Round Tables and lectures, the proceedings of which have been published (e.g. Philosophy and Modern ­Science (Moscow: Knowledge, 1982), Vols 1–3; Environmental Propaganda in the ussr (Nauka, 1984); Global Problems of Modernity (Moscow, 1984)). At the end of the 1980s it was decided to establish the Institute of Human ras (Director i.t. Frolov) on the basis of studies conducted under the Comprehensive Study of Man section of the Scientific Council, which established the urgency of this issue. The Scientific Council Yearbook became the basis of The Man journal. Ideas developed by the Global Issues section are actively implemented within the framework of modern scientific structures. For example, the Institute of Philosophy ras and Russian Philosophical Society regularly hold an interdisciplinary seminar on Globalization Philosophical and Methodological Studies. Thus ended the nearly twenty-year history of the Scientific Council’s work, which, thanks to its creator’s personality and unique historical circumstances, organizationally and intellectually tried to bring together natural sciences, engineering sciences, and humanities representatives in a global research organization to provide an integrated picture of the world’s formation.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (sipri)

Founded in 1966, sipri is an independent international institute dedicated to study conflict, armaments, arms control and disarmament, data collection, analysis, and development of recommendations, based on open sources, for policymakers, researchers, media, and the interested public. sipri was established by the Swedish Parliament and receives a significant portion of funds in the form of annual subsidies from the Swedish government, as well as financial support from various organizations, which allows it to implement a broad program of research. sipri offers a unique platform for researchers all over the world, and receives foreign visitors, researchers, and interns who work on issues related to sipri research programs.

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sipri maintains contacts with many research centers and individual researchers around the world, works with a number of intergovernmental ­organizations, especially the United Nations and the European Union, and ­regularly receives parliamentary, academic, and government delegations. According to the International Index of Think Tanks, sipri is one of the leading think tanks in the world. sipri headquarters are located in Stockholm. There are offices in Beijing and Washington d.c. The main areas of sipri’s research are: • regional and global security, with such themes as safety and control in Africa and China, global security, Euro-Atlantic security, global health and safety, international relations, and security trends; • armed conflict and conflict management, for example trends in armed conflict and preservation of peace; • military spending and armaments, covering military spending, the military industry, and international arms; • arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons, including non-proliferation, control of chemical and biological weapons, conventional arms control, arms export control, and small arms and light weapons. Since 1969 sipri has published the sipri Yearbook, which is known all over the world as an independent and authoritative source for politicians, diplomats, journalists, and analysts. It focuses on understanding arms and arms control, conflict and conflict resolution, security, and disarmament, and most ­important long-term trends in international security. It is translated into ­Russian, Ukrainian, Chinese, and Arabic. The Institute also publishes monographs and sipri research reports, ­reflecting the full range of its research. Address: Signalistgatan, 9, SE-169 70, Solna, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Sustainable Development Policy Institute (sdpi)

sdpi was founded in August 1992 on the recommendation of the Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (ncs), also called Pakistan’s Agenda 21. The ncs placed Pakistan’s socio-economic development within the context of a national environmental plan. This highly acclaimed document, approved by the Federal Cabinet in March 1992, outlined the need for an independent nonprofit

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organization to serve as a source of expertise for policy analysis and development, policy intervention, and policy and program advisory services. Its mandate was to: • conduct policy advice, policy oriented research, and advocacy from a broad multi-disciplinary perspective; • promote the implementation of policies, programs, laws, and regulations based on sustainable development; • strengthen civil society and facilitate civil society/government interaction through collaboration with other organizations and activist networks; • disseminate research findings and public education through the media, conferences, seminars, lectures, publications, and curricula development; • contribute to building up national research capacity and infrastructure. Its goals were to: • catalyze the transition towards sustainable and just development in Pakistan; • serve as a source of expertise and advisory services for the government, private sector, and non-governmental initiatives supporting the implementation of Pakistan’s environment and development agenda; • conduct policy-oriented research on sustainable development from a broad multi-disciplinary perspective; • provide policy advice on matters relating to the mission of the SDPI; • contribute to strengthening the social and physical infrastructure for research in Pakistan; • initiate, establish, and participate in collaborative advocacy and other activities with like-minded organizations in and outside the country. sdpi defines sustainable development as the enhancement of peace, social justice, and well-being within and across generations. It produces knowledge that can enhance the capacity of government to make informed policy decisions and to engage civil society on issues of public interest. sdpi acts as both a generator of original research on sustainable development issues and as an information resource for concerned individuals and institutions. Its function is thus two-fold: an advisory role fulfilled through research, policy advice, and advocacy; and an enabling role realized through providing other individuals and organizations with resource materials and training. Address: 38 Embassy Road, G-6/3, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Sustainable Development Solutions Network (sdsn)

Launched by un Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in August 2012, sdsn mobilizes scientific and technical expertise from academia, civil society, and the private sector in support of sustainable development problem solving on local, national, and global scales. It aims to accelerate joint learning and help to overcome the compartmentalization of technical and policy work by promoting integrated approaches to the interconnected economic, social, and environmental challenges confronting the world. The sdsn works closely with United Nations agencies, multilateral financing institutions, the private sector, and civil society. The organization and governance of the sdsn aims to enable a large number of leaders from all regions and a diverse set of backgrounds to participate in the running of the network while at the same time ensuring effective structures for decision-making and accountability. The sdsn Leadership Council acts as the board of the sdsn. A smaller Executive Committee oversees financial, programmatic, and other operational matters. Twelve Thematic Groups involving experts from around the world lead the technical work of the sdsn. Members are part of the sdsn Assembly and can participate in National or Regional sdsns. A small Academic Committee deals with issues relating to education and curriculum design. The sdsn Secretariat is hosted by Columbia University with staff in Paris, New York, and New Delhi. A core objective of the sdsn is to support its members (universities, research institutes, civil society organizations, and other knowledge centers) around the world to play a leading role in sustainable development in four ways: 1) as research centers; 2) as key partners in problem solving alongside government, business, and civil society; 3) as educators; and 4) as social e­ ntrepreneurs in solution initiatives. The sdsn is motivated by the idea that hundreds or even thousands of universities and research centers around the world should be playing these roles at the local, national, regional, and global levels. Address: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Reid Hall, 4 Rue de Chevreuse, 75006 Paris, France E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Transformation, Integration, and Globalization Economic Research (tiger)/Centrum Badawcze Transformacji, Integracji i Globalizacji

tiger was founded in 2000 thanks to the initiative of Professor Grzegorz W. Kolodko, the Director of tiger and a key architect of Polish economic success,

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who as First Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance led Poland to the oecd. During his tenure in government (1994–97) and based on his program Strategy for Poland, the annual rate of growth averaged an astonishing 6.4 per cent. This put Poland in the undisputed forefront of successful transition and made it the fastest growing economy in Europe. The stellar performance earned ­Poland the nickname the “European Tiger,” and Kolodko was nominated as the Best Minister of Finance in East Central Europe in 1996. In 2002–03 Professor Kolodko was again the Deputy Premier and Minister of Finance. This time he played an important role in the final stage of Poland’s integration with the ­European Union. tiger is the leading independent economic think tank in East Central ­Europe. It is affiliated with the Kozminski University (alk), the best business school in East Central Europe, located in Warsaw, Poland. tiger was established to bring together people and ideas through innovative research projects that would have the potential to advance economic equity while building democratic and market institutions in postsocialist countries and other emerging market economies. Professor Robert A. Mundell, 1999 Nobel Prize Laureate in Economics, is Chairman of the tiger Scientific Advisory Board. The Board comprises prominent economists from Canada, China, Japan, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, ­Poland, Russia, Tanzania, Nigeria, and the usa The rich and extended research of tiger’s scientific team and its associates worldwide has been published in a number of books and articles in several countries and languages. tiger’s philosophical underpinning is a belief that economic equity is essential to global economic growth, poverty reduction, maintaining social and political stability, and securing peace. tiger’s research is policy-oriented, based on sound theoretical reasoning, and advocates development strategies that improve the standard of living and quality of life in society. tiger aims to strengthen human capital by imparting the results of its research to current and future leaders in government and business, thereby enabling them to build democratic and market institutions with policy reforms that spur equitable growth and sustainable development. Director: Professor Grzegorz W. Kolodko E-mail: [email protected] Address: 59 Jagiellonska Street, 03–301 Warsaw, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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United Nations Environment Programme (unep)

unep is the main un body for the environment. It was founded in Stockholm on December 15, 1972. unep’s activities include a wide range of issues related to environmental protection and sustainable development. Current unep programs focus on the following main areas: • information, environment assessment, and study, including the potential to respond to emergencies, and the strengthening of early warning and assessment function; • improvement of coordination and environmental policy documents development; • fresh water; • technology transfer and industry; • support of African countries. unep’s objectives are: • analysis and evaluation of the global environment; • prevention of environmental threats; • the development of international law in the field of the environment for sustainable development; • promotion of an international environmental policy and public awareness activities; • assistance in policy development and advisory services for governmental and non-governmental organizations. unep’s goals are: • strengthening countries’ capacity to integrate into national development processes measures in relation to climate change; • minimization of environmental threats after conflicts and disasters which have environmental causes and consequences; • usage of the ecosystem approach to improve people’s welfare; • strengthening environmental governance at country, regional, and global levels to coordinate the priorities of environmental protection and minimize the impact of harmful substances and hazardous waste on the environment and population; • processing and consumption of natural resources on a more sustainable basis.

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unep’s headquarters are in Nairobi (Kenya), and it has regional offices in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok), Western Asia (Myanmar, Bahrain), Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico City), North America (New York), and Europe (Geneva). The Executive Director of unep from June 15, 2006 has been Joachim Steiner (Germany), who is also head of the un office in Nairobi. unep is directed by the Executive Director who holds the rank of un UnderSecretary General. The main unep bodies are the unep Governing Council and the Committee of Permanent Representatives. The Governing Council is unep’s main controlling and lawmaking body. It consists of fifty-eight members elected by the General Assembly for four years on a territorial basis: sixteen seats for African states, thirteen seats for Asian states, six seats for Eastern European states, ten seats for Latin America and the Caribbean, and thirteen seats for Western European and other countries. The Governing Council: • promotes international cooperation in the field of environmental protection and, if necessary, recommends for this purpose appropriate policies; • provides general guiding principles to direct and coordinate environmental programs within the un; • periodically receives and considers unep Executive Director reports of environmental programs within the un; • analyzes the environment global state in order to ensure that environmental issues of international importance will be adequately and properly considered by governments; • encourages scholars’ and experts’ contributions to the preparation and evaluation of environment knowledge and information, as well as, if necessary, to the technical aspects of the environmental programs that are being developed and implemented by the un; • constantly analyzes national and international environmental policies and activities in developing countries, as well as additional costs, which may require the implementation of environmental programs and projects, and ­ensures their compatibility with the development plans and priorities of those countries; • examines and approves the Environment Fund resources use program every two years. The unep secretariat consists of 890 employees, of whom about 500 hold a contract. The Secretariat is in charge of various unep policies and implementation of programs, and is also engaged in budget distribution.

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unep has published the following documents: “The State of the World Environment: Annual Reports (1972–2000),” “Global Environment Outlook: Report  (2000),” “International Environment Treaties Register (1980–1990s),” “unep Governing Council annual reports and documents (1980–2000),” “unep Executive Director reports, expert groups reports,” journal Our Planet (1996–2001). There are other documents and publications on the unep website. Address: po Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Website:

World Bank

Since its inception in 1944, the World Bank has expanded from a single institution to a closely associated group of five development institutions. It is similar to a cooperative, made up of 188 member countries. These member countries, or shareholders, are represented by a Board of Governors, who are the ultimate policymakers in the organization. Generally, the governors are member countries’ ministers of finance or ministers of development. They meet once a year at the annual meetings of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund. The World Bank is a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, and a member of the United Nations Development Group. The World Bank’s official goal is the reduction of poverty. According to its Articles of Agreement, all its decisions must be guided by a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade and to the facilitation of capital investment. The World Bank Group integrates the principles of sustainable development into its work with clients across all sectors and regions. Those principles are also at the heart of the World Bank Group’s mission statement released in 2013, and are aligned with its overarching goals to end extreme poverty and promote share prosperity: “Ending extreme poverty within a generation and promoting shared prosperity must be achieved in such a way as to be sustainable over time and across generations. This requires promoting environmental, social, and fiscal sustainability. We need to secure the long-term future of our planet and its resources so future generations do not find themselves in a wasteland. We also must aim

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for sustained social inclusion and limit the size of economic debt inherited by future generations.” The World Bank Group’s work in sustainable development can be found prominently in, for example, its urban development projects, including support for energy efficiency improvements in buildings, public transit, and carefully planned development based on low-carbon growth and social inclusion, including public services. The World Bank’s Inclusive Green Growth report provided an analytical framework and priority steps for helping clients design public policies and encourage the investments needed to strengthen sustainable development and improve standards of living in rapidly developing countries. Much that is useful can be done now: clean air and water and solid waste management are basic needs, and many urban planning and environmental policies enhance productivity and poverty alleviation. Ultimately, sustainable growth hinges on good growth policy, which aims to get prices right and fix markets, address coordination failures and knowledge externalities, and assign property rights. In rural areas, the Bank emphasizes resource-efficient, climate-smart agriculture practices, and a landscape approach that recognizes the i­ nterdependence of forests, water supplies, and food security. The Bank Group is committed to the goals of the Sustainable Energy for All initiative: achieving universal access to energy, doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global mix by 2030. In response to the Turn Down the Heat reports, which spell out the dangers of climate change, World Bank President Jim Yong Kim has called for a plan equal to the scale of the climate problem. Ensuring the success of sustainable development requires indicators to monitor performance. The Bank Group is working with partners to develop greenhouse gas accounting standards and tools, measures for green growth, and national accounting indicators for comprehensive wealth that can help determine if growth is sustainable in the long run. Helping countries develop natural capital accounting practices also underpins the transition to greener growth that sustains environmental assets – water, land, air, ecosystems, and the services they provide – for future generations. The World Bank Group incorporates sustainability and climate change resilience into its work across all sectors. It is helping countries take action on climate change and working through partnerships, such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (­e smap), to help cities account for their emissions and increase their energy efficiency. The Bank Group supports adaptation and mitigation actions on the ground to ­finance the kind of projects that help the poor grow their way out of poverty, increase their resilience to climate change, and achieve emissions reductions.

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The World Bank Group’s financing for power generation, transmission and distribution, and energy policy and regulatory reform has helped expand energy access to millions of households in over sixty countries. At the same time, Bank Group financing, combined with advisory and analytical services and policy support, has helped launch and scale up renewable energy generation and energy efficiency at national, sub-national, and municipal levels. In support of sustainable urban development, the World Bank has increased the number of projects and lending volume for urban development over the last decade, helping countries to improve the lives of urban dwellers. Its urban upgrading work in Vietnam, for example, improved infrastructure, housing, and the environmental and living conditions for the poor in four large cities. A municipal services project in Bangladesh helped plan and finance critically needed urban infrastructure and services, such as water supply and waste removal. In China, the World Bank Group is involved in low-carbon growth projects, energy efficiency, and renewable energy development. Public transportation is an important element of low-carbon growth in cities, for lowering both vehicle emissions and pollution. The World Bank has supported the development of several public transportation systems, including bus rapid transit systems in Bogota, Mexico City, and Lagos, where some 200,000 commuters take advantage of the system every day. With World Bank support, more countries are also approaching the relationship between land, forests, water, and food security in a more holistic, sustainable way, and they are beginning to account for their natural assets as part of their economic wealth. Through the work of the World Bank partnership Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services, or waves, natural capital accounting has become an increasingly important tool to gauge sustainability and ensure sustainable use of resources. Address: 1818 H Street, nw, Washington, dc 20433, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Yale Center For the Study of Globalization

The Yale Center was founded in 2001 to promote a broad debate on globalization issues. The Center has created a multimedia Internet portal named Yale Global (), by means of which information about globalization issues is distributed.

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According to the Center’s scientists, the result of globalization is a set of challenges that are opportunities for all mankind. The Center’s mission is to generate ideas and concrete proposals that will give poor and weak peoples the same opportunities that globalization provides for rich and powerful nations. The Center’s activities focus on solving issues that have a global nature, so they can be effectively solved only through international cooperation. The Center relies on the rich intellectual potential of Yale and other universities, as well as experts all over the world. The Center actively develops cooperation with many agencies, international organizations, and scientists, all of whom contribute to the discussion around globalization. The scientists’ collaboration takes many forms, such as lectures, conferences, seminars, Round Tables, video conferencing. Director: Ernesto Zedillo Address: Betts House, 393 Prospect Street, New Haven, ct 06511, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

World Economic Forum (wef)

This international non-governmental organization was established in 1987 as an offshoot of the European Forum, in order to discuss issues of management around global socio-economic development. The initiator and leader of wef was Professor Klaus Schwab. The headquarters are located near Geneva. Because of the venue of the annual meetings the organization was called the Davos Forum. Prominent politicians, businesspeople, and scientists from different countries and regions were invited to Davos to exchange views on issues of global development and the development of joint strategic initiatives. Davos includes plenary sessions, Round Tables, seminars, informal meetings of heads of government, and other events that allow informal discussion of key issues of global policy at the highest level. Besides an informal summit meeting, wef conducts global and regional studies of national economies, on the basis of which a series of reports are published annually, containing ­ratings of socio-economic development in more than 100 countries around the world. The most famous reports are “Global Competitiveness,” “Global Risks,” and “Global Gender Gap.” Davos is considered to be one of the most influential agents of economic globalization. Address: 91–93 route de la Capite, CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Universities Australia Bond University Non-state university. Founded in 1989. Gold Coast (Australia). The Baccalaureate degree in Sustainable Development, calculated on two years of training, aims to explore issues of sustainable development in its scientific, social, political, economic, and technological aspects. The postgraduate year degree in International Relations involves a development and deepening of knowledge of the global world, diplomatic relations, and a global approach to regional issues. Address: 14 University Drive, Robina, qld 4226, Australia Phone: +61 (7) 5595 1111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Curtin University State university. Founded in 1966. Perth (Australia). The International Health degree was developed on the basis of cooperation with the international organizations who and hmb. The course is available in three variations: to obtain a certificate or diploma course completion and Master’s degree. Degrees vary depending on whether a student continues to study particular topics or just an introduction. The language used is English. It is proposed to study the impact of globalization processes on climate change, trends of militarism, and aspects of international health. The practical part of the course involves development of research activities in the field of health care in developing countries. Address: gpo Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845 Phone: +61 (8) 9266 1000 Website: International College of Tourism and Hospitality International College of Management (ichm) Non-state university. Founded in 1996.

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Master’s degree in International Business offers a global approach to theoretical research and the development of business skills for international work in a multicultural society. The degree includes a year of study and three to four months of practice. The university also offers an accelerated degree. The main specializations are international tourism and hotel management. Address: The International College of Management, Sydney, 151 Darley Rd, Manly, nsw 2095, Australia Phone: (02) 9977 0333 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Monash University State university. Founded in 1958. The Master’s degree in International Relations aims to study political science and related disciplines in order to investigate the problems of the modern international system. Research is conducted into governance, diplomacy, business, and journalism. The university also has a number of degrees on environmental protection and social development. The Master’s degree in Regional and Social Development offers to study questions of social justice, human rights, and sustainable development. Address: Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia Phone: +61 (3) 9902 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Melbourne State university. Founded in 1893. In the twelve-month Master’s degree in Problems of Development, issues of intercultural interaction, regional development, and the activities of government and non-governmental organizations are studied. Students specialize in areas of international development, sustainable economic development, migration, and environmental safety. The university offers a Master’s degree in Social Policy, aimed at the study of social aspects of international interactions with in-depth study of management, globalization, and social capital; Expert in the Field of Environment is an in-depth analysis of issues of environmental protection, conservation of biodiversity, and the integrity of the planet; Global Media Communications studies the field of communication studies in a global world, multidimensional analysis of existing trends, and patterns of global development. A Bachelor’s degree in Global Issues aims to cover most important

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challenges of the global world, and students participate in an international student exchange with six universities in the uk, Sweden, Canada, and Mexico. The structure and duration of the course are determined for the individual. It is possible to study at a distance. Address: The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010 Phone: +61 (3) 8344 4505 Website: University of Newcastle State university. Founded in 1965. Callaghan (Australia). Master’s degree in Social Transformation and Development is interesting for specialists in the field of international development, since it gives a wider understanding of social and political changes in the global world and their impact on local refraction. The language used is English. There is a possibility of distance learning. The degree includes study of methods of social research, international trade and investment, problems of developing economies, economic planning and evaluation of projects; international management in human resources, food security, and sustainable agriculture. Address: The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan nsw 2308, Australia Phone: + 61 (2) 4921 8856 Website: University of New South Wales (unsw) State university. Founded in 1949. The Bachelor’s degree in International Relations takes for four years and is aimed at consideration of the dynamic changes in the global world, international relations, and the international economy. Students study problems of geopolitics, political sovereignty, and social change in an integrated world. For postgraduate and doctoral researchers, the university offers a number of international relations degrees, which allow a deepening of knowledge about world politics and development. The International Relations and Global Transformation and Politics and International Relations degrees provide an opportunity for three years’ research within a chosen topic. Address: The University of New South Wales, Sydney, nsw 2052, Australia Phone: +61 (2) 9385 2289 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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University of Queensland (uq) State university. Founded in 1909. Brisbane (Australia). The Bachelor’s degree in International Relations focuses on theoretical, research, cultural, and communicative aspects of globalization, international systems, and development. The course includes one year of additional training and prepares students for subsequent research. Address: Brisbane St Lucia, qld 4072, Australia Phone: +61 (7) 3365 1111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: The University of Sydney Public university. Founded in 1850. Sydney (Australia) It is Australia’s first university and is regarded as one of its most prestigious, ranked as the world’s twenty-seventh most reputable university. The School of Social and Political Sciences (ssps) is one of the fastestgrowing and most dynamic communities of social scientists in the world. ssps is home to the Departments of Anthropology, Government and International Relations, Political Economy, Sociology and Social Policy, the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the Centre for International Security Studies, and the Graduate School of Government. Address: School of Social and Political Sciences Room 140, level 1, rc Mills Building, A26, University of Sydney, Sydney, nsw 2006 Phone: 9351–2650 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Wollongong Public research university. Founded in 1951. Wollongong, New South Wales (Australia). The uow Global Challenges degree is a major research initiative designed to harness the expertise of world-class researchers to solve complex, real-world problems – to transform lives and regions. The degree is designed to encourage and develop creative and community-engaged research that will help drive social, economic, and cultural change in the region, and is translatable across the globe. Address: University of Wollongong nsw, 2522, Australia Phone: +61 2 4221 3555

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E-mail: [email protected] Website: Austria Diplomatic Academy of Vienna The Diplomatic Academy is a postgraduate professional school, dedicated to preparing talented university and college graduates for international careers and positions of leadership in international organizations, the eu, in public service, and in international business. The main study areas encompass international relations, political science, international and eu law, economics, history, and languages. The faculty includes not only recognized academics but also professionals and decision-makers from business and finance, the public sector, and international organizations. The wide array of teaching methods offered provide students with a sustainable way of learning, adapted to individual learners and groups and supported by tutorials. Address: Diplomatic Academy of Vienna Favoritenstraße 15a 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 5057272–0 E-mail: [email protected] Website: International Development (ie) at Vienna University, Austria The Department of Development Studies at the University of Vienna places its focus of teaching and research on transdisciplinary analysis and the critique of global inequalities. It is concerned with theories of and approaches to social, political, economic, and cultural developments from an international perspective. The Department of Development Studies was founded in 2010. It originated from the International Development project, which was initiated in 2002 by a group of lecturers interested in establishing a study program focusing on development. The aim of the department, which is supported by different faculties at the university, is the establishment of Development Studies in teaching and research. The premise that “development” is a phenomenon that can only be taught and analyzed in a transdisciplinary manner is the basis for the department’s work. In its study programs and research activities it focuses on social, political, historical, cultural, and economic approaches to development and to

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global and local inequalities. The critical and constructive support of development policy and practice, paired with the goal of fostering new methodological approaches to “development” also underlie the department’s academic efforts. Director of Studies: Ao.Univ. – Prof. Dr. Margarete Maria Grandner Address: Department of Development Studies, Sensengasse 3/2/2, 1090 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43-1-4277-239 11 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Global Studies Salzburg (gs Salzburg) The focus of the curriculum at Global Studies Salzburg is the study of current issues of globalization, their environmental impact, and political, social, and cultural development. Systematically and historically significant global phenomena such as environmental ecology, migration processes, mobility, and social changes are analyzed in this study supplement. Special attention is given to the balance of power and the theming of the link between micro- and macro-structures. This study supplement is aimed at all students who wish to acquire knowledge and skills about the topic of globalization and want to develop an interdisciplinary perspective on the phenomena of a globalized world. Global Studies is a major interdisciplinary field of study at the University of Salzburg, analyzing economic, environmental, political, cultural, social, and religious transformation processes that are historically and systematically investigated and discussed in dialogue. Special attention is given to the balance of power and the theming of the relationship between personal experience and global structures. Goals: • The interdependence of global phenomena and processes as well as roles, interests, and responsibilities of different actors and institutions; • Structural disadvantages and their causes, unequal power relations based on race, class, and gender; • Knowing other perspectives and questioning one’s own perspective and dealing with other cultures and values. Address: Prof. Dr. Christian Zeller Department for Geography & Geology, Section for Economic Geography Tel: +43-662-8044-5284 E-mail: [email protected]

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E-mail for information: [email protected] and beate.wernegger@sbg .ac.at Master’s Degree Global Studies Graz (gs Graz) The primary goal of this four-semester degree is to provide and promote global perspectives in the description and analysis of historical, current, and future processes and an integrative approach to global society, its mechanisms, interdependencies, and problems as a basis for producing a responsible action competence in dealing with resulting problems. This inter-paradigmatic (i.e. involving different perspectives) Master’s degree in Global Studies Graz combines the existing resources at Karl-Franzens-University Graz on global issues from different perspectives. Students are offered a holistic view of problems and the corresponding expertise for identifying solutions. Climate change and resource shortages, hunger and mass poverty, terrorism, and violence stand for a number of unresolved global problems and challenges. The Master’s degree Global Studies Graz prepares for a holistic way of thinking and acting in an increasingly complex and dynamic global world. This degree is didactically a decisively new way of learning, as proven by the publications available at . Besides the interdisciplinarity and orientation across faculties, broad access to topics enables the teaching to be diverse. This expertise enables the participants to professionally analyze the many international and intercultural challenges which society is facing owing to globalization. Students will develop sensitivity and a networked way of thinking that is needed in a variety of multicultural settings. International and national internships, developed in close dialogue with cooperation partners, further increase job opportunities. Chairman of the Curricula Committee: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr.phil. Peter Teibenbacher E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +43 316 380–3523 Address: Global Studies Office, Institute for Economic and Social History, Universitätsstrasse 15/E2, 8010 Graz, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Mattersburg Circle for Development Politics at Austrian Universities (mk) In the late 1970s, a group of dedicated scientists, professors, and lecturers ­ founded the Mattersburger Kreis fuer Entwicklungspolitik an den

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­oesterreichischen Universitaeten. Global inequality, climate change, and migration flows as well as development cooperation are complex questions that challenge the appropriate development of research. Firstly, these questions cannot be processed by the methods and approaches of one science alone. The Mattersburg Circle therefore has practiced, starting from critical social sciences, interdisciplinarity as a form of close cooperation between members of different disciplines. Moreover, it is the goal of research in the Mattersburg Circle to push transdisciplinarity beyond the limits of scientific disciplines, specific approaches, and theoretical concepts of development research. Research and teaching are focused on important social problems; constant dialogue with actors in political, economic, and civil society is a precondition for its work. Secondly, development research is required to position itself politically. The Mattersburg Circle sees itself as a critical instance in the description of objectives and strategies of global actors of world development. Scientific knowledge should be made available to those who strive to overcome alienation and the commodification of public goods, and engage for a just society. The Mattersburg Circle sees its concrete tasks in three areas: • • • •

Networking of scientists in Austria and abroad Education and teaching Publications, especially editing of the following journals and book series: Journal für Entwicklungspolitik (jep) = Austrian Journal of Development Studies • Book series “Historic & Social Science/International Development” (hsk) • Book series “Society, Development, Politics” (gep) • Pan-Austrian Development Conferences: “A Dialogue between Theory and Practice” President (as of 2015): Karin Fischer; Board members: Helmut Krieger, Johannes Jaeger, Birgit Englert, Gerald Faschingeder, Gilbert Ahamer; Ilker Ataç, Bernhard Leubolt, Martina Neuwirth; Clemens Pfeffer, Lukas Schmidt. Address: Mattersburger Kreis für Entwicklungspolitik an den österreichischen Universitäten, Sensengasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43-1-317 40 17 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Graz The University of Graz, a university located in Graz, Austria, is the largest and oldest university, as well as the second largest and second oldest u ­ niversity in

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Austria. Karl-Franzens-Universität, also referred to as the University of Graz, is the city’s oldest university, founded in 1585 by Archduke Charles ii of Austria. The Department/Institute of International Law and International Relations is a centre of legal excellence that is committed to developing international law and the law of international organizations through cutting-edge research, innovative international legal teaching, and sustainable and holistic cooperation within the university and beyond. Address: University of Graz Universitätsplatz 3 8010, Graz, Austria Phone: +43 316 380–0 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Innsbruck The University of Innsbruck is a public university in the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol, founded in 1669. The Innsbruck School of Political Science and Sociology is one of the most important centers for the study of Contemporary Europe and the European Union in Austria. Two independent centers of excellence for research and teaching are brought together under the umbrella of the Innsbruck School of Political Science and Sociology: the Department of Political Science and the Department of Sociology. Address: Innsbruck School of Political Science and Sociology Dean’s Office Universitätsstraße 15 6020, Innsbruck, Austria Phone: +43 512 507–96135 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Argentina The Latin American School of Social Sciences (flacso) Flacso was established in 1957 by unesco as an international, intergovernmental, regional, and autonomous organization, and fourteen countries of Latin America and the Caribbean joined the flacso Treaty. On the basis of the Argentine branch of the organization there is a global research program. This represents education in four universities: the first and fourth four months’ study is conducted at the University of Freiburg (Germany), the second four months at the University of Cape Town (South Africa) or in the Argentine office of flacso; and four months at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi (India) or at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, ­Thailand).

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This offers students advanced interdisciplinary courses on the subject, conducted on different continents, thus preparing them for further ­academic career (Ph.D.), applied research, or professional practice in organizations at local and global levels. Those who decide to spend four months in the Argentine branch of flacso, will be invited to take courses in four thematic areas (globalization, effective global governance, international exchange, culture and identity in Latin America); and at the end of study graduates receive a certificate of global research. All courses are taught in English. Address: Ayacucho 555, cp1026, Ciudad Autunoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Phone: 5411 5238 9300 Fax: 5411 4375 1373 E-mail: [email protected], Website: University of Belgrano Universidad De Belgrano (ub) Non-state university. Founded in 1964. Institute of Economics and International Business, International Relations is a division of the university that is part of the nine-month Master’s degree (three trimesters) in International Economic Policy. It offers intensive study in the field of economic and financial policy, international economic relations, international trade, international economic institutions, international and Latin American economic problems, global finance, international negotiations, processes of integration, and open regionalism. As part of the nine-month Master’s degree (three trimesters) in International Relations, students are trained in disciplines such as theory of international relations, international organizations, foreign policy of Argentina and Latin America, public international law, and human rights, as well as additional disciplines: international strategy, international security, and international and Latin American economic problems. Four years after starting a Master’s degree students must present and defend a thesis before a commission appointed by the faculty. Address: Zabala 1837 (C1426DQG), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Phone: +541 1 4788 5400 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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University of Buenos Aires Universidad De Buenos Aires (uba) State university. Founded in 1821. The Institute of Policy Studies in the Field of International Migration is a division of the university. With its annual Master degree of Policy on International Migration it allows professionals in social sciences to study the interdisciplinary field of science on international migration and to develop cross-cutting issues in the field of research migration. At the end of the course students must pass the final exam and defend their written work. Address: Viamonte, 430/44 C1053ABJ, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Phone: (054) 11 4510 1100 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of St. Andreas Universidad De San Andres Non-state university. Founded in 1988. The two-year Master’s degree in International Relations and Negotiations is organized jointly between Argentine flacso and the University of St. Andreas. An ability to simultaneously obtain a Master’s degree at the University of Barcelona is also offered. The interdisciplinary degree is aimed at university graduates who are interested in studying international issues and the domestic situation. The study is focused on three major disciplines (economics, political science and international relations, and law) and offers a set of conceptual tools to effectively address the complex problems of today. Address: 25 de Mayo, 586 (C1002ABL), Ciudad, Autunoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Phone: 541 1 4312 9499 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Armenia Yerevan State University Yerevan State University is a public university in Yerevan, Armenia. Founded on May 16, 1919, it is the largest university in the country with 110 departments. The Chair of International Relations was founded in 1990 and continued until 1998 (until 1990 at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, and from the 1991–92

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academic year at the Faculty of History). In 1993 the Chair of Theory and History of International Relations was opened to form educational projects and organize the process; it was later renamed the Chair of International Relations and Diplomacy. This faculty trains highly qualified specialists for diplomatic service, international organizations, and governmental bodies of the republic, as well as for the analytical and research departments of non-governmental organizations. The faculty comprises the following chairs: International Relations and Diplomacy, Diplomatic Service and Communication, Political Institutions and Processes, Theory and History of Political Science, and Public Management. Address: Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, 0025, 1 Alex Manoogian Phone: (+37410) 555240 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Azerbaijan Baku State University Baku State University is a public university located in Baku, Azerbaijan. Established in 1919 by the Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. There are seven departments at the international relations and international law faculty of Baku State University: International Economic Relations and Management; International Relations; International Public Law; International Private Law and European Law; Diplomacy and Modern Integration Processes; Customs Work and Management; and Foreign Languages. Address: Akademik Zahid Xəlilov küçəsi-23 Phone: (+99412) 539-00-93, 539-11-50 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Qafqaz University Qafqaz University was founded in 1993, by decree of the Azerbaijani Republic’s National Assembly and approval by the Cabinet of Ministers. Qafqaz University was the first and continues to be the only prominent and prestigious foreign private university active in Azerbaijan. The Department of International Relations formed its academic program according to experiences available in Azerbaijan and the world. Azerbaijan, after gaining its independence, has begun to implement an active foreign ­policy with great success. However, for more successful policy, every state needs h ­ ighly

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qualified experts in different spheres of international politics, and Azerbaijan is not an exception to this rule. That is why the Department of International Relations has tried to educate such experts since its foundation. Along with subjects directly related to international relations such as theories of international relations, international law, international politics, history of international relations, and foreign policy, there are also different subjects related to law and economics that are taught within the department. New global needs in the educational system that have emerged with the globalization process urged us to choose English as the educational language for the department. Address: Qafqaz Universiteti | Xırdalan şəh.,Həsən Əliyev küç., 120 AZ0101, Abşeron,Bakı,Azərbaycan Phone: +994 (12) 4482862–66 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Belarus Belarusian State University (bsu) Founded on October 30, 1921. The bsu is a top-rated higher education establishment in the Republic of Belarus. Significant expansion of international relations in the Republic of Belarus required a process of preparing specialists in international relations. To this end, in 1995 the Faculty of International Relations was opened at the Belarusian State University. It is based on the relevant departments of the historical, legal, philosophical, and economic faculties. The department is in charge for graduating students majoring in International Relations. The first fourteen students graduated in June 1995. Students with majors in Foreign Policy and Diplomacy and International Organizations are trained here, as well as students with majors in Languages and Country Studies (Foreign Policy of Countries of the Middle East and Foreign Policy of the Far East). The department also provides individual study courses for students, specializing in international law, international economics, management in tourism, crosscultural studies, and customs affairs. Lecturers of the department also work in other faculties of the Belarusian State University. Address: 4, Nezavisimosti avenue, 220030, Minsk, Republic of Belarus Phone: (017) 226-59-40 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Belgium College of Europe (College D’europe) Independent university. Founded in 1949. Main Campus in Bruges, Belgium. Master’s degrees are offered in European Policy Research and Management and European Interdisciplinary Research. The first includes a range of courses on European politics and governance institutions, and international organizations. The second provides an analysis of integration processes in Europe from a multidisciplinary point of view. When they specialize, students are provided with an opportunity to concentrate on more specific topics, such as political governance in the eu, the single market, the eu as a regional actor, and the eu as a global actor. Address: Dijver, 11, BE-8000, Brugge, Belgium Phone: +32 50 477 111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Euclid University (Pole Universitaire Euclide) Intergovernmental institution. Legal registration was received in 2008. Headquartered in Brussels. An agreement with Euclid University was signed by the governments of Eritrea, Uganda, Senegal, Benin, Comoros, Burundi, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, the Central African Republic, and East Timor. The university offers Master’s degrees (including online) in Diplomacy and International Relations and Conflict Resolution, and an mba degree in International Organization. The main specialization of the university is a program of Master’s degree in Public Administration and Diplomacy in Europe. In general, the graduates find jobs with governments, and with diplomatic and economic agencies of the eu. Address: MC-Square, Building Lambroekstraat 5A, Diegem-Brussels, Bruxelles, 1831, Belgium Phone: +32 (2) 706 5660 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Free University of Brussels Vrije Universiteit Brussel State university. Independent status. Founded in 1834.

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The university includes the Institute for European Studies, which offers a Master’s degree in European Integration and Development, comprising ­courses on politics, economics, and social sciences. Every summer in July the institute organizes an interdisciplinary summer school, studying various aspects of policymaking in Europe. Address: Pleinlaan, 2, Brussels, Brussels, 1050, Belgium Phone: +32 (2) 629 2111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ghent University Gent University (ugent) State university. Founded in 1817. The International Centre of Land Resources (part of the university) conducts studies of effective land resources engineering (a Master’s degree), aimed at preventing soil degradation, which is considered as a global problem. The Faculty of Political Science offers Master’s degrees in National Politics, International Relations, and European Studies. Address: Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat, 25, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Phone: +32 9 264 3111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: International Management Institute Non-state university. Campuses in Brussels and Antwerp. The institute is aimed at training business professionals with a high level of cross-cultural education and offers a wide range of Master’s degrees in Business Administration, Information Systems, Communications, and Advertising, with a focus on a global approach and the development of a global mindset. Address: Campus in Antwerp: Jacob Jordaensstraat, 77, 2018, Antwerp, Belgium; Campus in Brussels: Rue de Livourne, 116–120, 1050, Brussels, Belgium Phone in Antwerp: +32 (3) 218 5431, in Brussels: +32 (2) 648 6781 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Leuven Catholic University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Kuleuven) State university. Founded in 1425.

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A Master’s degree in European Studies is offered in the Centre of Excellence Jean Monnet, which is part of the university. The degree contains four interdisciplinary modules: Perspectives of Transnationalization in European History, Diversity and Culture; Foreign Policy; Europe and Globalization; and, Europe – Asia: Interaction and Features of the Development. At the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environment a wide range of courses on environmental topics and the history of the geosphere are offered. Address: Atrechtcollege, Naamsestraat, 63 B-3000, Leuven, Belgium Phone: +32 16 328 807 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Kent at Brussels State university. Founded in 1965. The Brussels campus was opened in 2006. A wide selection of Master’s and doctoral degrees in the field of international relations (including International Law and Economics) are offered by Brussels School of International Studies. Degrees are offered in the areas of international relations, international conflict and security, European public policy, international economic policy, and political strategy and communication. Address: Boulevard de la Plaine 5, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium Phone: +32 (2) 641 1721 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Liège The University of Liège is a major public university in the French community of Belgium. Its official language is French. The university was founded in 1817. More than 2,000 people, academics, scientists, and technicians, are involved in basic to applied research into a wide variety of subjects. Multidisciplinary, the Liège Faculty of Law and Political Science brings together the Department of Law and the Department of Political Science. The latter provides one of the largest and most varied educational opportunities in the country. The department offers a variety of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in the following areas: European policy, Euro-Mediterranean relations (from 2011 to 2012 a double degree with the University of Catania), public administration, international relations. Address: University of Liège place du 20-Aûot, 7 Phone: +32 4 366 21 11 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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University of Namur (Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame De La Paix) State university. Founded in 1831. Under the Master’s degree in Management and Business Engineering, courses are offered on innovation and environmental management, as well as strategic and innovative economy. Political subjects are taught at the Faculty of Political Science. Address: Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur, Brussels, B-5000, Belgium Phone: +32 8 1725 030 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Brazil University of Sao Paulo State university. Founded in 1934. Institute of International Relations within the Bachelor’s degree in International Relations offers courses in, amongst others, international organizations, social globalization, globalization, sociology and information, international conflicts, and security and cooperation. Address: Institute of International Relations, University of Sao Paulo, 908 – Building FEA-5, Room 14 – 05508–010 – Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil Phone: 3091 1898 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.usp.br Bulgaria University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy State university. Founded in 1942. The Globalization and Urban Development course is studied at the Faculty of Architecture of the university. It examines key theoretical approaches to globalization and its impact on urban development. Particular attention is paid to systematic changes in development of global and world cities and their role in modern urban hierarchy. Address: Bulgaria, 1046, Sofia, Hristo Smirnenski blvd, 1 Phone: +359 29635245 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Varna Free University, Chernorizets Hrabar» Varna Free University Chernorizets Hrabar is the biggest and most highly rated private university in Bulgaria. Founded in 1991. The founding of the Department of Economics took place in 1995 and in June 2010 it was renamed the Department of International Economics and Politics, the study of international relations now being a part of it. This course provides diverse instruction in politics, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and international relations. It provides great opportunities for embarking on a career at national and international organizations that operate in different fields of activity, such as state and local administration offices, international subsidiaries of export-oriented companies, banks and insurers; international organizations in diverse business areas, including general and specialist organizations; media and institutions specializing in culture, art, education, and science. Completion of the second year of study enables students to pursue a course in the field of European studies. Address: Chayka Resort, Varna, Bulgaria, 9007 Phone: +359 52 359 513 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Canada Dalhousie University State university. Founded in 1818. Dalhousie offers a Master’s degree in Studies in International Development. In this degree, courses in, for example, environment and development, sustainable development, are offered. The interdisciplinary nature of the degree ensures provision of a wide range of courses in economics, history, political science, sociology and social anthropology. Address: Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2 Phone: (902) 494 2211 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Mcgill University State university. Founded in 1821. Part of McGill is the Institute for International Development, which offers an interdisciplinary Master’s degree (of the same name) for students in the

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Faculties of Anthropology, Economics, Geography, History, Political Science, and Sociology. Address: 845 Sherbrooke St, W. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 0G4 Phone: 514 398 4455 Website: Mcmaster University State university. Founded in 1887. McMaster offers a Master’s degree in the Science of Globalization, which is conducted at the Institute of Globalization and Humankind Living Conditions. Address: 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S4L8 Phone: 905 525 9140 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Queen’s University State university. Founded in 1841. The university offers courses relating to global development, such as Global Political Economy and Development, Theories of Development, and Culture and Development. The geographical spread of research covers Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the indigenous population of Canada. Address: Mackintosh-Corry Hall B401, Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6 Phone: 613 533 3301 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Manitoba State university. Founded in 1877. Studies in disciplines that are related to global studies are carried out in the Global Political Economy degree. This offers courses in globalization and world systems, international politics, international relations, and globalization and the world economy. Address: University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2 Phone: 1 800 432 1960 Website: University of Ottawa State university. Founded in 1848.

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Telfer School of Management provides courses on global and international issues. Courses in the following subjects are offered: international relations in the context of globalization; the impact of globalization on the competitiveness of companies; and international business in the context of globalization. The School of International Development and Global Studies provides training in global studies. Address: University of Ottawa, Tabaret Hall, 75, Laurier Ave. E. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5 Phone: (613) 562 5700 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Saskatchewan State university. Founded in 1907. The university provides an International Studies degree. Within this, courses such as research in development and international cooperation and collaboration are offered. In addition, degrees such as Society and Environment, Political Sciences, and Earth Sciences are dedicated to global issues. Address: 105 Administration Place Saskatoon, sk, Canada, S7N 5A2 Phone: (306) 966 4343 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Toronto State university. Founded in 1827. Toronto offers a Master’s degree in Global Studies, which is based at the Munch School of Global Studies. The areas of research are as follows: global security, international economics, the analysis of global politics, and global civil society. Address: University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1 Phone: (416) 978 2011 Website: University of Waterloo State university. Founded in 1957. The university offers Master’s and doctoral degrees in Global Governance. The areas of research include the global political economy, global climate

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change, global social governance, and conflicts and global security. The university also offers a Master’s degree in Sustainable Development. Address: 200, University Avenue, West Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 Phone: 519 888 4567 E-mail: [email protected] Website: York University State university. Founded in 1959. The university offers a Master’s degree in International Relations and Public Administration. Courses offered are as follows: political decision-making in the context of globalization; world economy; and international relations in the era of globalization. Address: 4700, Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3 Phone: (416) 736 2100 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Chile Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Negos Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile Founded in 1888. The Faculty of History, Geography and Political Science offers a degree covering introductory and advanced courses in such disciplines as political theory, comparative political science, international relations, the politics of Latin America, Chilean politics, organizational theory, public policy, public ethics, and political analysis, as well as courses in statistics and methodology. A Master’s degree (two years) is aimed at training professionals for public service and business, and also those who are interested in career advancement through more knowledge of applied politics and political analysis. Teachers and students of the university participate in exchange programs, and carry out studies in cooperation with many prestigious universities and research centers. Address: Av. Vicuna Mackenna, 4860, Casilla, 274–v Correo, 21, Santiago Phone: +56 2 354 2000

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E-mail: [email protected] Website: China Fudan University Fudan University located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most selective universities in China and Asia. Founded in 1905. The School of International Relations and Public Affairs (sirpa) at Fudan University has a long and distinguished history. Founded as the Department of Political Science in 1923, in 2000 it changed its name to the School of International Relations and Public Affairs. Its achievements in academic studies and talent cultivation have been highly recognized at home and abroad. It is a school with a global mindset and determination. As profound changes have taken place in China and the whole world, being far-sighted enough to clearly appreciate and properly deal with these changes will have a bearing on the sustained development of China, as well as the future peace, stability, and prosperity of the world. sirpa has three departments: International Politics, Political Science, and Public Administration. Address: 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China Phone: 86-21-65117628, 86-21-65642258 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: Peking University Peking University is a comprehensive and national key university. Founded in 1898. The School of International Studies has three departments: International Politics, Diplomacy, and Economic International Politics. Address: Peking University, No.5 Yiheyan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China 100871 Phone: (86)10-62751230, 62757453, 62751201, 62751301 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Shanghai International Studies University (sisu) Founded in Shanghai in 1949. sisu is one of the two leading universities in China, that specializes in the study of foreign languages and international

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relations. University graduates work in the field of communications between China and the rest of the world. Through its research the university aims to improve knowledge of the global agenda, increasing the efficiency of China’s foreign policy, as well as contributing to the modernization of the country. Its main tasks are as follows: • conducting interdisciplinary research in the field of contemporary international politics, economics, and security, and in the field of China’s foreign relations in cooperation with research centers in other countries; • providing advice on international relations to the representatives of central and local authorities; • serving as a forum for research cooperation in the country and abroad, by organizing conferences, seminars, international projects, and exchange programs, and encouraging the increase of awareness of the authorities, the media, and the public on the key areas and trends in the global world. The university conducts interdisciplinary research in seven areas, for which five specialized research centers have been established. These conduct highly specialized research, into subjects such as international organizations and gender studies. The university contributes to the development of global studies as a science, conducting a number of degrees that are related to the development and analysis of global trends, such as Research in Global Governance and Research in the World Economy. Under the auspices of the university, monographs on the issues of global order are published, such as Global Governance and the Transformation of China’s Strategy in Its Relations with the Great Powers, Global Overview of Diplomatic Strategy, and Environmental Changes and the Shift in Power. Address: No 1, Lane 845, Julu Road, Shanghai, 200040, China Phone: 86 (21) 5461 4900 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Shanghai University State university. Founded in 1922. The Institute of International Relations and the Institute of Social Sciences, which are part of the university, provide courses in International Relations. This subject has a wide range of research areas with global and regional themes. The first Centre for Global Studies was established in China in 2010. Address: 99, Shangda Road, BaoShan, District, Shanghai, China

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Phone: 0086 (21) 5633 1820 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Southwestern University of Finance and Economics (Chengdu, China) State university. Founded in 1952. The Faculties of Economics, International Business, and Business Administration provide courses in International Economic Relations. Teaching and research are conducted on such issues as the economic aspects of international relations in the context of globalization, globalization and development, and political systems and governance. Address: No. 55, Guanghuacun Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Website: Tongji University Tongji University, located in Shanghai, has more than 50,000 students and 8,000 staff (as of 1 September 2007). Established in 1907 by the German government together with German physicians in Shanghai, Tongji is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China. The School of Political Science & International Relations is subdivided into the Faculty of Politics and Administration, the Faculty of International Politics, the Faculty of Sociology, and the Research Institute of International and Public Affairs. It has set up the following undergraduate degrees: Politics and Administration, International Politics, and Sociology. A Master of Political Science degree is now offered, with five supplementary degrees : Master of Political Theory, Master of Chinese and Foreign Political Institutions, Master of International Relations, Master of International Politics, and Master of Sociology. Address: Tongji University, No. 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China Phone: (86–21) 65987533 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Tsinghua University State university. Founded in 1911. The Faculty of International Relations (Dean Professor Shi Chzhitsin) provides courses in International Relations. The university has established the Institute for Strategic Cooperation between China and Russia (isskr), and

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this includes Tsinghua University and four Russian scientific-educational ­establishments (ifes, Moscow State University n.a. M.V. Lomonosov, miit, and SPbGPU), who will cooperate on research projects, in particular the publication of the compendium “Review of the Russian-Chinese Strategic Cooperation at the Present Stage and Assessment of the Prospects and Options for Further Development.” Address: Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China Phone: +86 (10) 6278 8195, 6278 9388 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Hong Kong State university. Founded in 1911. The Faculty of Social Sciences and the Faculty of Business and Economics offer Bachelor’s degrees in International Business and Global Governance and International Relations. Address: The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Phone: (852) 2859 2111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Macau Non-state university. Founded in 1981. The Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of this university provides courses in European Studies, which includes the study of international relations and foreign languages. On the basis of a multidisciplinary approach, research is conducted on the foreign economic and political relations of Macau with the states of Europe and Asia. Address: Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, Taipa, Macau Phone: (853) 8397 4898 Fax: (853) 8397 4689 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Yunnan University of Finance & Economics (Yufe) (Kunming, China) State university. Founded in 1951. The Faculties of Economics and International Business provide courses in International Relations. Teaching and research are carried out on the following

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issues: economic aspects of international relations in the context of globalization, the impact of globalization on the competitiveness of companies, and international business in the context of globalization. Address: 237 Longquan Rd. Kunming, 650221 China Phone: 86 871 512 2394; 519 2551 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Colombia Universidad Del Norte The Universidad del Norte is the main academic center for higher education in northern Colombia. It was founded in 1966 by a group of businessmen. The university offers careers in industrial, mechanical, computer, civil, electrical, and electronic engineering, as well as Medicine, Business Administration, Law, Psychology, International Relations, International Business, Math, Industrial Design, Graphic Design, Architecture, and several other faculties. The mission of the International Relations degree is to fully train students, enabling them to contribute to the process of internationalization and ­globalization in which Colombia and the Colombian Caribbean coast are immersed. Multiple opportunities from this internationalization process will enable our graduates to contribute their knowledge to the progress of science and the political, social, and economic conditions of the region and the country. Address: Km.5 Vía Puerto Colombia Phone: (57) (5) 3509509 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Czech Republic

Charles University in Prague State university. Founded in 1348. The Department of Contemporary Politics at the Institute of International Relations of Central Europe offers two-year Master’s degrees in English (the curriculum involves the study of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the former Soviet Union, including the Caucasus and Central Asia); European Studies; Comparative Studies, Central Europe (specialization in Germany, Austria, and

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the Visegrad countries, namely Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary); and Study of the Transatlantic Region. Address: U Kri e 8, 150 00 Praha 5 Jinonice, Prague, 116 36 Czech Republic Phone: 420 251 080 296 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Metropolitan University in Prague Metropolitan University Prague (mup) State university. Founded in 2001. At the Faculty of International Relations and European studies students studying a Bachelor’s degree have to attend all compulsory subjects, and choose courses by region, in which they will specialize. Languages available are Czech, German, French, Spanish, and Russian. The Master’s degree gives an opportunity to study in depth various aspects of international relations in Europe. Address: Metropolitan University, Prague, Dubecska 900/10 100 31, Praha 10, Strasnice, Czech Republic Phone: +420 (274) 815044, +420 (274) 821 235 E-mail: [email protected] Website: The University of Economics, Prague State university. Founded in 1919. The Faculty of International Relations offers the following Bachelor’s degrees: Tourism and Regional Development; International Trade; and Political Science. Master’s degrees include such specialties as European integration, international trade, and international politics and diplomacy.” Address: University of Economics, Prague, W. Churchill, Sq. 4130 67, Prague 3, Czech Republic Phone: +420 (224) 095 111 Website:

The University of Economics, Prague (Vysoka Skola Ekonomicka v Praze) Non-state university. Founded in 1991. The Faculty of International and Public Affairs offers Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. The International Business: Business Environment in Central Europe degree allows students to study the realities of economics in Central Europe in the context of global processes. The International Relations and Diplomatic

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ORGANIZATIONS

Service degree has been successfully implemented. This includes study of such areas as world politics, international economics and law, theory of international relations, diplomatic history, and comparative political science. Address: U Santosky, 17 150 00, Praha, 5, Czech Republic Phone: +420 (251) 561 557 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Denmark Aalborg University State university. Founded in 1974. The Faculty of Culture and Global Studies offers a Master’s degree in International Research and Cultural Analysis. This uses concepts and methods from both science and the humanities in the study of culture and society. A fundamental emphasis is made on the relationship between cultural, social, and political aspects of intercultural communication in the formation of identity and cultural reproduction. Address: Kroghstrsde, 3 9220, Aalborg Ost, Denmark Phone: 9 940 8391 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Roskilde University State university. Founded in 1972. The university offers a Master’s degree in Global Studies – A European Perspective. This is a joint degree of the European consortium (University of Vienna, Wroclaw University, London School of Economics and Political Science, Roskilde University, and the University of Leipzig). It also offers Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Global Studies. Address: Roskilde Universitet Universitetsvej, 1, Postboks 260, 4000, Roskilde Phone: 454 6742000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Copenhagen State university. Founded in 1479. The Centre for Global Studies of the South Asian region provides degrees that are related to international relations in the context of g­ lobalization. It also offers a degree in Global Sustainable Development in the Area of Environment.

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Address: Narregade 10, 1165, Kabenhavn, Denmark Phone: +453 393 9524 Website: University of Southern Denmark (odense) State university. Founded in 1966. Within its European Studies degree, the focus is on regional aspects of development in Europe. It includes research in such areas as regional structure and economics, business development, culture and communication, political science, law, and European institutions. Address: University of Southern Denmark (Odense), Campusvej, 55, DK5230, Odense M, Denmark Phone: +45 6550 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Egypt American University in Cairo Non-state university. Founded in 1919. The university includes a School of Global Issues and Public Policy, which consists of three faculties: Law, Public Policy and Management, and Journalism and mass Communication; and five research centers: the Centre for Migration and Refugees, Cynthia Nelson Institute for Gender and Women’s Studies (igws), Kamal Adham Centre for Television and Journalism, the Middle East Studies Program, Centre for American Studies, and Prince Ben Talal Bin Abdulaziz Research in Education. Address: auc Avenue po Box 74 New Cairo, 11835, Egypt Phone: +20 2 2615 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Pharos University Pharos University is the first Egyptian private university in Alexandria. It was established by Presidential Decree No. 252, 2006 and Presidential Decree No. 302, 2009.The university’s certificates are all accredited by the Supreme Council of Egyptian Universities and the Ministry of Higher Education. The Faculty of Legal Studies and International Relations seeks to provide educational, research, training, and consultation services (legal, national, and international). It makes a significant contribution to the development of

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s­ ociety and meets the requirements of the local, regional, and international labor markets. Address: Pharos University, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Beside Green Plaza Complex. Phone:+(203) 3877819; +(203) 3877817 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Estonia University of Tartu The University of Tartu is a classical university, the national university of Estonia, and the biggest and most highly university in the country. The university was established by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632, and it is thus one of the oldest universities in Northern Europe. The International Relations and Regional Studies Master’s degree at Tartu combines comprehensive study of international relations as an academic discipline and political practice with in-depth understanding of particular geographic regions, including the European Union, Russia and Eurasia, and the Baltic Sea region. The degree provides in depth knowledge about contemporary international relations; central principles and sources of international law; traditional and critical approaches in security studies; foreign policy analysis; conflict management and resolution mechanisms; and politics, society, economics, and international relations in the European Union, Russia and Eurasia, and the Baltic Sea region. Address: Lossi 36, room 130 and 119 51003 Tartu, Estonia Phone: +372 737 5957 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Finland Lappeenranta University of Technology/International Marketing State university. Founded in 1969. The university trains specialists in the field of industrial, information, and economic technology. It includes the School of Business, which integrates the study of business laws with technical sciences, introduces students to the

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­ eculiarities of the high-tech market, and specializes in the practical side of p the science of business. Address: International Office, po Box 20, FIN-53851, Lappeenranta, Finland Phone: +358 5 621 2920 Fax: +358 5 621 2929 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Eastern Finland State university. Founded in 2010. The University of Eastern Finland was formed when two previously independent universities merged – the University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio. The new multidisciplinary university has already received international recognition. The university specializes in three fields of knowledge – forests and environ­ ment studies, health and social welfare, and new technologies and materials. Address: po Box 86, FI-57101, Savonlinna, Finland Phone: 358 15 51 170 Fax: +358 15531060 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Jyvaskyla State university. Founded in 1863. This was the first college in the country to train seminary teachers in Finnish. In 1937 the college became entirely devoted to teacher training and received authority to grant doctoral degrees. In 1960 college professors took up scientific studies, and in 1967 the college obtained university status. The university offers a wide range of Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in English; many of them are unique. The university trains specialists in the field of natural sciences, humanities, and sports and health. The Master’s degree in Development and International Cooperation offers in-depth study of one of the following areas – education, environment, ethnology, philosophy, political science, and sociology. All are based on a global approach. Address: po Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland Phone: + 358 0 14 260 1211 Fax: + 358 (0) 14 260 1021 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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University of Lapland State university. Founded in 1979. The university is located at Rovaniemi, making it the northernmost university in Europe. A large number of scientific studies are carried out here. The university offers a Master’s degree in Global Biopolitics, a degree which provides students with knowledge of the theory and concept of biopolitics set out by Michel Foucault and other sophists such as Gilles Deleuze, Giorgio Agamben, Antonio Negri, and Roberto Esposito. The degree emphasizes the importance of biopolitics in social sciences, humanities, and the arts, and especially in international politics. It helps students to understand how states and other political forces exercise their control in the era of globalization, and how a new management model will help to solve global issues. Address: International office, po Box 122, Yliopistonkatu, 8, FIN-96101, Rovaniemi, Finland Phone: +358 16 341 2208 Fax: +358 16 341 4222 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Oulu State university. Founded in 1958. The university is one of the largest and most prestigious in Finland, known for its high-quality education and studies. Its International Research Centre cooperates with international research and educational institutions around the world. The university has more than 1,000 international students. The most popular degree, Education and Globalization, trains students in the field of international education, and coordinates educational projects by participating in interdisciplinary studies projects. The university also offers Master’s degrees in Ecology and Studies of Population Genetics, International Business, and more. Address: Office of International Relations, po Box  8000 Oulu, Fin-90014, Finland Phone: +358 1 8553101 Fax: +358 8 553 4112 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Tampere State university. Founded in 1925 in Helsinki, moving in 1960 to Tampere. In 1966 it was officially renamed.

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The university, together with three European universities, implements an international Master’s degree in Comparative Social Policy and Social ­Welfare. Its goal is to increase European regard for social policy in science and to provide an opportunity to discuss and compare social and public policy at ­international, European, and local levels. Address: Kalevantie, 4, 33100, Tampere, Finland Postal address: FI-33014, University of Tampere Phone: +358 (0) 3 355 111 Fax: +358 (0) 3 213 4473 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Vaasa State university. Founded in 1968. The university carries out cross-cultural studies in communication and administration. The Cross-Cultural Studies in Communication and Management Master’s degree is aimed at the rapidly developing field of Cultural Studies. The focus is on issues of cultural identity and cultural differences, their influence on human behavior, their way of thinking and their organized interaction in international and cross-cultural contexts. Sciences such as management, social studies, anthropology, semiotics, and linguistics make up the theoretical basis of the degree. Address: University of Vaasa, po Box 700, FI-65101 Vaasa, Finland Phone: +358 (6) 324 8111 Fax: +358 (6) 324 8208 E-mail: [email protected] Website: France

Graduate School of Commerce and Management Escem (Tur Poitou) Groupe Ecole Superieure De Commerce et de Management Tours-Poitiers (escem) State university. Founded in 1998. The university mainly specializes in Economics, Law and Sustainable ­Development (economics, law, financial ethics, “green” marketing, etc.) and Management, System Studies and Strategies (with emphasis on the study of globalization, the latest technological and organizational changes, i­ ntegration

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of new management practices, and the implementation of new strategic data). Address: 1 rue Leo Delibes bp 0535 – 37205 Tours Cedex 3 (Tours) 11 rue de l’Ancienne Comedie bp 5 – 86001 Poitiers Cedex 3 (Poitiers), France Phone: +33 (0) 24 771 7171 (Tours) + 33 (0) 54 960 5800 (Poitiers) E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Graduate School of Economics and Trade Institut Des Hautes Etudes Economiques et Commerciales (inseec) State university. Founded in 1975 (Bordeaux). In 1983 it opened a branch in Paris. The university offers a Master’s degree in Management in the Field of ­International Cooperation and ngos. The main subject of studies under this degree is to develop international co-operation and activities of ngos in geopolitical, legal, multicultural, and humanitarian aspects. Courses available include geopolitics in the context of contemporary international conflicts, the economics of development, networks of financial and international ngos, cross-cultural communication, education and culture in developing countries, environment and ecosystems protection on the planet, and marketing strategies for ngos. The Master’s degree in Sustainable Management Development and Projects Management was the response to widespread criticism of the existing economic and financial development models in the context of environmental degradation, social contradictions, and so on. It includes the following courses : history and geopolitics of sustainable development, law, regulatory mechanisms and standards of sustainable development, and environmental issues. Address: 26 rue Raze, 33000, Bordeaux 27, avenue Claude Vellefaux 75010, Paris, France Phone: +33 (0) 5 5600 7373 (Bordeaux) +33 (0) 1 4209 9917 (Paris) Website: Paul Verlaine University (mets) Universite Paul Verlaine De Metz (udm) State university. Founded in 1970. The Department of Law, Economics and Management offers a Master’s degree in Innovations Management (specialty the management of global logistics chains), while the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences offers studies

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in international relations with its History and European Studies degree (specialty international relations). Address: Ile du Saulcy, bp 80794 57012, Metz Cedex 01, France Phone: +33 (0) 3 8731 5050 Website: Rouen Business School Ecole Superieure De Commerce De Rouen State university. Founded in 1871. The Faculty of Economics and Finance offers such degrees as Global Governance, Management of International Projects, and International ­ ­Finance. Courses available include international relations in the context of globalization, international business, global economics, and global supply management. Address: Rouen Business School – 1, rue du Marechal Juin – bp 215, B ­ oulevard Andre Siegfried – 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France Phone: +33 (0) 2 3282 57 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Western Brittany Universite De Bretagne Occidentale (ubo) State university. Founded in 1971. The Faculty of Law, Management and Economics offers a degree in Administration, Management and Economics of Organizations (specialty being the management of global logistics chains). Courses available include international relations, global trade, and international relations in the context of globalization. Address: Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 12, rue de Kergoat, 29238, Brest Cedex 03, France Phone: +33 (2) 9801 6030 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne (University Paris 1) Universite Pantheon-Sorbonne-Paris 1 State university. Founded in 1971. The Faculty of Law offers a Master’s degree in Business Law (its specialization being economic law in the context of globalization). The degree prepares lawyers with its emphasis on legal aspects of the globalization of economics

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ORGANIZATIONS

(studies focus on financial markets, international dispute settlements, and mechanisms of international trade). Courses include economics of international trade, legal regulation of competition, wto law, legal aspects of international disputes, international taxation, and international arbitration. Address: 12 Place Pantheon, 75005, Paris, France Phone: +33 (0) 14 407 8000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Universite Pierre Mendes-France (Universite Grenoble 2) Universite Pierre Mendes France – Grenoble 2 (upmf) State university. Founded in 1970. The Faculty of Economics offers the following Master’s degrees: Economics, Energetic and Sustainable Development (its specialization the economics of energetics and environmental protection), International Relations and European Studies (specialization the management of organizations and international development), and others. The Faculty of Humanities and S­ ocial ­Sciences offers Master’s degrees in International Relations and European ­Studies (specialization management in Europe, managing organizations for international development), International Management, Urban Studies and International Cooperation, and so on. A doctoral degree in international economics is also available. Address: Université Pierre Mendes France, Grenoble ii, 151, rue des ­universités – 38400, Saint-Martin d’Heres, France Phone: +33 (0) 4 7682 5400 Website: Germany Berlin School of Economics and Law Die Hochschule for Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin State university. Founded in 1971. Courses in the area of global studies are conducted at the Institute of Management, with the Master’s degree in Labor Policy and Globalization taught in collaboration with the University of Kassel. Courses include strategies for trade unions in the global economy, management in the global market, the role of Europe in the globalization process, global environmental problems, international institutions and economics, and the welfare state.

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Address: Campus Schueneberg, Badensche, Strafie, 52, 10825, Berlin Phone: +49 (0) 30 857 890 Website: Goethe University Frankfurt State university. Founded in 1912–14. The Faculty of Economics and Business Administration provides courses in International Relations, including the following specializations: international economic relations, international political relations, and the transformation of economic systems. Address: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage, 31, 60325 Frankfurt am Main Phone: 069 7980 Website: Hamburg School of Business Administration State university. Founded in 2004. The university offers a Master’s degree in Global Management and Governance, which studies the organization of global governance for advanced development. Address: Hamburg School of Business Administration Alter Wall 38 20457 Hamburg Phone: 04 (0) 3613 8714 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, or hsrw, is a public university with an international orientation. Founded in 2009. The Faculty of Society and Economics is motivated by the social and economic challenges of the twenty-first century: from energy and resource scarcity, to the digital reshaping of societies, to ongoing demographic shifts and strategies for competitiveness in an increasingly globalized world. Globalization, new degrees of cultural and economic integration, the ­growing importance of an international perspective in companies and organizations, increased mobility – these factors and more are generating a new, broader appreciation of international relations among all levels of society. The field of international relations is growing ever more complex, and requires a new breed of specialists with an international and transnational perspective,

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as well as profound theoretical and methodological know-how. The International Relations Bachelor’s degree produces graduates who can best meet these complex requirements. The highly interdisciplinary degree weaves together a range of complex subject areas – political science, economics, law, social sciences, and research methods – which provides students with a sound theoretical basis. Address: Hochschule Rhein-Waal | Rhine-Waal University of Applied ­Sciences, Marie-Curie-Straße 1 | 47533 Kleve, Germany Friedrich-Heinrich-Allee 25 | 47475 Kamp-Lintfort, Germany Phone: +49 2821 806 73 – 0; +49 2842 908 25 – 0 E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Website:

School of International Studies of the Dresden University of Technology The School of International Studies (Zentrum für Internationale Studien, zis) is a central scientific institution of the Dresden University of Technology, founded in January 2002. In October 2002, the school took over the study of International Relations. The interdisciplinary degree combines the subjects of international politics, international economics, and international law. The zis coordinates the degree and two Master’s degrees, one with a focus on Global Political Economy and one on International Organizations and Institutions, as well as the participating departments for law, political science, and economics. The school is committed to international cooperation with universities around the world and close contacts with research institutions and the private sector, in order to promote the degree and research in the field of international relations. Address: George-Bähr-Str. 1d Verwaltungsgebäude 1 Phone: +49 351 463–37793 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Bielefeld Universitat Bielefeld State university. Founded in 1969. The Institute of World Communities provides courses in global studies, within its doctoral degree Creating and Presenting the Global.

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Address: Universitat Bielefeld, Postfach, 10 01 31, D-33501, Bielefeld Phone: +49 521 1 0600 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Bonn Universitat Bonn State university. Founded in 1818. It offers Master’s degrees in Political Research in Germany and European and Global Political Research, which include the following courses: globalization and development, international relations, and political systems and governance. It also offers the Master’s degree Society, Globalization and Development, which includes the following courses: civilization studies, culturology, globalization processes, and the reasons and consequences of globalization, among others. Address: Universitat Bonn, D-53012, Bonn Phone: +49 (0) 228 730 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Bremen Universitat Bremen State university. Founded in 1971. The university offers a Master’s degree in international relations: Global Governance and Social Theory (modules include theories of global governance, the changing context of global governance, and theories of social order and social change). Address: Universitat Bremen, Bibliothekstrasse, 1, 28359, Bremen Phone: +49 421 2181 Website: University of Freiburg State university. Founded in 1457. Within the global studies area, it provides Master’s and doctoral degrees in Global Studies (the modules are globalization, global governance, and cultural changes). Address: University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79085, Freiburg Phone: +49 761 203 0 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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University of Leipzig State university. Founded in 1409. The university offers a Master’s degree entitled Global Studies – A E ­ uropean perspective. This is a joint degree of the European consortium (University of Vienna, Wroclaw University, London School of Economics and Political ­Science, Roskilde University, and the University of Leipzig). Address: University of Leipzig, Emil-Fuchs-Str, 1, Ritterstrafie, 26 04109, Leipzig Phone: +49 341 97108 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Greece Athens University of Economics and Business (aueb) Athens University of Economics and Business (aueb) was founded in 1920 in Athens. aueb is the leading economics and business university in Greece. It is the third oldest higher educational institute and the oldest in the fields of economics and business in the country. The Department of International and European Economic Studies was ­established in 1989 with the purpose of training specialists in European integration issues and, generally, in International Economics and International Relations. The department also offers a Master’s degree and a doctoral degree. The program of studies is structured to promote the formation of economists and financial experts who are more focused and proficient in the fields of international economics, international relations, and international law than those who have a degree from an economics department. In addition to the undergraduate degree, the department offers an M.Sc. in International and European Economics, an M.Sc. in European Studies, and a Doctorate in International and European Economics. The department also offers an M.Sc. in Finance and Banking and an M.Sc. in Public Policy and Management. Address: Athens University of Economics and Business, 76, Patission Str., GR10434, Athens, Greece Phone: +302108203 911 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, usually referred to simply as the University of Athens, has been in continuous operation since its ­establishment in 1837. It is the oldest higher education institution in the modern Greek state. Located in Athens, it is a public university. The Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration at the University of Athens, although founded in 1982, can trace its origins back to the beginnings of the University of Athens in 1837. The Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration of the University of Athens offers three different postgraduate courses taught in Greek, P ­ olitical Science and Sociology, State and Public Policy, and International and ­European Studies, and one taught in English, leading to a Master’s in Southeast European Studies. Address: 6 Themistokleous Street, 106 78 Athens, Greece Phone: (+30) 210 368 8915, 8917 & 8918 E-mail: secr@]pspa.uoa.gr Website: Piraeus Engineering School, Greece State university. Founded in 1983. The Faculty of Business Management provides a course in International ­Relations. The main research focus is on international relations in the context of globalization, globalization, and the world economy. Address: Thivon 250 & P. Ralli, 12244, Egaleo, Greece Phone: +30 210 5613 703, +30 210 538 1129 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Hungary Central European University (ceu) Non-state university. Founded in 1991. The ceu includes a Department of Economic Policy on the Global Market, which offers doctoral degrees in Economics (six years), and Master’s degrees in Economic Policy (two years). In order to obtain a Master’s degree, students must study macroeconomics, microeconomics, quantitative analysis, applied analysis of economic policy, and additional courses (one year of study) in

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­corporate finances, economics and finance, industrial policy, health care policy, and economic policy in emerging markets. The university also offers a Master’s degree in Ecology, Politics, and ­Governance (two years), and a Ph.D. in Ecology and Politics (six years), in cooperation with the University of Lund (Sweden), the University of Manchester (uk), and the University of the Aegean Sea (Greece). To obtain a Master’s degree, students have to study methods in environmental research, sustainable energy, waste management, modeling of ­geographic information systems, environmental impact, life cycle assessment, environmental policy, eu policy on environmental law, air pollution and climate change, agriculture and forestry, conservation of biodiversity, water resources, environmental economics, corporate environmental ecosystem management, and philosophy of ecology. The National Research University is also part of the ceu. It offers a Master’s degree in Nationalism. An interdisciplinary approach is taken, combining political science, history, anthropology, sociology, and international relations. Students who take part in this research degree are required to attend courses offered by other faculties. Research and teaching are conducted in such areas as social sciences and ­humanities, law, public policy, ecology, and mathematics. The ­university ­consists of the Higher School of Business, Humanities Centre, Centre of ­Administrative Policy, and the Open Society Archives. In the twenty-first ­century ceu has been involved in the process of globalization and the spread of democracy and human rights worldwide. Address: Nador st, 9, Budapest, hu, H-1051, Hungary Phone: +36 327 3000, +36 328 3451 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Institute for Social and European Studies (ises) Non-State Research Centre. Szombathely, Koszeg, Budapest. Founded in 1993. In cooperation with the University of Corvina, ises conducts interdisciplinary research and provides courses in the areas of European integration, regional cooperation, international research, and the management of cultural heritage. It offers a Master’s degree in International Economic Relations and a doctoral degree in Management of Culture Heritage and Sustainable Development. An international summer university attached to ises has operated in Koszeg since 1994.

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Address: Europe House 14, Chernel Street, 97 30, Koszeg, Hungary Phone: +36 94563055 E-mail: [email protected] Website: India Jawaharlal Nehru University (jnu) State university. Founded in 1969. jnu includes the School of International Relations, which was founded in 1955 and later joined the university. The following degrees are offered: International Development, International Trade and Development, and Diplomacy. Courses are provided in the field of international relations, international law, and world economy. jnu publishes the journal International Research. Address: 6 Community Centre East of Kailash, New Delhi, 1 10065, India Phone: +91 11 26 704 120 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Mahatma Gandhi University Mahatma Gandhi University also known as M G University, was established on October 2, 1983 in Kottayam. The mission of the School of International Relations and Politics (sirp) is to provide the highest quality postgraduate and M.Phil./Ph.D. degrees in the frontier areas of Political Science, Public Policy, International Relations, and Human Rights, shaped by the distinctive perspectives of the faculty. It also provides wide-ranging opportunities for students and faculty to interact with each other as persons and to learn from each other in a cooperative community, an important aspect of which is collaborative student/faculty research. Address: Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala India-686560 Phone: 0481–2731040 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: Namtech Business School (nbs) Founded in 1991.

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nbs is a global education portal, which provides consulting services, collection of documents, and assistance with accommodation for students who wish to study abroad. The scope of the organization’s interests includes such specialties as business administration, management, information technology, engineering, art, and education in the universities based in, for example, the uk, usa, Switzerland, Ireland, Cyprus, France, Germany, Spain, Poland, and Singapore. Address: G4 & 202, 1/33–34, Gangaram Hospital Road, New Delhi, India Phone: 011 +91 11 257 45385 Fax: 011 +91 11 2589 0858 E-mail: www.namtech.net Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies (sims) State university (business school), located in the city of Pune, Maharashtra state. Founded in 1993. The university provides a degree in International Trade. This degree studies issues in international trade and international economic relations, as well as governance in the context of global development. Address: Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, Range Hills Road, Khadki, Pune-411004, India Phone: 020 30213 250/201/207 Fax: 020 30213 333 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: Indonesia President University President University is located in Jababeka Education Park in Kota Jababeka, Cikarang, West Java, Indonesia. Conceived in 1997 and launched in 2001. Within the School of International Relations, Communication, and Law, there are three majors: International Relations, Communication, and Law. Communication has three areas of study: Public Relations, Visual Communication Design, Broadcasting (Radio, Television, and Film), and Law has five: Civil Law, Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, Business Law, and International Law. Address: Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, Kota Jababeka, Cikarang Baru, Bekasi 17550, Indonesia. Phone: +62-21 8910 9762–63 E-mail: Website:

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Iran University of Tehran The University of Tehran, also known as Tehran University and ut, is Iran’s oldest modern university. Based on its historical, socio-cultural, and political pedigree, as well as its research and teaching profile, ut has been nicknamed “The mother university of Iran,” and it is the symbol of higher education in Iran. It is almost always cited as the best university in Iran in national and international rankings. The graduate Faculty of World Studies was established in 2007 as the first academic institution in Iran dealing with the study of countries and regions around the world. Although in its embryonic stages, the faculty has established itself as one of the premier institutions in Iran. It focuses on an inter-­disciplinary approach to the study of political, cultural, economic, and ­sociological aspects of a given country or region. The need for creating an institution of this type had long been felt but the necessary conditions had not been met. The vision of an academic institution with an inter-disciplinary approach to the study of the world was finally realized in 2004 when the Institute for North American and European Studies was established. In January 2007, the Faculty of World Studies was established: the first faculty of its kind, seeking to promote effective and practical understanding of major countries. It is important to train young men and women to look at the past and present of other countries and predict their future economic, social, political, and cultural trends. A better understanding of the world at large, and these countries in particular, is an essential component of the degree and the Faculty of World Studies. This is necessary for the promotion of international peace, security, and peaceful coexistence, which are prerequisites for the overall development of our mother Earth. Address: Northern Kargar Ave., Tehran, Iran. Phone: +98 (21) 88630931–2 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ireland Dublin City University State university. Founded in 1975. The Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences offers a number of degrees in International Relations and Global Development. Master’s degrees last for a year full time or two years part time. The International Communication course

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ORGANIZATIONS

focuses on the study of communication technology, journalism, and international development. The Master’s degree in International Management has three options – International Relations, International Security and Conflict Studies, and Issues in Development. Each of the three examines the impact of contemporary international relations on our life in such aspects as politics, human rights, economics, communication, and trade. An interdisciplinary approach to the study of these issues is used to address the issues of international organizations, the legal framework, and the international political economy. Address: Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Phone: +353 (1) 700 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Trinity College Dublin (tcd) State university. Founded in 1592 in Dublin. Part of the University of Dublin. The Faculty of Political Science offers Master’s degrees in World Politics and Politics. The Political Science course offers a combination of theoretical foundations and research practice, focusing on the issues of public opinion, governance, public institutions, and the decision-making process. The duration of the degree is one year. The World Politics course examines empirical approaches to the study of issues in world politics in the modern world which cannot be understood and studied separately. Much attention is paid to issues around environmental protection. Address: Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland Phone: +353 (1) 896 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University College Dublin (ucd) University College Dublin (also known as ucd), formally known as University College Dublin – National University of Ireland, Dublin is Ireland’s largest university, with over 1,300 faculty and 30,000 students. It originates in a body founded in 1854 as the Catholic University of Ireland, with John Henry Newman as the first rector, re-formed in 1880, and was chartered in its own right in 1908. The Universities Act, 1997 renamed the constituent university as the National University of Ireland, Dublin, and a ministerial order of 1998 renamed it as University College Dublin – National University of Ireland, Dublin. ucd School of Politics and International Relations (SPIRe) is the oldest and the largest school of its kind in the Republic of Ireland. SPIRe is a

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d­ ynamic, multi-faceted, and highly international school offering exciting and professionally valuable degrees of study at undergraduate and graduate levels. ­Academic staff are engaged in cutting-edge research on a wide variety of political issues, including ethno-political conflict, human rights, and Ireland’s role in the E ­ uropean Union, to name just a few. It is also home to three research centers: the UN-linked Centre for Sustainable Development Solutions, the Dublin European Institute, and the Institute for British-Irish Studies. Address: ucd School of Politics and International Relations Room G310 Newman Building, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Phone: +353 1 716 8397/8182 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Limerick (ul) State university. Founded in 1972. The Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences offers a Master’s degree in International Relations, a one-year full-time study. One objective of this course is to draw attention to contemporary aspects of international cooperation and environmental issues in the context of an intensification of international integration and conflicts. The Master’s degree in Political Science involves the study of contemporary political issues and international systems. The purpose of this is to identify conceptual issues in political science approaches to the study of international organizations, political parties, social movements, and the electorate. The faculty also offers courses in Public Administration and European Integration, whose main objective is the study of social management, public policy, and European integration processes. The modular structure of the course provides both theoretical understanding of information and practical use of knowledge as seen in the European states. Address: University of Limerick, National Technological Park, Limerick, Ireland Phone: +353 (0) 61 202 700 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Israel Bar-Ilan University (biu) State university. Founded in 1955.

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The university consists of the Faculty of Social Sciences and the Faculty of Humanities, which provide degrees in International Relations, and Yehud Amir Institute, which studies the issues of integration in the educational system (its head is Prof. Chaim Gaziel, tel.: 03 531 8260, [email protected]). There is also a department where human values, tolerance, and peace are studied (its head is Ya’akov Iram, tel.: 03 531 8591, [email protected]), and a department of International Trade (its head is Aryeh Hillman, tel.: 03 531 8366, hillman@ mail.biu.ac.il). Address: Spokesman’s Office Ramat Gan, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel Phone: +972 03 535 0267 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev State university. Founded in 1969. The Faculty of Politics and Public Administration provides degrees in ­International Relations. Disciplines relating to global studies are also studied in the Master’s degree that centers on resource management and environmental issues. Research is carried out on the following issues: policy of space and territories as a reason for conflict, the nature of social and political identities, policy of social protection, and growing socio-economic inequality as a reason for conflict in a globalized world, and migration. Address: Sede Boqer Campus Beer-Sheva, Beer Sheva, 84990, Israel Phone: +972 8 647 7245 E-mail: [email protected] Website: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem State university. Founded in 1925. The university includes the Rothberg International School, which offers a degree in International Relations. Teaching and research are focused on the study of Middle Eastern and Islamic themes. Address: The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel Phone: 972 2 588 3184 Fax: 972 2 588 2363 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Israel Institute of Technology State university. Founded in 1969. The university trains specialists in such high-tech and interdisciplinary fields as biotechnology, urban planning, industrial engineering and management, and space engineering. Address: Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel Phone: 04 829 2111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Tel Aviv University State university. Founded in 1956. The university includes a Faculty of Social Sciences, where the Department of Political Science provides degrees in International Relations. Research is carried out on the following issues: political institutions, political decision-making, immigration and social rights, markets, media influence and the influence of information management, and non-governmental organizations. Address: Tel Aviv University po Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel Phone: +972 03640811 1 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Haifa State university (included in the list of global consortia U8). Founded in 1963. The university consists of a Faculty of Social Sciences and the Carmel International School, where International Relations is studied, in particular in the Master’s degree in the field of peace and conflict management. Research is carried out on the following issues: ethnic, national, cultural, and religious conflicts in a divided society; approaches to conflict management; expanding the role of ngos in the Middle East peace process. One of the special features of the teaching is its interdisciplinary, practice-oriented approach. Students of this specialization are required to take internship and traineeship. Address: University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel Phone: + 972 4 824 0766 Fax: + 972 4 824 0391 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Italy Bocconi School of Management Non-state university. Founded in 1971. Within its Master’s degrees International Management in Health Care, Economics and Politics, and State Management, the university provides ­ ­opportunities to gain knowledge in the field of health care, international, ­environmental, political and social relations, and public administration. Address: Via Bocconi, Milan, 820136, Italy Phone: +39 02 5836 6875, +39 02 5836 6834 E-mail: [email protected] Website: mib School of Management Business School. Founded in 1988. mib School of Management offers academic degrees in management in the international context and carries out research projects in the field of international management, paying attention to all its main aspects. Research is also carried out in the areas of, for example, international economic relations, marketing, finances, and international tourism. Address: Largo Caduti di Nasiriya, 1, Trieste, 34142, Italy Website: University of Milan The University of Milan or unimi (Italian: Università degli Studi di Milano, “Statale”) is a higher education institution, one of the most important and largest universities in Europe, with about 60,000 students. The Faculty of Political, Economic, and Social Sciences offers an innovative and stimulating combination of study degrees, thanks to the presence of the largest and most qualified concentration of social scientists in Italy – seventynine full professors, fifty-two associate professors, and eighty-six assistant professors – and the continuous research activity of its seven departments. The academic program provides grounding in the disciplines of economics, sociology, political science, history, law, psychology, and linguistics, as well as several specialized courses. Traditional doctorates in Labor Studies, Economics, Sociology, Political Studies, and Business History and Management have long been combined into the Graduate School in Social, Economic, and Political Sciences, in order to provide an all-encompassing, interdisciplinary grounding.

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Address: Via Conservatorio 7 – 20122 Milano Phone: +39 02 503.21000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Padua The University of Padua is a premier Italian university located. It was founded in 1222 as a school of law and was one of the most prominent universities in early modern Europe. The Department is the result of the union of the Departments of Comparative Law, International Studies, and Historical and Political Studies, and a group of professors from the Department of Sociology. It aims at safeguarding some essential aspects of the approach to science and teaching in Italian universities, and offers cultural and educational projects with several important new features. It has the authority and efficacy to assert itself in both national and international spheres, by means of studies in the fields of law, philosophy, languages, political science, sociology, and ­history. The department is founded on the substantial scientific and educational ­legacy that it inherited from the Faculty of Political Sciences. It has many three-year and second-cycle degree courses, and postgraduate training structures ­(research doctorates, Master’s degrees, etc.). Address: Via del Santo, 28 35123 Padova Phone: +39 0498274005 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Siena State university. Founded in 1240 The university offers Master’s degrees in European Politics, International Law, and International Relations. Students are offered a number of courses on sustainable development and environmental law. Research is conducted into the field of political processes in Europe and political perspectives on the European level. Address: Via Universita degli di Siena – Rettorato, Via Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy Phone: +39 57 232 111 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Website:

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University of Trento State university. Founded in 1962, located in the cities of Trento and Rovereto. The university offers a Master’s degree in European and International Studies. Research is carried out into international, economic, social, and legal issues in an international and European context. Address: Universita degli Studi di Trento, Via Belenzani, 12–38122, Trento, Italy Phone: +39 0461 2811 11 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Japan Kyoto University Founded in 1897. One of the most important national universities in Japan, it is located in the city of Kyoto. Previously, it was among the imperial universities, and is the second oldest university in the country, after Tokyo. Kyoto has about 22,000 students. There are three campuses, the main one being Yoshida. The university is recognized as one of the top two universities in Japan, competing only with the University of Tokyo. The Department of Geophysics and its Disaster Prevention Research Institute are part of the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council. Address: Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan Phone: +81-75-753-7531 Website: Ritsumeikan University Ritsumeikan University is a private university in Kyoto, Japan, tracing its roots to 1869. Today, the university is one of the four leading private universities in western Japan, and is especially well known for its International Relations degree which has been ranked as the best in Japan. Moreover, it has been listed as the “top private university in Japan for policy science.” The College of International Relations offers two majors: the International Relations Major (Japanese language-based) and the Global Studies Major (English-based). The Global Studies Major began in April 2011. Both degrees challenge students’ views on international issues and prepare them for future international careers and graduate schools. Students in each of the majors can enroll in courses in the other (cross-enrollment). There are exceptions for a

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few courses, but for lecture courses, students in the International Relations Major (Japanese-based) can take up to half of their courses in English, and students in the Global Studies Major (English-based) can take up to half of their courses in Japanese. Address: 56–1 Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603–8577, Japan Phone : +81-75-465-1211 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Sophia University Founded in 1913. Sophia University now has twenty-seven departments, eight faculties, and the Centre for Global Education. The President of the university is Yoshiaki Ishizava; the Head of the Board of Directors is Toshiaki Koso. Sophia University offers a variety of language courses and degrees that attract students from Japan as well as from other countries. After taking the main course the most capable students continue their education and research activities under specialized degrees. Sophia University contributes to international cooperation, social welfare, and environment protection. Address: 7–1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554, Japan Phone: + 81-3-3238-4018 Website: University of Tokyo Founded in 1877. One of the most famous universities in Japan, it is also famous for its research laboratories. It has five campuses, in Hongo, Komaba, Kashiwa, ­Sirokane, and Nakano, and also ten faculties, with 30,000 students in total, including about 2,100 foreigners. Although Tokyo University has faculties offering most academic disciplines, the most famous among them are the Philology and Law faculties (the Faculty of Law offers a course in International Law in Terms of Globalization). Address: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113–8654, Japan Phone: +81 3-3812-2111 Website: Jordan The University of Jordan State university. Founded in 1962.

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The university is located in the capital of Jordan, Amman, in Dzhubeyha district in the north-west of the city. This is one of the most prestigious universities in the country. It consists of eighteen faculties, including Sciences and Humanities. The Faculty of International Relations is particularly popular. It provides courses in regional and international issues. Particular attention is paid to the study of foreign languages. The university offers a special degree for leadership training in the field of international relations. This is based on the active cooperation with the University of Tokyo. It features theoretical training (lectures, meetings with prominent figures in politics and economy) and practical skills (through role-playing games, workshops, and discussions). Address: Amman 11942, Jordan Phone: 962 6 535 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Kazakhstan Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Al-Farabi Kazakh National University also called KazGU or KazNU, is a university in Almaty. Named after a Muslim scholar, it is the country’s foremost and largest university. KazNU is the oldest classical university of the Republic established by the Decree of the Kazakh Regional Committee (krc) office, dated November 13, 1933. One year after Kazakhstan’s 1990 declaration of independence, the name was changed to Al-Farabi Kazakh State University. In 2001, the government classified it as a “national” university. After gaining its independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan needed its own specialists in international relations, international law, area studies, and world economy. The Department of International Relations was founded in 1995 under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of ­Kazakhstan. Since its foundation, the Faculty of International Relations has been closely working with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan which, along with international institutions and organizations, assists our faculty by regularly inviting students for professional practice and professional activities. The faculty carries out its work in close cooperation with embassies of the usa, Germany, France, China, India, Korea, and other countries, international organizations (uno, osce, eu, and nato), research centers (KazISS, iwep), foreign representatives and companies, cultural centers, and funds.

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Address: 71 al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan Phone: 8 (727) 221-10-00, 8 (727) 221-10-10 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages or Kazakh State Teacher’s Institute of Foreign Languages, as it was identified at its inception, is the only university in the presidential republic of ­Kazakhstan which has been providing foreign language education for sixty-five years. ­Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages is an innovative university, adaptive to the demands of the competitive environment in domestic and foreign labor markets. Ablai Khan University is a teaching and research university utilizing innovative technologies and management principles. The university trains a new generation of foreign language professionals, able to combine research, project development and entrepreneurship. Ablai Khan University’s mission is in line with the state policy of enhancing the educational and intellectual potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan, developing the “innovative capacity of the nation” as part of the transition to an efficient knowledge-based economy, alongside sustained economic growth and the formation of civil society. Currently the university has six faculties: Basic Translation and Philology, Education, Management and International Communication, International Relations, Oriental Studies, and Continuing Education. Address: Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Muratbaev 200 street Phone: +7 (727) 292-08-00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, also referred to simply as Eurasian National University or enu, is a national university in Astana. It has been ranked as the top university in Kazakhstan by the qs World University Rankings. It is named after Lev Gumilyov, an outstanding scientist, Eurasian, and Turkologist. The L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University was founded on May 23, 1996, on the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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The Faculty of International Relationships was created by the Rector’s O ­ rder No. 58 on July 10, 2000. Initially, the faculty had four departments: ­International Relations, Political Science, Social Science, and Foreign Languages. By the July 13, 2010 Rector’s Order the faculty structure was expanded with the addition of two more departments, Oriental Studies and Turkology, which are developing new Bachelor’s degrees. Currently the faculty is organized into five departments: International ­Relations; Oriental Studies; Regions Studies; Foreign Languages; Turkology. Address: 010000 Kazakhstan, Astana, 2, Mirzoyana str., teaching and ­administrative (main) building of the enu Phone: +7 7172 709500 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Kyrgyzstan International Atatürk-Alatoo University The International Atatürk Alatoo University is one of the first private universities to be established in the Kyrgyz Republic. It started its educational activity in 1996. The school’s first students were graduated in 2001. The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences is composed of four departments, and are the most popular in Kyrgyzstan: International Relations, Finance and Banking, Management, and World Economics The aim of the World Economics Department is to provide economics students with the knowledge and tools required to analyze economic events in the world and in Kyrgyzstan, to make economic forecasts, and to arrive at the best decisions in a rapidly changing and developing world. Taught in the ­department are such basic courses as economic theory, economic history, economic policy, international economics, econometrics, the history of economic thought, and public sector economics, as well as courses related to economics, such as mathematics, statistics, finance, and law, all courses being suitable for students desiring jobs in the public or private sectors that require analytical thinking and creativity. The economist who graduates from the World Economy Department is able to carry out professional work in the foreign economic, currency credit, and financial areas at a national as well as an international level. The Department of International Relations aims to train students with an analytic mind and a comprehensive perspective, so they are able to comprehend the events and phenomena transforming the world; to analyze mega

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trends; to take the initiative in problem-solving; to encounter the challenges of life as agents and doers instead of at the hands of others; and thus to contribute to the well-being of their society and the world. Address: International Ataturk Alatoo University, Ankara Street 1/8, ­Tunguch, 720048, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Phone: +996 (312) 631425 E-mail: [email protected] Website: International University of Kyrgyzstan The International University of Kyrgyzstan is Kyrgyz State University, and has the status of an international institution of higher education. Founded in 1993. The Faculty of International Relations has four departments: Diplomatic and Consular Service, World Politics and International Relations, International Journalism, Global and National Security. At the faculty, students learn political processes in Kyrgyzstan and globalization; the factors and assumptions of political modernization in the Kyrgyz Republic; milestones and features of political development and transformation of the political system in the 1990s to 2010s in Kyrgyzstan; and prospects of integration processes in Central Asia and the cis in the context of global and regional changes. Address: 720001, Bishkek, Chui Avenue, 255 Phone: + 996 (312) 61-36-57 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Latvia Rīga Stradiņš University Rīga Stradiņš University is a public university located in the city of Riga. Rīga Stradiņš University is a state-funded university which offers various study degrees and ensures the realization of scientific projects, providing the training of experts in health care and social sciences who work in Latvia and across the world. Rīga Stradiņš University is the only university in Latvia that has traditionally been integrated into the health care system of the country. The Department of Political Science is open to foreign exchange students who wish to learn more about the geopolitics of the Baltic region. The department offers several degrees on Comparative Post-Soviet Politics and Baltic

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Politics, including Ethnic Politics and Ethnic Issues in International Relations as well as a theoretical degree in Foreign Policy Analysis. The following study degrees are taught in the Department of Political Science: • • • •

Bachelor’s study degree in Politics and State Administration Bachelor’s study degree in International Relations – European Studies Master’s study degree in Political Science Master’s study degree in International Relations

At the Department of Political Science, students may study not only political theory and public administration, but also management (leadership skills), marketing (sales skills) and communication (communication skills), as well as learning how to apply these skills in state and local government, or in private organizations, via the Politics and Public Administration degree. Address: 16 Dzirciema Street, Room K-223 Phone: +371 67 409 262 (utc+2) E-mail: [email protected] Website: Lithuania Mykolas Romeris University State university. Founded in 2004. At the Law Faculty of this university, a degree in International Relations is offered. Research is carried out into political science and integration processes in the European Union. The faculty publishes the following journals: Politics and Management; Social Technologies; Political Governance. Address: Ateities st. 20, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania Phone: (3705) 271 4625 Fax: (3705) 267 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Vilnius University (vu) State university. Founded in 1579. At the university’s Institute of International Relations and Political Science, International Relations is studied. Research is carried out in the ­following

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areas: political science, international relations, European studies, and Scandinavian studies. The faculty publishes the following journals: Politics, Overview of ­Lithuania’s Foreign Policy, Annual Strategic Review, and Collection of Best Works. Address: Universitete st, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania Phone: +370-5-2687001 Fax: +370-5-2687009 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Malaysia Northern University of Malaysia State university. Founded in 1984. Located in Sintok, Kedah province. This university was established with a specific purpose – to provide managerial personnel for the country’s educational system. It provides training in the field of public administration, international relations, law, and related subjects. Address: University Utara Malaysia, 06010 uum Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia Phone: +604 928 4000 Fax: +604 928 3016 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Malaya (um) State university. Founded in 1905. Located in the capital of Malaysia – Kuala Lumpur. Bachelor’s degrees are offered, in which graduates obtain managerial and business administration skills. They pursue successful careers in such areas as management, marketing, finances, production, human resources, tourism, hospitality, and information systems. Address: International and Corporate Relations Office (icr), Level 1, ­Chancellory Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Phone: +603 7967 7022/3273 Fax: +603 7956 0027 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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University Putra Malaysia State university. Founded in 1971. Academic buildings are located in two cities, Serdang and Selangor. Master’s degrees are offered in the fields of economic theory, economics of finances, development economics, industrial economics, international economics, and resources and environmental economics. Address: 43400 upm Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Phone: +603-8946 6000 Fax: +603-8948 7273 Website: Malta Linkcamhus University State university. Founded in 1999. The university offers Master’s degrees in International Law, International Management, and International Relations and Diplomacy. It specializes in advanced interdisciplinary research into international and global issues. Address: Via Nomentana, 335 Rome, 00162, Italy Phone: 011 +39 06 8537 0911 Fax: 011 +39 06 853 7091 9 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Malta State university. Founded in 1592 as a college, a university from 1769. The university consists of the following: • the Mediterranean Centre for education, offering the Master’s degree ­Human Rights and Democratization, which includes the study of the historical, cultural, and legal context of the Mediterranean, the development of human rights in the cultural perspective, and their international legal framework. It also includes the study of democratization policy and guarantees of human rights, human rights, and democratization in the ­Mediterranean, and the realization of culture, which is based on human rights. • the European Centre for Research and Documentation, which provides a Master’s degree in Diplomacy together with advanced interdisciplinary study in the field of diplomacy. This is aimed at those who were trained in

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the areas of international relations, international economics, international law, and the history of the world. The centre also offers a Master’s degree in European Studies, which includes political associations (European integration, common foreign and security policy of the European Union, the E ­ uropean social and political thought, the relationship between the Mediterranean and the European Union), economics (trade policy of the European Commission, internal markets, regional policy), and law (the laws of the eu institutions, the laws of the European Commission and the European Union). The centre is a member of the Trans-European Political Studies Association (tepsa). Address: University of Malta, Msida msd 2080, Malta Phone: +356 2340 2340 Website: Mexico Aliant International University State university. Founded in 1970. The university offers Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in International ­Relations. The following courses are offered in this degree: cooperation and conflict resolution, politics of international relations, and diplomacy. The ­Master’s degree in International Business Administration focuses on the international aspects of global business and management. Address: Campus Universitario, Reforma y Colosio cp 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Phone: (+5255) 5525 7651 Website: National Autonomous University of Mexico State university. Founded in 1911. Faculty of Political Science and Sociology offers Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Political and Social Sciences, in which are studied the foundations of public administration, communications, sociology, international relations, and political science. Address: Avenida Insurgentes Sur 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacbn, 04510 Ciudad de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico Phone: +52 52 5616 1936 Website:

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University of Monterrey Universidad De Monterrey State university. Founded in 1969. The university offers Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in International Relations. Courses are offered in conflict resolution, world politics, international relations, and international organizations. Address: Av. Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte. San Pedro Garza Garcia, N.L. Mexico, cp 66238 Phone: (81) 8215 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Sonora State university. Founded in 1943. The University offers a Master’s degree in Politics and Management in Social Development and a degree in Sustainable Development, which both focus on social and environmental issues of global development. Address: Campus Universitario, Reforma y Colosio cp 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico Phone: (662) 259 2244, 259 2246 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Moldova State University of the Republic of Moldova Universitatea De Stat Din Moldova (usm) State university. Founded in 1946 (original name Kishinev State University). The main research areas in global studies are world-view, methodological, methodical, and didactic aspects of global studies. Issues in global studies, global issues, and processes are included in the educational degree in International Relations, during the first study period. These are also included in the Master’s degrees in European Knowledge and Diplomatic Knowledge. For students in these study areas the following courses are offered: global studies, global issues and processes, concepts of contemporary global development, globalist theories, theoretical and methodological approaches to globalization, humanitarian aspects of global challenges, and

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so on. Certain aspects are included in the courses that focus on the theory, history, and practice of international relations, diplomacy and geopolitics, international organizations and movements, world politics, world economy, and global and regional development. Programs of study also include a number of special courses on selected global issues, such as terrorism, global environmental, and demographic problems, the global problem of security;, issues of war and peace, issues of religion, morality in international development, and so on. Material on various aspects of globalization, global issues, and processes was published from 1999 to 2006 in the Scientific Yearbook of the University (a series of social sciences and humanities), and since 2007 in the scientific journal Studia Universitatis (an electronic version is available at ), as well as in the scientific journal Moldoscopie, published by the Department of Political Science since 2000 (an electronic version is available at ). Address: Str. N.Testimiteanu, Nr. 18, bloc 6, MD-4027, Chisinau Phone: +373 22 287 112 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Morocco Al Akhawayn University Al Akhawayn University is a university located in Ifrane, Morocco, 70 kilometers from the imperial city of Fes, in the midst of the Middle Atlas Mountains. Founded by royal decree in 1993 and officially inaugurated by the former King Hassan ii of Morocco on January 16, 1995. The university offers Arts in International Studies and Diplomacy degrees. These provide students with a strong theoretical background and the analytical skills essential to gaining an understanding of international issues and events. In addition, degrees offer some courses relating to globalization, such as global environmental issues: livelihoods, resources and sustainability; globalizing cities; global governance; global corporate, and social responsibility; and culture and globalization. Address: P.O Box 104, Hassan ii Avenue, 53000 Ifrane, Morocco Phone: +212 (0)-535-862-000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Netherlands Leiden University Leiden University, located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. Founded in 1575. Leiden University has seven faculties and over fifty, departments, and enjoys an outstanding international reputation. It offers b.a. and B.Sc. degrees in Liberal Arts and Sciences that focus on issues of peace, justice, and sustainability. In keeping with the Liberal Arts ethos, students have a high degree of freedom to construct their own degrees. However, since all luc The Hague students are passionate about addressing the global challenges of today’s world, each organizes their diverse interdisciplinary studies around central themes such as world politics and governance, global justice, human and cultural interaction, and environmental sciences. Address: Rapenburg 70, 2311 ez Leiden Phone: +31 (0)71 527 27 27 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Amsterdam The University of Amsterdam is a public university located in Amsterdam. Founded in 1632 by the municipal authorities and later renamed for the city of Amsterdam. The university is the third oldest in the Netherlands. It is organized into seven faculties: Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Economics and Business, Science, Law, Medicine, and Dentistry. The Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees that are offered include: • Bachelor’s degree in Future Planet Studies. Future Planet Studies is all about the future. It is about coming up with solutions to twenty-first-century challenges. How should we use water, food, and energy in the future? It is a particularly interdisciplinary degree, where thinking from a global perspective will become second nature, thanks to guest lecturers from international organizations, but also because of students’ semester overseas. • Bachelor’s European Studies. Europe is a continent with a long and turbulent history of cultural, political, and economic exchange. This is offered by the Faculty of Humanities. • Master’s Conflict Resolution and Governance. This provides a foundation in theory and research that helps analyze conflicts and conflict resolution efforts in relationship to the dynamics of public governance.

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• Master’s International Development Studies. This focuses on global development issues. In an increasingly interconnected world, several cities and regions have successfully adjusted to the processes of economic globalization and show high growth rates; simultaneously, processes of impoverishment and exclusion occur all over the world, both in the North and South. • Master’s Political Science: International Relations. This examines global politics through a comprehensive curriculum to provide not only a broad foundation of knowledge, but also a deeper and more specialized expertise. Address: Spui 21, 1012 wx Amsterdam, The Netherlands Phone: +31 (0)20 525 9111 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Groningen The University of Groningen located in the city of Groningen, was founded in 1614. It is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands as well as one of its largest. Since its inception more than 200,000 students have graduated. It is a member of the distinguished international Coimbra Group of European universities. The university offers Master’s degrees in History and International Relations, especially in Global Governance. This latter seeks to understand the ways in which order is established, maintained, and transformed in the global sphere. The study of global governance addresses the problem of how orders of governance are constituted and operated in contemporary and historical settings. From this perspective, order is understood as the outcome of particular ways of managing, organizing, and governing global political spaces which can no longer be understood in terms of the absence of an overarching authority (i.e. the idea of anarchy). It involves the interaction between interests expressed by governments and international institutions, as well as the role of non-state actors. Historical, constructivist, and poststructuralist methodologies as well as multilevel governance approaches are applied to interpret the interplay between a broad array of dynamic public, private, and transnational interests in creating order in the world. Address: Broerstraat 5, 9712 cp Groningen Phone: +31 50 363 9111 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

New Zealand

University of Canterbury The University of Canterbury in Christchurch is New Zealand’s second oldest university. Founded in 1873. The Bachelor’s degree in Diplomacy and International Relations degree is a year-long, full-time, postgraduate course of study open to all talented students with a Bachelor’s degree, regardless of discipline. Students may also opt to take the degree part time over two years. International relations is one of the fastest-growing subjects in postgraduate study worldwide. Globalizing forces in economics and culture, together with the dynamic state of post-Cold War international politics, make the field of international relations a compelling one for twenty-first-century students who are keen to help shape our new world. Address: University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 Phone: +64 3 366 7001 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Nigeria Osun State University Osun State University is a multi-campus university established by the Osun State of Nigeria. The university currently operates six campuses distributed across the six administrative/geopolitical zones of the state. Nigeria’s National Universities Commission approved Osun State University on December 21, 2006, as the thirtieth state university and the eightieth in the Nigerian university system. It has campuses in Osogbo, Ikire, Okuku, Ifetedo, Ipetu, Ijesha, and Ejigbo for Health Science, Humanities and Culture, Social Science and Management, Law, Education, and Agriculture respectively. The Department of Political Science and International Relations is under the College of Management and Social Sciences, Okuku. The department offers one academic degree: Political Science and International Relations. The philosophy of the department is to produce graduates who are sensitive, skillful, and able to appreciate political phenomena. It also seeks to produce graduates who can make objective contributions to national development by offering viable alternative political and policy strategies and modules to national development in this period of national search for sustainable political development.

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Address: Room 228, Admission Office, Administrative building, Osun State University Main Campus, Osogbo, Osun State Phone: 035206440, 07065372579 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Norway

Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (Norges Handelshoyskole – nhh) Non-state university. Founded in 1936. nhh is the largest scientific and educational center in the country in the field of economics, international relations, and business administration. nhh employs about 350 members of staff. Its 215 lecturers includes fifty-one professors, thirty-five adjunct professors, fifty-seven associate professors, fourteen assistant professors, and fifty-six researchers, six of whom work on doctoral theses. The Nobel Prize Winner in Economics Finn Kydland works at nhh. Teaching is conducted in the following areas: International Management, Financial Management, Marketing, Information Management, and Human Resource Management. Address: Helleveien, 30, Bergen, N-5045, Norway Phone: +47 55 95 9000 55 95 9300 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website:

University of Bergen State university. Founded in 1946. Today, more than 14,500 students study at the university’s six faculties. It is one of the most important research centers in the field of marine biology and industry, climate, geo-biology, and medieval history. Address: Universitetet i Bergen, Postboks, 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Phone: +47 55 58 0000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Oslo State university. Founded in 1811. The university has more than 32,000 students, including international students, who can gain an elite education and degree, valued worldwide, through

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ORGANIZATIONS

degrees that are characterized by their flexibility, professionalism, creativity, and affordability. The university consists of eight faculties: Theology, Law, Medicine, Dentistry, Arts, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and Pedagogy. The following Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees are provided: Economics, Public Administration, Pedagogy, Religion, Arts, Information Technology, Languages, Literature, Natural Sciences, Technology, Mass Media, Social Sciences, Law, and History. Teaching is mainly conducted in the Norwegian language. Master’s degrees are an exception to this rule, since students may choose between Norwegian and English. Address: Universiteteti Oslo, Boks 1072, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway Phone: + 47 22 85 5050 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Pakistan Bahauddin Zakaria University State university. Founded in 1975. International Relations degrees are taught at the Department of International Relations and Political Science. Research is carried out in the following areas: international law, self-determination of Muslims in South Asia in the twentieth century, and issues in global politics. Address: 60800, Pakistan, Punjab, Bosan Road, Multan Phone: +92 61 9210 071/2/3/4, +92 061 9210 069 (Prof. Dr. Syed Khawaja Alqama) E-mail: [email protected] Website: The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan State university. Founded in 1975. International Relations degrees are taught at the Department of Political Science. Research is carried out into many issues related to this subject. Address: Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Abbasia Campus O, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan Phone: +92 62 925 0235 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website:

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University of Balochistan State university. Founded in 1974. The International Relations degree is taught at the Department of International Relations, Political Science, and Public Administration. Research is carried out into international relations, the balance of power, sovereignty and nationalism, and the issues of war. Address: 87300, Pakistan, Balochistan, Keta (Quette), Sariab Road Phone: +92 081 921 1288 (Prof. Dr. Abdul Nabi), +92 081 921 1537 (Prof. Dr. Mehrab Baloch) E-mail: [email protected] Website: Palestine An-Najah National University State university. Founded in 1977. At the Department of Political Sciences at the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences (home of the unesco Chair for Human Rights and Democracy), research is carried out into international relations, regional aspects of globalization, human rights in the context of globalization, and so on. Address: po, Box 7, Nablus, West Bank, Jordan, Palestine Phone: +970 9 234 51 13 Fax: +970 9 234 5982 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Philippines De La Salle University Private university. Founded in 1911. The university offers Bachelors’ and Masters’ degrees in International Relations, especially in American studies in terms of global approach. Address: Philippines, Manila, 2401, Taft Avenue Manila, 1004 Phone: +632 524 4611 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

Tarlac State University Graduate School State university. Founded in 1906. The university offers degrees in public administration, business administration of economics, and related subjects. The High School of Public Administration and Management of Tarlac University offers a Master’s and doctoral degrees in Public Administration. Studies are carried out around issues of integration processes, social and economic development, effective governance, labor economics, and regional economics. Address: Philippines, 2300 Tarlac, Philippines Phone: +63 45 982 1624, +63 45 982 2605 Fax: +63 45 982–01 10 Website: The University of the East Non-state university. Founded in 1946. The university offers a Public Administration Master’s degree. Studies are carried out around issues of state development, decentralization processes, state tax policy, economic and social development, and governance methods. Address: Philippines, Manila, 2219 cm Recto Avenue, 1008 Phone: +632 735 8577 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of the Philippines State university. Founded in 1908. The university offers courses in Urban and Regional Planning, Public Relations, Public Administration, and Political Science. Studies are carried out around issues of social and economic development, governance methods, international law, and integration processes. Address: Philippines, Quezon City. Admissions Office, Office of the University Registrar Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Phone: +632 436 7537 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Santo Tomas Graduate School Non-state university. Founded in 1938. The university includes faculties of Political Science and Public Administration. Studies are carried out around geopolitics, political aspects of economic issues, international law, and state development.

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Address: Philippines, Manila, The Director’s Office for Student Admissions, Room 101, ust Main Building Espana St, Manila, 1008 Phone: +632 740 9732 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Poland Jagiellonian Universityin Krakow State university. Founded in 1364. The university includes the Department of International and Political Studies, the Institute for Regional Studies, and the Centre for European Studies. The latter received in 2004 the status of an Institute, and now offers Master’s degrees in European Studies (Europeanization and Governance in Central and Eastern Europe) and Transatlantic Studies. Research is carried out around the following subjects: the eu in the era of globalization, and the theory and practice of European integration. Address: str. Michalowskiego, 9/2, 31–126, Krakow, Poland Phone: +12-631 1880 Fax: +12-631 1883 E-mail: [email protected] Websites: , University of Wroclaw State university. Founded in 1702. International Relations is taught at the Department of International ­Relations and Political Science. The Faculty of Social Sciences includes the ­following departments: German and European studies, Philosophy, Political Science, Sociology, and Logic and Methodology of Science. Teaching and research are carried out in the following areas: history of philosophy, German philosophy, modern philosophy, ethics and aesthetics, and logic in philosophy. Research is carried out into globalization and European unification, regional studies, politics and the media system, democratic processes, ethnic and social minorities, political communication, and sociology. Address: Pl. Uniwersytecki, 1, Wroclaw, 50–139 Poland Phone: +48 71 3752703; +48 71 3752705 Fax: +48 71 3752211 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

Portugal Portucalense University Infante d. Henrique (upt) Non-state university. Founded in 1986. The university offers Master’s degrees in International Relations. Particular attention is given to the balance of power and integration processes. Courses on regional studies, diplomacy, and geopolitics are offered. Address: Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, 541/619, Porto, 4200–072 Porto Phone: +351 225 572 000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Universidade Do Minho Institute of Arts and Human Sciences State university. Founded in 1973. The university offers Master’s degrees in International Economic Relations, International Socio-Economic Relations, Public Administration, and European Studies. An analysis of international issues is conducted, as well as advanced study of diplomacy, regional studies, and global politics. Research is carried out into trends that emerged after the end of the Cold War. Address: Portugal, Braga Largo do Paco, 4709, Braga Codex Braga Portugal Phone: +351 253 604 170/1/2/3 Fax: +351 253 678 813/253 676 387 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Aveiro Universidade De Aveiro State university. Founded in 1973. The university offers some unique degrees in the areas of public innovation policy, political science, communications technology, and other cutting-edge interdisciplinary branches of knowledge. Address: Campus Santiago – 3810 Aveiro, Portugal Phone: +351 234 370 200 Fax: +351 234 370 985 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Romania Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca State university. Founded in 1945. The university offers a wide range of courses on international relations and European and American studies. Address: 1, Em. De Martonne St, 400090, Cluj Napoca, Romania Phone: +40 264 593770, + 40 264 4053 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies State university. Founded in 1913. International economic relations is one of the specialties at the faculties of International Business and Economics, Romance Languages and Business Communication, and Germanic Languages and Business Communication. The Academy publishes the Romanian Economic Journal. Address: 010 374, Romana Square, district 1, Bucharest, postal office 22, Romania Phone: +40-21 319 1900 Fax: +40-21 312 9549 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu State university. Founded in 1990. International political issues and security issues are the main subjects of the courses taught at the faculties of Political Science, International Relations, and Security Sciences. Address: Str. Caleea Dumbravii, Nr. 34, Et. ii, Cam. 25, Sibiu, 550025, Romania Phone: +4 0269 422 169 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ovidius University of Constanta State university. Founded in 1961. The university specializes in international relations. The Faculty of History and Political Science offers degrees in International Relations and European

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ORGANIZATIONS

Studies and World and European Politics. The Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences offers specialties such as Rights and State Governance. Address: 124 Mamaia Blvd, 8700 Constanta, Romania Tel: + + 40 41 618 372 E-mail: [email protected] Website: “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad State University. Founded in 2002. The Faculty of Humanities, Political and Administrative Sciences offers degrees in International Relations and European Studies. Address: 1, Unirii Street, Arad, 310123, Romania Phone: 0257 282 324 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Pitesti State University. Founded in 1991. The university includes the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, which offers degrees in International Relations and European Studies. Address: Str. Targul din Vale, Nr. 1, 1 10040, Pitesti, Romania Phone: +40 348 45 3100 West University of Timisoara State university. Founded in 1962. The Faculty of Political Science, Philosophy, and Communication provides courses in the fields of philosophy, political science, international relations, and European studies. Address: Blvd. V. Parvan 4, Timisoara, 300223, Timis, Romania Phone: +40 (0) 256 592 132 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Russia Baltic State Technical University “Voenmech” N.A. D.F. Ustinov State university. Founded in 1932. The bstu “Voenmech” n.a. D.F. Ustinov includes the Department of Cultural and Global Studies, founded in 1989. This is the first such department in the

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country’s technical university; it carries out teaching and research in the field of global studies and geopolitics, and has developed study courses in global studies and eco-political science, political regional studies, and geopolitics. It has also published textbooks related to these disciplines. The North-West branch of the Academy of Geopolitical Issues operates from the bstu. The analytical and scientific journal Geopolitics and Security is also published from the university. Address: 190005, St. Petersburg, 1st Krasnoarmeiskaia Street, 1 Phone: (812) 316–2394 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Volgograd State University State university. Founded in 1974. International Relations is taught at the Department of International Relations, Regional Studies, and Political Science. Teaching and research are carried out on the following issues: environmental security and environmental policy in the era of globalization. Address: 400062, Volgograd, Universitetskiy ave, 100 Phone: (8442) 460–279 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: Far Eastern State University State university. Founded in 1899. The university includes the Vladivostok Institute of International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Region (apr), where the teaching of International Relations is conducted. Teaching and research are carried out on the following issues: international relations, regional aspects of globalization, and the globalization of Asia-Pacific countries. Address: 690600, Vladivostok, gsp, Sukhanov st, 8 Phone: (4232) 261–280 Fax: (4232) 257–200 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation One of the oldest Russian universities, specializing in economics, finance, and financial law. Education and research at the Financial University are closely connected with various aspects of globalization, and especially with the expansion of

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g­ lobalization in international monetary and financial relations, as well as in the global financial market and the increased risks in that sphere. The departments that deal with global issues are the Department of World Economy and International Business, the Department of Financial Markets and Financial Engineering, the Department of Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Management, the Department of Economics and Crisis Management, and the Department of Philosophy. Recently a number of structural changes have been introduced aimed at improving the quality of scientific and educational education in the context of new challenges imposed by global processes. In particular, new faculties have been formed – of International Finance and of Mathematical Methods and Risk Analysis, for example. The Institute of Financial and Economic Studies plays a special role among them, uniting six science centers (Research Centre of International Economic Relations, Research Centre of Economic Development Issues, Centre for Financial Studies, Centre for Tax Studies, Centre for Studies of Monetary Relations, and the Information and Analytics Centre). The most important of these is the Research Centre of International Economic Relations (formerly the Centre for Fundamental and Applied Studies), headed by Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Economics Professor L.N. Krasavina, author of fundamental works on issues of financial markets globalization and the leader of creative teams, who has published a series of monographs relating to global monetary relations. They are Trends and ­Perspectives in Development of International Monetary Relations in Terms of Globalization and Regionalization of the World Economy and Monetary Policy in Russia (Moscow, 2012); Debt Policy: International Experience and Russian Practice (M: fu, 2011); International Monetary Relations (Moscow, 2012), and others. In 2014, the university founded the Philosophy of Globalization school, which has become the leading research centre in the Humanities and in philosophical problems of globalization. The basic principles of the school are scientific, systematic, holism, interdisciplinarity, and the unity of theory and practice. The school established a permanent seminar, which is held regularly with the participation of leading scientists in the field of global studies. There are also regular round tables, symposiums, conferences, seminars, and so on. The results of scientific work are published in Russian, in foreign scientific journals, and in book form. Address: 125993, Moscow, 49 Leningradsky Ave. Phone: 8 (499) 943 9855 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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International Academy of Business and Management Non-state university. Founded in 1994. Degrees in International Relations are taught at the Institute of International Relations and World Economy. Teaching and research are carried out on the following issues: geopolitics and global issues in contemporary international relations. Address: 129594, Moscow, 5th proezd Mar’inoi Roschi, 15a Phone: (495) 631–6665 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Independent University of Ecology and Political Science Non-state university. Founded in 1992. The establishment and development of the university was carried out under the scientific supervision of Academician of the ras N.N. Moiseev (President of mnepu in 1993–2000). There are more than 5,000 students at mnepu’s five faculties, one department, and two branches (in the cities of Nizhny Novgorod and Penza), and mnepu college. During fifteen years, the university has awarded more than 13,000 specialist diplomas and Bachelor’s degrees in Ecology, Geoecology, Ecology and Nature, Law, Environmental Economics, Management, Finances and Public Administration, Ecopsychology and Journalism, Eco-Political Science, and Global Studies. The university carries out international degrees: US-Russia Business Institute, educational degree ekoglobal (jointly with the University of Buckingham, uk), Russian-German College (jointly with the University of Karlsruhe, Germany). mnepu is an initiator and organizer of many international scientific conferences in the field of ecology and sustainable development, environmental education, and the scientific legacy of N.N. Moiseev. The university publishes the following periodicals: Russia in the World, Sustainable Development, Ecology, Politics, Economics (analytical yearbook), Noospheregenesis (digest; monthly newsletter), Herald of Environmental Education in Russia (quarterly), in cooperation with the University of Nis (Serbia), The Experience of Environmental Education in Russia and Serbia, and so on. mnepu includes the Institute of Globalization and Sustainable Development (research division), Centre for theoretical analysis of environmental issues (with msu n.a. M.V. Lomonosov), International Institute for ­Environmental

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ORGANIZATIONS

Retraining and Further Training, and the Moscow Environmental Centre (selfsupporting research unit). mnepu has obtained a number of state and public awards, including the honorary diploma and medal of the State Duma – “For the development of environmental education in the Russian Federation.” Heads of mnepu are Board of Trustees (Chairman, S.I. Kuznetsov, President, Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor S.A. Stepanov), Rector S.S. Stepanov, Ph.D. in Economics. Address: Moscow, 127299, Cosmonaut Volkov st, 20 Phone: (495) 231–4450, 231–4445 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Kemerovo State University State university. Founded in 1953. International Relations is taught at the Department of Modern, Contemporary History, and International Relations. Teaching and research are carried out around the following issues: global ethno-religious and demographic processes in the contemporary world, issues in energy security and energy diplomacy. Address: 650043, Kemerovo region, Kemerovo, Krasnaya st, 6 Phone: (3842) 581 301, 580 755 E-mail: [email protected] Moscow State University Named after M.V. Lomonosov (msu) The oldest and leading state university in Russia. Founded in 1755. Studies in International Relations at msu (Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees) are conducted at the Faculty of Global Studies – the unesco Chair for the Study of Global Issues has been a part of the Faculty since 2012 (see Part 2 – Organizations) – as well as at the Faculty of World Politics. Within the Faculty of Political Science, there is an educational-scientific bias towards world politics and international relations. There is also an Institute of Asian and African Studies and a Department of Sociology of International Relations, which is at the Faculty of Sociology. The Department of International Organizations and Global Governance is based at the Faculty of Public Administration. Social-natural processes and global issues are traditionally studied at the Department of Rational Nature Management and the Department of SocioEconomic Geography of Foreign Countries, based at the Faculty of Geography. Environmental aspects of global processes are studied by the staff of the Museum of Earth Science of msu and the Ecological Centre of msu.

Universities

569

Under the supervision of the rector of msu, Academician of ras V.A. S­ adovnichyi, the Institute of Mathematical Research of Complex Systems n.a. I.R. Prigogine functions at the university. In this institute, the degree Complex Systemic Analysis and Modeling of World Dynamics is offered, taught by Academician A.A. Akayev, Professor A.V. Korotaev, and Professor S.Y. Malkov. Many professors of Moscow University have contributed to the emergence and development of modern global studies. Among them one can mention the founder of the university M.V. Lomonosov, author of the original concept of the noosphere Academician V.I. Vernadsky, and one of the founders of national global studies Academician I.T. Frolov. Address: 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation, GSP-1, Vorob’evi Gory, Moscow State University Phone: (495) 939-10-00 Fax: (495) 939-01-26 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University N.A. N.A. Dobrolyubov State university. Founded in 1937. International Relations degrees are taught at the Faculty of International Relations, Economics, and Management. Teaching and research are carried out around global integration processes. Address: 603155, Nizhny Novgorod region, Nizhny Novgorod, str. Minin, 31a Phone: (831) 436–1575 Website: Nizhny Novgorod State University N.A. N.I. Lobachevsky State university. Founded in 1916. International Relations degrees are taught at the Faculty of International Relations. Teaching and research are carried out around the following issues: global migration processes, management of international conflicts in the context of globalization, world politics and global political developments, and the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the context of globalization. Address: 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin ave, 23 Phone: (831) 465 9015, 465 4733 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: North-West Academy of Government Service State university. Founded in 1995.

570

ORGANIZATIONS

International Relations is taught at the Faculty of International Relations. Teaching and researching are carried out into current global and regional issues of international integration, and modern issues of globalistics and regional studies. Address: 199178, St. Petersburg, Vasilevsky Island, 57 Sredniy Ave. Phone: (812) 323–331 1 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management (ninkh) State university. Founded in 1967. International Relations degrees are taught at the Faculty of International Relations and Law, in accordance with the state educational standard of higher professional education in the field of international relations. Teaching and research encompass economic aspects of international relations in the context of globalization. Address: 630099, Novosibirsk, str. Kamensky, 56 Phone: (383) 224–5955 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University State university. Founded in 1939. International Relations degrees are offered at the Institute of International Relations. There is a Ph.D. degree in Political Issues in International Relations and Global Development. Teaching and research cover the following issues: the contemporary processes of globalization, global geopolitical processes, and foundations of global studies and geopolitics. Address: 357532, Stavropol Territory, Pyatigorsk, etc. Kalinina, 9 Phone: (8793) 323 505, 322 021 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: Russian State University for the Humanities State university. Founded in 1930. International Relations degrees are taught at the Institute of Economics, Management, and Law (International Relations Department), which specializes in international humanitarian cooperation between Moscow and Quebec,

Universities

571

Russia and Italy, Russia and Switzerland, and Russia and the usa Teaching and research centers on globalization processes in world politics. Address: 125267, Moscow, 6 Miusskaya Square Phone: (495) 250–6910 (rector’s office) E-mail: [email protected] Website: Russian State University of Trade and Economics (rsute) rsute is a leading university of EurAsEC in the training of specialists for trade, tourism, and social services. Its interuniversity academic association for education in commerce, marketing, and advertising unites 126 Russian universities. rsute has been the head of the International Association of Commerce and Economic Education (iacee) for many years. Since July 2008 at rsute there has been a Research Centre for Global Processes and Sustainable Development (Director of the Centre is member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Professor A.D. Ursul). The work of the centers on the following interdisciplinary issues: • Relationship of global processes and transition to sustainable development of the world community. • Global security of “society–nature” system. • State legal process and the transition to sustainable future. • Studies of the future and noosphere science development. • Global education and education for sustainable development. • Informatization of society as a global process and transition to sustainable development. • Political globalistics: issue of global governance of transition to sustainable development. • Peculiarities of Russian transition to sustainable future. • National and environmental security through sustainable development. • Noosphere genesis as a global evolutionary process. • Global processes, sustainable development, and universal evolution. • Evolutionary globalistics (evolution of global processes). Address: Russia, 125993, Moscow, 36 Smolnaya St. Phone: (495) 458 9479 (rector’s office) Fax: (495) 458 7247 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

572

ORGANIZATIONS

Saratov State University Named after N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, ssu Studies of global issues and processes are carried out at the Faculty of ­Nonlinear Processes, Department of Geo-Ecology (Geology Faculty), and the Department of Environmental Protection (Biology Faculty). Main areas of research in the field of global studies are non-linear modeling of global socio-natural processes, urbanization issues and evolution of the global urban network, coevolution of geospheres and global systems, and processes and issues. Special courses available include synergetics, coevolution of geospheres, modern global issues, and concepts of modern natural science. Study materials relating to global issues and processes are regularly published in the News of Saratov State University journal and the collection of studies Synergetic Issues and Coevolution of Geospheres. Address: 410012, Saratov, 83 Astrakhanskaya St. Phone: 845 (2) 261 696 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Saratov State Technical University Named after Yuri Gagarin (sstu) Studies of global issues and processes are carried out by scientists in the following university departments: a branch of the unesco Chair at msu named after M.V. Lomonosov for the study of global social and ethical challenges for large cities and their populations (Faculty of Ecology and Service), the Department of Tourist Industry Management (Faculty of Ecology and Service), the Department of Philosophy (Social and Humanitarian Faculty), and the Scientific and Educational Centre Natural History Museum at sstu. The main areas of research in the field of global studies are issues of urbanization and evolution of the global urban network, the coevolution of geospheres and global systems, processes and issues, and the development of international tourism. Special courses available include the coevolution of geospheres, mankind and biosphere harmonization, world culture and art, and concepts of modern natural science. Study materials relating to global issues and processes are published by the university: News of Saratov State Technical University (journal) and the annual collection of studies Ecology: Synthesis of Sciences, Technical and Humanities Knowledge. Address: 410054, Saratov, 77 Politechnicheskaya St. Phone: 845 (2) 998 81 1 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Universities

573

Siberian Federal University State university. Founded in 2006, based on the following Krasnoyarsk ­universities – State University, Technical University, University of Non-Ferrous ­Metals and Gold, and the State Architectural Building Academy. The Humanitarian Institute of sfu includes the Department of ­Globalistics and Geopolitics, created in May 2011 (Head – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor I.A. Pfanenshtil). This department works in close collaboration with the ­science education centre, Evolutionary Globalistics and Geopolitics of ­Humanitarian Institute of the University. The department actively exchanges information and experience with the Faculty of Global Studies at msu named after M.V. Lomonosov, the Department of Globalistics and Cultural Studies “voenmech” (St. Petersburg), and the Centre for Studies of Global Processes and Sustainable Development rsute, and also cooperates with departments and institutes in Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, and so on. The following special courses are available at the Department of Globalistics and Geopolitics: contemporary issues of the information society, governance and self-governance in social systems, globalistics, globalization as a form of historical process organization, basics of geopolitics, Russian cosmism, sustainable development of society during globalization, and global education for sustainable development. Address: 660041, Krasnoyarsk, 79 Svobodny Ave. Phone: +7 (391) 244 8213 Fax: +7 (391) 244 8625 E-mail: [email protected] Siberian Institute of International Relations and Regional Studies Non-state university. Founded in 1998. International Relations degrees are taught at the Faculty of International Relations. The unesco Chair for Human Rights and Democracy is at the ­m gimo (University) of the mfa of Russia. Globalistics and Geopolitical S­ cience are taught. Address: 630078, Novosibirsk, 17/1 Vatutina St. Phone: (383) 315 3130, 315 391 1 E-mail: [email protected] Website: St. Petersburg State University State university. Founded in 1724. International Relations degrees are taught at the Faculty of International Relations. Teaching and research center on international humanitarian cooperation, global issues, and trends in international cultural and scientific exchange.

574

ORGANIZATIONS

Address: 199034, St. Petersburg, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment Phone: (812) 328–2000, 328–9455 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

St.-petersburg Institute of International Economic Relations, Economics and Law Non-state university. Founded in 1994. At the Faculty of International Relations, teaching and research centers on global issues and international organizations. Address: 191104, St. Petersburg, 42 Litejny Ave. Phone: (812) 273–2049 Fax: (812) 273–5390 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Tyumen State University State university. Founded in 1973. International Relations degrees are taught at the Institute of History and Political Sciences (Department of Modern History and International Relations). Teaching and research centers on contemporary issues of security of Asia and the Pacific, development of a modern system of global security, and Russia and China in global politics. Address: 625003, Tyumen region, Tyumen, 10 Semakova St. Phone: (3452) 460 141 461 913 468 322 Fax: (3452) 461–930 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ural State University Named after A.M. Gorky State university. Founded in 1920. International Relations subjects are taught at the History Department. Teaching and research center on global and regional security and conflict settlement. Address: 620083, Ekaterinburg, 51 Lenina Ave. Phone: (343) 350 6583, 350 7420 (rector’s office) E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website:

Universities

575

Serbia University of Belgrade The University of Belgrade is the oldest and largest university in Serbia. ­Founded in 1808. Since 2000, the university has revitalized and improved its facilities and teaching quality. There have been many reforms in higher education throughout the country. The university has made great efforts to improve its internal structure and has become a signatory of the Bologna declaration. Being one of Europe’s largest universities with an enrollment of nearly 90,000 students, the university cooperates with international academic institutions and is involved in countless bilateral and multilateral academic projects. For over forty years the Faculty of Political Sciences has been a leading institution of higher education and a modern and open school of democracy and democratic political culture. It has repeatedly proved capable of raising the quality of contemporary political debates and of shaping major political developments in the region and internationally. It was established in 1968 as the first school in this field in the former Yugoslavia. The faculty focuses on education and research in the fields of political science, international relations, journalism and communication studies, and social policy and social work. Address: 1 Studentski trg, Belgrade Phone: 011 3207 400 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Slovakia Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica State university. Founded in 1992. The Faculty of Political Science and International Relations offers a wide range of Master’s degrees in such specialties as Analysis of Conflicts, Geopolitics, and International Relations. Studies on international aspects of business are carried out at the Faculty of Economics. Address: 12 Narodna, 974 01 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia Phone: +42 (1) 48 446 11 1 1 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

576

ORGANIZATIONS

The Technical University in Zvolen State university. Founded in 1952. Research priorities include sustainable forest use, sustainable landscape development, and ecology of manufacturing environmentalistics. Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees are available at the Faculty of Forestry, Forest Science and Technology, Environment and Environmentalistics, Production Technologies, and Natural Resource Use. Address: Ul. TG Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia Phone: +42 (1) 45 520 6108 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Slovenia University of Ljubljana State university. Founded in 1919. The university includes a Faculty of Social Sciences which specializes in International Relations. Studies are carried out on the following issues: urban and environmental planning, international relations, and international political studies. Address: Kongresni trg, 12, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia Phone: +386 01 241 8500 E-mail: [email protected] Websites: ,

South Africa

University of Johannesburg The University of Johannesburg is a public university located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Founded January 1, 2005. The newly emerged institution is one of the largest comprehensive contact universities in South Africa, with nine faculties that have more than ninety departments and an enrollment of approximately 48,000 students, spreading over four different campuses. The university is one of the largest residential universities in the Republic of South Africa. The university offers a Bachelor degree in International Studies. Against the background of growing international influence, employers are increasing the need for qualified people who have an understanding of, and can critically evaluate, global events. Career opportunities include:

Universities

577

• the diplomatic service • the international offices of the Departments of Labour, Trade and Industry, and Defense • the international telecommunications industry • Research institutions, such as the Institute for Global Dialogue and the South African Institute of International Affairs • international journalism • the headquarters or branch offices of international governmental organizations, such as the United Nations (un), the World Trade Organization (wto), the Southern African Development Community (sadc), and the Commonwealth Address: University of Johannesburg, po Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, South Africa Phone: +27 (0) 11 559–4555 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

South Korea

Keimyung University Non-state university. Founded in 1954. The university includes a Faculty of International Relations, which offers degrees and research relating to integration processes in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Address: Office of International Affairs, 1000 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Taegu, 705–701, South Korea Phone: +82 53 580 6099 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Seoul National University State university. Founded in 1946. The Department of Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences offers a course on Globalization and Development of Society. Research is carried out into the social and cultural aspects of globalization. It provides training in such specialties as environment protection and security, cross-cultural studies, studies in the areas of social development and politics, international relations, and international trade.

578

ORGANIZATIONS

Address: San 56–1, Shillim-dong, Kawnak-ku, 56–1, South Korea Phone: 822 880 8633 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Yonsei University Non-state university. Founded in 1885. The university offers a series of courses on global management, global economics, effective governance, and competitiveness in the era of globalization. The Faculty of International Relations provides training in world trade and ­finance and management. Research is carried out around the issues of economic aspects of globalization, geopolitics, and South Korea’s place on the world stage. Address: 134 Shinchon-dong, Sodaemoon-ku Seoul, 120–749, South Korea Phone: +82 22 123 3486 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Spain Barcelona Graduate School of Management (gsm) Non-state university. Founded in 1981. This European higher education institution offers innovative Master’s and postgraduate world-class degrees in finances, management, economics, and business. The Master’s in International Marketing provides excellent opportunities for careers in marketing in different organizations. Teaching is conducted in English. Classes in Spanish are included. Teaching lasts for an academic year. Teaching and research are carried out on the following issues: international management skills, principles and practices of international marketing, and international trade. Address: gsm Barcelona Passeig Sant Joan Bosco, 74, 08017, Barcelona, Spain Phone: +34 935 039 158, +34 935 039 157, +34 671 220 867 E-mail: [email protected] Skype: GSMBarcelona Website: Catholic University Comillas Pontifical University Non-state university. Founded in 1890.

Universities

579

This university carries out teaching and research on the following issues: economic aspects of development and underdevelopment, sociological, anthropological and political aspects of development. It offers Master’s degrees in Contemporary International Migration, International Cooperation and Development, and International Relations: ­Economics, Politics, and Law, to name but three. There is a doctoral degree in International Migration and Cooperation for Development. Address: Alberto Aguilera, 23, 28015 Madrid, Spain Phone: +34 91 542 2800 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Complutense University of Madrid Universidad Complutense De Madrid Public university; the largest in the country. Founded in 1499. At the Faculty of Political Science and Sociology, a Master’s degree in International Relations is offered. The following disciplines are studied: political science, introduction to international relations, the formation of political theory, political economy, political and social history of the contemporary world, and introduction to sociology. Research is carried out in the following areas: study of events and processes occurring in the international arena, and global governance. Address: Complutense, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain Phone: 913 942 999, 913 942 954 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Institute of International Research in Barcelona Institut Barcelona D’estudis Internacionals (ibei) Non-state university. Founded in 2004. The institute carries out an interdisciplinary Master’s degree in international relations. This degree equips students with advanced analytical knowledge, which is necessary for finding solutions to current problems in the ­international sphere, based on the following disciplines: international trade and e­conomics, theory of international relations, global governance, and ­globalization and society. Research is carried out in such areas as analysis of international events, and innovative solutions to the problems that have appeared in recent years as a result of globalization.

580

ORGANIZATIONS

Address: Elisabets, 10, 08001, Barcelona, Spain Phone: +34 934 121 189 Fax: +34 933 040 071 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Universidad Europea De Madrid A young institution, buzzing with vitality and well equipped to meet the challenges of society now and in the future, and able to contribute to progress by: • Training leaders and professionals, so they are prepared to respond to the needs of a globalized world, to add value to their professions, and contribute to social progress with an enterprising spirit and an attitude of ethical integrity. • Generating and transferring knowledge through socially relevant applied research, while also contributing to progress and positioning themselves at the forefront of intellectual and technical development. The goal of Universidad Europea de Madrid’s Global Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations is to enable students to become competent professionals capable of analyzing and understanding all kinds of international relations – social, political, economic, and sociological – resolving conflicts, and planning strategies that promote cooperation and understanding between the parties involved. The university also offers other Bachelor’s degrees: International Relations and Translation and Intercultural Communications; Economics and International Relations; Law and International Relations. Address: Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid Phone: +34 902 23 23 50 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Extremadura Universidad De Extremadura (uex) State University. Founded in 1973. The university offers doctorates in Integrated Planning and Regional Development and Planning and Regional Development. Teaching and research are carried out around the following issues: urban and regional planning, goals and methods in the management of region development, and integrated planning mechanisms.

Universities

581

Address: Campus of Badajoz City, Rectorate Building, Avenue de Elvas, s/n, 06071, Badajoz, Spain Phone: +34 924 289 300 Fax: +34 924 272 983 Website: University Instituto De Empresa Instituto De Empresa (ie University) Non-state university. Founded in 1973. The university consists of: • School of Biology, where a ten-month Master’s degree in Global Environmental Change is offered. This offers intensive study in the analysis of ­environmental decision-making and the study of geographic information systems in relation to global environmental changes. Teaching is conducted in English. Research is carried out into the reality of global environmental changes and analysis of future scenarios; • School of Art and Humanities, which offers a degree in Training in International Affairs. The teaching is conducted around the following d­ isciplines: ­history of international relations, international relations theory, i­ nternational environmental policy, micro- and macroeconomics, E ­ uro-American relations, international trade, and globalization of terrorism. Research is carried out in the areas of security, social sciences and humanities, and economics and business. Address: Campus in Madrid, Maria de Molina, 11, 28006, Madrid, Spain Phone: +34 91 568 96 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Navarra Universidad De Navarra Non-state university. Founded in 1952. The university offers a Master’s degree in the field of biodiversity and sustainable development, covering the following disciplines: environmental issues, biodiversity, and environmental management. Research is carried out into the interaction of human beings with the environment, focusing on the following issues: socio-economic and environmental aspects of the interaction with the environment, the study of environmental problems, and the quest for their solution.

582

ORGANIZATIONS

Address: C/pio xii, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain Phone: +34 948 425 600 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Santiago De Compostela State university. Founded in 1495. The Faculty of Political and Social Sciences trains specialists in the field of public administration, political science, political marketing, international relations, and so on. It offers Master’s degrees in the field of international cooperation. Address: Ave Juan xxiii s/n, 15704, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Phone: +34 981 563 100 Fax: +34 981 563676 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Valencia Universidad De Valencia State university. Founded in 1499. The university offers the following Master’s degrees: economic development and economic integration, economic internationalization, and integration and international trade. An academic degree from the Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration includes theoretical and practical courses in political science, law, history, economics, sociology, and so on. Address: Blasco Ibacez, 13, 46010, Valencia, Spain Phone: +34 963 864 100 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Sweden Dalarna University College State university. Founded in 1977. It offers degrees in International Relations. Teaching and research focus on international relations, international economic relations, contemporary environmental issues, globalization, and political economy.

Universities

583

Address: Hogskolan Dalarna, 791 88 Falun, Dalarna, Sweden Phone: +46 (0) 2377 8000 Fax: +46 2377 8101 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Karlstad University State university. Founded in 1999. The Department of Political Sciences offers degrees in International ­Relations as well as training in the global media market. Studies include international relations, international economic relations, and international law. Address: se 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden Phone: +46 54 700 10 00 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: Linkoping University State university. Founded in 1975. The university trains Master’s students who are majoring in Strategy and Management of International Organizations, International Relations and ­European Studies, and Science for Sustainable Development. The university includes a Faculty of Arts and Science, which offers degrees in International Economic Relations. Teaching and research covers issues of international relations and international economic relations. Address: Linkoping University, se 581, Linkoping, Sweden Phone: +46 1328 10 00 Fax: +46 1 314 94 03 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Lulea University of Technology State university. Founded in 1997. The Department of Economics and Political Science offers degrees in ­International Relations. Studies are carried out in the fields of international ­relations, international economic relations, resources allocation in the era of globalization, and information technologies. Students can attend courses in natural sciences, resource saving, environmental protection, and business administration.

584

ORGANIZATIONS

Address: se 971 87 Lulea, Sweden Phone: +46 (0) 920 49 10 00 Fax: (0) 920 49 13 99 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Lund University State university. Founded in 1666. The Lund School of Economics and Management with the Department of Management at the university offer degrees in International Management. Studies are carried out around issues of international relations, business administration and law, international economic relations, political science, and international law. Address: Box 7080, 220 07, Lund, Sweden Phone: +46 46 222 0270 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: Stockholm University State university. Founded in 1960. The university offers a wide range of Master’s degrees in the field of International Relations and Global Studies. It provides courses in the following specialties: information technologies and system analysis, demography, globalization, environment, and social development, political science, urban and regional planning, and international and comparative education. Address: se 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: + 46 8 16 20 00 Fax: + 46 8 15 95 22 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Uppsala University State university. Founded in 1477. The university offers courses in International Relations at the Department of Political Science. Studies include issues of international relations, environmental issues of the world, and water resources. Address: Box 256, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden Phone: +46 184 710 000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Universities

585

Switzerland Centre for Comparative and International Studies (cis) State university. Founded in 1997. Centre for Comparative and International Studies. cis Centre was established with the assistance of two universities: eth ­Zurich (Federal University) and the University of Zurich (state university). It offers Master’s and doctoral degrees for students enrolled in either of the two universities. Address: Haldeneggsteig 4 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Phones: 11 +41 (0) 44 632 79 68, 11 + (0) 44 632 63 85 Fax: 11 +41 (0) 44 632 19 42 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies State university. Founded in 1927. The institute includes Faculties of International Economic Relations, ­International Law, and International Relations/Political Sciences. Teaching and research are carried out on North–South issues, issues of sustainable development, globalization, and economic aspects of globalization, as well as aspects of health. Address: 132 rue de Lausanne po Box 136, Geneva, 21, CH-1211 Switzerland Phone: 011 41 22 908 57 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Geneva School of Diplomacy Non-profit institution. Founded in 2003. The school includes a Faculty of International Relations, which offers degrees and scientific studies in International Relations in a globalizing world. Address: 18 chemin de l’imperatrice Pregny/Geneve, 1292, Switzerland Phone: 01 1 +41 22 300 33 77 Fax: 01 1 +41 22 300 33 11 Website: International University in Geneva Private university. Founded in 1997.

586

ORGANIZATIONS

The university offers training in the following degrees: Business Administration, International Relations, Media and Cross-Cultural Communication, and International Trade. Address: icc 20, Rte de Pre-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland Phone: +41 22 710 71 10/12 Fax: +41 22 710 71 11 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Swiss Business School/International Business Private university. Founded in 1998. The school offers an mba degree covering study of global governance, which provides skills required for work in a global environment both in public and in private sectors. Address: Balz-Zimmermannstrasse 34, ch – 8302 Kloten, Switzerland Phone: 11 +41 44 880 00 88 Fax: 11 +41 44 274 27 65 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Basel State university. Founded in 1460. The university includes a Faculty of Business and Economics, as well as a Faculty of Sociology. Degrees are offered in the following disciplines: Sustainable Development, Economics, Business Administration, Management, Political Sciences, and ­Social Studies. Address: Koordinationsburo MSD6, Vesalgasse, 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland Phone: 011 061 267 04 20 Fax: 011 +061 267 04 09 Website: University of Business and International Studies Private university. Founded in 2006. The university provides degrees in Business Administration and International Relations, Business Administration, Banking and Financial Services, and International Organizations. Address: Geneva, at 45/47a rue de Lausanne, Switzerland Phone: +41 22 732 11 62 82 Website:

Universities

587

University of Geneva State university. Founded in 1559. The Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences offers degrees in Sustainable Development and Social Regulation, Standardization, and Business Administration. Address: Bd du Pont-d’Arve 40, CH-1211, Geneve 4, Switzerland Phone: 01 1 +41 22 379 80 82 Fax: 01 1 +41 22 379 80 80 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Lausanne (unil) State university. Founded in 1537. The university includes: • Faculty of Earth Sciences: offers degrees in natural sciences, mathematics, earth science; focused on preventing negative effects of an anthropogenic factor in a globalizing world; • Faculty of Social and Political Sciences: offers degrees in Political Science, history, social psychology, social studies. Address: CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland Phone: +41 21 692 11 11 Fax: +41 21 692 26 15 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Lucerne State university. Founded in 2000. Training is available in the following directions: international community and global governance, law, social sciences, management, economics, business administration. Address: Frohburgstrasse 3, po Box 4466 6002, Lucerne, Switzerland Phone: 1 1 +41 41 229 50 00 Fax: 1 1 +41 41 228 50 01 Website: University of Neuchatel (unine) State university. Founded in 1838. Faculties: Economics and Business, International Business.

588

ORGANIZATIONS

Training is available in the following directions: economics, business administration, management, political sciences. Address: Avenue du 1er-Mars 26CH – 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland Phone: +41 32 718 10 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of St. Gallen (hsg) State university. Founded in 1898. The university comprises: • School of Economics and Political Sciences, which offers training under Master’s degrees: international relations and state governance in the following disciplines: economics, business administration, management, political science; • Research Institute of International Management, which carries out studies in the field of international relations, business in a global world, and economic relations between Europe and Asia. Address: Dufourstrasse 40a, CH-9000, St. Gallen, Switzerland Phone: +41 (0) 71 224 21 11 Fax: +41 (0) 71 224 28 16 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Zurich State university. Founded in 1883. The university offers degrees in Comparative Political Science, International Relations, Political Analysis, Political Economics of Developing Countries, Political Methodology, and Swiss Political Science. The Faculty of Social Studies offers a Master’s degree in Comparative and International Studies. Address: Ramistrasse 71, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland Phone: +41 44 634 1 1 1 1 Fax: 01 1 +41 44 634 49 01 Website: Webster University Non-state university. Founded in 1915 in Geneva (International Department of Webster University, usa)

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589

Master’s degrees in International Relations and Business and Management are available. Address: Geneva, Route de Collex 15, CH-1293, Bellevue, Switzerland Phone: +41 22 959 8000?[sic] Fax: +41 22 959 8013 E-mail: [email protected] World Trade Institute State university. Founded in 2005. A Master’s degree in International Legal and Economic Relations provides teaching and study in the fields of international law and consulting, international non-governmental organizations, and so on. Address: Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Phone: 011 +41 (0) 31 631 32 70 Fax: 011 +41 (0) 31 631 3630 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Turkey Anadolu University Anadolu University (Turkish: Anadolu Üniversitesi) is a public university in Eskişehir, Turkey and the fourth largest university in the world by enrollment. The Faculty of Economics has a Department of International Relations. Its aim is to teach graduates who can comprehend and anticipate international relations, have a good command of at least one foreign language, think analytically, and are lifelong learners. The curriculum includes courses in international economics, international law, international politics, international political economy, international relations theories, and regional studies. Address: Yunusemre Kampusü, 26470, Eskişehir, Turkey Phone: 222 3201304 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ankara University The Faculty of Political Science, or Mülkiye, is a well-established institution in Turkey providing higher education in the fields of Political Science, Public Finance, Economics, Public Administration, Labor Economics, Business Administration, and International Relations. The faculty was founded in Istanbul

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as a community college in 1859 to meet these needs, and has undergone a series of changes since. On March 23, 1950, the school was placed under Ankara University, and its name was changed to Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science. Accordingly, the number of specialization departments in the faculty increased to six, and departments were organized to be independent, s­ tarting from the first year. These departments are: International Relations; ­Political Science and Public Administration; Economics; Public Finance; Business ­Administration; and Labor Economics and Industrial Relations. Address: Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Cemal Gürsel Bulvarı, 06590 Cebeci, ­Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 (312) 595 12 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Bilkent University Commercial university. Founded on October 20, 1984. The Department of International Relations was founded in 1987. In May 1998, the Centre for Russian Studies is created as part of the faculty. The department offers student exchange programs. Specializations available include International Relations theory, international law, and world politics. Regional studies are also carried out (eu, Central Asia, and Caucasus, Russia). Address: Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 (312) 290 1249–290 1067–2664195 E-mail: [email protected] Bilkent University of International Relations Non-state university. Founded in 1984. The university consists of a Faculty of Economics, Administrative, and Social Sciences, and Departments of International Relations and Global Studies. A Master’s degree in Political Science and Public Administration, is offered, together with a Master’s degree and doctorate in International Relations. Address: 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 290 4000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Bogazici University Department of Political Science and International Relations State University. Founded in 1863.

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The university is one of the most popular in Turkey. The Faculty of Political Science and International Relations offers International Relations as well as World Politics, Political Theory, and the Politics of Turkey. Address: Bogazici University 34342 Bebek/Istanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 212 359 6504 E-mail: [email protected] Website: European Institute of International Studies Institut Europeen Des Hautes Etudes Internationales (iehei) State university. Founded in 1964. The Master’s degree in International Relations and European Studies includes the following subjects: international relations and European integration, federalism and governance, economics and globalization. The degree is complemented by educational tours to European and international organizations. The last quarter of study takes place in Berlin, where students have an opportunity to adopt experts experience in terms of European integration and international relations. The Institute publishes History of European Integration, International Justice: Universality Step by Step, Globalization: Implications and Requirements, and so on. Address: 34440 Dolapdere, Istanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 (0) 533 330 92 42 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Istanbul University Istanbul University’s Faculty of Political Science is acknowledged as one of the premier centers for education and research into political science in Turkey. The faculty is dedicated to continuing its legacy of providing excellence in political science education. It develops scholarly literature on social sciences for the future of humanity and society according to the principles of participation, equality, and peace. The degrees offered by the faculty develop the skills, knowledge, and lifelong learning proficiency necessary in order to contribute to inventive knowledge within the framework of political and administrative sciences. The faculty also aims at providing its students with the values of democracy and human rights, individual and social responsibility, and independent and critical thinking skills. Address: Istanbul University Main Campus 34452 Beyazit/Fatih-Istanbul, Turkey

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Phone: 0 (212) 440 00 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Middle East Technical University (metu) State university. Founded in 1956. The university offers Master’s and doctoral degrees in European Integration, International Relations, Political Science and Public Administration, Urban Policy Planning, and Regional Governance. Address: Middle East Technical University Universiteler Mahallesi, ­Dumlupnar Bulvari No: 1 066800 Qankaya Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 2102000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: United Arab Emirates King Saud University State university. Founded in 1957. This is the largest university in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It includes thirty faculties, branches in different parts of the country, and research centers. This university is considered to be very prestigious, and regularly receives honorable guests – the king, princes, and the country’s scientists. The university often hosts conferences and meetings with prominent national and foreign political figures. At the university’s College of Law and Political Science one may study, inter alia, international relations. The university pays great attention to its relations with foreign universities, including those in the United States. Address: Abdullah A. Al-Othman, King Saud University Rector, po Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone: +966 1 467 0888 E-mail: ksu.edu@sa Website: University of Wollongong in Dubai (uowd) Non-state university. Founded in 1993. The university offers a number of subjects, in particular degrees in Business and Information Technology, which is directly aimed at addressing staff shortages in the United Arab Emirates (uae). All uowd degree degrees are

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accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of the uae. They are also verified by the Agency for Quality of Australian Universities. Internationally recognized qualifications allow uowd graduates to pursue their careers in Dubai. uowd graduates occupy senior positions in the public and private sectors across the region. The university offers Bachelor’s degrees in International Business according to a syllabus that meets contemporary standards. Address: University of Wollongong in Dubai, Blocks 5, 14.815, Dubai ­Knowledge Village. po Box 20183, Dubai, uae Phone: +971 4 367 2400 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

United Kingdom

Birkbeck College, University of London State university. Founded in 1920. The Faculty of Political Science offers a baccalaureate degree entitled Global Politics and International Relations, in which special attention is paid to ­sociological aspects of international relations, international economic ­systems, and problems of war and security. Additional courses for students include contemporary politics of the us, the eu, the uk, and Russia, modern political analysis, policy in Middle East public relations and social policy, and politics, power, and human nature. The Faculty also offers Master’s degrees in Global Governance and Public Policy, Global Policy, Management, Politics and Political Practice, International Security and Global Governance, The Middle East in Global Politics. The Department of Geography offers a Master’s degree in Globalization, the Environment and Development.” Address: Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, ­London, WC1E 7HX, uk Phone: +44 (0) 20 7631 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: De Montfort University (Leicester) State university. Founded in 1870. As part of its Bachelor’s degree in International Business and Globalization, the university offers a study of the foundations of international business

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through the prism of globalization. In its later stages, the degree undertakes advanced analysis of global and international business. After this, students may choose their area of specialization, namely politics, economics, human resources management, or finances. The Faculty of Political Science and Public Administration offers Bachelor’s degrees in Political Science and International Relations. The university also includes the Institute for Sustainable Development. Address: 52/2, Gateway St, Leicester, 0116 255 1551, uk Phone: +44 (0) 1 1 6257 7595 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Goldsmiths College, University of London State university. Founded in 1904. The Master’s degree in Digital Sociology is offered by the Department of Sociology. Within this degree, global networks and society is one of the most interesting courses. It is aimed at understanding relationships between globalization, theory of networks, and social and cultural capital. Core modules are theory of globalization and morphology of networks and cultural production (markets and new technologies). The Department of Culture offers a Master’s degree in Postcolonial Culture and Global Policy, which focuses on analyzing the dynamics of global development in the light of postcolonial theory, global politics, and international political and economic problems. Address: Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, uk Phone: + 44 (0) 20 7919 7171 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Hull University State university. Founded in 1927. The Faculty of Politics and International Relations offers a Bachelor’s degree in Globalization and Governance, which includes an introduction to global studies, practical aspects of globalization and democratic governance, democracy in Europe, political parties and institutions in Europe, and international security and defense policy. A Master’s degree in Globalization and Governance is offered at the Centre for Governance and Democracy. Among the courses offered are the global financial system and democratic governance, terrorism, civil disobedience, and dissidence, and practical aspects of globalization and governance. The centre also offers Master’s degrees

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in Global Political Economy and Global Communication and International Politics. Address: Hull, HU6 7RX, uk Phone: +44 (0) 14 8234 6311 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Keele University State university. Founded in 1962. The Law School at Keele offers a Master’s degree in Human Rights, Globalization and Justice. At the Faculty of Political Science, international relations and philosophy are offered as part of the Master’s degree in Global Security. Address: Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, uk Phone: +44 17 8273 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: King’s College London State university. Founded in 1829. The Department of Geography, which is part of the Graduate School of Sociology and Public Policy, offers Master’s degrees in Environment, Politics and Globalization and Global Environmental Changes. Global environmental changes and various aspects of global environmental policy, as well as the prospects for international organizations in this field, are studied. The China Institute in conjunction with the Graduate School of Arts and Humanities, Department of Sociology and Public Policy, and the Centre for Modern Languages offers a Master’s degree in China and Globalization. The Department of History at the Graduate School of Arts and Humanities offers a Master’s degree in Global, International and Comparative History. Address: King’s College London, Strand London, WC2R 2LS, uk Phone: +44 (0) 20 7836 5454 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Lancaster University State university. Founded in 1964. The university awards Bachelor’s degrees in Global Politics at the Faculty of Philosophy, Politics and Economics. Within this area of specialization, a broad range of courses are delivered – on international relations, philosophy, history, conflict studies, regional development, and so on.

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Address: Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, uk Phone: +44 (0) 152 465 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Leeds Metropolitan University State university. Founded in 1992. The university offers undergraduate degrees in Global Development and International Relations, Global Development and Study of Problems of the World, Global Development and Political Economy, and Global Development and Politics. The university also offers three Master’s degrees in Global Development with an emphasis on regionalism (France, Spain, and Germany). Address: Leeds Metropolitan University, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, uk Phone: +44 (0) 11 38 12 3113 E-mail: [email protected] Website: London School of Economics and Political Science (lse) State university. Founded in 1895. The Master’s degree in Global Politics is taught jointly by the Faculty of ­Public Administration, European Institute, Institute of Development, and ­Faculty of International Relations. This degree explores contemporary scientific issues, such as the global civil society, environmental protection and development, gender dimensions of globalization, European integration in a global perspective, non-governmental organizations and development, management in ­globalization, and regional aspects of globalization. The Master’s degree in Gender Issues, Development and Globalization focuses on the theoretical analysis of the role of gender in contemporary global development. A consortium of four European universities, comprising the lse, Leipzig, ­Vienna, and Wroclaw universities, offers an interdisciplinary Master’s degree in Global Research: The European Perspective. The Faculty of History of International Relations, in collaboration with the Faculty of Public Administration, offers a Master’s degree in Empires, Colonialism and Globalization. Address: The London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, uk Phone: +44 (0) 20 7405 7686 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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Newcastle University State university. Founded in 1963. The Faculty of Political Science teaching offers a Master’s degree in International Politics (Global Justice and Ethics). This examines the central issues of global justice: the dispute between relativism and universalism, human rights, the fight against global poverty and inequality, democracy and environmental issues. A similar degree, International Politics (Globalization, Poverty and Development), focuses on issues around growing poverty from the perspective of global justice and global politics. Address: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, uk Phone: +44 (0) 19 1222 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Nottingham Trent University State university. Founded in 1992. The Faculty of Sociology regularly offers courses on global issues. An interdisciplinary course on global studies aims at further development of students’ awareness of the global dimension of social and cultural change. Address: Burton Street, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, uk Phone: +44 (0) 11 5941 8418 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Oxford Brookes University State university. Founded in 1992. The Faculty of International Relations offers a number of Master’s degrees, with specialization in International Relations per se, global studies, security issues, policy in environmental protection and issues in global justice. These degrees cover a wide range of research areas within global themes: the theory and practice of international relations, global political economy, sociology of globalization, production, finances and global governance, and so on. At the Faculty of Humanities and Sociology (Department of Sociology), there is a doctorate offered in Global Politics, Economics and Social Issues, which includes such areas as political and cultural economics in a global and comparative perspective, the political economy of developing countries, global ecology, issues in peace and conflict reconciliation, and political theory in a global context. Address: Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, uk

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Phone: +44 (0) 1865 7411 11 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Queen Mary College, University of London State university. Founded in 1972. The Faculty of Geography offers Bachelor’s degrees in Global Change: ­Environment, Economics and Development. The modules offered within this degree are as follows: global change: environment, economics and development, the global system of Planet Earth; global climate change, global society and culture; global historical geography, gender and development; geographic spread of hiv/aids, environmental risks. The Geography Faculty also offers a Master’s degree in Globalization and Development. The Faculty of Political Science offers a Master’s degree in Global and Comparative Politics. This degree is aimed at researching such issues as democratization, international security, nationalism, democracy and cosmopolitanism, political analysis in the developing world, globalization and international relations, globalization and international political economy of development, sovereignty, and interference in the internal affairs of states. The Higher School of Business, which is a constituent part of the university, offers a Master’s degree in Global Business. Address: Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, uk Phone: +44 (0) 20 7882 3066 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Royal Holloway, University of London (rhul) State university. Founded in 1879. The Faculty of Economics, Political Science and International Relations offers Bachelor’s degrees in Political Science, Political Science and International Relations, Geography, Politics and International Relations, History and International Relations, Politics and Philosophy, and European Studies. The Faculty of Politics and International Relations awards Master’s degrees in Global Politics. This degree offers studies of political and theoretical aspects of globalization human rights, political aspects of ethnic multiculturalism, the foreign policy of the European Union, issues in democracy and civil society, the political aspects of forced migration, and issues in sovereignty and justice. Address: Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, uk

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Phone: +44 (0) 17 8443 4455 E-mail: [email protected] (Dr. Nathan Widder) Website: School of Oriental and African Studies (soas), University of London State University. Founded in 1916. The Law School, incorporated in the university structure, provides a ­Master’s degree in Law, Development and Globalization. Within this, the following interdisciplinary areas are offered for study: comparative constitutional law; foundations of international law; human rights; international arbitration; international labor law; law and governance in the contemporary world; the wto and international trade; and multinational companies and law. Address: soas, University of London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London, WC1H 0XG, uk Phone: +44 (0) 20 7637 2388 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Aberdeen (In Scotland) University of Aberdeen State university. Founded in 1495. At the Faculty of Sociology a Master’s degree in Globalization is offered. This includes an analysis of the existing scientific approaches to globalization, its cultural, social, political, and economic dimensions, the relationship between local and global social changes, and the interdependence of various aspects of the process of globalization. Address: King’s College Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, uk Phone: +44 (0) 12 2427 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Bath State university. Founded in 1966. In the Master’s degree Analysis of International Public Policy, an interdisciplinary approach is used towards the analysis of the state and public policy in a international and transnational context. Courses include comparative European public policy, world politics (conflicts, security, and development), and globalization and the threat to economic security.

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Address: University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, uk Phone: +44 (0) 12 2538 3643 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Birmingham State university. Founded in 1900. The Department of Political Science and International Relations offers a Master’s degree in International Relations (Global Economic Management). This provides an in-depth study of the management of global economic challenges and international policy coordination mechanisms in the global economy. Address: The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, uk Phone: +44 (0) 12 1414 3344 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Buckingham Non-state university. Founded in 1983. The Faculty of Arts (Department of Economics and International Relations) offers a Master’s in Global Studies, whose graduates are prepared for professional work in ministries, international organizations, financial and economic institutions, trade and industry, international journalism, and global civil society organizations. Among the courses are the history of the international system, international law in global politics, global governance, economic aspects of global politics, diplomacy, global business, and global security challenges. Address: The University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, uk Phone: +44 (0) 12 8081 4080 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Cambridge State university. Founded in 1209. The Department of Sociology offers a Master’s degree in Modern Society and Global Transformation, which includes courses on social theory and various aspects of the development of modern society, culture, religion, and the media in the context of globalization, global health care issues, and issues in nationalism. The Faculty of Political Science and International Relations o­ ffers

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Master’s degrees in International Relations and Political Science. Doctoral studies are also undertaken. Address: The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, uk Phone: +44 (0) 12 2333 7733 E-mail: [email protected] Website: ucl (University College London), University of London State university. Founded in 1826. The Faculty of Geography offers a Master’s degree in Globalization. This includes, along with the geopolitical, social, and economic dimensions of globalization, studies in sustainable development and policy in the protection of environment, as well as the scientific and political aspects of global climate change. The Faculty of Geography also offers a Master’s degree in Global Migration, which provides an interdisciplinary approach to the subject and includes research into such areas as the political economy of globalization, geopolitics, migration law of the European Union, conflict studies and human rights, international humanitarian law, and issues in population and development. Address: University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, uk Phone: +44 20 7679 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Essex State university. Founded in 1965. The Faculty of Public Administration offers a Master’s degree in Global and Comparative Politics; this includes advanced study of the peculiarities of behavior of political actors, political institutions and regimes, and electoral politics. Students are offered courses on politics, global and comparative politics, comparative political aspects of the protection of human rights, conflict resolution and peace, democracy; citizenship, and national constitutions, international protection of the environment, and international negotiations and diplomacy. Address: Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, uk Phone: +44 (0) 1206 873333 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Leeds State university. Founded in 1904.

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ORGANIZATIONS

The Faculty of Political Science and International Relations offers a Master’s degree in Global Development, which includes research into the issues of global poverty development and injustice, and provides opportunities for students to train in developing countries. Address: University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, uk Phone: +44 (0) 11 3243 1751 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Leicester State university. Founded in 1957. The Faculty of Information and Communication offers a wide range of ­Master’s degrees in the field of mass communication and in the context of globalization processes. The main feature of the Globalization and Communication degree is related to the peculiarities of political, economic, and cultural development in the modern world, and their impact on national and transnational media structures and transcultural flows. Address: The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, uk Phone: +44 (0) 11 6252 2522 Website: University of Liverpool State university. Founded in 1903. The Faculty of Geography offers a Master’s degree in Geography of ­Globalization and Development. This aims to provide understanding of the key theoretical issues and notions of globalization and development, as well as to identify the major controversies between the developed and developing world and to find ways in which to overcome them. Address: The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, uk Phone: +44 (0) 15 1794 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Manchester State university. Founded in 2004. The Faculty of Environment and Development offers a Master’s degree in Globalization and Development. This degree pays particular attention to a­ nalysis

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of the dynamics of cross-border trade, finances, and trade relations in developed and developing countries, and political, social, and economic asymmetry caused by the processes of globalization. This Faculty also awards Master’s degrees in Global Urban Development and Planning, where such issues are studied as urban planning, climate change, natural disasters, poverty in cities, migration and development, and policy in the field of environmental protection. Address: The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, uk Phone: +44 (0) 16 1306 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Oxford Non-state university. The exact founding date is unknown, but in 1096 teaching was already being conducted. The university receives significant subsidies from public funds. The university offers a wide range of Master’s degrees in global development: International Development, Development Economics, Refugees and Forced Migration Issues, Global Governance and Diplomacy, Migration Issues. These degrees emphasize the whole complex of social, political, and economic development issues in the context of global changes. Address: University of Oxford, University Offices, Wellington Square, ­Oxford, OX1 2JD, uk Phone: +44 (1) 8 65 27 0000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Plymouth State university. Founded in 1862. The university offers a Master’s degree in International Relations: Global Security and Development, in which a critical approach to global governance, global security, globalization and regional development, regional integration in the era of globalization, globalization and social justice, and environmental policy are studied. Address: Roland Levinsky Building, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, uk Phone: +44 (0) 17 5260 0600 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

University of Salford (Manchester) State university. Founded in 1967. In its Master’s degree International Relations and Globalization, contemporary international relations and world politics are studied, as well as international economics in the context of globalization, including issues in ­international political economy, geopolitics, security, terrorism, and so on. Address: The University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT, uk Phone: +44 (0) 161 295 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Sheffield State university. Founded in 1905. This university offers a unique interdisciplinary Master’s degree in G ­ lobal Politics and Law. The issues in global politics are covered in courses that include political aspects of international law; global governance; Euro­ pean integration; contemporary global society; political aspects of environmental protection and climate change; democratization. In the context of global studies, law is studied within courses on the principles of international law, the law of international organizations, and human rights protection. The Master’s degree Contemporary Global Security focuses on the issues of terrorism and terrorist threat in international relations; this also touches upon issues of global governance and human rights. The social aspects of globalization are discussed in the Master’s degree in Global Social Policy. Three major research centers function with the support of the Faculty of Political Science: the Centre for Political Economy, the Centre for Political Theory and Global Justice, and the Centre for International Politics; these offer a strong research foundation for the defense of doctoral theses. Address: The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, uk Phone: +44 (1) 14 222 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Southampton State university. Founded in 1952. This university offers both Master’s and doctoral degrees in Global Politics, which focus on advanced research in such interdisciplinary areas as global studies and international relations, issues in disarmament, citizenship and

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d­emocracy, governance in globalization processes; “green” policy, human rights, security, and issues in the global South. The Faculty of Political Science and International Relations offers a Master’s degree in Global Security. Address: University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, uk Phone: +44 (0) 23 8059 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Sussex State university. Founded in 1961. The university offers, for example, Master’s degrees in Globalization, ­Ethnicity, and Culture (at the Department of Globalization and Migration), Anthropology of Development and Social Transformation (at the Department of Anthropology), Sociology of Development, Environment, Sociology of Development and Politics (at the Department of International Development), Globalization and Development (at the Department of Sociology of Development), and Social Participation, Power and Social Change (at the Department of Sociology of Development). Address: Sussex House, Brighton, BN1 9RH, uk Phone: +44 (0) 12 7360 6755 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Warwick State university. Founded in 1965. The Faculty of Political Science and International Relations offers a Master’s degree in Globalization and Development. Students are offered courses in globalization, governance, and development; political aspects of the global financial system; new world power centers; European integration; new challenges to global security; terrorism and counter-terrorism; globalization and labor relations; gender analysis; theory and history of human rights; global justice, and international law and global security. The Centre for Cultural Policy Studies offers Master’s degrees in International Cultural Policy and Management and Global Media and Communication. Address: University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, uk Phone: +44 (0) 24 7652 3523 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

University of Westminster State university. Founded in 1992. The Department of Political Science and International Relations offers a Master’s degree in International Relations and Global Changes, which involves a critical analysis of the global changes caused by the revival of non-Western civilizations, as well as key factors in the internal and external policies of the Asian giants – India and China. The Master’s degree in Globalization, Transformation and Development, which is offered at the Faculty of Sociology, ­Humanities and Linguistics, includes the study of issues in globalization and development in the Middle East and in countries with economies in transition: gender issues, international humanitarian law, global finances, international economics, issues in democracy, and environmental management. Address: 309 Regent Street, London, W1B 2UW, uk Phone: + 44 (0) 20 7911 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

United States

Arizona State University, Phoenix Urban Agglomeration State university. Founded in 1885. The High School of Political Science and Global Studies provides courses in development; environment; global governance; global cities; and violence, conflicts, and human rights. Address: School of Politics and Global Studies (Arizona State University), po Box 873902, Tempe, az 85287–3902, usa Phone: (480) 965 8563 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Bard College, Annandale-on-hudson, State of New York Non-state university. Founded in 1860. Students enrolled in the degree Global Studies and International Relations attend courses in political science, international relations theory, ­globalistics, global economics, and geography. Students enrolled in Global Health ­Challenges attend courses in social sciences, natural sciences (biology, biodiversity), international relations theory, and globalistics, world economy, and statistics.

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Address: Bard College, po Box 5000, Annandaleon-Hudson, ny, usa Phone: 845 758 7080 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Boston University Non-state university. Founded in 1839 in Boston, ma. The education degree Policy for Global Development covers the following subjects: governance and political economy, environment and development, global health issues (courses related to biology and pharmaceuticals). Address: One Silber Way, Boston, ma 02215, usa Phone: 617 353 2000 E-mail: www.bu.edu/gdp/contact-us/ Website: Brandeis University Non-state university. Founded in 1948, Waltham, ma. The High School of Arts and Sciences offers a Global Research degree with core courses about global actors (un, wto, World Bank, etc.) and the main globalistics issues. The following specializations are available: civil society and human rights; media and means of communication, culture and globalization, global and regional governance, global environment, global health issue, immigration, social justice and gender equality. Address: 415 South Street, Waltham, ma 02453, usa Phone: 781 736 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island Non-state university. Founded in 1863. The Bachelor of Arts degree (based at the College of Arts and Sciences) includes global politics, global economics, and global cultural interaction. As part of the degree the following courses are available: language, culture and communications; media in the “global village”; cross-cultural psychology; and global anthropology. Address: 1150 Douglas Pike, Smithfield, ri 02917, usa Phone: 401 232 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

608

ORGANIZATIONS

Carnegie Mellon University Non-state university. Founded in 1967. The Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences offers a Global Studies degree. Studies are carried out on the following issues: global and local: theory and practice in globalization anthropology; modern cultural policy: globalizing states; nationalism and ethnicity; interaction at the global market; Gandhi and King: nonviolent leadership in a globalizing world; global justice, and the economic peculiarities of global warming. Address: 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, pa 15213, usa Phone: +1 412 268 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Defiance College, Ohio Non-state university. Founded in 1850. The Master’s degree International and Global Studies includes the world’s issues; international business; and sustainable development. Address: 701 N. Clinton St. Defiance, oh, 43512, usa Phone: +1 800 520 4632 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Eckerd College Non-state university. Founded in 1958. The International Relations and Global Politics degree includes the theory of international relations and foreign policy; regional studies; and international political economy. Address: 4200 54th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, fl 3371 1, usa Phone: 727 864 8994 E-mail: [email protected] Website: George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia State university. Founded in 1957. The university includes a College of Humanities and Social Studies that offers a Global Studies degree with general courses, courses on regional studies, and a significant number of courses on the politics and culture of Russia. Address: Robinson Hall B, Room 441, 4400 University Drive, ms 6B4, Fairfax, va 22030, usa

Universities

609

Phone: 703 993 9185 E-mail: [email protected] Website: George Washington University State university. Founded in 1821. The Elliott School of International Affairs offers various Master’s degrees in International Studies, International Politics, Global Communications, and Regional Studies (Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East, and other regions). Address: George Washington University, 2121, i Street, nw Washington, dc 20052, usa Phone: (202) 994 1000 Website: Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota Non-state university. Founded in 1854. The College of Liberal Arts provides a Global Studies degree which studies the following: global justice; from development to globalization; media in a global context, gender aspects of globalization, and gender issues. Address: 1536 Hewitt Avenue, Saint Paul, mn, 55104, usa Phone: 800 753 9753 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts Non-state university. Founded in 1965. Globalization and study of Third World issues includes the following subjects: global migration, population, and global development. Address: Hampshire College, 893 West Street, Amherst, ma 01002, usa Phone: 413 559 5378 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Harvard University Non-state university. Founded in 1636. Located in Cambridge near Boston, ma. The John F. Kennedy School of Government offers an International and Global Studies degree with the following courses: global governance; religion in global politics; counterterrorism; geopolitical aspects of energetics, global food policy, population, migration and development; and children’s rights and globalization.

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Address: Cambridge, ma 02138, usa Phone: 617 495 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:  Lewis University, Romeoville, Illinois Non-state university. Founded in 1932. The Contemporary International Studies degree includes political science, international relations, and history. Address: Office of Admission, Unit 297 One University Parkway Romeoville, il 60446–2200, usa Phone: 815 836 5250 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Michigan State University, East Lansing State university. Founded in 1855. The Residential College in the Arts and Humanities provides a Global ­Studies in the Arts and Humanities degree – an interdisciplinary degree that includes courses on globalization, regional studies, philosophy, religion studies, ethics, and arts. Address: Michigan State University Board of Trustees 150 Hannah Administration Building East Lansing, mi 48824–0210, usa Phone: 517 355 3300 Fax: 517 432 3347 E-mail: [email protected] Website: New York University Non-state university. Founded in 1831. The Centre for Global Studies provides degrees that cover the following subjects: international relations; transnational security; private sector – ­international business, economics and development; international law, ­conflicts settlement and international institutions; human rights and h ­ umanitarian assistance; environment and energetics policy; conflicts prevention and settlement. Address: 70 Washington Square South, New York, ny 10012, usa

Universities

611

Phone: 212 998 1212 E-mail: [email protected] Website:  North Central College, Naperville, Illinois Non-state university. Founded in 1861. The Global Studies (regional studies) degree includes East Asia, Europe, ­developing states, international business, and international relations. Address: 30 N. Brainard Street, Naperville, il 60540, usa Phone: 630 637 5342 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Northeastern University Non-state university. Founded in 1898 in Boston, Massachusetts. The Global Studies and International Relations degree includes conflicts settlement, global development, immigration, poverty and welfare issues, sustainable development, global health issues, climate change and health, ethical implications, management in non-profit organizations, fundraising, and legal management issues. Address: 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, ma 02115, usa Phone: 617 373 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Ripon College, Wisconsin Non-state university. Founded in 1851. The Master’s degree in Global Studies offers a number of interdisciplinary fields: anthropology, international relations, politics and management of global economics, languages, literature, religion, and so on. Address: 300 Seward Street, po Box 248, Ripon, wi, usa Phone: 920 748 8197 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Rutgers University State university. Founded in 1766 in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark, and Camden, New Jersey.

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ORGANIZATIONS

The Center for Global Change and Governance (cgcg) offers a degree in Science in Global Affairs, covering the following subjects: information technologies; political conflicts and violence; terrorism and global security; and human rights. Address: 249 University Avenue, Newark, nj, usa Phone: +973 353 1766 E-mail: [email protected] Website: San Jose State University, California State university. Founded in 1857. The Bachelor’s degree in Global Studies includes geography and environment; global climate change; global business and economics; global history and politics; global cultures and society; intercultural communication; and global media. Address: One Washington Square, San Jose, ca 95192, usa Phone: 408 924 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Sewanee – University of the South Non-state university. Founded in 1857 in Sewanee, Tennessee. The Faculty of International and Global Studies offers one of the most advanced degrees in Global Studies. The faculty focuses both on regional studies and globalistics. The Department of Globalistics provides training on such issues as political, economic, and social development, environmental protection, interstate relations, non-state actors of international relations, and international development. Address: 735 University Ave, Sewanee, tn 37383, usa Phone: (931) 598 1000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: St. John’s University Non-state university. Founded in 1870. The campuses are located in New York and Rome (Italy). The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences offers a range of Master’s degrees in the field of international political studies and governance, such as Global Development and Social Justice; Governance and Politics; International Relations; International Law and Diplomacy; and State Governance.

Universities

613

The Peter Tobin College of Business offers, in particular, Master’s degrees in International Business and Investment Management. Address: Queens Campus (Main Campus) St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, New York 11439, usa Phone: +718 990 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: St. Lawrence University Non-state university. Founded in 1856. The Faculty of Global Studies offers degrees in subjects that encompass cities and globalization; transnational migration; issues of global population; and postcolonial feminism theory. Address: 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, ny 13617, usa Phone: 315 229 5965 Fax: 315 229 7419 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Bridgeport Non-state university. Founded in 1927 in Bridgeport, ct. The degree in Global Development and World Issues includes political economy and development, cultural studies and conflicts settlement, and global management. Address: 126 Park Avenue, Bridgeport, ct 06604, usa Phone: 203 576 4966 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of California, Santa Barbara State university. Founded in 1944. The College of Philology and Natural Sciences offers a Global and International Studies degree. The following subjects are included: global literature, religion, ideology, global diasporas and cultural changes, human rights in terms of international relations, global ideology and world order, and women, ­culture, and development. Address: 7065, Santa Barbara, ca 93106–7065, usa Phone: 805 893 7860 Fax: 805 893 8003 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

University of Denver Non-state university. Founded in 1864 in Denver, co. The Joseph Korbel School of International Studies focuses mainly on economic issues, such as statistics in international relations; transnational corporations; international economic institutions; issues of global poverty and human rights; global health issues; issues of gender, environment, and development; agriculture in a global context; human rights; terrorism; and econometrics. Address: 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, co 80208, usa Phone: 303 871 2000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois State university. Founded in 1867. The College of Liberal Arts and Science offers a Global Studies degree, which includes the following subjects: interaction of cultures; human rights; welfare and poverty issues in a globalizing world; environment, sustainable development and social responsibility; knowledge, means of communication, and information systems; and global health issues. Address: 703 S. Wright Street, 3rd Floor, MC-301 Champaign, il 61820, usa Phone: 217 333 0178 Fax: 217 265 7555 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Illinois at Springfield State university. Founded in 1970. The Global Studies Master’s degree includes globalization; politics and diplomacy (courses: war and peace; terrorism; international law and international organizations); regional studies; and optional courses in geographical aspects of international relations and women in global politics. Address: One University Plaza, Springfield, il 62703, 5407, usa Phone: 217 206 6646 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

University of Kansas, Laurens, Wichita, Salina, Overland Park and Kansas City, Kansas State university. Founded in 1865.

Universities

615

The College of Liberal Arts and Science offers a Global and International Studies degree, which includes the following courses: culture, ethnicity, and religious faiths; gender and sexuality in a global context; health and development; and the global environment. Address: 1541 Lilac Lane, Room 318, Lawrence, ks 66045, usa Phone: 785 864 1120 Fax: 785 864 5028 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Texas at Austin State university. Founded in 1883. The College of Liberal Arts offers an International Relations and Global Studies degree, which includes culture, media, and arts; international security; science, technology, and environment; and the international political economy. The Lyndon P. John School of Public Affairs (spa) offers training in the following specializations: development; energetics, environment, and ­ ­technologies; global governance and international law; international trade and finance; regional studies; security, legitimacy, and diplomacy. Address: 1 University Station, G6000, geb 3.200C, Austin, tx 78712, usa Phone: 512 232 6298 E-mail: [email protected] Website:  spa: Phone: 512 475 7348 E-mail: [email protected] Website: University of Washington at Bothell State university. Founded in 1990. On the Bachelor’s Global Studies degree includes the following courses: statistics; quantitative data usage; arithmetic reasoning in terms of humanities; travel and cultural differences; environment; and women in culture. Address: 18115 Campus Way ne Bothell, wa 9801 1–8246, usa Phone: 425 352 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

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ORGANIZATIONS

Willamette University Non-state university. Founded in 1842, Salem, Oregon. The College of Liberal Arts offers a Global Policy degree across comparative politics and international relations. Comparative politics involves study of public administration basics, international relations, diplomacy, world economy, and military security. Address: Willamette University 900 State Street Salem, or 97301, usa Phone: 503 370 6060 Fax: 503 370 6720 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Winona State University State university. Founded in 1858. Students obtain interdisciplinary knowledge in areas of global ecology, global governance, global social science, and cultural studies, as well as global economy. The faculty has two main directions: global studies (emphasis on various aspects of globalization) and regional studies (in-depth study of Asia, Europe, Latin America, or North America, optionally). Address: 175 West Mark Street, Winona, mn 55987, usa Phone: 507 457 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: Yale University Non-state university. Founded in 1701. The Jackson Institute for Global Affairs has, since 2010, offered courses of lectures entitled “Gateway to Global Peace” and “Access to Global Issues.” In 2010 guest specialists delivered the following lectures to students: “Immigration Policy in the United States,” “Energetics in the Twenty-First Century,” ­“Political Aspects of hiv/aids in South Africa,” and “International Law.” The Department of Sustainable Development aims to integrate sustainable development culture into the university’s academic environment. Address: Rosenkranz Hall, 115 Prospect Street, New Haven, po Box 208206, New Haven, ct 06520, usa Phone: 203 432 6253 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

part 3 Publications

∵

Periodicals

Journal Für Entwicklungspolitik (jep) [Austrian Journal of Development Studies (ajds)]

The Austrian Journal of Development Studies (ajds) is the leading Austrian journal in development studies. Its main objective is to offer a forum for a broad critical discussion of development theory and policy to an Austrian and international readership. This includes debating current concepts relevant to development such as civil society or the role of institutions in development cooperation. Contents of the journal range from micro-social studies of gender relations or local empowerment strategies to macro-social research on issues such as migration or regional integration as well as analyses that focus on certain countries or regions. It is a priority for the editors to publish high-quality contributions of young researchers with both an Austrian and an international background. Contributions are published in German or English. The journal is an official publication of the Austrian umbrella organization for global studies, the Mattersburg Circle for Development Politics at Austrian Universities (Mattersburger Kreis fuer Entwicklungspolitik an den oesterreichischen Universitaeten, mk). Publishing since 1986, jep has been listed in Scopus since 1996. Editor in Chief Bernd Leubolt (Vienna University of Economics, Austria) Editorial Staff Tobias Boos, Julia Eder, Gerald Faschingeder, Karin Fischer, Margit Franz, Daniel Görgl, Ingeborg Grau, Markus Hafner-Auinger, Karen Imhof, Johannes Jäger, Johannes Knierzinger, Bettina Köhler, René Kuppe, Bernhard Leubolt (Editor in Chief), Jasmin Malekpour-Augustin, Andreas Novy, Clemens Pfeffer, Stefan Pimmer, Petra Purkarthofer, Kunibert Raffer, Lukas Schmidt, Gregor Seidl, Anselm Skuhra, Koen Smet Editorial Board Henry Bernstein (London), Dieter Boris (Marburg), John-ren Chen (Innsbruck), Hartmut Elsenhans (Leipzig), Jacques Forster (Geneva), John Friedman (St. Kilda), Peter Jankowitsch (Vienna), Franz Kolland (Vienna), Helmut Konrad (Graz), Uma Kothari (Manchester), Ulrich Menzel (Braunschweig),

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi 10.1163/9789004353855_006

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PUBLICATIONS

Jean-Philippe Platteau (Namur), Dieter Rothermund (Heidelberg), Heribert Steinbauer (Vienna), Paul Streeten (Boston), Osvaldo Sunkel (Santiago de Chile) Production Bettina Köhler Address: Journal für Entwicklungspolitik (jep), c/o Mattersburger Kreis für Entwicklungspolitik an den österreichischen Universitäten, Sensengasse 3, A-1090 Vienna Web:

African Journal of Sustainable Development

Founded in 2012, this journal includes articles on African ecological and globalization problems. The journal consists of brief reports of new findings, and techniques and equipment of importance to sustainable development practice. African Journal of Sustainable Development offers significant contributions on African environment issues. Publication frequency: Two issues per year issn: 2315-6317 Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Editorial Board Labode Popoola (University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria), Temi Ologunorisa (Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria), Godson R.E.E. Ana (University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria), Associate Atia Apusigah (University for Development Studies, Tamale. Ghana), Achille Assogbadjo (Université Abomei, ­Calavi, Benin Republic), Olawale Olayide (University of Ibadan, Nigeria), Christopher Olopade (University of Chicago, usa), Godwin Kowero (African Forest Forum, Nairobi, Kenya), Janice Olawoye (University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria), Lucia Rodriguez (The Earth Institute, Columbia University, usa), Pauline Dube (University of Botswana, Botswana), Chris Gordon (­ University of Legon, Accra, Ghana), Brice Sinsin (Universite Abomei, Calavi, Benin Republic) Address: 20, Awolowo Avenue, Old Bodija Estate, Ibadan, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Periodicals



621

Age of Globalization: Modern Global Studies

This interdisciplinary scientific and theoretical journal is published with the assistance of the Russian Ecological Academy, the Russian Philosophical Society, and the Faculty of Global Studies at msu named after M.V. Lomonosov since 2008. Two issues are published per year in Russian; digests of certain editions in English issn 1994-9065 Editor in Chief A.N. Chumakov Managing Editor L.E. Grinin The International Editorial Board and the Journal Editorial Board include major local and foreign scholars in globalistics. Editorial Board H.A. Barlybaev, E.V. Girusov, I.V. Ivakhnyuk, I.V. Ilyin, B.F. Kalachev, P.A. Kalinichenko, A.V. Katsura, I.F. Kefeli, A.D. Korolev, N.M. Mamedov, A.V. Mitrofanov, A.G. Pyrin, B.G. Rezhabek, N.G. Rybalsky, V.V. Snakin International Editorial Board I.I. Abylgaziev (Russia), A.A. Akayev (Kyrgyzstan), An Qingyan (China), P. Blizkovsky (Belgium), A.B. Weber (Russia), William Gay (usa), A.A. Huseynov (Russia), V.I. Danilov- Danil’yan (Russia), T. Daffern (uk), T. Kamusella (Poland), E. Kish (Hungary), H. Kalbasi (Iran), A.V. Korotaev (Russia), I. Kuchuradi (Turkey), I.K. Liseev (Russia), I.I. Mazour (Russia), A.P. Nazaretyan (Russia), R. Robertson (uk), M. Sergeev (usa), V.S. Stepin (Russia), A.D. Ursul (Russia), R.I. Khasbulatov (Russia) The journal performs an integrative role in the area of global studies, and acts as a creative platform where experts from various fields of knowledge analyze current issues of globalization and its effects, offer theoretical and practical solutions, and also discuss new ideas, introduce reviews, expert evaluation, and so on. Leading topics include: the theory of globalization and globalistics in general; economic, political, social, environmental, scientific and technical, cultural, religious, ethical, and other aspects of globalization processes; global

622

PUBLICATIONS

issues of the modern world; analysis of Russian realities in the context of globalization processes and issues; vital issues of philosophy and theory of history in globalistics; mankind in the light of globalization; and future aspects of globalization. The journal is on the list of peer-reviewed journals and publications of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. For details: ; ; Editorial address: The Presidium of the rfo, 102-14 Volkhonka St., 119992, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Address Uchitel Publishers, 143 Kirova St., 400079, Volgograd, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Asia Journal of Global Studies

The journal is an official publication of the Asia Globalistics Association (Osaka, Japan). It is published twice a year and contains research articles about Asian and other regions analyzed in terms of their interaction with Asia. It also regularly publishes articles by Asian specialists in the field of globalistics, as well as readers’ comments and book reviews. Editor in Chief Derick M. Nolte (Kalgarsky University, Canada) Managing Editor Rias Ahmed Sheikh (Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Pakistan) Editorial Board G.L. Bernardo (University De La Salle – Dasmarinas, Cavite, Philippines), Zhouzhuo Chu (Cheng Kung National University, Taiwan), A. Bela (­ University of Delhi, India), Bey Davey (Xuan Chuan University, Taiwan), Enya Wang ­(Kiong Technical Institute, Republic of Korea), M. Karolak (New York I­ nstitute of Technology, Bahrain), A. Kulnazarova (Tama University, Japan), J. Tse-Hei Lee (Pace University, usa), L. Lee (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), G.P. Liederbach (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan), J. Norayt (George Mason

Periodicals

623

­University, usa), R.D. Paterson (International Christian University, Japan), J.L. Pauwell (University of Liverpool, uk), T. Skreys (University of Wollongong, Australia), R.A. Sheikh (Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Pakistan), S. Sharma (University of San Francisco, usa), Ts. A.-M. Suva (Australian University), A. SongokHan Thornton (Cheng Kung National University, Taiwan), Vulgarakis V. (Chih Lee Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan), D. Wank (Sophia University, Japan) Address: c/o The Asia Association for Global Studies 2-1-27 Sakurabashi ­Chiyoda Bldg. 6F, Doujima, Kita-ku, Osaka, 573-0003, Japan Address: 2-1-27 Sakurabashi Chiyoda Bldg. 6F Doujima, Kita-ku, Osaka 5730003, Japan E-mail: [email protected]

Chemosphere – Global Change Science

Founded in 1999, published in the Netherlands by Pergamon quarterly. Editor in Chief Aslam Khalil Since 2000, the journal has been divided into four sections: Environmental Chemistry, Persistent Organic Pollutants and Dioxins, Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, and Environmental Technology. There is an editor responsible for each section.

Comparativ. Zeitschrift for Globalgeschichte und Vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung [Comparativ: Journal of Global History and Comparative Research Society]

Founded in 1991, this journal is published by the German Institute for Global and European Studies at the University of Leipzig. Editors Matthias Middell, Hannes Siegrist Address: Universität Leipzig, Global and European Studies Institute EmilFuchs-Strasse, 1, D-04105 Leipzig E-mail: [email protected] Website:

624

PUBLICATIONS

Energy for Sustainable Development

Published on behalf of the International Energy Initiative since 1994, Energy for Sustainable Development is the journal for decision-makers, managers, consultants, policymakers, planners, and researchers in both governmental and non-governmental organizations. It publishes original research and reviews about energy in developing countries, sustainable development, energy resources, technologies, policies, and interactions. The board also wants to promote the publication of articles on, or that are relevant to, energy issues in developing countries and on North–South and South–South cooperation in energy technology development and application. The Board considers the publication of highly specialized work more appropriate to other professional journals. The criteria for acceptance of the papers in Energy for Sustainable Development are therefore the quality of the work and its presentation and breadth of interest, irrespective of whether the paper reports research or development, theory or experiment, or is original work or review. issn: 0973-0826 Editor: Daniel B. Jones Address: Box 1270, 1000 bg Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Website: 

Environment, Development and Sustainability

Environment, Development and Sustainability is an international, multidisciplinary journal, published since 1999 by Springer Netherlands, covering all aspects of the environmental impacts of socio-economic development. ­Concerned with the complex interactions between development and environment, its purpose is to seek ways and means for achieving sustainability in all human activities aimed at such development. Coverage includes interactions among society, development and environment, and their implications for sustainable development; technical, ­economic, ethical, and philosophical aspects of sustainable development; local, ­regional, and global sustainability and their practical implementation; ­development and application of indicators of sustainability; development, verification, implementation, and monitoring of policies for sustainable development; sustainable use of land, water, energy, and biological resources in development; impacts of agriculture and forestry activities on soil, aquatic ecosystems, and biodiversity; and much more.

Periodicals

625

issn: 1387-585X (print version) issn: 1573-2975 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Luc Hens (vito – Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium) Associate Editors Alpina Begossi (capesca/unicamp & fifo and ecomar/unisanta, Santos, Brazil), Jelle Boeve-de Pauw (University of Antwerp, Belgium), Le Thi Thu Hien (Institute of Geography, Hanoi City, Vietnam), Jean Hugé (Free University Brussels, Belgium), Susan O. Keitumetse (University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana), Tran Dinh Lan (Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (imer), Hai Phong City, Vietnam), Anna Tengberg (Lund University C ­ entre for Sustainability Studies (lucsus), Sweden), Christos Zerefos (Research Center for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology of the Academy of Athens, Greece) Book Review Editor Okechukwu Ukaga Address: Northeast Minnesota Sustainable Development Partnership, ­University of Minnesota, 114 Chester Park, 31 W. College St., Duluth, mn 55812, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:



gcg: Journal of Globalization, Competitiveness and Governability

gcg was founded by Georgetown University. The Editorial Board’s goal is to become a source of new ideas on the impact of globalization on the competitiveness and management of companies and countries in Latin America, and to provide ideas about more effective strategies, developed by managers and politicians, that would be beneficial for businesses and countries. Editor in Chief Professor Ricardo Ernst (Georgetown University) Deputy Editor in Chief Professor Alvaro Cuervo (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Website:

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PUBLICATIONS

Geopolitics and Security

This analytical and scientific journal has been published quarterly since 2007. It was founded by Baltic State Technical University “Voenmech” named after D.F. Ustinov, llc “Geopolitics and Security,” and the publishing house Petropolis. Geopolitics and Security is the first journal in Russia for scientists, teachers, military experts, politicians, and public officials who are professionally dealing with issues of geopolitics and national and global security. The main sections of the journal are common issues of geopolitics and globalistics, history and theory of geopolitics, geoeconomics, regional geopolitics, global weapons, and global security. The journal is on the list of peer-reviewed journals and publications of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. issn 2071-2332. Certificate of registration of mass media pi number FS77-32689 dated August 1, 2008 Index in Rospechat subscription catalog: 35575. Editor in Chief I.F. Kefeli Editorial address: 190005, St. Petersburg, 1 1st Krasnoarmeyskaya St. E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global and Planetary Change

Founded in 1989, twenty issues a year of Global and Planetary Change are published in the Netherlands by Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc. The journal is dedicated to changes in the global system which affect natural sciences and social issues. Topics cover such areas as the chemical composition of oceans and atmosphere, climate change, sea level change, geography, global geophysics and tectonics, and global ecology and biogeography. Editors S.A.P.L. Cloetingh, T.M. Cronin, K. McGuffie, H. Oberhansli, P.A. Pirazzoli E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], pirazzol@ cnrs-bellevue.fr, [email protected]

Periodicals



627

Global Business

Global Business is a monthly magazine founded in 2004 by the National Institute of Public Administration, and published in Chinese. Address: E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://gbr.sagepub.com/

Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal

Founded in 2009, the journal is published quarterly in English. Global Business and Management Research is an international and interdisciplinary publication, which contains theoretical and empirical research, analyses, descriptions of practical cases, reports on conferences, book reviews, comments, reviews of events, and news. Special editions that are devoted to particularly important events in the field of global business and management are published from time to time. The archive Globethics.net contains all the articles published since January 1, 2009 to date: see . Editors in Chief Mehran Nejati (Researcher at the Department of Management of the M ­ alaysian University, consultant for scientific work in the ala Excellence Consulting Group, Head of the annual conference iocbm, International Online Conference on Business and Management) (E-mail: [email protected]); Mustafa Nejati (Researcher at the Department of Management of the Malaysian University) (E-mail: [email protected]) E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Brief

Founded in 2009, Global Brief is published in Canada in French and English on a quarterly basis by Glendon School of Public and International Affairs at Toronto’s York University.

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PUBLICATIONS

The journal focuses on global topics in all their aspects – international relations, business, culture, social movements and trends. Each issue includes short essays, analytical articles, reports, debates, interviews, reviews by renowned experts on key global issues, and so on. Editor in Chief Irvin Studin Address: Glendon Hall, Room 301, Glendon Campus, York University, 2275 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, on, M4N 3M, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Education

This monthly journal in Chinese was founded in 1972 by the Ministry of Education of China. It is published by the East China Normal University and studies foreign education. Editor in Chief Zhong Tsitsuan Address: E-mail: [email protected]

Global Environmental Change (Human and Policy Dimensions)

Founded in 1990 and published quarterly in the Netherlands by ButterworthHeinemann, this international and interdisciplinary journal specializes in natural and social science. It contains articles on ecology, management, and legal aspects of environmental policy. Editors N. Adger, K. Brown, D. Conway Website: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/global-environmental-change

Global Finance

Founded in 1991, Global Finance is published three times a year in English by the Craig School of Business, California State University, Fresno, ca 937400007, usa

Periodicals

629

This is a journal for researchers and practitioners, where they can publish their ideas that contribute to the development and dissemination of applied studies on global financial management. Research results combining theory and practice are also published. Articles are addressed to readers of business and science papers, and cover such areas as financial management, investment, banking and finance, accounts, and taxation of major world regions. Editor in Chief Manouchehr Shahrohi: Professor of the Department of Global Finance School of Business Enterprises of Craig at the University of California (Fresno), executive director of the Association/Conference of global finance, author of more than eighty scientific publications and books Online version: Journal archive: www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10440283 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations

Global Governance showcases the expertise of leading scholars and practitioners concerned with the processes of international cooperation and ­multilateralism. The result is a provocative exploration of the most pressing transnational challenges of our time – issues of peace and security, development, human rights, the environment, and health among them – presenting groundbreaking research, opinion pieces, and book reviews. Global ­Governance provides a much-needed forum for practitioners and academics to discuss the impact of international institutions and multilateral processes on: • • • •

economic development; peace and security; human rights; the preservation of the environment.

Global Governance serves as an invaluable forum for scholars and practitioners to engage with each other on matters of central importance to multilateralism, global public policy, and international governance. The journal has both analytical punch and immediate relevance. Consequently, it not only provides insights for scholars and practitioners, but is incredibly valuable for teaching. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations is published four times a year (January, April, July, and October) in

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­association with the Academic Council on the United Nations System (acuns) by Lynne Rienner Publishers. issn: 1075-2846 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Ramesh Thakur (Australian National University) Editors Brian Job (University of British Columbia), Mónica Serrano (El Colegio de México and Oxford University), Diana Tussie (flacso-Argentina and the ­Latin American Trade Network) Address: 525 Zang Street, Suite C, Broomfield, co 80021, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Global Networks

Global Networks, published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell, features high-quality, peer-reviewed articles on global networks, transnational affairs and practices, and their relation to wider theories of globalization. The journal provides a forum for discussion, debate, and the refinement of key ideas that have arisen in this field. Contributions continue to be welcomed from any field of study, including anthropology, geography, international political economy, business studies, and sociology, and also include history, political science, international relations, cultural studies, and urban and regional studies. The journal was founded in association with the esrc program on Transnational Communities. issn: 1471-0374 (electronic version) Editors Alisdair Rogers (Keble College, Oxford University, Oxford, uk), Steve Vertovec (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Germany), Robin Cohen (Department of International Development, University of Oxford, uk) Address: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden ma 02148, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website: 

Periodicals



631

Global Overview of Science, Technology and Economy

This journal in Chinese studies science policy in developed countries, scientific and technological development, and environmental initiatives, environmentally friendly energy, and so on. It is published bi-monthly and was founded in 1986 by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. It is published by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China. Editor in Chief Ning Jun Address: E-mail:

Global Perspectives on Accounting Education

Founded in 2004, Global Perspectives on Accounting Education is published once a year (in January) in English. This prestigious scientific journal contains studies and educational materials related to accounting and auditing worldwide. Articles by authors from countries throughout the world are published, directly or indirectly connected to accounting; for example, results of studying the relationship between accounting and other disciplines. The Editorial Board approves articles that study previously published works, aiming to reach a better understanding of the issues raised. Editor in Chief Dennis Bline: Dean of the Faculty of Accounting and Audit at Bryant University Address: Global Perspectives on Accounting Education, Bryant University, 1150, Douglas Pike, Smithfield, ri 02917, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

The Global Studies Journal

This journal outlines and interprets new trends and processes in globalization. The Editorial Board prefers articles that contain a comprehensive analysis of recent developments in international life, together with different views on the subject from many parts of the world.

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The journal’s articles provide in-depth analysis of the most important events taking place today. Editors Jean Nederven Peters (University of California at Santa Barbara, usa), Bill Cope (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, usa) Address: 2001 South First St, Suite 202, Champaign, il 61820, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://gsj.cgpublisher.com/

Globality Studies Journal. Global History, Society, Civilization

This electronic interdisciplinary open-access journal has been published since summer 2006 in English with the assistance of the Institute of Global Studies at Stony Brook University. The journal focuses on theoretical, empirical, historical, and comparative approaches in modern science. Through theoretical concepts it focuses on globality as a developing notion. The authors of the articles consider the possibility of interdependence among people, cultures, and their environment; make historical evaluations of the increased interconnection of human actions and their intensive life activities; and perform comparative analyses of regional changes and cross-cultural differences. Some issues have a political theme. The main subjects covered by these interdisciplinary studies are global history and society, global civilizations, and local cultures. The journal is listed on the doaj index and in the Open Access Journals reference book. issn 1557-0266 Editors in Chief Wolf Schafer (Stony Brook University) Editorial Board M. Albrou (lse, London, uk), S. Al-zhomand (Stony Brook, usa), R. Gru (University of Michigan, usa), M. Heydenreyh (Oldenburg University, ­ ­Germany), G. Lebovik (Stony Brook, usa), Lim Chin Huyun (snuac, Seoul, South Korea), B. Mazlish (mit, Cambridge, uk), R. Salvator (DiTella, Buenos Aires, Argentina), G. Schmidt (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany), R. Wei (Shenzhen University, China)

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Address: Stony Brook University, Centre for Global & Local History, Stony Brook, ny, 11794-4348, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Globalisation, Societies and Education

Globalisation, Societies and Education, published since 2003, aims to fill the gap between the study of education and broader social, economic, and political forces by analyzing the complexities of globalization. The journal seeks to provide means for affecting, as well as reflecting, the experiences, distribution, contributions, and outcomes of education at all levels and in all settings. The journal represents scholarly analysis carried out from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, including sociology, philosophy, politics, geography, history, economics, management, and comparative studies as applied to education and its related fields. Globalisation, Societies and Education welcomes articles drawing on empirical research, comparative and single system case studies, and theoretical explorations in the broad area of the relationships between globalization, societies, and education. In addition, the journal seeks to encourage and include more innovative means for communicating information, ideas, debates, and arguments on globalization, education, and societies. It includes interviews with prominent intellectuals, activists, and leaders, website reviews, commentaries on debates, and offers opportunities for the expression of a range of viewpoints. Topics of particular interest include: • the effects of globalization on education and training in particular countries, regions, and institutions; • the subjects of these processes, including global (e.g. World Bank, oecd, unesco) and regional organizations (e.g. eu, apec, nafta), and ngos; • new technologies, new modes of e-learning, and new identities; • globalization, education and “development” • globalization and languages; • lifelong learning and the knowledge economy; • globalization, education, and cultural change; • changing labor markets, labor mobility, skills, and education; • migration flows and education; • new institutional forms;

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• education as a global commodity/service; • social movements, labor movements, and strategies for change. Four issues are published per year. issn: 1476-7724 (print version) issn: 1476-7732 (electronic version) Editors Roger Dale (University of Bristol, uk), Susan L. Robertson (University of ­Bristol, uk) E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Glocalism. Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation

Glocalism is a peer-reviewed, open access, and cross-disciplinary journal that aims at stimulating increasing awareness and knowledge around the new dynamics that characterize the glocal reality. A journal on glocalism that aligns itself with the very concept of being glocal and wants to be recognized in a cultural–academic context can only be available online. This allows it to be consulted easily and used by a potentially broad base of users on a global scale, allows for simplified editorial management, and also for the possibility of generating debate and discussion far more easily. So as to elicit as much online discussion as possible among academics, each edition of the journal: (a) deals with one single subject; (b) is characterized by one or more leading articles (written on an invitation only basis, by leading academics of international standing); (c) is characterized by one or more research essays (received after a call for papers and subjected to double-blind peer review), providing a basis on which post-publication discussions may develop. Three issues are published annually: at the end of February, the end of June, and the end of October. issn: 2283-7949 (electronic version) Editor-in-Chief Piero Bassetti (Globus et Locus) Executive Editor Davide Cadeddu (University of Milan)

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Peer-Review Coordinators Roger Hayter (economic and political geography, Simon Fraser University), Matteo Bolocan Goldstein (geography and urban planning, Politecnico di ­Milano), Lorenzo Casini (law, Sapienza University of Rome), Judith Beyer (anthropology, University of Konstanz), Luca Ciabarri (anthropology, ­University of Milan), Tommaso Dell’Era (history, Tuscia University, Viterbo), Mónika Szente-Varga (history, University of Pannonia, Veszprém), Anna Molnár (political science, National University of Public Service, Budapest), Cláudia Toriz Ramos (political science, University Fernado Pessoa, Porto), Silvia Conca (economic history, University of Milan), Martin Reisigl (linguistics, University of Bern), Roberta Sala (philosophy, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan), Franciscu Sedda (semiotics, University of Rome Tor Vergata), Victor Roudometof (sociology, University of Cyprus), Stefano Baia Curioni (art and culture, Bocconi University), Maria Luisa Catoni (art and culture, imt Institute for ­Advanced Studies, Lucca) Glocalism. Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation is published by “Globus et Locus, Milan,” Italy Address: Globus et Locus, Via Brisa 3, Milano 20123, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Journal of Business and Globalisation (ijbg)

ijbg was established in 2007 and proposes and fosters discussion on various aspects of business and globalization, including the physical environment and poverty. Its objectives are to establish an effective channel of communication between policymakers, government agencies, academic and research institutions, and persons concerned with the complex role of business as it relates to globalization. The international dimension is emphasized in order to overcome cultural and national barriers and to meet the needs of accelerating technological and ecological change as well as changes in the global economy. ijbg provides a vehicle to help academics, researchers, policymakers, managers, and entrepreneurs, working in business, to disseminate information and to learn from each other’s work. The journal publishes original empirical research, conceptual papers, and book reviews. Topics covered include: • internationalization of smes; • cross-cultural business;

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• globalization and poverty; • business ethics in the global environment; • emerging economies; • immigrant minorities in business; • indigenous enterprises and the global economy; • international tourism; • eco-tourism; • sustainable development; • environmental degradation; • the impact of oil and gas; • human mobility in a globalized world; • competition in a global economy; • localization/glocalization strategies within contemporary globalization The journal is published eight time per year. issn: 1753-3627 (print version) issn: 1753-3635 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Leo Paul Dana (Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier Business School, France) Associate Editors Shahamak Rezaei (Roskilde University, Denmark), Alan Singer (Appalachian State University, usa) Publisher address: Inderscience Publishers, Editorial Office, p.o. Box  735, Olney, Bucks, MK46 5WB, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development (ijsesd)

ijsesd addresses issues of sustainable economic, environmental, and financial development in advancing, developing, and transitioning economies through eco-innovation and eco-entrepreneurship-driven ideas and solutions. The journal contains a cross-disciplinary focus and presents leverage synergies from the synthesis of knowledge, learning, and experience from diverse fields of theory and practice. ijsesd provides coverage of timely and significant issues of sustainability and development with social ecology-driven concepts and practices.

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The mission of ijsesd is to establish a new set of platforms for intellectual discourse and identification of critical and strategic emerging issues, the formulation of cogent and useful policies, and practice recommendations. It covers matters that relate to and combine social ecology and sustainable development issues and trends within diverse contexts such as eco-­innovation, eco-entrepreneurship, e-development (e-learning, e-health, e-business, ­e-government, and e-society), governance, environment, education, economy, civil society and policy, health, transportation, defense, energy, and other related global issues with local impact. The journal is published quarterly by igi Global and was established in 2010. issn: 1387-585X (print version) issn: 1573-2975 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Elias G. Carayannis (George Washington University, usa): Professor of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, Caryannis is the co-Founder and co-Director of the Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (gefri) and Director of Research on Science, Technology, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in the European Union Research Center (eurc) at the George Washington University School of Business. Chief Associate Editors David F.J. Campbell (University of Klagenfurt, Austria), Manlio Del Giudice (Second University of Naples, Italy), Evangelos Grigoroudis (Technical University of Crete, Greece), Christopher H. Ziemnowicz (The University of North Carolina at Pembroke, usa) Senior Associate Editors Steve Clark (Wells Fargo Bank, usa), Stavros Sindakis (International Laureate University, Spyro), J. Vliamos (National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, and Neapolis University Pafos, Cyprus) Address: 701 E. Chocolate Ave., Hershey, pa 17033, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Journal of Sustainable Development (ijsd)

ijsd is a forum for the publication of refereed scientific work of an interdisciplinary character at the interface of science, technology, policy, and society.

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A particular emphasis is placed on the value and importance of stakeholder partnerships for effective communication on issues of sustainability. The objectives of ijsd are to establish an effective channel of communication between policymakers, government agencies, academics and research institutions, and professionals working in the field, and to provide a forum for them to disseminate information and to learn from each other’s work. The international dimension is emphasized in order to overcome cultural and national barriers and to meet the needs of accelerating technological change and changes in the global economy. ijsd publishes original and review papers, technical reports, case studies, conference reports, management reports, book reviews, and notes, commentaries, and news. Four issues have been published per year since 1998. issn: 0960-1406 (print version) issn: 1741-5268 (electronic version) Editor in Chief M.A. Dorgham (International Centre for Technology and Management, uk) Co-editors Sylvie Faucheux (Universite de Versailles – St Quentin en Yvelines, France), Adrian V. Gheorghe (Old Dominion University, usa) Publisher address: Inderscience Publishers, Editorial Office, p.o. Box  735, Olney, Bucks, MK46 5WB, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning

The International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning is an interdisciplinary journal covering the subjects of environmental design and planning, environmental management, spatial planning, environmental planning, environmental management, and sustainable development in an integrated way as well as in accordance with the principles of sustainability. It has been published since 2006. The aim of the journal is to inform its readers about all aspects of environmental planning and management. It includes subjects ranging from social to technical environmental management issues, always having as an axis the concept of sustainable planning and development.

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The International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning is published bi-monthly. issn: 1743-7601 (print version) issn: 1743-761X (electronic version) Coordinator C.A. Brebbia (Wessex Institute of Technology, uk) Publisher address: wit Press Sales, Ashurst Lodge, Southampton, SO40 7AA, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology

The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology has been published since 1994 and has proved to be an exciting forum for understanding and advancing knowledge and implementation of sustainable development. Environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social and cultural sustainability are the journal’s scope. They can be considered empirically, through case studies, as reviews, commentaries, rapid communications, or integrated studies in special issues. The journal is interdisciplinary and aims to examine topical and important issues, thereby providing stimulating and, at times, controversial reading. The journal’s worldwide readership includes: • researchers, consultants, scientists, and engineers • industry, business managers, and policymakers • government (central and local) and non-governmental organizations Six issues are published per year. issn: 1350-4509 (print version) issn: 1745-2627 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Jingzhu Zhao: Director of Research Center of Urban Environmental Planning and Management, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Associate Editors Jon Naustdalslid (Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Oslo, Norway), Johannes Baptist (Hans) Opschoor (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands), Guofan Shao (Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, usa), Jeffrey Sayer (James Cook University, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Australia) E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies

The Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies is an anonymously peer-reviewed, open-access, interdisciplinary academic journal. Since its launch in 2008, the journal has been successful at attracting ­high-quality article and commentary submissions from both established and early-career scholars at the cutting edge of research in critical globalization studies. It has been discussed in publications such as the Times Higher Education Supplement and Le Monde Diplomatique, and high-profile themes such as the #OccupyIR forum in issue 5 have made an impact both within and beyond academic audiences. The journal’s unique approach is to see globalization studies not as a niche sub-field that is limited to exploring an established set of debates. Rather, jcgs takes globalization in its broadest, philosophical sense: as a traversal from local sites of investigation to matters of global significance. The journal therefore sees globalization not just as an ongoing and contested transformation of space and time, but also as an invitation to turn this very process into a means through which to develop new modes of thought and practice. In the future, the journal will be focusing more closely on political economy in its choice of themes for issues. The aim is to foster a productive exchange in the space between heterodox economics, international political economy, critical management and organization studies, the social studies of finance, and political theory. The journal has moved to a biannual publication schedule and aims to receive recognition by journal citation indices. issn: 2040-8498 (print version) Editors Angus Cameron, Chris Clarke, Nathan Coombs, Amin Samman Address: Amin Samman Department of International Politics

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City University London Northampton Square London EC1V 0HB, uk E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Revue D’economie du Developpement [Journal of Development-Based Economy]

Founded in 1993, and published by De Boeck Universite, this journal is published quarterly in French. It is an international journal devoted to application studies, development economy, and international relations, and is aimed at promoting scientific exchange on the major economic issues of our time. The journal is published with the support of the National Centre for Scientific Research, National Book Centre, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France. Editor in Chief Patrick Guillaumont Address: 65 boulevard Francois-Mitterrand F-63009, Clermont-Ferrand ­cedex 1, France E-mail: [email protected]

Journal of Education for Sustainable Development (jesd)

jesd is a forum for academics and practitioners to share and critique innovations in thinking and practice in the emerging field of Education for Sustainable Development (esd). A peer-reviewed international journal, jesd aims at a global readership and has been published twice a year since 2007. The journal seeks articles from the field of environmental education, which pioneered much of the work in esd, as well as from economics, communications, education, social sciences, and the humanities. The journal includes sections for news, opinion, project descriptions, research, academic opportunities, and reviews. Research articles develop, test, or advance esd theory, research, and practice. Project descriptions focus on innovative esd projects and programs. A special section addresses international news and events related to esd. The journal publishes reviews of books, videos/films, curricula, and other print and non-print esd materials and ­programs. Notes and comments from readers continue the discussion.

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issn: 1947-8402 (print version) issn: 1947-8410 (electronic version) Published in Association with Centre for Environment Education. Editor in Chief Kartikeya V Sarabhai (Director, Centre for Environment Education, Ahmedabad, India) Editor Prithi Nambiar (Executive Director, Centre for Environment Education (cee) Australia Inc., Sydney, Australia) Address: sage Publications Ltd, 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London, EC1Y 1SP E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of Global Business and Technology

Founded in 2005, the journal is published twice a year (October and April) in English. This international journal contains articles on various topics on international business and technology for readers who are connected with the academic environment (teachers, researchers, students) and production (business executives, consultants), as well as those who are engaged in the development and implementation of national policies. Articles make methodological, and technological recommendations and proposals for possible solutions of international business problems. The journal also contains research results relating to the activities of specialized organizations in the service sector and industry. Bridging the gap between theory and practice is the journal’s priority. That is why published materials contain analytical results to encourage the development of programs and strategies for action-oriented business. Editor in Chief N. Delener (Dean of the Faculty of Business at the University of Arcadia, Glenside (pa), founder and President-elect of the Association of Global Business and Technology, a member of the American Marketing Association, Academy of ­Sciences of Marketing, North Eastern Association of Business and Economics) issn: 1553-5495 Address: Global Business and Technology Association, po Box  2686, ­Huntington Station, New York, 11746, usa

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E-mail: [email protected] Website: Online version:

Journal of Globalization and Development (jgd)

jgd has been published twice a year since 2010 and explores academic research and policy analysis on globalization, development, and in particular the complex interactions between them. The journal is dedicated to stimulating a creative dialogue between theoretical advances and rigorous empirical studies to push forward the frontiers of development analysis. It also seeks to combine innovative academic insights with the in-depth knowledge of practitioners to address important policy issues. jgd encourages alternative perspectives on all aspects of development and globalization, and attempts to integrate the best development research from across different fields with contributions from scholars in developing and developed countries. The journal publishes rigorous analytical papers, both theoretical and empirical. Policy analysis papers can focus on a single country or a number of countries. Short discussions on problems faced by policymakers in a “second best” world, which require innovative and ingenious approaches, are welcomed. The aim is to bring intractable policy problems to the attention of academic researchers and thus foster a dialogue between policymakers and researchers. issn: 1948-1837 (print version) Editors M. Shahe Emran; Arjun Jayadev; José Antonio Ocampo; Dani Rodrik; Joseph Stiglitz Publisher address: TriLiteral, North American book and database distributor for Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 100 Maple Ridge Drive, Cumberland, ri 02864, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of Globalization for the Common Good

Globalization for the Common Good has been published since 2006 and is dedicated to promote ethical, moral, and spiritual values in the areas of economics, commerce, trade, and international relations, as well as personal virtues,

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in order to advance understanding and action on major global issues by civil society, private enterprise, the public sector, governments, and national and international institutions, leading to the promotion of collaborative policy solutions to the challenges posed by globalization. The journal is committed to the idea that the marketplace is not just an economic sphere, “it is a region of the human spirit.” It views the problem and challenge of globalization not only from an economic point of view, but also from ethical, spiritual and theological perspectives. Globalization for the Common Good is predicated on a global economy of sharing and community, grounded in an economic value system whose aim is generosity and the promotion of a just distribution of the world’s goods, services, natural resources, and wealth. Journal of Globalization for the Common Good is published bi-annually (spring and fall), each issue focusing on a particular theme, topic, or region of the world. issn 1931-8138 (print version) Editors Yahya R. Kamalipur (Professor and Head, Department of Communication, Director Center for Global Studies Purdue University Calumet, Indiana, usa), Kamran Mofid (Founder and Director Globalization for the Common Good Initiative, uk). E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of Globalization Studies

The journal, published in English, is a creative ground where experts from different countries analyze the current challenges of globalization and its effects, offer theoretical and practical solutions, and experiment with and discuss new ideas, provide reviews, give expert opinions, and so on. The main issues covered are the theory of globalization and globalistics in general; the economic, political, social, environmental, scientific, technical, cultural, religious, ethical, and other aspects of globalization; global problems, analysis of Russian realities in the context of processes and problems of globalization; globalistics; pressing issues of philosophy and theory of history; how people are affected by the challenges of globalization; and aspects of globalization in the future. Editors in Chief L.E. Grinin, A.V. Korotaev

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Editorial Board K. Chase-Dunn (University of California, usa), A. Chumakov (Institute of ­Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia), R. Collins (Pennsylvania State University, usa), G. Derluguian (NorthWestern University, usa), ­William Gay (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, usa), I. Kuçuradi (Maltepe University, Turkey), J. Mazarir (University of Zimbabwe, the Republic of ­Zimbabwe), McIntyre J. Mills (Flinders University, Australia), J. Meek ­(University of La Verne, usa), A. Tosh (University of Innsbruck, Austria), V. Shubin (Institute for African Studies, Russian), J. Yeoman (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) Editorial Council An Ksinyan (People’s University, China), B. Dyurchik (University of Matej Bel, Slovakia), T. Esimovich (Ansted University, Slovenia), P. Herrmann (University College, Cork, Ireland), I. Ilyin (Moscow State University. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia), R. Eason (Open University of the uk and Monash University, Australia), B. Foreigners (Research Centre of Postindustrial Society, Russia), E. Kish (Eötvös University, Hungary), G.T. Martin (Radford ­University, usa), J. Midgley (Research Centre of Christchurch, New Zealand), Nikitin (Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Russia), Rozov (Novosibirsk State University, Russia), W.R. Thompson (Indiana University, usa), I. Wallerstein, (Yale University, usa), A. Zayed (Cairo University, Egypt) Address: 400067, Volgograd,. Bystrov, 82-53. E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of Knowledge Globalization

The Journal of Knowledge Globalization is a refereed (i.e. double-blind peerreviewed) journal that has been published since 2008 bi-annually in online and print formats. The Journal of Knowledge Globalization is unique in its mission and domain. While academic disciplines continue to advance through new knowledge from research and practice, there is very little knowledge that transcends boundaries and attracts readers from outside a core discipline. From a utilitarian point of view, discipline-based published research typically remains out of the reach of its substantive audience. The goal of this journal is to share useful knowledge generated from rigorous research to advance human society in its material and moral capacities.

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The journal perceives globalization to be the continuing effort by the peoples of the world to interact and share, pursuing their objectives transnationally. In this context, the journal’s objective is to promote the global sharing of knowledge. To give this a clear focus, we consider our domain to be that of promoting knowledge that is multidisciplinary and global in intent. issn: 1938-7717 (print version) Editor Nargis A. Mahmud Publisher address: 405 Waltham Street pmb 217, Lexington, ma 02421-7934, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of Sustainable Development (jsd)

jsd is an international, double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Canadian Center of Science and Education. It carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of the environment, economy, and society as they relate to sustainability. It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative work in the field. The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to, the following fields: • • • • • • • • • • • •

climate change; ecology and sustainable development; waste and water management; renewable and sustainable energy; environmental technologies; green construction and sustainable development; sustainable land development; environmental economics and policy; urban planning and development; social sciences and humanities; social impact assessment; sustainable of agricultural systems.

The journal is published bimonthly in both print and online versions, and the online version is free to access and download.

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issn: 1913-9063 (print version) issn: 1913-9071 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Anna Grana (University of Palermo, Italy) Associate Editors Cesar A Poveda (University of Alberta, Canada), Eugene Ejike Ezebilo (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden), Franklin Obeng-Odoom (University of Technology, Australia). Editorial Assistant Sherry Sun (Canadian Center of Science and Education, Canada). Address: 1120 Finch Avenue West, Suite 701-309, Toronto, on., M3J 3H7, Canada E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Journal of World History

Published since 1990 in English, with the assistance of the Association of World History. Originally it was published twice a year, but since 2003 it has been published quarterly. Journal of World History is an academic journal that contains articles where the historical analysis is examined from a global point of view, special attention is given to the driving forces of intercultural dialogue between ­civilizations as to large-scale population movements (migration), economic fluctuations, technology transfer, international trade and the spread of religions, ideas and values. All articles published in the journal are included in one of the international bibliographic indexes: Arts and Humanities, Education, historical information, book reviews, social science, periodical literature, international development, modern studies. Thanks to the muse project, the electronic version of the Journal of World History (e-issn: 1527-8050) is available now in an electronic database of ­journals on humanities and social sciences. Early editions of the journal are available in the electronic archive jstor. issn 1045-6007

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Editor in Chief Jerry Bentley (Department of History, University of Hawaii) Address: 2530 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822-2383, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website: ,

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

This international journal is devoted to scientific, engineering, socio-­economic, and policy responses to environmental change; it has been published since 1996 by Springer Netherlands. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change addresses a wide range of timely environment, economic, and energy topics including global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, eutrophication of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, species extinction and loss of biological diversity, deforestation and forest degradation, desertification, soil resource degradation, land-use change, sea level rise, destruction of coastal zones, depletion of fresh water and marine fisheries, loss of wetlands and riparian zones, and hazardous waste management. The journal provides a forum to review, analyze, and stimulate the development, testing, and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies at regional, national, and global levels. One primary goal of this journal is to contribute to real-time policy analysis and development as national and international policies and agreements are discussed and promulgated. issn: 1381-2386 (print version) issn: 1573-1596 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Robert K. Dixon (The Global Environment Facility, Washington, d.c., usa) Publisher address: 405 Waltham Street pmb 217, Lexington, ma 02421-7934, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Millennium is published with the support of the London School of Economics and Political Science three times a year – in summer, winter, and spring.

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The purpose of the magazine is to publish innovative articles about studies on international relations, as well as articles and features that contain original thoughts on the social sciences in an international context. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the journal has become a platform to discuss the latest innovations in international relations theory. Innovation and critical thinking are welcomed. The journal welcomes talented students and encourages young researchers and respected scientists to cooperate. Editors in Chief Per-Axel Fraylingsdorf, Boriya Gikarro-Usobyaga, Dimitris Stoykos Editorial Board Damiano de Felice, Francesco Aubin, Jean Shusyu Website:

Moscow University Bulletin: Series xxvii. Globalistics and Geopolitics

This interdisciplinary scientific journal has been published with the assistance of the Faculty of Global Studies at msu named after M.V. Lomonosov since 2011, appearing twice a year. The International Editorial Board and the Journal Editorial Board include major local and foreign scholars in globalistics. The journal plays an integrative role in the area of globalistics and geopolitics, and acts as an interdisciplinary platform where experts from different fields of knowledge analyze dynamics and predict the development of global issues, processes, and systems, introduce reviews, expert evaluations, and so on, and consider relationships between globalization and geopolitical processes. On March 15, 1946 an Order of the All-Union Committee for Higher Education at Council of People’s Commissars of the uss.r. approved the editorial board of the scientific journal News of Moscow University, comprising fifteen people: S.I. Vavilov, D.G. Vilensky, V.V. Vinogradov, I.M. Vinogradov (Editor in Chief), I.S. Galkin, Kh.S. Koshtoyants, A.A. Maksimov, I.I. Mintz, S.D. Muraveysky, A.N. Nesmeyanov, K.V. Ostrovityanov, M.V. Sergievsky, D.V. Skobel’tsyn, M.N. Tikhomirov, and G.K. Tsvetkov (executive secretary). On November 25, 1946 the first issue of the journal was approved for printing. From 1949 to 1956 the News of Moscow University journal was published in two series: Social Sciences and Physico-Mathematical Sciences. From 1977 News was published in seventeen series (up to 1995). Twenty-seven series of News of Moscow University have been published: i. Mathematics. Mechanics; ii. Chemistry; iii. Physics. Astronomy; iv. Geology; v. Geography; vi. Economics; vii.

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Philosophy; viii. History; ix. Philology; x. Journalism; xi. Law; xii. Political Sciences; xiii. Oriental Studies; xiv. Psychology; xv. Computing, Mathematics, and Cybernetics; xvi. Biology; xvii. Soil Sciences; xviii. Social Studies and Political Science; xix. Linguistics and Cross-Cultural Communication; xx. Pedagogical Education; xxi. Governance (State and Society); xxii. Translation Theory; xxiii. Anthropology; xxiv. Management; xxv. International Relations and World Politics; xxvi. State Audit; xxvii. Globalistics and Geopolitics. The primary topics covered are: theoretical and practical aspects of globalistics and globalization, geopolitics and global governance, global issues and challenges, processes and systems, globalization processes, their forecasting, paleoglobalistics, neoglobalistics, futuroglobalistics, cosmoglobalistics, and evolutionary globalistics. Editor in Chief I.V. Ilyin Deputy Editor in Chief R.R. Gabdullin Executive Secretary T.L. Shestova Editorial Board I.A. Aleshkovsky, A.I. Andreev, G.A. Drobot, V.A. Zmeev, O.G. Leonova, Yu.N. Sayamov, A.D. Ursul, A.N. Chumakov International Editorial Board I.I. Abylgaziev (Russia) – Chairman, A.A. Akayev (Kyrgyzstan), William Gay (usa), L.E. Grinin (Russia), Lin Dingsi (China), I.F. Kefeli (Russia), E. Kish (Hungary), A.V. Korotaev (Russia), M. Lama (India), S.Yu. Malkov (Russia), M. Middel (Germany), P. Mordvidzh (usa), V.I. Pantin (Russia), J.N. Peters (usa), S. Plotsiennik (Poland), R. Robertson (uk), D.I. Trubetskov (Russia), L. ­Fantszyan (prc), M. Steger (Germany), M. Juergensmeyer (usa)

New Global Studies

New Global Studies is one of the few journals that approaches contemporary globalization as a whole and across disciplinary lines. It draws from history, sociology, anthropology, political science, and international relations to study

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the past and present of today’s globalizing process. Topics include the patterns and local effects of economic globalization, global media networks, preservation of the global environment, transnational manifestations of culture, and the methodology of global studies itself. New Global Studies is an essential resource: a single journal for those who are interested in global affairs and the contemporary history of globalization, both broadly and in depth. The journal’s focus is unabashedly on the new globalization that has manifested itself so vigorously in the period that started sometime after World War ii. Starting from this relatively contemporary perspective, the journal is fully aware that the new globalization process, or processes, is on a spectrum with earlier forms of globalization. This journal exists to address the process that is going on around us as a whole and developing over time. It addresses globalization with a holistic perspective, a perspective that gives us a view on the past and present of the globalizing phenomena that will be invaluable to all who seek to comprehend this fundamental aspect of our society and its development. Three or four issues are published per year. Content from 2007 onwards is available online. issn: 1940-0004 (print version) Editors Nayan Chanda (Yale University), Akira Iriye (Harvard University), Bruce Mazlish (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Saskia Sassen (Columbia University) Publisher address: TriLiteral, North American book and database distributor for Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 100 Maple Ridge Drive, Cumberland, ri 02864, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Open Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (resd)

resd started in 2013, and publishes the latest scientific outcomes and research topics in renewable energy. As it is an open access journal, all scientific researchers can access the issues free of charge. All manuscripts are published in English and are subject to a rigorous peer-review process. resd takes pleasure in publishing original and creative articles on the following subjects:

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• biomass energy; • carbon footprint and environment; • climate change; • ecology and sustainable development; • energy efficiency and conservation; • environmental economics and policy; • greenhouse gases mitigation analysis; • hydropower; • hydrogen energy; • phase change materials; • photovoltaic energy; • solar energy; • sustainable bioproducts; • sustainable engineering; • Sustainable Land development; • marine energy; • wind energy. issn: 2374-5371 (print version) issn: 2374-5363 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Moinuddin Sarker (Chairman/Head; Natural State Research, Inc., usa) E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Russia in Global Affairs

This discussion journal on global affairs and international relations has been published since 2002 by the Fund of Global Affairs Study, with the financial support of the Federal Agency for Press and Mass Communications and the participation of Foreign Affairs (us). It is published six times per year in ­Russian and four times per year in English. Leading Russian politicians, economists, sociologists, lawyers, professionals from other fields of knowledge, and leading experts, including prominent politicians of foreign countries and representatives of international organizations, write for the journal. It serves as a tool of intellectual integration for Russian and foreign political and economic elites, informing people, including students and young students, current politicians, and b­ usinessmen

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about the real processes that are occurring in the world. The publication provides a public space for a dialogue and debate between foreign and Russian experts and politicians on the prospects for joint development in a changing world. Editor in Chief F.A. Lukyanov (laureate of the Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of print media, 2011) Editorial Board S.A. Karaganov (chairman), A.A. Avdeev, A.G. Arbatov, Martti Ahtisaari ­(Finland), Fred Bergsten (usa), L.S. Belousov (deputy chairman), Carl Bildt (Sweden), V.V. Grigoryev, A.D. Zhukov, S.A. Zverev, I.S. Ivanov, Karl Kaiser (usa), M.M. Kozhokin, Helmut Kohl (Germany), A.A. Kokoshin, M.V. Comissar, V.V. Kopyev, B.N. Kuzyk, Frenkel Kuzminov, S.V. Lavrov, V.V. Lukin, F.A. ­Lukyanov, V.A. Mau, Tierrie de Montbrial (France), V.A. Nikonov (deputy chairman), V.M. Okulov, V.S. Ovchinsky, V.V. Pozner, E.M. Primakov, S.E. Prikhodko, V.A. ­Ryzhkov, Horst Teltschik (Germany), A.V. Torkunov, Lord William Wallace (uk), Y. Ushakov, I.M. Khakamada, James Hoge (chief editor of Foreign Affairs, usa), N.P. Shmelev, Graham Allison (usa), I.Y. Jurgens, S.V. Yastrzhembskiy Scientific Advisory Board A.L. Adamishin, O.V. Butorina, A.G. Wisnievski, L.M. Grigoryev, Yu.V. Dubinin, A.V. Lomanov, G.I. Mirsky, V.L. Entin. Board of Trustees V.O. Potanin (Interros), R.C. Vardanyan (Troika Dialog), V.P. Yevtushenko (afk System). Editorial address: 119021, Moscow, Zubovsky boulevard, 4 E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Sustainable Development Law & Policy (sdlp)

sdlp is a student-run initiative at American University Washington College of Law that focuses on reconciling the tensions between environmental sustainability, economic development, and human welfare. The journal embraces an interdisciplinary approach to provide a fuller view of current legal, political, and social developments. Its mission is to serve as a valuable resource for

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­practitioners, policymakers, and concerned citizens who are promoting sustainable development throughout the world. The journal has been published twice a year since 2007, and a third issue comprising articles from the previous year translated into French and Spanish is published each summer. issn 1552-3721 Editor in Chief Jacqueline Niba Senior Editorial Board Managing Editor – Brittany Sullivan, Executive Editor – Lisa Tomlinson, Features Editor – Stephanie Kurose, International Editor – Tais Ludwig, Associate Executive Editor – Caitlin Buchanan, Symposium Editor – Kelly Carlson Address: American University Washington College of Law, 4801 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Room 631, Washington, dc 20016, usa E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development

This international scientific journal is published as a part of the ivf Strategic Project “Sustainability in Agrisector of V4 Countries and Cooperating Regions.” The journal focuses on issues in the Visegrad countries and cooperating regions in the area of sustainable development and bioeconomy, and especially on the following topics: • integrated bioeconomy at global, European, regional, and local levels; • sustainable management of natural resources and sustainable agri-food production; • sustainability, traceability, and food security in the supply chains; • global sustainable development and its challenges; • climate change mitigation, land degradation, and biodiversity; • green economy agenda and institutional framework; • renewable resources of energy; • rural, agricultural, and forestry development; • enterpreneurship, international trade, and innovations. The journal has been published twice a year since 2012.

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issn: 1338-8339 (print version) issn: 1339-3367 (electronic version) Editor in Chief Peter Bielik (Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia) Managing Editor Elena Horska (Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia) Editorial Board Boris Boincean (State University “Alecu Russo,” Moldova), Bernd Hallier (European Retail Academy, Germany), Bogdan Klepacki (wuls-sggw, ­ ­Poland), Volodymyr Ladyka (Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine), Michal Lošťák (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic), ­Dubravko Macesic (University of Zagreb, Croatia), József Káposzta (Szent ­István University, Godollo, Hungary), Robert Magda (Károly Róbert College, Hungary), Islan Ryskulov (Academy of Management under the President of Kyrgyz Republic), Thomas Schmalzer (fh Joanneum, Austria), Vladimir Trukhachev (Stavropol State Agrarian University, Russian Federation), 12. ­Giuseppe Maiorano (University of Molise, Italy), Anu Latter Singh (Guru Gobhin Singh Indraprastha University, India), Plamen Kangalov (University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev,” Bulgaria) Address: Visegrad University Association, Foreign Relations and International Programs Office, Tr. Andreja Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected] Website:

Annotated Monographs, Published in English Amin, S. The Implosion of Contemporary Capitalism (2013). Changes in contemporary capitalism require an updating of definitions and analysis of social classes, class struggles, political parties, social movements and the ideological forms in which they express their modes of action in the transformation of societies. Amin meets this challenge and lays bare the reality of monopoly capitalism in its general, global form. Appadurai, A. The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition (2013). This major collection of essays is the product of ten years’ research and ­writing, constituting an important contribution to globalization studies. ­Appadurai makes a broad analysis of the genealogies of the present era of globalization through essays on violence, commodification, nationalism, terror, and materiality. Aristide, J. The Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization (2000). Aristide takes the position that globalization is not a positive factor in the world, and he cites the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as contributing to the economic downfall of Haiti. Bauman, Z. Does the Richness of the Few Benefit Us All? (2013). It is commonly assumed that the best way to help the poor out of their misery is to allow the rich to get richer, that if the rich pay less taxes then the rest of society will be better off, and that in the final analysis the richness of the few benefits all. Yet these commonly held beliefs are flatly contradicted by our daily experience, an abundance of research findings and, indeed, logic. This short book is by one of the world’s leading social thinkers. Baylis, J., Owens, P., Smith, S. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (2013). This market-leading text provides a coherent, accessible, and engaging introduction to the globalization of world politics. New chapters on post-­ colonialism and post-structuralism ensure that it will remain the most comprehensive introduction to international relations available. Beck, U. German Europe (2013). The euro crisis is tearing Europe apart. Beck’s anticipation of the European catastrophe has already fundamentally changed the European landscape of power. It is giving birth to a political monster: a German Europe.

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Bello, W. Capitalism’s Last Stand? Deglobalization in the Age of Austerity (2013). In this eye-opening and often scathing account, Walden Bello provides a forensic dissection of contemporary capitalism’s multiple crises. Trenchant but constructive, Bello’s analysis of the collapse of the global real economy – c­ overing such issues as the Wall Street meltdown, the disintegration of the Greek economy, and the rise of China – emphasizes the ever more pressing need to engage in a radical process of “deglobalization” toward a decentralized, pluralistic world system. Berggruen, N. and Gardels, N. Intelligent Governance for the 21st Century: A Middle Way between West and East (2012). This volume argues that Western democracies have become stymied by populism and short-term thinking, while authoritarian Eastern ­nations, notably China, need to bolster their meritocratic but authoritarian ­systems with the popular legitimacy characteristic of Western polities. Bremmer, I. Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World (2012). The book gives a historical summary of the global political order and American role in world affairs from the post-World War ii establishment of the Bretton Woods system up through the present day. It outlines the various tolls that the G-Zero will exact, potential winners and losers in such an environment, and makes predictions as to what kind of political order will succeed the G-Zero. Brzezinski, Z. Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power (2012). The 21st century seemed destined to be yet another American century. But that optimism did not last long as the stock market bubble and the costly foreign unilateralism of the younger Bush presidency, as well as the financial catastrophe of 2008 jolted America. Zbigniew Brzezinski argues that to quell mounting anxieties about the growing capacity for Eastern economic and technological innovation, America must define and pursue a long-term geopolitical vision. Chomsky, N. Nuclear War and Environmental Catastrophe (2013). Noam Chomsky focuses in this new book on the two existential threats of our time and their points of intersection since World War ii. Chomsky, N. Power Systems: Conversations on Global Democratic Uprisings and the New Challenges to us Empire (2013). Noam Chomsky explores the most immediate and urgent concerns: the future of democracy in the Arab world, the implications of the

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F­ ukushima nuclear disaster, the European financial crisis, the breakdown of American mainstream political institutions, and the rise of the Occupy movement. Ellwood, W. The No-Nonsense Guide to Globalization (2001). The guide covers topics such as globalization around the world, the Bretton Woods institutions, developing countries’ debt, poverty, the environment, and possible means of redesigning the global economy. Fukuyama, F. The End of History and the Last Man (1992). Francis Fukuyama’s prescient analysis of religious fundamentalism, politics, scientific progress, ethical codes, and war is as essential for a world fighting fundamentalist terrorists as it was for the end of the Cold War. Now updated with a new afterword, The End of History and the Last Man is a modern classic. Fukuyama, F. Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (2014). Volume two is finally completed with the most important work of political thought in at least a generation. Taking up the essential question of how societies develop strong, impersonal, and accountable political institutions, ­Fukuyama follows the story from the French Revolution to the so-called Arab Spring and the deep dysfunctions of contemporary American politics. Girardet, H. Surviving the Century: Facing Climate Chaos and Other Global Challenges (2007). Eight main issues relating to the politics of climate change are covered in the book: countering climate chaos, renewable energy policy, creating sustainable cities, local farming systems, rainforests and climate change, cradle to cradle production systems, an alternative vision for trade and creating a living democracy. Guest, R. Borderless Economics: Chinese Sea Turtles, Indian Fridges and the New Fruits of Global Capitalism (2011). The book is both a description for how global interconnectivity through migration and trade is making the world more prosperous and peaceful and a passionate argument for more open borders around the world to help talent circulate globally. Harvey, D. Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (2014). In this book the eminent scholar David Harvey examines the internal ­contradictions within the flow of capital that have precipitated recent ­crises. He contends that while the contradictions have made capitalism  flexible  and resilient, they also contain the seeds of systemic catastrophe.

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Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance. Second edition (2001). This second edition is a timely intervention into current discussions about the nature and prospects of globalization. Huntington, S.P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (1996). This title has become a classic work of international relations and one of the most influential books ever written about foreign affairs. An insightful and powerful analysis of the forces driving global politics, it is as indispensable to our understanding of American foreign policy today as the day it was published. Jacques, M. When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order (2009). This issue has aroused a serious discussion in the United States and globally about the role of China in the creation of the new 21st-century world order. Jacques refers to the estimates on China’s economic superiority, such as made by Goldman Sachs, and concludes that China’s future economic strength will heavily alter the political and cultural landscape of the future world. Laszlo, E. WorldShift 2012: Making Green Business New Politics & Higher Consciousness Work Together (2009). A handbook for conscious change that could transform the current world crisis into planetary renewal. The deepening economic crisis and the threat posed by climate change and other social and ecological trends has caused many to despair. But with great danger comes great opportunity – the opportunity for fundamental change that will transform our societies from top to bottom. Lovelock, J. In a Rough Ride to the Future (2014). The great scientific visionary of our age presents a radical vision of humanity’s future as the thinking brain of our Earth-system. Negri, A. and Hardt, M. Empire (2000). In general, the book theorizes an ongoing transition from a “modern” phenomenon of imperialism, centered around individual nation-states, to an emergent postmodern construct created among ruling powers which the authors call “Empire” (the capital letter is distinguishing), with different forms of warfare. Empire elaborates a variety of ideas surrounding constitutions, global war, and class. Sachs, J. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (2005). In the book, Sachs argues that extreme poverty – defined by the World Bank as incomes of less than one dollar per day – can be eliminated

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g­ lobally by the year 2025, through carefully planned development aid. He presents the problem as an inability of very poor countries to reach the “bottom rung” of the ladder of economic development; once the bottom rung is reached, a country can pull itself up into the global market economy, and the need for outside aid will be greatly diminished or eliminated. Sachs, J. To Move the World: jfk’s Quest for Peace (2013). The last great campaign of John F. Kennedy’s life was not the battle for reelection he did not live to wage, but the struggle for a sustainable peace with the Soviet Union. To Move the World recalls the extraordinary days from October 1962 to September 1963, when jfk marshaled the power of oratory and his remarkable political skills to establish more peaceful relations with the Soviet Union and a dramatic slowdown in the proliferation of nuclear arms. Stiglitz, J. Globalization and Its Discontents (2002). Globalization can still be a force for good, Stiglitz argues. But the balance of power has to change. Here he offers real, tough solutions for the future. Stiglitz, J. The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them (2015). Here Joseph E. Stiglitz expands on the diagnosis he offered in his bestselling book, The Price of Inequality, and suggests ways to counter A ­ merica’s growing problem. With his signature blend of clarity and passion, S­ tiglitz argues that inequality is a choice – the cumulative result of unjust p ­ olicies and misguided priorities. Stiglitz, J. Making Globalization Work (2006). Joseph E. Stiglitz offers here an agenda of inventive solutions to our most pressing economic, social, and environmental challenges, with each proposal guided by the fundamental insight that economic globalization continues to outpace both the political structures and the moral sensitivity required to ensure a just and sustainable world. As economic ­interdependence continues to gather the peoples of the world into a single community, it brings with it the need to think and act globally. Stiglitz, J. The Price of Inequality (2012). A forceful argument against America’s vicious circle of growing inequality by the Nobel Prize–winning economist. Ulrich von Weizsäcker, E. Factor 5: Transforming the Global Economy through 80% Increase in Resource Productivity (2009). The book suggests that sustainability can be achieved by improving resource productivity. The book presents examples showing the potential of a factor of five in efficiency improvements for some sectors of the economy, while maintaining the quality of service and well-being.

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Wallerstein, I., Collins, R., Mann, M., Derluguian, G. and Calhoun, C. Does Capitalism Have a Future? (2013). In this book a global quintet of distinguished scholars cut their way through to the question of whether our capitalist system can survive in the medium run. Despite the current gloom, conventional wisdom still assumes that there is no real alternative to capitalism. The authors argue that this generalization is a mistaken outgrowth of the optimistic ­nineteenth-century claim that human history ascends through stages to an enlightened equilibrium of liberal capitalism. Wallerstein, I., Lemert, Ch and Carlos Antonio Aguirre Rojas. Uncertain Worlds: World-Systems Analysis in Changing Times (2013). This is a definitive presentation of the evolution of world-systems analysis from the point of view of its founder, Immanuel Wallerstein. Yergin, D., Stanislaw, J. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (1998). Stanislaw here charts the rise of free markets during the last century, as well as the process of globalization, and presents a compelling condemnation of the corruption and failure of centrally planned economies. The book attributes the origin of the phrase “commanding heights” to a speech by Vladimir Lenin referring to the control of perceived key segments of a national economy. Zakaria, F. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (2003). This book analyzes the variables that allow a liberal democracy to flourish and the pros and cons of the global focus on democracy as the building block of a more stable society rather than liberty.

Annotated Monographs, Published in Russian Afanasiev, V.V. Russia and Europe. Nation in the Era of Globalization: Collection of Articles (2009).

This is an analysis of the relations between Russia and the European Union in the 1990s. The author aims to show Russia as an important player in the international system and to assess its national and geopolitical interests.

Akopov, S. and Rozanova, M. Identity in an Era of Global Migration: Monograph (2010).

A comprehensive review of the pressing problems of the formation of transnational identity in the context of globalization and contemporary migration processes.

Alliance of Civilizations (Difficult Dialogue in the Context of Globalization): Collection of Articles, ed. P.P. Yakovlev (2001).

The collection was inspired by a “round table,” organized by the Centre for Iberian Studies, Institute of Latin American Academy of Sciences.

Anilionis, G.P. Global World: Single and Detached. Evolution of Theories of Globalization: Monograph (2005).

The globalization of the world economy is a major challenge for humanity today. What’s next? Will the modern world become unified and harmonious or will conflicting trends prevail under the influence of globalization?

Asaul, A.N. Ethnogeographical Factors of Globalization and Regionalization of the World: Monograph (2010).

The book considers the decisive importance of ethnogeographical factors in the development of regional and global territorial and political processes and sees these processes as globalizational processes.

Balandin, R. Myths of Global Warming. Real Threat or Scam of the Century?: Monograph (2010).

The book analyzes one of the major scientific myths of the twenty-first century and exposes the grand scam around so-called global warming.

Bales, K. Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy: Monograph (2006).

This book concerns modern slavery, thoroughly concealed and more cruel and humiliating than it was in ancient times and in the era of slavery.

Barlybaev, H.A. General Theory of Globalization and Sustainable Development: Monograph (2003).

The author analyzes the concepts of globalization and sustainable development, considers their essence, driving force, and direction. The scheme of

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­ eriodization is based on defining sociocultural development levels, periods, p and stages of globalization.

Barlybaev. H.L. People. Globalization. Sustainable Development: Monograph (2007).

The nature of the interaction between biological, social, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions of human nature are considered here. The author also defines areas and spheres of globalization.

Bauman, Z. Globalization. Consequences for the Individual and Society: Monograph (2004).

Zygmunt Bauman, the famous British sociologist, is author of more than twenty books on the most topical issues of social development. This monograph is devoted to the problems of globalization.

Beck, U. What Is Globalization? Monograph (2001).

In this book the famous German sociologist, Professor at the University of Munich, focuses on the issue of globalization and tries to answer the dual question: what is meant by globalization and where a political solution to the problem may be found.

Berger, P. The Many Faces of Globalization: Monograph (2004).

This book is the most important outcome of the three-year study of cultural globalization in ten countries, held under the auspices of the Institute for the Study of Economic Culture at Boston University.

Bhagwati, J. In Defense of Globalization (2005).

The author is an American economist of Indian origin, a professor at Columbia University, a recognized authority in the field of the international division of labor and world trade, and a consistent supporter of free trade.

Blinov, A. The Nation-State in the Context of Globalization: The Contours of the Political and Legal Construction of the Model of the Emerging Global Order: Monograph (2003).

The rapidly changing human environment and dynamics of social processes generate new and sometimes quite contradictory phenomena in modern states, transforming their nature and affecting international relations.

Boitchenko, A.V. Globalization of the World Economy: Tutorial (2006).

The book considers major social and economic consequences of the globalization of the world economy, and the evolution of the role of government and international economic organizations.

Brevdo, T.V., Volkov, G.Y., and Mironov, O.A. Globalization of the World Economy: Tutorial (2008).

The book explores the needs of universities and training for students of economics, and changes in training programs during the transition to a two-tier system of higher education.

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Brzezinski, Z., Choice. Global Domination, or Global Leadership: Monograph (2001).

In this book, the author of The Grand Chessboard, an acknowledged classic of modern political science, develops the idea that the US plays a world role as the only superpower capable of becoming a guarantor of stability and security for the rest of the world.

Bugaev, A. Global Ecology. Conceptual Foundations: Monograph (2001).

The book presents the scientific and methodological basis of the global environment, which studies the ecosystem of the planet, humanity, and its evolution.

Burceva, S.A. Globalization: A Geostatistical Approach: Monograph (2005).

The system of integrating geographical and statistical knowledge as a basis for a new direction in science, geostatistics, studying the anthrobiosphere, is considered.

Buzgalin, A.V. Alterglobalism: Theory and Practice of the “Antiglobal Movement”: Monograph (2003).

The “anti-globalists” movement, which sometimes tends to be presented as “Luddites of the twenty-first century,” is a wide new international social movement. Its members are “green,” trade unionists, and landless peasants.

Bykov, A.N. Post-Soviet Space. Integration Strategies and the New Challenges of Globalization: Monograph (2009).

The complex process of building an integrated community within the CIS is considered, as well as Russia’s role in its development.

Cherkovets, O.V. Globalization. Economical Realities and Political Myths: Monograph (2006).

The problems of the development of globalization in the modern world as a form of internationalization of economic life, together with the place and role of national governments in interstate economic integration, are considered.

Chumakov, A.N. Globalization. Contours of the World: Monograph (2005, 2009, 2011).

The second, enlarged and revised, edition of this monograph is a fundamental piece of the developed theory of globalization, in which the author tries to recreate a holistic picture of the world.

Chumakov, A.N. Metaphysics of Globalization: Cultural and Civilizational Context: Monograph (2006).

Special attention is given to culture, civilization, and globalization. They are analyzed as interrelated, fundamental characteristics of different cultural and civilizational systems.

Chumakov, A.N. Philosophy Global Problems: Monograph (1994).

The author studies a wide range of the most important global issues of our time, reveals their essence, criteria of globality, and gives the classification of the main approaches for solving global problems.

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The City in the Context of Global Processes: Monograph, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilyin, and N.A. Sluka (2011). The phenomenon of the modern global city is considered in this monograph, including the urbanization process, the theory of global cities, and their place in the modern world-system architecture.

Dergacheva, E.A. Trends and Prospects Socio-Tech-Natural-Globalization: Monograph (2009).

Taking a socio-natural approach and based on work by the Bryansk scientific and philosophical school, this book analyzes the global processes of nature and society.

Dergachyov, V.A. Global Studies: Monograph (2005).

This book considers the political, social, economic, and other challenges in the new interdisciplinary field of globalistics.

Drozdov, Y.I. and Illarionov, S.I. Russia and Globalization: Monograph (2010).

The book is devoted to globalization when it is faced with contradictory beliefs and interests of people from different countries who have political and economic influence.

Eyfari, A.K. and Mantsev, V.V. Globalization and Developing Countries: Monograph (2007).

The article is devoted to the analysis of the different aspects of modern globalization: economic, political, informational. It examines the monopolistic periods and stages of globalization. Globalization is investigated in connection with the problems of national sovereignty and prospects for economic growth of developing countries.

Fedotov, A.P. Global Studies. The Beginning of the Science of the Modern World: Lectures (2002).

The book presents the primary foundations of the emerging science of the modern world – globalistics. It studies the most general laws of human development and scientific and spiritual organization.

Feigin, G.F. National Economies in a Globalizing World: Monograph (2008).

The author presents a wide range of theoretical issues that characterize features of national economies and their development in a globalizing world.

Filipenko, A.S. Economical Globalization. Origins and Results: Monograph (2010).

The author reveals the theoretical and methodological problems, historical types, shapes, and contradictions of economic globalization, considering the economic discourse of globalism as a multilevel hierarchical system.

Fratrich, I., Chalupa, K., and Kralik, J. Trojan Horse of Civilization (1977).

One of the most pressing problems of our time – the environment – is considered in this book. The authors speak of the hidden dangers that civilization

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ORGANIZATIONS ­carries within itself, which they compare with the enemy hidden in the mythological Trojan horse. It is written in a lively form, includes a rich variety of factual material, and is aimed at a wide range of readers.

Gabdullin, R.R., Ilyin, I.V., and Ivanov, A.V. Introduction to Paleoglobalistics: Manual (2011).

The aim of the new interdisciplinary school paleoglobalistics, is to understand the historical laws of the Earth, life, and humanity, and to use this knowledge to define contemporary global processes and resolve the global problems that human civilization faces. The book summarizes information about the Earth’s origin, and the emergence and development of life and global systems.

Gezalov, A.A. Transformation of Society in the Era of Globalization. SocioPhilosophical Analysis: Monograph (2009).

A philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of globalization and its various components is presented.

Gilinsky, J.I. Globalization and Deviance: Monograph (2006).

The results of understanding the widely discussed problems surrounding deviance and social control in the context of globalization are presented.

Global Geopolitics: Monograph, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilina, and I.F. Kefeli (2010).

Theoretical, methodological, and practical issues of global geopolitics are considered. Particular attention is given to the role and place of Russia in global geopolitics.

Global Problems of Humanity: Collection of Articles (2006).

The main problem of civilization is to overcome the global crisis. In order to solve it, it is necessary to solve a problem that is not so complicated – explaining the crisis to the public.

Global Socionatural Processes and Systems, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva and I.V. Ilina (2011).

The book provides basic information about global studies and global systems, processes, and issues. Global processes are considered in conjunction with geospheres as global systems of the planet.

Global Studies: Encyclopedia, ed. I.I. Mazour and A.N. Chumakov (2003).

The world’s first encyclopedia devoted to the problems of globalization and the main contradictions of the modern world. It was prepared by a large international team (445 scientists from twenty-eight countries), using the latest telecommunication technologies in editing and publishing. More than 1,250 articles were written by well-known scientists and leading experts specially for this edition and were selected on a competitive basis. It was published simultaneously in Russian and English, and contains a wealth of background material on the theory and practice of globalistics.

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Global Studies: International Interdisciplinary Encyclopedic Dictionary, Ch. ed. I.I. Mazour and A.N. Chumakov (2006).

An unprecedented work, this was prepared by 647 authors – leading scientists, philosophers, politicians, and public figures from fifty-eight countries. Global issues, globalization, the main trends in world development, and its contradictions and conflicts are presented from different, sometimes polar states – East and West, developed and developing countries, and from the standpoint of different cultures, civilizations, religions, and traditions. The articles describe the subject and structure of globalistics, its research methods, and its conceptual and terminological apparatus.

Global System of Cities: Monograph, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilyin, and A.V. Ivanov (2012).

Global city systems and related global issues and problems are considered. The sustainable development of cities is discussed.

Globalization, State, Law, Twenty-First Century: Collection of Articles, ed. V.I. Blischenko (2004).

The following issues are considered: problems of the modern world, associated with ongoing objective processes: the role of the state in the context of globalization, issues of domestic and international relations, and human rights.

Glushenko, V.V. Risks of Innovation and Investment in the Context Of Globalization: Monograph (2006).

A systematic approach to economic theory and the study of risks is developed, the concept of “geopolitical risk” is introduced, and its structure is studied.

Gorbachev, M.S. Facets of Globalization: Difficult Questions of Contemporary Development (2003).

The book summarizes the research project of the Gorbachev Foundation, “­Globalization: Challenges and Responses,” which was undertaken in the late 1990s.

Gordeev, V.V. The Global Economy and the Challenges of Globalization: Tutorial (2008).

All the main subject areas related to the global economy are included in the book, arranged to correspond with the Russian state’s higher education syllabuses for economics and management.

Gorelov, A.A. Globalization and the Future of Russia (2009).

An analysis of the possible prospects for Russia in the twenty-first century in the context of globalization. It is concluded that the future depends on a developing compliance with general trends in human development that are taking place throughout the world, while maintaining the civilizational specificity that distinguishes Russian culture as a link between Eastern and Western cultures in the vast area of Eurasia.

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Grinin, L.E. and Korotaev, A.V. The Global Crisis in Retrospect. Brief History of Growth and Crises. From Lycurgus to Alan Greenspan: Monograph (2001). It seems that crises, like illnesses, are among the preconditions for the existence of modern societies. No one is able to prevent them, despite the use of a variety of techniques.

Grinyaev, S. Battlefield – Cyberspace. Theory, Techniques, Tools, Methods, and Systems of Information Warfare: Monograph (2004).

Material related to the development of the theory, tools, and techniques of information warfare in a number of countries, primarily in the United States, is presented.

Gubchenko, A.V. Globalization and the Safety of the Modern State: Monograph (2005).

The key point of the study is security in modern states at national, regional, and international levels in the context of globalization and global risks, including the impact of globalization on the security of Russia and its neighbors.

Hanson, J. and Honohan, P. Globalization and National Financial Systems: Monograph (2005).

The authors, mainly experts from the World Bank, comprehensively consider the globalization of finance and its impact on domestic financial systems.

Held, D., Goldblatt, D., McGrew, E., and Perraton, J. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Culture: Monograph (2004).

A systematic study of the processes of globalization is presented. The authors examine how the current phase of globalization is transforming modern society in the fields of politics, economy, culture, and communication.

Ilyin, I.V. Global Studies in the Context of Political Processes: Monograph (2010).

The theoretical and methodological basis of global studies and a number of topical issues of global policy are considered. Particular attention is given to alternative models of globalization and global governance problems. A chapter is devoted to anti- and alter-globalization youth movements.

Ilyin, I.V. and Ivanov, A.V. Introduction to Global Ecology (2009).

The book provides an overview of basic ecological concepts in a global context. Information taken from earth sciences and life sciences is presented. The key concepts of the global environment are examined, alongside the main problems of mankind in a global world.

Ilyin, I.V. Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Globalistics (2009).

The pressing questions of the theory and methodology of globalization are considered. A general outline of the subject of global research is considered, with

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analysis ­being given of the main categories and some methodological approaches. ­Particular ­attention is paid to the study of global issues, global processes, and globalization.

Ilyin, I.V. and Ursul, A.D. Evolutionary Globalism (The Concept of the Evolution of Global Processes): Monograph (2009).

The monograph proposes an evolutionary approach to the study of global processes and systems. The concept of a global evolutionary perspective is ­considered in the context of universal evolutionism and temporal integrity.

Ilyin, I.V., Ursul, A.D., and Ursul, T.A. Global Evolutionism: Ideas, Problems, and Hypotheses (2012).

Global evolutionism is the basis of a modern scientific picture of the world and a form of knowledge of global evolution where the self-organization of material systems is mainly a permanent process of progressive development in the visible universe. In the book an original interpretation of the global evolution is proposed, describing the content and concept of universal planetary evolution, and also the basic principles and methods of the study.

Ivanov, I.S. Russia’s Foreign Policy in the Era of Globalization: Articles and Speeches (2002).

The book presents the main articles, interviews, and presentations by Russian Foreign Minister Igor Sergeyevich Ivanov in 2000–02. It is devoted to critical ­issues related to world politics as a whole, and specifically Russia’s foreign policy.

Kachalich, A.G. Monetary Policy of the Countries With Economies in Transformed Conditions of Financial Globalization: Monograph (2006).

The book describes the theoretical principles of monetary policy, macroeconomic conditions, guidelines of the Conference, and exchange rate regimes in the context of financial globalization.

Kazarinova, D.B. European Integration. Politico-Institutional and Sociocultural Measurement: Monograph (2006).

The history of ideas and practices around the formation of European integration. Much attention is paid to the sociocultural aspects of European integration – the evolution of the European idea and the formation of a new supranational identity.

Kogan, I. and Kruglov, L. Biofield Factor of Globalization: A Monograph (2005).

The monograph examines the role of biofield in the processes of globalization.

Kokoshin, A. International Energy Security: Monograph (2006).

The author is an academician, director of the Institute of International Security Problems, Dean of World Politics MSU at Lomonosov University. He presents his vision of a number of major trends in the global energy sector.

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ORGANIZATIONS

Kolpakov, V.A., Fedotova, V.G., and Fedotov, N.N. Global Capitalism: The Three Great Transformations: A Monograph (2008).

This neo-capitalist theory analyzes the evolution of capitalism, the relationship between society and the economy, not only in previous centuries, but also from the point of view of events that have occurred since the 1990s.

Kondratyev, K.Y., Krapivin, V.F., Lacasa, H., and Savinykh, V.P. Globalization and Sustainable Development. Environmental Aspects: Monograph (2006).

The main problem of global dynamics in the system of nature and society, and the key role played by achieving the system’s sustainable development, are discussed.

Koretsky, V.A. Globalization: Theory and Methodology: Monograph (2007).

An analysis of globalization as a socioeconomic and sociopolitical phenomenon, which provides comprehensive examples of its impact on the development of the world economic system.

Korotaev, A.V., Malkov, S.Y., and Grinin, L.E. History and Mathematics: Monograph (2010).

The authors analyze and model global dynamics – a multifaceted modern scientific field that includes the study of economic, technological, demographic, environmental, and other dimensions of global development.

Kostin, A.I. Ecopolitical Science and Globalism: Tutorial (2005).

The author provides an analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of global and ecopolitical science, intersocial and anthroposocial issues of global security policy, and the political problems of environmental safety.

Krylov, A.I. Global Risk and the Role of New Thinking in Preventing a Global Catastrophe (1989).

The book outlines two approaches to current scientific data about the global nuclear danger. It presents the role of new thinking in the struggle for the survival of mankind in the nuclear era.

Krylov, A.I. The Nuclear Threat and the Philosophy of Marxism (Some Aspects of the Ideological Struggle on the Issue of War and Peace in the Age of Nuclear Missiles) (1964).

The author revealed the problems of war and peace in the nuclear age. He considered a fundamental change in the nature of war and the need for the whole of humanity to adopt a scientific way of thinking in an age of nuclear missile technology.

Krylov, A.I. The Relationship between Politics and Nuclear War (The Role of Philosophy in the Struggle for a New Way of Thinking) (1990).

The book analyzes the relationship between politics and war in the nuclear age as shown in the Soviet literature. It shows changes in this relationship, and the need to develop a strategy for the prevention of nuclear war, and to allow a peaceful resolution of international conflicts.

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Kuzmin, A.M. and Korotkov, A.V. Management in the Global Information Society: Tutorial (2010).

The basic problems of governance in the public and private sectors in terms of the development of a post-industrial economy are considered.

Lanco, D.A. The Processes of Globalization, Regionalization, and Localization Around the Baltic Sea: Monograph (2008).

Peculiarities around the formation of international regions, including the territory or parts of the territories of several countries, in the Baltic region are revealed.

Lebedeva, M.M. Contemporary Global Problems of World Politics: Monograph (2009).

For the first time in the educational and scientific literature an analysis of the political structure of the world as a global problem was provided.

Leybin, V.M. Global Studies, Information, System Studies: Monograph (2007–08).

The monograph summarizes the research activity of the author, who participated in the development of research projects of the Institute for Systems Analysis for the past thirty years.

Lindsey, B. Globalization. Repetition: Monograph (2008).

A new look at the problem of globalization is provided, running counter to conventional wisdom, both globalist and antiglobalist.

Lizachev, A.E. Russian Economic Diplomacy. New Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Globalization: Monograph (2006).

The main trends and characteristics of economic diplomacy in the context of globalization are considered, including the main features, forms, and possibilities of economic diplomacy.

Lukashuk, I.I. Globalization, State, Law, Twenty-First Century: Monograph (2000).

This is one of the first monographs in the Soviet literature to study the impact of globalization on society, the state, and law. Particular attention is paid to human rights. The characteristics of the international community and the position ­occupied by individual states are analyzed.

Lukin, V.N. Globalization and International Terrorism: Monograph (2006).

The results of a study of modern trends of political risk analysis and strategies of international terrorism in the context of globalization. Issues around the conceptualization of international terrorism are developed.

Lunev, S. and Shirokov, G. Transformation of the World System and the Largest Countries in Eurasia: Monograph (2001).

The book considers the most pressing global processes of the Millennium, and the prospects for the major Eurasian powers.

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ORGANIZATIONS

Malakhov, V.S. State in the Context of Globalization: Monograph (2007).

The topics covered are: what happens to a nation state when transnational movements and institutions are on the scene; and how globalization processes in various spheres (economic, international, political, civil, political, and cultural) are manifested.

Malkovskaya, I.A. The Many Faces of Janus in Open Society. Experience of Critical Thinking Society Faces in the Era of Globalization: Monograph (2008).

Spheres of modern society are addressed through social research’s philosophical paradigms – postindustrial, communicative, and pluralistic.

Marchenko, M.N. State and Law in the Context of Globalization: Monograph (2009).

The monograph reveals a wide range of issues concerning the impact of globalization and regionalization on the modern state and law.

McAleese, D. Business Economics. Competition, Macroeconomics, and Globalization: Monograph (2007).

The topics are business strategy and tactics in a competitive market, the macroeconomic aspects of business, and the global economy.

Mikhailov, V.A. and Brawlers, V.S. Globalization: Tutorial (2002).

The theoretical and methodological aspects of globalization and global studies are considered. The main areas of globalization – economic, political, informational, educational, cultural – are analyzed.

Minaev, S.V. The Global Economy. 2009: Monograph (2010).

The review analyzes the global financial and economic crisis of 2009 and its consequences.

Modeling of Nonlinear Dynamics of Global Processes: Monographs, ed. I.V. Iliyn and D.I. Trubetskoj (2010).

Global processes in inorganic nature, the organic world, and social life with nonlinear dynamics are considered. It provides a modern picture of the world, the place of nonlinear science in it, and the classification of global processes.

Molevich, E.F. Introduction to Social Global Studies: Tutorial (2007).

scientific knowledge in the rapidly emerging field of the sociology of innovation – social globalistics – is introduced.

Motroshilova, N.V. Civilization and Barbarism in the Era of Global Crises: Monograph (2010).

A philosophical and categorical analysis of the concepts of “civilization” and “­barbarism” is given, in order to support both the history of philosophical thought, social philosophy, and the understanding of literature from other social sciences.

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Nemchuk, A. Global Governance in the Contemporary World: Political Analysis: Monograph (2004).

In terms of global formation as a science and discipline, the monograph’s ­contents can be used to develop an individual training course, as well as being studied as topics that affect globalization and global governance.

Nikiforov, M.E. Planetary Catholicism. Vatican and Globalization: Monograph (2010).

Based on the analysis of theological sources from the Roman Catholic Church, as  well as public information sources, the monograph reveals the concept of “planetary Catholicism.”

Panarin, A. Global Political Forecasting in Terms of Strategic Instability: Monograph (1999).

The theory of global political forecasting is developed for the first time in the world literature.

Panarin, A. Orthodox Civilization in a Globalized World: Monograph (2002).

The author explores the political and sociocultural project of Orthodox civilization in a global world.

Panarin, A. Temptation by Globalism: Monograph (2002).

Building a peace of “economic monopoly,” according to the author, will inevitably lead to the separation of all mankind into a “master race” and a “race of untouchables” – or into the “golden billion,” represented by the Western world, and a disfranchized “periphery.”

Pantin, V.I. Cycles and Waves of Global History. Globalization in the Historical Dimension: Monograph (2003). Considers the problems of global history.

Persky, V. Paleotypes: Monograph (2005).

The author considers a wide range of world economic problems, in particular the epistemology of globalization and globalism, the incompatibility of identifying globalization policy with imperialism, as well as transformation in a globalizing world economy.

Piskulova, N.A. Environment and Globalization: Monograph (2010).

An attempt is made to consider the economic aspects of complex environmental problems which require great efforts to be made at a global level.

Polenina, S.V. Law, Gender, and Culture in a Globalizing World: Monograph (2009).

The interaction of three closely related globalized phenomena of social life – law, gender (i.e. socio-gender relations between people), and culture – are ­explored, the author using a civilizational approach.

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ORGANIZATIONS

Priakhin, V.F. How to Survive. The New Ideology for Mankind: Monograph (2008).

The current challenges of globalization are examined. The author observes the complex nature of the problems that humanity faces.

Prykin, B.V. Global Studies: Textbook (2007).

The book studies the principles, objectives, and methodology of globalism, which he regards as one of the most important sciences of the modern globalized world, reflecting all aspects of human civilization.

Reich, M. and Dolan, S. Global Crisis. Beyond the Obvious: Monograph (2001).

The global problems facing humanity today could lead to the complete demise of our civilization in the near future because of climate change, the destruction of ecosystems, natural anomalies, and uncontrolled rapid population growth.

Religion and Globalization in Eurasia: Collection of Articles, ed. A. Filatov (2009).

The problem of the impact of globalization on religion (Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and modern paganism) is considered; a subject the author regards as previously inadequately examined.

Richard, J.F. At the Turning Point: Twenty Global Problems – Twenty Years to Solve Them: Monograph (2006).

The author encourages us to take a fresh look at the most formidable challenges of the twenty-first century.

Romanovich, A.L. and Ursul, A.D. Sustainable Future (Globalization, Security, Noospherogenesis): Monograph (2006).

The basic tendencies of the development of civilization in the context of changing to a sustainable future – to the sphere of reason – are considered. The aim of sustainable development is to achieve harmony between people and between society and nature.

Romashevskaya, M.N. People and Globalization: Monograph (2002).

The population is studied as a protagonist, and globalization is seen as a process that is ultimately human.

Safronov, A.P. Peripheral Dependence in the Industrial World: Monograph (2009).

The author analyzes the modern industrial world as a rich set of socioeconomic and political contradictions, where in a continuous cycle symbolic capital accumulates power.

Senchagov, V.K. National Security: Geopolitics, Globalization: Monograph (2002).

From Russia’s point of view its geopolitical strategy and the components of the  national forces of the state are analyzed, as well as disparities in its

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g­ eopolitical status. The author offers the main contours of Russia’s position in modern times.

Serov, M.S. Global Warming: Monograph (2010).

Covers global climate change on the planet, which has resulted in glaciers melting in Antarctica and Greenland, and the possibility that many countries may disappear under the oceans.

Shiryaev, V.I. and Shiryaev, E.V. Decision-Making. Forecasting Global Systems: Monograph (2010).

The monograph studies forecasting in global systems such as the world economic system.

Shmelev, V.V. and Khmyz, O.V. Globalization of International Monetary and Financial Markets: Monograph (2001).

The authors study the transformation of the world’s financial and monetary mechanisms in the era of globalization. They analyze the statics and dynamics of traditional and new forms of money, the world’s currency, and stock markets in general.

Shtoll, V.V. NATO’s Role and Place in the System of European and International Security in the Context of Globalization: Monograph (2006).

The author analyzes the historical role played by the alliance system NATO in European and international security, the causes and outcomes of the Cold War, NATO’s transformation, and its new role in the context of globalization.

Solovyov, E.G. Transformation of Terrorist Organizations in the Context of Globalization: Monograph (2006).

The phenomenon of modern terrorist organizations in the context of globalization, and the latest trends and events in the world’s political system, are considered.

Suetin, A.A. The World Economy. International Economic Relations. Global Studies: Textbook (2008).

The author presents the modern structure and features of the world economy, and international economic relations from the perspective of the global challenges that humanity faces.

Timofeev, T. Globalization and Problems of Identity in A Diverse World: Collection of Articles (2005).

The first in a series “Challenges of the Twenty-First Century,” the book is devoted to the problem of unequal and asymmetrical development of countries in an increasingly globalizing world. It was written by leading Russian scientists.

Ursul, A.D. and Muntean, M.A. Globalization and Sustainable Development: Training Manual (2003).

The theoretical and practical problems of globalization, which has become the most important factor in the development of civilization, are considered in the

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ORGANIZATIONS work. Globalization is correlated with current scientific knowledge of the historical process, the state, and world development.

Utkin, A.I. Globalization: Process and Comprehension: Monograph (2001).

An analysis of the process of globalization, which largely determines the nature of the modern era, is given.

Valovoj, D.V. Twenty-First Century: Three Scenarios (1999).

Globalization and the search for national identity in the East are considered.

Vasilenko, I.A. Political Globalistics: Monograph (2003).

The author considers the main issues of political globalistics. The scientific value of a civilizational paradigm in global political analysis is revealed. Different theoretical models of the world are considered by leading scientists.

Voronin, A. and Malikov, O.I. Globalization of Energy Markets and Economic Growth in Russia: Monograph (2009).

The influence of energy markets globalization and the expansion in exports of energy resources on the economic situation in Russia are analyzed. The monograph is devoted to one of the major problems of the modern world economy, and gives an idea about the nature, genesis, and socio-economic impact of globalization.

Warriors, B.K., Rogozin, G.G., and Lantern, D.N. Beyond the Known: Anthology (2010).

The book includes a revised collection of analytical materials gathered by the authors during 1991–2010.

Yakovets, Y.V. Globalization and the Interaction of Civilizations: Monograph (2003).

At the turn of the twentieth century the accelerated process of globalization and inter-civilizational conflict became the main trends in the global arena, events that are analyzed in the monograph.

Yazhborovskaya, I.S. Globalization and the Experience of Transformation in Central And South-Eastern Europe: Monograph (2008).

The author considers the transformations of the last two decades in the post-socialist countries of Central and Southeast Europe. Changes in the main areas of social life (economic, political, and social) are shown to be part of the process of globalization, as the search for more effective development models takes place.

Yusupov, G.I. Globalization and Ethno-Political Security of the South of Russia: Monograph (2009).

The author investigates the system of ethnopolitical security in the south of Russia in the context of globalization.

Zelenov, L.A., Vladimirov, A.A., and Stepanov, E.I. Contemporary Globalization. Condition and Prospects: Monograph (2010).

An extensive integrative analysis from the standpoint of modern globalization’s interdisciplinary approach is given.

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Dialogue of Civilizations. Agenda (Moscow: Institute of Philosophy, 2005). “Dialogue of Civilizations: East–West,” Fourth International Symposium philosophical. 1–2 (Moscow: 2000). Dialogue of Cultures in the Context of Globalization: Materials of Baku Forum Dedicated to the Memory of H. Aliyev, ed. N.M. Mamedov and A.N. Chumakov (Moscow: Canon, 2012). Dilemmas of Globalization. Societies and Civilizations: Illusions and Risks (Moscow: ISP RAS, 2002). Dlugach, E.L. and Pod’yapol’skii, D.D. Globalization, Growth and Poverty. Building a Universal Global Economy (Moscow: Ves Mir, 2004). Drobot, G.A. World Politics as a Phenomenon of Global Peace: A Tutorial (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2010). Dugin, A. Foundations of Geopolitics. Geopolitical Future of Russia.(Moscow, 1999). Eisenstadt, Sh.N. Revolution and the Transformation of Societies. Comparative Study of Civilizations (Moscow, 1999). Elias, N. The Process of Civilization. Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Research, in 2 volumes (Moscow and St. Petersburg: University Book, 2001). Emelyanov, V. Birth and Death of Civilizations (Moscow: Veche, 1999). Environmental Education in the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (Global and Regional Aspects) (Khanty-Mansiysk: Art Media, 2008). Erler, G. Global Monopoly. World Politics after the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Moscow: Econ. Democracy, 1999). Erygin, A.I. East–West–Russia: Becoming Civilized Approach in Historical Research (Rostov on Don: Phoenix, 1993). “Ethno-National Values in the Context Of Globalization: Materials of All-Russian Scientific-Theoretical Conference,” Makhachkala, September 25–26, 2008 (Makhachkala: DGS, 2008). Ethos of Global Peace (Moscow: Eastern Literature, 1999). Facets of Globalization. Difficult Questions of Modern Development (Moscow: 2003). Fedotov, A.L. Global Studies: The Beginning of the Science of the Modern World ­(Moscow: Aspect Press, 2002). Fituni, L.L. International Movement of Capital in the Context of Globalization (­Moscow: MNEPU, 2000). Fomichev, S. Colored Green: A Strategy and Action (M, Nijniy Novgorod: BCC SEU; Third Way, 1997). Friedman, L.A. The Process of Globalization and Its Impact on Developed and Developing Countries (Moscow, 1999). Fukuyama, F. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution (Moscow: AST in 2004).

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“Future Ethics: Axiology Sustainable Development: Materials Baikal philosophical Forum” (Ulan-Ude, 2008). Gabdullin, R.R., Ilyin, I.V., and Ivanov, A.V. Evolution of the Earth and Life (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2005). Galic, M. History of Pre-Columbian Civilizations (Moscow: Thought, 1990). Gateway to the Global Economy; ed. O. Andersson and D. Andersson, trans. from English, ed. V.M. Sergeyev (Moscow, 2001). Giddens, A. The Missing Peace: Globalization is Changing Our Lives (Moscow, 2004). Global Community: The New Coordinate System (Approaches to the Problem), E.B. Alaev, V.Y. Belokrenitsky, and A.D. Resurrection [et al.] I2 (St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2000). Global Environmental Problems in the Twenty-First Century (Moscow, 1998). Global Geopolitics, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I. Ilyin, and I.F. Kefeli (Moscow: 2010). Global History and the History of World Civilizations: The Permanent Seminar Materials Club Of Scientists “Global World” (Moscow: New Age, 2003), MY. 5 (28). Global Issues and Human Values (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990). Global Problems of Modernity and Youth: A Collection of Papers (Moscow: Max Press, 2005). Global Problems, Num. ed. Acad. N.N. Inozemtsev (Moscow, 1981). Global Problems; I.T. Frolov (Moscow: 1984), MY. 1–4. Global Processes and Sustainable Development: Articles, ed. A.D. Ursul (Moscow: RGTEU, 2011). Global Social and Political Changes in the World, ed. A.Y. Melville (Moscow, 1997). “Global Society and Russia: Trends and Implications of Evolution”: Materials International scientific conference, St. Petersburg, November 29–30, 2001 (St. Petersburg: Baltic Reg. technical. University VOENMECH of D.F. Ustinov, 2001). “Global Studies as a Branch of Scientific Knowledge”: Materials permanent interdisciplinary seminar Club of Scientists “Global World” (Moscow, 2001), MY. 3. Global Studies as a Field of Research and the World of Teaching (M. MAKS Press, 2008–10), Vols 1–4. Global Studies: A Reader (St. Petersburg: BSTU, 2011). Global Studies: An International, Interdisciplinary, Encyclopedic Dictionary, Ch. ed. I.I. Mazour and A. Chumakov (Moscow and St. Petersburg: Elim, Peter, 2006). Global Studies: Encyclopedia, Ch. ed. I.I. Mazour and A. Chumakov (Moscow: Raduga, 2003). “Global Trends of Human Development 2015”: Proceedings of the US National Intelligence Council, transl. from English (Ekaterinburg: U-factors, 2002). Globalization and Education, ed. S.L. Zaretsky (Moscow: INION, 2001). “Globalization and Regional Culture: Methodological Problems of Learning”: ­Proceedings of the International Scientific-Practical Conference (Tyumen: Medinfo, 2004).

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Globalization and Social Dynamics Simulations: Sat Art (Moscow: Institute of Social Sciences, 2001). Globalization and the Development of Legislation: Essays, ed. Y.A. Tikhomirov and others (Moscow: Gorodets, 2004). Globalization and the Problem of Preservation of Cultural Diversity (Moscow: 2010). Globalization as a Process: A Permanent Interdisciplinary Seminar Club of Scientists “Global World” (Moscow: New Century, 2001). “Globalization Development, New Benchmarks of Russia and Latin America”: ­abstracts. International conference, April 25–26, 1996 (Moscow: Inst Lat. American Academy of Sciences, 1996). Globalization of the Economy and Employment: Textbook. Benefit / R.P. Kolosov, M.V. Artamonov, T.N. Vasylyuk, et al. (Moscow: Economics faculty MSU TEIS, 2000). Globalization of the World Economy and the National Interests of Russia, ed. V.P. Kolesov (Moscow: TEIS: Economics faculty of Moscow University, 2002). Globalization of the World Economy and the Role of Russia, ed. V.P. Kolesov and M.N. Osmova (Moscow: TEIS, 2000). Globalization or Sustainable Development: Collection of Articles, ed. S. Zabelin, D. Court, D. Meadows, X. Norberg-Hodge, and K. Schubert (Moscow: SEU, 1998). Globalization Policy Priorities of the EU, ed. E.A. Grjaznov, K.H. Kracht, N.N. Liventsev, et al. (Moscow: 2000). Globalization. Civilizational and Humanitarian Aspects (Moscow: ISP RAS, 2001). Globalization. Conflict or Dialogue of Civilizations? (Calls – version – perspective), ed. T.T. Timofeev, Y. Yakovets, E.A. Azroyants, et al. (Moscow: New Age, 2002). Globalization: Options for Russia: Materials of the “Round Table” (St. Petersburg.: ­RosBalt, 2001). Globalization: The Contours of the Twenty-First Century: Ref. Ed. Y.I. Igritsky (­Moscow: RAS: Gorbachev Foundation, 2002). Globalization: The Human Dimension: Textbook, ed. A.V. Torkunov (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002). Golts, G.A. Culture and Economy of Russia for Three Centuries (Novosibirsk: 2002), Voume.1. Gordon, A. Modern Civilization between the World-Culture and Cultural Areas: Scientific and Analytical Review (Moscow, 1998). Gordon, A. Whole New Type of Civilization (Moscow, 1996). Gorodetsky, M.V. Cultural Theory: The Problem of Relationship between the Concepts of “Culture” and “Civilization” (Novosibirsk: SibUPK, 2003). Grebenuk, A.V. Civilization of the Ancient World and Medieval Europe: Methodological Essays (Moscow: 2001), MY. 1. Grinin, L. and Korotaev, A. Cycles, Crises, Traps of Modern World-System. Study of Kondratieff, Juglar and Secular Cycles, Global Crises, Malthusian and ­Post-Malthusian Traps (Moscow: LKI, 2012).

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Ilyin, I.V. Global Studies in the Context of Political Processes (Moscow: MSU, 2010). Ilyin, I.V. Introduction to Global Ecology: Textbook (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2009). Ilyin, I.V. Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Global (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2009). Ilyin, I.V. and Akhiezer, A.S. Russian Civilization: The Content Border Opportunities (Moscow: Moscow State University, 2000). Ilyin, I.V. and Inozemtsev, V.L. Megatrends World Development: A Monograph (2010). Ilyin, I.V. and Ivanov, A.V. Introduction to Global Ecology (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2009). Ilyin, I.V. and Ursul, A.D. Evolutionary Globalism (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2009). Informational Civilization: Space, Culture, People, ed. V.B. Ustyantseva (Saratov: 2000). Inozemtsev, V.L. Broken Civilization: Preexisting Background and Possible Consequences Post-Economic Revolution (Moscow: Academia: Nauka, 1999). Interaction of Cultures in the Context of Globalization; Under Society, ed. N.M. Mamedov and A.N. Chumakov (Moscow: Canon +: Rehabilitation, 2010). “International Conference ‘Migration and Development’: Fifth Valenteevskiye readings” (Moscow: Moscow State University, 2007). International Monetary Relations: The Textbook, ed. L.N. Krasavina (Moscow: Yurait, 2012). Ions, I.N. and Khachaturyan, V.M. Theory of Civilizations. From Antiquity to the End of the Nineteenth Century (St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2002). Ito, S. Birth of Civilizations (Tokyo: 1988). Janowski, R. Global Changes and Social Security (Moscow: Academia, 1999). Kagan, M.S. Philosophy of Culture (St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 1996). Kagan, M.S. and Hiltuhina, E.G. The Problem of “West–East” in Cultural Studies (Moscow, 1994). Kagarlitskiy, B.Yu. Globalization and Left (Moscow, 2002). Kazakhstan in the Global World: Challenges and Preservation of Identity (Almaty: Institute of Philosophy and Political Science KH MES, 2011). Kazmin, A.K. Globalization Morality – An Evolutionary Step Towards Civilization (Moscow: Moscow Textbooks – SiDiPress, 2005). Kefeli, I.F. Geopolitics of Eurasia (St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 2010). Kefeli, I.F. Fate of Russia in Global Geopolitics (St. Petersburg: North Star, 2004). Kefeli, I.F. Global Geopolitics, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva, I.V. Ilina, and I.F. Kefeli (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 2010). Kefeli, I.F. Philosophy of Geopolitics (St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 2007).

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Lapina, T.S. Philosophy of Culture: Understanding Option (Moscow, 2003). Lapkin, V.V. and Lantin, V.I. Geo-Economic Policies and Global Political History (Moscow: Olita, 2004). Laszlo, E. Macroshift (to Change the Course of World Stability) (Moscow: Taydeks Co., 2004). Le Goff, J. Medieval Western Civilization (Moscow: Progress Academy, 1992). Lechchei, A. Human Qualities (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980). Lelipenko, A.A. and Yakovenko, I.G. Culture as a System (Moscow, 1998). Leonova, O., Ilyin, I., and Rozanov, A. Theory and Practice of Political Globalistics (Moscow: MSU Publishing, 2013). Lestel, E. Outside Growth (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1988). Leybin, V.M. Global Issues: Research and Discussion (Moscow, 1991). Linyuy, F. and Weimin, S. Essays on Chinese Culture (Beijing: China Intercontinental Publishing, 2001). Lischik, V.Ya. The Euro and the US Dollar. Competition and Partnership in the Context of Globalization (Moscow: Konsaltbankir, 2002). Lisichkin, V.A. and Shelepin, L.A. The Global Empire of Evil (Moscow: Crimean bridge Forum, 2001). Litovchenko, S.E. and Dynin, A.E. Globalization and Competitiveness: Strategies for Success (Moscow: Managers Association, 2003). Lodzigun, I.M. Globalization and the Problem of the Future of Industrial Civilization (Moscow: KMK; Scientific Press LTD, 2000). Lolischuk, V.I. World and National Culture (Ekaterinburg: 1993). Lorus, V.N. Rationality. Science. Culture (Moscow, 2002). Los, V. and Ursul, A. Sustainable Development as a Global Process. Educational Handbook (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012). Los, V.A. Grounds of Globalization: A Philosophical Approach (Moscow: RAGS, 2010). Losev, A.F. Philosophy. Mythology. Culture (Moscow: Politizdat, 1991). Lubischev, A.A. The Rise and Decline of Civilizations (Ulyanovsk: Samara, 1993). Lukashuk, I.I. Globalization, State, Law, Twenty-First Century (Moscow: Spark, 2000). Malakhov, L.D. Culture and Civilization (St. Petersburg: 2000). Malkovskaya, I.A. Globalization as a Social Transformation (Moscow: People’s Friendship University, 2002). Maltsev, V.N. “Globalization: Past, Present, Future,” Economy and Commerce 3 (2001). “Man – the Object and the Subject of Global Processes”: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (St. Petersburg: 2010). Mantatova, L.V. Development Strategy: The Value of a New Civilization (Ulan-Ude: ­ESSTU 2004). Marcuse, H. Eros and Civilization (Moscow, 2003). Markarian, E.S. Cultural Sciences and the Imperatives of the Era (Moscow, 2000).

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Mousavi Lari, S.M.R. Western Civilization through the Eyes of a Muslim (Baku: 1994). Muntyan, M.A. and Ursul, A.D. Globalization and Sustainable Development (Moscow: Steps, 2003). Nazarchuk, A.V. Ethics of Globalizing Society (Moscow: Directmedia Publishing, 2002). Nazaretyan, A.L. Aggression and Moral Crises in the Development of World Culture (Synergetics Historical Progress) (Moscow: Legacy, 1996). Nazaretyan, A.L. Civilization Crises in the Context of Universal History (Synergetics Psychology-Prediction) (Moscow: Mir, 2004). Novopashin, A.I. Management in a Globalizing World Economy: The Philosophical and Methodological Analysis (Moscow: Higher School, 2001). Obolensky, V.L. and Pospelov, V.A. Globalization of the World Economy: Challenges and Risks of Russian Business (Moscow: Nauka, 2001). “On the Threshold of the 21st Century”: World Development Report 1999/2000, World Bank (Moscow: Worldwide, 2000). On the Way to an Open Society. Karl Popper’s Ideas and Modern Russia, ed. A.N. ­Chumakov (Moscow: Worldwide, 1998). “On the way to sustainable development.” Eco House: Sat materials status. I. Ogo (­Moscow: SEU, 1998). One World for All. Contours of a Global Consciousness, ed. L.V. Semenova et al. (­Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1990). Orlova, I.B. Eurasian Civilization. Socio-Historical Retrospective and Perspective (­Moscow: Norma, 1998). “Our Common Future,” the Brundtland Report (Moscow: WCED, 1987). “Our Common Future”: Report of the International Commission on Environment and Development (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989). “Our Global Neighborhood”: Report of the Commission on Global Governance and Co-operation (Moscow, 1996). Ovchinsky, V.S. Twenty-First Century against Mafia: Criminal Globalization and the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Moscow: INFRA-M, 2001). People. Science. Civilization. On the Seventieth Birthday of Academician V.S. Stepin (Moscow: Canon, 2004). Personal Identity in the Context of Globalization: Sat scientific. articles, Ch. ed. A.G. Mustafin (Ufa: Bashkir State University, 2010). Philosophical Comprehension of the Fate of Civilization. Chs 1–4 (Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences Department of Philosophy, 2001–02). “Philosophy and the Future of Civilization”: Abstracts and Presentations Fourth ­Russian Congress of Philosophy, Moscow, May 24–28, 2005 (Moscow: Modern Notebook, 2005). Philosophy, Human Civilization: New Horizons of the Twenty-First Century, Chs 1–2 (Saratov Academic Book, 2004).

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Scientists Club “Global Peace”: Reports of 2000–01, Volume. 1 (Moscow: New Age, 2002). Semennikova, P.A. Russia in the World Community of Civilizations (Moscow: Inter, 1994). Semenova, L.N. Sustainable Development: Studies (Almaty: Foundation “TwentyOne,” 1997). Shahalilov, Sh. The History of International Relations: The Driving Forces, Global Processes (Moscow: MSU Publishing, 2015). Shavshukov, V.M. Formation of the Russian Segment of Global Finance (St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University, 2001). Shestova, T. Global History (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012). Shestova, T.L. Historicism and Its Ontological Limits (Moscow, 2011). Shestova, T.L. Modern Cosmopolitanism and Its Ancient Origins (Moscow, 2008). Shestova, T.L. “On the Periodization of the History of Global World,” Global Studies as a Field of Research and the World of Teaching, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva and I.V. Ilyin (Moscow, 2009). Shmulevich, V.L. Integration as a Global Trend of Today (Moscow: Border, 2000). Skalenko, A.K. Global Growth Reserves. Information + Intelligence + Innovation (­Moscow: Intellect, 2002). Skibitskiy, M.M. Global Problems (Moscow: Academy of Finance, 2003). Smil, V. and Rozanov, A. Energy: Myths and Realities. The Scientific Approach to the Analysis of Global Energy Policy, translated by A. Rozanov (Moscow: AST-Press, 2012). Snow, C.P. Two Cultures (Moscow, 1973). Social Conflicts in the Context of Globalization and Regionalization (Moscow: LENAND, 2005). Social Globalistics: Lectures. V3t./ E.A. Afonin, V.D. Bondarenko, and A. Martynov. (Kiev: Ukraine Osvita, 2011), Volume. 1. Social Memory of Russian Civilization, ed. V.B. Ustyantseva (Saratov: 2001). Socio-Economic Benefits: The US Experience. Landmark Globalization, ed. E.V. Kirichenko, G.K. Nicholas, E.A. Lebedev, et al. (Moscow: Nauka, 2002). Socio-Political Forces in Russia and the West, and the Challenges of Globalization (Moscow: IMEMO, 2002). Sorokin, P.A. People. Civilization. Society (Moscow: Politizdat, 1992). Soros, J. Globalization (Moscow: Eksmo, 2004). Soros, J. Open Society. Reforming Global Capitalism, trans. from English (Moscow: ­Nonprofit. Fund to Support Culture, Education and New Information Technology, 2001). Space Civilizations and Cultures at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, Part 1 (­Saratov, 1998).

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Spengler, O. The Decline of Europe (Moscow: Airis-press, 2004). “Spiritual and Social Challenges of Globalization”: Conference Materials, May 3–4, 2001 (St. Petersburg: 2001). Stiglitz, J. Globalization: Disturbing Trends (Moscow, 2003). Streltsov, A.S. Philosophy in the Context of Russian Spiritual Culture (Kaluga: 2005). Strizhenko, A.A. Globalization of the World Economy: The Informational Aspect (Tomsk University University Press, 2001). Sukharev, Y.A. Globalization and Culture. Global Change and Cultural Transformation in the Modern World (Moscow: Higher School, 1999). Suslov, T.I. Aesthetics Transition of Russian Culture in a Globalizing World (Tomsk University University Press, 2005). “The Challenges of Globalization”: Proceedings of the Gorbachev Foundation (­Moscow, 2001), T. 7. The Global Financial Crisis: The Beginning or the End? Philosophical Reflection: Sat scientific works (Moscow: Moscow Finance Academy, 2010). The History of Mankind. T.I. Prehistory and the Beginnings of Civilization, ed. De Laat Z.Ya (Moscow: Masters Press, 2003). “The Limits of Globalization (Culture in the Context of Globalization Processes)”: ­Materials of the Permanent Interdisciplinary Seminar of the Club of Scientists “Global World” (Moscow: Institute of Microeconomics, 2002). The Many Faces of Globalization, ed. P. Berger and S. Huntington (Moscow: Aspect Press, 2004). The Phenomenon of Globalization in the Context of the Dialogue of Cultures (­Moscow: Canon, 2010). The Problem of Globalization: The Combined Methodological Seminar Materials LPI. (Moscow, 2000). The Slavics in the Context of Globalization and the Information War: articles (­Moscow: Border, 2002). The World Economy. Global Trends for 100 Years, ed. Y.L. Adno, I.I. Alexandrov, N.M. Bikes, et al.; ed. I.S. Korolev (Moscow: Economist, 2003). Today’s Global Challenges; ed. V.G. Baranovsky and A.D. Bogaturov (Moscow: Aspect Press, 2010). Toffler, A. Futuroshock (St. Petersburg: Lan, 1997). “Towards a Strategic Stability and the Problem of Global Governance”: Materials II International Scientific Congress “Global Studies-2011,” Moscow, May 22, 2011, under Society, ed. I.I. Abylgazieva and I.V. Ilyin, in two volumes (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2011). Toynbee, A.J. A Study of History (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1991). Toynbee, A.J. Civilization before the Court of History (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1995).

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Turaev, V.A. Global Challenges to Humanity: A Tutorial (Moscow: Logos, 2002). Twilight of Globalization: Anti-Globalist Handbook (Moscow: AST, 2004). Tylor, E.B. Primitive Culture (Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1989). Udovik, S.L. Globalization: Semiotic Approaches (Moscow: Refl-beech Kiev Vakler, 2002). Ursul, A. Cosmoglobalistics (Space or Cosmic Global Studies). 3G: Globalistics, Global Studies, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest, ed. I.I. Abylgaziev and I.V. Ilyin (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012). Ursul, A. Evolutionary Global Studies: Educational Handbook (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012). Ursul, A. Information Globalistics. 3G: Globalistics, Global Studies, Globalization Studies: Scientific Digest, ed. I.I. Abylgaziev and I.V. Ilyin (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2012). Ursul, A., Ursul, T., Ivanov, A., and Malikov, A. Ecology, Security, Sustainable Development (Moscow: University Book, 2012). Utkin, A.I. Globalization: the Process and Reasoning (Moscow: Logos, 2001). Utkin, A.I. Russia and the West: the History of Civilizations (Moscow: Gardariki, 2000). Valyanskii, S.I. and Kalyuzhniy, D.V. The Third Way of Civilization, or Will Russia Save the World? (Moscow: Algorithm, 2002). Vashchekin, N.P., Losh, V.A., and Ursula, A.D. Civilization and Russia on the Path to Sustainable Development: Problems And Prospects (Moscow, 1999). Vasilenko, I.A. Political Globalism: A Tutorial (Moscow: Logos, 2000). Vasilev, L.S. Cults, Religion, Tradition in China (Moscow, 1970). Volodin, A.G. “‘Supercivilizations’ vs ‘the counter’: The Logic of Confrontation of the Past Century,” Megatrends World Development, ed. M.V. Ilyin and V.L. Inozemtsev (Moscow: Economics, 2001). Volodin, A.G. and Shirokov, G.K. Globalization: First, Trends and Prospects (Moscow, 2002). Voronkova, L. International Tourism in a Global World (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2013). “Ways Out of the Global Crisis and the New World Order Model”: Proceedings of the International Scientific Congress “Global Studies – 2009,” Moscow State University, Moscow, May 20–23, 2009 in two volumes (Moscow: MAKS Press, 2009). World Time. Almanac. MY. 2. Structure of Stories, ed. N.S. Rozov (Novosibirsk: Siberian chronograph, 2001). “Twenty-First Century: Towards a Common Humanity?”: Proceedings of the International Conference (Moscow: Modern Notebook, 2003). Yakovets, Y. At the Root of a New Civilization (Moscow: Delo, 1993). Yakovets, Y. “Globalization and the Interaction of Civilizations” (MA Economics, 2003). Yakovets, Y. History of Civilizations (Moscow: VLADOS, 1997). Yarkova, E.N. Utilitarianism as a Type of Culture (Novosibirsk: 2001). Yaspers, K. The Meaning and Significance of History (Moscow, 1987).

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Yegorov, V.K. Philosophy of Culture of Russia: Problems and Contours (Moscow: RAGS, 2002). Yerasov, B.S. Culture, Religion, and Civilization in the East (Moscow: Nauka, 1990). Yurtaev, V. and Popov A. Globalization: Russian Project (Moscow, 1999). Zagladin, V.V. “Global Problems and Social Progress of Mankind,” Marxist-Leninist Concept of Contemporary Global Problems (Moscow, 1985). Zagladin, V.V. and Frolov, I.T. Global Problems of Our Time: The Scientific and Social Aspects (Moscow, 1981). Zamoyski, L.P. Masonry and Globalism. Invisible Empire (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2001). Zhuravskii, A.V. Globalization and the Clash of Civilizations (Moscow: KnoRus, 2004). Zinoviev, A.A. Global Cheloveynik (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2000). Zinoviev, A.A. Global Super and Russia (Moscow: AST, 2000). Zyuganov, G.A. Globalization and International Relations (Moscow: Young Guard, 2002). “Philosophy Ship”: Materials Twenty-First World Congress of Philosophy “Philosophy Facing World Problems,” Istanbul, August 10–17, 2003. Reports of Russian participants. (Krasnodar, Moscow, 2004).

French Monographs Allais, M. La mondialisation: la destruction des emplois et de la croissance : l’évidence empirique (Paris, 1999). Allemand, S. Jean-Claude Ruano-Borbalan. La mondialisation (Paris, 2008). Amin, S. Mondialisation et accumulation (Paris, 1993). Apostolidis, C. L’humanité face à la mondialisation: droit des peuples et environnement (Paris, 1997). Arnaud, A.-J. Entre modernité et mondialisation: cinq leçons d’histoire de la philosophie du droit et de l’état (Paris, 1998). Audinet, J. Le visage de la mondialisation: Du multiculturalisme au métissage (Paris, 2007). Bacconnier, G., Benoît, B., Clément, G., Lallemant, P., and Saussac, R. La mondialisation en fiches: Genèse, acteurs et enjeux (Bréal, 2008). Baillargeon, J.-PP. Transmission de la culture, petites sociétés, mondialisation (Laval, 2002). Bakoup, F. L’Afrique peut-elle gagner sa place dans la mondialisation?: Pour une politique économique systémique (Paris, 2009). Bart, F. and Lenoble-Bart, A. Afrique des réseaux et mondialisation (Paris, 2003). Bauchet, pp. Régulation et mondialisation: Le modèle américain revu par l’Europe (Paris, 2007). Baumann, E. La mondialisation au risque des travailleurs (Paris, 2007). Bergeron, pp. La gestion moderne : une vision globale et intégrée (Morin, 2004). Bernier, R. Réalités nationales et mondialisation (Quebec, 2006). Béroud, S. and Lefèvre, J. Mondialisation(s) (Lyons, 2003). Bhagwati, J. Plaidoyer pour la mondialisation (Paris, 2010). Bhalla, A.S. Mondialisation, Croissance Et Marginalisation (Ottawa, 1998). Blancheton, B. Histoire de la mondialisation (Brussels, 2008). Bossuat, G. Coppolaro L. L’Europe et la mondialisation (Paris, 2007). Boyer, R. Les financiers détruiront-ils le capitalisme? (Paris, 2011). Carroué, L. La mondialisation : une géographie à portée de tous? (Paris, 2010). Carroué, L. Mondialisation et localisation des activités économiques: les nouveaux défis (Paris, 2010). Carroué, L., Collet, D., and Ruiz, C. La Mondialisation (Bréal, 2006). Catta, H.-M. L’Eglise dans la mondialisation: l’apport des communautés nouvelles (Paris, 2001). Chanda, N. Au commencement était la mondialisation. La grande saga des aventuriers, missionnaires, soldats et marchands (Paris, 2010). Charle, C. Histoire sociale, histoire globale?: Actes du colloque des 27–28 janvier 1989 (Paris, 1999). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi 10.1163/9789004353855_010

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Charles, D.G. and Riccardo, pp. La mondialisation de l’économie: éléments de synthèse (Brussels, 1990). Charvin, R. Relations internationales, droit et mondialisation: Un monde à sens unique (Paris, 2000). Chitour, Ch. E. Mondialisation: l’espérance ou le chaos ? (Algiers, 2002). Collin, D. La fin du travail et la mondialisation: idéologie et réalité sociale (Paris, 1997). Conte, B. La Tiers-Mondialisation de la planète (Pessac, 2009). Cornette, J. Les Crises du capitalisme. Du krach de la tulipe à la récession mondiale ­(Perrin, 2010). Courtois, S. and Couture, J. Regards Philosophiques Sur la Mondialisation (Québec, 2005). d’ Agostino, S., Montoussé, M., Chaffel, A., and Huart, J.-M. 100 Fiches pour comprendre la mondialisation (Bréal, 2006). Dahan-Seltzer, P. and Pierre, Ph. Mondialisation: les cultures en question (Paris, 2001). de Senarclens, pp. La mondialisation: Théories, enjeux et débats (Paris, 2005). Defarges, Ph. La mondialisation. PUF, collection “Que sais-je ?” 8e éd. (Paris, 2010). Didier, B. La mondialisation: genèse, acteurs et enjeux (Paris, 2004). Dollfus, O. La mondialisation (Paris, 2001). Doura, F. Mondialisation: Exclusion Sociale et Marginalisation des Pays sous-Developpés (Montreal, 1998). Durand, M.-F. Atlas de la mondialisation: comprendre l’espace mondial contemporain (Paris, 2009). Elbaz, M. and Helly, D. Mondialisation, Citoyenneté Et Multiculturalisme (Laval, 2000). Espiet-kilty, R., Spensky, M., and Whitton, T. Citoyenneté, Empires Et Mondialisation (Clermont-Ferrand, 2006). Euzéby, Ch. Mondialisation et régulation sociale (Paris, 2003). Fau, J. Acteurs Et Fonctions Économiques Dans la Mondialisation (Paris, 2002). Flandreau, M. and Zumer, F. Etudes du Centre de Développement Les origines de la mondialisation financière 1880–1913 (Paris, 2004). François, C. La mondialisation du capital (Paris, 1997). Froger, G. La Mondialisation Contre le Développement Durable? (Brussels, 2006). Fuchs, G. L’Europe contre la mondialisation: changer l’avenir (Paris, 1996). Gagnon, P.-D., Savard, G., Carrier, S., and Decoste Cl. L’entreprise, vision globale et mondialisation (Paris, 2005). Galibert, Ch. L’anthropologie à l’épreuve de la mondialisation (Paris, 2006). Ghorra-Gobin, C. Multiculturalisme-mondialisation (Paris, 2006). Gisèle, S. L’espace intellectuel en Europe: de la formation des états-nations à la mondialisation, XIXe–XXIe siècle (Paris, 2009). Gluckstein, D. Lutte des classes et mondialisation (Paris, 1999).

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Grataloup, Ch. Géohistoire de la mondialisation. Le temps long du Monde (Paris, 2010). Grataloup, Ch. Introduction à la géohistoire (Paris, 2015). Grou, pp. Unification de la pensée et mondialisation économique: Réflexions sur la dynamique des systèmes (Paris, 1997). Guillon, R. Les classes dirigeantes et l’université dans la mondialisation (Paris, 2004). Harrison, A., Dalkiran, E., and Elsey, E. Business international et mondialisation: Vers une nouvelle Europe (Brussels, 2004). Henry, G.-M. 100 questions sur la mondialisation (Paris, 2003). Houée, P. Le Développement local au défi de la mondialisation (Paris, 2001). John F. Helliwell. Mondialisation et bien-être (Laval, 2005). Kiyindou, A. Cultures, Technologies et Mondialisation (Paris, 2010). Lachapelle, G. Paquin St. Mondialisation, gouvernance et nouvelles stratégies subétatiques (Laval, 2004). Lacruz, T. La mondialisation et la territorialité de l’État National: l’action des flux mondialisés sur la territorialité de l’État national (Montreal, 2001). Lafougère, M. L’Europe face au défi de la mondialisation: les conséquances sociales de la restructuration des économies en Europe (Strasbourg, 1998). Lagayette, P.P. Géopolitique et mondialisation: la relation Asie du Sud-Est – Europe – Pierre Lagayette (Paris, 2003). Lehners, J.-P., Schuller, G., and Goedert, J. Régions, nations, mondialisation: aspects ­politiques, économiques, culturels (Luxembourg, 1996). Leroy, M. Mondialisation et fiscalité: La globalisation fiscale (Paris, 2006). Lévy, J. L’invention du monde. Une géographie de la mondialisation (Paris, 2008). Lévy, J., Cossart, J., and et Léger, L. Mondialisation: consommateur ou acteur? Le muscadier, coll. “Le choc des idées” (2013). Manzagol, Cl. La mondialisation: données, mécanismes et enjeux (Paris, 2003). Mathiex, J. Mondialisation: les nouveaux défis d’une histoire ancienne (Paris, 2003). Mattelart, A. Histoire de l’utopie planétaire : de la cité prophétique à la société globale (Paris, 2000). Mestrum, F. Mondialisation et pauvreté: de l’utilité de la pauvreté dans le nouvel ordre mondial (Paris, 2002). Mezghani, N. Cornu M. Intérêt culturel et mondialisation (Paris, 2004). Michel, D., Philippe, M., and El Mouhoub, M. Connaissance et mondialisation (Paris, 2000). Michiels, J.-P., Jacquemotte, F.J., and Uzunidis, D. Mondialisation Et Citoyenneté (Paris, 1999). Mikdashi, Z. La Mondialisation des marches bancaires et financiers : défis et promesses (Paris, 1990).

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Morand, C.-A. Le droit saisi par la mondialisation (Brussels, 2001). Mucchielli, J.-L. La mondialisation: Chocs et mesure (Paris, 2008). Mucchielli, J.-L. Multinationales et mondialisation (Paris, 1998). Murhega, J.B. La Problématique de la mondialisation en Afrique noire (Paris, 2010). Naves, M.-C. and Patou, C. La mondialisation comme concept opératoire (Paris, 2001). Ngo Aké, G.-M. and Kipré, P. Les conditions économiques de l’indépendance à l’ère de la mondialisation: Mythes et réalités en Afrique de l’Ouest (Paris, 2011). Njoh-Mouellé, E. “La philosophie et les interprétations de la mondialisation en Afrique: actes des Premières Rencontres Philosophiques Internationales Francophones de Yaoundé,” Palais des Congrès, novembre 13–16, 2007 (Paris, 2009). Okamba, E. Mondialisation, concurrence et compétitivité (Paris, 2005). Osmont, A. and Goldblum, Ch. Villes et citadins dans la mondialisation (Paris, 2003). Pallard H. and Tzitzis, S. La Mondialisation et la Question des Droits Fondamentaux (Laval, 2003). Passet, R. and Liberman, J. Mondialisation financière et terrorisme: la donne a-t-elle changé depuis le 11 septembre? (Paris, 2002). Pouch, Th. La Politique Economique : Mondialisation Et Mutations (Paris, 2006). Rajaee, F. La Mondialisation au Banc des Accusés: La Condition Humaine et la civilisation de l’information (Ottawa, 2001). Richard, K. Séminaires du Centre de Développement Mondialisation, pauvreté et inégalité (Paris, 2003). Romano, F. La mondialisation des politiques de concurrence (Paris, 2003). Samir, A. Les défis de la mondialisation (Paris, 1996). Sarton Du Jonchay, pp. Capital, crédit et monnaie dans la mondialisation (Paris, 2011). Savy, M., Veltz, P. and Paillet, P. (Préfacier). Economie globale et réinvention du local (Paris, 1995). Sedjari, A. La mise à niveau de l’administration face à la mondialisation (Paris, 1999). Serfati, C. Mondialisation et Déséquilibres Nord-Sud (Bruxelles, 2006). Serge, G. Les quatre parties du monde: histoire d’une mondialisation (Paris, 2004). Sumiko Hirata, H. Le Doaré H. Les Paradoxes de la Mondialisation (Paris, 1998). Thwaites, J.D. La mondialisation: Origines, développements et effets (Laval, 2004). Toko Ngalani, R. Mondialisation ou impérialisme à grande échelle? (Paris, 2010). Trang Phan Th. H., Guillou M. Francophonie et mondialisation: histoire et institutions des origines à nos jours (Paris, 2011). Tremblay, F. Médias et mondialisation: une analyse de la couverture médiatique du Devoir et du Globe and Mail lors du Sommet des Amériques de Québec 2001 (Montreal, 2002). Tremblay, G. and Parés i Maicas, M. Autonomie et mondialisation: le Québec et le Catalogne à l’heure du libre échange et de la Communauté européenne (Quebec, 1990).

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Verdier-Molinié, A. La mondialisation va-t-elle nous tuer? (Paris, 2008). Vilain, pp. Les chrétiens et la mondialisation (Paris, 2002). Wackermann, G. La mondialisation: approche géographique (Paris, 2007). Zaoual, H. Diversité des cultures et mondialisation (Paris, 2000). Zheng, L. and Xie, Y. Chine et mondialisation: troisième séminaire interculturel sino-­ français de Canton (Paris, 2004).

German Monographs Abiola, H. and Stoeck, S. (eds.). Impulse für eine Welt in Balance (Hamburg: Global ­Marshall Plan Initiative, 2005). Badura, J. “Globalisierung”: Problemsphären eines Schlagwortes im interdisziplinären Dialog (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005). Badura, J., Rieth, L., and Scholtes, F. Globalisierung: Problemsphären im interdisziplinären Dialog (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005). Beck, U. (ed.). Generation Global. Ein Crashkurs (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2007). Beck, U. Das Deutsche Europa (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2012). Beck, U. Fernliebe. Lebensformen im globalen Zeitalter (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2011). Beck, U. Generation Global: Ein Crashkurs (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2007). Beck, U. Große Armut, großer Reichtum: Zur Transnationalisierung sozialer Ungleichheit (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2010). Beck, U. Macht und Gegenmacht im globalen Zeitalter. Neue weltpolitische Ökonomie (Berlin: Suhrkam Verlag, 2002). Beck, U. Politik der Globalisierung (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag). Beck, U. Politik der Globalisierung (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 1998). Beck, U. Was ist Globalisierung? (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag). Beck, U. Was ist Globalisierung?: Irrtümer des Globalismus – Antworten auf Globalisierung (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2007). Beck, U., Sznaider, N., and Winter, R. Globales Amerika?: Die kulturellen Folgen der G ­ lobalisierung (Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2003). Behrens, H. Global Enterprise: Panoramabild Globaler Zivilisation im 21. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Edition Lithaus, 2007). Brock, D. Globalisierung: Wirtschaft, Politik, Kultur, Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden: V.S. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2008). Büchele, H. Vor der Gefahr der Selbstauslöschung der Menschheit (Vienna: LIT-Verlag 2006). Bußmann, J. Globalisierung braucht globale Ordnung Bd.1: Grundlagen, Ursachen und Folgen der Globalisierung mit Kritik und Vorschlägen zur Ordnung der Märkte ­[Gebundene Ausgabe]. Bußmann, J. Globalisierung braucht globale Ordnung R.G. (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Verlag, 2008). Chomsky, N. Profit over People. Neoliberalismus und globale Weltordnung (Munich-­ Zurich: Piper, 2006). Chomsky, N. Wirtschaft und Gewalt. Vom Kolonialismus zur neuen Weltordnung ­(Lüneburg: Dietrich zu Klampen, 2001).

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Duwendag, D. Globalisierung im Kreuzfeuer der Kritik (Baden-Baden: Nomos 2006). Easterly, W. Wir retten die Welt zu Tode. Für ein professionelleres Management im Kampf gegen die Armut (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 2006). Elmar, A. Das Ende des Kapitalismus, wie wir ihn kennen (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2005). Engelhard, K. and Otto K.-H. (eds.). Globalisierung. Eine Herausforderung für Entwicklungspolitik und entwicklungspolitische Bildung (Münster: Waxmann Verlag GmbH, 2005). Faschingeder, G. u.a. Bewegung macht Geschichte. Globale Perspektiven für Gesellschaftsveränderung (Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag, 2003). Fässler, P.E. Globalisierung: ein historisches Kompendium (UTB, 2007). Felber. C. 50 Vorschläge für eine gerechtere Welt (Vienna: Deuticke 2006). Fischer, K., Hödl, G., and Sievers, W. Klassiker der Entwicklungstheorie – Von ­Modernisierung bis Post-Development (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2008). Fontellas, B., Franz Fischler, J., Radermacher, F.J., Rifkin, J. Hoffnung Europa. Strategie des Miteinander (Hamburg: Global Marshall Plan Inititive, 2006). Gansczyk, K. and Nicole, S.-P. Global Marshall Plan im Unterricht. CD mit Zugang zum Internetportal teacherline.de (gmp@ teacherline.de) (Hamburg: Global Marshall Plan Initiative, 2005). Günther, K., Randeria, S., and Beck, U. (eds.). Das Recht im Globalisierungsprozess ­(Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2003). Hees, W. (ed.). Volle Tanks – leere Teller. Der Preis für Agrokraftstoffe: Hunger, ­Vertreibung, Umweltzerstörung (Freiburg: Lambertus, 2007). Jäger, J. and Springler, E. (2012). Ökonomie der internationalen Entwicklung – Eine kritische Einführung in die Volkswirtschaftslehre (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2012). Jahnke, J. Falsch globalisiert. 30 Schlaglichter auf die neoliberale Wirtschaftskonzeption (Hamburg: VSA-Verlag, 2006). Kaldor, M. Neue und alte Kriege: Organisierte Gewalt im Zeitalter der Globalisierung (Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2007). Kämpf, T. Die neue Unsicherheit – Folgen der Globalisierung für hochqualifizierte A ­ rbeitnehmer (Campus Verlag, 2008). Kaup, J. Gebt uns keine Fische, sondern eine Angel (Ö1-Features aus der Sendereihe Radiokolleg) (Vienna: Ökosoziales Forum Europa, 2007). Kaup, J. Wege zu einer gerechteren Welt (Ö1-Features) (Vienna: Ökosoziales Forum ­Europa, 2005). Kessler, J. and Steiner, C. Facetten der Globalisierung: Zwischen Ökonomie, Politik und Kultur (Vienna: VS Verlag für Sozialw., 2009). Kitzmüller, E. and Herwig, B. Das Geld als Zauberstab und die Macht der internationalen Finanzmärkte (Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2004).

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Krugman, P. Die neue Weltwirtschaftskrise (Frankfurt: Campus, 2009). Le Monde Diplomatique: Atlas der Globalisierung (Berlin: Taz – Verlags- und VertriebsGmbH, 2007). Leggewie, C. Die Globalisierung und ihre Gegner (Munich: Beck, 2003). Mahnkopf. B. and Altvater E. Grenzen der Globalisierung: Ökonomie, Ökologie und Politik in der Weltgesellschaft (Hamburg: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1999). Marí, F. and Buntzel, R. Das globale Huhn. Hühnerbrunst und Chicken Wings – Wer isst den Rest? (Frankfurt am Main: Brandes & Apsel, 2007). Martin, H.-P. and Schumann, H. Die Globalisierungsfalle (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1998). Müller, K. Globalisierung (Campus Einführungen) (Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag,, 2002). Müller, K. Globalisierung (Campus Einführungen) (Frankfurt/Main: Campus Verlag, 2002). Müller, S. and Kornmeier, M. Streitfall Globalisierung. Oldenbourg Forum Wirtschaft und Soziales Forum Wirtschaft und Soziales (Hamburg: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2001). Niggli, P. Nach der Globalisierung. Entwicklungspolitik im 21. Jahrhundert (Hrsg. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Swissaid) (Zurich: Rotpunktverlag, 2004). Osterhammel, J. Dekolonisation: Das Ende der Imperien (Munich: Beck, 2013). Osterhammel, J. and Petersson N.P. Geschichte der Globalisierung (Munich: Beck, 2007). Pierenkemper, T. Globalisierung (Hamburg: Akademie Verlag, 2003). Radermacher, F.J. Global Marshall Plan. Ein planetary contract für eine weltweite ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft (Hamburg: Global Marshall Plan Initiative, 2004). Radermacher, F.J. Balance oder Zerstörung. Ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft als Schlüssel zu einer weltweiten nachhaltigen Entwicklung (Oberhaching: Herold, 2004). Radermacher, F.J. and Beyers, B. Welt mit Zukunft. Überleben im 21. Jahrhundert ­(Hamburg: Murmann 2007). Rehbein. B. Globalization and Inequality in Emerging Societies (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011). Reimon, M. and Felber, C. Schwarzbuch Privatisierung. Was opfern wir dem freien Markt? (Vienna: Ueberreuter, 2003). Rekacewicz, P. Atlas der Globalisierung: Die neuen Daten und Fakten zur Lage der Welt. Rexha, A. Die Globalisierung der Armut: Bietet Globalisierung den Weg, die Armut nachhaltig zu bekämpfen? (Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag, 2009). Schumann, H. and Grefe, C. Der globale Countdown. Gerechtigkeit oder Selbstzerstörung – Die Zukunft der Globalisierung (Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch 2008). Schwartz, H. States vs. Markets: The Emergence of a Global Economy (Palgrave, 2009). Schwartz, H. Subprime Nation: American Power, Global Finance and the Housing Bubble (New York: Cornell University Press, 2009).

German Monographs

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Smekal, C. Globalisierung: globalisiertes Wirtschaften und nationale Wirtschaftspolitik (Berlin: Mohr Siebeck, 2001). Steger, U. (Hrsg.). Facetten der Globalisierung. Ökonomische, soziale und politische Aspekte (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1999). Steingart, G. Weltkrieg um Wohlstand: Wie Macht und Reichtum neu verteilt werden (Munich: Verlag Pieper). Steingart, G. Weltkrieg um Wohlstand: Wie Macht und Reichtum neu verteilt werden [­ Gebundene Ausgabe] (Munich: Piper, 2006). Stiglitz, J. Der Preis der Ungleichheit. Wie die Spaltung der Gesellschaft unsere Zukunft bedroht (Munich: Siedler, 2012). Stiglitz, J. Die Chancen der Globalisierung (Müchen: Siedler 2006). Stiglitz, J. Die Schatten der Globalisierung (Munich: Goldmann, 2004). Stiglitz, J. Im freien Fall. Vom Versagen der Märkte zur Neuordnung der Weltwirtschaft (Munich: Siedler, 2010). Stiglitz, J. and Andrew, C. Fair Trade. Agenda für einen gerechten Welthandel (Hamburg: Murmann 2006). Theurl, T. Christian Smekal (Hrsg.): Globalisierung: globalisiertes Wirtschaften und nationale Wirtschaftspolitik (Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2001). Ziegler, J. Das Imperium der Schande: Der Kampf gegen Armut und Unterdrückung ­(Munich: Goldmann 2008). Ziegler, J. Die neuen Herrscher der Welt und ihre globalen Widersacher (Munich: ­Goldmann, 2005).

Spanish Monographs Altarejos, F. Retos Educativos de La Globalización: Hacia Una Sociedad Solidaria (Eunsa Editorial Universidad Navarra S.A., 2003). Alvarez, A.M. La Filosofía En La Globalización (Mileto Ediciones, 2008). Angueira, L.H. Mujeres puertorriqueñas, welfare y globalización: Desconstruyendo el e­ stigma (Publicaciones Puertorriquenas, Inc., 2000). Báez, F. El saqueo cultural de América Latina. De la conquista a la globalización ­(Debate, 2008). Baricco, A. Next: Sobre la Globalización y el Mundo Que Viene (Editorial Anagrama, 2005). Bartolozzi, P.L. De los imperios a la globalización: las relaciones internacionales en el siglo XX (Eunsa, 2001). Calva, J.L. Agenda para el desarrollo vol. 1. Globalización y bloques económicos: mitos y realidades (Miguel Angel Porrua, 2007). Carlos, A. Las regiones ante la globalización (Estudios Internacionales) (El Colegio de México, 2001). Carmona. M.J. Globalización y Grandes Proyectos Urbanos (Ediciones Infinito, 2005). Ceballos, A. La economía mexicana en el contexto de la globalización (Universidad ­Veracruzana, 1997). D’Angelo, V.M., Del Valle, T., and Folguera, P. García Sainz Cr. Mujeres, globalización y derechos humanos (Catedra, 2010). De Julios Capuzano, A. Ciudadanía Y Derecho En La Era De La Globalización (Dykinson, 2008). De Julios-Campuzano, A. La Globalización Ilustrada (Dykinson, 2008). De LA Dehesa, G. Globalización, Desigualdad y Pobreza (Alianza Editorial S A, 2003). Del Castillo, D.P. Límites de la política en la globalización (Porrula Miguel Angel S A, 2009). Diaz Polanco, H. Elogio de la diversidad. Globalizacion, multiculturalismo y etnofagia (Siglo XXI, 2007). Duran, F.E. Cambios en la construcción social de lo rural: De La Autárquia a La Globalización (Tecnos Editorial S A, 1998). Dussel, E.D. Ética de la liberación en la edad de la globalización y la exclusión (Trotta, 1998). Fariñas Dulce, M.J. Globalización, Ciudadanía Y Derechos Humanos (Dykinson, 2008). Fernandez Buey, Fr. Guia Para Una Globalización Alternativa: Otro Mundo Es Posible (Ediciones B, 2004). Ferrer, A. De Cristóbal Colón a Internet: América Latina Y LA Globalización (Colección Popular) (Fondo de Cultura Economica (Argentina), 2011). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi 10.1163/9789004353855_012

Spanish Monographs

719

Flores, G. and Luengo, F. Globalización, comercio y modernización productiva (Economia Actual) (Akal Ediciones S A, 2006). Flores, R.P., E Masse Narvaez, M. Educación y Universidad desde la complejidad en la globalización (Miguel Angel Porrua, 2009). Fons, D.M. and Vega Ruiz, M.L. La globalización gobernada: Estado, Sociedad Y M ­ ercado En El Siglo XXI (Tecnos Editorial S A, 2004). Fuentes, J.M. El discurso intelectual árabe y globalización (Alcala Grupo Editorial, 2010). Fuentes-Berain. R. Oro gris: Zambrano, la gesta de CEMEX y la globalización en México (Aguilar, 2007). Garcia Canclini. N. La globalizacion imaginada (Paidos Iberica, 2002). Gómez, F.M. Globalización de la agricultura (Plaza y Valdés – México, 2008). Guevara Ramos, E. Globalización: ¿Un futuro imposible? (Palibrio, 2011). Iguiniz, M.E. and Labazee, P. Globalización y localidad: espacios, actores, movilidades e identidades (Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia ­Social, 2007). Javier Jasso, D.J. Villavicencio D. Globalización, acumulación de capacidades e innovación. Los desafíos para las empresas, localidades y países (Ciencia Y Tecnologia) (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 200). Javier Noya, M., Rodriguez Escudero, B., Steinberg, F., and Pertierra, G.S. Internacionalización, crecimiento y solidaridad: Los espanoles ante la globalización (Tecnos ­Editorial S A, 210). Larraín, J. América Latina, moderna? Globalización e identidad (Lom Editorial, 2005). Leopoldo, Z. and Taboada, H. Frontera y globalización (Tierra Firme) (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003). López Villafañe, V. Nuevo León en el siglo XX, Apertura y Globalización (Fondo Editorial Nuevo Leon, 2007). Martín-Barbero, J. Al Sur de la Modernidad: Comunicación, Globalización y Multiculturalidad (Instituto Internacional de Literatura Iberoamericana, 2001). Mauro, M.R. América Latina: Dependencia y Globalización (Prometeo, 2008). Nardini. J.D. Empresa, ética y globalización (Tecnibook Ediciones, 2011). Noya, J. and Rodríguez, B. Teorías sociológicas de la globalización (Tecnos Editorial S A, 2010). Paola Hernández. El teatro de Argentina y Chile: Globalización, resistencia y desencanto (Corregidor, 2009). Peláez Marón J.M. Globalización, Deuda Externa y Exigencias de Justicia Social ­(Sociedad, Cultura y Educación) (Universidad Internacional de Andalucia, 2003). Perez Sainz, J.P. El dilema del nahual: Globalización, exclusión y trabajo en Centroamérica (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), 1994). Ramos, M.J. De las Relaciones Humanas a la Responsabilidad Social: Globalización y desarrollo industrial condicionantes de la integración de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (Editorial Académica Española, 2001).

720

PUBLICATIONS

Sáiz Álvarez, J.M. del Río Sánchez F.J. La economía latinoamericana en la globalización. Perspectivas para el siglo XXI (Libros en Red, 2004). Salbuchi, A. El cerebro del mundo: La cara oculta de la globalización (Ediciones del ­Copista, 1999). Sampedro, J.L. El Mercado Y La Globalización (Destino, 2005). Santamaria, A. Los Nacionalismos: de los Orígenes a la Globalización (La Biblioteca del Ciudadano) (Edicions Bellaterra, 2011). Sarasqueta, A. Una Visión Global de La Globalización (Ediciones Universidad de ­Navarra, 2003). Subercaseaux, B. Nación y cultura en América Latina. Diversidad cultural y globalización (Lom Editorial, 2002). Urquidi, V.L. México en la globalización. Condiciones y requisitos de un desarrollo sustentable y equitativo. Informe de la Sección Mexicana del Club de Roma (Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2006).