Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III (2021Jerash Papers, 8) 9782503589374, 2503589375

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Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls

JERASH PAPERS General Editors Achim Lichtenberger, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Rubina Raja, Aarhus Universitet

This book has been printed in full colour thanks to the generous support of the

VOLUME 8

Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III Edited by

Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

© 2021, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2021/0095/216 ISBN: 978-2-503-58937-4 e-ISBN: 978-2-503-58982-4 DOI: 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.120492 Printed in the EU on acid-free paper

Contents List of Illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: The Finds from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project’s Excavation Campaigns 2012–2016

ACHIM LICHTENBERGER and RUBINA RAJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Glass 2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

RUTH E. JACKSON-TAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Lamps 3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

ALEXANDRA USCATESCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Jerash Bowls 4. Some Notes on the Iconography of the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

PAMELA BONNEKOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

About the Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

List of Illustrations 1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls — Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja Figure 1.1.

Map of Gerasa/Jerash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 1.2.

Map of the Northwest Quarter with the location of all trenches indicated.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash — Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Figure 2.1. J16-Tc-60-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 2.22. J16-Vd-1-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 2.2. J13-Eac-13-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 2.23. J14-Jd-32-154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 2.3. J13-Ha-13-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 2.24. J15-Nb-57-181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 2.4. J13-Ha-14-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 2.25. J14-Ke-4-73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 2.5. J13-Ha-14-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Figure 2.26. J15-Jj-14-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 2.6. J13-Gb-9-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 2.27. J16-Sh-50-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 2.7. J16-Sd-29-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 2.28. J13-Fb-40-108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.8. J15-Qac-41-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 2.29. J16-Wb-0-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.9. J13-Gd-7-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 2.30. J15-Jj-2-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.10. J15-R-12-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 2.31. J16-Xc-35-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.11. J14-Kg-3-392 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 2.32. J16-Xg-7-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.12. J14-Ke-3-289 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.33. J15-Nb-57-133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.13. J14-Igh-28-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.34. J14-Iah-37-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 2.14. J14-Kbd-11-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.35. J14-Jj-77-23 and J14-Jj-77-23 . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2.15. J14-Kh-3-453 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.36. J15-Pe-15-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2.16. J15-Nb-57-181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.37. J13-Ed-14-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2.17a. J14-Ke-3N-401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.38. J14-Kg-35-461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2.17b. J14-Ke-3N-401 and J14-Ke-3-356 . . . . . 27

Figure 2.39. J12-Ca-32-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 2.18. J13-Ga-12-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.40. J14-Kf-3-478 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 2.19. J16-Wbd-29-73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 2.41. J13-Ed-23-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 2.20. J13-Gb-12-98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 2.42. J14-M-12-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 2.21. J16-Tc-10-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 2.43. J15-Ob-107-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

viii

List of Illustrations

Figure 2.44. J16-Vfg-1-59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 2.75. J14-Li-70-5 and J14-Li-70-5A . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2.45. J15-Ob-107-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Figure 2.76. J13-Db-13-1X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2.46. J15-Oi-97-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 2.77. J16-Vfg-1-69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2.47. J14-Kg-3-393 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 2.78. J16-Wbd-6-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2.48. J14-Kh-3-22x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 2.79. J16-Wbd-6-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2.49. J14-Kg-3-11x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 2.80. J13-Fb-40-109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2.50. J14-Ke-3-258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 2.81. J13-Ff-22-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2.51. J16-Vfd-73-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 2.82. J15-Nb-57-150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 2.52. J16-Vac-61-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 2.83. J14-Kg-3-235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 2.53. J14-Ke-3-245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 2.84. J14-Kh-24-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 2.54. J14-Kc-3-119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Figure 2.85. J16-Sc-13-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Figure 2.55. J14-La-2-71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 2.86. J13-Ha-13-40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Figure 2.56. J14-Kd-46-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 2.87. J12-Bc-27-34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Figure 2.57. J16-Vi-60-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 2.88. J16-Wi-74-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Figure 2.58. J16-Vac-61-66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Figure 2.89. J16-Wc-23-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 2.59. J14-Kg-39-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Figure 2.90. J13-Fi-49-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 2.60. J16-Ve-1-77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Figure 2.91. J13-Ed-23-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 2.61. J14-Kc-3-117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 2.92. J16-Vac-61-66e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure 2.62. J16-Vd-25-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 2.93. J15-Nb-57-181 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.63. J16-Vd-1-67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 2.94. J14-Kg-3-188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.64. J14-Kc-43-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 2.95. J15-Nb-57-129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.65. J14-Ke-3N-400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 2.96. J16-Ob-107-4c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.66. J14-Igh-16-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Figure 2.97. J16-Xa-1-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.67. J13-Gb-23-4+5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 2.98. J16-Sa-1-42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.68. J15-Nj-80-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 2.99. J13-Fd-52-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 2.69. J13-Ha-13-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 2.100. J13-Fi-49-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Figure 2.70. J12-Ca-27-1x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 2.101. J16-Xf-2-234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Figure 2.71. J13-Fd-40-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2.102. J13-Fh-29-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Figure 2.72. J13-Fc-52-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2.103. J14-Kh-44-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Figure 2.73. J13-Fi-49-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2.104. J14-Fi-49-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Figure 2.74. J13-Fi-0-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2.105. J14-Lcd-50-106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

List of Illustrations 3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash — Alexandra Uscatescu Figure 3.1.

Hellenistic and Roman Lamps. Types L-1 to L-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Figure 3.2.

Roman Lamps. Types L-6 to L-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 3.3.

Late Roman and Early Byzantine Lamps. Types L-10 to L-16. . . . . . . . . . 72

Figure 3.4.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Type L-17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Figure 3.5.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Type L-19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figure 3.6.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Types L-18 and L-21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Figure 3.7.

Late Byzantine and Early Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Types L-21. . . . . . . . . 84

Figure 3.8.

Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Types L-22 and L-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Figure 3.9.

Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Type L-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Figure 3.10. Jerash Lamp base types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Figure 3.11. Jerash Lamp base types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 3.12. Late Byzantine and Umayyad Lamps. Types L-25 to L-27. . . . . . . . . . . 103 Figure 3.13. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps. Types L-28 to L-31. . . . . . . . 104 Figure 3.14. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench A (cat. nos 1–2) and trench B (cat. nos 5–9). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 3.15. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 32–35, 40, 43, and 58). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Figure 3.16. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 65, 74–76, and 79). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Figure 3.17. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 83 and 88–89). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure 3.18. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench C (cat. nos 98, 107, 109, and 123), and trench D (cat. nos 124, 126, and 129). . . . . . . 139 Figure 3.19. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 131–34 and 136–40). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Figure 3.20. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 141–49). . . . . 145 Figure 3.21. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 150–58 and 160). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Figure 3.22. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench F (cat. nos 161–62, 165–66, and 169–70). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Figure 3.23. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench F (cat. nos 173–76), and trench G (cat. nos 184–86, 188–90, and 194). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure 3.24. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench H (cat. nos 196–202) and trench I (cat. nos 204–07). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Figure 3.25. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 215, 218–19, 221–22, 224, 227, 233, 235–39). . . . . . . . . . . . 158

ix

x

List of Illustrations

Figure 3.26. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 245–47 and 249–51). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 3.27. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 253–57). . . . . 164 Figure 3.28. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 258, 261, 265–66, and 268–70). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Figure 3.29. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 274–75) and trench K (cat. nos 278 and 280–81). . . . . . . . . . 168 Figure 3.30. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench K (cat. nos 282–83 and 286–87). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Figure 3.31. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench K (cat. nos 288–89, 292, 294–95, and 302–04). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Figure 3.32. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench L (cat. nos 308, 312, 314, 319, and 321). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Figure 3.33. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench L (cat. nos 342–43 and 345–46) and trench O (cat. nos 353 and 356–57). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Figure 3.34. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench O (cat. nos 359–62 and 364–65) and trench P (cat. nos 366–69). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Figure 3.35. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench Q (cat. nos 370, 373, 375–76, 379, and 380) and trench R (cat. nos 383–84 and 386–87). . 186 Figure 3.36. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench S (cat. nos 391–97). . . . . 189 Figure 3.37. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench S (cat. nos 398–99) and trench T (cat. nos 400 and 404–05). . . . . . . . . . 190 Figure 3.38. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench U (cat. no. 406) and trench V (cat. nos 408–09). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Figure 3.39. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench V (cat. nos 411–12), and trench W (cat. nos 413–15 and 418). . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 3.40. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench X (cat. nos 420, 422–24, 426, 428–29, and 431). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Plate 3.1.

Gerasa Lamps: 196 (L-6), 238 (L-7.3); Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp: 2 (L-8.1) and 253 (L-8.2). . . . . . . . 199

Plate 3.2.

Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp: 393 (L-8.2) and 399 (L-8.3). . . . . . 200

Plate 3.3.

Late Roman/Early Byzantine (probably imported) lamps: 391 (L-9) and 392 (L-10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Plate 3.4.

Late Roman and Early Byzantine imported lamps: 308 (L-11) and 418 (L-12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Plate 3.5.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 75 (L-17.1/base f. 1) and 83 (L-17.2/base c. 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Plate 3.6.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 405 (L-17.4/base a.2), 152 (L-17.9), and 429 (L-17.1 mould). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

List of Illustrations

xi Plate 3.7.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 404 (L-18), 367 (L-19.1/base a.1), and 431 (L-19.4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Plate 3.8.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 169 (L-21.2/base b.1), 173 (L-21.4/base e.1), and 175 ( JL base d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Plate 3.9.

Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 74 (L-21.2/base a.1), 414 (L-21.6), and 420 (L-21.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Plate 3.10.

Late Byzantine/Transitional Jerash Lamps: 412 (L-21.10/base b.2) and 422 (L-21.12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Plate 3.11.

Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 409 (L-21.10/base f. 2) and 359 ( JL base g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Plate 3.12.

Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 411 (L-21.11/base b.3) and 427 (L-23.3). . . 210

Plate 3.13.

Late Byzantine/Umayyad Jerash Lamp: 292 (L-21.10/base b.4). . . . . . 211

Plate 3.14.

Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 286 (L-23.2/base h), 278 (L-23.1/base i.1), 289 (L-24.1), 303 (L-24.1), 283 (L-24.2), and 281 (L-24.1/base i.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Plate 3.15.

Late Byzantine/Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 124, 149, 171, 217, 234, 279, 413, 425, and 432 ( JL zoomorphic handles). . . . . . . . . 213

Plate 3.16.

Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps: 224 (L-27.1), 423 (L-16), 366 (L-30), and 288 (L-31.1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Plate 3.17.

Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps: 424 (L-26) and 426 (L-27.3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Graph 3.1.

Chronology of lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Graph 3.2. Provenance of lamps.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Map 3.1.

L-8. Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp and/or ‘Jabal Jofeh’ type. . . . . . . . 69

Map 3.2.

L-9. Bilanceolate lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Map 3.3.

L-12. Hauranian Lamp or ‘Macellum fig. 4.10’ Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Map 3.4.

L-14. Imitation Beit Naṭṭif (ii) Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Map 3.5.

L-16. Galilean Lamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Map 3.6.

L-17 to L-24. Jerash Lamps (all types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Map 3.7.

L-25. Samaritan Lamp (late types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Map 3.8.

L-27. ‘Slipper’ Lamps (all types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Map 3.9.

L-29. Northern Ovoid Lamp or Phoenician type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Map 3.10.

L-31. Southern Wheel-Made Lamp (both types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Table 3.1.

Main correspondences between lamp types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Table 3.2.

Provenance of lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Table 3.3.

Chronology of types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

xii

List of Illustrations

4. Some Notes on the Iconography of the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash — Pamela Bonnekoh Figure 4.1.

Fragments J12-B-10-18+23+25-27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Figure 4.2.

Fragments J12-Bc-27-73+74+79. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Figure 4.3.

Fragments J12-Ba-52-1-2 and B2-122, 1195–96 and Bac-54-32. . . . . . 229

Figure 4.4.

Fragments J12-Ba-55-1 and Ba-50-13+21-24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Figure 4.5.

Fragment J12-Bd-69-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Figure 4.6.

Fragment J12-Ba-50-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Figure 4.7.

Fragment J13-Fb-40-126. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Figure 4.8.

Fragments J12-Bc-42-16+17 and Ba-46-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Figure 4.9.

Herm no. 69 of Welschbillig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Figure 4.10. Palmyrene man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: The Finds from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project’s Excavation Campaigns 2012–2016 Achim Lichtenberger Institut für Klassische Archäo­logie und Christliche Archäo­logie/Archäo­logisches Museum, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany. [email protected]

Rubina Raja Centre for Urban Network Evolutions/Classical Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus Uni­ver­sity, Denmark. [email protected]

The Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project’s Documentation Strategy and the Final Publications Between 2011 and 2016 the team of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project conducted a survey (2011) followed by five excavation campaigns (2012– 2016) in the Northwest Quarter of ancient Gerasa, modern Jerash (Fig. 1.1).1 The Northwest Quarter is an approximately 4 ha large area that is located on the highest point within the walled city.2 The aims and documentation systems as well as the overall outcomes of the project, and a description of the nature of the trenches excavated over the five campaigns (2012–2016) are given in the first volume of the final publications and in the substantial preliminary reports as well as in several targeted publications, which have appeared over the years.3 1 

For the preliminary reports of the project, see Kalaitzoglou and others 2012; (forthcoming a); (forthcoming b); Kalaitzoglou, Lichtenberger, and Raja 2013; 2014; 2015; Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013; 2014; 2015. 2  For the urban context of the Northwest Quarter, see, for example, Lichtenberger and Raja 2015. 3  Lichtenberger and Raja (2020a). The volume is also available as an e-book. Also see the volumes Lichtenberger and Raja 2018b; 2018c; 2019a; 2020c, which cover several aspects divided on the various periods present in the material culture in the excavations. Furthermore, these four volumes tie into the work of other missions at Jerash and beyond in order to contextualize the findings as broadly as possible within the region and the site. Together, they present the most up-to-date presentation of material relating to the archaeology and history of the site and to the ceramic finds in particular. For a full bibliography from the project, see Lichtenberger and Raja (2020a), and for a detailed account of the stratigraphy of each trench, see the forthcoming volume on stratigraphy.

Within the project, a full-quantification strategy was pursued throughout the excavation campaigns. With such a strategy all finds from the excavation were documented, whether diagnostic or not. The intention is to make workflows and documentation as holistic and transparent as possible, to adhere to open-science principles, and to make the final publications from the project as comprehensive as possible in terms of statistics as well as diagnostic finds.4 While this strategy has been adhered to in detail within the framework of the project, we have encouraged the various experts brought in to the project to configure their presentation of the finds in the final publications in a way which, within their respective fields, makes most sense. This means that the various chapters presenting the finds from the excavations — also in the current volume — do not follow the same structure internally. Nonetheless, it should be underlined that all experts have had access to all the material from the excavation, and that documentation of the find groups in their entirety exists. It is the intention to share find lists and evidence lists in a later volume of the final publications as well as online. Such an open-data publication strategy will allow researchers working on the archaeology and history of the site and the broader 4  See, for example, some of the open-access publications from the project: Barfod and others 2015; 2018; Lichtenberger and others 2015; Lichtenberger and Raja 2020d; 2019b; Lichtenberger, Raja, and Stott 2019. And see the ceramic volumes mentioned in the note above (Lichtenberger and Raja 2018b; 2019a; 2020c).

Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja, JP 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2020), 1–9 BREPOLS PUBLISHERS DOI 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.121551

2

Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja

Figure 1.1. Map of Gerasa/Jerash (Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project).

1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls

MAP OF GERASA/JERASH LEGEND 1 Extramural arch (‘Hadrian’s Arch’) 2 Church of Bishop Marianos 3 Hippodrome 4 Sanctuary of Zeus Olympios 5 South Gate 6 Water Gate 7 City walls 8 Shops and structures along the South Gate street 9 South Theatre 10 South-East Gate (blocked) 11 Procopius Church 12 ‘Oval Piazza’ 13 Roman house or church 14 ‘Camp Hill’ (location of modern museum) 15 Byzantine villa 16 Agora (‘Macellum’) 17 Area of the House of the Blues 18 South Bridge 19 Possible South-West Aqueduct 20 East Baths 21 Mortuary Church

3

22 Late Antique and Early Islamic structures 23 South Tetrapylon 24 Church of Sts Peter and Paul 25 Side street (‘South Decumanus’) 26 Mosque 27 Main Street (‘cardo’) 28 Early Islamic domestic quarter 29 Cathedral complex 30 ‘Temple C’ 31 Church of St Theodore and Fountain Court 32 Nymphaion 33 Buildings west of the Wadi 34 Small Eastern Baths 35 Chapel of Elia, Mary, and Soreg 36 South-West Gate 37 Churches of Sts George, John, Cosmas, and Damian 38 Approximate location of ‘House of the Poets and Muses’ 39 Ecclesiastic complexes and Baths of Placcus 40 Propylaea Church 41 Church of Bishop Genesius 42 Ottoman House

region the possibility of conducting further research as well as testing and reproducing our overall results and conclusions — also within the framework of their own findings. Since 2012, we have published parts of the evidence from the excavations in various journals and book series, since different excavated structures and contexts as well as find groups deserved particular attention and had to be disseminated before the final publications. Furthermore, we have emphasized publishing open access and depositing results and data in open-access data repositories, such as Figshare, in order to make our results as widely accessible as possible. An overview of all publications stemming from the project to date can be found on Figshare.5 The final publications, however, will give the reader an overview and pull together the various analyses and studies undertaken within the project, as well as present in detail the stratigraphy and the entire material corpus from each 5   See

[accessed 25 May 2020].

43 West Baths 44 Large rock-cut cistern 45 Sanctuary of Artemis 46 North Theatre 47 Spring (Ain Karawan) 48 Synagogue/Church of the Electi Iustiniani 49 Church of Bishop Isaiah 50 Side street (‘North Decumanus’) 51 North Tetrapylon 52 Hall of the Electi Iustiniani 53 Umayyad houses 54 Middle Islamic hamlet (and large courtyard) 55 Church of the Prophets, Apostles, and Martyrs 56 Large open area (‘forum’) and basilica 57 Roman edifice and cistern 58 Middle Islamic structures 59 Circassian house 60 North-West Aqueduct 61 Early modern water channel 62 North Gate 63 Chrysorrhoas/Wadi Jerash

trench excavated since the first excavation campaign in 2012 (trenches A–X). It is our aim, through the final publications, to present a holistic picture of the excavations and allow scholars in the coming years to critically assess the findings from our project. Since the material recovered in the excavations is abundant we decided to publish the glass, lamps, and Jerash Bowls in their own right, giving as much context information as possible, so that the reader can relate the finds to earlier preliminary reports as well as to the forthcoming volume on stratigraphy. This will, on the one hand, give specialists the possibility to work directly with the material groups that they are interested in and, on the other hand, give the interested reader as full an overview of the material recovered in the excavations as possible, while being able to relate it to the archaeological contexts. While the first two volumes of the final publications focus on environmental studies, remote sensing, and modelling analysis 6 as well as the coin and metal 6 

Lichtenberger and Raja 2020b.

Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja

4 finds, 7 the current volume moves to other categories of material central to our understanding of the chronology and occupational history of the finds from the excavation, and therefore also to the diachronic activities in the Northwest Quarter. The categories presented in this volume are the glass finds, the lamps, and the iconic Jerash Bowls. All three categories give important insights into the presence of these find groups in Jerash in general and in the Northwest Quarter specifically.

The Glass, the Lamps, and the Jerash Bowls — Contexts and Chronology The directors of the project are grateful to Ruth  E. Jackson-Tal, Alexandra Uscatescu, and Pamela Bonnekoh for taking upon them the tasks of writing about the glass finds, the lamps, and the Jerash Bowls, respectively, based on the documentation of the finds done within the framework of the project. To undertake the close-up analysis of the material from these find groups, specialists on the material, the region, and the site are demanded. The groups, on the one hand, include some imported finds (apart from the Jerash Bowls), and, on the other hand, were to a large extent produced locally. These three find groups are important within the context of the findings of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project but also beyond, since they add substantially to the corpora of published material from various missions working in Jerash over the last century. These three groups of material cover diverse aspects of the urban life of the city across centuries. While glass objects and lamps span the time from the Hellenistic period into the Early Islamic period, until the earthquake of ad 749, Jerash Bowls were only produced in the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. All three find groups are important in their own right. The glass objects constitute a particularly interesting find group seen from a high-definition perspective, since we know that glass in Jerash became more and more intensely recycled over the centuries, in particular from the fifth century ad onwards.8 Therefore, this group of finds tells us about the development of urban coping strategies throughout centuries as the city and its inhabitants had to adjust to changes, which included climate change and change in supply chains. This gives 7 

Lichtenberger and Raja 2020e. For studies on the glass from the Northwest Quarter, see Barfod 2017; Barfod and others 2015; 2018. Furthermore, for glass finds from the Italian Mission in Jerash, see Baldoni 2018. 8 

insight into the broader economic patterns of the city and its hinterland, but it also adds to the discussion of the regional situation from the Roman period and into Early Islamic times, since through the glass it is possible to trace how intensely glass was recycled at different points in time and held up against other groups of local and imported wares, which in turn allows for considerations on the economic mechanisms at play at a given point in time.9 These have partly been published already and are partly under publication currently.10 Uscatescu’s substantial chapter on the lamps from the excavations includes a catalogue presenting more than four hundred lamps and lamp fragments, all stemming from the Northwest Quarter. This comprehensive publication must now stand as a reference work on the lamps from Gerasa/Jerash. While the chapters by Jackson-Tal and Uscatescu consider excavation contexts as well as overall analysis and discussion of the glass and lamps, the contexts and typological classification of the Jerash Bowls will be considered in the forthcoming volume on the ceramics from the excavations.11 The chapter by Bonnekoh in this volume therefore mainly treats the iconography represented on the Jerash Bowls found in our excavations, since these constitute an important group of material evidence testifying to trends in Late Antique iconographic representations in the region.12 The chapter on Jerash Bowls, however, is not meant to be exhaustive when it comes to the contextualization of the finds. Together these three groups of finds, glass, lamps, and the Jerash Bowls, constitute Leitgattungen, which give us the possibility of dating contexts and refining the dating of contexts as we progress in understanding their typologies and stylistic developments. It will be clear from the contributions that by far most glass finds and lamps stem from the period between the late second century ad until 749. Nonetheless, there are finds of both glass and lamps which stem from the periods before the late second century ad, indicating 9 

Also see Bes and others 2020 for a discussion of the regional situation on the basis of the published ceramic material from other archaeological missions, which also must be taken into consideration when considering broader economic patterns and their developments. Also see Romanowska and others 2021; Romanowska, Lichtenberger, and Raja 2021. 10  See n. 6 as well as Barfod and others 2020. 11  Möller (forthcoming). 12  For the most comprehensive publications concerning the Jerash Bowls to date, see the publications by Watson (1991; 2018). Furthermore, for Jerash Bowls found at other sites in the region, see Bes and others 2020.

1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls

5

Figure 1.2. Map of the Northwest Quarter with the location of all trenches indicated (Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project).

that activity took place in the Northwest Quarter also prior to the Late Roman period. It should also be kept in mind that the contexts encountered in most trenches in the Northwest Quarter are secondary contexts, and that reuse of complexes and reconfiguring of the spaces had taken place in what seems to have been an intense period of urban flourishing between the third century ad and the middle of the eighth century ad. This means that most of the earlier finds, in fact, have not been found in their primary contexts, but in fill layers or secondary contexts, in which they ended up by chance, being reused as fill material. Exempted from such a situation are the earthquake-destroyed trenches (K, P, V, and W) as well as the layers below the city walls (Q). Furthermore, a number of layers under foundations for walls also hold in situ contexts, but these foundations, at least from the later Roman period onwards, usually contained material which can be classified as secondary fills. Furthermore, a few trenches hold partly inverted stratigraphies. These are

the trenches on the north slope of the hill, trenches G, H, and R, into which material from the hill would have been washed down over years and centuries. In the volume on the stratigraphy of the excavation, all these situations are presented in detail, and in the first volume of the final publications a short description of each trench is given.13 It should be noted that find numbers used in chapters relate to year of excavation ( Jxx), trench (x) and potentially sector number within the trench (xx), evidence (x) as well as potential special find number or group of material number (xX or xx).14 This gives the reader the possibility of relating the finds to the respective trenches excavated between 2012 and 2016 (Fig. 1.2). The pre13 

Lichtenberger and Raja (2020a). J13-F-32-1X ( Jerash 2013-trench F-evidence 32-special find number 1X). More information is given in the contribution by Lichtenberger and Raja (2020a) in the first volume of the final publications. 14   Example:

Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja

6 liminary reports from the project quoted above constitute important reference works and will supplement the knowledge about the nature of the various trenches until the stratigraphy volume is published. The Glass In the excavations, more than 5500 glass fragments were found. Of these, 1740 have been categorized as diagnostic finds by Jackson-Tal. She presents 104 fragments representative of the entire group of glass finds from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project and of particular interest to understanding the make-up of this group of finds. The finds include a wide variety of objects, including sagged, free-blown, and mould-blown bowls, bottles and jugs, wine glasses, lamp bowls, kohl tubes, and even windowpanes. These numerous categories of finds testify to both domestic and public activities in the Northwest Quarter, underlining the wide range of activity spheres which were concentrated in this area over several centuries. It is noticeable that the glass finds dating to the Hellenistic period are found in trenches on the very top of the hill (trenches E and T) or in trenches with inverted stratigraphies (in the case of the glass from trench H). This might indicate that activities took place in the Hellenistic period in the Northwest Quarter, but that intense reuse of structures has made it impossible to trace the original Hellenistic constructions in the built environment of the Northwest Quarter until now. Another group of glass finds that should be mentioned here are the windowpane fragments. These stem from trench W, a Byzantine-period hall covered in mosaics, which was in use into the Early Islamic period, when the earthquake of ad 749 hit the site.15 The find of the windowpane fragments indicates that the building, which was restructured in the Early Islamic period, had glass windows when the collapse happened. Most glass finds date from the later second century ad onwards and are presented in the groups they belong to in the chapter by Jackson-Tal.  While glass finds from other excavations have partly been published, the current publication is the most comprehensive available to scholars interested in glass finds from Jerash dating from the Hellenistic period and into the middle of the eighth century ad.

15 

Haensch, Lichtenberger, and Raja 2016; Lichtenberger and Raja 2018a.

The Lamps Uscatescu presents a selection of more than four hundred fragments of lamps and some intact lamps as well as one clay mould. She also gives an overview of the regional situation, and she draws in comparative material from other archaeological missions that have published lamp material this far. The chronological framework of the lamps from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, perhaps not surprisingly, span the same period as the glass finds do, namely the periods from the Hellenistic period to the middle of the eighth century ad. The most significant group is a group of locally produced Late Byzantine/ Early Umayyad lamps. Furthermore, a set of Late Roman, locally produced lamps from trench J are judged particularly interesting by Uscatescu (ev. 61 and 62) and also a set of lamps found in a Late Umayyad earthquakedestroyed context, in trench K (ev. 3 and 44), which has been published recently, since both assemblages give new information about locally produced lamps in Jerash in these periods.16 While most of the lamp finds come from secondary contexts, as other material from the excavation also does, lamps have also been found in the important in situ contexts, such as those from trench K. The lamp material presented by Uscatescu gives a detailed insight into the lamp-production economy throughout the Roman, Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, and shows continuity and changes which can now be studied in greater detail than hitherto possible. The Jerash Bowls Bonnekoh presents aspects of the iconography found on the Jerash Bowls from the project, which date to the sixth and seventh centuries ad. The iconography discernible on the most often heavily fragmented bowls adhere to what we already know about the images used on Jerash Bowls, but there are also new insights into iconographic traditions. The bowls often show animals and vegetal motifs and seem to adhere to what is presented in mosaic floors in the region. In particular, the bowl with the socalled ‘curly-haired boy’ provides new insight into the variety of the iconography of Jerash Bowls.

16 

Lichtenberger and others 2016.

1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls

7

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Through the presentation of the three materials groups — glass objects, lamps, and Jerash Bowls — a substantial contribution to the knowledge about Gerasa from the Late Hellenistic period into the middle of the eighth century ad, when the devastating earthquake of 18 January ad 749 hit the city, is made. Since the publication edited by Carl  H.  Kraeling and published in 1938 no other archaeological project has presented its excavated evidence in such detail. Despite the different modes of presentation, the material evidence is transparently presented, and each presented piece of evidence can be linked to the specific trench and the exact location within that trench. The volume on stratigraphy will of course give further details and allow the reader to understand the exact relations and gain insight into primary and secondary contexts. We hope that the volumes will be useful to any scholar and layperson with an interest in urban development over more than a millennium in the Near East.

As project directors of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project and editors of the final publications from the project, we would like to thank the Department of Antiquities of Jordan (Amman and Jerash) for supporting our research since 2011 until the end of the project in 2017. The department’s continuous enthusiasm and interest in the project and the help we received over the years have been crucial factors for the success of the excavation project and the way in which we have been able to publish and continue to publish the results. We would also like to thank all the team members of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Without their hard work and commitment throughout the years, the project would not have been possible to pull through. We are also immensely grateful for the generous funding received for the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project from the following foundations over the years: the Carlsberg Foundation; the Danish National Research Foundation (grant no. 119 — Centre of Excellence for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet)); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Deutscher Palästina-Verein; the EliteForsk initiative of the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science in Denmark; and H. P. Hjerl Hansens Mindefondet for Dansk Palæstinaforskning. A very large thank you goes to assisting centre administrator Mie Egelund Lind and research administrator Dr  Eva Mortensen (both Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University) for the professional editing of the manuscript. Without their engaged and diligent handling of the editorial process this volume could not have come to completion this fast. We also thank Rosie Bonté from Brepols Publishers for handling the publication process professionally as always, as well as Tim Barnwell for the copyediting and Martine MaguireWeltecke for the layout of the book. It is a pleasure to work with all of these professional people. Furthermore, we are grateful for the funding for colour illustrations from the Carlsberg Foundation. Aarhus and Münster, April 2021

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Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja

Works Cited Baldoni, D. 2018. ‘A Byzantine thermopolium on the Main Colonnaded Street in Gerasa’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 15–38. Barfod, G. H. 2017. ‘Recycling, Reuse and Reduce: Glass in Ancient Gerasa’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Gerasa/Jerash: From the Urban Periphery (Aarhus, Fællestrykkeriet, AU), pp. 115–19. Barfod, G. H. and others. 2015. ‘Revealing Text in a Complexly Rolled Silver Scroll from Jerash with Computed Tomography and Advanced Imaging Software’, Nature Scientific Reports, 5: 17765 . —— 2018. ‘Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic Glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, Recycling, and Provenance’, Geoarchaeology, 33: 623–40 . —— 2020. ‘“Alexandrian” Glass Confirmed by Hafnium Isotopes’, Nature Scientific Reports, 10: 11322. Bes, P. and others. 2020. ‘Ceramics in Cities in Context: An Overview of Published Roman Imperial to Umayyad Pottery in the Southern Levant’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Hellenistic and Roman Gerasa: The Archaeology and History of a Decapolis City, Jerash Papers, 5 (Turnhout: Brepols). Haensch, R., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2016. ‘Christen, Juden und Soldaten im Gerasa des 6. Jhr. Neue archäologisch-epigraphische Befunden’, Chiron, 46: 177–204. Kalaitzoglou, G., A.  Lichtenberger, and R.  Raja. 2013. ‘Preliminary Report of the Second Season of the Danish-German Jerash North­west Quarter Project 2012’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 57: 57–79. —— 2014. ‘The Danish-German Jerash North-West Quarter Project 2013: Preliminary Field Report’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities in Jordan, 58: 11–37. —— 2015. ‘Preliminary Report of the Fourth Season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2014’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities in Jordan, 59: 11–43. Kalaitzoglou, G. and others. 2012. ‘Report on a Geophysical Prospection of the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa/Jerash 2011’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 56: 79–90. —— (forthcoming a). ‘Preliminary Report of the Fifth Season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2015’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 60. —— (forthcoming b). ‘Preliminary Report of the Sixth Season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2016’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 61. Lichtenberger, A. and R. Raja. 2015. ‘New Archaeological Research in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash and its Implications for the Urban Development of Roman Gerasa’, American Journal of Archaeology, 119: 483–500. —— 2018a. ‘From Synagogue to Church: The Appropriation of the Synagogue of Gerasa/Jerash under Justinian’, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, 61: 85–98. —— (eds). 2018b. Middle Islamic Jerash (9th Century – 15th Century): Archaeology and History of an Ayyubid-Mamluk Settlement, Jerash Papers, 3 (Turnhout: Brepols). —— (eds). 2018c. The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols). —— (eds). 2019a. The Byzantine and Umayyad Periods in Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, Jerash Papers, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols). —— 2019b. ‘Water Management in Ancient Cities Can Help Plan for Future Vulnerability’, Advanced Science News, 12 December 2019 [accessed 1 April 2020]. —— 2020a. ‘A New Perspective on Gerasa/Jerash through the Findings of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project: The Final Publications of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project (2011–2016)’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling in Jerash: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash North­ west Quarter Project, i, Jerash Papers, 6 (Turnhout: Brepols). —— (eds). 2020b. Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling in Jerash: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, i, Jerash Papers, 6 (Turnhout: Brepols). —— (eds). 2020c. Hellenistic and Roman Gerasa: The Archaeology and History of a Decapolis City, Jerash Papers, 5 (Turnhout: Brepols). —— 2020d. ‘Management of Water Resources over Time in Semiarid Regions: The Case of Gerasa/Jerash in Jordan’, WIREs Water, 7.1: e1403 . —— (eds). 2020e. Metal Finds and Coins: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, ii, Jerash Papers, 7 (Turnhout: Brepols). Lichtenberger, A., R. Raja, and D. Stott. 2019. ‘Mapping Gerasa: A New and Open Data Map of the Site’, Antiquity Project Gallery, 93.367: e7 . Lichtenberger, A., R. Raja, and A. H. Sørensen. 2013. ‘Preliminary Registration Report of the Second Season of the Danish-German Jarash Northwest Quarter Project 2012’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 57: 9–56.

1. Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls

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—— 2014. ‘The Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2013: Preliminary Registration Report’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 58: 39–103. —— 2015. ‘The Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2014: Preliminary Registration Report’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities in Jordan, 59: 45–131. Lichtenberger, A. and others. 2015. ‘Radiocarbon Analysis of Mortar from Roman and Byzantine Water Management Installations in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, Jordan’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2: 114–27 . —— 2016. ‘A Newly Excavated Private House in Jerash: Reconsidering Aspects of Continuity and Change in Material Culture from Late Antiquity to the Early Islamic Period’, Antiquité Tardive, 24: 317–59. Möller, H. (forthcoming). ‘The Ceramics from the Northwest Quarter’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), The Ceramics: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, vi, Jerash Papers (Turnhout: Brepols). Romanowska, I., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2021. ‘Trends in Ceramic Assemblages from the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa/ Jerash, Jordan’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 36: 102778 . Romanowska, I. and others. 2021. ‘A Study of the Centuries-Long Reliance on Local Ceramics in Jerash through Full Quantification and Simulation’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 44 . Watson, P. M. 1991. ‘Jerash Bowls: Byzantine Decorated Fine Ware from Jordan’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sydney). —— 2018. ‘The Iconography of the Painted Cross Motif on Jerash Bowls’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 257–72.

Glass

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Ruth E. Jackson-Tal The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 9171002, Israel

Introduction Around 5500 glass fragments were unearthed during excavations at the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, but only some 1740 are diagnostic. The glass finds were recovered during the 2012–2016 campaigns in various trenches.1 Of the diagnostic finds, 104 fragments of vessels and small objects were chosen for publication based on their state of preservation and their chronological and typological significance. The chosen fragments represent the main and reoccurring types. The vessels include sagged, free-blown, and mould-blown bowls, bottles and jugs, wine glasses, lamp bowls, kohl tubes, and windowpanes. Most are plain, but some are decorated with wheel-cut and mould-blown designs: vertical ribs, indents, applied and tooled trails, pinches, discs, and blobs. The small finds include beads, bracelets, a stirring rod, inlays, a spindle whorl, and mosaic tesserae. The great majority of the finds can be dated to the main stages of occupation at the site during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Umayyad periods, from the third to the eighth centuries ad. Few finds can be dated to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, from the mid-second century bc to the early second century ad. The vessels and small finds were made mostly of colourless glass, but light green, light and dark blue, bluish-green, light yellow, yellow-brown, yellow-green, and purple glass also appear. They are covered in a thick black, white, and silver coating, which comes from weathering with an iridescent film.

I would like to thank the excavators of the site, Prof.  Dr Rubina Raja and Prof.  Dr  Achim Lichtenberger, for giving me the opportunity to study these finds and providing stratigraphic information. The glass finds were preliminarily studied by Holger Schwarzer (2014) and Barfod and others (2018) and presented in Lichtenberger and others 2017. The glass finds were drawn by Signe Kristensen and photographed by Michael Johansen, Moesgaard Museum, to whom I am thankful. All images are from the DanishGerman Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. 1  Barfod and others 2018, fig. 2. *

The glass vessels are discussed in a typological and chronological order. Parallels are cited from previous excavations at Jerash and its vicinity and from other sites in the Decapolis region, such as Pella, Gadara, Scythopolis, Capitolias, Hippos, and Abila.

Glass Finds Grooved Bowls (cat. nos 1–3) Grooved bowls are the earliest glass finds unearthed at the site, dated to the Late Hellenistic period. Such bowls were made by sagging a flat disk on a mould.2 This technique enabled mass production in a quick and cheap process.3 Sagging was commonly used during the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods to produce luxury bowls as well as bowls for daily use.4 The bowls found in the Northwest Quarter are apparently everyday vessels, used as drinking bowls. These bowls were very common in the region and can be dated from the mid-second century to the first century bc.5 The bowls were found in trenches Tc, Eac, and Ha/Hal.  Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash6 and at Pella,7 Neapolis,8 Samaria,9 Philadelphia,10 and Abila.11 2 

Grose 1989, 194. Barag 1985, 59–60. 4  Grose 1989, 193–94 and 247. 5  Grose 1989, 193–94; Dussart 1998, 51 and 53–54, pls  1. AII.11 and 2.AII.4. 6  Meyer 1988, 185, perhaps fig. 5.C, E; Dussart 1998, 51–54, pls 1.9 and 2.2, 4, 6, 10. 7  O’Hea 1992, 254, fig. 1. 8  Magen 2009, 293, pl. 63.16–17. 9  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 329–31, fig. 203.II4a, II6a, II7e, II8b, II11a’, II11a’’. 10  Dussart 1998, 51 and 53–54, pls 1.6, 8 and 2.3, 5, 7, 13–16. 11  Batsell Fuller 1986, 9, pls 5.B–C and 6.B–C; Fuller 1987, 150–51, fig. 121.B–C and E–F. 3 

Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja, JP 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2020), 13–49 BREPOLS PUBLISHERS DOI 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.121552

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

14 Ribbed Bowl (cat. no. 4)

Bowls with Crimped Trail (cat. nos 8–9)

Ribbed bowls were also made by sagging and were also used as drinking bowls. They are the most characteristic vessels of the beginning of the Roman period, appearing throughout the region in the late first century bc, but they are most common in the first half of the first century ad.12 A ribbed bowl was found in trench Ha/ Hal. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash13 and at Pella,14 Neapolis,15 Samaria,16 Tel Zira‘a,17 Hippos,18 Philadelphia,19 and Abila.20

Bowls with applied crimped trails are very common in the area, in contexts dated to the Early Roman period, from the late first to the early second centuries ad. Such bowls were found in trenches Qac and Gd. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash 29 and at Pella,30 Philadelphia,31 Samaria,32 Migdal,33 Wadi Hamam,34 and Paneas.35

Bowls with Tubular Folds (cat. nos 5–7)

Small plain bowls or beakers with straight walls and flaring or curving-in, rounded, thickened rims were very common in the region throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the first to the seventh centuries ad. Such bowls were found in trenches R and Kg. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash36 and at Pella,37 Scythopolis,38 Gadara,39 Hippos, 40 Philadelphia, 41 Neapolis, 42 Samaria, 43 and Capitolias.44

Free-blown bowls with a single or double tubular fold and variations in the rim design are well known in the region in Early Roman contexts. They mainly appear in the late first to the early second centuries ad, but also later, in Late Roman contexts. The design and fabric of the bowls found in the Northwest Quarter suggest an Early Roman dating. They were found in trenches Ha/Hal, Gb, and Sd.  Similar bowls have been found in an Early Roman context at Gamla,21 but mostly in Late Roman contexts at other locations in Jerash22 and at Scythopolis, 23 Gadara, 24 Capitolias, 25 Neapolis, 26 Samaria,27 and Jalame.28

12 

Grose 1989, 244–47; Dussart 1998, 55–56, pl. 2.AIII.11, AIII.12, AIII.2, AIII.3. 13  Kehrberg 1986, 375, fig. 9.4; Meyer 1988, 184–85, fig. 5.A; Dussart 1998, 55–56, pl. 2.18, 19, 24. 14  O’Hea 1992, 254–55, fig. 2. 15  Magen 2009, 293, pl. 63.18. 16  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 329–31, fig. 203.II1k, II1b, II2i; Crowfoot 1957, 403–04, fig. 93.1. 17  Hoss and Keller 2017, 124–25 and 127, pl. 2.15.1. 18  Burdajewicz 2006, 135, fig. 1.36. 19  Dussart 1998, 55, pl. 2.20. 20  Batsell Fuller 1986, 9; Fuller 1987, 151–52. 21  Jackson-Tal 2016a, 21, fig. 8.20.124–28. 22  Meyer 1988, 191, fig. 6.Q; Dussart 1998, 67, pl. 6.23. 23  Katsnelson 2014, 24*, fig. 1.5–6. 24  El-Khouri 2014, 95, fig. 5.14. 25  Burdajewicz 2017, 665, fig. 2.1. 26  Sarig 2009, 24, pl. 15.12. 27  Crowfoot 1957, 414–15, fig. 96.4. 28  Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 53–54, fig. 4-15.109, 111–12.

Bowls/Beakers with Straight Walls (cat. nos 10–11)

Bowl with Curving-In Rim (cat. no. 12) Bowls with a thickened, curving-in rim and tapering wall are known in the region during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, from the fourth to the seventh centuries ad. There is a slight variation in the rim design of 29 

Meyer 1988, 185, fig. 5.G, H. Smith and McNicoll 1992, 132, pl. 87.7. 31  Dussart 1998, 59, pl. 3.31–32. 32  Crowfoot 1957, 415, fig. 96.5. 33  Jackson-Tal and Gorin-Rosen 2018, 113, fig. 19.4–5. 34  Jackson-Tal 2018, 467, pl. 13.3.15. 35  Gorin-Rosen and Jackson-Tal 2008, 82, fig. 5.1.2–3. 36  Meyer 1988, 191, fig. 6.O, V; Dussart 1998, 70–72, pls 8.10, 12–18, 21, 24, 28 and 9.1–4. 37  McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84 and 87, pls 132.1, 9 and 133.3, 7; Smith and McNicoll 1992, 137, pl. 96.5, 7; O’Hea 1992, 259, fig. 10; 1993, 222, fig. 25.1–2, 4–5. 38  Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.1–3; Winter 2015, 208, fig. 5.1.6. 39  El-Khouri 2014, 93 and 95, fig. 5.4; Keller 2015, 208 and 210, figs XVI.1.5–6, XVI.2.27–28. 40  Burdajewicz 2006, 130, fig. 1.19–20. 41  Dussart 1998, 70–71, pl. 8.11, 15, 29. 42  Magen 2009, 137, pl. 52.4. 43  Crowfoot 1957, 410, fig. 94.14–15. 44  Burdajewicz 2017, 668–70, 673, 676, and 678, figs 3.7–9, 4.1–6, 5.1–9, 8.7–8, and 9.9–11, 14–19. 30 

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash the bowl found in the Northwest Quarter, which is usually folded (like bowl cat. no. 17). The bowl was found in trench Ke. Similar bowls with folded rims have been found at other locations in Jerash45 and at Neapolis.46 Bowls with Folded Rims (cat. nos 13–17) Bowls with folded-in and folded-out rims are one of the most common bowl types throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods in the region, from the first to the seventh centuries ad. The bowls can differ in size, shape, and type of fold. Bowls with folded rims were found in trenches Igh, Kbd, Kh, Nb, and Ke. Bowls cat. nos 13 and 14 have smaller dimensions. Similar bowls have been found at many sites in the region, among others in Jerash,47 Scythopolis,48 Hippos,49 and Philadelphia to name a few.50 Bowls cat. nos  15 and 16 have large, flaring, double eight-shaped folded rims. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash51 and at Tel Zira‘a,52 and Philadelphia.53 Bowl cat. no. 17 is a small, shallow bowl with curving-in rim like bowl cat. no. 12 above. Similar bowls have been found at other locations in Jerash.54 Bowl with Wheel-Cut Facet Designs (cat. no. 18) Vessels decorated with facet-cut designs are known in small numbers in the region during the Late Roman period, from the second to the fourth centuries ad. An important group of such vessels was found and probably produced at Dura Europos.55 The fragment found in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash belongs to a shallow bowl with a flaring, polished rim decorated with wheel-cut, grain-shaped facets bordered above and below by two horizontal narrow incisions. The bowl was found in trench Ga. Several fragments of vessels decorated with 45 

Dussart 1998, 64 and 85, pls 5.27 and 15.1. Sarig 2009, 23–24, pl. 15.5. 47  Dussart 1998, 58 and 69, pls 3.16–17, 20–22, 26 and 7.20, 22. 48  Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 61*, fig. 1.1–2; Hadad 2005, 21 and 35–36, pls 3.66–67 and 28.561; Winter 2015, 208, fig. 5.1.3. 49  Burdajewicz 2006, 133, fig. 1.31–32. 50  Meyer 1988, 187–88, fig. 5.P, Q, R; Dussart 1998, 57–58, pl. 3.8, 18–19. 51  Dussart 1998, 75–77, pls 11.11, 13, 15 and 12.4. 52  Hoss and Keller 2017, 125, pl. 2.15.4. 53  Dussart 1998, 76, pl. 11.12, 16. 54  See n. 45. 55  Clairmont 1963, 56–86. 46 

15

facet-cut designs have been found at other locations in Jerash,56 and two intact bowls with such cut designs were found in a Roman tomb at ‘En Tamar.57 Bowl/Beaker with Cut-Off Rim (cat. no. 19) Bowls and beakers with cut-off, curving-up rims and straight walls are known mainly during the Late Roman period, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. They also appear earlier, during the first and second centuries ad, and later, during the Byzantine period, where they are identified as lamp bowls or wine glasses. The delicacy of the fragment found at the Northwest Quarter points to an Early Roman dating. The bowl was found in trench Wbd. Similar vessels were found in Early Roman contexts at Gamla58 and in Late Roman and Byzantine contexts at Jerash,59 Scythopolis,60 Neapolis,61 Capitolias,62 and Sî.63 Bowls with Flaring or Splaying-Out Rims (cat. nos 20–23) Bowls of different sizes with wide flaring or splaying-out rims are well known in the area throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the first to the eighth centuries ad. Fragments of this type of bowl were found in trenches Gb, Tc, Vd, and Jd. Bowls similar to bowls cat. nos 20 and 21 have been found at other locations in Jerash, at Pella64 and Ain ez-Zara in Early Roman and Byzantine contexts and unidentified contexts, 65 and at Gadara. 66 Bowls similar to bowl cat. no.  22 have been found in Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic contexts at Pella,67 Scythopolis,68 and Neapolis.69

56 

Dussart 1998, 63, pl. 5.6. Hirschfeld 2006, 181, fig. 13.28.1–2. 58  Jackson-Tal 2016a, 20–21, fig. 8.19.108, 111. 59  Meyer 1988, 189 and 191, fig. 6.F. 60  Katsnelson 2014, 24* and 27*–28*, fig. 2.3–5; Winter 2015, 210, fig. 5.1.8. 61  Sarig 2009, 26–27, pl. 7.6. 62  Burdajewicz 2017, 671, fig. 6.3. 63  Dussart 1998, 80, pl. 13.7–14. 64  Smith and Day 1989, 114–15, pl. 51.27. 65  Baur 1938, 530, fig. 22.31; Meyer 1988, 198, fig. 8.J; Dussart 1998, 69, pl. 7.24–25. 66  Keller 2015, 212, fig. XVI.3.46–48. 67  McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84, pl. 133.12. 68  Hadad 2005, pls 2.39, 28.549, and 35.684. 69  Magen 2009, 118, pl. 41.6. 57 

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

16 The rim and base shape of bowl cat. no. 23 suggests an Early Islamic dating. Similar bowls have been found in such a context in Scythopolis.70 Trail Bases (cat. nos 24–25) Trail bases were used during the Late Roman period, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. The two bases found at the Northwest Quarter could belong to small bowls or beakers. They are formed with applied trails, a circular one in base cat. no. 24 and a triangular in base cat. no. 25. They were found in trenches Nb and Ke. Similar circular trail bases have been found in Scythopolis,71 Samaria,72 and Neapolis.73 No parallels have been found for the triangular trail base which can be dated according to its design, fabric, and context to the Early Islamic period. Solid, Flat Base (cat. no. 26) Low, flat, solid bases are known mostly throughout the Roman period, from the first to the fourth centuries ad. The base found at the Northwest Quarter could belong to a bowl or beaker. It was found in trench Jj. Similar bases have been found in Jerash,74 Scythopolis,75 Neapolis,76 and Philadelphia.77 Tubular Bases (cat. nos 27–33) Tubular bases in a variety of shapes and sizes are extremely common throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. The bases presented here belong to low and high tubular bases of bowls (cat.  nos  27 and 32–33) and beakers (cat.  nos  28–31). Base cat. no.  28 has a unique double-layered design, which is less common in the region. They were found in trench Sh, Fb, Wb, Jj, Xc, Xg, and Nb. Similar tubular bases have been found at other locations in Jerash 78 and 70  Hadad 2005, 21 and 36, pls 1.4, 2.46, and 29.570; Katsnelson 2014, 40*, fig. 8.5. 71  Winter 2015, 214–15, fig. 5.2.26. 72  Crowfoot 1957, 410, fig. 94.13. 73  Sarig 2009, 29, pl. 18.11. 74   Meyer 1988, 193, fig.  6.aa, dd; Dussart 1998, 97–98, pl. 21.31, 41. 75  Katsnelson 2014, 28*, fig. 2.9. 76  Magen 2009, 118 and 137, pls 41.13 and 52.6. 77  Dussart 1998, 98, pl. 21.39. 78  Meyer 1988, 189 and 198, figs 5.V, Z, Y, aa, 8.R, and 11.aa,

at, among other places, Pella, 79 Scythopolis, 80 and Samaria.81 Solid Base-Ring (cat. no. 34) High solid base-rings (also called pad bases) are very common in Late Roman contexts in the area, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. They were used as bowl bases. A solid base-ring was found in trench Igh/ Iah. Similar bases have been found at other locations in Jerash82 and at Gadara,83 Scythopolis,84 Neapolis,85 and Philadelphia.86 Trail Base-Ring (cat. no. 35) Trailed base-rings were also very common in the area during the Late Roman period, from the third to the fourth centuries ad. They were used as bowl bases. Such a base was found in trench Jj. Similar bases have been found in Scythopolis,87 in Neapolis,88 at Wadi Hamam,89 in the factory dump at Jalame,90 and a large number have been found at Khirbet el-Ni‘ana.91 Beakers with Tapering Conical Walls (cat. nos 36–37) Vessels with tapering conical walls can be identified as beakers, oil lamps, or bottles with wide rims. They are well known in the region during the Late Roman, Byzantine, bb; Dussart 1998, 57 and 73, pls 3.12, 15 and 10.1–2. 79  McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84 and 87, pls 132.1– 2 and 133.1, 7–8; Smith and McNicoll 1992, 130–31, pl. 87.12; O’Hea 1993, 222, fig. 25.8. 80  Winter 2011, 357, fig. 12.4.2; Katsnelson 2014, 26*, fig. 1.8; Winter 2015, 211–12 and 214, fig. 5.2.13–14, 19–21. 81  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.8; Crowfoot 1957, 410, 414–15 and 418, figs 94.15, 96.4–5, and 98.5. 82  Dussart 1998, 68, pl. 7.13–14. 83   Dussart 1998, 68, pl.  7.15–16; Keller 2015, 214, fig. XVI.3.62. 84  Katsnelson 2014, 30*–31*, fig. 4.2; Winter 2015, 211–12, fig. 5.2.16–18. 85  Sarig 2009, 28–29, pl. 18.5. 86  Dussart 1998, 68–69 and 74, pls 7.12, 18 and 10.13–15. 87  Katsnelson 2014, 30*, fig. 4.1. 88  Sarig 2009, 28–29, pl. 18.6–10. 89  Jackson-Tal 2018, 469, pl. 13.6.53. 90  Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 58–59, fig. 4-21. 91  Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007, 88–90 and 134, figs 7 and 31.

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the eighth centuries ad, and they have been found in large numbers. Two were found in trenches Pe and Ed.  Similar vessels have been found in, among other places, Jerash,92 Scythopolis,93 Capitolias,94 and Hippos.95 Bottle with Folded-In Rim (cat. no. 38) Bottles with folded-in rims are known throughout many periods and are therefore hard to date. However, the small dimensions and delicacy of the fragment cat. no. 38 suggest a date in the Early Roman period, from the first to the early third centuries ad. Early Roman bottles with such rims could be pear-shaped, rounded, or of the type called candlestick bottles. A large number of candlestick bottles are known in the region, usually from burials. The fragment was found in trench Kg. Similar vessels are displayed in regional museums in Jerash and in Amman,96 others have been found in, among other places, Pella,97 Samaria,98 Neapolis,99 Philadelphia,100 and Abila.101 Bottles with Straight Rims (cat. nos 39–40) Bottles with straight, rounded, or folded-in rims, plain or trailed, and with straight elongated necks and probably globular bodies are well known in the region during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the eighth centuries ad. Two bottles were found in trenches Ca and Kf. Similar bottles have been found at other locations in Jerash102 and

at, among other places, Scythopolis, 103 Gadara,104 and Philadelphia.105 Bottles with Funnel-Shaped Rims (cat. nos 41–44) Bottles with slightly tapering short or elongated rounded rims that are plain or trailed and probably globular, squat bodies that are plain or ribbed are well known in the region during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the eighth centuries ad. A wider rim (cat. nos 36 and 37) may indicate that it is a beaker or conical lamp. Bottles with funnel-shaped rims were found in trenches Ed, M, Ob, and Vfg. Similar bottles have been found at other locations in Jerash106 and at, among other places, Scythopolis,107 Capitolias,108 and Hippos.109 Bottles with Folded-In, Flattened Rims and Globular Bodies (cat. nos 45–49) The type of bottle that has a folded-in, flattened rim is typical of the Early Islamic and Umayyad period, from the seventh to the eighth centuries ad. Such bottles were found in trenches Ob, Oi, Kg, and Kh, most of them attributed to evidence related to the ad 749 earthquake. Similar vessels are known throughout the region in such Early Islamic contexts, at other locations in Jerash,110 at Pella,111 Scythopolis,112 Hippos,113 and in several excavations at Ramla.114 103 

92 

Baur 1938, 522, fig. 19.372; Meyer 1988, 189, figs 5.S, T, U, W, 6.C, and 11.U; Dussart 1998, 130–36, pl. 30.32–33, 36, 43, 45–49. 93  Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.6–7; Hadad 2005, 23–24, pls 7.116– 24, 136, 8.161–64, 9.165–69, and 11.198. 94  Burdajewicz 2017, 662, fig. 1.7–10. 95  Burdajewicz 2006, 130, fig. 1.16–17. 96  Dussart 1998, 162–63, pls 50.1–16 and 51.1–6. 97  McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, 84–85, pls 132.11–16 and 133.18–22; Smith and McNicoll 1992, 129 and 138, pls 87.21– 26 and 96.13–16. 98  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.7; Crowfoot 1957, 409–10 and 412, figs 94.1–3, 95.1–3. 99  Magen 2009, 118, 152–53, 155, and 157, pls 41.2, 62.1–5, 63.19, 64.5–6, 10–11, 15–17, and 65.2. 100  Zayadine 1973, 24, pl. XIII.39–40. 101  Fuller 1987, 147–49, fig. 119.A–F. 102  Baur 1938, 538 and 541–43, fig. 27.Tomb 12; Kehrberg 1986, 383, fig. 9.47, 49; Meyer 1988, 203 and 207, figs 10.G–I and 11.C–E; Dussart 1998, 128–29, pl. 32.5, 7, 12, 24, 28, 30, 31.

17

Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.8; Hadad 2005, 23–24, pl. 8.144– 45; Winter 2011, 348–49, fig.  12.1.17–18; 2015, 216 and 218, fig. 5.3.31, 37. 104  Dussart 1998, 128–29, pl. 32.4, 13. 105  Dussart 1998, 128–29, pl. 32.2, 19. 106  Baur 1938, 531–33, figs 25.385, 28.231, 29.94, 31.28, 63, Cistern I, 384; Meyer 1988, 186, 191, and 202, figs 6.R, U and 9.O, P, Q, S; Dussart 1998, 130–36, pls 33.6–7, 9, 12, 17, 20, 24, 32, 34.4–10, 12, 15–16, 30, 33, 35.12, 14–17, 20, 24, 26–28, 30–31, 33–35, 37–41, 43–44, 46, and many more. 107  Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.9–10; Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 62*–63*, fig. 1.10–12; Hadad 2005, 23–24, pls 7.127–38, 8.143–45, 157–61, 9.170–76, 11.200, and 12.232–34; Winter 2011, 348, fig. 12.1.15; 2015, 215–16, fig. 5.3.29; Katsnelson 2014, 28*, fig. 3.2–3. 108  Burdajewicz 2017, 662–63, fig. 1.1–6, 11, 16, 19. 109  Burdajewicz 2006, 127–28, fig. 1.1–5. 110  Baur 1938, 540, figs 25.240 and 29.790. 111  Smith and Day 1989, 117, pl. 62.5. 112  Hadad 2005, 23–24, pl. 10.187–88. 113  Burdajewicz 2006, 128–29, fig. 1.7. 114  Pollak 2007, 121, fig. 10.61–62; Gorin-Rosen 1999, 11,

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

18 Bottles with Short, Straight Rims (cat. nos 50–51)

Bottles with Trail Decoration (cat. nos 53–56)

Small or medium bottles with a straight, short rim, wide — almost straight — shoulders, and rounded or squat square walls are typical of the Early Islamic and Umayyad period, and also in the Abbasid period, from the seventh to the ninth centuries ad. Two bottles were found in trenches Ke and Vfd, which are close to each other and related to the ad 749 earthquake. Similar vessels are known throughout the region in such Early Islamic contexts, at Jerash,115 Pella,116 Scythopolis,117 Caesarea,118 and Ramla.119

Trail decoration was very common for decorating various glass vessels during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods, from the fourth to the seventh centuries ad. The vessels discussed here are dated to the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods, fifth to seventh centuries ad, according to their shape, style, and the colour of the trails. The bottles were found in trenches Ke, Kc, La, and Kd.  All the K contexts are firmly related to the ad  749 earthquake. Bottle cat. no. 53 has a straight rounded rim, short tapering neck, and sloping shoulders with an applied single trail. Similar vessels are known from Scythopolis. 124 Bottle cat. no. 54 and fragments cat. no. 55 are decorated with applied blue and yellow-brown trails in a pinched bifurcated design called ‘spectacle design’. This trail design is known during the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods, but the colour of the trails on vessel cat. no. 54 suggests an Umayyad dating. Similar vessels are known from Scythopolis125 and Caesarea.126 Fragment cat. no. 55 is a tiny colourful fragment of a vessel with applied and marvered trails. Marvering is a common decoration technique, which is known to have existed since the beginning of glassmaking, but the fragment found at the site can be dated to the Islamic period due to the vessel’s manufacturing technique and style of decoration. The shape of the vessel is unknown because of the size of the fragment, but the fragment probably belonged to a small vessel, jar, or bottle made by blowing. Marvered vessels are not common in the region, but they are documented at Scythopolis from the Umayyad to the Mamluk period. 127 According to Shulamit Hadad, vessels decorated with red and white trails are usually dated to the Umayyad period.128

Bottle with Applied, Circular Discs (cat. no. 52) Bottles decorated with single- or double-applied, circular, trail-wound discs to the rims are known in the region in small numbers during the Umayyad period, from the seventh to the eighth centuries ad. A  small fragment from the Northwest Quarter probably belongs to this type of bottle. The fragment was found in trench Vac, which is related to the ad 749 earthquake. Similar vessels have been found at Scythopolis,120 where a number of similar bottles with plain and stamped discs have been found, and at Ramla.121 Another possibility is that the fragment belongs to a small bottle decorated with multiple similar discs on the walls, a type known from Abbasid and Fatimid contexts in Scythopolis122 and at Horbat ‘Illin.123 The shape of the fragment as well as the multiple-disc decoration resemble this type, but the colour of the fragment, the disc shape, and the wall thickness are different. The Umayyad context and stylistic differences point towards the Umayyad type of bottle.

fig. 1.7–8; 2010, 223, pl. 10.1.13; Jackson-Tal 2016c, 80 and 82, fig. 4.2.1–2. 115  Baur 1938, 541–42, fig. 30.89 Tomb 6; Meyer 1988, 212, fig. 12.D. 116  O’Hea 1992, 259, fig. 9; 1993, 222, fig. 25.10. 117  Hadad 2005, 23 and 40, pls 5.102–03, 6.104–07, 36.705, 715, and 37.747. 118  Pollak 2003, 166–67, fig. 2.23–24. 119  Gorin-Rosen 2010, 233, pl. 10.6.1–2. 120  Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.11; Hadad 2005, 25–27, pls 15.288– 307 and 16.308–16; Katsnelson 2014, 38*, fig. 7.9. 121  Gorin-Rosen 2010, 226–27, pl. 10.2.17. 122  Hadad 2005, 43, pl. 41.852–53. 123  Katsnelson 2012, 55*, fig. 3.32.

Squat, Adorned Bottles with Wide, Flaring Rims (cat. nos 57–59) Squat bottles with wide, flaring rims are known during the Early Islamic period. Fragments of three bottles of this type were found in trenches Vi, Vac, and Kg, which are related to the ad 749 earthquake. Vessels with a similar shape have been found in Umayyad and Abbasid to 124 

Hadad 2005, 25, pl. 13.248. Hadad 2005, 25, pl. 14.284–87. 126  Pollak 2003, 165, fig. 1.12. 127  Hadad 2002. 128  Hadad 2002, 155. 125 

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Fatimid contexts at Scythopolis.129 The bottles differ in their decoration. Vessel cat. no. 57 has a short, shallow mould-blown rib decoration on the shoulder and vessel cat. no. 58 is made of strong purple glass and has a mouldblown decoration that resembles an uneven honeycomb pattern. Honeycomb-decorated vessels have been found in Abbasid to Fatimid contexts at Scythopolis130 and at Ramla.131 No exact parallels for these decorations have been found, but the shape of the bottles indicates an Early Islamic dating, and according to the context at the site, they should be dated to the Umayyad period. Bottle cat. no. 59 is decorated with a horizontal row of pinches below the shoulder. Pinched decoration is common in the region from the Late Byzantine period and during the Umayyad period. Vessels with pinched decoration have been found at Jerash,132 Pella,133 Scythopolis,134 Hammat Gader,135 and Caesarea.136 Bottles with Applied Horizontal, Wavy Trails (cat. nos 60–61) Different types of bottles decorated with a single horizontal, wavy trail were very common in the area during the Umayyad period, from the seventh to the eighth centuries ad. The bottles were found in trenches Ve and Kc, which are related to the ad 749 earthquake. Vessels decorated with a similar trail have been found at other locations in Jerash137 and at Pella,138 Scythopolis,139 and Capitolias.140

19

Concave Bottle Bases (cat. nos 62–64) Concave bottle bases were used during all periods for different types of bottles. They are well known in the region.141 Concave bottle bases were found in trenches Vd and Kc, which are related to the ad 749 earthquake. Base cat. no.  64 is made of strong peacock blue glass decorated with a mould-blown ribbed design. The colour and decoration indicates a date in the Early Islamic period. Similar vessels have been found in Umayyad and Abbasid to Fatimid contexts at Scythopolis,142 Caesarea, 143 and Ramla. 144 The context of the bases found in the Northwest Quarter indicates an Umayyad dating. Jugs with Folded Rims and Ribbed Handles (cat. nos 65–66) Jugs with cylindrical or square walls, folded and flaring rim, and a thick ribbed strap handle are well known in all parts of the Roman Empire, throughout the Roman period, from the first to the third centuries ad. They were probably used as liquid containers.145 Two fragments from the Northwest Quarter belong to this wellknown jug type. They were found in trenches Ke and Igh. Similar jugs have been found mostly in Judea, for example in the Bar Kokhba refuge caves,146 but also in Neapolis,147 and they are in several regional museums in Jordan.148 Jugs (cat. nos 67–70)

129 

Hadad 2005, 27–28 and 41–42, pls 17.332–35, 18.343, and 40.830, 839. 130  Hadad 2005, 36–37, pl. 30.594–600; Katsnelson 2014, 42*, fig. 10.4–6. 131  Gorin-Rosen 2010, 246–47, pl. 10.9.2. 132  Baur 1938, 536, fig. 18.244; Meyer 1988, 206, fig. 10.A–B; Dussart 1998, 93 and 158, pls 19.9 and 46.21. 133  Smith and Day 1989, 112, pl.  51.21; O’Hea 1992, 260, figs 15–17. 134  Hadad 2005, 21 and 24, pls 4.78–81 and 12.222; Katsnelson 2014, 33* and 36*, figs 6.9 and 7.1. 135  Cohen 1997, 411 and 413, pls IV.1, 5–6 and V.2. 136  Pollak 2003, 165, fig. 1.13. 137  Baur 1938, 534, fig. 30.Room B48, 27; Meyer 1988, 206– 07, fig. 10. C–D. 138  Smith and Day 1989, 114–15, pls 54.5 and 56.3. 139  Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.10; Hadad 2005, 24–25, pl. 14.271; Winter 2011, 348–49, pl.  12.1.18–20; 2015, 218, fig.  5.3.38; Katsnelson 2014, 38*, fig. 7.2–3. 140  Burdajewicz 2017, 674, fig. 6.21–23.

Jugs with a circular handle attached with a fold below the rim are well known in the region, mostly during the Late Roman to Byzantine periods, from the fourth to the seventh centuries ad, but also later in Early Islamic contexts. Handle fragments and a complete jug of this type were found at the Northwest Quarter. The jugs 141 

Dussart 1998, 128, 132, and 141–43, pls 32.1, 3–4, 33.35, 34.2, 38.8, and 39.1, 4, 9–10. 142  Hadad 2005, 36–37, pl. 31.604–06, Katsnelson 2014, 42*, fig. 10.4–6. 143  Pollak 2003, 165, fig. 1.14. 144  Gorin-Rosen 2010, 246–47, pl. 10.9.1. 145  Isings 1957, 63–69, forms 50 and 51; Charlesworth 1966, 26, type 2a, fig. 3a. 146  Jackson-Tal 2016b, 49 and 51, figs 16.3–5, and 17.1. 147  Sarig 2009, 32–33, pl. 19.16, 20; Magen 2009, 139, pl. 53.5. 148  Dussart 1998, 158–59, pl. 47.1–4.

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

20 were found in trenches Gb, Nj, Ha/Hal, and C. Jug cat. no. 70 was found with a complete profile in trench Ca, in a filled-in cistern. It has rounded, indented walls, a decorative pattern that was common during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, and an hexagonal base. This decoration and base design combination is not common. Similar complete vessels with a variety of trail decoration are in regional museums,149 and they have been found in Samaria.150 Similar jug rims and handles have been found in Byzantine and Early Islamic contexts at other locations in Jerash151 and at Scythopolis,152 Samaria,153 and Capitolias.154 Wine Glasses (cat. nos 71–79) Wine glasses were very common in the region, mostly in Byzantine contexts, from the fifth to the seventh centuries ad. The fragments found at the site are quite numerous and include wine glass rims with blue trails (cat.  nos  71–73), a wine glass with a solid foot (cat.  no.  74), wine glasses with a beaded foot (cat. nos 75–77), and wine glasses with a hollow foot (cat. nos 78–79). They were found in trenches Fd, Fc, Fi, Li, Db, Vfg, and Wbd. Similar fragments have been found in large numbers at other locations in Jerash155 and at Gadara, 156 Scythopolis, 157 Samaria, 158 and Capitolias.159

149 

Dussart 1998, 176–78, pl. 60.4–5, 9–10. Crowfoot 1957, 416, fig. 96.9. 151  Baur 1938, 529, figs 18.232 and 22.389A. 152  Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 62*–64*, fig. 1.18; Hadad 2005, 28 and 45–46, pls 20.382, 21.384, and 44.904–05, 909. 153  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.10. 154  Burdajewicz 2017, 662–63, fig. 1.14. 155  Baur 1938, 524–26, figs 19.31, 35, 37, 20.235, 870, 377, 378, and 21.Cistern 1 (19), Forum F32 (23); Meyer 1988, 199 and 201, figs 8.Y–Z, aa–cc and 9.A–J; Dussart 1998, 115–23, pls 27.1– 5, 9–20, 22–29, 33–34, 36–38, 47, 28.2–3, 10–12, 15–16, 18, 21, 23, 25–28, 32–35, 41–43, 45–46, 49, 51–53, 58–59, 64, 75, and 29.1, 9, 11, 18, 22–23, 25, and 30.3, 5. 156  El-Khouri 2014, 93 and 95, fig. 5.6–8; Keller 2015, 211, fig. XVI.2.37–38. 157  Peleg 1994, 145, fig. 15.5; Hadad 2005, 28, pl. 21.400–11; Winter 2011, 346, fig.  12.1.3–9; 2015, 219–20, fig.  5.4.42–44; Katsnelson 2014, 33*, fig. 6.3–5. 158  Crowfoot 1957, 415–16, fig. 96.7, 11. 159  Burdajewicz 2017, 668–71, figs 4.7–23 and 5.1–10. 150 

Lamp Bowls (cat. nos 80–84) Lamp bowls were very common during the Byzantine period, from the fifth to the seventh centuries ad, especially in public buildings, but also in households. The fragments found at the site are quite numerous and include mostly the upper parts of suspended lamp bowls and the lower parts of stemmed lamp bowls. They were found in trenches Fb, Ff, Nb, Kg, and Kh. K is related to the ad 749 earthquake. Suspended lamp bowls (cat.  nos  80–81) were suspended from the ceiling by metal chains attached to the three handles. An inner wick tube was used to contain the oil and burning thread. The fragments found at the site are only the handle and rim fragments. Stemmed lamp bowls (cat. nos 82–84) had their stem placed in metal candelabra. The fragments from the site include only the lower stems, which are hollow or solid, plain or beaded. Similar lamp bowls have been found in large numbers at other locations in Jerash160 and, among other places, at Gadara,161 Neapolis,162 Samaria,163 and Hippos.164 Vessel with Applied Blue Blobs (cat. no. 85) Vessels decorated with applied blue blobs are usually conical with cut-off rims and dated to the Late Roman and beginning of the Byzantine periods. They functioned as lamps or beakers, with many parallels in the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire.165 Fewer examples of small rounded bowls or beakers are also known in the region.166 Two small wall fragments decorated with two light blue applied oval blobs were found at the Northwest Quarter. They were found in trench Sc. Similar vessels have been found in large numbers in the factory dump at Jalame, where they were produced,167 160  Baur 1938, 519–24 and 529, figs 17.368, 237, 369, 370, 77, 19.29, 20.376, 22.380, and 23.381C–F; Meyer 1988, 203 and 205– 06, figs 11.H–Q, 12.P–T, and 13.A–C; Dussart 1998, 82, pls 14.16, 18–27, 15.1–16, and 16.6–7, 9, 12–14, 17–18. 161   El-Khouri 2014, 95, fig.  5.23; Keller 2015, 212, fig. XVI.2.42–45. 162  Sarig 2009, 35, pl. 20.23–25; Magen 2009, 120 and 137, pls 42.7–8 and 52.11–13. 163  Crowfoot 1957, 415 and 417–19, figs 96.6, 98.3–4, and 99.2–3. 164  Burdajewicz 2006, 131–32, fig. 1.23–25. 165  Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 89–91. 166  Cohen 1997, 407–08, pl. III.6. 167  Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 87−94, figs 4-45–4-47.

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

21

and in small numbers at Scythopolis, 168 Neapolis, 169 Banias,170 and el-Lejjun.171

at Scythopolis, where they were made and used,181 and at Hippos.182

Kohl Tubes (cat. nos 86–87)

Beads (cat. nos 90–91)

Double-tubed cosmetic vessels, probably used to store kohl, are well known in the region during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, from the third to the seventh centuries ad. However, as several were found in contexts dated to the earthquake destruction, they may be later. Fragments found at the Northwest Quarter belong to the lower part of such kohl tubes. The tubes were found in trenches Ha/Hal and Bc.  Similar vessels were found at Jerash,172 Scythopolis,173 Neapolis,174 Samaria,175 and Hippos.176 A large amount of these vessels was found at Khirbat el-Ni’ana.177

Glass beads were part of daily personal ornamentation in Antiquity. Two beads were found at the Northwest Quarter, rounded and cylindrical. Beads are very scarce in the excavation. They are extremely difficult to date because of their continuity over long periods of time. We can assume they were used during the Late Roman to Byzantine period, from the third to the seventh centuries ad, the main period of occupation at the Northwest Quarter. The beads were found in trenches Fi and Ed.

Windowpanes (cat. nos 88–89)

Bracelets were also a common feature of daily personal life in Antiquity. Four bracelets were found. They are twisted with a rounded section. Such bracelets are known in the area during the Late Roman and the Byzantine period, from the third to the seventh centuries ad.183 The bracelets were found in trenches Vac, N, Kg, and Nb.

Glass windowpanes are known mostly in Byzantine contexts. They were placed in plaster frames in public and private buildings. Glass windowpanes exist in two shapes, rounded windows (the so-called bull’seye type) and square windows. The rounded type predominated with a variety in diameter and rim design, which could be folded, curved-up, or thickened. 178 The windowpanes found at the site are rounded, with a wide, folded rim. They were found in trenches Wi and Wc. Rounded and square windowpanes have been found at other locations in Jerash, 179 at Gadara, 180 168 

Katsnelson 2014, 27*, fig. 2.6. Sarig 2009, 26–28, pl. 17.7, 10–12. 170  Gorin-Rosen and Jackson-Tal 2008, 147, fig. 9.4. 171  Jones 1987, 626–27, fig. 133.59–60. 172  Baur 1938, 513–14 and 546; Type N: Meyer 1988, 194, fig. 7.U–V; Dussart 1998, 173, pl. 57.16, 18. 173  Gorin-Rosen 2000a, 66*, fig. 2.24; Katsnelson 2014, 31*, fig. 5.4; Winter 2015, 223, fig. 5.5.53. 174  Sarig 2009, 35, pl. 20.22. 175  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 331, fig. 203.9; Crowfoot 1957, 413–14, fig. 95.24. 176  Burdajewicz 2006, 133, fig. 1.26–27; Segal and others 2009, fig. 21.b. 177   Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007, 108–14 and 143, figs 16–21 and 36. 178  Meyer 1989. 179  Harden 1939, 91; Meyer 1988, 194–95, fig. 7.bb–ee. 180  El-Khouri 2014, 95, fig.  5.24; Keller 2015, 206–07 and 214–16, fig. XVI.4.63–73. 169 

Bracelets (cat. nos 92–95)

Rod (cat. no. 96) Glass rods are known from the Hellenistic period, but became more common during the Early Roman period.184 They may have served as delicate cosmetic or medical applicators, as hair ornaments, decorative elements, or tools.185 The fragment found at the site belongs to a twisted rod. It was found in trench Ob. A large number of glass rods of several types (rounded, twisted, and pointed) have been discovered in the glass workshop refuse in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, dated to the mid-first century bc.186

181  Hadad 2005, 30, pl. 24.468–78; Gorin-Rosen and Winter 2010, 177–78; Winter 2015, 223–24, fig. 5.5.55. 182  Chambers 2013, 242–48. 183  Spaer 2001, 194 and 201, nos 462–65. 184  Spaer 2001, 262. 185  Spaer 2001, 262; Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 418. 186  Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 417–19, pls 21.7.Gl 59–60, 21.8.Gl61–62, and 21.9.Gl63–67.

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

22 Inlays (cat. nos 97–100) Small rounded objects were found at the site. They are flat on one side and convex on the other. They may have been used as inlays in pendants, rings, or other types of jewellery; the flat side placed against the setting. Maud Spaer suggests additional uses, such as game pieces, children’s toys, and raw material for delicate ornamentation.187 Despina Ignatiadou suggests that they were used for games with multiple players, with each piece representing a player, and that in Macedonia they were produced from leftovers of the local production of coreformed vessels.188 The inlays were found in trenches Xa, Sa, Fd, and Fi. Similar inlays have been found in the glass workshop refuse in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.189 A large amount of such finds from Gamla was published recently.190 Spindle Whorl (cat. no. 101) Spindle whorls made of glass, stone, bone, or ceramic were probably threaded on rods and used to create cloth. They are known since the first millennium bc, but the majority found can probably be dated to the Early Roman period, from the first to the second centuries ad, when they became a common commodity.191 The spindle whorl found at the site is a plain, dome-shaped type. The whorl was found in trench Xf. Similar whorls have been found at Gamla,192 in a tomb at Mishmar Haemek,193 and in the glass workshop refuse in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem.194 Mosaic Tesserae (cat. nos 102–05) Glass mosaics are well known during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, as floor and wall decorations, and in the region they are known since the Late Hellenistic period.195 The site yielded many finds of mosaics, made of stone and glass, dating from the Roman to the Early

187  188  189  190  191  192  193  194  195 

Spaer 2001, 233, no. 548. Ignatiadou 2002, 22–23. Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 419, pl. 21.11.GL103–GL110. Amorai-Stark and Hershkovitz 2016, 115–16. Spaer 2001, 259–60. Cassuto 2016, 271 and 275, fig. 17.5.73–75. Spaer 2001, 259, fig. 100. Israeli and Katsnelson 2006, 419, pl. 21.10.GL72–81. Wootton 2012.

Islamic periods,196 and glass tesserae were chemically tested from the earliest excavations.197 Evidence of glass tesserae production was found elsewhere at Jerash in recent excavations.198 A large number (c. eighty pieces) of glass mosaic tesserae of different colours, but mostly different shades of blue alongside green, colourless, and gold-glass, were found in trenches Fb, Kh, Fi, and Lcd. They are small and square. Mosaics with blue and gold-glass tesserae are known in Scythopolis 199 and Hippos.200

Summary and Conclusions Large numbers of glass vessels and small finds were found in the various trenches at the site. The glass finds include a vast variety of items used in daily life: tableware used for serving, dining, and storing foods; vessels used as containers of cosmetic substances; lighting, namely vessels used as lamps and windowpanes; jewellery and small finds used as inlays, for spinning wool, and as mosaic tesserae. The great majority of the finds can be dated to the main stages of occupation of the Northwest Quarter during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and the early stages of the Early Islamic period, that is under Umayyad rule, from the third to the eighth centuries ad. A few finds can be dated to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, from the mid-second century bc to the early second century ad. Glass finds also come from trenches P, K, and V, in which the earthquake destruction of ad 749 is attested. The glass finds from these trenches include a variety of bowls, bottles, lamp bowls, wine glasses, windowpanes, and tesserae. These finds can be dated to the eighth century ad, namely to the Umayyad occupation, under which production of Late Byzantine types continued. Several vessel types continued to be in use during the Abbasid to Fatimid period, but the well-dated Umayyad destruction of ad  749 indicates that the few types which are usually attributed to the Abbasid to Fatimid period actually started to be produced earlier. The same phenomenon appears in the ceramic vessels and coins, indicating that this area of Jerash ceased to exist after

196 

Lichtenberger and Raja 2017, 998–99. Lichtenberger and Raja 2017, 999–1000. 198  Baldoni 2019, 140, 145, 147–50, and 152. 199  Khamis 2001. 200  Segal and others 2009, fig. 39.3. 197 

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash the earthquake destruction.201 The glass finds have many parallels at nearby sites, and they primarily appear to be locally made. Some remains of glass-vessel production were found in several trenches on the site. These include production refuse of glass finds: glass lumps; drops; deformed pieces and trails; small, raw glass chunks; and remains of a ceramic vessel with a glazed layer, perhaps a crucible for glass melting. Daniela Baldoni has suggested that the Roman-period monumental public spaces of Jerash were transformed into workshops during later periods, including a glass workshop, probably for the production of glass tesserae.202 She describes evidence from the shops in the Propylaea of the Sanctuary of Artemis: deformed glass vessels; glass chunks and lumps; and lamp-bowl stems used as cullet; as well as crucibles and basins covered with glass layers.203 According to this evidence, it is highly likely that glass-vessel production could have taken place at the site, or its vicinity, but further information is needed to prove this conclusively. It is interesting to note that, although the type of finds found at the site are well known in the region, they appear to be plainer and with less decorative examples, when compared to contemporaneous sites in Palestine. For example, objects made by mould-blowing, which was an extremely common production technique throughout the Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic periods in the region, is rarely found at the Northwest Quarter. Chemical analysis made on twenty-two glass finds from the site, dated from the Late Hellenistic to the Early Islamic periods, revealed that most were produced and shaped from raw glass made in the vicinity of Apollonia on the Palestinian coast in the Late Byzantine period, from the sixth to the seventh centuries ad.204 This is yet another evidence for the separation in the glass industry between primary and secondary production.205 It demonstrates that the source of the raw glass was from the coastal glassmaking centres along the Palestinian coast, like Apollonia. Apollonia was the producer of large quantities of raw glass during the Late Byzantine period, serving as a major raw-glass supplier for local workshops throughout the region.206

201  202  203  204  205  206 

Lichtenberger and Raja 2019, 277–82. Baldoni 2019, 131 and 145; Lichtenberger and Raja 2019, 3. Baldoni 2019, 140, 145, 147–50, and 152. Barfod and others 2018. Gorin-Rosen 2000b. Freestone 2020, 341–48.

23

The new evidence from the different trenches in the Northwest Quarter presented here, alongside the information from previous excavations, sheds light on the extensive use of glass finds at the site. These provide evidence for the considerable, diverse, and continuous use of glass vessels in everyday life, especially during the Late Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic (Umayyad) periods. The chemical analysis done on the glass finds provides additional evidence for regional raw-glass production centres and demonstrates the trade connections between primary and secondary production centres, enhancing our knowledge of regional production processes.

Scaled enlargements of some of the items from the catalogue

4:1

8:1

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

25

Glass Catalogue Bowls Figure 2.1. J16-Tc-60-16

1. J16-Tc-60-16, G255

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with black weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, rounded rim. Straight, conical wall with two inner horizontal grooves below the rim. Rim Ø: 9.6 cm. 2. J13-Eac-13-44, G79

Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow-brown with white weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, thickened, rounded rim. Straight, conical wall with two inner horizontal grooves below the rim. Rim Ø: 10.2 cm. 3. J13-Ha/Hal-13-50, G186

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge and shiny iridescence. Curving-in, rounded rim. Thick, curving-in, hemispherical wall with two inner horizontal grooves below the rim. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 4. J13-Ha/Hal-14-19, G196

Wall fragment. Colourless with bluish tinge, extremely pitted, and with shiny iridescence. Curving-in, thin wall with remains of two exterior vertical ribs.

Figure 2.2. J13-Eac-13-44

5. J13-Ha/Hal-14-2, G182

Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring , rounded rim with beginning of tubular fold below. Tapering wall. Rim Ø: 13 cm. Figure 2.3. J13-Ha-13-50

Figure 2.4. J13-Ha-14-19 Figure 2.5. J13-Ha-14-2

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Figure 2.6. J13-Gb-9-9

Figure 2.7. J16-Sd-29-34

Figure 2.8. J15-Qac-41-11

Figure 2.10. J15-R-12-9 Figure 2.9. J13-Gd-7-18

8. J15-Qac-41-11, G320

Rim fragments. Colourless with thick white and black weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, tubular rim with applied crimped trail. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 9. J13-Gd-7-18, G69 Figure 2.11. J14-Kg-3-392

6. J13-Gb-9-9, G29

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge, thick black and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Flaring, rounded rim with a double tubular fold below the rim. Tapering, thin wall. Rim Ø: 13 cm.

Rim fragment. Colourless with thick white and black weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, tubular rim with applied crimped trail. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 10. J15-R-12-9, G10

Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, thickened, rounded rim. Straight wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 11. J14-Kg-3-392, G278

7. J16-Sd-29-34, G113

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with bluish tinge, thick black and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Flaring, rounded rim with a double tubular fold below the rim. Tapering, thin wall. Rim Ø: 13.2 cm.

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Slightly curving-in, rounded rim. Straight uneven wall. Rim Ø: 8 cm.

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Figure 2.12. J14-Ke-3-289

Figure 2.13. J14-Igh-28-36

Figure 2.14. J14-Kbd-11-10

Figure 2.15. J14-Kh-3-453

Figure 2.16. J15-Nb-57-181

Figure 2.17a. J14-Ke-3N-401

Figure 2.17b. J14-Ke-3N-401 and J14-Ke-3-356

Figure 2.18. J13-Ga-12-18

Figure 2.19. J16-Wbd-29-73

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Figure 2.20. J13-Gb-12-98

Figure 2.21. J16-Tc-10-15

Figure 2.22. J16-Vd-1-67

12. J14-Ke-3-289, G198

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless green tinge with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Thick, curving-in shelf-rim. Tapering wall. Rim Ø: 18 cm. 13. J14-Igh-28-36, G164

Rim and wall fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, folded-in rim. Curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 14. J14-Kbd-11-10, G235

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, folded-out rim and beginning of wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 15. J14-Kh-3-453, G242

Rim fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring-out, folded rim with tubular fold, creating an eight-figure shaped rim. Rim Ø: 18 cm. 16. J15-Nb-57-181, G459

Rim fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring-out, folded rim with tubular fold, creating an eight-figure shaped rim. Rim Ø: 24 cm. 17. J14-Ke-3N-401, G273 and J14-Ke-3-356, G211

Rim, wall, and base fragment. Yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Curving-in and folded-out rim. Curving-in, rounded wall. Flat, concave base with pontil scar (1.2 cm). Rim Ø: 12.6 cm. Base Ø: 4 cm.

18. J13-Ga-12-18, G92

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and iridescence. Flaring, polished rim. Curving-in, small fragment with wheel-cut grain facets bordered above and below by two horizontal, narrow incisions. Rim Ø: 10.4 cm. 19. J16-Wbd-29-73, G133

Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring and curving-out, cut-off rim. Curving-in, thin wall. Rim Ø: 6.2 cm. 20. J13-Gb-12-98, G100

Rim and wall fragment, Colourless with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, rounded rim. Beginning of curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 10 cm. 21. J16-Tc-10-15, G85

Rim and wall fragment. Light yellow with thick silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, rounded, thick rim. Curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 12 cm. 22. J16-Vd-1-67, G274

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Slightly flaring, thickened rim. Curving-in wall. Rim Ø: 24 cm.

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Figure 2.23. J14-Jd-32-154

Figure 2.26. J15-Jj-14-15

Figure 2.24. J15-Nb-57-181

Figure 2.25. J14-Ke-4-73

23. J14-Jd-32-154, G366

Separate rim, wall, and base fragments. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Splaying-out, wide, rounded rim. Tapering wall and solid, flat base with a thickened section. Rim Ø: 19.6 cm. Base Ø: 4 cm. 24. J15-Nb-57-181, G459

Complete base and wall fragment. Green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Solid, trail-flattened base. Beginning of straight wall. Base Ø: 3 cm. 25. J14-Ke-4-73, G279

Complete base. Light yellow with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Triangular, solid base-ring with flat bottom.

Figure 2.27. J16-Sh-50-13

26. J15-Jj-14-15, G32

Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with thick black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Concave, solid base with pontil scar (0.8 cm). Beginning of curving-out wall. Base Ø: 3.4 cm. 27. J16-Sh-50-13, G308

Complete base and wall fragment. Light blue with thick black weathering and shiny iridescence. Low, tubular base-ring with central concavity and pontil scar (1 cm). Beginning of curving-up wall. Base Ø: 5 cm. 28. J13-Fb-40-108, G205

Base fragment. Yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Double-layered tubular base with central, rounded, small concavity sunk within a rounded depression and pontil scar (1 cm). Base Ø: 5 cm.

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Figure 2.28. J13-Fb-40-108

Figure 2.29. J16-Wb-0-19

Figure 2.31. J16-Xc-35-4

Figure 2.30. J15-Jj-2-9

Figure 2.32. J16-Xg-7-55

Figure 2.34. J14-Iah-37-8 Figure 2.33. J15-Nb-57-133

29. J16-Wb-0-19, G25

Complete base. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Small, tubular base-ring, concave with pontil scar (1 cm). Base Ø: 3.2 cm. 30. J15-Jj-2-9, G80

Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Tubular base-ring with rounded, high concavity and pontil scar (1.1 cm). Curving-out wall. Base Ø: 4 cm. 31. J16-Xc-35-4, G247

Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tapering, tubular base-ring, bottom with central concavity and pontil scar (1.1  cm). Beginning of curving-out wall. Base Ø: 5.6 cm.

32. J16-Xg-7-55, G229

Base and wall fragment. Colourless with thick black and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Tubular base-ring with flat bottom. Curving-up rounded wall. Base Ø: 10 cm. 33. J15-Nb-57-133, G462

Base and wall fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Large, tubular base-ring. Beginning of wall. Base Ø: 16 cm. 34. J14-Igh/Iah-37-8, G149

Complete base and wall fragment. Deep yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Uneven, solid pad base with convex bottom and large pontil scar (1.2 cm). Curving-out and -up wall. Base Ø: 5 cm.

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31

Figure 2.35. J14-Jj-77-23 and J14-Jj-77-23

Figure 2.36. J15-Pe-15-35

35. J14-Jj-77-23, G458

Complete base and wall fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tapering, uneven, trail base-ring with flat bottom and large pontil scar (1.2 cm). Curving-up, rounded wall. Base Ø: 6 cm. 36. J15-Pe-15-35, G399

Figure 2.37. J13-Ed-14-8

Rim fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, funnel-shaped rim. Rim Ø: 6.6 cm. 37. J13-Ed-14-8, G37

Rim fragment. Light yellow with white and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Thickened, funnel-shaped, rounded rim. Rim Ø: 8 cm.

Figure 2.38. J14-Kg-35-461

38. J14-Kg-35-461, G229

Complete rim and neck fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, flattened, delicate rim. Beginning of cylindrical neck. Rim Ø: 2 cm. 39. J12-Ca-32-12, G12

Complete rim. Light blue with shiny iridescence. Straight, rounded, elongated rim. Rim Ø: 3 cm. Figure 2.39. J12-Ca-32-12

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Figure 2.40. J14-Kf-3-478

Figure 2.41. J13-Ed-23-4

Figure 2.44. J16-Vfg-1-59

Figure 2.45. J15-Ob-107-4

Figure 2.42. J14-M-12-2

42. J14-M-12-2, G418

Figure 2.43. J15-Ob-107-4

Rim fragment. Light yellow and blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, funnel-shaped, rounded rim with applied, light blue single trail. Rim Ø: 6 cm. 43. J15-Ob-107-4, G450

40. J14-Kf-3-478, G270

Rim fragment. Colourless with yellow tinge, silver weather­ing, and shiny iridescence. Straight, rounded, elongated rim with applied, yellow-brown single trail. Rim Ø: 3 cm. 41. J13-Ed-23-4, G75

Rim fragment. Colourless with white and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, funnel-shaped rim. Rim Ø: 5 cm.

Rim fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Wide, funnel-shaped, rounded rim with applied single trail. Rim Ø: 7 cm. 44. J16-Vfg-1-59, G279

Rim fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, funnel-shaped, rounded rim with applied, multiple trails. Rim Ø: 6 cm. 45. J15-Ob-107-4, G450

Rim, neck, and shoulder fragment. Yellow-green with thick black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, flattened rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Beginning of curving-out shoulder. Rim Ø: 2.8 cm.

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Figure 2.47. J14-Kg-3-393

Figure 2.46. J15-Oi-97-6

Figure 2.48. J14-Kh-3-22x

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Figure 2.49. J14-Kg-3-11x

46. J15-Oi-97-6, G344

Complete rim, neck, and wall fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Folded-in, flattened rim. Short, tapering neck. Curving-out shoulder. Rim Ø: 3 cm. 47. J14-Kg-3-393, G277

Complete rim and shoulder, wall and separate base fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, thick white, black, and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Large bottle with folded-in, flattened rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Large, rounded, squat wall and shoulder. Flat, slightly concave base. Rim  Ø:  3  cm. Base  Ø:  5  cm. Estimated height: 12.2 cm.

48. J14-Kh-3-22x, G186

Intact. Dark translucent green with thick black weathering. Large bottle with small, folded-in, flattened rim. Short, narrow neck. Large, rounded, squat wall and shoulder. Flat, slightly concave base. Rim  Ø:  2.4  cm. Base Ø: 4.1 cm. Height: 9.3 cm. 49. J14-Kg-3-11x, G144

Intact. Light green with silver weathering. Large bottle with small, folded-in, flattened rim. Short, narrow neck. Large, rounded, squat wall and shoulder. Flat, slightly concave base. Rim  Ø: 2.9 cm. Base  Ø: 2.4 cm. Height: 10.5 cm.

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 2.50. J14-Ke-3-258

Figure 2.52. J16-Vac-61-66

35

Figure 2.51. J16-Vfd-73-1

Figure 2.53. J14-Ke-3-245

52. J16-Vac-61-66, G326

Figure 2.54. J14-Kc-3-119

Wall fragment. Light green with thick white and silver weathering and iridescence. Curving-in, rounded wall. Near the base are small applied circular discs. 53. J14-Ke-3-245, G233

Complete rim, neck, and wall fragment. Unknown colour with thick white weathering. Small, straight, rounded rim. Short, tapering neck. Sloping shoulder with an applied single trail. Rim Ø: 2.6 cm. 50. J14-Ke-3-258, G201

Complete rim, neck, and shoulder fragment. Unknown colour with thick white weathering. Straight, rounded rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Beginning of almost straight shoulder. Rim Ø: 2.6 cm. 51. J16-Vfd-73-1, G285

Complete rim, neck, and shoulder fragment. Light yellow with thick black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Straight, thick, rounded rim. Short, cylindrical neck. Wide, tapering shoulder. Rim Ø: 3.8 cm.

54. J14-Kc-3-119, G111

Neck and shoulder fragment. Light blue and yellowbrown with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Cylindrical neck with applied horizontal, yellow-brown single trail. Sloping shoulder with applied and pinched, yellow-brown trails in spectacle design.

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Figure 2.56. J14-Kd-46-7 Figure 2.55. J14-La-2-71

Figure 2.58. J16-Vac-61-66

Figure 2.57. J16-Vi-60-15

55. J14-La-2-71, G95

Two wall fragments. Light green with silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded wall fragments decorated with applied and pinched spectacle and other unidentified shapes. 56. J14-Kd-46-7, G241

Wall fragment. Dark blue with silver weathering and iridescence. Tiny wall fragment with applied and marvered red and white trails, shaped in a garland design. 57. J16-Vi-60-15, G198

Separate rim and base fragments. Light yellow with severe black weathering, pitted. Slightly flaring, tapering fragmented rim. Rounded shoulder with short, exterior, mould-blown, shallow ribs. Thick, solid base with central concavity and large pontil scar (1.4 cm). Rim  Ø: 7 cm. Base Ø: 4.6 cm. Estimated height: 10 cm.

58. J16-Vac-61-66, G326

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with purple, thick, shiny black and silver weathering and iridescence. Flaring, folded-in, rounded rim with a thin applied trail. Thick wall with a mould-blown, uneven honey-comb (?) design. Rim Ø: 8 cm.

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Figure 2.59. J14-Kg-39-14

59. J14-Kg-39-14, G185

Complete rim, and base and wall fragments connecting to a complete profile. Light yellow with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, folded-in rim. Short, wide, tapering neck. Sloping shoulder. Flat base. Rounded wall with a row of small, horizontal, uneven pinches below the shoulder. Rim  Ø: 4.8 cm. Base  Ø: 5 cm. Height: 8 cm. 60. J16-Ve-1-77, G344

Complete trail and neck fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, white and silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Wide, tapering neck with applied, thick, wavy trail. Neck Ø: 6.2 cm.

Figure 2.60. J16-Ve-1-77

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Figure 2.62. J16-Vd-25-12

Figure 2.61. J14-Kc-3-117 Figure 2.63. J16-Vd-1-67

61. J14-Kc-3-117, G109

Neck fragment. Colourless with yellow-brown tinge, silver weathering, and iridescence. Uneven, cylindrical neck with applied, delicate, yellow-brown, wavy trail. Neck diameter (widest point): 3.2 cm.

Bottles and Jugs 62. J16-Vd-25-12, G159

Complete base and wall fragment. Yellow-green with black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Large, concave base with large pontil scar (1.8 cm). Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 6 cm. 63. J16-Vd-1-67, G274

Figure 2.64. J14-Kc-43-5

Complete base and wall fragment. Colourless with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Large, concave base with large pontil scar (1.8 cm). Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 4.2 cm. 64. J14-Kc-43-5, G264

Base and wall fragment. Light peacock blue, pitted, and with shiny iridescence. Concave base with ribs and partial pontil scar. Wall fragment with a mould-blown design. Base Ø: 5 cm.

Figure 2.65. J14-Ke-3N-400

65. J14-Ke-3N-400, G272

Rim fragment and neck. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Wide, folded-down, -up, and -out rim. Cylindrical neck. Rim Ø: 7 cm.

Figure 2.66. J14-Igh-16-18

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Figure 2.67. J13-Gb-23-4+5

Figure 2.68. J15-Nj-80-3

Figure 2.70. J12-Ca-27-1x

Figure 2.69. J13-Ha-13-6

66. J14-Igh-16-18, G89

Handle and shoulder fragment. Colourless with thick black weathering and shiny iridescence. Rounded shoulder with beginning of thick, strap-ribbed handle. 67. J13-Gb-23-4+5, G124

Rim and handle fragment. Light yellow with thick, shiny black and silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Flaring, folded-in, funnel-shaped rim with thick, flattened and pinched, tubular upper handle. 68. J15-Nj-80-3, G463A

Handle fragment. Deep blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Elongated, rounded handle.

69. J13-Ha/Hal-13-6, G194

Complete handle and rim fragment. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Rounded, elongated handle. Folded-in, flaring rim. 70. J12-Ca-27-1x, G13

Almost intact, missing part of the rim. Light green with silver weathering and iridescence. Folded-in, funnelshaped rim. Elongated, tapering neck with applied, horizontal trail. Small, rounded, squat wall with seven rounded indents. Thick handle drawn from the shoulder and pinched at the rim. Flat, hexagonal base. Rim Ø: 3.8 cm. Base Ø: 3.8 cm. Height: 10.4 cm.

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Wine Glasses 71. J13-Fd-40-1, G98

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with light and dark blue trails, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Straight, thickened, rounded rim with a deep blue, thick trail on top and multiple light blue trails below. Straight, thin wall. Rim Ø: 7 cm.

Figure 2.71. J13-Fd-40-1

Figure 2.72. J13-Fc-52-3

72. J13-Fc-52-3, G165

Rim and wall fragment. Colourless with light and dark blue trails, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Slightly flaring, rounded rim with a deep blue, thick trail on top and multiple light blue trails below. Tapering, thin wall. Rim Ø: 8 cm.

Figure 2.73. J13-Fi-49-10

73. J13-Fi-49-10, G167

Rim fragment. Colourless with light blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Curving-in, thickened rim with two applied, thin, light blue trails. Rim Ø: 9 cm. 74. J13-Fi-0-14, G122

Base, foot, and wall fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Solid, flat base. Cylindrical foot. Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 4.4 cm. 75. J14-Li-70-5, G415 and J14-Li-70-5A, G416

Two separate rim, wall, and foot fragments. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Slightly flaring, rounded rim. Tapering wall. Solid, short, beaded foot. Rim Ø: 8 cm.

Figure 2.74. J13-Fi-0-14

Figure 2.75. J14-Li-70-5 and J14-Li-70-5A

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Figure 2.76. J13-Db-13-1X Figure 2.80. J13-Fb-40-109 Figure 2.77. J16-Vfg-1-69

Figure 2.78. J16-Wbd-6-16

Figure 2.79. J16-Wbd-6-16

76. J13-Db-13-1X, G44

Complete base and foot and wall fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Solid, flat base and beaded foot. Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 4.6 cm. 77. J16-Vfg-1-69, G279

Complete base and foot fragment. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and shiny iridescence. Tubular base and beaded foot. Base Ø: 7 cm. 78. J16-Wbd-6-16, G135

Base and foot fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tubular base and hollow foot. Base Ø: 5 cm. 79. J16-Wbd-6-16, G135

Base and foot fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Tubular base and hollow foot. Base Ø: 4 cm.

Figure 2.81. J13-Ff-22-9

Lamp Bowls 80. J13-Fb-40-109, G207

Complete handle and rim fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Small, rounded handle extending to a flaring folded-out rim. 81. J13-Ff-22-9, G84

Complete handle and rim fragment. Yellow-green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Small, rounded handle extending to a folded-out rim.

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Figure 2.82. J15-Nb-57-150

Figure 2.83. J14-Kg-3-235

82. J15-Nb-57-150, G420

Complete stem and wall fragment. Light blue with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Cylindrical, hollow stem with flat base (pontil scar 0.7 cm). Curving-up wall. Base Ø: 1.4 cm. 83. J14-Kg-3-235, G237

Complete stem and wall fragment. Bluish-green with silver weathering and iridescence. Cylindrical, solid, ridged/beaded stem. Base Ø: 0.8 cm. Figure 2.84. J14-Kh-24-3

84. J14-Kh-24-3, G145

Complete stem and wall fragment. Bluish-green with silver weathering and iridescence. Cylindrical, solid, ridged/beaded stem. Base Ø: 0.8 cm.

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Figure 2.85. J16-Sc-13-20 Figure 2.86. J13-Ha-13-40

Figure 2.87. J12-Bc-27-34

Vessel with Blue Blobs, Kohl Tubes, and Windowpanes 85. J16-Sc-13-20, G53

Wall fragments. Colourless with silver weathering and iridescence. Two straight, thin wall fragments with remains of two light blue, oval blobs. 86. J13-Ha/Hal-13-40, G150

Lower part of kohl tubes. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Uneven double tubes and flat base. Base Ø: 2 cm.

Figure 2.88. J16-Wi-74-2

87. J12-Bc-27-34, G4

Lower part of kohl tubes. Light green with silver weathering and shiny iridescence. Uneven double tubes and flat base. Base Ø: 2 cm. 88. J16-Wi-74-2, G307

Windowpane rim. Colourless with yellow tinge, silver weathering, and iridescence. Flat, folded-out, wide, rounded rim.

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

44

Figure 2.89. J16-Wc-23-1

89. J16-Wc-23-1, G104

Largely preserved windowpane rim. Colourless with blue tinge, silver weathering, and iridescence. Flat, folded-out, wide, rounded rim.

Figure 2.90. J13-Fi-49-18

Figure 2.91. J13-Ed-23-10

Figure 2.92. J16-Vac-61-66e

Jewellery, Stirring Rod, Inlays, Spindle Whorl, and Mosaic Tesserae 90. J13-Fi-49-18, G154

Intact bead. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Small, rounded, flattened bead with vertical perforation. Ø: 0.5 cm. 91. J13-Ed-23-10, G101

Intact bead. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Small, cylindrical bead with vertical perforation. Ø: 0.5 cm.

92. J16-Vac-61-66, G326

Bracelet fragment. Light green with silver weathering. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. Ø: 0.6 cm.

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

45

Figure 2.93. J15-Nb-57-181 Figure 2.94. J14-Kg-3-188

93. J15-Nb-57-181, G459

Bracelet fragment. Deep, translucent blue with silver weathering. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. Ø: 0.6 cm. 94. J14-Kg-3-188, G130

Figure 2.95. J15-Nb-57-129

Bracelet fragment. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section. 95. J15-Nb-57-129, G461

Bracelet fragments. Unknown colour due to thick black and silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded, twisted bracelet with rounded section.

Figure 2.96. J16-Ob-107-4c

96. J16-Ob-107-4

Rod fragment. Light green with silver weathering. Straight, twisted rod. Ø: 1 cm. 97. J16-Xa-1-30, G23

Figure 2.97. J16-Xa-1-30

Intact inlay. Unknown colour due to thick white weathering. Large, rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 2 cm. 98. J16-Sa-1-42, G26

Intact inlay. Unknown colour due to thick white weathering and iridescence. Large rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 2.5 cm.

Figure 2.98. J16-Sa-1-42

99. J13-Fd-52-27, G152

Intact inlay. Light blue with silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 0.8 cm.

Figure 2.99. J13-Fd-52-27

46

Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

100. J13-Fi-49-21, G188

Intact inlay. Deep, translucent blue with silver weathering and iridescence. Rounded inlay, concave with flattened side. Ø: 1.5 cm.

Figure 2.100. J13-Fi-49-21

101. J16-Xf-2-234, G169

Spindle-whorl fragment. Green (?), though difficult to tell due to thick black weathering. Dome-shaped, rounded spindle whorl with vertical perforation. Widest Ø: 3.2 cm.

Figure 2.101. J16-Xf-2-234

102. J13-Fh-29-2, G88

Intact mosaic tessera. Light blue with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.7 × 0.75 cm. 103. J14-Kh-44-30, G152

Intact mosaic tessera. Dark blue with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.7 × 0. 95 cm. 104. J14-Fi-49-21

Figure 2.102. J13-Fh-29-2

Intact mosaic tessera. Gold-glass with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.75 × 0.8 cm. 105. J14-Lcd-50-106

Intact mosaic tessera. Gold-glass with silver weathering. Small, square tessera. Size: 0.75 × 0.85 cm.

Figure 2.103. J14-Kh-44-30

Figure 2.104. J14-Fi-49-21

Figure 2.105. J14-Lcd-50-106

2. The Glass Finds from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

47

Works Cited Amorai-Stark, S. and M. Hershkovitz. 2016. ‘Jewelry’, in D. Syon, Gamla, iii: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989: Finds and Studies, pt 2, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, 59 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 97–189. Baldoni, D. 2019. ‘Archaeological Evidence for Craft Activities in the Area of the Sanctuary of Artemis at Gerasa between the Byzantine and Umayyad Period’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Byzantine and Umayyad Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, Jerash Papers, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 115–58. Barag, D. 1985. Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, i (London: The British Museum). Barfod, G. H. and others. 2018. ‘Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic Glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, Recycling, and Provenance’, Geoarchaeology, 33: 623–40. Batsell Fuller, N. 1986. ‘Abila Tomb Excavations: 1986’, Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin, 29: 31–64. Baur, P. V. C. 1938. ‘Glassware’, in C. H. Kraeling (ed.), Gerasa: City of the Decapolis (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 505–46. Burdajewicz, M. 2006. ‘Glass Finds from the North-West Church Complex’, in A. Segal and others (eds), Hippos-Sussita Seventh Season of Excavation ( July 2006) (Haifa: University of Haifa, Zinman Institute of Archaeology), pp. 127–40. —— 2017. ‘Glass Finds from Beit Ras/Capitolias ( Jordan)’, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 26.1: 661–86. Cassuto, D. 2016. ‘Textile Production Implements’, in D. Syon, Gamla, iii: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989: Finds and Studies, pt 2, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, 59 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 260–82. Chambers, S. 2013. ‘Window Glass Finds in the Northeast Church’, A. Segal and others (eds), Hippos-Sussita of the Decapolis: The First Twelve Seasons of Excavations, 2000–2011, i (Haifa: University of Haifa, Zinman Institute of Archaeology), pp. 242–48. Charlesworth, D. 1966. ‘Roman Square Bottles’, Journal of Glass Studies, 8: 26–40. Clairmont, C.  W. 1963. The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final Report, iv.5: The Glass Vessels (New Haven: Dura Europos Publications). Cohen, E. 1997. ‘Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad Glass’, in Y. Hirschfeld (ed.), The Roman Baths of Hammat Gader: Final Report ( Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society), pp. 396–431. Crowfoot, G. M. 1957. ‘Glass’, in J. W. Crowfoot, G. M. Crowfoot, and K. M. Kenyon, Samaria-Sebaste, iii: The Objects from Samaria (London: Palestine Exploration Fund), pp. 403–22. Dussart, O. 1998. Le verre en Jordanie et en Syrie du Sud, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, 152 (Beirut: Institut français d’archéologie du Proche-Orient). El-Kouri, L. 2014. ‘Glass Production in the Early Byzantine Period (4th–7th Century) at Gadara (Umm Qais), Jordan, Area W, 2011 Season of Excavation’, Levant, 46: 89–97. Freestone, I. C. 2020. ‘Apollonia Glass and its Markets: An Analytical Perspective’, in O. Tal (ed.), Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations, ii: Excavations outside the Medieval Town Walls, Tel Aviv University Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology, 38 (Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press), pp. 341–48. Fuller, M.  J. 1987. ‘Abila of the Decapolis: A  Roman-Byzantine City in Transjordan’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Washington University). Gorin-Rosen, Y. 1999. ‘Glass Vessels from Recent Excavations in Ramla: A Preliminary Presentation’, in S. Gibson and F. Vitto (eds), Ramla: The Development of a Town from the Early Islamic to Ottoman Periods, IAA Department of Excavations and Surveys Booklet, 4 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 10–15. —— 2000a. ‘Glass Vessels from a Burial Cave at Bet She’an’, ‘Atiqot, 39: 61*–67* (Hebrew with English summary on p. 200). —— 2000b. ‘The Ancient Glass Industry in Israel: Summary of the Finds and New Discoveries’, in M.-D. Nenna (ed.), La Route du verre: ateliers primaires et secondaires du second millénaire av. J.-C. au Moyen Âge (Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux), pp. 49–63. —— 2010. ‘The Islamic Glass Vessels’, in O. Gutfeld (ed.), Ramla: Final Report on the Excavations North of the White Mosque, Qedem, 51 ( Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Institute of Archaeology), pp. 213–64. Gorin-Rosen, Y. and R. E. Jackson-Tal. 2008. ‘Area F: The Glass Finds’, in V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli, Paneas, i: The Roman to Early Islamic Periods Excavations in Areas A, B, E, F, G and H, Israel Antiquity Authority Reports, 37 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquity Authority), pp. 141–54. Gorin-Rosen, Y. and N. Katsnelson. 2007. ‘Local Glass Production in the Late Roman–Early Byzantine Periods in Light of the Glass Finds from Khirbat el-Ni’ana’, ‘Atiqot, 57: 73–154. Gorin-Rosen, Y. and T.  Winter. 2010. ‘Selected Insights into Byzantine Glass in the Holy Land’, in J.  Drauschke and D.  Keller (eds), Glass in Byzantium: Production, Usage, Analyses, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Tagungen, 8 (Mainz: RömischGermanisches Zentralmuseum), pp. 165–81. Grose, D. F. 1989. The Toledo Museum of Art: Early Ancient Glass; Core-Formed, Rod-Formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 b.c. to a.d. 50 (New York: Hudson Hills).

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Hadad, S. 2002. ‘Marvered Glass Vessels from the Umayyad through Mamluk Periods at Bet Shean, Israel’, Levant, 34: 151–58. —— 2005. Islamic Glass Vessels from the Hebrew University Excavations at Bet Shean, Qedem Reports, 8 ( Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Institute of Archaeology). Harden, D. B. 1939. ‘Roman Window-Panes from Jerash, and Later Parallels’, Iraq, 6: 91. Hirschfeld, Y. 2006. ‘The Nabataean Presence South of the Dead Sea: New Evidence’, in P. Bienkowski and K. Galor (eds), Crossing the Rift, Resources, Routes, Settlement Patterns and Interaction in the Wadi Arabah (Oxford: Oxbow), pp. 167–90. Hoss, S. and D. Keller. 2017. ‘Glass Finds from the 2001 Survey’, in D. Vieweger and J. Häser (eds), Tall Zirā‘a Gadara Region Project 2001–2011: Final Report, i: Introduction (Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus), pp. 124–33. Ignatiadou, D. 2002. ‘Colorless Glass in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Macedonia’, Journal of Glass Studies, 44: 11–24. Isings, C. 1957. Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Archaeologica Traiectana, 2 (Groningen: Wolters). Israeli, Y. and N. Katsnelson. 2006. ‘Refuse of a Glass Workshop of the Second Temple Period from Area J’, in H. Geva (ed.), Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982, iii: Area E and Other Studies: Final Report ( Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society), pp. 411–60. Jackson-Tal, R. E. 2016a. ‘Glass Vessels’, in D. Syon, Gamla, iii: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989: Finds and Studies, pt 2, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, 59 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 1–47. —— 2016b. ‘Glass Vessel Use in Time of Conflict: The Evidence from the Bar Kokhba Refuge Caves in Judaea, Israel (135/136 c.e.)’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 376: 29–62. —— 2016c. ‘The Glass Finds’, in E.  Yehuda and Y.  Paz, An Early Islamic Industrial Site at Ramla (South): The 2008 Excavations Season, Salvage Excavation Report, 9 (Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University), pp. 79–87. —— 2018. ‘Glass Finds’, in U. Leibner (ed.), Khirbet Wadi Hamam: A Roman Period Village and Synagogue in the Lower Galilee, Qedem Reports, 13 ( Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Institute of Archaeology), pp. 465–94. Jackson-Tal, R. E. and Y. Gorin-Rosen. 2018. ‘Glass’, in M. Zapata-Meza, A. Garza Diaz Barriga, and R. Sanz-Rincón, ‘The Magdala Archaeological Project (2010–2012): A Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Migdal’, ‘Atiqot, 90: 110–17. Jones, J. 1987. ‘The Glass’, in S. Thomas Parker (ed.), The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1985, ii, British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 340.2 (Oxford: Archaeopress), pp. 621–53. Katsnelson, N. 2012. ‘The Glass Vessels from Ḥorbat ‘Illin (Upper)’, ‘Atiqot, 71: 47*–56*. —— 2014. ‘The Glass Finds from Bet She’an (Youth Hostel)’, ‘Atiqot, 77: 23*–57*. Kehrberg, I. 1986. ‘Summary Report on Glass’, in F. Zayadine (ed.), Jerash Archaeological Project, i: 1981–1983 (Amman: Department of Antiquities of Jordan), pp. 375–84. Keller, D. 2015. ‘Glass Finds from Area I (1997 Season)’, in K. J. H. Vriezen and U. Wagner-Lux (eds), Gadara-Umm Qēs, ii: The Twin Churches on the Roman–Byzantine Terrace and Excavations in the Streets, Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästinavereins, 30.2 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz), pp. 198–216. Khamis, E. 2001. ‘Two Wall Mosaic Inscriptions from the Umayyad Market Place in Bet Shean/Baysān’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 64: 159–76. Lichtenberger, A. and R. Raja. 2017. ‘Mosaicists at Work: The Organisation of Mosaic Production in Early Islamic Jerash Period’, Antiquity, 91: 998–1010. —— 2019. ‘Defining Borders: The Umayyad-Abbasid Transition and the Earthquake of ad 749 in Jerash’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Byzantine and Umayyad Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, Jerash Papers, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 265–82. Lichtenberger, A. and others. 2017. ‘A Newly Excavated Private House in Jerash: Reconsidering Aspects of Continuity and Change in Material Culture from Late Antiquity to the Early Islamic Period’, Antiquité Tardive, 24: 327–69. Magen, Y. (ed.). 2009. Flavia Neapolis: Shechem in the Roman Period, ii, Judea and Samaria Papers, 11 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority). McNicoll, A., R. H. Smith, and B. Hennessy. 1982. Pella in Jordan, i: An Interim Report on the Joint University of Sydney and the College of Wooster Excavations at Pella 1979–1981 (Canberra: Australian National Gallery). Meyer, C. 1988. ‘Glass from the North Theater Byzantine Church, and Soundings at Jerash, Jordan, 1982–1983’, in W. E. Rast (ed.), Preliminary Reports of ASOR-Sponsored Excavations 1982–1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for the American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 175–222. —— 1989. ‘Crown Window Panes: Constantinian or Justinian?’, in A. Leonard and B. B. Williams (eds), Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, 47 (Chicago: The Oriental Institute), pp. 213–19. O’Hea, M. 1992. ‘The Glass Industry of Pella and the Decapolis’, ARAM Periodical, 4: 253–64. —— 1993. ‘Glass from Areas XXXIV and XXIX (Hellenistic–Abbasid)’, in A. G. Walmsley and others, ‘The Eleventh and Twelfth Seasons of Excavations at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) 1989–1990’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 27: 221–27. Peleg, M. 1994. ‘Bet She’an: A Paved Street and Adjacent Remains’, ‘Atiqot, 25: 139–55. Pollak, R. 2003. ‘Early Islamic Glass from Caesarea: A Chronological and Typological Study’, Annales du 15e Congrès de l’Association internationale pour l’histoire du verre (Nottingham: Association internationale pour l’histoire du verre), pp. 165–70.

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—— 2007. ‘Excavation in Marcus Street, Ramla: The Glass Vessels’, Contract Archaeology Reports, 2: 100–33. Reisner, G. A., C. S. Fisher, and D. G. Lyon. 1924. Harvard Excavations at Samaria, 1908–1910 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni­ versity Press). Sarig, S. 2009. ‘Glass Vessels from Ras el-‘Ein’, in Y. Magen (ed.), Flavia Neapolis: Shechem in the Roman Period, ii, Judea and Samaria Papers, 11 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 23–37. Schwarzer, H. 2014. ‘Glass Finds’, in A. Lichtenberger, R. Raja, and A. H. Sørensen, ‘The Danish-German Jarash Northwest Quarter Project 2013: Preliminary Registration Report’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 58: 48–49. Segal, E. and others (eds). 2009. Hippos-Sussita: Tenth Season of Excavations ( July and September 2009) (Haifa: University of Haifa, Zinman Institute of Archaeology). Smith, R. H. and L. P. Day. 1989. Pella of the Decapolis, ii: Final Report on the College of Wooster Excavations in Area IX, the Civic Complex, 1979–1985 (Wooster: College of Wooster). Smith, R. H. and A. W. McNicoll. 1992. ‘The Roman Period’, in A. W. McNicoll and others (eds), Pella in Jordan, ii: The Second Interim Report of the Joint University of Sydney and the College of Wooster Excavations at Pella, 1982–1985, Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement, 2 (Sydney: Meditarch), pp. 119–44. Spaer, M. 2001. Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects, Israel Museum Catalogue, 447 ( Jerusalem: The Israel Museum). Weinberg, G. D. and S. M. Goldstein. 1988. ‘The Glass Vessels’, in G. D. Weinberg (ed.), Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine (Columbia: University of Missouri), pp. 38–102. Winter, T. 2011. ‘The Glass Finds’, in R.  Bar-Nathan and W.  Atrash, Bet She’an, ii: Baysān: The Theater Pottery Workshop, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, 48 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 345–62. —— 2015. ‘The Glass Finds’, in G. Mazor and W. Atrash, Bet She’an, iii: Nysa-Scyhopolis: The Southern and Severan Theaters, i: The Stratigraphy and Finds, Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, 58.1 ( Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority), pp. 207–27. Wootton, W. 2012. ‘Making and Meaning: The Hellenistic Mosaic from Tel Dor’, American Journal of Archaeology, 116: 209–34. Zayadine, F. 1973. ‘Recent Excavations on the Citadel of Amman’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 18: 17–35.

Lamps

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Alexandra Uscatescu Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain [email protected]

T

his study is based on a preselection of pottery oil lamps made by members of the Danish-German team in Jerash, between 2012 and 2016. The set of pottery lamps consists of 422 items, including sherds and intact lamps, and a clay mould. Although a specific classification has been made for the material found in the excavations of the Northwest Quarter, references to previous classifications of this type of objects can be found in Table 3.1, which shows the main equivalences of lamp types in the region regarding the classification presented here. This study is accompanied by a catalogue of pieces, as well as drawings and photographs of the most relevant lamps, either by their shape or their good state of preservation. Figures 3.1–3.13 show a graphical summary of the main types of lamps documented in the Northwest Quarter. When a preserved sherd was too small, it has been preferred to include a drawing of an intact lamp found elsewhere, with the aim of offering the best overall view of the type of lamp.

* The following abbreviations for ceramic is used: ARS = African Red Slip; GL  = Gerasa Lamp; HIPPO  = (Gerasa Late Roman Round Lamp) Hippodrome variant; JB = Jerash Bowl; JL = Jerash Lamp; JUTZ = (Gerasa Late Roman Round Lamp) Jerash Upper Temple Zeus variant; LGL = Late Gerasa Lamp. Unless otherwise indicated, all drawings are by the author. Most of the lamp drawings are based on the original pencil drawings by the team from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. Others were made by the author based on the photographs or redrawn from other publications. All photos belong to the DanishGerman Jerash Northwest Quarter Project.

Introduction Previous Studies on Pottery Lamps in the Mediterranean Levant Unlike other ceramic objects and due to their aesthetic and iconographic values, pottery lamps have been the subject of various interests, including the antique markets, detaching a good number of pieces from any archaeological context, as is reflected in many publications of private collections and museums. In addition, the analysis of the lamps in the Levant also has a philological bias, which was shown very early in the history of the research, since a good part of the regional lamps bear inscriptions in different local languages, mainly Greek and Arabic, but also in Hebrew, Syriac, and Nabatean. This fact has captured the interest of many researchers. The Christian inscriptions were first studied by Frederick J. Bliss, and later the Arabic inscriptions were studied by Charles Clermont-Ganneau, among others.1 In the case of Gerasa, this concern has been equally enriching and limiting. Although it has led to interesting studies on the ethnic-religious origins of the potters and their markets,2 it has also served to set inaccurate chronological limits for the local productions. This is the case with the Jerash Lamps, which are still associated with the Early Islamic period in recent publications, despite the fact that the most recent stratigraphic data in Gerasa have confirmed their presence in Late Byzantine levels, as we will see later. The first studies that served as references for the lamps of the region were the classification works by 1  Clermont-Ganneau 1897; Wright 1905, 457; Ronzevalle 1914–21. 2  Gawlikowski 1995; Lapp 2007.

Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja, JP 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2020), 53–223 BREPOLS PUBLISHERS DOI 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.121553

Alexandra Uscatescu

54 Table 3.1. Main correspondences between lamp types. Type

Correspondence

L-1

Howland 26B

L-2

Hadad 2, Sepphoris 2

L-3

Capernaum L.2.2, Hadad 4, Kenkel 10, Kennedy 3

L-4

Sepphoris 8

L-7

Da Costa 4, Galling 7, Hadad 7, Kennedy 5, Sepphoris 10

L-8

Díez L.9.4, Hadad 13, Kennedy 8, Sepphoris 12, Sussman LR48

L-9

Capernaum Luc. 5, Da Costa 16, Díez L.12, Hadad 16, Kennedy 10, Sussman B49

L-10

Kennedy 9, Sīlet edh-Dharh IV

L-11

Kennedy 28 #816

L-14

Da Costa 8, Díez L.13, Hadad 21, Kennedy 12, Rosenthal-Sivan #423–32, Sussman B46

L-15

Capernaum Luc. 7.4

L-16

Capernaum Luc. 6, Da Costa 9, Hadad 22, Sepphoris 17, Sussman B33

L-17

Scholl II

L-19.3

Australian IX

L-20

Australian X, Scholl IV.2

L-21.2

Australian I, Scholl III

L-21.4

Australian VI, Scholl IV.3

L-21.5

Scholl IV.3

L-21.8

Scholl IV.3

L-21.9

Sepphoris 21

L-21.10

Australian XVII, Scholl IV.4

L-21.12

Scholl IV.3

L-22

Australian XVIII, Scholl IV.1

L-23.2

Scholl V

L-24.2

Scholl VI.1

L-25

Hadad 32.1, Kennedy 24, Samaritan 4, Sussman B25/B26

L-26

Kennedy 23, Magness 4B/4C

L-27.1

Capernaum Luc. 4, Da Costa 17/18, Hadad 28, Kennedy 19, Magness 3A/B, Rosenthal-Sivan ‘Slipper’ A/B, Scholl I

L-27.2

Inscribed lamp

L-27.3

Da Costa 19, Kennedy 29 #835, Magness 3D, Sussman B14.4

L-28

Hadad 24 #279

L-29

Capernaum Luc. 7.6, Hadad 30, Rosenthal-Sivan #510–11, Sussman B42-B44, Waliszewski 14

L-30

Da Costa 23, Hadad 36, Kennedy 23, Magness 5

L-31.1

Sussman BW16

Jerash Lamps, Da Costa 21, Hadad 29, Kennedy 22

‘Slipper’ Lamp

Hadad 31

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Sigfried Loeschcke for Vindonissa, Oscar Broneer for Corinth, Frederick Waagé for Antioch on the Orontes, Paul Baur for Dura Europos, and Donald Bailey for the British Museum Collections.3 These have been reference works until relatively recently, when more detailed studies, illustrated with a greater number of drawings, have implemented other typological references, preferably based on local stratigraphic data. At a regional level, the oldest typological study of lamps is that of Kurt Galling, who collected the different types found in the main Palestinian sites excavated at the beginning of the twentieth century (Tel Gezer, Tel Ta’annek, and Shephela) and offered the first typological and chronological frameworks.4 Regarding the later periods, another pioneering study is that of Florence Day who focused on the problem of the differentiation between pre-Islamic and Islamic productions in the region.5 In the 1960s and 1970s, the catalogues of lamps devoted to private collections produced two works, which are still referenced even today. On one side, the catalogue by Charles Kennedy for the Whiting Collection of Palestinian pottery from Yale University (currently Yale University Art Gallery), whose collections came from antique purchases by the American Colony of Jerusalem. 6 And on the other, the classification by Renate Rosenthal and René Sivan of the Schloessinger Collection, which included an important ensemble of eastern Mediterranean lamps, especially a set from the Gerasa potter’s store. Rosenthal and Sivan’s publication includes stratigraphic data from archaeological reports, which made it possible to review and spread out the reduced chronological limits that had been applied to the regional lamps since the early twentieth century.7 During this period, the first doctoral dissertation on the subject came to light, written by Joseph Elgavish, 8 as well as the first monographic study on regional productions, on the so-called ‘Herodian’ Lamps written by Robert Smith.9 The decades of the 1980s and 1990s witnessed relevant archaeological excavations in the region, especially in Gerasa, with the result of a substantial growth

of stratigraphic data that made it possible to refine the chronology assigned to many types of local lamps and the determination of some producing centres. In the published excavation reports, references to lamps are extremely numerous, so I will focus on the northern area of the region and especially on the Gerasa site itself. In this regard, the contributions by Ina Kehrberg on the kilns of the Hippodrome and the adjacent area stand out, offering wide chronological margins that span from the Hellenistic period to the Islamic conquest.10 There is also a work on local productions by Tomasz Scholl, on the lamps found in the Polish excavations of the South Decumanus housing, dating from the Transitional to Early Islamic periods,11 and another study is that of the lamps found in the Macellum, which offers a chronological framework even closer to that of the Northwest Quarter, since the lamps found in the Spanish excavations range from Late Hellenistic times to the Islamic period. 12 At a regional level, publications on lamps have also grown exponentially, especially in works supported by doctoral dissertations such as the studies by Shulamit Hadad on Beth She’an lamps,13 those by Kate Da Costa on the lamps of Pella,14 and two other theses of regional scope by Glen Hartelius and Eric Lapp, respectively.15 In other cases, studies on lamps were included in dissertations devoted to regional pottery studies, such as Florentino Díez’s doctoral thesis on the Roman pottery wares of Galilee,16 and Jodi Magness’s dissertation on the ceramics of Late Antique Jerusalem.17 The publication of lamp collections continued in the last decades of the twentieth century, with the publication of the ‘Warschaw Collection’ at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem,18 and Giuliana Guidoni’s articles on the lamps of the Antiquarium of Boṣrā (collection of the Directorate General of Antiquities of Syria), which show typological features very similar to those of the Gerasa findings.19 10 

Kehrberg 1986; 1989; 2001; 2011a. Scholl 1986; 1991. 12  Uscatescu 1992. 13  Hadad’s dissertation from 1992 has been published in several papers: Hadad 1997; 1999. 14  Da Costa 2003. 15  Hartelius 1991; Lapp 1997. 16  Díez 1983. 17  Magness 1993. 18  Israeli and Avida 1988. 19  Guidoni 1990; 1994. 11 

3 

Loeschcke 1919; Broneer 1930; Waagé 1934; Baur 1947; Bailey 1975; 1988. 4  Galling 1923. 5  Day 1942, 64. 6  Kennedy 1963, 67. 7  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978. 8  Elgavish 1962. 9  Smith 1961.

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Alexandra Uscatescu

56 In recent decades, relevant publications include the discovery of new production centres of lamps in the nearby Beth She’an site,20 the publications of the Adler and the Bouvier collections,21 congress proceedings on lamp productions of the region,22 as well as the doctoral thesis by Frauke Kenkel on the pottery of Tall Zirā’a, which includes a chapter on lamps published in a shorter version years later. 23 Finally, the outstanding works by Varda Sussman, culminating in the classification of the large collection of the Israel Antiquities Authority organized by regions and chronological periods, is one of the most useful repertoires, although Jordanian findings are less well represented.24 The Chronological and Geographical Framework for the Lamps of the Northwest Quarter The chronological framework of the Northwest Quarter set of lamps ranges from the Hellenistic to the Early Islamic periods, the local lamps of Late Byzantine/ Early Umayyad chronology being the largest group (Graph 3.1). A group of Late Roman local productions from trench J stands out (ev. 61 and 62), as does a set of Early Islamic lamps found in a Late Umayyad context in trench K (ev. 3 and ev. 44), recently published.25 The current state of knowledge on lamp production forces us to generally rethink the reliability of lamps for dating — in particular when it comes to the Gerasa lamp productions. In recent years, evidence of the reemployment of old moulds and the creation of new ones based on ancient lamps has been recovered from Late Roman levels in the Hippodrome. In addition to this, hybrid lamp types have been found in several Late Umayyad levels around the city. These hybrid types were manufactured using a mixture of old late upper moulds and new designed lower moulds, which were made ad hoc to fit the upper part of the lamp. The most obvious conclusion is that the pottery lamps themselves are not a very precise tool to date archaeological contexts.26 On the contrary, the stratigraphic data together with the material culture of each archaeological con20 

Hadad 2002. Adler 2004; Chrzanovski 2015. 22  The congress was held in Petra and Amman in 2005: Frangié and Salles 2011. 23  Kenkel 2012; 2016; 2020. 24  Sussman 2009; 2012; 2017. 25  Lichtenberger and others 2016. 26  Da Costa 2001, 242; Kehrberg 2001, 233; 2011a, 129, fig. 1.1–2. 21 

text should be considered when dating a lamp. In this sense, Kehrberg warns us about how the potters of the Hippodrome repair moulds, and also how they replicate old types by using old lamps and possibly genuine matrices. The reason for this habit must be linked to a pre-industrial circular economy. An economy in which nothing is thrown away and everything is useful, extending the natural life of tools and objects to the maximum. Another explanation of this habit is the tendency to archaism in the case of some objects, such as lamps, where objects are used in social contexts in which the formal tradition is most appropriate. In this regard, Kehrberg has pointed out certain festivals,27 to which we can add the traditional funeral uses maintained until the Byzantine period. The development of the regional lamps has been explained on many occasions, so I will follow the clarifying description of Sussman.28 At regional level, there seems to be a first generation of lamps related to Attic prototypes that produce local imitations and derivatives.29 This is the starting point for the introduction of foreign ‘wheel-made lamps with closed reservoir’ that will coexist with the local tradition of the Iron Age and the Persian period represented by the ‘wheel-made saucer lamps’. These pieces represent a kind of ‘intermittent’ tradition, which was never totally abandoned, since much later, in Islamic times, this type of local lamps was again manufactured.30 The introduction of moulds in the manufacture of pottery lamps seems to thrive from the first century bc, with the first lamps called ‘dolphinform’ or ‘Radial Lamps’ with circular reservoir and long nozzle, which are found in the same contexts as the so-called ‘Herodian’ Lamps (wheel-made lamps with spatulate nozzle), with finds that extend from the Nabatean sites in the south, to the upper Galilee in the north. Both types, ‘Radial’ and ‘Herodian’ Lamps, lasted until the third quarter of the first century ad (Fig. 3.1. L-2 and L-3).31 In Roman times, the mould-made lamps prospered. There were two prototypes manufactured in the area. Both are derivatives of the typical Roman discus lamp, either with a ‘protruding nozzle’ or with an ‘arched voluted top nozzle’, also known as ‘Darom’ lamp (‘south’ in Hebrew) in Palestine (Fig. 3.2. L-6 and L-7). These two types of pottery lamps are the predominant mod27 

Kehrberg 2011a, 137. Sussman 1982, 1–12. 29  Rosenthal-Heginbottom 2016, 429. 30  Gichon and Linden 1984. 31  Sussman 1982, 7; Gunneweg and Pearlman 1984–85, 80. 28 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash els for local workshops, including Gerasa (i.e. ‘Gerasa Lamps’)32 until Early Byzantine times, when new types emerge (pear-shaped or round lamps).33 However, the decorated discus of these Roman lamps quickly disappeared and was replaced by large filling holes surrounded by concentric rings, restricting the printed or moulded decoration to the lamp shoulders (Fig.  3.2. L-8). Possibly, this change of the discus shape can be explained by the use of another type of fuel of a solid nature. This is the predominant feature of the ‘Jabal Jofeh’ lamps or of the second generation of the Gerasa Lamps (the so-called JUTZ and HIPPO variants, and the ‘Round-shaped no discus’ lamp in Da Costa’s classification).34 In addition, the development of different types of nozzles tends to the extinction of the traditional volutes. In some cases, the punctual presence of unusual types with hypertrophied volutes is observed in Gerasa (Fig. 3.3. L-11). From the third to fourth centuries, new types of lamps begin to emerge, morphologically based on the two Roman archetypes of the second century, which are still common throughout the region (Fig. 3.3. L-9 to L-16). An explosion of local variants is documented in the Late Byzantine and Transitional periods, although restricted to smaller geographical areas (Fig. 3.3. L-9 to L-16; Fig. 3.4. L-17; Figs 3.5–7. L-19, L-20, and L-21). 35 In the Umayyad period, this disintegrating trend continued (Fig. 3.8. L-22 and L-23; Fig. 3.9. L-24). A convergence of traditions can be seen in the Late Umayyad period and even more clearly in Abbasid times, and was translated into an almost unique production of ovoid or almond-shaped lamp with channel-nozzle, decorated with geometric, vegetal, or epigraphic patterns. This ovoid lamp is the predominant type in the region until at least the eleventh century, and it is exemplified by the lamps of Khirbet al-Mafjar (Fig. 3.13. L-30).36 However, as already mentioned, a return to the ‘wheel-made saucer lamps’ is also documented in the Early Islamic period, for example in the Sanctuary of Artemis of Gerasa (an open-bowl type

with pinched nozzle),37 later systematized at the site of Emmaus.38 Obviously, this could be an oversimplified view, because in many cases an interaction with metal models in the design of the pottery lamps should be taken into account,39 as well as the widely documented habit of the re-employment of old moulds and the creation of countermoulds modelled on intact lamps, a trend that is inherent to the lamp mass production system. In the Mediterranean Levant, there are many studies on pottery lamps. This has resulted in a multitude of typological classifications and a moderately good knowledge of the chronological margins of the main types of lamps, although these margins are wider than desirable when it comes to date archaeological contexts. However, production evidence is not as abundant as one might think. Recently, production evidence for the manufacture of several types of Hellenistic lamps has been found at the site of Shiḥin (wheel-made ‘Herodian’ Lamps, mould-made Northern plain type lamps, and Lapp’s Sepphorean spatulate lamps)40 and at the site of Jabne (‘Darom’ type lamps).41 Both workshops are dated around mid-second century ad. In addition, a local production of the Broneer 25 lamp type has been found in Beth She’an,42 and several Late Roman/Early Byzantine lamp moulds have been found in Beit Naṭṭif cisterns.43 Moulds found in Caesarea are linked to the imitation of Beit Naṭṭif lamp type,44 and the findings of moulds in Mt Nebo, Khirbet el-Ni’ana, Dorot, and Pella are related to the Late Byzantine production of the ‘Slipper’ Lamp (Northwest Quarter type L-27), traditionally attributed to Jerusalem exclusively.45 Other productions of lamps are associated with certain geographical areas due to the appearance of inscriptions in certain local languages. This is the case of the Nabatean lamps of the first and second centuries,46 as well as the Samaritan production. The latter was determined by inscriptions in the Samaritan 37 

Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 43. Gichon and Linden 1984. 39  Xanthopoulou 2005, 303. 40  Strange and Aviam 2017, 79. 41  Sussman 1982, 10. 42  Fitzgerald 1931, pl. xxix.1A. 43  Baramki 1936. 44  Sussman 1980b, 76. 45  Alliata 1994b, 640, fig. 4; Da Costa 2010, 78; Sussman 2017, 91, fig. 64a–b. 46  Petra’s workshop i: Grawehr 2011, 19. 38 

32  Not to be confused with the later ‘Jerash Lamp’ of Byzantine and Early Islamic chronology. 33  Sussman 1982, 10; 2017, 5; Da Costa 2010, 80. 34   JUTZ is the acronym of ‘Jerash Upper Terrace of Zeus (temple)’, and HIPPO is an abbreviation of ‘Hippodrome’. 35  Guidoni 1994, 409; Da Costa 2001, 243; 2010, 80. 36  Baramki 1942, 73, pl. xvii.5 and 7; Sussman 1982, 12; 2017, 5; Sodini and others 1992, 210, fig. 12.1–5 (north) and fig. 12.6–7 (south).

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Alexandra Uscatescu

58 dialect and by the way in which the filling hole is broken post-cocturam, although the mould preserved in a private collection is doubtful in Sussman’s opinion.47 Gerasa as a Lamp Producing Centre The first notices about the production of pottery lamps in Gerasa date from the end of the nineteenth century, and account for the interest aroused by the Arabic inscriptions, which include the indication of the year, the name of the potter, and the place of production (‘biJarash’).48 The great discovery of lamps at Jerash came in October 1933, when the highway leading to ‘Ammān was extended, and the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem discovered an old hypogeic tomb, later reused with evidence of a pottery workshop. The recovered materials — mainly lamps, terracottas, and their respective moulds — were published by John Henry Iliffe, who dated the objects to the beginning of the second century. Topographic data indicated that it was a reused tomb, located to the south-west of the city, and contemporary to its cemetery use prior to the construction of the Hippodrome and the Hadrian’s Arch at the beginning of the second century (some ot the foundation trenches of the Hippodrome’s cauea contained pottery wasters of the first century bc/ ad).49 This important group of lamps became part of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem, and later much of it was incorporated into the Miriam Schaar-Schloessinger Collection in New York. However, Rosenthal and Sivan’s studies on this collection extended the chronological framework of the ensemble to the entire second century,50 implying that the potter’s workshop activity would continue after the building date of Hadrian’s Arch and the Hippodrome. Later in the 1930s, the Anglo-American excavations in the Sanctuary of Artemis found three kilns and several potter’s workrooms covering the area of the ancient altar in front of the temple, which was subsequently dismantled in Christian times.51 One of these kilns was specialized in the production of pottery lamps, as supported by the finding of moulds and 150 finished lamps, beside

47 

Sussman 2017, 6. Clermont-Ganneau 1897, 247–48. 49  Iliffe 1945, 1–26; Kehrberg 2011b, 3. 50  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 90–97. 51  Fisher 1938a, 133. 48 

many scattered ones.52 This lamp kiln was assigned to the Byzantine period by Clarence Fisher and Chester McCown, 53 and among the finds that support this Byzantine dating two lamp moulds stand out, one depicting the baptism of Jesus, and another the prophet Daniel in the lion’s den.54 Probably on account of this imagery, John Henry Iliffe also attributed this kiln to the late fifth century.55 However, Jerome Schaefer thinks that this kiln is more likely Umayyad.56 The problem seems unsolvable since none of these kilns were properly published and besides that, the pottery workshop was dismantled along with other associated structures. Unfortunately, no photographs or drawings were published.57 There is also a notice recovered from the 1928 excavations of some lamps found in the caves around the Sanctuary of Artemis. However, these finds were never published, except a ‘Gerasa Lamp’ with volutes and mould decoration with a pattern of bunches of grapes (L-6).58 During the excavations of the Jerash Archaeological Project in the 1980s, the Italian team discovered more kilns in the Artemision, dated mainly to the eighth century. This date is supported by the discovery of a lamp with a base decorated with ducks and a Kufic inscription indicating ‘made in Jerash’ and the date of 125 H (ad 742/43). This evidence offered a plausible dating of c. 749 for the destruction of kiln D.59 A more detailed study of this lamp kiln on the upper terrace of the Sanctuary of Artemis, located between the temple and the altar, was published recently.60 It seems that the first phase of kiln D could be dated to the sixth century, but the structure shows several reconstructions until the middle of the eighth century determined during the 1980–1981 excavations. From the typological point of view, lamps of kiln D correspond to a lot dated to the first half of the eighth century, 61 mainly Northwest 52 

Many of the Jerash Lamps of the Yale University Art Gallery belong to the Late Byzantine and Early Islamic local types ( [accessed 1 March 2021]). Some of them may belong to these excavations. 53  Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 42. 54  Fisher 1938a, 138, pl. xxviii.a. 55  Iliffe 1945, 1. 56  Schaefer 1986, 419. 57  Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 9–10. 58  Fisher 1938b, 550, fig. 32.15. 59  Pierobon 1983–84, 95, fig. 52C; 1986, 185; Pierobon-Benoit 2018, § 26, fig. 9. 60  Pierobon-Benoit 2018, § 4, 8, figs 3–6. 61  Pierobon-Benoit 2018, § 18–22.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Quarter types: late L-21.10, the hybrid type L-23.1, and the Islamic channel-nozzle type L-24.62 The kilns on the stairway of the Sanctuary of Artemis could be somewhat older than kiln D, but never earlier than the seventh century.63 Some of the Jerash Lamps found there were badly fired, and these fit Northwest Quarter types L-21.2, L-21.10, and L-23.1 (see below).64 Recently, the products of another lamp workshop have been published. The wasters are especially concentrated in the southern exedra of the Sanctuary of Artemis, which was excavated between 1984–1987 and located on the Cardo Maximus facade. At this point, according to Daniela Baldoni, these wasters could be associated with a hypothetical kiln dismantled in previous excavations.65 In the quarter west of the church of St Theodore, another potter’s workshop was found in House V (kiln in room A8), probably also devoted to Jerash Lamp production. Clarence Fisher associated this workshop with the Byzantine period (late fifth century and later).66 However, this chronology was recently confined to the Umayyad period and, according to Schaefer, the Byzantine chronological ascription can be ruled out.67 Unfortunately, the only illustrated lamp in Fisher’s publication is unclear; the lamp, with zoomorphic handle and channel-nozzle (see below: Northwest Quarter type L-24), can be dated to Islamic times and was found in cistern 1, which was in use until c. 500 when it was transformed into House VI (adjacent to the lamp kiln of House V).68 In the 1980s, the excavations carried out by the American Center of Oriental Research discovered some Umayyad kilns in the North Theatre. The waster originating from these kilns can be dated to the first half of the eighth century. In the filling of the reducing kiln, there were numerous lamps that correspond to the local type with zoomorphic handle, although it also seems that they occurred occasionally in the oxidation kiln as 62  Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig. 4.2, 4–5 (Northwest Quarter type L-21.10), fig. 4.1, 3, 8–10, 12–14 (Northwest Quarter type L-21.10, hybrid upper mould with a flat almond-shaped base of type L-23.1), figs 5.2 and 6 (Northwest Quarter type L-24). 63  Bitti 1986, 191. 64  Bitti 1986, pl. ix.2 left (Northwest Quarter type L-21.2), right (Northwest Quarter type L-21.10), and centre (Northwest Quarter type L-23.1). 65  Baldoni 2019, 130, fig. 3.10. 66  Fisher 1938c, 284. 67  Schaefer 1986, 421. 68  Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 11, fig. 1; Fisher 1938c, 282.

59

secondary products, since ‘several warped and vitrified examples were retrieved from surrounding waster deposits’. 69 Schaefer compared the ceramic ensemble with Pella’s destruction deposits dated to 746/47 (a date now corrected to 749).70 Here it should be pointed out that the Northwest Quarter type L-21.10 was produced in the North Theatre kilns: an upper mould that is usually associated with the Umayyad hybrid production, which uses the Northwest Quarter type L-23.1 as the lower mould. In addition, the North Theatre workshops manufactured the typical Islamic Jerash Lamp with channelnozzle, Northwest Quarter type L-24 (Figs 3.8–3.9). Another small kiln in the porch of the North Theatre was excavated by the Australian team in the JNT-C area, although most of the wasters correspond to the typical grey and orange coarse wares painted with white strokes and dated to the first half of the eighth century; a date supported by the finding of an Umayyad post-reform coin.71 Here, a lamp corresponding to the Australian mould xvii was found (Northwest Quarter type L-21.10).72 Regarding the manufacture of pottery lamps in Gerasa, other evidence coincides with the abandonment of the Umayyad House in the South Decumanus, when several kilns were installed in the northern part of the house. The publication indicates that ‘the fill inside the kilns and at corresponding higher levels outside contained several complete cooking pots apparently produced there, and also Abbasid lamps’.73 In any case, the kilns are dated to the second half of the eighth century, and surely before the ninth century. It is not clear whether those Abbasid lamps, with channel-nozzle and decoration of vegetal scrolls, were also a product of this kiln (L-30) or not.74 In any case, these lamps constitute a complete change in the local tradition and a new regional trend of oval Islamic lamps. These lamps would be dated in the second half of the eighth century and even later. Excavations carried out at the Hippodrome between 1984–1996 brought to light the most extensive lamp production site from the Roman period to a time before the Islamic conquest ever found in Gerasa. Production began with the need to supply offerings for hypogeic burials in the city’s south-west cemetery. The evidence 69  70  71  72  73  74 

Schaefer 1986, 417, 431, pl. vi.2. Schaefer 1986, 435, pl. vi.2. Walmsley 1986, 355. Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.25. Gawlikowski 1986, 117. Gawlikowski 1986, 120, pl. xiv.B.

Alexandra Uscatescu

60 of this early activity was scattered in later levels at the Hippodrome, but no intact kiln nor workshop from this period has been found. Moulds of Hellenistic and Roman types (first century bc to second century ad) together with misfired lamps of the first century have been found in the foundation trenches of the Hippodrome.75 The presence of Hellenistic and Roman moulds mixed with pottery wasters from the Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods (third and fourth/fifth centuries) has been interpreted by Kehrberg as a reuse of these moulds in later manufactures. In this sense, the manufacture of lamp shapes typical of the Hellenistic/Roman period using wares similar to the Late Roman ones stands out.76 These workshops produce not only lamps, but all kind of pottery (Gerasa Lamps, Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamps or HIPPO variant, Late Gerasa Lamps, Jerash Lamps, Jerash Bowls and the entire repertoire of common Byzantine pottery). As for the end of the pottery manufacture at the Hippodrome, the stratigraphy of chambers W-2 and W-3 is exemplary. Here, the workshop wasters — including an unfired set of pottery together with some Jerash Lamps with zoomorphic handles — were covered by a mass burial of the victims of a plague dated c. ad 650.77 Over this collective burial, a subsequent collapse of vaults and walls was determined as a result of the ad 749 earthquake.78 The local production of ‘Late Roman Round Lamp’ was established at the Sanctuary of Zeus during excavations in 1996–2000. The first pieces were found in a context destroyed by a fire in the oil press and the carpentry workshops located at the foot of the Temple of Zeus and dated to the second half of the third century.79 Years later on the basis of the accumulation of finds in this area, Kehrberg proposed its place of manufacture near the Temple of Zeus and called them ‘JUTZ lamps’, a variant with an impressed decoration on the shoulders.80 In addition, lamp moulds have been found in various places of the city, such as the foundation of the narthex of Bishop Marianos church, opposite the Hippodrome, with a terminus ante quem of 570. This mould corresponds to the type of Jerash Lamp with tongue handle

(L-17),81 and certainly its presence there is related to the pottery activities of the Hippodrome workshops. From the domestic area of the South Decumanus, the Polish team published several moulds found in contexts dated before the construction of the Umayyad House (terminus ante quem of 659/60) and also in the levels associated with the Umayyad use of the house (terminus post quem of 660). Moulds 119 and 122 (Northwest Quarter type L-17.1 and a base type b.1, respectively) are outstanding, and Scholl dates them to the second half of the seventh century.82 However, this dating contrasts with the base mould no. 122 found at locus 16, which Gawlikowski places under the pavement of the Umayyad House, thereby dating it earlier than 660.83 Also during the Polish excavations of the South Decumanus, other moulds of Early Islamic chronology were found. One such example is a base mould that corresponds to the hybrid productions of Jerash Lamp. It was found in locus 23 and associated with coins of Constans II (641–668) making this mould the earliest testimony of this particular local production (Northwest Quarter type L-24.1).84 Another mould of the Jerash Lamp type with channelnozzle (Northwest Quarter type L-24.2) was found in locus 11E of the Umayyad House. It was found next to a lamp sherd of a similar type, but with an Arabic inscription indicating the date of its manufacture in 125 H (ad 742/43).85 In the excavations of the Macellum, vitrified fragments and some moulds corresponding to different variants of the Late Byzantine Jerash Lamp were also found.86 Finally, an upper mould of an Abbasid lamp was found in the excavations of the church of Bishop Isaiah (Northwest Quarter type L-30).87

81  75  76  77  78  79  80 

Kehrberg 2011a, 129, fig. 1.8. Kehrberg 2011a, 129, fig. 1.3–9. Kehrberg and Ostrasz 2014, 189. Kehrberg 2009, 496, fig. 3 (schematic chronological table). Rasson 1986, 67, fig. 10.17. Kehrberg 2011a, 132.

82  83  84  85  86  87 

Gawlikowski and Musa 1986, 147, pl. v.B, no. 14. Scholl 1991, 66, fig. 15.119 and 122. Gawlikowski 1986, 111. Gawlikowski 1986, 111; Scholl 1991, 84, fig. 15.121. Scholl 1986, 165, fig. 1.9; 1991, 84, fig. 15.124. Uscatescu 1992, 215. Clark 1986b, 317, pl. xv.30 lower left.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

The Pottery Lamps from the Northwest Quarter Excavations in Gerasa To accomplish the best possible analysis and classification of the lamps from the Northwest Quarter, only intact lamps and fragmentary pieces with diagnostic features were taken into account. A  small percentage of body and base sherds has been impossible to classify. The discussion of the main types, regardless their local or imported origin, has been organized according to major chronological periods.

Hellenistic and Early Roman Lamps Type L-1 This type is represented by a single, almost complete, wheel-made lamp with a closed tubular reservoir, like a ‘doughnut’, and with a small protuberant nozzle (Fig. 3.1. L-1). This piece lacks a slip and its fabric resembles that of the Hellenistic amphorae of Rhodian origin: pink core (10YR 6/3) and buff colour on the exterior (int.: 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 2.5YR  5/6). The shape of the lamp is related to the classical black-glazed Greek pottery lamps (corresponding to Broneer types 2–3) dated to the middle of the sixth to the fourth centuries bc.88 However, unlike the Northwest Quarter specimen, most archetypes have an open reservoir with the central tube higher than the lamp’s shoulders.89 In House 100 of Tell Nebesheh (Egypt), similar types dated to c. 244/43 bc were found, though they lack the glaze finish and have an open reservoir.90 Although Loeschcke suggested a south Italian origin for this form, the truth is that it is found in different locations around the Mediterranean coast since the first half of the sixth century bc.91 The archetype closest to the Gerasa piece, with a completely closed reservoir, is found in the Athenian agora. This can be classified as Howland 26B type, described as a ‘central tube with covered askos body’ and dated to the second half of the fourth century bc.92 Richard Howland points out the presence of a basket handle on 88  Broneer 1930, 36–38, fig. 14.13, pl. T.7 and 11; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 9–10, no. 5. 89  Bailey 1975, 95, pl. 29, Q129; Hayes 1980, pl. 3.12. 90  Bailey 1975, 251, pl. 107.Q.536 EA. 91  Loeschcke 1919, 311, fig. 15; Broneer 1930, 33, pl. i.7.11, fig. 14.3–5 and 13. 92  Howland 1958, 82–84, pl. 13.372, 374–75 and pl. 40.372, 374–75.

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the top of this type of lamp, a detail that can be ruled out in the case of the lamp from the Northwest Quarter. Broneer interprets the open socket in the middle ‘to fit on a peg on which the lamp was fixed’.93 In the Northwest Quarter, this lamp turns out to be a residual element in a context with diverse material, including pottery sherds of the Mamluk period (trench C ev. 53). Cat. no. 123. Type L-2, ‘Radial Lamps’ Lamp with a circular reservoir, decorated with radial lines around the filling hole and a long nozzle. It corresponds to Kennedy type 2, considered as a local variant of Broneer type 18, and dates to the second century bc. Unlike the prototype, this is unglazed (Fig. 3.1. L-2).94 It also corresponds to Hadad type 2,95 and Sepphoris type 2.96 They are commonly known as ‘Radial Lamps’ because of the decoration pattern.97 These lamps were manufactured in different points of the region. In Judea, for instance, they appeared along with the use of moulds c. 85/75 bc and continued to occur until the beginning of the first century ad.98 In the coastal region, its production is dated slightly earlier, as in Dora (second century bc to the Early Roman period) and in Sepphoris (second century bc to first half of the first century ad). In the Decapolis, the production of ‘Radial Lamps’ is documented in the first century, as the findings of Beth She’an and Gerasa support.99 Some local pieces exhibit traces of slip, like the prototype. In other cases, the finish can be considered more of a ‘wash’, as seen on examples from Beth She’an and Samaria, respectively.100 The pieces recovered in the Northwest Quarter lack this type of finish, and the ware colours vary from grey to buff. In Gerasa, the ‘Radial Lamps’ have been found in different parts of the city, with fabrics similar to those of the first century bc to first century ad. However, some of the pieces found in the potter’s store published by Iliffe exhibit a black slip.101 Among the lamps from the excavations at the Temple of Zeus, the only contextualized 93 

Broneer 1930, 33. Kennedy 1963, 71, pl. xx.484. 95  Hadad 2002, 13, no. 2–3. 96  Lapp 2016, 22, no. 10. 97  Sussman 1982, 7. 98  Rosenthal-Heginbottom 2016, 430. 99  Hadad 2002, 13, no. 2–3; Lapp 2016, 22, no. 10. 100  Reisner, Fisher, and Lyon 1924, 320, fig. 193, i10a and i11b. 101  Iliffe 1945, 119, pl. vii.113. 94 

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Figure 3.1. Hellenistic and Roman Lamps. Types L-1 to L-5.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash specimens of this lamp type were found in level 11 of the stratigraphic survey at the southern end of the ‘Oval Piazza’. Here, ‘Radial Lamps’ are well represented in a context dated between the first century bc and mid-first century ad.102 Kehrberg has published other examples from the pre-construction phase of the Temple of Zeus, with fabrics more similar to the later local lamps.103 In the Hippodrome, some matrices and pieces were found in the fill of the foundation trenches of the building. Therefore, these pieces must be contemporary to the use of the area as a cemetery.104 This type of lamp is generally well documented in several hypogeic graves of the southwest necropolis.105 The rest of the findings from Gerasa come from Roman occupation levels, but they are always residual in these contexts.106 The same consideration applies to the sherds from the Northwest Quarter, of which only one lamp sherd comes from a Roman level (cat. no. 377: trench Q ev. 43) and another comes from a Late Roman context (cat. no. 374: trench Q ev. 37). The dating for this local production can be established between the first century bc and the first century ad. Cat. nos 12, 334, 374, and 377. Type L-3, ‘Herodian’ Lamps This type is one of the few wheel-made lamps found in the city of Gerasa. The name, ‘Herodian’ Lamp, was coined by Ovid  R. Sellers and Dimitri  C. Baramki, despite the fact that this particular production is not strictly contemporary to the reign of Herod the Great. Today, the name is maintained for reasons of academic coherence.107 This lamp type is also known as ‘wheelmade knife-pared lamp’ or ‘pared-nozzle lamp’. Due to the absence of imagery and the particular manufacturing technique, some scholars suggest a special link between this type of lamp and the Jewish communities, by virtue of the Hebrew laws of purity and also by the influence of carved limestone vessels.108 In this regard, I think that the find in the Northwest Quarter of a carved limestone vessel linked to the Jewish population and dated before 102 

Braemer 1986, 63, fig. 16.14. 103  Kehrberg 2011a, 129–30, fig. 1.3–9. 104  Kehrberg 2011a, 129–30, fig. 1.1, 3, 5, and 8. 105  Abu Dalu 1995, fig. 7, left second row. 106  Kehrberg 1986, 367, pl. v.1 and 9. 107  Sellers and Baramki 1953, 31. Some scholars doubt whether the origin of this lamp can be traced back to the kingdom of Herod (Gunneweg and Pearlman 1984–85, 79). 108  Gardner 2014, 285.

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ad 70 might be relevant.109 This lamp type has a circular reservoir and a triangular-shaped nozzle, shaped by knife before firing (Fig. 3.1. L-3). It corresponds to Kennedy type 3,110 Hadad type 4,111 Capernaum L-2.2 (= Smith type 2),112 and Kenkel’s group 10.113 The first typological considerations about this type of lamp were raised by Smith. Based on the shape of the edge of the filling hole, the Gerasa piece would correspond to Smith type 2.114 These lamps have been manufactured in several centres, although some petrographic analysis points to their manufacture in Samaria and Judea.115 Fabric analyses cannot determine the specific origin of the ‘Herodian’ Lamp, but confirm that pieces from Jerusalem, Oboda, and Meiron come from the same production centre.116 The Northwest Quarter piece features a light brown ware (7.5YR 6/4). As for its distribution pattern, this type of lamp is well represented in the western part of the region. It can be traced from the Nabatean sites in the south (Mampsis and Oboda)117 to Upper Galilee in the north of the region.118 The chronology established by Smith, from c.  40/20  bc to ad  135, 119 coincides with that obtained recently in the contexts of Caesarea dated from 22/10 bc to the first half of the second century ad.120 In the recently revised study of the excavations of De Vaux in Qumran, the ‘Herodian’ Lamps are dated between the first century bc and the second half of the second century ad.121 In Transjordan, it is not a common type, although it has been found in Gadara, Tall Zirā’a, and Pella.122 In Gerasa, this lamp type was found at level 11 of the stratigraphical sounding conducted at the northeast of the facade of the Temple of Zeus, and it is dated between the first century bc and the middle of the first

109  110  111  112  113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121  122 

Lichtenberger and Raja 2015, 494, fig. 14. Kennedy 1963, 71, pl. xx.487. Hadad 2002, 13, nos 5–10. Loffreda 1974, fig. 28.4; Loffreda 2008, 42–44. Kenkel 2016, 770, fig. 6.La39. Smith 1961, 60–61. Porath 2018, 137. Gunneweg and Pearlman 1984–85, 80. Negev 1986, 130–31. Díez 1983, 65. Smith 1961, 57. Porath 2018, 137. Młynarczyk 2013, 100–01, fig. 2.KhQ584. Kenkel 2016, 770, fig. 6.La39.

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64 century ad.123 The sherd from the Northwest Quarter is a residual find in an Umayyad context (trench X ev. 10). Cat. no. 428. Gerasa Lamps Under the name ‘Gerasa Lamps’, Rosenthal and Sivan included much of the ceramic that Iliffe published in the 1940s, which was stored in the Palestinian Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem since 1933, until 1938–1939 when part of it was acquired for the Schloessinger Collection.124 Being aware that ‘Gerasa Lamps’ comprise a variety of shapes, I will only use it to continue the scholarly tradition.125 On one hand, the set from the potter’s store at Gerasa included pieces formally linked to metal prototypes, similar to the bronze lamps found in the carpenter’s house and the oil press workshop located at the foot of the Temple of Zeus.126 On the other hand, this set includes pear-shaped lamps with a high handle, dilychnoi, trilychnoi, polylychnoi, and monolychnoi with a leaf-shaped handle (like Northwest Quarter type L-4), as well as lamps derived from imported imperial prototypes, i.e. lamps with spatulate nozzle (L-6) and round-shaped lamps with decorated discus (L-7).127 The production centre of these Roman types is placed at an undetermined point of the south-west Roman cemetery of the city, antedating the construction of the Hippodrome. Accordingly, Iliffe dated this pottery set to the beginning of the second century, but this dating is currently considered too short for the wide range of shapes contained in the ensemble from the potter’s store. Preferably, it should be dated to the second century.128 In addition to the potter’s store, production wasters and moulds of this type are found at the foundation trenches of the Hippodrome, along with coins dated to the middle of the second century. This later date would be the peak of the production of this kind of lamps.129 In the Temple of Zeus, the Gerasa Lamps have a terminus ante quem of c. 163.130 In the excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus, the Australian team also 123  124  125  126  127  128  129  130 

Braemer 1986, 63. Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 90–97. Kehrberg 2011a, 131. De Montlivault and Rasson 1986, pl. x–xi and fig. 2. Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 90. Iliffe 1945, 1; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 90. Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 1.11–13. Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 1.10, 14, and 16.

documented several Gerasa Lamps, mainly of the roundshaped type with decorated discus, in contexts dated to the beginning of the second century (Australian phase 2), although this phase can reach the beginning of the third century.131 In general, these lamps are found in the reused tombs from the Late Hellenistic to the RomanByzantine periods, but they are also found in Byzantine/ Umayyad contexts as residual material,132 as is the case of some pieces from the Northwest Quarter. There is also evidence of an eventual production of Roman lamps in the area of the inner courtyard of the Temple of Artemis. However, the available data is confusing: the Anglo-American excavation report mentions a lamp decorated with images of a goddess or a nymph in relief together with a bust of Silene under the ship’s bow, and a Greek inscription (‘a gift of thanks to the gods’) found in the workshop of the ancient Artemision.133 Type L-4 Lamp with circular nozzle, similar to the dilychnoi and trilychnoi of the Jerash potter’s store (Fig. 3.1. L-4).134 Similar fragments were found in Sepphoris and classified as type 8 — monolychnoi.135 In general, they are considered Palestinian copies of Italian forms of the Augustan era. In the Northwest Quarter, this lamp sherd can be considered a residual element in an Early Islamic context (trench O ev.  90), with a brown-coloured fabric (2.5YR 4/2). Cat. no. 360. Type L-6 Lamp with a round body and spatulate nozzle, triangular-shaped and rounded at the end, with rudimentary volutes and decorated rim, no discus (Fig. 3.2. L-6).136 The relief decoration is usually limited to vegetal motifs (bunches of grapes and laurel wreaths). This lamp derives from Loeschcke type 1 or Broneer type 22.137 It corresponds to Rosenthal and Sivan type 8 (‘Gerasa Lamps’ group), and it is related to the ‘Jewish’ or ‘Darom’ 131  Kehrberg 1986, 369, pl. v.2–4 (round-shaped) and pl. v.5 (spatulate nozzle). 132  Kehrberg 2011a, 131. 133   Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 43; Fisher 1938a, 138, pl. xxviii.a. 134  Iliffe 1945, pl. ix.130. 135  Lapp 2016, 47–48, nos 74–75. 136  Iliffe 1945, 25, pl. viii.155–56. 137  Broneer 1930, 76.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash lamps.138 The Gerasa production differs from the rest of the manufactures of the region, since it presents a coarser relief and a more restricted decorative repertoire. Furthermore, the upper parts of these lamps are covered by a slip carelessly splashed. This type of lamp would be dated between the beginning and the end of the second century.139 In the Hippodrome, this type appears in the foundation trenches of chambers W-24 and E-46, being dated earlier than the middle of the second century.140 The pieces of the Northwest Quarter correspond to two different kind of fabrics. Some are light buff, reddish-yellow (5YR  7/6) and pinkish-grey, covered by a slightly shiny and thick slip of red or brown colour (2.5YR 4/6), carelessly applied (pieces marked with an asterisk). The remaining sherds resemble more closely the coarse local productions on a pink or red colour fabric covered by a fine matt reddish slip. Among the pieces from the Northwest Quarter, some are decorated in relief on the shoulders with patterns of grape bunches or laurel wreath. This type of lamps would have a general dating of the second century. The discovery of some sherds in Roman contexts (cat. nos 361, 362, and 364: trench O ev. 101 and ev. 104; cat. no. 387: trench E ev. 21) and in a Late Roman level (cat. nos 318–19 and 321: trench L ev. 21) is outstanding. Cat. nos 190, 192, 194, 196*, 218, 227, 269*, 318, 319*, 321*, 331, 361*, 362*, 364, 371, 387*, 388*, and 397. Type L-7 Round lamp with mould-decorated discus, or with concentric ridges around the filling hole (Fig.  3.2. L-7.1 and L-7.2). This type of lamp could have a small handle, although not always. In the Northwest Quarter, the presence of the handleless variant of the Roman prototype has not been documented. The discus could be plain or decorated. In general, the shape of this lamp derives from the imperial prototypes Loeschcke type 8 and Broneer type 25, in which the nozzle is reduced to a semicircular appendix with different formal variants (hearth, oval, flat, or round-shaped). The decoration of the discus is shaped by mould relief, while the impressed motifs are applied on the shoulders. This type of lamp would be developed locally during the third and fourth centuries.141 It corresponds to the local lamps of Galling 138 

Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 96–97, nos 391–93. Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 1.10–14. 140  Kehrberg 1989, 86–87. 141  Loeschcke 1919, 237; Broneer 1930, 83–86, pl. x.505–25; 139 

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type 7,142 Kennedy type 5,143 ‘Gerasa Lamp’ of Rosenthal and Sivan classification (type 7) or ‘Round lamps with decorated discus’,144 Da Costa type 4,145 Hadad type 7 (variants 1B and 2),146 and Sepphoris type 10.147 It is also referred to as a ‘Palestinian Discus Lamp’. Díez believes that precisely this type of lamp proves that the Palestinian lamp was developed locally without any external influence, being very common in Samaria, Ramat Raḥel, Qumran, Herodium, Gezer, and Mampsis.148 In Beth She’an, some local pieces have a small pierced handle, which is also exhibited by the Broneer 25 prototype (see below, no. 396).149 This kind of local lamp is very frequently found in Palestine during the second and third centuries, and the production possibly continued into the fourth century.150 In Beth She’an, a mould was found determining a local production of these lamps. The mould was of the Hadad type 7 variant 1B, which is closer in style to imports and dated to the late second–third centuries.151 In addition to Beth She’an, some other possible production centres are being considered in Syria and Pella,152 as well as in Oboda153 and Petra.154 There are no imported wares documented in Gerasa, but pieces with finer fabrics of buff colour bear a slip of better quality (see above: L-6). As for the fabrics, the same two variants are registered as in the previous type; a light buff colour with a well-levigated clay and covered with a matt slip of red or brown colour, carelessly applied (pieces marked with an asterisk), as well as another fabric closer to common pottery with a pink ware and a reddish matt slip.

Díez 1983, 84. 142  Galling 1923, pl. ii. 143  Kennedy 1963, 73, pl. xxi.501. 144  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 95–96. 145  Da Costa 2001, 243. 146  Hadad 2002, 16–20, nos 22–24 and nos 25–29. 147  Lapp 2016, 49, no. 99. 148  Díez 1983, 85–86. 149  Broneer 1930, 86, pl. x.509. 150  Díez 1983, 84. 151  Fitzgerald 1931, pl. xxviii.1A; Hadad 2002, 16, nos 22–24. 152  Rey-Coquais 1963, 156, pl. iv.31r; Smith 1966, 25, fig. 16; McNicoll and others 1992, 132, 140, pl. 87.2–3, pl. 93.10–11 and pl. 94.j–k; Lapp 2016, 49–51, no. 99. 153  Negev 1986, 129, fig. 1131. 154  Grawehr 2011, 12.

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Figure 3.2. Roman Lamps. Types L-6 to L-9.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

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Variant Type L-7.1

Variant Type L-7.3

Circular lamp with decorated discus. Usually this type has an impressed decoration on the shoulders, limited to semicircles and ovo-pattern, just like the Broneer 25 prototype (Fig. 3.2. L-7.1).155 Kennedy notes that Fisher records this type of lamp in the caves located in the area of the Temple of Artemis in Gerasa and that some pieces, which remained unstudied, were stored in the deposits of the Yale Gallery of Fine Arts.156 Some pieces exhibit a central rosette on the discus (cat. nos 184, 330, and 376), similar to a piece found in the potter’s store.157 Another presents the discus decorated with a figure of a dwarf, also with parallels found in the potter’s store (Fig.  3.35.381).158 As for the archaeological context, most of the findings are residual in later contexts, except for the pieces found in Roman (cat. no. 376: trench Q ev. 41) and Late Roman levels (cat. no. 155: trench E ev. 27; cat. no. 163: trench F ev. 17; cat. no. 375: trench Q ev. 37; cat. nos 379 and 381: trench Q ev. 44). Likewise, the sherds found within a Byzantine context stand out (cat. nos 239 and 251: trench J ev. 32 and ev. 35). Cat. nos 155*, 163*, 184, 186*, 188*, 189*, 239*, 251, 330, 375*, 376, 379*, and 381*.

Variant with diagonal corrugations as decoration on the shoulders, several concentric ridges around the central filling hole, and a vertical handle at the back of the lamp.162 Due to their state of preservation, the presence of a Late Roman set of this kind of lamps, found in a Byzantine context is outstanding (cat. nos 237–38 and 245: trench J ev. 32). Cat. nos 206, 237, 238, and 245.

Variant Type L-7.2 Circular lamp, with no discus, filling hole surrounded by several pronounced concentric ridges, and mould-made decoration of raised dots on the shoulders (Fig.  3.2. L-7.2).159 It resembles piece no. 389 of the Schloessinger Collection. Piece no.  389 is formally considered as a transitional type between imports of Broneer type 25 and the subsequent local development of ‘Jabal Jofeh’ type lamps, dated to the second half of the third and early fourth centuries,160 when the discus becomes smaller and gradually disappears, although the general shape and decoration remain without substantial changes. This variant found in the Northwest Quarter is considered to be a local development.161 All the pieces of the Northwest Quarter excavations were recovered from mixed contexts. Cat. nos 137, 159, 232*, and 327. 155 

Broneer 1930, 84. 156  Kennedy 1963, 73 and n. 22. 157  Iliffe 1945, 25, pl. viii.157. 158  Iliffe 1945, 119, pl. viii.140–45. 159  Iliffe 1945, 25, pl. viii.158. 160  Harding 1950, 84, pl. 25; Díez 1983, 96 (Northwest Quarter type L-11, as a local evolution of the Galilean types L.9.4 and L.13). 161  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 96.

Early Roman Miscellanea Type L-5 Large discus lamp, with fringes of pearls and scrolls pattern, surrounding a scallop motif at the centre of the discus (Fig. 3.1. L-5). Based on the size of the sherd, the lamp would reach 16–18 cm in diameter, and it could be related to pedestal terracottas found in the potter’s store. Unfortunately, the base is not preserved on this sherd, so it is difficult to classify. It belongs to a local production, with a very refined clay and a self-slip of pink colour (5YR 7/6). The lamp comes from trench J ev. 32, and although this context was dated to the Byzantine period, it contains an important set of Late Roman pottery. Cat. no. 247. Pierced handles In the case of ‘Darom lamp’ or Sepphoris type 6, a date between the second half of the first century and the first half of the second century is proposed.163 These sherds have thin walls, and one of them presents no slip (Fig.  3.36.396). Another sherd is of buff colour, covered with a red slip (Fig. 3.34.365). The pierced handles are more common in lamps with a spatulate nozzle, so they could correspond to Northwest Quarter type L-6. One of the pieces was found at a Roman-dated level (cat. no. 365: trench O ev. 104). Cat. nos 365* and 396.

Late Roman Types Type L-8 Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp with round or heartshaped nozzle and unpierced vertical handle with two grooves. Sometimes, the body tends to be pear-shaped. 162  163 

Iliffe 1945, 25, pl. viii.159; Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 1.15. Lapp 2016, 39–40, nos 57–58.

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68 These lamps lack a discus, which is replaced by a large central filling hole. The filling hole is surrounded by a heavy groove, or by double or triple raising ring. The nozzle is merely a short protrusion. The decoration is restricted to the shoulder area and is documented in both moulded and impressed versions. The ring base, sometimes as triple or multiple rings, is very common in the Late Roman period.164 This lamp can be considered a local continuation of L-7 type, dated from the end of the second century to the fourth century. Therefore, this type sometimes appears under the nomenclature of ‘transitional lamp’, dated between the Roman provincial lamps from the first to the third centuries and the Byzantine lamps of the fifth century.165 In some places, it is preferred to use the denomination ‘Jabal Jofeh’ lamp, a toponym of the tomb found in ‘Ammān, where this type of lamp was first identified.166 Locally, it fits Kennedy type 8,167 Sepphoris type 12,168 Hadad types 3 and 4,169 Hadad type 13,170 Sussman type LR48,171 Díez type L.9.4,172 and Da Costa’s ‘Round-bodied no discus’ type.173 The production of the Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp is well documented at the site of Gerasa, and two different workshops have been determined. One of imprecise location, but based on the accumulation of finds, Kehrberg places this workshop near the Temple of Zeus and dates it to the late second to early third centuries. The second lamp workshop is located at the Hippodrome chambers and is dated to the late third to early fourth centuries.174 The fabrics of L-8 lamps are basically similar to that of the local common wares, preferably of pink, buff, and less frequently, grey colour. The matt slip is usually reddish or brownish and irregularly applied on the upper face of the lamps.

Sussman 2017, 273. Neidinger 1982, 166, pl. 24.1–5. 166  Harding 1950, 84; Lapp 2016, 73–74. 167  Kennedy 1963, 76, pl. xxiii.519. 168  Lapp 2016, 73–75, no. 148. 169  Hadad 1997, 151–52, figs 3 and 4. Hadad types 3 and 4 are very similar, but Hadad’s text gives the impression that her type 3 could be assimilated to ‘Jabal Jofeh’ lamp, and Hadad type 4 to the Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp (Northwest Quarter type L-8). 170  Hadad 2002, 22, nos 40–45. 171  Sussman 2017, 273. 172  Díez 1983, 92–93. 173  Da Costa 2010, 72, figs 3–4. 174  Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 2.18–32.

In Palestine, this type of lamp is documented in ‘Arabeh, Beth She’an, the catacombs of Bet She’arim, el-Makr, Reḥovot, Sepphoris, Tiberias, an imprecise site east of Tubas ( Jordan Valley), and Tiv’on. 175 In Jordan, the L-8 lamp type has been documented in Abila, Gadara, Gerasa, Jabal Jofeh, Madaba, Na’ur (near ‘Ammān), Pella, and Tall Zirā’a (Map 3.1).176 It is difficult to ascertain the scope of this lamp manufacture in the region. Furthermore, it is almost impossible to determine whether all the L-8 lamp findings from the Northwest Quarter come from the Gerasa workshops — especially because the ‘Jabal Jofeh’ lamps are products of a second generation of the ‘Palestinian Discus Lamp’, which were produced in different sites of the region between the first and the second centuries. In Map 3.1, an approximate distribution of this type of lamp is shown. Lastly, when it comes to shoulder fragments with impressed decoration, it is very likely that some of these have been misclassified as discus lamps, which Da Costa also points out.177 Variant Type L-8.1 Round lamp with a barely defined nozzle. Pink ware with a poorly preserved matt slip. The example from the Northwest Quarter has no decoration, but it cannot be ruled out that this lack of ornament is due to an eroded surface badly preserved (Fig.  3.2. L-8.1). This kind of lamp is unique at the Northwest Quarter excavations. As for the shape and fabric, both are attributed to a local production. However, the shape resembles that of a Samaritan lamp published by Hadad, her Late Roman type 9, dated to the second half of the fourth century.178 The Northwest Quarter piece was recovered from a level mixed with elements of varied chronology (trench A ev. 1). Cat. no. 2.

164  165 

175   For a general dispersion of the type in the region, see Sussman 2017, 275, map 9. For ‘Arabeh: Díez 1983, 92 (in this case, it is attributed to Gerasa’s workshops); Beth She’an: Hadad 2002, 24; Bet She’arim: Avigad 1976, 185, pl. lxx.5–6; Reḥovot: Sussman 1969, pl. 28, fig. 25; Sepphoris: Lapp 2016, 73–75, no. 148; east of Tubas: Kennedy 1963, 76. 176  Abila: Fuller 1993, 476–83; Gadara: Nielsen, Andersen, and Holm-Nielsen 1993, 170, pl.  36.340; Jabal Jofeh: Harding 1950, pl. xxv; Madaba: Acconci and Gabrieli 1994, 430, fig. 19.70; Na’ur: ‘Abbadi 1973, 71; Pella: Smith 1973, 213, 216, pl. 60.1040, pl. 65.507, pl. 78.289–312, pl. 79.392, and pl. 83.289; Tall Zirā’a: Rothe, Zerbini, and Kenkel 2014, 364, fig. 10.3. 177  Da Costa 2010, 72. 178  Hadad 1997, 156, fig. 14.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

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Map 3.1. L-8. Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp and/or ‘Jabal Jofeh’ type.

Variant Type L-8.2 JUTZ variant. Round lamp with a small rounded protrusion as a nozzle. The handle with two grooves was applied when the two halves of the lamp were already joined, as Kehrberg points out. The decoration is developed on the shoulders of the reservoir and impressed before firing (Fig.  3.2. L-8.2).179 This variant was first described in the oil press workshop and the carpenter’s house at the foot of the Temple of Zeus. These workshops

were destroyed by a fire c. 250–300.180 The same type has been documented in a grave near ‘Hadrian’s Arch’, excavated during the extension of the road to ‘Ammān, with a date between the third and fourth centuries.181 In the Macellum, some residual sherds were found in contexts dated to c. 450–475, which also contain intrusions from

180  179 

Kehrberg 2011a, 132–33, fig. 2.19, 20, 24–25.

181 

Rasson 1986, 67, fig. 17.10. ‘Oweiss 1985, pl. v.13–19; Zayadine 1986, 16, pl. v.15 and 18.

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70 the mid-sixth century (tab. 15/J).182 The general dating for this variant is late second to early third centuries. Although there were found many body sherds in the Northwest Quarter associated with this variant of lamp, it seems that the presence of the lamp called Proto-JUTZ voluted or bow-shaped nozzle can be ruled out.183 The L-8.2 variant is documented in the Northwest Quarter in Late Roman contexts (cat. no. 154: trench E ev. 17) and also in some Byzantine contexts, which contain a great accumulation of Late Roman lamps (cat. nos 236, 241, 246, and 248: trench J ev. 32; cat. no. 250: trench ev. 35; cat. nos 253–54: trench J ev. 61; cat. nos 257 and 260: trench J ev. 62; cat. no. 265: trench J ev. 73). Cat. nos 154, 185, 193, 204, 213, 236, 241, 246, 248, 250, 253–54, 257, 260–61, 265, 290, 293, 332, 373, 393, 395, and 430. Variant Type L-8.3 HIPPO variant. Both the general shape of the body and the nozzle are rounded, although there are examples with heart-shaped nozzles. This feature clearly points to a link between this variant and the previous generation of lamps manufactured in Gerasa.184 The decoration was carved on the mould itself, as well as on the lug handle, split between the two moulds, upper and lower (Fig. 3.2. L-8.3).185 This production technique allowed us to identify these particular handle sherds among the ceramic found in the Northwest Quarter. The handles have two vertical grooves as in the previous variant. Decorative patterns are usually circular motifs, such as circles, rosettes, and grape bunches around the central filling hole. In general, this production is dated between the late third and early fourth centuries, although the existence of pieces with a blurred decoration should be attributed to a second generation of moulds,186 expanding the lifetime previously attributed to this lamp production. In the Macellum, this kind of lamps shows a very blurred decoration, fruit of worn or second-generation moulds in contexts dated to c. 450–475, which also contain intrusions from the mid-sixth century (tab. 15/J).187

As with the previous type L-8.2, the L-8.3 is found in the same contexts in the Northwest Quarter. That is, in Late Roman contexts (cat. nos 156–58: trench E ev. 27; cat. nos 398–99: trench S, ev. 105) and in Byzantine contexts that contain a significant number of Late Roman pottery pieces (cat.  nos  235, 240, 243–44: trench J ev. 32; cat. no. 249: trench J ev. 35; cat. no. 255: trench J ev. 61, and cat. no. 258: trench J ev. 62). Cat. nos 18, 156–58, 202, 222, 235, 240, 243–44, 249, 255, 258, 384, and 398–99. Type L-9 Lamp with an oval body, close to the ‘bilanceolate’ lamp type. It could be considered as a variant with mould decoration. The nozzle and handle are not differentiated but rather a consistent part of the body. The filling hole is surrounded by a pronounced ridge. It has a large lug handle with two vertical grooves and blurred decoration in relief on the body (Fig. 3.2. L-9). It has been determined that, within the group of the so-called ‘bilanceolate’ lamps, there are some uncommon examples with mould decoration that, unlike the classic type, have impressed decorations of circles, rope, and herringbone on the upper part of the body. These correspond to Díez type L-12,188 Capernaum Luc. 5,189 Hadad type 16,190 Sussman type B49,191 Caesarea type 4,192 Kennedy type 10,193 and Da Costa type 16.194 Like many other regional Late Roman types, this variant is a derivation of the local development of Broneer type 25. L-9 is well represented in Late Roman and Early Byzantine contexts of the cities of the ancient Decapolis. It is especially abundant in Boṣrā,195 Ḥammat Gader,196 and Beth She’an.197 The examples from Beth She’an are closer to the lamp of the Northwest Quarter, specifically two lamps with mould decoration of raised circles.198 The example from Gerasa is thin-walled, well fired, with a 188  189  190  191  192 

182  183  184  185  186  187 

Uscatescu 1992, fig. 3.5. Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 1.17. Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 2.18. Kehrberg 2011a, 132–33. Kehrberg 2011a, 132, fig. 2.20, 24–25, 29–31. Uscatescu 1992, fig. 3.1.

193  194  195  196  197  198 

Díez 1983, 96–100. Loffreda 2008, 50. Hadad 2002, 20, no. 70. Sussman 2017, 273, nos 3108–49. Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 115. Kennedy 1963, 77, pl. xxiii.533. Da Costa 2001, 245, fig. 3.3. Guidoni 1990, 46, no. 1–11. Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 322, pl. III.1–2. Hadad 1997, 153–54, figs 7–8. Hadad 2002, 20, nos 70–71.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

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Map 3.2. L-9. Bilanceolate lamp.

light red fabric (2.5YR 6/6), and a reddish self-slip or wash (10R 4/6). As for the distribution of this type of lamp, it is well represented in the north of the region (Map 3.2): ‘Arabeh, Ḥammat Gader, Ma’oz Hayyim, Kh.  Shema’ (Meiron), H.  Shama, Khirbet al-Kerak, Capernaum, Bet She’arim, Ḥammat Tiberias, Nahariyya, Nazareth, Jalame, Sepphoris (an out-of-context find stored at the Franciscan Museum), Ha-Goshrim, Beth She’an, and east of Tubas ( Jordan Valley). In Jordan, it is only known

in Abila, Gadara, Pella, and Tall Zirā’a, 199 besides the Gerasa and Boṣrā finds. The dates recovered from different archaeological contexts offer a chronological framework for this kind of lamp between early/late third to fourth centuries,200 199   Kenkel 2020, 109, pl. 1.46 La82; Kennedy 1963, 77, pl. xxiii.533; Díez 1983, 97; Hadad 1997, 153–54, figs 7–8; 2002, 20, no. 70; Sussman 2017, 278–79 n. 6. 200  Sussman 2017, 279.

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Alexandra Uscatescu

Figure 3.3. Late Roman and Early Byzantine Lamps. Types L-10 to L-16.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash with a continuation into the fifth century,201 a date that some authors consider marginal202 and others reject.203 However, the poor sharpness of the Gerasa example decoration would point to the use of a second-generation or worn mould (cat. no. 391: trench S ev. 13). Cat. no. 391. Type L-10 Lamp with round body and small rounded protruding nozzle. Concentric heavy ridges surround the central filling hole. There is a small conical handle on the shoulders, although the pieces of the Whiting Collection of Yale have a nub handle. At the base, a pair of symmetrical lines delimit the nozzle, a detail found in some lamps of Beth She’an.204 Mould decoration of raised dots, except around the handle and the wick hole, where parallel radial lines are arranged symmetrically (Fig. 3.3. L-10). It corresponds to Kennedy type 9, 205 and Sīlet edhDharh type iv.206 Both the body shape, tending towards the ‘Slipper’ Lamps of the Early Byzantine period, and the decoration of raised dots refer to archetypes of the second century.207 Sellers and Baramki dated Sīlet edhDharh type iv (Northwest Quarter type L-10) to the third century, a date that was lately extended to the fourth century by Kennedy.208 The L-10 is not a well-known type, since it seems to be restricted to the Sīlet edh-Dharh find and the lamp acquired in an unprecise site to the ‘east of Tubas’ ( Jordan Valley), now in the Whiting Collection of Yale.209 The Northwest Quarter lamp features a common red-coloured fabric (2.5YR 5/8) and was found in trench S ev. 13. Cat. no. 392. Type L-11/Macellum fig. 2.9 Rounded lamp body and elongated nozzle with hypertrophied lateral volutes. The upper part is flat with a pattern of volutes in relief around the filling hole. The handle is missing. Formally, it derived from Augustean 201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208  209 

Hadad 1997, 153–54; 2002, 20; Da Costa 2010, 73. Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 322, pl. iii.1–2. Díez 1983, 99. Nagorsky 2014, fig. 1.5. Kennedy 1963, pl. xxiii.528. Sellers and Baramki 1953, 35, fig. 37.86. Sussman 2017, 273. Kennedy 1963, 77, pl. xxiii.528. Kennedy 1963, 77 and 102.

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archetypes. 210 No precise parallels have been found, except for an identical specimen from the Macellum of Gerasa (square C-K/25–31/A/1), which unfortunately comes from a topsoil context (Fig.  3.3. L-11).211 The archaeological dating of the lamp from the Northwest Quarter is equally imprecise, since it also comes from a topsoil context (cat. no. 308: trench L ev. 2). The fabric is a common greyish-brown-coloured ware (10YR 6/2). In Dura Europos, a similar lamp (Dura Europos lamp type IV.118) is documented in terms of shape and dimensions, but with a different decorative pattern, and it is dated to the mid-second century.212 Some pieces grouped under the heterogeneous Kennedy type 28, specifically his no. 816, present similar hypertrophied volutes, but the Christian symbols on these lamps would point to a later chronology.213 The proposed dating of this lamp type, based on its form, would be placed between the middle of the second century and the third century. Cat. no. 308.

Early Byzantine Lamp Types Type L-12/Macellum fig. 9.10/‘Hauranian Lamp’ Bow-shaped nozzle lamp with pentagonal raised handle. Zigzag lines and concentric circles around the filling hole, and a similar pattern on the handle front (Fig. 3.3. L-12). This lamp shows different features with respect to the locally manufactured type L-13 (found in the kilns of the Hippodrome), which also has a pentagonal raised handle. It has a yellow fabric (10YR 7/8). A lamp of this type, from Khirbat es-Samrā’, shows a Greek inscription instead of the usual geometric decoration.214 The lamp from the Northwest Quarter comes from a context with materials dated mainly to the Late Byzantine period (cat. no. 418: trench W ev. 29). It was found together with Jerash Lamps with tongue handles dated to the middle of the sixth century. It is identical to a lamp found in the Spanish excavations in the South Stenopos (structure 21A/B) with a terminus post quem of the sixth century.215 The presence of only two examples of this lamp type in Gerasa suggests that it is likely an import. The origin 210 

Smith 1966, 20, fig. 6. Uscatescu 1992, 189, fig. 4.9. 212  Baur 1947, 24–25, pl. iv.118. 213  Kennedy 1963, 93–94, 112–13, pl. xxx.816. 214  Loffreda 1989, 134, 139–40, fig. 9.165 and pl. 14.1 (Lych. 443). 215  Uscatescu 1992, 189, fig. 4.10. 211 

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Map 3.3. L-12. Hauranian Lamp or ‘Macellum fig. 4.10’ Lamp.

of this lamp has not yet been determined, but I agree with Sussman, that the origin of the pentagonal handles must be Syrian or Transjordanian.216 Indeed, a considerable number of examples were recorded at Boṣrā.217 In an unpublished conference paper given at the ‘Ammān congress of 1994, Pierre-Marie Blanc proposed the name of ‘Hauranian lamps’ for the production of this lamp. 216 

Sussman 1980a, 80–81, pl. xvi.9 and pl. xvii.1. 217  Berthier 1985, 24–25, fig.  16; Blanc 2007, 67; Guidoni 1990, 59–64, figs 3–9.

The specimens closer to the example from the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa come from the citadel of Boṣrā and from the Southern Baths of the same city.218 The chronological data offered for this type of lamp in Boṣrā points to a concentration of finds in the fifth to sixth centuries,219 although a continuity in the seventh century is not ruled out.220 218 

Berthier 1985, 24, fig. 16; Guidoni 1990, 59–60, figs 3–4. Guidoni 1990, 47–48; Lapp 1995, 439. 220  Blanc 2007, 67; Joly and Blanc 1995, 113, fig. 9.103–08. 219 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash As for the dispersion of this kind of lamp, it is found in the north-east of the region (Map 3.3), and several pieces have been registered at the ‘Ammān Citadel,221 Ḥammat Gader,222 Khirbet es-Samrā’,223 Pella,224 Boṣrā, Si’a, Sūwaydā’ Qanawāt, and Dar’ā.225 Cat. no. 418. Type L-13 Late Gerasa Lamp with raised pentagonal handle, bowshaped nozzle, and geometric mould decoration around the filling hole. This is a lamp type similar to the previous one, but with softer forms (Fig. 3.3. L-13). The manufacture of this lamp is attested in the Hippodrome’s workshops, being one of the variants that Kehrberg incorporates into her Late Gerasa Lamp (LGL) group.226 The fabric has a pinkish buff colour (10YR 7/4). The context of the Hippodrome’s workshops suggests a dating between the fourth and early fifth centuries.227 The lamp found in the Trapezoidal Square of the Artemision complex is somewhat later. It is a pentagonal handle with decoration of circles in relief (similar to cat. no. 347), found in association with pottery dated to the sixth century.228 Outside Gerasa, this kind of lamp is found in Pella.229 The piece from the Northwest Quarter comes from a Late Byzantine and other stratigraphically mixed levels, with materials of different chronology (Fig. 3.33.353). Cat. nos 347 and 353. Miscellanea LGL Oval raised handles associated with LGL types. The recovered sherds are characterized by the radiated pattern of the decoration on the handle and the shoulders. The handles have a pronounced oval shape (Fig. 3.19.136 and Fig. 3.24.207). This kind of lamp is a descendant of the Early Byzantine local lamps.230 At least one sherd is documented in a Late Byzantine context (cat. no. 136: trench E ev. 13). Cat. nos 136 and 207.

Type L-14 An imitation of Beit Naṭṭif (cistern ii) lamp. This shape has a bow-shaped nozzle, moulded decoration in the form of darts or fishbone around the filling hole, and small concentric circles on the nozzle (Fig. 3.3. L-14). The fabric has a pink colour (5YR 7/4) with traces of a light brown slip (5YR 5/6). This type of lamp is assimilated to the Kennedy type 12,231 Rosenthal and Sivan no.  423–32 (with references to Beit Naṭṭif lamp),232 Díez type L.13,233 Da Costa type 8,234 Hadad type 21,235 and Sussman type B46.236 Sussman considers this lamp a Late Roman imitation of the Beit Naṭṭif (cistern ii) bow-shaped type, manufactured in the Beth She’an workshops.237 According to Da Costa, the only unquestionable production centre is Beit Naṭṭif.238 Although the prototype of Beit Naṭṭif dates to c. 250, the appearance of crosses on some pieces places the production of this lamp in the second half of the fourth century, with a persistence in levels of the fifth and early sixth centuries.239 According to Sussman, the distribution of this type of lamp is limited to the ancient Decapolis region (Map 3.4): Nahariyya, Beth She’an, Mesilot, Ḥammat Tiberias, Pella, Azor, Qiryat Ata (Western Galilee), and possibly Capernaum. The large number of finds concentrated in Beth She’an and Pella is outstanding. In Caesarea, there is a similar lamp, although not identical.240 A single piece from the Northwest Quarter comes from a Late Byzantine level (cat.  no.  139: trench E ev. 13), and could be a residual sherd. Cat. no. 139. Type L-15 Bow-shaped lamp. Geometric decoration on the top: two concentric bands in relief separated by ridges around the filling hole. The band closest to the filling hole exhib231 

221  222  223  224  225  226  227  228  229  230 

Koutsoukou 1997, 121–22, fig. 21. Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 324, fig. 7, pl. v.5–6. Loffreda 1989, 139–40. Da Costa 2010, 79. Lapp 1995, 439. Kehrberg 2011a, 134, fig. 3.37 and 45. Kehrberg 2011a, 134. Brizzi, Mastrogiacomo, and Sepio 2001, fig. 8.8. Da Costa 2010, 79. Kehrberg 2011a, 135, fig. 2.40, 46–48, and 52–53.

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Kennedy 1963, 79. and Sivan 1978, 104–07, nos  423–32, esp.

232   Rosenthal

no. 426. 233  Díez 1983, 100. 234  Da Costa 2001, 244, fig. 5.3. 235  Hadad 2002, 53. 236  Sussman 2017, 266. 237  Sussman 2017, 260–72, nos 3063 and 3065, fig. 202.2 and 4. 238  Da Costa 2010, fig. 7. 239  Baramki 1936, 9–10; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 105; Da Costa 2001, 244; Hadad 2002, 56: Sussman 2017, 272, n. 5. 240  Sussman 2017, 266 and 272.

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Map 3.4. L-14. Imitation Beit Naṭṭif (ii) Lamp.

its a series of raised dots, and the external fringe exhibits darts. High relief and sharp delineated motifs (Fig. 3.3. L-15). Buff fabric without slip and air pockets. It corresponds to Capernaum Luc 7.4.241 The Capernaum example has a low truncated pyramid handle, which is not preserved in the Gerasa fragment. Loffreda does not rule out that one of the specimens of Capernaum could be a polylychnos. It could be dated between the end of the fourth century and the beginning of the fifth century, due to the association of this lamp with coins of that 241 

Loffreda 2008, 59.

chronology in Capernaum.242 The origin of this lamp is unknown. The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a mixed level (trench C ev. 2). Cat. no. 107. Type L-16 Bow-shaped lamp. Probably, this sherd belongs to a Galilean lamp with spatulate nozzle, slightly concave on both sides and circular body with a wide filling hole surrounded by a prominent edge or multiple concentric 242 

Loffreda 2008, 59, fig. 14.11.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash circles. Only part of the reservoir is preserved (Fig. 3.3. L-16). In most cases, this type of lamp has a conical handle, arranged vertically with respect to the curvature of the reservoir wall, although a wide pyramidal handle of the tongue type can also be found.243 The geometric decoration is developed exclusively on the top of the lamp: raised dots between radial lines around the filling hole. Buff fabric (5Y 5/1) with pink slip (2.5YR 5/6), medium firing. It corresponds to Capernaum Luc. 6,244 Hadad type 22,245 Da Costa type 9,246 Sepphoris type 17,247 and Sussman type B33.248 Hadad considers these lamps ‘the last remnant of Beit Naṭṭif imitations’.249 In Capernaum, a room was found with an unusually high number of intact lamps without traces of use (about thirty lamps). This find was interpreted by Loffreda as the stock of a nearby workshop.250 Sussman considers the type L-16 to be a northern version of the ‘Caesarea Lamps with a filling hole’.251 As for its place of origin, its connection with a mould found in Sepphoris is problematic since Lapp considers this mould to correspond to another type of lamp.252 The broadest dating of this lamp was proposed for the Capernaum finds, c. 450–650,253 while at Beth She’an this lamp is dated between the fifth and early sixth centuries.254 Sussman restricts the chronology of this lamp to between the middle of the fourth century and the sixth century.255 As for the distribution of this type, finds are concentrated in northern Palestine and the cities of the ancient Decapolis (Map  3.5): Beth She’an and nearby Bet Ha-Sita,256 Bet She’arim (about 280 lamps found in catacomb 24),257 el-Bineh,258 Capernaum,259 Geva (Mishmar 243 

Lapp 2016, 93. Loffreda 2008, 51–53. 245  Hadad 2002, 56–61, nos 255–70. 246  Da Costa 2001, 244, fig. 2.5; 2010, 74–75, fig. 11. 247  Lapp 2016, 93–93, nos 173–74. 248  Sussman 2017, 208. 249  Hadad 2002, 56. 250  Loffreda 1974, 131, fig. 46. 251  Sussman 2017, 208. 252  Adan-Bayewitz 1995, 178–79; Sussman 2017, 208; contra: Lapp 2016, 101–02. 253  Loffreda 2008, 51–53. 254  Magness 2012, 116. 255  Sussman 2017, 213. 256  Sussman 2017, 212–13, map 7. 257  Mazar 1957, fig. 23.3. 258  Sussman 2017, 208. 259  Loffreda 1974, 94, fig. 28.8. 244 

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Ha-e’meq), 260 Ḥammat Gader, 261 Hippos, Nahariyya, Nazareth, Sepphoris,262 Sīlet edh-Dharh,263 al-Shubeika, Tel Naharon, Tiberias, and Yehi’am. In Jordan, it is documented in Mt Nebo,264 Gerasa, Pella,265 and Tall Zirā’a.266 The Northwest Quarter lamp comes from a stratigraphically mixed level, with materials of different chronology (trench X ev. 2). Cat. no. 423.

Late Byzantine and Transitional Lamp Types Byzantine Jerash Lamp (Types L-17 to L-21) Morphologically, this production corresponds to the slipper-shaped lamps, with a very low ring base and a predominantly radial decoration around the filling hole surrounded by one or two heavy ridges. The handle can be tongue-shaped or zoomorphically modelled. Chronological data suggests that this kind of lamp was produced from the beginning of the sixth century to the middle of the eighth century. Obviously, this long-lived production presupposes morphological and decorative changes with respect to the original shape. However, with the first translations of the Arabic inscriptions on some of these lamps of the later series by the end of the nineteenth century, it was concluded that the type of lamp with zoomorphic handle and channel-nozzle had been manufactured in Gerasa in the Early Islamic period.267 This idea was fully established in the subsequent literature, classifying all lamps with zoomorphic handle found in the region as Early Islamic productions.268 In the north of the region (al-Baṣṣa tomb), a peripheral find of this type of lamp together with coins dated to c. 396 challenged this chronological assumption. However, Iliffe concluded that these lamps are of a later date than the burials and coins, and that one of them corresponded to a well-known type from Gerasa dated to the sixth century, a date proposed for the variants without channel-nozzle (Fig. 3.6. L-21.2).269 Florence Day was the first researcher 260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269 

Sussman 2017, 213. Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 324, fig. 8. Lapp 2016, 93–94, nos 173–75. Sellers and Baramki 1953, 40, fig. 41: type viii. Alliata 1990, 264, no. 144; Bagatti 1985, fig. 19.17. Smith 1973, 218, pl. 63.18. Kenkel 2020, 108, pl. 1.45 La63. Clermont-Ganneau 1897, 248–50. Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 11, fig. 1. Iliffe 1934, 84 n. 1, fig. 2.

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Map 3.5. L-16. Galilean Lamp.

who observed some of the distinctive features of the Jerash Lamps of Early Islamic chronology. However, she recognized that these distinctive morphological features in some types of lamps were dissimilar at the same time, and this fact did not help the systematization of this kind of lamp: ‘round ring foot’ and ‘long pointed base’, ‘absence of trough’ and ‘presence of trough’.270

Following Iliffe in a certain way, Day stated that production had begun in the seventh century.271 Years later, the first monographic study on Jerash Lamps was published by Bellarmino Bagatti, who gathered and analysed the known finds from Jerusalem (a lamp from the monastery of Dominus Fleuit (Fig. 3.8. L-23.1) and another lamp found during the construction of the

270  Day 1942, 78, pl. xiii.1 (Northwest Quarter type L-21.2), pl. xiii.2 (Northwest Quarter type L-24, with base b.2), pl. xiv.1 (Northwest Quarter type L-24.1, almond base with Greek and

Arabic inscriptions), and pl. xiv.2 (our hybrid type L-23.2). 271  Day 1942, 77, pl. xiii.1.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash modern church of Getsemani in 1924 (Fig. 3.6. L-21.2) — both sites on the Mount of Olives), Bethany (lamp preserved in the Museo della Flagellazione at Jerusalem), Mt Nebo, 272 Capernaum (lamp from the Franciscan Museum at Nazareth), 273 and Beit Rās (similar to Northwest Quarter type L-19.3).274 In his paper, Bagatti included the published pieces of ‘Ammān,275 Gerasa,276 and those of the collection of the Assumptionist Fathers, the latter had previously been published by ClermontGanneau. Bagatti’s proposed dating to the seventh to eighth centuries for these lamps was based on currently questioned iconographic assumptions, such as the supposed Islamic iconoclasty and the controversial association of the zoomorphic handles with the Persian invasion, through emulation of the Luristan bronzes.277 Nowadays, and thanks to the publication of welldated lamps, it has been possible to demonstrate that Jerash Lamps are a local production that starts in the Late Byzantine period, even if they lasted until Late Umayyad times, with the reuse of old moulds and the creation of new moulds by reproducing the old ones. The starting date of this production must be sought at an undetermined moment in the first half of the sixth century and lasts a little more than two centuries.278 This dating is confirmed in terms of export to the city of Beth She’an. Here, a complete lamp was found in the destruction layer of shop 2 in the Street of Monuments destroyed in the early sixth century and never rebuilt or reused. Furthermore, another lamp of this type was recovered in the Umayyad shopping street (Fig. 3.9. L-24), built in 738 and destroyed during the 749 earthquake, determining its absence at levels of the Abbasid period in the city of Beth She’an.279 The export to Pella begins with lamps dated to the last quarter of the sixth century, and ends with a complete lamp found in a destruction level associated with the 749 earthquake.280 In Boṣrā, however, all the Jerash Lamp finds have been linked to the Umayyad period (strata 4 and 3),281 although the group 272  273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281 

Saller 1941, pl. 143.6. Bagatti 1963–64, 269. Bagatti 1970, 87–90. Harding 1951, 12, pl. iii.36. Goodenough 1953 (i), 163; (iii), no. 376. Bagatti 1970, 92–95. Lapp 1995, 437; Kehrberg 2001, 233. Hadad 2002, 71. Da Costa 2001, 242–43. Wilson and Sa’d 1984, 63.

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of lamps does not present any of the typical features of the Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Instead, they are more similar to the Late Byzantine types (basically, all finds correspond to Northwest Quarter type L-21). The first typological references of the Jerash Lamp arose after the excavations of the 1980s in the city of Gerasa, by Ina Kehrberg (Australian excavations) and Tomacz Scholl (Polish excavations).282 In the Australian excavations, Kehrberg defined up to eleven mould groups for the lamp with zoomorphic handle, with a chronological proposal that tried to coordinate with the results of the Polish excavations. I must point out that many of the types documented in the Australian excavations in the Cardo/North Decumanus coincide with the types established in the Northwest Quarter, although the quality of the photographs in the Jerash Archaeological Project i publication does not always allow us to see in detail the differences between some groupings. The equivalences to my typological proposal would be the following (Figs 3.6–3.9): Australian moulds i (L-21.2), vi (L-21.4), ix (L-19.3), x (L-20), xi (L-19.4), xiii, xiv (L-21.10), xv, xvii (L-21.10), xviii (L-22), and an unnumbered mould, illustrated in pl. V.28 (L-24).283 The Australian excavations established for the first time that Jerash Lamps were documented by the end of the sixth century, in phase 8 (Australian mould ix = L-19.3).284 At the same time, Tomacz Scholl published the resulting data from the excavations of the South Decumanus. He organized the lamp finds of the Polish excavations in several groups that were presented as typological — an impression supported by the illustration that accompanied the 1986 text.285 The extension of Scholl’s publication in 1991, this time accompanied by abundant drawings, allows us to verify that his groupings based on the shape of the handle and the presence or absence of the Greek cross motif are very permeable. Furthermore, many decorative variants can be incorporated into several groups at the same time, and group i corresponds to an imported lamp (‘Slipper’ Lamp = Northwest Quarter type L-27). 286 Group ii is dated by Scholl c.  640–700 and includes the Jerash Lamps with tongue handle. The Northwest Quarter types that match this Polish group would be: L-17.2, L-17.3, 282 

Kehrberg 1986, 371–73; Scholl 1986, 163–65; 1991. Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v. 284  Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.22. 285  Scholl 1986, 163–64, fig. 1. 286  Scholl 1991, 66. 283 

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Alexandra Uscatescu

Figure 3.4. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Type L-17.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash L-17.6, and L-17.7 (Fig. 3.4).287 Group iii encompasses the Jerash Lamps with zoomorphic handle and Greek cross pattern, which Scholl dates c. 640–750. This variant matches the following Northwest Quarter types such as L-20, L-21.2, and L-21.10 (Figs  3.6–3.7).288 Group iv is identical to the previous one except that the lamps do not have the Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle, and Scholl makes an internal subdivision based on the decoration of the upper mould. Scholl proposes a dating from the second half of the seventh century for his subgroups iv.1 and iv.2 based on the quality of the decoration motifs, while subgroup iv.5 is considered by Scholl an Umayyad production (c. 660– 750). The possible equivalences with the lamp types of the Northwest Quarter are the following: subgroup iv.1 would be Northwest Quarter type L-22; subgroup iv.2, Northwest Quarter type L-20; and subgroup iv.3, Northwest Quarter types L-19.3, L-19.4, L-21.4, and L-21.8 (Figs 3.8–3.9).289 Group v corresponds to ‘Channel Lamp with animal head’ which Scholl places between c. 740–760, although he considers that some variants may continue in the second half of the eighth century. Corresponding to Scholl’s group v are the Northwest Quarter types L-23.1, L-23.3, as well as one similar to type L-24.1 and L-24.2 (Figs 3.8–3.9).290 The handle of group vi.1, which has almost no zoomorphic features, is considered an ephemeral group dated to c. 750–760, and there is only one lamp that matches the Northwest Quarter set (L-24.1).291 Scholl’s last two groups include miniature lamps and moulds (groups vii and viii, respectively), which are all classified in the Early Umayyad period (660–700).292 Although it has not been published with the detail desirable, the stratigraphy of the South Decumanus sector excavated by the Polish team roughly allows a division of contexts. Thanks to the data scattered in Jerash Archaeological Project i, the contexts can be separated by levels prior to the earthquake of 287  Scholl 1991, 66, fig.  2: no.  8 (L-17.6), no.  10 (L-17.3), no. 12 (L-17.2) and fig. 3: no. 14 and no. 18 (L-17.7). 288  Scholl 1991, 66, fig. 4: no. 23 (L-21.2), fig. 5: no. 25 (L21.10), no. 26 (L-21.2), no. 27 (variant of type L-20), no. 29 (L21.10), and fig. 6: no. 38 (L-21.10). 289  Scholl 1991, 66, fig. 7: no. 40 (L-22), no. 44 (L-20), no. 46 (L-21.4), fig. 8: no. 55 (L-21.8), and fig. 10: no. 81 (L-19.3) and no. 82 (L-19.4). 290  Scholl 1991, 66, fig. 12: no. 95 (L-23.1), no. 97 (similar to L-24.1), no. 100 (L-24.2), and no. 104 (L-23.3). 291  Scholl 1991, 66, fig. 13: nos 107–08 (L-24.1). 292  Scholl 1991, 66.

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c. 659/60, and the subsequent contexts which basically correspond to the construction and use of the Umayyad House A, since a coin of Constans II (641–668) was found in the foundations of this house. The problem is that the levels prior to c. 659/60 were neither published nor analysed in detail, and the residual pottery shapes in those pre-659/60 contexts were never specified. I think this fact casts doubt on certain chronological proposals, because these were key contexts, given that the house was built over the remains of a sixth-century house (this is especially true for stratigraphic deposits located under rooms 10, 21, 22, 24, and under the courtyard, in loci 16 and 23) with numerous coins and imports from the Late Byzantine period, according to mentions scattered in some publications.293 The classification of a selection of lamps found in the Macellum excavations was published following formal and decorative criteria, and based on the archaeological data provided by the Spanish excavations. The Jerash Lamps were first classified according to the type of handle (tongue or zoomorphic-shaped) and then by the combination of the decorative patterns on the upper mould. Jerash Lamps with tongue handle were subdivided into two groups, depending on whether the shape of the handle was ‘pointed’ or more ‘rectangular’ (Northwest Quarter type L-17.3, and similar to Northwest Quarter type L-17.10/L-17.11, respectively).294 Jerash Lamps with zoomorphic handles were subdivided by reason of the poorly defined ‘zoomorphic handle and rounded body’ of the lamp (L-19.1);295 ‘zoomorphic handle and body decorated by a simple radial pattern’ (L-21.2 and L-20.3), observing that this type comes from contexts dated before the earthquake of 659/60;296 ­‘zoomorphic handle with body decorated with zigzag strokes’ (L-20), dated in a context of the last third of the sixth century and equated with the group iv.2 of Scholl; 297 ‘zoomorphic handle, with body decorated with a wavy line around the filling hole’ (L-21.9 and L-21.10), dated to the end of the sixth century and compared to Scholl’s group iv.3;298 ‘ring bases with Greek letters’ (base b.4:

293 

Gawlikowski 1986, 111; Watson 1995, 310. Uscatescu 1992, 195–97, fig.  6.23–27 and fig.  5.21–22, respectively. 295  Uscatescu 1992, 201, fig. 4.11. 296  Uscatescu 1992, 203, fig. 8.32 and 34. 297  Uscatescu 1992, 204, fig. 10.40–42. 298  Scholl 1991, 65; Uscatescu 1992, 204, fig. 7.28–31. 294 

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82

Figure 3.5. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Type L-19.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.6. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps. Types L-18 and L-21.

83

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84

Figure 3.7. Late Byzantine and Early Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Types L-21.

Fig.  3.10), assimilated to Scholl’s group iv.4; 299 ‘flat almond base’ (base i.1: Fig. 3.11), which corresponds to Scholl’s group iv.4;300 ‘lamps with decoration in the 299  300 

Uscatescu 1992, 207, fig. 13.54. Uscatescu 1992, 207–08, fig. 13.53.

nozzle’ or ‘pre-channel-nozzle type’ (L-19.3), which correspond to Scholl’s group iv.5;301 ‘zoomorphic handle, channel-nozzle and Arabic inscriptions’;302 and ‘zoomor301  302 

Uscatescu 1992, 208. Uscatescu 1992, 209, fig. 13.55.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash phic handle, and geometric, vegetal and figurative decoration on the shoulders’ (L-24.1).303 The most varied decorative repertoire comes from the workshops of the Hippodrome, where many examples are recorded with varied details, many of which remain unpublished.304 The importance of the production of these potters is that they display the repertoire of local types (Proto-Jerash Lamps and Byzantine Jerash Lamps) manufactured between the sixth and early seventh centuries, and that the Islamic types, which are produced at the north-west area of the city, are absent. However, Raffaella Pierobon-Benoit seems sceptical regarding an early dating for the Jerash Lamp production of the Hippodrome’s kilns — from late fifth century and through the sixth century. I believe that her opinion is biased by the specific chronological framework of kiln D of the Sanctuary of Artemis, which seems to be confined to the latest production of Jerash Lamps of the Early Islamic period (hybrid and channel-nozzle lamps types). 305 Furthermore, one of the arguments that this scholar uses to support the scarce presence or absence of Jerash Lamps in the sixth century is the misguided assumption of the absence of Jerash Lamps in the Byzantine levels of the Macellum.306 Among the published lamps from the Hippodrome, the presence of the following types also found in the Northwest Quarter stands out: types L-19.1, L-19.4, L-20, L-21.6, L-21.8, and base g (Figs 3.5–3.7 and 3.11).307 To this repertoire of lamps in Gerasa dated before 659/60, we can add the large number of intact pieces as well as deformed and overfired fragments that were found in a potter’s waster recently published by Daniela Baldoni. This workshop was placed in the south exedra of the Artemis complex, on the Cardo Maximus facade.308 303 

Uscatescu 1992, 212, fig. 12.50–52. Kehrberg 2011a, 135. 305  Pierobon-Benoit 2018, § 3, figs 4–6. 306  Raffaella Pierobon-Benoit (2018, §  33, n.  73) mentions as evidence of this alleged ‘absence’ a publication which does not include any lamp finds from the Macellum (i.e. Uscatescu 1996), while she omits the specific study devoted to the analysis of the lamps found in the Macellum excavations (i.e. Uscatescu 1992), where the abundance of Byzantine Jerash Lamps in levels dated to the sixth–first half of the seventh century is well attested. 307   Kehrberg 2009, fig.  7: JH480e (L-19.1), JH4 (L-21.8), JH482 (L-21.6), JH480a (L-19.4), JH480a base (base g ), and JH638 (L-20); 2011a, fig. 4: no. 54 (L-19.1), no. 58 (L-21.8), no. 62 (L-21.6), no. 63 (L-19.4, and base g), no. 65 (L-21.2), and no. 67 (L-20). 308  Baldoni 2019, 130, fig. 3.10. 304 

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Other known typological references that include Jerash Lamps are too general, since they come from deposits where these lamps are imports. In any case, these typological references usually encompass the entire decorative and morphological variety under a single type. In the Schloessinger Collection, Rosenthal and Sivan classified the Jerash Lamp as Islamic, specifically a hybrid lamp with an upper mould identical to Northwest Quarter type L-21.10 and a flat almond base with a cross and Arabic inscription similar to the type L-23.309 Kennedy type 22 of the Whiting Collection groups two different decorative variants identical to Northwest Quarter types L-20 and L-21.2.310 In Da Costa’s classification for the Pella finds, Jerash Lamps correspond to type 21,311 and in the case of the findings of Beth She’an, these are included into the Umayyad Hadad type 1312 and Hadad type 29.313 What is clear is that Jerash Lamps were manufactured in Gerasa, which is known not only from the Arabic inscriptions indicating so, but also from the discovery of moulds scattered around the city. Some moulds are associated with specific kilns, such as those found in the Hippodrome and the one found under the narthex mosaic of Bishop Marianos church (opposite the Hippodrome), as well as moulds from the Temple of Artemis and from the North Theatre. Other moulds have no association with specific kilns, as is the case of the findings from the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus, the Macellum (unpublished), and the Northwest Quarter (Fig. 3.40.429). Except for the case of the Artemis Temple complex, lamps were manufactured together with domestic pottery wares (as evidenced in the Hippodrome and its surroundings as well as in the North Theatre). The incontestable evidence of the production of the zoomorphic handle type comes from chamber W-2 of the Hippodrome with several unfired fragments.314 The production evidence is thus reasserted by the omnipresence of Jerash Lamps in almost all published contexts of Gerasa. In the case of the Northwest Quarter ensemble, the fragments associated with this type of local production reach 64.13 per cent of the total of documented lamps. However, the 309  310  311  312  313  314 

Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 139, no. 574. Kennedy 1963, 88–89 and 110, pl. xxviii.645 and 758. Da Costa 2001, 243. Hadad 1997, 169–72, figs 37–40. Hadad 2002, 68, no. 299–312. Kehrberg 2009, fig. 5.

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86 recovery of a mould fragment in Beth She’an has raised questions about the global attribution of all the findings to the city of Gerasa. The mould was found on the floor of a shop built in 738 and destroyed in 749. However, this mould is preferably associated with the earliest types (Fig. 3.7. L-17.7),315 although it may also correspond to a lamp with zoomorphic handle. A second mould found in Beth She’an would correspond, with less security, to a Jerash Lamp base with the letter Φ incised (possibly, the abbreviation of φῶς, ‘light’). This is associated with later types of Umayyad chronology316 and is very similar to another mould found in the Umayyad House at the South Decumanus of Gerasa.317 As a conclusion, the Beth She’an moulds indicate that the Jerash Lamp could have been manufactured in other centres.318 However, the minor presence of Jerash Lamps in Beth She’an means that we should take that evidence cautiously. As Lapp suggests, perhaps even as an isolated case, where a single mould was made in Jerash for the potters of Beth She’an.319 In addition, it should be borne in mind that none of the Jerash Lamps found in Beth She’an matches the typology of these moulds.320 The Jerash Lamp fabrics correspond to the same ones used in domestic pottery from Gerasa, not in vain were they manufactured in the same workshops, as we have just seen. This statement applies for both Byzantine and Umayyad-period Hippodrome and North Theatre kilns. Fabrics vary from light brown to a reddish-orange colour and darker shades, such as dark brown and greyish. It is not uncommon to find specimens displaying non-homogeneous colours, due to their mass manufacture in poorly controlled kilns. Unfired clay specimens from the Hippodrome’s kilns were analysed by Eric Lapp.321

315 

Hadad 2002, 127, no. 500. Hadad 2002, 127, no. 501. 317  Scholl 1991, 84, fig. 15.120. 318  Da Costa 2010, 83. 319  Lapp 2016, 107. 320  Hadad 2002, 68 and 71. 321  In the case of the Hippodrome’s kilns, the JB fabric analyses would be useful since they were found together in an unfired set, which was prepared for firing (Lapp 2001, 131–32). This unfired set includes Jerash Lamps as well as JB and common wares. 316 

Type L-17 Jerash Lamp with tongue handle. The complete pieces and the sherds found in the Northwest Quarter allow us to establish up to eleven variants of lamps of the tongue handle variety. Actually, the typical Jerash Lamp mould always has a striated tongue handle that can be more or less elongated and have different motifs at the base of the handle.322 The shape of this first production varies from oval-shaped, to slightly circular with pointed nozzle or ellipse-shaped. Decorative designs are based on a pattern of radial lines around the filling hole, as well as linking lines between the filling and the wick hole that sometimes adopted the shape of volutes and semivolutes. Both the shape of the handle and the decorative patterns find their forerunners in LGL and Proto-Jerash Lamps.323 The available data on this particular type of Jerash Lamp comes from the Australian excavations in the Cardo/North Decumanus area, where lamps appear in the phases dated to the end of the sixth century (phases 8 and 9).324 At the Hippodrome, lamps are documented under the collapse of chambers E-45, E-33, and E-36. They are found together with sixth–early seventh-century pottery, mainly JB and ARS.325 Although Scholl dated type L-17 c. 640–700, he considers that this type was used already at the end of the sixth century.326 In the Macellum, the L-17 type is documented at levels of the last third of the sixth century.327 For Kehrberg, the Late Byzantine dating is beyond doubt,328 and this seems to be supported by the data obtained in the Late Byzantine contexts of the Northwest Quarter. Variant Type L-17.1 Elongated oval lamp decorated by radial lines around the body profile; small circles on the handle base and nozzle (Fig. 3.4. L-17.1); ring base with palm branches (Fig.  3.11, base f.  1). The closest example, in terms of shape and decoration, corresponds to a mould found in the South Decumanus Umayyad House (locus 3).329 322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329 

Kehrberg 2011a, 135, fig. 4.70. Kehrberg 2011a, 135, fig. 4.40, 46–48, 51–53. Kehrberg 1986, 369–71, pl. v.16–17. Kehrberg 1989, 88. Scholl 1991, 66. Uscatescu 1992, 197. Kehrberg 1986, 375. Scholl 1991, fig. 15.119.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Other similar examples present a less elongated body shape, as is the case with a lamp dated to the early sixth century from Beth She’an shop 2,330 and the piece found in the Hippodrome of Gerasa with a terminus ante quem of c. 640.331 The lamp from the Northwest Quarter was found in a Late Byzantine context (trench B ev. 33). Cat. no. 75. Variant Type L-17.2 Lamp with an elliptical body, more rounded in the central part and pointed at the nozzle. Decoration of radial lines around filling hole and wick hole. Between both holes there is a straight line and a pair of volutes (Fig. 3.4. L-17.2). Ring base with two palm branches emanating from it (Fig. 3.10. base c.1). The handle is very elongated. Similar pieces come from the South Decumanus (topsoil and locus 4/5),332 and from the south-east district of Gerasa.333 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a Late Byzantine level (trench B ev. 42). Cat. no. 83. Variant Type L-17.3 Oval lamp with oval tongue handle (broken). Radial decoration around the filling hole; between the filling hole and the wick hole there are a couple of concentric circles (Fig. 3.4. L-17.3). Except for minor details such as four circles under the tongue handle, an almost identical example was found in the Macellum — unfortunately from a contemporary deposit (tab. 17).334 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a Late Byzantine context (trench J ev. 33). Cat. no. 274. Variant Type L-17.4 Variant similar to the previous one, but with volutes between the filling hole and the wick hole (Fig.  3.4. L-17.4). Identical lamps were found in the Macellum, in a context of c. 450/75–550/75 (tab. 15/J),335 and in level 3 of the cistern of the terrace of the Temple of Zeus, dated c. 550–620.336 The two lamps from the Northwest 330 

Hadad 2002, no. 299. 331  Kehrberg 1989, fig. 4.22. 332  Scholl 1991, fig. 2.10 and 12. 333  Pappalardo 2019, fig. 5.14.1. 334  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 6.26. 335  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 11.46. 336  Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 14.1; Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 15.

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Quarter come from Late Byzantine contexts (cat. no. 81: trench B ev.  42; cat. no.  405: trench T ev.  75). Cat. nos 81 and 405. Variant Type L-17.5 Fragment of lamp decorated by radial lines, a wavy line, and dots around the filling hole. A more complete example shows a tongue handle. It comes from level 3 of the cistern of the terrace of the Temple of Zeus, dated c. 550– 620 (Fig. 3.4. L-17.5).337 This variant would correspond to the type of pointed handle found in the Macellum, in a context dated to c. 575/600–650 (tab. 16/H).338 The piece from the Northwest Quarter comes from a mixed level, but with a notable predominance of pieces dated to the Late Byzantine period (trench W ev.  29). Cat. no. 415. Variant Type L-17.6 Fragment of a tongue handle lamp with decoration of two parallel lines and a circle with central dot (Fig. 3.4. L-17.6). A similar specimen was found in the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus. 339 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a Late Byzantine context (trench P ev. 15). Cat. no. 369. Variant Type L-17.7 Oval lamp, cross pattern at the base of the handle and circles and possible volutes on the nozzle (Fig. 3.4. L-17.7). We find almost identical examples in the Macellum, in a context dated to c.  575/600–650 (tab.  16/H);340 a mould found under the narthex of the church of Bishop Marianos, with a terminus ante quem of c.  570.341 To this, we can add a lamp from the Umayyad House at the South Decumanus (loc. 7),342 and another one from the Australian area, dated to the end of the sixth century.343 Some of the pieces from the Northwest Quarter were found in a Late Byzantine context (cat. nos 133–34 and 138: trench E ev. 13). The find of a clay mould fragment 337 

Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 14.4; Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 17. 338  Uscatescu 1992, 197, fig. 6.23–27. 339  Scholl 1991, fig. 2.8. 340  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 6.27. 341  Gawlikowski and Musa 1986, 147, pl. v.B. 342  Scholl 1991, fig. 3.18. 343  Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.17.

Alexandra Uscatescu

88 is quite outstanding (Fig. 3.40.429). Cat. nos 133–34, 138, 199, 201, and 429 (mould). Variant Type L-17.8 The nozzle fragment shows a radial decoration with a heart-shaped motif between the filling hole and the wick hole (Fig. 3.4. L-17.8). The general shape of this piece and its similarity with the L-17.4 variant allows us to suggest its possible affiliation with the tongue handle group. The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a Late Byzantine context (trench B ev. 33). Cat. no. 79. Variant Type L-17.9 Shoulder fragment and base of the handle (broken), radial decoration of lines and dots around the filling hole (Fig. 3.4. L-17.9). There are no known parallels. The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a level dated to the middle of the sixth century (trench E ev. 19–20). Cat. no. 152. Variant Type L-17.10 Flat rectangular handle, radial decoration and two parallel lines at the base of the handle with three small raised dots (Fig. 3.4. L-17.10). A similar handle was found in the Macellum in pre-earthquake contexts of 659/60,344 and the decoration of the handle’s base is similar to that of a lamp found in a deposit of the South Decumanus (locus 23), associated with a coin of Tiberius II (578– 582).345 The fragment of the Northwest Quarter comes from a Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad context (trench F ev. 23). Cat. no. 165. Variant Type L-17.11 Fragment of handle with radial decoration and irregularly arranged dots (Fig.  3.4. L-17.11). This sherd is similar to a lamp recovered from a contemporary deposit of the Macellum.346 The Northwest Quarter piece also comes from a mixed level. Cat. no. 215. Miscellanea Type L-17 Various fragments of tongue handles found in different contexts are included here. Some fragments were col344 

Uscatescu 1992, 194, fig. 5.21. Scholl 1991, fig. 3.16. 346  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 5.21. 345 

lected in Late Byzantine contexts (cat.  no.  80: trench B ev. 34; cat. no. 416: trench W ev. 29), others in Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad contexts (cat. no. 355: trench O ev. 19). Cat. nos 63, 80, 112, 210, 340, 355, and 416. Type L-18 Jerash Lamp with two triangular appendices on its sides. Oval lamp with a punched flat handle. Two lateral pierced appendices, triangular in shape, are on each side of the lamp. Possibly, the pierced appendices are meant for hanging the lamp. The radial decoration includes circles surrounded by short radial lines, which are similar to those used in the Proto-Jerash Lamp (Fig. 3.6. L-18).347 In the Northwest Quarter, it is a unique lamp, but on the website of the Yale University Art Gallery, there is a similar lamp among the lamps from the Gerasa excavations (1928–1939) — unfortunately with no further information.348 In shop 2 in Beth She’an, a Jerash Lamp with a similar punched handle was found in a context dated to the early sixth century.349 This detail of the handle, together with the particular decoration, would suggest a dating from the end of the fifth to the beginning of the sixth centuries for the piece from the Northwest Quarter (cat. no. 404: trench T ev. 75), which was found together with a lamp of the type L-17.4 with tongue handle. Cat. no. 404. Types L-19 to L-21 Jerash Lamp with zoomorphic handle. Actually, the zoomorphic handle arose accidentally, by modelling the distal end of a tongue handle, usually adding some more clay. Once the handle is modelled, no two handles are identical (Plate 3.15), but it has been observed that certain types of lamp moulds favour certain types of head shapes, as if this was a kind of potter’s mark.350 Some moulds have even been associated with a certain type of animal head, such as horses,351 bats (as seen on a piece from Umm el-Jimāl),352 and deer, which is documented on a piece from the Northwest Quarter (Fig. 3.39.413 and Pl. 3.15.413). 347 

Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 3.46–47. consulted: [accessed 29 March 2021]. 349  Hadad 2002, no. 300. 350  Kehrberg 1986, 375; 2009, 504. 351  Bagatti 1970. 352  Lapp 2016, 106. 348   Source

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Chronological data indicated that during the last part of the sixth century, Jerash Lamps with zoomorphic handles were contemporary to the tongue handle variant.353 Again the data from the Umayyad House in the South Decumanus are slightly later than the evidence provided by the excavations of the Hippodrome, although the lamps are associated with JB, ARS, and a coin of Justinian I ‘found on bedrock in room 34’ and were used until the beginning of the seventh century.354 Although Scholl states that the Jerash Lamp with zoomorphic handle does not appear at early levels of the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus,355 there are numerous examples dated before the beginning of the seventh century at the Hippodrome.356 Similarly in the Macellum, the Jerash Lamp with zoomorphic handle dates at least from the end of the sixth century. What is more important, the hybrid or clearly Umayyad types (L-23 and L-24) are absent from the levels sealed by the earthquake collapse of c. 659/60. Type L-19 Jerash Lamp with proto-zoomorphic handle. These Jerash Lamps have formal features of both tongue and zoomorphic versions. They show a poorly defined zoomorphic handle, a rounded body shape, and a marked pointed nozzle (L-19.1 and L-19.2). Some variants present a particular geometric decoration between the filling hole and the wick hole, which coincide with a fully developed zoomorphic handle (L-19.3 and L-19.4). Variant Type L-19.1 Variant with a poorly defined zoomorphic handle, rounded central body, and elongated nozzle. Radial and string decoration of dots around the filling hole up to the wick hole (Fig.  3.5. L-19.1). Base of type a.1 (see Fig.  3.10). Its manufacture is documented in the Hippodrome’s kilns with a terminus ante quem of c.  640,357 and an identical example comes from the Macellum with a terminus ante quem of c. 650 (exedra 1/D).358 Other similar examples, though lacking the string of dots, are found in level 3 of the terrace cistern of 353  354  355  356  357  358 

Uscatescu 1992, 197. Gawlikowski 1986, 111 and 119–20. Gawlikowski 1986, 120. Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 4. Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7.JH480e; 2011a, fig. 4.54. Uscatescu 1992, 201, fig. 4.11.

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the Temple of Zeus dated to c. 550–620.359 Furthermore, another similar example was found under the mosaic of the church of Bishop Isaiah, possibly dated to the sixth century.360 The pieces of the Northwest Quarter come from Late Byzantine contexts (cat.  no.  346: trench N ev. 57; cat. no. 367: trench P ev. 15). Cat. nos 346 and 367. Variant Type L-19.2 Sherd with double bar between the filling hole and the wick hole, and circles with central dot on nozzle (Fig.  3.5. L-19.2). An intact lamp of this type is preserved at Boṣrā’s Antiquarium. 361 In the Northwest Quarter, it appears in a context dated to Late Byzantine/ Early Islamic period (trench B ev. 46). Cat. no. 88. Variant Type L-19.3 The Northwest Quarter sherd only preserves the relief decoration of the nozzle. The decoration is based on concentric circles and triangles between two lines that join and surround the filling hole and the wick hole (Fig. 3.5. L-19.3). Moulds with an identical decoration were found in the Australian excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus (mould xv found in phase 8 of the late sixth century and in phase 9 of the seventh century),362 in the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 16), where they are dated to the second half of the seventh century,363 and in the excavations of the Macellum, with an unpublished example (tab. 5/rev). Although it is an unusual lamp type, and despite the evidence obtained from the aforementioned Australian excavations, Scholl considers it Umayyad.364 Pieces with similar decoration were found in a context with a terminus ante quem of c. 660 in the Cardo’s Thermopolium, excavated by the Italian team.365 Yet another piece was found in Beit Rās. 366 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a mixed level, but with an accumulation of Late Byzantine findings (cat. no. 40: trench B ev. 14). Cat. no. 40. 359  Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 13.4; Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 14. 360  Clark 1986b, pl. xv.30 lower left. 361  Guidoni 1990, pl. vi.26. 362  Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.22. 363  Scholl 1991, fig. 10.81. 364  Scholl 1991, 66. 365  Baldoni 2018, fig. 3.39.79. 366  Bagatti 1970, 90, fig. 1.4.

Alexandra Uscatescu

90 Variant Type L-19.4 Lamp with a thick handle, with marked zoomorphic features; a radial decoration around the filling hole, with string of dots; between the filling hole and the wick hole are rows of small circles (Fig. 3.5. L-19.4). None of the pieces of the Northwest Quarter are intact, although a lamp found in the workshops of the Hippodrome attests to the local manufacture of this variant before c. 640.367 Identical specimens are also recorded in phase 9 of the seventh century from the Cardo/North Decumanus excavations,368 and in locus 23 of the Umayyad House at the South Decumanus, found in association with a coin of Tiberius II (574–582).369 Especially interesting is a piece from a context of the mid-sixth century in the Northwest Quarter (cat. no. 150: trench E ev. 18). Other pieces come from Late Byzantine levels (cat.  no.  275: trench J ev.  95; cat. no.  431: trench X ev.  16). Cat. nos 150, 275, and 431. Type L-20 Jerash Lamp with zoomorphic handle. Jerash Lamp with a triangle pattern filled with lines or zigzag motif (Fig. 3.6. L-20). The colour of the fabric is predominantly grey. In the Northwest Quarter, only the variant with half volutes on the neck appears, although other pieces may have the typical Greek cross at the base of the handle. This type corresponds to group iv.2 of Scholl.370 The evidence collected in Gerasa indicates that this lamp can be clearly dated before c. 660 as the Byzantine Cardo’s Thermopolium context proves, 371 and also the Macellum, where it was found together with type L-21.10 in a context dated to the last third of the sixth century.372 Type L-20 also appears among the decorative repertoire of the Hippodrome’s kilns, and it can therefore be dated before c. 640.373 Recent evidence places this type of lamp in contexts dated even before c. 550, as in a context from the hydraulic sawmill of the Temple of Artemis.374 In this sense, the finds from the Northwest Quarter seems to support a Late Byzantine 367  368  369  370  371  372  373  374 

Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7.JH480a; 2011a, fig. 4.63. Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.23. Scholl 1991, fig. 10.82. Scholl 1986, 165, fig. 1.5; 1991, 66. Baldoni 2018, fig. 3.39.83. Uscatescu 1992, 204, fig. 10.42. Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7.JH638; 2011a, fig. 4.67. Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 172, fig. 63.34.

dating around 550–600 for this type (cat.  no.  144: trench E ev.  18). In the Australian excavations, this type of lamp corresponds to the mould x whose dating is based on Polish data (Umayyad House of the South Decumanus, loci 34 and 110) following quality criteria and the absence of the motif of the cross on the neck that place them in the second half of the seventh century.375 However, this kind of lamp was found in association with JB,376 a production that at most reaches the first half of the seventh century.377 Beth She’an excavations also document this type of lamp (locus 54227), but without any specific stratigraphic data. 378 Cat. nos 34, 144, 336, and 352. Type L-21 ‘Classical’ Jerash Lamp with zoomorphic handle. This type of lamp with radial decoration can be considered the ‘classical’ Jerash Lamp par excellence, with a multitude of variants, focusing on the presence of the Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle or the half volutes. The decoration around the rim of the filling hole can be a wavy line with or without dots, though the separation between the radial lines vary. As for the quantity of pieces that corresponds to this group, this type coincides with the highest peak in the production of Jerash Lamps. Variant Type L-21.1 This variant is the simplest of all, decorated only by radial lines around the filling hole (Fig.  3.6. L-21.1). It is associated with the simplest bases (Fig. 3.10, base type a.1 and b.1). This is a unique type of lamp without any similar known examples. In the Northwest Quarter, pieces dated to the Late Byzantine period stand out (cat. no. 89: trench B ev. 51; cat. no. 183: trench G ev. 7; cat. no. 262: trench J ev. 67; cat. no. 271: trench J ev. 82). The proposed dating is between the middle or the end of the sixth century to mid-seventh century. Cat. nos 32, 89, 183, 271, and possibly 262 and 370.

375 

Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.20; Scholl 1986, 163, fig. 1.5. Scholl 1991, fig. 7.43–44. 377  Uscatescu 2019, 28–30. 378  Hadad 1997, fig. 39; 2002, 68, no. 302. 376 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Variant Type L-21.2 It is the most abundant type in Gerasa and also in the Northwest Quarter.379 It is similar to type L-21.1, but with a Greek cross with small circles on the angles at the base of the handle and a pair of half volutes and concentric circles on the nozzle (compare Fig. 3.6. L-21.2 with L-21.1). The colour is brown, reddish, or grey. It corresponds to Australian mould i,380 and Scholl group iii.381 The relative chronology offers an initial dating to the first half of the sixth century, which is supported by the specimen found in the hydraulic sawmill of the Temple of Artemis, in a context dated before the mid-sixth century.382 In the Macellum, this variant is documented in a context dated to c. 575/600–650 (tab. 16/H).383 In the workshops of the Hippodrome, this type has a terminus ante quem of c. 640,384 and its manufacture has been documented in chambers W-2 and W-3, subsequently covered by the massive burial of c. 650, where complete lamps, as well as misfired and unfired pieces were attested.385 This date is similar to that registered in chamber E-45, where this lamp was found in association with JB in a deposit dated to 550–600.386 A find from the Italian excavations in the Temple of Artemis has the same chronology,387 as does a lamp found in a tomb of adh-Dhunayba388 and another one from Tall Zirā’a.389 In the south-west district of the city, the finds are pre-Islamic,390 as are the finds from the Cardo Maximus’s Thermopolium,391 the Temple of Zeus,392 and the Macellum (tab. 16/G), where 379 

Uscatescu 1992, 201, fig. 8. Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.19. 381  Scholl 1986, 163, fig. 1.4. 382  Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 172, fig. 63.35. 383  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 9.36. 384  Abu Dalu 1993, fig. 13.21; Kehrberg 1989, fig. 5.26; 2009, fig. 7.65 ( JH7). 385   Kehrberg and Ostrasz 2014, figs  21–23. This dating contrasts with that attributed to this same type of lamp in chambers W-6 and W-14, which are dated to the first half of the eighth century (Bessard, Callot, and al-‘Tum 2008, 178, fig. 5.1–3; Bessard and Bonnéric 2013, fig. 8 centre left). 386  Kehrberg 1989, 88 n. 9, fig. 5.25–26. 387  Baldoni 2019, 128–29, no. 18. 388  Ta’ani 1996, figs 5–6. 389  Kenkel 2020, 110, pl. 1.46 La90; Rothe, Zerbini, and Kenkel 2014, 364, fig. 10.9–10. 390  Pappalardo 2019, 216 n. 41, fig. 5.14.2. 391  Baldoni 2018, fig. 3.80–82. 392  Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 171, cat. 47. 380 

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the recovered lamps belong to contexts dated before the 659/60 earthquake.393 The rest of the findings are mainly dated to the seventh century, as in the Australian excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus (phase 9),394 as well as in another context of the Temple of Artemis,395 and in the North Theatre.396 In the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 1), this variant is found above a Byzantine deposit of the early seventh century (dated by a coin of Phocas).397 There are also pieces associated with eighth-century contexts, such as in the church of Bishop Isaiah (locus 003),398 in the Congregational Mosque, 399 in the south chamber of a tomb by the Hadrian Arch,400 and also in Boṣrā, where they are dated between the late seventh to early eighth centuries (stratum 20).401 In the Northwest Quarter, this type of lamp is found in Late Byzantine contexts (cat. no. 65: trench B ev. 28; cat. nos 74 and 76: trench B ev. 33; cat. no. 268: trench J ev. 33). One example is found in an Umayyad context (cat. no. 169: trench F ev. 40). The proposed dating is c. 525/50–660 and +. Cat. nos 8, 35, 50, 65, 74, 76, 169, 268, and 420. Variant Type L-21.3 Similar to the previous type L-21.2 but with pairs of concentric circles at the base of the handle and on the nozzle. The radial decoration is widely spaced (Fig. 3.6. L-21.3). It can be assimilated to a type found in the Macellum in a context dated prior to the 659/60 earthquake.402 In the Northwest Quarter, this variant is found in a context of the mid-sixth century (cat. no. 146: trench E ev. 18). Other examples are found in levels associated with pottery wares dated between the Late Byzantine and the Umayyad periods (cat. no. 52: trench B ev. 27; cat. no. 160: trench E ev. 28). A dating of c. 575–660 is proposed. Cat. nos 52, 146, 160, and possibly 339.

393 

Uscatescu 1992, fig. 9.37. Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.19. 395  Bitti 1986, 191, pl. IX.2 left. 396  Clark 1986a, 253, pl. xix.1 lower right. 397  Scholl 1986, fig. 1.4; 1991, fig. 5.26. 398  Clark 1986b, 317, pl. xv.30 upper left. 399  Barnes and others 2006, 305, fig. 16.1; Walmsley 2002, 19, fig. 24A. 400  Zayadine 1986, 16, pl. vi.1–2. 401  Berthier 1985, 24–25, fig. 11. 402  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 8.32. 394 

Alexandra Uscatescu

92 Variant Type L-21.4 Similar to the L-21.2 variant, but the radial lines end at a point next to the filling hole ridge (Fig. 3.6. L-21.4). It is included in subgroup iv.3 of Scholl.403 A lamp found in level 3 of the cistern on the terrace of the Temple of Zeus is dated c. 550–620. It is the most complete example known of this variant.404 In the Australian excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus, it is documented in phase 9, dated to the seventh century.405 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from an Umayyad level (cat.  no.  173: trench F ev.  40). The proposed dating would be c. 550–700. Cat. nos 173 and possibly 221. Variant Type L-21.5 Like the previous one, but around the edge of the filling hole, circles with a central dot are arranged, as well as motifs of concentric circles at the base of the handle (Fig. 3.6. L-21.5). This variant is also included in subgroup iv.3 of Scholl. In the Cardo’s Thermopolium, it has a terminus ante quem of c. 660,406 while another example is found in a context of a mosaic (locus 7) in the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus.407 In the Northwest Quarter, a piece is found in a Late Byzantine context (cat. no. 345: trench N ev. 26). The proposed dating is c. 575–600 and +. Cat. nos 126 and possibly 245. Variant Type L-21.6 It is a particular and little-known variant. It is documented among the types produced in the Hippodrome, with the peculiarity of rosettes in relief over the typical radial decoration of the lamp (Fig. 3.7. L-21.6). The rosettes have been carved and added to the standard mould of type L-21.2.408 In addition to the Northwest Quarter nozzle fragment, a complete specimen from the Hippodrome and another unpublished fragment from the Macellum are known. This particular type of decoration seems to echo the old Nabatean productions of the ‘Radial Lamps’ of the first century.409 The 403 

Scholl 1991, 73, fig. 7.46. Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 14.3; Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 16. 405  Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.21. 406  Baldoni 2018, fig. 3.39.84. 407  Scholl 1991, fig. 7.46 and fig. 8.53. 408  Kehrberg 2009, 502, fig. 7. JH 482; 2011a, fig. 4.62. 409  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 97, no. 394.

proposed dating is the chronological framework of the Hippodrome’s workshops, from the sixth to the beginning of the seventh centuries. The Northwest Quarter piece was located in a Late Byzantine/Early Islamic context (trench W ev. 20). The proposed date is c. 575–640. Cat. no. 414. Variant Type L-21.7 This variant and the following four are characterized by the presence of a wavy line around the filling hole. This variant does not exhibit any decoration at the base of the handle as usual (Fig. 3.7. L-21.7). It is associated with a destruction context of the 749 earthquake (trench K ev. 3). A broad dating is proposed, since the wavy line variants are the most long-lived among the Jerash Lamps, spanning from c. 500/50 to 750. Cat. no. 280. Variant Type L-21.8 Quite similar to the previous variant, but with small dots between the edge of the filling hole and the wavy line that surrounds it. At the base of the handle, there is a vertical line flanked by two half volutes (Fig. 3.7. L-21.8). This variant also corresponds to the group iv.3 of Scholl, which was produced at the Hippodrome’s workshops.410 It is also found in the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 24: found with a coin of Phocas, and locus 31).411 The fragment from the Northwest Quarter does not offer any chronological data, so caution suggests a broad dating, c. 550/75–640/60. Cat. no. 176. Variant Type L-21.9 This variant follows the same pattern as the previous ones, except for the decoration at the base of the handle, where a Greek cross with circles at the angles is present. Furthermore, the dots around the filling hole are missing (Fig. 3.7. L-21.9). Possibly, this type can be assimilated to Sepphoris type 21.412 In the Northwest Quarter, this type is found in a context of destruction associated with the 749 earthquake (trench K ev. 3). Proposed dating: c. 500/50–750. Cat. no. 287.

404 

410 

Kehrberg 2009, fig. JH4; 2011a, fig. 4.58. Scholl 1991, fig. 9.72 and fig. 8.55. 412  Lapp 2016, 106–07, no. 209. 411 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Variant Type L-21.10 This variant is one of the most popular Jerash Lamps, and the production of this type is one of the longest running in the city. It is similar to the previous one, but with small dots around the filling hole as well as circles with a central dot and half volutes on the nozzle (Fig. 3.7. L-21.10). The findings of the Northwest Quarter are associated with bases of types b.2 and b.4 (Fig. 3.10. b.2 and b.4). Elsewhere, as an upper mould type L-21.10 is also documented in hybrid lamps with bases of type i.1 (Fig. 3.11. i.1), of a later date.413 Type L-21.10 corresponds to the Australian mould xvii.414 The base b.4 can be included in group iv.4 of Scholl, with disjointed Greek letters and volutes (Fig.  3.10. b.4). 415 The oldest specimens come from the deposit dated before the mid-sixth century in the hydraulic sawmill of the Sanctuary of Artemis. 416 In the Macellum, L-21.10 lamps are dated to c. 575/600–650 (tab. 16/H).417 A chronology similar to the findings of the Hippodrome’s workshops that have a terminus ante quem of c. 640,418 as well as some other examples from the Temple of Artemis.419 In the Hippodrome’s workshops, there is a specimen whose flattened handle is more similar to the pieces of the sixth century.420 This variant is still documented in seventh-century contexts, such as the findings of the stairway of the Temple of Artemis,421 the North Theatre,422 and the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 10: room 7, next to Byzantine pottery, although there is also an Abbasid dinar of 770/71).423 From contexts dated to the beginning of the eighth century, this variant is documented in the Australian excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus (phase 10) among the sherds coming from a kiln waster. 424 Its manufacture in the first half of the eighth century is also attested 413  414  415  416  417  418  419  420  421  422  423  424 

Uscatescu 1992, n. 16. Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.25. Scholl 1986, 165, fig. 1.7; Uscatescu 1992, 207, fig. 13.54. Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 172, fig. 63.36. Uscatescu 1992, fig. 7.28. Kehrberg 1989, fig. 5.25; Abu Dalu 1993, fig. 13.22. Baldoni 2019, 128–29, nos 19–20. Kehrberg 1989, 88, fig. 5.24. Bitti 1986, pl. ix.2 right. Clark 1986a, 253, pl. xix.1 lower centre. Scholl 1991, fig. 5.29; Gawlikowski 1986, 113. Kehrberg 1986, 373.

93

by the kilns of the North Theatre,425 as well as its presence in the destruction level of the 749 earthquake in the church of Bishop Isaiah.426 Kiln D of the Sanctuary of Artemis also produced the lamp type L-21.10, with annular bases of types b.1, b.3, and b.4,427 but also combined with a flat almond-shaped base, especially of type i.1, which corresponds to the Northwest Quarter hybrid type L-23.1 (see below).428 Here, the production of both types are dated in the first half of the eighth century. The same combination, using an upper mould L-21.10 with later almond flat bases is documented in the monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’ in Jerusalem, where a hybrid lamp was found next to some eighth-century coins (hybrid type: an upper mould used with an Early Islamic base of Northwest Quarter type L-23.1).429 An almost identical lamp was also preserved in Boṣrā’s Antiquarium.430 In the Northwest Quarter, the L-21.10 is found both in contexts dated to the Late Byzantine period (cat. no. 307: trench K ev. 76), as well as in levels associated with the destruction of the 749 earthquake (cat.  no.  292: trench K ev.  3). The proposed dating would be c. 525/50–750. Cat. nos 292, 298, 307, 409, and 412. Variant Type L-21.11 Variant with radial decoration and small circles and a wavy line around the filling hole (Fig. 3.7. L-21.11). The context of the Northwest Quarter suggests a dating in the Umayyad period, which coincides with a lower quality mould, a derivative of a prototype of the type L-21.10 (cat. no. 411: trench V ev. 61). Suggested dating of c. 660–750. Cat. no. 411. Variant Type L-21.12 Variant with radial decoration and double semicircles with central dot around the filling hole (Fig.  3.7. L-21.12). It is similar to Scholl’s group iv.3. It is not very common. There are several unpublished sherds from the Macellum. In the Northwest Quarter, this variant belongs to a context dated to the mid-sixth century

425  426  427  428  429  430 

Schaefer 1986, 435, pl. vi. 2 upper left and centre. Clark 1986b, pl. xv.30 upper centre. Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig. 4.2, 4–5. Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig. 4.1, 3, 8–10, 12–14. Bagatti 1970, 91, fig. 1.10 and fig. 2.6. Guidoni 1990, pl. vi.27.

Alexandra Uscatescu

94 (cat. no. 143: trench E ev. 18). Proposed dating: c. 575– 660. Cat. nos 143 and 422. As for the distribution pattern of the Classical Jerash Lamp, in Palestine it is sporadically documented in eastern Galilee and the Jordan Valley (Map 3.6).431 Most of the finds are concentrated in the ancient Decapolis region. The northernmost and southernmost finds correspond to two pieces of Early Islamic chronology of Damascus and al-Lejjūn, respectively. Jerash Lamps (all the variants) are documented in: Abila, 432 ‘Ammān, 433 BaitRās,434 al-Baṣṣa,435 Beth She’an,436 Bethany,437 Boṣrā,438 Capernaum, 439 adh-Dhunayba, 440 Gadara, 441 Ḥammat Gader,442 Hippos,443 Jerusalem (monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’444 and monastery of Theodorus and Kyriakos at Mt Scopus),445 Khirbat Yajuz,446 Khirbet es-Samrā’,447 al-Lajjūn, 448 Madaba, 449 Mt Nebo, 450 Pella, 451 Qafr 431  In this list and in Map 3.6, some hybrid types of Umayyad chronology are included (Northwest Quarter types L-23 and L-24) found in ‘Ammān, Beth She’an, Jerusalem (monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’), Khirbet es-Samrā’, al-Lajjūn, Qafr Boutna (Damascus), Qaṣr al-Ḥallābāt, and Tall Jāwā. 432  Fuller 1993, 465, fig. 91.A. 433   Harding 1951, 11, no.  36.55; Northedge 1992, 143, fig. 133.7; Najjar and Sa’id 1994, 558, fig. 2.12; Koutsoukou 1997, 123, fig. 30; Mansour 2011, 162, figs 10–12. 434  Bagatti 1970, 87–90. 435  Iliffe 1934, 84, fig. 2. 436  Hadad 2002, 68–71, nos 299–312. 437  Bagatti 1970, 87. 438  Kadour and Seeden 1983, fig. 12.3; Wilson and Sa’d 1984, 87, nos 22–24; Guidoni 1994, 421, fig. 4.3. 439  Bagatti 1963–64, 266, fig. 3.5. 440  Ta’ani 1996, figs 5–6. 441  Da Costa 2001, n. 46. 442  Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 325, fig. 10 and pl. iv.4–6. 443  Młynarczyk 2011, 201, fig. 7.3. 444  Bagatti 1970, 90, figs 1.10 and 2.6. 445  Amit, Seligman, and Zilberbod 2000 (apud Hadad 2002, n. 252). 446  Khalil and Kareem 2002, 140, 142, and 148, fig. 21.5 and fig.  22.8. In this publication, these lamps were not identified as Jerash Lamps. 447  Desreumaux and Humbert 1981, fig. 2.21–23. 448  Parker 2006, 351, fig. 16.74. 449  Acconci and Gabrieli 1994, 466, fig. 167. 450  Saller 1941, 323, pl. 143.6; Bagatti 1985, 276, fig. 19.11; Alliata 1990, 462, no. 142. 451  Smith 1973, 218, 220, 232, pl. 34.1303, 1308, and 1311, pl. 44.1329, pl. 84.254; Smith, McNicoll, and Watson 1992, 127– 30, pl. 141.3.

Boutna (Damascus),452 Qaṣr al-Ḥallābāt,453 Sepphoris,454 Tall Jāwā,455 Tall Zirā’a,456 Umm al-Jimāl,457 and Umm al-Raṣāṣ.458 Type L-25 Late Samaritan Lamp. The net pattern decoration, with zones of transverse parallel lines and a row of pearls surrounding the filling hole, links a small fragment of the Northwest Quarter with this type of imported lamp. This is an oval lamp, wide all over, with a broad nozzle, and straight-sided channel, as well as a tongue handle (Fig. 3.12. L-25).459 It can display a circular or horseshoe-shaped filling hole. The ware is pale pink (7.5YR  7/4) with a very light brown core (10YR 7/4). This type would correspond to the Samaritan type 4 lamp,460 Hadad Byzantine type 2,461 Hadad type 32 variant 1,462 Caesarea type 2,463 and Kennedy type 24.464 The attribution to the Samaria region of this type of lamp is based on the finding of inscriptions in this dialect on these lamps.465 Sussman has dated the evolution of the general production of the different variants of type L-25 from the second century to the mideighth century.466 This has allowed her to establish numerous variants for the Late Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. The shape that best fits the decorative pattern of the small Gerasa fragment would be Sussman type B25/B26 or the almond-shape lamp.467 However, the shape of the filling hole cannot be determined for the fragment from the Northwest Quarter, and therefore the specific variant remains unknown. There are local derivatives such as the 452 

al-Khouly 2001, 193, fig. 4. Bisheh 1982, 134, pl. xxxvii.1–3. 454  Lapp 2016, 106–07 (type 21). 455  Johnson 2010, 345, fig. 10.1.4. 456  Rothe, Zerbini, and Kenkel 2014, 364, fig. 10.9–10; Kenkel 2016, 776. 457  Lapp 1995, 437; 2016, 106. 458  Pappalardo 2007, 586, fig. 4.3. 459  Sussman 1983, 74–80, fig. 9.3. 460  Da Costa 2010, 77–78, fig. 21. 461  Hadad 1997, 168, fig. 34. 462  Hadad 2002, 74, nos 321–22. 463  Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 114. 464  Kennedy 1963, 90–91, pl. xxix.786. 465  Sussman 1976, 98. 466  Sussman 2017, 178. 467  Sussman 2017, 185. 453 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Map 3.6. L-17 to L-24. Jerash Lamps (all types).

95

Alexandra Uscatescu

96

Map 3.7. L-25. Samaritan Lamp (late types).

Sussman types B53.1–B.53.3, which are manufactured in the Beth She’an region and that share decorative patterns with the lamps manufactured in the Samaria region.468 In this sense, Sussman indicates that some pieces included in Hadad type 32, in fact, would be of Samaritan origin. The most similar piece to the Gerasa example would be variant 1 of Hadad type 32 with a net pattern.469 The piece from the Northwest Quarter comes from an Umayyad 468  469 

Sussman 2017, 292–93. Hadad 2002, 78, nos 321–22.

context (cat. no. 161: trench F ev. 10–11). As for its chronology, this lamp can be dated from the late sixth century and until the Umayyad period.470 The general distribution of late Samaritan lamps (Sussman types B25/B26 and Hadad type 32) in Palestine is (Map 3.7): Apollonia-Arsuf, Beth She’an, Bet She’arim, Caesarea, Capernaum, Deir Isphin, Geva, Ḥammat Gader, Kefar ‘Ara, Jericho, Lehavot Ḥaviva, 470 

Golofast 2016, 438, fig. 73.11; Hadad 2002, 78; Sussman 2017, 185.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Mesilot (Beth She’an’s region), Samaria, and cave of Zawata. In Jordan: ‘Ammān, Gerasa, Mt Nebo, Pella, and Umm al-Raṣāṣ.471 Cat. no. 161. Type L-27 ‘Slipper’ Lamp. This lamp belongs to the family of the so-called ‘Slipper’ Lamps, a name that has prevailed in the specialized literature for this specific type. The upper part is decorated with strokes in relief around the filling hole, which is also surrounded by two ridges, of which the inner is higher. Discovered in large numbers in the cemetery of Tel Gezer, Steward  R.  A. Macalister referred to it as the ‘candlestick lamp’ due to the decorative motif of the nozzle, which was assimilated to the Hebrew menorah. 472 Other authors, observing that the decoration could also resemble a palm, tried unsuccessfully to call it ‘palm-branch’ lamp and even ‘palm-menorah’ lamp.473 However, as Kennedy has pointed out, the presence of the Christian cross and Greek inscriptions prevented the exclusive use of the name of ‘candlestick’ lamp to an ethnic or religious group.474 Typologically, it corresponds to Kennedy type 19,475 Rosenthal and Sivan ‘Slipper Lamps A–B’, 476 Scholl group i, 477 Caesarea type 3, 478 Magness type 3,479 Capernaum Luc. 4,480 Da Costa type 17–18,481 and Hadad type 28.482 The examples found in Gerasa correspond to two different types of ware: one of yellowish colour, which is the most common, and another of pink colour. None of the types has a slip. The same fabrics were registered at Hippos.483 Morphologically, different subdivisions have been established based on the size, decoration, and shape of these lamps. Rosenthal and Sivan divide the type 471 

Hadad 2002, 74; Sussman 2017, 185–86. 472  Macalister 1912 (ii), 227. 473  Sellers 1951, 45, fig. 5; Kennedy 1963, 83–87; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 116. 474  Kennedy 1963, 84. 475  Kennedy 1963, 83–87. 476  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 112–20. 477  Scholl 1986, 163; 1991, 66. 478  Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 113–14, ill. 122a. 479  Magness 1993, 251. 480  Loffreda 2008, 48. 481  Da Costa 2001, fig. 3.4–5. 482  Hadad 2002, 66, nos 287–98. 483  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 116; Młynarczyk 2011, 201.

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between sizes ‘small’ (up to 8  cm) and ‘large’ (from 8 cm).484 Having only fragments, as is the case of the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa, it is difficult to apply this criterion. In this same sense, there are not large enough fragments to be able to determine the shape of the handle, which is usually a pellet or a stroke — except for a late variant with loop handle, represented by a single piece (Fig. 3.12. L-27.3). In Gerasa, the ‘Slipper’ Lamp is clearly the product of an import, although Scholl included this type of lamp as one of his local groups (Scholl’s group i).485 Because of the great accumulation of finds in Jerusalem, the city and surrounding region has been suggested as a possible production place.486 Clermont-Ganneau was the first who coined the idea that these lamps would have been produced as souvenirs for pilgrims coming from Jerusalem.487 Though other scholars picked up on this idea,488 Da Costa does not believe that the expansion of this type is due to pilgrimage, because these lamps are still found in Umayyad times.489 In my opinion, the idea of a link between this lamp type and pilgrimage does not seem plausible due to the fact that this lamp has a very regional dispersion, but is otherwise absent in sites around the Mediterranean. Regarding the place of production, the archaeological data, such as findings of moulds and deformed pieces, indicate that this lamp was produced in several centres. Limestone or clay moulds have been found in Dorot,490 Khirbet el-Ni’ana,491 Mt Nebo,492 and Pella.493 In Madaba, there is a piece with an undrilled wick hole.494 The tomb of Sīlet edh-Dharh, near Samaria, where more than ninety lamps of this type were found (‘large’ version), allowed Ovid Sellers to observe the morphological evolution of this type of lamp. Sellers determined 484  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 112; Sussman 2017, 92. The ‘small’ version is also known as the ‘Ain Yabrud lamp. 485  Scholl 1991, fig. 1. 486  Sussman 2017, 6. 487  Clermont-Ganneau 1900, 43. 488  Magness 1993, 176–77; Shapira and Peleg 2003b, 187. 489  Da Costa 2001, 243. 490  Sussman 2017, 91, fig. 64b. 491  Sussman 2017, 91, fig. 64a. 492  Alliata 1994b, 640, fig. 4. 493  Da Costa 2010, 78. 494  The authors did not mention the undrilled wick hole in their text, nor did they identify the lamp as belonging to this particular type. But the drawing of the lamp seems to represent an unpierced wick hole (Harrison and others 2003, 146, fig. 12.10).

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98 that the lamp, over time, developed a channel, like so many other types of lamps of Umayyad chronology.495 For a long period of time, from the second half of the fourth century to the Umayyad period, this lamp type was very common in the region.496 The data recovered from Jerusalem shows that this type is documented until the beginning of the eighth century,497 which seems to be confirmed in Pella, where this lamp is documented until the second quarter of the eighth century.498 In Boṣrā, this lamp is found in levels of the Umayyad destruction of c. 749.499 Variant Type L-27.1 The decorative pattern of this variant is the simplest, with radial lines or strokes around the filling hole (Fig.  3.12. L-27.1). It corresponds to Kennedy type 19A500 and Magness type 3A.501 As I mentioned above, it is not possible to sort the Northwest Quarter fragments by size, although larger lamps seem to correspond to the latest dating, between the mid-sixth and the early eighth centuries, and a wider regional distribution.502 While the small version, as attested in the Temple Mount, is usually dated to the second half of the fourth to fifth centuries,503 and preferably found in the region of Jerusalem and its surroundings.504 However, Da Costa determines the existence of this ‘small’ variant in short quantities in Pella.505 Regarding the presence of type L-27.1 in Gerasa, the first published lamps were located in the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus, with a general dating of c. 550–650 (locus 22), that is, at levels dated before the 659/60 earthquake. Scholl stressed the absence of this type in levels dated to the fourth and fifth centuries, and in contexts dated after 650.506 The excavation 495  Sellers 1951, 44; Sellers and Baramki 1953, 48, figs 49–51 (type xv). 496  Hadad 2002, 66. 497  Magness 1993, 251–55; Shapira and Peleg 2003a, 105. 498  Smith 1973, 217. 499  Wilson and Sa’d 1984, 63, fig. 18. 500  Kennedy 1963, 85. 501  Magness 1993, 252. 502  Magness 1993, 251. 503  Shapira and Peleg 2003a, 105. 504  Sussman 2017, 91. 505  Da Costa 2010, 74, figs 9–10. 506  Scholl 1986, 163, fig. 1.1.

of the Macellum does not provide any data of interest for this particular variant.507 In the North Theatre, the few recovered lamps of this type are attributed to the sixth to seventh centuries.508 In the Australian excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus, this type of lamp is documented in phase 10, from the end of the seventh and early eighth centuries.509 Finally, in the tomb by the Hadrian Arch, it was found together with Jerash Lamps dating to the sixth or seventh century.510 In Jordan, the starting date for the importation of this kind of lamp does not seem to go back beyond the fifth century, as is also the case in Pella.511 Although it is more common in the latest contexts of Pella, in phase v (mid-seventh century).512 However, in Jabal Harūn an earlier dating is suggested.513 The rest of the collected data on these lamps, as Da Costa points out, would indicate that the ‘Slipper’ Lamp does not appear in northern Jordan before the early sixth century. 514 For example, lamps of this type appeared in the destruction level of the late sixth to early seventh centuries in the excavations of the Bajali’s courtyard in Madaba.515 The lamp also appeared in contexts dated to the midsixth century/early eighth century in Mekawer.516 The latest date of this type of lamp could be extended to the Umayyad period since the ‘Slipper’ Lamp is found, for example, in Capernaum in a stratum attributed to the 749 earthquake.517 This lamp is also known in Tall Kharrār. 518 Some of the pieces from the Northwest Quarter would be dated in Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad contexts (cat.  no.  51: trench B ev.  22; cat. no. 224: trench J ev. 12; cat. no. 310: trench L ev. 3; cat. no. 403: trench T ev. 70). Cat. nos 39, 51, 129, 208, 220, 224, 310, 400, and 403.

507  508  509  510  511  512  513  514  515  516  517  518 

Uscatescu 1992, 192–94, fig. 4.12–15, figs 5, 16, and 19–20. Clark 1986a, pl. xix.2 upper left. Kehrberg 1986, 369 and 371, pl. v.15. ‘Oweiss 1985, fig. 4; Zayadine 1986, 16, pl. VI, 4. Smith 1973, pl. 29.1305, pl. 42.1296 and 1298–99. Smith, McNicoll, and Watson 1992, 181, pl. 115.8. Holmqvist 2016, 252. Da Costa 2010, 73, figs 9–10. Acconci and Gabrieli 1994, 488, fig. 38.161–67. Piccirillo 1995, 316, nos 17–18. Loffreda 2008, 48. Abu Shmeis and Waheeb 2002, fig. 3.1–3.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.8. Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Types L-22 and L-23.

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Figure 3.9. Umayyad Jerash Lamps. Type L-24.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.10. Jerash Lamp base types.

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Figure 3.11. Jerash Lamp base types.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.12. Late Byzantine and Umayyad Lamps. Types L-25 to L-27.

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Figure 3.13. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps. Types L-28 to L-31.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Variant Type L-27.2 This variant is known as ‘inscribed’ lamp.519 It is characterized by the presence of Greek inscriptions on the shoulders, all of them of Christian character, and never accompanied by the motive of the menorah.520 Otherwise, the general shape is the same as the previous variant (Fig. 3.12, compare L-27.1 and L-27.2). It corresponds to Kennedy types 19B–19C,521 and Magness type 3C. 522 Possibly, the first publications of these inscriptions were those of Clermont-Ganneau523 and Wright based on the findings of Bliss’s excavations in Jerusalem (1894–1997).524 On one occasion, it was proposed to subdivide this type of lamps on the basis of the degree of intelligibility of their inscriptions.525 The inscription of the Northwest Quarter sherd is very fragmentary and offers two reading possibilities: […]εο[…] or […]ως[…]. A hypothesis based on the attested practice of the rotation of the letters and the use of abbreviations. The spelling of the first preserved letter can correspond to both an omega or an epsilon, since the complete inscriptions can display many script directions, so it can be read from the inside or from the outside around the filling hole and not in isolation.526 Both Nitowski and, subsequently, Loffreda have shown that these lamps employ a limited repertoire of stereotyped epigraphic formulas. Given this, the Northwest Quarter fragment would have two possibilities of reconstruction. It can be either [ΤΗΣ Θ]ΕΟ[ΤΩΚΟΥ] (of the Mother of God)527 or [Θ]ΩΣ [ΧΥ ΦΕΝΙ ΠΑΣΙΝ] (The light of Christ enlightens everyone),528 and even a variation of the latter: [Φ]ΩΣ[KYΦΕNΠΑAΣIN---Η] < Three dashes >(The light of the Lord enlightens everyone. Beautiful [lamp]).529 519 

Magness 1993, 252. 520  Sussman 2017, 90. 521  Kennedy 1963, 85–86. 522  Magness 1993, 251–52. 523  Clermont-Ganneau 1900, 42. 524  Wright 1905. 525  Kennedy 1963, 85–86. 526  Loffreda 1990b, 475–76. 527  Saller 1957, 178; Nitowski 1974, 27 (group 2A); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 119, no. 493. 528  Nitowski 1974, 26, 28–29 (groups 1, 3, 4, 5, 6); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 119, nos 494–96; Loffreda type A.1.2: φῶς Χ(ριστο) ῦ φαίνει πᾶσιν (Loffreda 1989, 80; 1990b, 476, figs 3.2, and 3.3). Others examples from Jericho: Golofast 2016, 436, fig. 72.4. 529  Loffreda type A.3.9: φῶς Κ(υρίο)υ φαίν(ει) πᾶσιν (καλ)ή

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Regarding the chronolog y, the fragment of the Northwest Quarter was found in a Late Byzantine/Early Islamic context (cat.  no.  314: trench L ev.  9). Other inscribed fragments from Gerasa have been found in the deposits located under the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus, which do not go beyond c. 650.530 Furthermore, a small decontextualized piece was found in the Macellum. In the region, the findings from Boṣrā stand out (from an Umayyad collapse: stratum 3), 531 this lamp type is otherwise also found in Abila,532 Sal (Irbid),533 Mt Nebo,534 and Madaba.535 Cat. no. 314. Variant Type L-27.3 Variant with raised loop handle, decorated on the frontal side of it (Fig. 3.12. L-27.3). It corresponds to Kennedy type 29, no. 835,536 Magness type 3D,537 Da Costa type 19,538 and Sussman type B14.4.539 For most authors, L-27.3 is a derivation of the classic ‘Slipper’ Lamp with the nozzle emphasized by curved sides. In this variant, most of the decorations on the handle are crosses, like those found in the Macellum.540 The earliest example located in Gerasa — a complete lamp with a cross decoration on the handle from the North Theatre — is dated to the fifth century.541 The variant is also known in the Temple of Zeus, on level 3 of the terrace cistern, dated to c. 550–620.542 Several lamps of this variant were found in the Macellum, of which an almost complete lamp and a handle decorated by a palm from two different contexts, both dated c. 575/600–650 (tab. 16/H and tab. 9 earthen floor), stand out.543

(Loffreda 1990b, 480). 530  Gawlikowski 1986, 118. 531  Wilson and Sa’d 1984, 63, no. 18. 532  Mare 1985, 232, fig. 10.1. 533  Ta’ani and Melhem 1994, fig. 5. 534  Bagatti 1985, 275–76, fig. 10.1–8. 535  Acconci and Gabrieli 1994, 466, fig. 38.164–66. 536  Kennedy 1963, pl. xxx.835. 537  Magness 1993, 252–53. 538  Da Costa 2001, 245, fig. 3.6. 539  Sussman 2017, 111, fig. 89.3. 540  Uscatescu 1992, fig. 5.19–20. 541  Clark 1986a, 253, pl. xix.2 upper centre. 542  Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 178, no. 19. 543  Uscatescu 1992, 194, fig. 5.16 and 18.

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106 In Jordan, it is known in Tall Zirā’a, in a context dated to the mid-sixth and seventh centuries,544 and in a tomb of Salt (Irbid) associated with Jerash Lamps,545 which would provide a terminus ante quem of c.  650 for the ensemble. In Palestine, this variant is also documented in: Hizme, Jerusalem (the Temple Mount, in sixth- to seventh-century contexts),546 Moza (late fifth/ early sixth century), Netiv ha-Lamed (late fifth/early sixth century), Ramat Raḥel (sixth century),547 Sīlet edhDharh,548 Tel Gezer (tomb 12),549 and Tel en-Nasbeh.550 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from a mixed context (trench X ev. 2). Cat. no. 426. As for the geographical distribution of the ‘Slipper’ Lamp (all variants), it is attested in Transjordan in (Map 3.8): Abila, ‘Ammān (citadel), Boṣrā, adh-Dhunayba, Dibōn, Gerasa, Heshbon, Jabal Harūn, al-Lejjūn, Madaba, Mekawer, Mt Nebo, Na’ur (near ‘Ammān), Pella, Petra, Sal (Irbid), Tall al-Kharrār, Tall Jāwā, Tall Zirā’a, and Umm al-Raṣāṣ.551 The most northern find could be from Palmyra, according to Sussman.552 In Palestine, the dispersion of this type of lamp has been widely established by Sussman:553 ‘Ain Yabrud, Apollonia-Arsuf, Ashkelon, 544 

Kenkel 2016, 774, fig. 11, group 17. Ta’ani and Melhem 1994, fig. 12. 546  Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929, pl. 26.33, 35; Tushingham 1985, fig. 32.40 and 42; Shapira and Peleg 2003a, 105. 547  Aharoni 1964, fig. 26.14. 548  Sellers and Baramki 1953, 42, fig. 44 (type xi). 549  Macalister 1912 (iii), pl. ci.10. 550  Sussman 2017, 111 and 116, fig. 89.3. 551  Abila: Fuller 1993, 466, 468, fig. 94A, 471; Mare 1984, 52, fig. 10.324; 1985, fig. 10.1 and 5. ‘Ammān: Harding 1951, 11, nos 55–56; Koutsoukou 1997, 122, figs 22–23; Mansour 2011, 163. Boṣrā: Guidoni 1990, 48, no. 22. adh-Dhunayba: Ta’ani 1996, fig. 2 (small, decorated with a palm-branch motif ), and figs 3–4 (menorah motif ). Dibōn: Tushingham 1972, fig. 4.98. Jabal Harūn: Holmqvist 2016, 252. al-Lejjūn: Parker 1987, 545, 617, nos 231–42. Madaba: Acconci and Gabrieli 1994, 488, fig. 38.161–67; Foran and others 2004, 89, fig. 10.20–23. Mekawer: Piccirillo 1995, 316, nos 17–18. Mt Nebo: Saller 1941, 322; Alliata 1990, 460–62, nos  134–41. Na’ur: ‘Abbadi 1973, 71. Pella: Smith 1973, pl.  29.1305, and pl. 42.1296, 1298–99; Smith, McNicoll, and Watson 1992, 181, pl. 115.8. Petra: Khairy 2001, 369, nos 8–9. Sal: Ta’ani and Melhem 1994, pls 4–7 (small and large version, and one inscribed piece). Tall Jāwā: Beckman and Daviau 2010, 328, fig. 9.6.4 (type L-5). Tall alKharrār: Abu Shmeis and Waheeb 2002, fig. 3.1–3, fig. 12.6–7 and 9, and fig. 12.8 (inscribed version). Tall Zirā’a: Kenkel 2016, 774. Umm al-Raṣāṣ: Alliata 1994a, 288, nos 60–61, 77, 82 and pl. 34.4; Pappalardo 2007, 563–66, figs 1–2. 545 

552  553  

Sussman 2017, 118, n. 41. Ḥammat Gader: Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 326, fig.  9 and

Atara, al-Baṣṣa, Be’er Sheva’, Beit Fajjar, Bet She’arim, Beth She’an, Bethany, Caesarea, Capernaum, ‘En Gedi, Ḥammat Gader, Hebron, Hippos, Ḥorvat Dikhrin, Ḥorvat Karkur ‘Illit, Jericho,554 Jerusalem (Getsemani, monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’, Ophel, Nablus road, southern wall, Temple Mount, St Stephen’s gate, Third Wall, Sion’s Tower, American Garden, Tyropoeon Valley), Kafr ‘Ana,555 Kanisat er-Rawat, Khirbet ed-Deir, Khirbet el-Ni’ana, Khirbet el-Kīliya, Khirbet el-Thahiriya, Khirbet es-Suyyagh,556 Khirbet Samra, Lachish, Luzit, Mishmar Ha-e’maq, Moza, Nablus, Nazareth, Nessana,557 Netiv Ha-Lamed-He, Oboda, Palmachim, Ramat el-Halil (Mamre), Ramat Raḥel, Ramla-Nesher Quarry, 558 Reḥovot, Ruhama, Samaria, Shavei Zion, Shiloh, Sīlet edh-Dharh, Siyar al-Ghanam, Tel en-Nasbeh, Tel Gezer, Tel Yavne, and Tiberias. Type L-29 Northern Ovoid Lamp. Lamp with a pointed ovoid body with a small central filling hole, a sunken discus, a trapezoidal channel with a surrounding ridge at the top, which is part of the discus, and connects the filling hole and wick hole. It has a small, low knob handle in the shape of a pyramid. Almond base. Shoulder decoration in high relief: floral, zoomorphic, and geometric patterns (Fig. 3.13. L-29.1 and L-29.2). The fabric has a reddish-yellow core (5YR 7/6), and it is light red (2.5YR  6/6) or reddish-yellow (5YR 7/6) on the exterior. It corresponds to Rosenthal and Sivan nos 510–11,559 Caesarea type 1,560 Beth She’an Byzantine type 2, 561 Hadad type 30, 562 Capernaum Luc. 7.6,563 Waliszewski type 14,564 and Sussman types pl. III.5–6. Hippos: Młynarczyk 2011, 200, fig. 7.1–2; Sussman 2017, 91, 117–18, map 4, and n. 41. 554  Golofast 2016, 436, fig. 72.4 (L-27.2) and fig. 72.7 (L-27.3). 555  Gophna, Taxel, and Feldstein 2007, fig. 3.5.1. 556  Taxel 2009, 108–09. 557  Colt 1962, pl. xxviii.14. 558  De Vincenz 2015, fig. 5.3.20, fig. 5.8.37–38, fig. 5.10.12, and many more. 559  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 123–24. 560  Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 113, ill. 122a. 561  Hadad 1997, 172–74, figs 41–42. 562  Hadad 2002, 72, no. 313–16. The Umayyad lamp Hadad type 35 would be a continuation of Hadad type 30 (Waliszewski 2011, 361). 563  Loffreda 2008, 60–61. 564  Waliszewski 2011, 358, fig. 18.5.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Map 3.8. L-27. ‘Slipper’ Lamps (all types).

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Map 3.9. L-29. Northern Ovoid Lamp or Phoenician type.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash B42–B44.565 For Sussman, this type of lamp is a novelty of the sixth century that exhibits shape changes attributed to a Lebanese influence. A gypsum mould found in Porphyreon ( Jiyeh, Lebanon) seems to confirm its production in the region.566 However, Młynarczyk also presupposes manufacture in one of the cities of the ancient Decapolis region and points out the fabric’s similarity to that of the yellow ware of the pilgrim flasks produced at Beth She’an.567 The first examples of this production were found on the Phoenician coast in the 1930s and were dated to the fourth century, through the associated coins in the tomb of al-Baṣṣa,568 and by the presence of Christian decorative patterns in the tomb of Sahlet al-Maṭḥaneh, near Sidon.569 Later finds, however, have dismissed this early date. Years later, a lamp found in Caesarea with the impressions of the reverse of six coins minted between 610 and 650 provided the safest chronological indication for this production of lamps.570 The chronological margins of this lamp are placed between the sixth and the seventh centuries.571 This lamp is the forerunner of the Islamic ovoid lamps. Variant Type L-29.1 The closest parallel to the decoration of the Northwest Quarter piece comes from Yehi’am.572 The dart pattern is also reminiscent of a piece from al-Baṣṣa, which serves as a model (Fig. 3.13. L-29.1).573 The Northwest Quarter piece comes from trench O ev. 24. Cat. no. 356. Variant Type L-29.2 It has been separated from the previous variant on the basis of decoration patterns with series of curved lines on the shoulders (Fig. 3.13. L-29.1). In this case, as with cat. no. 1, it could be closer to Hadad type 35 which is a later derivation of Hadad type 30.574 In the Northwest 565  566  567  568  569  570  571  572  573  574 

Sussman 2017, 252–57, figs 196–99.2 and 4. Waliszewski 2011, 358. Młynarczyk 2011, 200–01. Iliffe 1934, 85–87, fig. 3–10, 15. Meurdrac 1937, 134–35, pls xxvi–xxx. Kindler 1958, 108–09. Sussman 2017, 236–64. Sussman 2017, fig. 199.3, no. 3007. Iliffe 1934, fig. 4. Hadad 2002, no. 349.

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Quarter, one of the pieces comes from a context dating back to the Late Byzantine/Early Islamic period (cat. 58: trench B ev. 27). Cat. nos 1(?) and 58. The distribution of type L-29 is concentrated in northern Israel and Lebanon, as well as Cyprus (Map  3.9): Bab el-Hawa, al-Baṣṣa, Bet She’arim, 575 Byblos,576 Caesarea,577 Capernaum, Ha-Goshrim, Haifa, Khirbet al-Karak, 578 Khirbet el-Shubeika, Ma’yan Barukh, Metulla, Mt Carmel (Raqit), Nahariyya, Sahlet al-Maṭḥaneh (Sidon), Shavei Zion, Tel Shiqmona, Tel Taninim, Tyre,579 and Yehi’am.580 In Jordan, it would be limited to Gerasa and Pella based on findings.581 Type L-31 Southern Wheel-Made Lamp. This type corresponds to a wheel-made lamp which coexists with the most abundant types of mould-made lamps. Lamp L-31 is known from the first excavations in the region, and its chronology and cultural adscription have been the subject of debate. This lamp has a truncated cone shape, with a circular deposit with a flat-convex base, a projecting nozzle, and a loop handle drawn from the rim to the lower part of the body, which is not always preserved due to its fragility (Fig. 3.13. L-31.1 and L.31.2). The ribbed version has a light red fabric (2.5YR 6/8), and the smooth version a dark grey fabric (7.5YR  4/1). This type is also known as ‘Bootshape’ lamps,582 Kennedy type 16 (ribbed version),583 Caesarea type 5 (ribbed version),584 Hadad type 31 (both versions).585 Rosenthal and Sivan established two variants, variant A (ribbed wall) and variant B (smooth wall).586 Sussman did the same, types BW16 (smooth version) and BW17 (ribbed), the latter being bigger.587 A variant found 575 

Avigad 1976, 190–92, pl. 71.34–44. Dunand 1939, 111–12, no. 466, pl. x and pl. xix. 577  Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 113; ill. 122a. 578   Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl.  44.10 and 16–17, and pl. 60.28. 579  Rey-Coquais 1963, 160, pl. ix.38. 580  Sussman 2017, 257, 263, map 8. 581  Smith 1973, 219–20, pl. 67.190 and 84. 582  Macalister 1912 (ii), 227; (iii), pl. 72.11. 583  Kennedy 1963, 81–82, pl. xxv.630. 584  Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 116. 585  Hadad 2002, 72, nos 317–19. 586  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 122, nos 506–07 (variant A); nos 508–09 (variant B). 587  Sussman 2017, 121–22. 576 

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110 in Jabal Hārūn, however, breaks the traditional division between ribbed and plain versions.588 In Dura Europos (type viii), this kind of lamp was recognized for the first time as a Mesopotamian type, and in addition to the standard smooth and ribbed varieties, there was also a glazed version. As this type of lamp was documented in Babylon since the Parthian period, it was assumed for Dura Europos that the terminus a quo was 50  bc, at the earliest.589 Initially, in the case of Palestine, all the findings were recognized as Mesopotamian imports and were generally attributed to the Hellenistic period,590 a dating followed by many other authors.591 Soon, the Palestinian finds began to be attested in contexts of the third and fourth centuries, such as the findings of Sīlet edh-Dharh (type ix),592 or those of Ramat Raḥel.593 This date had, however, already been considered by Rosenthal and Sivan earlier. 594 Sussman believes that the presence of this lamp type in Late Antique contexts could be explained as a reintroduction of an old wheel-made type, from the end of the Byzantine period and until the Umayyad period (sixth to eighth centuries). The link between the Northwest Quarter type L-31 and the Neo-Babylonian types is visually undeniable, so Sussman does not discard any relationship with the Persian conquest of the early seventh century.595 Underlining that this lamp type is also documented in Cyprus, Rosenthal and Sivan believe that the Mesopotamian influence was achieved through trade and not by the conquest of 614.596 The chronology of the wheel-made lamps is established between the sixth and eighth centuries, both in the north and in the south of the region.597 In Mampsis, they are associated with squatters that occupied the site in the sixth century, which coincides with the settlement patterns of the sites of Nessana and Oboda.598 The data recovered in the Negev, from the sites of Nirim, Reḥovot, Mampsis (H. Mamshit), and Metzad Yeruham,

place these lamps between the sixth and seventh centuries.599 In Jabal Hārūn, this type of lamp is dated to the Umayyad period, and its occurrence in contexts of the ninth to tenth centuries can probably be considered residual.600 In Aqaba, they are found in Late Byzantine and Early Islamic contexts.601 Furthermore, a local version with tubular nozzle is developed in this city.602 The findings in the centre and north of the region do not seem to present any chronological divergence. In the Nea Church of Jerusalem, they are not later than the middle of the sixth century, and in Khirbat ed-Deir, they are documented in a set dated to the end of the fifth to the middle of the seventh centuries.603 In Beth Shean, this type is found in Late Byzantine contexts, and perhaps also lasted until an Early Umayyad date.604 In the Northwest Quarter, the L-31.1 variant is recovered from the collapse of the Umayyad House associated with the 749 earthquake (cat. no. 288: trench K ev. 3), which fits with the dating of this type in other sites of the ancient Decapolis such as Beth She’an. The ribbed variant or type L-31.2 was found in a mixed context (cat. no. 382: trench R, ev. 12), however, this attribution is uncertain due to the size of the fragment. Cat. nos 288 and 383. As for the dispersion of the Southern Wheel-Made Lamp, it is practically absent from the north of the country.605 The most northerly finds were made in Caesarea (Map 3.10).606 Sussman suggests that the smooth variant has a preferential southern distribution, including Transjordan, while the ribbed variant is the one that reaches the north of the region and is otherwise absent from Islamic sites.607 This statement is not proven in the Northwest Quarter case. In Jordan, this type of lamp has been found in Aqaba, Gerasa, Jabal Hārūn, Mt Nebo, Pella, and Petra.608 The distribution in Palestine is much wider: Ashdod, Ashkelon-Barnea, Be’er Sheva, 599 

588  589  590  591  592  593  594  595  596  597  598 

Holmqvist 2016, 249. Baur 1947, 58–60, figs 27–28. Galling 1923, pl. II.3; Kennedy 1963, 67. Fitzgerald 1931, 40, pl. xxxvi; Crowfoot 1957, 376. Sellers and Baramki 1953, 40, fig. 42 (type ix). Kennedy 1963, 82. Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 122 n. 108. Sussman 2017, 121–22. Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 122 n. 108. Sussman 2017, 127. Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 122.

Sussman 2017, 126–27. Holmqvist 2016, 249, fig. 15.24. 601  Whitcomb 2001, 298, fig. 2e. 602  Whitcomb 2001, 298, fig. 2d. 603  Calderon 1999, 146. 604  Hadad 2002, 74. 605  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 122; Hadad 2002, 72. 606  Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 116. 607  Sussman 2017, 122. 608   Aqaba: Damgaard 2010, ref. AAP0027. Jabal Hārūn: Holmqvist 2016, 249. Mt Nebo: Saller 1941, 328, pl. 143.9; Bagatti 1985, fig. 20.7. Pella: Da Costa 2010, 79. Petra: Khairy 2001, 369, no. 16. 600 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Map 3.10. L-31. Southern Wheel-Made Lamp (both types).

111

Alexandra Uscatescu

112 Beth She’an, Caesarea, Deir Dusawi, En Boqeq, En Gedi, H. Brachot, H. Ma’aravim (Mishmar Ha-Negev), Ḥorbat ‘Illin, Ḥorvat Karkur ‘Illit (N. Negev), Ḥorvat Ramon, Jericho, Jerusalem, Kafr ‘Ana, Khirbet ed-Deir (near Gaza), Luzit, Ma’on (Nirim), Magen, Mampsis (Ḥ. Mamshit), Masada, Mefalsim, Naḥal Darot, Nessana, Oboda, Ramat Raḥel, Reḥovot-in-the-Negev, Ruhama (Kh. Jemameh), Samaria, Shiloh, Sīlet edh-Dharh, Siyar al-Ghanam, Susya (near Hebron), Talmei Yosef, Tel Gezer, Tel en-Nasbeh, Upper Zohar, and Yeruḥam. To these sites, Sussman adds Hamma (northern Sinai), Sabhat Bardawil (western Sinai), and Tel ‘Aqra (Lebanon).609

Although the Islamic production of Jerash Lamps includes the reproduction of numerous Byzantine mould types found in later contexts, for the sake of clarity and in order to separate clearly the new Islamic types from the Byzantine traditions, this local production will be discussed here, in a separate section (for a general discussion of Jerash Lamp production, see above, ‘Byzantine Jerash Lamp’, p. 77–94). The wares determined in the Northwest Quarter are usually of grey colour, but some pieces have a matt slip of a bright red colour.

This is an unusual type, and besides the piece from the Northwest Quarter (from a mixed context with Mamluk pottery), it is only known from the Umayyad House in the South Decumanus (locus 7) and the Australian excavations of the Cardo/North Decumanus (phase 10: early eighth century). The Northwest Quarter piece shows a very mutilated Greek inscription in a single line. The example published by Scholl is somewhat more complete and clearly shows an inscription surrounding the ring base and another on the top (Fig.  3.8. L-22). 611 Judging from the preserved inscription — and despite having more letters — this lamp could be similar to that of the Northwest Quarter. In the case of the Northwest Quarter lamp, a possible transcription would be: […] σι·τωτ. Taking into account the changes in vowel quantities documented in the Late Antique Greek language, the high possibility of this being a specular inscription, as well as the tendency to use the abbreviations of nomina sacra, it is far too difficult to attempt any translation (Fig.  3.31.294).612 Loffreda interprets similar inscriptions as ΙωΤ: Ἰ(ησοῦς φ)ῶ(ς) † (the light of Jesus), considering the last letter not as a tau but as the symbol of the cross.613 The dating of this type is clearly Umayyad (second half of the seventh to mid-eighth centuries). The Northwest Quarter piece was found in a context associated with the destruction of the 749 earthquake (trench K ev. 3). Cat. no. 294.

Type L-22

Type L-23

Jerash Lamp with zoomorphic handle, a residual radial decoration, a wavy line, small circles, angular patterns, and a Greek inscription near the edge of the filling hole (Fig. 3.8. L-22). It corresponds to Australian mould xviii (early eighth century) and to Scholl’s group iv.1 (c. 650–700).610

Jerash Lamp with flat almond base. This type includes Jerash Lamps with a slightly zoomorphic handle and a more elongated body than the ‘classical’ Jerash Lamp as well as hybrid variants with new lower moulds with a flat almond base. These lamps exhibit new small patterns of geometric, vegetal, and figurative character, together with reused or copied upper moulds based on Late Byzantine models (Fig.  3.8. L-23.1 and L-23.2). A detail shared by the new manufactured pieces of the Early Islamic period is that the moulding of the lamps exhibits small wedge-shaped marks, possibly derived from the stone mould carving tool on a relatively soft limestone or a dry carved gypsum (Pl.  3.14.283). A detail also observed in the South Decumanus set.614 In the citadel of ‘Ammān, there is another hybrid piece

Early Islamic Lamp Types Early Islamic Jerash Lamps (Types L-22 to L-24)

609  Sussman 2017, 126 n. 5 and map 5. Auja: Colt 1962, 63, pl.  xxviii.22–23. ‘Avdat: Rahmani 1983, 219. Caesarea: AdanBayewitz 1986, 116, fig.  5. Deir Dusawi: Rahmani 1983, 219. Jericho: Golofast 2016, 438, fig. 72.2. Jerusalem: Hamilton 1940, 15, figs  10–14. Kafr ‘Ana: Gophna and Taxel 2007, fig.  3.5.2. Khirbet ed-Deir (near Gaza): Calderon 1999, 144, pl. 5.4, fig. 4. Luzit: Avni and Dahani 1990, 309, fig. 6.7. Ma’on (Nirim): Levi 1960: 13, fig.  6.9; Rahmani 1983, 219. Magen: Feig 1985, 38, fig. 3.4. Mampsis: Adan-Bayewitz 1986, 115. Mefalsim: Rahmani 1983, 219, fig. 1.2. Nessana: Colt 1962, pl. xxviii.23. Reḥovot-inthe-Negev: Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1988, pl. 1.21–23. Samaria: Crowfoot 1957, 376, fig.  89.10. Siyar el-Ghanam: Corbo 1955, pl.  25.21. Upper Zohar: Harper 1995, 35; Hadad 2002, 72. Yeruḥam: Rahmani 1983, 219. 610  Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.26; Scholl 1986, 165; 1991, 66, fig. 7.40.

611 

Scholl 1991, 72, fig. 7.40. Modrzewka-Marciniak 1974, 142–43; Loffreda 1990a, 362. 613  Loffreda 1989, 170. 614  Scholl 1991, 65. 612 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash with the upper part of type L-21.10 and a flat almondshaped base with a figuration of an orant (a variant of Northwest Quarter type L-23). The piece has an Arabic inscription on the side (Allah?), which its excavators considered Abbasid.615 This dating is not confirmed by any other piece recovered from Gerasa, on the contrary, the evidence recovered from kiln D of the Sanctuary of Artemis, specialized in this type of lamp, points to a date in the first half of the eighth century. Variant Type L-23.1 This lamp variant corresponds to an almond-shaped flat base with a palm motif surrounded by a wavy line. There is a Greek inscription on the sides of the lamp (Fig. 3.11, base i.1). This is a hybrid base relatively well known in the region. Although the piece from the Northwest Quarter lacks the upper part, in most cases the upper mould is of type L-21.10 and to a lesser extent that of type L-24.1 (see below). The base fits Scholl’s group v of ‘Channel Lamps with animal head’ dated to c. 740– 760,616 although Scholl includes in this group several upper moulds, which do not belong specifically to the channel-nozzle type. This particular type of base with a Greek inscription is documented among the materials recovered in the Anglo-American excavations of Gerasa in the 1920s– 30s. The bases are now stored in the Yale University Art Gallery, where at least three pieces and one lower mould are registered. With only photographs available, the text of the inscriptions on the side of these lamps and moulds cannot be determined.617 Most of the evidence points to the production of the hybrid type L-23.1 in the Early Islamic workshops of the Sanctuary of Artemis, where kiln D seems to be specialized in this type of lamp (hybrid lamp with an upper mould of type L-21.10, combined with a lower mould with a flat almond-shaped base type i.1, i.e. L-23.1).618 In addition, several bases of this type come from the Polish excavations of the

615 

Koutsoukou 1997, 123, fig. 31. Scholl 1991, 66, 79, fig. 12.95. 617  One of the bases has the registration number 1939.373. Graphic information recovered from: as well as [accessed 1 March 2021]. 618  Kiln D of the Sanctuary of Artemis (Pierobon-Benoit 2018, § 32, n. 72, fig. 4.1, 3, 8–10, 12–14); and a find of the stairway of the same site (Bitti 1986, 191, pl. ix.2 centre). 616 

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South Decumanus (surface find).619 In the Macellum, there are two identical lower mould pieces recovered from post-660 levels (tab.5/Rev/38, and South Anteporticus/212).620 An identical hybrid lamp with an upper mould of type L-21.10 was found in the monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’ in Jerusalem next to coins from the eighth century.621 The intact lamp of this type found in Boṣrā and currently stored in the Antiquarium of the citadel unfortunately lacks any archaeological context. Its upper mould corresponds to type L-21.10 but lacks the cross-pattern. Due to the poor quality of the motifs, it could be considered as a consequence of a reuse of an older upper mould.622 Finally, another identical base was found in Beth She’an.623 Inscriptions on this kind of bases mix recognizable Greek letters and signs. The inscriptions are placed on the sides of the lamp’s base. In some cases, the order of the letters seems to coincide on both sides, following a kind of symmetry. However, I do not think that it is simply a question of reading the inscription holding the lamp upside down, as suggested by Loffreda.624 In general, the order of the letters in each one of the known examples is different, with numerous abbreviations, letters turned around, alliterations, and vowel changes that make their reading very difficult. Bagatti attempted the first translation based on the piece from the monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’, which he transcribed as ΔΟΥΝ and reconstructed as δοῦ(λο)ν (servant/slave), obviating some adjacent letters that he considered to be signs with no meaning.625 The transcription suggested by Guidoni for the lamp of Boṣrā, with just five or six letters preserved, is fully based on Bagatti’s proposal, although the sequence of letters is different.626 Loffreda analyses the inscription of another base acquired in the antique market and preserved in the Museo della Flagellazione in Jerusalem. In this case, Loffreda interprets the circular sign with small bars inside (omitted by Bagatti) as a peculiar version of the letter phi, and he transcribes the text as Φ ΧΚ[…]ΩΝΥ ΦΝ, that is, φ(ῶς) Χ(ριστοῦ) κ(υρίου ἡμ)ῶν Υ φ(αί)ν(ει) (the light of Christ, our 619  620  621  622  623  624  625  626 

Scholl 1991, 79, fig. 12.95. Uscatescu 1992, 207, fig. 13.53. Bagatti 1970, 90, fig. 1.10–10d and fig. 2.6–6c. Guidoni 1990, 50, no. 27, pl. vi.27. Hadad 2002, 68, no. 312. Loffreda 1992, 315. Bagatti 1970, 91. Guidoni 1990, 50, no. 27.

Alexandra Uscatescu

114 Lord, shines).627 One issue here is that the isolated letter ypsilon, which according to Loffreda is placed before the verb φαίνει, could refer to Christ.628 Another argument against Loffreda’s proposal is that he offers the same transliteration (always as Φ) of both the circular sign with bars inside and the one with a kind of reversed ‘G’ inside. In the case of the Northwest Quarter, this proposal does not seem possible because the internal features are so different. In one case it is a sign similar to a spiral or a kind of ‘G’, and in the other case it seems to be a square epsilon. The inscription of the Northwest Quarter:

could be transcribed as: ΥΝΘ ΥOΥNΩΧ ΝOΥΧΔ ΦΝΧ, and it does not allow a further reconstruction, except for some possibly abbreviated words, with many doubts: ΥΝ θ(εός) ΥOΥNΩ Χ(ριστοῦ) ΝOΥΔ Φ(αί)Ν(ει) Χ. In this regard, it is quite interesting to review the chronolog y of other variants of flat almond-shaped hybrid lamps that reuse ancient Byzantine moulds — that is, the types without channel-nozzle (mainly Northwest Quarter type L-21.10). The piece published by Clermont-Ganneau corresponds to this same hybrid type (upper mould type L-21.10). It has a cross at the centre of the almond base, and on the side, an Arabic inscription indicating its manufacture in Jerash in ad  741/742: ‘Made by Theodore, son of A…y [Tōdor bin Iṣṭifan = Theodore Stephanou, according to Gawlikowski’s reading], in Jerash, the year 125’.629 A similar hybrid lamp with an identical Arabic inscription is registered in the Schloessinger Collection.630 The archaeological data of the few contextualized examples only provide a terminus post quem of c. 660 for the beginning of the production of these hybrid types. However, the Northwest Quarter piece is closer to a lamp manufactured by the potter Theodore, as it was found in a collapse layer together with pottery shapes typical of the Late Umayyad period, in the Umayyad House level associated with the 749 earthquake (trench K, ev. 3).631 The proposed dating for this type would be Umayyad (c. 660–750). Cat. no. 278. 627 

Loffreda 1992, 315. Loffreda 1989, 174. 629   Clermont-Ganneau 1897, 247–48; Bagatti 1970, 91, fig. 1.11; Gawlikowski 1995, 670. 630  Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 139, no. 574. 631  Lichtenberger and others 2016, 331–34, no. 7. 628 

Variant Type L-23.2 The upper mould corresponds to a copy of the type L-21.10, which would support a later chronolog y (Fig.  3.8. L-23.2). The lower mould corresponds to a flat almond base with a bird and a star (Fig. 3.11, base type h); the sides of the base are decorated with circles in relief. The closest parallels lack a clear archaeological context. This is the case for a hybrid piece of the Yale excavations (now in the Yale University Art Gallery) with an almond-shaped flat base decorated with a lion and an upper mould inspired by the classic Late Byzantine type L-21,632 and maybe a piece from the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 10).633 Like the previous type, this lamp variant was found in a collapse layer together with pottery typical of a Late Umayyad horizon in the destruction level of the Umayyad House (trench K, ev. 3) associated with the 749 earthquake.634 The proposed dating for this hybrid type is Umayyad (c. 660–750). Cat. no. 286. Variant Type L-23.3 Variant similar to type L-21.10, except that it has a stylized branch instead of the usual wavy line around the filling hole (Fig. 3.8. L-23.3). This variant corresponds to Scholl’s group v, dated to c. 740–760.635 The lower mould of the lamp found in the Polish excavations of the Umayyad House belongs to the flat almond-shaped type. The Northwest Quarter piece exhibits wedge-shaped prints around the moulded motifs, a feature similar to other Umayyad lamp bases. It therefore seems reasonable to classify this piece as a hybrid manufacture, since the upper mould lacks the wedge-shaped prints. Another detail indicating that this could be an almond-shaped base is that part of the base moulding is retained in an area closer to the end of the lower mould, towards the handle, and not in the centre of the lamp base as is the case with Late Byzantine ring bases (Pl. 3.12.427). The nozzle fragment of the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 23) was found in association with a coin of Tiberius  II (578–582).636 The Northwest Quarter piece was found in an Umayyad context (trench X ev. 7). Cat. no. 427. 632 

Day 1942, pl. xiv.2. Scholl 1991, fig. 12.97. 634  Lichtenberger and others 2016, 331–34, no. 7. 635  Scholl 1991, 66. 636  Scholl 1991, 81, fig. 12.104. 633 

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Type L-24 Channel-nozzle Jerash Lamp. This type corresponds to the channel-nozzle Jerash Lamp ‘without animal head’ or Scholl’s group vi.1.637 While it is true that the channel-nozzle is a peculiarity documented in the region before the Early Islamic period, in the case of the Jerash Lamps the channel-nozzle is a feature typical of the Umayyad productions, developed also by other regional lamp productions.638 The differences with respect to the Byzantine Jerash Lamps are centred in the channel that joins both filling hole and wick hole, a ‘less zoomorphic’ handle, more elongated and rolled at its end, and with a prevalence of flat almond bases, although the classic ring bases were maintained, with a profuse decoration. The decoration pattern is characterized by the progressive abandonment of the radial pattern on the upper part of the lamp (the radial lines are concentrated in certain parts of the lamp to leave free space for other decorative motifs) and the introduction of smaller geometric patterns (small circles, stars of David, as well as figurative and vegetal motifs: schematic palms, birds, and fish).639 In general, the Umayyad lamps exhibit heavier profiles (compare the Late Byzantine profile of Pl. 3.8.169, with the Umayyad profile of Pl. 3.13.292), and above all, they are characterized by the presence of Arabic and Greek inscriptions.640 In some cases, as in Pella, a deterioration of its manufacturing has been observed from the mideighth century onwards.641 In Gerasa, its local origin is confirmed by the inscriptions (i.e. sherds bearing the Arabic inscription ‘bi-Jerash’ (made in Jerash))642 as well as the existence of kilns (kiln D of the Artemision, dated to the eighth century),643 and wasters (in the North Theatre, at least one piece was found with the filling hole unpierced).644 The examples of lamps with channel-nozzle and inscriptions help us date the group in general. This type of lamp was documented in the first excavations in Gerasa, such as those found in a cistern of the quar637 

Scholl 1986, 165; 1991, 66. Da Costa 2001, 246. 639  Clark 1986a, 253, pl.  xix.1 lower left; Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig. 5.2 and 6. 640  Scholl 1991, 65, fig. 13.106; Uscatescu 1992, 197. 641  Smith 1973, 233. 642  Schaefer 1986, 417; Clark 1986a, 253, pl. xix.1 upper left; Uscatescu 1992, 209, fig. 14.n. 643  Pierobon 1983–84, 102, fig. C.12; 1986, 185. 644  Schaefer 1986, 435, pl. vi.2 upper right. 638 

115

ter west of the church of St Theodore, along with Late Umayyad coins and pottery types.645 The inscriptions on lamps is a late phenomenon that affects not only Gerasa’s productions, 646 but also other Early Islamic lamps.647 The type L-24 with Arabic inscriptions has been determined in other sites such as Tall Jāwā648 and al-Lejjūn.649 In order to assess the dating of this particular production, we have to consider not only the pieces indicating that they were manufactured in Gerasa, but also the ones that have a date of manufacture. In this sense, these lamps have usually been published, and the chronological framework established by Gawlikowski of 105–133 H (= ad 723–750)650 can now be expanded, thanks to the discovery of such a lamp dated in the year 94 H (= ad 713) in Qafr Boutna, a suburb south-east of Damascus. 651 In the Palestinian Museum, several examples of this type are recorded for the year 111 H (= ad 727/28);652 another example found in Gerasa, with a base type b.2 (Fig. 3.10) bears the date 127 or 128 H (= ad 744/45 or ad 745/46);653 a lamp from the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (locus 11E), with base b.2 (Fig.  3.10), bears the date 133  H (= ad  750); 654 there is another lamp dated to the year 135  H (= ad 752/53),655 but without indication of the location or the name of the potter. The two lamps dated in the year 221 H (= ad 826), assimilable to a variant of Northwest Quarter type L-24.1, turn out to be problematic. One of them bears a bilingual inscription with a Kufic script in the upper mould: ‘In the name of Allah, this lamp was made by Bishr bin Ṣāmid in Jerash, in the year 211 H’,656 and the Greek inscription of the base was translated by Loffreda as ‘God moulded everything’ (ἔπλ(α)σε πάν(τα)

645 

Fisher 1938c, 282. Bagatti 1970, 94–95; Scholl 1991, 65. 647  Hadad and Khamis 1998. 648  Johnson 2010, 345, fig. 10.1.4; Beckman and Daviau 2010, 296, fig. 9.1.2 (Tall Jāwā type L-2). 649  Parker 2006, 351, fig. 16.74. 650  Gawlikowski 2004, 470. 651  al-Khouly 2001, 194–95, fig. 4. 652  Bagatti 1970, 91, fig. 2.7. 653  Clermont-Ganneau 1900, 45; Day 1942, pl. xiii.2. 654  Gawlikowski 1995, 670. It may be the same lamp published by Scholl, although with mismatched dates and a mistake in the ad date translation: ‘made by Jarwal in Jerash in the year 125/ad 747’ (sic) (Scholl 1986, 165, fig. 1.9; 1991, 81, fig. 12.102). 655  ‘Amr 1988, 146–48, fig. 1, pl. 13A. 656  ‘Amr 1986, 162; Loffreda 1992, 316. 646 

Alexandra Uscatescu

116 Θεός) and ‘The blessing of the cross’ (εὐλογία ξ(ύ)λου).657 The other piece only has Kufic writing: ‘[this lamp] was made in Jerash in the year 211 H’.658 The problem does not arise from the use of Greek in the Abbasid period, but from the typology of the lamp, very different from the Abbasid types, and the gap of more than seventy years between the last dated Umayyad productions and this lamp. Gawlikowski believes that the reading of the date should be corrected as 111 H (= ad 727/28).659 Probably, Gawlikowski is right. Variant Type L-24.1 Oval lamp with pointed ends, a handle reminiscent of the zoomorphic shape. A channel joins the filling hole and wick hole with a moulding flanked by small wedgeshaped imprints that correspond to the manufacture technique of the mould. The typical radial decoration is widely spaced on the shoulders and on the nozzle. A semicircle motif with a central dot around the moulding. On the sides a star with circles on the edges, a palm-branch, and a small naive-styled schematic bird. The decoration of the flat almond base, with the wedge-shaped impressions, presents some schematic fish inside a crater with conical trunk base (Fig. 3.9. L-24.1). On the side of the base, there are small circles with a central dot (Fig. 3.11, base i.2). The pieces found in the Northwest Quarter come from two clearly Late Umayyad contexts, some from the level of abandonment of the southern room of the Umayyad House (cat. nos 303–04: trench K ev. 44) and others from the level of destruction assigned to the earthquake of c. 749 (cat. nos 281 and 289: trench K ev. 3). Possibly, all the registered sherds belong to two different lamps. Identical pieces have been found in the excavation of the Jerash Rest House in the 1960s, one of which serves as a model for the Northwest Quarter L-24.1 variant as it is the most complete specimen known (Fig. 3.9. L-24.1).660 Another lamp comes from the excavations in the side stairway of the Fountain court of Gerasa in the 1920s–30s, according to the records at Yale.661 However, this lamp has been wrongly attributed to the Byzantine

period.662 In the Macellum, several fragments are collected, one of them found at a level dated after the earthquake of 659/60.663 In the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus, a couple of pieces and a lower mould are registered (loci 12, 16, and 23).664 The lamp found in Qaṣr Ḥallābāt comes from an Umayyad filling in room 4,665 somewhat later is the Boṣrā lamp sherd (stratum 14, dated to the second half of the eighth century).666 In Khirbet es-Samrā’, there are some fragments collected from topsoil levels.667 The proposed dating corresponds mainly to the Late Umayyad period, although it could last a few more years (c. 700–750/60), extending somewhat the shorter dating attributed by Scholl to this type of lamp (c. 740–760).668 Cat. nos 281, 289, 303, and 304. Variant Type L-24.2 Although the fragment of the Northwest Quarter is quite small, the presence of certain decorative motifs next to the channel-nozzle, such as five- or six-pointed stars, indicates another variant (Fig. 3.9. L-24.2). It can be compared with the finds from the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus — especially an upper mould decorated by a six-pointed star (loci 11 and 20). 669 Furthermore, comparisons can be made with a Beth She’an lamp found in the destruction level attributed to the earthquake of 749 in the Umayyad shop of the city670 as well as the lamp found in Pella and dated to the second half of the eighth century. According to Da Costa, the latter find could belong to a Beth She’an import.671 The dating of all these examples coincides with the Northwest Quarter sherd, which was found in debris from the 749 earthquake (cat. no. 283: trench K, ev. 3). Therefore, the same date as the previous variant is proposed (c. 700–750/60). Cat. no. 283. As for the distribution of Early Islamic Jerash Lamps (Map 3.6), they have been documented at the following 662  663  664  665 

657 

Loffreda 1989, 130 (Lych. 822); 1990b, 486–88, fig. 5.26. 658  ‘Amr 1986, 163, fig. 4. 659  Gawlikowski 1995, 672. 660  Da’ana 1969, pls 22–24. 661  Avi-Yonah 1948, 144, pl. xli.7; Goodenough 1953 (i), 163; (iii), no. 376.

666  667  668  669  670  671 

Khairy and ‘Amr 1986, 152, pl. xl.15. Uscatescu 1992, 212, fig. 12.50–51. Scholl 1991, fig. 13.107–08, fig. 17.108 and 121. Bisheh 1982, 134, pl. xxxvii.1–3. Berthier 1985, 24–25, fig. 14. Desreumaux and Humbert 1981, fig. 2.22–23. Scholl 1991, 66. Scholl 1991, fig. 13.106 and fig. 15.124. Hadad 2002, 68, no. 303. Da Costa 1993, 228 and 230, fig. 26.1.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash sites: Beth She’an,672 Boṣrā,673 Jerusalem (monastery of ‘Dominus Fleuit’),674 Pella,675 Qaṣr Ḥallābāt,676 Khirbet es-Samrā’,677 ‘Ammān,678 Tall Jāwā,679 al-Lajjūn,680 and Qafr Boutna (Damascus).681 Type L-26 Islamic almond-shaped lamp with channel-nozzle. This sherd just preserves part of the shoulders, part of the handle, which is triangular and raised, and part of a ring base. The mould decoration is distributed in two fringes around the filling hole; the outer band is decorated by radial lines and the inner one by raised dots (Fig. 3.12. L-26). The sherd exhibits a grey fabric (10YR 5/1) with a grey core (7.5YR 5/1). A similar unpublished specimen from the Yale excavations, with a pointed channel-nozzle is known from Gerasa.682 The decorative pattern of this type is identical to a very common lamp with channelnozzle in the region that corresponds to Kennedy type 23, usually found in Umayyad and Abbasid levels. However, there are doubts about this attribution based on the handle type. Usually the shape of the handle would be conical, but Kennedy indicates that his type 23 can also have a raised handle.683 Lamp L-26 corresponds to Magness types 4B–4C, which she considers early versions of the channel-nozzle lamp (Magness type 4C with a much larger and higher handle).684 The first study of this lamp type was published by Florence Day who worked with the lamps from the Yale University Art Gallery (Whiting Collection). Pointing out many examples from the north of the region, Day concluded that this type was a fairly common lamp in Palestine during 672 

Hadad 2002, 68–71, nos 299–12. Guidoni 1990, pl. vi.27. 674  Bagatti 1970, 90, figs 1.10 and 2.6. 675  Da Costa 1993, 228, fig. 26.1. 676  Bisheh 1982, 134, pl. xxxvii.1–3. 677  Desreumaux and Humbert 1981, fig. 2.21–23. 678   Harding 1951, 11, no.  36.55; Northedge 1992, 143, fig. 133.7; Najjar and Sa’id 1994, 558, fig. 2.12; Koutsoukou 1997, 123, fig. 30; Mansour 2011, 162, figs 10–12. 679  Johnson 2010, 345, fig. 10.1.4. 680  Parker 2006, 351, fig. 16.74. 681  al-Khouly 2001, 193, fig. 4. 682  Yale University excavations at Jerash no. 1939.373 ( [accessed 1 March 2021]). 683  Kennedy 1963, 90, pl. xxviii.766 (group B). 684  Magness 1993, 257, fig. 1. 673 

117

the seventh–eighth centuries, reaching the Abbasid period.685 In Palestine, it is found in the Hebron region,686 Jericho,687 Jerusalem (where it is dated to the seventh to early eighth centuries),688 Khirbet al-Kerak,689 Luzit,690 Ramat Raḥel,691 Ramla (contexts of the seventh and eighth centuries),692 Tel Gezer,693 and Tiberias (where it is dated to the eighth century: form 1A).694 In Jordan, this type is more unusual, although it is documented in the citadel of ‘Ammān (seventh- to eighth-century contexts),695 Mt Nebo,696 and Pella (Da Costa type 2, dated to the eighth to late ninth centuries).697 In Umm al-Raṣāṣ, L-26 corresponds to the type called ‘lucerna a scaletta e puntolini’ typical of the Umayyad levels of the church of St Stephen.698 In the Church of the Lions of the same site, a lamp was found in the collapse of the central nave, with a terminus post quem of 756.699 Although the origin of this lamp is undetermined, its chronology would be Early Islamic (seventh–eighth centuries). In the Northwest Quarter, the only fragment recovered comes from a context with mixed material (trench X ev. 2). Cat. no. 424. Type L-28 Oval-shaped polylychnos. The nozzle has two wick holes and on the opposite side a wide loop handle. The base is flat almond-shaped. The decoration is distributed on the shoulders and sides in a pattern of vegetal scrolls with bunches of grapes (Fig. 3.13. L-28). The well-levigated fabric is of red colour (2.5YR 5/6) and has a light red slip (10R 6/6 and 10R 5/6). This lamp exhibits similar features as the regional lamps of the seventh and eighth 685 

Day 1942, 64, 71, pl. xi.2. Bagatti 1964, fig. 1. 687  Golofast 2016, 438. 688  Magness 1993, 257, fig. 1. 689  Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 44.11. 690  Avni and Dahani 1990, 309, fig. 6.3 and 6. 691  Aharoni 1964, fig. 10.7. 692  Arnon 2007, 76, fig. 16.1. 693   Macalister 1912 (iii), pl.  xcix.6 (tomb 128), pl.  civ.4 (tomb 147), and pl. cviii.1 (tomb 150). 694  Stacey 2004, 149, fig. 6.1.2. 695  Koutsoukou 1997, 122, fig. 27. 696  Bagatti 1985, 277, fig. 20.5. 697  Da Costa 1993, 227, fig. 26.2 and pl. viii.5. 698  Pappalardo 2007, 570–71, fig. 6. 699  Alliata 1992, 234, 247 and fig. 5.8. 686 

Alexandra Uscatescu

118 centuries, and it is perhaps linked to a certain variety of Beth She’an lamps, the Hadad type 24 (no. 279), dated to the fifth to sixth centuries, although its horizontal handle is the most notable difference with respect to the Northwest Quarter example.700 The proposed dating, taking into account the lamp’s state of conservation and the context where it appears (cat. no. 406: trench U ev. 20), is the second half of the seventh century. Cat. no. 406. Type L-30 Oval channel-nozzle lamp. Oval bodied with pointed nozzle, a channel that goes from the filling hole to the wick hole, a raised tongue handle, and an almond-shaped or circular base. The floral or geometric decoration is arranged on the shoulders and sometimes on the channel and on the ring base (Fig. 3.13. L-30). This type of lamp is widespread in the region from the Late Umayyad period, but especially from Abbasid times, replacing the Late Byzantine types. In Gerasa, this type of lamp corresponds to Scholl’s group vi.2 which, according to Scholl, started a new tradition of Islamic lamps on the site.701 In general, this lamp corresponds to Kennedy type 23, subdivided by the occurrence of inscriptions (Greek or Arabic) and the shape of the handle.702 Rosenthal and Sivan group 1 of Islamic lamps is classified according to the type of handle.703 In the pottery corpus of Jerusalem, this lamp corresponds to Magness type 5, dated between the eighth and tenth centuries (an accumulation of finds from the Probatica’s pool).704 In Pella, it is included in Da Costa’s type 23.705 In Beth She’an, Northwest Quarter type L-30 corresponds to Hadad type 36, which is the most common lamp type from the Umayyad period onwards (from the beginning of the eighth century to the Abbasid period).706 Somehow, this type of lamp — although manufactured in different workshops — unifies the regional panorama of lamp productions from the south (as in Petra and Jabal Hārūn (phase 11)),707 to the north (as in Pella

(Late Umayyad and later levels)),708 and from Caesarea on the coast 709 to Boṣrā in the east, 710 to name but a few examples of the countless regional findings. The Northwest Quarter’s piece features a pale yellow ware (5Y 7/4) with a light yellowish-brown core (2.5Y 6/3). The examples found in Gerasa belong mostly to Abbasid contexts, such as the finds of the North Theatre 711 and the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus. 712 In this case, although the lamps were found in a deposit near three pottery kilns, it is not clear from the publication whether these kilns in addition to cooking pots and red painted pottery, also manufactured this new type of lamp.713 In this sense, it is outstanding that this kind of lamp is absent from other workshops of the city, although a mould was found in the excavations of the church of Bishop Isaiah.714 The piece from the Macellum comes from a stratigraphically mixed context.715 The Northwest Quarter fragment shows a pointed nozzle with decoration of secant circles (cat. no. 366: trench P ev.  5). A  similar decoration is found on the Islamic lamps found in Tall Jāwā716 and Umm al-Raṣāṣ.717 In view of its absence from the Umayyad levels of the Gerasa, the proposed dating is the Abbasid period from the mid-eighth century onwards. Cat. no. 366.

Conclusions on the Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter In Gerasa, there is a contrast between those areas of the city where domestic ceramic objects such as lamps were manufactured and the ‘consumer’ areas of the city. As we have seen in the introduction of this chapter, the first producing area is represented by the area of the southwestern cemetery located outside the city walls.718 From the third century onwards, the workshops were found in the chambers of the Hippodrome (kilns, moulds, wast708  709  710 

700  701  702  703  704  705  706  707 

Hadad 2002, 61–64, no. 279. Scholl 1986, 165, fig. 1.11; 1991, 65–66. Baramki 1942, 73, pl. xvii.5 and 7; Kennedy 1963, 89. Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 131–35, nos 533–61. Arndt 1987, 244–45; Magness 1993, 258. Da Costa 2001, 246. Hadad 2002, 94, no. 356–419. Gerber and Holmqvist 2008, 311, fig. 2.2.

711  712  713  714  715  716  717  718 

Walmsley 1988, 153, il. 9.6. Brosh 1986, 71, fig. 5.9–12, and pl. vii. Guidoni 1990, 51–52, pl. vii.28–30. Clark 1986a, 251, pl. xix.1 upper centre. Gawlikowski 1986, 120, pl. xiii.D and pl. xiv.B. Gawlikowski 1986, 117 and pl. xiv.B. Clark 1986b, 317, pl. xv.1 lower right. Uscatescu 1992, 212–13, fig. 13.56. Beckman and Daviau 2010, 296. Pappalardo 2007, 571, fig. 7.2. Iliffe 1945.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash ers, and an unfired set).719 Also the Temple of Artemis preserves manufacturing remains from at least the fifth century onwards, until the Late Umayyad period (kilns, moulds, and wasters). 720 The Late Umayyad production was determined in the area near the North Theatre (kilns, moulds, and wasters).721 Evidently, the waster’s dumps are exclusively made up of local productions in these areas, and the moulds correspond to local types. In a producing city such as Gerasa, local lamps represent the absolute majority of finds — even in non-producing sectors of the city. In fact, the only imports detected are the ‘Slipper’ Lamps (L-27). This is the case with the Cardo/North Decumanus area (except wasters of the JNT-C area)722 and the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus (whose only evidence of eventual production are moulds found in Umayyad levels).723 In other areas of the city that can be considered ‘consumer’ sectors, the variety of sources of the lamps increases exponentially, but not their quantity. At the Late Roman levels of the Temple of Zeus complex, the published lamps correspond to local productions, and for the Late Antique contexts such as the cistern of the temple terrace, the only import is a ‘Slipper’-type lamp (Northwest Quarter type L-27.3). 724 We only find a variety of imported lamps in the Macellum,725 and in the ensemble of the Northwest Quarter, where the most varied importation of lamps is documented, dating from the Roman and Late Antique periods at Gerasa (Table 3.2). In the Northwest Quarter, the imported lamps would correspond to 7.12 per cent of the total, the local lamps up to 89.07 per cent, to which we must add 3.85 per cent of non-determined pieces (Graph  3.2). Documented imports never come from long-distance trade, although good examples of fine tableware imported from different parts of the Mediterranean are recognized in the city.726 Kehrberg 1989; 2011a; Abu Dalu 1993. 720  Fisher and McCown 1929–30, 42; Bitti 1986, 191; Baldoni 2019, 130. 721  Schaefer 1986, 417 and 431. 722  Walmsley 1986, 355. 723  Gawlikowski 1986, 117. These kilns were built in the Late Umayyad/Early Abbasid period (Scholl 1986), at least judging by the presence of red painted wares. 724  Rasson 1986; Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 178, no. 19. 725  In the case of the Macellum, the old shops became workshops of various kinds in ancient times. Although small vitrified fragments were found (Uscatescu 1992, 215), together with at least three lamp moulds (unpublished), lamp kilns have not been discovered yet. 726  Uscatescu 2020.

119

Table 3.2. Provenance of lamps.

Provenance

Imports

Local

719 

Undetermined

Type

Sherds

L-1

1

Late Hellenistic

1

L-3

1

L-9

1

L-10

1

L-11

1

L-12

1

L-14

1

L-15

1

L-16

1

L-25

1

L-26

1

L-27

11

L-28

1

L-29

3

L-30

1

L-31

2

L-2

4

L-4

1

L-5

1

GL

8

L-6

18

L-7

21

L-8

48

L-13

4

L-17

23

L-18

1

L-19

7

L-20

4

L-21 Late Byzantine

25

L-21 Byzantine/Umayyad

10

L-22

1

JL

130

JL zoomorphic handle

27

JL bases

31

L-23

3

L-24

6

L-23/24

2

Unclassified: pierced handle

2

Unclassified Roman sherd

4

Unclassified

10

Total no. of sherds 

421

Alexandra Uscatescu

120

Graph 3.1. Chronology of lamps.

Graph 3.2. Provenance of lamps.

The origin of the imported lamps found in the North­ west Quarter must be sought in the immediately neighbouring areas, especially in the ancient Decapolis, such as Beth She’an (L-14), and in the northern regions of the country, the Hauran (L-12), Galilee (L-16), and Lebanon (L-29). However, a Samaritan piece (L-25) has also been found as well as a relatively high number of ‘Slipper’ Lamps (L-27). The latter is traditionally attributed to Jerusalem and its surroundings, although a local production of this type in Jordan is not ruled out, as evidence from Mt Nebo, Madaba, and Pella, where moulds

and deformed pieces have been found.727 It is also outstanding that there is the presence of wheel-made lamps from the south of Palestine, also known as Negev lamps (L-31). Nevertheless, all these types of lamps, except the ‘Slipper’ Lamps, are represented by a single piece. This fact makes it difficult for us to talk openly about regional commercial networks, since the pieces for domestic use, such as the lamps with their valuable content included, could be transported by their owners from one place to another, without any commercial activity involved. The Northwest Quarter set has allowed us to recognize very ancient types, such as the ‘doughnut’ lamp or type L-1, which looks like an import. A possible Rhodian origin is not discarded, although only a laboratory analysis can prove or reject this proposal. For the Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods, some possible imports of unknown origin are documented. In the case of the L-9 ‘bilanceolate’ piece, typical of the cities of the ancient Decapolis, it is dated to the third and fourth centuries, and exhibits a rare mould decoration. It is true that L-9 presents similarities with some local productions of Late Roman Rounded lamps — especially its ring base — but the ware is finer and well fired. For this type, it can 727   Alliata

1994b, 640; Harrison and others 2003, 146, fig. 12.10; Da Costa 2010, 7.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash be envisaged as an import from the ancient Decapolis region, with a relevant accumulation of finds in the cities of Boṣrā, Beth She’an, and Ḥammat Gader.728 Another less well-known and possible imported lamp is type L-10 with a parallel found exclusively in Sīlet edh-Dharh, and the same chronological proposal of the third–fourth centuries.729 For the Early Byzantine period, other novelties presented by the Northwest Quarter as a whole are the presence of an imitation of Beit Naṭṭif (cistern ii) lamp type (Northwest Quarter type L-14), which could have been manufactured in neighbouring Beth She’an and not in the homonymous Palestinian locality,730 and the Galilean lamp (L-16), although the latter continues to be manufactured in the Late Byzantine era.731 Although it would not be a novelty for the general corpus of pottery lamps found in Gerasa, two pieces identical to others found in the Macellum stand out. These are types L-11 and L-12, which now count two examples per type for the entire site of Gerasa. However, taking into account this small number of examples and their absence from the producing areas of the city, it can be suggested that these types are of foreign origin. In the case of type L-11, only another specimen with the same hypertrophied volutes is known from Dura Europos, so a proposed dating, pending verification, is second–third centuries. In the second case, the formal and decorative assimilation of type L-12 with the lamps found in Boṣrā seems to indicate that both the example from the Northwest Quarter and the one from the Macellum could be attributed to the ‘Hauranian’ lamps.732 In any case, I  think that the decoration and its more angular general shape make them different from the local production of the Hippodrome defined as LGL by Kehrberg (L-13). The novelties provided by the Northwest Quarter ensemble for the Late Byzantine and the Early Umayyad periods are equally noteworthy. In this regard, the finding of a Samaritan lamp (L-25) stands out, although the smallness of the fragment prevents us from determining whether it comes from the Samaria region or from the neighbouring Beth She’an where it seems that an imitative series was produced. From the south came the wheel-made type of Mesopotamian inspiration (L-31). 728 

Guidoni 1990, 46; Hadad 1997, 153–54; Cohen-Uzzielli 1997, 322. 729  Sellers and Baramki 1953, 35. 730  Sussman 2017, 260–72. 731  Loffreda 2008, 51–53. 732  Blanc 2007, 67; Joly and Blanc 1995, 113.

121

It was reintroduced between the sixth and seventh centuries, and it is especially abundant in southern Palestine (Map 3.10). The smooth variant (L-31.1) would seem to have been an importation, alien to the local tradition, whereas the ribbed piece (L-31.2) is unfortunately too small for us to determine. It is also the first time that the presence of pieces of Phoenician influence is determined, with the finding of the Northern Ovoid Lamp or Phoenician lamp (L-29) dated to seventh–eighth centuries. The last novelty is a piece whose shape refers to the late regional lamps and the decoration to the Umayyad types. This is the L-28 polylychnos, which does not seem to be local, but an imported piece. Also in terms of local productions, the Northwest Quarter set provides other interesting data (Table 3.2). In addition to the presence of presumably little-known local types, such as the large piece of L-5, the Northwest Quarter set enlarges the repertoire of the decorative patterns of the known moulds of the Jerash Lamps. Especially for the tongue handle variants (L-17.1, L-17.2, and L-17.9), as well as a particular type unknown to date, with side appendices (L-18), whose decoration resembles that of the decorative patterns of the ProtoJerash Lamps. Among the Islamic lamps, the hybrid types L-23.2 and L-23.3 stand out, and although the latter was known from a nozzle fragment of the Umayyad House of the South Decumanus, the Northwest Quarter fragment completes the appearance of this form (Fig. 3.8. L-23.3). Finally, as for the Islamic types, a small fragment of nozzle from a typical Abbasid lamp with channel-nozzle also stands out. Although it has not been possible to determine its origin (L-30), it does not correspond to the standards of the known local fabrics, so this lamp has been included within the imported pieces. In any case, the same ovoid shape with channel-nozzle constitutes a change in local pottery traditions. As for the chronology of the lamps, the different trenches excavated in the Northwest Quarter had a stratigraphic sounding character and brought to light a wide chronological corpus of great interest for the archaeology of the ancient city of Gerasa. Furthermore, the work conducted in these trenches helped determine the formal changes that occur in the lamps over time, and whether or not they were manufactured in Gerasa (Table 3.3; Graph 3.1). In the catalogue of the lamps of the Northwest Quarter, there are some Hellenistic specimens (L-1) and other lamps dated somewhat later (‘Radial Lamps’ L-2 and ‘Herodian Lamps’ L-3). However, these would be of little relevance since they only reach 0.47 per cent of the total number of lamps.

Alexandra Uscatescu

122 Table 3.3. Chronology of types. Chronology Hellenistic

Early Roman

Late Roman

Late Roman/ Early Byzantine

Type

Sherds

L-1

1

Late Hellenistic

1

L-2

4

L-3

1

L-4

1

Unclassified: pierced handle

2

Unclassified: Roman sherd

4

L-5

1

GL

8

L-6

18

L-7

21

L-8

48

L-9

1

L-10

1

L-11

1

L-12

1

L-14

1

L-15

1

Early Byzantine

L-13

4

Byzantine

L-16

1

L-17

23

L-18

1

L-19

7

L-20

4

L-21 Late Byzantine

25

Late Byzantine

Late Byzantine/ Umayyad

Umayyad

Others

L-21 Late Byzantine/Umayyad

10

JL undetermined

130

JL zoomorphic handle

27

JL bases

31

L-25

1

L-26

1

L-27

11

L-29

3

L-31

2

L-22

1

L-23

3

L-24

6

L-23/24

2

L-28

1

L-30

1

Unclassified

10

Total no. of sherds 

421

Of special interest are the lamps collected in the levels and groups of Roman and Late Roman periods (Gerasa Lamp: L-6 and L-7, and Late Roman versions: L-8). Early Roman rates reach 2.85 per cent and the lamps associated with the Late Roman horizon 22.8 per cent (Graph  3.1). The rates exclusively linked to an Early Byzantine horizon are not very high, even the local types (LGL) are not represented by more than 2.7 per cent in the trenches of the Northwest Quarter. The number of fragments attributable to the Late Byzantine period increases considerably, reaching 14.26 per cent of the pieces clearly linked to that chronology. In addition, the Byzantine levels of the Northwest Quarter, dated before the beginning of the seventh century, serve to reassess the Byzantine manufacture of the Jerash Lamp with tongue handle and many with the zoomorphic handle (types L-17, L-19, and most samples of type L-21). It is true that many other fragments, based on their preservation state or because they are productions whose continuity is attested throughout the seventh century, could be included in the long-lasting productions grouped under the label ‘Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad’. This is the case for up to 51.30 per cent of the undetermined fragments of Jerash Lamps as well as certain imported lamps (L-25, L-26, L-27, L-29, and L-31) — meaning that this percentage is shared by the ‘Late Byzantine’ and the ‘Umayyad’ groups. These percentages seem to have an echo in neighbouring Pella, a ‘consumer’ city of the regional market throughout its history. From the end of the sixth century onwards, however, Pella shows a clear preference for the pottery manufactured in Gerasa.733 Hadad observes something similar in Beth She’an in northern Palestine, where the imitation of Gerasan types is clearly attested.734 Late Umayyad lamps would correspond to 3.32 per cent (Graph  3.1). Within this group, the lamp finds of the Northwest Quarter that illustrates the last horizon of the city production stand out — specifically the ensemble found in the level of destruction of c. 749 in the Umayyad House. This set of lamps made it possible to establish an interesting example of hybrid Jerash Lamps, together with a group of new pieces created in Early Islamic times. They represent the latest productions of Jerash Lamps, prior to the cessation of the manufacture and the implementation of a new regional panorama dominated by the ovoid channel-nozzle of Late Umayyad/Abbasid chronology (lamp type L-30). 733  734 

Da Costa 2010, 82. Hadad 2002, 150.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash The latest local productions, dated after the recovery of the 659/60 earthquake, show the traditional reemployment of older models in the Gerasa potters’ workshops, such as the Late Byzantine models (especially the upper mould L-21.10). However, this period also saw the inclusion of new bases showing a renovated decorative conception (small motifs scattered on the surface of the lamp, almost like talismans and positive signs of protection against darkness), and the use of Greek inscriptions on the lamps. Although there is no example of Arabic inscriptions on the lamps of the Northwest Quarter, we know that both Greek and Arabic inscriptions appear in unison in local productions after the disaster of c. 659/60. It is true that Greek inscriptions, though more difficult to translate, do not seem to follow the usual formulas of the Arabic inscriptions, with the identification of the year, place of manufacture, and the name of the potter. However, it is interesting to underline, as Lapp did for the lamps with Arabic inscriptions, that they may be a kind of advertising claim to encourage buyers to acquire the lamps, independent of the religious profession of the craftsman.735 In the case of Gerasa, this would once again indicate a cosmopolitan population at the end of Late Antiquity.

735 

Lapp 2007, 371–72.

123

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Catalogue of Pottery Oil Lamps General Comments on the Catalogue Description and decoration: unless otherwise mentioned, all lamps and decorations are mould-made. Fabrics: as a rule, colour references are made to Munsell’s Colour Chart (Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1994 revised edition), otherwise the ware colour description is based on digital photographs and expressed in general terms (such as ‘pink fabric’, ‘buff fabric’, and so on). Dimensions: always indicated in centimetres, and the following abbreviations are used: H (height), L (length), Diam (diameter), and T (thickness). Type: the main lamp types are illustrated in Figures 3.1–3.9 and 3.12–3.13, and the JL bases in Figures 3.10–3.11. Date: all date references used follow the standard chronological framework for the Decapolis region. Hellenistic period (late fourth century–63 bc); Early Roman (63 bc–ad 135); Late Roman (135–324); Early Byzantine (324–491); Late Byzantine (491–640); Transitional period or Rashidun Caliphate (640–661); Umayyad (661–750) — a further subdivision between Early Umayyad (661–700) and Late Umayyad (700– 750) can also be found — and Abbasid (750–969). All dates are ad, unless otherwise indicated. The basis of this catalogue (selection of lamps, wares, and dimensions) was made during the excavation campaigns of 2012–2016 by the team of the DanishGerman Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. All work was conducted under supervision by the excavation directors Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja together with Annette Højen Sørensen (head of registration 2011– 2015) and Heike Möller (head of registration from 2015–2016). Catalogue numbers 135, 168, 179, 195, 252, 259, 300, 380, 382, and 385 are cancelled.

Trench A 1. J12-A-1-8 (Fig. 3.14.1)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: vine scroll-pattern on shoulders. Fabric: grey core. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 3.4; T: 0.25. Type: L-29.2 (?), Northern Ovoid Lamp: Hadad type 30/35. Date: Late Byzantine (sixth–seventh centuries), possibly continued into the Umayyad period. Ref.: Guidoni 1990, pl. viii.32 (Boṣrā’s Antiquarium, similar decoration on shoulders); Hadad 2002, 72 (Beth She’an, Hadad type

30, dated to 500–650); Waliszewski 2011, fig.  9.23 ( Jiyeh type 5, similar decorative pattern). 2. J12-Af-6-47+49+50 (Fig. 3.14.2 and Pl. 3.1.2)

Description: almost complete lamp; rounded shape with two concentric grooves on the base. Decoration: too eroded to preserve any trace of decoration. Fabric: reddish-yellow/pink, with reddish-brown slip visible especially on the exterior of the lamp; core: 7.5YR 6/6; int.: 5YR  7/4; ext.: 5YR  6/6; paint: 2.5YR  4/4. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 7.6; W: 6; T: 0.1. Type: L-8.1, local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 27, no. 46 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp).

Trench B 3. J12-B-1-20

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: reddish. Dimensions: H: 0.45; L: 1.6; T: 0.45–0.35. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 4. J12-B-1-21

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: reddish. Dimensions: H: 0.35; L: 1.65; T: 0.30. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 5. J12-B-2-149 (Fig. 3.14.5)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: low ring base with a pair of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: light red. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 3.9; T: 0.5. Type: JL (base b-1): Scholl group viii (mould). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: Berthier 1985, 24–25, figs 12–13 (Boṣrā, stratum 19); Scholl 1991, fig. 15.122 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, locus 16. General date for Scholl group viii: second half of seventh century).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.14. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench A (cat. nos 1–2) and trench B (cat. nos 5–9).

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126 6. J12-B-2-150 (Fig. 3.14.6)

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: grey. Dimensions: H: 4.4; T: 0.6. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 7. J12-B-2-167 (Fig. 3.14.7)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: pairs of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: grey/buff. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L: 3; T: 0.1. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: Brizzi, Mastrogiacomo, and Sepio 2001, fig. 8.7 ( Jerash, Artemis complex, Trapezoidal Square). 8. J12-B-2-481 (Fig. 3.14.8)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle with small circles on the angles. Radial lines around the filling hole. Two fingerprints are visible on the interior of the lamp. Fabric: brown/greyish. Dimensions: H: 4.1; L: 4.3; T: 2.4. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c.  525/50–660 and  +). Ref.: Hadad 2002, no. 309 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29). 9. J12-B-2-952 (Fig. 3.14.9)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles at the base of the handle, and radial lines. The upper side of the cross motif is partially erased by hand modelling of the handle. Fabric: red. Dimensions: H: 3.2; L: 3.6. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 10. J12-B-2-1027

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: a fine line following the shape of the lamp around the wick hole. On the base, a pair of fragmentary half volutes that emanates from the ring base. Fabric: red/red brown. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 3.2. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750).

11. J12-B-2-1029

Description: fragmentary zoomorphic handle; oblique incised lines intended as a representation of whiskers (?) at the front of the head of the animal. Fabric: grey and external surface as buff. Dimensions: H: 4.1; L: 2.1; T: 1.7. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 29, no. 54 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 12. J12-B-2-1095

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 4.5; T: 0.5. Type: L-2, ‘Radial Lamp’. Date: Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (first century bc–first century ad). Ref.: Abu Shmeis and Waheeb 2002, fig. 7.9 (Tall al-Kharrār); Braemer 1986, fig. 16.14 ( Jerash, Terrace of the Temple of Zeus, level 11, first century bc); Iliffe 1945, 19, pl. vii.113 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Kehrberg 1986, 369, pl. v.1 ( Jerash, Australian area, late second–first centuries bc); Lapp 2016, 246, no. 10 (Sepphoris type 2). 13. J12-B-2-1109

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: two lines emanating from the ring base. Fabric: red core. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 1.1; T: 0.5. Type: JL (base b.2?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see below). 14. J12-B-2-1110

Description: fragment of handle and shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. At the base of the handle a horizontal line and a circle with dot. Fabric: red. Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 3.2; W: 0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). 15. J12-B-2-1138

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: red. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 16. J12-B-2-1220

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines and a wavy line around the filling hole. Fabric: brownish-orange. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 5.2. Type: L-21.7 to L-21.10, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/50–750). Ref.: as no. 280 (see below). 17. J12-B-2-1221

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: dark brownish. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 1.9; T: 0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 18. J12-B-2-1222

Description: fragment of knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: buff. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 4.5. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2007, fig. 7.511 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 19. J12-B-2-1223

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: brown. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 20. J12-B-2-1224

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: red. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 3.6. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see below). 21. J12-B-2-1225

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: red. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 2.5. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above).

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22. J12-B-2-1254

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: reddish. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 1.9; T: 0.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 23. J12-B-2-1267

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: buff; traces of secondary burning visible on surface. Dimensions: T: 0.6. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 24. J12-B-2-1268

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: light brownish. Dimensions: T: 0.6. Type: JL (base a.1?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 25. J12-B-2-1269+1272

Description: fragment of base and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and wick hole; a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: wick hole diam: 1; H: 2.0; L: 4.3; T: 0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see below). 26. J12-B-2-1270

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: L: 3. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 27. J12-B-2-1271

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: greyish. Dimensions: not available. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 10 (see above).

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128 28. J12-B-2-1273

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole, a circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: dark brown. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 29. J12-B-2-1274

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 4; T: 0.4. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). 30. J12-B-2-1275

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 4; T: 0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 31. J12-B-2-1276

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 32. J12-B-6-12 (Fig. 3.15.32)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines at the base of the handle. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: H: 2.9; L: 3.1. Type: L-21.1, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550/75–660). 33. J12-B-11-8 (Fig. 3.15.33)

Description: lower part of a lamp. Decoration: ring base with pairs of half volutes emanating from it. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: H: 1.9; L: 8.6. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: Kehrberg 1989, fig.  5.24–25 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640).

34. J12-B-14-7+9 (Fig. 3.15.34)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: zigzag pattern on shoulders. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L: 7.4; T: 0.2. Type: L-20, JL with zoomorphic handle (?): Australian mould group x; Scholl group iv.2; Kennedy type 22; Hadad type 1. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  525/50–660). Ref.: Bagatti 1970, figs 1.3 and 2.2 ( Jerusalem, Museo della Flagellazione); Hadad 1997, fig.  39 (Beth She’an); 2002, no. 302 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl.  v.20 ( Jerash, Australian area, dated to 650–700); 2009, fig.  7.JH638 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c.  640); Kennedy 1963, 88, pl.  xxviii.645 (Whiting Collection); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 29, no. 55 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 172, fig.  63.34 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, hydraulic sawmill, terminus ante quem 550); Scholl 1986, fig. 1.5 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 110); 1991, fig.  7.43 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, separate building, loc. 34: found together with JB. General date for Scholl group iv.2 based on the quality of motifs: second half of seventh century); Uscatescu 1992, fig.  10.40 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 12). 35. J12-B-14-8 (Fig. 3.15.35)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern at the handle base with small circles on the angles. Radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: H: 2.7; L: 6.5; T: 0.2. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 525/50–660 and +). Ref.: Pappalardo 2019, fig.  5.14.2 ( Jerash, south-west district); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 172, fig. 63.35 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, hydraulic sawmill, terminus ante quem 550). 36. J12-B-14-18

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 3.3; L: 5.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.15. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 32–35, 40, 43, and 58).

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130 37. J12-B-14-19

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 2.9. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 38. J12-B-14-20

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 2.9. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above); Kalaitzoglou and others (forthcoming ), pl. 17.99 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 39. J12-B-14-40

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: palm branch on nozzle. Fabric: buff. Dimensions: H: 2.65; L: 2.5. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp: Scholl group i. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: Kennedy 1963, pl. xxvi.658–59 (Whiting Collection, Kennedy type 19); Magness 1993, 252 ( Jerusalem, Magness type 3A); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 114, nos  463–66 (Schloessinger Collection); Scholl 1986, fig. 1.1 (Umayyad House, context dated to c. 550–650). 40. J12-B-14-41+42 (Fig. 3.15.40)

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines ending in dots around the filling hole; between the filling and wick hole, there is a geometric pattern consisting of volutes, lines, triangles, and circles with inner dots. Fabric: brownish-orange. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 4. Type: L-19.3, JL: Australian mould group ix; Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 580–660). Ref.: Baldoni 2018, fig. 3.39.79 ( Jerash, Byzantine Thermopolium, terminus ante quem 660, similar type); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.22 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 8, c. 600–625, identical sherd); Scholl 1991, fig. 10.81 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 16, identical sherd).

41. J12-B-14-59

Description: fragment of shoulders and base of handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle with small circles on the angles. Radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 1.9; L: 4.1; T: 1.2. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle (?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 324 (see below). 42. J12-B-14-60

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 3.8; T: 0.5. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 43. J12-B-18-5+6 (Fig. 3.15.43)

Description: fragment of base and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole. A pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: greyish. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 4.5. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see below). 44. J12-B-22-7

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 5.0. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 45. J12-B-22-8

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 3.3; T: 0.2. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 46. J12-B-22-9

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: brownish. Dimensions: H: 0.7; L: 3.3; T: 0.2. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 47. J12-B-22-10

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines and Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles at the base of the handle. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L: 5.6. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: Hadad 2002, no. 309 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29). 48. J12-Ba-22-38

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: core: GLEY  1 4N; int.: GLEY  1 4N; ext.: 10YR  5/1. Dimensions: H: 1.9; L: 5.1; T: 0.4. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 10 (see above). 49. J12-Bb-22-59

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 5Y  8/1. Dimensions: H: 0.3; L: 2.0; T: 0.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 50. J12-Bd-22-60

Description: fragment of base, shoulders, and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5Y  4/1; ext.: 5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L: 6.8; T: 0.2. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 525/50–660 and +). 51. J12-Bb-22-61

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: palm branch on nozzle. Fabric: core: 7.5YR  7/6; int.: 7.5YR 7/6; ext.: 7.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 5.3; T: 0.2. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine– Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no. 39 (see above).

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52. J12-Bc-27-10

Description: fragment of base, shoulders, and handle. Decoration: radial lines and circles with central dot around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5YR 5/8; ext.: 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.1; L: 5.1. Type: L-21.3, JL. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575–660). 53. J12-Bc-27-11

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 2.5Y 4/1; int.: 2.5Y 4/1; ext.: 2.5YR 5/2. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 2.4. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 54. J12-Bc-27-12

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 1.7. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 55. J12-Bc-27-13

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 7.5YR  6/2; int.: 7.5YR  6/2; ext.: 10YR 4/1. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 2.4. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 56. J12-Bc-27-14

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: modelled ears and snout. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  5/8; ext.: 2.5YR  5/8. Dimensions: L: 4.05; T: 0.4. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750).

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132 57. J12-Bc-27-15

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5Y 4/1; ext.: 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: H: 2.3; L: 5.7. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 58. J12-Bc-27-16 (Fig. 3.15.58)

Description: half body and base of a lamp; almondshape base. Decoration: high relief wavy lines and dots on shoulders and nozzle. Fabric: core: 5YR  7/6; int.: 5YR  7/6; ext.: 5YR  7/6; traces of use, both on interior and exterior. Dimensions: H: 3.7; L: 8.8; T: 0.5. Type: L-29.2, Northern Ovoid Lamp: Hadad type 30; Capernaum luc. 7.6; Sussman B.42–B.44. Date: Late Byzantine (sixth–seventh centuries), possibly continued into the Umayyad period. Ref.: Hadad 2002, 72 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 30; c.  500–650); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 26, no. 49 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd).

62. J12-Bc-27-101+102+103

Description: fragment of base and shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 2.7 (rim); H: 1; L: 1.5 (base); H: 2; L: 2.1 (handle). Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 63. J12-Bc-27-104

Description: fragment of handle. Fabric: core: 5YR 4/2; int.: 5YR 4/2; ext.: 5YR 5/2. Dimensions: H: 3.2; L: 3.2; T: 0.3. Type: L-17, with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/50–660). 64. J12-Bc-27-146

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole, a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: greyish. Dimensions: H: 3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see below).

59. J12-Bc-27-98

Description: fragment of base. Fabric: core: 5YR 5/2; int.: 5YR 4/2; ext.: 5YR 5/2. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 4.6; T: 0.3. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). 60. J12-Bc-27-99

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 4/3; int.: 5YR 4/2; ext.: 5YR 5/1. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 6.1; T: 0.8. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 61. J12-Bc-27-100

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: not available. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 2.5. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750).

65. J12-Bcd-28-18 (Fig. 3.16.65)

Description: almost complete lamp with zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole; Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle with small circles on the angles; a pair of volutes and circles on nozzle; ring base. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: H: 3.9; L: 10.5; T: 0.7. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle: Scholl group iii; Australian mould group i. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  525/50–660 and +). Ref.: Bagatti 1970, fig. 1.2 ( Jerusalem, Museo della Flagellazione); Baldoni 2018, fig. 3.80–82 ( Jerash, Byzantine Thermopolium, terminus ante quem 660); Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.1, lower right ( Jerash, North Theatre); Day 1942, pl. xiii.1 (al-Baṣṣa); Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.19 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 9, mid-seventh century); 2009, fig. 7. JH7 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Scholl 1986, fig. 1.4 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1); 1991, fig. 5.26 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1, above a Byzantine deposit of early seventh-century date. General date for Scholl group iii: end of the first half to mid-eighth century); Smith 1973, 219, pl. 30.1303 (Pella).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.16. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 65, 74–76, and 79).

133

Alexandra Uscatescu

134 66. J12-Bcd-28-19

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: H: 2.9; L: 2.4. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 67. J12-Bcd-28-20

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole, a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: brownish-orange. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 4.0. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see below). 68. J12-Bd-31-7

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 0.7; L: 3.3; T: 0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 69. J12-Bc-32-1

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core: GLEY  1/N; ext.: GLEY  4/N and 7.5YR  7/3. Dimensions: H: 3.1; L: 2.2; T: 1.7. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550–750). 70. J12-Bc-32-6

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 0.7; L: 1.8. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 71. J12-Bc-33-1

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: int.: GLEY1 4/N; ext.: GLEY1 5/10Y. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 4.9. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above).

72. J12-Bc-33-2

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: an incised line as the animal’s mouth. A small concentric circle is also visible in the place of the animal’s eye. Fabric: int.: 5YR 5/1; ext.: 10YR 7/2. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 4. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 73. J12-Bc-33-3

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  4/1; int.: 2.5YR  4/1; ext.: 5YR  5/4. Dimensions: H: 2.9; L: 3.8. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 74. J12-Bc-33-4 (Fig. 3.16.74 and Pl. 3.9.74)

Description: almost intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and the wick hole; two circles on the base of the handle; a pair of half volutes and circles with inner dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 5YR 5/1; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 5.1; L: 8.5; T: 0.2. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle: Australian mould group i; Scholl group iii. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 525/50– 660 and  +). Ref.: Bagatti 1970, fig.  2.1 ( Jerusalem, church of Getsemani); Baldoni 2019, 128–29, no.  18 ( Jerash, Sanctuary of Artemis, sixth to early seventh centuries); Bessard and Bonnéric 2013, fig. 8, centre left ( Jerash, Hippodrome); Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.1, lower right ( Jerash, North Theatre); Da Costa 2010, fig.  25 (Pella); Jum’a al-Shami 2005, 512, fig.  16 (Bayt Rās); Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.19 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 9, mid-seventh century); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 28, no. 53 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Scholl 1986, fig.  1.4 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1); 1991, fig. 4.23 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 34. General date for Scholl group iii: end of the first half–mid-eighth century). 75. J12-Bc-33-5 (Fig. 3.16.75 and Pl. 3.5.75)

Description: almost intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines around the body profile; small circles on the handle base and nozzle; ring base with palm branches. Fabric: core: GLEY1 6/10Y; int.: GLEY1 6/10Y; ext.:

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash GLEY1 6/10Y. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 1.6; H: 2.1; L: 7.4; T: 1.5. Type: L-17.1, JL with tongue handle (base f. 1): Scholl group ii/viii. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  500/50–660). Ref.: Hadad 2002, no.  299 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29, shop 2, early sixth century, similar decoration, although the base is different); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.16 ( Jerash, Australian area, late sixth–end of the seventh centuries; similar lamp); 1989, fig. 4.22 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640, similar lamp); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 28, no.  50 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Scholl 1991, fig. 15.119 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 3; similar mould shape, but slightly different decoration). 76. J12-Bc-33-6 (Fig. 3.16.76)

Description: fragment of base and nozzle; ring base. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole, a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: 5YR 5/4; ext.: GLEY1 5/N. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-21.2, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  525/50–660 and  +). Ref.: Gawlikowski and Musa 1986, pl.  v.B, lamp mould no. 14 ( Jerash, church of Bishop Marianos, narthex, terminus ante quem 570  ad, nozzle decoration); Hadad 2002, no. 304 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Kehrberg 1989, fig. 5.25–26 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640, nozzle decoration). 77. J12-Bc-33-7 Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 6/2; int.: 7.5YR 6/2; ext.: 7.5YR 6/2. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). Comm.: this sherd could belong to J12-Bc-33-6 (no. 76). 78. J12-Bc-33-8

Description: lower mould of a lamp; ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 7/6; int.: 2.5YR 7/6; ext.: 2.5YR 7/6; traces of secondary burning on the interior towards the front of the lamp. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 7.6. Type: JL (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below).

135

79. J12-Bc-33-9 (Fig. 3.16.79)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole; heartshaped motif with dots inside on nozzle. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 6/1; int.: 7.5YR 7/4; ext.: 7.5YR 6/3; traces of fire around the wick hole. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 5.2. Type: L-17.8, JL. Although this sherd is a fragment of the nozzle, other intact finds have a tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  500/50–660). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 28, no. 52 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 15 (similar decoration: Jerash, Temple of Zeus, cistern level 3, c. 550–620). 80. J12-Bcd-34-5

Description: raised tongue handle. Decoration: vertical lines. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 2.9. Type: L-17, JL with tongue handle; Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Kehrberg 2001, fig.  2.18 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Scholl 1991, fig. 3.14 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 19: bedrock. General date for Scholl group ii: late first half to the end of seventh century); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 6.24 and 26 ( Jerash, Macellum: tab. 17, contemporary deposit). 81. J12-Bc-42-1

Description: fragment of shoulders and tongue handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and handle. Fabric: core: 5Y 5/1; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 4.8; T: 0.3. Type: L-17.4, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–600). Ref.: as no. 112 (see below). 82. J12-Bc-42-78

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 3.8; L: 2.9. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 32 (see above).

Alexandra Uscatescu

136 83. J12-Bc-42-79 (Fig. 3.17.83 and Pl. 3.5.83)

Description: intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole and wick hole. Between the filling and wick hole there is a straight line and a pair of volutes. Ring base with two palm branches emanating from it. Fabric: greyish-orange. Dimensions: H: 4.4; L: 10.6; T: 0.6. Type: L-17.2, JL with tongue handle (base c. 1): Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.16 ( Jerash, Australian area, end of sixth–end of seventh centuries); 2009, fig.  7. JH1669 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640, example without dots on the base of the handle, the handle looks more ‘zoomorphic’); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 28, no. 51 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Pappalardo 2019, fig. 5.14.1 ( Jerash, southwest district); Rasson and Seigne 1989, 148; fig.  14.5 ( Jerash, Temple of Zeus, cistern level 3, c. 550–620, the radial lines do not reach the filling hole); Scholl 1986, 165, fig.  1.2 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 10: near a Byzantine deposit); 1991, fig.  3.17 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 10, near a Byzantine deposit. General date for Scholl group ii: late first half to the end of seventh century). 84. J12-Bc-43-5

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 4.2. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 85. J12-Bd-44-3

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole, a pair of half vol­utes and a circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.45; L: 4.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 86. J12-Bd-44-4

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles at the handle base; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L:

5.1. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 87. J12-Bd-44-5

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 2. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 88. J12-Ba-46-4 (Fig. 3.17.88)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: double bar between filling hole and wick hole; circles with central dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 10R 6/6; int.: 10R 6/6; ext.: 10R 6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 0.7; H: 2; L: 4.7. Type: L-19.2, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–660/750). Ref.: Guidoni 1990, pl. vi.26 (Boṣrā’s Antiquarium). 89. J12-Bd-51-33+34+35+40 (Fig. 3.17.89)

Description: fragment of shoulders, base, and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; simple ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  7/6; int.: 2.5YR 7/6; ext.: 2.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 4.72; L: 8; T: 0.3. Type: L-21.1, JL with zoomorphic handle (base a.1): Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550/75– 660). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig.  2.12 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, surface find). Comm.: Scholl group ii is defined by the tongue handle. 90. J12-Bd-51-36

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: core: 10YR  5/1; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 1.5; T: 0.2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 91. J12-Bd-51-37

Description: fragment of handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 3.1; T: 0.9. Type: JL (?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.17. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench B (cat. nos 83 and 88–89).

137

Alexandra Uscatescu

138 92. J12-Bd-51-38

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: core: 5Y  5/1; int.: 5Y 5/1; ext.: 5Y 5/1. Dimensions: H: 0.5; L: 2.3; T: 0.2. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 93. J12-Bd-51-39

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 0.5; L: 1.7. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25– 750). 94. J12-Bab-55-11

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: core: 10YR  6/3; ext.: 10YR  6/3; traces of secondary burning on the interior of the lamp. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 4.1; T: 0.3. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 10 (see above). 95. J12-Bab-62-2+3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5Y  4/1; int.: 2.5Y 6/1; ext.: 2.5Y 6/1. Dimensions: H max: 1.4; L: T: 0.2. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750).

Trench C 96. J12-C-1-39

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 4; T: 0.8. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 97. J12-C-1-40

Description: fragment of body. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: Diam (rim): 1.5; H: 1.7; L: 1.2. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750).

98. J12-C-1-41 (Fig. 3.18.98)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: H: 1.9; L: 3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 99. J12-C-1-49

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling hole, and small circle with inner dot on nozzle. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 0.6; L: 2.4. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 100. J12-C-1-87

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: H: 4.4; L: 2.6. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 101. J12-C-1-95

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: brownish. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 2.1. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 102. J12-C-1-111

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 2.9. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 103. J12-C-1-117

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light brownish. Dimensions: H: 0.5; L: 2.6; T: 0.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.18. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench C (cat. nos 98, 107, 109, and 123), and trench D (cat. nos 124, 126, and 129).

139

Alexandra Uscatescu

140 104. J12-C-1-118

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: dark orange. Dimensions: H: 0.2; L: 2.3; T: 0.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 105. J12-C-1-129

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 106. J12-Cb-1-145+146

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 2; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 107. J12-C-2-2 (Fig. 3.18.107)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: band of darts and dots around the filling hole. Fabric: buff ware, with air pockets. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 3.9; T: 0.6. Type: L-15, bow-shaped lamp: Capernaum Luc. 7.4. Date: Byzantine (fourth–fifth centuries). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 27, no.  47 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Loffreda 2008, 59, fig. 14.11 (Capernaum Luc. 7.4). 108. J12-C-2-3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: dark orange. Dimensions: L: 3.9. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 109. J12-Cb-13-4 (Fig. 3.18.109)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with two small circles between the lower angles; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light brownish-orange. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 5.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 324 (see below).

110. J12-Cb-14-9

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: buff. Dimensions: H: 0.4; L: 1.9. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 111. J12-C-26-1

Description: fragment of knob handle. Fabric: buff ware, pink wash. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 2. Type: GL. Date: Late Roman (second century). Ref.: as no.  233 (see below). 112. J12-Cb-35-18

Description: tongue handle. Decoration: central line, and vertical parallel lines on its sides. Fabric: buff. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 4.5; T: 0.2. Type: L-17, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Abu Dalu 1993, fig. 13.33 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c.  640); Kehrberg 2001, fig.  2.19 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640). 113. J12-Cb-35-19

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: buff. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 3.3; T: 0.2. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 114. J12-Cb-35-20

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole, and a small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: light orange. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 4.5. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 115. J12-Cb-35-21

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: light brown. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 1.7; T: 0.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 116. J12-Cb-35-36

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: core: 10YR 5/1; int.: 10YR 5/1; ext.: 10YR 5/1. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 3.9; T: 0.4. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 10 (see above). 117. J12-Cc-40-6

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: core: 10YR 8/3; int.: 10YR 8/3; ext.: 10YR 8/3. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 4.3; T: 0.1. Type: unclassified ring base. Date: not datable. 118. J12-Cd-41-1

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: lines emanating from the ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5Y 6/2; int.: 2.5Y 6/2; ext.: 2.5Y 6/2. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 1.8; T: 0.2. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 119. J12-Cd-42-9

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/4; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 3.8; T: 0.3. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 120. J12-Cd-42-10

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: a pair of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: core: 5YR  7/6; int.: 5YR  7/4; ext.: 5YR  7/4. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 2.3; T: 0.4. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 121. J12-Cc-42-23

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 10YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 7/8; ext.: 10R 4/8; wash: 10R 4/8. Dimensions: L: 4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above).

141

122. J12-Cb-52-5

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 7/4; int.: 2.5YR 7/4; ext.: 2.5YR 6/4. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 3.2; T: 0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 123. J12-Cb-53-1 (Fig. 3.18.123)

Description: fragment of ring-shaped reservoir and nozzle of a wheel-made lamp. Fabric: core: 10YR 6/3; int.: 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 2.5YR  5/6; no traces of glaze. Dimensions: central hole diam: 3.8; H: 2.6; L: 6.65; T: 0.7. Type: L-1, possibly a later variant of Howland type 26B. Date: Hellenistic (fourth–third centuries bc). Ref.: Howland 1958, 88, pl. 13.372, 374–75, pl. 40.372, 374–75 (Athenian Agora); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 27, no. 48 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter; same lamp); similar to Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 9–10, no. 5 (Schloessinger Collection). Comm.: many of the Hellenistic examples have an open reservoir (Broneer types 2–3), except the Athenian Howland type 26B. Instead, this lamp has a closed ring-shaped reservoir, and its ware shows a poorly levigated fabric with no traces of glaze (completely eroded surface). Possibly a Late Hellenistic Eastern production (Rhodian?) with a later date than the prototype (second half of the fourth century bc).

Trench D 124. J13-Dab-7-2 (Fig. 3.18.124 and Pl. 3.15.124)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: upper part of the typical pattern of ‘Greek cross with small circles on the inner angles’ visible at the base of the handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/8 + 2.5YR 4/1; ext.: 5YR 6/3; deco: 5YR 7/1. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 3.2; T: 0.7. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 9 (see above). 125. J13-Dcd-10-27

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole. Fabric: core: 10YR  5/1; int.: 10YR 3/1; ext.: 10YR 3/1. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 2.8; T: 0.17. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 93 (see above).

Alexandra Uscatescu

142 126. J13-Dab-13-24+74 (Fig. 3.18.126)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines and concentric circles around filling hole. Between the handle and the filling hole there are two parallel lines enclosing a circle with inner dot. Fabric: sandwich core (central): 2.5YR 3/1; (outer): 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  5/8; ext.: 2.5YR  5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.2; L: 7.4; T: 1.8–0.18. Type: L-21.5, JL with zoomorphic handle: Scholl groups iv.2 and iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 575–660 +). Ref.: Baldoni 2018, fig.  3.39.84 ( Jerash, Byzantine Thermopolium, terminus ante quem 660); Scholl 1991, fig. 7.46 and fig. 8.53 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 7 (over a mosaic) and a surface find). 127. J13-Dab-16-9

Description: fragment of a handle, close to zoomorphic type. Fabric: hard fired; small, frequent lime inclusions; core (central): 2.5YR  4/1; (outer): 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 1.7; T: 1.5–1.2. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL, zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 67, no. 52 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 128. J13-Dab-24-6

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: greyish. Dimensions: not available. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 10 (see above). 129. J13-Dab-29-7 (Fig. 3.18.129)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: oblique radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: hard fired; small to medium, frequent lime inclusions; core: 7.5YR  6/6; int.: 7.5YR  6/6; ext.: 7.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 4.3; T: 0.7–0.25. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth– early eighth centuries). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no. 45 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Kennedy 1963, pl.  xxvi, nos  658–59 (Whiting Collection, Kennedy type 19); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, nos  475–85 (Schloessinger Collection);

Scholl 1986, fig. 1.1; group i ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 22, below the threshold, deposited above a Justinian coin).

Trench E 130. J13-Ed-10-9

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines and Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles at the base of the handle. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.7; L: 4.8; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above). 131. J13-Eac-10-20 (Fig. 3.19.131)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Fabric: very pale brown, core: 10YR 8/3; int.: 10YR 8/4; ext.: 10YR 8/4. Dimensions: H: 2.9; L: 3.5; T: 1–0.5. Type: L-8 (?) Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (third–fourth centuries). Comm.: the wick hole seems unbroken. 132. J13-Eac-13-7 (Fig. 3.19.132)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: three lines flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  4/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/4; ext.: 10R  6/4. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 2.6; T: 1.1–0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 133. J13-Ec-13-19 (Fig. 3.19.133)

Description: fragment of shoulder and tongue handle. Decoration: radial lines and Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle with small dots on the angles. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L: 4.3; T: 1.6–0.4. Type: L-17.7, JL with tongue handle: Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.17 ( Jerash, Australian area, end of sixth to seventh centuries); Scholl 1991, fig. 3.14 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 19, bedrock. General date for Scholl group ii: late first half to the end of seventh century).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.19. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 131–34 and 136–40).

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Alexandra Uscatescu

144 134. J13-Ec-13-21+27 (Fig. 3.19.134)

Description: upper mould of a lamp. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and on handle; small concentric circles on nozzle; a Greek cross pattern at the base of the handle with circles on the angles. Fabric: yellowish-red, core: 5YR 5/6; int.: 5YR 6/4; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4; traces of fire around the wick hole. Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 7; T: 0.5–0.2. Type: L-17.7, JL with tongue handle: Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Gawlikowski and Musa 1986, 147, pl. v.B ( Jerash, church of Bishop Marianos, narthex: terminus ante quem 570  ad); Kehrberg 1986, pl.  v.17 ( Jerash, Australian area, end of sixth–seventh centuries); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 65, no. 46 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Scholl 1986, 163, fig. 1.3 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 19: bedrock); 1991, fig.  3.18 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 7: over a mosaic. General date for Scholl group ii: late first half to the end of seventh century); Uscatescu 1992, fig.  6.27 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab 16/H: c. 575/600–650). 136. J13-Ec-13-40 (Fig. 3.19.136)

Description: fragment of tongue handle. Decoration: a central dotted line inserted in a curved line, surrounded by oblique parallels lines. Fabric: pink, core: 5YR 7/4; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6; deco: 2.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 3; T: 1–0.5. Type: L-13, LGL. Date: Early Byzantine (fourth–early fifth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2001, fig.  2.13 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 137. J13-Ec-13-45 (Fig. 3.19.137)

Description: fragment of shoulders and base. Decoration: incised lines on shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: 10YR  5/1; int.: 10YR  6/1; ext.: 10YR  7/1. Dimensions: H: 2.7; L: 6.3; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: L-7.2, GL. Date: Roman (second century).

L-17.7, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.17 ( Jerash, Australian area, end of sixth–seventh centuries). 139. J13-Ec-13-47 (Fig. 3.19.139)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: band of radial strokes on the outer band of shoulders, an inner band of angular pattern around the filling hole; a small circle on nozzle. Fabric: hard fired; sporadic small lime inclusions; pink, core: 5YR 7/4; int.: 5YR 6/4; ext.: 5YR 7/4; traces of slip on mould decoration: 5YR 5/6; traces of fire. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.6; L: 5; T: 0.7–0.3. Type: L-14, imitation of (cistern ii) Beit Naṭṭif lamp: with bow-shaped nozzle. Date: Late Roman–Early Byzantine (second half of the third–fourth centuries, and possibly continued into the fifth century). Ref.: Da Costa 2001, fig. 5.2–3 (Pella, bow-shaped nozzle type); Hadad 2002, 26, no. 78 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 17: imitation of Beit Naṭṭif lamp, fifth century); Kennedy 1963, 80–81, pl. 24.623 and pl.  25.625 (Whiting Collection, Kennedy type 14, fourth–fifth centuries); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no. 44 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 106, no. 426 (Schloessinger Collection; (cistern ii) Beit Naṭṭif lamp); Sussman 2017, 266, fig. 202.2 and 4 (Beth She’an workshop, fifth century). 140. J13-Ebd-14-27 (Fig. 3.19.140)

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: a palm branch emanating from the ring base. Fabric: yellowish-red, core: 5YR  5/6; int.: 5YR  5/4; ext.: 5YR  5/6. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 4.8; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: JL (base c). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  500/25–750). Ref.: Pappalardo 2007, 586, fig.  4.1 (Umm al-Raṣāṣ, lower mould). 141. J13-Ed-18-4 (Fig. 3.20.141)

138. J13-Ec-13-46 (Fig. 3.19.138)

Description: fragment of tongue handle. Decoration: radial lines, and at the base of the handle a Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 5/N; ext.: GLEY1 5/N.  Dimensions: H: 3.4; L: 3.3; T: 1.4–0.6. Type:

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: a palm branch emanating from the ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 5.2; T: 0.6–0.15. Type: JL (base c). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 140 (see above).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.20. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 141–49).

145

146 142. J13-Ebd-18-19 (Fig. 3.20.142)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: a group of four small circles at the base of the handle; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 3.4; T: 0.55–0.2. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle (?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 143. J13-Ebd-18-20 (Fig. 3.20.143)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines and half circles with inner dot around the filling hole. Fabric: pale red, core: 10R 6/4; int.: 10R 6/4; ext.: 10R 5/6. Dimensions: H: 3.8; L: 5.1; T: 1.1–0.2. Type: L-21.12, JL with zoomorphic handle: similar to Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 575–660). Comm.: the motif around the filling hole seems a variation of the wavy line pattern; there is an unpublished lamp from the Macellum, which exhibits an identical motif. 144. J13-Ed-18-28 (Fig. 3.20.144)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: zigzag pattern on shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: 10YR 5/1; int.: 10YR 6/1; ext.: 10YR 6/1. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 3; T: 0.6–0.25. Type: L-20, JL: Australian mould group x; Scholl group iv.2. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 525/50– 660). Ref.: as no. 336 (see below).

Alexandra Uscatescu 147. J13-Ed-18-31 (Fig. 3.20.147)

Description: fragment of shoulders and ring base. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: dark grey, core: GLEY  1 4/N; int.: GLEY  1 4/N; ext.: 7.5YR  5/4. Dimensions: H: 2.65; L: 4.1; T: 0.6–0.2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 148. J13-Ed-18-32 (Fig. 3.20.148)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: three dots between vertical lines at the base of the handle; radial lines and wavy line with dots around the filling hole. Fabric: reddish-grey, core: 2.5YR  5/1; int.: 2.5YR  5/1; ext.: 1.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L: 3.9; T: 2.4–0.3. Type: L-21.7 to L-21.11, JL with zoomorphic handle: similar to Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/50– 750). Ref.: Scholl 1986, fig. 1.6 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 24: deposit with a coin of Phocas). 149. J13-Ed-18-95 (Fig. 3.20.149 and Pl. 3.15.149)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. This handle belongs to the thinner variety, closer to the tongue type handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 3.9; T: 1.2–0.2. Type: JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 4.55 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640).

145. J13-Ed-18-29 (Fig. 3.20.145)

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: half volute emanating from the ring base. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 4.3; T: 0.7–0.32. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 146. J13-Ed-18-30 (Fig. 3.20.146)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; two small circles with inner dot at the base of the handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 3.9; T: 2.2–0.3. Type: L-21.3, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575–660). Ref.: as no. 160 (see below).

150. J13-Ed-18-96 (Fig. 3.21.150)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines and dotted fringe around the filling hole. Fabric: dark reddish-grey (central core), light red (outer core) sandwich core (central): 2.5YR 4/1; (outer): 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 4/4 or 4/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 3.7; L: 3.4; T: 2.3–0.6. Type: L-19.4, JL with zoomorphic handle: Australian mould group xi; Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Transitional (c. 550(?)–640). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.23 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 9, seventh century); 2009, fig.  7.JH480a ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Scholl 1991, fig. 10.82 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 23: deposit with a coin of Tiberius II, 574–582; identical fragment). Comm.: an

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.21. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench E (cat. nos 150–58 and 160).

147

Alexandra Uscatescu

148 intact lamp from the Hippodrome has a nozzle close to no. 431 (Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7.JH480a). 151. J13-Ed-18-97 (Fig. 3.21.151)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; straight lines, half volutes, and circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: light brown, core: 7.5YR 6/3; int.: 5YR 4/1; ext.: 7.5YR 6/2. Dimensions: H: 0.7; L: 4.5; T: 0.75–0.25. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 152. J13-Ed-19-6 + Ed-20-24 (Fig. 3.21.152 and Pl. 3.6.152)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: straight and oblique lines, circles, and dots. Fabric: hard fired; frequent small black and lime inclusions; dark grey, core GLEY1 4/N; int.: GLEY1 4/N; ext.: GLEY1 5/N.  Dimensions: H: 3.4; L: 7.6; T: 0.3–0.6. Type: L-17.9, JL, possibly with tongue handle (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine (c.  500/50–660). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 65, no. 47 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 153. J13-Ed-20-23 (Fig. 3.21.153)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines and possibly a wavy line around the filling hole. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 5/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.2 or 1.7; L: 2.6; T: 0.6– 0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 154. J13-Ec-27-44 (Fig. 3.21.154)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6; wash: 10R  5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.2; L: 2.9; T: 1.6–0.4. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, 132–33 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns).

155. J13-Ec-27-45 (Fig. 3.21.155)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: circles with central dot impressed on shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 5/N; slip: GLEY1 2.5/N. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 3.1; T: 0.6–0.2. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Late Roman (second century). 156. J13-Ec-27-46 (Fig. 3.21.156)

Description: fragment of knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR 8/3; int.: 7.5YR 8/3; ext.: 7.5YR 8/3; slip: 10R  4/2. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 2.4; T: 2–0.4. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). 157. J13-Ec-27-54 (Fig. 3.21.157)

Description: fragment of knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: pink ware and red slip. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 18 (see above). 158. J13-Ec-27-60 (Fig. 3.21.158)

Description: fragment of knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: ext.: 7.5YR 7/2. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 3; T: 0.5–0.2. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 18 (see above). 159. J13-Ec-28-6

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  4/8. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 4; T: 0.6–0.35. Type: L-7.2, GL. Date: Roman (second century). 160. J13-Ea-31-4 (Fig. 3.21.160)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle and filling hole. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; two small circles with central dot at the base of the handle. Fabric: reddish-brown, core: 5YR 4/4; int.:

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.22. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench F (cat. nos 161–62, 165–66, and 169–70).

149

Alexandra Uscatescu

150 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/4. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L: 3.7; T: 0.7–0.5. Type: L-21.3, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575–660). Ref.: Uscatescu 1992, fig. 8.32 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 15/H–J, terminus ante quem 659/60).

Trench F 161. J13-Fa-10+11-4 (Fig. 3.22.161)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: dots around the filling hole. Radial lines and a net pattern on shoulders. Fabric: very pale brown, core: 10YR 7/4; int.: 10YR  6/1  + GLEY1 5/N; pink ext.: 7.5YR  7/4. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 4.6; T: 0.8–0.6. Type: L-25, Samaritan 4; Hadad Byzantine type 2; Hadad type 32, variant 1. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 575–750). Ref.: Da Costa 2010, 77, fig. 21 (Pella); Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl.  44.13 (Khirbat al-Karak); Hadad 1997, fig. 34 (Beth She’an); 2002, 74, nos 321–22 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 32); Sussman 1983, 73, fig.  9.3 (Apollonia-Arsuf ). 162. J13-Fi-12-2 (Fig. 3.22.162)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: a pair of half volutes and lines emanating from the ring base. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 5.9; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: JL (base b.3). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 163. J13-Fa-17-8

Description: fragment of slightly concave base with circular groove. Fabric: hard fired with sporadic small stone and lime inclusions; surface covered with slip; reddish-yellow, core: 5YR  7/6; int.: 5YR  7/6; slip: 2.5YR  4/6. Dimensions: H: 0.9; L: 3.8; T: 0.2–0.1. Type: L-7.1, possibly a local version of Loeschcke type 8; Broneer type 25. Date: Roman (first–second centuries). Ref.: Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 96, nos 387–90 (Schloessinger Collection). 164. J13-Ff-22-3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/1; int.: 10YR 6/1 + 10YR 6/2; ext.: 10YR 5/1 + 10YR 5/2.

Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 2.5; T: 0.6–0.35. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550/75–750). Ref.: as no.  15 (see above); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no. 51 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 165. J13-Fg-23-6 (Fig. 3.22.165)

Description: fragment of tongue handle and shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; between the handle and the filling hole are two parallel bars with dots. Fabric: reddish-grey (central core), red (outer core) sandwich core: (central): 2.5YR 5/1; (outer): 2.5YR  5/6 int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  5/6. Dimensions: H: 4.2; L: 4.5; T: 2.1–0.4. Type: L-17.10, JL with tongue handle: Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 3.16 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 23 (deposit with a coin of Tiberius II); similar mould, but lacking circles around the filling hole. General date for Scholl group ii: late first half to the end of seventh century). 166. J13-Ff-24-4 (Fig. 3.22.166)

Description: fragment of lamp. Decoration: band of raised dots and oblique parallel lines. Fabric: reddishgrey, core: 2.5YR 5/1; int.: 2.5YR 6/1; ext.: 2.5YR 6/1 + 2.5YR  6/3. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 3.1; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable. 167. J13-Fi-35-4

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 4/8; int.: 2.5YR 5/8; ext.: 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.5; L: 3.1; T: 1.7–0.6. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 169. J13-Fd-40-11 (Fig. 3.22.169 and Pl. 3.8.169)

Description: almost intact lamp with zoomorphic handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles at the base of the handle; radial lines around the filling hole; half volutes and circles with dots on nozzle; two pairs of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: hard fired; frequent small lime inclusions; dark greyish-brown, core: 10YR  4/2; int.: 10YR 4/2; ext.: 10YR 4/2 and 2.5YR 5/4. Smoke

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash traces around wick hole Dimensions: H: 3.5; L: 10.6; T: 2.3–0.2. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle (base b.1): Australian mould group i; Scholl group iii; Kennedy type 22. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 525/50–660 and +). Ref.: Abu Dalu 1993, fig. 13.21 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Bagatti 1970, fig.  1.2 and fig.  2.4 ( Jerusalem, Museo della Flagellazione); Barnes and others 2006, 305, fig.  16.1 ( Jerash, Congregational Mosque); Berthier 1985, 24–25, fig. 11 (Boṣrā, stratum 20, late seventh– early eighth centuries); Bitti 1986, pl. ix.2 left ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis); Clark 1986a, pl. xix.1 lower right ( Jerash, North Theatre); Da Costa 2001, fig. 4.2 (Pella; almost identical example); Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.19 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 9, seventh century); Kennedy 1963, pl.  xxviii.758 (Whiting Collection); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no.  48 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Pappalardo 2007, 586, fig.  4.3 (Umm al-Raṣāṣ); Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig. 4.2 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, kiln D, first half of the eighth century); Scholl 1986, fig. 1.4 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1, post-Byzantine deposit); 1991, fig. 5.26 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1: above a Byzantine deposit with a coin of Phocas. General date for Scholl group iii: end of the first half to mid-eighth century); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 9.37 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab.  16G: terminus ante quem earthquake of 659/60, almost identical); Wilson and Sa’d 1984, no. 23 (Boṣrā); Zayadine 1986, pl. vi. 1–2 ( Jerash, tomb by Hadrian’s Arch). 170. J13-Fd-40-45 (Fig. 3.22.170)

Description: fragment of base and nozzle; ring base. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and wick hole, a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle; a pair of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 7; T: 1.1–0.3. Type: L-21, JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 171. J13-Fc-40-78 (Pl. 3.15.171)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 7/. Dimensions: H: 3.1; L: 4; T: 2.3–0.4. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c.  550–750). Ref.: as no.  56 (see above).

151

172. J13-Fc-40-79

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: reddish-grey, int.: 5YR 5/2; ext.: 5YR 5/1. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 5.1; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 173. J13-Fb-40-111 (Fig. 3.23.173 and Pl. 3.8.173)

Description: fragment of shoulders, base, and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines ending in dots around the filling hole. At the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles. Fabric: hard fired; frequent small to medium lime inclusions; grey, core: 7.5YR 5/1; int.: 7.5YR 5/1; ext.: 7.5YR 5/1 and 7.5YR 7/3; traces of fire on upper exterior surface. Dimensions: H: 4.2; L: 5.8; T: 1.3–0.2. Type: L-21.4, JL with zoomorphic handle (base e.1): Australian mould group vi (without the Greek cross motif ). Date: Late Byzantine–Early Umayyad (c. 550–700). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl.  v.21 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 9, seventh century); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no.  49 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Pappalardo 2007, 586, fig.  4.1 (Umm al-Raṣāṣ, upper mould); Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 14.3 ( Jerash, Temple of Zeus, cistern level 3, c.  550–620); RassonSeigne and Seigne 2019, no. 16 (idem). 174. J13-Fi-49-28 (Fig. 3.23.174)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/4. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 3.3; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 175. J13-Fi-49-30 (Fig. 3.23.175 and Pl. 3.8.175)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: palm branch. Fabric: light red, core: 10R 6/6; int.: 10R 6/6; ext.: 10R  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 5.1; T: 0.55– 0.4. Type: JL (base d): Scholl group iv.4. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: Kehrberg 1989, fig.  5.25 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640, lower mould); Scholl 1991, fig. 11.88 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 33).

152

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Figure 3.23. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench F (cat. nos 173–76), and trench G (cat. nos 184–86, 188–90, and 194).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 176. J13-Fi-49-31 (Fig. 3.23.176)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: half volutes at the base of the handle; radial lines and a wavy line with dots around the filling hole. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 5/N; ext.: GLEY1 5/N.  Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 4.0; T: 0.6–0.2. Type: L-21.8, JL with zoomorphic handle: Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  550/75– 640/60). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 9.72 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 24). 177. J13-Fi-53-12

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: reddishgrey, core: 2.5YR 5/1; int.: 2.5YR 6/4; ext.: 2.5YR 6/7. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 4.6; T: 0.7–0.1. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above).

Trench G 178. J13-Gd-1-1

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles. Fabric: grey, core: 5YR 5/1; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.9; L: 3.8; T: 2.4–0.5. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 9 (see above). 180. J13-Gd-3-18

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole, and small circle with dot on nozzle. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 3.15; T: 0.8–0.3. Type: JL (L-17, L-19, or L-21). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 6 (see above). 181. J13-Gd-3-19

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines along the side of the upper face of the lamp. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 5/4. Dimensions: H: 3; L:

153

4.1; T: 1.8–0.35. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550– 750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 182. J13-Gb-3-26

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/3; ext.: 7.5R  6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 3.3; T: 0.6. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 183. J13-Gd-7-9

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 7/N; ext.: GLEY1 6/N.  Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 4.9; T: 1.2–0.2. Type: L-21.1, JL with zoomorphic handle (?): Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550/75–660). Ref.: as no. 89 (see above). 184. J13-Ga-12-42 (Fig. 3.23.184)

Description: fragment of shoulders and discus. Decoration: rosette on discus, and impressed ovo-pattern on shoulders. Fabric: brown, core: 10YR 4/3; int.: 10YR  3/2; ext.: GLEY1 2.5/N.  Dimensions: H: 0.2; L: 4.4; T: 0.4–0.3. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25; Kennedy type 5. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: Hadad 2002, 16–20, nos  19–29 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 7); Iliffe 1945, 25, pl.  viii.157 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Kadour and Seeden 1983, fig.  12.6 (Boṣrā, northwestern tell); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.3 ( Jerash, Australian area); Kennedy 1963, pl. xxii.507 (Whiting Collection); Loffreda 2008, 45 (Capernaum Luc. 3); Wilson and Sa’d 1984, no.  13 (Boṣrā: third–fourth centuries). 185. J13-Gb-12-67 (Fig. 3.23.185)

Description: fragment of knob handle. Decoration: oblique lines on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/6; int.: 2.5YR  7/4; ext.: 2.5YR  7/6; slip: 10R  4/8. Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 3; T: 1–0.4. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries).

Alexandra Uscatescu

154 186. J13-Gb-12-107 (Fig. 3.23.186)

Description: fragment of shoulders and filling hole. Decoration: ovo-pattern dots, and curving lines on the upper shoulder. Fabric: hard fired; pink, core: 7.5YR  8/4; int.: 7.5YR  8/4; ext.: 7.5YR  7/4; slip: 2.5YR  4/6. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 2.3; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25; Kennedy type 8. Date: Early Roman (early second century). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.2 ( Jerash, Australian area, early second century); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no.  41 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Kennedy 1963, pl.  xxiii. 518 (Whiting Collection, Kennedy type 8).

Ref.: Kehrberg 2007, fig. 8.122 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); 2011a, fig. 1.13b ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no.  42 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 97, nos 391–93 (Schloessinger Collection). 191. J13-Gd-28-13

Description: fragment of base. Fabric: reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR  5/3; int.: 2.5YR  6/4; ext.: 2.5YR  5/6. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 2.8; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: GL. Date: Roman (second century). 192. J13-Gd-28-14

187. J13-Gb-12-111+112

Description: fragment of body. Fabric: core: 5YR 7/4; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: not available. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable. 188. J13-Gd-18-16 (Fig. 3.23.188)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: ovopattern and dots impressed on shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: 7.5YR 5/1; int.: 10YR 3/1; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 10R  4/4. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 2.4; T: 0.4–0.25. Type: L-7.1, a local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Late Roman (second century). 189. J13-Gd-28-3 (Fig. 3.23.189)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: impressed horseshoe pattern on shoulders. Fabric: light reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR 7/4; int.: 2.5YR 7/4; slip: 2.5YR  5/6. Dimensions: H: 1.9; L: 4.1; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: L-7.1, a local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Late Roman (second century). 190. J13-Gd-28-12 (Fig. 3.23.190)

Description: fragment of triangular nozzle and wick hole. Decoration: straight and curving lines and ovalshaped dots. Fabric: hard fired with sporadic small lime inclusions. Covered with a slip on the exterior surface (2.5YR 3/6). Light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/4; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Smoked inside and around the wick hole. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 3; T: 0.5–0.4. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Early Roman (second century).

Description: fragment of nozzle base. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 7/6; ext.: GLEY2 2.5/5B and 5YR 7/4; deco: 2.5YR 4/6. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 3.4; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Roman (second century). 193. J13-Gd-28-15

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: traces of an ovo-pattern impression on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6; deco: 2.5YR 4/8. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 3.6; T: 0.5– 0.2. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 188 (see above). 194. J13-Gd-28-16 (Fig. 3.23.194)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: two raised dots on each sides of the wick hole. Fabric: light red, core 1: 2.5YR 6/6; pinkish-grey, core 2: 7.5YR 6/2; int.: 2.5YR 4/6; ext.: 2.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 2.7; T: 0.4–0.15. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle; Rosenthal-Sivan type 8. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: similar to Hadad 2002, 13, nos 5–10 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 4: ‘knife-pared lamps’, late first century bc–mid-second century ad); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 97, nos 391–92 (Schloessinger Collection).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Trench H 196. J13-Ha/Ha-1-13-28 (Fig. 3.24.196 and Pl. 3.1.196)

Description: fragment of shoulders and partial preserved volute. Decoration: vine leaf and a bunch of grapes in relief. Fabric: hard fired with sporadic small lime and quarts inclusions; pinkish-grey, core: 7.5YR  6/2; int.: 7.5YR 6/3; ext.: 5YR 5/4 and 5YR 5/1; traces of fire on int. and ext. surfaces. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 4.6; T: 0.6–0.2. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle; Rosenthal-Sivan type 8. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: Iliffe 1945, 24, pl. viii.155 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Kehrberg 1989, fig. 2.15 and fig. 3.19– 21 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no.  43 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 97, no. 391 (Schloessinger Collection).

155

200. J13-Ha/Ha-1-19-9 (Fig. 3.24.200)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: dark grey, core: 7.5YR  4/1; int.: 7.5YR  4/1; ext.: 7.5YR  4/2. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 5.4; T: 0.4–0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 201. J13-Hc-3-5 (Fig. 3.24.201)

Description: fragment of shoulders and tongue handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles. Radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 3.6; T: 1–0.2. Type: L-17.7, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Uscatescu 1992, fig.  6.27 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab.  16/H: c.  575/600– 650).

197. J13-Ha/Ha-1-13-54 (Fig. 3.24.197)

Description: fragment of base. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR 8/3; int.: 2.5YR 3/3; slip: 10R 5/8. Dimensions: ring base diam: 6; H: 1.4; L: 4.7; T: 0.5–0.4. Type: Late Hellenistic local lamp (?). Date: Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (first century bc). Ref.: Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2017, 63, no. 50 (Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 198. J13-Ha/Ha-1-14-9 (Fig. 3.24.198)

Description: fragment of flat rounded base. Fabric: light reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR  7/4; slip: 10R  4/6. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 2.3; T: 0.9–0.2. Type: GL. Date: Late Roman (second century). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 1.10 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 199. J13-Ha/Ha-1-14-16 (Fig. 3.24.199)

Description: fragment of shoulder and tongue handle. Decoration: radial lines and Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles at the base of the handle. Fabric: dark grey, core: 10YR 4/1; int.: 10YR 3/1; ext.: 10YR 4/1. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L: 3.2; T: 1.1–0.3. Type: L-17.7, JL with tongue handle: Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.17 ( Jerash, Australian area, late sixth–seventh centuries); Scholl 1991, fig. 3.14 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 19: bedrock. General date for Scholl group ii: late first half to the end of seventh century).

202. J13-Hc-3-9 (Fig. 3.24.202)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: dark grey, core: GLEY1 4/N; int.: GLEY1 4/N; ext.: 5YR 6/6; slip: 10R 4/6. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 7; T: 2.4–0.3. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 18 (see above).

Trench I 203. J14-Ih-19-2

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles. Fabric: dark grey, core: 7.5YR 4/1; int.: 7.5YR 6/4; ext.: 7.5YR 4/1. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 3.1; T: 1.4. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above). 204. J14-Igh-28-19 (Fig. 3.24.204)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: impressed (?) rosettes on shoulders. Fabric: core: (inner) 7.5YR  4/1; (outer) 7.5YR  6/4; int.: 7.5YR  6/4; ext.: 7.5YR  7/4; slip; 7.5YR  4/6.

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Figure 3.24. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench H (cat. nos 196–202) and trench I (cat. nos 204–07).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 4.1; T: 0.7–0.5. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant (?). Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, 131–32 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 205. J14-Igh-28-21 (Fig. 3.24.205)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: raised dots on shoulders. Fabric: core: 2.5Y 7/3; int.: 2.5Y 7/2; ext.: 2.5Y 8/2; slip: 7.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 2.5; T: 0.6. Type: GL. Date: Late Roman (late second– early third centuries). Ref.: as no. 269 (see below). 206. J14-Igh-28-24 (Fig. 3.24.206)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines on shoulders. Fabric: core: 2.5Y 6/2; int.: 10YR 7/3; ext.: 10YR 7/3. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 3.9; T: 0.6. Type: L-7.3, GL. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 245 (see below). 207. J14-Igh-28-25 (Fig. 3.24.207)

Description: vertical tongue handle. Decoration: vertical lines and oblique strokes on sides. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 6/4; int.: 7.5YR 7/4; ext.: 10YR 7/4. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 3.7; T: 1.4. Type: L-13, LGL. Date: Early Byzantine (fourth–early fifth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.12 ( Jerash, Australian area, fourth–fifth centuries); 2011a, fig. 3.33 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 208. J14-Id-32-20

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: oblique lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR 5/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/4 and 2.5 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/4 and 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 1.5; H: 1.8; L: 6.7; T: 0.54–0.29. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no.  129 (see above). 209. J14-Ib-40-6

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles. Radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: reddish-yellow,

157

core: 5YR  7/8; ext.: 5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 3.7; T: 0.6–0.47. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above). 210. J14-Ib-40-8

Description: fragment of tong ue handle (?). Decoration: vertical parallel lines. Fabric: greenish-grey, core: GLEY1 6/10Y; ext.: GLEY1 6/5GY. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 2.23; T: 1.3–0.35. Type: L-17, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). 211. J14-Ih-42-13

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: very dark grey, core: 5YR  3/1 int.: 5YR  4/1; ext.: 5YR  2.5/1. Dimensions: L: 4.23; T: 0.42–0.21. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 10 (see above). 212. J14-Ig-52-1

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: light brown, (core) int.: 7.5YR 6/3; ext.: 7.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: diam: 5.6; H: 1.66; L: 3.17; T: 0.65–0.46. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable. 213. J14-Ig-52-2

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: traces of impressed pattern on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 7/8; int.: 2.5YR 7/8; ext.: 2.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 3.33; L: 3.66; T: 0.66–0.41. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, 131–32 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 214. J14-Ig-52-5

Description: fragment of knob handle. Fabric: very pale brown (outer core), light red (inner core) core: (outer): 10YR 7/3; inner; 2.5YR 7/6; int.: 2.5YR 8/4; ext.: 7.5YR 7/6; slip: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 2.54; L: 3.56; T: 0.92–0.39. Type: L-8, Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 233 (see below).

158

Alexandra Uscatescu

Figure 3.25. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 215, 218–19, 221–22, 224, 227, 233, 235–39).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Trench J 215. J14-Jk-1-5 (Fig. 3.25.215)

Description: fragment of tongue handle. Decoration: two vertical lines, and oblique strokes on sides. Fabric: int.: 2.5Y  6/1; ext.: 2.5Y  6/1. Dimensions: H: 4.4; L: 3.5; T: 0.4. Type: L-17.11, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Uscatescu 1992, fig. 5.21 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 17: contemporary deposit, similar square profile of the handle). 216. J14-Jab-2-3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 4/N; ext.: 2.5Y  5/2. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 1.6; T: 0.7– 0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 217. J14-Jab-2-4 (Pl. 3.15.217)

Description: fragment of handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles. Fabric: dark grey (inner core), light reddish-brown (outer core) core (inner): 5YR 4/1; (outer): 2.5YR 6/3; int.: 5YR 6/3; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 3.06; L: 4.24; T: 4.73. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above). 218. J14-Jab-2-5 (Fig. 3.25.218)

Description: fragment of nozzle with traces of a side volute. Fabric: pink, core: 5YR 7/4; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6; slip: 5YR 4/4. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 2.9; T: 0.6. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig.  1.13c ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 219. J15-Jj-2-19 (Fig. 3.25.219)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: petal pattern on the shoulders. Fabric: core (inner): 2.5YR  5/6; (outer): 5YR  4/2; int.: 7.5YR  3/1; ext.: 2.5YR 5/2. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 4.2; T: 0.5–0.2. Type: unclassified rounded lamp. Date: Roman (first–second centuries).

159

220. J15-Jl-2-43

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: oblique lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 6/4; int.: 7.5YR 6/3; ext.: 10R 5/2 and 10R 6/2. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 3.56; T: 0.48. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no. 129 (see above). 221. J14-Jb-8-19 (Fig. 3.25.221)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: radial lines ending in dots around the filling hole. Fabric: grey, core: 10YR 6/1; int.: 5Y 6/1; ext.: 10YR 5/1. Dimensions: H: 1.45; L: 2.4; T: 0.65–0.3. Type: L-21.4 (?) JL: Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Early Umayyad (c.  550–700). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 9.64 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 33, upper mould). 222. J14-Jb-10-9 (Fig. 3.25.222)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines and raised dots around the filling hole. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.55; L: 2.32; T: 1.29–0.41. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). 223. J14-Jb-11-1

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  5/4; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 2.5; T: 0.5. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 224. J14-Jb-12-1 (Fig. 3.25.224 and Pl. 3.16.224)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: oblique lines around the filling hole. Fabric: strong brown, core: 7.5YR 5/8; int.: 7.5YR 7/6; ext.: 7.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 4.1; T: 0.3. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no. 129 (see above).

Alexandra Uscatescu

160 225. J14-Jb-15-13

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. At the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 5YR 7/6; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 3.1; L: 3.55; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above). 226. J14-Ja-16-10

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: reddishgrey, core: 2.5YR 5/1; int.: GLEY1 5/N; ext.: GLEY1 5/N. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 5; T: 0.5. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 227. J14-Jb-17-1 (Fig. 3.25.227)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: raised bars between the wick hole and filling hole. Fabric: buff ware with grey slip. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Roman (second century). 228. J14-Jd-18-25

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole, and a pair of half volutes on nozzle. Fabric: dark grey, core: 7.5YR  4/1; ext.: 7.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 0.8; L: 2.1; T: 0.6. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 229. J14-Jc-19-9

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole, and two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: strong brown, core: 7.5YR 4/6; int.: 7.5YR  5/3; ext.: 7.5YR  5/3. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 3.5. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above).

230. J14-Jc-24-1

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: very dark grey, core: 10YR 3/1; int.: 7.5YR 5/1; ext.: 10YR  4/1. Dimensions: H: 3.71; L: 5.67. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 231. J14-Jd-24-41

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 5/N; ext.: GLEY1 5/N. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 2; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 232. J14-Jd-27-7

Description: fragment of rim; ridge around the wick hole. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 2/9; int.: 7.5YR 2/8.5; ext.: 7.5YR 2/8.5. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 3.5; T: 0.3. Type: L-7.2, local production of Broneer type 25. Date: Late Roman (second century). Ref.: Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 96, no. 390 (‘Jabal Jofeh’ type). 233. J14-Jc-29-6 (Fig. 3.25.233)

Description: fragment of knob handle. Fabric: pink, core (inner): 5YR 8/4; (outer): 5YR 8/4; int.: 5YR 8/4; ext.: 5YR 8/4; deco: 7.5R 5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.14; L: 3.23; T: 0.95–0.4. Type: GL. Date: Late Roman (second century). 234. J14-Jc-32-11 (Pl. 3.15.234)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.87; L: 3.36; T: 2.12– 0.71. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 235. J14-Jc-32-41 (Fig. 3.25.235)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: core: 10YR 6/4; int.: 10YR 8/3; ext.:

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 10YR 8/4; slip: 5YR 4/6. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 3; T: 0.4. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 18 (see above). 236. J14-Jc-32-43 (Fig. 3.25.236)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: impressed ovo-pattern on shoulders. Fabric: very dark grey, core: 7.5YR 3/1; int.: 7.5YR 7/4; ext.: 2.5YR 5/4. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 3.6; T: 0.7–0.25. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 2.20 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 237. J14-Jcd-32-90 (Fig. 3.25.237)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: radial lines and two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: very pale brown, core: 10YR  7/3; int.: 10YR  7/3; ext.: 2.5Y  7/3; slip: 7.5YR 4/3. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 3.5; T: 0.6. Type: L-7.3, GL. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig.  1.15 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 238. J14-Jcd-32-91 (Fig. 3.25.238 and Pl. 3.1.238)

Description: fragment of handle and shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole ridges; three vertical grooves on the upper side of the knob handle. Fabric: pink, core: 5YR  7/4; int.: 5YR  8/4; ext.: 5YR 8/4; slip: 10R 4/8. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 3; T: 0.5. Type: L-7.3, GL. Date: Late Roman (early second– third centuries). Ref.: as no. 245 (see below). 239. J14-Jd-32-129 (Fig. 3.25.239)

Description: fragment of discus. Decoration: theatrical mask in relief. Fabric: pink, core: 2.5YR 8/3; int.: GLEY2 4/5B; ext.: 2.5YR  8/3; deco: GLEY  4/5PB. Dimensions: H: 3.57; L: 4.26; T: 0.63–0.43. Type: L-7.1, GL. Date: Late Roman (second century). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 1.16 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns).

161

240. J14-Jd-32-130

Description: fragment of shoulders, base, and handle. Decoration: traces of relief decoration on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8; deco: 7.5R  5/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.8; H: 2.27; L: 6.17; T: 0.54–0.34. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 244 (see below). 241. J14-Jd-32-131

Description: fragment of shoulder and knob handle. Decoration: half-circles impressed on shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 8/N; ext.: 2.5YR  5/6; slip: 2.5YR  4/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 3.6; H: 2.3; L: 5.2. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Uscatescu 1992, fig. 3.6 ( Jerash, Macellum, a residual sherd in the structure on exedra 3, mid-sixth century). 242. J14-Jd-32-132

Description: fragment of base with three concentric grooves. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/6; int.: 2.5YR 7/4; ext.: 2.5YR 7/4. Dimensions: base diam: 5; H: 1.23; L: 3.91; T: 0.5–0.25. Type: L-8, Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). 243. J14-Jd-32-133

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: rosettes on the shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/6; int.: 2.5YR  7/8; ext.: 2.5YR  7/6; dec.: 10R 4/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.4; H: 0.97; L: 3.96; T: 0.42–0.29. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third– early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 244 (see below). 244. J14-Jd-32-134

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: series of rosettes on the shoulders. Fabric: very pale brown, core: 10YR 7/4; int.: 10YR 7/4; ext.: 10YR 7/4; slip: 2.5Y 3/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 3; H: 1.39; L: 5.76; T: 0.47–0.39. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round

Alexandra Uscatescu

162 Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third– early fourth centuries). Ref.: Da Costa 2010, fig.  3.b (Pella, ‘Round-bodied no discus’); Díez 1983, 96, L.9.4, no. 133 (Galilee: second half of the third–early fourth century); Hadad 1997, 151, fig. 3 (Beth She’an); Uscatescu 1992, fig.  3.1 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab.  15/J: 450/75–550/75). 245. J14-Jd-32-155 (Fig. 3.26.245)

Description: reconstructed rounded lamp. Decoration: radiating lines on shoulders and concentric grooves on discus. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/6; int.: 2.5YR  7/6; ext.: 2.5YR  3/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; ring base diam: 6.6–4; H: 3.55; L: 8.22; T: 0.4. Type: L-7.3, GL (see also ‘Jabal Jofeh’ type; Sepphoris type 12; Kennedy type 8; Hadad type 13). Date: Roman/Late Roman (second century). Ref.: Bagatti 1963–64, 266, fig.  3.2 (Capernaum); Harding 1950, pl.  xxv.4 ( Jabal Jofeh); Iliffe 1945, 25, pl.  viii.159 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 1.15 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, second century); Koutsoukou 1997, fig.  20 (‘Ammān, Citadel); Lapp 2016, no.  148 (Sepphoris, dated to 250–350); Van den Brink and others 2013, fig. 20.2 (Ḥorbat Qasṭra = ‘Caesarea Lamp’). 246. J14-Jd-32-166 (Fig. 3.26.246)

Description: fragment of shoulders and base. Round body and nozzle; ledge running around shoulders; ring base. Decoration: impressed horseshoe pattern on shoulders. Fabric: strong brown, int.: 7.5YR 5/6; ext.: 7.5YR  4/1 and 7.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; base diam: 3.8; H: 2.6; L: 8; T: 0.37. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Harding 1950, pl.  xxv.35 ( Jabal Jofeh); Lichtenberger, Raja, Sørensen and others 2018, 80, no. 32 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Zayadine 1986, pl. v.17 ( Jerash, tomb by Hadrian’s Arch, third–fourth centuries). 247. J14-Jd-32-208 (Fig. 3.26.247)

Description: fragment of discus. Decoration: rosette on the centre, surrounded by an inner band of vegetal scrolls and an outer band of ovo-pattern. Fabric: pink (inner core: 7.5YR 7/3), light red (outer core: 2.5YR 6/6); ext.: 5YR 7/6 and 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 9; T:

0.9. Type: L-5, Round-bodied Lamp. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: Iliffe 1945, 18, pl. vi.100 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Lichtenberger and others 2018, 80, no. 31 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). Comm.: a closed decorative pattern is found on a pedestal bowl from Gerasa (Iliffe 1945, 18, pl. vi.100 and 102). 248. J15-Jl-32-18

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: horseshoe impressions on shoulders. Fabric: core: 10YR 6/4; ext.: 7.5YR  7/4; wash: 2.5YR  6/8 and 2.5YR  4/6. Dimensions: H: 1.9; L: 4.8; T: 0.6–0.2. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 253 (see below). 249. J14-Jc-35-136+137 (Fig. 3.26.249)

Description: upper part of a lamp. Decoration: debased decoration on shoulder and raised dots on nozzle. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 5YR 7/6; int.: 5YR 6/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6; slip: 10R 5/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.4; H: 1.2; L: 3.45; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: Harding 1950, pl. xxv.57 ( Jabal Jofeh); Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 2.26 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 250. J14-Jd-35-31 (Fig. 3.26.250)

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: very dark grey, core: 5Y 3/1; int.: 10YR 3/1 and 10YR 4/1; ext.: 10YR  6/1. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 6; T: 0.4. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, possibly JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2007, fig.  7.56 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 251. J14-Jc-35-60 (Fig. 3.26.251)

Description: fragment of discus. Decoration: band of oval leaves. Fabric: not available. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-7.1, possibly a ‘Discus’ Lamp. Date: Roman/Late Roman (second–third centuries). Ref.: Lichtenberger and others 2018, 116, no.  146 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.26. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 245–47 and 249–51).

163

Alexandra Uscatescu

164

Figure 3.27. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 253–57).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 253. J14-Jc-61-2 (Fig. 3.27.253 and Pl. 3.1.253)

Description: Intact lamp. Decoration: impressed horseshoe pattern on shoulders; circular grooves on base. Fabric: light red, core: 10R 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 7/8. Burnt areas and traces of soot on the exterior surface. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 4; base diam: 3.8–7; H: 3.3; L: 9; T: 0.3. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Díez 1983, 39, L.9.4 (Galilee); Harding 1950, pl. xxv.28 ( Jabal Jofeh); Kalaitzoglou and others (forthcoming), pl. 17.100 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Zayadine 1986, pl. v.17 ( Jerash, tomb by Hadrian’s Arch, third–fourth centuries). Comm.: this lamp was found in a Late Roman pottery fill in trench J. 254. J14-Jc-61-10A (Fig. 3.27.254)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: circular impressions on shoulder. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 7.5YR 7/6; int.: 7.5YR 8/4; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4; wash: 2.5YR 5/6 and 2.5YR 4/2. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 4.6; T: 0.5–0.2. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 261 (see below). 255. J14-Jc-61-11A (Fig. 3.27.255)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 5YR 6/6; int.: 5YR 6/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6; wash: 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.2; H: 2; L: 4.7; T: 0.45–0.2. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2007, fig. 7.511 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 256. J14-Jc-61-16A (Fig. 3.27.256)

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: dark grey (inner core), reddish-yellow (outer core) core: (inner): 10YR  4/1; (outer): 7.5YR  6/6; int.: 7.5YR  6/4; ext.: 7.5YR 6/4. Dimensions: base diam: 4.4; H: 1.6; L: 8; T: 0.5–0.2. Type: L-8, Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries).

165

257. J14-Jc-62-4 (Fig. 3.27.257)

Description: intact lamp, round type with hearthshaped nozzle and knob handle. Decoration: alternated impressed rosettes and half-circles with ovo-pattern on the shoulders. Fabric: reddish-yellow, int.: 5YR  6/6; ext.: 5YR 6/6; wash: 10R 4/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.03; ring base diam: 6.6–3.7; H: 2.7; L: 8.3; T: 0.5. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 2.18 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 258. J14-Jc-62-9 (Fig. 3.28.258)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: very dark grey (inner core), very pale brown (outer core); core: (inner): 10YR 3/1; (outer): 10YR 8/4; int.: 10YR 7/2; ext.: 7.5YR 8/8; slip: 10R 4/6 and 10R 2.5/. Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 3.8; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: as no. 18 (see above). 260. J14-Jc-62-27

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: impressed circles on shoulders and concentric ridges around the filling hole. Fabric: reddishyellow, core: 5YR 7/6; int.: 7.5YR 7/2; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam. 2; H: 2.7; L: 1.5; T: 0.4. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 261 (see below). 261. J14-Jc-67-14 (Fig. 3.28.161)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: impressed circles on shoulders. Fabric: core: 5YR 6/6; int.: 7.5YR  7/2; ext.: 5YR  7/6; wash: 2.5YR  4/4. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.4; L: 4.5; T: 0.3. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Hadad 1997, fig. 4 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 4); Iliffe 1945, pl. ix.133 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 2.20 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns).

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Figure 3.28. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 258, 261, 265–66, and 268–70).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 262. J15-Jm-67-11

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core (inner): 10YR  6/1; (outer): 10YR  6/2; ext.: 5YR  5/1. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 2.7; L: 3.9; T: 1.1–0.45. Type: L-21.1 (?) JL with zoomorphic handle: Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550/75–660). Ref.: as no. 89 (see above). 263. J15-Jm-67-12

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: 5YR 6/2; ext.: 5YR 5/1. Dimensions: ring base diam: 3; H: 1.3; L: 5.2; T: 0.5–0.2. Type: JL (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25– 750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 264. J14-Jc-72-10

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: dark reddishbrown, core: 5YR  3/2; int.: 5YR  3/2; ext.: 5YR  3/2. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.5; L: 3.7; T: 0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 265. J14-Jc-73-9 (Fig. 3.28.265)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: impressed rosettes on shoulders. Fabric: pink, red slip. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.2; H: 1.1; L: 4.63; T: 0.64–0.29. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 257 (see above). 266. J14-Je-77-7A (Fig. 3.28.266)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: vertical line and circles with central dots at the base of the handle; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 3/1 and 2.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 4.3; L: 5.6; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle: Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 10.73 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 10).

167

267. J14-Je-77-8A

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: vertical line and two circles at the base of the handle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 7/6; ext.: 2.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 5; L: 5.3; T: 1.7–0.4. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 268. J14-Je-77-28 (Fig. 3.28.168)

Description: intact lamp (handle missing). Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern and two circles on the angles; radial lines around the filling and wick hole; two small circles and a pair of half volutes on nozzle. Fabric: light red, ext.: 2.5YR 7/6 and 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 1.8–2.2; H: 3.4; L: 8.7; T: 0.3. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle: Australian mould group i; Scholl group iii. Date: Late Byzantine, and probably Early Umayyad (c.  525/50– 660 and  +). Ref.: Abu Dalu 1993, fig.  13.21 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Bagatti 1970, fig.  1.2 ( Jerusalem, Museo della Flagellazione); Clark 1986b, pl.  xv.30 upper left ( Jerash, church of Bishop Isaiah, loc. 003, eighth century); Gawlikowski 1986, pl. xiv.A ( Jerash, Umayyad House); Kalaitzoglou and others (forthcoming), pl. 17.103 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl.  v.19 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 9, seventh century); 1989, fig.  5.26 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640; upper mould); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 171, cat. 47 ( Jerash, Temple of Zeus, terminus ante quem 659/60); Scholl 1986, fig. 1.4 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1); 1991, fig. 5.26 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 1: above a Byzantine deposit with a coin of Phocas. General date for Scholl group iii: end of the first half– mid-eighth century); Uscatescu 1992, 9.36 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 16/H: c. 575/600–650). Comm.: piece found in a Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad pottery fill in trench J. 269. J14-Jc-77-36 (Fig. 3.28.269)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: laurel leaves on shoulders. Fabric: int.: 10YR  8/3 and 10YR  7/3; slip: 5YR  6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.9. Type: L-6, GL. Date: Late Roman (late second–early third centuries). Ref.: Clark 1986a, pl. xix.2 lower right ( Jerash, North Theatre, with her-

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Figure 3.29. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench J (cat. nos 274–75) and trench K (cat. nos 278 and 280–81).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash ringbone decoration, dated to the third–fourth centuries); Kehrberg 1989, pl. lxvi.15 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); Zayadine 1986, pl.  v.13 ( Jerash, tomb by Hadrian’s Arch: third–fourth centuries). 270. J14-Je-82-1 (Fig. 3.28.270)

Description: fragment of a ring base and nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling and wick hole; a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle; with a pair of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: light brownish-grey, core: 10YR 6/2; int.: 2.5YR  6/4; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 3.1; L: 5.39; T: 0.44–0.43. Type: L-21, JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 271. J14-Je-82-2

Description: fragment of shoulders and base. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: bluish-grey, core: GLEY2 5/5PB; int.: GLEY2 5/5PB; ext.: 2.5Y 7/2. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 1.27; H: 5.52; L: 3.96; T: 0.36–0.27. Type: L-21.1, JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550/75–660). 272. J14-Jc-84-9

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 5YR 6/8; int.: 5YR 6/8; ext.: 5YR 6/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 3.3; L: 4.5; T: 0.5–0.4. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 273. J14-Je-88-3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: palmlike pattern with dotted line. Fabric: pale red (outer core), light reddish-brown (inner core) core (outer): 2.5YR 6/2; (inner): 2.5YR 7/4; int.: 2.5YR 6/4; ext.: 2.5YR 3/1. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 4; H: 1.13; L: 3.14; T: 0.6. Type: unclassified. Date: Late Roman (second century).

169

274. J14-Je-88-9 (Fig. 3.29.274)

Description: almost intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and wick hole; a pair of concentric circles on nozzle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/6; ext.: 7.5YR  7/2 and 7.5YR  7/3 and 7.5YR 7/6; wash: 5YR 7/3. Dimensions: H: 2.45; L: 8.79. Type: L-17.3, JL with tongue handle (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–600). Ref.: Uscatescu 1992, fig. 6.26 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 17, contemporary deposit). 275. J14-Jf-95-3 (Fig. 3.29.275)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: vertical line from handle to filling hole and radial lines. Fabric: red, core: 10R 5/8; int.: 10R 6/8; ext.: 10R  6/8. Dimensions: H: 4.4; L: 4.2; T: 2–0.4. Type: L-19.4, JL with zoomorphic handle: Australian mould group xi; Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550(?)–640). Ref.: as no. 150 (see above). Comm.: an intact lamp from the Hippodrome shows a nozzle as no. 431 (Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7.JH480a). 276. J14-Jh-96-3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: series of small circles and radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: dark reddish-grey (inner core), light reddish-brown (outer core) core (inner): 2.5YR  4/1; (outer): 2.5YR  6/4 int.: 2.5YR  4/1; ext.: 2.5YR  6/4. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 7; H: 1.03; L: 2.88; T: 1.03. Type: L-21.7 to L-21.10, JL: Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (late sixth–seventh centuries). Ref.: as no. 345 (see below).

Trench K 277. J14-Kb-1-26

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: very dark greenish-grey, core: GLEY1 3/5GY; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  5/8. Dimensions: L: 3.5; T: 1.56–1.15. Type: JL, zoomorphic handle (?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750).

Alexandra Uscatescu

170 278. J14-Kac-3-81 (Fig. 3.29.278 and Pl. 3.14.278)

Description: flat almond-shaped base. Decoration: palm branch surrounded by a wavy line inside the almondshaped base. Diagonal lines running around the flat base; on the sides, a Greek inscription and signs as stars. On the interior, there are traces of use and fingerprints. Fabric: core: 5YR 5/4; int.: 10R 3/1; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 9.2; W: 5.27; T: 0.95–0.15. Type: L-23.1, JL, hybrid type (base i.1): Scholl group v. Date: Umayyad (c.  660–750). Ref.: Bagatti 1970, fig.  1.10b, fig.  2.6a–6c ( Jerusalem, ‘Dominus Fleuit’ monastery); Bitti 1986, pl. ix.2 centre ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis stairway); Guidoni 1990, pl. vi.27 (Boṣrā’s Antiquarium, lower mould); Hadad 2002, no. 312 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Lichtenberger and others 2016, 339, no. 7 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same base sherd); 2018, 82, no.  40 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same base sherd); Loffreda 1992, 315 ( Jerusalem, Franciscan Collection, Museo della Flagellazione); PierobonBenoit 2018, fig. 4.1, 3, 8–10, 12–14 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, kiln D, first half of the eighth century); Scholl 1991, fig. 12.95 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, surface find); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 13.53 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 5: post659/60 context, identical base and similar inscription). 279. J14-Kac-3-437 (Pl. 3.15.279)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core (inner): 7.5YR  4/4; (outer) 10YR  4/2; int.: 10YR  3/1; ext.: 5YR  6/4. Dimensions: H: 3.96; L: 4.06; W: 2.67. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 280. J14-Kc-3-6 (Fig. 3.29.280)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines and a wavy line around the filling hole. Fabric: brown, core: 7.5YR 4/3; int.: 5YR 5/3; ext.: 5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 2.67; L: 6.86; T: 1.65–0.41. Type: L-21.7, JL with zoomorphic handle (?). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/50–750). 281. J14-Kc-3-20+66 (Fig. 3.29.281 and Pl. 3.14.281)

Description: fragment of almond-shaped flat base. Decoration: upper side of a krater on the centre base; on sides, small circles and palm branches. Fabric: light

red, core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 5YR  7/8; ext.: 5YR  6/6 and 5YR  6/3. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 5; W: 5.7. Type: L-24.1, JL (base i.2): Scholl group vi.1. Date: Late Umayyad/Early Abbasid (c.  700–750/60). Ref.: Berthier 1985, 24–25, fig.  14 (Boṣrā, stratum 14, 750–800); Da’ana 1969, pl. 22 and pl. 24 ( Jerash Rest House, lower and upper mould respectively, almost identical); Desreumaux and Humbert 1981, fig. 2.23 (Kh. es-Samrā’); Khairy and ‘Amr 1986, 152, pl. xl.15 ( Jerash, side stairway of the Fountain court); Gawlikowski 1986, pl.  xiii.D ( Jerash, Umayyad House, eighth century; similar base); Goodenough 1953 (i), 163; idem (iii), no. 376 ( Jerash, side stairway of the Fountain court); Lichtenberger and others 2016, 340, no.  8 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); 2018, 84, no.  41 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Scholl 1991, fig. 13.108 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 20). 282. J14-Kc-3-27 (Fig. 3.30.282)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines and a wavy line and dots around the filling hole; a pair of half volutes on nozzle. Fabric: reddish-brown, core: 5YR 5/4; int.: 5YR 4/3; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 4.9; T: 0.9–0.3. Type: L-21.8 or L-21.10, JL similar to Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c.  575–750). Ref.: as no.  292 (see below). 283. J14-Kc-3-152 (Fig. 3.30.283 and Pl. 3.14.283)

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: part of small ‘star’ design; ledge running around the filling hole. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 4.6; T: 0.55. Type: L-24.2, channel-nozzle JL similar to Scholl groups v/vi.1 and viii (mould no. 124). Date: Late Umayyad–Early Abbasid (c. 700–750/60). Ref.: Bagatti 1947, 139, photo 60 ( Jerash); Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.1, lower left ( Jerash, North Theatre); Desreumaux and Humbert 1981, fig.  2.22 (Kh. esSamra); Hadad 2002, no. 303 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29, Umayyad shop, terminus ante quem 749); Khairy and ‘Amr 1986, 149, fig. 8, pl. xxxix.9 ( Jerash, Polish excavations); Lichtenberger and others 2016, 339, no. 6 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); 2018, 82, no. 36 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Scholl 1986, fig. 1.8 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 22); 1991, fig. 13.106 and fig. 15.124 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 20 and loc. 11, mould).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.30. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench K (cat. nos 282–83 and 286–87).

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Figure 3.31. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench K (cat. nos 288–89, 292, 294–95, and 302–04).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 284. J14-Kc-3-153

Description: fragment of handle. Fabric: dark grey, core: GLEY1 4/N; int.: 10R 6/6; ext.: 10R 6/4. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L: 2.6; T: 2. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable.

173

288. J14-Kef-3-239 (Fig. 3.31.288 and Pl. 3.16.288)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole; a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: light brown, core: 7.5YR  6/4; int.: 7.5YR  7/4; ext.: 7.5YR  7/4. Dimensions: H: 1.2; L: 3.4; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above).

Description: almost intact wheel-made lamp with outwards flattened round rim, round filling hole, and oval wick hole; protruding nozzle. Fabric: grey, core: 10YR 6/1; int.: 5YR 4/1; ext.: 7.5YR 4/1. Dimensions: H: 4.7; L: 6.5; T: 0.6. Type: L-31.1, Southern WheelMade Lamp; Rosenthal-Sivan type B.  Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  500–750/800). Ref.: AdanBayewitz 1986, fig. 6.11 (Caesarea); Hayes 1980, pl. 5.42 (Ontario Museum); Holmqvist 2016, fig.  14.1–2 and fig. 15.24 ( Jabal Hārūn); Lichtenberger and others 2018, 80, no.  29 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 122, no. 508 (Schloessinger Collection); Sussman 2017, 121, fig. 98.2 and fig. 99.1 (type iv.BW 16).

286. J14-Ke-3-202 (Fig. 3.30.286 and Pl. 3.14.286)

289. J14-Kf-3-480 (Fig. 3.31.289 and Pl. 3.14.289)

Description: almost complete lamp, with straight zoomorphic handle and almond-shaped base. Decoration: upper side decorated with radial lines and a curved line around the filling hole; circles and a pair of volutes on nozzle; two ridges around the filling hole; circles and radial strokes running around the almond-shaped base. The inside of the base is decorated with depictions of a bird and a star. Fabric: greenish-black, core: GLEY1 2.5/10Y; int.: GLEY1 4/N; ext.: GLEY1 4/N. Dimensions: H: 6.6; L: 9.4; T: 0.6. Type: L-23.2, JL with zoomorphic handle, hybrid type (base h); Scholl group v. Date: Umayyad (c. 660–750). Ref.: Day 1942, pl.  xiv.2 ( Jerash, Yale excavations; different decoration); Lichtenberger and others 2016, 339, no. 5 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); 2018, 80, no. 33 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Scholl 1991, fig. 12.97 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc.10, different decoration).

Description: fragment of shoulders and base. Decoration: zigzag lines, radial lines, and half-circles with dots around the filling hole. Fabric: core (inner): 7.5YR  6/3; (outer): 10R  5/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.63; L: 5.25; W: 4.51; T: 1.1–0.7. Type: L-24.1, JL, channel-nozzle and zoomorphic handle (?). Date: Late Umayyad/Early Abbasid (c. 700–750/60). Ref.: Da’ana 1969, pl. 22 ( Jerash Rest House; upper mould).

285. J14-Ke-3-172

287. J14-Ke-3-203 (Fig. 3.30.287)

Description: fragment of base, shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: Greek cross pattern with circles on angles, at the base of the handle; radial lines and wavy line around the filling hole; two palm branches emanating from the ring base. Fabric: reddish-brown, core: 5YR  5/3; int.: 5YR  6/4; ext.: 5YR  7/3. Dimensions: H: 5.2; L: 9.2; T: 0.7. Type: L-21.9, JL with zoomorphic handle (base c. 2). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/50–750). Ref.: Lichtenberger and others 2018, 81, no. 38 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp).

290. J14-Kf-3-524

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: halfcircle with inner dot impressed on shoulders. Fabric: core (inner): 10YR  6/2; (outer): 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  7/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 3; H: 1.08; L: 2.2; W: 1.8; T: 0.89–0.65. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 332 (see below). 291. J14-Kf-3-525

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: core (inner): 10YR  6/2 (outer): 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 5YR  6/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 2.68; L: 2.45; T: 0.76–0.36. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25– 750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below).

Alexandra Uscatescu

174 292. J14-Kg-3-372 (Fig. 3.31.292 and Pl. 3.13.292)

Description: almost intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and wick hole; wavy line and dots around the filling hole; small circles and a pair of half volutes on nozzle; on the base, half volutes and capital Greek letter ‘N’ around the ring base. Fabric: reddishyellow, core: 5YR 6/6; int.: 5YR 5/3; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6 and 5YR 5/3. Dimensions: H: 5.87; L: 9.61; W: 5.38; T: 0.7–0.2. Type: L-21.10, JL with zoomorphic handle (base b.4): similar to Scholl group iii; Australian mould group xvii. Date: Umayyad (c. 700–750), based on the heavy profile. Ref.: Bagatti 1970, fig. 1.10 and fig. 2.6 ( Jerusalem, ‘Dominus Fleuit’ monastery, upper mould); Baldoni 2019, 128–29, nos 19–20 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis); Bitti 1986, pl. ix.2 right ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis stairway); Clark 1986a, pl. xix.1 lower centre ( Jerash, North Theatre); 1986b, pl.  xv.30 upper centre ( Jerash, church of Bishop Isaiah, Umayyad collapse c. 749); Desreumaux and Humbert 1981, fig. 2.12 (Kh. es-Samrā’); Hadad 2002, no. 301 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Kehrberg 1986, pl.  v.25 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 10, early eighth century); Lichtenberger and others 2018, 82, no.  35 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter; same lamp); Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig.  4.4 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, kiln D, first half of the eighth century); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, 172, fig. 63.36 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis; hydraulic sawmill, terminus ante quem 550). 293. J14-Kh-3-440

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: impressed dots. Fabric: core: 5YR 6/6; int.: 10R 5/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: L: 3.08; W.; 3.38; T: 0.5– 0.3. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). 294. J14-Kh-3-491 (Fig. 3.31.294)

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: three small circles framed by a wavy line below the base of the handle; band with Greek inscription below; angular pattern near the filling hole. Inscription: fragmentary Greek inscription: […]σιτωτ. Fabric: core: Gley 1 3/N; int.: Gley 1 4/N; ext.: Gley 1 3/N. Dimensions: H: 5.5; L: 5.6; T: 0.4. Type: L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle; Australian mould group xviii; Scholl group iv.1. Date: Umayyad (c. 650–750). Ref.: Kehrberg 1986, 373, pl. v.26 ( Jerash, Australian

area, second half of the seventh–early eighth centuries); Lichtenberger and others 2018, 80, no. 34 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Scholl 1991, fig. 7.40 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 7). 295. J14-Kh-3-494 (Fig. 3.31.295)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: short vertical lines along the side and one concentric circle visible. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  5/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 2.7; T: 0.7. Type: L-24, JL, channel-nozzle. Date: Umayyad–Early Abbasid (c. 700–750/60). 296. J14-Kh-3-541

Description: fragment of nozzle. Fabric: core (inner): 2.5YR  5/3; (outer): 2.5YR  4/1; int.: 10YR  3/1; ext.: 10YR 4/1. Dimensions: L: 2.69; W: 2.04; T: 0.5–0.44. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25– 750). Ref.: as no. 93 (see above). 297. J14-Kb-7-1

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: a pair of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR 4/4; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 2.6; T: 0.4–0.3. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 298. J14-Kb-7-9

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles; radial lines and a wavy line with dots around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5YR 5/8 and 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.3; L: 5; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: L-21.10, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 525/50–750). Ref.: as no. 307 (see below). 299. J14-Kbd-11-1

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. The handle is longer and thinner than the standard version. Decoration: two long lines and two small circles with dots at the base of the handle. Fabric: core: 5Y 6/1; int.: 5Y 5/2; ext.: 5Y 6/2. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L:

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 6; W: 3.7; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 301. J14-Kbd-11-5

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/1; int.: 2.5YR 6/4; ext.: 2.5YR 6/4. Dimensions: H: 2.3; L: 2.6; T: 0.6. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 302. J14-Kf-29-8 (Fig. 3.31.302)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: two pairs of half volutes emanating from the ring base, and possibly a third pair. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/1; int.: 2.5YR 5/3; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 3.5; W: 3.2; T: 0.5. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 303. J14-Kg-44s-1 (Fig. 3.31.303 and Pl. 3.14.303)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: crossed bars, and palm-branch motifs discerned. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.25; L: 4; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: L-24.1, JL, channel-nozzle variant: similar to Scholl group vi.1. Date: Late Umayyad/Early Abbasid (c.  700–750/60). Ref.: Da’ana 1969, pl.  22 ( Jerash Rest House, upper mould); Goodenough 1953 (i), 163; idem (iii), no. 374 ( Jerash, side stairway of the Fountain court); Scholl 1991, fig.  13.106 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 20); Uscatescu 1992, fig.  12.51 ( Jerash, Macellum, south facade: post c. 659/60). 304. J14-Kg-44s-12 (Fig. 3.31.304)

Description: flat base. Decoration: two complete fish and parts of a third one on the centre of the base. On the side, a star and a circle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/6 and 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 7/6 and 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 4.5; T: 0.7–0.3. Type: L-24.1, JL (base i.2). Date: Late Umayyad/Early Abbasid (c. 700– 750/60). Ref.: Da’ana 1969, pl. 22 ( Jerash Rest House; lower mould); Gawlikowski 1986, pl.  xiii.D ( Jerash, Umayyad House, eighth century; similar); Goodenough 1953 (i), 163; idem (iii), no. 376 ( Jerash, side stairway of the Fountain court); Khairy and ‘Amr 1986, 152, pl. xl.15 ( Jerash, side stairway of the Fountain court);

175

Lichtenberger and others 2016, 340, no.  9 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); 2018, 84, no.  42 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Uscatescu 1992, fig.  12.50 ( Jerash, Macellum, surface find). 305. J14-Kd-46-3

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Fabric: reddish-brown, core: 5YR  5/4; int.: 5YR  5/4 and 5YR 6/4; ext.: 5YR 6/4. Dimensions: H: 3.6; L: 3.7; T: 0.9–0.4. Type: L-8, Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (late second–early third centuries). 306. J14-Kg-70-1

Description: fragment of ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5Y 4/1; int.: 2.5Y 5/2; ext.: 2.5Y 6/2; traces of secondary burning. Dimensions: ring base diam: 3.2; H: 2.1; L: 6.7; T: 0.7–0.3. Type: JL (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 344 (see below). 307. J14-Kg-76-1

Description: fragment of handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles; radial lines and wavy line with dots around the filling hole. Fabric: reddish–greyish. Dimensions: H: 4.6; L: 4. Type: L-21.10, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 525/50–750).

Trench L 308. J14-Le-2-7 (Fig. 3.32.308 and Pl. 3.4.308)

Description: almost intact lamp; rounded filling hole and low ring base; wick hole not preserved. Decoration: series of volutes around the filling hole; linear pattern near the wick hole. Fabric: greyish-brown, core: 10YR  5/2; int.: 10YR  6/2; ext.: 10YR  6/2 and 10YR  6/3. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 8.7. Type: L-11, Macellum fig.  4.9. Date: Late Roman (mid-second– third centuries). Ref.: Baur 1947, 24; pl. iv.118 (Dura Europos: similar form, but no decoration; dated to the mid-second century); Lichtenberger and others 2018, 80, no.  30 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 4.9 ( Jerash, Macellum, contemporary deposit, almost identical lamp). Comm.: this type of lamps exhibits a characteristic volutes’ hypertrophy.

Alexandra Uscatescu

176

Figure 3.32. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench L (cat. nos 308, 312, 314, 319, and 321).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 309. J14-Lh-2-24

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: two vertical lines on neck; radial lines on shoulders. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 5YR 7/6; int.: 5YR 6/4; ext.: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 3.6; T: 0.82– 0.39. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 310. J14-Lf-3-4

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: palm branch on nozzle. Fabric: reddish-yellow, core: 5YR 6/6; int.: 5YR 6/6; ext.: 10YR 2/1. Dimensions: L: 2.9; W: 1.97; T: 0.77–0.24. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no. 39 (see above). 311. J14-Lf-9-1

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole and two small circles with inner dot on nozzle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6 and 2.5YR  3/1; ext.: GLEY2 4/5PB. Dimensions: H: 7.2; L: 3.3; W: 1.36; T: 0.58–0.18. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 312. J14-Lfh-3-19 (Fig. 3.32.312)

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: volute and palm branch emanating from the ring base. Fabric: yellowish-red, core: 5YR  4/6; int.: 5YR  4/3; ext.: 5YR 5/4. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 4.4; T: 0.5. Type: JL (base c). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25– 750). 313. J14-Lh-9-13

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: dark grey, core: 7.5YR  4/1; int.: 7.5YR 4/1; ext.: 7.5YR 4/1. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 3; T: 0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above).

177

314. J14-Lh-9-22 (Fig. 3.32.314)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Inscription: Greek inscription  […]εο[…] or  […]ως[…] around the filling hole. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR  7/4; int.: 7.5YR  6/4; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4 and 7.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 2.6; T: 0.4. Type: L-27.2, ‘Slipper’ Lamp, inscribed variety (Magness type 3C). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (late sixth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: Kennedy 1963, pl.  xxiv.668, 679–80 (Whiting Collection, Kennedy type 19); Lichtenberger and others 2018, 82, no.  37 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Loffreda 1989, 80 (inscription type A.1.2); Magness 1993, 253 ( Jerusalem). 315. J14-Lh-10-14

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: red, core: 10R 5/8; int.: 10R  5/6; ext.: 2.5YR  5/8. Dimensions: L: 1.89; W: 1.86; T: 0.55–0.37. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 316. J14-Lh-10-15

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: a pair of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: pale red, core: 2.5YR 6/2; int.: 2.5YR 6/2; ext.: 2.5YR 6/2; Dec.: 2.5YR  7/4. Dimensions: ring base diam: 6; H: 1.64; L: 3.94; T: 0.4. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 317. J14-Lc-20-1

Description: fragment of body. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR  8/4; int.: 7.5YR  4/6; ext.: 7.5YR  5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.4; L: 3.96; W: 1.76; T: 0.49–0.26. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable. 318. J14-La-21-1

Description: fragment of base with concentric grooves. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 7.5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 1.77; T: 0.33–0.17. Type: probably L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Late Roman (mid-second century). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, 131, fig. 1.13d ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns).

Alexandra Uscatescu

178 319. J14-Lb-21-6 (Fig. 3.32.319)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: traces of small raised dots. Fabric: olive grey, core: 5Y  5/2; int.: 5Y  5/2; ext.: 5Y  6/2. Dimensions: H: 2.3; L: 5.5; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: L-6, GL. Date: Late Roman (second century). 320. J14-Lb-21-7

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: no decoration. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR 8/4; int.: 10YR 8/2; ext.: 10YR 7/3; traces of fire at wick hole. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 5.7; T: 0.6–0.2. Type: unclassified. Date: Roman (?). Ref.: Lichtenberger and others 2018, 82, no. 39 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd). 321. J14-Lb-21-14 (Fig. 3.32.321)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: laurel leaves on shoulders; a vertical groove on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: pinkish-white, core: 2.5YR  8/2 and 2.5YR  8/3; int.: 2.5YR  7/2 and 2.5YR 8/2; ext.: 10YR 7/2 and 2.5YR 7/2. Dimensions: H: 3.01; L: 6.31; W: 3.11; T: 0.4. Type: L-6, GL. Date: Late Roman (second century). Ref.: Baur 1947, pl. i.8 (Dura Europos); Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.2 lower right ( Jerash, North Theatre, herringbone decoration, dated to the third–fourth centuries); Fisher 1938b, 553, fig. 32.15 ( Jerash, south-east cemetery, tomb 3: c. 150– 250); Kehrberg 1989, pl. lxvi.15 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); 2007, fig.  8.124 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); Zayadine 1986, pl.  v.13 ( Jerash, tomb by Hadrian’s Arch: third–fourth centuries). 322. J14-Ld-21-26

Description: fragment of base nozzle. Fabric: pink (inner core), very pale brown (outer core) core (inner): 2.5YR  8/3; (outer): 10YR  8/3; int.: 10YR  8/4; ext.: 10YR  7/3 and 10YR  7/4; deco: 10YR  8/4; wash: 10R  4/4. Dimensions: H: 1.99; L: 4.69; W: 1.95; T: 0.58–0.31. Type: GL. Date: Late Roman (early second– third centuries).

323. J14-La-29-8

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: vertical line and radial lines on shoulders. Fabric: light reddish-brown (inner core), very dark grey (outer core), core (inner): 2.5YR  6/4; (outer): 10YR 3/1; int.: 10YR 3/1; ext.: 10YR 3/1. Dimensions: H: 3.4; W: 2.75; T: 1.86–1.12. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550–750). 324. J14-Lcf-29-22

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with four circles on the angles; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: brown, core (inner): 7.5YR 5/4; (outer): 10YR 3/1; int.: 5YR 6/4; ext.: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.78; L: 5.15; T: 0.61–0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 325. J14-Lcf-29-23

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: dark reddish-grey, core: 5YR 4/2; int.: 5YR 5/3; ext.: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.38; L: 3.1; T: 0.6–0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 15 (see above). 326. J14-Lh-29-39

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines, and at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with a pair of circles at the lowest angles. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5YR 5/6 and 2.5YR 5/8; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6 and 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: H: 3.2; L: 3.3; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above). 327. J14-Lg-30-4

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: raised dots around the ridge. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  8/2; int.: 2.5YR 8/3; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 1.45; W: 1.02; T: 0.8. Type: L-7.2, GL. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). Ref.: Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 96, no. 389 (Schloessinger Collection).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 328. J14-Lg-35-2

Description: fragment of knob handle. Fabric: light reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR  7/4; int.: 5YR  7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/3. Dimensions: H: 2.72; L: 3.79; W: 3.06; T: 0.49. Type: L-8, Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 233 (see below). 329. J14-Lc-37-3

Description: fragment of shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: 5Y 6/1; int.: 5Y 7/1; ext.: GLEY2 3/10G. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 4; H: 1.35; L: 2.2; T: 0.52–0.41. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable. 330. J14-Lb-39-2

Description: fragment of shoulders and discus. Decoration: ridges on shoulders and central rosette on discus. Fabric: reddish-grey (inner core), light red (outer core), core (inner): 2.5YR 6/1; (outer): 10R 6/6; int.: 10R 5/6; ext.: 10R 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 2.3; W: 2.2; T: 0.4. Type: L-7.1, local production of Broneer type 25. Date: Early Roman (early second century). Ref.: Baur 1947, 26 (Dura Europos, local manufacture, type v, group 1: first half of the third century); Grawehr 2011, 20, pl. 3.27 (Petra, local production); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.3 ( Jerash, Australian area, early second century); Neidinger 1982, 166, pl. 23.13 (Antipatris). 331. J14-Lb-46-2

Description: fragment of base, concentric grooves. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/6; int.: 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: not available. Type: probably, L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Late Roman (midsecond century). Ref.: as no. 318 (see above). 332. J14-Lc-47-1

Description: fragment of handle and shoulders. Decoration: impressed half-circles and dots on shoulders. Fabric: light reddish-brown, core: 2.5YR 7/4; ext.: 2.5YR  7/6 and 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 3.55; W: 2.66; T: 0.3. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second– third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2007, fig. 8.125 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns).

179

333. J14-Ld-50-19

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. The zoomorphic handle is thinner and longer than the standard variety. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles; radial lines and a wavy line with dots around the filling hole. Fabric: dark red, core: 2.5YR  3/6; int.: GLEY2 3/5PB; ext. GLEY2 3/5PB. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.2; H: 3.34; L: 5.16; W: 2.02 T: 1.12–0.39. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 334. J14-Lbd-51-22

Description: fragment of nozzle. Fabric: grey, core: 2.5Y 5/1; int.: 2.5Y 5/1; ext.: 2.5Y 5/1. Dimensions: H: 1.55; L: 4.88; W: 2.99; T: 0.58. Type: L-2, Kennedy type 2. Date: Late Hellenistic (late second–first half of first centuries bc). Ref.: Hadad 2002, 13 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 2); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.9 ( Jerash, Australian area, first century bc–first century ad); Kehrberg and Ostrasz 2014, fig. 19.7 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); Kennedy 1963, 71, pl. xx. 484 (Whiting Collection). 335. J14-Li-70-10

Description: fragment of pseudo-zoomorphic handle, slightly modelled ears. Fabric: dark yellowish-brown (inner core), dark reddish-grey (outer core); core (inner): 10YR 4/6; (outer): 2.5YR 3/1; int.: 7.5YR 4/1; ext.: 10R 5/8. Dimensions: H: 4.37; L: 5.26; W: 2.16; T: 1.69–0.37. Type: L-23 to L-24, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Umayyad (c. 650–750). 336. J14-Li-80-7

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: zigzag pattern on shoulders and half volutes at the base of the handle. Fabric: buff, core: 5YR 8/1; int.: 5YR 7/4; ext.: 5YR 8/1 and 5YR 7/2. Dimensions: filling hole diam. 2; H: 1.5; L: 6.2; W: 2.1; T: 0.4. Type: L-20, JL with zoomorphic handle: Australian mould group x; Scholl group iv.2. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  525/50–660). Ref.: Baldoni 2018, fig.  3.39.83 ( Jerash, Byzantine Thermopolium, terminus ante quem 660); Hadad 2002, no. 302 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.20 ( Jerash, Australian area, context dated to 650–700); Scholl

Alexandra Uscatescu

180 1986, fig. 1.5 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 110, seventh century); 1991, fig. 7.44 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, surface find); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 10.40 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 12, terminus ante quem earthquake 659/60). 337. J14-Li-80-9

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole; at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with four circles on the angles; traces of a wash on the exterior surface. Fabric: int.: 10R 5/1 and 10R 4/1; ext.: 10R 7/8; wash: 7.5YR 7/2. Dimensions: H: 2.9; L: 4.35; W: 4.3. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 8 (see above).

Trench N 338. J15-Ni-3-31

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. This sherd has a thinner handle than the standard version, close to the tongue handle variety. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with four circles on the angles. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/6; int.: 2.5YR 5/6; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 2; L: 3.24; W: 2.83; T: 1.18. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 339. J15-Ni-3-32

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: two long lines and two small circles with dots at the base of the handle. Fabric: dark grey (inner core), light reddish-brown (outer core), core (inner): 5YR  4/1; (outer): 2.5YR  7/4; int.: 2.5YR  7/4; ext.: 2.5YR 7/4. Dimensions: H: 3.9; L: 4.06; W: 3.64; T: 1.66. Type: L-21.3 (?), JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575–660). Ref.: as no. 299 (see above). 340. J15-Nf-5-9

Description: tongue handle. Decoration: vertical lines. Fabric: light grey, core: 10YR 7/2; int.: 10YR 7/3; ext.: 7.5YR 8/3; wash: 10R 7/4 and 10R 7/6. Dimensions: H: 2.31; L: 2.54; W: 2.45; T: 0.78–0.41. Type: L-17, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50– 660). Ref.: as no. 80 (see above).

341. J15-Nf-5-10

Description: fragment of hook handle. Fabric: pink, core: 5YR  7/4; ext.: 5YR  6/4; dec.: 5YR  7/6; wash: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.77; L: 3.01; W: 2.9; T: 0.64–0.37. Type: L-23 to L-24, JL. Date: Umayyad (c. 650–750). Comm.: the curved shape of this handle resembles that of the Islamic channel-nozzle lamps. 342. J15-Nb-20-15 (Fig. 3.33.342)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole; traces of small circles with inner dot motifs on nozzle. Fabric: grey, core: 5YR 5/1; int.: 5YR 7/6; ext.: 5YR 7/6. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 4.8; W: 4.3; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL (base c). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 343. J15-Nb-20-21 (Fig. 3.33.343)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around filling and wick hole and a pair of half volutes on nozzle. The radial lines are unusual as they are separated from each other. Fabric: very dark grey, core: GLEY1 3/N; int.: GLEY1 3/N; ext.: GLEY1 3/N. Dimensions: wick hole diam: 1; H: 3.1; L: 5; W: 4.5; T: 1.2–0.5. Type: L-19, JL: Scholl group iv.4. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 10.77 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 20). 344. J15-Nb-20-63

Description: lower part of an oval lamp; simple ring base. Fabric: dark reddish-grey (inner core), light red (outer core); core (inner): 2.5YR 4/1; (outer): 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: ring base diam: 2; H: 1.2; L: 7.5; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: JL (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575–650). 345. J15-Nd-26-3 (Fig. 3.33.345)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: series of small circles and radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 10YR 5/1; ext.: 10YR 4/2. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1; L: 3.7; T: 0.5. Type: L-21.5 (?), JL: Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine and probably Early Umayyad (c. 575–660 +). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 10.75 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, surface find).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.33. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench L (cat. nos 342–43 and 345–46) and trench O (cat. nos 353 and 356–57).

181

Alexandra Uscatescu

182 346. J15-Nb-57-81 (Fig. 3.33.346)

Description: fragment of body and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: radial lines and a string of dots around the filling hole. Fabric: dark reddish-grey, core: 2.5YR 4/1; int.: 2.5YR  4/1; ext.: 2.5YR  4/1. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 3; H: 5.29; L: 7.31; W: 6.33; T: 0.41. Type: L-19.1, JL with zoomorphic handle (base a.1). Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550–650). Ref.: as no. 367 (see below). 347. J15-Nb-57-97

Description: raised pentagonal handle. Decoration: four concentric circles on the handle. Fabric: ext.: 5YR  6/6. Dimensions: L: 2.9; W: 2.3; T: 0.7–0.3. Type: L-13, LGL with raised pentagonal handle. Date: Early Byzantine (early fourth–late fifth centuries). Ref.: Brizzi, Mastrogiacomo, and Sepio 2001, fig. 8.8 ( Jerash, Sanctuary of Artemis, Trapezoidal Square, context dated to the sixth century); Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.2, upper right ( Jerash North Theatre, context dated to the fifth century); Guidoni 1981, 31, figs 1–2 (Boṣrā, church of Sts Sergius and Bacchus, late fifth–early sixth centuries).

Trench O 351. J15-Oe-1-10

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole, a circle with inner dot on nozzle. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 4; W: 2.2; T: 0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 352. J15-Oh-1-27

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: a pair of half volutes at the base of the handle, and parallel lines on shoulders; the direction of the lines suggests a ‘zigzag pattern’. Fabric: dark grey, core: 7.5YR  4/1; int.: 5YR  6/4; ext.: 5YR  6/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 2.7; L: 4.5; T: 1.4– 0.3. Type: L-20, JL with zoomorphic handle: possibly Australian mould group x; Scholl group iv.2. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 525/50–660). Ref.: probably as no. 336 (see above). 353. J15-Oh-1-32 (Fig. 3.33.353)

348. J15-Nb-57-150

Description: fragment of knob handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 1.9; W: 2.8; T: 1.6. Type: L-8, Late Roman Round Lamp. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 233 (see above). 349. J15-Nb-57-151

Description: fragment of base and zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core: 7.5YR  6/4; int.: 7.5YR  7/4; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4. Dimensions: H: 4.1; L: 3.9; W: 5.2 T: 0.4. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above). 350. J15-Nb-57-152

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: grey, core: 5YR  5/1; int.: 5YR  5/1; ext.: 5YR  5/1. Dimensions: H: 3.4; L: 2; T: 1.5. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550–750).

Description: fragment of raised pentagonal handle. Decoration: segmented concentric circles. Fabric: pink. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 3; W: 3.3; T: 0.55–0.4. Type: L-13, LGL with raised pentagonal handle. Date: Early Byzantine (early fourth–late fifth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2001, 234, fig.  3b ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns); Wilson and Sa’d 1984, 63, no. 19 (Boṣrā). 354. J15-Of-19-3

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. This sherd has a thinner handle than the standard version, close to the tongue handle variety. Decoration: a Greek cross pattern with four circles on the angles at the base of the handle. Fabric: int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 2.6; W: 2.4; T: 1.6. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 338 (see above).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 355. J15-Of-19-4

Description: fragment of pointed tongue handle. Decoration: radial lines. Fabric: int.: 7.5YR 6/4; ext.: 7.5YR  6/4. Dimensions: H: 2.4; L: 2.6; W: 2.4; T: 1.1. Type: L-17, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). 356. J15-Of-24-1 (Fig. 3.33.356)

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: triangles and dots on shoulders; a central line on the channel axis with crossed lines and dots. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6.; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.2; L: 8.9; W: 4.99; T: 0.7. Type: L-29.1, Northern Ovoid Lamp: Hadad type 30; Capernaum Luc. 7.6; Sussman B.42–B.44. Date: Late Byzantine (sixth–seventh centuries), possibly continued into the Umayyad period. Ref.: Delougaz and Haines 1960, pl. 44.10 (Khirbat al-Karak); Hadad 2002, 72 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 30, dated to c. 500–650); Kalaitzoglou and others (forthcoming ), pl.  17.101 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same sherd); Loffreda 2008, 60–61 (Capernaum Luc 7.6, mid-sixth century, associated with ARS H-104, H-107, CRS 7, CRS 9, LRC 3); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 123, no. 510 (Schloessinger Collection); Sussman 2017, 252–57, figs  186a–199.2 and 4; Waliszewski 2011, fig.  18.5  = type 14 ( Jiyeh, Lebanon, similar decoration: triangles/zigzag, but plain channel). 357. J15-Oe-30-10 (Fig. 3.33.357)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: half volute and radial lines on nozzle. Fabric: int.: 10YR 7/3; ext.: 10YR 7/3; wash: 10YR 6/3. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 3.2; W: 1.65; T: 0.12. Type: L-17 to L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). 358. J15-Oh-30-19

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Fabric: core: 5YR  5/8; int.: 5YR  5/8; ext.: 5YR  5/8. Dimensions: H: 2.59; L: 2.8; W: 2.6; T: 1.37. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). Ref.: as no. 56 (see above).

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359. J15-Oh-30-20 (Fig. 3.34.359 and Pl. 3.11.359)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: ring base with a string of dots; four lines with dots on each side of the base. Fabric: core: 5YR 6/8; int.: 5YR 6/8; ext.: 5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.28; L: 11.02; W: 7.49; T: 0.77. Type: JL (base g). Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575– 640). Ref.: Kehrberg 2009, fig.  7.JH480a ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640). 360. J15-Oe-90-6 (Fig. 3.34.360)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Fabric: brown, core: 7.5YR 5/3 and 7.5YR 4/3; ext.: 2.5YR 4/2. Dimensions: H: 2.25; L: 3.85; W: 2.75; T: 0.41–0.15. Type: L-4, Sepphoris type 8. Date: Roman (first century). Ref.: Lapp 2016, 47, nos 74–75 (Sepphoris). 361. J15-Oc-101-1 (Fig. 3.34.361)

Description: fragment of nozzle base. Fabric: core (inner): 7.5YR 6/4; (outer): 7.5YR 5/1; int.: 10YR 3/1; ext.: 10YR  4/1. Dimensions: H: 1.6; L: 3.3; W: 2.2; T: 0.4–0.2. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: as no. 192 (see above). 362. J15-Oc-104-5 (Fig. 3.34.362)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: a ‘star’ pattern on nozzle. Fabric: core: 5YR 6/4; int.: 5YR 6/4; slip: 5YR 4/3. Dimensions: H: 1.33; L: 3.29; W: 3.6; T: 0.3. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Late Roman (early second–third centuries). 363. J15-Oc-104-9

Description: fragment of base. Fabric: buff, covered by a dark brown matt slip. Dimensions: not available. Type: GL. Date: Roman (second century). 364. J15-Oc-104-14 (Fig. 3.34.364)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: a rinceau and bunch of grapes on shoulders; vertical groove on handle. Fabric: core (inner): 7.5YR  6/2; (outer): 5YR  7/4; int.: 5YR  7/4. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2–7; H: 2.12; L: 5.18; W: 1.95; T: 0.41. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle; Rosenthal-Sivan type 8. Date: Roman (second

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Figure 3.34. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench O (cat. nos 359–62 and 364–65) and trench P (cat. nos 366–69).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash century). Ref.: Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 97, no. 391 (Schloessinger Collection). 365. J15-Oc-104-22 (Fig. 3.34.365)

Description: pierced handle. Fabric: red, outer core: 10R 5/6. Dimensions: hole diam: 0.8; H: 3.5; T: 0.33– 0.14. Type: unclassified. Date: Early Roman (second half of the first century). Ref.: similar pierced handles: Galling 1923, pl.  ii. Type 8; Hadad 2002, 16, no.  11 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 5, dated to c. 50–70); Smith 1973, pl. 29.1316 (Pella).

Trench P 366. J15-Pe-5-24 (Fig. 3.34.366 and Pl. 3.16.366)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: intertwined circles with central bar on channel. Fabric: core: 2.5Y 6/3; int.: 2.5Y 6/3; ext.: 5Y 7/4. Dimensions: H: 1; L: 3.3; W: 4.1; T: 0.5. Type: L-30, ovoid channelnozzle lamp. Date: Abbasid period (c. 750–900). Ref.: Beckman and Daviau 2010, 296 (Tell Jāwā, type L-3); Daviau 2009, fig. 4.1 (Tall Jāwā); Pappalardo 2007, 57, fig. 7.2 (Umm al-Raṣāṣ); Uscatescu 2016, fig. 24, lower row (Museo de Montserrat, Barcelona). 367. J15-Pe-15-1x (Fig. 3.34.367 and Pl. 3.7.367)

Description: almost intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines and a string of dots around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  2.5/1 and 2.5YR  5/1; int.: 2.5YR  7/3 and 2.5YR  2.5/1; ext.: 2.5YR  6/4 and 2.5YR  5/4. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.5; H: 3.2; L: 0.1; T: 1.6–0.3. Type: L-19.1, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550–650). Ref.: Clark 1986b, pl.  xv.30 lower left ( Jerash, church of Bishop Isaiah, from below mosaic: probably sixth century. This example lacks the string of dots); Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7. JH480e ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); 2011a, 135–36, fig. 4.54 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c.  640); Kalaitzoglou and others (forthcoming), pl. 17.102 ( Jerash, Northwest Quarter, same lamp); Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig.  13.4 ( Jerash, Temple of Zeus, cistern level 3: c.  550–620); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 14 (idem, almost identical, but without the string of dots); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 4.11 ( Jerash, Macellum: exedra 1/D, terminus ante quem c. 650).

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368. J15-Pb-16-92 (Fig. 3.34.368)

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: along the side of the lower part of the lamp, there is a pattern of straight and diagonal lines as decoration. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/4; ext.: 2.5YR 7/4 and 2.5YR 7/3. Dimensions: H: 2.1; L: 5.2; W: 2.99; T: 0.4–0.37. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable. 369. J15-Pe-16-192 (Fig. 3.34.369)

Description: fragment of shoulders and tongue handle. Decoration: two vertical lines and two circles with inner dot at the base of the handle; radial lines on the rim. Fabric: core: GLEY2 5/10B; int.: GLEY2 5/10B; ext.: GLEY2 5/10B. Dimensions: H: 4.38; L: 6.07; W: 4.96; T: 0.26. Type: L-17.6, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660).

Trench Q 370. J15-Q-4-6 (Fig. 3.35.370)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: ext.: 2.5YR 4/1 and 10YR 4/1; slip: 10YR 7/4. Dimensions: H: 1.8; L: 4.43; W: 2.63; T: 0.5. Type: L-21.1 (?), JL with zoomorphic handle (?): Scholl group ii. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550/75–660). Ref.: as no. 89 (see above). 371. J15-Qc-6-21

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: bunch of grapes on shoulders. Fabric: int.: 10R 6/4 and 10R 7/4; ext.: 10R 6/4. Dimensions: H: 0.82; L: 2.46; W: 1.83; T: 0.49–0.24. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle; Rosenthal-Sivan type 8. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: as no. 196 (see above). 372. J15-Qd-6+9-5

Description: fragment of handle. Fabric: grey (inner core), light yellowish-brown (outer core); core (inner): 5Y  5/1; (outer): 10YR  6/4; ext.: 10YR  7/4; wash: 7.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 2.3; L: 3.4; T: 2.1. Type: GL. Date: Late Roman (second century).

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Figure 3.35. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench Q (cat. nos 370, 373, 375–76, 379, and 380) and trench R (cat. nos 383–84 and 386–87).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 373. J15-Qf-11-62 (Fig. 3.35.373)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: half circles and dots impressed on shoulders. Fabric: int.: 7.5YR 8/2; ext.: 7.5YR 8/1. Dimensions: H: 2.12; L: 4.56; T: 0.42–0.23. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second– third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2007, fig. 8.125 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 374. J15-Qac-37-15

Description: fragment of nozzle. Fabric: very dark grey (inner core), light brown (outer core) core (inner): 10YR  3/1; (outer): 7.5YR  6/3; int.: 2.5YR  3/1; ext.: 7.5YR  6/3. Dimensions: H: 1.1; L: 4.6; T: 0.8–0.3. Type: L-2, ‘Radial Lamp’. Date: Late Hellenistic– Early Roman (first century bc–first century ad). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, no. 8 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 375. J15-Qac-37-16 (Fig. 3.35.375)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: half circles impressed on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  7/6; int.: 2.5YR  7/8; ext.: 7.5YR  8/4; slip: 10R 5/8. Dimensions: H: 0.9; L: 1.7; W: 1.5 T: 0.5– 0.3. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Late Roman (second century). 376. J15-Qac-41-33 (Fig. 3.35.376)

Description: fragment of shoulders, discus, and round nozzle. Decoration: half circles with central dot on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 10R 6/4 and 10R 6/3; slip: 10R 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 6.64; W: 3.18; T: 0.46–0.16. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: Bailey 1988, pl. 58.Q2303; Iliffe 1945, 23, pl.  viii.144 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century); Kehrberg 1986, pl.  v.2 ( Jerash, Australian area, early second century); Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, 96, no. 388 (Schloessinger Collection). 377. J15-Qd-43-38

Description: fragment of nozzle. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 5/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.4; L: 3.2; W: 2.6; T: 0.7–0.3. Type: L-2, ‘Radial Lamp’. Date: Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (first century bc–first century ad). Ref.: as no. 374 (see above).

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378. J15-Qac-44-12

Description: fragment of base. Fabric: light yellowishbrown, core: 10YR 6/4; int.: 2.5YR 5/6; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: base diam: 4; H: 8; L: 4.9; T: 0.4. Type: GL. Date: Roman (second century). 379. J15-Qac-44-13 (Fig. 3.35.379)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: row of impressed ovo-pattern and circles around the filling hole; two short vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: grey, core: 7.5YR 5/1; int.: 7.5YR  5/4; ext.: 7.5YR  6/6; wash: 10R  4/4. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.9; L: 2.3; W: 2.3; T: 0.2. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25. Date: Late Roman (second century). 381. J15-Qc-44-88 (Fig. 3.35.381)

Description: fragment of shoulders and discus. Decoration: relief of a dwarf or a pygmy on discus; impressed ovo-pattern on shoulders. Fabric: hard fired, clean break, reddish core with some small whitish inclusions, core: 7.5YR  7/4; int.: 5YR  7/6; ext.: 10R  4/7; reddish-brownish slip: 2.5YR  5/8 and 2.5YR  4/2. Dimensions: L: 5.5; W: 4.3; T: 0.3–0.1. Type: L-7.1, local variant of Broneer type 25; Hadad type 7, var. 1A; Kennedy type 5; Loeschke type 8; Sepphoris type 10. Date: Early Roman (early second century). Ref.: Díez 1983, 84, L.9.1 (Galilee, second–third centuries); Hadad 2002, 16, nos 19–29 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 7, late second–third centuries); Iliffe 1945, 23, pl. viii.144 ( Jerash, potter’s store, second century) Kehrberg 1986, 369, pl.  v.2 ( Jerash, Australian area, early second century); Kennedy 1963, pl.  xxii.507 (Whiting Collection); Lapp 2016, 49, no. 99 (Sepphoris type 10).

Trench R 383. J15-R-12-14 (Fig. 3.35.383)

Description: fragment of rim and ribbed body. Fabric: red, light brown core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: rim diam: H: 0.7; L: 2.7; W: 2.3; T: 0.3. Type: L-31.2, Southern Wheel-Made Lamp; Kennedy type 16; Rosenthal-Sivan type A.  Date: Byzantine– Umayyad (c. 500–750/800). Ref.: Kennedy 1963, 81, pl. xxv.630 (Whiting Collection); Rosenthal and Sivan

Alexandra Uscatescu

188 1978, 122, nos  506–07 (Schloessinger Collection); Sussman 2017, 122 (type iv.BW 17); Whitcomb 2001, fig. 2e (Aqaba). 384. J15-R-13-14 (Fig. 3.35.384)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: small palm branches on shoulders. Fabric: grey, core: 5YR  5/1; int.: 5YR  5/1; ext.: 5YR  5/1. Dimensions: H: 2.6; L: 3.77; W: 4.33; T: 0.55. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, 132–33 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). 386. J15-Rcd-21-2 (Fig. 335.386)

Description: fragment of base. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 7/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 10R 5/6; slip: 10R 5/6. Dimensions: base diam: 4; H: 0.7; L: 3.5; W: 1.8; T: 0.2. Type: GL. Date: Roman (second century). 387. J15-Rcd-21-11 (Fig. 3.35.387)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: traces of relief decoration on shoulders. Fabric: pink (inner core), light red (outer core), core (inner): 7.5YR 7/3; (outer): 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  4/1; ext.: 2.5YR  4/2; slip: 10R 3/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 0.7; L: 2.1; W: 1.4; T: 0.4. Type: L-6, GL. Date: Roman/ Late Roman (early second–third centuries). 388. J15-Rcd-24-1

Description: fragment of handle. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR  7/4; int.: 7.5YR  4/3; ext.: 7.5YR  8/4. Dimensions: H: 1.7; L: 2; W: 2; T: 1.2–1.3. Type: L-6. Date: Roman (second century).

390. J15-Rb-29-16

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Fabric: very dark bluish-grey, core: GLEY2 3/5PB; int.: 2.5YR 5/1; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.21; L: 4.37; W: 1.89; T: 0.35–0.25. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable.

Trench S 391. J16-Sc-13-125 (Fig. 3.36.391 and Pl. 3.3.391)

Description: fragment of shoulders, base, and handle. Decoration: small raised dots around the filling hole and a triangular pattern on the upper shoulder; ring base. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6; slip: 10R 4/6. Dimensions: H: 2.7; L: 8.2; W: 4.6; T: 1.7–0.2. Type: L-9, local ‘bilanceolate’ lamp; similar to Hadad type 7 (1997), and Hadad type 16 (2002). Date: Late Roman (third–fourth centuries). Ref.: Da Costa 2010, figs 5–6 (Pella); Hadad 1997, fig. 8 (Beth She’an); 2002, 25, no.  70 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 16). 392. J16-Sc-13-126 (Fig. 3.36.392 and Pl. 3.3.392)

Description: intact lamp with conical handle. Decoration: bars and raised dots arranged in four rows around the filling hole. The wick hole is separated by a fan-shaped pattern of four bars on both sides. Fabric: red, int.: 2.5YR  5/8; ext.: 2.5YR  5/8. Dimensions: H: 2.5; L: 7.6; W: 6.1; T: 0.7. Type: L-10, similar to Kennedy type 9. Date: Late Roman–Early Byzantine (second half of the third–fourth centuries, and possibly continued into the fifth century). Ref.: Kennedy 1963, 77, pl. xxiii.528 (Whiting Collection; no handle preserved). 393. J16-Sc-13-127 (Fig. 3.36.393 and Pl. 3.2.393)

389. J15-Rb-29-15

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: raised dots. Fabric: pink, core: 7.5YR  7/4; int.: 7.5YR  7/4; ext.: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 7.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.45; L: 1.75; T: 0.37–0.38. Type: unclassified. Date: not datable.

Description: Intact lamp. Eroded surface. Decoration: traces of impressed patterns on shoulders; two vertical grooves on the upper side of the knob handle. Fabric: int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8; slip: 10R 4/6. Dimensions: H: 3; L: 8.6; W: 6.3; T: 1.03–0.7. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, 132–33 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.36. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench S (cat. nos 391–97).

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Figure 3.37. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench S (cat. nos 398–99) and trench T (cat. nos 400 and 404–05).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 394. J16-Se-21-9 (Fig. 3.36.394)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: red (inner core), weak red (outer core), core (inner): 2.5YR 5/8; (outer): 2.5YR 4/2; int.: 5YR 6/8; ext.: 5YR 6/4. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 2.6; W: 0.4; T. (body): 0.5. Type: JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Comm.: the filling hole seems unbroken, instead an ante-cocturam drill can be seen. 395. J16-Se-22-61 (Fig. 3.36.395)

Description: fragment of shoulders and knob handle. Decoration: traces of two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: light reddish-brown, core: 5YR 6/4; int.: 5YR 6/4; ext.: 5YR 6/6; slip: 10R 5/8. Dimensions: H: 1.8; T: 1.4–0.3. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no.  154 (see above). 396. J16-Sf-22-140 (Fig. 3.36.396)

Description: pierced handle. Fabric: light buff. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L: 4.1; T. (body): 0.3. Type: unclassified. Date: Roman (second half of first–first half of second centuries). Ref.: Lapp 2016, 39, nos 57–58 (similar pierced handle: Sepphoris, type 6  = Darom Lamp); Smith 1973, pl. 29.1316 (Pella). 397. J16-Sd-29-15 (Fig. 3.36.397)

Description: fragment of nozzle base. Fabric: buff, covered by a dark slip. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-6, GL with spatulate nozzle. Date: Roman (second century). Ref.: as no. 192 (see above). 398. J16-Sk-105-11 (Fig. 3.37.398)

Description: half of lamp; part of base, shoulders, and knob handle preserved. Decoration: traces of decoration in relief on shoulders. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 3.2; L: 6.4; T: 0.5. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries).

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399. J16-Sk-105-12 (Fig. 3.37.399 and Pl. 3.2.399)

Description: intact lamp. Decoration: half circles with dots in relief, debased decoration. Fabric: orange; reddish slip. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 3.25. Type: L-8.3, Late Roman Round Lamp, HIPPO variant. Date: Late Roman (late third–early fourth centuries). Ref.: Kehrberg 2011a, fig. 2.26 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns). Comm.: this kind of pattern usually appears on the JUTZ variant, but the blurred quality of the mould agrees with a second-generation mould.

Trench T 400. J16-Td-17-9 (Fig. 3.37.400)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: oblique lines around the filling hole. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: H: 2.8; L: 5.2; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no. 129 (see above). 401. J16-Tb-35-35

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: perpendicular lines on the neck; a deep horizontal incision as mouth. Fabric: light grey. Dimensions: not available. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 402. J16-Tc-70-9

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the filling hole and wick hole, a pair of half volutes flanked by two circles with dots on nozzle. Fabric: dark grey, core: 10YR 4/1; int.: 10YR 3/1; ext.: 10YR 3/1. Dimensions: H: 2.7; L: 6; T: 0.6–0.3. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75– 750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 403. J16-Tc-70-10

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: oblique lines around the filling hole. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/6. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 3.5; T: 0.5–0.3. Type: L-27.1, ‘Slipper’ Lamp. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: as no. 129 (see above).

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Alexandra Uscatescu

Figure 3.38. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench U (cat. no. 406) and trench V (cat. nos 408–09).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 404. J16-Tb-75-2x+3x (Fig. 3.37.404 and Pl. 3.7.404)

Description: intact lamp; oval body with triangular punched protrusions on both sides. Decoration: radial lines along the sides of the body and towards the wick hole; small circles surrounded by dots on nozzle and base of the handle; proto-channel on nozzle; punched handle: five impressed holes on the handle; ring base, and dart-like pattern on base. Fabric: red, core: 2.5YR 5/8; int.: 2.5YR 5/8; ext.: 2.5YR 5/8. Dimensions: H: 5.7; L: 9.8; T: 1.7–0.2. Type: L-18, JL with broad tongue handle (new type). Date: Late Byzantine (late fifth– early sixth centuries). Ref.: Hadad 2002, no. 300 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29, shop 2, early sixth century; similar punched handle, but different body shape and decoration). 405. J16-Tb-75-4x (Fig. 3.37.405 and Pl. 3.6.405)

Description: intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines around the reservoir. On the nozzle, dots and volutes. Fabric: local production. int.: 10R 6/8; ext.: 10R 6/8. Dimensions: H: 4.5; L: 8.3; T: 1.2–0.6. Type: L-17.4, JL with tongue handle (base a.2). Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–600). Ref.: Bessard and Bonnéric 2013, fig. 8, upper left ( Jerash, Hippodrome, identical nozzle decoration, but on a JL with zoomorphic handle); Pappalardo 2007, 586, fig.  4.4 (Umm al-Raṣāṣ, just the handle); Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 14.1 ( Jerash, Temple of Zeus, cistern level 3, c. 550–620); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 15 (idem); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 11.46 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 15/J: c. 450/75–550/75, identical lamp).

Trench U 406. J16-Uc-20-31 (Fig. 3.38.406)

Description: intact lamp with double wick hole and loop handle. Decoration: vine scrolls and bunches of grapes on shoulders. Fabric: int.: 2.5YR  5/6; ext.: 10R 6/6 and 10R 5/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.7–2.8; H: 5.1. Type: L-28, polylychnos, bow-shaped nozzle. Date: Early Umayyad (second half of the seventh century). Ref.: Hadad 2002, no. 279 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 24, as forerunner).

193

407. J16-Uc-60-41

Description: fragment of the upper mould of a lamp. Decoration: radial lines and wavy line around the filling hole; volutes and small circles on the nozzle. Fabric: light red (inner core), weak red (outer core); core (inner): 2.5YR 6/8; (outer): 2.5YR 4/2; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: H: 4.8; L: 9.4; T. (body): 0.3. Type: L-21.8 or L-21.10, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 292 (see above).

Trench V 408. J16-Vhi-0-5 (Fig. 3.38.408)

Description: fragment of ring base. Decoration: circles and curved line emanating from the ring base. Fabric: core: GLEY1 4/N; int.: GLEY1 4/N and GLEY1 3/N; ext.: GLEY1 4/N and GLEY1 3/N; wash: GLEY1 6/10Y. Dimensions: H: 2.2; T: 0.65–0.25. Type: JL (base e.2). Date: Late Byzantine (c.  575–660). Ref.: Uscatescu 1992, fig. 11.45 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab.12/G: 575/600–650). 409. J16-Vi-26-5x (Fig. 3.38.409 and Pl. 3.11.409)

Description: intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines and a wavy line and dots around the filling hole; small circles and half volutes on nozzle; ring base decorated with circles; palm branches and half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 10.2; L: 5.7; T: 0.6–0.35. Type: L-21.10, JL with zoomorphic handle (base f. 2): Scholl group iii (upper mould); similar to Scholl group iv.3; Australian mould group xvii (upper mould). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 525/50–750). Ref.: Abu Dalu 1993, fig. 13.22 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Clark 1986a, pl. xix.1 lower centre ( Jerash, North Theatre); Guidoni 1990, pl. v.24 (Boṣrā’s Antiquarium, upper mould); Hadad 2002, no. 301 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Kehrberg 1986, pl. v.25 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 10, second half of the seventh century); Lapp 1995, 437, fig. 1 (Umm al-Jimāl); PierobonBenoit 2018, fig. 4.1, 3, 8–10, 12–14 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, kiln D, upper mould, first half of the eighth century); Scholl 1991, fig. 5.29 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 10, near a Byzantine deposit. General date for Scholl group iii: c. 640–750); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 7.28 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 16/H: c. 575/600–650).

194

Alexandra Uscatescu

Figure 3.39. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench V (cat. nos 411– 12), and trench W (cat. nos 413–15 and 418).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash 410. J16-Vac-61-74

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 5/6; int.: 2.5YR 5/4; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.7; L: 10.2; T. (body): 0.4. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above). 411. J16-Vac-61-113 (Fig. 3.39.411 and Pl. 3.12.411)

Description: almost intact lamp (handle lost). Decoration: radial lines ending in small circles and a wavy line around the filling hole; a pair of half volutes and small circles on nozzle; four pairs of half volutes around the ring base. Fabric: core: 2.5YR  6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 9.1; L: 3.1; T: 0.7–0.5. Type: L-21.11, JL with zoomorphic handle (base b.3); similar to Scholl group iv.3 (same pattern and disposition, without the wavy line). Date: Umayyad (c.  660–750). Ref.: Pierobon-Benoit 2018, fig.  4.5 ( Jerash, Temple of Artemis, kiln D, first half of the eighth century); Scholl 1991, fig. 9.71 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 20). 412. J16-Vc-84-2x (Fig. 3.39.412 and Pl. 3.10.412)

Description: intact lamp. Decoration: radial lines, a wavy line, and dots around filling hole. Greek cross pattern with small circles at the angles at the base of the handle; a pair of half volutes and circles on nozzle; a pair half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: ext.: 2.5YR  6/6; traces of fire around the wick hole. Dimensions: H: 5; L: 10; T: 0.4. Type: L-21.10, JL with zoomorphic handle (base b.2): Scholl group iii; Australian mould group xvii (upper mould). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  525/50–750). Ref.: Bagatti 1970, fig.  2.5 ( Jerusalem, Museo della Flagellazione, upper mould); Berthier 1985, 24–25, fig.  10 (Boṣrā, stratum 10); Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.1 lower centre ( Jerash, North Theatre); Guidoni 1990, pl. v.24 (Boṣrā’s Antiquarium, without the ‘Greek cross’ pattern); Hadad 2002, no. 301 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 29); Kehrberg 1986, pl.  v.25 ( Jerash, Australian area, phase 10, second half of the seventh century); 1989, fig. 5.25 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640); Scholl 1991, fig. 5.29 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 10, near a Byzantine deposit. General date for Scholl group iii: c.  640–750); Uscatescu 1992, fig.  7.28 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab.16/H: c. 575/600–650).

195

Trench W 413. J16-Wil-0-56 (Fig. 3.39.413 and Pl. 3.15.413)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. The zoomorphic head shows four tiny protuberances, so different from the standard zoomorphic heads of this kind of lamp. Fabric: grey, core: GLEY1 5/N; int.: GLEY1 6/N. Dimensions: H: 3.1; L: 4.1; W: 4.35; T: 0.4–0.3. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 414. J16-Wc-20-4 (Fig. 3.39.414 and Pl. 3.9.414)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: high relief eight-petalled rosette over the standard radial lines. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 6/8; int.: 2.5YR 6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8. Dimensions: H: 1.3; L: 5; T: 0.9–0.3. Type: L-21.6, JL. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  575–640). Ref.: Kehrberg 2009, fig.  7. JH 482 ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640). 415. J16-Wbd-29-4 (Fig. 3.39.415)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines, a wavy line, and dots around filling hole. Fabric: light red, core: 2.5YR 7/8; int.: 2.5YR 7/8; ext.: 2.5YR 7/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 3.5; L: 4.2; T: 5.86. Type: L-17.5, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c.  500/50–660). Ref.: Rasson and Seigne 1989, 146, fig. 14.4 ( Jerash, Temple of Zeus, cistern level 3: c. 550–620); Rasson-Seigne and Seigne 2019, no. 17 (idem). 416. J16-Wbd-29-28

Description: fragment of shoulders and tongue handle. Decoration: circle with inner dot at the base of the handle; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: fine levigated ware, core: 2.5YR 5/1, int.: 2.5YR 5/1; ext.: 2.5YR 8/4. Dimensions: H: 1.2, L: 2.3; T: 0.5. Type: L-17, JL with tongue handle. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). 417. J16-Wbd-29-29

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines around the wick hole, a pair of half volutes on nozzle. Fabric: dark reddish-grey, core: 10R 3/1; int.:

196 10R 3/1; ext.: 10R 3/1. Dimensions: H: 1.5; L: 2.4; T: 0.4. Type: L-21, JL. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 76 (see above). 418. J16-Wbd-29-30 (Fig. 3.39.418 and Pl. 3.4.418)

Description: fragment of shoulders and nozzle. Decoration: series of concentric circles and zigzag line around the filling hole. Fabric: yellow, core: 10YR 7/8; int.: 10YR 7/8; ext.: 10YR 7/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.7; L: 6.3; T: 0.5. Type: L-12, Macellum fig. 4.10: bow-shaped lamp, broad nozzle variant. Date: Late Roman–Early Byzantine (third–fourth centuries). Ref.: Guidoni 1990, pl.  iv.19 (Boṣrā’s Antiquarium, similar shape, but no decoration); Kadour and Seeden 1983, fig. 12.4 and 12 (Boṣrā, northwestern tell: similar shape and decoration); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 4.10 ( Jerash, Macellum, structure 21A on South Stenopos/B, identical shape and decoration). 419. J16-Wik-47-13

Description: fragment of base. Decoration: two sets of half volutes emanating from the ring base. Fabric: orange. Dimensions: not available. Type: JL (base b.1). Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 500/25–750). Ref.: as no. 33 (see above).

Trench X 420. J16-Xf-1-59 (Fig. 3.40.420 and Pl. 3.9.420)

Description: fragment of shoulders, base and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with four dots on the angles; radial lines with some dots at the end around the filling hole. The radial lines are more spaced than the standard type. Fabric: core (inner): 5YR  6/6; (outer): 2.5YR  5/8; int.: 5YR 5/3; ext.: 5YR 5/2. Dimensions: H: 5.9; L: 7; T: 0.4. Type: L-21.2, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine and probably Early Umayyad (c. 525/50–660 and +). 421. J16-Xf-1-73

Description: fragment of shoulders and zoomorphic handle. Decoration: at the base of the handle, a Greek cross pattern with circles on the angles; radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 10R  7/8;

Alexandra Uscatescu int.: 10R 7/8; ext.: 10R 7/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 1.7; L: 6.3; T: 0.5. Type: L-21, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550/75–750). Ref.: as no. 420 (see above). 422. J16-Xb-2-46 (Fig. 3.40.422 and Pl. 3.10.422)

Description: fragment of shoulders. Decoration: radial lines, and half circles and dots around the filling hole. Fabric: core (inner): 2.5YR  5/3; (outer): 2.5YR  6/6; int.: 2.5YR  5/3 and 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR  6/8. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2.2; H: 2.3; T: 1.35–0.4. Type: L-21.12, JL with zoomorphic handle (?): similar to Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 575–660). Ref.: as no. 143 (see above). 423. J16-Xd-2-190 (Fig. 3.40.423 and Pl. 3.16.423)

Description: fragment of shoulders and conical handle. Decoration: radial lines and alternating dots in relief. Fabric: core: 7.5YR  5/4; int.: 2.5YR  6/8; ext.: 2.5YR 6/8 and 5Y 5/1; wash: 2.5YR 5/6. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 3.2; H: 1.9; T: 0.8–0.4. Type: L-16, bow-shaped lamp: Capernaum Luc. 6; Hadad type 22; Kennedy type 18. Date: Byzantine (fifth–sixth/early seventh centuries). Ref.: Hadad 2002, 61, no. 256 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 22, dated to the fifth–early sixth centuries); Kennedy 1963, 83, pl.  xxv.649 (Whiting Collection, Kennedy type 18, dated to the fourth– early fifth centuries); Loffreda 2008, 51–53, fig.  9.11 (Capernaum Luc. 6). 424. J16-Xa-2-143 (Fig. 3.40.424 and Pl. 3.17.424)

Description: fragment of shoulders and base; raised triangular handle. Decoration: band of radial strokes and band of dots around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 7.5YR 5/1; int.: 10YR 5/1; ext.: 10YR 5/1. Dimensions: H: 5.5; L: 6. Type: L-26, Magness type 4C. Date: Umayyad (seventh–eighth centuries). Ref.: Hadad 2002, no. 374 (Beth She’an, Hadad type 36); Magness 1993, 257, fig. 1 ( Jerusalem). Comm.: the example from Jerusalem is almost identical in decoration, but the handle is conical, while our example has a raised triangular handle. At Mt Nebo this is dated to the Abbasid period.

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Figure 3.40. Lamps from the Northwest Quarter. Trench X (cat. nos 420, 422–24, 426, 428–29, and 431).

197

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198 425. J16-Xh-2-262 (Pl. 3.15. 425)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: modelled ears and lines on neck. Fabric: core: GLEY1 6/N; int.: GLEY1 6/N; ext.: GLEY1 6/N. Dimensions: H: 4.4; L: 3.2; T: 1.2. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c. 550–750). 426. J16-Xi-2-267 (Fig. 3.40.426 and Pl. 3.17.426)

Description: almost intact lamp (loop handle missing) with ring low base. Decoration: palm branch between filling and wick hole. Fabric: buff, core: 10YR  6/4; int.: 10YR 6/4; ext.: 10YR 6/4. Dimensions: H: 4.5; L: 9.5; T: 1.7–0.4. Type: L-27.3, ‘Slipper’ Lamp with raised handle supported underneath by a ring: Magness type 3D. Date: Byzantine–Umayyad (fifth–early eighth centuries). Ref.: Clark 1986a, pl.  xix.2 upper centre ( Jerash, North Theatre, fifth century); Magness 1993, 252 ( Jerusalem); Sussman 2017, fig. 89.2 (unknown origin); Uscatescu 1992, fig. 5.16 ( Jerash, Macellum, tab. 9, early seventh century). 427. J16-Xg-7-43 (Pl. 3.12.427)

Description: fragment of shoulders and handle. Decoration: radial lines on the shoulders, and a stylized branch around filling hole. Fabric: core (inner): 2.5YR  5/2; (outer): 2.5YR  4/1; int.: 2.5YR  3/1; ext.: 2.5YR 3/1. Dimensions: filling hole diam: 2; H: 5.1; L: 3.9; T: 0.38. Type: L-23.3, JL with zoomorphic handle: Scholl group v. Date: Umayyad (c. 660–750). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig. 12.104 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 23, flat almond-shaped foot). 428. J16-Xi-10-14 (Fig. 3.40.428)

Description: fragment of rim and shoulders from wheelmade lamp. Fabric: core: 10YR 5/3; int.: 5YR 6/4; ext.: 7.5YR 6/4. Measures: H: 2; L: 2.4; T: 0.7–0.4. Type: L-3, Herodian Lamp with knife-pared nozzle. Date: Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (first century bc–early second century ad). Ref.: Díez 1983, 65 (Galilee, L. 3.1, ‘Herodian’ Lamp wheel-made); Młynarczyck 2013, 115, fig. 2.KhQ584 (first century bc–second half of the second century ad).

429. J16-Xc-11-33 (Fig. 3.40.429 and Pl. 3.6.429)

Description: fragment of an upper lamp mould. Decoration: design of the filling hole and tongue handle preserved: Greek cross pattern with small circles on the angles, and radial lines around the filling hole. Fabric: core: 10YR  6/1; int.: 2.5YR  6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: L: 6.5; T: 0.6. Type: L-17.7, JL mould, tongue handle variant. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 500/50–660). Ref.: Kehrberg 2009, 502–04, fig. 7.B ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 640). 430. J16-Xd-16-26

Description: fragment of body and knob handle. Decoration: two vertical grooves on the upper side of the handle. Fabric: core: 2.5YR 6/6; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 10YR 7/3; slip: 2.5YR 4/6. Dimensions: H: 3.7; L: 4.5; T: 2.1–0.2. Type: L-8.2, Late Roman Round Lamp, JUTZ variant. Date: Late Roman (late second–third centuries). Ref.: as no. 154 (see above). 431. J16-Xd-16-44 (Fig. 3.40.431 and Pl. 3.7.431)

Description: fragment of nozzle. Decoration: radial lines on sides; series of small circles on nozzle between the filling and wick hole. Fabric: core: 5YR 6/4; int.: 2.5YR 6/6; ext.: 2.5YR 6/6. Dimensions: H: 2.3; L: 6.4; T: 1.1–0.5. Type: L-19.4, JL: Australian mould group xi. Date: Late Byzantine (c. 550(?)–640). Ref.: Kehrberg 2009, fig. 7.JH480a ( Jerash, Hippodrome’s kilns, terminus ante quem c. 649, identical sherd). Comm.: an intact lamp from the Hippodrome has a handle and shoulders type like no.  150 and no.  275 (Kehrberg 2009, fig.  7. JH480a). 432. J16-Xd-16-45 (Pl. 3.15.432)

Description: fragment of zoomorphic handle. Decoration: dotted string between two horizontal lines. Fabric: core: GLEY1 4/N; int.: GLEY1 4/N; ext.: GLEY1 4/N.  Dimensions: H: 3.7; L: 3; T: 1.5–0.3. Type: L-19 to L-22, JL with zoomorphic handle: similar to Scholl group iv.3. Date: Late Byzantine–Umayyad (c.  550–750). Ref.: Scholl 1991, fig.  8.51 ( Jerash, Umayyad House, loc. 7, over a Byzantine mosaic).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

199

196

253

2 238

Plate 3.1. Gerasa Lamps: 196 (L-6), 238 (L-7.3); Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp: 2 (L-8.1) and 253 (L-8.2).

Alexandra Uscatescu

200

393

399

Plate 3.2. Late Roman Gerasa Round Lamp: 393 (L-8.2) and 399 (L-8.3).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

201

391

392

Plate 3.3. Late Roman/Early Byzantine (probably imported) lamps: 391 (L-9) and 392 (L-10).

Alexandra Uscatescu

202

308

418

Plate 3.4. Late Roman and Early Byzantine imported lamps: 308 (L-11) and 418 (L-12).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

203

75

83

Plate 3.5. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 75 (L-17.1/base f. 1) and 83 (L-17.2/base c. 1).

Alexandra Uscatescu

204

152

405

429

Plate 3.6. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 405 (L-17.4/base a.2), 152 (L-17.9), and 429 (L-17.1 mould).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

205

367

404

431

Plate 3.7. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 404 (L-18), 367 (L-19.1/base a.1), and 431 (L-19.4).

Alexandra Uscatescu

206

173

169

175

Plate 3.8. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 169 (L-21.2/base b.1), 173 (L-21.4/base e.1), and 175 ( JL base d).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

207

74

420 414

Plate 3.9. Late Byzantine Jerash Lamps: 74 (L-21.2/base a.1), 414 (L-21.6), and 420 (L-21.2).

Alexandra Uscatescu

208

412

422

Plate 3.10. Late Byzantine/Transitional Jerash Lamps: 412 (L-21.10/base b.2) and 422 (L-21.12).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

209

409

359

Plate 3.11. Late Byzantine/Early Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 409 (L-21.10/base f. 2) and 359 ( JL base g).

Alexandra Uscatescu

210

411

427

Plate 3.12. Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 411 (L-21.11/base b.3) and 427 (L-23.3).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Plate 3.13. Late Byzantine/Umayyad Jerash Lamp: 292 (L-21.10/base b.4).

211

Alexandra Uscatescu

212

286 289

278

303

283 281

Plate 3.14. Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 286 (L-23.2/base h), 278 (L-23.1/base i.1), 289 (L-24.1), 303 (L-24.1), 283 (L-24.2), and 281 (L-24.1/base i.2).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

213

124

149

171

217

234

279

413

425

432

Plate 3.15. Late Byzantine/Umayyad Jerash Lamps: 124, 149, 171, 217, 234, 279, 413, 425, and 432 ( JL zoomorphic handles).

Alexandra Uscatescu

214

224

423

366

288

Plate 3.16. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps: 224 (L-27.1), 423 (L-16), 366 (L-30), and 288 (L-31.1).

3. Pottery Oil Lamps from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

Plate 3.17. Late Byzantine and Early Islamic Lamps: 424 (L-26) and 426 (L-27.3).

215

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Jerash Bowls

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Pamela Bonnekoh Institut für Klassische Archäologie und Christliche Archäologie/Archäologisches Museum, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany [email protected]

D

uring the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project from 2012–2015, a considerable number of fragmentary Jerash Bowls were discovered in almost all trenches. The great majority of the well-preserved fragments are painted; the others are stamped and/or incised.1 The variety of the decoration is manifold. Most of the bowls show floral and ornamental decoration. Only a few present animals and human figures. In this short study, I focus on selected bowls whose painted decoration belongs to these two last motif groups.2 Although the surviving fragments are often very small and the paintings are not always in a well-preserved condition, some examples with significant images allow us to reconstruct their lost decoration.3 The discovered bowls from the Northwest Quarter date to the sixth/­ seventh century ad.4 The painted fragments contain a dichromatic design and, according to the examples in a well-preserved con*

The following abbreviations are used: Diam.: diameter; H.: height; L.: length; T.: thickness; W.: width. All measurements are in centimetres. I would like to thank Eva Mortensen for her critical examination of the English text. 1  For some selected bowls, cf. Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 12 and 19–23, cat. nos 11–28, figs 11–28. 2  This paper proposes a new approach to some selected icono­ graphic aspects. In the context of this final report of the excavation of the Northwest Quarter, a complete iconographic analysis is not intended. Further and more detailed studies are necessary. 3  Based on the limited space of this study and the partly common motifs, the iconographic parallels mainly focus on preserved mosaic floors of this and adjacent regions, and only in selected cases beyond. Parallels to mosaic floors were already emphasized by Watson (1991, 112–19). It is obvious that we can find the motifs (especially those with animal depictions) not only on several other types of monuments and objects (e.g. sculptures, wood, jewellery, lamps, and vessels) in Late Antique/Early Byzantine art, but also in Greek, Roman, Islamic, and Later Byzantine art. Therefore, the consulted comparisons lack completeness. 4  Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 12. This paper deals not with technique or style of the paintings and does not attempt a chronological classification of the Jerash Bowls.

dition, probably only the interior of each bowl was adorned. 5 The colours of the paintings are reddishbrown, white, and sometimes cream-coloured.6

The Animals Some bowls illustrate different animal species. We can divide them roughly into four different groups: 1. birds, 2. fish, 3. artiodactyls, and 4. felidae. Unfortunately, in most cases we are not able to make a more precise classification of the animal species because the figures are too fragmentary and their significant characteristics have been lost. However, the better-preserved examples allow us to assume that most depictions are known from Jerash Bowls found on other sites and show a common decoration. Birds As Pamela Watson already mentions, the most popular animal motif is the bird.7 From the Northwest Quarter, at least six discovered Jerash Bowls show the figure of a bird.8 In three cases, only the head of the animal has been preserved.9 Three other depictions are in a better condition. Here, parts of the central body and the claws are still visible. All three examples illustrate the bird in 5 

Watson 1991, 60–61. Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 12. The colours are also typical for other examples, see Watson 1991, 61. 7  Watson 1991, 81–84. 8   Compared to finds in other localities of the region, this amount seems to be small, but the depictions on many fragments from the Northwest Quarter are not in a well-preserved condition, so we cannot identify them with more certainty. 9  Two fragments were discovered in trench B: J12-B-22-21 (without measurements) and J12-B-30-12 (Diam.: 16; H.: 2.7; L.: 8.6; T. body: 0.5). The latter has already been published, see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 18, fig. 18. One fragment was discovered in trench F: J13-Fc-52-21 (Diam.: 16; H.: 3; L.: 9.5; T.: 0.4–0.7). 6 

Glass, Lamps, and Jerash Bowls: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project III, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja, JP 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2020), 227–244 BREPOLS PUBLISHERS DOI 10.1484/M.JP-EB.5.121554

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Pamela Bonnekoh

Figure 4.2. Fragments J12-Bc-27-73+74+79.

Figure 4.1. Fragments J12-B-10-18+23+25-27 (All fragment photos in this chapter are by Robert Dylka and courtesy of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project.)

profile view. It seems that each of them constitute the central motif of the bowl. At this point, I would like to deal with only the bestpreserved example in more detail. 10 Four associated fragments from trench B show the lower part of a bird’s body in profile (Fig. 4.1).11 The animal is painted dichromatic with reddish-brown outlines, which sometimes are painted over with white. The claws consist of long reddish-brown lines. The representation of the bird’s plumage is very detailed. The feathers on the chest are rendered in long, slightly curved white lines. The preserved lower tail feathers are depicted in short reddish-brown lines. The feathers above are painted in longer lines and small spots. Something like a stump of a tree or a small plant is located behind the bird. Based on the manner of the representation of the tail feathers, we can assume that it is a depiction of a rooster. 12 As far as I know, 10 

The two other depictions with parts of a bird’s body are fragment J13-Eab-7-5b (Diam.: 16; H.: 3.6; L.: 11.5; T.: 0.3– 0.6) from trench E and four fragments J14-Icd-75-14e (without measurements) from trench I. 11  J12-B-10-18+23+25-27 (Diam.: 15; H.: 2.7; L.: 9.4; T.: 0.3), see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 16, fig. 16; Csitneki 2017, 101, fig. 6. 12  Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 16.

already published bowls do not show the central body with the plumage of a rooster, but Watson mentions a head, which can be identified as that of a rooster.13 In spite of lacking comparisons of roosters on other Jerash Bowls, their depictions are not surprising at all, because, among others, they are represented on preserved mosaic floors. The mosaic floor in the presbyterium of the Chapel of Elia, Maria, and Soreg (first half of sixth century ad) in Jerash shows a left-facing rooster in a grapevine. 14 Furthermore, I would like to refer to two other roosters, which flank a cantharus, in a mosaic in the Chapel of the Martyr Theodore (ad 562) in Madaba.15 Other examples of high quality have been preserved on the mosaic floor (c. ad 550) of the church in Petra.16 The mosaic floor in room D of a Late Roman Villa (the House of Charidemos, fifth century ad) in Halikarnassos shows different animal species in its borders. Among them, there is also a rooster.17 13  Watson (1991, 271, pl. 8 (motif IPiii-4)) suggested (with a question mark) that the head belongs to a rooster. Indeed, based on the black-and-white picture it is difficult to make a distinct identification, but I think we can identify a rooster’s comb on the head and the jowls, both of which are characteristic for such animal species. 14  Piccirillo 1993, 296, fig. 572. Certainly, the composition is not comparable to the decoration on the bowls, on which, indeed, also floral elements are depicted, but these elements cannot be interpreted as leaf tendrils. 15  Piccirillo 1993, 117, fig.  99. See also the roosters in the baptistery chapel probably from the same time as the Chapel of the Martyr Theodore (Piccirillo 1993, 118, fig. 104). Cf. also the roosters on the mosaic floor in the North Church of Esbus (Piccirillo 1993, 250, fig. 422) or in the lower church of Massuh (Piccirillo 1993, 254, fig. 449). Both mosaic floors are dated to the sixth century ad. 16  Waliszewski 2001, 236–37, fig. on page 313. For the dating, see 243–44. 17  Scheibelreiter-Gail 2011, 273, fig. 296.

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

229

It was already mentioned that the rooster probably occupied the whole surface of the bowl, and the animal was framed by floral decorations. Comparable depictions of birds cannot only be found on Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter. Watson published some examples with different kinds of birds as the main motif on the bowl. Generally, birds are represented in profile view and flanked by floral ornaments.18 Fish Representations of fish also seem to be a common motif on Jerash Bowls.19 In the Northwest Quarter, only one fragment with two fish was discovered (Fig. 4.2).20 Parts of the back, the head with an eye, and the closed mouth from one fish have been preserved. Concerning the other one, we can see the central part of the body with the vertical fin and the abdominal section with the lower outline of the head. The dorsal sections of both have been lost. The two fish probably occupied the central surface of the bowl, as is the case on at least one example with a depiction of a single fish, published by Watson.21 Furthermore, one bowl shows the image of one big fish with its detailed decorations near the rim.22 Before the bowl broke, another motif (probably a second fish) may have been depicted on it, as can be seen on our bowl. In Late Antiquity, representations of fish (as a single figure or pair) are a very common motif, not only in different genres but also in all regions. In Christian contexts we can find them on mosaic floors, like in the already mentioned Chapel of Martyr Theodore (ad  562) in Madaba.23 In a pagan context, I would like to draw attention to a depiction on the mosaic floor of room D in the above-mentioned Late Roman Villa (the House of Charidemos, fifth century ad) in Halikarnassos. Here, we can see frames with different animal species, among them are also fish, as a single figure and as a pair. 24

Figure 4.3. Fragments J12-Ba-52-1-2 and B2-122, 1195–96 and Bac-54-32.

Finally, I would like to note that we can also find this motif as part of the astrological symbols on the ceiling tiles in the Synagogue (between ad  244 and 256) of Dura Europos.25 Artiodactyls Some finds from the Northwest Quarter show fragmentary images of artiodactyls, which are also a very common motif group on other Jerash Bowls.26 In most cases, only the hooves and the legs of the animals have been preserved. Sometimes small parts of the lower body are preserved. The fragments were discovered in trenches B,27 J (perhaps),28 O,29 and X.30 I would like to highlight a bowl with the image of two animals, which is the most well-preserved and interesting example of this group. The six associated fragments were found in trench B (Fig. 4.3).31 The artio25 

Kraeling 1956, 42, pl. 9.1. Watson 1991, 91–92 (camels) and 93 (deer/gazelle). As in the case of the preserved painted birds on Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter, we can also assume more representations of artiodactyls. However, the present condition of the depictions on the bowls is so bad that we cannot count more examples for certain. 27  J12-Ba-53-4 (Diam.: 14; H.: 2.7; L.: 9.9; T.: 0.75–3.5). 28  J15-Je-77-20 (Diam.: 13; H.: 5.5; L. 12.5; T.: 0.5–0.7). 29   J15-Of-39-3 (Diam.: 17; H.: 2.2; L.: 6.6; T.: 0.04–0.6); Csitneki 2017, 101, fig. 8. 30  J16-Xa-2-134 (without measurements). 31  Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no.  19, fig. 19. The six fragments ( J12-Ba-52-1-2 and B2-122, 1195–96, and Bac-54-32) have the following measurements: Diam.: 20; H.: 1.9; L.: 10.2; T.: 0.4. 26 

18  Watson 1991, 391–401, figs 37–40 (motifs VII b-1–VII i-1 and VII k-1–VII m-1). 19  Watson 1991, 81, 84–86, and 402–06, figs 41–42 (motif VIII). 20  J12-Bc-27-79 (Diam.: L.: 7.6; T.: 0.6; W.: 0.8), see Lichten­ berger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 23, fig. 23; Csitneki 2017, 101, fig. 9. The fragment was found in trench B. 21  Watson 1991, 402–03, fig. 41 (motif VIII a-1), pl. 6. Other better-preserved images of fish on Jerash Bowls also exist; see Watson 1991, 403–04, fig. 41 (motif VIII b-1-c-1), pl. 6. 22  Watson 1991, 405–06, fig. 42 (motif VIII f.-1), pl. 6. 23  Piccirillo 1993, 111, fig. 99. 24  Scheibelreiter-Gail 2011, 273, cat. no. 49, fig. 296.

230 dactyls are illustrated in profile view facing each other antithetically. Their bodies are depicted in good proportions. Although they are perhaps a little schematic, they are different in their manner of representation and may thus belong to two different species. 32 The animal on the left side has short legs, a massive trunk, and a long small neck. The animal is outlined with reddish-brown and has a white coat. The animal on the right side has smaller legs, and the form of the hoof is painted in a different way. Furthermore, the body has a different shape than that of the other figure. The assumption that they do not belong to the same animal species is also encouraged by the representation of the interior lines on the chest and the ribs of the animal on the right. They are marked in reddish-brown lines, and the animal on the left lacks these. Unfortunately, the bad condition of the painting does not allow us to compare with the well-preserved images of animals on mosaic floors in this region to determine the exact animal species.33 The remaining parts of the two antithetic and static animals give us a hint of the original composition. However, because the part in the middle has been lost, different possibilities for the reconstruction exist. It is conceivable that both animals are the central motif on the bowl. The mosaic floor in the nave of the Church of the Apostles (ad 578) in Madaba, for example, shows two antithetic parakeets with the typical red neckband.34 Furthermore, I would like to mention the four antithetic animal pairs (two rams, two hares, and two birds which are either ducks or geese) on the mosaic floor of the socalled Mosaic of Paradise (probably fifth or sixth century ad) in the Madaba Archaeological Museum, which was found in the southern quarter of the city.35 Moreover, on monuments from Late Antiquity/the Early Byzantine period, an object is often placed between the two antithetic animals. In most of these cases, the animals flank a cross, a vessel, a basket, or a tree.36

32  However, the drawing in the published catalogue does not show the exact interior lines in all aspects and the correct outline of the hooves of the animal on the right-hand side. See Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, fig. 19. 33  They have been considered as goats or camels by Lichten­ berger, Raja, and Sørensen (2013, 21, cat. no. 19). 34   Piccirillo 1993, 98–99, figs  80–81. However, the visual content is completely different. The parakeets are not a single motif in a frame, but rather a recurrent motif of the floor together with plants and fruit. 35  Piccirillo 1993, 128, fig. 139; Hachlili 2009, 205. 36  I would like to rule out a hunting scene of animals, because

Pamela Bonnekoh It is conceivable that a cross could have been found in the middle of the composition of the Jerash Bowl under examination. In the sixth/seventh century, the adoration of a cross by animals is a very popular motif in many genres.37 A cross flanked by two picking birds was discovered on the mosaic floor in the church at Aluma (sixth century ad).38 As far as I know, the published examples of the Jerash Bowls do not show a similar cross adoration of either two artiodactyls or birds. In the Northwest Quarter, only one Jerash Bowl fragment of a painted cross was discovered.39 We have no indications that this fragment belongs to a composition with cross adoration. Rather, it could be quite the contrary, since the preserved examples published by Watson and Alexandra Uscatescu possibly show the cross as the main and only motif of the bowl.40 Based on the missing comparable representations of a cross adoration on Jerash Bowls, I would like to rule out this manner of representation, but since it is a common depiction at this point in time, it should be mentioned as a possible interpretation. Based on the fragmentary character of the representation, other reconstructions of this scene are probably more admissible. If there had been a central motif, I would rather suggest the depiction of a basket, a vessel, or a tree between the two animals. In trench B, three fragments of Jerash Bowls with two different images of a basket were found.41 In most cases, the bowls are so fragmentary that we cannot say whether this motif could be the central depiction on a bowl alone, or whether it was part of a composition. Watson, at least, published a fragment of a bowl with the depiction of a basket flanked by fish.42 we cannot identify a predator and neither of the two animals is jumping forward. 37  Generally, for further literature about cross adoration, see Bonnekoh 2013, 247–61. 38  Talgam 2014, 182, fig. 270. In the upper part of the field two birds are holding a garland. 39   J15-Nb-57-154 (without measurements). The piece was found in trench N. 40   Watson 1991, 72–74, 348–58, figs  27–30 (motif III). Generally, for the cross motif on Jerash Bowls, see Watson 2018. 41  This concerns fragment J12-Bc-27-129 (without measure­ ments) and the two associated fragments J12-Bc-27-128-130 (H.: 3.5; L.: 11.4; T.: 0.2). The two associated fragments have already been published, see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 24, fig. 24. 42  Watson 1991, 74–75, 361, fig. 31 (motif IV c-1) and 404– 05, fig. 41 (motif VIII e-1). Generally, for the motif of a basket, see Watson 1991, 358–63, figs 30–31 (motif IV). Uscatescu (1995, 251, no. 254, fig. 61) published associated fragments with the depiction of a filled basket.

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash Furthermore, a basket centred between two animals is such a well-known motif in Late Antiquity, that it is quite conceivable to reconstruct this composition on a Jerash Bowl. As a possible comparison, I would like to point out the depiction of the presbytery mosaic floor in the Chapel of Elia, Maria, and Soreg (first half of sixth century ad) in Jerash. In the upper right grapevine we can see two birds flank a filled casket.43 From the Northwest Quarter, we do not have any assured depiction of a vessel on a Jerash Bowl. However, the motif is known from other painted bowls published by Watson and Uscatescu. Based on the preserved examples, it seems that most bowls show the depiction of a krater or cantharus surrounded only by floral elements.44 However, Uscatescu published a fragment with a vessel, probably a krater or cantharus, flanked by a bird on the right side.45 Watson also published a fragment with the depiction of a krater with a bird on the right.46 Due to other known representations we can in both cases reconstruct a second bird on the other side of the vessel. However, not only birds can flank a vessel, other animal species can also do that. Ina Kehrberg published a fragment with a cantharus in the middle of a bowl, flanked by a lion on the left side. We can assume that a second animal, perhaps a lion, was on the other side.47 The composition of a vessel between animals is very common in Late Antique/Early Byzantine art. Among others, the mosaic floor in the Church of the Apostles (ad  578) in Madaba shows different kinds of birds which frame either a tree or a vessel in the field in front of the presbyterium.48 Finally, we have to consider a tree as a possible lost motif in the middle of the bowl. Parts of trees are on five fragments from the Northwest Quarter, which could also belong to a composition with animals.49 This 43 

Piccirillo 1993, 296, fig. 572. Watson 1991, 75–76 and 417–18, fig. 44 (motif XVII a-1), pl. 8 as well as fig. 45 (motif XVII b-1–b3); Uscatescu 1995, no. 26b, fig. 27 as well as 251, no. 255, fig. 61. Another fragment shows a vessel bordered by concentric circles, cf.  Uscatescu 1995, 251, no. 256, fig. 61. 45  Uscatescu 1995, 248, no. 183, fig. 53, pl. 2b. 46  Watson 1991, 398 fig.  38 (motif VII j-1). She interprets the vessel as a chalice, but based on the comparable depictions on monuments from Late Antiquity, I would rather suggest a krater. 47  Kehrberg 2009, fig. 6. 48  Piccirillo 1993, 106–07, figs 89 and 92–93. 49   Two fragments are belonging together: J12-Ba-52-3 and Ba-56-2 (H.: 4; L.: 6.8; T.: 0.3), Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 25, fig. 25. 44 

231

manner of representation is depicted on various mosaic floors in this region. In these cases, the animals flank a tree with fruit, or they eat plants from the ground. On the mosaic floor in the Chapel of the Martyr Theodore in Madaba (ad 562), for example, a felid and an artiodactyl flank a tree.50 The mosaic floor of the Hippolytus Hall (sixth century ad) in Madaba shows a few compositions in which a plant is flanked by two birds.51 The motif belongs to a frame which borders a pagan scene. Although we do not have any hint of a tree in the middle of the composition on the bowl in question, this interpretation cannot be ruled out.52 In conclusion, the two artiodactyls could frame a motif (vessel, basket, or tree) in the middle of the composition. In all cases, these are such common motifs in Late Antiquity/the Early Byzantine period that all reconstruction possibilities are valid. A Felid in Front of a Tree Among the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter we have at least three examples with representations of felidae. Two of them were found in trench B53 and one in trench E.54 While two bowls probably show a standing felid,55 the other one depicts an animal which is jumping forward.56 50 

Piccirillo 1993, 117, fig. 110. Piccirillo 1993, 63, figs 17–18. 52  However, I  do not think that the preserved trees on the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter belong to this manner of representation. A tree in combination with an animal is more probable (see below). 53  It concerns the piece J12-B-10-28 (Diam.: 15; H.: 2.7; L.: 5.3; T.: 0.4, see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 17, fig. 17; Csitneki 2017, 101, fig. 7) and the four fragments J12-Ba-55-1 and Ba-50-13+21-24 (Diam.: 13.65; H.: 3.34, see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 20, fig. 20). 54  J13-Ed-18-99+101 (Diam.: 15; H.: 7.2; L.: 22.8; T.: 0.3– 0.5). Here the paws of the animal are not painted as clearly as on the other pieces. 55   In case of the standing animals ( J12-B-10-28 and J13Ed-18-99+101), I would like to mention that the feline could fill the surface alone, or that it might be part of a composition. Watson (1991, 410, fig. 43 (motif IX k-1)) published a fragment, on which we can see a feline at the brim and a part of another animal or probably a vessel in front of it. She identifies the animal as a leopard. On other bowls, the feline stands in front of a plant or tree with its head raised, and it is flanked by floral ornaments, e.g. a branch, see Watson 1991, 406–07, fig. 42 (motifs IX b-1–IX b-2). By motif IX b-1 the floral decoration is almost lost. Only the two lines at the upper brim probably belong to floral elements. 56  J12-Ba-55-1 and Ba-50-13+21-24 (Diam.: 13.65; H.: 3.34), see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, no. 20, fig. 20. 51 

232 For this study, the last-mentioned decoration is the most interesting one (Fig. 4.4). In front of a tree, a felid in profile view is jumping to the left. The depiction of the animal is slightly schematic, but the extensive legs and the paws make the identification of such an animal certain. The tree has two trunks and a crown with a hemispheric outline. The leaves are arranged in slightly wavy or arched lines. Comparable representations of this kind of tree can be seen on other fragments found in trench B.57 Here only the crown has been preserved. Representations of an animal jumping forward in front of such trees are known from other Jerash Bowls.58 On one example, published by Watson, it is a boar,59 and on another bowl it is an animal with paws, which turns in a wide jump to the left.60 Our fragment belongs to this motif group. The animal in front of the tree has slightly thickened legs and big paws. In addition, the animal has a broad neck. A similar depiction of a felid on another bowl was identified as a lioness or a panther by Watson.61 Due to the fragmentary character of our bowl, it is uncertain whether the animal is flanked by floral ornamental motifs, as seen on a better-preserved example published by Watson. Here a lioness or panther is standing in front of a plant or tree with two long trunks/ branches and two round crowns.62 Let us have a closer look at the specific crown of the tree with the hemispheric outline and the arched arrangement of the leaves. The shape of the tree is based on real pines.63 Such trees are represented on mosaic floors with different visual content in the entire eastern Mediterranean area.64 As far as I know, publications 57   J12-Ba-56-2 and Ba-52-3 (H.: 4; L.: 6.8; T.: 0.3), see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, no. 25, fig. 25. 58  Watson 1991, 86–91 and 406–11, fig. 42–43 (motif IX). 59  Watson 1991, 417, fig. 44 (motif XVIa-1). 60  Watson (1991, fig. 43 (motif IX l.-2)) already identifies the animal as a feline. 61  Watson 1991, 406, fig. 41 (motif IX a-1). 62  Watson 1991, 406–07, fig. 42 (motif IX b-2). 63  In literature, the tree was described as ‘stylized’. Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. nos 21 and 25. 64  Among others, the tree has been preserved on mosaic floors from North Africa. In the Bardo Museum of Carthage, a mosaic floor shows a rider in a hunting scene. The mosaic is dated to the beginning of the sixth century ad. Cf. Yacoub 2007, fig. 131. In a slightly different manner of representation, this kind of tree is depicted on the mosaic of a tomb in Sfax. Here, the tree is visible in the background of Daniel in the lion’s den. The crown consists of linear lines and not — like on our bowls — arched or wavy lines.

Pamela Bonnekoh

Figure 4.4. Fragments J12-Ba-55-1 and Ba-50-13+21-24.

about the preserved mosaic floors in Jerash do not show any examples of this kind of tree. Instead, we can find the tree on the mosaic floors in the Hippolytus Hall in Madaba and the Old Diakonikon (ad 530) in Mt Nebo. In the latter example, the crown of the tree is slightly different in the manner of representation.65 The best comparable example for the kind of leaves can be found on the tree in the Hippolytus Hall, which was part of a residential palace from the sixth century ad. In some frames, the mosaic field shows this specific tree alone or together with a bird.66 In these images, the tree often bears fruit. Representing animals in front of trees or plants is also very common on mosaic floors and can either be part of a composition or a single motif framed by different designs.67 In the nave of the church in Hir esh-Sheikh (Deir esh-Sharqi, first quarter of fifth century ad) in Syria, for example, we can see birds and artiodactyls in front of a tree.68 The mosaic floor in the nave of the East Church from the Justinianic period of Qasr-el-Lebia in Lebanon shows in square borders different animal species in front of miscellaneous trees.69 However, we do not only find this kind of representation on mosaic floors of churches. In Turkey, we have a well-preserved mosaic floor in the already mentioned Late Roman Villa (fifth century ad) in Halikarnassos. See Yacoub 2007, fig. 184; Bonnekoh 2013, 94, colour pl. 45.3 with earlier literature. 65  Piccirillo 1993, 135–36, figs 166–67. 66  Piccirillo 1993, 66–67, figs 25 and 30. 67  Generally, see Balty 2003. 68  Donceel-Voûte 1988, 123–32, figs 95–96 and 99. 69  Alföldi-Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980, 125, 127, and 130, pls 12.1–4 and 13.1–2.

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

233

Figure 4.5. Fragment J12-Bd-69-3.

In room F we see a deer jumping in front of a schematically depicted tree.70 Furthermore, this motif has been preserved in the ceiling tiles of the Synagogue (between ad 244 and 256) in Dura Europos.71

Human Figures On the Jerash Bowls from the Northwest Quarter, there are also a few depictions of human figures. Unfortunately, in most cases the figures are not in a well-preserved condition. Three fragments show only the legs of human figures. In two of the cases, one person is shown, and at least on one of the bowls, the person is wearing sandals.72 On the third example, the feet of two human figures have been preserved.73 Both of them are wearing sandals. Another fragment also shows a human figure. Parts of the upper right side of the head and of the right arm have been preserved (Fig. 4.5).74 The painting is dichromatic. The head itself was applied as a white area. The details 70   Scheibelreiter-Gail 2011, 276, fig.  286. According to Scheibel­reiter-Gail, we can also see a male deer, a panther, and a dog. 71  Kraeling 1956, 44, pls 10.2–4 and 11.1; Watson 1991, 90. 72  J16-Xc-11-36 (without measurements). On another bowl, one foot has still been preserved. Based on the bad state of condition we are not able to say whether the person is barefoot or wearing closed shoes ( J12-Bd-59-10 (H.: 4.2; L.: 7.2; T.: 0.1), see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 23, cat. no. 26, fig. 26). Watson (1991, 385, fig. 35, pl. 5 (motif VI f.-1)) published a bowl with the depiction of a human figure in frontal view. The person is dressed in a short tunic and trousers. Watson does not mention the footwear, but I assume that the man wears closed shoes. In accordance with this depiction, the figure on our bowl could also wear shoes. Remains of trousers are not verifiable on our piece. 73  J14-Jc-77-31 (without measurements). 74  J12-Bd-69-3 (Diam. base: 14; H.: 3.9; L.: 8.7; T.: 0.4), see Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 21, cat. no. 21, fig. 21.

Figure 4.6. Fragment J12-Ba-50-9.

are painted in reddish-brown. Small traces of this colour at the edge of the fragment mark the remains of the right eye. A reddish-brown line divides the face from the short curly hair, which does not border the whole face. In addition to the head, parts of the figure’s raised arm have been preserved. The reddish-brown outlines are barely visible under the white covering colour. The short vertical inner contour could belong to a short sleeve of a garment, a tunic for instance. The head and the arm suggest a frontal view of a person who is in motion. Moreover, two reddish-brown, slightly curved lines have been preserved near the right edge. They may rather be located on the border of the bowl, so that they might belong to a floral pattern, which once flanked the central motif. The depiction has similarities with an image of a male figure on a fragmentary bowl, published by Watson. The man is moving to the right, while his head with the curly hair turns to the left. He is dressed in a long-sleeved decorated tunic and holds a long spear-like object. The man could be a hunter. On the brim of that bowl, a floral pattern has also been preserved.75 On our bowl, the arm is raised higher, but we could suppose a similar kind of image, though mirrored. However, the state of condition of our piece is not of high quality, thus other reconstructions are also conceivable.76 Another bowl from the Northwest Quarter probably shows a human figure in a very schematic way (Fig. 4.6).77 75 

Watson 1991, 386–87, fig. 36 (motif VI g-3). The man on our bowl does not hold his arm as high as it can be seen on another bowl. Here, the man has a spear in his right hand, and his left is raised to the head. See Watson 1991, 386, fig. 36 (motif VI g-2). 77  J12-Ba-50-9 (H.: 3.4; L.: 13.0; T.: 0.7). 76 

Pamela Bonnekoh

234 A bulky head and a raised arm of a human figure have been preserved. On the left side of the head, a spearhead is visible. Today, only the neck and the left arm of the figure have outlines. It is possible that the typical reddish-brown outlines (e.g. for the spearhead, the details of the hair and the face) were never executed. To a certain degree, the preserved parts of the figure are reminiscent of the man with a spear on an already mentioned fragment published by Watson.78 Compared to a drawing of a man on a bowl from the Temple of Zeus Olympios in Jerash, published by Uscatescu, our fragment is not the only preserved Jerash Bowl with a schematic representation of a human figure.79 Besides the bowls with representations of the whole human body, we have one piece from the Northwest Quarter that shows only a human head (Fig. 4.7).80 The details of the face are hardly verifiable. The structures alongside the neck, ending in round pendants, are in a well-preserved condition. Moreover, we can verify that the person wears some kind of headgear, since there is a lobe-like structure on the head with no interior lines. This area contrasts with remains of the reddish-brown lines of the curly hair. The head of a human figure as a main motif is a wellknown representation on Jerash Bowls. Watson published some examples, but none of them has a directly comparable depiction.81 The structure on the head could be interpreted as headgear with a shape reminiscent of a Phrygian cap, which we can see on, for example, mosaic floors in this region. For instance, a man in the Chapel of Elia, Maria, and Soreg (first half of sixth century ad) in Jerash82 and a man in the Old Diakonikon (ad 530) on Mt Nebo wear the Phrygian cap.83 In the latter example, the depiction of the man, who holds a zebra and a camel in a rope, is interesting for comparative reasons. He has short hair and a Phrygian cap in orange-red. On each side of the head, there is a short row of orange tesserae visible under his ears. Based on the colour of these structures they most likely belong to the headgear. 78 

However, he has not raised his left arm to the head. Watson 1991, 386, fig. 36 (motif VI g-2). A fragment published by Watson shows the rest of two human figures who both hold a spear. Watson 1991, 387–88, fig. 36 (motif VI g-4) and 422, fig. 46 (motif XVIII k-1). 79  Obviously, we can see a different iconographic programme. Uscatescu 2019, fig. 2.39, no. 205. 80  J13-Fb-40-126 (Diam.: 10.6; H.: 2.9; L.: 13.5; T.: 0.35–0.9). 81  Watson 1991, 76–78 and 370–72, fig. 33 (motif VI a-1-a-5). 82  Piccirillo 1993, 296, fig. 572. 83  Piccirillo 1993, 146, fig. 165–66.

Although other comparable depictions on mosaic floors of a Phrygian cap have been preserved, I do not find a directly comparable monument. Furthermore, based on the depiction of the earrings of a female figure on another Jerash Bowl, we could probably also identify the structures as earrings. Watson describes the jewellery of a woman as ‘pendant earrings on a beaded string ending in a round ball, disc or ring’.84 Indeed, the structures hanging from our head resemble these earrings with a beaded string and a round pendant. To a certain degree, we can also compare our depiction to the earrings of two personifications on the already mentioned mosaic floor of the Hippolytus Hall in Madaba. Here, Rome and Georgia have golden hanging earrings with a pearl as a pendant.85 The unidentified female donator in the Chapel of the Priest John (ad 565) in Wadi’ Afrit wears comparable earrings as well.86 The hanging structures of the human head on the Jerash Bowl from the Northwest Quarter show similarities to a Phrygian cap as well as earrings, for which reason not only one solution for identification should be emphasized. The So-Called Curly-Haired Boy The best-preserved bowl with a human figure from the Northwest Quarter is the ‘curly-haired boy’ (Fig. 4.8).87 The painting is dichromatic. Almost in the centre of the bowl, a man moves to the right. He is dressed in a short, richly decorated tunic. At waist height, the garment is girded, so that the tunic lies in wrinkles over the invisible belt. The garment is adorned with a medallion (orbiculus) on each shoulder and on each side just above the lower hem. Two vertical bands (clavi) decorate the tunic on the chest. Small stripes ornament the end of the long sleeves and the so-called Winkelbesatz, the lower part of the tunic. On the brim of the bowl, remains of his sandals have been preserved. A necklace with a pendant adorns him. It seems that the pendant has a stone as decoration, which is depicted as a reddish-brown blur of colour.88 84 

Watson 1991, 383–84, fig. 35 (motif VI e-1), pl. 4. Watson interpreted the woman as a dancer. 85  Piccirillo 1993, 57, fig. 10. 86  Piccirillo 1993, 167 and 174, fig. 217. 87  Lichtenberger, Raja, and Sørensen 2013, 19, cat. no.  11, fig.  11a–b. Three adjusted fragments have been preserved ( J12Bc-42-16+17 and Ba-46-12; Diam. rim: 12.6 (base: 6); H.: 1.6; L.: 7.4; T.: 0.1). 88  The thickness of the necklace is a bit difficult to determine, because it is uncertain whether the upper arched line belongs to the necklace or to the outline of the tunic.

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash

235

Figure 4.7. Fragment J13-Fb-40-126.

Figure 4.8. Fragments J12-Bc-42-16+17 and Ba-46-12.

The man has a narrow face, which is dominated by a broad, long nose and big eyes with huge pupils. The eyebrows are situated closely over the eyes, and the mouth consists of a long upper lip and a small, broad lower lip. The young, beardless man has curly hair, which frames the face and ends a little below the chin. However, this does not seem to be his entire hairstyle. Below the curly hair on top, reddish-brown brushstrokes run alongside the neck; these end on the boy’s shoulders. They definitely do not belong to the ornaments of the tunic. Furthermore, there is no indication that these brushstrokes are related to a second garment, like a mantle. Instead, it seems that these brushstrokes rather belong to the hairstyle of the boy. In this case, two hairstyles must be considered: either long straight hair or bands with thickened endings, which are plaited in the hair. In his outstretched hands, the boy holds a plate with a triangular base. Two stripes and small spots adorn the rim of the item. On the plate lies an object, which is not a fruit but rather a prepared animal, probably a rabbit. Floral ornaments frame the depiction.

of this region, in which the man may either be interpreted as a servant or as a donator, who offers his gifts to God.91 On the mosaic floor in the nave of the church of St Stephen (third quarter or end of sixth century ad) in Horvat Be’er Shema, a donator is portrayed with a plate in his hands. In opposition to the ‘curly-haired boy’, he stands nearly frontal to the viewer and presents his plate without a base. Furthermore, in contrast to our boy, his white tunic is undecorated, he does not wear a necklace, and his hairstyle is not comparable.92 The donator is depicted with other humans, animals, and various other objects in medallions, which are formed by grapevines.

The Boy and the Plate The bowl shows a young servant.89 Preserved comparable figurative representations from Late Antiquity illustrate male or female servants, who serve food and drink to the participants at a banquet.90 Single representations of socalled servants are present on mosaic floors in churches 89  90 

2003b.

Cf. Uscatescu 2019, 40. Some examples are compiled by Dunbabin 2003a, 150–56;

91  Cf. Baumann 1999, 218 for some figures with inscriptions on mosaic floors in the Holy Land. Although we cannot act on the assumption of a Christian meaning on our Jerash Bowl, I would like to mention these illustrations for two reasons: first, as far as I know, no contemporary banquet scenes with similar servants in a pagan context have ever been found in this region. Second, the manner of representation is similar to the one of common servants depicted in preserved banquet scenes. 92   According to the inscription, his name is Victor. After Gazit and Lender 1993, 276: ‘This man may be the storekeeper of the church’. Baumann (1999, 220–21, fig. 27) counters: ‘Diese Vermutung hat keinen Anhalt in der Darstellung. Aus dem Gestus des Präsentierens können keinerlei Rückschlüsse auf das Amt oder den Beruf des namentlich Genannten gezogen werden. Es wird vielmehr ein Figurentypus rezipiert, der häufig bei Darstellungen von Festgelagen oder Opferzügen abgebildet ist’ (This assumption is not supported by the depiction. No conclusions can be drawn from the gesture of presentation as to the office or profession of the named individual. Rather, a type of figure is being adopted that is often shown in depictions of feasts or sacrificial processions). See also the illustration by Talgam 2014, fig. 283.

Pamela Bonnekoh

236 Images of male figures, who should rather be interpreted as servants, are illustrated on the mosaic floor (c.  ad  550) of a church in Petra.93 The depictions of two men are relevant for us. An African man with dark skin holds a jug, and the other one with light skin holds a plate. The latter is standing astride, and his torso is slightly bent over. He is dressed in a white decorated tunic (girded at waist height), dark brown trousers, which are adorned with white spots, and high, closed, brown shoes. He holds a plate without a base in his outstretched hands.94 In the area of the neckline, the servant with the black skin colour has a round row of white tesserae, which are separated from the white tunic with a line of black stones. Maybe the servant wears a necklace, but the condition of the mosaic in this area is too bad to make a definite statement.95 Waliszewski identifies both men as servants in a daily life scene, where they flank a case with an open cover.96 The ‘curly-haired boy’ holds a circular plate with a base, which is not directly comparable to the plates of the mentioned servants and donators in Petra and Horvat Be’er Shema. However, at another position in the mosaic floor of the church in Petra, we can see a close parallel for the representation of the plate on our bowl. Although the base has a different (i.e. a conical) shape, the edge is also decorated with two stripes. However, on the mosaic, a fish-head lies on the plate, which is bordered by leaf tendrils and flanked by two leopards.97 Folio 44r of the Ashburnham Pentateuch (fifth to seventh centuries ad) illustrates the banquet of Joseph, in which also some servants are present. Two of them hold a raised plate over their heads. In the lower register, the plate of the man dressed in an orange and green tunic with blue trousers, who serves the partici­pants at a square table, has similarities to the plate of the ‘curlyhaired boy’ concerning its manner of representation. In 93   The men are depicted with other humans, animals, and various other objects in medallions, which are formed by vineshoots. For the dating of the mosaic floor, see Waliszewski 2001, 243–44, fig. on pp. 314–15; cf. also Hachlili 2009, 119, pl. 7.17e. 94   Waliszewski 2001, 240–41, fig. on pp.  314–15. In his opinion, the plate has a conical base, but I could not see it on the published pictures. 95  Waliszewski 2001, 240 writes: ‘There is a circular trimming of the tunic around his neck’. Furthermore, the tesserae could belong to the decoration of the garment. 96  Waliszewski 2001, 240–41. For the servants, also cf. Hachlili 2009, 119, pl. 7.17e. 97  After Waliszewski (2001, 234, fig. on p. 312): ‘Such represen­ tations are only a pale reflection of scenes in xenia types, i.e., still life’.

the manuscript, the item has a massive base, and the rim is adorned with spots. There is another comparable plate on the table of the so-called Sigma-Mahl in the middle register.98 The decoration of the rim resembles real silver objects.99 The Clothes On the bowl, the ‘curly-haired boy’ is dressed in a richly adorned tunic. The decoration of the garment is very common for tunics of attendants on other monuments — for example in two dressing scenes on the mosaic floor in the Villa Casale of Piazza Armerina (probably around mid-fourth century ad). Here, the male servant is dressed in a red tunic, which is richly decorated with golden-yellow borders.100 Some of the male servants in dressing scenes in the painted tomb (mid-fourth or second half of fourth century ad) in Silistra101 and on the Proiecta casket (mid-fourth or second half of fourth century ad),102 as well as in the banqueting scene of Dido’s feast on fol. 100v in the Vergilius Romanus, Cod. Vat. Lat. 3867 (probably around ad 500), also wear richly decorated tunics.103 The Necklace The ‘curly-haired boy’ wears a necklace. Most preserved monuments from Late Antiquity do not show servants with this item. However, a few examples depict female as well as male servants wearing it, but the manner of representation is different. In most cases, we see a simple necklace or neck ring with or without a pendant. It is remarkable that the preserved monuments from Late Antiquity often show a servant with a necklace in a dressing scene, but seldom in a banqueting scene. For 98  The plate of the servant in the middle register has the same decoration on the rim, but it is not so accurate in the execution. This could be the reason why we cannot identify the base of the plate for sure. The plate on the table of the so-called Sigma-Mahl in the middle register is thinner but with a similar shape and decoration. See the colour plate in Sörries 1993, pl. 9; Narkiss 2007, pl. 25, or the digitalized version [accessed 9 September 2018]. 99  For instance, some plates of the Mildenhall treasure, Hobbs 2016, 18–158 and 268–69. 100  Gentili 1959, pls 5–6; Dunbabin 2003b, fig. 22. 101  Schneider 1983, 39–55, esp. fig. 14 (second half of fourth century ad); Atanasov 2007 (mid-fourth century ad); Dunbabin 2003b, 462, fig. 25. 102  Dunbabin 2003b, 459, fig. 20. 103  Sörries 1993, 127; Dunbabin 2003a, 196–97, pl. 16.

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash instance, four of the eight servants in the already mentioned tomb in Silistra wear this item. Two of them wear an undecorated neck ring, while a third one has a pendant in the shape of a leaf or a heart, and the fourth one is wearing a lunula pendant.104 Another dressing scene in Piazza Armerina shows a young male servant with a simple circlet around his neck, probably a neck ring.105 The young man, maybe a servant, who accompanied an adventus on the mosaic floor in Sidi Ghrib (fifth century ad), also has a simple necklace.106 It seems to be the same kind of necklace which is worn by the left female servant in the toilette scene of a mosaic floor from Sidi Ghrib (late fourth or early fifth century ad).107 A hanging from Egypt (fifth to seventh centuries ad) in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston presents a male figure wearing a necklace with a lunula pendant. The man is opening a curtain and therefore, he can probably be identified as a doorkeeper (ostiarius).108 On monuments from Late Antiquity, servants can wear a necklace or a neck ring, but scholars are still discussing whether the item should be identified as a collaria,109 a piece of jewellery,110 or a ‘militärisches Ehren- und Rangabzeichen’ (torc/maniakion).111 The collaria is a necklace of leather or maybe a circlet of metal worn by slaves in Late Antiquity. Furthermore, some collars have a tag (lamina or so-called bulla).112 The collars may have an inscription: inscriptions are found on the ring or band or on the tag. The textual content asks ‘the viewer to stop the wearer from running away. 104 

Schneider 1983, esp. fig. 14; Atanasov 2007, 449–50, fig. 10. Gentili 1959, pl. 5. Two young male servants in another dressing scene do not wear necklaces (Gentili 1959, pl.  6), and neither do the young servants in the banqueting scene, see Carandini, Ricci, and De Vos 1982, 176–88, fig. 94. 106  Khader 2003, fig. 217; Yacoub 2007, 222, fig. 113b. 107  Due to a little damage in the mosaic, it seems to be uncertain whether the necklace has a special ornament in the middle or not. For the mosaic, see Kahder 2003, fig. 253; Yacoub 2007, 221–22, fig. 113a. 108  Salmon 1969; Kondoleon 2016, 88, fig. 2-1.1. Kondoleon dates the hanging to the fifth century ad, while Salmon dates it to the sixth to seventh centuries ad. 109   Wrede 1972, 85–87, in relation to some herms in Welschbillig, which he identifies as slaves. Wrede did not use the term collar, but he refers to the corresponding literature. 110  Schneider 1983, 43. 111   Dunbabin 2003b, 462 (‘torques or neck rings’); von Rummel 2007, 229. 112  Hillner 2001, 195; Binsfeld 2017, 586. 105 

237

Many also name the slave owner and provide an address to which the slave should be returned’.113 Although we have a few inscribed tags, the only preserved neck ring with a tag is the ‘Zoninus Collar’.114 I should qualify that statement by saying that the archaeological findspots of the tags are in the western part of the Roman Empire, especially in Rome and central Italy. Only a few examples were found in North Africa, namely Thelepte, Lambaesis, and Bulla Regia. 115 As far as I know, no collar has been discovered in the eastern part of the Mediterranean world so far. Currently, the collars found date from the era of Constantine to probably the early sixth century ad.116 Until nowadays, scholars have been discussing the reasons as to why not every slave had to wear a collar.117 Concerning the tags, different shapes are known: almost square, heart- or leaf-shaped, and round. Some scholars compare the heart-shaped bronze tag in the Musei Capitolini with the pendant — formed in the same manner — of one servant in the mentioned tomb in Silistra.118 Round examples of tags also exist,119 but none of the published ones has a border, which we assume that the pendant of the ‘curly-haired boy’ has. None of the preserved collars are directly comparable to the necklace with pendant worn by the ‘curly-haired boy’. However, four herms in the villa (fourth century ad) of Welschbillig wear a necklace similar to that of our boy. The herms belong to the decoration of a piscine. While the shape of the necklaces of the other herms in the piscine could resemble collars,120 the necklaces of the herms nos 38, 59, 68, and 69 are quite interesting for our depiction (Fig. 4.9). Their circlet has a round, bordered pendant like that of the necklace of the ‘curly-haired boy’.121 Henning Wrede, who interpreted the herms as slaves, suggests that this kind of necklace was used for servants, among others. Therefore, he identifies them as 113  Trimble 2016, 448. Also cf.  Binsfeld 2017, 586. For the content of the inscriptions, see Hillner 2001, 195 and Trimble 2016, 457–66, both with further literature. 114  Trimble 2016, 452. 115  Hillner (2001, 195) and Binsfeld (2017, 586) count five examples, while Trimble (2016, 448–49) mentions three. 116  Trimble 2016, 453–54, with further literature. 117  See in detail Trimble 2016, 460–69. 118  Last mentioned by Trimble 2016, 465, fig. 9. 119  Trimble 2016, 453, fig. 4. 120  Wrede 1972, 72–73, 78–79, and 85–87, Taf. 38.1–2 and 41.1. 121  Wrede 1972, 70–72, Taf. 34.1, 35.1, 37.2, and 38.4.

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Pamela Bonnekoh with a necklace at a biblical banquet. Due to the Latin inscription VIN/CER/NA, which is ‘probably colloquial for bincerna or pincerna’, we can identify the man as a pincerna (cup-bearer).124 The necklace consists of a ring with thickened ends flanking or embedding a stone at the middle of the neck. The manner of representation of this item has a huge similarity to the maniakion of saints (e.g. Sergius and Bacchus) or of the guards on the mosaic with the emperor Justinian in S. Vitale in Ravenna (around ad 547). Here, we can also find a neck ring with a central jewel or a large ornament.125 It is conceivable that the servant in the manuscript wears a torc. It is noteworthy that Joseph as the vice-king of Egypt on fol. 44r is not depicted with this kind of necklace, in contrast to some images in the Vienna Genesis (sixth century ad), in which he wears a torc in four illustrations. This depiction is similar to an earlier tomb painting in Cimitile/Nola (around ad 400).126 As far as I know, the servant on fol.  44 r in the Ashburnham Pentateuch is the only servant in a preserved banqueting scene who is wearing a torc.127 On other preserved banqueting scenes from the fourth to the sixth centuries ad, no servant has a necklace:128 for

Figure 4.9. Herm no. 69 of Welschbillig (© GDKE/Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier, photograph by Thomas Zühmer).

a collar or a circlet with a coin as a pendant.122 Although the shape of the pendants of the necklaces of the other herms does indeed resemble the pendants of other collars, we cannot identify them for sure. Therefore, other scholars suggest that the herms of Welschbillig wear torcs, because the shape of the pendant is reminiscent of the necklace of the guards on the Theodosius Obelisk (around ad 390) in Istanbul.123 On fol. 44r of the Ashburnham Pentateuch (fifth to seventh centuries ad) we have the depiction of a servant 122  Wrede 1972, 85–87. For a circlet with a coin as decoration, see Bruhn 1993. Von Rummel already denied his identification of the herms as ‘Germanen’, cf. von Rummel 2007, 220–23 and 228– 29. 123  Among others, von Rummel 2007, 227. On the other hand, they are not comparable to the torcs of the guards on the Missorium of Theodosius (probably ad 388), cf. the image by von Rummel 2007, fig. 18.

124  Narkiss 2007, 360 n. 299. The servant who takes care of the banquet participants at the square table in the lower register of fol. 44r, is also named as a pincerna, but he does not wear a necklace. Unlike the other servants, he is dressed in a simple white tunic and brown boots. The reason for this difference in the depiction could be based on the unequal hierarchic status of the servants. For instance, the one with the necklace is closer to the banquet of Joseph’s brothers. It should also be mentioned, that on the other hand, the servant on fol. 17v of the Herodes banquet in the Vienna Genesis (sixth century ad) with a vessel and a bowl in his hands could also be interpreted as a pincerna (cf. Zimmermann 2003, 164), but he does not have a necklace either. 125  For example, cf. the torc of Sergius and Bacchus (Walter 2001). Generally for the torc, see also Korol 1987, 88–90; von Rummel 2007, 225–29. Mráv (2015) gives a summary of the current state of research with, in my opinion, some weaknesses. 126  It is on fols 23r, 23v, 24r, and 24v, see Zimmermann 2003, 178–85, figs 45–48. On fols 19r, 22r, and 22v, he is not distinguished with a torc, see Zimmermann 2003, 170–71 and 176–78, figs 37 and 43–44. The reasons for the inconsistent depictions are probably different painters or models. Also cf. Korol 1987, 89–90 n. 311, fig. 32, pl. 8e. 127  According to Dunbabin (2003a, 153–54) the vine minister is the servant, ‘on whose appearance the greatest value was placed’. In this context, she mentioned literary sources from the first and early second centuries. Also cf. D’Arms 1991. For the other pincerna without a torc on fol. 44r, see n. 124. 128  For the sake of completeness, it should be mentioned that Dunbabin (2003b, 450–51, figs  10–11) quotes two sarcophagi

4. Notes on the Iconography of the Bowls from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash instance, the servants on the mosaic floor from Henchir Makhebra (fourth century ad) in the Musée Bardo in Carthage, 129 on the already mentioned mosaic floor in Piazza Armerina, 130 and the so-called ‘Sevso Plate’ (mid- to late fourth century ad). 131 On fol.  100 v of the Vergilius Romanus, Cod. Vat. Lat. 3867 (probably around ad 500), the attendant at Dido’s feast is not distinguished with a necklace either. We can observe the same in banqueting scenes of pagan and Christian manuscripts produced in the eastern Mediterranean, namely in the Ilias Ambrosiana (fifth to sixth centuries ad),132 in the Vienna Genesis (sixth century ad),133 and in the Sinope-Codex (sixth century ad).134 Apart from the already mentioned interpretation, other scholars interpret the necklace of some servants as jewellery. In connection with the different necklaces of the servants in the painted tomb of Silistra, Lambert Schneider writes: ‘Die Dienerinnen und teilweise auch die Diener sind durch den reichen Schmuck wie Perlenketten, Hals- und Armreifen aus Edelmetall als vornehm charak(both around ad 270) from Rome with depictions of young boys with a torc. The so-called Caecilius Vallianus Sarcophagus in the Vatican presents the servants with their master in a banqueting scene. Generally, for the sarcophagus, see also Amedick 1991, 17–21 and 167–68, cat. no. 286, pls 15.2–4, 16–17, and 108. Dunbabin 2003a, 120–22, figs 68–69. The fragment of a sarcophagus from Rome, which is now in the Bode Museum of Berlin, only shows two young boys in short tunics and with long hair. The better-preserved figure holds a plate with a chicken in his hands. In the catalogue of the collection (Effenberger 1992, 70), their necklaces are described as ‘gedrehten Metallreif (torques) mit broschenförmiger Schließe’ (twisted metal ring (torcs) with brooch-shaped clasp). Due to the fragmentary character of the piece, we cannot say whether the two boys are servants who belong to a banquet (Dunbabin 2003b, 450–51), or whether they should be interpreted ‘nicht als gewöhnliche Mahldiener, sondern gleichsam als Kultdiener, die dem entrückten Verstorbenen zum ewigen Freudenmahl aufwarten’ (not as ordinary servants for a meal, but as cult servants, as it were, who wait on the raptured deceased for the eternal banquet of joy) (Effenberger 1992, 71). 129 

Blanck 1981. Carandini, Ricci, and De Vos 1982, fig. 94. 131  For our context, see Dunbabin 2003a, 142–44, fig. 84, pl. 8. 132  Bianchi Bandinelli 1955, 57–58, figs 46 and 114–15 (fol. 9a miniature 10: banquet with gods), 67, figs 60 and 190 (fol. 24b miniature 27: meal of soldiers after they built the tumulus of the fallen), and 69, figs 66 and 191 (fol. 27b miniature 30: banquet of Trojans); Sörries 1993, 130. 133   On fol.  17 v , the banquet of the Pharaoh is depicted. Zimmermann 2003, 164–66, fig. 34, pl. 26. 134  At the banquet of Herodes on fol. 10v, a young servant holds a plate with the head of John the Baptist. Sevrugian 1990, 85–86, pl. 20. 130 

239

terisiert und steigern so den Eindruck der Noblesse ihrer Herrschaft’ (The female servants and to some extent also the male servants are characterized as noble by the rich jewellery such as pearl necklaces, and necklaces and bracelets of precious metal, thereby increasing the impression of the nobility of their rule).135 Thereby, he interprets the necklaces of the servants in the dressing scene from Silistra as jewellery. Based on the fact that servants could be dressed in richly decorated clothes (see above), it is conceivable that they may also wear some kind of jewellery.136 However, we cannot identify the necklaces of these servants as such for certain. Finally, it should be noted that the necklace of our boy could have similarities with the depiction of the so-called bulla worn by personifications or figures with a mythological background on monuments of Late Antiquity/the Early Byzantine age.137 This kind of necklace is often presented with a bordered, coloured stone as a pendant. I would like to indicate a few examples from different regions and contexts. On the mosaic floor in the Burnt Palace of Madaba (end of sixth century to beginning of seventh century ad), the bust of Tyche wears a necklace with a pendant, which consists of a red stone and a golden frame.138 A personification of Africa or India on the mosaic floor in the villa near Piazza Armerina is wearing a similar kind of necklace, however its stone is of a different colour.139 In Coptic art, the so-called bulla is also known from, among others, representations of mythological figures. The bulla has been preserved in different sculptures of this region, and 135 

Schneider 1983, 43. Pendants do exist in this period. For instance, two pendants from the sixth/seventh century ad in the J.  Pierpont Morgan Collection in New York prove this (Kidd 2000, fig. 11.6 on pp. 123, 341, cat. no. 17.190.1656): a leaf-shaped and a round gold pendant in openwork and beaded. Obviously, we can say nothing about the former owner, but based on the quality of the pendants, we can assume that it was a wealthy person. Therefore, both pendants give us an idea about the common shapes of pendants in this period. Apparently, the pendant of the ‘curly-haired boy’ is less rich in design than the pendants in New York. 137  Since the boy is characterized as a servant, we can rule out the Roman bulla of freeborn children. For bulla in general, see Goette 1986, 143–45. In North Africa, depictions of a man with a bulla are also preserved (Goette 1986, 147). 138  Talgam 2014, 354–55, fig.  440. For the palace, see also Piccirillo 1993, 78–79. Cf. the necklace of the Tyche in Beth Shean. Here it is a golden neck ring, which borders a golden round pendant. Talgam 2014, 363–64, figs 455–56. 139  Gentili 1959, pl. 36 (Africa); Carandini, Ricci, and De Vos 1982, 230, fig. 131 (India). 136 

Pamela Bonnekoh

240 in its manner of representation it is comparable to the pendant of the already mentioned herms nos 38, 59, 68, and 69 in Welschbillig (Fig. 4.9).140 Even though we have a painting in good quality on our Jerash Bowl, we cannot directly compare the necklace with the so-called bulla on mosaics and sculptures, because the genres do not allow this. If we are looking for a similar necklace on the figures on Jerash Bowls, we may only find it — as far as I know — as a circlet worn by a female person. However, it is represented in a slightly different manner. The fragment shows the figure in slightly frontal view, while the turned head is depicted in three-quarter view. Her arms are raised. Her curly hair reaches to the ears, which are decorated with earrings.141 It is not clear, whether the structures above the hair belong to a headgear.142 The clothing is richly decorated with orbiculi, short clavi, and something like a scarf on the reverse. Furthermore, she wears a necklace. Based on the drawing, it seems as though the circlet is thicker than that of the ‘curly-haired boy’, but it is also adorned with a round pendant, which is marked with a dark spot in the middle. Furthermore, above the circlet we can see small spots in an arched line, which may indicate another piece of jewellery.143 The female figure’s necklaces with pendant and the ‘curly-haired boy’s’ necklace are not directly identical, but they are similar. Whether we can trace this discrepancy back to the different craftsmen responsible for the paintings, or whether we are actually dealing with different kinds of necklaces, we are not able to say with certainty. If Watson’s interpretation of the female figure as a dancer is correct, the pendant of the necklace could be interpreted as a bulla. Therefore, she could belong to a mythological context.144 Musicians and probably also

140   For

some examples, see Thomas 2000, 67, figs  46–48 (Aphrodite) and 52 (Daphne or a nymph). For the bulla in this region, see also Lucchesi-Palli 1979, 351–55; 1995. 141  Watson 1991, 384. 142  Cf. Watson 1991, 384. 143  It should be mentioned that the published image by Watson (1991, pl. 4) is in black and white and not adequate quality to make a more substantial description. 144  Watson 1991, 383–84, fig. 35 (motif VI e-1), pl. 4. A second fragment, with a dancing female, is already published there (Watson 1991, 384–85, fig. 35 (motif VI e-2)). Based on the drawing, we cannot make further statements about whether the figure has a necklace or not. Furthermore, another fragment presents the remains of a musician, a flautist. Only the flute and the hands are preserved, see Watson 1991, 388, fig. 36 (motif VI i-1).

dancers could be part of a banquet.145 The already mentioned mosaic floor from Henchir Makhebra (fourth century ad) only shows musicians. However, the mosaic is in a not well preserved state, which is why images of dancers could have been lost.146 On the other hand, the lower register on the left side of the so-called ‘Brescia Casket’ (probably last quarter of the fourth century ad) illustrates the feast of the golden calf. Here, two men, each of them holding two candlesticks, are dancing around the altar, while their heads are turned back to a banquet on the left side of this field.147 The banquet of Joseph on the already mentioned fol. 44r in the Ashburnham Pentateuch (fifth to seventh centuries ad) probably also depicts two male dancers. Their raised right feet and raised arms are reminiscent of the dancing figures on the ‘Brescia Casket’, however, both are servants. The person on the right holds a vessel in each hand, and the man on the left raises a plate with food above his head. We cannot rule out that the ‘curly-haired boy’ could belong to a mythological context, if our bowl was part of a corresponding ensemble of bowls. 148 Therefore, it would make sense to illustrate him with a bulla like other mythological figures. On the other hand, the necklace could be interpreted as a piece of jewellery or a torc/maniakion.149 The necklace (probably a torc or maniakion) of the already mentioned pincerna on fol. 44r of the Ashburnham Pentateuch is in the manner of representation not directly comparable to the necklace of the ‘curly-haired boy’. His round pendant hangs on a circlet, and it seems that the pendant is adorned with a stone. Currently, without further studies on the representations of servants with a necklace, we cannot identify the necklace of the ‘curly-haired boy’ for sure. Generally, we can only ascertain — based on the preserved monuments — that servants could wear a kind of necklace.

145 

E.g. D’Arms 1991, 173. Blanck 1981, 339–41, pl. 147. However, the banquet of the Pharaoh on fol. 17v in the Vienna Genesis (sixth century ad) shows only two female musicians and no dancers. Zimmermann 2003, 164–66, fig. 34, pl. 26. 147  Tkacz 2002, 45–46, 92, and 231, fig. 7, see also the detailed pictures on p. 102. 148  Of course not belonging to an ensemble with the bowl with the female dancer, which was published by Watson (1991, 384, pl. 4). 149  However, it should be mentioned again that its manner of representation is not comparable to the torc worn by saints. 146 

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The Hairstyle Finally, we have to look at the significant hairstyle of the young man, which reinforces the assumption of him being a servant. The hairstyle comprises both the full curled main hair and the long strands of hair. The full curly hair is a very common hairstyle in this region, not only in Late Antiquity. Among others, some males on the sculptures of Palmyra document this. Among the many examples, I will only mention a portrait of a young man from the third century ad which is in the Musées Royaux de Bruxelles today and the head of a banquet sculpture in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen (possibly ad 230–250) (Fig. 4.10).150 In the already mentioned Synagogue in Dura Europos, many men also have full hair, which could be curled, for instance in the scene of the blessing of Jacob and David.151 Furthermore, preserved mosaic floors in the churches of Jerash sometimes show a man with a hairstyle that is similar, yet not directly comparable. In the chapel of Elia, Maria, and Soreg (dated to the first half of sixth century ad) a hunter with a rope, who follows an antelope, has curly hair, which reaches to his neck.152 In the church of St John (ad 531) in Jerash another servant is probably illustrated with curly hair: in a square border of the mosaic floor, a young, beardless man in a richly decorated tunic and knee-length boots carries a filled basket.153 His hair dress is reminiscent of that of the ‘curly-haired boy’,154 but the long structures coming out of the main hair and lying on the shoulders are absent — like on the other mentioned monuments.155 This kind of hairstyle is — as far as I know — not very common for a man. First of all, the long structures 150  For the example in Brussels, see Dentzer-Feydy and Teixidor 1993, 219, cat. no. 215. For the head in Copenhagen, see Ploug 1995, 232–33, cat. no. 100; Raja 2019, 306, cat. no. 111. 151  Kraeling 1956, 221–22, pls 34 and 74. 152  Piccirillo 1993, 296. 153  Piccirillo 1993, fig. 510; Baumann 1999, 218–19, fig. 26. 154  Therefore, the image of a second servant in a square border of the mosaic floor attracts our attention, but unfortunately, we cannot take the hairstyle of the man as a comparison for our ‘curlyhaired boy’, because, as Baumann (1999, 219) already mentions, the upper parts of the body are lost and reconstructed. Cf. Piccirillo 1993, fig. 511. 155  On the mosaic floor of the Hippolytos Hall (sixth century ad) in Madaba, a depiction of a servant is preserved. The man named as doulos with a Greek inscription has more straight hair, which is not as curly as we have seen on the other monuments (Piccirillo 1993, figs 5 and 15). The hair is also common for women on this mosaic (Piccirillo 1993, figs 6 and 13).

Figure 4.10. Palmyrene man (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen; photograph by Anders Sune Berg).

with the thickened endings on the shoulder of our boy could be interpreted as bands, but I could not find any comparison to that. Rather, long strands of hair are more common for women. On the ceiling tiles of the already mentioned Synagogue in Dura Europos personifications are depicted having curly hair on the head and a few tresses falling along the curves of their necks and shoulders.156 A mosaic floor in the so-called banquet room (second or third century ad) in Metropolis shows the bust of Spring with a similar hairstyle.157 On the published Jerash Bowls, the hairstyle is, as far as I know, without any parallel. Only the curly hair of the boy can be found on other Jerash Bowls (see above). As has already been mentioned, the representation of their hair follows the common hairstyle in this region. On our bowl from the Northwest Quarter, the short tunic definitely identifies the human figure as a man. A survey of the surviving monuments from Late Antiquity shows that depictions of men with curly main hair and long strands are uncommon. There is a noteworthy depiction of the personification of a river on 156  157 

Kraeling 1956, 41, pl. 8. Scheibelreiter-Gail 2011, 305, fig. 381.

Pamela Bonnekoh

242 the Nilotic mosaic floor in the House of Kyrios Leontis (fifth century ad) at Beth Shean.158 He has blue hair. Short strands are falling on the forehead, but the rest of the hair is curly and frames the face to the chin. Under the curly part of the main hair, long flat strands lie on his shoulders. This kind of hairstyle is similar to that of the ‘curly-haired boy’. We can find male-figure servants with long hair on some monuments,159 but the manner of representation is not directly comparable to the ‘curly-haired boy’. Some surviving images show young, beardless attendants with short hair on the forehead and over the ears and long hair at the back. However, an obvious change from curly to straight hair — as far as I know — is not depicted. Among others, the servant on the left side of the mosaic floor in Thugga (third century ad) has full blonde hair, whose endings lie on his shoulders. His counterpart on the right side also has long hair at the back. The other four servants have a different hairstyle. 160 The young male servants with a candlestick in their hands on the reverse of the so-called ‘Proietca Casket’ have long hair at the back, which, in the case of the right boy, reaches to his shoulders.161 Some male servants in the well-preserved painted tomb in Silistra162 have the same kind of hairstyle, as do some servants on the mosaic floors in Piazza Armerina.163 On the preserved monuments of Late Antiquity, the hairstyle of the servants can be as different as their dress in banqueting scenes. On the already mentioned ‘Sevso Plate’, for example, the servants have short hair.164 The attendant on fol. 10v of the Sinope-Codex (sixth century ad) has no long locks either.165 On the other hand, on the already mentioned fol. 100v of the Vergilius Romanus, Cod.  Vat. Lat. 3867 (probably around ad  500) both male servants have short hair over the forehead and long hair at the back.166 One of the two servants on fol. 17v of the Vienna Genesis (sixth century ad) has long hair at the back, but the ends do not lie on his shoulders Talgam 2014, 162–64, fig. 259. Cf. Dunbabin 2003a, 154–56. 160  Kahder 2003, figs 212–13. The servants are dressed in either a white perizoma, a tunica exomis, or a short tunic. 161  Dunbabin 2003b, 459, fig. 20. 162  E.g. Dunbabin 2003a, fig. 25. 163  Gentili 1959, pl. 5; Dunbabin 2003b, fig. 22. 164  For our context, see Dunbabin 2003a, pl. 8. 165  Sevrugian 1990, 85–86, pl. 20. 166  Dunbabin 2003a, pl. 16.

either.167 Finally, I would like to mention the servant of a hanging from Egypt (fifth century ad) in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The blonde-haired servant, who holds a ladle and a bowl with red wine, has long locks, which lie on his shoulders.168 The combination of the dress, the hairstyle, and the necklace identify the ‘curly-haired boy’ as a servant, who belongs to a banquet. Though we do not know whether he is part of a mythological context or not, the elements of his manner of representation extend our knowledge about the attributes of servants in Late Antiquity.

Summary The decoration of the preserved fragments from the Northwest Quarter shows, in most cases, the typical iconography of comparable fragments of Jerash Bowls from Late Antiquity. The artefacts in this area of Jerash are representative of other find-spots of the city. The representations seem to be orientated towards the decoration of the preserved mosaic floors, mainly concerning the animals and the plants or floral motifs. They show very common motifs. In context of the human figures, the depiction of the ‘curly-haired boy’ is a fortunate coincidence with regard to the state of preservation. In fact, he has similarities to preserved images of a servant in this period, but he also has some characteristics which extend our knowledge about servants in Late Antiquity.

158  159 

167  168 

Zimmermann 2003, fig. 34. It is the ‘Mundschenk’. Kondoleon 2016, 88, fig. 2-1.2.

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Pamela Bonnekoh — Institut für Klassische Archäo­ logie und Christliche Archäologie/Archäo­logisches Museum, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany

About the Authors

Pamela Bonnekoh is an archaeologist specializing in the material remains of the Late Roman/Early Byzan­ tine and Early Medieval period. She was awarded her PhD in 2010 from the Westfälische WilhelmsUniversität Münster, with her thesis focusing on figural wall paintings in Thessaloniki from the end of the fourth to the seventh centuries ad. Between 2006 and 2017, she held various teaching positions at the universities of Münster, Hamburg, and Fribourg (Switzerland). In 2010, she processed the archive material of the villa in Centcelles, Catalonia, for the project ‘Das Mosaik in Centcelles – ein bedeutendes Beispiel spätantiker Selbstinszenierung’ based at the Madrid office of the DAI/German Archaeological Institute. Since 2010, she has worked on, among other things, a research project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft about the catacomb of San Gennaro in Naples. This project considers the topographical development of the catacomb and its frescoes, mosaics, and inscriptions from the second to the tenth centuries ad. In 2016, she was made director of this project, together with senior professor Dieter Korol. In 2017, she was appointed senior lecturer at the Institut für Klassische Archäologie und Christliche Archäologie at the University of Münster and department representative for Christian Archaeology.

Ruth Jackson-Tal — The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9171002, Israel Ruth E. Jackson-Tal (PhD) is the curator of ancient glass in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. She is also an adjunct lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at the Department of Bible, Archaeology, and Near Eastern Studies of the BenGurion University of the Negev. She specializes mostly in glass finds from the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods in the Near East, but has published extensively on glass from the Persian through to the Late Medieval periods.

Achim Lichtenberger — Institut für Klassische Archäo­logie und Christliche Archäologie/Archäo­ logisches Museum, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany Achim Lichtenberger (Dr phil. 2001, University of Tübingen) is a professor of Classical Archaeology and the director of the Archaeological Museum at Münster University. Together with Professor Rubina Raja, he codirects the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project. His research interests are the Hellenistic to Late Antique Near East, numismatics, ruler representation in Antiquity, Mediterranean studies, and ancient religion.

Rubina Raja — Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet)/Classical Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark

Alexandra Uscatescu — Departamento de Historia del Arte, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain

Rubina Raja is professor of Classical Archaeology at Aarhus University and centre director of the Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre of Excellence for Urban Network Evolutions. Since 2011, she has codirected the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project together with Professor Achim Lichtenberger (Münster University), and since 2017, she has codirected the Danish-Italian excavations of Caesar’s Forum in Rome together with Jan Kindberg Jacobsen and Claudio Parisi Presicce. She also heads the Palmyra Portrait Project. Her research interests include the Mediterranean from the Hellenistic to the medieval periods, high-definition archaeology, the intersection between archaeology and natural sciences, iconography, and portrait studies, as well as history of religion in the Roman world.

Alexandra Uscatescu is Senior Lecturer in Art History at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. She has also taught Archaeology at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Barcelona. She has participated in various excavation projects at Jerash, in Tunisia, and at several Spanish archaeological sites. She was coordinator of the Programme of Urban Archaeology in the General Direction of Cultural Heritage in Catalonia, Spain (2000–2004). At present, she is preparing the final publication on the architecture of the Macellum of Gerasa (co-authored with M. Martín-Bueno). Her research interests include cultural continuity between Late Antique and early Islamic art in the Mediterranean East, as well as the study of cultural and commercial contacts between East and West, based on material and visual culture, from the Roman period to Late Antiquity.

Jerash Papers All volumes in this series are evaluated by an Editorial Board, strictly on academic grounds, based on reports prepared by referees who have been commissioned by virtue of their specialism in the appropriate field. The Board ensures that the screening is done independently and without conflicts of interest. The definitive texts supplied by authors are also subject to review by the Board before being approved for publication. Further, the volumes are copyedited to conform to the publisher’s stylebook and to the best international academic standards in the field.

Titles in Series The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, ed. by Achim Lichten­berger and Rubina Raja (2018) Middle Islamic Jerash (9th Century–15th Century): Archaeology and History of an Ayyubid-Mamluk Settlement, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja (2018) Byzantine and Umayyad Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja (2019) Hellenistic and Roman Gerasa: The Archaeology and History of a Decapolis city, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja (2020) Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project I, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja (2020) Metal Finds and Coins: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project II, ed. by Achim Lichtenberger and Rubina Raja (2020)