Fungi In Australia [2.2 ed.]

Citation preview

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 1

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Introduction

Mt Field National Park, Tasmania

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 1 Introduction Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

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Fungi in Australia

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Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and the respective authors and photographers.

Creative Commons licence

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY NC SA All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommerical – Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence, except for logos and any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication. Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to distribute, remix and build upon the work, but only if it is for non-commercial purposes. You must also credit the original creator/s (and any other nominated parties) and licence the derivative works under the same terms. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/ The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/legalcode This document was prepared with public domain software. LibreOffice was used to produce the text, and the book was formatted in LATEX, using TEXstudio.

Fungi in Australia

“We don’t have to engage in grand, heroic actions to participate in the process of change. Small acts, when multiplied by millions of people, can transform the world.” Howard Zinn 1922 — 2010 Historian; Teacher; Playwright; Social Activist

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Foreword

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Foreword One of the greatest pleasures that a naturalist can experience is wandering through forests and woodlands during the wetter months of the year and observing the myriad fungal forms that appear, as if by magic, from the soil, litter, logs and trees. After the heavy rains in Gippsland before Easter 2011, the forests and woodlands around Genoa erupted into a fungal “bloom” of great diversity of form and colour, reminiscent of the desert blooming after the drought breaks. Faced with such incredible numbers and diversity it can be very difficult to put names to them all. In fact, it can be difficult to identify fungi under normal circumstances. Simple morphological attributes are not always sufficient to identify species. Microscopic examination and DNA analysis may also be required. As with most living things subjected to closer examination, the degree of our ignorance becomes more evident and the taxonomy therefore more complicated. Nevertheless, naturalists working in the field need to be able to identify fungi with some degree of confidence. They cannot take a fully equipped laboratory with them, but a small hand-held electronic device is another matter altogether. This e-book, Fungi In Australia can be uploaded into such devices and easily carried into the field. Fungi In Australia is not intended to be a complete treatise on all fungi but an aid to the identification of some fungi encountered in our native forests. It is predominantly based on Victorian fungi observed, collected and identified during the many fungal forays undertaken by the Fungi Group of the FNCV. It follows on from “The Fungi CD”, also a much valued resource. This long-awaited e-book field guide has the facility to be regularly and easily updated as new data become available. A picture is worth a thousand words and this guide makes good use of that assertion with hundreds of high resolution images of fungi in situ as well as additional, anatomical views to aid identification. It has a logical, hierarchical structure that is easily navigated and will be useful to both amateur and professional alike. It is also an excellent introduction to Fungi. Fungi In Australia is another valued addition to the many field guides and natural history publications produced by the members of the FNCV since it began in 1880. Maxwell Campbell President FNCV 2016

CONTENTS Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Contents v Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii 1 Introduction to Fungi In Australia 1.1 Organisation of Fungi In Australia . . . . . 1.2 Methodology used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Species Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 The Challenge of Identification . . . . . . . 1.5 Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Spore Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Open Nomenclature — levels of uncertainty

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1 1 3 3 3 4 5 6 7

2 Introduction to The Kingdom Fungi 10 2.1 Phylum Ascomycota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 Phylum Basidiomycota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Part 2

Ascomycota: Pezizomycotina File: fia-2-asco-pezizo.pdf

Part 3

Basidiomycota: Agaricomycotina – I File: fia-3-basidio-agarico-I.pdf

Part 4

Basidiomycota: Agaricomycotina – II Pucciniomycotina File: fia-4-basidio-agarico-II.pdf

Part 5

A Photographic Guide to Ascomycetes File: fia-5-pg-asco.pdf

Contents

Part 6

Fungi in Australia

A Photographic Guide to Gilled Fungi File: fia-6-pg-gilled.pdf

Part 7

A Photographic Guide to Non-gilled Fungi File: fia-7-pg-non-gilled.pdf

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Preface

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Preface The question is the cornerstone of all investigation, and the beginning of a journey. The genesis of the e-book Fungi in Australia dates back to when The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (FNCV) Fungi Group was formed on 28 September 2004. When the Fungi Group started, there was a lack of readily available information on Australian fungi, making it very difficult for amateurs like ourselves to make accurate identifications of fungi in the field. To help remedy this lack of information the Fungi Group started to publish images of fungi along with their names in a CD ROM format. This was later followed with the production of a CD ROM titled The Fungi CD, 1st edition in 2008, 2nd edition in 2009 and the 3rd edition, sub-titled Fungi In Australia, in 2012, featuring 300 species. The Fungi CD allowed you to search for species of fungi by shape as well as by name. For each species there were up to 5 images accompanied by a detailed description with references. The major drawback of the CD ROM format was that it needed a computer to run it, and therefore it could not readily be taken into the field. In the intervening years, new technology has brought us the e-book with the small lightweight eReaders about the size of an A5 book. To take advantage of this new environment The Fungi CD: Fungi In Australia CD ROM has been converted into a PDF e-book with an emphasis on assisting with identification of fungi in the field.

Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements This publication Fungi in Australia could not have been produced without the contribution, assistance and encouragement from a number of people. The person I would like to acknowledge most is my wife Virgil, who introduced me to the Kingdom Fungi and who also proofread all of my text and turned it into English. It was through her encouragement and many helpful suggestions that I was able to persevere with the production of this publication. I would also like to acknowledge the rest of my family for their patience in having to put up with parents who have an obsession about fungi. I am also very grateful to the many specialists and mycologists who have helped me in various ways. The willingness of members of the mycological community to give freely of their valuable time has assisted me enormously in my study of fungi; I sincerely thank them all. The people who have made my involvement with fungi most enjoyable are the members of the FNCV Fungi Group. With their assistance, on numerous forays, many of the interesting fungi in this publication were found. This Group’s aggregate knowledge about our natural environment is broad and astonishing, and their comradeship has made the large number of forays I have been on (sometimes in inhospitable conditions) enjoyable and educational. I sincerely thank them all and hope to be with them on many more forays yet to come.

Jurrie Hubregtse 26/01/2016

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA To explain all nature is too difficult a task for any one man or even for any one age. ’Tis much better to do a little with certainty, and leave the rest for others that come after you, than to explain all things by conjecture. Isaac Newton, Preface to Opticks, 1704 This e-book is intended to serve as a resource to assist in the identification of some fungi that may be encountered in our native forests. It does not contain a comprehensive list of Australian fungi, but only a small cross-section of fungi that we have been able to identify to a reasonable degree of accuracy and for which references can be supplied for further study. The fungi described in this e-book have been observed during the many forays that have been undertaken by the FNCV Fungi Group. The majority of the fungi illustrated have been found in native bushland in national parks and reserves in Victoria. This e-book is a living document: it is our intention to continually correct, update and add new species as more identifications become available. Information about the edibility of fungi is not provided. No fungi should be collected from public land without a permit from the the appropriate government department.

1.1

Organisation of Fungi In Australia

It used to be easy to define a book as a collection of printed pages bound inside a cover that you could place on a shelf in your library. Then along came the e-book (electronic-book) consisting of a digital file that requires an electronic device (such as a computer, tablet, or a dedicated e-book reader) to make it readable. This e-book, Fungi In Australia, expands on the e-book concept:

1.1. Organisation of Fungi In Australia

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instead of having a single readable file, multiple files are used to deliver the content. Fungi In Australia consists of 7 parts, each of which is a PDF file that may be treated as a free-standing e-book. The reasoning behind this multiple part concept is: (1) to keep each part as small as possible so the PDF files will still be responsive in hand-held devices; (2) to function effectively as a field guide, where the separate parts are used to act as pictorial guides to assist in the identification of fungi in the field; and (3) to facilitate access to the required section, so that only the relevant part needs to be loaded at any one time. • Part 1 comprises the Introduction to Fungi In Australia. • Part 2, “Ascomycota: Pezizomycotina”, contains the ascomycetes. • Part 3, “Basidiomycota: Agaricomycotina – I”, contains only the order Agaricales, which is the largest order in Agaricomycotina with approximately 63% of the species. • Part 4, “Basidiomycota: Agaricomycotina – II”, contains the remaining orders in Agaricomycotina. • Part 5,“ A Photographic Guide to Ascomycetes”, in which species are grouped according to their morphology (e.g. disc, cup, club, etc.). • Part 6, “A Photographic Guide to Gilled Fungi”, in which species are grouped according to their spore print colour. • Part 7, “A Photographic Guide to Non-Gilled Fungi”, in which species are grouped according to their morphology (e.g. bolete, puffball, earth-star, coral, etc.). Parts 2 to 4 contain species descriptions, each accompanied by two images plus references. Parts 5 to 7 are photographic guides, in which each page is dedicated to a single species, with up to 6 photos of each species. This arrangement allows the user to make an identification using one of the photographic guides, then access more detailed information in Parts 2, 3 or 4.

1.2. Methodology used

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Methodology used

Most of the fungi described have been collected during forays conducted by the FNCV Fungi Group. Interstate collections are also made when members attend fungi-related conferences. When a fungus is collected it is photographed and documented in the field. If the fruit-bodies encountered are of sufficient number and quality, a herbarium collection is made, otherwise one or two fruit-bodies are collected for identification purposes.

1.3

Species Arrangement

In Parts 2, 3, and 4, which contain the taxonomic descriptions, the Orders are arranged alphabetically, not taxonomically. Families within each Order are arranged alphabetically, as are genera within each family and the species within each genus. In the remaining books the species are arranged alphabetically for each morphology type.

1.4

The Challenge of Identification The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their proper name Confucius ca. 500 BC

There are some species of fungi that are sufficiently unique to make their identification relatively straightforward, but these seem to be in the minority. Fungi are living organisms, and as with any living organism their condition will vary in accordance with their environment. Depending on how favourable the growing season, they may grow larger or smaller than described. Their colour and surface condition will vary with the amount of rain. Rain will often bleach fruit-bodies, or wash off scales, while a lack of rain may cause what should have been a smooth sticky surface to be dry and scaly. If this does not make the identification of fungi difficult enough, these endearing organisms

1.5. Microscopy

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make it a whole lot more complex by producing different species that look similar. Although the macro characteristics of a fungus are important in its identification, it is also necessary to rely on the microscopic characteristics. The microscopic characteristics of most fungi do not vary greatly with different environmental conditions or the age of the fungus, and therefore can be used to identify the fungus in question. For this reason the text for each fungus includes a description of the microscopic features. The final identification process is where the observed characteristics are matched with those that are published in peer reviewed literature. This is where the problem of species identification becomes most problematic. Taxonomic descriptions are published in an extremely diverse group of journals, some of which are inaccessible even with the aid of a university library. Once a fungus has been identified, the next problem is to find its current taxonomic name. There is a very good reason why the current taxonomic (Latin binomial) name needs to be known. The taxonomic name given to an organism indicates its rank in a taxonomic hierarchy, which represents its position in the tree of life. Knowing an organism’s rank (name) informs us about its relationship with other species. In this era of rapid taxonomic revision there is no official central depository with oversight of fungal species names. An approximation to this is Species Fungorum WEB site, which is used as the reference for most species names used in Fungi In Australia. The acceptance of new species names that appear in Species Fungorum is left to the mycological community; names are picked up by some mycologists and appear in the literature, or may be simply ignored. When it comes to fungi there is a laissez-faire system in place for the publication and acceptance of new species names, which makes it extremely difficult to obtain an up-to-date taxonomic name for a species.

1.5

Microscopy

Many species are not readily identifiable in the field from their macroscopic features. To obtain extra information to assist in their identification it is necessary to examine and measure some of their microscopic characteristics. To do this, a calibrated optical microscope with achromatic objectives with magnifications 4×, 10×, 40×, and 100× (oil immersion) is required.

1.6. Spore Measurement

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Where possible, fresh specimens are examined; dried material when used is rehydrated using 5% KOH solution. Initially a small fragment of the fruit-body is examined using a crush-mount in 5% KOH solution or Congo Red with 5% ammonia. Measurements and descriptions of microscopic features such as spores, basidia and asci are included in the species descriptions because these are the most useful in assisting with the identification.

1.6

Spore Measurement

The spore size and shape are relatively constant characters for a given species, and have been used as a diagnostic in mycology since the advent of the microscope. Spore size is relatively easy to measure and small sample measurements will usually allow differentiation between species of fungi. Although the spore size within a species is relatively constant, nevertheless there is a distribution of spore sizes within each specimen. To minimise the spore size distribution it is preferable to measure mature spores, which can be obtained from a spore print. This is our preferred method, but if it is not possible to obtain a spore print a squashed tissue sample is used. The measurement method used for this publication is to photograph a number of spores using a compound microscope with a 100× oil immersion lens, and with an attached camera. The camera is connected to a computer via a USB cable and the microscope is focused using live-view before the photograph is taken, ensuring the best possible focus. The microscope-camera set-up is calibrated using an objective micrometer with 10 µm divisions. This calibrated set-up is used in a public domain program called ImageJ to measure the length and width of each spore. Normally 20 to 30 spores are randomly selected from the photographs and measurements are taken only of spores in side-on view and in focus. Their lengths and widths are measured in ImageJ and these measurements are imported into an Excel Spreadsheet that calculates the mean and standard deviation for the width, length and Q (the spore aspect ratio L/W ).

1.7. Photography

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Photography

A high quality image, showing diagnostic features, is a most helpful aid when trying to identify a fungus. The fungi images reproduced here were all taken with a digital camera. The majority of the images were made with a variety of DSLR cameras with a macro lens with a magnification range up to 1:1, but some minute fungi were photographed using a super macro lens with a magnification range up to 1:5. The images that were not taken with a DSLR were made using high quality point and shoot digital cameras, all with a macro setting option. Apart from a few minute fungi that were moved to a more appropriate position for macro photography, the fungi were photographed in the field in their natural environment. Unlike plants, fungi don’t need light in order to grow. As a general rule they prefer moist, shady regions, such as on the undersides of logs, or in dense undergrowth. This presents the photographer with the problem of suitable lighting. The quality of light found on the forest floor after it has diffused through the tree canopy is low, with unsuitable colour casts making accurate colour recording almost impossible even though all digital cameras have automatic colour correction software built into them. Through experience the best and most reliable results have been obtained using on- or off-camera diffused flash lighting or off-camera daylight-corrected LED light panels. The majority of the images were taken with the camera on its aperturepriority setting. The camera aperture was set to guarantee that there is an adequate depth of field. For the DSLRs the aperture was usually set at F/16. In most cases post processing of images was limited to cropping and resizing. All the diagnostic images reproduced here have a 4:3 or 3:4 aspect ratio, with the height of the image being set to 1000 pixels.

1.7. Photography

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Open Nomenclature — levels of uncertainty ‘When I name a fungus,’ Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to mean— neither more nor less.’ My apologies to Lewis Carroll, from “THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS: and what Alice found there” Generally, fungi are cryptic fruit-body producers. Many of the morphological features used to identify a fungal species are modified by its environment. This means that mycologists employ a lot of subjectivity in determining which features define and segregate species. Then we, as amateur field mycologists or even professional mycologists, try to reconcile the features observed on a fruit-body with those in the literature, and then form an opinion about the identification. This is a very error-prone methodology, especially if you are not highly familiar with the species you are trying to identify. Nevertheless, many of us behave like Humpty Dumpty: we seem to give an impression of certainty when identifying a fungus. In the literature one can find many foray species lists, but they never seem to include any levels of uncertainty attributed to the identifications. For instance, one would assume when reading such a list that the level of certainty in the identification of a well-known species such as Amanita muscaria is the same as that of a not so well-known species such as Galerina neocalyptrata, which is one of many morphologically similar species of small moss-inhabiting fungi. Uncertainty is an ever-present ingredient of science, and is manifested in all phases of conducting research and drawing conclusions. In many other scientific fields, levels of uncertainty in conclusions are given, and are usually displayed as error bars. When producing foray lists, it may be useful to attach a level of certainty to the identification of each species. The uncertainty or the provisional status of an identification can be expressed by the application of a set of terms and abbreviations known as Open Nomenclature qualifiers. This approach is applied widely across a number of biological disciplines, but unfortunately there has been no consensus about the use and meaning of Open Nomenclature qualifiers. Since the biological sciences

1.7. Photography

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have not been able to come to a consensus on how to integrate uncertainty into their species determinations, or to define a set of accepted Open Nomenclature qualifiers, in this publication Open Nomenclature qualifiers proposed by Bengtson (1988) and Sigovini et al. (2016) are used. The following subset of Open Nomenclature qualifiers are:“field name” A “field name” is a short descriptor of a recognisable but unknown species. For example, Clitocybula sp. “streaky yellow” is either an undescribed species, or a species for which a description has not been found. The “field name” qualifier has the same level of uncertainty as “sp.” affinis, abbreviation aff. = affinity with a known species, from the Latin for ‘has affinity with’. This qualifier indicates that the specimen is most likely a new, undescribed species which has some affinity to a known species but it is not identical to it. The specimen differs clearly from the holotype species description, but it may fall within the variability limits. The aff. qualifier indicates that the specimen belongs to a potentially new undescribed species. The aff. qualifier has a slightly higher level of certainty than sp. confer, abbreviation cf. = to compare, or to be compared with, from the Latin confero, infinitive conferre: ‘to bring together’. This qualifier indicates that most of the diagnostic characters correspond to those of a given species, but some characters are unclear. The identification is provisional but is likely to be definitive after comparing with reference material or consulting a specialist on the taxon. The cf. qualifier generally implies a higher degree of certainty than aff. Species complex, abbreviation complex. A species complex is generally understood to be a group of related species characterised by unclear boundaries, often still waiting for a critical revision to clarify the taxa involved. Identifying a species as belonging to a complex can be done with relative certainty, but there is a high degree of uncertainty in identifying each individual species within the complex. A species complex is referred to by the type species name, followed by complex.

1.7. Photography

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Incertae sedis, from Latin incertae (“of uncertainty”) + sedis (“seat”). This term is not an ‘Open Nomenclature’ qualifier but is part of ‘The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants’. In taxonomy Incertae sedis means ‘of uncertain taxonomic position’. It is often used when conducting a formal phylogenetic analysis, where the placement of a particular taxon may remain uncertain because insufficient closely related species have been used in the analysis. In this case, the uncertain taxon is labelled ‘Incertae sedis’. For example, the species Ductifera sucina is readily identifiable, but there is uncertainty about the family it belongs to, therefore at present the family name for D. sucina is substituted with ‘Incertae sedis’. It is always important to minimise the level of uncertainty when identifying a fungal species. This can be achieved by carefully studying the species of interest, making sure that the fruit-body is in good condition, making microscopic examinations if necessary, comparing your findings with multiple taxonomic descriptions, and if possible consulting with an expert. The process of reducing uncertainty in your fungal identifications can be a rewarding and satisfying achievement.

References Bengtson P (1988) “Open Nomenclature. Palaeontology”. Palaeontology Vol. 31(1), pp. 223–227 Sigovini M, Keppel E and Tagliapietra D (2016) “REVIEW: Open Nomenclature in the biodiversity era”. Methods in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 7, pp. 1217–1225

chapter 2

INTRODUCTION TO THE KINGDOM FUNGI

Figure 2.1: The Kingdom Fungi The classification of living organisms is a challenging task, especially with such cryptic organisms as fungi. Traditionally, the study of fungi (mycology) has been a subdiscipline of botany and hence fungi were originally classified as

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part of the Kingdom Plantae. In 1969, RH Whittaker began the processes of placing organisms in phylogenetic groups and, as a result, fungi were taken out of the Kingdom Plantae and placed into their own kingdom, the Kingdom Fungi (Whittaker 1969). Since the late 1990s our knowledge of the systematics and evolution of fungi has gone through a revolutionary change. This change has been driven by the surge in molecular phylogenetic data and analysis, aided by the cost reduction of molecular sequencing. Worldwide research projects such as AFTOL (Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life) (Lutzoni et al. 2004, http://tolweb.org/Fungi/2377) and “Deep Hypha” (see “Deep Hypha” issue of Mycologia Vol. 98, 2007) have provided a new phylogenetic view of the Kingdom Fungi. Hibbett et al. (2007) published a comprehensive classification of the Kingdom Fungi, the result of collaboration between many fungal taxonomists. However, the classification of fungi is still undergoing major changes as more DNA based evidence is collected and examined. Traditionally the investigation of fungal diversity was done by collecting specimens, but now, due to further advances in DNA analysis, it is possible to collect environmental soil samples and test them for fungi that reside within them. Using this soil sampling technique Meredith DM Jones obtained an environmental sequence from a pond at the University of Exeter, UK, where she worked, with surprising results (Jones et al. 2011a; 2011b). What she and her co-workers discovered was an unknown major branch (phylum) belonging to the “Fungal Tree of Life”, which they named Cryptomycota, or “hidden fungi”. It is most likely that this new phylum represents the link between the Kingdom Fungi and its sister kingdom, Kingdom Animalia, greatly increasing our understanding of fungal evolution. The revised classification of the Kingdom Fungi has potentially 8 phyla, as shown in Figure 2.1. Seven phyla comprise the classical fungi group, which has chitin-rich cell walls. These are: Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (which belong to the subkingdom Dikarya), Glomeromycota, Zygomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chitridiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. Then there is another group which represents fungi that do not have chitin-rich cell walls, namely the phylum Cryptomycota, plus Microsporidia and Rozella. Phylogenetic analysis of fungi is ongoing. At present approximately 100,000 species of fungi have been identified, and out of those approximately 10,000 species are incertae sedis (of uncertain taxonomic position) (Kirk et al. 2008). It has been estimated that there are possibly 1.5–5.1 million species of fungi

2.1. Phylum Ascomycota

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(Hawksworth 1991; Blackwell 2011), indicating that only a very small percentage of the overall population has been studied, and a significant percentage of those have an uncertain taxonomic position. We are entering a new era in the study of fungi. These initial studies are already having a major impact on our understanding of these organisms, and there is no doubt that there is much new information about the systematics and evolution of fungi still to come.

2.1

Phylum Ascomycota

The defining feature of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota (Figure 2.2) is that the sexual reproductive structure is an ascus (pl. asci), which is shaped like a sac and contains ascospores. This phylum is the largest group in the Kingdom Fungi and it contains approximately 6500 genera and 65,000 described species (Kirk et al. 2008 ) in three subphyla: Taphrinomycotina, Saccharomycotina, and Pezizomycotina.

Figure 2.2: The Phylum Ascomycota Fungi in the subphylum Taphrinomycotina, which contains approximately 140 described species (Kirk et al. 2008 ), are largely plant parasites with both a yeast state and a filamentous (hyphal) state. Characteristically they infect leaves, catkins and branches, but not roots. Fungi in the subphylum Saccharomycotina, which contains approximately 1500 described species (Kirk et al. 2008), are predominantly yeasts, most of which live as saprotrophs in association with plants and animals. The subphylum Pezizomycotina consists of hypal (filamentous) fungi with differentiated tissues, and is the largest group in the phylum, with more than 63,000 described species (Kirk et al. 2008) that occupy a wide range

2.2. Phylum Basidiomycota

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of ecological niches, occurring as saprotrophs, parasites and mutualists with plants, animals and other fungi.

2.2

Phylum Basidiomycota

Figure 2.3: The Phylum Basidiomycota The phylum Basidiomycota (see Figure 2.3) forms the second largest group in the Kingdom Fungi and contains approximately 1600 genera and 32,000 described species (Kirk et al. 2008 ). The defining feature of fungi in the Basidiomycota is that their sexual reproductive structure is a basidium (pl. basidia) (Figure 2.4), which is usually a club-shaped cell with four small protrusions called sterigmata (sing. sterigma). The sterigmata produce one spore each and at maturity the spores are actively discharged.

Figure 2.4: Basidium (Volvopluteus gloiocephalus)

Figure 2.5: Clamp connection (Oudemansiella gigaspora)

2.2. Phylum Basidiomycota

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Another feature that is also unique to some fungi in this phylum is the presence of clamp connections (Figure 2.5 ) which form during hyphal cell growth (Alexopoulos 1996). Basidiomycota (Figure 2.3) contains three subphyla: Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, and Agaricomycotina (Hibbett et al. 2007). Pucciniomycotina is the second largest subphylum in the Basidiomycota and contains about one-third of the described species (approximately 8500) with about 90% belonging to a single order, Pucciniales. The fungi in this subphylum are predominantly parasitic rusts and smuts. Some species are responsible for diseases in crops, animals and humans, while other species have been used for biological control of invasive plants and pathogenic fungi (Aime et al. 2006). Ustilaginomycotina contains about 1500 described species, all of which are plant parasites. During their life cycle they have a saprobic yeast phase followed by a parasitic hyphal phase. Amongst the parasitic fungi these have been the most studied (Begerow et al. 2006). Agaricomycotina is the largest subphylum in Basidiomycota, containing about 21,000 described species, including all the fungi with large fleshy fruitbodies that we recognise as belonging to this subphylum (Hibbett 2006).

References Aime MC, Matheny PB, Henk DA, Frieders EM, Nilsson RH, Piepenbring M, McLaughlin DJ, Szabo LJ, Begerow D, Sampaio JP, Bauer R, Weiß M, Oberwinkler F and Hibbett DS (2006). “An overview of the higher level classification of Pucciniomycotina based on combined analyses of nuclear large and small subunit rDNA sequences”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 896–905. Blackwell M (2011) “The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 . . . 5.1 million species?” American Journal of Botany Vol. 98(3), pp. 426–438. Hawksworth DL (1991) “The fungal dimension of biodiversity : Magnitude, significance, and conservation”. Mycological Research Vol. 95, pp. 641–655. Hibbett DS (2006). “A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 917–925.

2.2. Phylum Basidiomycota

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Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, Huhndorf S, James T, Kirk PM, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, Lutzoni F, Matheny PB, Mclaughlin DJ, Powell MJ, Redhead S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Stalpers JA, Vilgalys R, Aime MC, Aptroot A, Bauer R, Begerow D, Benny GL, Castlebury LA, Crous PW, Cheng Dai Y, Gams W, Geiser DM, Griffith GW, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hestmark G, Hosaka K, Humber RA, Hyde K, Ironside JE, Kõljalg U, Kurtzman CP, Henrik Larsson K, Lichtwardt R, Longcore J, Miadlikowska J, Miller A, Moncalvo J-M, Mozley-Standridge S, Oberwinkler F, Parmasto E, Reeb V, Rogers JD, Roux C, Ryvarden L, Paulo Sampaio J, Schüssler A, Sugiyama J, Thorn RG, Tibell L, Untereiner WA, Walker C, Wang Z, Weir A, Weiss M, White MM, Winka K, Jian Yao Y and Zhang N (2007) “A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi”. Mycological Research Vol. 111, pp. 509–547. Jones MDM, Forn I, Gadelh, C, Ega, MJ, Bass D, Massana R and Richards TA (2011a) “Discovery of novel intermediate forms redefines the fungal tree of life.”. Nature Vol. 474, pp. 200–203. Jones MDM, Richards TA, Hawksworth DL and Bass D (2011b) “Validation and justification of the phylum name Cryptomycota phyl. nov.” IMA Fungus Vol. 2(2), pp. 173–175. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox CJ, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett, M, Shoemaker R, Sung GH, Lucking R, Lumbsch T, O’Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Kentaro L, Young-Woon L, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R and Vilgalys R (2004) “Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits”. American Journal of Botany Vol. 91(10), pp. 1446– 1480. Whittaker RH (1969) “New concepts of Kingdoms of Organisms”. Science Vol. 163, pp. 150–160.

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 2

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ascomycota Pezizomycotina

Lachnum virgineum

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 2 Ascomycota Pezizomycotina Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

i

Fungi in Australia

ii

Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and the respective authors and photographers.

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CONTENTS Contents

iii

1 Pezizomycotina 2 Species Descriptions – Pezizomycotina 2.1 Order: Cyttariales . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Cyttariaceae . . . . . . . 2.2 Order: Geoglossales . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Geoglossaceae . . . . . . 2.3 Order: Helotiales . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Chlorociboriaceae . . . . Fam: Dermateaceae . . . . . . Fam: Helotiaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Hyaloscyphaceae . . . . . Fam: Lachnaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Leotiaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Rutstroemiaceae . . . . . Fam: Sclerotiniaceae . . . . . . Fam: Tympanidaceae . . . . . Fam: Vibrisseaceae . . . . . . . 2.4 Order: Hypocreales . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Clavicipitaceae . . . . . . Fam: Cordycipitaceae . . . . . Fam: Hypocreaceae . . . . . . Fam: Nectriaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Ophiocordycipitaceae . . 2.5 Order: Pezizales . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Helvellaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Morchellaceae . . . . . . Fam: Pezizaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Pyronemataceae . . . . . Fam: Sarcosomataceae . . . . .

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Contents

2.6 2.7

Fungi in Australia

Order: Sordariales . . . . . . . Fam: Lasiosphaeriaceae Order: Xylariales . . . . . . . . Fam: Hypoxylaceae . . Fam: Xylariaceae . . . .

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3 Glossary

171

Species Index

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chapter 1

PEZIZOMYCOTINA All of the fungi described in this volume are from the subphylum Pezizomycotina.

Figure 1.1: Subphylum Pezizomycotina

Fungi in Australia

2

Recently this subphylum has undergone extensive revision, mainly in response to molecular phylogenetic research. The current status of Pezizomycontina can be seen in Figure 1.1. Its 63,000 described species are in 11 classes, 11 subclasses and 57 orders. Before molecular phylogenetics, the classification of Pezizomycotina (= Ascomycetes sensu Kirk et al. 2001, = Euascomycetes sensu Alexopoulos et al. 1996) was based largely on fruit-body morphology and the development of the asci. The four main fruit-body morphologies are: apothecium (pl. apothecia), cleistothecium (pl. cleistothecia), perithecium (pl. perithecia), and pseudothecium (pl. pseudothecia) (Alexopoulos et al. 1996, Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2: Pezizomycotina:- fruit-body types Apothecia are typically disc-shaped to cup-shaped and produce asci on a hymenial layer exposed to the environment. Apothecial fruit-bodies can be found in the following classes: Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, and Lichinomycetes. Cleistothecia usually have spherical fruit-bodies that normally completely enclose the asci, and the spores are released when the fruit-body ruptures. Cleistothecial fruit-bodies can be found in most of the classes in Pezizomycotina. Perithecia are typically flask-shaped fruit-bodies, usually with a opening (ostiole) at the top for spores to escape, and at the base of the fruit-body there is a distinct hymenial layer on which the asci and paraphyses form. Perithecial fruit-bodies can be found in the following classes: Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. Pseudothecia resemble perithecia but the difference is that the asci do not form on a distinct hymenial layer.

Fungi in Australia

3

Pseudothecial fruit-bodies can be found in many of the same classes that have perithecial fruit-bodies. The advent of molecular phylogenetics has clearly highlighted the fact that certain morphologies, such as those described above, were derived many times and were the product of convergent evolution. As a result, classification by morphology has now been largely replaced by molecular phylogenetic classification. Consequently the classification of Pezizomycotina has been revised (Spatafora et al. 2006, Hibbett et al. 2007). This subphylum is still subject to change as there are a number of classes which are undersampled. As the sampling of species is increased, the finer structure of the subphylum will become more apparent. Most of the changes that will occur will most likely be at the order level and below.

References Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW and Blackwell M (1996) Introductory Mycology (4th ed.) John Wiley and Sons: New York, USA. Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, Huhndorf S, James T, Kirk PM, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, Lutzoni F, Matheny PB, Mclaughlin DJ, Powell MJ, Redhead S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Stalpers JA, Vilgalys R, Aime MC, Aptroot A, Bauer R, Begerow D, Benny GL, Castlebury LA, Crous PW, Cheng Dai Y, Gams W, Geiser DM, Griffith GW, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hestmark G, Hosaka K, Humber RA, Hyde K, Ironside JE, Kõljalg U, Kurtzman CP, Henrik Larsson K, Lichtwardt R, Longcore J, Miadlikowska J, Miller A, Moncalvo J-M, Mozley-Standridge S, Oberwinkler F, Parmasto E, Reeb V, Rogers JD, Roux C, Ryvarden L, Paulo Sampaio J, Schüssler A, Sugiyama J, Thorn RG, Tibell L, Untereiner WA, Walker C, Wang Z, Weir A, Weiss M, White MM, Winka K, Jian Yao Y and Zhang N (2007) “A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi”.Mycological Research Vol. 111, pp. 509–547. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Spatafora JW, Sung GH, Johnson D, Hesse C, O’Rourke B, Serdani M, Spotts R, Lutzoni F, Hofstetter V, Miadlikowska J, Reeb V, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Lumbsch T, Lücking R, Schmitt I, Hosaka K, Aptroot A, Roux C, Miller AN, Geiser DM, Hafellner J, Hestmar, G, Arnold AE, Büdel B, Rauhut A, Hewitt D, Untereiner WA, Cole MS, Scheidegger C, Schultz M, Sipman H and Schoch CL (2006) “A five-gene phylogeny of Pezizomycotina”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 1018–1028.

chapter 2

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS – PEZIZOMYCOTINA

2.1

Order: Cyttariales

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cyttariales is an order of the class LeoCyttariales tiomycetes, and has only 1 family, CyttariTaxonomic Classification aceae, 1 genus Cyttaria and 11 described species. (Peterson et al. 2010a; Lumbsch and Fungi Huhndorf 2010). Fruit-bodies are apothecial Kingdom: Phylum: Ascomycota and the hymenial layer is lined with eightspored inoperculate asci. A typical mature Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Leotiomycetes fruit-body resembles a yellow to orange pit- Class: Order: Cyttariales ted golf ball. Each fruit-body is actually Families composed of sterile fungal tissue, in which Cyttariaceae apothecia are immersed. Species are obligate parasites of Nothofagus spp., therefore they are restricted to the southern hemisphere, inhabiting southern South America (Argentina and Chile), south-eastern Australia (including Tasmania) and New Zealand (Peterson et al. 2010b). In south-eastern Australia the species Cyttaria gunnii (Beech Orange) is parasitic on Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii, which is largely restricted to Victoria and Tasmania.

Cyttaria gunnii

2.1. Order: Cyttariales

Fungi in Australia

5

Another species found in Australia is Cyttaria septentrionalis, which occurs on Antarctic Beech Nothofagus moorei, much further north than Cyttaria gunnii, in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. Molecular sequence data have failed to resolve Cyttaria septentrionalis as a species separate from Cyttaria gunnii. At present the two species are maintained based on morphological differences and the fact that each occurs on a different host (Peterson et al. 2010a).

References Lumbsch HT and Huhndorf SM (2010) “Part One. Outline of Ascomycota–2009.” Myconet Vol. 14, pp. 1–64. Peterson KR and Pfister DH (2010a) “Phylogeny of Cyttaria inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence and morphological data” Mycologia,Vol. 102(6), pp. 1398– 1416. Peterson KR, Pfister DH and Bell CD (2010b) “Cophylogeny and biogeography of the fungal parasite Cyttaria and its host Nothofagus, southern beech.” Mycologia Vol. 102(6), pp. 1417–1425.

2.1. Order: Cyttariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cyttariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Cyttaria gunnii

6

2.1. Order: Cyttariales

Fungi in Australia

7

Fam. Cyttariaceae

Cyttaria gunnii Cyttaria septentrionalis

Biology Parasitic ascomycete; obligate parasite on Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii and Antarctic Beech N. moorei ; causes the formation of woody galls, on which gregarious or caespitose clusters of fruit-bodies form.

Fruit-body Description Diameter to 30 mm; globose to pear-shaped; when young smooth, dry, fawn to tan; when mature bright yellow; surface covered in deep pits (apothecia); sterile base remains white; fruit-body largely hollow, texture soft. Apothecia numerous, up to 0.8 mm across, bright yellow to orange. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 12–15 × 12–13.5 µm, smooth, sub-globose. Asci 145–165 × 13–14 µm. Paraphyses same length as asci, 2 µm wide, septate, branched, swollen at apex.

Comments Cyttaria gunnii is easily recognised in the field: the bright yellow globose to pear-shaped fruit-bodies are unmistakable. In Australasia it appears only on Nothofagus cunninghamii or N. moorei, usually in late spring to early summer, where it fruits annually on perennial galls. The infestation is usually not harmful to the tree since the mycelium does not travel any great distance in the host; consequently only local malformations are produced. However, a bad infestation can kill the tree.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 314 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 103 [D CP] Rawlings GB (1956) “Australasian Cyttariaceae”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 84(1), pp. 19–28 [D P] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 222 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

2.2

Fungi in Australia

8

Order: Geoglossales Geoglossales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Geoglossomycetes Order: Geoglossales Families Geoglossaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Geoglossales is an order in the recently created class Geoglossomycetes (Schochet et al. 2009) and currently comprises 1 family (Geoglossaceae) with 6 genera (Hustad et al. 2013). Recent phylogenetic analysis by Hustad et al. (2013) puts the genera Geoglossum, Glutinoglossum, Nothomitra, Sabuloglossum, Sarcoleotia and Trichoglossum into the family Geoglossaceae, while Species Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org) does not recognise Nothomitra but still has Microglossum in Geoglossaceae.

Glutinoglossum glutinosum

Trichoglossum hirsutum

The Geoglossales can be found on every continent except Antarctica and are common in many temperate and tropical habitats. They are a fairly small group of terrestrial, apothecial, dark, club-shaped fruit-bodies, where the hymenial layer is lined with eight-spored inoperculate asci. Typically the ascospores are fusiform and multiseptate, and range in colour from dark brown or black (Geoglossum, Glutinoglossum and Trichoglossum), to light-coloured or hyaline (Nothomitra, Sarcoleotia and Sabuloglossum). The fertile hymenium originates at the apex of the fruit-body. In Geoglossum, Glutinoglossum and Trichoglossum the hymenium intergrades with a sterile stipe, while in

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

9

Nothomitra, Sarcoleotia and Sabuloglossum the hymenium terminates abruptly at a sterile stipe. Identification of species is frequently compromised by a lack of appreciation that spore pigmentation and septation may not develop until the fruit-bodies are quite mature, and many morphological characteristics that may be used to separate species can be ambiguous. It is evident from recent work that the content of the order Geoglossales is not fully resolved and more work is required.

References Hustad VP, Miller AN, Dentinger BTM, Cannon PF (2013) “Generic circumscriptions in Geoglossomycetes”. Persoonia Vol. 31, pp. 101–111. Schoch CL, Wang Z, Townsend JP and Spatafora JW (2009) “Geoglossomycetes cl. nov., Geoglossales ord. nov. and taxa above class rank in the Ascomycota Tree of Life”. Persoonia Vol. 22, pp. 129–138.

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geoglossaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Geoglossum umbratile

10

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

11

Fam. Geoglossaceae

Geoglossum umbratile Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found in small groups or solitary, on soil, in humus, or moss.

Fruit-body Description Up to 80 mm tall, divided into stalk (stipe) and upper fertile portion (hymenium), black or blackish brown. Hymenium up to one-third of the height of the fruit-body, occasionally up to 7 mm wide, and 4 mm thick, smooth, may be cylindric, clavate or flabelliform (fan-shaped), often longitudinally furrowed, colour black or blackish brown. Stipe up to 2 mm thick, cylindric, surface usually finely squamulose in the upper part, becoming glabrous towards the base, colour usually slightly paler than hymenium. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 65–77.5 × 4.5–6 µm, cylindric, straight or slightly curved, slightly acute at one end, 7 septate. Asci 175–200 × 15–19 µm, eight-spored; narrowly cylindric-clavate, tapered towards the apex and below to a narrow stipe. Paraphyses filiform, septate, apex usually curved or coiled to hooked, the terminal cell abruptly enlarged to 4–10 µm in diameter.

Comments There may be up 10 or more species of earth-tongues in Australia. Their morphologies overlap and most of them are coloured black to blackish brown. Therefore, microscopic examination is required for species level identification.

References Maas Geesteranus RA (1965) “Geoglossaceae of India and adjacent countries”. Persoonia Vol. 4(1) pp. 19–46 [D I] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 96–99 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geoglossaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Glutinoglossum australasicum

12

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

13

Fam. Geoglossaceae

Glutinoglossum australasicum Geoglossum glutinosum

Glutinoglossum glutinosum

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found in small groups or solitary in humus, moss, or occasionally on well rotted wood.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm tall, divided into stalk (stipe) and upper fertile portion (hymenium), entire fruit-body viscid-glutinous when moist. Hymenium up to a third of the height of the fruit-body, up to 4 mm thick at broadest point, tongue-shaped to clavate, may be flattened; surface smooth, black. Stipe up to 33 mm long and up to 2 mm thick, surface smooth and slightly paler than hymenium. Flesh tough, not glutinous. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 80–92 × 4–5 µm, cylindric, straight or slightly curved, 3 to 7 septate. Asci 200–270 × 17–19 µm, eight-spored; narrowly cylindric-clavate, tapered towards the apex and below to a narrow stipe. Paraphyses filiform, sparsely septate, enlarged at apex 3.5–6.5 µm, diameter.

Comments Glutinoglossum australasicum species are not readily separated from other black earth-tongues by their glutinous/viscid fruit-bodies alone. DNA evidence has separated this species from other species in the genus and it is by far the most common Glutinoglossum species in Australia (Hastad and Miller 2015). However, it still requires microscopic examination for species level identification.

References Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 95 [D] (as Geoglossum glutinosum) Hustad VP and Miller AN (2015) “Studies in the genus Glutinoglossum”. Mycologia Vol. 107(3) pp. 647–657 [D CP] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 107–112 [D I] (as Geoglossum glutinosum)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geoglossaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Glutinoglossum methvenii

14

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

15

Fam. Geoglossaceae

Glutinoglossum methvenii Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found in small groups or solitary in humus, moss, or occasionally on well rotted wood.

Fruit-body Description Up to 45 mm tall, divided into stalk (stipe) and upper fertile portion (hymenium), entire fruit-body viscid-glutinous when moist. Hymenium one-quarter to one-third of the height of the fruit-body, 3 to 5 mm thick at broadest point, clavate to spathulate, may be laterally flattened; surface smooth, black. Stipe up to 2 mm thick, surface smooth and slightly paler than the hymenium. Flesh tough, not glutinous. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 69–76 × 5–6 µm, cylindric-clavate, straight or slightly curved, initially hyaline but brown when mature, majority 3 septate but some up to 7 septate. Asci 227–260 × 16–17 µm, eight-spored; narrowly cylindric-clavate, tapered towards the apex and below to a long narrow base approximately 50% of the ascus length. Paraphyses filiform, sparsely septate, occasionally curved to slightly hooked at the apex; enlarged at apex, 3.5–8 µm diameter.

Comments In the field Glutinoglossum methvenii is not readily separated from other Glutinoglossum species. In Australia this species has been misidentified as a variant of Geoglossum glutinosum. With the aid of DNA evidence this species has been separated from G. glutinosum and can be readily identified by microscopic characteristics, such as by the ascospore size, with predominantly 3 septa, and paraphyses with curved and inflated tips. DNA evidence has also shown that morphologically similar Glutinoglossum species from the northern and southern hemispheres are different species (Hustad and Miller 2015).

References Hustad VP and Miller AN (2015) “Studies in the genus Glutinoglossum”. Mycologia Vol. 107(3) pp. 647–657 [D CP] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 107–112 [D I] (as Geoglossum glutinosum)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geoglossaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Trichoglossum hirsutum

16

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

17

Fam. Geoglossaceae

Trichoglossum hirsutum Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found on the ground, often in small groups amongst grass, leaf litter, or rarely on rotten wood.

Fruit-body Description Up to 100 mm tall, club-shaped, divided into stalk (stipe) and an upper fertile head (hymenium). Fertile head can be up to half the height of the fruit-body, tongue-shaped to clavate, may be flattened, twisted, or furrowed; surface setose (with short spiny hairs); colour black to blackish brown. Stipe up to 60 mm tall and 3 mm thick, tapering towards the base; surface densely setose, rough; colour dark brown to black. Flesh tough, not glutinous. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 123–165 × 6–6.5 µm, cylindric, straight or slightly curved, ends rounded, mature spores 15 septate. Asci 220–280 × 20–26 µm, eight-spored; narrowly cylindric-clavate, narrowing below to a short stipe-like base. Paraphyses enlarged at the apex, 5–7 µm diameter, filiform and remotely septate. Setae 200–300 × 6–13 µm, abundant, non-septate, rigid, dark brown to black.

Comments Trichoglossum hirsutum is a dark earth-tongue that has many look-alikes. Trichoglossum species have short bristly hairs covering their surface, whereas similar looking Geoglossum species have a smooth surface. The short bristly hairs are best seen with the aid of a hand lens. In Australia, an earth-tongue that is growing on the ground, is covered with tiny bristly hairs and is 60 mm or more tall, with a distinct fertile head, will probably be T. hirsutum, but microscopic examination is necessary to confirm this.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 867 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 339 [D CP] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 119–123 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geoglossaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Trichoglossum walteri

18

2.2. Order: Geoglossales

Fungi in Australia

19

Fam. Geoglossaceae

Trichoglossum walteri Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; solitary or gregarious, on the ground amongst moss, or attached to tree fern (Dicksonia sp.) trunks (caudices).

Fruit-body Description Up to 60 mm tall, club-shaped, divided into stalk (stipe) and a upper fertile head (hymenium). Fertile head is usually more than half the height of the fruit-body, tongue-shaped to clavate, or ellipsoidal to cylindrical, rounded at apex, flattened, twisted, or furrowed; surface setose (with short spiny hairs); colour black to blackish brown. Stipe up to 30 mm tall and 2 mm thick, clearly differentiated from fertile head; surface usually densely setose; colour black. Flesh tough, not glutinous. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 80–106 × 4–5 µm, cylindric, straight or slightly curved, ends rounded, mature spores 7 septate. Asci 220–260 × 16–24 µm, eight-spored; narrowly cylindric-clavate, narrowing below to a short stipe-like base. Paraphyses enlarged at the apex, 4–8 µm, diameter, filiform and remotely septate, often strongly curved or coiled. Setae 270–350 × 12–20 µm, abundant, non-septate, rigid, dark brown to black.

Comments Trichoglossum walteri is a dark earth-tongue that has many look-alikes. Trichoglossum species have short bristly hairs covering their surface, whereas similar looking Geoglossum species have a smooth surface. The short bristly hairs are best seen with the aid of a hand lens. In Australia, an earth-tongue that has bristly hairs, is less than 60 mm tall with a distinct fertile head, and is growing on a tree fern trunk, is likely to be T. walteri, but microscopic examination is required to confirm this.

References Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 124–128 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 227 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

2.3

Fungi in Australia

20

Order: Helotiales

A. Bisporella citrina B. Chlorociboria aeruginascens

Helotiales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Leotiomycetes Order: Helotiales Families Ascocorticiaceae Dermateaceae Helotiaceae Hemiphacidiaceae Hyaloscyphaceae Loramycetaceae Phacidiaceae Rutstroemiaceae Sclerotinaceae Vibrisseaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Helotiales is an order of the class Leotiomycetes and is estimated to contain 10 families, 501 genera, and 3881 species (Kirk et al. 2008). Helotiales have apothecial fruitbodies that have a hymenial layer lined with eight-spored inoperculate asci. Because the species within this order have highly divergent characters of morphology, ecology and biology, it is one of the most difficult groups for traditional classification and molecular phylogeny. The molecular data for this order are inadequate because of the small number of species that have been sampled, and as a result the taxonomy of this order is still unsettled. Most Helotiales live saprobically on soil, humus, dead wood, manure and other organic matter, and many have disc- or cup-shaped fruit-bodies. Some species are parasitic on plants and some can cause significant harm, for example by causing brown rot on stone fruits.

C. Leotia lubrica D. Chlorovibrissea bicolor

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

21

The pictures above illustrate some of the members of the Helotiales. Bisporella citrina, Leotia lubrica and Chlorociboria aeruginascens are common species which are globally distributed, but to date the only records for the rare species Chlorovibrissea bicolor are from the south-eastern region of Australia.

References Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Wang Z, Binder M, Schoch CL, Johnston PR, Spatafora JW and Hibbett DS (2006) “Evolution of helotialean fungi (Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina): A nuclear rDNA phylogeny”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 41, pp. 295–312.

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Chlorociboriaceae

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

Chlorociboria aeruginascens complex

22

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

23

Fam. Chlorociboriaceae

Chlorociboria aeruginascens complex Chlorosplenium aeruginascens

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious on decorticated rotting wood, which is always stained green by the fungus.

Fruit-body Description A stalked disc-shaped fruit-body, up to 7 mm across and up to 5 mm tall; initially cup-shaped then flattening to a disc shape; margin becoming irregular with age. Upper Surface spore-bearing, smooth, blue-green, often developing yellowish tints with age. Lower Surface lighter in colour, smooth. Stipe normally central; up to 3 mm long and 1 mm thick; similar colour to disc. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 6–10 × 2–3.5 µm, smooth, blunt-ended, spindle-shaped. Asci 50–70 × 4–5 µm, cylindrical or tapering towards base.

Comments The blue-green stained wood produced by this fungus was used as a veneer inlay on furniture known as “Tunbridge ware”. At least fifteen species of Chlorociboria occur in New Zealand, and all of them stain wood blue-green (Johnston and Park 2005). These species are difficult to separate in the field, but it is likely that such a variety also occurs in Australia.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 878 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 94 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 306 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 217 [D CP] Johnston PR and Park D (2005) “Chlorociboria (Fungi, Helotiales) in New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 43. pp. 679–719 [D I] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 269 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 112 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Dermateaceae

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Fabraea rhytismoidea

24

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

25

Fam. Dermateaceae

Fabraea rhytismoidea Biology Parasitic ascomycete; solitary, gregarious, sometimes caespitose, usually on the upper surface of the leaves of the montane daisy Leptinella filicula.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body is a partly immersed, round, ellipsoidal or irregularly shaped disc up to 1 mm diameter, disc shallow cup-shaped; Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, whitish to pale brown with a distinctive thin dark brown margin. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 12–19 × 4–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal-fusiform, mostly becoming 1 septate, a few becoming 3-4 septate; hyaline. Asci 63–80 × 9–11 µm, cylindrical clavate Paraphyses cylindrical 2.5 µm, thick expanding to 6 µm, at tips, slightly longer than asci.

Comments Fabraea rhytismoidea is a small easily overlooked fungus which is parasitic on the upper surface of the leaves of the montane daisy Leptinella filicula. This species can be found at almost any time of year in wet conditions.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 316 [D CP] (as Fabraea rhytismoides ) Beaton G and Weste G (1976) “Some Australian Leaf-Inhabiting Discomycetes”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 67(3) pp. 443–448 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ascocoryne sarcoides

26

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

27

Fam. Helotiaceae

Ascocoryne sarcoides Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious on decaying wood in wet forests.

Fruit-body Description Disc diameter up to 20 mm; margin often irregularly lobed; gelatinous; with or without a short central stipe. Upper Surface spore-bearing, smooth to slightly wrinkled when fully grown; pinkish to violet-pink. Lower Surface smooth; same colour as upper surface. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 12–16 × 4–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with 2 oil drops, with a single septum when mature. Asci eight-spored, 114–130 × 8–10 µm.

Comments This species comes in two forms. The common form is its sexual stage, which is disc-shaped. The other stage is its asexual (conidial) stage, which consists of club-like lobes. The colour and gelatinous nature of both stages are the same.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 154 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 301 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 214 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 111 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 111 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 371 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Banksiamyces macrocarpus

28

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

29

Fam. Helotiaceae

Banksiamyces macrocarpus Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found in clusters on dead Hairpin Banksia Banksia spinulosa cones, on the central surfaces of the follicle valves.

Fruit-body Description Up to 15 mm across; cup- or saucer-shaped fruit-body (apothecium) with a stipe up to 15 mm long; when fresh texture firm, tough, and leathery. Upper Surface spore-bearing, smooth, with a dip in the centre, dark grey. Lower Surface smooth, same colour as upper surface, stipe central or eccentric, tapering towards substrate. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 4.5–7 × 1.5–3 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Asci eight-spored 55–65 × 4–5.5 µm, clavate. Stipe has pigmented hyphae.

Comments Banksiamyces macrocarpus is readily recognised. It is the largest of the Banksiamyces species, and to date is the only Banksiamyces species found on dead Banksia spinulosa cones.

References Beaton GW and Weste G (1982) “Banksiamyces gen. nov., a discomycete on dead Banksia cones”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 79(2). pp. 271–277 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 303 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 112 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 111 [CP] Sommerville K and May T (2006) “Some taxonomic and ecological observations on the genus Banksiamyces”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol.123(6), pp. 366–375 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Bisporella citrina

30

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

31

Fam. Helotiaceae

Bisporella citrina Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; usually found on decorticated dead branches; gregarious, sometimes growing in large numbers over entire branch.

Fruit-body Description Small fruit-body up to 3 mm across, slightly convex to saucer-shaped, resting with or without a very short stipe on the substrate. Inner Surface sporebearing, smooth, lemon to egg yolk yellow, often darker at the margin. Outer Surface smooth, same colour as inner surface. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 8–12 × 3–5 µm, ellipsoidal, often becoming 1-septate, with 2 oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 100–130 × 7–8 µm.

Comments Bisporella citrina, which is less than 3 mm across, is found on dead wood as well as Banksia cones. There are a number of similar yellow disc species of fungi, and for simplicity these are often grouped together. For identification the microscopic features need to be examined.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 160 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 304 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 215 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 371 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Bisporella sulfurina

32

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

33

Fam. Helotiaceae

Bisporella sulfurina Biology Saprotrophic / parasitic ascomycete; usually found on dead branches; solitary or gregarious, often in small dense clusters, and always associated with old fruit-bodies of fungal species belonging to the Xylariales. These old fruit-bodies appear as a black crust in close proximity to the brightly coloured discs.

Fruit-body Description Small, up to 1.5 mm across, shallow cup- to saucer-shaped, margin even, lacking hairs, almost translucent, sessile or with a rudimentary stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, bright sulphur yellow. Outer Surface glabrous or minutely downy, yellow. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 8–10 × 2–2.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, 1-septate at maturity, some with oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 70–100 × 7–8 µm, cylindric-clavate, pore not blued by Melzer’s Reagent (inamyloid). Paraphyses filiform, with rounded tips.

Comments Bisporella sulfurina is not rare but is easily overlooked because of its small size – usually less than 1 mm across. It can readily be identified by its small size, bright sulphur-yellow colour and the presence a black crust (old fruit-body of a species belonging to the Xylariales) nearby.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 162 [D CP] Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 132 [D CI] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 216 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cordierites frondosa

34

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

35

Fam. Helotiaceae

Cordierites frondosa Bulgaria frondosa

Ionomidotis frondosa

Biology Saprotrophic or possibly a parasitic ascomycete; gregarious on decorticated wood in wet forests, often growing in association with Hypoxylon spp. and possibly with other species in the Xylariaceae.

Fruit-body Description Diameter up to 20 mm; initially discoid, becoming ear-shaped with age, margin often irregularly lobed; tough, gelatinous; sessile to short-stipitate, stipes arising from a common base. Upper Surface spore-bearing, black to nearly black, surface minutely pustulate when dry. Lower Surface smooth; same colour as upper surface. Chemical test tissue releases a purple-brown pigment in a 2–5% KOH solution. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 4.5–6 × 1–2 µm, (mean 5.1 ± 0.4 × 1.5 ± 0.2 µm, Q=3.48 ± 0.46 n=30), rod-shaped to slightly curved (allantoid). Asci eight-spored, 30–40 × 3–4.5 µm. Paraphyses filiform, straight or curved, apex 1–3 µm wide.

Comments This species, which colonises wet rotting logs, is found in both northern and southern hemispheres. In Japan it commonly occurs on wood that has been cut for “shiitake” mushroom cultivation, which is a problem because C. frondosa is toxic and can cause serious poisoning if eaten (Korf 1959). C. frondosa is characterised by gregarious black, ear-shaped fruit-bodies, about 10–20 mm across. This is not an easy species to identify in the field, but a chemical test, where a small piece of fruit-body is placed in a KOH solution, can be used. If a purple-brown pigment is released, there is a good probability that the fungus is C. frondosa. It would still be advisable to follow this up with microscopic analysis.

References Kobaysasi Y (1939) “Fungi Austro-Japoniae et Micronesiae. III”. The Botanical Magazine Vol. 53, pp. 158–162 [D I] (as Bulgaria frondosa) Korf RP (1959) Japanese Discomycetes Notes I-VIII and Notes IX-XVI. Yokohama National University / National Science Museum (Tokyo): Yokohama / Tokyo. (as Ionomidotis frondosa)

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

36

Pärtel K, Baral H-O, Tamm H and Põldmaa K (2017) “Evidence for the polyphyly of Encoelia and Encoelioideae with reconsideration of respective families in Leotiomycetes”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 82, pp. 183–219 Wang Y-Z (2005) “Three discomycetes (Helotiaceae) new to Taiwan”. Fungal Science Vol. 20(1,2), pp. 41–45 [D I] (as Ionomidotis frondosa) Zhuang W-Y (1988) “Studies on some discomycete genera with an ionomidotic reaction: Ionomidotis, Poloniodiscus, Cordierites, Phyllomyces, and Ameghiniella”. Mycotaxon Vol. 31(2), pp. 261–298 [D I] (as Ionomidotis frondosa)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cudoniella clavus

37

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

38

Fam. Helotiaceae

Cudoniella clavus Cudoniella aquatica

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; solitary to gregarious on woody debris which is either submerged in fresh water or is in the splash zone of a waterfall.

Fruit-body Description Height to 20 mm across; stipitate (with a stipe or stalk) disc. Disc diameter up to 12 mm, initially convex, then plane to slightly concave. Inner surface, spore-bearing, glabrous, moist; colour cream to pale ochre. Outer surface glabrous; colour concolorous with hymenium. Stipe central, up to 20 mm long and up to 2 mm thick, enlarged at the apex, long enough to lift disc above the water if substrate is submerged; surface slightly rough, matted (use hand lens); colour at apex concolorous with disc, becoming a brownish black to blackish towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 9.5–15 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal-fusiform, smooth, hyaline, no oil drops. Asci 85–110 × 8–10 µm, eight-spored, cylindric-clavate. Paraphyses filiform, septate, occasionally branched, tips slightly swollen.

Comments Cudoniella clavus is a very distinctive fungus and is readily recognised by its pale cream to ochre fruit body, stipitate disc, and aquatic habitat. This species is found on woody debris which is either submerged in fresh water, or is very wet, or is in the splash zone of a waterfall. It is a cosmopolitan species; in the northern hemisphere it is not common but is widespread. In Australia very few sightings have been reported. Although this species is distinctive it is easily overlooked.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 162–163 [D CP] Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 133 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hymenoscyphus berggrenii

39

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

40

Fam. Helotiaceae

Hymenoscyphus berggrenii Lanzia berggrenii Mollisia nothofagi

Pezizella nothofagi

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; erumpent on dead leaves of Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghami, up to 10 or more fruit-bodies per leaf, forming black demarcation lines around each fruit-body.

Fruit-body Description Up to 1 mm across, subsessile to short-stipitate disc, convex or plane. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, cup-shaped to plane, usually with a dark brown margin; colour whitish to cream. Outer Surface smooth, pale, usually covered in a fine network of darkish hyphae, often blackish at the base of the stipe. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 12–15 × 3.5–5 µm, long ellipsoidal, rounded ends, thickest in the middle, smooth, with oil bodies, non-septate. Asci eight-spored, 70–100 × 7–9 µm, cylindrical, slightly narrowed towards base, apex normally rounded. Paraphyses 1.0–1.5 µm diam., filiform, remotely septate, irregularly swollen near apex, often with walking-stick-like branches near apex.

Comments Hymenoscyphus berggrenii is native to Australia. This tiny species has been renamed a number of times. Spooner (1987) named it Lanzia berggrenii. Most recently, Johnston and Park (2013), using DNA evidence, changed this to the current name Hymenoscyphus berggrenii.

References Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical Notes on Some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Pezizella nothofagi) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 222 [D CP] Johnston PR and Park D (2013) “The phylogenetic position of Lanzia berggrenii and its sister species”. Mycosystema Vol. 32(3), pp. 366–385 [D I] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 373–377 [D I](as Lanzia berggrenii)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

Hymenoscyphus sp.

“olive cream with black

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

rhizomorphs”

41

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

42

Fam. Helotiaceae

Hymenoscyphus sp.

“olive cream with black

rhizomorphs” Cudoniella pezizoidea sensu Fuhrer (2009)

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious on moist forest debris, such as decaying bark and twigs; has black rhizomorphs enmeshing the litter.

Fruit-body Description Up to 15 mm across; disc flat to convoluted when forming dense colonies, bruises brown, and has black rhizomorphs enmeshing the litter, always with a distinct stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth; colour ranges from olive cream to pale greenish grey. Outer Surface smooth, pallid. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 23–26 × 4–5 µm, long ellipsoidal, sausage-shaped, curved, smooth, with oil bodies. Asci 180–200 × 8–12 µm, eight-spored.

Comments This species can be easily overlooked; fruit-bodies are usually found amongst damp forest debris, often on decaying eucalypt bark. The presence of black rhizomorphs helps to identify this species in the field.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 312 [D CP] (as Cudoniella pezizoidea) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 222 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 113 [CP] (as Cudoniella pezizioidea)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“white bruising orange”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hymenoscyphus sp.

43

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

44

Fam. Helotiaceae

Hymenoscyphus sp.

“white bruising orange”

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; scattered on rotting decorticated wood and on woody debris.

Fruit-body Description Stipitate (with a stipe or stalk) disc up to 5 mm diameter, height less than diameter of disc, completely white, developing yellow to orange bruises when touched, texture firm gelatinous. Inner Surface smooth, plane to convex, with age forming a central depression. Outer Surface smooth, concolorous with disc. Stipe length usually less than half the diameter of disc. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 13–19.5 × 3.5–5 µm, (mean 16.3 ± 1.5 × 4.1 ± 0.3 µm, n=30), smooth, cylindric to elongated-ellipsoidal, some curved, ends rounded. Asci 80–150 × 7–9 µm. Paraphyses 1.5–2.5 µm in diameter, multi septate, about the same length as the asci.

Comments This species is found on decaying wood, and its white discs uniquely bruise with an orangey colour. This feature makes them readily identifiable in the field. Although this species is relatively common, it seems that it has not been described and given a taxonomic name.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 222 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Phaeohelotium baileyanum

45

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

46

Fam. Helotiaceae

Phaeohelotium baileyanum Discinella terrestris

Biology Possibly mycorrhizal with eucalypts; gregarious on the ground, usually amongst moss.

Fruit-body Description Disc diameter to 10 mm or more; saucer-shaped to flat disc-like; resting with a short stipe on the ground. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth; colour yellow to yellow-orange. Outer Surface lighter in colour and minutely downy. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14–25 × 7.5–9 µm, elliptic-fusiform (spindle-shaped), with oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 200–225 × 10–14 µm, with a long stalk. Paraphyses same length as asci, about 2 µm thick, rounded at tips.

Comments Phaeohelotium baileyanum is identifiable by its yellow to yellow-orange discs on the ground, usually amongst moss. Other disc-shaped species, belonging to the genus Aleuria, are much larger and are bright orange. A smaller bright yellow disc, Bisporella citrina, is found on wood. Phylogenetic analysis by Baral et al. (2013) showed that this species is not Discinella terrestris but Phaeohelotium baileyanum.

References Baral H-O, Galan R, Platas G, Tena R (2013) “Phaeohelotium undulatum comb. nov. and Phaeoh. succineoguttulatum sp. nov., two segregates of the Discinella terrestris aggregate found under Eucalyptus in Spain: taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology and distribution”. Mycosystema Vol. 32(3) pp. 386–428 [D CP] Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical Notes on Some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Discinella terrestris) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 315 [D CP] (as Discinella terrestris) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 113 [CP] (as Discinella terrestris)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hyaloscyphaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hispidula dicksoniae

47

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

48

Fam. Hyaloscyphaceae

Hispidula dicksoniae Cyathicula dicksoniae

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found in gregarious groups usually near the base of dead rachises of Soft Tree Fern Dicksonia antarctica in wet areas.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body 0.5 to 1 mm diameter, sessile, shallow cup-shaped, margin ringed with numerous whitish tapering teeth/hairs up to 1 mm in length. Inner surface spore-bearing surface, smooth; flat or slightly depressed, pale yellow to greyish white, with a distinct blackish margin. Outer Surface colour can range from the same colour as the disc to black. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 10–14.5 × 3–3.5 µm, ellipsoidal to fusoid, ends more or less acute, flattened on one side, often slightly curved in side view, 0-1 septate. Asci eightspored, 90–120 × 5.5–7 µm. Paraphyses slender, 1.5 µm diameter, enlarged to 2.5–3 µm at the apex.

Comments Hispidula dicksoniae can be readily identified from other species in its genus by its colour and blackish margin on the disc; it grows only on dead rachises of Soft Tree Fern Dicksonia antarctica, usually around late autumn to early spring.

References Beaton G and Weste G (1977) “New Species of Helotiales and Phacidiales from Australia”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, Vol. 68(1) pp. 73–77 [D I] (as Cyathicula dicksoniae) Johnston PR (2003) “Hispidula gen. nov. (Helotiales, Hyaloscyphaceae) in Australia and New Zealand”. Vol. 41(4) pp. 685–697 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Lachnaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lachnum lachnoderma

49

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

50

Fam. Lachnaceae

Lachnum lachnoderma Peziza lachnoderma

Dasyscyphus lachnodermus

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious to scattered, found on dead wood and rotten branches of various non-coniferous trees. It is relatively common on Olearia species such as the Musk Daisy-bush Olearia argophylla.

Fruit-body Description Short-stipitate disc, up to 4 mm across, stipe up to 1 mm long, the larger fruitbodies have the appearance of being sessile. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, cup-shaped to plane; colour orangey yellow to orange. Outer Surface densely clothed with white hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 15–29 × 1.5–2.5 µm, smooth, hyaline, narrowly fusiod, both ends equally tapered, 1–septate. Asci eight-spored, 80–90 × 5–6.5 µm, cylindricclavate, apex conical. Paraphyses lanceolate, diameter up to 5 µm, exceeding asci by up to 20 µm. Hairs cylindric, septate, surface finely granulate, apex either slightly tapered or obtuse, tip rounded.

Comments Lachnum lachnoderma is one of the large species of Lachnum, which can be recognised by its large size (2 mm or more across) and its orangey yellow disc with the outer surface clothed with white hairs. The author has found this species on a number of occasions, always on rotten wood of the Musk Daisy-bush Olearia argophylla. (Note: Mature discs that are less than 1 mm across are most likely a different species.)

References Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical Notes on Some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Dasyscyphus lachnodermus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 227 [D CP] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 550–564 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Lachnaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lachnum pteridophyllum

51

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

52

Fam. Lachnaceae

Lachnum pteridophyllum Lachnum varians var. pteridophyllum Dasyscypha pteriodophylla

Dasyscyphus pteridophyllus Dasyscyphus varians var. pteridophyllus

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious, found in large colonies in wet forest or rainforest. So far we have found it only on dead rachises of the Soft Tree Fern Dicksonia antarctica. There are reports that it may also be found on the dead rachises of the Rough Tree Fern Cyathea australis.

Fruit-body Description Minute, up to 0.8 mm across; cup-shaped, with a stipe up to 0.5 mm long. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth and pale yellow, often covered by cup margin. Outer Surface densely clothed with yellowish to golden hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 15–19 × 1–2 µm, smooth, fusiform (spindle-shaped), cylindrical, with pointed tips. Asci eight-spored, 48–70 × 4–5.5 µm.

Comments Lachnum pteridophyllum fruit-bodies are minute stipitate cups, with yellow or golden hairs on the outside, while the smooth inner cup is yellowish. They grow on dead tree fern fronds, which makes them relatively easy to locate and identify. To date we have found this species only on the rachises of dead fronds of the Soft Tree Fern.

References Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical Notes on Some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Dasyscyphus pteridophyllus) Haines JH (1980) “Studies in the Hyaloscyphaceae I: Some Species of Dasyscyphus on Tropical Ferns”. Mycotaxon Vol. 11(1), pp. 189–216 [D I] (as Dasyscyphus varians var. pteridophyllus) Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 119–123 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Lachnaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lachnum cf. varians

53

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

54

Fam. Lachnaceae

Lachnum cf. varians Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious, found in large colonies on the stems (rachises) of dead tree fern fronds. So far we have found it only on Rough Tree Fern Cyathea australis in wet forest or in rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Minute, up to 1.5 mm across; cup-shaped, stipe length approximately that of disc diameter. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth and pale yellow, in wet conditions may bleach to white. Outer Surface densely clothed with white or creamy hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14–19 × 2.5–4 µm, (mean 16.0 ± 1.6 × 3.5 ± 0.3 µm, n=144), smooth, long ellipsoidal with rounded ends. Asci eight-spored, 73–81 × 6.5–8 µm, cylindric-clavate.

Comments Lachnum cf. varians fruit-bodies are minute stipitate cups, with whitish hairs on the outside, while the smooth inner cup is yellowish. To date they have been found growing only on dead rachises of Rough Tree Fern. They are also the most common Lachnum found during our forays. The image and spore measurement given in Fuhrer (2009) is consistent with it being Lachnum cf. varians.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 324 [D CP] (as Lachnum pteridophyllum) Mendel R, Lorea-Hernández (2008) “Hyaloscyphaceae (Ascomycota) growing on tree ferns Mexico”. Mycotaxon Vol. 106, pp. 209–217 [D I] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 119–123 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Lachnaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lachnum virgineum

55

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

56

Fam. Lachnaceae

Lachnum virgineum Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious to scattered, found on moist dead wood and woody debris.

Fruit-body Description Short-stipitate disc, up to 2 mm across, stipe up to 1 mm long, goblet-shaped when young, finally becoming disc-shaped. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, cup-shaped to plane; colour white, may dry to a very pale yellow. Outer Surface densely clothed with white hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 7–10.5 × 1.5–2 µm, smooth, hyaline, narrowly fusiod, both ends tapered but usually rounded, non–septate. Asci eight-spored, spores uniseriate (in a single line), 45–60 × 4.5–6 µm, cylindric-clavate, apex conical. Paraphyses lanceolate, septate, diameter up to 5 µm, exceeding asci by up to 20 µm. Hairs cylindric, septate, surface finely granulate, apex either slightly tapered or obtuse, tip rounded, sometimes swollen.

Comments Lachnum virgineum is the type species for the genus, and can be recognised by its overall white appearance, with its outer surface covered in white hairs, and growing on dead wood or woody debris. Even so, care must be taken when identifying this species in the field as there are more than 260 species of Lachnum. Lachnum virgineum is cosmopolitan, and is common in both northern and southern hemispheres.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 194 [D CP] (as Dasyscyphus virgineus) Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical Notes on Some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Dasyscyphus virgineus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 324 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 227 [D CP] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 534–538 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Leotiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Leotia lubrica

57

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

58

Fam. Leotiaceae

Leotia lubrica Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on soil or highly decayed mulch in wet forest.

Fruit-body Description Up to 80 mm or more tall, consisting of a pileus and a stipe, flesh gelatinous. Pileus up to 20 mm diameter or more and between one quarter and one sixth of the total height, convex or hemispheric, usually lobed and convoluted, margin inrolled; surface glabrous; colour varies from yellow to yellow-green or olive-brown. Stipe up to 50 mm long and 10 mm thick; surface viscid when young and moist, sparsely covered with fine scales; colour light yellow to ochre, occasionally with tints of green. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 16–24 × 4–6 µm, smooth, fusiform (spindle-shaped), elongateellipsoidal, 3–5 septate. Asci eight-spored, 130–140 × 8–12 µm, spores uniseriate (in a single line). Paraphyses filiform, forked, tips thickened.

Comments Leotia lubrica is identified in the field by the gelatinous rubbery texture of its well defined pileus and stipe, and its overall yellowish colour. It is so distinctive that it cannot readily be confused with any other species. It is found in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Leotia lubrica was broken up into a small number of species based on a number of morphological characteristics, one of these being the amount of green in the fruit-body. DNA analysis (Zhong and Pfister 2004) showed that most of these species were variations of L. lubrica. Simplified, the results showed that if the fresh fruit-body has yellow in the stipe, it is L. lubrica, and if the whole fruit-body is green, it is most likely L. atrovirens. The sister genus/clade to Leotia is Microglossum.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 874 [D CP] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 134 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 326 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 117 [D CP]

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

59

Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 243 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 113 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 368 [D CP] Zhong Z and Pfister DH (2004) “Phylogenetic relationships among species of Leotia (Leotiales) based on ITS and RPB2 sequences”. Mycological Progress Vol. 3(3), pp. 237–246

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Rutstroemiaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Lanzia lanaripes

60

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

61

Fam. Rutstroemiaceae

Lanzia lanaripes Ruststroemia lanaripes

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; solitary or gregarious on moist or wet decaying logs.

Fruit-body Description Up to 10 mm across; disc convex, plane or funnel-shaped, with a stipe up to 15 mm long; colour dark grey to black, sometimes with an olivaceous hue. Inner Surface spore-bearing, glabrous. Outer Surface including stipe, glabrous, sometimes stipe may appear slightly pruinose. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 13–17 × 3.5–4.5 µm, smooth, fusiform (spindle-shaped), elongateellipsoidal, 1–3 septate. Asci eight-spored, 115–125 × 7–9 µm.

Comments Lanzia lanaripes fruit-bodies can be identified in the field because they look like black broad-headed tacks sticking out of a rotting log. They are found in wet forest and rainforest.

References Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical Notes on Some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Ruststroemia lanaripes) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 325 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 228 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sclerotiniaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hymenotorrendiella clelandii

62

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

63

Fam. Sclerotiniaceae

Hymenotorrendiella clelandii Zoellneria clelandii

Torrendiella clelandii

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; scattered or gregarious on wood and twigs of Eucalyptus species, to which this species is most likely restricted.

Fruit-body Description Up to 6 mm or more across; disc-shaped, on a slender stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, slightly concave or plane, smooth, soft-fleshed, light yellowish grey when fresh, drying orange. Outer Surface same colour as disc, covered in numerous long, fine, very dark brown hairs. Stipe central, slightly tapered, length variable up to 6 mm or more, similar colour to disc, sometimes darker towards the base, also covered with fine dark hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 17–21 × 4–6 µm, ellipsoidal-fusiform, sometimes slightly curved, non-septate, sometimes with several oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 120–160 × 8–10 µm. Paraphyses fusiform, septate, about the same length as the asci.

Comments Hymenotorrendiella clelandii, which is found on Eucalyptus wood and twigs, is readily identified by its relatively large size, colour, and hairy outer surface. This fungus was previously known as Torrendiella clelandii (Spooner 1987), but phylogenetic analysis performed by Johnston et al. (2014) has shown that southern hemisphere species of Torrendiella are phylogenetically distinct from northern hemisphere species, being more closely related to Hymenoscyphus spp. than to Torrendiella spp., therefore they have been placed into the new genus Hymenotorrendiella.

References Beaton G and Weste G (1977) “Zoellneria species from Victoria, Australia”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 68(1), pp. 79–84 [D I] (as Zoellneria clelandii) Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical notes on some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Zöllneria eucalypti) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 223 [D CP] Johnston PR, Park D, Baral H-O, Galan R, Platas G and Tena R (2014) “The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotorrendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes”. Phytotaxa Vol. 177(1), pp. 1–25 [D CP]

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

64

Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 1–711 [D I] (as Torrendiella clelandii)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sclerotiniaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti

65

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

66

Fam. Sclerotiniaceae

Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti Peziza eucalypti Zoellneria eucalypti Zoellneria callochaetes

Ciboria strigosa Torrendiella eucalypti

Biology Parasitic and saprotrophic ascomycete; infects leaves of Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon; the fruit-bodies appear singly or scattered in small colonies on leaves that have fallen to the ground.

Fruit-body Description Up to 1.5 mm or more across; disc-shaped to cup-shaped on a slender stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, slightly concave or convex, smooth, yellowishwhite when fresh, drying to pale yellow, with scattered brown bristles on the margin. Outer Surface same colour as disc, free of hairs. Stipe central, up to 1.5 mm long and 0.25 mm thick, similar colour to disc, sometimes darker towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14–19 × 3–5 µm, ellipsoidal-fusiform, with pointy ends, sometimes slightly curved, non-septate, with several oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 75–110 × 8–10 µm. Paraphyses cylindrical with rounded tips, often containing yellow oily matter in the upper part.

Comments Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti is readily identified by its small size, yellowish colour, bristles at the margin of the disc, and presence on the fallen leaves of Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon trees. Although Spooner (1987) and Dennis (1958) have it also occurring on Eucalyptus leaves, it is now thought to be hostspecific to Acacia melanoxylon. Phylogenetic analysis performed by Johnston et al. (2014) has shown that southern hemisphere species of Torrendiella are phylogenetically distinct from northern hemisphere species, being more closely related to Hymenoscyphus spp. than to Torrendiella spp., therefore they have been placed into the new genus Hymenotorrendiella.

References Beaton G and Weste G (1977) “Zoellneria species from Victoria, Australia”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 68(1), pp. 79–84 [D I] (as Zoellneria eucalypti) Dennis RWG (1958) “Critical notes on some Australian Helotiales and Ostropales”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 13(2), pp. 321–358 [D I] (as Zoellneria eucalypti)

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

67

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 223 [D CP] Johnston PR, Park D, Baral H-O, Galan R, Platas G and Tena R (2014) “The phylogenetic relationships of Torrendiella and Hymenotooendiella gen. nov. within the Leotiomycetes”. Phytotaxa Vol. 177(1), pp. 1–25 [D CP] Spooner BM (1987) “Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglossaceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 116, pp. 1–711 [D I] (as Torrendiella eucalypti)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tympanidaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Claussenomyces australis

68

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

69

Fam. Tympanidaceae

Claussenomyces australis Ionomidotis australis

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; scattered or caespitose on decaying eucalypt wood in wet forests.

Fruit-body Description Disc diameter up to 25 mm; convex, flat or distorted when in a caespitose cluster; gelatinous; fruit-body truncate-conical, sessile, or broadly attached to the substrate. Upper Surface spore-bearing, smooth when fresh to slightly wrinkled and roughened when dry; ivy green when fresh, drying to black. Lower Surface smooth; same colour as upper surface. KOH-extractable pigment pigment extracted in a 5% aqueous KOH solution is reddish-purple to purple. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 5–7.5 × 1.5–2.5 µm, ellipsoidal to rod-shaped, slightly constricted in the middle, smooth, with 2 oil drops, irregularly biseriate. Asci eight-spored, 30–38 × 4–5 µm, clavate.

Comments This species can be tentatively identified by the gelatinous ivy green of the discs, growing on wood. Microscopic examination is required for positive identification. The genus Claussenomyces and closely related genera such as Ionomidotis and Ameghiniella all have a number of gelatinous greenish disc-shaped species. There is still some doubt concerning which genus this species belongs to; both Zhuang (1986) and Gamundi et al. (1995), suggest that it should be placed in the genus Ionomidotis based on microscopic features, such as the one-celled ascospores and the absence of ascoconidia, which are not characteristic of Claussenomyces species. At present not enough is known about this and related species. Until there is, it is prudent to keep this species in the genus Claussenomyces.

References Beaton GW and Weste G (1979) “Four inoperculate discomycetes from Victoria, Australia”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 71(2). pp. 215–221 [D I] Gamundi IJ and Giaiotti AL (1995) “A new species of Claussenomyces (Helotiales) from southern South America”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 33. pp. 513–517 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 217 [D CP]

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

70

Zhuang W-y (1986) “Studies on some discomycete genera with an ionomidotic reaction: Ionomidotis, Poloniodiscus, Cordierites, Phyllomyces and Ameghiniella”. Mycotaxon Vol. 31(2), pp. 261–298 [D I](as Ionomidotis australis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Vibrisseaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Chlorovibrissea bicolor

71

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

72

Fam. Vibrisseaceae

Chlorovibrissea bicolor Vibrissea bicolor

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious on rotting wood totally or partly immersed in running water.

Fruit-body Description A pin-shaped fruit-body up to 20 mm high; the head (pileus) of the fruit-body is fertile, globose or lobed, up to 5 mm diameter; colour yellow. Stipe up to 15 mm long, up to 1 mm thick; cylindrical or slightly tapering; surface smooth; colour dark green when fresh. Spore Print not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 53–60 × 1.5–2 µm, filiform, thinner at one end, with numerous oil drops; no septation observed. Asci eight-spored, 130–160 × 5–7 µm, clavate, with a long tapering base.

Comments This species is relatively unique because it is one of the few species of its type that is found on partly or totally immersed rotting wood. It is also identifiable by its yellow head (pileus) and very dark green to almost black stipe.

References Beaton GW and Weste G (1977) “Australian Discomycetes: a new Vibrissea species”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 69(2). pp. 323–325 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 307 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 116 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Vibrisseaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

Chlorovibrissea melanochlora

73

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

74

Fam. Vibrisseaceae

Chlorovibrissea melanochlora Vibrissea melanochlora

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious in cracks and hollows in saturated rotting eucalypt logs.

Fruit-body Description A pin-shaped fruit-body up to 30 mm high; the head (pileus) of the fruitbody is fertile, globose, sometimes with lobes, up to 7 mm diameter; colour parsley green. Stipe up to 25 mm long and up to 1 mm thick; cylindrical or slightly tapering; surface smooth; colour a darker parsley green than the head. Spore Print not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 100–115 × 1–5 µm, filiform, slightly tapered, with numerous oil drops, continuous at first, becoming up to 9-septate. Asci eight-spored, 180–200 × 7–9 µm, clavate, with a long tapering base.

Comments This is a relatively rare species. Its main identifying feature is that the whole fruit-body is parsley green. It is a difficult fungus to find, especially if only the green fertile head appears above a mossy background.

References Beaton GW and Weste G (1976) “Australian Discomycetes: log-inhabiting Vibrissea species”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 67(1). pp. 129–132 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 308 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 217 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Vibrisseaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Vibrissea dura

75

2.3. Order: Helotiales

Fungi in Australia

76

Fam. Vibrisseaceae

Vibrissea dura Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; solitary, in groups, or caespitose on wet decaying wood in wet forests.

Fruit-body Description A ‘map pin’-like fruit-body with a globose to irregularly globose fertile head (pileus) on top of a stipe. Pileus diameter 7 mm or more; globose to irregularly globose, convex with an involute margin forming a shallow depression around the stipe; surface smooth, firm jelly-like texture, viscid when moist; colour completely light brown or with a brown centre fading to pale yellow at the margin. Stipe central or slightly eccentric, 30 mm or more long and up to 2 mm thick, viscid when moist, tough, smooth, white to very pale yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 95–120 × 2 µm, filiform (filaments), slightly tapering, with several septa. Asci eight-spored, 160–210 × 6.5–8 µm.

Comments Vibrissea dura is a gelatinous ‘map pin’-like fungus, and is readily recognised by its pale brown globose head, whitish stipe, and the total absence of any tints of green. It is a rare fungus found in very wet forests. In New Zealand there is a similar looking species, V. albofusca, which has a dark brown pileus.

References Beaton G and Weste G (1976) “Australian Discomycetes: Log-inhabiting Vibrissea species”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 67(1), pp. 129–132 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 340 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 238 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 118[D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

2.4

Fungi in Australia

77

Order: Hypocreales

A. Neobarya agaricicola B. Nectria sanguinea

Hypocreales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Hypocreaomycetidae Order: Hypocreales Families Bionectriaceae Clavicipitaceae Cordycipitaceae Hypocreaceae Nectriaceae Niessliaceae Ophiocordycipitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hypocreales is an order of the class Sordariomycetes and is estimated to contain 7 families, 237 genera, and 2647 species (Kirk et al. 2008). Fruit-bodies are predominantly flask-like (perithecia), in which eight-spored inoperculate asci are produced. Most species have a fleshy fruit-body, and many can be recognised by their bright colours. These are often yellow, orange or red. The taxonomy of this order is still unsettled, as the majority of species have both anamorph (asexual reproductive state) and teleomorph (sexual reproductive state) states and for a significant number of species only the teleomorph is known. To date not enough species have been sampled to resolve the taxonomy of this order.

C. Cordyceps gunnii D. Trichoderma gelatinosum

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

78

Hypocreales consist of diverse species, some of which attack hosts across three kingdoms of life, including insects, plants and other fungi. The pictures above illustrate some of the members of the Helotiales. Neobarya agaricicoloa, parasitic on fungi, Nectria sanguinea has been known to be parasitic on species in the family Xylariaceae, Cordyceps gunnii is parasitic on some moth larvae, and Trichoderma gelatinosum is saprophytic on decaying wood.

References Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) Wallingford (UK): CAB International.

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavicipitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Neobarya agaricicola

79

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

80

Fam. Clavicipitaceae

Neobarya agaricicola Biology Parasitic ascomycete; solitary to densely gregarious on the pileus and stipe of small agarics (Mycena or small Galerina-like fruit-bodies).

Fruit-body Description Elongated ovoid flask-shaped fruit-body up to 1 mm high, with an acute apex; smooth, yellow to yellow-orange. Spore Print not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores 140–350 × 0.5–1 µm, thread-like, full length of the ascus. Asci 140–350 × 3.5–6 µm, eight-spored; spores resemble a bundle of threads filling the ascus.

Comments Neobarya agaricicola can easily be overlooked because of its diminutive size, but it is a highly distinctive species because of its yellowish flask-shaped fruit-body, which grows in large numbers on the small host agaric.

References Candoussau F, Boqueras M, Gómez-Bolea A, Læssøe T, Lowen R, Rogers JD, Rossman AY and Samuels GJ (2007) “Observations on Neobarya, including new species and new combinations”. Sydowia Vol. 59, pp. 179–215 [D P] Dingley JM (1954) “The Hypocreales of New Zealand. VI. The Genera Hypocrella, Baryta, and Podonectria.”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 81, pp. 489– 499 [D I] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 230 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cordyceps bassiana

81

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

82

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps bassiana Beauveria bassiana

Biology Parasitic ascomycete; the most common stage of this species is the asexual stage (anamorph), which is highly virulent and infects a wide range of insects. The sexual (teleomorph) club-like stage has been found on wood-boring grubs.

Fruit-body Description White mycelium and conidiogenous cells encrusting the parasitised insect, giving the impression that the insect is coated in icing sugar. The sexual stage (teleomorph) has the characteristic Cordyceps club-like shape, is up to 40 mm long and up to 7 mm thick, brownish yellow to yellowish, and has recently been identified in China and verified using DNA analysis (Li et al. 2001). Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Conidia (asexual reproductive cells) 1.5–4 × 1.5–3 µm, globose. Ascospores 300– 520 × 1–1.5 µm, filiform, equally thick throughout, multiseptate; fragmenting into secondary spores; secondary spores 4.5–10 × 1–1.5 µm. Asci 230–570 × 3.5–4 µm.

Comments The asexual stage of this species is a highly virulent parasite attacking a broad range of insects, and since it can be readily cultured it is widely used for biological control of insects.

References Kendrick B (2000) The Fifth Kingdom, 3rd edn. Focus Publishing: Newburyport MA, USA. p. 224 [D] Li Z, Li C, Huang B and Fan M (2001) “Discovery and demonstration of the teleomorph of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., an important entomogenous fungus”. Chinese Science Bulletin 46, pp. 751–753 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 110 [CP] (as Beauveria bassiana)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cordyceps cranstounii

83

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

84

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps cranstounii Biology Parasitic ascomycete; parasitic on buried moth larvae, usually from the family Hepialidae, and often of the genus Oxycanus, such as ghost or swift moths. The fruit-body emerges from a parasitised larva.

Fruit-body Description Consists of multiple club-shaped heads, up to 30 mm tall, protruding above the ground; cream to yellowish cream in colour; the fertile region, which is thicker than the stipe, covers more than half of the above-ground club; it has a rough surface, covered with conspicuous perithecial orifices (a perithecium is a flask-shaped structure in which the asci form); the below-ground material connected to the caterpillar is branched and lace-like. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores long (greater than 200 µm), filiform, equally thick throughout, multiseptate; fragmenting into secondary spores; secondary spores 3.5 × 1.5 µm, cylindrical, smooth.

Comments Cordyceps cranstounii is readily recognised in the field by its cluster of creamcoloured, rough, club-shaped fruit-bodies that usually reach a height of only 20 mm. Occasionally it can also be found growing on fruit-bodies of Cordyceps robertsii.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 311 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 218 [D CP] Grey P and Barker R (1993) “Cordyceps or Plant eats Animal!”. The Victorian Naturalist, Vol.110(2) pp. 98–107 [D P] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 107 [CP] Willis JH (1959) “Australian Species of the Fungal Genus Cordyceps (fr.) Link”. Muelleria Vol. 1, pp. 67–89 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cordyceps gunnii

85

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

86

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps gunnii Biology Parasitic ascomycete; parasitic on buried moth larvae, usually from the family Hepialidae, and often of the genus Oxycanus, such as ghost or swift moths. The fruit-body usually emerges from the head of a parasitised larva, and is found mostly under Acacia trees.

Fruit-body Description Consists of a blunt-ended club (usually one but occasionally two) up to 120 mm above the ground and up to 30 mm thick; cylindrical; the fertile region is smooth, coloured green-black and ageing to black, covered in small perithecial orifices; the fertile region has a smooth transition to the non-fertile base, which is coloured yellowish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Perithecia 0.4–0.5 × 1.0–1.5 mm, immersed in fruit-body, oval. Ascospores 350– 450 × 1.5–2 µm, filiform, equally thick throughout, multiseptate; fragmenting into secondary spores; secondary spores 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 µm, smooth, rectangular. Asci 350–450 × 5–5.5 µm.

Comments The large, almost black club of Cordyceps gunnii is usually found near wattle trees (Acacia spp.), because the host larvae feed on wattle tree roots. The stipe down to the larva is usually short, about 10–20 cm, but occasionally can be as long as 80 cm.

References Dingley JM (1953) “The Hypocreales of New Zealand. V. The Genera Cordyceps and Torrubiella”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 81(3), pp. 329– 343 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 311 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 218 [D CP] Grey P and Barker R (1993) “Cordyceps or Plant eats Animal!”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol.110(2), pp. 98–107 [D P] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 104 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 107 [CP]

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

87

Willis JH (1959) “Australian Species of the Fungal Genus Cordyceps (fr.) Link”. Muelleria Vol. 1, pp. 67–89 [D P] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 220 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cordyceps hawkesii

88

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

89

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps hawkesii Biology Parasitic ascomycete; parasitic on buried moth larvae, usually from the family Hepialidae, and often of the genus Oxycanus, such as ghost or swift moths. The fruit-body usually emerges from the head of a parasitised larva, and is found mostly under wattle trees (Acacia spp).

Fruit-body Description Consists of a blunt-ended club (usually one but occasionally two) up to 80 mm above the ground and up to 30 mm thick; cylindrical; the fertile region is smooth, coloured creamy brown, covered in small perithecial orifices; there is a sharp transition from the fertile region to the non-fertile base, coloured pale fawn. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores long (greater than 200 µm), filiform, equally thick throughout, multiseptate; fragmenting into secondary spores; secondary spores 4 × 2 µm, cylindrical, smooth.

Comments The large pale fawn club of Cordyceps hawkesii is usually found near Acacia trees, because the host larvae feed on the roots of these trees. The stipe down to the larva is usually short, about 10–20 cm, but occasionally can be much longer. DNA analysis done by Liu et al. (2002) shows that C. hawkesii and C. gunnii could be morphological variants of the same species, but no Australian material was tested.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 312 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 218 [D CP] Grey P and Barker R (1993) “Cordyceps or Plant eats Animal!”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol.110(2), pp. 98–107 [D P] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 105 [D CP] Liu ZY, Liang ZQ, Liu AY, Yao YJ, Hyde KD and Yu ZN (2002) “Molecular evidence for teleomorph-anamorph connections in Cordyceps based on ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences”. Mycological Research Vol. 106(9), pp. 1100–1108 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 107 [CP]

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

90

Willis JH (1959) “Australian Species of the Fungal Genus Cordyceps (fr.) Link”. Muelleria Vol. 1, pp. 67–89 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cordyceps takaomontana

91

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

92

Fam. Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps takaomontana Paecilomyces tenuipes Isaria japonica

Isaria tenuipes

Biology Parasitic ascomycete; the most common stage of this species is the asexual stage (anamorph); the sexual (teleomorph) club-like stage is rare. It predominantly infects the pupae of Lepidoptera (moth and butterfly) larvae.

Fruit-body Description Anamorph Typically consists of a number of caespitose stipes, either branched or simple, up to 50 mm long and 3 mm thick, and covered with a feathery deposit consisting of conidial spores; colour of stipes is pale yellow and the conidial spore mass is white. The infecting mycelia do not cover the outside of the host as is the case with Cordyceps bassiana. Teleomorph Fruit-body solitary or forming a group of 2 to 8 caespitose cylindrical or clavate clubs up to 40 mm tall and 3 mm thick; surface slightly rough; colour pallid yellow to orange buff. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Conidia (asexual reproductive cells) 4–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 µm, elongate ellipsoidal to slightly irregularly sausage-shaped. Ascospores filamentous, secondary spores 3.5–7 × 0.5–1 µm. Asci 360 × 3.5–4.5 µm.

Comments Cordyceps takaomontana is most easily recognised in its more common anamorph form, with its yellowish stipes covered in a white feathery structure. The teleomorph form of this species is not so easily recognisable as there are a small number of other species of Cordyceps that also have yellowish clubs. To be sure of identification the host pupa needs to be identified. In Australia the teleomorph form of this species is extremely rare. By the 1940s the anamorph Isaria japonica and the teleomorph Cordyceps takaomontana forms of this species were understood to be the same species. This relationship was eventually proven by Luangsa-ard et al. (2005) using DNA analysis.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. p. 330 [D CP] (as Paecilomyces tenuipes )

Bloomings Books:

Melbourne.

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

93

Kabayasi Y (1941) “The genus Cordyceps and its allies”. Science Reports of the Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku. Section B, No. 84, Vol.5, pp. 53–260 [D I] Luangsa-ard JJ, Hywel-Jones NL, Manoch L and Samson RA (2005) “On the relationships of Paecilomyces sect. Isariodea species”. Mycological Research Vol. 109 (5), pp. 581– 589

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypocreaceae

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hypocreopsis amplectens

94

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

95

Fam. Hypocreaceae

Hypocreopsis amplectens Biology Parasitic ascomycete; found growing on fruit-bodies of Hymenochaete species, a brown crust fungus, on dead wood of Heath Tea-tree Leptospermum myrsinoides, Prickly Teatree L. continentale, Burgan Kunzea leptospermoides, Silver Banksia Banksia marginata, and Scented Paperbark Melaleuca squarrosa.

Fruit-body Description Up to 60 mm or more across, more or less circular in outline, consisting of finger-like lobes radiating from a common centre, giving the impression of grasping fingers; surface slightly rough, due to raised ostiolar openings; colour tobacco-brown to sooty brown, outer edges pale brown to yellowish. Flesh white, firm in texture. Spore Print Light brown

Microscopic Features Ascospores (20–)33 – 52 (–112) × 9–13 µm, cylindrical, sometimes tapering to rounded ends, coarsely warted. Asci (2–)3–4 spored, 135–190 × 10.5–13 µm.

Comments Hypocreopsis amplectens is usually found in association with Hymenochaete species on dead branches of Heath Tea-tree, Prickly Tea-tree, Burgan, Silver Banksia, and Scented Paperbark. It is readily recognised by its brown colour and finger-like lobes radiating from a central location. There is no other fungus with which it can be easily confused. This species has been collected in only a few locations in Australia and once in New Zealand, making it a rare and threatened species. In Australia, it has been classified as “vulnerable” under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 320 [D CP] Johnston PR, May TW, Park D and Horak E (2007) “Hypocreopsis amplectens sp. nov., a rare fungus from New Zealand and Australia”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 45, pp. 715–719 [D P] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 110 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 106 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypocreaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Trichoderma aff. gelatinosum

96

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

97

Fam. Hypocreaceae

Trichoderma aff. gelatinosum Hypocrea aff. gelatinosa (Teleomorph)

Biology Saprotrophic and parasitic (on other fungi) ascomycete; small cushion-like fruit-bodies may be scattered, gregarious or aggregated into small clusters on damp to wet wood, usually in wet forests.

Fruit-body Description Teleomorph (the sexual stage) fresh fruit-bodies 0.3–2 mm diameter, 0.3 to 1 mm thick, scattered, gregarious or aggregated into small clusters; when young button-shaped or cylindrical, becoming pulvinate (cushion-like) when mature. Surface when dry, smooth, dull not shiny, when young showing faint darker yellowish green ostiolar dots, which become well-defined ostiolar mounds with dots darkening to a dark green as spores mature. Colour when young pale yellow, becoming greenish yellow, eventually becoming dark yellowish green, and when fully mature and dry, becoming very dark greenish brown to almost black. Anamorph (the asexual stage) this reproductive stage has not been observed. Spore Print Dark green

Microscopic Features Initially the asci contain eight bicellular ascospores in uniseriate (in a single line) arrangement. As the ascospores mature they split within the ascus into two populations of ascospore cells, the cell closest to the ascus apex is the upper (= distal) cell, and the cell below it is the proximal cell. This splitting process produces an ascus with sixteen spores. Ascospores upper (distal) cell 4.5–6.5 × 4.5–6.5 µm (mean 5.5 ± 0.5 × 5.5 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.01 ± 0.1, n=30), globose to subglobose, warty (verrucose); lower (proximal) cell 5–8 × 4.5–6 µm (mean 6.5 ± 0.8 × 5.0 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.30 ± 0.17, n=30), globose, subglobose, ellipsoidal or wedge-shaped, warty (verrucose). Asci sixteen-spored, 87–130 × 5.5–7 µm, cylindrical; spores unisriate.

Comments The teleomorph of this wood-inhabiting species is recognised by its yellow to greenish yellow cushion-like fruit-bodies that are dotted with dark green sporebearing structures. Based on morphology of the teleomorph this species has sometimes been referred to as Hypocrea gelatinosa, a European species with a similar greenish fruit-body that develops orange to brick-red background colours on maturing, which Trichoderma aff. gelatinosum does not do. Hypocrea

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

98

gelatinosa is a synonym for Trichoderma gelatinosum (Bissett et al. 2015). There are a number of European Trichoderma species that have green spores and yellow green to green fruit-bodies, such as T. aerugineum, T. harzianum, T. sinuosum and T. thelephoricola(Jaklitsch 2009), plus there are other similarly coloured species endemic to other regions. Trying to identify a Trichoderma species only by the morphology of its teleomorph is very difficult, as it is the anamorph that contains much of the identifying parameters. In Australia this genus has been understudied and it is most likely that this species has not been described. Trichoderma is a genus of fungi that displays a remarkable range of lifestyles and interactions with other fungi, animals and plants. They have the ability to discourage plant-pathogenic fungi, and stimulate plant defense responses and growth. Advances in molecular genomics and ecology indicate that the complex interactions Trichoderma species have with elements of their environment may have evolved as a result of saprotrophy on fungal biomass and other forms of parasitism on other fungi, combined with environmental opportunism.(Druzhinina et al. 2011).

References Bissett J, Gams W, Jaklitsch WM and Samuels GJ (2015) “Accepted Trichoderma names in the year 2015”. IMA Fungus Vol. 6(2), pp. 263–295 Druzhinina IS, Seidl-Seiboth V, Herrera-Estrella A, Horwitz BA, Kenerley CM, Monte E, Mukherjee PK, Zeilinger S, Grigoriev IV, and Kubicek CP (2011) “Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success”. Nature Reviews Microbiology Vol. 9, pp. 749–759 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 223 [D CP] (as Hypocrea gelatinosa) Jaklitsch WM (2009) “European species of Hypocrea Part I. The green-spored species”. Studies in Mycology Vol. 63, pp. 1–91 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypocreaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Trichoderma nothescens

99

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

100

Fam. Hypocreaceae

Trichoderma nothescens Biology Saprotrophic and weak parasitic ascomycete; solitary or gregarious, on the bark of dead hardwood, usually associated with other fungi.

Fruit-body Description Teleomorph (the sexual stage) up to 4 mm diameter hemispherical cushions, either scattered, gregarious, or crowded, beginning as whitish furry lumps, then turning into smooth pale brown fruit-bodies often with a pale to white margin, becoming darker brown with age; surface peppered with ostioles (darker nonpapillate spots) from embedded perithecia. Perithecia fully immersed in the fruit-body. Anamorph (the asexual stage) has been seen only in culture as a furry green mould. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Ascospores (part-spores) 4.5–6.5 × 3.5–5 µm, (mean 5.3 ± 0.6 × 4.3 ± 0.5 µm, n=30); two distinct shapes, globose to subglobose, and truncated-conical with rounded ends; spinulose and hyaline. Asci 75–105 × 4–6.5 µm, cylindrical, 16-spored; spores uniseriate (in a single line). Paraphyses not observed.

Comments In Australia this species has often been misidentified as Hypocrea rufa, but the work done by Jaklitsch et al. (2006) showed that this species belongs to the Hypocrea/Trichoderma viridescens complex of species. Further research (Jaklitsch et al. 2013) using DNA analysis has disentangled this complex of species, and the results show that T. nothescens is a new southern hemisphere species found in Australia (so far only in Victoria). It is possible that its range may extend from New South Wales to Tasmania. Making positive field identification of members of this species complex is virtually impossible because their morphologies overlap. Before 2011 these species were placed into 2 genera, the asexual morph (anamorph) was placed in the genus Trichoderma Pers. 1794 and the sexual morph (teleomorph) was placed in the genus Hypocrea Fr. 1825. The 18th International Botanical Congress (IBC) held in Melbourne, in July 2011, passed a ruling that one species can have only one name. As Trichoderma/Hypocrea are different forms of the same species, to satisfy the IBC rules both the sexual and asexual forms are placed in the genus Trichoderma, which has priority by being the earlier named genus.

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

101

References Jaklitsch WM, Samuels GJ, Dodd SL, Lu B-S, Druzhinina IS (2006) “Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride : a reassessment and description of five closely related species with and without warted conidia”. Studies in Mycology Vol 56, pp. 135–177 [D CP] Jaklitsch WM, Samuels GJ, Ismaiel A, Voglmayr H (2013) “Disentangling the Trichoderma viridescens complex”. Persoonia Vol 31, pp. 112–146 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypocreaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Trichoderma victoriense

102

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

103

Fam. Hypocreaceae

Trichoderma victoriense Hypocrea victoriensis

Biology Saprotrophic or possibly fungicolous ascomycete; fruit-body forms an adhering crust, typically found on decorticated dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Effuse (flat), crust-like covering forming irregular patches up to 30 mm × 15 mm or more and up to 0.5 mm thick, punctate (with small projections) with ostioles, ostiole openings visible; colour variable, typically lemon yellow to ochraceous. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a weak orange colour reaction. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores (part-spores) 5.5–7 × 4.5–5.5 µm, thick-walled, subglobose, distinctly spinulose. Asci 112–142 × 6–7 µm, 16-spored; spores uniseriate (in a single line).

Comments Patches of Trichoderma victoriense are readily identified by their bright lemon yellow colour and clearly visible ostioles. In Australia, this species was originally identified as H. sulphurea, a northern hemisphere species that is morphologically very similar to the Australian species. DNA analysis (Overton et al. 2006) has shown that the Australian species is genetically a separate and distinct species.

References Dingley JM (1954) “Notes on Hypocrea citrina (Pers.) Fr., H. lactea Fr., H. pulvinata Fel. and H. sulphurea (Schw.) Saee”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 9(4), pp. 575–578 [D I] (as H. sulphurea) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 320 [D CP] (as Hypocrea sulphurea) Overton BE, Stewart EL and Geiser DM (2006) “Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of nine species of Hypocrea with anamorphs assignable to Trichoderma section Hypocreanum”. Studies in Mycology Vol. 56, pp. 39–65 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Nectriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Nectria sanguinea

104

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

105

Fam. Nectriaceae

Nectria sanguinea Sphaeria sanguinea

Nectria episphaeria

Biology Parasitic ascomycete; usually found as gregarious colonies on one of the crust fungi belonging to genera in the Xylariaceae, particularly Hypoxylon and Biscogniauxia.

Fruit-body Description Flask-shaped fruit-bodies (perithecia) up to 0.5 mm high, globose, ovoid or pyriform, ostiole (opening of spore-producing chamber) distinctly papillate; surface finely dimpled; colour scarlet or dark red. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 6–14 × 3–5 µm oval, warty, with one septum. Asci eight-spored, 48–95 × 5–6 µm, spores in line (uniseriate).

Comments Nectria sanguinea fruit-bodies are recognised by their small size, flask shape, the distinctly papillate ostiole, and their growth on or next to a black crust fungus. There are a number of similar red Nectria species, although most of them are slightly larger, usually more than 1 mm in height. Microscopic examination is required to ascertain their identity.

References Dingley JM (1951) “The Hypocreales of New Zealand II. The genus Nectria”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 79, pp. 177–202 [D] Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 273 [D CI] (as Nectria episphaeria) Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 62 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Ophiocordycipitaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ophiocordyceps robertsii

106

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

107

Fam. Ophiocordycipitaceae

Ophiocordyceps robertsii Cordyceps robertsii

Biology Parasitic ascomycete; parasitic on buried moth larvae, usually from the family Hepialidae, and often of the genus Oxycanus, such as ghost or swift moths. The fruit-body usually emerges from the head of a parasitised larva, and is found mostly under wattle trees (Acacia spp.).

Fruit-body Description Slender, up to 380 mm long, single or slightly branched (2–3); fertile portion top third to a half of the fruit-body, 3–4 mm thick; pointed, surface rough due to a dense covering of perithecia, which reach apex of stem; colour initially brown, becoming a brown-black with age; sterile portion more slender, 2–3 mm thick; same colour as fertile portion. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Perithecia 0.3–0.4 × 0.6–0.88 mm, superficial (on the surface), easily separable, ellipsoidal. Ascospores 250–380 × 1.5–2 µm, filiform, equally thick throughout, multiseptate; fragmenting into secondary spores; secondary spores 6–12 × 1–1.5 µm, smooth, rectangular. Asci 250–420 × 10–14 µm.

Comments Ophiocordyceps robertsii is one of the largest, if not the largest Cordyceps species in the world. The long slender pointed fruit-body makes it readily identifiable. Occasionally specimens are found with whitish or cream-coloured outgrowths. These outgrowths have been identified as belonging to Cordyceps cranstounii, which may be parasitic on or co-existing with O. robertsii. Phylogenetic analysis of the family Clavicipitaceae clearly shows that this family was not monophyletic and needed to be reclassified. This was achieved largely by the Sung et al. (2007a) and Sung et al. (2007b). It can be inferred from this reclassification that morphological characteristics are not diagnostic of monophyly.

References Cunningham GH (1921) “Art. XLII. – The Genus Cordyceps in New Zealand”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 53, pp. 372–382 [D I] (as Cordyceps robertsii) Dingley JM (1953) “The Hypocreales of New Zealand. V. The Genera Cordyceps and Torrubiella”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 81(3), pp. 329– 343 [D I] (as Cordyceps robertsii)

2.4. Order: Hypocreales

Fungi in Australia

108

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 312 [D CP] (as Cordyceps robertsii) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 219 [D CP] (as Cordyceps robertsii) Grey P and Barker R (1993) “Cordyceps or Plant eats Animal!”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol.110(2), pp. 98–107 [D P] (as Cordyceps robertsii) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 108 [CP] (as Cordyceps robertsii) Sung G-H, Sung J-M, Hywel-Jones NL, Spatafora JW (2007a). “A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): Identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 44(3), pp. 1204–1223 Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Lauangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007b) “Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi”. Studies in Mycology Vol. 57, pp. 5–59 Willis JH (1959) “Australian Species of the Fungal Genus Cordyceps (Fr.) Link”. Muelleria Vol. 1, pp. 67–89 [D P] (as Cordyceps robertsii)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

2.5

Fungi in Australia

109

Order: Pezizales

Pezizales is the only order of the class PezPezizales izomycetes, and is estimated to contain 16 Taxonomic Classification families, 199 genera, and 1683 species (Kirk et al. 2008). Most Pezizales form cup-shaped Fungi fruit-bodies (apothecia), and have a hyme- Kingdom: Phylum: Ascomycota nium in which nominally eight-spored operculate asci are produced. They are found Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Pezizomycetes mostly on soil, dung, wood or plant debris. Class: Order: Pezizales The trophic (feeding habit) status of species Families ranges from saprobic to mycorrhizal, with Ascobolaceae a few known to be parasitic. A number Ascodesmidaceae soil-inhabiting species have developed truffleCaloscyphaceae like closed hypogeous fruit-bodies in paralCarbomycetaceae lel with the loss of forcibly discharged asChorioactidaceae cospores (Hansen and Pfister 2006; Tedersoo Discinaceae et al. 2006). Glaziellaceae The “true truffles” once belonged to the Helvellaceae now obsolete Order Tuberales, but phylogeKarstenellaceae netic analysis of their DNA clearly shows that Morchellaceae they belong in the Order Pezizales (Læssøe Pezizaceae and Hansen 2007). The family Tuberaceae Pyronemataceae has at least 111 described species (Kirk et al. Rhizinaceae 2008). In this family you will find such “gasSarcoscyphaceae tronomic treasures” asTuber melanosporum Sarcosomataceae (black truffle) and Tuber magnatum (white Tuberaceae truffle). Another group of species that are highly prized are the morels, in the family Morchellaceae. These sought-after species are M. esculenta (yellow or common morel), M. deliciosa (white morel) and M. elata (black morel). Morels have not been successfully cultivated on a large scale; the commercial morel industry is based largely on specimens collected from nature. It has also been noted that morels often occur abundantly in the two to three years following a forest fire. Below are some images of Pezizales that can be found in Australia, such as the stiped species Morchella australiana and Helvella fibrosa. The more

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

110

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

common cup-shaped species are Peziza thozetii and Scutellinia scutellata.

A. Morchella australiana B. Helvella fibrosa

C. Peziza thozetii D. Scutellina scutellata

References Hansen K and Pfister DH (2006) “Systematics of the Pezizomycetes–the operculate discomycetes”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 1029–1040. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Læssøe T and Hansen K (2007) “Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?”. Mycological Research Vol. 111, pp. 1075–1099. Tedersoo L, Hansen K, Perry BA and Kjller R (2006) “Molecular and morphological diversity of pezizalean ectomycorrhiza”. New Phytologist Vol. 170, pp. 581–596.

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helvellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Helvella fibrosa

111

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

112

Fam. Helvellaceae

Helvella fibrosa Helvella chinensis Helvella villosa

Octospora villosa

Biology Saprotrophic or possibly mycorrhizal ascomycete; solitary or in scattered small groups on the ground.

Fruit-body Description Height up to 60 mm, stipitate (with a stipe or stalk) cup; Cup diameter up to 25 mm, shallow cup- to saucer-shaped, sometimes with a deflexed margin and hence may appear saddle-shaped. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, grey-brown; Outer Surface hairy, pubescent, grey-brown. Stipe central, up to 50 mm long and 4 mm thick, surface same as outer surface of cup, colour a little lighter. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 17–19.5 × 11–13 µm, short oblong ellipsoidal, when young often ornamented with warts. Asci eight-spored, 275–360 × 14–17 µm. Paraphyses slender, 2–4 µm, diameter, distinctly enlarged at the apex 6–10µm.

Comments Helvella fibrosa is readily recognised; in Australia, a grey-brown stipitate cup is unique and cannot be readily mistaken for another fungus. The article by Korf (2008) outlines the historical name changes it has had and how it received its present name Helvella fibrosa.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 318 [D CP] (as Helvella chinensis) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 108 [D CP] (as Helvella chinensis) Korf PR (2008) “Nomenclatural notes. 12. Untangling Hedwig’s Octospora villosa : Helvella fibrosa comb. nov. ”. Mycotaxon Vol. 103(1) pp. 307–312 Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Helvellaceae

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

Underwoodia beatonii

113

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

114

Fam. Helvellaceae

Underwoodia beatonii Helvella beatonii

Biology Saprotrophic or possibly mycorrhizal ascomycete; solitary or scattered in small groups, gregarious, or occasionally fused together, on the ground usually in sandy areas, in association with eucalypts, sheoaks, and melaleucas.

Fruit-body Description Height up to 70 mm or more, diameter about 10 mm, club-shaped; may vary from smooth and rounded to irregularly furrowed; internally filled with large longitudinal cavities. The upper portion of the fruit-body is readily differentiated from the stipe, and is covered with the hymenium (sporebearing surface), which is smooth or undulate; colour brown to grey-brown, becoming blackish with age. Stipe, sterile, often fluted, surface minutely downy, pale creamy-white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 22.5–25.5 × 10.5–12.5 µm, ellipsoidal, at maturity ornamented with small warts. Asci eight-spored, 320–400 × 16–20 µm. Paraphyses slender, 2–4 µm, diameter, distinctly enlarged at the apex 5–7µm.

Comments This species is readily recognised by its brown to almost black, well formed club-shaped fruit-body, and the clear separation between the hymenium and the whitish sterile base (stipe). Another important diagnostic feature is the presence of hollow longitudinal chambers within the fruit-body. The genus Underwoodia is very closely related to the genus Helvella, and for a while Underwoodia species were moved into the genus Helvella. Phylogenetic studies by Landeros et al. (2015) clearly show that Underwoodia is a well defined independent genus. This species was named after the mycologist Gordon Beaton, who found it at Anglesea, Victoria, in 1964.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 339 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 106 [D CP] Landeros F, Iturriaga T, Rodríguez A, Vargas-Amado G, Guzmán-Dávalos (2015) “Advances in the phylogeny of Helvella (Fungi: Ascomycota), inferred from nuclear ribosomal LSU sequences and morphological data”. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad Vol. 86, pp. 856–871

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

115

Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Morchellaceae

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

Morchella australiana

116

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

117

Fam. Morchellaceae

Morchella australiana Biology Saprotrophic and mycorrhizal ascomycete; on unburnt sites, solitary or gregarious on the ground, in association with Eucalyptus and native pine Callitris species.

Fruit-body Description Up to 100 mm or more tall, hollow, junction between fertile head and stipe well defined. Fertile head length up to 50 mm or more and 30 mm broad at the base; conical to elongated ovoid; pitted and ridged, with the pits primarily arranged vertically; the colour of the ridges ranges from dark brown to black; the colour of the pits can range from yellow to smoky yellow-brown. Stipe up to 60 mm or more long and 20 mm or more thick; often irregular in shape, nearly smooth to coarsely wrinkled; surface appearing to be covered in fine granules; colour whitish to light orange-yellow with age. Spore Print Cream

Microscopic Features Ascospores 19–25 × 13–15 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline, without oil guttules but occasionally with small oil globules around the external perimeter. Asci eight-spored, 140–165 × 17–29 µm. Paraphyses not exceeding the asci length, cylindrical, septate, with inflated apices.

Comments Morchella australiana (Elliott et al. 2014), is an Australian native member of the M. elata group. A common feature of these species is the presence of prominent vertical ridges on the fertile head of the fruit-body. It is possible to confuse M. australiana with some introduced species, such as M. rufobrunnea and M. septimelata. It is not easy to separate the introduced species from M. australiana purely on morphological field characteristics, but introduced species prefer to fruit after fire, whereas M. australiana prefers to fruit in areas that have not been burnt. Separating Morchella species based on morphology has proved to be very challenging, resulting in a number of inappropriately named species. This in turn resulted in the assumption that many of the species were cosmopolitan. With the application of molecular phylogenetics, by about 2014 the Morchella genus had undergone extensive revision. It has also become evident that Morchella species generally are not cosmopolitan but instead exhibit a high degree of continental endemism (O’Donnell et al. 2011; Du et al. 2012, 2015; Richard et al. 2015) However, a small number of species have a cosmopolitan distribution. The reason for this is unknown, but it is possible that the spread may be the result of accidental human introductions.

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

118

References Bunyard BA, Nicholson MS and Royce DJ (1995) “Phylogenetic Resolution of Morchella, Verpa and Disciotis [Pezizales: Morchellaceae] Based on Restriction Enzyme Analysis of the 28S Ribosomal RNA Gene”. Experimental Mycology Vol. 19, pp. 223–233 Du X-H, Zhao Q, O’Donnell K, Rooney AP and Yang ZL (2012) “Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels (Morchella) are especially species-rich in China”. Fungal Genetics and Biology Vol. 49, pp. 455–469 Du X-H, Zhao Q and Yang ZL (2015) “A review on research advances, issues, and perspectives of morels”. Mycology Vol. 6(2), pp. 78–85 Elliott TF, Bougher NL, O’Donnell K and Trappe JM (2014) “Morchella australiana sp. nov., an apparent Australian endemic from New South Wales and Victoria”. Mycologia Vol. 106(1), pp. 113–118 [D CP] O’Donnell K, Rooney AP, Mills GL, Kuo M, Weber NS and Rehner SA (2011) “Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (Morchella) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic”. Fungal Genetics and Biology Vol. 48, pp. 252–265 Richard F, Bellanger J-M, Clowez P, Hansen K, O’Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R and Moreau P-A (2015) “True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy”. Mycologia Vol. 107(2), pp. 359–382

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Morchellaceae

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Morchella esculenta group

119

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

120

Fam. Morchellaceae

Morchella esculenta group Biology Saprotrophic and mycorrhizal ascomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground, usually amongst tea tree Leptospermum and Eucalyptus species.

Fruit-body Description Up to 120 mm or more tall, hollow, junction between fertile head and stipe well defined. Fertile head length up to 50 mm or more and 45 mm across; sub-conical, ovoid or subglobose with an irregular network of ridges and pits; the colour of the ridges is usually concolorous with the pits, but with age may become darker; the colour of the pits can range from light brown to dark greyish brown. Stipe up to 70 mm or more long and 20 mm or more thick; often irregular in shape, nearly smooth to coarsely wrinkled; surface appearing to be covered in fine granules; colour whitish to light orange-yellow with age. The base of the stipe is attached to a sclerotium (a dense mass of hyphae and soil). Spore Print Cream

Microscopic Features Ascospores 21.5–26 × 13–16.5 µm (mean 23.7 ± 1.4 × 14.8 ± 1.2 µm, n=30), ellipsoidal, smooth, without oil guttules but occasionally with numerous small oil globules around the external perimeter. Asci eight-spored, 320–380 × 20–25 µm. Paraphyses are approximately the length of the asci, cylindrical, multiseptate, moderately branched, diameter 6-10 µm; apices inflated, diameter 15–25 µm.

Comments The ovoid to subglobose shape of the fertile head, with its irregular network of ridges and pits that lack any vertical ribs, is characteristic of species in the Morchella esculenta group (Du et al. 2015). Morchella esculenta is a European species (Richard et al. 2015; Breitenbach et al. 1984). The M. esculenta described in Breitenbach et al. (1984) is normally much paler and yellower, and the spore size (18–23 × 11–14 µm) is slightly smaller than in this species of Morchella. Furthermore, the shape of the paraphyses is different. In Breitenbach et al. (1984) the paraphyses have significant branching, and lack any significant swelling of the apices. By contrast, this species has only slight branching in the paraphyses and has significant swelling of the apices. These differences in morphology, plus the fact that Morchella species exhibit a high degree of continental endemism (see comments for M. australiana), mean it is possible that this is an unnamed local species belonging to the M. esculenta group.

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

121

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. pp. 44–47 [D CP] Du X-H, Zhao Q and Yang ZL (2015) “A review on research advances, issues, and perspectives of morels”. Mycology Vol. 6(2), pp. 78–85 Richard F, Bellanger J-M, Clowez P, Hansen K, O’Donnell K, Urban A, Sauve M, Courtecuisse R and Moreau P-A (2015) “True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy”. Mycologia Vol. 107(2), pp. 359–382 Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I] (as M. esculenta)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pezizaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Hydnoplicata convoluta

122

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

123

Fam. Pezizaceae

Hydnoplicata convoluta Peziza whitei

Hydnoplicata whitei

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; usually solitary or gregarious on soil, usually buried or partially buried (sequestrate).

Fruit-body Description Up to 55 mm or more across; initially ellipsoidal to subglobose, becoming irregular in shape, convoluted and infolded to form inner chambers; surface smooth to minutely scabrous; colour initially white, becoming greyish white, at maturity may have tints of yellow, brown or pink. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 10–12 × 8–9 µm, ellipsoidal, ornamented with warts, thick-walled. Asci eight-spored, 230–260 × 12–15 µm.

Comments Hydnoplicata convoluta is a distinctive species, readily identified by its whitish convoluted fruit-body, which is usually buried or just exposed above the soil. Until quite recently this species was known as Peziza whitei, but DNA analysis done by Hansen et al. (2002) clearly showed that this species does not belong to the Peziza genus. It was later renamed H. convoluta by Trappe and Claridge (2006).

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 335 [D CP] Hansen K, Læssøe T and Pfister DH (2002) “Phylogenetic diversity in the core group of Peziza inferred from ITS sequences and morphology”. Mycological Research Vol. 106(8), pp. 879–902 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 119 [CP] (as Peziza whitei) Trappe JM and Claridge AW (2006) “Australasian Sequestrate Fungi 17: The genus Hydnoplicata (Ascomycota, Pezizaceae) Resurrected”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 25(1), pp. 33–36 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pezizaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Peziza tenacella

124

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

125

Fam. Pezizaceae

Peziza tenacella Humaria tenacella

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; either solitary or gregarious on burnt ground, usually amongst charcoal debris.

Fruit-body Description Up to 30 mm or more across; initially cup-shaped, becoming irregularly expanded and nearly flat, often wavy. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, initially purple, turning purplish brown and finally umber. Outer Surface purplish white to white, minutely scurfy (with small bran-like scales) to almost smooth. Stipe rarely substipitate, normally sessile. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 10.5–12 × 5–6.5 µm, smooth-walled, but very minutely warted at complete maturity, ellipsoidal, with two oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 185–220 × 7–8.5 µm. Paraphyses slender, septate, unbranched, apex clavate, curved or almost hooked, with coloured contents.

Comments Peziza tenacella is found on charcoal, either after a bush fire or on the charcoal ash of an old camp fire. The immature cups or discs are violet and become umber as they mature. Care must be taken when identifying this species as there are other purplish Peziza species, such as P. praetervisa and P. pseudoviolacea, which also appear after fire. These species tend to retain the purplish colour more so than P. tenacella. This is one of many fungus species that rapidly appear after a bush fire. It seems that post-fire fungal growth helps to stabilise and rehabilitate soil, and facilitates plant establishment.

References Claridge AW, Trappe, JM and Hansen K (2009) “Do fungi have a role as soil stabilizers and remediators after forest fire?”. Forest Ecology and Management Vol. 257, pp. 1063– 1069 Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 333 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 233 [D CP] Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pezizaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Peziza thozetii

126

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

127

Fam. Pezizaceae

Peziza thozetii Humaria thozetii

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; either solitary or gregarious on damp soil, often amongst mosses.

Fruit-body Description Up to 25 mm or more across; initially cup-shaped, becoming irregularly expanded and nearly flat, with inrolled margin. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, when mature pitted, brown to olive-brown. Outer Surface lighter in colour, rough, scurfy (with small bran-like scales). Stipe central, usually absent, or when present only as a short narrow stub; when absent, mature fruit-body attached to substrate by mycelial strands. Spore Print Pale brown

Microscopic Features Ascospores 23–26 × 9–12 µm, ellipsoidal, finely warty, without any oil drops, truncated conical apiculus at each end. Asci eight-spored, 300–400 × 13–15 µm.

Comments Peziza thozetii is a medium-sized cup fungus identified in the field by its brown colour, pitted inner surface and habitat on soil. Since there are numerous brownish cup fungi, the spores need to be examined for positive identification. The finely warty ellipsoidal spores, with a conical ornamentation (apiculus) at each end, will positively identify this fungus.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 333 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 233 [D CP] Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pezizaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Peziza varia

128

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

129

Fam. Pezizaceae

Peziza varia Peziza cerea Peziza micropus

Peziza repanda – probable

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; either solitary or gregarious on dead wood, woodchip mulch, rich soil, sandy soil, rotting herbaceous debris, occasionally on burnt soil, and herbivore dung.

Fruit-body Description Up to 60 mm or more across; initially cup-shaped, becoming irregularly expanded and nearly flat, often wavy, sessile or with a residual stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, pale brown to hazelnut, hygrophanous. Outer Surface greyish-brown to whitish when dry, and brown when wet, minutely scurfy (with small bran-like scales), hygrophanous. Stipe central, usually absent, or when present only as a short narrow stub; when absent, mature fruit-body attached to substrate by mycelial strands. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14.5–17.5 × 8–10.5 µm, smooth, or with with very fine warts (× 1000), ellipsoidal, without any oil drops. Asci eight-spored, 225–300 × 12–15 µm. Paraphyses slightly longer than asci, filiform, multiseptate, with an enlarged apex.

Comments The phylogenetic concept for Peziza varia put forward by Hansen et al. (2002) is used to identify this species, but unfortunately this has made identifying P. varia by its morphological features in the field difficult; microscopic examination is essential. The reasons for the difficulty in identifying P. varia in the field was highlighted by Hansen et al. (2002), and Medardi et al. (2012). By using phylogenetic and morphological analysis they concluded that the morphological characteristics of P. varia are significantly influenced by the environment. From their analysis they were also able to conclude that the taxonomic significance of the substrate is not a valid feature in Peziza identification. Hansen et al. (2002) also showed that phylogenetic analysis of species which were previously identified as P. cerea, P. micropus and P. repanda by their morphological characteristics were actually morphological variants of P. varia.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 822 [D P]

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

130

Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 78 [D CP] Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 18 [D CI] Hansen K, Læssøe T and Pfister DH (2002) “Phylogenetic diversity in the core group of Peziza inferred from ITS sequences and morphology”. Mycological Research Vol. 106(8), pp. 879–902 Medardi G, Lantieri A, Pfister DH, LoBuglio KF and Cacialli G (2012) “Clarification of Peziza fimeti with notes on P. varia collections on dung„. Mycotaxon Vol. 121, pp. 465–476 [D CP] Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Aleuria aurantia

131

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

132

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Aleuria aurantia Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found on disturbed ground, on path or road embankments, on bare loamy sandy soil, and also amongst grass.

Fruit-body Description Generally up to 100 mm across; initially cup-shaped, becoming irregularly expanded and flat; resting stalkless on the ground. Inner Surface sporebearing, smooth and bright orange. Outer Surface lighter in colour and covered with fine white hairs visible with a hand lens. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14–16 × 7–10 µm (not including ornamentation), with distinct, coarsely reticulated ornamentation. Asci eight-spored, 185–200 × 10–13 µm.

Comments Aleuria aurantia is an attractive bright orange cup fungus that grows on soil, usually in small dense groups. The cups have an almost non-existent stipe at the base, and flatten with age. Because of its colour and shape it has the common name “Orange-peel Fungus”.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 837 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 108 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 298 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 114 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 367 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 218 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Aleurina argentina

133

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

134

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Aleurina argentina Jafneadelphus argentinus

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found in small groups on the ground amongst forest litter or moss.

Fruit-body Description Generally up to 20 mm or more across, initially deep cup-shaped, with a raised rim, with age becoming flattish; resting on the ground, no stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, dark brown to dark purplish brown. Outer Surface slightly darker in colour, rough and warty. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 17.5–23.5 × 10–14 µm, ellipsoidal, ornamented with dome-shaped warts, diameter up to 3.5 µm . Asci 280–310 × 14–17 µm. Paraphyses not exceeding length of asci, apex has a thickish knob 6–8.5 µm wide, below apex 3.5–4.5 µm wide.

Comments This species can be identified by its very dark brown inner surface, together with the rough warty outer surface and lack of a stipe. A similar species, Aleurina ferruginea is much lighter in colour.

References Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I] (as Jafneadelphus argentinus) Zhuang W-y and Korf RP (1986) “A Monograph of the Genus Aleurina Masse (= Jafneadelphus Rifai)”. Mycotaxon Vol. 26, pp. 361–400 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Aleurina ferruginea

135

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

136

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Aleurina ferruginea Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found in small groups on the ground amongst forest litter or moss.

Fruit-body Description Generally up to 20 mm across, cup-shaped, with a raised rim; resting on the ground, no stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, yellowish brown to olivaceous brown. Outer Surface lighter in colour, covered in fine hairs and small brown warts. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 22–32 × 11–15 µm, ellipsoidal, with distinct hemispherical ornamentation up to 3.5 µm. Asci 250–360 × 14–21 µm.

Comments The smooth yellowish brown inner surface, together with the small brown warts on the outer surface and lack of a stipe, readily distinguish this species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 299 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 115 [CP] Zhuang W-y and Korf RP (1986) “A Monograph of the Genus Aleurina Masse (= Jafneadelphus Rifai)”. Mycotaxon Vol. 26, pp. 361–400 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Byssonectria fusispora

137

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

138

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Byssonectria fusispora Peziza fusispora Peziza carbonigena

Octospora carbonigena Inermisia fusispora

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious to densely crowded colonies on damp or burnt soil.

Fruit-body Description Disc diameter to 3 mm; saucer-shaped to flat disc-like; resting sessile or with a rudimentary stipe on a white network of mycelium on the ground. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth; colour bright yellowish orange. Outer Surface same colour as the inner surface and minutely downy towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 20–25 × 8–10 µm, fusiform, with 2 large oil drops. Asci eightspored, 200–240 × 12–16 µm, ascospores obliquely uniseriate (in a single line). Paraphyses same length as asci, about 2 µm thick, thicker at the tips.

Comments Byssonectria fusispora fruit-bodies form dense colonies on the ground and are identified by their bright yellowish orange colour and small size, up to only 3 mm in diameter. There are a number of fungi with fruit-bodies consisting of small yellowish discs, therefore to be sure of the identification microscopic examination is recommended.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 110 [D CP] (as Inermisia fusispora) Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 54 [D CI] (as Inermisia fusispora) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 322 [D CP] (as Inermisia fusispora) Pfister DH (1993) “A Synopsis of the North American species of Byssonectria (Pezizales) with comments on the ontogeny of two species”. Mycologia Vol. 85(6) pp. 952–962 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cheilymenia coprinaria

139

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

140

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Cheilymenia coprinaria Scutellinia coprinaria

Scutellinia michiganensis

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious on herbivore dung and manure; fruiting whenever conditions such as temperature and moisture are suitable.

Fruit-body Description Usually up to 2 mm, and rarely up to 5 mm across; saucer-shaped to disc-like; resting stalkless on the substrate. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth; colour orange, becoming brownish with age; margin fringed with minute orange to reddish brown stiff hairs that are almost 1 mm long. Outer Surface lighter in colour and covered with fine dark hairs visible with a hand lens (the nature of the substrate will most likely discourage such close examination). Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 16–22 × 8–12 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal, without oil droplets. Asci eight-spored, 170–220 × 10–14 µm. Paraphyses about same length as asci, containing orange granules, swollen at the apex. Hairs septate and distinctly forked at the base.

Comments This is a cosmopolitan species. Within this genus there are a number of very similar looking species all consisting of small yellow to orange discs; for positive identification microscopic features need to be examined. If the fruit-bodies are found on horse or cow dung and consist of orange discs up to 2 mm diameter they are most likely to be C. coprinaria.

References Denison WC (1964) “The Genus Cheilymenia in North America”. Mycologia Vol. 56(5) pp. 718–737 [D] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 305 [D CP] (as Cheilymenia raripila ) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 216 [D CP] Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pyronema omphalodes

141

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

142

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Pyronema omphalodes Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; gregarious, forming largish patches on burnt ground amongst wood ash.

Fruit-body Description Consists of minute convex discs up to 1 mm diameter, but usually becoming confluent in large orange to reddish orange patches, without any raised margin, surrounded by conspicuous cobweb-like white mycelium. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 11–15 × 6.5–8.5 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal. Asci eight-spored, 150 × 15 µm. Paraphyses simple, slightly clavate, 3–4 µm thick at the apex.

Comments The bright orange to reddish orange patches found on burnt blackened ground, such as old campfire sites, can readily be identified as Pyronema omphalodes.

References Dennis RWG (1978) British Ascomycetes. Strauss &Cramer: GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg. p. 71 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 336 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Paul George

c Ivan Margitta

Scutellinia scutellata complex

143

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

144

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Scutellinia scutellata complex Peziza scutellata

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; scattered or, more frequently, gregarious on rotten wood or damp humus-rich soil.

Fruit-body Description Up to 12 mm across, at first button-like, soon opening to form a shallow cup, and eventually becoming a convex to flat disc, margin fringed with dark brown to blackish hairs up to 1 mm long; broadly attached to the substrate, without a stipe. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, waxy dry, bright orange-red to red. Outer Surface covered in tiny dark hairs, brownish to pale orange. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 18–20 × 10–15 µm, ellipsoidal to oblong ellipsoidal, minutely warted, containing 1 or more oil globules. Asci eight-spored, 200–300 × 14–20 µm. Paraphyses slender, 200–300 × 3–4 µm, sparsely septate, apex distinctly enlarged.

Comments Scutellinia scutellata is a small cup fungus, readily identified by the bright reddish to reddish orange disc with 1 mm long eyelash-like dark hairs along its margin. Scutellina cf. margaritacea is found in Western Australia (Bougher and Syme 1998 ) and may possibly be a variant of this species.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 108 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 98 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 337 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 236 [D CP] Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pyronemataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Sowerbyella rhenana

145

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

146

Fam. Pyronemataceae

Sowerbyella rhenana Aleuria rhenana

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; often found in clusters on the ground amongst forest litter or moss.

Fruit-body Description Generally up to 25 mm across; cup-shaped, with a stipe up to 15 mm long and 4 mm thick. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth and bright orange. Outer Surface lighter in colour and covered with fine white hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 16–21.5 × 10–12.5 µm (not including ornamentation), with distinct coarsely reticulated ornamentation. Asci eight-spored, 270–350 × 12–16 µm.

Comments This small cup fungus is readily identified by its bright orange colour and presence of a whitish stipe. In 1986, J. Moravec separated Sowerbyella and Aleuria species based on morphological and chemical characters. Moravec (1988) shows that Aleuria species have paraphyses containing carotenoid pigments where as Sowerbyella species do not. This, plus other morphological features, was enough to warrant changing the name from Aleuria rhenana to Sowerbyella rhenana.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 92 [D CI] (as Aleuria rhenana) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 299 [D CP] (as Aleuria rhenana) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 115 [CP] (as Aleuria rhenana) Moravec J (1988) “A key to the species of Sowerbyella (Discomycetes, Pezizales)”. Česká Mykoligie Vol. 42, pp. 193–199 Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I] (as Aleuria rhenana)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sarcosomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Urnula campylospora

147

2.5. Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

148

Fam. Sarcosomataceae

Urnula campylospora Peziza campylospora

Plectania campylospora

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found in wet forests on decaying wood or logs; usually gregarious to caespitose.

Fruit-body Description Generally up to 80 mm across; discoid, cup- to funnel-shaped, with age rim may become wavy and irregular; subsessile or stipitate; flesh rubbery. Inner Surface spore-bearing, smooth, dark brown, occasionally blackish brown. Outer Surface rough-textured, dark brown to black. Stipe central, may be rubimentary or up to 20 mm long, black, rough. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 23–32 × 9–14 µm uniseriate (in a single line), hyaline, containing 1–3 large oil globules, curved bean-shaped. Asci eight-spored, 400–490 × 14–18 µm.

Comments Urnula campylospora is a large cup fungus, and is recognised by its brown to brown-black colour, smooth inner surface and rough outer surface, rubbery texture, and habitat on damp rotting wood that is often moss-covered.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 335 [D CP] (as Plectania campylospora) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 237 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 109 [D CP] (as Plectania campylospora) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 119 [CP] (as Plectania campylospora) Rifai MA (1968) “The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew”. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, AFD. Natuurkunde, Second series, Vol. 57(3), pp. 1–295 [D I] (as Plectania campylospora) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 225 [D I] (as Plectania campylospora)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.6. Order: Sordariales

2.6

Fungi in Australia

149

Order: Sordariales

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Sordariales is an order of the class SorSordariales dariomycetes, consisting of 3 families, the Taxonomic Classification Chaetomiaceae, Lasiosphaeriaceae, and Sordariaceae, and approximately 35 genera (HuhFungi ndorf et al. 2004). According to Kirk et al. Kingdom: Phylum: Ascomycota (2008) this order contains 5 families and 97 genera and approximately 309 species. Ear- Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Sordariomycetes lier descriptions of this order had it contain- Class: Subclass: Sordariomycetidae ing up to 14 families and 115 genera. FruitSordariales bodies are predominantly flask-like structures Order: Families (perithecia) in which eight-spored inopercuChaetomiaceae late asci are produced. Lasiosphaeriaceae Species within these families have small Sordariaceae (mostly less than 1 mm high) flask-shaped perithecia (fruit-bodies) which are usually covered with hair. They are saprophytes; some species can be found on rotting wood, soil, herbaceous animal dung, other fungi, and on cellulose-rich substrates. Most fungi that belong to the Chaetomiaceae family are distributed widely,

Figure 2.1: Lasiosphaeria ovina A lignicolus species growing on a decaying log.

2.6. Order: Sordariales

Fungi in Australia

150

the largest genus in this family being Chaetomium. Chaetomium species are common colonisers of soil and cellulose-containing substrates, and it has been reported that varieties of the common C. globosum is used as a biocontrol agent (Soytong et al. 2001).

References Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) Wallingford (UK): CAB International. Huhndorf SM, Miller AN and Fernández FA, (2004) “Molecular systematics of the Sordariales: the order and the family Lasiosphaeriaceae redefined”. Mycologia Vol. 96(2) pp. 368– 387. Soytong K, Kanokmedhakul S, Kukongviriyapa V and Isobe M (2001) “Application of R as a new broad spectrum biological fungicide for Chaetomium species (Ketomium ) plant disease control: A review article”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 7 pp. 1–15.

2.6. Order: Sordariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Lasiosphaeriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lasiosphaeria ovina

151

2.6. Order: Sordariales

Fungi in Australia

152

Fam. Lasiosphaeriaceae

Lasiosphaeria ovina Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; numerous, scattered to compact groups on dead, decorticated wood; in large numbers may resemble a white crust.

Fruit-body Description Individual fruit-bodies are very small, up to 0.6 mm diameter, spherical to oval, with a black papilla at the apex, sessile (sitting directly on the substrate), somewhat embedded in and surrounded by a mat of greyish hyphal tissue; surface when young covered in a white tomentum (woolly) which can wear away with age, leaving a black undersurface; colour when young white, with age becoming black. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Ascospores 35–65 × 3–6 µm, smooth, cylindrical, bent, sometimes hockey stick-shaped, with numerous drops. Asci eight-spored, 180–210 × 6–12 µm. Paraphyses filiform, longer than asci, septate, and unbranched.

Comments Lasiosphaeria ovina is recognised by its small woolly white spherical fruitbodies, each with a distinctive black papilla on the apex. A hand lens is required to view individual fruit-bodies because they are only up to 0.6 mm across. This species can be found throughout the world, and has been identified in Canada, Costa Rica, Europe, Russia, New Zealand, Philippines, Australia, and USA.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 266 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 228 [D CP] Miller AN and Huhndorf SM (2004) “Using phylogenetic species recognition to delimit species boundaries within Lasiosphaeria”. Mycologia Vol. 96 (5), pp. 1106–1127 [D CP] Miller AN and Huhndorf SM (2004) “A natural classification Lasiosphaeria based on nuclear LSU rDNA sequences”. Mycological Research Vol. 108 (1), pp. 26–34

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

153

Order: Xylariales

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Xylariales is the only order of the subclass Xylariomycetidae and is estimated to contain 7 families, more than 92 genera and 795 species (Smith et al. 2003). Delimitation of the Xylariales, and the families within the order, has long been problematic. According to Kirk et al. (2008) the Xylariales contain 9 families, 208 genera and 2487 species. It is clear a significant amount of work remains to be done if this order, with its families and genera, is to become more clearly defined. Most species within this order have well developed carbonaceous fruit-bodies encasing perithecial ascomata (i.e. the part of the fruitbody containing the asci), in which eightspored inoperculate asci are produced. Most are thought to be saprophytic, often found on new or old dead wood, but some species in the genus Rosellinia are considered serious crop pathogens.

Xylariales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Subphylum: Pezizomycotina Class: Sordariomycetes Subclass: Xylariomycetidae Order: Xylariales Families Amphisphaeriaceae Apiosporaceae Clypeosphaeriaceae Diatrypaceae Graphostromataceae Hyponectriaceae Xylariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

2.7

Fungi in Australia

A. Annulohypoxylon bovei C. Xylaria castorea B. Daldinia grandis D. Poronia erici All of the above species belong in the family Xylariaceae.

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

154

There are also a number of endophytic species in this order. In the family Xylariaceae, species have been documented on conifers, monocots, dicots, ferns and lycopsids. It is likely that some species are quiescent colonisers that will later decompose cellulose and lignin when the plant begins to die (Davis et al. 2003).

References Davis EC, Fanklin JB, Shaw AJ and Vilgalys R (2003) “Endophytic Xylaria (Xylariaceae) among Liverworts and Angiosperms: Phylogenetics, Distribution, and Symbiosis” American Journal of Botany Vol. 90(11) pp. 1661–1667. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Smith GJD, Liew ECY and Hyde KD (2003) “The Xylariales: a monophyletic order containing 7 families”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 13 pp. 185–218.

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Annulohypoxylon bovei

155

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

156

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

Annulohypoxylon bovei Hypoxylon bovei

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; scattered or clusters of fruit-bodies rarely forming a crust on dead Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii wood.

Fruit-body Description Usually clusters of subglobose, dome-shaped fruit-bodies; the domes are spherical carbonaceous perithecial mounds, which can be up to 5 mm diameter; on the top of each mound there is a flat disc with a small central protrusion (ostiole); colour dark purple-brown when young, ageing to black. Perithecia up to 1 mm diameter; ostioles papillate (small rounded protrusions), encircled by a disc up to 0.7 mm diameter. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 10.5–13 × 5–6.5 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, and a straight germ slit on the convex side of the spore, almost full spore length. Asci 170–200 × 8–9 µm, eight-spored.

Comments Annulohypoxylon bovei can be identified in the field because it looks like a gregarious group of black dome-shaped fruit-bodies with a flattened disc at the apex, which has a central protrusion, and it is found on dead Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii wood. DNA analysis (Hsieh et al. 2005) has shown that species with this characteristic morphology do not belong to the Hypoxylon genus as first thought. They have been placed in a new closely related genus, Annulohypoxylon.

References Hsieh H-M, Ju Y-M and Rogers JD (2005) “Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and closely related genera”. Mycologia Vol. 97(4), pp. 844–865 Ju Y-M, Rogers JD (1996) “A revision of the genus Hypoxylon”. Mycologia Memoir No. 20, pp. 1–365 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microspora

157

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

158

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microspora Hypoxylon bovei var. microspora

Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microsporum

Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; fruit-body forms an adhering crust, typically found on decorticated dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Blackish crust made up of closely packed domes, patches up to 200 mm × 50 mm or more, surface uneven due to protruding perithecia. Perithecia partially immersed or almost free, subglobose, up to 1 mm diameter; ostioles papillate (small rounded protrusions), encircled by a disc up to 0.7 mm diameter. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 8.5–10.5 × 4–5 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, and a straight germ slit on the convex side of the spore, almost full spore length. Asci 115–175 × 4.5–6 µm, eight-spored.

Comments Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microspora can be identified in the field because it tends to form largish black crusts made up of closely packed domes on dead wood other than Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii. DNA analysis (Hsieh et al. 2005) has shown that species with this characteristic morphology do not belong to the Hypoxylon genus as first thought. They have been placed in a new closely related genus, Annulohypoxylon.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 321 [D CP] (as Hypoxylon bovei) Hsieh H-M, Ju Y-M and Rogers JD (2005) “Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and closely related genera”. Mycologia Vol. 97(4), pp. 844–865 Ju Y-M, Rogers JD (1996) “A revision of the genus Hypoxylon”. Mycologia Memoir No. 20, pp. 1–365 [D P] Van der Gucht K (1995) “Illustrations and Descriptions of Xylariaceous Fungi Collected in Papua New Guinea”. Bulletin du Jardin botanique national de Belgique / Bulletin van de National Plantentuin van België Vol. 64(3/4), pp. 219–403 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Hypoxylon howeianum

159

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

160

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

Hypoxylon howeianum Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found on bark or decorticated wood, in groups of cushion-like crusts, usually in association with its anamorph (asexual stage) consisting of conspicuous dark brown cord- or rope-like clusters. Usually found on recently dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Stromata (sexual stage) up to 10 mm or more in diameter and up to 6 mm thick; hemispherical, cushion-like, at times coalescent; surface roughened, usually by conspicuous perithecial mounds; colour varies from orange-brown to dark brown. Perithecia up to 500 µm high and 300 µm in diameter, obovoid (oblong) to subglobose. Anamorph (asexual stage) consisting of dark brown cords up to 15 mm long or more radiating from the base of young stromata. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 6.5–9 × 3.4–5 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, and a faint straight germ slit (full spore length) on the convex side of the spore; in KOH appear dark brown. Asci eight-spored, 93–144 × 4–7 µm, spores confined to upper half.

Comments Hypoxylon howeianum is a cosmopolitan species, usually found on recently dead wood, and is recognised by its orange-brown to dark brown colour and hemispherical-shaped fruit-bodies. It is common to find it in large eruptions on recently fallen branches.

References Ju Y-M and Rogers JD (1996) “A revision of the genus Hypoxylon”. Mycologia Memoir No. 20. APS Press St. Paul, Minnesota. USA. Lee Y-S and Whalley AJS (2000) “The genus Hypoxylon, Wood Decay Fungi — I. Teleomorph of Hypoxylon Section”. Mycobiology Vol. 28, pp. 5–10 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum

161

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

162

Fam. Hypoxylaceae

Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found on decorticated wood, may form extensive crust patches, usually on recently dead wood of Pomaderris spp. It is often found in association with other black crusts, possibly other Hypoxylon or Hypocrea species.

Fruit-body Description Teleomorph (sexual stage) forms extensive crust patches, which can be up to a metre or more in length, and 1.2–2 mm thick; surface roughened by perithecial mounds, which can be up to 0.5 mm across and about 0.2 mm height with a whitish ostiole in the centre; colour varies from purple to reddish purple. It has a subsurface layer consisting of yellowish brown grains of azophilone pigments, above the black, brittle flesh of the fruit-body. Perithecia up to 900 µm high and 500 µm in diameter, obovoid. Anamorph (asexual stage) not seen. KOH-extractable pigment orange. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14.5–17 × 7–9 µm (mean 15.7 ± 0.6 × 7.8 ± 0.4 µm, Q=2.02 ± 0.09, n=30), smooth, ellipsoidal-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, and a faint straight germ slit (full spore length) on the convex side of the spore; appear dark brown in KOH. Asci eight-spored, 240–280 × 8.5–12 µm, spores confined to upper third to half of the ascus.

Comments This species is easily seen as large purplish patches usually on recently dead Pomaderris species. If the fruit-body is not old it can be identified by the whitish ostioles, and by the orange, KOH-extractable pigment (for this test a small tube of 5–10 % solution of KOH is required). For more certain identification microscopic examination is necessary. This species has many similarities to the northern hemisphere species H. placentiforme and H. rubiginosum (Ju and Rogers (1996) with which it is often confused. Hypoxylon placentiforme does not have a yellowish brown subsurface layer, its ascii are much smaller 140–170 × 7.5–11 µm, it has a similar spore size 8.5–18.5 × 4.5–8 µm, and its KOH-extractable pigment tends to be greenish olivaceous. Hypoxylon rubiginosum has a yellowish brown subsurface layer, its ascii are much smaller 100–170 × 5.5–8 µm, it has a significantly smaller spore size 9–12 × 4–4.5 µm, and its KOH-extractable pigment tends to be orange.

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

163

It is clear from the observed morphology that this species is neither H. placentiforme nor H. rubiginosum. The work on chemotaxonomy by Stedler et al. (2004) and Stadler and Fournier (2006) shows that the colours of the subsurface pigment and KOH-extractable pigments are indispensable for species recognition in Daldinia and Hypoxylon/Annulohypoxylon genera. Since this species has a similarly coloured KOH-extractable pigment and subsurface layer to H. rubiginosum, then inferring from the work by Stadler and Fournier, this species and H. rubiginosum are most likely closely related. Therefore it is preferable to call this species Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum rather than Hypoxylon aff. placentiforme.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 322 [D CP] (as Hypoxylon rubiginosum) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 226 [D CP] (as Hypoxylon aff. placentiforme) Ju Y-M and Rogers JD (1996) “A revision of the genus Hypoxylon”. Mycologia Memoir No. 20. APS Press St. Paul, Minnesota. USA. Stadler M and Fournier J (2006) “Pigment chemistry, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Hypoxyloideae (Xylariaceae)”. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología Vol. 23, pp. 160–170 [D CP] Stadler M, Wollweber H and Fournier J (2004) “A host-specific species of Hypoxylon from France, and notes on the chemotaxonomy of the ‘Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex’ ”. Mycotaxon Vol. 90(1), pp. 187–211 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Xylariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Daldinia grandis

164

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

165

Fam. Xylariaceae

Daldinia grandis Biology Saprotrophic and weak parasitic ascomycete; solitary or gregarious, usually on dead but occasionally on live wood, often appearing after fire, causing white rot in the host.

Fruit-body Description Up to 80 mm across; hemispherical, subglobose to irregularly round, without a stipe; surface dry, hard, shiny, smooth or with minute bumps (perithecial mounds); colour light brown at first, later becoming black; Interior composed of alternating greyish and black concentric layers. Perithecia just under the surface, tubular, 0.3–0.5 mm diameter and 0.7–1.5 mm high; ostioles slightly papillate. KOH-extractable pigment pigment extracted from a relatively fresh fruit-body is purple to dark livid purple. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 14–22 × 7–11 µm, elongate-ellipsoidal, highly variable, with a straight germ slit the length of the spore, on the more convex side. Asci 220–250 × 10–13 µm. Paraphyses not abundant, same length as asci.

Comments The genus Daldinia has about 19 recognised species throughout the world and the morphology of most of the species is very similar. This makes it difficult to positively identify a Daldinia species in the field. The fruit-body shape, spore size and shape, as well as the colour of the KOH-extractable pigment are all needed when identifying a Daldinia species. The most common species found in Australia and New Zealand is Daldinia grandis, which has a purple KOH-extractable pigment. The Australian species has often been misidentified as D. concentrica, a common species found in the northern hemisphere (see Phillips 2006). Its KOH-extractable pigment is hazel, honey or amber in colour, and its spores are smaller than those of D. grandis.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 96 [D CI] (as Daldinia concentrica) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 315 [D CP] (as Daldinia concentrica) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 220 [D CP]

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

166

Ju Y-M, Rogers JD and Martin FS (1997) “A Revision of the Genus Daldinia”. Mycotaxon Vol 61, pp. 243–293 [D P] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 374 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Xylariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Poronia erici

167

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

168

Fam. Xylariaceae

Poronia erici Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; found on herbivore dung, most common on marsupial dung, occasionally on cow or horse dung.

Fruit-body Description Diameter usually less than 30 mm, and up to 2 mm thick, irregularly shaped flattened discs with a tapering base embedded in the dung. Upper Surface slightly irregular, punctuated with small well spaced brown to black ostioles (holes through which spores are ejected); colour whitish to light pinkish brown. Lower Surface smooth, dark greyish brown. Spore Print Dark brown

Microscopic Features Ascospores 27.5–30.5 × 15–17.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Asci 155–200 × 18–26 µm, eight-spored; spores uniseriate (in a single line).

Comments Poronia erici is found mainly on the dung of native marsupials where it produces small button-like fruit-bodies. The bulk of the fruit-body consists of sterile tissue in which the spore-bearing perithecium (a sexual spore-bearing flask) is embedded. The sterile tissue is also capable of producing asexual spores (conidia). In the past, this species has been confused with a similar northern hemisphere species P. punctata (see Phillips 2006), which has a longish central stalk and smaller spores (18–26 × 7–12 µm) than those of P. erici.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 104 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 335 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 234 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 113 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 120 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 377 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 226 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Xylariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Xylaria castorea

169

2.7. Order: Xylariales

Fungi in Australia

170

Fam. Xylariaceae

Xylaria castorea Biology Saprotrophic ascomycete; solitary to gregarious but not fused together, typically found on decorticated dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Unbranched, usually cylindrical, clavate, and sometimes spathulate; height up to 40 mm or more and up to 10 mm thick, if spathulate up to 25 mm wide; apex either rounded or with a pointy tip; surface fertile, becoming finely areolate, slightly rough; ostioles papillate (small rounded protrusions) causing roughness of the surface; colour black; flesh white and brittle. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Ascospores 9.5–11 × 5–6 µm, ellipsoidal, inequilateral to nearly symmetrical, nearly opaque; slit usually obscure, probably full length, straight, parallel to long axis. Asci eight-spored, 130–140 × 5.5–7 µm.

Comments Xylaria species are difficult to separate in the field; they are all the same colour, black, and their morphologies often overlap, but fortunately most can be readily recognised by their microscopic characteristics. In Australia, Xylaria castorea has often been misidentified as the northern hemisphere species X. polymorpha because the fruit-bodies look the same, but the spores of X. polymorpha are much larger (22–29 × 7–9 µm) and they also have their own distinctive shape (see Breitenbach and Krãnzlin 1984).

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 276 [D CP] Gates GM, and Ratkowsky DA (2005) “A Preliminary Census of the Macrofungi of Mt Wellington Tasmania — The Ascomycota”. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania Vol. 139, pp. 49–52 Rogers JD and Samuels GJ (1986) “Ascomycetes of New Zealand 8. Xylaria”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 24, pp. 615–650 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

chapter 3

GLOSSARY As you get more involved with fungi, and in particular when talking with fellow enthusiasts or reading about fungi, the jargon of terms and phrases will eventually become part of your own language. In the meantime, here is a glossary with images to assist with terms that are frequently used by mycologists. aff. – with affinity to, or similar to.

allantoid – sausage-shaped, usually referring to spores.

amyloid – a chemical staining reaction in which the tissue, spore wall ornamentation, etc. stains bluish-black in Melzer’s reagent (iodine solution), showing the presence of starch. amygdaliform – having an almond-shape, usually referring to almond-shaped spores. anamorph – an asexual reproductive form of a fungus, cf. teleomorph. apothecium – a cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruit-body, typical of some ascomycetes. See Aleurina ferruginea.

applanate – flattened or becoming flattened. appressed – scales, fibres or hairs that lie flat against the surface of the pileus or stipe.

Fungi in Australia

areolate – a surface that is split into regular or irregular shaped blocks, revealing the underlying flesh, usually referring to the outer skin of a fungus. ascomycete – a class of fungi that produce their spores in sac-like cells called asci. ascus (pl. asci) – a microscopic sac or tube which contains the spores of an ascomycete. biseriate – spores arranged in two rows in the ascus. (See also uniseriate). bracket – a fungus with a bracket-shaped fruit-body, often produced on trees or dead wood. The fruit-body can be woody, fleshy, tough, or leathery.

caespitose – where a number of fruit-bodies are fused together. See Flammulina velutipes.

campanulate – (often of pileus) bell-shaped.

chlamydospores – asexual spores formed by the breaking up of fungal hyphae.

clavate – club-shaped.

172

Fungi in Australia

concave – saucer-shaped; often used to describe the shape of disc fungi.

concentric – having rings or zones within each other.

concolorous – two or more objects having the same colour.

conic – cone-shaped (e.g. a pileus that is taller than its width and often pointed).

convex – rounded, higher in the middle than at the margin.

coprophilous – growing on dung or droppings. cylindric – cylinder-shaped, e.g. a stipe that has the same diameter from apex to base. dextrinoid – a chemical staining reaction in which the tissue, spore wall ornamentation, etc. stains reddish to reddish brown upon exposure to iodine or Melzer’s reagent. (See also amyloid). diploid – of a nucleus, cell, hypha, or a fruit-body having two sets of chromosomes (male and female).

173

Fungi in Australia

ellipsoidal – a object that is bilaterally symmetrical,with curved sides and rounded ends, often referring to the shape of spores. ephemeral (evanescent) – appearing briefly and then vanishing, e.g. a part of the fungus that is present in the young fruit-body, but disappears when it matures. fruit-body – in macro and micro fungi, the structure that supports the spore-bearing organs. fusiform – spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends (usually referring to spores). germ pore – thin region of spore wall via which spores can germinate. glabrous – smooth, without any hairs or other ornamentation. globose – having a spherical shape (e.g. fungal fruit-bodies or spores). glutinous – (often describing a pileus surface) covered with a slimy gelatinous layer. granulose – (often describing a pileus or stipe surface) covered with small granules. guttule – a small oil-like drop visible (via a microscope) inside a fungal spore. haploid – of a nucleus, cell, hypha, or a fruit-body having only one set of chromosomes.

174

Fungi in Australia

hyaline – clear and without colour; referring to structures such as spores seen under a microscope. hymenium – the spore-bearing surface of the fruit-body. hypha (pl. hyphae) – one of the filaments of a fungal mycelium. imbricate – overlapping like roof tiles, e.g. the scales on a pileus, or multiple tiers of a bracket-like fungus. See Coprinus comatus. inamyloid – no change of colour upon application of Melzer’s reagent. inoperculate – said of asci which discharge the spores through an apical pore. (See also operculate).

lignicolous – growing on or in wood.

lubricous – slippery; a greasy smoothness.

macrofungi – fungal fruit-bodies that can be seen readily with the naked eye. mycelium – the filamentous vegetative (growing and feeding) portion of a fungus. mycorrhizal fungi – fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with a host green plant.

175

Fungi in Australia

operculate – asci which open apically by a lid (operculum). (See also inoperculate). ostiole – a pore or hole through which spores are ejected; for an ascomycete at the apex of the perithecium, or for a basidiomycete the mouth of a puffball or earth-star. parasitic fungi – fungi that feed on other living organisms. See Cordyceps gunnii. perithecium – (pl. perithecia) a small flask-like structure in which the asci are formed, with a narrow ostiole at its apex through which spores can escape. Perithecia are found in some ascomycetes such as Cordyceps and Poronia. pulvinate – cushion-like in form.

pyriform – pear-shaped.

resupinate – fruit-body that lies flat on the substrate with its hymenium outermost, often used with reference to crust fungi.

rhizomorph – easily visible string-like aggregation of hyphae, often seen at the base of a fungal fruit-body. sclerotium – a sterile compact mass of hyphae, usually with a hard outer protective layer. sessile – a fruit-body without a stipe, so that it sits directly on the substrate.

176

Fungi in Australia

spatulate – spoon-like in form. spore – reproductive unit of a fungus. substratum (substrate) – the material to which a fruitbody is attached. teleomorph – the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus, producing sexual spores. terricolous (terrestrial) – living or growing on soil. umbilicate – having a deep depression, usually with a small umbo (protrusion) in the centre, e.g. as in a belly button. umbo – a broad swelling or bump in the centre of the pileus. umbonate – a pileus with a distinct swelling or bump (umbo) at the centre. uniseriate – spores arranged in a single row in the ascus. (See also biseriate). ventricose – swollen or wider in the middle; (of stipe) swollen at or near the middle; (of lamellae) broader midway between stipe and pileal margin.

177

Species Index

Fungi in Australia

178

SPECIES INDEX Aleuria aurantia, 131 Aleuria rhenana, 146 Aleurina argentina, 133 Aleurina ferruginea, 135 Annulohypoxylon bovei, 155 Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microsporum, 158 Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microspora, 157 Ascocoryne sarcoides, 26 Banksiamyces macrocarpus, 28 Beauveria bassiana, 82 Bisporella citrina, 30 Bisporella sulfurina, 32 Bulgaria frondosa, 35 Byssonectria fusispora, 137 Cheilymenia coprinaria, 139 Chlorociboria aeruginascens, 22 Chlorosplenium aeruginascens, 23 Chlorovibrissea bicolor, 71 Chlorovibrissea melanochlora, 73 Ciboria strigosa, 66 Claussenomyces australis, 68 Cordierites frondosa, 34 Cordyceps bassiana, 81 Cordyceps cranstounii, 83 Cordyceps gunnii, 85 Cordyceps hawkesii, 88 Cordyceps robertsii, 107 Cordyceps takaomontana, 91 Cudoniella aquatica, 38

Cudoniella clavus, 37 Cudoniella pezizoidea, 42 Cyathicula dicksoniae, 48 Cyttaria gunnii, 6 Cyttaria septentrionalis, 7 Daldinia grandis, 164 Dasyscypha pteriodophylla, 52 Dasyscyphus varians var. pteridophyllus, 52 Dasyscyphus lachnodermus, 50 Dasyscyphus pteridophyllus, 52 Discinella terrestris, 46 Fabraea rhytismoidea, 24 Geoglossum glutinosum, 13 Geoglossum umbratile, 10 Glutinoglossum australasicum, 12 Glutinoglossum glutinosum, 13 Glutinoglossum methvenii, 14 Helvella beatonii, 114 Helvella chinensis, 112 Helvella fibrosa, 111 Helvella villosa, 112 Hispidula dicksoniae, 47 Humaria tenacella, 125 Humaria thozetii, 127 Hydnoplicata convoluta, 122 Hydnoplicata whitei, 123 Hymenoscyphus berggrenii, 39

Species Index

Hymenoscyphus sp. “olive cream with black rhizomorphs”, 41 Hymenoscyphus sp. “white bruising orange”, 43 Hymenotorrendiella clelandii, 62 Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti, 65 Hypocrea aff. gelatinosa, 97 Hypocrea victoriensis, 103 Hypocreopsis amplectens, 94 Hypoxylon bovei, 156 Hypoxylon bovei var. microspora, 158 Hypoxylon howeianum, 159 Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum, 161 Inermisia fusispora, 138 Ionomidotis australis, 69 Ionomidotis frondosa, 35 Isaria japonica, 92 Isaria tenuipes, 92 Jafneadelphus argentinus, 134 Lachnum lachnoderma, 49 Lachnum pteridophyllum, 51 Lachnum cf. varians, 53 Lachnum varians var. pteridophyllum, 52 Lachnum virgineum, 55 Lanzia berggrenii, 40 Lanzia lanaripes, 60 Lasiosphaeria ovina, 151 Leotia lubrica, 57 Mollisia nothofagi, 40 Morchella australiana, 116 Morchella esculenta, 119

Fungi in Australia

Nectria episphaeria, 105 Nectria sanguinea, 104 Neobarya agaricicola, 79 Octospora carbonigena, 138 Octospora villosa, 112 Ophiocordyceps robertsii, 106 Paecilomyces tenuipes, 92 Peziza campylospora, 148 Peziza carbonigena, 138 Peziza cerea, 129 Peziza eucalypti, 66 Peziza fusispora, 138 Peziza lachnoderma, 50 Peziza micropus, 129 Peziza repanda, 129 Peziza scutellata, 144 Peziza tenacella, 124 Peziza thozetii, 126 Peziza varia, 128 Peziza whitei, 123 Pezizella nothofagi, 40 Phaeohelotium baileyanum, 45 Plectania campylospora, 148 Poronia erici, 167 Pyronema omphalodes, 141 Ruststroemia lanaripes, 61 Scutellinia coprinaria, 140 Scutellinia michiganensis, 140 Scutellinia scutellata, 143 Sowerbyella rhenana, 145 Sphaeria sanguinea, 105 Torrendiella clelandii, 63 Torrendiella eucalypti, 66

179

Species Index

Trichoderma aff. gelatinosum, 96 Trichoderma nothescens, 99 Trichoderma victoriense, 102 Trichoglossum hirsutum, 16 Trichoglossum walteri, 18 Underwoodia beatonii, 113 Urnula campylospora, 147

Fungi in Australia

Vibrissea bicolor, 72 Vibrissea dura, 75 Vibrissea melanochlora, 74 Xylaria castorea, 169 Zoellneria callochaetes, 66 Zoellneria clelandii, 63 Zoellneria eucalypti, 66

180

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 3

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina – I

Hygrocybe acutoconica

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 3 Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina – I Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Agaricomycotina: Agaricales

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

i

Fungi in Australia

ii

Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

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CONTENTS Contents

iii

1 Agaricomycotina 2 Species Descriptions – Agaricomycotina 2.1 Order: Agaricales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Agaricaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Amanitaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Bolbitiaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Chromocyphellaceae . . . . Fam: Clavariaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Cortinariaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Entolomataceae . . . . . . Fam: Fistulinaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Hydnangiaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Hygrophoraceae . . . . . . Fam: Hymenogastraceae . . . . . Fam: Inocybaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Lyophyllaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Marasmiaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Mycenaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Omphalotaceae . . . . . . Fam: Physalacriaceae . . . . . . Fam: Pluteaceae . . . . . . . . . Fam: Psathyrellaceae . . . . . . Fam: Schizophyllaceae . . . . . . Fam: Strophariaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Tricholomataceae . . . . . Fam: Tubariaceae . . . . . . . . Fam: Typhulaceae . . . . . . . .

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3 Glossary

515

Species Index

533

chapter 1

AGARICOMYCOTINA Almost all basidiomycetes described in Fungi In Australia are from this subphylum. Many of the species in Agaricomycotina produce conspicuous fruit-bodies that are attractive to amateur field naturalists, such as members of the FNCV, and are also popular as subjects for artists and photographers (see Petersen 2012).

Figure 1.1: Subphylum Agaricomycotina Coloured #’s represent basidia types see Figure 1.2

Fungi in Australia

2

The present status of Agaricomycotina can be seen in Figure 1.1. This subphylum contains approximately 34,000 described species in 3 classes — Agaricomycetes, Dacrymycetes, and Tremellomycetes — and 21 orders (“Catalogue of Life” website).

Figure 1.2: The basidia types found in Agaricomycotina The basidia in Figure 1.2 are diagrammatic representations of the main basidia types (Alexopoulos et al. 1996) found in Agaricomycotina: (A) typical holobasidium found in most classes in Agaricomycetes; (B) tuning fork basidium found in the class Dacrymycetes; (C) Tremelloid basidium found in the classes Tremellomycetes and Agaricomycetes; (D) Auricularioid basidium found in the Order Auriclariales in the class Agaricomycetes. New species are continually being described, and DNA sequences of unknown species are being routinely detected (Blackwell 2011; Hibbett et al. 2011). This suggests that the actual species diversity exceeds what has been described; this may have an impact upon taxon relationships. Agaricomycetes is the largest class in Agaricomycotina, containing roughly 33,000 described species in 17 orders (“Catalogue of Life” website). In Australia the fruit-bodies range in size from the millimetre-sized Sphaerobolus stellatus to the large Phlebopus marginatus, which grows up to 1 metre across. Gilled mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earth-stars, bracket fungi and corals are some of the various fruit-bodies that can be found in this class. Molecular classification by Hibbett et al. (2007) breaks completely with previous morphological classification. Now fruit-body morphology and hymenophore type no longer define the taxonomic position of a species, because

Fungi in Australia

3

species that are, for example, gilled, corticioid or polyporoid are now scattered amongst the orders of Agaricomycetes. Dacrymycetes is a relatively small group of jelly fungi consisting of 1 order, 1 family, 9 genera and approximately 150 species (“Catalogue of Life” website). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies support the monophyly of Dacrymycetes and show a sister relationship to Agaricomycetes (Hibbett 2006; Shirouzu et al. 2013). Species in the Dacrymycetes form yellow to orange, gelatinous to cartilaginous, variously shaped, resupinate, pulvinate, stipitate, spathulate and dendroid fruit-bodies. They are mainly brown rot fungi with decaying abilities comparable to those of other wood rotters. Tremellomycetes contains 3 orders — Cystofilobasidiales, Filobasidiales and Tremellales — 11 families, 50 genera, and approximately 520 described species (Millanes et al. 2011; “Catalogue of Life” website). The fungi in this class have diverse morphologies and lifestyles. Their morphology can range from large gelatinous fruit-bodies such as Tremella mesenterica to species without a distinct fruit-body, such as yeasts (Lowy 1971). Some of the fungi in this class are either saprotrophic or parasitic. Many of the parasitic fungi are fungicolous (fungal-inhabiting, including lichen-inhabiting), and some species that have a yeast phase are animal parasites, including some severe human pathogens (Millanes et al. 2011).

References Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW and Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology (4th ed.) John Wiley and Sons: New York, USA. Begerow D, Stoll M and Bauer R (2006). “A phylogenetic hypothesis of Ustilaginomycotina based on multiple gene analyses and morphological data”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 906 – 916. Blackwell, M (2011). “The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 . . . 5.1 million species?” American Journal of Botany Vol. 98(3), pp. 426–438 Hibbett DS (2006). “A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 917 – 925

Fungi in Australia

4

Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, Huhndorf S, James T, Kirk PM, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, Lutzoni F, Matheny PB, Mclaughlin DJ, Powell MJ, Redhead S, Schoch CL, Spatafora JW, Stalpers JA, Vilgalys R, Aime MC, Aptroot A, Bauer R, Begerow D, Benny GL, Castlebury LA, Crous PW, Cheng Dai Y, Gams W, Geiser DM, Griffith GW, Gueidan C, Hawksworth DL, Hestmark G, Hosaka K, Humber RA, Hyde K, Ironside JE, Kõljalg U, Kurtzman CP, Henrik Larsson K, Lichtwardt R, Longcore J, Miadlikowska J, Miller A, Moncalvo J-M, Mozley-Standridge S, Oberwinkler F, Parmasto E, Reeb V, Rogers JD, Roux C, Ryvarden L, Paulo Sampaio J, Schüssler A, Sugiyama J, Thorn RG, Tibell L, Untereiner WA, Walker C, Wang Z, Weir A, Weiß M, White MM, Winka K, Jian Yao Y and Zhang N (2007) “A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi”. Mycological Research Vol. 111, pp. 509–547 Hibbett DS, Ohman A, Glotzer D, Nuhn M, Kirk P and Nilsson RH (2011) “Progress in molecular and morphological taxon discovery in Fungi and options for formal classification of environmental sequences.” Fungal Biology Reviews Vol. 25, pp. 38 – 47 Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008). Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Lowy B (1971) “Tremellales.” Flora Neotropica, Monograph No. 6 pp. 1–153 Millanes AM, Diederich P, Ekman S, and Wedin M (2011) “Phylogeny and character evolution in the jelly fungi (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota, Fungi).” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 61(1), pp. 12–28 Petersen JH (2012) The kingdom of fungi. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Shirouzu T, Hirose D, Oberwinkler F, Shimomura N, Maekawa N and Tokumasu S (2013). “Combined molecular and morphological data for improving phylogenetic hypothesis in Dacrymycetes” Mycologia Vol. 105(5), pp. 1110–1125

chapter 2

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS – AGARICOMYCOTINA

2.1

Order: Agaricales

Agaricales is dominated by mushroomAgaricales shaped fungi (e.g. Amanita, Agaricus, Taxonomic Classification Coprinus, Entoloma, Lepiota, Tricholoma, etc.). Of the 21 orders in AgaricomyFungi cotina, the Agaricales is by far the largest, Kingdom: Phylum: Agaricomycota containing almost 63% of the species. Recent advances in molecular phylo- Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Agaricomycetes genetics have revealed that morphological Class: Subclass Agaricomycetidae characteristics such as spore print colour, Agaricales fruit-body formation and shape has led to Order: Families artificial groups being formed (Matheny ca. 31; See text 2006; Matheny et al. 2007). Phylogenetic data has shown that the species morphology is highly varied; now Agaricales contains species with truffle-like, puffball, coral, club and bird-nest fungi morphologies. In the Dictionary of the Fungi Kirk et al. (2008) reported that the Agaricales contains 33 families, 413 genera and 13,233 species. Currently the “Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org, which obtains its data from the “Index Fungorum” data base, has the Agaricales containing 31 families, 559 genera and 21,792 species. From the differences in these figures it can be assumed that much of the taxonomy of this order is in flux. The most recent data used in the list of families below comes from the the “Catalogue of Life” website.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

6

Agaricaceae – consists of 105 genera with 2577 described species. Its type genus is Agaricus, which contains about 400 species. Although the majority of species are gilled, it also contains genera such as Battarrea, which are stalked puffballs, Cyathus and Nidula, which are “Bird’s Nest Fungi”, Agaricus xanthodermus and Lycoperdon, which are puffballs. Amanitaceae – consists of 6 genera with 662 described species. Its type genus is Amanita, which contains about 620 species. This family is dominated by the genus Amanita, which contains contains over 90% of these species. Amanita muscaria

Bolbitiaceae – consists of 18 genera with 397 described species. Its type genus is Bolbitius, which contains about 54 species. The majority of species in this family are small Mycena-like mushrooms. Bolbitius vitellinus

Broomeiaceae – consists of 1 genus Broomeia and 2 described species.

Chromocyphellaceae – consists of 1 genus Chromocyphella and 5 described species. The species in this family have cyphelloid (disc, tube, or cupshaped) fruit-bodies. Chromocyphella muscicola

Clavariaceae – consists of 7 genera with 305 described species. Its type genus is Clavaria, which contains about 170 species. The species in this family are commonly known as “Coral Fungi”. Clavulinopsis amoena

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Cortinariaceae – consists of 23 genera with 3546 described species. Its type genus is Cortinarius, which contains about 2747 species. This makes Cortinarius the largest genus in the Kingdom Fungi. A fungus with a cortina protecting its lamellae when young and having rusty-brown spores will most likely belong to the genus Cortinarius.

Fungi in Australia

Cortinarius archeri

Cyphellaceae – consists of 17 genera with 97 described species. Its type genus is Cyphella.

Entolomataceae – consists of 19 genera with 1844 described species. Its type genus is Entoloma, which contains about 1500 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Clitopilus, Leptonia and Rhodocybe.

Entoloma viridomarginatum

Fistulinaceae – consists of 3 genera with 11 described species. Its type genus is Fistulina. Fistulina hepatica

Hemigasteraceae – consists of 2 genera with 2 described species, Flammulogaster himalayensis and Hemigaster candidus. Its type genus is Hemigaster.

Hydnangiaceae – consists of 5 genera with 71 described species. Its type genus is Hydnangium. A well known genus in this family is Laccaria. Laccaria canaliculata

7

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Hygrophoraceae – consists of 17 genera with 687 described species. Its type genus is Hygrophorus, which contains about 250 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Humidicutis, Hygrocybe and Lichenomphalia. Inocybaceae – consists of 15 genera with 1333 described species. Its type genus is Inocybe, which contains about 850 species. Other well known genera in this family are Crepidotus and Simocybe. Lyophyllaceae – consists of 13 genera with 261 described species. Its type genus is Lyophyllum. Another well known genus in this family is Asterophora, a parasitic fungus usually found on Russula spp. Marasmiaceae – consists of 47 genera with 1626 described species. Its type genus is Marasmius, which contains over 900 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Campanella, Henningsomyces, Hydropus and Trogia. Mycenaceae – consists of 24 genera with 1472 described species. Its type genus is Mycena, which contains over 1100 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Cruentomycena, Favolaschia, Panellus and Xeromphalina.

Fungi in Australia

Hygrophorus involutus

Inocybe australiensis

Asterophora mirabilis

Marasmius elegans

Mycena interrupta

8

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Niaceae – consists of 9 genera with 75 described species. Its type genus is Nia. The species in this family have cyphelloid (disc, tube, or cup-shaped) fruit-bodies. Omphalotaceae – consists of 10 genera with 555 described species. Its type genus is Omphalotus, which contains 11 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Gymnopus, Marasmiellus and Rhodocollybia.

Omphalotus nidiformis

Phelloriniaceae – consists of 2 genera with 3 described species. Its type genus is Phellorinia, which contains 2 species. The species in this family have stalked-puffball-like fruit-bodies. Physalacriaceae – consists of 24 genera with 312 described species. Its type genus is Physalacria, which contains 34 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Armillaria, Cyptotrama, Flammulina and Oudemansiella.

Oudemansiella gigaspora

Pleurotaceae – consists of 8 genera with 348 described species. Its type genus is Pleurotus, which contains 202 species. Another well known genus in this family is Hohenbuehelia. Pleurotus ostreatus

Pluteaceae – consists of 6 genera with 439 described species. Its type genus is Pluteus, which contains 344 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Volvariella and Volvopluteus. Pluteus cervinus

9

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

10

Porotheleaceae – consists of 3 genera with 9 described species. Its type genus is Porotheleum, which contains 7 species. The species in this family are mainly wood-rotters. Psathyrellaceae – consists of 14 genera with 905 described species. Its type genus is Psathyrella, which contains 667 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Coprinellus, Coprinopsis and Parasola.

Psathyrella echinata

Pterulaceae – consists of 15 genera with 173 described species. Its type genus is Pterula, which contains 104 species. The species in this family are corallike and are primarily leaf and wood rotters. Schizophyllaceae – consists of 2 genera, Auriculariopsis and Schizophyllum, with 13 described species. Its type genus is Schizophyllum, which contains 10 species. Schizophyllum commune

Strophariaceae – consists of 30 genera with 1529 described species. Its type genus is Stropharia, which contains 61 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Agrocybe, Gymnopilus, Heboloma, Hypholoma, Leratiomyces, Pholiota and Psilocybe. Tricholomataceae – consists of 82 genera with 2200 described species. Its type genus is Tricholoma, which contains 353 species. Some other well known genera in this family are Clitocybe, Collybia, Lepista, Leucopaxillus and Resupinatus.

Stropharia formosa

Tricholoma eucalypticum

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

11

Tubariaceae – consists of 1 genus, Tubaria, containing 72 described species. Tubaria rufofulva

Typhulaceae – consists of 5 genera with 128 described species. Its type genus is Typhula, which contains 81 species. A well known genus in this family is Macrotyphula. The species in this family have small fruit-bodies consisting of simple or compound clubs.

Macrotyphula juncea

Although the majority of fungi with a gilled mushroom morphology are in the Agaricales they also occur in other orders of Agaricomycetes.

References Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008). Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo J-M, Ge Z-W, Yang Z-L, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS. (2006) “Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview.” Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 982–995 Matheny PB, Wang Z, Binder M, Curtis JM, Lim YW, Nilsson RH, Hughes KW, Hofstetter V, Ammirati JF, Schoch CL, Langer E, Langer G, McLaughlin DJ, Wilson AW, Frøslev T, Ge Z-W, Kerrigan RW, Slot JC, Yang Z-L, Baroni TJ, Fischer M, Hosaka K, Matsuura K, Seidl MT, Vauras J, Hibbett DS. (2007) “Contributions of rpb2 and tef1 to the phylogeny of mushrooms and allies (Basidiomycota, Fungi).” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 43, pp. 430–451 Singer R. 1986. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 4T h ed. Koeltz Scientific Books: Koenigstein, Germany. pp. 1–981

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

Agaricus xanthodermus

12

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

13

Fam. Agaricaceae

Agaricus xanthodermus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; typically growing in groups; may occasionally form fairy rings in lawns, nature strips, or in well mulched garden beds.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; at first with a flattened apex and nearly vertical sides, then convex to plane; surface initially white and smooth, with a tendency to thin buff fibrils, dry, and when bruised staining bright yellow. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; narrow; colour pale at first, then flesh-pink, finally becoming dark brown as spores mature; margin smooth. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 120 mm long and 20 mm thick; smooth; staining bright yellow when bruised near base; often has a bulbous base. Annulus pronounced, membranous, approximately two-thirds of the way up the stipe. Spore Print Chocolate brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 4–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 21–33 × 7–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This mushroom, with the common name “Yellow Stainer”, is readily identified by the yellow stains appearing when the pileus or stipe are bruised. However, yellow stains may not appear on specimens that are old or have dried out in warm weather.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 329 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 18 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 17 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 516 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 6 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 101 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

Battarrea stevenii

14

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

15

Fam. Agaricaceae

Battarrea stevenii Battarrea phalloides Battarrea laciniata

Battarrea muelleri

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered in dry sandy soil with litter.

Fruit-body Description At first developing underground (hypogeous) as a globose to egg-shaped sandencrusted fruit-body, up to 50 mm diameter; then the egg (exoperidium) is ruptured by the emerging spore sac and stipe. Spore Sac diameter up to 60 mm and height up to 30 mm, convex or cushion-shaped, with a flattened bottom. The spore mass (gleba) is covered by a whitish to ochraceous membrane (endoperidium) which later splits along its margin and falls away, usually in one piece, exposing the gleba. Stipe woody, up to 300 mm or more tall and up to 20 mm or more thick; at the apex expanded to form a disc on which the gleba sits and at the base the remains of the exoperidium form the volva; surface covered with coarse overlapping scales; colour ochraceous to rust-brown. Gleba When mature, rust-brown, powdery and abundant. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8.5 × 4.5–7.5 µm, globose to subglobose, finely warty. Clamp connections present. Gleba with capillitial threads 4–6 µm wide and elaters with annular or spiral thickenings up to 75 µm long and up to 7 µm wide.

Comments Battarrea stevenii is like a puffball stuck on top of a tall shaggy stick, which makes it readily identifiable in the field. Despite its size it often goes unnoticed because it blends in with the plants and shrubs of its favoured habitat. This cosmopolitan species occurs on all continents except Antarctica. The research carried out by Martin and Johannesson (2000) and Jeffries and McLain (2004) provides very strong evidence that the two species B. phalloides and B. stevenii are conspecific.

References Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, pp. 191–193 [D] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 223 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

16

Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 88 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 567 [D I] Jeffries P and McLain L (2004) “Synonymy between Battarrea phalloides and B. stevenii”. English Nature Research Reports Number 625 [D CP] Martin MP and Johannesson H (2000) “Battarrea phalloides and B. stevenii, insight into a long-standing taxonomic puzzle”. Mycotaxon Vol. 76, pp. 67–75 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 104 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Chlorophyllum brunneum

17

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

18

Fam. Agaricaceae

Chlorophyllum brunneum Macrolepiota rachodes var. hortensis Macrolepiota rachodes sensu Australian authors

Lepiota brunnea

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or caespitose on the ground in various man-made habitats, such as mulched garden beds and lawns, or in rich soils.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 200 mm or more; initially globular, then convex, becoming broadly convex, then plane; surface initially smooth, then breaking into large brownish scales, appressed at first, tips then becoming erect; a smooth brown disc remains in the centre of the pileus. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour white, dulling with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 130 mm long and 35 mm thick; white, silky-fibrillose, with an abrupt bulbous base. Annulus ample, membranous, whitish or brownish, collar-like, high up on the stipe, becoming free. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–13.5 × 6–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with a germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 30–50 × 9–14 µm, elongate clavate.

Comments Chlorophyllum brunneum is a northern hemisphere species, introduced into Australia some time during the 19th century. Chlorophyllum brunneum is very similar to C. rachodes; separating these two species is very difficult. Fortunately, to date it seems that C. rachodes has not been introduced into Australia.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 188 [D CI] (as Macrolepiota rachodes) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 441 [D CP] (as Macrolepiota rachodes) Vellinga EC (2003) “Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 16. pp. 361–370 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coprinus comatus

19

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

20

Fam. Agaricaceae

Coprinus comatus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; rarely solitary, generally forming gregarious groups on lawns, grassy areas alongside roads, on woodchips or above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; up to 150 mm high; cylindrical to ovoid when young, expanding to cylindro-campanulate (bell-shaped) with a lifting margin; colour whitish with a brownish centre; surface covered in large shaggy scales, appressed at first, then curving upwards with age; margin splitting, eroding and deliquescing when old. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour initially white, becoming pinkish then black as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 230 mm tall and 20 mm thick; white, dry, longitudinally silky-fibrillose. Annulus white, narrow, persistent, movable, often slipping to the base of the stipe. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–15 × 6.5–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with a large apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 15–30 × 10–12 µm, clavate.

Comments The stature of Coprinus comatus means that it can be readily recognised in the field.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 345 [D CP] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 290 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 228 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 43 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 26 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 467 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 11 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 257 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

21

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 121 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cyathus olla

22

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

23

Fam. Agaricaceae

Cyathus olla Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered gregariously or in dense clusters on the ground; usually on woody debris such as woodchips or straw; also found on heavily mulched soils.

Fruit-body Description Up to 15 mm high and 10 mm wide at the top; vase-shaped, narrowed at the base, gradually enlarged above, flaring broadly at the mouth, margin occasionally wavy. Outer Surface brownish to greyish, covered with finetextured hairs. Inner Surface smooth, shiny, silvery-grey to blackish; cap whitish to pale greyish, soon disappearing. Peridioles (“eggs” containing the spores) up to 10, 2–4 mm diameter, larger than those of other Cyathus species, smooth, greyish to black, lens- or bean-shaped. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–12 × 6–8 µm, ovate to ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline.

Comments Cyathus olla belongs to a group of fungi that have the collective common name of “Bird’s Nest Fungi”. C. olla is readily recognised by its large size, flared vase shape, and greyish colour. It is common in Europe and North America, and it has also been found in South America, South Africa, Iran and India (Dorjey et al. 2013).

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 780 [D P] Dorjey K, Kumar S and Sharma YP (2013) “Cyathus olla from the cold desert of Ladakh”. Mycosphere Vol. 4(2), pp. 256–259 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cyathus stercoreus

24

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

25

Fam. Agaricaceae

Cyathus stercoreus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; densely gregarious on woody debris such as woodchips, straw or sawdust; also found on heavily manured soils and on herbivore dung.

Fruit-body Description Up to 12 mm high and 10 mm wide at the top; cone- or goblet-shaped. Outer Surface brown, hairy, shaggy. Inner Surface smooth, shiny, lead-grey to blackish; cap pallid or pale brown, soon disappearing. Peridioles (“eggs” containing the spores) several, 1–2 mm diameter, smooth, black, lens- or bean-shaped. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 22–40 × 18–30 µm, subglobose to globose, smooth, thick-walled, variable in size and shape but mostly globose.

Comments Cyathus stercoreus belongs to a group of fungi that have the collective common name of “Bird’s Nest Fungi”. The principal features that help to identify C. stercoreus in the field are its shaggy cone-shaped fruit-body with its smooth lead-grey interior, and black “eggs”.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 780 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 222 [D CP] Young AM (1994) Common Australian Fungi: A Naturalist’s Guide. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 139 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 205 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Cystolepiota cf. adulterina

26

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

27

Fam. Agaricaceae

Cystolepiota cf. adulterina Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious to caespitose on decaying Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; when young semi-globose, then expanding to broadly conico-convex; surface white, covered in cottony, mealy granules that are easily shed. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; moderately close; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 5 mm thick; whitish, covered in white mealy granules Veil mealy, visible only in young specimens. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Not observed

Comments More specimens need to be found in order to determine their identity.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 58 [D CP] (as Cystolepiota sp.) Pacioni G (1981) Simon & Schuster’s Guide to Mushrooms. Simon & Schuster, New York. no. 24 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 136 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Cystolepiota cf. sistrata

28

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

29

Fam. Agaricaceae

Cystolepiota cf. sistrata Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious to caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; conical or convex, becoming plane, occasionally with an umbo, veil fragments appendiculate at the margin; surface dry, smooth or powdery-mealy; colour whitish, tinged pinkish brown at the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; moderately close; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 3 mm thick; whitish with a tinge of cinnamon towards the base, smooth or minutely mealy; Veil evanescent, leaving fragments on pileus margin, but not a distinct annulus on the stipe. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Not observed

Comments More specimens need to be found in order to determine the identity of this fungus.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 307 [D P] (as Lepiota seminuda) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 58 [D CP] (as Cystolepiota sp.) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 137 [D CP] (as Cystolepiota seminuda)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Echinoderma asperum

30

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

31

Fam. Agaricaceae

Echinoderma asperum Lepiota acutesquamosa Cystolepiota aspera

Lepiota friesii Lepiota aspera

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered on the ground in forest litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially ovate, then deeply convex to convex, with a suggestion of an umbo, finally plane; surface dry, covered in pointy dark brown scales that are more crowded towards the centre; colour of surface beneath the scales is cream; central umbo region is dark brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour white, may become discoloured with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 15 mm thick; cylindrical, slender; surface dry, smooth to longitudinally fibrillose below the annulus; colour white to pallid. Annulus membranous, prominent, fixed, usually falls off with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8 × 2.5–3.5 µm, elongate-ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth, without a germ pore. Basidia four-spored 20–24 × 6.5–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Echinoderma asperum is a robust fungus, which can be identified by the small brown sharp scales on the pileus, the flimsy membranous annulus, and close white lamellae that are free from the stipe. This fungus belongs to a number of confusing amanitoid and lepiotoid fungi with small sharp erect scales on the pileus, therefore it is recommended that care should be taken when identifying this species. Echinoderma asperum is cosmopolitan and widespread in both northern and southern hemispheres. The Australian type material for this species was found in Queensland by Cooke in 1889 and is filed at the Kew herbarium. This species was first described by the nineteenth century mycologist Persoon as Agaricus asper, and since then it has gone through a number of taxonomical name changes. Lucien Quélet moved it to genus Lepiota where it sat until 1978, when Marcel Bon moved it to the genus Cystolepiota. Then in 1991 Bon created a new genus Echinoderma for this and similar species, and gave it the present day name of Echinoderma asperum.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

32

References Aberdeen JEC (1962) “Notes on Australian Lepiota in the Kew Herbarium”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 16(1), pp. 129–137 [D I] (as Lepiota revocans) Aberdeen JEC (1992) “Lepiotoid genera (Agaricales) in south-eastern Queensland”. Aberdeen Publications: Gailes (as Lepiota revocans) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 108 [D CP] (as Lepiota aspera) Smith HV (1954) “A Revision of the Michigan Species of Lepiota”. Lloydia Vol. 17(4), pp. 307–328 (as Lepiota acutesquamosa)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lepiota haemorrhagica

33

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

34

Fam. Agaricaceae

Lepiota haemorrhagica Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter, associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; when young conico-convex, convex becoming nearly plane, often with an umbo, radial splitting at the margin revealing white flesh; surface dry, covered with reddish brown fibrillose scales that are thicker at the centre of the pileus; colour reddish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; white to cream-coloured, staining blood-red when bruised. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 6 mm thick; slender to relatively stout, attenuated upwards; surface dry, glabrous, finely fibrillose; colour reddish brown, lighter at the apex. Annulus prominent, initially about two-thirds up the stipe, as a movable ring, eventually sliding down the stipe or disappearing. Spore Print White to pinkish white

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–10 × 4–6 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, no germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 18–24 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Lepiota haemorrhagica is identified in the field by the the reddish brown fibrillose scales on the pileus, the reddish brown stipe with a movable annulus, and whitish lamellae that stain blood-red when bruised. This species is relatively common in eucalypt forests.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 109 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 455 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 33 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“pale blue”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lepiota sp.

35

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

36

Fam. Agaricaceae

Lepiota sp.

“pale blue”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst litter in wet sclerophyll forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 28 mm or more; initially convex, then plane; surface dry, scaly; colour pale blue, dark blue in centre, paler at margin; margin slightly appendiculate at first, soon becoming eroded. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour white; with one tier of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central; 62 mm long and 4 mm thick; attenuating upwards; surface finely fibrillose; colour pale blue, lighter towards base; hollow; basal mycelium white. Annulus simple, fragile; about one-third of the way down from apex; colour pale blue with a whitish edge. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 3.5–4.5 µm (mean 7.7 ± 0.6 × 4.1 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.89 ± 0.15, n=30), ellipsoidal, smooth, dextrinoid (staining reddish in Melzer’s reagent). Basidia four-spored, 15.5–20.5 × 7.5–9 µm, broadly clavate. Cheilocystidia 24–44 × 8–17 µm, clavate to broadly clavate; abundant, forming a sterile lamella edge. Pleurocystidia absent. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This beautiful, delicate Lepiota is readily recognised by the pale blue colour of the pileus and stipe, white free lamellae and fragile annulus. It seems to be restricted to a few localities in wet sclerophyll forest. Most Lepiota spp., such as those described in Grgurinovic (1997), have white, brown or grey colouration, with no hint of blue.

References Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 450

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Leucoagaricus naucinus

37

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

38

Fam. Agaricaceae

Leucoagaricus naucinus Leucoagaricus leucothites Lepiota naucina

Lepiota leucothites

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, scattered to gregarious in lawns, parks, nature strips or pastures.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; at first globular, becoming convex, then broadly convex to plane, margin initially incurved, then decurved, sometimes appendiculate with veil fragments; surface dry, silky smooth, glabrous, with age or drying may develop appressed scales; colour dull white to buff, sometimes greyish, the central disc usually darker; flesh white, soft. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour white, ageing to a pale pinkish brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 15 mm thick, enlarged to sub-bulbous at the base; surface smooth to silky; colour dull white to buff, bruising yellowish to brownish, yellow bruising will turn brownish in a short time. Annulus pronounced, membranous, approximately two-thirds of the way up the stipe, may fall off with with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9.5 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a small germ pore that is difficult to see. Basidia four-spored, 26–38 × 9–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Leucoagaricus naucinus is recognised by its fondness for grassy areas, its predominantly dull white fruit-body, lamellae which are free from the stipe, and membranous annulus on the stipe. Leucoagaricus naucinus could be confused with Agaricus xanthodermus as both will stain yellow when the base of the stipe is bruised, but Agaricus xanthodermous has pink to brown lamellae. Care must be taken not to confuse this species with other Lepiota or Amanita species.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 299 [D P] (as Lepiota naucina) Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 184 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

39

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 112 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. The Botanic Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 448 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 33 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 134 [D CP] (as Leucoagaricus leucothites)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii

40

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

41

Fam. Agaricaceae

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii Leucocoprinus luteus Lepiota birnbaumii

Lepiota lutea

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, scattered to gregarious on the ground in lawns, on the soil of potted greenhouse plants or in cultivated areas rich in organic matter. This is a subtropical species.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; at first ellipsoidal, then conical, becoming plane with an umbo, conspicuously radially striate; surface dry, initially scaly, becoming mealy due to small scales which may wash off; colour initially bright yellow to greenish yellow or pale yellow, quickly fading to buff in sunlight or with age; flesh thin, yellow, soft. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour yellow to pale yellow. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 6 mm thick, enlarged to sub-bulbous at the base; surface dry, smooth or mealy; colour dull white to buff, bruising yellowish to brownish, yellowish bruising will turn brownish in a short time. Annulus delicate, forms a collar-like ring approximately two-thirds of the way up the stipe and may fall off with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–11 × 5.5–7.5 µm, ovoid to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, with a small germ pore, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 20–28 × 10–14 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Leucocoprinus birnbaumii is readily recognised by the bright yellow fruit-bodies when they first emerge. It is most commonly found on the soil of potted indoor plants; it is harmless to the plants and harmless to touch, but it should not be eaten. One should feel fortunate to have such a beautiful species of fungus come up in a flower pot.

References Aberdeen, JEC (1992) “Lepiotoid genera (Agaricales) in south-eastern Queensland”. Aberdeen Publications: Gailes Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 302 [D CP] (as Lepiota lutea) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 212 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

42

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 114 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 170 [D CP] (as Leucocoprinus luteus) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 135 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 152 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lycoperdon pyriforme

43

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

44

Fam. Agaricaceae

Lycoperdon pyriforme Lycoperdon pyriforme

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered to densely gregarious on rotting wood, stumps, or lignin-rich humus.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm or more tall and 40 mm in diameter; pyriform (pear-shaped) to subglobose (nearly round), usually with a well developed sterile base with conspicuous white mycelial threads. Peridium (external skin) at first covered with small white spines, then becoming granulose to finely cracked, eventually splitting at the apex to form an apical pore through which the spores can escape; colour when young cream, then pale tan, eventually becoming dark brown. Stipe (sterile base) may be small, usually well-developed, up to 40 mm high, when fresh filled with white spongy flesh; at the base conspicuous white mycelial threads attach it to the substrate. Gleba at first firm and white, then yellowish to olive, finally deep brown and powdery. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–6 × 3.5–6 µm, globose, may appear smooth, but are minutely warty.

Comments Lycoperdon pyriforme is relatively unique, being a brown pear-shaped puffball growing on decaying wood or woody material. This makes it readily identifiable in the field. If it is seen on the ground there will be decaying wood below the surface. DNA research conducted by Krüger et al. (2001) showed that this species did not belong in the Lycoperdon genus. It was also pointed out that the species was distinct from other members of Lycoperdon because of its habitat on wood and the presence of mycelial threads at its base. At present its taxonomic position has not been determined and hence retains its old name.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 691 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 214 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 662 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

45

Krüger D, Binder M, Fisher M and Kreisel H (2001) “The Lycoperdales. A Molecular Approach to the Systematics of Some Gasteroid Mushrooms”. Mycologia Vol. 93(5), pp. 947–957 Krüger D and Kreisel H (2003) “Proposing Morganella subgen. Apioperdon subgen. nov. for the Puffball Lycoperdon pyriforme”. Mycotaxon Vol. 86, pp. 169–177 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 100 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 210 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lycoperdon subincarnatum

46

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

47

Fam. Agaricaceae

Lycoperdon subincarnatum Morganella subincarnata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered to gregarious on rotting wood or stumps.

Fruit-body Description Up to 30 mm or more in diameter; subglobose (nearly round) to slightly pyriform (pear-shaped). Peridium (external skin) thin and tough, at first covered with short nodular spines which are more prominent at the apex; with age spines fall off leaving a pitted surface, eventually spores can escape via a tear at the apex; colour when young cream, then pale tan, covered in grey to brownish spines. Stipe (sterile base) usually non-existent; at the base conspicuous white mycelial threads attach the fruit-body to the substrate. Gleba olivaceous, becoming greyish, brownish, or umber. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–4.5 µm diameter, globose, minutely warty.

Comments Lycoperdon subincarnatum is relatively unique, being a roundish spiny puffball growing on decaying wood. This makes it readily identifiable in the field. It is very rare to see it on the ground: if seen on the ground it will be just above decaying wood. In Australia there are only two puffball species growing on wood, the other species being Lycoperdon pyriforme, which is usually pear-shaped.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 690 Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, pp. 147–148 [D I] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 78 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 210

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Macrolepiota clelandii

48

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

49

Fam. Agaricaceae

Macrolepiota clelandii Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered on the ground in forest litter, grass, or in disturbed areas such as roadsides.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 120 mm or more; initially conico-convex, then convex, umbonate, finally plane; surface dry, covered in concentric rings of dark brown scales that become more crowded towards the centre; colour underlying the scaly surface is cream; central umbo region is dark brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour white, may become discoloured with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 150 mm long and 5 mm thick; cylindrical, slender, with a bulbous base; surface dry, smooth; colour cream to pale brownish. Annulus membranous, prominent, initially fixed, becoming movable, may slide down the stipe or fall off with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 14–28.5 × 9–15.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a germ pore. Basidia normally four-spored (there are mixed-spored variants), 34–52 × 10–17 µm, clavate. Clamp connections mostly absent.

Comments Macrolepiota clelandii is recognised by its large size, umbonate pileus with dark brown scales, free white lamellae, and a long slender stipe with a persistent movable annulus. The large variation in the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of this species has resulted in different names for various strains. The DNA analysis done by Vellinga (2003) showed that the following names were all misapplied: Macrolepiota procera, Macrolepiota gracilenta, Macrolepiota konradii, Macrolepiota mastoidea. As a result the identification of M. clelandii was made a lot easier.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 186 [D CI] (as Macrolepiota konradii) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 118 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 443 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

50

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 34 [CP] Vellinga EC (2003) “Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 16, pp. 361–370 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 153 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Macrolepiota dolichaula

51

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

52

Fam. Agaricaceae

Macrolepiota dolichaula Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered on the ground, usually in open grassland.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 200 mm or more; initially conico-convex, then convex, finally plane with a low umbo; surface dry, covered with small pallid to light brownish squamules, which become minute and sparse towards the margin; disc smooth, yellow brown to brown; margin appendiculate. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour white, may become discoloured with age; with several tiers of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 240 mm long and 8–25 mm thick, attenuating upwards; cylindrical, slender, base slightly enlarged, sometimes becoming orange when cut; surface dry, covered with minute farinose (mealy) granules; colour white to pale cream. Annulus simple, membranous, whitish, prominent, initially fixed, becoming movable, may slide down the stipe or fall off with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 12.5–16 × 8–10.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with a germ pore, dextrinoid (staining reddish in Melzer’s reagent). Basidia fourspored, 30–45 × 10–17 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia approximately the same size as basidia, clavate to broadly clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Clamp connections mostly at base of basidia and cheilocystidia, but rare elsewhere.

Comments Macrolepiota dolichaula is recognised by its large size, whitish colour, large umbonate pileus with small to minute pallid squamules, and long slender stipe. This species appears to be common throughout East Africa, South-East Asia, China, and Eastern Australia.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 118 [D CP] Ge ZW, Yang ZL, and Vellinga EC (2010) “The genus Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) in China”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 45, pp. 81–98 [D I] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 445 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

53

Vellinga EC (2003) “Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 16, pp. 361–370 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 154 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Melanophyllum haematospermum

54

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

55

Fam. Agaricaceae

Melanophyllum haematospermum Melanophyllum echinatum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground, on humusrich soils amongst forest litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; initially convex or bluntly conical, then convex, expanding to plane, usually with a broad central umbo, margin when young has triangular velar remnants; surface dry, granulate-mealy all over, largest granules in the centre, granules wash away after heavy rain, leaving a glabrous surface; colour of mealy coating grey-brown, background colour pale brown to pinkish brown, central umbo region a darker grey-brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; moderately crowded; colour reddish when young, becoming purplish pink to red-brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 3 mm thick; equal, cylindrical; surface dry, mealy; colour when young vinaceous pink, later reddish or purplish brown, covered with grey-brown mealy granules. Annulus evanescent, when young may leave a fibrillose zone on the stipe. Spore Print Green when fresh, turning reddish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6.5 × 2.5–4 µm, oblong, cylindrical, warty. Basidia four-spored, some two-spored, 14–25 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Melanophyllum haematospermum is recognised by the mealy grey-brown granules and pendulous veil remnants on its pileus, free reddish brown lamellae, and mealy stipe. This species is also found in the northern hemisphere.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 124 [D CP] Noordeloos ME, Kuyper ThW and Vellinga EC (2001) Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occuring in the Netherlands. Vol. 5, pp. 161–162 [D I] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 136 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Agaricaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

Nidula emodensis

56

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

57

Fam. Agaricaceae

Nidula emodensis Cyathus emodensis Crucibulum emodense

Nidula microcarpa

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually caespitose on decaying wood or woody debris on the ground.

Fruit-body Description Peridium the birds-nest-like fruit-body is up to 6 mm high, and up to 5 mm wide across the mouth, tapering slightly towards the base; mouth opening of the immature fruit-body is covered by a thin skin-like membrane; exterior is covered with matted hairs; dingy grey, slightly brownish, becoming darker with age; interior smooth, shiny, dingy white, with age becoming dingy brown; Peridiole “eggs” containing spores, up to 1 mm diameter, numerous, free, no attached filaments, readily separable, initially reddish brown, becoming blackish with age. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 4–6 µm, ellipsoidal, or more commonly pear-shaped or egg-shaped, narrower at one end (obovate).

Comments Nidula emodensis is readily recognised as a birds-nest fungus. It is up to 6 mm high, hairy on the exterior, smooth and pale on the interior, with numerous free readily separable reddish brown “eggs”. Most other members of this genius are significantly larger, usually more than 10 mm high.

References Cunningham GH (1924) “A Revision of the New Zealand Nidulariales, or “Birds-nest Fungi”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 55, pp. 59–66 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 221 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita armeniaca

58

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

59

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita armeniaca Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found growing in association with Eucalyptus trees in sclerophyll forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; at first hemispherical, then concave, finally plane; surface smooth, dry; colour bright orange, with dull cream-coloured velar membranous scales. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour white; with margin similar colour to pileus. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 130 mm long and 20 mm thick; equal, with a small bulbous base; colour pale orange. Annulus pronounced, membranous, soft and fragile. Volva absent. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 7–9.5 µm, globose to subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 32–40 × 7–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This distinctive Amanita is readily recognised by its bright orange pileus, and lamellae that have an orange margin, especially near the pileus margin. The stipe has a membranous annulus but lacks a volva. It grows on soil in eucalypt forest and heathy woodland.

References Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Amanita chlorophylla complex

60

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

61

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita chlorophylla complex Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on sandy soils in coastal scrubland, usually in association with Casuarina trees.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; at first convex, then flat convex or centrally depressed; covered with pale olive-green velar remnants; margin appendiculate. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed, becoming free; closely spaced; colour deep olive-green; margin paler to almost white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 120 mm long and 20 mm thick; with fine fibrillose hairs and a bulbous base; colour off-white to pale green. Annulus fragile, membranous, often present as fragments; buff to pale green. Volva absent. Spore Print Pale greenish cream

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–11 × 5–7 µm, elongate, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 45–55 × 11–15 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is found in Victorian and New South Wales coastal regions. A related and very similar green species Amanita austroviridis is found in Western Australian coastal regions, also in association with Casuarina trees. They have slightly different morphological characteristics, and as a result they have been classified as different species.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 158 [D CI] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 18 [D CP] Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita farinacea

62

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

63

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita farinacea Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; at first deeply convex, then convex, then may become plane; surface covered in mealy velar remains; on the margin there are usually pendulous veil fragments; colour initially white, with age becoming pale brownish. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; narrow; close; colour off-white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 120 mm long and 15 mm thick; smooth; coated in mealy granules; with a bulbous to turbinate base; colour white. Annulus white; distinct; very fragile; often disappears quickly. Volva absent. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10.5 × 6–8 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 30–40 × 9–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments There are a small number other species that look similar but can be separated using microscopic features. The mealy velar remains are eroded away fairly quickly; this may make identification in the field more difficult.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 23 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 8 [CP] Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 104 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita grisella complex

64

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

65

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita grisella complex Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; convex, expanding to broadly convex; surface smooth, dry, covered in thick off-white mealy to membranous velar remains with irregular scales; colour pallid grey to mouse grey; velar remains gradually erode with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; thin; crowded; colour white to pale cream. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 13 mm thick; smooth; slightly expanded to a little bulbous at the base; colour white to pale cream. Annulus pronounced; membranous. Volva absent. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–9.5 × 5–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 35–52 × 8–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This fungus belongs to the Amanita grisella complex. The species in this complex are difficult to separate using macroscopic features. The common features of this complex are: grey pileus covered in off-white velar remains; margin not appendiculate; annulus membranous; stipe smooth; no volva; and their sizes overlap. Some of the species in this complex are: A. grisella, A. griselloides, A. grisea, A. luteolovelata, and A. griseovelata.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 23 [D CP] (as Amanita grisella var. luteolovelata) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 403 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 8 [CP] Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita muscaria

66

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

67

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita muscaria Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in groups, typically growing in association with pines (Pinus), birch (Betula), and spruce (Picea).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; globular at first, then broadly convex to flat with age; surface smooth underneath the many cottony white warty fragments of the universal veil; colour deep to bright red, but often fading with age to pale orange or pale yellow. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free but reaching the stipe; crowded; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 200 mm long and 30 mm thick; smooth, white, more or less equal, with a bulbous base. Annulus persistent, membranous, skirt-like. Volva usually absent but remnants present as rings on the top of the bulb at the base of the stipe. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 6–8 µm, smooth; broadly ellipsoidal. Basidia four-spored, 50–65 × 14–19 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Amanita muscaria is an introduced species from the northern hemisphere. Its common name “Fly agaric” probably comes from this mushroom’s traditional use as a fly killer. Mycorrhizal fungi such as A. muscaria are normally host plant specific. However, in Tasmania and south-eastern Australia A. muscaria is now starting to become associated with Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii. This has caused some concern as it may start to displace some of the native mycorrhizal fungi. The long-term effect this may have is unknown.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 282 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 24 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 30 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 19 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 394 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

68

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 9 [CP] Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 105 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita ochrophylla complex

69

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

70

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita ochrophylla complex Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found growing in association with eucalypts, either solitary or in small groups on soil.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 240 mm or more; at first rounded convex, then plano-convex; surface smooth, dry; colour warm buff to pinkish buff; when young, covered with flecks or large adhering universal veil remnants; veil fragments often remain on the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; colour whitish to cream-coloured, becoming brownish with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 150 mm long and 37 mm thick; stout; slightly hairy to floccose, and with a large turbinate bulbous base; colour warm buff to pinkish buff. Annulus prominent double annulus; the upper annulus close to the lamellae is membranous and striate; the lower annulus is often damaged and not as prominent. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–11 × 5.5–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 50–65 × 10–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This relatively common species is readily identified by its large size, coloration, double annulus, and membranous upper annulus. Similar closely related species are A. ochraceobulbosa and A. ochrophylloides. Although they differ slightly in colour they could be difficult to separate in the field.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 25 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 400 [D CI] Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 107 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita phalloides

71

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

72

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita phalloides Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found growing in association with mature oaks, either solitary or in small groups on soil.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 120 mm or more; ovoid at first, then becoming convex to plane; surface smooth, sticky when moist, often shiny when dry; colour variable, ranging from greenish to olive to yellowish to brownish, often darker towards centre; margin usually not striate. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free or sometimes attached; crowded; colour white or tinged faintly greenish. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 150 mm long and 30 mm thick; tapering upwards or equal; smooth, dry, with a bulbous base; colour white. Annulus persistent, membranous, skirt-like. Volva sac-like, encasing the base, frequently underground or broken up. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 5.5–8 µm, ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 40–50 × 10–13 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This mushroom is an introduced species from the northern hemisphere. It is extremely poisonous when ingested, hence its common name “Death Cap”. The symptoms of poisoning are delayed from 6 to 24 hours after ingestion, by which time there is little modern medicine can do to help. Identification of this species is not difficult: any mushroom that is found near an oak tree (Quercus spp.), and has white lamellae, white stipe, an annulus and a bulbous base, will most likely be A. phalloides.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 269 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 27 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 20 [D CP] Reid DA (1979) “A Monograph of the Australian Species of Amanita Pers. ex Hook. (Fungi)”. Australasian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series No. 8, pp. 1–97 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 108 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita vaginata complex

73

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

74

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita vaginata complex Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found growing in association with eucalypts, either solitary or in small groups on soil.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; ovate at first, then convex and finally plane; surface dry, often with whitish velar patches, distinctly striate at margin; colour pale grey or pale greyish cream to dark grey, sometimes with shades of brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour white; may have a slightly coloured margin, but not grey. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 15 mm thick; equal; smooth or with fine white fibrils; dry; base slightly enlarged; colour whitish. Annulus none. Volva saccate, membranous, white, encasing the base, frequently underground or broken up. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–13.5 × 10–12.5 µm, globose to subglobose, smooth. Basidia 45–55 × 14–18 µm. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This is a relatively common species, but may be difficult to identify in the field because there are a number of Amanita species that are similar since they all have a stipe without an annulus or bulbous base, all have a saccate volva and all are of similar stature. Some of these species are A. albovolvata, A. punctata, A. subvaginata, and A. sordidobubalina. From this complex A. punctata is most readily separated in the field because its lamellae have a distinct grey, punctate (with spots or pits) margin.

References Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amanita xanthocephala

75

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

76

Fam. Amanitaceae

Amanita xanthocephala Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found growing in association with eucalypts, either solitary or in small groups on soil.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; initially convex, expanding to plane; surface smooth, dry, finely radially fibrillose, margin striate; colour varies from yellow-orange to rust-orange, often with whitish to yellowish felty velar remains on the surface. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour white, sometimes becoming a very pale yellow with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 10 mm thick; smooth; base slightly bulbous; colour whitish. Annulus absent. Volva may be absent or indistinct, but leaving an orange to yellowish ring on the top of the bulb at the base of the stipe. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9.5 × 5.5–8 µm, ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 25–35 × 7–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This small Amanita is easily identified in the field, with its orange, planate pileus, often with felty patches, its white lamellae, pale stipe with no annulus, and an orange or yellow ring on its bulbous base.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 172 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 27 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 21 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 32 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 387 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 9 [CP] Wood AE (1997) “Studies in the Genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10, pp. 723–854 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

77

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 110 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amanitaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Limacella pitereka

78

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

79

Fam. Amanitaceae

Limacella pitereka Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; convex, becoming plano-convex, then plane, when young margin inturned; surface sticky, glutinous when moist; colour white with brownish tints in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment almost free; close; colour off-white to cream. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 15 mm thick; smooth or indistinctly longitudinally striate; glutinous. Annulus no annulus or discernible annular zone. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–8 × 3.5–5.5 µm, short ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth, with prominent apiculus. Basidia four-spored, 25–45 × 6.5–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is usually found in eucalypt forest and woodlands. It has a glutinous pileus and stipe, the fruit-body is predominantly white with brownish tints in the centre of the pileus and there is no annulus on the stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 117 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 417 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Bolbitius titubans

80

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

81

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Bolbitius titubans Bolbitius vitellinus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or rarely solitary, on manure-rich soil, decaying grass straw, or on lawns.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter averages about 30 mm, but can be up to 76 mm, depending on the amount of food in the substrate; ovoid when young, then convex, finally expanding to nearly plane; surface very viscid when young, smooth, hygrophanous; margin somewhat striate; colour egg yolk yellow to lemon yellow, becoming pale on drying. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment nearly free, just reaching the stipe; close; colour pallid or pale yellow at first, becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 5 mm thick; slender, fragile; whitish with faint tinges of yellow; covered in white scales. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 12.5–19 × 8–11.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with a germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 22–39 × 13–20 µm, short clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This species, found on dung or amongst grass, is readily recognised by its bright yellow colour, pale stipe with white scales, and its very fragile nature. The fruit-body will seldom last more than a day, and it will quickly dry up in sunlight.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 474 [D P] (as Bolbitius vitellinus) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 296 [D CP] (as Bolbitius vitellinus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 32 [D CP] (as Bolbitius vitellinus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 36 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 25 [D CP] (as Bolbitius vitellinus)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

82

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 497 [D I] (as Bolbitius vitellinus) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 11 [CP] (as Bolbitius vitellinus) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 114 [D I] (as Bolbitius vitellinus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Conocybe apala

83

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

84

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Conocybe apala Conocybe lactea

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious in grass, such as lawns, parks, meadows and pasture.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; narrow conical to bell-shaped; surface dry, smooth; margin striate; colour white to creamy, often with brownish tints in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed or almost free; close; colour pallid, soon becoming dull orange-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 50 mm tall and 2 mm thick; equal, thin, fragile, easily splitting; colour white or whitish, with a very light mealy coating. Annulus absent. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–15 × 6–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with an apical germ pore. Basidia (two) four-spored, 22–30 × 12–14 µm, short-clavate.

Comments Conocybe apala is a small grass-inhabiting mushroom characterised by its whitish conical pileus with a striate margin, and its slender fragile stipe. It will often appear in lawns in the morning and by the afternoon most specimens will have withered. Conocybe crispa is a similar looking species but its pileus is usually ochre-tinged, and the lamellae are veined.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 472 [D CP] (as Conocybe lactea) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 302 [D CP] (as Conocybe lactea) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 227 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 119 [D I] (as Conocybe lactea)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Conocybe filaris

85

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

86

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Conocybe filaris Pholiotina filaris

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious in grass near decaying woody debris or on decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; initially conical, expanding to convex or plane, usually retaining a slight central umbo; surface smooth, margin faintly striate; colour tawny-brown to brown; hygrophanous, fading to creambuff when dry. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to notched; close; colour at first cream-buff, becoming rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 50 mm tall and 3 mm thick; more or less equal, fragile, surface minutely mealy; colour yellow-brown or similar to pileus. Annulus membranous, movable, prominent, striate-grooved; colour cream-buff. Spore Print Yellowish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–13 × 3.5–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with an apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 19–23 × 7–10 µm.

Comments Conocybe filaris is distinctive with its tawny-brown pileus, movable striategrooved annulus, and slightly mealy stipe. This is a very toxic species as it contains the same deadly toxins as those found in Amanita phalloides (Death Cap). If C. filaris loses its distinctive annulus it will become one of those unidentifiable little brown mushrooms (LBMs), and this can create a problem because C. filaris are often found where magic mushrooms grow and could be picked by mistake.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 471 [D CP] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 316 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 39 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Descolea recedens

87

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

88

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Descolea recedens Pholiota recedens

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus, Nothofagus and Leptospermum spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; hemispherical when young, becoming slightly conical or convex, later becoming almost plane; surface dry, when young covered in fine yellowish brown scales from the veil, scales disappearing with age; margin often radially striate; colour dark brown when moist, becoming lighter when dry (hygrophanous). Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed or adnate with a decurrent tooth; moderately distant; colour at first pallid brown, becoming brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 6 mm thick; robust, widening towards the base; surface dry, finely fibrillose; colour usually a paler tint of the pileus. Annulus usually about two-thirds up the stipe, membranous, prominent, grooved or plicate on its upper surface; colour pale brown. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–14 × 6–8.5 µm, ellipsoidal to broadly lemon-shaped, finely verrucose (warty). Basidia four-spored, 30–40 × 8–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Nearly all species of the genus Descolea belong to the small brown mushroom class. Members of this genus are usually identified by their plicate membranous annulus, brown lamellae and terrestrial habitat. Distinguishing the individual species within this genus is a little more difficult, but not too difficult, because the number of species is small. This species can be identified by the yellow scales on the pileus and the distinctive annulus, which is striate on the upper surface. The most closely related species is D. maculata, which has almost smooth spores and a more fibrillose base to the stipe; most of the specimens found have been in Western Australia (see Bougher and Syme 1998). Another species, found in the eastern and southern parts of Australia, is D. phlebophora, which has a wrinkled reddish brown pileus without the characteristic yellowish scales; its stipe is also more slender and its annulus is almost white, not brownish, though this may be difficult to detect because the annulus may be stained by a rust-brown spore deposit. The genus Descolea was placed in the

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

89

family Cortinariaceae but phylogenetic evidence (Matheny et al. 2014; Tóth et al. 2013) now places it in the family Bolbitiaceae.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 266 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 64 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 115 [D CI] Matheny PB, Moreau P-A, Vizzini A, Harrower E, De Haan A, Contu M and Curti M (2014) “Crassisporium and Romagnesiella: two new genera of dark-spored Agaricales”. Systematics and Biodiversity Vol. 13, pp. 28–41 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 36 [CP] Tóth A, Hausknecht A, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Papp T, Vógvölgyi C and Nagy L (2013) “Iteratively Refined Guide Trees Help Improving Alignment and Phylogenetic Inference in the Mushroom Family Bolbitiaceae”. Plos One Vol. 8(2), pp. 1–14 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 132 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Panaeolus antillarum

90

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

91

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Panaeolus antillarum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on herbivore dung, usually cow or horse dung.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; at first globular, quickly becoming parabolic to bell-shaped, rarely convex; surface at first viscid, quickly drying, becoming smooth and shiny, depending on weather may become wrinkled or cracked; colour when young and fresh pure white, becoming silver grey, may develop brownish discolorations with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment ascending to adnate; relatively close; colour at first pale grey, becoming mottled black as spores mature; margin distinctly whitish and finely serrate. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 6 mm thick; slender, cylindrical, no trace of annulus or volva; surface dry, finely pruinose, striate near the lamellae; colour white, often brownish at the base. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores, depending on angle of view, 15–19 × 8–12 µm, in the oval plane, 15–19 × 10–14 µm, in the sub-hexagonal plane; smooth, with a prominent germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 20–28 × 14–19 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia large, thin-walled, with contents that turn yellow-brown in alkali or stain deeply in cotton blue.

Comments Panaeolus antillarum is an introduced species, its origin not known. It is found solely on herbivore dung, and is identified by its whitish pileus and stipe, its blackish mottled lamellae, and absence of any ring or volva on the stipe. This species is relatively rare in Europe, and more common in areas with a warmer climate.

References Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 483 [D CI] Halama M, Witkowska D, Jasicka-Misiak I and Poliwoda A (2014) “An adventive Panaeolus antillarum in Poland (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) with notes on its taxonomy, geographical distribution, and ecology”. Crytogamie, Mycologie Vol. 35(1), pp. 3–22 [D CP] Young AM (1989) “The Panaeoloideae (Fungi, Basidiomycetes) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 2(5), pp. 75–97 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

92

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 164 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Panaeolus papilionaceus

93

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

94

Fam. Bolbitiaceae

Panaeolus papilionaceus Panaeolus sphinctrinus Panaeolus campanulatus

Panaeolus retirugis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on herbivore dung, usually cow or horse dung, or on well manured pasture.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; at first bluntly conical, becoming parabolic to bell-shaped, sometimes with a slight umbo, margin initially incurved, then decurved, margin decorated with tooth-like white veil fragments that may disappear with age; surface smooth, shiny when dry, not viscid, may become wrinkled or cracked; colour variable, can be dark grey when young and moist, when dry becoming pale brown to grey-brown, occasionally with darker orange-brown tints at the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to adnexed; relatively close; colour at first pale grey, becoming mottled black as spores mature; margin distinctly whitish. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 4 mm thick; slender, fragile, cylindrical, no trace of annulus or volva; surface dry, finely pruinose, striate near the lamellae; colour darker than pileus, brown to grey-brown, or dark grey. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores depending on angle of view, 13–18 × 8–10 µm, in the oval plane, 13–18 × 10–12 µm, in the sub-hexagonal plane; smooth, with a prominent germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 28–42 × 10–15 µm, broadly clavate. Clamp connections present but rare.

Comments Panaeolus papilionaceus is an introduced species, usually found in heavily manured soils in pastures, or on horse or cow dung. In the field it is usually identified by its smooth, grey-brown, bell-shaped pileus with tooth-like white veil fragments at the margin, blackish mottled lamellae, and brownish stipe. Until 1996 this species was considered to be a member of a confusing complex of species that included P. campanulatus, P. sphinctrinus and P. retirugis. However, work done by Gerhart (1996) showed that all of these species are conspecific and therefore are synonyms for P. papilionaceus. (This reference has not been sighted.)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

95

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 294 [D CI] (as Panaeolus campanulatus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 152 [D CP] (as Panaeolus sphinctrinus) Gerhardt E (1996) “Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus (Fungi Agaricales, Coprinaceae)”. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 147, pp. 1–149 [D I] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 484 [D CI] (as Panaeolus sphinctrinus) Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 107 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 262 [D CP] Young AM (1989) “The Panaeoloideae (Fungi, Basidiomycetes) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 2(5), pp. 75–97 [D I] (as Panaeolus sphinctrinus) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 167 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Chromocyphellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Chromocyphella muscicola

96

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

97

Fam. Chromocyphellaceae

Chromocyphella muscicola Biology Parasitic basidiomycete; found in colonies on mosses (bryophytes) on nearvertical or horizontal wood, such as mossy live tree trunks or branches. The fruit-bodies are clearly attached to the moss.

Fruit-body Description Generally up to 4 mm across, seldom more, initially inverted deep cup- or bellshaped, with age becoming flattish; attachment to the bryophyte is either by a minute stipe-like base, or sessile. Outer Surface (pileus), hairy, felty, whitish; Inner Surface (hymenium) smooth, whitish at first, becoming brownish at maturity. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–9.5 × 6.5–8.5 µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, minutely spiny. Basidia four-spored, 30–40 × 7–10.5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Chromocyphella muscicola is readily identified by its small, whitish, sessile cupor bell-shaped fruit-bodies, with a felty outer surface, growing on bryophytes (mosses). Work done by Kost (1988) shows that this species is a parasite on bryophytes. Donk (1956) placed this species in the family Cyphellaceae. Later, based on morphological characters, it was moved into Crepidotaceae (Singer 1986 p. 157), but the phylogenetic work performed by Petersen et al. (2010) now places this species in a new, well defined, sister family Chromocyphellaceae.

References Donk MA (1956) “ Notes on ‘Cyphellaceae’ ”. Persoonia Vol. 1(1), pp. 25–110 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 167 [D CP] Kost G (1988) “Interactions between Basidiomycetes and Bryophyta”. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research Vol. 5, pp. 287–308 [D I] Petersen G, Knudsen H, Seberg O (2010) “Alignment, clade robustness and fungal phylogenetics – Crepidotaceae and sister families revisited”. Cladistics Vol. 26, pp. 62–71 Singer R (1986) The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, 4th edn. Koeltz Scientific Books: Koenigstein, Germany

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Clavaria fragilis

98

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

99

Fam. Clavariaceae

Clavaria fragilis Clavaria vermicularis

Clavaria meuleri

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or in dense clusters on the ground in woody leaf litter or in old unimproved grassland.

Fruit-body Description Up to 150 mm tall and 5 mm thick; simple clubs, brittle and fragile, the tip usually rounded but with age may taper to a point. Spore-bearing Surface (hymenium) white, smooth, dry, with age tip may discolour to yellowish or pale brownish. Stipe usually not distinct, but evident as a short semitransparent zone at the base of the club. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7.5 × 3–4 µm, ellipsoidal to ovate, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 40–50 × 6–8 µm, elongate clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Clavaria fragilis is fairly easily recognised; it grows in small clumps of translucent white, brittle clubs, which can grow up to 150 mm tall. A similar looking species with which it is sometimes confused is Clavaria alboglobospora, which is predominantly a New Zealand species. Phylogenetic analysisi (Kautmanová et. al 2012) shows that C.vermicularis and C. fragilis are synonymous. C. fragilis is a global species, originally described from Denmark in 1790 by the Danish mycologist Theodor Holmskjold.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 344 [D CP] (as Clavaria vermicularis) Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 268 (as Clavaria vermicularis) Kautmanová I, Adamčík S, Lizoň P, Jančovičová S (2012) “Revision of taxonomic concept and systematic position of some Clavariaceae species”. Mycologia Vol. 104(2), pp. 521–539 Petersen RH (1978) “The Genus Clavaria in South-eastern Australia”. Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 26, pp. 415–424 [D I] (as Clavaria vermicularis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavariaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

Clavulinopsis amoena

100

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

101

Fam. Clavariaceae

Clavulinopsis amoena Clavaria amoena

Biology Basidiomycete, suspected to be mycorrhizal; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground in Eucalyptus dominated woodland.

Fruit-body Description Up to 100 mm tall and 2 mm thick; simple clubs. Spore-bearing Surface (hymenium) cylindrical, flattened or grooved, equal, bright yellow. Stipe up to 15 mm long, same colour as club above, arising from small mycelial patch. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 4–4.5 µm, ellipsoidal to ovate, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia (2)– four-spored, 40–50 × 4–4.5 µm, elongate clavate.

Comments Clavaria amoena is relatively common and widespread; the bright yellow simple clubs make this a readily identifiable fungus.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 197 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 85 [CP] (as Clavaria amoena) Petersen RH (1988) “The Clavarioid Fungi of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Bulletin 236: p. 197 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea

102

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

103

Fam. Clavariaceae

Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea Clavaria corallinorosacea

Biology Basidiomycete, suspected to be mycorrhizal; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground in Eucalyptus dominated woodland.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm tall and 3 mm thick; simple clubs. Spore-bearing Surface (hymenium) cylindrical, flattened or grooved, equal, bright rosy pink, covered with white powdery bloom of spores. Stipe up to 15 mm long, colour similar to or darker than club above, delimited from hymenium by not being covered with the powdery bloom of spores. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, smooth, thinwalled. Basidia four-spored, 35–50 × 6–7 µm, elongate clavate.

Comments Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea can be confused with C. sulcata, but C. sulcata does not have a bloom on its hymenium and there is no noticeable delineation between the hymenium and the stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 198 [D CP] (as Clavaria corallinorosacea) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 86 [CP] (as Clavaria corallinorosacea) Petersen RH (1988) “The Clavarioid Fungi of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Bulletin 236: p. 197 [D I] (as Clavaria corallinorosacea)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Clavulinopsis sulcata complex

104

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

105

Fam. Clavariaceae

Clavulinopsis sulcata complex Clavulinopsis miniata

Clavaria miniata

Biology Basidiomycete, suspected to be mycorrhizal; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground in Eucalyptus dominated woodland.

Fruit-body Description Up to 100 mm tall and 10 mm thick; simple to occasionally branched clubs. Spore-bearing Surface (hymenium) cylindrical, flattened or grooved, equal, flame-orange to bright red. Stipe up to 15 mm long, same colour as club above, not obviously delimited. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 4–6.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled.

Comments Clavulinopsis sulcata has the common name “Flame Fungus”: when the bright red clubs are seen protruding above the leaf litter they are reminiscent of a small fire. Clavulinopsis sulcata can be confused with C. corallinorosacea, but C. sulcata does not have a bloom on its hymenium and there is no noticeable delineation between the hymenium and the stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 198 [D CP] (as Clavaria miniata) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 85 [CP] (as Clavaria miniata) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 86 [D CP] (as Clavaria miniata)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mucronella pendula

106

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

107

Fam. Clavariaceae

Mucronella pendula Myxomycidium pendulum

Mucronella alba

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on dead wood such as fallen rotting tree trunks in wet forests, usually found in sheltered hollows. It causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Length up to 25 mm or more, and up to 3 mm across; pendulous, stipe and head clearly distinct. Head fertile region, icicle-shaped, narrowly conical, tapering evenly to a point; surface smooth, dry; colour white, translucent white, slightly yellowing with age; Stipe central, curved, cylindrical, length up to 5 mm or more, thickness up to 2 mm; surface smooth; colour whitish, or dull ochraceous. Flesh firm, gelatinous. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 4.5–6.7 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, usually flattened axially, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 28–35 × 6–8 µm, elongated clavate, almost cylindrical. Clamp connections present.

Comments Mucronella pendula is a small, beautiful fungus. Its white, pendulous, spearhead-shaped fruit-body cannot be mistaken for anything else. It is usually found in sheltered locations on old damp rotting logs. This species is also found in the northern hemisphere.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 203 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 81 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 72 [CP] Petersen RH (1980) “Gloemucro and a note on Physalacria concinna”. Mycologia Vol. 72(2), pp. 301–311 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 90 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius abnormis

108

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

109

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius abnormis Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter, moss or grass, under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; convex, then plane, eventually uplifted, margin incurved at first; surface viscid when moist but usually dry, not translucent-striate nor hygrophanous, radially flattened fibrillose, flattened squamules in centre; colour yellowish brown, darker yellowish brown in the centre, initially yellowish at the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sinuate or subdecurrent; moderately crowded; colour at first yellowish brown, becoming light brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 130 mm long and 9 mm thick; almost equal; surface smooth with brownish fibrils, dry; colour yellowish at the apex, becoming more yellow-brown towards the base; basal mycelium bright yellow. Cortina yellowish, well developed, collapsing to a brown fibrillose zone. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–13 × 5.5–7.5 µm, ovoid-ellipsoidal (almond-shaped), ornamented, warty. Basidia four-spored (occasionally three-spored), 33–49 × 11–18 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments The yellow-brown colour, the finely fibrillose pileus and the bright yellow basal mycelium are the main features that are used to identify Cortinarius abnormis in the field.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 43 [D CP] Watling R, Gill M, Gimènez A and May TW (1992) “A new styrylpyrone-containing Cortinarius from Australia”. Mycological Research Vol. 96(9), pp. 743–748 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius aff. alboviolaceus

110

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

111

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius aff. alboviolaceus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; convex to bell-shaped at first, finally expanding to umbonate; viscid when moist, silky smooth; colour pale lilac to pale grey-lilac. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; moderately crowded; colour at first violaceous, becoming rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 18 mm thick; slender, almost equal, viscid when moist. Cortina white, collapsing to an indistinct fibrillose zone, which sometimes becomes rust-brown as it collects fallen spores. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 4.5–5.5 µm, ovoid-ellipsoidal (almond-shaped), ornamented, warty. Basidia four-spored. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius aff.alboviolaceus is readily identified by its pale lilac colour, and neither the pileus nor the stipe is glutinous. Cortinarius alboviolaceus is the name of a northern hemisphere species that is mycorrhizal with deciduous trees. The Australian species has an affinity to this species: the morphology of the Australian and northern hemisphere species is very similar. Because it has not yet been decided that the Australian species is unique, for the time being it has been given the name Cortinarius aff. alboviolaceus.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 447 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 44 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 14 [CP] Young AM (1994) Common Australian Fungi: A Naturalist’s Guide. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 64 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius archeri

112

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

113

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius archeri Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; originally hemispherical, then convex, finally plane; surface smooth, initially glutinous, becoming viscid; colour initially deep violet or lilac-vinaceous, ageing to brown with a violet tinge. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately crowded; colour at first bluish, becoming ochraceous to rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 30 mm thick; pale above the annulus, violet or lilac below; glutinous. Annulus white, membranous, becoming rust-brown as it collects fallen spores. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11–15 × 6.5–8.5 µm, ovoid-ellipsoidal (almond-shaped), ornamented, finely warty, thick-walled. Basidia four-spored, 32–43 × 8–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius archeri is readily identified in the field by its large glutinous violet-coloured fruit-body. There are two other species, C. microarcheri and C. subarcheri, that look similar but they are much smaller in stature. It is possible that these species may be small strains of C. archeri ; more work needs to be done in this area.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 242 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 44 [D CP] Gasparini B (2007) “Genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium in Tasmania”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 45, pp. 155–236 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 48 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 173 [D CI] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 15 [CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

114

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 124 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius areolatoimbricatus

115

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

116

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius areolatoimbricatus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter or grass under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; initially deeply convex, then convex, sometimes deformed from mutual pressure; surface dry, covered with pallid overlapping fibrillose scales (imbricate); colour ochraceous buff to cinnamon buff. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour at first creamy to pale ochraceous buff, becoming ochraceous to rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 65 mm long and 40 mm thick; cream to pale ochraceous buff. Cortina white, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10 × 4.5–6 µm, ellipsoidal, ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 25–35 × 7–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius areolatoimbricatus is usually found in caespitose clumps, is a stout fleshy fungus and, with its brownish imbricate pileus and robust pale stipe, is easily recognised in the field.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 44 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 145 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

Cortinarius australiensis

117

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

118

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius australiensis Rozites australiensis

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter or grass under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 170 mm or more; initially convex with an inrolled margin, becoming nearly plane, then expanding to be uplifted, margin wavy, often with ragged fragments of the partial veil attached; surface dry, viscid when moist, finely felty to smooth, sometimes cracking; colour whitish with brownish tints or stains. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate becoming sinuate or free with age; close; colour at first pale straw, becoming pale tan to rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; robust, generally up to 120 mm long and 50 mm thick, base bulbous, forming a conical root; colour whitish, often discoloured by soil stains; surface dry, with fine longitudinal fibrils. Annulus membranous, white, becoming stained rust-brown by falling spores. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–12 × 5–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 35–45 × 7–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius australiensis is a large robust fungus, found in association with eucalypts. Its large whitish pileus, and robust stipe with a membranous annulus usually covered in rust-brown spores, make this species readily identifiable in the field. C. australiensis also occurs in New Zealand, where it grows with Leptospermum. It was originally described by Cleland and Cheel (1918) as Rozites australiensis. Horak (1981) transferred it to Cortinarius, giving it the binomial by which it is now known.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 244 [D CI] Cleland JB and Cheel EC (1918). “Australian fungi: notes and descriptions. No. 1”. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia Vol. 42, pp. 88– 138 [D] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 46 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

119

Gasparini B (2007) “Genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium in Tasmania”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 45, pp. 155–236 [D CP] Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 49 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. pp. 160–161 [D CI] Horak E (1981) “Notes on taxonomy and biogeography of Rozites Karsten”. Sydowia Vol. 34, pp. 94–108

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Cortinarius austroalbidus

120

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

121

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austroalbidus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 70 mm or more; convex becoming plane; surface glutinous, sticky, smooth or velvety-fibrillose; colour white to cream, may have faint hues of reddish brown or lilac. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; moderately close; colour at first white to creamy, becoming ochraceous as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 30 mm thick; moderately stout; white to cream, glutinous, sticky, fibrillose. Cortina white, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–11 × 4–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal to ovoid, ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 28–40 × 8–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments The whitish colour, glutinous nature and distinctive spicy odour reminiscent of curry, make Cortinarius austroalbidus readily identifiable in the field.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 46 [D CP] Gasparini B (2007) “Genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium in Tasmania”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 45, pp. 155–236 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 27 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 49 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 172 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 15 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus

122

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

123

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; conical when young then convex to irregularly plane; surface dry, fibrillose; colour uniformly cinnabar, or orange-red; dulling with age; no purple tints. Chemical test application of KOH solution initially produces a black then purplish colour reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour at first yellow-ochre, becoming yellow-brown as spores mature; margin cinnabar red. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 20 mm thick; long, slender or stout, slightly fusoid or clavate; surface dry, covered with zones of cinnabar or red fibrillose veil remnants; colour whitish or pallid yellowish at apex, often cinnabar or orange-red towards the base. Cortina cobweb-like, ochre, collapsing to ochre fibrillose zone near apex. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7 × 4–5 µm, ovoid, minutely verrucose (warty). Basidia four-spored, 20–25 × 6–7 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments The main characteristic that identifies Cortinarius austrocinnabrinus in the field is the cinnabar or orange-red of its pileus, as the epithet of its name would suggest. There are other similarly coloured Cortinarius species, but most of these usually have lilac tints. Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus is occasionally misidentified as Dermocybe cramesina (see Fuhrer 2005). Fuhrer corrected this error in the 2009 reprint of his field guide. Dermocybe cramesina, now known as Cortinarius cramesinus, is usually found in association with Nothofagus spp. and has a purple tint to its colour (Horak 1988), whereas Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus is normally associated with Eucalyptus spp. and has no purple tints.

References Fuhrer B (2005) A field guide to Australian fungi. p. 61 [D CP] (as Dermocybe cramesina) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. p. 61 [D CP]

Bloomings Books:

Melbourne.

Bloomings Books:

Melbourne.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

124

Gasparini B and Soop K (2008). “Contribution to the knowledge of Cortinarius [Agaricales, Cortinariaceae] of Tasmania (Australia) and New Zealand”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 27(3), pp. 173–203 [D CP] Horak E (1988) “New species of Dermocybe from New Zealand”. Sydowia Vol. 40, pp. 81–112 [D P] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 21 [CP] (as Dermocybe cramesina)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius austrovenetus

125

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

126

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austrovenetus Dermocybe austroveneta

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; when young convex, later nearly plane with a broad umbo; surface dry, smooth, finely velvety, radially fibrillose; colour varies from yellowish green to deep olive-green. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a reddish colour reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour at first bright yellow, becoming yellow-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 75 mm long and 15 mm thick; long, slender or stout, slightly attenuated upwards; surface dry, fibrillose; colour whitish or pallid yellowish, often stained brownish with spore deposits. Cortina cobweb-like, whitish, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–11.5 × 4.5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, finely verrucose to coarsely ornamented. Basidia four-spored, 27–41 × 7–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius austrovenetus is easily recognisable because of its stout appearance, green pileus and yellowish stipe. It is found amongst leaf litter under eucalypts. There is no other species with which it can be easily confused. The name change from Dermocybe austroveneta to Cortinarius austrovenetus was based on DNA evidence showing that all Australian species of the genus Dermocybe belong in the genus Cortinarius.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 59 [D CP] (as Dermocybe austroveneta) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 50 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 34 [D CP] (as Dermocybe austroveneta) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 137 [D I] (as Dermocybe austroveneta)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

127

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 20 [CP] (as Dermocybe austroveneta) Stefani FOP, Jones RH, May TW, (2014) “Concordance of seven gene genealogies compared to phenotypic data reveals multiple cryptic species in Australian dermocyboid Cortinarius (Agaricales)”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 71, pp. 249–360 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 130 [D I] (as Dermocybe austroveneta)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius austroviolaceus

128

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

129

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austroviolaceus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; when young convex, becoming flattened at maturity; surface dry, initially finely fibrillose, later smooth; colour dark violet, with age developing brownish tints. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a pink reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour dark violet, gradually developing a rust-brown flush as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 15 mm thick; equal to slightly clavate; surface dry, fibrillose; colour dark violet. Cortina violet, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 5–6 µm (mean 9.1 ± 0.5 × 5.5 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.66 ± 0.09, n=60), ellipsoidal, covered in small warts (verrucose). Basidia four-spored, 33– 37 × 7.5–9 µm, sub-cylindrical, clavate. Cheilocystidia sometimes langeniform (gourd-shaped, often with a long neck), often capitate or ampule-shaped. Clamp connections present.

Comments The overall dark violet colour of this species, its smooth pileus and fibrillose stipe make it easy to recognise, but care needs to be taken when trying to identify it in the field. There are a number of similar looking species, for instance in Bougher and Syme (1998) the fungus portrayed as C. violaceus is now known as C. hallowensis (found in Western Australia and Tasmania); its greasy smooth pileus separates it from C. austroviolaceus. Two of several species described in Wood (2009) include C. kioloensis, which can be separated from C. austroviolaceus by its rough squamulose pileus, and C. jenolanensis, which can be separated from C. austroviolaceus using microscopic features. The original description of C. austroviolaceus was written by Gasparini (2001), who assumed it was closely related to the European species C. violaceus due to their morphological similarity, but phylogenetic evidence produced by Harrower et al. (2015) demonstrates that C. austroviolaceus is not closely related to C. violaceus.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

130

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 262 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 50 [D CP] (as Cortinarius sp. aff. violaceus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 50 [D CP] Gasparini B (2001) “A contribution to the knowledge of Cortinarius and allied genera of southern Tasmania, Australia”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 20(1), pp. 47–54 [D I] Harrower E, Bougher NL, Henkel TW, Horak E, Matheny PB (2015) “Long-distance dispersal and speciation of Australasian and American species of Cortinarius sect. Cortinarius”. Mycologia Vol. 107(4), pp. 697–709 Wood AE (2009) “Cortinarius Fr. Subgenus Cortinarius in Australia”. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Vol. 130, pp. 147–155

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius canarius

131

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

132

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius canarius Dermocybe canaria

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus or Nothofagus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; when young hemispherical becoming convex, centre broadly umbonate; surface dry, minutely to coarsely fibrillose; colour bright yellow. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a red to red-brown colour reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sharply adnexed, sometimes with a decurrent tooth; crowded; colour at first golden yellow, becoming yellow-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 30 mm thick; stout, slightly bulbous with root-like base; surface dry, smooth; colour yellow. Cortina membranous to thick, cobweb-like, yellow, leaving an annulus or collapsing to 1 to 3 robust fibrillose zones towards the base of the stipe; usually stained yellow-brown from spore deposit. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–8.5 × 4–5 µm, ovoid, minutely rough with projections at apex. Basidia four-spored, 20–35 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius canarius is readily identified by its bright yellow colour and stout fruit-body, which is not viscid. This species was previously recorded as Dermocybe canaria but phylogenetic evidence produced by Stefani et al. shows that all Australian species of Dermocybe nest in the genus Cortinarius. Gasparini (2014) renamed the species from Dermocybe canaria to Cortinarius canarius.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 60 [D CP] (as Dermocybe canaria) Gasparini B, (2014) “Cortinarius (Agaricales) revised taxonomy: new species names or combinations”. Mycosphere Vol. 5(4), pp. 541–544 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 59 [D CP] (as Dermocybe canaria) Horak E (1988) “New species of Dermocybe from New Zealand”. Sydowia Vol. 40, pp. 81–112 [D P] (as Dermocybe canaria)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

133

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 20 [CP] (as Dermocybe canaria) Stefani FOP, Jones RH, May TW, (2014) “Concordance of seven gene genealogies compared to phenotypic data reveals multiple cryptic species in Australian dermocyboid Cortinarius (Agaricales)”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 71, pp. 249–360

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus

134

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

135

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus Inocybe cystidiocatenata

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; initially deeply convex, becoming broadly conical, often with an umbo, and occasionally with white veil remnants on the margin; surface dry, hygrophanous, hoary from whitish fibrils; surface colour under fibrils usually orange-brown but sometimes a more reddish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; moderately close; colour pale brown to orange-brown, margin pale to whitish. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 45 mm long and 5 mm thick; slender, fibrillose; colour pallid whitish. Cortina white, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Spore Print Pale ochre-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 3–5.5 µm, (mean 7.6 ± 0.8 × 4.5 ± 0.6 µm, Q=1.73 ± 0.24, n=30), ellipsoidal, almost smooth, surface faintly ornamented. Basidia four-spored, 24–34 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia often made up from multiseptate chains or clusters of subglobose to elipsoidal cells 16–35 × 10–20 µm. Pleurocystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Comments Many of the morphological features of this species, such as the fibrillose pileus and smooth ochraceous brown spores, are consistent with the genus Inocybe, into which Grgurinovic (1997) placed it as Inocybe cystidiocatenata. This species was included in a DNA study of Cortinarius by Garnica et al. (2005). As a result it was found to be a Cortinarius species and was later renamed by Gasparini (2006) as Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus. To make the identification of C. cystidiocatenatus a little uncertain, Cleland (1976) described a species C. fibrillosus which is morphologically very similar to C. cystidiocatenatus but according to Grgurinovic (1997) is not the same species because there is a difference in the cheilocystidia structure. Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus tends to form multiseptate cystidia whereas C. fibrillosus does not. According to Matheny and Bougher (2010), who examined both species closely, there is little doubt that C. fibrillosus is conspecific with C. cystidiocatenatus, but at present we do not have the DNA evidence that says they are the same species. If eventually it is proven that they are, C. fibrillosus, being the older

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

136

name, would have nomenclatural priority. This shows how difficult it can be to correctly name a species that is relatively common and readily identifiable in the field.

References Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 114–115 [D P] Garnica S, Weiß M, Oertel B, and Oberwinkler (2005) “A framework for a phylogenetic classification in the genus Cortinarius (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data”. Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 83, pp. 1457–1477 Gasparini B (2006) “Renaming of three Australian Cortinarius”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 25(1), pp. 24–27 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 51 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 188 [D I] (as Inocybe cystidiocatenata) Grgurinovic CA (2002) “Fungal names needing correction”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 21(1), pp. 35–37 Matheny PB and Bougher NL (2010) “Type studies of Australian species of Inocybe (Agaricales)”. Muelleria Vol. 28(2), pp. 87–104

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius globuliformis

137

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

138

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius globuliformis Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious, it is a hypogeous species (growing or developing below the surface of the ground), and occurs on the ground, buried just below the leaf litter near Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; when young flat-convex, becoming plane, margin persistently incurved with appendiculate fibrils; surface smooth, dry, radially appressed silky-fibrillose; colour when young bright yellow, with age dulling to a yellowish bronze, when exposed to the atmosphere for a long period becoming dark grey-brown. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a red-brown colour reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; moderately close, usually crinkled; colour at first yellow, gradually becoming rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 7 mm long and 4 mm thick; short-squat, base abrupt or slightly bulbous; surface smooth, dry, usually covered by inner veil remnants; colour similar to pileus. Cortina yellow, thick, persistent, breaking up into strands with age. Basal mycelium bright yellow, forming a dense mat. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9.5–10.5 × 6.5–8 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, coarsely ornamented, warty, thick-walled. Basidia four-spored, 25–43 × 6–10 µm, clavate to cylindrical-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Because of its hypogeous nature Cortinarius globuliformis is not easily found, but once located it is identified by the yellow colour of the buried pileus and yellow dense mycelial mat associated with the fruit-bodies. The subglobose spores are unique to this species of hypogeous Cortinarius. The DNA analysis done by Peintner et al. (2001) showed that C. globuliformis is very closely related to C. persplendidus. Although these fungi are morphologically very different they do have a number of common inherited features, a notable one being the yellow mycelial mat. Claridge et al. (2000) carried out a program of collecting a large number of hypogeous fungi. Their conclusion was that hypogeous species such as C. globuliformis were more competitive at sites that were subjected to water stress. Staying just below the surface of the ground meant that there was less chance of the fungi drying out during dry periods, thus giving them an evolutionary advantage.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

139

References Bougher, N.L. and Malajczuk, N. (1986) “An undescribed species of hypogeous Cortinarius associated with Eucalyptus in Western Australia”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 86(2), pp. 301–304 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 250 [D CI] Claridge AW, Barry SC, Cork SJ and Trappe JM (2000) “Diversity and habitat relationships of hypogeous fungi. II. Factors influencing the occurrence and number of taxa”. Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 9, pp. 175–199 Peintner U, Bougher NL, Castellano MA, Moncalvo J-M, Moser MM, Trappe JM and Vilgalys R (2001) “Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius (Cortinariaceae)”. American Journal of Botany Vol. 88(12), pp. 2168–2179

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius kula

140

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

141

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius kula Dermocybe kula Dermocybe sanguinea

Cortinarius sanguineus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; when young broadly conical, becoming broadly convex with an umbo; surface dry, silky, finely radially fibrillose; colour dark blood-red, with centre claret brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate or slightly sinuate; moderately close; colour at first dark red, becoming rusty red as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 15 mm thick; rather slender, base usually swollen; basal mycelium orangey pink; surface dry, finely fibrillose; colour blood-red. Cortina cobweb-like, reddish, evanescent. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 6–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal to short ellipsoidal, warty rough. Basidia four-spored, 26–38 × 8–12 µm, clavate, often with brown pigment. Clamp connections present.

Comments The main distinguishing feature of Cortinarius kula is that the whole fruit-body is blood-red, with no hint of any yellow tints. This species was previously recorded as Dermocybe kula but phylogenetic evidence produced by Stefani et al. shows that all Australian species of Dermocybe nest in the genus Cortinarius. Gasparini (2014) renamed the species from D. kula to C. kula.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 61 [D CP] Dermocybe sanguinea Gasparini B, (2014) “Cortinarius (Agaricales) revised taxonomy: new species names or combinations”. Mycosphere Vol. 5(4), pp. 541–544 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 59 [D CP] (as Dermocybe kula) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 135 [D CI] (as Dermocybe kula) Stefani FOP, Jones RH, May TW, (2014) “Concordance of seven gene genealogies compared to phenotypic data reveals multiple cryptic species in Australian dermocyboid Cortinarius (Agaricales)”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 71, pp. 249–360 D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

Cortinarius metallicus

142

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

143

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius metallicus Rozites metallica

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter in Nothofagus gunnii and Nothofagus cunninghamii forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 140 mm or more; initially convex or parabolic, with age expanding to plane with a broad umbo, margin translucent striate, eroded, becoming radially wrinkled with age; surface smooth, glutinous, sometimes with patches (remnants of the universal veil); colour initially uniformly bluish grey; with age fading to pale grey and central region becoming tan to yellowish brown; brown colour then expanding towards the margin; markedly hygrophanous. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed with small decurrent tooth; crowded; colour at first cream with a slight greenish tinge, gradually becoming tan as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 150 mm long and 15 mm thick; stout, swollen towards the base, has white mycelium at the base; surface dry, shiny, has longitudinal fibrils; colour white, stains brownish. Annulus white, smooth to striate, membranous, becoming rust-brown as it collects spores. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9.5–12 × 7.5–8.5 µm, broad ellipsoidal (almond-shaped), coarsely ornamented, warty. Basidia four-spored, 32–41 × 10–14 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius metallicus is found with Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii and, in Tasmania, also with Deciduous Beech Nothofagus gunnii, where it is readily recognised by its steel bluish grey coloured glutinous pileus, white stipe and membranous annulus. Originally it belonged to the genus Rozites, which now no longer exists, because DNA analysis showed that all members of the genus Rozites were actually members of the genus Cortinarius (see Garnica et al. 2005).

References Bougher NL, Fuhrer BA and Horak E (1994) “Taxonomy and Biogeography of Australian Rozites species Mycorrhizal with Nothofagus and Myrtaceae”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 7, pp. 353–375 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

144

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 168 [D CP] Garnica S, Weiß M, Oertel B and Oberwinkler F (2005) “A framework for a phylogenic classification in the genus Cortinarius (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) derived from morphological and molecular data”. Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 83(11), pp. 1457–1477 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 53 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 28 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius perfoetens

145

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

146

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius perfoetens Rozites foetens

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter, associated with Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii in Victoria and Tasmania.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; when young convex with appendiculate margin (adhering white velar remnants), at maturity becoming flattened and translucent striate; surface glutinous, becoming radially wrinkled on drying; colour reddish brown at centre, grading to a paler yellowish brown towards the margin. Context: whitish cream, with a distinct unpleasant foetid odour. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; moderately close to crowded, with abundant lamellulae; colour initially cream, gradually becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 65 mm long and 10 mm thick; cylindrical; surface dry, fibrillose along entire stipe, fibrils most dense and shaggy below annulus; colour initially cream, becoming stained brownish when spores mature, basal mycelium white. Annulus membranous, fibrillose, concolorous with stipe. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–11.5 × 5–7 µm (mean 9.9 ± 0.7 × 6.0 ± 0.5 µm, Q=1.66 ± 0.09 n=30), ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, covered in warts (verrucose) less than 1 µm tall, irregular to labyrinthine. Basidia four-spored, 33–50 × 8–11.5 µm, sub-cylindrical to clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius perfoetens is unusual for a Cortinarius in that it has both a robust membranous annulus and a strong distinctive unpleasant foetid odour. Other features that help in identifying this species are its brownish glutinous pileus with an appendiculate margin, its whitish shaggy stipe and its mycorrhizal relationship with Nothofagus cunninghamii. This species was originally placed in the genus Rozites because it possessed a membranous annulus, but later DNA analysis confirmed that it belonged to the genus Cortinarius.

References Bougher NL, Fuhrer BA and Horak E (1994) “Taxonomy and Biogeography of Australian Rozites species Mycorrhizal with Nothofagus and Myrtaceae” Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 7, pp. 353–375 [D P] (as Rozites foetens)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

147

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 167 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 53 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius persplendidus

148

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

149

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius persplendidus Dermocybe splendida

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus and Leptospermum spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 55 mm or more; at first convex, becoming broadly umbonate; on drying may split radially at the margin; surface smooth at first, becoming finely radially fibrillose, not hygrophanous; colour dark orange-brown, darker reddish brown at the centre; application of KOH solution produces a red to violet colour. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to sinuate; moderately close; colour at first brilliant orange-red or paprika-red, darkening slightly as spores mature, but remaining brilliant. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 15 mm thick; usually slender, tapering towards apex; basal mycelium yellow; surface dry, finely fibrillose; colour yellowish with yellow and red longitudinal fibrils. Cortina cobweb-like, yellowish to pinkish, evanescent. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 5–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, covered in conspicuous isolated warts. Basidia four-spored, 27–40 × 8–10 µm, clavate, often with brilliant purple pigment. Clamp connections present.

Comments The dry non-hygrophanous pileus, the bright paprika red lamellae and the yellowish stipe with yellow basal mycelium make Cortinarius persplendidus readily identifiable in the field. This species was originally placed in the Dermocybe genus but due to DNA evidence it has now been moved into the genus Cortinarius. The epithet splendida had already been allocated to another species, so it could not be used. This species was then renamed as Cortinarius persplendidus (Gasparini 2006).

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 264 [D CI] (as Dermocybe splendida) Gasparini B (2006) “Renaming of three Australian Cortinarius”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 25(1), pp. 24–27 Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 62 [D CP] (as Dermocybe splendida)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

150

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 54 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 35 [D CP] (as Dermocybe splendida) Horak E (1988) “New species of Dermocybe from New Zealand”. Sydowia Vol. 40, pp. 81–112 [D P] (as Dermocybe splendida)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

Cortinarius phalarus

151

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

152

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius phalarus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter in association with thickets of Leptospermum and Agonis species.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 70 mm or more; in button stage covered by a white universal veil, then convex with an incurved margin, flattening on maturity; surface sticky when moist, quickly drying smooth, slightly radially fibrillose, with a central whitish membranous patch; colour golden brown to brownishorange. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour at first pale tan, becoming golden brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 15 mm thick; cream to pale yellow. Cortina disappearing quickly, usually leaving no fibrillose zone. Volva a membranous white saccate volva at the base of the stipe. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10.5 × 5–6 µm, ovoid to limoniform, ornamented, warty. Basidia four-spored, 25–30 × 5–8 µm, clavate. Cystidia: pleurocystidia absent; cheilocystidia 15–25 × 8–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species of Cortinarius is relatively unique, because its early stage of development resembles that of an Amanita: it is initially covered by a membranous external universal veil. This Amanita-like developmental stage leaves it with its main identifying features, the whitish patch of velar remains in the centre of the pileus and the white saccate volva at the base of the stipe. The closest relatives to this species can be found in South America, where they are also considered to be unusual.

References Bougher NL and Hilton RN (1989) “Three Cortinarius species from Western Australia”. Mycological Research Vol. 93(4), pp. 424–428 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 254 [D CI] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 54 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius rotundisporus

153

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

154

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius rotundisporus Cortinarius austroevernius

Cortinarius oleaginus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 70 mm or more; when young convex, becoming plane, retaining a broad central umbo; surface smooth, viscid or glutinous when moist; colour when young deep indigo-blue, on ageing becoming a paler blue with a yellow-ochre centre. Chemical test: application of KOH solution produces a pinkish purplish colour. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to sinuate; moderately close; colour at first pallid with a violet tinge, gradually becoming pale rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 75 (140) mm long and 15 mm thick; long, slender or stout, bulbous towards the base; surface viscid, drying smooth; colour white or cream tinged with the colour of the pileus. Cortina bluish when young, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Basal mycelium white. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 5.5–8 µm, subglobose to globose, coarsely ornamented, warty. Basidia four-spored, 28–39 × 8–11 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments A typical Cortinarius rotundisporus is readily recognised in the field by its viscid metal-blue pileus (usually with a yellow-ochre centre) and stout whitish stipe. Although the typical variety of C. rotundisporus is readily identified, it is a species that seems to have a diverse range of morphology and colour. There are varieties where the stipe is long and slender, or the yellow-ochre centre covers most of the pileus, or the pileus may have shades of green. Genetic work done by Sawyer et al. (1999) suggests that C. rotundisporus belongs to a complex of closely related species or to a single species with a broad genetic fingerprint; more work needs to be done to be certain. This would tend to explain the diversity found in this species.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 256 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

155

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 48 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 30 [D CP] Gasparini B (2007) “Genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium in Tasmania”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 45, pp. 155–236 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 154 [D CI] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 16 [CP] (probably not C. rotundisporus because colour of pileus, lamellae and stipe not typical) Sawyer NA, Chambers SM and Cairney JWG (1999) “Molecular investigation of genetic distribution and genetic variation of Cortinarius rotundisporus in eastern Australian sclerophyll forests”. New Phytologist Vol. 142, pp. 561–568

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cortinariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cortinarius sinapicolor

156

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

157

Fam. Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius sinapicolor Cortinarius ochraceus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; when young convex, becoming plane, retaining a broad central umbo; surface smooth, very glutinous; colour mustard yellow, sometimes lemon yellow at the margin, rust-brown to reddish brown towards the centre. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a red then brown-red reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, developing a shallow notch with age; moderately close; colour at first yellow, gradually becoming ochre as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 25 mm thick; moderately stout, base bulbous; surface glutinous, drying smooth; colour yellow at the apex grading to orange towards the base. Cortina pale yellow, collapsing to a faint fibrillose zone. Basal mycelium whitish to pale yellow. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 4.5–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, coarsely ornamented, warty. Basidia four-spored, 24–36 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cortinarius sinapicolor is readily recognised in the field by its very glutinous, yellow-orange fruit-body which has a smell reminiscent of curry.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 258 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 49 [D CP] Gasparini B (2007) “Genus Cortinarius, subgenus Phlegmacium in Tasmania”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 45, pp. 155–236 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 56 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 169 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma albidocoeruleum

158

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

159

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma albidocoeruleum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious amongst forest litter or moss on damp ground.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 47 mm or more; when young conico-convex, then convex, finally near plane with a central depression, sometimes with a knob in the centre; margin striate and slightly grooved; surface glabrous, silky, sometimes finely fibrillose on drying, more so at the centre, hygrophanous; colour varies from pallid beige to very pale brown, sometimes almost white, usually with a darker central spot, sometimes with an ephemeral violet margin, becoming paler on drying. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate or with a small decurrent tooth; moderately spaced; colour almost white, becoming very pale pink as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 4 mm or more thick, with white mycelium at the base; surface smooth, glabrous, shiny; colour when young pale sky-blue, quickly becoming blue-grey and finally slate-grey. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 6–8 µm, angular, 5–7 sided, angled in side view. Basidia four-spored, 19–34 × 7–11 µm, clavate to cylindrical. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Entoloma albidocoeruleum is recognised in the field by its fawn to pale brown pileus, usually with a dark central dimple, and grey-blue stipe with a tuft of white mycelium at its base. Before this species was named it had the field name of Entoloma “fawn bluey”.

References Gates GM and Noordeloos M (2007) “Preliminary studies in the genus Entoloma in Tasmania — I”. Persoonia Vol. 19(2), pp. 157–226 [D P] Noordeloss ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series. Vol. 22, pp, 311–314 Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London. [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Entoloma albidosimulans

160

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

161

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma albidosimulans Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on the ground or on tree fern trunks (caudices) in wet sclerophyll forests and rainforests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 15 mm or more; convex, becoming plane with age; margin deflexed then straight; surface finely fibrillose; colour white, with age slowly changing to ochre yellow or pink. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, or abruptly adnexed with a decurrent tooth; moderately distant; edge entire or slightly fimbriate; colour initially white, becoming pink as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; 20 to 30 mm long and 2 to 3 mm thick; cylindrical, often broader towards the base; surface innately fibrillose; colour white to yellowish. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 18–30 × 7–8.5 µm, angular with rather simple angles. Basidia four-spored, 22–34 × 7–11 µm, clavate. Lamella edge sterile, with dense clusters of cheilocystidia. Clamp connections present.

Comments This Entoloma is found on the ground, or sometimes on the stems of tree ferns, in wet sclerophyll forests and rainforests. With its small, white, finely fibrillose pileus and slender white stipe, it can easily be confused with E. sericellum, and was originally identified as that species. Microscopic examination is required for positive identification.

References Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 64 [D CP] Noordeloos ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series 22. Springer: Dordrecht. p. 245 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma aromaticum

162

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

163

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma aromaticum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious amongst forest litter on damp ground.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; when young conical, then broadly conical with a pronounced umbo; margin translucently striate when moist and slightly grooved; surface dry, hygrophanous, glabrous, or finely fibrillose, more so at the centre; colour darkish yellow-brown, and darker reddish brown towards the central umbo, paler towards margin, with age becoming pallid beige to very pale brown, becoming paler on drying; odour of young fruit-bodies is a distinctive strong fruity, aromatic smell which quickly becomes farinaceous as the fruit-bodies age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment almost free to finely adnexed; moderately spaced; colour almost white, becoming very pale pink as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 45 mm long and 2 mm or more thick, with white mycelium at the base; surface smooth, glabrous, shiny; colour varies from light brown to a dark cigar brown. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–11 × 6–8 µm, angular, 5–6 sided, angled in side view. Basidia four-spored, 30–38 × 9–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections mostly absent.

Comments Entoloma aromaticum is variable in its morphology and colour, but young fruit-bodies can be recognised in the field by the characteristic strong fruity odour, and by the pileus which has a distinctive brownish umbo. This species is also found in New Zealand and New Caledonia (Noordeloos 2012).

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 65 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 65 [D CP] Horak E (1980) “Entoloma (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australasia”. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia Vol. 65, pp. 170–171 [D I] Horak E (2008) “Agaricales of New Zealand. 1: Pluteaceae—Entolomataceae”. The Fungi of New Zealand Vol. 5. Fungal Diversity Research Series No. 19, pp. 236– 237 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

164

Noordeloos ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series. Vol. 22, pp, 158–161 Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London. [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma baronii

165

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

166

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma baronii Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in litter of mixed or sclerophyll forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 100 mm or more; convex, plano-convex with a broad umbo, becoming uplifted with age and with a rimose margin; surface smooth, glabrous, not hygrophanous, slightly translucent-striate at the margin; colour pale brown to greyish brown, paler towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnexed to almost free; moderately crowded; colour whitish with a pink tint, becoming pinkish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 60 mm long and up to 17 mm thick; cylindrical but broader towards the base (up to 20 mm or more); surface longitudinally fibrillose; colour whitish, covered with pale brown fibrils; basal mycelium white. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8 × 6–8 µm, 6 angled in side view. Basidia four-spored, 32–45 × 8–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Entoloma baronii is rare, and to date has been found only in Tasmania and Victoria. Its robust stature is such that it can be easily misidentified as a Tricholoma species, but the pale pinkish colour of its lamellae indicate that it is an Entoloma.

References Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 67 [D CP] Noordeloos ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series 22. Springer: Dordrecht. p. 59 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma brevispermum

167

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

168

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma brevispermum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious amongst forest litter or moss on damp ground in wet sclerophyll forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; may be broadly conical, convex or almost plane, usually with a pronounced sharp umbo, distinctly translucent striate when moist, margin may be undulating or upturned; surface glabrous to finely radially fibrillose, hygrophanous; colour reddish or yellowish brown, paler at the margin and darker on the umbo, becoming paler on drying. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnexed to almost free; moderately crowded; colour pallid, becoming pink as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; 40 to 120 mm long and 2.5 to 9 mm thick, cylindrical, slightly broader towards the base, with white basal mycelium; surface dry, glabrous, fibrillose to pruinose, longitudinally twisted-striate, becoming hollow with age; colour silvery white, when bruised or with age becoming dark yellow-brown. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 5.5–8.5 µm, angular, 5 or 6 angled, very irregularly shaped. Basidia four-spored, 24–40 × 7–11 µm, clavate to cylindrical. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Some of the characteristics that assist in identifying this species are: the pale brownish pileus, which is distinctly striate, usually umbonate, and often quite large; the pale pink lamellae; and the silvery, longitudinally striate stipe. Usually found amongst litter on the ground in wet sclerophyll forest. Widespread in Tasmania where it fruits throughout the year. In Victoria it is much less common and seems likely to be confined to the Otway Ranges.

References Gates GM and Noordeloos M (2007) “Preliminary studies in the genus Entoloma in Tasmania — I ”. Persoonia Vol. 19(2), pp. 157–226 [D CP] (as Entoloma brevispermus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 67 [D CP] Noordeloos ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series. Vol. 22, pp, 171–175 Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London. [D CP] D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma readiae

169

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

170

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma readiae Entoloma sulphureum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups, in forest litter and on dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 25 mm or more; convex, with a depressed centre which is sometimes infundibuliform; surface hygrophanous, when moist translucent-striate up to half the radius; colour yellowish brown to greyish brown, central depression darker. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to abruptly adnexed; moderately distant; colour pallid with a yellowish brown tint, becoming pink as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 30 mm long and up to 2 mm thick; cylindrical; surface smooth; colour yellowish brown, becoming darker towards base; basal mycelium white. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7 × 4.5–6.5 µm, angular. Basidia four-spored, 22–34 × 7–11 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments The yellowish brown convex pileus with a darker depressed centre is characteristic of this species. It has been recorded in Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. Horak (2008) described this yellowish brown species as Entoloma sulphureum. However, its similarity to E. readiae, plus the results of ongoing molecular studies, have resulted in the merging of the two species (Noordeloos and Gates 2012).

References Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 75 [D CP] Horak E (2008) Agaricales of New Zealand 1: Pluteaceae (Pluteus, Volvariella); Entolomataceae (Claudopus, Clitopilus, Entoloma, Pouzarella, Rhodocybe, Richoniella). Fungi of New Zealand Volume 5. Fungal Diversity Research Series 19. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 128 [D I] (as Entoloma sulphureum) Noordeloos ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series 22. Springer: Dordrecht. p. 151 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma rodwayi

171

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

172

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma rodwayi Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on wet ground in small groups amongst forest litter or moss.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially convex, becoming plane, usually depressed in the centre; surface finely fibrillose, scales more dense at pileus centre, dry, translucent-striate; colour lime green to yellowish green, on drying becoming blue-green. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately spaced; colour pale green at first, becoming brownish pinkish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 4 mm thick; smooth, shiny; olive-green to pale green, usually with a tuft of white mycelium at the base. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–13 × 6–8 µm, angular, 5–7 angled. Basidia four-spored, 28–40 × 9–12 µm, clavate to cylindrical. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Entoloma rodwayi is identified in the field mainly by its lime green to yellowgreen colour, its pallid lamellae which do not have a coloured margin, and a tuft of white mycelium at the base of the stipe. A similar species E. viridomarginatum is easily distinguished because its lamellae have a dark green margin.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 66 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 76 [D CP] Horak E (1980) “Entoloma (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australasia”. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia Vol. 65, pp. 303–304 [D I] Horak E (1983) “Mycogeography in the South Pacific Region: Agaricales, Boletales”. Australasian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series No. 10, pp. 1–41 Noordeloos ME and Gates GM (2012) The Entolomataceae of Tasmania. Fungal Diversity Research Series. Vol. 22, pp, 327–330 Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London. [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma sericellum

173

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

174

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma sericellum Alboleptonia sericella

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on wet ground in small groups amongst forest litter or moss.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; initially convex, becoming plane, finally deeply depressed; white but may become yellowish or pinkish with age; surface smooth, dry, silky because of fine appressed fibrils visible with a hand lens. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate with decurrent tooth; moderately spaced; colour white at first, becoming pinkish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 4 mm thick; smooth, white, slightly pruinose at apex. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–12.5 × 7–10 µm, angular, rhomboidal in side view, often 5-sided. Basidia 42–62 × 8–12 µm, cylindrical.

Comments This is a fragile mushroom, and is one of only a few species that is all white with pink spores and a thin stipe. In Australia it can be easily be confused with E. albidosimulans because the field characteristics are very similar and microscopic examination is required to separate the two species.(Gates and Noordeloos 2007). The DNA analysis done by Co-David et al. (2009) clearly shows that the species belonging to the genus Alboleptonia should be placed into the Entoloma genus.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 252 [D P] (as Alboleptonia sericella) Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 222 [D CI] (as Alboleptonia sericella) Co-David D, Langeveld D and Noordeloos ME (2009) “Molecular phylogeny and spore evolution of Entolomataceae”. Persoonia Vol. 23, pp. 147–176 Gates G and Noordeloos M (2007) “Preliminary studies in the Genus Entoloma in Tasmania — I”. Persoonia Vol. 19, pp. 157–226 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Entolomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

Entoloma viridomarginatum

175

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

176

Fam. Entolomataceae

Entoloma viridomarginatum Leptonia viridomarginata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious amongst forest litter or moss on damp ground.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; convex when young, becoming plane with a central depression; margin striate and slightly grooved; surface finely fibrillose, scales more dense at pileus centre; colour varies from yellowgreen to deep blue-green. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate or slightly sinuate, and may have a decurrent tooth; moderately spaced; colour pallid to yellowish at first, becoming pinkish as spores mature; lamellae have a dark green margin. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 65 mm long and 4 mm thick; smooth; shiny, dark green, usually with a tuft of white mycelium at its base. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–12 × 5–7 µm, angular, 5–6 sided. Basidia four-spored, 25–35 × 9–13 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This handsome green Entoloma is readily differentiated from other green species by the dark green margin on its lamellae.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 67 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 378 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 29 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fistulinaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Fistulina hepatica

177

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

178

Fam. Fistulinaceae

Fistulina hepatica Biology Saprotrophic or sometimes parasitic basidiomycete; solitary or sometimes several together on dead eucalypt wood or where the tree has been wounded.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 200 mm or more, and up to 60 mm thick; irregular in shape, fan-shaped, kidney-shaped or semicircular; surface velvety, may be radially wrinkled, when moist often gelatinous; margin rounded, smooth; colour when young bright pinkish red or dark red, becoming reddish brown with age; flesh thick, soft when fresh, and exuding a reddish liquid when squeezed. Pore Surface bright pink at first, becoming reddish, with age turning pale brown; darker when bruised. Pores 1–2 per mm. Tubes 10–15 mm long; distinct and closely packed. Stipe (Stem) Absent, or if present, lateral, short, thick, same colour as pileus; continuous with pileus. Spore Print Pinkish to pale rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm, smooth, pip-shaped, ovate. Basidia fourspored, 20–25 × 6–7 µm, clavate. Clamp connections mostly present.

Comments Fistulina hepatica is commonly called the Beefsteak Fungus. This species is readily identified in the field by its colour and the spore-bearing tubes that are readily separable (see under a hand lens) on its underside. Although this fungus has often been treated as a polypore, recent DNA research has placed Fistulina within the “Schizophylloid Clade”, showing that F. hepatica closely related to Schizophyllum commune (see Bodensteiner et al. 2004).

References Bodensteiner P, Binder M, Moncalvo J-M, Agerer R and Hibbett DS (2004) “Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes”. Molecular Phylogenics and Evolution Vol. 33(2), pp. 501–515 Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 318 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 334 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 250 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 65 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

179

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 82 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 72 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hydnangiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Laccaria canaliculata

180

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

181

Fam. Hydnangiaceae

Laccaria canaliculata Laccaria glabripes

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious, or occasionally caespitose, on the ground amongst leaf litter, bryophytes, tree ferns (Dicksonia species), or native trees (Eucalyptus, Nothofagus, Leptospermum, Angophora and Melaleuca species).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 37 mm or more; when young hemispherical, convex to broadly convex, finally plane or uplifted, sometimes centrally depressed, margin often crenulate, distinctly translucent-striate, hygrophanous; surface moist, smooth, very finely radially fibrillose (visible under a hand lens); colour reddish brown to reddish orange, or sometimes strong brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; moderately distant, reddish brown with a whitish bloom when spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 4 mm thick; slender; surface glabrous, finely longitudinally grooved; colour reddish brown to brick-red. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 6–8 µm, globose to subglobose, spiny. Basidia four-spored, 31–52 × 7.5–11.5 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia and Pleurocystidia are similar, 460–90 × 12–18 µm, clavate to ventricose. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Laccaria species are difficult to separate because there is a lot of overlap in their macro and micro characteristics. The most distinctive features of this species are the reddish brown lamellae and the orangey brown pileus with distinct translucent striations extending towards the centre. Although this species can be associated with a number of native tree species, it is also one of a very few species found at the base of tree ferns (Dicksonia species). Studies by Sheedy et al. (2013) show that this species is in a well-formed clade.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 101 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 306 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

182

Sheedy EM, Van de Wouw AP, Howlett BJ and May TW (2013) “Multigene sequence data reveal morphologically cryptic phylogenetic species within the genus Laccaria in southern Australia”. Mycologia Vol. 105(3), pp. 547–563

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Gliophorus graminicolor

183

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

184

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Gliophorus graminicolor Hygrocybe graminicolor

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or sometimes caespitose on soil, amongst moss or leaf litter in wet eucalypt forest or subtropical rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; initially convex, becoming plane with a central depression, or with an umbo in the depression; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous, translucent-striate, margin always strongly striate; colour very variable, can be shades of brown to green but it is usually dark green to grass-green; all colour variations can occur in the same troop of fruit-bodies; dried material turns pink. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; distant, thick, waxy, viscid to glutinous; colour white with greenish tints, margin usually grey-green due to the presence of a glutinous thread. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 5 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous; colour green or similar to the pileus colour, base usually greenish yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored with scattered two-spored basidia, 30–41 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Gliophorus graminicolor is found in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania (where it is more common). This species is recognised by its viscid to glutinous nature, usually the green colour of the pileus and stipe (but also fruit-bodies within the troop which may have shades of brown, yellow or pink), and its whitish lamellae. Gliophorus graminicolor can be confused with the not so common Hygrocybe stevensoniae: to be able to positively separate the two species their microscopic features need to be examined. Hygrocybe stevensoniae has larger spores (7–10.5 × 5.5–6.5 µm,) and lacks cheilocystidia. Originally G. graminicolor was placed in the genus Hygrocybe, but DNA evidence (Lodge et al. 2014) shows that this species actually belongs in the genus Gliophorus.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

185

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 85 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe graminicolor ) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 40 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe graminicolor ) Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinget BTM, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Linder DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T (2014) “Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 64, pp. 1–99 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 139 [D I] (as Hygrocybe graminicolor ) Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 107 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe graminicolor ) Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I] (as Hygrocybe graminicolor )

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Humidicutis mavis

186

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

187

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Humidicutis mavis Hygrocybe mavis

Hygrophorus mavis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or occasionally gregarious, on the ground, often on sandy soil, amongst moss or leaf litter in wet forest, subtropical rainforest or heathland.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; conical, becoming umbonate to almost plane, often splitting radially at the margin, the split extending through the lamellae below; surface dry, smooth, finely radially fibrillose; colour pure white, occasionally central umbo may be ivory-white. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to almost free; distant, thick, waxy; colour pure white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 6 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical, equal, occasionally slightly swollen at the base; surface smooth; colour pure white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 4.5–5.5 µm, subglobose, ovoid, smooth. Basidia four-spored or occasionally two-spored, 31–40 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections only at the base of the basidia.

Comments Humidicutis mavis is readily identified by its pure white fruit-body which is neither viscid nor glutinous, its adnexed lamellae and its radially split pileus. There are no other species with which it can readily be confused. Some mycologists (Young 2005b) thought that H. mavis may be a pure white form of H. lewellinae (= Porpolomopsis lewelliniae). DNA evidence provided by Lodge et al. (2014) showed conclusively that these species are distinct and in separate but closely related genera.

References Fuhrer B (2005) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 87 [D CP] Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinget BTM, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Linder DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T (2014) “Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 64, pp. 1–99 [CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

188

Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I] Young AM (2005a) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 141 [D I] Young AM (2005b) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS: Canberra; CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. p. 44 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Hygrocybe acutoconica

189

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

190

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe acutoconica Mycena acutoconica Hygrophorus acutoconicus Hygrophorus persistens

Hygrocybe konradii Hygrocybe persistens

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious, often in small groups or clusters on calcareous or granitic sandy soils, usually in the company of various grasses.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; initially conical, becoming broadly conical to umbonate; surface smooth, viscid to sticky when moist but drying quickly; colour yellow to yellow-orange or orange to reddish orange, usually darker in the centre, does not blacken with age or when bruised. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment finely adnexed; distant; colour cream to pale orange. Stipe (Stem) Central; 50–90 mm long and 5–12 mm thick; cylindrical; surface glabrous, dry or slightly viscid when moist; colour yellow to straw yellow, usually whitish at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11.5–16.5 × 5.5–10.5 µm, subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, some two-spored, 30–60 × 9–15 µm, clavate. Cystidia occasionally present. Clamp connections present.

Comments H. acutoconica is characterised by its conical pileus with yellow to reddish colours, and the fact that it does not blacken with age or when bruised. It occurs on calcareous or granitic sandy soils, usually in the company of various grasses (Jordal et al. 2016). H. acutoconica is a cosmopolitan species and is widespread in the northern hemisphere. Phylogenetic analysis by Lodge et al. (2014) clearly shows that H. persistens and H. acutoconica are conspecific. The choice of name is determined by which one has precedence. Max Britzelmayr, a German mycologist, published the name Hygrophorus persistens in May 1893, while Frederic Edward Clements, an American plant ecologist, named this species Mycena acutoconica, also in 1893, but the actual publication date was unknown. This initially gave H. persistens precedence over H. acutoconica, but recently Cantrel and Lodge (2000) discovered that H. acutoconica was published on 15 April 1893, thus giving the name H. acutoconica priority.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

191

References Arnolds E (1986) “Notes on Hygrophoraceae – VIII Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on some taxa of Hygrocybe”. Persoonia Vol. 13(2), pp. 137–160 [D] Cantrell SA and Lodge DJ (2000) “Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales) of the Greater Antilles. Hygrocybe subgenus Hygrocybe”. Mycological Research Vol. 104(7), pp. 873–878 [D] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 88 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe persistens) Jordal JB, Evju M and Gaarder G (2016) “Habitat specificity of selected grassland fungi in Norway”. Agarica Vol. 37, pp. 5–132 Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinget BTM, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Linder DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T (2014) “Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 64, pp. 1–99 [CP] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 61–62 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe persistens) Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I] (as Hygrocybe persistens)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe aurantiopallens

192

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

193

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe aurantiopallens Camarophyllus aurantiopallens

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose on the ground amongst moss or leaf litter in wet forest or rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; initially convex, expanding to plane, with age becoming centrally depressed, often striate at the margin; surface smooth, dry; colour apricot-yellow to light orange, colour fading with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; distant; waxy, usually connected by veins; colour similar to or slightly paler than the pileus. Stipe (Stem) Central; 17–44 mm long and 1.5–3.5 mm thick; cylindrical but often tapers towards the base, hollow; surface dry, smooth; colour similar to or slightly paler than the pileus, usually whitish at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–6.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm, subglobose to tear-drop-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, some two-spored, 30–41 × 4.5–7 µm, slenderly clavate. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Comments This distinctive species, which occurs on the ground amongst litter in wet forest or rainforest, is identified by its overall apricot-yellow to light orange colour, and by the cross-veining between the lamellae. It is widespread in eastern Australia (Qld, N.S.W., Vic. and Tas.), and also in New Zealand, where there is another species H. apricosa with which it can be confused. According to the website “Index Fungorum”, and mycologists in New Zealand, the preferred name for this species is Camarophyllus aurantiopallens.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 79 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 88 [D CP] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 68 [D CP] Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe austropratensis

194

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

195

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe austropratensis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose on the ground, amongst grass, moss, or leaf litter in dry sclerophyll woodland or thickets of Kunzea ericoides.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; initially convex, expanding to plano-convex, then irregular or repand; surface smooth, initially with a white furfuraceous (scurfy, powdery scales) layer that mostly disappears at maturity; colour orange to light orange-brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; distant; waxy, thick, sometimes forking near pileal margin; colour pale orangebuff. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 45 mm long and 7 mm thick; cylindrical, equal, base slightly bulbous; surface dry, smooth, with a white furfuraceous layer that disappears with age; colour cream to pale creamy brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8.5 × 5–7.5 µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, some two-spored, 53–69 × 6–8 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrocybe austropratensis is a relatively rare and beautiful fungus. It is readily identified by its distinctive pale cream thick stipe, orange to light orange-brown pileus, pale orange-buff lamellae, and the furfuraceous layer on the pileus and stipe of young fruit-bodies. A similar looking species is H. pratensis, which does not have the furfuraceous layer on young fruit-bodies, and also has a stipe that tends to taper towards the base. At present H. pratensis is found in the south-western region of Western Australia.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 80 [D CP] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 68 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe cheelii

196

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

197

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe cheelii Cantharellus lilacinus

Camarophyllus lilacinus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose on the ground, amongst grass, moss, or leaf litter in sclerophyll forest or cool temperate rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; initially convex becoming depressed, funnel-shaped, or deformed, margin always strongly inrolled; surface smooth, finely velvety, not striate; colour bright pinkish mauve to pinkish lilac. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment deeply decurrent; distant; waxy, thick, sometimes forking near pileal margin; colour mauve to lilac, paler towards the margin. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 10 mm thick; cylindrical, slightly swollen towards the base; surface dry, smooth, fibrillose; colour mauve to lilac, similar to pileus, yellowish at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 4.5–6.5 µm, subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, some two-spored, 47–70 × 7–9 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrocybe cheelii is a relatively rare and beautiful fungus. It is readily identified by its waxy nature, mauve to lilac colour, decurrent lamellae and the yellowish colour at the base of its stipe. At present the website “Species Fungorum” recognises Cantharellus lilacinus as the current name for this species. Molecular work needs to be carried out on this species to remove the doubt surrounding its taxonomic status.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 82 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 89 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 39 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 32 [CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

198

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 138 [D CI] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 71 [D CP] Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe chromolimonea

199

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

200

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe chromolimonea Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter, moss, or at the base of old tree ferns in sclerophyll forest or cool temperate rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; initially convex with a dimple above the stipe, becoming plane with centre persistently depressed, margin slightly scalloped (crenulate); surface smooth, usually translucent-striate, viscid to glutinous; colour bright chrome yellow fading to a lemon yellow. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; distant, thin; colour initially chrome yellow becoming pale lemon yellow, margin sometimes greyish due to the presence of a glutinous thread. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 3 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical, often tapering towards the base; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous; colour chrome yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 4–6 µm, oblong to ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 36–46 × 6.5–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrocybe chromolimonea is a small bright yellow fungus which is recognised by its colour, viscid fruit-body, crenulate margin on the pileus and the glutinous thread on its lamellae. This species is also found in New Zealand.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 82 [D CP] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 97 [D CP] Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata

201

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

202

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata Hygrophorus lilaceolamellatus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on the ground amongst moss or leaf litter in wet forest or rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; initially convex, expanding to plane, with age becoming centrally depressed, occasionally radially split, striate at the margin; surface smooth, dry or slightly viscid when moist, finely scurfy when dry; colour initially brown, sometimes reddish brown, fading to pale brown with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; distant to subdistant; waxy; colour brilliant lilac to violaceous, occasionally with an olive tint. Stipe (Stem) Central; 30 mm or more long and 1.5–3 mm thick; cylindrical; surface dry, smooth; colour light brown. Spore Print White to violet white

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–10 × 3.5–5.5 µm, subglobose to tear-drop-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, some two-spored, 30–50 × 5.5–9.5 µm, slenderly clavate. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Comments This distinctive species, which occurs on the ground amongst litter in wet forest or rainforest, is readily identified by its brownish pileus and stipe, and lilac lamellae. This species was first named as Hygrophorus lilaceolamellatus by G. Stevenson in 1963 from material found in New Zealand. It was renamed Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata by E. Horak in 1971. Species in the family Hygrophoraceae normally have a white spore sprint but in this case, which is a rare exception, the spore print is a violet white (Mills AK and Monks AJ 1993).

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 92 [D CP] Horak E (1971) “A contribution towards the revision of the Agaricales (fungi) from New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 9(3), pp. 403–462 Horak E (1990) “Monograph of the New Zealand Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 28(3), pp. 255–309 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

203

Mills AK and Monks AJ (1993) “Unusual Spore Print Colouration within the family Hygrophoraceae: Two distinctive taxa recorded from Tasmania”. Mycotaxon Vol. 46, pp. 85–91 [D I] Stevenson G (1963) “The Agaricales of New Zealand IV–Hygrophoraceae”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 16(3), pp. 373–384 [D I] (as Hygrophorus lilaceo-lamellatus) Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 117–120 [D CP] Young AM and Mills AK (2002) “The Hygrophoraceae of Tasmania”. Muelleria Vol. 16, pp. 3–28 [D I] Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe miniata

204

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

205

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe miniata Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose on the ground amongst moss or leaf litter in wet forest, subtropical rainforest, heathland, or grass.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; convex, becoming broadly convex often with a central depression, margin often slightly scalloped; surface dry, smooth towards the margin and squamulose (with short erect fibrils) towards the centre, not translucent striate; colour bright red, with age fading to orangered or yellowish red. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; distant, thick, waxy; colour varies from yellowish scarlet to pale pinkish orange, margin occasionally yellowish. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 30 mm long and 4 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical, equal; surface smooth; colour brilliant scarlet, yellowish at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 5–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 45–65 × 6–10 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia typically not present. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrocybe miniata is separated from other brilliant red members of this genus by not being glutinous and by having a convex pileus. A feature which helps in identifying this species in the field is the erect fibrils in the centre of the pileus, which can readily be observed with a hand lens. Hygrocybe miniata is found in Australia, New Zealand and also in Europe. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the European species are similar to those found in Australia, suggesting that they are most likely the same species, but this probably needs to be examined further as the vast majority of Hygrocybe species found in Australia are uniquely Australian.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 178 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1991) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 3: Boletes and agarics 1st part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 110 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 88 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

206

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 141 [D I] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 120 [D CP] Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrocybe rodwayi

207

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

208

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe rodwayi Camarophyllus rodwayi

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss in sclerophyll forest or warm-temperate to cool-temperate rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; initially convex, becoming plane with centre usually depressed, margin even, not striate; surface dry, smooth to very finely velvety; colour white, becoming cream to light buff brown, usually with a darker centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; distant, thick; colour white or pale cream. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 45 mm long and 3 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical, often tapering towards the base; surface dry, smooth; colour white to cream. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 4.5–5.5 µm, subglobose to globose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 37–50 × 6–7.5 µm, elongate, subclavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrocybe rodwayi is widespread and common in south-eastern Australia, and occurs on the ground amongst litter or moss in wet sclerophyll or in rainforest regions. It is recognised by its whitish colour, smooth pileus that is usually darker in the centre, widely spaced decurrent lamellae, and thin longish stipe. When identifying this species care must be taken not to confuse it with Hygrocybe virginea, which is also white, but tends to have a striate margin, while microscopically its spores are significantly larger.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 91 [D CP] Fuhrer B and Robinson R (1992) Rainforest Fungi of Tasmania and South-Eastern Australia. CSIRO, East Melbourne, Victoria. p. 39 [D CP] (as Camarophyllus rodwayi) Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 142–143 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Hygrocybe siccitatopapillata

209

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

210

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe siccitatopapillata Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst moss, in sclerophyll forest or warm temperate rainforest gullies.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 15 mm or more; initially conical, expanding to convex with a pronounced papillate umbo; surface smooth, dry, striate towards the margin; colour bright crimson. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment broadly adnate; subdistant, thick; colour orangey to pinkish yellow, margin even, concolorous. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 1.0–2.5 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical; surface smooth; colour orangey to pale crimson with yellowish tints. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9.5 × 4.5–6 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 28–40 × 7–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrocybe siccitatopapillata is usually found growing on the ground amongst moss. Its bright crimson pileus with a pronounced papilliate umbo and orangey lamellae make it readily identifiable. No part of the fruit-body blackens on bruising, nor is there a colour change with age.

References Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 65 [D CP] Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hygrophorus involutus

211

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

212

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophorus involutus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss, in sclerophyll forest or cool-temperate rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; initially convex to hemispherical, margin inrolled; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous when fresh; colour uniform, variable from white to cream to pale apricot. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour cream to pale apricot. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 3 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical, often tapering towards the base; at its apex, just under the lamellae, covered with numerous clear droplets; surface dry, smooth, often with a fine pruinose coating; colour white to cream. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia mostly fourspored with some scattered two-spored, 32–42 × 5–6.5 µm, clavate to subclavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hygrophorus involutus is recognised by its viscid creamy-coloured pileus, pale apricot-coloured lamellae and the clear droplets covering the apex of the longish stipe. The presence of these clear droplets on the stipes of fresh fruit-bodies is a distinctive characteristic.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 95 [D CP] Fuhrer B and Robinson R (1992) Rainforest Fungi of Tasmania and South-Eastern Australia. CSIRO, East Melbourne, Victoria. p. 45 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 32 [CP] Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 34–35 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lichenomphalia chromacea

213

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

214

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Lichenomphalia chromacea Omphalina chromacea Phytoconis chromacea

Botrydina chromacea Omphalia chromacea

Biology Lichenised basidiomycete; gregarious, sometimes in large groups on the ground, always symbiotic with an algal mat.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; initially convex, with an incurved margin, centrally depressed at an early age, becoming funnel-shaped, margin wavy and translucent striate; surface smooth, waxy; colour bright yellow, chrome yellow, becoming golden or yellow-orange at centre when mature. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; tending to be distant; sometimes forked and interconnected (anastomosing); colour bright yellow to chrome yellow. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 20 mm long and 2 mm thick; cylindrical; surface dry, smooth; colour same as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal or almond-shaped, smooth. Basidia one- to four-spored, 30–35 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments The bright chrome yellow fruit-body, funnel-shaped pileus and growth on an algal mat make Lichenomphalia chromacea unmistakable. Because this species has a compulsory symbiotic association with a green alga Coccomyxa, it is a lichenised agaric.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 208 [D CI] (as Omphalina chromacea) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 148 [D CP] (as Omphalina chromacea) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 109 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 52 [D CP] (as Omphalina chromacea) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 314 [D] (as Phytoconis chromacea) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 56 [CP] (as Omphalina chromacea)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

215

Redhead SA, Lutzoni F, Moncalvo J-M and Vilgalys R (2002) “Phylogeny of Agarics: Partial Systematics Solutions for Core Omphalinoid Genera in the Agaricales (Euagarics)”. Mycotaxon Vol. 83, pp. 19–57

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Porpolomopsis lewelliniae

216

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

217

Fam. Hygrophoraceae

Porpolomopsis lewelliniae Humidicutis lewellinae Hygrophorus lewellinae

Hygrocybe lewellinae

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground, often on sandy soil, amongst moss or leaf litter in wet forest or heathland.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; conical, becoming umbonate to almost plane, often splitting radially at the margin, the split extends through the lamellae below; surface dry, smooth, finely radially fibrillose; colour wholly lilac except for the central umbo, which may be greyish or have brownish tints; with age the surface colour fades. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to almost free; distant, thick, waxy; colour pallid lilac. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 8 mm thick; smooth, cylindrical, equal, sometimes tapered towards the base; surface smooth; colour lilac to pale lilac, sometimes with translucent horizontal banding, occasionally yellowish at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–11.5 × 4.5–6 µm, subglobose, ovoid, smooth. Basidia fourspored or occasionally two-spored, 32–41 × 8–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections only at the base of the basidia.

Comments Porpolomopsis lewelliniae is readily identified by its lilac-coloured fruit-body, which is neither viscid nor glutinous, its adnexed lamellae and its radially split pileus. There are no other species with which it can readily be confused. Phylogenetic analysis performed by Lodge et al. (2014) clearly shows that this species is a member of the genus Porpolomopsis.

References Fuhrer B (2005) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 87 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe lewellinae) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 41 [D CP] (as Hygrocybe lewellinae)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

218

Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, Kovalenko A, Vizzini A, Dentinget BTM, Kirk PM, Ainsworth AM, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Larsson E, Lücking R, Griffith GW, Smith ME, Norvell LL, Desjardin DE, Redhead SA, Ovrebo CL, Lickey EB, Ercole E, Hughes KW, Courtecuisse R, Young A, Binder M, Minnis AM, Linder DL, Ortiz-Santana B, Haight J, Læssøe T, Baroni TJ, Geml J, Hattori T (2014) “Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 64, pp. 1–99 [CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 33 [CP] (as Hygrocybe lewellinae) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 140 [D CI] (as Hygrocybe lewelliniae) Young AM (2005) Fungi of Australia: Hygrophoraceae. ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. p. 43 [D CP] (as Humidicutis lewelliniae) Young AM and Wood AE (1997) “Studies on the Hygrophoraceae (Fungi, Homobasidiomycetes, Agaricales) of Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 10(6), pp. 911–1030 [D I] (as Humidicutis lewelliniae)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Galerina patagonica

219

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

220

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Galerina patagonica Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered or gregarious; usually found on damp, decaying logs that may be mossy; rarely found on the ground in soils with a high humus content.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 45 mm or more; initially hemispherical, becoming broadly convex, usually with a distinct umbo; surface smooth, viscid when moist, strongly hygrophanous, margin striate; colour yellowish brown to dark brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment broadly adnate; moderately crowded; colour at first pale cream, becoming light brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 6 mm thick, often expanded at the base; white mycelium at the base; surface smooth; colour pallid grey to pallid brown. Annulus persistent, membranous, cream to rust-brown. Spore Print Rust-brown to darkish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10.5 × 5–6.5 µm, ovoid-ellipsoidal (almond-shaped), ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 22–24 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Cystidia 40–55 × 12–15 µm, fusiform, apex often divided up into finger-like projections. Clamp connections present.

Comments Galerina patagonica is readily recognised by its robust habit, central unbo and persistent annulus, and is typically found on decaying wood. Microscopically it can readily be identified because its unique cystidia have finger-like projections. Galerina patagonica is a southern hemisphere species found in South America, New Zealand and Australia. A closely related species is G. marginata, which can readily be separated from G. patagonica because its cystidia lack the finger-like projections.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 71 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 81 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 132 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

221

Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 132 [D I] Wood AE (2001) “Studies in the Genus Galerina (Agaricales) in Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 14, pp. 615–676 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopilus allantopus

222

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

223

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus allantopus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually found in eucalypt forest, solitary or in clusters on decaying woody debris or on the ground above buried decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially hemispherical, becoming convex then occasionally plane, sometimes with a broad umbo, margin of young specimens slightly incurved; surface dry, dull, not hygrophanous, radially fibrillose, usually with a ring of white veil remnants at or near the margin; colour a yellow-buff, paler at the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to sinuate; thin, crowded; colour initially yellowish, becoming brownish yellow as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 4 mm thick; covered in fine white fibrillose velar remains; colour underneath the velar remains is yellowish to orange-brown. Annulus evanescent, fibrillose. Spore Print Brown to yellow-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, warty. Basidia four-spored, occasionally two-spored, 20–29 × 6–8 µm, broadly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This is a relatively common species in Australia, but as yet has not been found in the Northern Territory. In the field it can be identified by its yellow-brown pileus with a ring of white velar remains at the margin, and by the silky white fibrils on the stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 72 [D CP] Rees BJ and Strid Å (2001) “Relationships between Australian and Northern Hemisphere Gymnopilus species1: New species and common misconceptions regarding earlier names”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 20(1), pp. 29–48 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopilus dilepis

224

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

225

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus dilepis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually found in eucalypt forest, solitary or in clusters on decaying woody debris or on the ground above buried decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 120 mm or more; initially convex then planoconvex, sometimes with a broad umbo; surface dry, when young covered with purplish to reddish purple fibrils (tomentose), appearing scaly (squamulose) as the cap expands; with age the colour fades, scales diminish from the margin inwards, leaving behind a yellow surface. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to somewhat subdecurrent; subdistant to close; colour initially light orange, becoming orange as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 10 mm thick; colour above the annulus yellowish to orange, below the annulus covered in a layer of reddish purple fibrils that become more dense towards the base. Annulus close to the lamellae, yellowish, membranous, permanent. Spore Print Brown to yellow-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 4.5–6 µm, ellipsoidal, coarsely warty. Basidia four-spored, 20–32 × 6–9 µm, broadly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Gymnopilus dilepis lives on wood or woody debris, and is recognised by its colour scheme: when young the yellow pileus is obscured by a covering of reddish purple scales, the lamellae are yellowish, and there is a distinct annulus on the stipe. The stipe also has a covering of reddish purple fibrils. This species has a similar colour scheme to Tricholomopsis rutilans, which has no annulus and has white spores.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 73 [D CP] Guzmán-Dávalos L (2003) “Type studies of Gymnopilus (Agaricales) I”. Mycotaxon Vol. 86, pp. 395–423 [D I] Rees BJ, Marchant A and Zuccarello GC (2004) “A tale of two species – Possible origins of Red to Purple-coloured Gymnopilus species in Europe”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 22(2), pp. 57–72 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

226

Watling R (1998) “Profiles of Fungi : Gymnopilus dilepis”. Vol. 12(2), p. 61 [D CP] Thomas KA, Guzmán-Dávalos L and Manimohan P (2003) “A new species and new records of Gymnopilus from India”. Mycotaxon Vol. 80, pp. 297–305 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopilus eucalyptorum

227

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

228

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus eucalyptorum Flammula eucalyptorum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually found on eucalypt bark, either shed or on living trees, solitary, subcaespitose or in dispersed colonies.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; initially deeply convex, then convex to broadly convex, margin of young specimens slightly incurved; surface dry, dull, finely fibrillose-scaly; colour orangey brown or yellowish brown, margin paler. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to sinuate; moderately close, slightly ventricose; colour initially yellow-orange, becoming brownish yellow as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central or eccentric; generally up to 30 mm long and 2–3 mm thick; slender, often curved, tapering slightly towards the base; covered in a whitish mealy-fibrillose layer, becoming more fibrillose towards the base; colour pallid at top, grading to yellowish brown, then brown towards the base. Annulus absent. Spore Print Brown to yellow-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10.5 × 5.5–7 µm, (mean 9.4 ± 0.4 × 6.3 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.50 ± 0.05 n=30), ellipsoidal, coarsely warty. Basidia four-spored, occasionally two-spored, 23–29 × 6–9.5 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant, forming a sterile lamella edge, 22–52 × 4–9 µm, subventricose with a long narrow neck, apex swollen into a round head (caput). Pleurocystidia not observed. Clamp connections present.

Comments This Gymnopilus species grows on eucalypt bark, either shed or on living trees, and also on eucalypt logs. It is quite common in wet forests. It can be recognised by its small size, orangey to yellowish brown convex pileus, usually with a pale ochre margin, yellow-orange lamellae, and slender stipe that is usually covered with a whitish bloom.

References Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 124 (as Flammula eucalyptorum) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 123–124 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

229

Rees BJ and Strid Å (2001) “Relationships between Australian and Northern Hemisphere Gymnopilus species1: New species and common misconceptions regarding earlier names”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 20(1), pp. 29–48 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopilus ferruginosus

230

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

231

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus ferruginosus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found in sclerophyll forest or rainforest, solitary or in clusters on well rotted wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 32 mm or more; initially hemispherical, becoming convex then broadly convex, no velar remains on the margin; surface dry, dull, not hygrophanous, finely appressed scales cover entire surface; colour bright, ferruginous, orange to reddish orange-brown, when young with a mustard yellow margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to sinuate; crowded; colour initially drab cream, becoming orangey brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 5 mm thick; slightly bulbous at the base, covered in fine hairs; colour a little paler than pileus. Annulus evanescent, fibrillose zone. Spore Print Brown to yellow-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, heavily warted, with a prominent suprahilar (area free of ornamentation near apiculus) depression. Basidia four-spored, 23–30 × 7–9 µm, broadly clavate to almost cylindrical.

Comments Gymnopilus ferruginosus is usually found on well rotted logs and can be identified by its scaly rust- to orange-brown pileus with a yellowish margin, and its rust-coloured stipe. This is a relatively common species that can be found throughout Australia. In the field this species can be confused with G. crociphyllus, but may be differentiated by its more slender stipe and finely scaly pileal surface.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 75 [D CP] Rees BJ and Strid Å; (2001) “Relationships between Australian and Northern Hemisphere Gymnopilus species1: New species and common misconceptions regarding earlier names”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 20(1), pp. 29–48 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopilus junonius

232

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

233

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus junonius Gymnopilus spectabilis

Gymnopilus pampeanus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; forms caespitose to densely caespitose clumps at the bases of living trees and dead stumps, or on the ground above buried wood. When growing at the base of living trees it has been known to cause white heart rot, eventually resulting in the death of the trees (Rees and Strid 2001)

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; initially hemispherical, finally expanding to nearly plane; margin of young specimens incurved; surface dry, dull, not hygrophanous, radially fibrillose, fibrillose-scaly when mature; colour yellow-orange to golden brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to sinuate; moderately close to close; colour initially yellowish, becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 25 mm thick, stout, usually swollen towards the base; fibrillose to scaly; colour orange-brown below the annulus and more yellowish above the annulus. Annulus membranous, rust-brown with spore deposit. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–11.5 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, coarsely warty. Basidia fourspored, 28–38 × 6.5–10 µm, broadly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Gymnopilus junonius is large, bright yellow-orange, conspicuous, and usually found in caespitose clumps at the base of dead stumps or living trees. It is not readily confused with any other species of fungi. Although G. junonius and G. pampeanus are considered to be very similar, there is probably no need to separate them because there is strong DNA evidence (Guzmàn-Dàvalos et al. 2003) that G. junonius, G. pampeanus, and G. spectabilis are all variants of the same species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 74 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 37 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

234

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 117 [D I] (as Gymnopilus pampeanus) Guzmàn-Dàvalos L, Mueller GM, Cifuentes J, Miller A N and Santerre A (2003) “Traditional infrageneric classification of Gymnopilus is not supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data”. Mycologia Vol. 96(6), pp. 1204–1214 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 23 [CP] Rees BJ and Strid Å; (2001) “Relationships between Australian and Northern Hemisphere Gymnopilus species1: New species and common misconceptions regarding earlier names”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 20(1), pp. 30–49 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 135 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hebeloma aminophilum

235

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

236

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Hebeloma aminophilum Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus and Nothofagus spp. The growth of fruit-bodies is promoted by the introduction of nitrogen-rich fertiliser to the soil, either in the form of decaying animal remains or as urea.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 110 mm or more; initially convex, with age expanding to plane, sometimes with a broad umbo; margin incurved when young; surface smooth, viscid when moist but soon drying, when young often coated with a whitish bloom; colour when young cream to dull pink-brown, with age becoming a reddish brown, colour lighter towards the margin; surface bruises dark brown; not hygrophanous. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, sometimes adnexed; crowded; colour pale dull pink, becoming pinkish brown as spores mature; surface becoming mottled with dark clumps of spores; margin minutely fringed. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout, slightly swollen towards the base; surface dry, smooth, longitudinally silky-fibrillose; colour white or off-white, surface often stained brown by spore deposit. Cortina white, can be seen on young specimens, rapidly collapsing, usually leaving no remains on the mature stipe. Spore Print Dull pinkish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 4.5–5.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, almond- or lemonshaped, ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 30–38 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments The common name for Hebeloma aminophilum is Ghoul Fungus, because it often appears on sites where there is a decaying animal carcass. A rich nitrogen fertiliser source is a requirement for the formation of fruit-bodies (Suzuki et al. 2003). Other field characteristics that assist in the identification of this species are its fairly large pale brownish sticky pileus, pinkish brown lamellae, and whitish stipe with brownish spore stains.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 274 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

237

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 75 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 38 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 24 [CP] Suzuki A, Fukiharu T, Tanaka C, Ohono T and Buchanan PK (2003) “Saprobic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in the Southern Hemisphere”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 41, pp. 391–406 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 136 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hebeloma crustuliniforme

238

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

239

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Hebeloma crustuliniforme Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; associated with introduced hardwoods or conifers; grows gregariously or in loose clusters.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; initially convex, with age expanding to plane, sometimes with a broad umbo, margin incurved when young; surface smooth, viscid when moist but soon drying, sometimes coated with a whitish bloom; colour whitish to buff, pale tan to cinnamon buff, usually darker towards the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, sometimes adnexed; close to moderately close; colour initially pallid whitish, becoming fleshy brown and then cinnamon-brown when spores mature; margin finely serrate. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout or slender, base slightly bulbous; surface dry, somewhat fibrillose or mealy; colour white or off-white. Cortina partial veil absent. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11–15 × 5–7.5 µm, elongate-ellipsoidal, almond-shaped, ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 27–39 × 7.5–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hebeloma crustuliniforme is an introduced species found in gardens or parks, only in association with exotic species of trees such as pines or broad-leaved deciduous trees that are common in Europe. It is identified by its pale viscid pileus and pale, almost white stipe. There is a similar pale native species, H. kammala, which is found under bushes and trees in native forests.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 464 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 76 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 102 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hebeloma victoriense

240

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

241

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Hebeloma victoriense Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious, or caespitose, on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; at first convex, with age expanding to broadly convex to plane; margin incurved, often appendiculate with velar remains; surface shiny, glabrous, with age forming appressed squamules at margin; colour pinkish cinnamon to ochraceous buff, fading to almost white inwards from the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sinuate; close to crowded; colour initially pale pinkish brown, becoming darker as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 130 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout clavate with a bulbous base up to 45 mm diameter; surface dry, fibrillose; colour cream to buffy brown. Annulus persistent, membranous, whitish. Spore Print Brownish pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 4.5–6 µm, broad ellipsoidal, almond-shaped, ornamented, finely warty. Basidia four-spored, 30–35 × 5–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hebeloma victoriense is found in eucalypt forests, and is recognised by the very large fleshy fruit-body with pinkish lamellae and a stipe with a membranous annulus and a bulbous base. It seems that this species was not known or had not been collected before the 1980s.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 77 [D CP] Holland AA and Pegler DN (1983) “Hebeloma victoriense and the Genus Metraria”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 80(1) pp. 157–160 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Psilocybe subaeruginosa

242

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

243

Fam. Hymenogastraceae

Psilocybe subaeruginosa Psilocybe eucalypta Psilocybe australiana

Psilocybe tasmaniana

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, usually gregarious, found on decaying plant material such as dead grass, wood or leaf litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; when young broadly conic to convex, expanding to broadly umbonate, sometimes with a small pointed umbo, when young margin slightly inrolled, sometimes with attached veil remnants; surface smooth, dry, greasy to the touch, slightly sticky when moist, margin finely striate; colour yellow-brown to orange-brown, often with blue-green patches, also bruises blue-green; hygrophanous, drying pallid biscuit brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to adnate; moderately close; colour at first pallid grey-brown, becoming dark purplish brown as spores mature; margin pale. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 5 mm thick; slender, more or less cylindrical; surface dry, silky-fibrillose; white mycelium at the base; colour pallid whitish, often with blue-green stains, also bruises blue-green. Veil usually well developed, cortinoid, often remaining visible as fibrillose zone on the stipe, does not form an annulus. Spore Print Dark purplish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9.5–15 × 6–9 µm, smooth, long ellipsoidal, with a germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 26–37 × 6–9 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia fusoid-ventricose, often with an elongated apical neck. Clamp connections mostly present.

Comments Psilocybe subaeruginosa can be identified by the distinctive blue-green stains that form on the yellowish pileus and pallid stipe. These stains indicate the presence of the compounds psilocybin and/or psilocon.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 164 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 550 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

244

Johnston PR and Buchanan PK (1995) “The genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in New Zealand”., New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 33, pp. 379–388 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 39 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 175 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Crepidotus eucalyptorum

245

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

246

Fam. Inocybaceae

Crepidotus eucalyptorum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; rarely solitary, usually gregarious on the bark of living eucalypt species.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 55 mm broad, initially convex to broadly convex or fan-shaped; surface matt to fibrously scaly, margin slightly inturned; colour yellowish brown to biscuit brown. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from a rudimentary stipe, or from point of attachment to the substrate; moderately close; colour initially pallid brownish, becoming yellowish brown then brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) None, or when present rudimentary, eccentric and temporary, usually laterally attached by a constricted base, often with white fluffy mycelium at point of contact. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9.5–13.5 × 6–9 µm, globose to ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, pale brown in KOH solution. Basidia four-spored, 22–32 × 7.5–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species can be tentatively identified in the field by its moderately scaly pileus, usually growing on the bark of living eucalypt trees. It can be readily identified microscopically by its smooth spores, because there are only a few other smooth-spored Crepidotus species, such as C. prostratus, which grows at the base of stumps or on buried wood.

References Cleland JB (1924) “Australian fungi: Notes and descriptions No. 5”. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia Vol. 48, pp. 236–252 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 60 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 94 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Crepidotus cf. nephrodes

247

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

248

Fam. Inocybaceae

Crepidotus cf. nephrodes Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small loose colonies on dead wood such as decaying logs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 60 mm broad, semicircular, kidney- or shell-shaped, initially convex, becoming plane with age, brittle when mature; surface nearly smooth or finely hairy, dry, fluffy to fibrillose at point of attachment to substrate, sometimes translucent-striate towards the margin; colour pallid yellow to pale brownish yellow, becoming pallid brown with age. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from rudimentary stipe, or point of attachment to the substrate; moderately close; margin very finely serrate; colour initially greyish white, then yellowish brown, becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) None, or when present rudimentary, eccentric, and temporary. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 6–7.5 µm (mean 6.8 ± 0.4 × 6.7 ± 0.4 µm, Q=1.01 ± 0.03, n=30), globose, covered in small spines. Basidia mostly four-spored, 24.5–35 × 6.5–9.5 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia 20–50 × 5.5–12.5 µm, mostly pyriform to clavate, but also long cylindric with restrictions. Clamp connections present.

Comments This relatively common species of Crepidotus is recognised by its large size, pale yellowish colour and smooth pileus, and is usually found growing on logs. Many Crepidotus species with spiny spores have morphologies that seem to overlap, making identification problematic. Using microscopic examination it was concluded that this species very closely correlates with the description of C. nephrodes sensu Grgurinovic (1997). Normally this would be enough evidence to conclude that the species in Australia is Crepidotus nephrodes, but Crepidotus species can be quite cryptic, and although this species is widespread it is predominantly a northern hemisphere species. Also, recent studies by Ripková et al. (2005) using DNA evidence, and Bandala et al. (2008) using morphological evidence, have shown that C. nephrodes is a synonym of C. crocophyllus. So far all of the phylogentic work done in identifying these species has been done on northern hemisphere material. To be able to conclude that the Australian species is actually C. nephrodes, DNA analysis on Australian material will need to be done. Until such time this species will be referred to as Crepidotus cf. nephrodes.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

249

References Bandala VM, Montoya L and Mata M (2008) “Crepidotus crocophyllus found in Costa Rica and Mexico and revision of related species in subsection Fulvifibrillosi”. Mycologia Vol. 100(2), pp. 335–346 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 55 [D CP](as Crepidotus nephrodes) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 92 [D I](as Crepidotus nephrodes) Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 122 [D I](as Crepidotus nephrodes) Ripková S, Aime MC and Lizoň P (2005) “Crepidotus crocophyllus includes C. nephrodes”. Mycotaxon Vol. 91, pp. 397–403 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 127 [D I](as Crepidotus nephrodes)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

Crepidotus aff. variabilis

250

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

251

Fam. Inocybaceae

Crepidotus aff. variabilis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small loose colonies on dead twigs and small branches.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 12 mm broad; initially convex, becoming plane, kidneyshaped to nearly circular, often lobed; surface dry, hairy or downy; colour white. Context moderately thin. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from rudimentary stipe, or point of attachment to the substrate; colour initially white, becoming ochre-flesh to pinkish cinnamon as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) None, or when present rudimentary, eccentric, and temporary. Spore Print Pale brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8.5 × 4–5.5 µm, (mean 7.4 ± 0.6 × 4.7 ± 0.4 µm, Q=1.58 ± 0.12, n=120 from 4 collections), ellipsoidal, covered in small warts (verrucose). Basidia four-spored, 23–36 × 6–8.5 µm, clavate. Cystidia 30–40 × 4–8 µm, fusoid-ventricose, some with constrictions, capitate, not branched. Clamp connections present.

Comments This fungus belongs to a group of small whitish, downy surfaced, oyster-shaped Crepidotus species, all with brownish spores. Most of these species can be separated using microscopic examination; each has relatively unique looking spores (Pegler and Young 1972). In Australian field guides and literature (e.g. Fuhrer 2009; Gates and Ratkowsky 2016; McCann 2003; Grgurinovic 1997) this species has been given European names such as C. variabilis, C. cesatii = C. sphaerosporus. Crepidotus variabilis has smaller spores (5.5–7.5 × 2.5–4 µm) and branched cystidia, C. cesatii has globose to subglobose spores (6.5–9 × 5.5–7.5 µm) and branched cystidia. These species clearly do not match this one (Senn-Irlet 1995). The closest match in the literature is C. sphaerosporus sensu Grgurinovic (1997) with a spore size of 7.0–10.2 × 3.8–6.2 µm, spores with a spinulose wall, and non branching cystidia, but the spore description does not match this species, which has smaller spores with a warty surface. It is most likely that this small white Crepidotus is an unnamed species belonging to the C. variabilis complex, and best referred to as Crepidotus aff. variabilis. In Australia this genus is understudied and phylogenetic analysis will most likely be required if this species is to be named.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

252

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 55 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 61 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. pp. 93–94 [D I] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 183 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 27 [CP] Pegler DN and Young TWK (1972) “Basidiospore Form in British Species of Crepidotus”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 27(2), pp. 311–323 Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 268 [D CP] Senn-Irlet B (1995) “The genus Crepidotus (Fr.) Staude in Europe”. Persoonia Vol. 16(1), pp. 1–80 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“yellow orange”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Crepidotus sp.

253

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

254

Fam. Inocybaceae

Crepidotus sp.

“yellow orange”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; in small colonies on dead wood such as decaying branches.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 50 mm broad, semicircular, kidney- or shell-shaped, initially convex, becoming almost plane with age; surface dry, finely fibrillose, white and fluffy to tufted at point of attachment to substrate; colour pale yellow when young, becoming yellow-orange, with age margin remains yelloworange while colour darkens towards point of attachment to the substrate. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from rudimentary stipe, or point of attachment to the substrate; moderately close; margin very finely serrate; colour pale cream, with age showing rust-brown spores. Stipe (Stem) None, or when present rudimentary, eccentric, and temporary. Spore Print Bright rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7.5 × 4–6 µm (mean 6.4 ± 0.5 × 5.2 ± 0.5 µm, Q=1.23 ± 0.08, n=30), broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, finely warted. Basidia four-spored, 31–41 × 8.5–10.5 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia 30–70 × 7.5–13.5 µm, clavate, elongate-clavate, cylindrical with occasional restrictions, very rarely branched. Pleurocystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Comments The mature fruit-bodies of this species can be recognised by their yellow-orange colour, while the immature fruit-bodies are pale yellow. This species does not seem to be as common as Crepidotus cf. nephrodes (Grgurinovic 1997; Ripkov et al. 2005), which may also have yellow-brown tints in its pileus. To be sure of the identity of this species, microscopic examination is required. The two species can be readily separated by differences in the size and shape of their spores.

References Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 92 [D I] Ripková S, Aime MC and Lizoň P (2005) “Crepidotus crocophyllus includes C. nephrodes”. Mycotaxon Vol. 91, pp. 397–403 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Inocybe atrisquamosa

255

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

256

Fam. Inocybaceae

Inocybe atrisquamosa Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forest and woodland.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 24 mm or more; when young conical, becoming broadly convex then plane with age, often umbonate; surface dry, centre with erect pointy dark brown scales, and fibrils radiating towards the margin; colour dark brown in centre, becoming brown towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; moderately close; colour at first pale yellowish brown, becoming yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 25 mm long and 3 mm thick; slender, buried base sometimes slightly bulbous; surface dry, pruinose, especially towards the apex; colour paler brown than pileus, becoming darker brown towards the base. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 4–5 µm, ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 20–25 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia and Pleurocystidia are similar, 40–55 × 10–15 µm, clavate to cylindro-ventricose, metuloid (thickwalled), some with crystalline crust at apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Inocybe atrisquamosa grows in association with eucalypts, and is identified by its relatively small fruit-body, overall brown colour, pileus with erect pointy dark brown scales at the centre, stipe with a pruinose surface, and yellowish brown lamellae. Matheny and Bougher (2017) illustrate a number of morphologically similar species with which it can be confused, such as I. australiensis, which has dark woolly fibrils over the lower half of the stipe and scales on the disc not as pronounced, I. eriocaulis, I. fibrillosipes, and I. fibrillosibrunnea, all of which grow in eucalypt forests. If the fruit-body is in good condition and showing all diagnostic features, field identification should be possible, but since there are a number of morphologically similar species, microscopic examination is recommended.

References Matheny PB and Bougher NL (2017) Fungi of Australia: Inocybaceae ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“pale yellow”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Inocybe sp.

257

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

258

Fam. Inocybaceae

Inocybe sp.

“pale yellow”

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; usually solitary on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; conical to campanulate, margin incurved at first, then expanding and becoming wavy with age; surface generally dry, but may be sticky in centre when wet, radially fibrillose, tends to split radially; colour pale yellow, sometimes with an orange centre that becomes brownish with age, fibrils are orange at first, becoming brownish with age. Context texture firm; colour very pale yellow, 10 mm thick above stipe. Chemical test application of 5% KOH solution produces a bright orange colour on the pileus and flesh. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; close; colour golden yellow at first, becoming dull yellow then brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 53 mm long and 11 mm thick; stout, base slightly bulbous; surface dry, pruinose at top, longitudinally fibrillose, fibrils become orange towards base, then brownish with age; colour paler yellow than pileus; solid but upper part may start to become hollow with age. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 4–5.5 µm (mean 7.7 ± 0.7 × 4.9 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.59 ± 0.2, n=30), almond-shaped to ellipsoidal, thick-walled, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 26–40 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia and Pleurocystidia are similar, 40–60 × 15–24 µm, cylindro-ventricose, metuloid (thick-walled), most with crystalline crust at apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments This Inocybe grows on the ground in eucalypt forest. Its distinctive features are the light yellow, conical to campanulate, fibrillose pileus and thick, pale yellow, longitudinally fibrillose stipe. The pileus and flesh turn bright orange when KOH is applied. At present no references to this species have been located, and it appears to be undescribed. There are two similar species, I. sphaerospora, (Horak 1980; Horak et al. 2015) which is found in south-east and east Asia, and I. fraudans (Breitenbach and Krãnzlin 2000) which is found in Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa, but these species can be readily separated from Inocybye “pale yellow” on microscopic characteristics.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

259

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (2000) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 5: Agarics Part 3. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 52 [D CP] Horak E (1980) “Inocybe (Agaricales) in Indomalaya and Australasia” Persoonia Vol. 11(1), pp. 1–37. [D I] Horak E, Matheny PB, Desjardin DE, and Soytong K (2015) “The genus Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Thailand and Malaysia”. Phytotaxa Vol. 230(3), pp. 201–238. [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Inocybe sindonia

260

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

261

Fam. Inocybaceae

Inocybe sindonia Inocybe eutheles

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter, in association with conifers.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; when young conical, then bellshaped, becoming broadly convex to almost plane, often umbonate; surface dry, distinctly radially fibrillose; colour whitish, cream, light tan, colour usually paler towards the margin. Pileus not staining pink when bruised. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sinuate with a decurrent tooth extending as a ridge down the stipe; moderately close; colour at first white to cream, becoming pale tan as spores mature, remaining light-coloured. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 5 mm thick; slender to robust, slightly swollen towards the base; surface dry, mealy-striate to mealy-fibrillose; colour white to cream, may have pinkish hues at apex. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10 × 4–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal to almond-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 25–32 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia and Pleurocystidia are similar, 46–90 × 12–18 µm, clavate to cylindro-ventricose, metuloid (thickwalled), some with crystalline crust at apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Inocybe sindonia is an introduced species, normally found in the northern hemisphere. This species is recognised in the field by its association with introduced conifers, its pale fruit-body, radially fibrillose pileus, mealy stipe, lamellae with a sinuate attachment, and faint bleach-like odour.

References Cripps CL (1997) “The Genus Inocybe in Montana Aspen Stands”. Mycologia Vol. 89(4), pp. 670–688 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 99 [D CP] (as Inocybe eutheles) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 98 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 25 [CP] (as Inocybe eutheles)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c John Eichler

Inocybe violaceocaulis

262

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

263

Fam. Inocybaceae

Inocybe violaceocaulis Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground under various woody myrtaceous species and also in wet eucalypt and sclerophyll forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; when young conical, becoming broadly umbonate with a large low obtuse umbo, margin undulate and often split; surface dry, smooth, centre often scaly, with appressed fibrils radiating towards the margin; colour when young pale with a lilac or violet tinge, with age becoming cinnamon-brown and losing much of the lilac or violet tint. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnate; moderately close; colour at first pale grey, often with a lilac or violet tinge, becoming yellowish brown with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 6 mm thick at apex; slightly stout, base sometimes rounded bulbous, basal mycelium white; surface dry, fibrillose; colour violet, lilac or greyish lilac. Cortina initially thick and cobweb-like, disappearing quickly with age; colour pale lilac. Spore Print Dull brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–9.5 × 5–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 25–35 × 7–8 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia and Pleurocystidia are similar, 52–65 × 11–15 µm, fusiform, usually without a distinct neck, usually thin walled, but metuloids present, occasionally with a crystalline covered apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments This rather small but robust species is recognised by its cinnamon-brown pileus which may have a lilac or violet tinge, pale greyish lamellae, and distinctly lilac or violet stipe. It is usually found on the ground under various woody myrtaceous species, and also in wet eucalypt forests. This is a widespread species found in both western and eastern Australian states.

References Matheny PB and Bougher NL (2017) Fungi of Australia: Inocybaceae ABRS, Canberra; CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Inocybaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

Simocybe phlebophora

264

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

265

Fam. Inocybaceae

Simocybe phlebophora Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small clusters on decayed Eucalyptus or Nothofagus spp. wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; initially hemispheric to convex, becoming plane; surface dry, coarsely wrinkled with a conspicuous net-like structure towards the centre, margin striate, strongly hygrophanous; colour grey-brown to dark brown with a distinct olive tint. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed or adnate; moderately close; colour pallid at first, becoming brownish as spores mature, margin very finely serrate (view with hand lens). Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 30 mm long and 2.5 mm thick; cylindric, equal; surface longitudinally fibrillose, covered with whitish hairs; colour pale brown to dark brown, usually paler at the apex, base whitish. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 4–5 µm, smooth, bean-shaped, thin walled. Basidia four-spored 15–25 × 5–6 µm, slightly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Simocybe phlebophora occurs on rotting wood, and is recognised in the field by its brownish pileus with an olive tint and distinctive net-like wrinkles. To date this species has been found only in New Zealand and Australia.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 174 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 144 [D CP] Horak E (1980) “Fungi Agaricini Novazelandiae X. Simocybe Kasten”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 18, pp. 189–196 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Lyophyllaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Asterophora mirabilis

266

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

267

Fam. Lyophyllaceae

Asterophora mirabilis Nyctalis mirabilis

Biology Parasitic basidiomycete; parasitic on Russulaceae (Russula or Lactarius) on which it grows in caespitose colonies.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 30 mm; convex, broadly convex to almost plane; surface dry; colour brownish, covered in a flattened layer of fine silvery grey fibrils. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate with decurrent tooth; moderately crowded; colour light brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 3 mm thick; same colour as pileus; covered in a flattened longitudinal layer of fine silvery grey fibrils. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6 × 3–4 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 19–23 × 5–7 µm, clavate.

Comments This is a relatively rare species, and at present is the only agaric in Australia that is known to be parasitic on other agarics.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 31 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 35 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 24 [D CP] May TW and Fuhrer BA (1995) “Nyctalis mirabilis (Fungi: Agaricales), a new species from Australia”. Muelleria Vol. 8(3) pp. 385–390 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“streaky yellow”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Clitocybula sp.

268

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

269

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Clitocybula sp.

“streaky yellow”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; grows in caespitose clumps or in groups on decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; initially convex, becoming plane, then with a depressed centre, margin becoming ragged; surface dry, with dark brown radiating fibrils making the surface look radially streaked, slightly scaly at centre; colour greyish yellow becoming darker with age, with a dark brown to almost blackish centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sub-decurrent; close; colour creamy yellow to yellow. Stipe (Stem) Central to off-centre; generally up to 56 mm long and 5 mm thick, cylindrical, hollow; surface longitudinally fibrillose; colour pale creamy yellow to brownish yellow, becoming darker towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–5.5 × 3.5–5 µm, (mean 4.6 ± 0.4 × 4.3 ± 0.4 µm, n=30) globose to subglobose, thin-walled, weakly amyloid, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 28–40 × 4.5–6 µm, narrowly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Clitocybula “streaky yellow” normally grows on wood. It has a greyish yellow depressed pileus that is dark brown in the centre with radiating fibrils, and creamy yellow to yellow lamellae. Some of the main diagnostic characters of Clitocybula are: i) radially fibrillose to squamulose pileus surface; ii) amyloid smooth spores; and iii) lignicolous habitat.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 41 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Henningsomyces candidus

270

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

271

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Henningsomyces candidus Lachnella candida

Solenia candida

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered or crowded in small groups on the underside of decaying wood. It is positively geotropic (tubes facing downwards), and causes white rot.

Fruit-body Description Developing as individual tubes, 0.5–1 mm tall and 0.2–0.4 mm diameter attached by a narrow base. Outer Surface covered with delicate hairs, finely tomentose; colour white to slightly cream. Inner Surface hymenium (spore-bearing surface) smooth. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 4–5 µm, globose to subglobose, smooth, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 14–18 × 4–7 µm, clavate. Marginal hairs on the outside surface of the fruit-body are hyaline, smooth, finely branched. Clamp connections present.

Comments Henningsomyces candidus is found on the underside of decaying wood where the fruit-bodies form clusters of very small white tubes, the outer surface of which is covered with delicate hairs. It is recommended that a 10× hand lens be used. A similar species is Rectipilus fasciculatus but, although its fruit-bodies can be tubular, they are usually conical or deep cup-shaped. Microscopically their spores are ellipsoidal, not subglobose, and their marginal hairs are not branched: this branching occurs only in the Henningsomyces genus. Henningsomyces candidus belongs to a group of fungi called cyphelloid fungi. Fungi that were difficult to classify and usually had minute cup- to barrel-shaped, tubular or pendant fruit-bodies were placed in the cyphelloid group. The DNA work done by Bodensteiner et al. (2004) not surprisingly showed that cyphelloid fungi were a polyphyletic group of species that evolved through a process of simplification, or reduction. Although it was possible to place most of the species in this group into their proper phylogenetic positions, the genus Henningsomyces was not one of them and more work needs to be done.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

272

References Bodensteiner P, Binder M, Moncalvo J-M, Agerer R and Hibbett DS (2004) “Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 33, pp. 501–515 Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 202 [D CP] Cunningham GH (1953) “Thelephoraceae of New Zealand Part I: Sub-family Cyphelloideae”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 81(2), pp. 165–188 (as Solenia candida) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 201 [D CP] Gilbertson RL and Blackwell M (1985) “Notes on wood-rotting fungi on Junipers in the Gulf Coast region”. Mycotaxon Vol. 24, pp. 325–348

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Marasmius alveolaris

273

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

274

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Marasmius alveolaris Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to densely gregarious, predominantly on shed eucalypt bark.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 5 mm or more; hemispherical to convex, translucent; surface dry, alveolar (having small cavities or pits); colour whitish, greyish white or pale brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; distant, some venose (vein-like) elevations; colour white to pallid yellowish brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 15 mm long and very slender (horsehair-like), equal, abruptly entering substrate; surface dry, slightly pruinose; colour whitish at the apex, dark brown to nearly black towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–11.5 × 4–5 µm, elongate pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 25–30 × 7–10 µm, fusoid. Clamp connections present.

Comments Marasmius alveolaris is a tiny gregarious fungus, recognised by its pale, almost hemispherical pileus, and dark brown horsehair-like stipe growing on damp shed eucalypt bark. A similar species, M. crinis-equi has a small dark knob in the centre of its pileus. Like most Marasmius spp., fruit-bodies will rehydrate in moist conditions, regaining their original size.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 122 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 244 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“angina”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Marasmius sp.

275

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

276

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Marasmius sp.

“angina”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious, predominantly on damp forest litter such as fallen leaves and small twigs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; initially convex, becoming broadly convex or plane with a broad central umbo, sometimes with upturned margin; surface dry, smooth to glabrous, radially furrowed and striate towards the margin; colour of disc, dark bluish grey to purplish grey, becoming paler towards the margin, which is often whitish with a brown tint. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; close to subdistant; colour pale beige to pale brown, with a distinct whitish margin. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 80 mm long or more and 1–2 mm thick, cartilaginous; surface minutely rough (×10), at the apex slightly pruinose (covered with fine whitish powder); attachment insititious (emerging directly out of substrate); colour blackish to very dark brown, at the apex just before the lamellae, becoming pale brown to almost white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 2.5–4 µm (mean 7.45 ± 0.54 × 3.35 ± 0.28 µm, Q=2.23 ± 0.21 n=90 from 3 collections), ellipsoidal, ellipsoid-fusoid, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 23–34 × 5.5–8 µm, cylindrical-clavate. Lamellae have a sterile edge, consisting of matted thick hyphae, terminal cells up to 12 µm diameter. Cystidia not observed. Pileipellis a cutis of smooth radially aligned hyphae. Clamp connections present.

Comments Marasmius “angina” is a relatively common Australian species found in damp forests, but it has not been officially described and named. It is recognised by its bluish grey pileus, pale lamellae with a whitish margin, and an insititious, thin blackish brown stipe usually with a pale zone at its apex. The etymology of the field name “angina” refers to the bluish skin colour of a person suffering a heart attack. Although the field name puts this species in the genus Marasmius our observations indicate that this species is unlikely to be a Marasmius. The insititious stipe and a cutis for the pileipellus would place this species in the genus Marasmiellus. The primary characteristic that distinguished Marasmiellus from Gymnopus was the insititious stipe in the former versus well developed basal mycelium in the latter (Antonín et al. 1997). However,

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

277

phylogenetic analysis carried out by Wilson et al. (2005) shows that this distinction between Marasmiellus and Gymnopus is of limited significance. Therefore it is also possible that this species may belong in Gymnopus. DNA analysis will most likely be required to determine its identity.

References Antonín V, Halling RE and Noordeloos ME (1997) “Generic concepts within the groups of Marasmius and Collybia sensu lato”. Mycotaxon Vol. 63: pp. 359–368. Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 114 [D CP] Wilson AW and Desjardin DE (2005) “Phylogenetic relationships in the gymnopoid and marasmioid fungi (Basidiomycetes, euagarics clade)”. Mycologia Vol. 97(3): pp. 667– 679.

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Marasmius crinis-equi

278

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

279

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Marasmius crinis-equi Marasmius equicrinis Marasmius repens

Marasmius graminum var. equicrinis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to densely gregarious, predominantly on damp forest litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 6 mm or more; hemispherical to convex, umbrellalike, radially pleated and ribbed, umbilicate (having a navel-like depression) with a small black knob in the centre; surface dry, smooth; colour whitish, pallid brown to pale brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; distant, attached to a collar; colour white to pallid. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and very slender (horsehair-like), equal, abruptly entering substrate; surface dry, smooth; colour dark brown to nearly black, pallid just below the pileus. Rhizomorphs brown to black, hair-like tough strands of mycelium, woven through or on the forest litter. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–13 × 4–7 µm, elongate pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 25–30 × 7–10 µm, fusoid. Cheilocystidia and pileal cells have numerous broom-like outgrowths. Clamp connections present.

Comments Marasmius crinis-equi is common on damp forest litter in eastern Australia. It is a widespread pantropical species, and is recognised by its umbrella-like pileus with a knob in its centre, its horsehair-like stipe, and its associated rhizomorphs.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 113 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 249 [D CI] Pegler DN (1965) “Studies on Australasian Agaricales”. Australasian Journal of Botany Vol. 13, pp. 323–356 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 51 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 155 [D I] D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Marasmius elegans

280

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

281

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Marasmius elegans Collybia elegans

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious, predominantly on damp forest litter and occasionally on well rotted wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially bell-shaped, then convex, becoming broadly convex, or plane with a broad central umbo; surface dry, smooth, very slightly velvety; colour orange-brown to reddish brown, often paler towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment broadly adnexed; crowded; colour white at first, becoming pale orange with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 5 mm thick; slender; at the base there is usually a tuft of pale yellowish mycelium; surface dry, smooth, shiny; colour two-toned, white at the apex, grading to orange or reddish brown (usually same colour as pileus) towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–12 × 4.5–6 µm, elongate pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 26–35 × 6–8 µm, cylindrical-clavate. Cheilocystidia and pileal cells have numerous broom-like outgrowths. Clamp connections present.

Comments Marasmius elegans is recognised by its orange-brown to reddish brown, slightly velvety pileus, whitish lamellae, and its two-toned stipe, which is white at the apex and orange or red-brown towards the base. This species is common in southern Australia.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 202 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 122 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 113 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 44 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 250 [D]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

282

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 51 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 156 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Marasmius oreades

283

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

284

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Marasmius oreades Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground in grass, lawns, parks, or pasture, often forming arcs or rings. The living mycelium on the periphery of the arc stimulates the grass to grow, while the dead or dried-up mycelium in the centre of the arc inhibits grass growth.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially bell-shaped, then convex, becoming broadly convex, or plane with a broad central umbo; surface dry, smooth, matt; colour variable, pallid, buff, tan, reddish tan to light brown, or biscuit-coloured, fading with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed or free; moderately distant; cream-coloured. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 5 mm thick; usually slightly swollen at the base; surface dry, smooth, pruinose towards the base; colour two-toned but not obviously so, whitish at the apex grading to the same colour as pileus towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 4.5–6.5 µm, elongate pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 45–65 × 5–8 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Marasmius oreades occurs mainly in lawns or grassy areas. It usually has a pale biscuit-coloured pileus with a distinct umbo, and has whitish, well spaced lamellae. This is a northern hemisphere species, most likely accidentally introduced into Australia. Marasmius oreades seems to have the ability to resurrect after death. Most fungi are finished once they dry out. They cannot revive even when given adequate water. Apparently Marasmius species are able to withstand drying out because they have a high concentration of trehalose (a type of sugar) in their cells. Trehalose protects living tissue against the effects of desiccation, preventing damage to cells as they dry out. When a Marasmius is rehydrated, the trehalose is digested as the cells take up water and revive. It has been demonstrated that the fungus is actually alive, not just swollen up. This special survival technique is what allows Marasmius oreades to survive in your lawn where it can be subjected to drying out.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 208 [D P]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

285

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 123 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 114 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 45 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 247 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 52 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 117 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Marasmiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra

286

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

287

Fam. Marasmiaceae

Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra Pterospora olivaceonigra

Campanella olivaceonigra

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small loose colonies on dead twigs or grass stalks.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Fan-shaped, up to 20 mm across; surface dry, finely pruinose (covered with a fine powder); colour whitish, tinted blackish to bluish green. Lamellae (Gills) Pointing away from the substrate, radiating from where the stipe is attached to the pileus; shallow, ridge-like, often forked and interconnected; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Almost lateral, short, up to 4 mm long, protruding from the upper surface of the pileus; colour whitish, tinted blackish to bluish green. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 4.5–6 µm, triangular with a central protuberance on one side (like a pasty). Basidia four-spored, 25–35 × 7–8 µm.

Comments Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra is a delicate fungus usually found on small dead twigs or on grass stalks, to which it is attached by a small stipe protruding from the top of the pileus. The small, short stipe and pileus coated with a blackish to bluish green pruinose layer are features that help identify this species in the field. Placing this species in either Tetrapyrgos or Campanella has been problematical but phylogenetic evidence (Honan et al. 2015) has shown that Horak’s placement of this species in Tetrapyrgos (Horak 1987) was valid.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 35 [D CP] (as Campanella olivaceonigra) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 38 [D CP] (as Campanella olivaceonigra) Honan AH, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Horak E, and Baroni T (2015) “Towards a better understanding of Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, Agaricales): new species, type studies, and phylogenetic inferences”. Phytotaxa Vol. 231(2), pp. 101–132 [D I] Horak E (1987) “Tetrapyrgos Horak (nom. et gen. nov.) replacing Pterospora Métrod (1949; nom. preocc.)”. Sydowia Vol. 39, pp. 101–103 May T (1989) “Report of F.N.C.V. Fungal Excursions: 1986–1988”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 106(2), pp. 48–58 [D I] (as Campanella olivaceonigra)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

288

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 43 [CP] (as Campanella olivaceonigra)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cruentomycena viscidocruenta

289

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

290

Fam. Mycenaceae

Cruentomycena viscidocruenta Mycena viscidocruenta

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on fallen leaves, twigs and bark, often under eucalypts, but also in a wide range of forest and heathland habitats.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 14 mm or more; about 3 mm high; convex to campanulate, becoming flattened and finally uplifted, with a shallow central depression; surface viscid when moist, smooth, silky to shiny when dry, translucent-striate; colour blood-red to rich reddish crimson. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate with a decurrent tooth, or decurrent; subdistant; colour same as pileus or a little lighter; margin darker; with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 41 mm long and 2 mm thick; diameter widens slightly from apex to base; often constricted immediately above base; hollow; surface smooth, glutinous, with short white strigose hairs at base; colour same as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–12 × 3–4.5 µm, cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 22.4–37 × 6–8 µm, clavate to slenderly clavate, with robust sterigmata to 5 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments Cruentomycena viscidocruenta is a small, beautiful fungus, easily recognised by its blood-red colour, glutinous to viscid pileus and stipe, and its habitat on litter. It can be found in the south-eastern Australian mainland, Tasmania, and also in New Zealand. This species was originally named Mycena viscidocruenta by J.B. Cleland in 1924. The DNA analysis of a Tasmanian specimen showed that it did not belong in the Mycena genus because the DNA analysis showed that it was more closely related to Panellus stypticus than to any Mycena species. This result prompted Petersen et al. (2008) to do a more detailed study and to propose a new genus Cruentomycena, which is closely related to the Panellus genus, to accommodate this species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. p. 143 [D CP] (as Mycena viscidocruenta)

Bloomings Books:

Melbourne.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

291

Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 50 [D CP] (as Mycena viscidocruenta) Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 283 [D CP] (as Mycena viscidocruenta) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 55 [CP] (as Mycena viscidocruenta) Petersen RH, Hughes KW, Lickey EB, Kovalenko AE, Morozova OV and Psurtseva NV (2008) “A new genus, Cruentomycena, with Mycena visidocruenta as type species”. Mycotaxon Vol. 105, pp. 119–136 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 161 [D I] (as Mycena viscidocruenta)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Favolaschia calocera

292

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

293

Fam. Mycenaceae

Favolaschia calocera Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forms large colonies on dead wood or woody monocotyledon substrates.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 20 mm or more; convex, typically lobed on either side of the stipe, forming a kidney-like shape; surface glabrous when young, slightly undulate in a reticulate pattern matching pores below; colour pale orange to bright orange. Pore Surface same colour as pileus. Pores relatively large, 0.3–2.5 mm diameter; ellipsoidal towards the stipe and polygonal towards the margin; larger towards the stipe. Stipe (Stem) Laterally attached; generally up to 15 mm long and 2.5 mm thick; surface smooth; colour same as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–12.5 × 6.5–8.5 µm, smooth, broadly ovoid or broadly ellipsoidal. Basidia two-spored 28–35 × 6–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections most likely absent.

Comments Favolaschia calocera is readily identified by its bright orange colour, its large pored undersurface, and its habit of forming large colonies. It is native to Madagascar and some parts of Asia, and has spread to Europe, New Zealand and Australia. It is considered a fungal weed, and has been sighted in Lamington National Park in Queensland and also around Melbourne.

References Johnston PR, Whitton SR, Buchanan PK, Park D, Pennycook SR, Johnson JE and Moncalvo J-M (2006) “The basidiomycete genus Favolashia in New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 44, pp. 65–87 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Favolaschia pustulosa

294

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

295

Fam. Mycenaceae

Favolaschia pustulosa Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; often gregarious on dead wood in subtropical and tropical regions.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 85 mm or more; convex, spherical, subspherical, or kidney shaped in outline; surface when young glabrous, slightly undulate in a reticulate pattern matching pores below; colour white, somewhat translucent; flesh gelatinous. Pore Surface same colour as pileus. Pores 0.3–1.5 mm diameter; irregularly polygonal, central pores typically larger than marginal pores. Stipe (Stem) Laterally attached or absent; when present length up to 5 mm or more, and 6 mm thick; surface smooth; colour same as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 5–7 µm, smooth, broadly ellipsoidal. Basidia fourspored, 28–35 × 5.5–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections most likely present.

Comments Largish fruit-bodies in good condition can readily be identified as Favolaschia pustulosa by the their white gelatinous nature and large polygonal pores. In Australia this species occurs mainly in the rainforests of south-east Queensland. It also occurs in south-east Asia, Indonesia and New Zealand.

References Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 108 [D I] Johnston PR, Whitton SR, Buchanan PK, Park D, Pennycook SR, Johnson JE and Moncalvo J-M (2006) “The basidiomycete genus Favolashia in New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 44, pp. 65–87 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Filoboletus manipularis

296

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

297

Fam. Mycenaceae

Filoboletus manipularis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually caespitose, sometimes forms large groups on decaying wood in subtropical and tropical regions.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; convex to broadly convex, sometimes slightly umbonate; surface glabrous, translucent, appearing dimpled due to visibility of pores through the pileus; colour white to pale cream, centre usually tinted brown; flesh thin, soft and fragile. Pore Surface pallid to white. Pores up to 1.3 mm diameter, round to hexagonal; radially arranged; adnate to somewhat decurrent. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 3 mm thick; surface smooth, finely pruinose; colour pallid to white, brownish towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 4–5.5 µm, smooth, pip-shaped. Basidia four-spored, 20–24 × 6.5–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections mostly present.

Comments Filoboletus manipularis occurs on rotting wood in tropical to subtropical rainforests and can be found throughout South-East Asia. It is closely related to Mycena. In the field it is readily identified by its caespitose nature, white colour, large pores on the pileus underside, and fragility of the fruit-bodies.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 69 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 106 [D I] Maas Geesteranus RA (1992) “Filoboletus manipularis and some related species”. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen C Vol. 95(2), pp. 267– 274 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 134 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena albidofusca

298

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

299

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena albidofusca Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or occasionally scattered, usually on eucalypt litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 28 mm or more; 8.5 mm high; convex to broadly conical, translucent-striate, with or without a low obtuse umbo; surface when moist gelatinous, silky; colour various shades of brown to yellowish brown, with a whitish or semi-translucent disc in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnate, ascending; moderately close; up to 2.7 mm broad; colour pale grey, greyish brown or brown, whitish at margin; generally with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 77 mm long, diameter may widen from apex (to 3.5 mm) to base (to 4.5 mm); cylindrical or slightly flattened; surface smooth; with coarse strigose hairs towards base; colour various shades of brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–10 × 4–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 25–39 × 7–10.5 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 6 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The pallid or semi-translucent disc in the centre of the striate pileus is a distinctive feature of this fungus.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 126 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 117 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 154 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 53 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Mycena austrofilopes

300

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

301

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena austrofilopes Mycena austropullata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious, usually on eucalypt litter, often amongst moss; occasionally on litter under Pinus radiata and Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 20 mm or more; up to 16 mm high; ovoid-conical, becoming broadly conical to convex or sometimes plane, translucent-striate, with obtuse umbo; surface moist, silky, usually giving the impression of a whitish bloom over the centre; colour various shades of brown, brownish grey or greyish orange. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnexed to narrowly adnate, ascending; moderately close; up to 3 mm broad; colour greyish brown or brown, paler at margin; with one to three, but generally two, series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 122 mm long, diameter widens slightly from apex (to 1.7 mm) to base (to 4 mm); sometimes twisted, cartilaginous, fistulose, hollow; surface smooth or faintly longitudinally striate; colour pallid or orange-grey towards apex, light brown to greyish brown towards base; sometimes has white hairs at base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–13.5 × 4–7 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia twospored, rarely four-spored, 18–40 × 6–13 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata up to 7.5 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments Mycena austrofilopes has a similar habit and habitat to M. cystidiosa, but is generally smaller in stature, paler in colour, and has no sterile stipes.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 129 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 117 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 114 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena carmeliana

302

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

303

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena carmeliana Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered, gregarious or caespitose, usually on eucalypt wood or woody litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 20 mm or more; 8 mm high; convex, becoming plano-convex; translucent-striate; centre may be flat, slightly depressed, or obtusely umbonate; surface viscid or silky and shiny; colour light brown or pale grey-brown, sometimes with orange tints; margin paler. Odour ammonia-like. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to narrowly adnate, ascending; distant or close; up to 2 mm broad; colour whitish; with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 50 mm long, diameter widens from apex (to 2 mm) to base (to 3 mm); surface smooth, may feel ’greasy’, with short hairs towards base; has a distinctive striate orange disc at base; colour translucent-whitish at top, darkening towards base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10 × 4–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 18–28 × 7.5–12 µm, clavate to broadly clavate, with slender sterigmata to 5 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The distinctive orange disc at the base of the stipe makes this species easily recognisable.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 129 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 118 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 266 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena clarkeana

304

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

305

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena clarkeana Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; caespitose on stumps, logs and fallen branches of native trees such as Eucalyptus, Allocasuarina, Melaleuca; also on dead bark at base of living Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 40 mm; 19 mm high; ovoid to broadly conical or bell-shaped, often with an umbo, margin grooved or slightly flared; surface moist, silky, translucent striate; hygrophanous; colour pinkish, vinaceous or greyish brown; margin paler, drying to greyish orange with a brownish grey margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate or slightly sinuate, often with a decurrent tooth, ascending, moderately close; up to 7 mm broad; colour pale vinaceous to greyish brown, paler at margin; with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 89 mm long and 5 mm thick; cylindrical or narrowing towards base; up to 5 mm in diameter; may be twisted; dry; surface silky, smooth, finely pruinose towards apex; often has woolly mycelium at base; hollow; colour greyish brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–12 × 5.5–8 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, sometimes two-spored, 36–50 × 8–11 µm, clavate, with clamp connection at base.

Comments The colour and shape of this Mycena make it fairly distinctive. It is always found on dead wood or bark.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 130 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 118 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 81 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 53 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena cystidiosa

306

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

307

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena cystidiosa Fayodia cystidiosa

Mycena hispida

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or in troops, with or sometimes without sterile stipes, on bark and other litter under Eucalyptus, Bedfordia, and Pomaderris spp.; rarely on Nothofagus cunninghamii logs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 27 mm or more; 9 mm or more high; broadly conical, convex or campanulate, obtusely umbonate; surface moist, translucent striate, often with a bloom around the darker brown centre of the umbo; colour greyish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnate, ascending, moderately close; up to 1.5 mm broad; colour whitish, sometimes becoming blotched; usually with one series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 205 mm long and 3 mm thick, tapering upwards; surface smooth, dry; colour brown, often paler towards apex; with abundant strigose hairs, sometimes from half way down the stipe. Whitish sterile stipes present or absent, up to 300 mm long, threadlike, with an undeveloped pileus at apex, growing aerially around litter. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–12 × 5–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 29–43 × 8–11 µm, clavate, with a clamp connection at the base.

Comments This is possibly Australia’s tallest Mycena species. Its height, together with the abundant white hairs on the lower part of the stipe, and the presence of sterile stipes, are distinguishing features of this fungus. Sometimes the presence of this fungus is indicated only by patches of sterile stipes.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 131 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 118 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 215 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

Mycena epipterygia complex

308

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

309

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena epipterygia complex Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on litter in most forest types.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 30 mm or more; 13 mm or more high; conical to broadly conical or conico-campanulate, with or without a broad umbo, translucent-striate; surface smooth, viscid; colour light brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, ascending, moderately close; colour white or greyish. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 76 mm long and 3 mm thick; cylindrical, central; surface viscid; colour yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–11 × 3–6.5 µm; ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored.

Comments Mycena epipterygia is a northern hemisphere species. In Australia, there is a complex of very similar looking species, which were initially misidentified as M. epipterygia. The term Mycena epipterygia complex is used to describe the closely related Australian species because they are very difficult to separate in the field. For more details on the Australian species see Grgurinovic (2003) p.196.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 133 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 119 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 196 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 54 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 157 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena fumosa

310

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

311

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena fumosa Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered, gregarious or caespitose, usually on decaying logs, branches, or twigs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 15 mm or more; 6.5 mm high; at first ovoidconical, becoming conical or convex, finally plano-convex with centre slightly depressed; translucent-striate; surface moist to viscid, silky to shiny, centre of disc sometimes very slightly pruinose; colour of disc brownish to greyish brown, becoming paler towards the margin. Flesh thin, watery. Odour not distinctive, sometimes slightly ammonia-like. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free to narrowly adnate; distant or close; up to 2 mm broad, margin minutely toothed or pruinose; colour whitish; with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 40 mm long, diameter widens from apex (to 2 mm) to base (to 3 mm); surface smooth, may feel ’greasy’, with short hairs towards base; has a whitish or brownish basal disc; colour translucent-whitish at top, darkening towards base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 4–6 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal or almost oblong, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 17–28 × 7–14 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 6 µm long. Clamp connections present.

Comments Mycena fumosa is usually found on decaying moss-covered logs, and is recognised by its pale brownish grey pileus, translucent stipe and whitish to slightly brownish basal disc. This species is very similar to Mycena carmeliana, which has a distinctive orange basal disc.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 133 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 271 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena interrupta

312

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

313

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena interrupta Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious, or occasionally solitary or scattered, usually on eucalypt logs or stumps.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 16 mm or more; generally 4 mm high; convex, slightly depressed in centre; surface shiny, gelatinous, translucent striate; colour dull blue, darker in centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to free, moderately close to distant; margin blue, though sometimes this feature is not visible, sides white; with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 22 mm long and 2 mm thick; cylindrical; surface often pruinose, particularly at base; attached to substrate by a bluish basal disc that often fades to white; colour white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–12 × 5.5–9 µm, ellipsoidal or rarely subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, sometimes two-spored, 21–40 µm, with stout sterigmata to 9 µm long; clavate or pear-shaped, with clamp connection at base.

Comments Mycena interrupta is easily recognised, because to date it is the only blue fungus with lamellae known to grow on wood in Australia.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 133 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 119 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 47 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 107 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 54 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 158 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

Mycena kurramulla

314

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

315

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena kurramulla Mycena erythromyces

Mycena rosella

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose on decaying eucalypt stumps, logs and branches; also on litter under Athrotaxis sp. (a cypress species endemic to Tasmania).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 34 mm diameter or more; 10 mm high; ovoidconical, convex or sometimes uplifted, umbonate; surface translucent-striate, minutely radially wrinkled; colour rosy pink. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; moderately close, arched; colour whitish with a pink tinge, and with a red margin. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 85 mm long and 7 mm thick, diameter widens slightly from apex to base; surface smooth, sometimes pruinose near apex, with sparse strigose hairs at base; colour pinkish brown to violet brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–10 × 3–6 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, rarely two-spored, 20–30 × 5–7.5 µm, clavate, with slender sterigmata to 9 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments Mycena kurramulla is recognised by its rosy pink pileus and arched, decurrent, lamellae with a red margin, making it one of the most distinctive Mycena species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 134 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 119 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 261 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Mycena kuurkacea

316

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

317

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena kuurkacea Mycena sanguinolenta

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on eucalypt litter, or gregarious to caespitose on eucalypt logs; has also been found on a Bedfordia salicina log.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 16 mm or more; up to 11.5 mm or more high; conic to campanulate, slightly umbonate; surface minutely radially wrinkled, translucent-striate; colour reddish brown, usually darker in centre; flesh exudes reddish brown fluid when bruised or cut. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, with or without a small decurrent tooth, ascending; distant to moderately close; colour white with a pink tint, or rosy buff, with red margins; generally with one or two series of lamellulae, but lamellulae sometimes absent. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 70 mm long and 3 mm thick, widens slightly towards base; surface smooth, may be pruinose towards apex, with sparse white strigose hairs at base; hollow; colour reddish brown; exudes reddish brown fluid when bruised or cut. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–11 × 4.5–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 25.3–40 × 8–10 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 6 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The generally reddish brown coloration, lamellae with a red margin and reddish brown fluid in the fruit-body are diagnostic features.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 134 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 120 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 178 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 159 [D I] (as Mycena sanguinolenta)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena cf. lazulina

318

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

319

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena cf. lazulina Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or occasionally scattered, usually on still hanging dead tree fern rachises, in wet forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 3 mm; convex, often depressed in the centre; (under 10× hand lens) surface pruinose, white, with occasional bluish patches, centre often has a blue patch above the stipe; translucent-striate, bulbous between lamellae. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to a collar; white with bluish tints, distant, between 6 and 9 lamellae, with a flat pruinose margin. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 5 mm long, and 0.5 mm in diameter; (under ×10 hand lens) surface slightly pruinose, the colour can vary from a deep blue to almost translucent; attached to substrate via a minute dark blue disc. The mycelium in the substrate is blue. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 3.5–6 µm, (mean 7.7 ± 0.6 × 4.8 ± 0.6 µm, Q=1.63 ± 0.18, n=20), ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia two or four-spored, 16–22 × 6–8 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 6 µm long. Cheilocystidia 20–30 × 12–18 µm, clavate to pyriform, top half covered with dense fine spines. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileal surface has abundant stalked broadly clavate to subglobose spiny cells (acanthocysts), 20–40 × 15–25 µm, top half or more covered with dense fine spines. Clamp connections present.

Comments Mycena cf. lazulina is readily recognised by its minute size (usually less than 3 mm across), white pileus, blue stipe, and its substrate, usually dead tree fern rachises. The fruit-bodies and the blue mycelium are bioluminescent. A description of a very similar species from Japan is given by Takahashi et al. (2016), with the given name Mycena lazulina, but since there is no DNA evidence showing that the Australian and Japanese species are actually the same, the Australian species will be referred to as Mycena cf. lazulina.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 146 [D CP](as Mycena sp.) Takahashi H, Taneyama Y, Kobayashi T, Oba Y, Hadano E, Hadano A, Kurogi S, Wada S (2016) The fungal flora in southwestern Japan: Agarics and boletes. Tokai University Press: Japan. pp. 209–218 [D CP] D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena leaiana var. australis

320

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

321

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena leaiana var. australis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; caespitose, rarely solitary, on logs of Eucalyptus or Nothofagus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 30 mm or more; 7.5 mm or more high; convex, sometimes slightly depressed in centre; surface viscid; smooth; translucent striate at margin; colour olive-yellow, orange-green or brownish orange. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate with a decurrent tooth; moderately close; up to 4 mm broad; colour orange with a deep orange margin that is sometimes gelatinous. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 45 mm long and 4 mm thick, widens slightly towards base; surface smooth, with minute fibrils, glutinous or silky to shiny; hollow; colour orange. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10 × 4–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia two- or fourspored, 25–36 × 6–9 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 8 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The orange lamellae with deep orange margins distinguish this fungus from other Mycena species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 135 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 120 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 48 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 73 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 159 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena maldea

322

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

323

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena maldea Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on bark, bracken fronds, leaf litter under eucalypts, or fallen cones of Pinus radiata.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 5 mm diameter or more; 3 mm or more high; convex with a central depression; surface moist, silky, translucent-striate; colour whitish, sometimes tinged with brownish orange in centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, distant; colour whitish. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 35 mm long, threadlike; silky, with no basal disc; colour whitish towards apex, pale blond or brownish orange towards base. Whitish criniform stipes present. Odour may be strongly nitric or not distinctive. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9.5 × 3.5–5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal to almost cylindrical; smooth. Basidia four-spored, 20–36 × 6.5–10 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 5 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The strong nitric odour and presence of criniform stipes help distinguish this fungus from the somewhat similar M. albidocapillaris.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 136 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 210 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena aff. mamaku

324

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

325

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena aff. mamaku Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on mossy tree fern trunks in wet forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 4 mm or more, height 5 mm or more; campanulate to cylindrical, apex truncated, centre flat to depressed; surface smooth, moist, translucent-striate; colour pale yellowish brown to brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate with a decurrent tooth; close, thick, margin flat; colour similar to or paler than the pileus; 16 to 19 lamellae, no lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 40 mm long about 1 mm thick; cylindrical, tough, flexible; surface smooth, shiny; colour whitish at apex, brownish for most of its length, becoming darker smoky brown towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 4–5.5 µm (mean 7.7 ± 0.7 × 4.7 ± 0.4 µm, Q=1.64 ± 0.13, n=30), narrowly ellipsoidal, rarely ellipsoidal, smooth, amyloid, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 17–30 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia 18–30 × 8–16 µm, clavate to swollen-clavate at the apex, with finger-like projections up to 12 µm long. Pleurocystidia not observed. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is readily recognised by its striated cylindrical shape, and by its habitat on mossy tree fern trunks. Although this species is very similar to Mycena mamaku, a New Zealand species (see Segedin 1995), it differs slightly on a number of microscopic features. The most obvious are the long finger-like projections on the cheilocystidia: in M. mamaku these projections are much smaller. More work needs to be done on the Australian species before it is possible to determine if it is the same as M. mamaku.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 121 [D CP] Segedin BP (1991) “Studies in the agaricales of New Zealand: Some Mycena species in sections Longisetae, Polyadelpha, Rubromarginatae, Galactopoda, Lactipedes, and Calodontes”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 29(1), pp. 43–62. [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

Mycena mijoi

326

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

327

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena mijoi Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose, usually on fallen leaves and bark of Eucalyptus species, and on Bracken Fern Pteridium esculentum fronds.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 23 mm or more; convex to shallowly convex, with or without a flattened or slightly depressed apex; surface moist, translucentstriate; colour brown to very pale brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; moderately close to distant; colour whitish; generally with two or sometimes only one series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 60 mm long and up to 1.5 mm thick; cylindrical; surface glutinous, shiny, often with long, coarse hairs at base; colour pallid at apex, becoming darker towards base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10.5 × 3.5–5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, rarely ellipsoidal; smooth. Basidia four-spored, 17.5–33 × 6–8.5 µm, clavate, with slender sterigmata to 7 µm long. Clamp connections present.

Comments The pale brown, moist, convex pileus, glutinous stipe and habitat on leaf litter in eucalypt forests are characteristic of this species. It has been recorded in South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 137 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 96 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena mulawaestris

328

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

329

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena mulawaestris Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; caespitose on decaying eucalypt logs and fallen branches; has also been found on Crab Apple Schizomeria sp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 21 mm or more; 13 mm or more high; conical or convex, with an acute or obtuse umbo; surface translucent striate; glutinous; colour almost black at first, becoming dark brown, sometimes lighter at margin, but remaining dark in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, with or without a decurrent tooth; ascending; moderately close; colour white with brown margin; with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 60 mm long and 4 mm thick; widens from apex to base; hollow; surface glutinous; colour light brown or grey-brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–11 × 4.5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored or occasionally two-spored, 25–44 × 8–11 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 12 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The glutinous pileus and stipe, and white lamellae with brown margins, are distinctive features of this species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 138 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 121 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 222 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena nargan

330

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

331

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena nargan Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on dead wood, usually eucalypt but has also been found on Maritime Pine Pinus pinaster and Canary Island Date Palm Phoenix canariensis.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 20 mm or more; conico-convex when young, becoming convex; surface moist, silky, when young covered in evanescent white scales; colour dark brown to almost black, becoming brown to greyish brown and losing the scales as it ages. Lamellae (Gills) Narrowly adnate, ascending, moderately close; colour greyish brown towards pileus, pallid towards margin; generally with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, generally up to 40 mm long and 3 mm thick; cylindrical; surface covered with whitish scales when young; colour dark brown, becoming lighter brown with age; usually has felty white mycelium at base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10.5 × 4.5–7 µm, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal; smooth. Basidia four-spored, 29–37 × 8–11 µm, clavate, with slender sterigmata to 7 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments When young, Mycena nargan is easily recognised by its dark pileus and stipe, both covered with whitish scales. After the scales disappear with age and the dark colour fades, the fruit-body becomes difficult to distinguish from other Mycena species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 139 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 122 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 49 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 242 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Mycena piringa

332

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

333

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena piringa Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious on eucalypts; also on Pepper Tree Schinus molle.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 3 mm; convex with a dimple in centre; surface a little mealy, granular; colour white with a greyish tinge, or cream-coloured. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to a collar, distant; colour whitish; one tier of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 6 mm long, cylindrical, slender; surface mealy; attached to the substrate by a minute mealy disc; colour white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–11 × 5–7.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 16–25 × 7–10 µm, clavate, with clamp connection at base.

Comments Mycena piringa is easily distinguished from M. subalbida by its smaller size, lack of odour, and the disc at the base of the stipe.

References Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 270 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena roseoflava

334

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

335

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena roseoflava Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or occasionally scattered, on dead wood, bark and twigs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 10 mm or more; hemispherical to convex, often with a shallow central depression, faintly translucent-striate; surface glabrous when moist to minutely fibrillose when dry; colour pink fading to whitish. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to slightly decurrent; moderately distant; colour pale pink to whitish, whitish at margin; generally with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central to eccentric, up to 10 mm long, and 1–2 mm thick, cylindrical; surface smooth to minutely floccose; colour pink to pale ochraceus, usually with a yellow tint, darker towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8.5 × 5.5–8 µm, (mean 7.3 ± 0.6 × 6.7 ± 0.6 µm, n=30) globose to subglobose, thin-walled, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 23–27 × 8–10 µm, clavate. Cystidia 25–40 × 15–20 µm, abundant, clavate to pyriform, with abundant excrescences (outgrowths) over apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Although Mycena roseoflava is a small species, its pink colour and habitat on dead twigs and branches make it easy to see and identify.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 122 [D CP] Stevenson G (1964) “The Agaricales of New Zealand: V”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 19(1), pp. 1–59 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena subgalericulata

336

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

337

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena subgalericulata Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; caespitose on bark, wood or trunks of Eucalyptus spp., such as E. obliqua and E. regnans.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 25 mm or more; 22 mm or more high; broadly conical, campanulate or deeply convex, with an obtuse or acute umbo, striate to the umbo; young specimens have a narrow white band at the margin; surface smooth, translucent-striate; colour whitish or various shades of brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, or adnate with a decurrent tooth, or sinuate; moderately distant, sometimes connected by veins; colour whitish, sometimes with a greyish or brownish tint; generally with one series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 51 mm long and 3 mm thick; often curved; may be fragile or tough; with hairs at base; hollow; surface smooth or striate; colour whitish or various shades of brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–13 × 6–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored (rarely two-spored), 33–45 × 8–13 µm, clavate, with very robust sterigmata to 8 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The variability of this fungus can make identification difficult, especially as there are several similar species. The caespitose growth habit on eucalypt wood or bark, pileus that is striate to the umbo, and often curved stipe are indicative but not diagnostic. Young specimens have a narrow white band at the pileus margin, but this is not the only Mycena with this characteristic. Microscopic examination is useful for confirming the identity.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 141 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 123 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 280–282 [D I] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 150 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. p. 160 [D I]

338

UNSW Press: Sydney.

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena subvulgaris

339

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

340

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena subvulgaris Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to subcaespitose on leaf litter and small sticks.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 21 mm or more; convex with a central depression, becoming plane with a central depression; surface moist, smooth, strongly striate; colour grey-brown. Inside the fruit-body there is a triangular cavity below the dimple. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to slightly decurrent; colour white with a greyish tint; with three series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 50 mm long and 3 mm thick; central; slender; hollow; surface very glutinous, with some hairs at base; colour pale at top, greyish brown below. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10.5 × 4–5 µm, narrow-ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 29–39 × 6–9 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 6 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments The grey-brown striate centrally depressed pileus, slightly decurrent lamellae and viscid stipe are the distinctive features of this fungus.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 141 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 123 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 95 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

Mycena toyerlaricola

341

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

342

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena toyerlaricola Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on litter under Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 15 mm or more; about 8.5 mm high; conical, becoming convex, with an obtuse umbo; surface smooth, moist, silky, translucent striate; colour red or brownish red; exudes a red fluid when cut or broken. Lamellae (Gills) Narrowly adnate, ascending; subdistant; colour red or brownish red; generally with one or two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 78 mm long and 2 mm thick; cylindrical; hollow; surface smooth, with sparse strigose hairs at base; colour brownish red; exudes a red fluid when cut or broken. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–10.5 × 3–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, rarely two-spored, 26–36 × 7–10 µm, clavate, with slender sterigmata to 6 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments Mycena toyerlaricola has been found only in Nothofagus cunninghamii forests, where it is widespread and fairly common. Its red coloration makes it clearly visible. A red juice is produced when the lamellae or stipe are cut or damaged. The specific name comes from ’toyeyerlare’, which is a Tasmanian Aboriginal word meaning Myrtle Beech.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 142 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 123 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 174 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena tuvara

343

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

344

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena tuvara Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; forms caespitose clusters on decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 25 mm or more; 8 mm high; convex to broadly convex, with or without a low obtuse umbo, centre may sometimes become depressed, translucent-striate towards the margin; surface smooth, greasy, silky; colour grey to brownish grey. Context tough, produces yellowish stains when cut. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate, with a small decurrent tooth, ascending; moderately close, slightly ventricose; colour pale grey. Stipe (Stem) Central, up to 75 mm long and 4 mm thick; cylindrical; surface moist, slightly pruinose towards apex, smooth towards base, base may be slightly fibrillose; colour greyish white at apex, becoming grey-brown to orange-brown at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7.5 × 3–4.5 µm, (mean 6.4 ± 0.5 × 3.6 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.78 ± 0.17 n=30), narrowly ellipsoidal to occasionally ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline, strongly amyloid. Basidia four-spored, 22–37 × 5–8 µm, clavate, with slender sterigmata to 4.5 µm long. Cheilocyctidia abundant, forming a sterile lamella edge, 20–50 × 4–16 µm, clavate, pyriform, cylindro-ventricose, some sphaeropedunculate (having a spherical cap on the apex). Clamp connections present.

Comments Mycena tuvara is a relatively large Mycena, and is readily identified by its tough flesh (context), grey to brownish grey greasy convex pileus, and pale greyish stipe that may be brownish to orange-brown at the base. The flesh stains yellowish when cut. This is a rare characteristic for a Mycena. This species can form large clusters on decaying stumps or fallen wood in wet Victorian and Tasmanian forests.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 124 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 134–137 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mycena vinacea

345

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

346

Fam. Mycenaceae

Mycena vinacea Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or caespitose, on the ground in litter under pines and eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 38 mm or more; about 7 mm high; convex, becoming plane, then finally uplifted; sometimes umbonate; surface moist, silky to dull, translucent-striate; colour brown or greyish lilac, lighter in centre and at margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sinuate or narrowly adnate, often with a decurrent tooth; ascending, moderately close; up to 8 mm broad; sometimes with shallow veins between lamellae; colour pale greyish lilac; generally with two or three series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 70 mm long, 5 mm thick at apex, widens towards base; hollow; surface smooth to slightly mealy, often with woolly white mycelium at base; colour greyish purple or brownish purple. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9.5 × 3–5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 19–31 × 6–9 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata to 6 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments Mycena vinacea can be identified by its large size, its habitat on soil, its greyish lilac pileus, pale lilac lamellae, and purplish stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 143 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 124 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 87 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 54 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Panellus pusillus

347

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

348

Fam. Mycenaceae

Panellus pusillus Dictyopanus pusillus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to densely clustered on dead wood or bark.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 12 mm or more; broadly convex, somewhat kidney-like in shape; flesh thin; surface dry, not viscid, minutely hairy (tomentose); colour whitish, becoming clay-coloured with age. Pore Surface creamy white. Pores about 3 per mm, large for the size of the fruit-body. Stipe (Stem) Laterally attached; generally up to 3 mm long and 2 mm thick; surface minutely hairy (tomentose); colour whitish to cream. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–5.5 × 2–3 µm, smooth, ovoid to broadly ovoid. Basidia four-spored, 15–27 × 4–6 µm, clavate.

Comments Panellus pusillus is a very unique species, recognised in the field by its small size, whitish, pip-pong bat-shaped fruit-body, with large pores on the underside. Although this species has pores, DNA analysis (Jin et al. 2001) puts it with species that have lamellae. Its sister species P. stipticus has lamellae.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 153 [D CP] (as Dictyopanus pusillus) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 64 [D CP] (as Dictyopanus pusillus) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 678 [D I] Jin J, Hughes WK and Petersen HR (2001) “Phylogenetic Relationships of Panellus (Agaricales) and Related Species Based on Morphology and Ribosomal Large Subunit DNA Sequences”. Mycotaxon Vol. 79, pp. 7–21

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Panellus stipticus

349

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

350

Fam. Mycenaceae

Panellus stipticus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forms colonies on decaying logs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 25 mm or more; broadly convex, typically lobed on either side of the stipe, forming a kidney-like shape; surface minutely scurfy, pruinose, finely velvety, with age breaking up into small flaky scales; colour pale ochre-brown to cinnamon. Flesh thin, elastic; juice sticky. Lamellae (Gills) Emanating from lateral stipe, adnate; moderately close, often forked, with crossveins (intervenose); colour ochraceous to cinnamon. Stipe (Stem) Laterally attached; generally up to 20 mm long and 3 mm thick; surface pruinose, finely velvety, tapering towards the base; colour same as pileus or paler. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–6 × 2.5–5 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal to sausage-shaped. Basidia four-spored, 24–30 × 4–6 µm, elongate clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments There are many small laterally stiped species that grow on wood. Panellus stipticus is identified in the field by its light brown colour, short lateral stipe, lamellae which are often forked with cross-veins, and sticky juice that is produced when the fruit-body is squeezed. This species can easily be confused with species of Crepidotus but can be separated on spore colour, because Crepidotus spp. have a brown spore print. In the past the juice from this fungus was used as a styptic to coagulate blood.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 138 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 155 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 126 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 678 [D I] Jin J, Hughes WK and Petersen HR (2001) “Phylogenetic Relationships of Panellus (Agaricales) and Related Species Based on Morphology and Ribosomal Large Subunit DNA Sequences”. Mycotaxon Vol. 79, pp. 7–21

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

351

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 57 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 270 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Roridomyces austrororidus

352

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

353

Fam. Mycenaceae

Roridomyces austrororidus Mycena veroniciae

Mycena austrororida

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; subcaespitose to gregarious, usually on decayed logs or branches of eucalypts or Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii ; also on pine cones.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 16 mm or more; 5 mm high; convex, with or without a shallow umbo; surface usually speckled with tiny brown spots (squamules); colour very pale greyish brown to off-white. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment broadly adnate to decurrent; subdistant to distant; minutely denticulate (x 10); colour white; generally with two series of lamellulae. Stipe (Stem) Central, to 27 mm long and 2.5 mm thick at base, narrowing towards apex; surface smooth, glutinous, especially at base; colour whitish; sometimes with short white hairs at base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–15.5 × 6–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, rarely two-spored, 35–50 × 10–15 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata up to 6 µm long, and clamp connection at base.

Comments Roridomyces austrororidus is readily recognised by its pale colour, gregarious habit and glutinous stipe that often has very thick gluten at the base. This species was moved into genus Roridomyces which was circumscribed by KarlHeinz Rexer in his 1994 doctoral thesis (Rexer 1994).

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 129 [D CP] (as Mycena austrororida) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 117 [D CP] (as Mycena austrororida) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 46 [D CP] (as Mycena austrororida) Grgurinovic CA (2003) The genus Mycena in South-eastern Australia. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong. p. 254 [D CP] (as Mycena austrororida) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 53 [CP] (as Mycena austrororida)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

354

Rexer K-H (1994) “Die Gattung Mycena s.l., Studien zu Ihrer Anatomie, Morphologie und Systematik”. (Ph.D. thesis) (in German). Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen: Tübingen, Germany (not sighted) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 156 [D CP] (as Mycena austrororida)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Mycenaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Xeromphalina leonina

355

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

356

Fam. Mycenaceae

Xeromphalina leonina Omphalia leonina Omphalia epichysium

Xeromphalina racemosa

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; in dense colonies on rotten wood (e.g. Nothofagus or Eucalyptus spp.).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 10 mm or more; initially hemispherical, becoming convex then plano-convex and finally umbilicate at centre, translucent-striate; surface smooth, dry, hygrophanous; colour when young yellow-brown, becoming cinnamon to reddish brown, initially paler towards the margin; flesh tough, leathery. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment broadly adnate to strongly decurrent (running down the stipe); semi-distant, sometimes forked towards the margin, colour same as pileus or slightly paler. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 15 mm long and 1 mm thick; slender, tough, tapering towards base; surface smooth, dry, sometimes covered with minute fibrils near base; colour initially pale yellow-brown at the apex, becoming reddish-brown towards the base, with age the whole stipe becoming reddish-brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7 × 4–5 µm, ovate, pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 20–30 × 5–7 µm, slender clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Xeromphalina leonina normally occurs in large dense eruptions on rotten wood; fruit-bodies are most readily identified by their small size, central stipe, and tough flesh. This species can be confused with Xeromphalina podocarpi, which usually has an eccentric stipe, and usually occurs on rotten conifer wood. Microscopically, X. leonina can be separated from others in the genus by its comparatively large ovate spores.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 180 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 149 [D CP] Horak E (1980) “Xeromphalina and Heimiomyces in Indomalaya and Australasia”. Sydowia Vol. 32, pp. 131–153 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Anthracophyllum archeri

357

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

358

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Anthracophyllum archeri Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; on dead wood such as twigs, small branches, and logs in wet eucalypt forests. The fruit-bodies often appear in large groups.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 35 mm across; semi-circular or fan-shaped, margin incurved when young; surface smooth or minutely wrinkled; colour pale to bright reddish orange or reddish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Fanning out from stipe or attachment; widely spaced; initially same colour as pileus, becoming darker with age. Stipe (Stem) Absent or lateral; when present only about 1 mm long and pale orange-brown; when absent reduced to a semi-circular lump. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–11.5 × 5–6.5 µm, ovoid, ellipsoidal, with prominent apiculus; smooth, thin-walled. Basidia 32–148 × 4–8 µm, clavate or irregularly shaped; sterigmata large, up to 8 µm long. Clamp connections present.

Comments This is an opportunistic species that will break out en masse when the conditions are right. It is readily identified by its bright colour and its papery-tough fruit-bodies.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 190 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 28 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 22 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 40 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 111 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

“pink furry”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopus sp.

359

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

360

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Gymnopus sp.

“pink furry”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; grows either solitary or in groups in crevices in the bark of living eucalypts, as well as on eucalypt logs. Usually found in wet sclerophyll forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 15 mm or more; convex to broadly convex, and plano-convex at maturity; surface fibrillose at the centre, becoming scaly towards the margin, when young covered with a white furry layer that disappears with age; colour when young pinkish brown to rust brown, becoming dull brown with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; subdistant, margin finely serrate; colour pallid to dingy buff or very pale brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 20 mm long and 2 mm thick, equal or broadening slightly at the apex; surface dry, covered in a whitish furry layer which may erode with age; colour reddish brown to brown. Base attachment either institious or with a fine mat of white mycelium. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8 × 3.5–5 µm, (mean 7.2 ± 0.3 × 4.1 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.75 ± 0.10 n=30), ellipsoidal to tear-drop-shaped, smooth, hyaline. Basidia fourspored, clavate, 25–27 × 6–7 µm. Cheilocystidia abundant, often in clusters, forming a sterile lamella edge, cylindrical to sub-clavate, broadening at apex, 30–55 × 6–10 µm. Clamp connections present.

Comments This small distinctive Gymnopus is readily recognised by its rust-brown to pinkish brown fibrillose-scaly pileus, finely serrate lamellae, and furry stipe. It is found on the bark of living eucalypt trunks as well as on logs, and usually grows in crevices in the bark, either solitary or in groups. This species has been found in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 85 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Gymnopus subpruinosus

361

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

362

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Gymnopus subpruinosus Collybia subpruinosa

Marasmius subpruinosus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; forms gregarious to densely gregarious colonies on rotting woody debris or mulch, usually in urban garden beds.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; convex to broadly convex, broadly companulate or plano-convex at maturity, occasionally with a small central umbo; surface moist to dry, hygrophanous, finely fibrillose, glabrous to slightly pruinose, conspicuously radially grooved-striate from margin to disc; colour when young dark brown to reddish brown, with age disc and striations staying brown while the rest of the pileus fades to light tan. Context very thin, up to 1 mm, tough and pliant. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to adnexed; subdistant, sometimes interveining; colour dingy buff to pale brown. Stipe (Stem) Central or eccentric; generally up to 40 mm long and 3 mm thick, equal or tapered towards the base; surface dry, finely pubescent, becoming scurfy towards the base; colour two-toned, pallid at the apex, grading to dark brown towards the base. Base usually attached to a mat of white binding mycelial rhizomorphs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–9.5 × 4–5 µm, (mean 8.4 ± 0.7 × 4.7 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.82 ± 0.15 n=30), ellipsoidal to tear-drop-shaped, smooth, hyaline. Basidia fourspored, 30–40 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Gymnopus subpruinosus is an introduced species from the northern hemisphere. It can be identified by its deeply striate, light brown pileus, pale brown lamellae, and tough two-toned stipe. It is usually found growing on rotting woody debris in urban garden beds.

References Desjardin DE, Halling RE and Hemmes DE (1999) “Agaricales of the Hawaiian Islands. 5. The Genera Rhodocollybia and Gymnopus”. Mycologia Vol. 91(1), pp. 166–176 [D I] Murrill QA, Burlingham GS, Pennington LH and Barnhart JH (1915) “(Agaricales) Polyporaceae-Agaricaceae”. North American Flora Vol. 9(4), pp. 201–296 (as Marasmius subpruinosus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Marasmiellus affixus

363

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

364

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Marasmiellus affixus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete as well as a basidiolichen (forms a fungal/algal symbiotic association); forms dense colonies on moist dead eucalypt bark and branches in the presence of an algal partner.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 15 mm or more; when young broadly convex, soon becoming plano-convex, semicircular, fan-shaped or shell-like, margin crenate to scalloped; surface dry, smooth, very finely fibrillose (velvety), translucentstriate; colour whitish to pale creamy brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; distant; colour whitish to creamy yellow. Stipe (Stem) Lateral; generally up to 15 mm long and 2.5 mm thick; curved so that the top of the pileus is facing the substrate; surface smooth, dry; colour whitish to creamy yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–9 × 3–4.5 µm, elongate to cylindrical, smooth. Basidia four-spored.

Comments Marasmiellus affixus has the common name “Little Stinker”. It forms dense whitish to creamy colonies on dead eucalypt bark and branches, and can be identified easily by its very strong unpleasant odour. Because of its symbiotic association with an algal partner it is classified as a lichen (see Kantvilas and May 1995; Kantvilas and Jarman 2006). Marasmiellus species with thin stipes can revive quickly after rain.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 120 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 111 [D CP] Kantvilas G and Jarman SJ (2006) “Recovery of lichens after logging: preliminary results from Tasmania’s wet forests”. The Lichenologist Vol. 38(4), pp. 383–394 Kantvilas G and May TW (1995) “Additional Lichen Records from Australia. 26. Marasmiellus affixus (Berk.) Singer, an overlooked basidiolichen”. Australasian Lichenological Newsletter Vol. 37, pp. 32–34 [D] (article not sighted) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 51 [CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

365

Pegler DN (1965) “Studies on Australasian Agaricales”. Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 13, pp. 323–356 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Marasmiellus candidus

366

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

367

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Marasmiellus candidus Marasmius candidus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to densely gregarious on decaying wood such as fallen branches, stumps and shrubs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; convex when young, becoming plane, usually with a depressed centre; surface dry, glabrous to slightly pruinose, often translucent-striate; colour white to translucent white when young, becoming buff, with age often staining pinkish. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; distant, intervenose (with connecting veins); colour white to buff, often staining pinkish when it ages. Stipe (Stem) Central, occasionally eccentric; generally up to 20 mm long and 3 mm thick, equal or tapered towards the base; surface dry, smooth; colour two-toned, white at the apex, grading to dark grey or black towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–15 × 3.5–6 µm, spindle-shaped to elongated tear-drop-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored.

Comments Marasmiellus candidus is recognised by its lignicolous habit, small size, whitish pileus, widely spaced lamellae, and two-toned stipe that is white at the apex and grey to black at the base.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 206 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 121 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 112 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 119 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Omphalotus nidiformis

368

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

369

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Omphalotus nidiformis Pleurotus nidiformis Pleurotus lampas

Pleurotus phosphorus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually growing in overlapping clusters on dead wood; if on living trees, infecting dead heart wood; causes white rot.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; shape variable, usually fanshaped or semicircular, if circular, can be convex or more commonly with a deep depression, margin sometimes lobed; surface dry, matt when young, becoming smooth with age; colour usually cream, darker above the stipe or in the centre, often with a tint of brown or purplish black. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; closely spaced; colour white to cream. Stipe (Stem) Eccentric; generally up to 80 mm long and 20 mm thick; usually curved, cylindrical, stout; surface smooth, finely fibrillose; colour creamy grading to dark grey or purplish grey towards base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–10.5 × 4.5–8 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 32–42 × 6–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Omphalotus nidiformis is also known as the Ghost Fungus because of its bright bioluminescence at night. Other identifying features are its pale fleshy pileus, which is often greyish or brownish towards the centre, cream decurrent lamellae, and a cream stipe that becomes darkish grey or purplish towards its base. This species causes white rot and can infiltrate the heartwood of a tree via a breach in its bark. This can be detrimental to the survival of the tree.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 210 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 182 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 125 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 53 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

370

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 198 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 62 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 162 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Omphalotaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Rhodocollybia cf. incarnata

371

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

372

Fam. Omphalotaceae

Rhodocollybia cf. incarnata Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary but usually gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter; also in grassy areas.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; when young broadly convex with incurved margin, becoming plano-convex to plane or umbonate, with a decurved margin; surface moist, glabrous, greasy when young; colour pale yellowish tan, reddish brown to greyish brown, hygrophanous, fading to light tan on drying. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to nearly free; close; colour white; margin irregular, sometimes finely scalloped, or eroded with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 10 mm thick; widening towards an enlarged base, cartilaginous, hollow when mature, readily splitting longitudinally; surface glabrous, fibrous at the base; colour whitish to buff towards the apex, near the base becoming same colour as the pileus. Spore Print White to Creamy

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Clamp connections present.

Comments Rhodocollybia cf. incarnata is recognised by its pale brownish pileus, which is greasy to the touch, its nearly free white lamellae, and its cartilaginous stipe. This is a relatively common species found on the ground amongst leaf litter and grass. It is very similar to the northern hemisphere R. butyracea, but is less robust and with a white to cream spore print rather than a pinkish one. Because of their similarity, this species often appears in Australian field guides as R. butyracea (Gates and Ratkowsky 2016). In New Zealand there is a very similar species, R. incarnata (Stevenson 1964). It is likely that this species is the same as the one found in Australia, but to be certain more work will be required.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 138 [D CP] (as Rhodocollybia incarnata) Stevenson G (1964) “The Agaricales of New Zealand: V”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 19(1), pp. 1–59 [D CI] (as Collybia incarnata)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Armillaria hinnulea

373

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

374

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Armillaria hinnulea Biology Parasitic and saprotrophic basidiomycete. This is a pathogen that may kill the host plant by invading the roots and sap wood, but it usually occurs on rotting wood in wet or dry sclerophyll forests. Fruit-bodies can be solitary or in dense groups.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially umbonate to broadly convex, becoming plano-convex with an inrolled margin, then plane and finally plano-concave or irregularly depressed; surface initially scaly, then a few squamules restricted mainly to centre, often losing these with age, not viscid, waxy to the touch, margin usually distinctly striate; colour pinkish brown, wood brown, dark pinkish brown or cigar brown, hygrophanous (drying lighter). Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sinuate to slightly decurrent; close; colour light pinkish brown, becoming fawn with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 9 mm thick; cylindrical or widening towards a swollen base; surface dry, covered with a thin fibrillose layer; colour sepia on approximately upper third, becoming dark brown towards the base. Annulus cortina- or web-like, high on the stipe, collapsing to form a whitish to greyish annular zone. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 5–6 µm (mean 7.4 ± 0.5 × 5.5 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.33 ± 0.09, n=30), broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 20–45 × 5–9 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia 25–45 × 3–9 µm, cylindrical to elongate-clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Clamp connections present in sub-hymenium.

Comments Armillaria hinnulea grows predominantly on dead wood and is readily identified in the field by its overall pinkish brown colour, its non-viscid pileus and pale annular zone (A. luteobubalina and A. novea-zelandiae have a membranous annulus). This species can also be found in New Zealand where DNA evidence suggests that it was introduced into New Zealand from Australia, firstly at some time in the distant past, and again more recently (Ramsfield et al. 2008).

References Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Bloomer P, Ridley GS, Kile GA and Wingfield MJ (2001) “Phylogenetic relationships of Australian and New Zealand Armillaria species”. Mycologia Vol. 93(5), pp. 887–896

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

375

Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Bloomer P, Ridley GS and Wingfield MJ (2003) “Molecular identification and phylogeny of Armillaria isolates from South America and Indo-Malaysia”. Mycologia Vol. 95(2), pp. 285–293 Kile GA and Watling R (1983) “Armillaria species from south-eastern Australia” Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 81(1), pp. 129–140 [D I] Maphosa L, Wingfield BD, Coetzee MPA, Mwenje E and Wingfield MJ (2006) “Phylogenetic relationships among Armillaria species inferred from partial elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequence data”. Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 35, pp. 513–520 [D P] Pildain MB, Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ and Rajchenberg M (2010) “Taxonomy of Armillaria in the Patagonian forests of Argentina”. Mycologia Vol. 102(2), pp. 392–403 [D P] Ramsfield TD, Power MW, Ridley GS (2008) “A comparison of populations of Armillaria hinnulea in New Zealand and Australia”. New Zealand Plant Protection Vol. 61, pp. 41–47

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Armillaria luteobubalina

376

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

377

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Armillaria luteobubalina Biology Parasitic and saprotrophic basidiomycete; it is a virulent pathogen that kills the plant by invading the roots and sap wood; it occurs on a wide variety of eucalypts and other plants, both native and introduced. It grows in caespitose clusters at the base or above shallow roots of the infected plant.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially convex with definite umbo, becoming plane with umbo; surface dull, usually with scattered black to brown minute scales, more dense in the centre; colour varies from a yellowish brown to a greenish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to slightly decurrent; close; colour white, becoming cream with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 200 mm long and 20 mm thick; mealy above annulus and fibrillose-scaly below; colour whitish, often with brownish tints. Annulus membranous, high on the stipe, becoming fragmentary with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–12 × 5–8 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 30–45 × 9–13 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This widespread species is a virulent pathogen of eucalypts and other trees and will most likely kill the tree it has infected. In the field it is readily identified by the caespitose clusters of fruit-bodies, usually at the base of the infected tree or on its shallow roots, its honey colour, sandpapery pileus surface, white lamellae and membranous annulus.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 192 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 29 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 34 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 23 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 41 [CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

378

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 112 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Armillaria novae-zelandiae

379

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

380

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Armillaria novae-zelandiae Armillariella novae-zelandiae

Biology Parasitic and saprotrophic basidiomycete. This is a pathogen that may kill the host plant by invading the roots and sap wood. It occurs on a wide variety of eucalypts and other plants. Fruit-bodies can be solitary or in dense groups, usually on dead wood. Found in cool rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially umbonate, becoming plano-convex with an inrolled margin, then plane and often centrally depressed; surface initially scaly, with age few squamules restricted mainly to centre, sticky, viscid when moist, margin conspicuously striate; colour when very young blackish brown, becoming pale brownish yellow to honey-yellow, slightly darker towards the centre, hygrophanous (drying lighter, almost pallid). Lamellae (Gills) Attachment sinuate to slightly decurrent; close; colour whitish, becoming cream with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 120 mm long and 10 mm thick; widening from about the middle to a swollen base; surface covered with a thin fibrillose layer; colour pale at apex, whitish to light pinkish brown above annulus, below annulus darkening to a greyish purplish dark brown towards the base. Annulus membranous, high on the stipe, becoming fragmented with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 4–6 µm (mean 7.7 ± 0.6 × 5.1 ± 0.4 µm, Q=1.53 ± 0.14, n=30), ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 30–40 × 7–9.5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections not observed (most likely absent).

Comments Armillaria novae-zelandiae grows predominantly on dead wood and is readily identified in the field by its viscid pale honey-coloured pileus, and by its stipe which is pale above the annulus and much darker below. This species is also found in New Zealand and South America. DNA data tend to suggest that this is a Gondwana species which was initially associated with Nothofagus spp. (Coetzee et al. 2003).

References Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Bloomer P, Ridley GS, Kile GA and Wingfield MJ (2001) “Phylogenetic relationships of Australian and New Zealand Armillaria species”. Mycologia Vol. 93(5), pp. 887–896

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

381

Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Bloomer P, Ridley GS and Wingfield MJ (2003) “Molecular identification and phylogeny of Armillaria isolates from South America and Indo-Malaysia”. Mycologia Vol. 95(2), pp. 285–293 Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 30 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 34 [D CP] Kile GA and Watling R (1983) “Armillaria species from south-eastern Australia” Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 81(1), pp. 129–140 [D I] Maphosa L, Wingfield BD, Coetzee MPA, Mwenje E and Wingfield MJ (2006) “Phylogenetic relationships among Armillaria species inferred from partial elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequence data”. Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 35, pp. 513–520 [D P] Pildain MB, Coetzee MPA, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ and Rajchenberg M (2010) “Taxonomy of Armillaria in the Patagonian forests of Argentina”. Mycologia Vol. 102(2), pp. 392–403 [D P] Stevenson G (1964) “The Agaricales of New Zealand: V” Kew Bulletin Vol. 19(1), pp. 1–59 [D I] ( as Armillariella novae-zelandiae)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cyptotrama asprata

382

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

383

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Cyptotrama asprata Cyptotrama aspratum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on decaying wood such as fallen logs or branches.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; when young knob-shaped, expanding to almost plane; surface dry, yellow to orange, covered with orange-yellow spiny pyramidal warts that tend to disappear with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate but may have a small decurrent tooth; moderately distant; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 5 mm thick at apex, slightly broader towards the base; yellowish at the apex, becoming orange-yellow towards the base; covered in orange scales that become spiny towards the base; Veil more or less cobwebby, soon disappearing (evanescent). Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–11 × 7–8 µm, lemon-shaped to ovoid, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 36–70 × 5.5–11 µm, narrowly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Cyptotrama asprata is an elegant little mushroom; its bright orange-yellow colour, spiny pileus and white lamellae make this species unmistakable. This fungus is not confined to Australia: it is also found in North and South America, Africa, New Zealand, and on some Pacific islands but is conspicuously absent in Europe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 56 [D CP] (as Cyptotrama aspratum) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 62 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 33 [D CP] (as Cyptotrama aspratum) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 254 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 44 [CP] (as Cyptotrama aspratum)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

384

Redhead SA and Ginns J (1980) “Cyptotrama asprata (Agaricales) from North America and notes on the other species of Cyptotrama sect. Xerulina”. Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 58(6), pp. 731–740 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 129 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Flammulina velutipes

385

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

386

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Flammulina velutipes Collybia velutipes

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; forms caespitose clusters on dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially convex, soon becoming plane or broadly umbonate; margin often incurved when young; surface smooth, viscid, slimy when moist; colour varies from yellow-orange to yellow-brown or red-brown, margin often paler. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; close; colour white, becoming cream with age. Stipe (Stem) Central or slightly off-centre; generally up to 100 mm long and 6 mm thick; tough, slender; surface velvety particularly towards the base; colour pale yellowish brown to orange-brown when young; becoming covered with a brown to blackish velvety coating; velvety coating is darker towards the base, where it is almost black. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10 × 3–5 µm, ellipsoidal, pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 35–40 × 4–5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Flammulina velutipes is readily recognised by its caespitose habit on dead wood, the sticky yellow-brown to reddish brown pileus, and velvety stipe that is dark at the base. This species is also common in the northern hemisphere.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 220 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 71 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 256 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 45 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Oudemansiella gigaspora

387

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

388

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Oudemansiella gigaspora Oudemansiella radicata Xerula gigaspora

Hymenopellis gigaspora

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered in small groups on the ground, amongst leaf litter or in grass, usually above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; broadly convex, becoming plane, sometimes slightly umbonate, margin incurved; surface smooth, not evidently viscid, but sometimes sticky when moist, becoming radially wrinkled with age or dryness; colour varies from brown to grey-brown, olive-brown or sometimes almost black. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to adnate; subdistant; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 200 mm long and 10 mm thick; cylindrical, equal, or thickening at the base, with a tapering root-like section in the soil; surface dry, smooth, pruinose when young, minutely silky; colour white or whitish grey. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11.5–20 × 10–14 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth to very subtly dimpled. Basidia four-spored, 59–78 × 13–18 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Oudemansiella gigaspora belongs to a complex of about 9 species that are very similar, making it difficult to separate them in the field (Petersen 2008). When mature, species belonging to this group all have a plane pileus, white lamellae, and a long slender stipe with a root-like extension in the soil at the base. In 2010 RH Petersen and KW Hughes placed this species into a new genus Hymenopellis, but this genus was not monophyletic (a practice not consistent with modern taxonomy). Although the new genus name Hymenopellis is preferred in “Index Fungorum”, in this instance the name Oudemansiella will be retained in Australia.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 220 [D CI] (as Xerula australis) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 180 [D CP] (as Xerula gigaspora) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 54 [D CP] (as Oudemansiella radicata)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

389

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 59 [CP] (as Xerula radicata) Petersen RH (2008) “The genus Xerula (Agaricales; Fungi) in Australia and New Zealand”. Nova Hedwigia Vol. 87(1–2), pp. 1–67 [D CP] Petersen RH and Hughes KW (2010) “The Xerula/Oudemansiella Complex (Agaricales)”. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 137 pp 1–625 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Oudemansiella mundroola

390

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

391

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Oudemansiella mundroola Xerula radicata var. mundroola Xerula mundroola

Hymenopellis mundroola

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered in small groups on the ground, amongst leaf litter or in grass, usually above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 70 mm or more; broadly convex, becoming plane, sometimes slightly umbonate, margin upturned, not striate; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous when moist, often wrinkled over disc; colour pale yellowish brown, becoming dark brown over disc. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed, usually with a decurrent tooth; subdistant; colour white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 200 mm long and 2–4 mm thick at apex; cylindrical, thickening at the base, with a tapering root-like section in the soil; surface dry, smooth, pruinose when young, minutely silky; colour white to pale brownish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 15–21 × 10–15 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth to very subtly dimpled. Basidia two-spored, 40–76 × 10–18 µm, clavate. Clamp connections not observed.

Comments Oudemansiella mundrola belongs to a complex of about 9 species that are relatively similar (Petersen 2008), making it difficult to separate them in the field. O. mundroola can be tentatively identified by its relatively small and delicate fruit-body, and by its viscid to glutinous light brown pileus. Microscopically this species is readily identifiable because its basidia are twospored. Other two-spored species of Oudemansiella are O. raphanipes and O. atrocaerulea. Oudemansiella raphanipes is a more robust species with a dark brown pileus, and is usually found in subtropical regions; O. atrocaerulea has a dark grey to dark grey-blue pileus, and its range seems to be limited to western Australia. In 2010, RH Petersen and KW Hughes placed O. mundroola into a new genus Hymenopellis, but this genus was not monophyletic (a practice not consistent with modern taxonomy). Although the new genus name Hymenopellis is preferred in “Index Fungorum”, in this instance the name Oudemansiella will be retained in Australia.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

392

References Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 253 [D I] (as Xerula radicata var. mundroola) Petersen RH (2008) “The genus Xerula (Agaricales; Fungi) in Australia and New Zealand”. Nova Hedwigia Vol. 87(1–2), pp. 1–67 [D CP] (as Xerula mundroola) Petersen RH and Hughes KW (2010) “The Xerula/Oudemansiella Complex (Agaricales)”. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 137 pp 1–625 [D I] (as Hymenopellis mundroola) Yang Z-L, Zhang L-F and Mueller GM (2009) “A new systematic arrangement of the genus Oudemansiella s. str. Physalacriaceae, Agaricales)”. Mycosystema Vol. 28(1), pp. 1–13

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Physalacriaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Physalacria australiensis

393

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

394

Fam. Physalacriaceae

Physalacria australiensis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered in groups and caespitose clumps on decaying wood in wet eucalypt forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Head) Up to 10 mm diameter, irregularly globose, like a partially inflated bladder, hollow; surface minutely pubesent; colour white, turning yellowish to brownish with age. Stipe (Stem) Cylindrical, central, generally 3–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm; surface minutely pubescent; colour white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 2.5–4 × 2–3 µm (mean 3.4 ± 0.3 × 2.4 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.44 ± 0.16 n=30), broadly ellipsoidal to pip-shaped, smooth. Basidia two-spored (some 4-spored), 15–24 × 3–5 µm, clavate. Cystidia 50–85 × 7–15 µm, subcylindrical, some slightly ventricose, apex rounded, semi-circular, apex often with a knob, occasionally capitate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Physalacria australiensis can be recognised by its simple fruit-body, consisting of a whitish inflated bladder-like head, 3–10 mm diameter, on a shortish slender stipe up to 6 mm long, usually growing on decaying wood. To be sure of the identification, microscopic features need to be examined. Most of the morphological features observed from our specimens agree very well with the descriptions of P. australiensis produced by Fawcett (1940) and Corner (1950), except for one difference: in both of those descriptions only two-spored basidia are mentioned, whereas in our specimens we observed some four-spored basidia. Since our specimens were found in the general area from where Fawcett and Corner obtained theirs, and since P. australiensis is the only Physalacria genus recorded for south-eastern Victoria, it is highly likely that this is P. australiensis. Physalacria inflata is a similar looking species, but can be differentiated on its larger spore size (4–6 × 2–3.5 µm) and differently shaped cystidia (Corner 1950; McGuire 1939).

References Corner EJH. (1950). “A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera”. Annals of Botany Memoirs 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 456–472. Fawcett SGM (1940) “Studies on the Australian Clavariacea: Part III”. The proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria Vol. 52, pp. 153–163 [D P]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

395

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 164 [D CP] (as Physalacria inflata) McGuire JM (1939) “The Morphology of Physalacria inflata”. Mycologia Vol. 31(4), pp. 433–438 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pluteaceae

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

Pluteus atromarginatus

396

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

397

Fam. Pluteaceae

Pluteus atromarginatus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary or in small groups on rotting wood, logs, and stumps; if on the ground it is above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; when young convex, expanding to plane or with a low broad umbo; surface dry, dull, not hygrophanous, radially fibrillose, velvety, sometimes with small appressed scales; colour dark sooty brown when young, becoming lighter brown with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour initially white, becoming dull pink to pink buff as spores mature; margin dark brown to blackish brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 75 mm long and 8 mm thick; cylindrical with a slightly bulbous base; surface overlaid with dark brown fibrils; colour off-white. Spore Print Salmon-pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7 × 4–5.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 25–35 × 6–8 µm, cylindro-clavate. Pleurocystidia abundant, metuloid (thick-walled) with 2–4 apical projections. Cheilocystidia clavate to balloon-shaped, with dark brown content. Clamp connections present.

Comments Pluteus atromarginatus is found on decaying wood but with a preference for conifer wood, and is recognised by its largish size, dark sooty brown pileus, and pinkish lamellae, which have a dark brown margin and are free from the stipe. The macro and micro morphology of this species agree reasonably well with that of the northern hemisphere species, and for that reason the northern hemisphere name is used. Morphological features between different species of Pluteus can overlap (Justo et al. 2014). To be certain that this species is the same as that from the northern hemisphere, DNA analysis will be required.

References Banerjee R and Sundberg WJ (1995) “The genus Pluteus section Pluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales) in the Midwestern United States”. Mycotaxon Vol. 53, pp. 189–246 [D I] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 224 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 161 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

398

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 131 [D CP] ( as Pluteus aff. atromarginatus) Justo A, Malysheva E, Bulyonkova T, Vellinga EC, Cobain G, Nguyen N, Minnis AM and Hibbett DS (2014) “Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Holarctic species of Pluteus (Agaricales: Pluteaceae), with description of twelve new species”. Phytotaxa Vol. 180 (1) pp. 1–85 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 35 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 166 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 172 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pluteaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Pluteus cervinus

399

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

400

Fam. Pluteaceae

Pluteus cervinus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary or in small groups, found on rotting wood, logs and stumps; if on the ground it is above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; when young convex, expanding to plane or with a low broad umbo; surface moist, slightly viscid to viscid, dull, radially fibrillose, velvety, sometimes with small appressed scales over disc; colour varies from grey-brown to dark brown, becoming lighter with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; close; colour initially white, becoming dull pink to pink-buff as spores mature; margin pallid to white, but may darken as fruit-body dries out. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 10 mm thick; cylindrical, base sometimes slightly bulbous; surface overlaid with dark brown fibrils; colour off-white, pallid. Spore Print Salmon-pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 4.5–6 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 22–36 × 7–9 µm, cylindro-clavate. Pleurocystidia abundant, metuloid (thick-walled) with 2–5 apical projections. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Pluteus cervinus grows on rotting logs, stumps or on woody debris, and can be recognised by its moist brown, fibrillose pileus, free white lamellae that turn pinkish as spores mature, and the lack of an annulus on the stipe. The macro and micro morphology of this species agree reasonably well with that of the northern hemisphere species, and for that reason the northern hemisphere name is used. Morphological features between different species of Pluteus can overlap (Justo et al. 2014). To be certain that this species is the same as that from the northern hemisphere, DNA analysis will be required.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 255 [D P] Banerjee R and Sundberg WJ (1995) “The genus Pluteus section Pluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales) in the Midwestern United States”. Mycotaxon Vol. 53, pp. 189–246 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 161 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 132 [D CP] ( as Pluteus aff. cervinus)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

401

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 423 [D CI] Justo A, Malysheva E, Bulyonkova T, Vellinga EC, Cobain G, Nguyen N, Minnis AM and Hibbett DS (2014) “Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Holarctic species of Pluteus (Agaricales: Pluteaceae), with description of twelve new species”. Phytotaxa Vol. 180 (1) pp. 1–85 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 171 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 35 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 165 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 172 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pluteaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Pluteus pauperculus

402

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

403

Fam. Pluteaceae

Pluteus pauperculus Pluteus flammipes var. depauperatus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary or in small groups on rotting wood, logs and stumps; if on the ground it is above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; when young convex, expanding to plane or with a low broad umbo, margin weakly striate; surface dry, minutely granulose, finely wrinkled; colour dark brown to brown, margin usually paler. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; crowded; colour initially lemon yellow, then golden yellow, becoming pinkish yellow as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 4 mm thick; cylindrical with white matted mycelium at the base; surface smooth or minutely longitudinally fibrillose; colour yellow to chrome-yellow, base may be yellow or conspicuously orange to reddish orange. Spore Print Salmon-pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–6.5 × 4.5–5.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 20–20 × 6–9 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia abundant, 50–80 × 17–35 µm, broadly fusoid (narrowing towards both ends). Cheilocystidia 30–80 × 12–17 µm, clavate to broadly fusoid. Pileipellis a celluloderm, cells 20–61 × 15–40 µm, clavate, subglobose to pyriform. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Pluteus pauperculus is a fragile fungus that is readily identified by its brown pileus, free lemon yellow lamellae, and a yellow stipe, which occasionally has a distinctive reddish orange base. This uncommon species has been found in Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia. It is also found in New Zealand. It is often confused with Pluteus romellii which is predominantly a northern hemisphere species. The type specimen of Pluteus pauperculus was collected in Western Australia (Horak 1983) and Pluteus nanus sensu Grgurinovic (1997) from South Australia is probably contaxic (Horak 2008).

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 132 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

404

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 426 [D CP] (as Pluteus nanus) Horak E (1983) “Mycogeography in the South Pacific Region: Agaricales, Boletales”. Australasian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series No. 10, pp. 1–41 (as Pluteus flammipes var. depauperata) Horak E (2008) “Agaricales of New Zealand. 1: Pluteaceae—Entolomataceae ”. The Fungi of New Zealand Vol. 5. Fungal Diversity Research Series No. 19, pp. 42– 44 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pluteaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“yellow”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pluteus sp.

405

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

406

Fam. Pluteaceae

Pluteus sp.

“yellow”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary or in small groups on rotting wood, logs or stumps; if on the ground it is above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; when young convex, expanding to plane, sometimes with a low broad umbo; surface dry, dull, not hygrophanous, smooth or very finely fibrillose or granular, translucent striate towards the margin; colour when very young brown to yellowish brown, becoming dull yellowish to olive-yellow with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; moderately close; colour whitish at first, then pale buff, becoming pale pinkish yellow as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 3 mm thick; cylindrical, usually with a basal disc, basal mycelium is white; surface smooth to slightly fibrillose; colour yellow. Spore Print Pink

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–8 × 5.5–6.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 22–26 × 9–11 µm, clavate. Cystidia 60–75 × 18–25 µm, fusoid-ventricose. Pileipellis a cutis with transition to a trichoderm, consisting of long, cylindrical terminal elements 110–130 × 21–23 µm. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Pluteus “yellow” most likely is an undescribed Australian species which is readily recognised by its yellow to olive-yellow pileus, and pale buff lamellae that are free from the yellow stipe. The stipe often has a fibrillose basal disc. This fungus is usually found on decaying wood, but if found on the ground it will be in woody mulch or above buried wood. This species was thought to be P. lutescens based on images found in some fungi field guides, e.g. Fuhrer (2009), McCann (2003) and Griffiths (1985). Detailed examination of the pileus cuticle (pileipellis) revealed a cutis in transition to a trichoderm with long cylindrical terminal cells. This is inconsistent with P. lutescens, which has a hymeniderm layer of almost spherical inflated cells. The characteristics of this Pluteus would suggest that it is closely related to the group of species in Pluteus stirps Leoninus.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. p. 162 [D CP] (as Pluteus lutescens)

Bloomings Books:

Melbourne.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

407

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 132 [D CP] (as Pluteus “pale yellow” Griffiths K (1985) A field guide to the larger fungi of the Darling Scarp & South West of Western Australia. The Author: Perth, W.A. p. 34 [D CI] (as Pluteus lutescens) Homola RA (1972) “Section Celluloderma of the Genus Pluteus in North America”. Mycologia Vol. 64 (6), pp. 1211–1247 [D P] Hubregtse J and Hubregtse V (2011) “Preliminary observations on an undescribed Pluteus species”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 128 (3), pp. 111–115 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 35 [D CP] (as Pluteus lutescens) Minnis AM and Sundberg WJ (2010) “Pluteus section Celluloderma in the U.S.A”. North American Fungi, Vol. 5 (1), pp. 1–107. [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Pluteaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus

408

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

409

Fam. Pluteaceae

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus Volvariella speciosa Volvariella gloiocephala

Volvariella speciosa var. gloiocephala

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground, in rich humus, mulch, lawns, and fields.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; when young an ovoid button, then conico-convex, soon developing an umbo, then convex, later becoming broadly convex to plane; surface viscid when moist, soon drying shiny-smooth; colour usually greyish beige, sometimes brownish, umbo darker and sometimes more brownish. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free or just reaching the stipe; moderately close; colour at first whitish, becoming brownish pink as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 120 mm long and 20 mm thick; slender, buried base bulbous; surface dry, very slightly fibrillose striate; colour whitish with yellowish or brownish tints. Volva Outer veil forming a white membranous saccate volva at the base of the stipe. Spore Print Pink to Pinkish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 12–18 × 7.5–11 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, no germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 20–33 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia and Pleurocystidia are similar, 42–56 × 12–16 µm, clavate to cylindro-ventricose. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Volvopluteus gloiocephalus is tall, recognised by its brownish grey pileus, which is viscid when moist, brownish pink lamellae free from the stipe, a volva at the base of the stipe, and no annulus. A northern hemisphere species, accidentally introduced into Australia, it is most common in parks and gardens, but seldom found in native forests. This fungus was previously known as Volvariella speciosa, but DNA analysis carried out by Justo et al. (2010) showed that the Volvariella genus, which consisted of about 50 species, was polyphyletic, as most of its species fell outside the Pluteoid clade. To accommodate the species that fell within the Pluteoid clade a new genus name Volvopluteus was created. Volvariella gloiocephala, which was the earlier synonym of Volvariella speciosa, was then placed into Volvopluteus as Volvopluteus gloiocephalus.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

410

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 259 [D CP] (as Volvariella speciosa) Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 226 [D CI] (as Volvariella speciosa) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 179 [D CP] (as Volvariella speciosa) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 149 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 59 [D CP] (as Volvariella speciosa) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 419 [D CP] (as Volvariella gloiocephala) Justo A, Vizzini A, Minnis AM, Menolli N Jr, Capelari M, Rogriguez O, Malysheva E, Contu M, Ghignone S and Hibbett DS (2010) “Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): taxonomy and character evolution”. Fungal Biology Vol. 115(1), pp. 1–20 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Coprinellus disseminatus

411

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

412

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Coprinellus disseminatus Coprinus disseminatus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; often growing in large clusters on and around decaying wood and stumps, or on the ground above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 15 mm or more; ovoid when young, expanding to broadly convex; young fruit-bodies pallid or yellowish cream, darkening to grey or greyish brown; deeply striate from the margin almost to the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate or free; close to distant; colour initially whitish, later grey-brown to brown-black; not deliquescing with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 2 mm thick; smooth, fragile, hollow, colour white. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–11 × 4–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a large apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 16–32.5 × 6.5–9 µm, clavate.

Comments Coprinellus disseminatus typically fruits in large numbers; the change in the pileus colour from almost white to greyish brown helps to identify this species. It is also one of the coprinoid species that does not deliquesce, making it possible to get a spore print. The species originally belonged in the genus Coprinus but due to phylogenetic analysis by Redhead et al. (2001) the genus Coprinus was divided into a number of genera, including the genus Coprinellus.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 352 [D P] (as Coprinus disseminatus) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 230 [D CP] (as Coprinus disseminatus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 41 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 45 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 477 [D CP] (as Coprinus disseminatus) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 12 [CP] (as Coprinus disseminatus)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

413

Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 260 [D CP] (as Coprinus disseminatus) Redhead SA, Vigalys R, Moncalvo J-M, Johnson J and Hopple JS Jr (2001) “Coprinus Pers. And the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato”. Taxon Vol. 50 (1), pp. 203–241 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 122 [D CP] (as Coprinus disseminatus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coprinellus truncorum

414

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

415

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Coprinellus truncorum Coprinus truncorum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; rarely solitary, generally forming gregarious groups on decaying wood such as old stumps, mulch, woodchips or buried wood; when over buried wood it may appear terrestrial.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 35 mm or more; height up to 18 mm; conical at first, convex to broadly convex, plicate, initially covered with mica-like flecks that disappear with age; with age margin erodes as pileus begins to autodigest; colour light brown to orange-brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment ascendingadnate; close; colour initially white, then brown, finally black as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 5 mm thick; white, smooth, hollow, fragile. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 5.5–8 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with an apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 33–42 × 8–10.5 µm, clavate.

Comments Coprinellus truncorum and C. micaceus are very similar looking species. C. micaceus has a very finely pruinose stipe (it has large caulocystida) whereas C. truncorum does not. Also, C. micaceus has some spores that are shaped like a Bishop’s hat (mitriform) whereas the spores of C. truncorum are ellipsoidal. On the basis of this microscopic detail the morphologies of these two species seem to make distinct species, but prelimary DNA results produced by Keirle, et al. (2004) show that they are genetically identical. At present it seems most likely that C. truncorum and C. micaceus are variants of the same species. Until more conclusive research has been done C. truncorum and C. micaceus will be treated as a separate species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 41 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 478 [D CI] (as Coprinus truncorum)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

416

Keirle MR, Hemmes DE and Desjardin DE (2004) “Agaricales of the Hawaiian islands 8. Agaricaceae: Coprinus and Podaxis; Pasathyrellaceae: Coprinopsis, Coprinellus and Parasola”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 15, pp. 33–124 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 123 [D I] (as Coprinus truncorum)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coprinopsis atramentaria

417

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

418

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Coprinopsis atramentaria Coprinus atramentarius

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually growing in dense caespitose clusters on buried decaying wood, rarely found directly on decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Prior to expansion up to 65 mm in height and after expansion up to 80 mm or more in diameter; at first subglobose, quickly expanding to cylindro-campanulate (bell-shaped), then broadly conic, and finally with a lifting margin; colour whitish to grey-brown, disc often darker; surface dry, ranging from smooth and glabrous to being partially covered with small, brown, closely adhering scales; margin splitting, eroding and deliquescing when old. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment free; extremely crowded; colour initially white, becoming brown, then brownish black as spores mature, and finally destroyed by autodigestion. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 175 mm tall and 10 mm thick, cylindrical, hollow, brittle; white, smooth with a silky appearance above the annular ring or flange-like zone, and roughened by small appressed scales below it. Annulus white, persistent ring-like zone. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10 × 4–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with an apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 12–37 × 7–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present, occasionally in the lamellar trama, more common in stipe and pileal cuticle.

Comments Coprinopsis atramentaria is recognised by its smooth to silky, greyish brown pileus, its two-toned stipe that is white above the annular fibrillose zone and has small brownish scales below it, its clustered habit, and deliquescing lamellae. It prefers disturbed habitats, and hence is found along paths, garden beds, or in lawns and other grassy areas. This is a cosmopolitan species. See Redhead et al. (2001) for the current names of Coprinus species.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 347 [D P] (as Coprinus atramentarius) Bogart F van de (1979) “The genus Coprinus in western North America, part III: section Atramentarii”. Mycotaxon Vol. 10(1), pp. 155–174 [D I] (as Coprinus atramentarius)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

419

Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 226 [D CP] (as Coprinus atramentarius) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 46 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 11 [CP] (as Coprinus atramentarius) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 258 [D CP] (as Coprinus atramentarius) Redhead SA, Vilgalys R, Moncalvo J-M and Hopple JS Jr. (2001) “Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato”. Taxon Vol. 50(1), pp. 203–241 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 120 [D I] (as Coprinus atramentarius)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Ed Grey

c Ed Grey

Coprinopsis lagopus

420

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

421

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Coprinopsis lagopus Coprinus lagopus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; rarely solitary, generally forming gregarious groups on decaying wood, such as old stumps, mulch or woodchips.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more when mature; initially small ovoid, expanding to broadly convex and eventually plane; old fruit-bodies have an uplifted margin; when young, woolly, covered in dense white hairs (universal veil) which break up and disappear with age; underlying surface is mouse grey, plicate-striate almost to the centre; with age margin will erode as pileus begins to autodigest. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment narrowly adnexed to almost free; crowded; colour white at first, turning black as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 5 mm thick; white, densely covered in white fibrils, shaggy or woolly at first, but fibrils disappear with age; base may be slightly bulbous but not rooting. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9.5–12 × 6–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with an apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 20–30 × 3–8 µm, clavate.

Comments Coprinopsis lagopus belongs to a group of very similar looking species that have different habits. Coprinopsis lagopus fruits typically on old woodchip piles, and does not form a root at its base, whereas some of the other look-alikes prefer to fruit on dung or manured soil, and if on woody material tend to have a root at the base of the stipe.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 350 [D CP] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 240 [D CP] (as Coprinus lagopus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 46 [D CP] Keirle MR, Hemmes DE and Desjardin DE (2004) “Agaricales of the Hawaiian islands 8. Agaricaceae: Coprinus and Podaxis; Pasathyrellaceae: Coprinopsis, Coprinellus and Parasola”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 15, pp. 33–124 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coprinopsis nivea

422

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

423

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Coprinopsis nivea Coprinus niveus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary but occasionally gregarious on herbivore dung.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 15 mm but can grow to 40 mm; height up to 35 mm; ovoid when young, later becoming bell-shaped, often with an uplifted margin; entire surface mealy white (remnant of the universal veil) Lamellae (Gills) Attachment finely adnexed or free; close; colour white when young, becoming grey and then black as spores mature, finally deliquescing. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 5 mm thick; white, mealy; cottony fibres at the base. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 13–19 × 9–13 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with an apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 22–45 × 12–16 µm, clavate.

Comments The main characteristics of Coprinopsis nivea are that it appears principally on herbivore dung, it is snow white in colour due to its white mealy coating, and it is usually small in size. Another similar looking species is a young C. lagopus, but it prefers to grow on woodchips, not on dung.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4 Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 246 [D CP] (as Coprinus niveus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 42 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 472 [D CI] (as Coprinus niveus) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 12 [CP] (as Coprinus niveus) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 258 [D CP] (as Coprinus niveus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Parasola plicatilis

424

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

425

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Parasola plicatilis Coprinus plicatilis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on soil amongst grass, in mulched garden beds and along path edges.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 24 mm or more; initially nearly cylindrical, becoming convex to broadly convex, finally plane, margin sometimes recurved, central disc at first slightly raised, then plane, finally slightly depressed; surface smooth, dry, strongly pleated to disc; colour buff to yellow-brown, cinnamon centre, soon greying from margin inwards. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to a collar at the apex of the stipe; moderately close; colour at first clay-pink, becoming grey and finally black as spores mature; with age tending to wither rather than deliquesce. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 3 mm thick; slender, fragile; surface, smooth; colour whitish to pale brown, becoming darker towards the base. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–14.5 × 6–10.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, mitriform (mitre-like in shape), or hexagonal, with rounded corners and a distinct germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 37–51 × 11–18 µm, clavate.

Comments Parasola plicatilis is a beautiful delicate fungus, identified in the field by its grey-brown pleated pileus with a smooth central disc, and lamellae attached to a collar at the apex of the stipe. With age the pileus erodes, often leaving a skeletal form of itself. This is a cosmopolitan species.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 352 [D P] (as Coprinus plicatilis) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 248 [D CP] (as Coprinus plicatilis) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 474 [D I] (as Coprinus plicatilis) Keirle MR, Hemmes DE and Desjardin DE (2004) “Agaricales of the Hawaiian islands 8. Agaricaceae: Coprinus and Podaxis; Pasathyrellaceae: Coprinopsis, Coprinellus and Parasola”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 15, pp. 33–124 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

426

Nagy LG, VágvÖlgyi C and Papp T (2010) “Type studies and nomenclatural revisions in Parasola (Psathyrellaceae) and related taxa”. Mycotaxon Vol. 112, pp. 103–141 [D I] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 261 [D CP] (as Coprinus plicatilis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Psathyrella asperospora

427

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

428

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella asperospora Lacrymaria asperospora

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, or in groups, or in caespitose clusters on the ground, generally in disturbed soil, and usually associated with buried rotting wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; when young conical to convex, becoming broadly convex with a slight umbo, margin incurved, often with pendulous velar fragments; surface dry, radially scaly to shaggy-fibrillose; colour brown to cinnamon-brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; close; colour at first brown, becoming dark brown and mottled as spores mature; margin remaining whitish; in wet conditions droplets form on the lamellae. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 30 mm thick; cylindrical, base slightly bulbous; surface longitudinally fibrillose; colour pale dirty greyish to light brown, blackening with age due to spore deposit. Inner veil whitish to pale brown, fibrillose, leaving fragments on pileus margin, but usually no ring or fibrillose zone on stipe. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10.5–12 × 6.5–7.5 µm, lemon-shaped in face view, and almondshaped in profile, coarsely warted, with distinct germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 23–37 × 8–10 µm, clavate. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Comments Psathyrella asperospora is readily identified by its brownish shaggy pileus and stipe, and black spore deposits on the fibrillose stipe. During wet conditions, droplets of water form on the lamellae, hence the common name ‘Weeping Mary’.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 296 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 162 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 134 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

429

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 495 [D I] (as Lacrymaria asperospora) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 13 [CP] (as Lacrymaria asperospora) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 173 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Psathyrella candolleana

430

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

431

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella candolleana Hypholoma candolleanum

Hypholoma cutifractum

Biology Normally a saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in groups, typically growing in lawns, pastures and cultivated areas. It is also a mycorrhizal partner of a widespread mycoheterotrophic orchid Eulophia zollingeri.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; when young conical to convex, becoming broadly convex, with age broadly umbonate to plane with a slight umbo, margin often has velar fragments when young; surface dry, smooth, occasionally cracked in dry weather; colour when fresh and moist is brown to yellowish brown, on drying quickly fading to a whitish buff with a darker centre, hygrophanous. Flesh thin and fragile. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour at first very pale brown, becoming dark greyish and finally dark brown as spores mature; margin slightly fringed or serrate. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 9 mm thick; cylindrical, fragile, hollow; surface satiny, covered with silky fibrils; colour white or very pale brown. Inner veil whitish to pale brown, fibrillose, evanescent, not always evident on mature specimens. Spore Print Dark red-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal to ovoid, smooth, with distinct germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 22–28 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Recognising Psathyrella candolleana in the field is made difficult by the variable colour of its pileus, and variable fruit-body size. The colour of the pileus is not of great importance but it must be remembered that this species is hygrophanous and becomes pale when dry. The more significant features are the dark brown lamellae when mature, dark red-brown spore deposit, whitish fragile stipe that may have remnants of an annulus, and occurrence on lawns and in cultivated areas. The overall fragile nature of the fruit-body is also important. Species belonging to the genus Psathyrella represent the typical little brown mushroom with few distinguishing features, making this an inadequately studied genus in Australia.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

432

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 363 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 298 [D CI] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 134 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 254 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Psathyrella echinata

433

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

434

Fam. Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella echinata Psilocybe echinata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, or in groups, or in caespitose clusters, usually on rotting wood, sometimes at the base of trees; if on the ground always associated with buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; when young globular, then convex to nearly plane with a small umbo, margin incurved, often with pendulous velar fragments; surface dry, when young covered with granular-like erect spiny bundles of fibrils that disappear with age; colour dark reddish brown, becoming brown, drying to light brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; close; colour brown at first, becoming dark brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 30 mm long and 4 mm thick; cylindrical, usually with tufts of whitish mycelium at the base; surface when young covered with spiny fibrils, which disappear with age starting from the apex; colour pallid, becoming brown. Inner veil whitish, fibrillose, leaving fragments on pileus margin, but usually no ring or fibrillose zone on stipe. Spore Print Dark brown to black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with distinct germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 17–23 × 6–11 µm, clavate. Cystidia metuloid (thick-walled), with encrusted apices. Clamp connections present.

Comments Psathyrella echinata is more easily identified when the fruit-bodies are young, because it is the erect spiny fibrils on the young fruit-bodies that makes this species relatively unique and readily identifiable. When the spiny fibrils disappear, it becomes just another brown mushroom with the associated difficulties in identification. Species belonging to the genus Psathyrella represent the typical little brown mushroom with few distinguishing features, making this an inadequately studied genus in Australia.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 163 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 135 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

435

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 491 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 13 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Schizophyllaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Schizophyllum commune

436

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

437

Fam. Schizophyllaceae

Schizophyllum commune Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, or more frequently gregarious to clustered, bracket-like to imbricate, usually on decaying hardwood, but has also been reported in hay bales.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Width to 60 mm or more; usually fan-shaped, sometimes convex or irregularly lobed; surface dry, radially hairy, covered in downy hair; colour whitish to greyish or sometimes brownish grey when moist, strongly hygroscopic. Flesh thin, tough, leathery. Lamellae (Gills) Lamellae-like folds radiate from point of attachment; they are distinctively split down the middle; colour whitish to greyish. Stipe (Stem) Absent or only slightly developed, narrow or point-like attachment to the substrate. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 2–3.5 µm, cylindrical, some curved, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 40–55 × 7–10 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Schizophyllum commune is bracket-like and readily identifiable by its uniquely split lamellae, hairy pileus, and thin tough fruit-body. This species is cosmopolitan, making it one of the most common species of fungi. Schizophyllum commune does not really have lamellae: its hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consists of cup-like structures, and where they come in contact with each other they produce a formation that looks like a split lamella. Schizophyllum commune is in the schizophylloid clade, which is a member of the cyphelloid group of fungi. A very closely related species, also in the schizophylloid clade, is Fistulina hepatica, which is a bracket fungus consisting mainly of closely spaced tubes.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 590 [D P] Bodensteiner P, Binder M, Moncalvo J-M, Agerer R and Hibbett DS (2004) “Phylogenetic relationships of cyphelloid homobasidiomycetes”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 33(2), pp. 501–515 [D I] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1991) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 3: Boletes and agarics 1st part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 318 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

438

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 172 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 57 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 50 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 82 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 268 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 179 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Agrocybe parasitica

439

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

440

Fam. Strophariaceae

Agrocybe parasitica Cyclocybe parasitica

Biology Saprotrophic and weakly parasitic basidiomycete; scattered to gregarious on dead or living hardwood trees. When fruit-bodies are observed on living trees, heartwood rot is well advanced.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 250 mm or more; at first rounded to convex, then broadly convex to plane; margin sometimes hung with whitish veil remnants; surface dry, velvety; colour brown to golden-brown at centre, becoming paler towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to adnate; close; colour at first buff with a pale margin, then becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 120 mm long and 20 mm thick; more or less equal; surface velvety or with appressed scales; colour whitish above the annulus and pale brown below, becoming darker brown towards the base. Annulus initially a white veil covering the developing lamellae, falling free as a substantial pleated annulus, usually coated with a brown layer of spores. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–11.5 × 5–7 µm (mean 10.2 ± 0.4 × 6.0 ± 0.3, n=30), ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with a conspicuous germ pore. Basidia predominantly four-spored, 30–33 × 11–13 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species, usually found growing on hardwood trees, is recognised by its large fruit-body size, brownish colour and membranous annulus covered in brown spores. This species also occurs in New Zealand, where it was named by Greta Stevenson (Stevenson 1982). There is reasonable phylogenetic evidence indicating that this species is not an Agrocybe and that it actually belongs in the genus Cyclocybe in the family Tubariaceae. I hesitate to use its new name before seeing some phylogenetic evidence that this species actually belongs in the genus Cyclocybe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 21 [D CP] Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 28 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

441

Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. pp. 134–135 [D I] Stevenson G (1982) “A parasitic member of the Bolbitiaceae, Agrocybe parasitica sp. nov. ”. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science Vol. 27, pp. 130–133 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Agrocybe pediades

442

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

443

Fam. Strophariaceae

Agrocybe pediades Agrocybe arenaria Agrocybe arenicola

Agrocybe semiorbicularis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered to gregarious in grass, on lawns, or on manured cultivated ground.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; at first rounded to convex, then broadly convex to plane; when young, margin sometimes hung with whitish fibrillose veil remnants; surface lubricous-viscid when moist, smooth and silky when dry, becoming areolate (split into blocks) when in dry conditions; colour golden-brown to yellow-brown when moist and young, hygrophanous, when dry becoming creamy to creamy ochre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour at first pale, then light brown, and finally becoming dark brown as spores mature; margin appears smooth or denticulate under a hand lens. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 3 mm thick; equal, often longitudinally striate; cream to yellow-brown, usually darker towards the base. Annulus with or without an annular zone, if annular zone present then evanescent and fibrillose. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–14.5 × 6.5–9.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 30–33 × 11–13 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Agrocybe pediades is identified by its relatively small size, yellow-brown colour and convex pileus. It is usually found in grassy areas, particularly in lawns. This is a common northern hemisphere species, which probably was unintentionally introduced into Australia.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 468 [D P] (as Agrocybe pediades complex) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 294 [D CP] (as A. semiorbicularis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Agrocybe praecox complex

444

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

445

Fam. Strophariaceae

Agrocybe praecox complex Pholiota praecox

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or solitary in parks, gardens, pasture, or in wood mulch.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; at first convex, then plane, and finally with a slightly umbonate centre when old; when young, margin sometimes hung with whitish veil remnants; surface smooth, dull, areolate (split into blocks) when in dry conditions; colour light brown to yellow-brown when moist and young, hygrophanous, when dry becoming creamy to creamy ochre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour at first pale, then light brown, and finally becoming dark brown as spores mature; margin appears smooth or denticulate under a hand lens. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 75 mm long and 15 mm thick; longitudinally whitish-fibrillose; cream; base is bulbous. Annulus pronounced when young, but disappears with age. Spore Print Cigar-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 5.5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thick-walled, with germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 25–37 × 8–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Agrocybe praecox belongs to a complex of species which are all recognised by their pale pileus often hung with veil remnants, brownish lamellae, and pale stipe. Mating experiments done by Flynn and Miller (1990) show that in the northern hemisphere at least four species belong to this complex, and they cannot readily be separated using macro or micro characteristics. Fruit-bodies of the A. praecox complex of mushrooms tend to appear in spring, usually amongst grass or in well mulched garden beds. These mushrooms are most likely introduced from the northern hemisphere, where they are common.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 469 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 294 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

446

Flynn T and Miller OK Jr (1990) “Biosystematics of Agrocybe molesta and sibling species allied to Agrocybe praecox in North America and Europe”. Mycological Research Vol. 94(8), pp. 1103–1110 Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 21 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 10 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 246 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Deconica horizontalis

447

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

448

Fam. Strophariaceae

Deconica horizontalis Melanotus haematochrous Melanotus horizontalis Melanotus hepatochrous

Psilocybe hepatochrous Psilocybe horizontalis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on dead wood or bark.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 20 mm or more; convex, kidney-shaped, fan-shaped, sometimes irregularly lobed; surface dry, dull, covered with a whitish bloom, becoming shiny, margin inturned when young; colour cinnamon, pale brown to brown, drying to pale buff. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close, with many series of lamellulae; colour cinnamon-brown. Stipe (Stem) Eccentric to nearly lateral; up to 4 mm long, short, curved, covered with a whitish bloom, base fluffy. Spore Print Purple-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 4–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 16–28 × 5–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Deconica horizontalis is recognised by its small size, brownish pileus and lamellae, and its short curved stipe. The short stipe is curved in such a way as to allow the lamellae to face downwards. Classification-wise, this species has gone through some tumultuous changes: Noordeloos (1995) moved this species into the genus Psilocybe; phylogenetic analysis performed by Matheny et al. (2006) split Psilocybe into two well supported clades (one predominantly with hallucinogenic species and the other with non-hallucinogenic species); Redhead et al. (2007) proposed to conserve the name Psilocybe for the hallucinogenic species; this implied that the non-hallucinogenic species had to be rearranged. As this species is non-hallucinogenic, Noordeloos (2009) placed it in the genus Deconica as D. horizontalis. The phylogenetic studies performed by RamírezCruz et al. (2013) have resolved relationships within Deconica and Psilocybe and have given us a better understanding of species in these related genera.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. p. 124 [D CP] (as Melanotus hepatochrous)

Bloomings Books:

Melbourne.

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

449

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 137 [D CP] (as Psilocybe hepatochrous) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 540 [D] (as Melanotus hepatochrous) Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 122 [D I] (as Melanotus hepatochrous) Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo J-M, Ge Z-W, Yang Z-L, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R and Hibbett DS (2006) “Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 982–995 Noordeloos ME (1995) “Notulae ad Floram Agaricinam Neerlandicam -XXIII Psilocybe and Pholiota”. Persoonia Vol. 16(1), pp. 127–129 Noordeloos ME (2009) “The genus Deconica (W.G.Sm) P. Karst. in Europe - new combinations”. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde Vol. 18, pp. 207–210 Ramírez-Cruz V, Guzmán G, Villalobos-Arámbula AR, Rodríguez A, Matheny PB, SánchezGarcía M and Guzmán-Dávalos L (2013) “Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales)”. Botany Vol. 91, pp. 573–591 Redhead SA, Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Matheny PB, Guzmán-Dávalos L, and Guzmán G (2007) “(1757) Proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe (Basidiomycota) with a conserved type”. Taxon Vol. 56(1), pp. 255–257

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Ivan Margitta

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hypholoma australe

450

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

451

Fam. Strophariaceae

Hypholoma australe Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious to caespitose, usually at the base of stumps, but when on the ground it is above buried decaying wood; causes white rot. When seen at the base of live trees it is growing on the dead bark.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 55 mm or more; convex button at first, becoming broadly convex to irregularly convex; surface smooth, almost waxy to the touch, covered with small white fibrillose scales, most dense at the margin; fibrillose scales disappear with age; colour initially brick-red, with age becoming orange-red, usually paler towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour yellow-green at first, becoming yellowish, then darkening to a purplish brownish grey as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 5 mm thick; cylindrical, equal; surface fibrillose, shaggy fibrillose from veil remnants; colour light brown, becoming dark brown with age, veil remnants white. Inner Veil white, when intact submembranous, usually evanescent, produces a fibrillose annular zone on the stipe. Spore Print Purple-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8.5 × 4–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 20–30 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia 31–46 × 8–11 µm, clavate to clavate-mucronate (with short pointy end), often with yellow oil bodies near apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hypholoma australe has the common name “Brick Caps”, which describes the colour of the pileus of the young fruit-bodies. This species is identified by its reddish pileus with white scales, particularly near the margin, its shaggy fibrillose stipe and its caespitose growth on wood. Hypholoma australe was originally known as H. sublateritium because of its similarity to the northern hemisphere species of that name. In 1996, O. K. Miller Jr. and M. H. Pearce, using mating experiments between the Australian and North American species, conclusively proved that these fungi were not the same species. As a result the Australian version of H. sublateritium was renamed as H. australe.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 232 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

452

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 97 [D CP] (as Hypholoma sublateritium) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 95 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 539 [D I] (as Hypholoma sublateritium) Miller OK Jr and Pearce MH (1996) “A New Species of Hypholoma (Agaricales) from Western Australia”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 9, pp. 819–826 [D P] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 144 [D I] (as Hypholoma sublateritium)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hypholoma brunneum

453

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

454

Fam. Strophariaceae

Hypholoma brunneum Hypholoma brunnea

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually in dense caespitose clumps on decaying wood such as tree stumps or fallen logs and branches; rarely on the ground above buried decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; convex button at first, becoming broadly convex, sometimes slightly umbonate; surface smooth, viscid when moist, covered with small white fibrillose scales, most dense at the margin, fibrillose scales disappear with age; colour varies from dark reddish brown to dark olive-brown, becoming darker (almost black) with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour brownish cream, becoming dull brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 6 mm thick; cylindrical, equal; surface fibrillose, shaggy fibrillose below annular fibrillose zone; colour pallid to light brown, veil remnants white. Inner Veil white, usually evanescent, produces a fibrillose annular zone on the stipe. Spore Print Purple-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, has a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 18–31 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia 25–32 × 11–12 µm, clavate to clavate-mucronate (with short pointy end), often with brown oil bodies near apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hypholoma brunneum is usually recognised by its brown pileus with white fibrillose scales around its margin, its pale fibrillose stipe, and its caespitose growth on dead wood. It is also found in New Zealand.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 96 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 96 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 37 [CP] Reid A (1955) “New or Interesting Records of Australian Basidiomycetes”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 10(4), pp. 631–648 [D I] (as Hypholoma brunnea) D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Paul George

c Ivan Margitta

Hypholoma fasciculare

455

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

456

Fam. Strophariaceae

Hypholoma fasciculare Naematoloma fasciculare

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually in dense caespitose clumps on decaying wood such as tree stumps or fallen logs and branches; rarely on the ground above buried decaying wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; young convex button becoming convex then broadly convex, sometimes slightly umbonate, margin often with yellowish veil fragments when young; surface smooth, not viscid, dull; colour when young yellow-orange then bright sulphur-yellow to greenish yellow, centre usually darker, colour may fade with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; crowded; colour sulphur-yellow when young, then greenish, becoming purplish brown to blackish when spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 90 mm long and 10 mm thick; cylindrical, equal; surface smooth, finely longitudinally fibrillose, when young there is a yellowish fibrillose zone from veil remnants on the upper third; colour sulphur-yellow, reddish brown towards the base. Inner Veil present in the button stage, soon disappearing, leaving a fibrillose zone on the stipe. Spore Print Purple-black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 4–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, has a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 20–32 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia 22–52 × 6–12 µm, clavate to clavate-mucronate (with short pointy end), often with oil bodies near apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hypholoma fasciculare has the common name of “Sulphur Tuft”. This species, which is found on decaying wood, is recognised by the sulphur-yellow fruit-body, the greenish yellow lamellae, and its caespitose habit. Hypholoma fasciculare is a common species, also found in the northern hemisphere.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 382 [D CP] (as Naematoloma fasciculare) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 322 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 96 [D CP]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

457

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 96 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 536 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 37 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 143 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Leratiomyces ceres

458

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

459

Fam. Strophariaceae

Leratiomyces ceres Stropharia aurantiaca Hypholoma aurantiaca

Naematoloma aurantiaca

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered or gregarious on woodchips, in sawdust, lawns, gardens or in forest litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; convex, then broadly convex, finally flat or broadly funnel-shaped, margin usually with white veil fragments; surface smooth, greasy, sticky when moist, soon drying; colour variable, ranging from orange-red, reddish brown, brick-red to tomato-red. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; moderately close; colour initially pallid, becoming greyish brown then purplish brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 10 mm thick; cylindrical, slender, base slightly swollen; surface smooth, with coarse (strigose) hairs at the base, with or without a fibrillose annular zone; colour white towards the apex, with brownish red tints towards the base. Inner Veil white, usually evanescent. Spore Print Dark purple-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–14 × 6–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 27–39 × 8–14 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Leratiomyces ceres is readily recognised by its growth habit and bright reddish to reddish brown pileus. This species is very common in parks and gardens, indicating that it is most likely an introduced species. DNA analysis by Bridge et al. (2008) showed that this species does not belong to the Stropharia genus, but to a closely related genus Leratiomyces.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 382 [D CP] (as Naematoloma aurantiaca) Bridge PD, Spooner BM and Park D-C (2008) “Taxonomy of the fungus commonly known as Stropharia aurantiaca with new combinations in Leratiomyces”. Mycotaxon Vol. 103, pp. 109–121 Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 95 [D CP] (as Hypholoma aurantiaca)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

460

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 106 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 537 [D CI] (as Hypholoma aurantiaca) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 37 [CP] (as Hypholoma aurantiaca) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 248 [D CP] (as Stropharia aurantiaca) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 180 [D CI] (as Stropharia aurantiaca)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pholiota communis

461

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

462

Fam. Strophariaceae

Pholiota communis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, often gregarious or caespitose on the ground amongst leaf litter or on woody debris such as woodchips.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 75 mm or more; initially convex, soon becoming plane, or broadly umbonate, margin sometimes with yellowish veil remnants; surface smooth, viscid when moist, sometimes slightly fibrillose, or with widely spaced scales, more scaly towards the centre; colour variable, ranging from chestnut brown to ochraceous brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to sinuate with a slight decurrent tooth; moderately close; colour at first greenish yellow, becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 75 mm long and 10 mm thick; slender, base slightly bulbous; surface smooth at apex, becoming fibrillose and scaly towards the base; colour pale fawn with brownish scales. Annulus visible only when young, yellowish, evanescent, may leave a fibrillose ring on the stipe, and veil fragments on the pileus margin. Spore Print Dull brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–10 × 5–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 23–33 × 7–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Pholiota communis is recognised by its caespitose habit on woody debris, its brownish viscid pileus, and pale stipe with brownish fibrils towards the base. In the bush it is usually found on woody debris at the base of trees, but it is more common on woodchips in garden beds.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 157 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 524 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pholiota highlandensis

463

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

464

Fam. Strophariaceae

Pholiota highlandensis Pholiota carbonaria

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on burnt ground amongst charcoal, or on burnt wood; often found in old campfire sites.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; at first almost hemispherical, becoming convex, then expanding to almost plane, sometimes slightly umbonate; surface smooth, slightly viscid when moist, shiny when dry; colour dark tan to chestnut, or yellowish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment broadly adnate and notched; moderately close, margin slightly serrate; cream-coloured when young, becoming pale grey-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 5 mm thick; almost slender; surface covered with projecting brownish fibrillose scales; colour pale yellowish brown to brown. Annulus visible only when young, yellowish, rudimentary, leaving an evanescent fibrillose zone on the stipe. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 4–6 µm, ellipsoidal, with indistinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 18–24 × 5–8 µm, clavate. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia fusiform, projecting conspicuously beyond the basidia. Clamp connections present.

Comments Pholiota highlandensis is readily identified by its sticky brownish pileus, its fibrillose stipe and its association with charcoal. It is a cosmopolitan species and is found on burnt-over soil or on charcoal, and is often found on old campfire sites. It is also an early coloniser after bush fires.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 4: Agarics 2nd part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 334 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 157 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 128 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 528 [D I]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

465

Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 93 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 214 [D CP] Smith AH and Hesler LR (1969) The North American species of Pholiota. Hafner: New York. pp. 226–228 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pholiota malicola

466

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

467

Fam. Strophariaceae

Pholiota malicola Flammula malicola

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious, usually caespitose on rotting wood, woody debris such as woodchips and, if on the ground, above rotting buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; at first slightly conic, soon convex, becoming plane or broadly umbonate, sometimes with veil remnants at margin; surface smooth, viscid when moist, shiny when dry; colour variable, ranging from yellow to yellow-orange, orange or orange-buff, fading with age, slightly hygrophanous. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to sinuate; close; colour at first yellowish, becoming rust-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 10 mm thick; equal, base sometimes enlarged; surface smooth, dry, fibrillose but not scaly; colour at first same as pileus, usually paler at apex. Annulus visible only when young, yellowish, rudimentary, leaving an evanescent fibrillose zone on the stipe. Spore Print Rust brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–11 × 4.5–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal to ovate, smooth, with small germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 25–33 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Pholiota malicola is recognised by its caespitose habit, its smooth yellowish orange pileus and stipe, and yellowish to rust-brown lamellae.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 388 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 158 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 128 [D CP] Smith AH and Hesler LR (1969) The North American species of Pholiota. Hafner: New York. pp. 180–181 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pholiota squarrosipes

468

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

469

Fam. Strophariaceae

Pholiota squarrosipes Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious, usually caespitose on the ground, amongst leaf litter, mulch, or near stumps, in native and pine forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 75 mm or more; at first convex, then slightly umbonate, margin often wavy with velar remnants attached; surface viscid when moist, nearly smooth, sometimes with erect fibrillose scales; colour variable, ranging from brownish cream to bright tan. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate or with a decurrent tooth; at first closed with a veil; moderately close; initially cream-coloured, turning brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 80 mm long and up to 12 mm thick, narrowing slightly towards the base; shaggy fibrillose from base to annulus, slightly fibrillose from annulus to just under the lamellae; colour similar to pileus but lighter; white mycelium at base. Annulus present only when young, fibrillose ring remains visible. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 4–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a distinct germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 22–31 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is readily identified by its caespitose growth habit, viscid, brightly coloured pileus with veil remnants, and shaggy fibrillose stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 159 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 129 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 525 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Protostropharia semiglobata

470

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

471

Fam. Strophariaceae

Protostropharia semiglobata Stropharia semiglobata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups, almost exclusively on herbivore dung, such as wombat, cow, or horse dung.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; hemispherical, then expanding to convex; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous, margin even; colour light yellow, sometimes a little darker in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour initially pallid, becoming purplish brown, then mottled black as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 3 mm thick; cylindrical, slender; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous below the glutinous annulus; colour white towards the apex and yellowish towards the base. Inner Veil white, usually evanescent, leaving a spore-covered glutinous ring on the stipe. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 15–20 × 9–10 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, with a distinct apical germ pore. Basidia four-spored, 32–42 × 12–17 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Protostropharia semiglobata is readily recognised by its viscid, yellow, hemispherical pileus, its long slender glutinous stipe, and growth on herbivore dung. It is a European species that has most likely been introduced into Australia with domestic stock.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 376 [D P] (as Stropharia semiglobata) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 174 [D CP] (as Stropharia semiglobata) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2014) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 147 [D CP] (as Stropharia semiglobata) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 532 [D CP] (as Stropharia semiglobata) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 145 [D CP] (as Stropharia semiglobata)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

472

Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 250 [D CP] (as Stropharia semiglobata) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 181 [D I] (as Stropharia semiglobata)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Strophariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Stropharia formosa

473

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

474

Fam. Strophariaceae

Stropharia formosa Psilocybe formosa

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, or scattered, on the ground amongst woody mulch or leaf litter, or on rotting wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 55 mm or more; when young broadly conic, expanding to broadly umbonate or convex, with appendiculate veil remnants on the margin; surface slimy, viscid, drying to glabrous; colour burgundy, rich date brown, becoming brown with a vinaceous tint, or dull brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour at first yellowish grey or pallid, as spores mature becoming greyish brown or dark grey; margin pale. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 80 mm long and 8 mm thick; more or less cylindrical; surface dry, flocculose (scaly) below the annulus; white mycelium at the base; colour pallid, grading to pale creamy brown towards base. Veil usually well developed, pale yellow. Spore Print Black

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–12 × 5.5–7.5 µm, smooth, ellipsoidal, with a germ pore. Basidia normally four-spored, rarely two- or three-spored, 21–31 × 6–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Stropharia formosa is a handsome tallish fungus, readily identified by its slimy burgundy to brownish pileus with appendiculate veil remnants on the margin, greyish lamellae and pale scaly stipe.

References Chang YS, Gates GM and Ratkowsky DA (2006) “Some New Species of the Strophariaceae (Agaricales) in Tasmania”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 24 (3), pp. 53–68 [D I] (as Psilocybe formosa) Fuhrer B and Robinson R (1992) Rainforest Fungi of Tasmania and South-Eastern Australia. CSIRO, East Melbourne, Victoria. p. 59 [D CP] (as Stropharia sp.) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 145 [D CP] Ratkowsky DA, Gates GM and Chang YS (2013) “Two new combinations in the Strophariaceae (Agaricales) of Tasmania”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 31, pp. 39–40 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Collybia eucalyptorum

475

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

476

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Collybia eucalyptorum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; in moist to wet forest, gregarious to caespitose on wood, usually at the bases of stumps or old eucalypt trunks.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 38 mm or more; convex to broadly convex; surface smooth, dry; colour buffy cinnamon at centre, becoming pallid towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed; close to crowded; creamcoloured. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 5 mm thick, slender, smooth, cartilaginous, often hollow; colour reddish brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 3–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 23–34 × 6.5–9.5 µm, clavate. Cheilocystidia 16–25 × 3.5–10.5 µm, fusoid, some with large excrescences. Clamp connections present.

Comments The pale coloured pileus, the smooth, reddish brown stipe and the lignicolous habit of this species makes identification not too difficult. Also, it is one of a few species of Collybia that have conspicuous cheilocystidia.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 38 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 345 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 44 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Conchomyces bursiformis

477

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

478

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Conchomyces bursiformis Agaricus bursaeformis Agaricus euphyllus Agaricus guilfoylei Agaricus sordulentus Conchomyces verrucisporus

Pleurotus bursaeformis Hohenbuehelia bursaefomis Hohenbuehelia dimorphocystis Resupinatus sordulentus Conchomyces bursaeformis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small to large colonies on dead wood such as decaying logs in wet forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 60 mm broad, varying in shape from fan- or shell-shaped, to having irregular lobes; margin initially inrolled, becoming fully expanded with age; surface nearly smooth or finely hairy, becoming scaly at point of contact with substrate, sometimes striate towards the margin; colour white, pale cream to light brown, sometimes with a greenish tint, with age becoming ochraceous, strongly hygrophanous. Context tough to subgelatinous, rubbery, white to very pale brown. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from rudimentary stipe, or from point of attachment to the substrate, close; colour white to cream, often with transverse striations on both faces. Stipe (Stem) None, or when present either rudimentary or cylindrical, up to 10 mm long and 3 mm thick, eccentric to laterally attached; concolorous with pileus; surface felty and dry. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 5–6 µm, ovoid to subglobose, covered in small spines. Basidia four-spored, 20–25 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Conchomyces bursiformis is a relatively rare fungus found throughout Australasia and Java (Indonesia). It is readily recognised by its smooth, pale cream to light brown, rubbery, shell-shaped pileus (up to 60 mm broad), which is attached to decaying wood by a very short stipe, and its white lamellae and spores. Although this species is readily recognisable, its mix of characteristics made it very difficult to assign to a genus (Horak 1981). It was first described from Tasmania in 1860, by Berkeley as Agaricus bursaeformis. In 1887 he transferred it to Pleurotus bursaeformis. In 1927 Casper van Overeem, a Dutch mycologist, described a new species he found in Java as Conchomyces verrucisporus. (The significance of this will become apparent later). The species

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

479

was still producing problems. In 1963 Derek Reid, a mycologist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, renamed it Hohenbuehelia bursaefomis. Egon Horak, who had come across Overeem’s description, and in 1977 had collected new material in Java, finally re-described this species in 1981 and placed it in the genus Conchomyces (Horak, 1981). He concluded that Conchomyces verrucisporus described by Overeem is the same as Agaricus bursaeformis described by Berkeley in 1860. Horak renamed this species Conchomyces bursaeformis. Using present day nomenclature it is now known as C. bursiformis. A DNA study carried out by Moncalvo et al. (2002) proved that Horak was correct in placing this species in its own genus.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 39 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 45 [D CP] Horak E (1981) “Conchomyces v. Overeem – an Independent Genus within the Agaricales?”. Sydowia Vol. 34, pp. 109–114 [D I] Moncalvo J-M, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Aime MC, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJW, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Thorn RG, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller Jr. OK (2002) “One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 23, pp. 357–400 Reid DA (1963) “New or Interesting Records of Australasian Basidiomycetes: V”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 17(2), pp. 267–308 [D I] (as Hohenbuehelia bursaefomis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lepista nuda

480

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

481

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Lepista nuda Clitocybe nuda

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground, in humus, heavily mulched garden beds, or in decaying leaf litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; when young, broadly convex with inrolled margin, becoming plane, occasionally with a broad low umbo, margin at times uplifted, wavy or irregular; surface glabrous, often lustrous when dry; colour shades of violet or purple when young and fresh, with age slowly fading to drab cinnamon buff with only a slight violet tinge at the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to sinuate, occasionally subdecurrent; close; colour at first pale violet or lavender, becoming buff or brownish with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 25 mm thick; usually stout, equal, base sometimes slightly bulbous, with whitish mycelium at the base; surface dry, fibrillose to scurfy; colour violet to lavender, bruising a dull lavender, with age turning brown from the base upwards. Spore Print Dull pinkish

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8.5 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal, minutely verrucose (warty), roughened. Basidia four-spored, 23–36 × 7–10 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments When young and fresh, Lepista nuda is readily identified by its overall violet to lavender colour; when it ages it loses its violet coloration and starts to turn a dull cinnamon-brown, then field identification becomes a little more difficult and confusion with some species of Cortinarius is possible. Careful attention to the spore colour needs to be made. In Australia, Lepista nuda is an introduced species, usually found in nature strips, garden beds, or on the periphery of native forests, but seldom deep within native forests. It has been shown that Lepista belongs inside the Clitocybe clade: genetically Lepista is a Clitocybe, although not a typical one, because it has pinkish roughened spores instead of smooth whitish spores and its lamellae are not strongly decurrent.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 153 [D CP] (as Clitocybe nuda)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

482

Bigelow HE and Smith AH (1969) “The Status of Lepista — A New Section of Clitocybe”. Brittonia Vol. 21(2), pp. 144–177 [D P] (as Clitocybe nuda) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 111 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 42 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 312 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 49 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 156 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Leucopaxillus cerealis

483

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

484

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus cerealis Leucopaxillus albissimus

Biology Most likely a saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under a variety of trees, including conifers and Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; when young convex with an inrolled margin, expanding to nearly plane; surface dry, dull, glabrous when young and moist, often cracking or becoming scaly when dry and with age; colour when very young pure white, with age becoming tinted yellowish brown, darker in the centre. Context white, does not bruise, with age becoming cream-coloured. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment subdecurrent to decurrent; close, thin; colour white at first, becoming pale buff with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 30 mm thick; stout, cylindrical, often enlarged at the base, growing from copious dense white mycelium; surface smooth to finely scaly; colour when young creamy white, becoming pale buff with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–8.5 × 4–5.5 µm (including ornamentations), ellipsoidal to almost oval, hyaline, often with one oil drop, and with scattered strongly amyloid warts. Basidia four-spored, 29–36 × 5.–8 µm, narrowly clavate, often with a clamp connection at the base. Cystidia: cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia present, filamentous, often with short branches, often septate, not easy to find in some specimens but abundant in others. Clamp connections present.

Comments Leucopaxillus cerealis is a moderately large agaric which has a whitish to pale fawn pileus, whitish decurrent lamellae and a stout white stipe, at the base of which is a dense white mycelial mat. Another feature of this species is its resistance to decay: non-waterlogged specimens can survive for months. Although these features would make it seem easy to identify this species, according to Singer and Smith (1943) there is a complex of closely related species that could make identification difficult. It is also possible that Leucopaxillus cerealis does not belong to a complex of species but is a single variable species. More taxonomic work needs to be done on this genus in order to clarify the number of species within it. The longevity of the fruit-body is made possible

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

485

by the presence of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant compounds (Marx 1969).

References Marx DA (1969) “The Influence of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Resistance of Pine Roots to Pathogenic Infection. I. Antagonism of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Root Pathogenic Fungi and Soil Bacteria”. Phytopatholgy. Vol. 59, pp. 153–163 Singer R and Smith AH (1943) “A monograph on the genus Leucopaxillus Boursier”. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters. Vol. 28 (1942), pp. 85– 132 [D P] Singer R and Smith AH (1947) “Additional Notes on the Genus Leucopaxillus”. Mycologia. Vol. 39 (6), pp. 725–736 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum

486

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

487

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum Clitocybe eucalyptorum

Biology Most likely a saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; initially convex, with inrolled margin, becoming broadly convex, then becoming plane and centrally depressed; surface dry, innately fibrillose, slightly velvety, becoming scaly in the centre; colour drab, dull creamy brown to dull tan, usually darker in the centre, sometimes with mottled patches. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to moderately decurrent; crowded; colour white to cream, sometimes bruising brownish when older. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 25 mm thick; rather stout, with swollen base; dense white mycelium in the substrate near the base; surface dry, finely fibrillose; colour pallid to whitish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–7 × 3.5–5.5 µm, short ellipsoidal to subglobose, warty-rough. Basidia four-spored, 24–35 × 6–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum is a stout fungus usually found near the base of old eucalypts. It is identified by its brownish velvety pileus, whitish stipe and lamellae, and copious white mycelium in the mulch and soil near the base of the stipe.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 115 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 363 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Leucopaxillus gentianeus

488

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

489

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus gentianeus Leucopaxillus amarus

Biology Most likely a saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under conifers.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; when young convex with an inrolled margin, expanding to nearly plane, with age may become upturned, margin slightly striate; surface dry, dull, glabrous when young and moist, often cracking or becoming scaly when dry and with age; colour when young reddishbrown to brown, with age becoming dull brown, usually lighter towards the margin. Context white, does not bruise, with age becoming cream-coloured. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to slightly decurrent; close, thin; colour white, becoming pale buff with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 40 mm thick; stout, cylindrical, often enlarged at the base, growing from copious dense white mycelium; surface smooth to felty; colour white to cream, may become stained pallid brown with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–5.5 × 3.5–5 µm (including ornamentations), short ellipsoidal to subglobose, hyaline, ornamentation difficult to see in KOH, amyloid warts easily seen with Melzer’s reagent. Basidia four-spored, 21–30 × 5–7 µm, narrowly clavate, often with a clamp connection at the base. Cystidia: cheilocystidia filamentous. Clamp connections present.

Comments Leucopaxillus gentianeus is found under conifers and can readily be identified by its large size, brownish pileus and white lamellae and stipe. This is a northern hemisphere species which has been introduced into Australia and at present is not common. L. gentianeus is very similar in appearance to L. eucalyptorum, which does not grow under conifers.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 168 [D P] (as Leucopaxillus amarus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 114 [D CP] (as Leucopaxillus amarus)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

490

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 363 [D CP] (as Leucopaxillus amarus) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 96 [D CP] (as Leucopaxillus gentianus) Singer R and Smith AH (1943) “A monograph on the genus Leucopaxillus Boursier”. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters. Vol. 28 (1942), pp. 85– 132 [D P] (as Leucopaxillus amarus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Leucopaxillus lilacinus

491

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

492

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus lilacinus Biology Most likely a saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially convex, with inrolled margin, becoming broadly convex, or becoming plane and centrally depressed, margin grooved; surface dry, smooth, very slightly velvety; colour entirely lilac, not changing with age, sometimes mottled with paler shades. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; crowded; sometimes forked and interconnected (anastomosing); colour white to cream, occasionally bruising brownish when older. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 25 mm thick; stout-clavate, with dense white mycelium in the substrate near the base; surface dry, smooth; colour light shade of lilac, becoming white at apex. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 4–5.5 µm, short ellipsoidal to ovoid, warty-rough as seen in Melzer’s reagent, warts are removed by KOH solution. Basidia four-spored, 34–55 × 6–11 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Leucopaxillus lilacinus is a stout fungus usually found at the base of eucalypts. It is identified by its lilac pileus and stipe, whitish lamellae, and copious white mycelium in the mulch and soil near the base of the stipe.

References Bougher, N.L. (1986) “ A new species of Leucopaxillus Bours. (Agaricales) from Western Australia”. Sydowia Vol. 39, pp. 17–21 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Resupinatus cinerascens

493

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

494

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Resupinatus cinerascens Pleurotus cinerascens

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually gregarious, its shell-like fruit-bodies often overlapping on dead twigs, decaying wood or woody bark.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 12 mm in diameter; convex to cup-shaped, becoming flattened; surface dry, when young hoary, covered with tufts of white hairs, with age surface becomes smooth with only a remnant of hairy fibrils left on the margin; colour brownish grey to sooty grey. Flesh thin, dark, rubbery, gelatinous. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from point of attachment, moderately close, with numerous lamellulae, margin pale to white. Stipe (Stem) Absent; fruit-body eccentrically attached to substrate at the apex of the pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–9.5 × 3.5–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia two- or four-spored, 19–22 × 4.5–6.5 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata up to 7 µm long. Cheilocystidia 19–34 µm long, diverticulate (having numerous short branches or peg-like protrusions over the surface). Pileal cuticle consists of a gelatinous matrix of cylindrical hyphae 3–8 µm diameter, with abundant finger-like protrusions with numerous encrusting crystals. Clamp connections present.

Comments Resupinatus cinerascens is a beautiful small bracket, found on decaying twigs or woody bark. This species is evidently closely related to R. applicatus and R. subapplicatus, but can be separated using microscopic features. R. applicatus has different pileal cells without any embedded crystals, and widely spaced lamellae, while R. subapplicatus has smaller subglobose spores. The white hoary patches on the young fruit-bodies of R. cinerascens are usually more pronounced than those on R. applicatus and R. subapplicatus, but this is not an accurate diagnostic feature because the hoary patches are quickly lost with age.

References Cleland JB (1927) “Australian Fungi: Notes and descriptions – No. 6”. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia Vol. 51, pp. 298–306 [D] (as Pleurotus cinerascens)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

495

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 166 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 47 [D I] Willis JH (1957) Victorian Toadstools and Mushrooms. 2nd edn. The Field Naturalists Club of Victoria. p. 57 [D] (as Pleurotus cinerascens)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Resupinatus subapplicatus

496

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

497

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Resupinatus subapplicatus Pleurotus subapplicatus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually gregarious, its shell-like fruit-bodies sometimes overlapping on decaying Eucalyptus wood or woody bark.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 16 mm but often much less (approximately 6 mm); convex, becoming depressed towards the attachment, at first inverted saucer-shaped, becoming fan-shaped; surface hairy, powdery then rather rough; colour pallid grey or greyish brown. Flesh thin, with a dark, gelatinous upper layer. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from a lateral or eccentric point of attachment, moderately close, with numerous lamellulae, initially white, then grey with a light brown tint. Stipe (Stem) No definite stipe present. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–7.5 × 3.5–6.5 µm, subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 18–33 × 6–8 µm, clavate, with robust sterigmata up to 6 µm long. Cheilocystidia 10–21 µm long, diverticulate (having numerous short branches or peg-like protrusions over the surface), forming a sterile lamella edge. Pileal cuticle consists of filamentous, nodulose-diverticulate hyphae. Clamp connections present.

Comments Resupinatus subapplicatus is a small grey bracket, found on decaying Eucalyptus wood or woody bark. This species is evidently closely related to R. applicatus and R. cinerascens, but can be separated using microscopic features. R. applicatus has different pileal cells without any embedded crystals, and widely spaced lamellae, while R. cinerascens has larger ellipsoidal spores.

References Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 90 [D] (as Pleurotus subapplicatus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 138 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 47 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Rimbachia bryophila

498

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

499

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Rimbachia bryophila Cantharellus bryophilus Leptoglossum bryophilum

Mniopetalum bryophilum

Biology Possibly parasitic basidiomycete; scattered to gregarious, found growing on mosses.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Very small, up to 6 mm diameter, pendulous cupulate, then pleurotoid to broadly fan-shaped; margin incurved, decurved in age, sometimes wavy; surface dry, slightly pubescent near the base, elsewhere glabrous or matted-fibrillose; colour white. Lamellae (Gills) Thick lamellae-like folds, distant, radiating from basal attachment point; colour white, with age becoming stained. Stipe (Stem) Absent or lateral; attachment eccentric or lateral. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7 × 4.5–6.5 µm, subglobose to broadly tear-drop-shaped, smooth, thin-walled, with conspicuous apiculus up to 2.0 µm long. Basidia four-spored, 20–25 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Rimbachia bryophila is a cosmopolitan species. As its name would suggest, it is usually found growing on moss, and it is likely that this association with mosses is a parasitic one, as patches of dead moss are often found near the fruit-bodies. It can be recognised in the field by its small size, laterally attached white pileus, lack of stipe, and lamellae that look like thick folds. The latter feature helps to separate it from other diminutive species such as those of Crepidotus.

References Redhead SA (1984) “Arrhenia and Rimbachia, expanded generic concepts, and a reevaluation of Leptoglossum with emphasis on muscicolous North American taxa”. Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 62, pp. 865–892 [D] Segedin BP (1994) “Studies in the Agaricales of New Zealand" new records and new species of the genera Cheimonophyllum, Mniopetalum,and Anthracophyllum (Tricholomataceae, Collybieae)”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 32(1), pp. 61–72 [D I] Senn-Irlet B and Moreau P-A (2003) “Notes on three Rimbachia species from the Alps’.’ Czech Mycology Vol. 54(3–4), pp. 145–154 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Scytinotus longinquus

500

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

501

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Scytinotus longinquus Panellus longinquus

Pleurotopsis longinqua

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious, usually on damp dead fallen or standing branches or twigs.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 40 × 20 mm; when young almost circular, becoming fan-shaped or irregularly lobed, in profile broadly convex, margin inrolled; surface glabrous, often viscid, translucent when moist; colour when very young white, becoming pinkish brown then finally cinnamon-brown. Flesh thin, firm, almost gelatinous. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; moderately close when young, becoming subdistant with age; colour initially white, then pale yellow-cream, becoming peach-coloured as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Lateral to radially eccentric; generally up to 5 mm long and 5 mm thick, short, stout, same colour as lamellae, usually with a wad of white mycelium at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10.5 × 3–5 µm, ellipsoidal to almost cylindrical, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 30–42 × 4–6 µm, clavate.

Comments Scytinotus longinquus is readily recognised by its beautiful translucent fruitbody, the pinkish brown, almost gelatinous-like pileus, pinkish lamellae, and short lateral stipe that is the same colour as the lamellae. This species also occurs in North and South America and New Zealand. DNA analysis (Hughes et al. 1998) indicates that this species is native to Australia and New Zealand and the American populations are most likely due to unintentional distribution caused by human migration.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 159 [D CP] (as Pleurotopsis longinqua) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 126 [D CP] (as Panellus longinquus) Hughes KW, Toyohara TL and Petersen RH (1998) “DNA Sequence and RFLP Analysis of Pleurotopsis longinqua from Three Disjunct Populations”. Mycologia Vol. 90(4), pp. 595–600 (as Pleurotopsis longinqua)

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

502

Libonati-Barnes SD and Redhead SA (1984) “Panellus longinquus subsp. pacificus a new West Coast North American agaric associated with Red Alder”. Mycotaxon Vol. 20(1), pp. 205–212 [D P] (as Pleurotopsis longinqua) Petersen RH (1992) “Mating systems of three New Zealand agarics”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 30(2), pp. 189–197 [D I] (as Pleurotopsis longinqua)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Singerocybe clitocyboides

503

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

504

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Singerocybe clitocyboides Clitocybe clitocyboides

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on the ground in wet eucalypt forest and rainforest, either solitary or in small groups.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 75 mm or more; funnel-shaped; surface has a silky smooth, waxy texture due to inflated hyphal cells in the pileus cuticle; colour cream to brownish cream. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; crowded; colour white at first, becoming creamy with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 65 mm long and 7 mm thick; smooth, same colour as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7 × 3–4 µm, short-ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored. Clamp connections present.

Comments Singerocybe clitocyboides is recognised by its pale colour and decurrent lamellae. Microscopically it can readily be identified by the inflated hyphal cells in the pileus cuticle. It is found on soil, and has no distinctive odour. There are similar looking species, most of which have distinctive odours, such as Clitocybe paraditopa which smells like wattle blossom.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 35 [D CP] (as Clitocybe clitocyboides) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 41 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 43 [CP] (as Clitocybe clitocyboides) Pegler DN (1965) “Studies on Australian Agaricales”. Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 13. pp. 323–356 [D] (as Clitocybe clitocyboides)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Tricholoma eucalypticum

505

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

506

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Tricholoma eucalypticum Tricholoma coarctata

Lyophyllum eucalypticum

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found on the ground amongst litter, usually in caespitose clumps or small groups under a variety of Eucalyptus species in wet or dry sclerophyll forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; initially convex, becoming broadly convex, then irregularly convex, with an incurved margin; surface in moist conditions sticky-viscid, in dry conditions smooth, sometimes with scales, shiny, with radial fibrils; colour brownish to pinkish-brown, darker in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to sinuate; moderately close to crowded, edge smooth; colour white, then cream-coloured, with age developing rusty brown spots. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 40 mm or more thick; stout, cylindrical at the apex becoming more club-shaped towards the base; surface dry, grading from fibrillose to scaly towards the base; colour whitish at the apex, grading to pinkish brown towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose. Basidia four-spored, 28–44 × 5–8 µm, slender clavate. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections absent.

Comments It seems that Tricholoma eucalypticum is found throughout Australia where there are Eucalyptus species in wet or dry sclerophyll forests. This makes it a widely distributed and common species. T. eucalypticum was named by Pearson (1951) from material found in a South African eucalypt plantation. It has also been found in other overseas eucalypt plantations (Lago et al. 1999). In 1986 T. eucalypticum was renamed to Lyophyllum eucalypticum by M.M Moser, and according to “Index Fungorum” L. eucalypticum is the preferred name for this species. For the time being the name Tricholoma eucalypticum will be used until phylogenetic evidence becomes available to warrant a name change.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 216 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

507

Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 63 [D] (as Tricholoma coarctata) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 176 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. pp. 320–321 [D I] Lago M and Castro ML (1999) “Tricholoma eucalyticum, A new record to Europe”. Mycotaxon Vol. 73, pp. 257–262 [D I] Pearson AA. (1951) “Cape Agarics and Boleti”. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Vol. 33, pp. 276–316 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 182 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tricholomataceae

c Arthur Carew

c Virgil Hubregtse

Tricholomopsis rutilans

508

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

509

Fam. Tricholomataceae

Tricholomopsis rutilans Tricholoma rutilans

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or caespitose on rotting wood such as rotting stumps and other wood that is either above ground or buried. Most common on decaying conifer wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; initially button-shaped, then convex, broadly convex with an incurved margin, expanding to plane; surface dry, densely covered with fibrils or scales, at maturity the fibrils aggregating into scales; colour of underlying surface yellow, covered with dark red to to purplish red fibrils. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to notched; close to moderately close; colour yellow to pale yellow. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 100 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout or slender; surface dry, fibrillose or scaly; colour yellow, covered in red to purplish red fibrils, fibrils more dense towards the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 4–5.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose. Basidia four-spored, 32–45 × 7–9 µm, slender clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Tricholomopsis rutilans is readily recognised by growing on wood, having a pileus covered in red to purplish red fibrils, yellow lamellae, a stipe covered with red to purplish red fibrils, and no annulus. Gymnopilus dilepis has a similar colour scheme, but has an annulus. T. rutilans is a northern hemisphere species, which was probably accidentally introduced into Australia with pine trees or on infected pine wood.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 145 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 218 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 176 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 341 [D CI]

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

510

Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 66 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 59 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 98 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 183 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tubariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Tubaria rufofulva

511

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

512

Fam. Tubariaceae

Tubaria rufofulva Pholiota rufofulva Pholiota serrulata

Pholiota imperfecta

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, in large colonies or caespitose on rotting wood, amongst deep forest litter, or on the ground above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 45 mm or more; when young conico-convex, with lamellae protected by a white veil, then convex, broadly convex, finally plane or uplifted, margin sometimes striate; surface dry, minutely fibrillose, velvety; colour wine-red to maroon, hygrophanous, drying paler. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close to moderately close; colour wine-red to maroon, becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 10 mm thick; normally slender; surface dry, smooth; colour similar to pileus. Annulus evanescent, leaving a white fibrillose ring on the stipe. Spore Print Rust-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10.5 × 5–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal. Basidia four-spored, 26–38 × 7–10 µm, slender clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Tubaria rufofulva is readily recognised by the wine-red to maroon colour of the fruit-body (pileus, lamellae, and stipe), the white annulus on the stipe, and its lignicolous habit. There are no other species with which it could be easily confused.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 178 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 148 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 58 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 113 [D I] Horak E (1983) “Mycogeography in the South Pacific Region: Agaricales, Boletales”. Australasian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series No. 10, pp. 1–41 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 26 [CP] D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Typhulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Macrotyphula juncea

513

2.1. Order: Agaricales

Fungi in Australia

514

Fam. Typhulaceae

Macrotyphula juncea Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or more commonly in large colonies on moist decaying forest litter under native or introduced trees and shrubs.

Fruit-body Description Height to 80 mm or more and up to 1.5 mm thick, slender, thread-like, initially erect, at maturity straight to curved, flexible, apex ending with an obtuse tip, attached to the substrate by a white mycelial disc; surface of fertile region smooth, cream-buff to pale ochraceous brown, the lower sterile region slightly darker in colour. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 4–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 30–36 × 6–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Macrotyphula juncea is recognised by its slender fruit-body. If it were not for its gregarious fruiting habit it would easily remain unnoticed. Its slimness makes this species unique amongst the coral and club fungi.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 636 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 340 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 203 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 80 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 87 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 341 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

chapter 3

GLOSSARY As you get more involved with fungi, and in particular when talking with fellow enthusiasts or reading about fungi, the jargon of terms and phrases will eventually become part of your own language. In the meantime, here is a glossary with images to assist with terms that are frequently used by mycologists. adnate – pertaining to the attachment of the lamellae, tubes, spines, etc. to the stipe of the fungus in which the attachment is perpendicular to the stipe. adnexed – pertaining to the attachment of the lamellae, tubes, spines, etc. to the stipe of the fungus in which the fertile tissue curves upwards towards the pileus of the fungus before attaching to the stipe. aff. – with affinity to, or similar to. agaric – a term commonly used to describe a fungus that has a pileus (cap), lamellae (gills), and a stipe (stem), i.e., what most people would call a mushroom.

allantoid – sausage-shaped, usually referring to spores.

amanitoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, an annulus and a volva.

Fungi in Australia

amyloid – a chemical staining reaction in which the tissue, spore wall ornamentation, etc. stains bluish-black in Melzer’s reagent (iodine solution), showing the presence of starch. amygdaliform – having an almond-shape, usually referring to almond-shaped spores. anamorph – an asexual reproductive form of a fungus, cf. teleomorph. anastomosing (interveining) – referring to lamellae that have transverse connections resembling veins. annulus – a ring or collar of tissue around the stipe, usually derived from the partial veil. See Amanita muscaria. appendiculate – usually referring to the hanging veil remnants on the margin of a pileus. applanate – flattened or becoming flattened. appressed – scales, fibres or hairs that lie flat against the surface of the pileus or stipe. areolate – a surface that is split into regular or irregular shaped blocks, revealing the underlying flesh, usually referring to the outer skin of a fungus. armillarioid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, attached lamellae, an annulus, but no volva. attached – lamellae (gills) fastened to the stipe of a mushroom.

516

Fungi in Australia

basidiomycete – a fungus that reproduces by producing basidiospores on the basidia. Examples of these fungi types are mushrooms, corals, jellies, puffballs, stinkhorns, brackets, and clubs. basidium (pl. basidia) – a microscopic club-shaped structure that bears the spores of basidiomycetes.

basidiocarp – the fruit-body of a basidiomycete fungus. bifurcate – dividing into two branches; usually used to describe branching of lamellae. bolete – a fleshy mushroom-like fungus with tubes and pores on the underside of the pileus. See Suillus luteus. boletoid – resembling a bolete. bracket – a fungus with a bracket-shaped fruit-body, often produced on trees or dead wood. The fruit-body can be woody, fleshy, tough, or leathery.

broom cell – a cystidium that bears apical appendages, giving it a broom-like appearance.

bulbous – (of stipe) having a swollen base.

517

Fungi in Australia

caespitose – where a number of fruit-bodies are fused together. See Flammulina velutipes. caulocystidium – a cystidium found on the stipe of a fungal fruit-body.

campanulate – (often of pileus) bell-shaped.

caulocystidium (pl. caulocystidia) – a cystidium on the stipe of a fungus. cheilocystidium (pl. cheilocystidia) – a cystidium on the edge of a lamella (gill). chlamydospores – asexual spores formed by the breaking up of fungal hyphae. clamp connection – a special structure bridging the septa (cross-walls) of the hyphae of some basidiomycetes. This structure allows nuclei to migrate into new cells after after mitotic division. A clamp connection looks something like the handle on a cup. However, it may be flattened against the wall of the cells or may have a large opening (keyhole clamp).

clavate – club-shaped.

clitocyboid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, decurrent lamellae, and no annulus or volva.

518

Fungi in Australia

close – usually referring to the spacing of lamellae, which are neither crowded nor well spaced (distant) but arbitrarily in between. collybioid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, attached (but not decurrent) lamellae, a convex to parabolic pileus with an initially inrolled to incurved pileal margin, and no annulus or volva. concave – saucer-shaped; often used to describe the shape of disc fungi.

concentric – having rings or zones within each other.

concolorous – two or more objects having the same colour.

conic – cone-shaped (e.g. a pileus that is taller than its width and often pointed).

convex – rounded, higher in the middle than at the margin.

coprophilous – growing on dung or droppings. corticioid – having effused, smooth fruit-body that usually forms on the underside of dead wood, also sometimes called crust fungi.

519

Fungi in Australia

cortina – cobweb-like partial (inner) veil between pileus margin and stipe of certain agarics. See Cortinarius species. crowded – referring to the spacing of lamellae that are very close together.

cuticle – outermost layer of pileus or stipe. cylindric – cylinder-shaped, e.g. a stipe that has the same diameter from apex to base. cystidium (pl. cystidia) – a large sterile cell of distinct shape on the pileus, lamellae, or stipe surface. decurrent – pertaining to the attachment of the lamellae, tubes, spines, etc. that descend down the stipe to some degree. See Austropaxillus infundibuliformis. decurved (incurved) – bent downwards, usually referring to the margin of a pileus. deliquescence (autodigestion) – lamellae turning into a liquid, liquefying. See Coprinus comatus. depressed – usually with reference to a pileus, with the central part sunken below the level of the margin. Concave. dextrinoid – a chemical staining reaction in which the tissue, spore wall ornamentation, etc. stains reddish to reddish brown upon exposure to iodine or Melzer’s reagent. (See also amyloid). diploid – of a nucleus, cell, hypha, or a fruit-body having two sets of chromosomes (male and female).

520

Fungi in Australia

disc – (of pileus) central part of the pileus.

distant – referring to the spacing of lamellae that are wide apart.

dry – pileus or stipe neither viscid nor hygrophanous.

eccentric (excentric) – (of stipe) not attached to the centre of the pileus. ectomycorrhiza (EM) – mycorrhiza where the fungal hyphae form sheaths around the rootlets of a plant (often of a tree), growing between but not penetrating the cells of the plant rootlets, and providing the plant with water and nutrients while the plant supplies sugars to the fungus. ellipsoidal – a object that is bilaterally symmetrical,with curved sides and rounded ends, often referring to the shape of spores.

emarginate – sharply adnexed to the stipe, typically describing lamellae attachment. endomycorrhiza – mycorrhiza in which fungal hyphae penetrate cell walls of host plant.

521

Fungi in Australia

ephemeral (evanescent) – appearing briefly and then vanishing, e.g. a part of the fungus that is present in the young fruit-body, but disappears when it matures. equal – usually refers to a stipe having the same diameter throughout its length. farinaceous – an odour variously described as that of raw potatoes, raw cucumbers, or even of soaps; mealy. felted – covered with densely matted fibrils or hairs. fibrillose – covered with hair-like filaments and arranged more or less parallel with one another. floccose – with a covering of loose cotton-like or or downy scales. free – referring to lamellae, tubes, spines etc. that are not attached to the stipe. fruit-body – in macro and micro fungi, the structure that supports the spore-bearing organs. fusiform – spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends (usually referring to spores). galerinoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, attached lamellae (which may be decurrent), a variable pileal shape, variable pileal margin, and an annulus but no volva. gasteroid – basidiocarps that include puffballs, earth-stars, stinkhorns, and false-truffles.

522

Fungi in Australia

gasteromycetes – macrofungi with a sac-like structure containing spore-bearing tissue (gleba). germ pore – thin region of spore wall via which spores can germinate. glabrous – smooth, without any hairs or other ornamentation. gleba – the spore-bearing tissue inside a sac-like structure.

globose – having a spherical shape (e.g. fungal fruit-bodies or spores). glutinous – (often describing a pileus surface) covered with a slimy gelatinous layer. granulose – (often describing a pileus or stipe surface) covered with small granules. guttule – a small oil-like drop visible (via a microscope) inside a fungal spore. haploid – of a nucleus, cell, hypha, or a fruit-body having only one set of chromosomes. hirsute – covered with longish fibres or hairs. hispid – covered with stiff or bristle-like hairs. hyaline – clear and without colour; referring to structures such as spores seen under a microscope. hygrophanous – having the characteristic of changing colour upon drying.

523

Fungi in Australia

hymenium – the spore-bearing surface of the fruit-body. hypha (pl. hyphae) – one of the filaments of a fungal mycelium. imbricate – overlapping like roof tiles, e.g. the scales on a pileus, or multiple tiers of a bracket-like fungus. See Coprinus comatus. infundibuliform – (of pileus) funnel-shaped. See Austropaxillus infundibuliformis. inamyloid – no change of colour upon application of Melzer’s reagent. incurved – referring to a pileal margin, pointing down towards the stipe or the lamellae, but not rolled up. institious – where the stipe is attached to the substrate without fibrils or hyphae being visible. intervenose – see anastomosing.

involute (inrolled) – referring to a pileal margin, margin rolled inwards.

lamellae (sing. lamella) – the technical term used to describe the gills of a mushroom which extend from the pileal margin to the stipe.

524

Fungi in Australia

lamellulae (sing. lamellula) – short gills that occur between normal gills but do not extend all the way from the pileal margin to the stipe. lageniform – usually in reference to the shape of cystidia, swollen at the base and narrow at the apex; flaskshaped. latex – a coloured juice exuding from an injured portion of a fungal fruit-body. lecythiform – often referring to cystidia, bowling pinshaped.

lepiotoid – A mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, and an annulus but no volva.

lignicolous – growing on or in wood.

lubricous – slippery; a greasy smoothness.

macrofungi – fungal fruit-bodies that can be seen readily with the naked eye. margin – with reference to pileus or lamellae, outermost edge of the pileus; edge of lamellae.

525

Fungi in Australia

marginate – with reference to (a) lamellae, when the lamella edge has a different colour from its face; or (b) stipe base, when there is a distinct rim at the base of a bulbous stipe. mealy – a surface covered with flour-like particles; smelling like fresh flour. merulioid – a structure type, hymenophore wrinkled with low uneven ridges, like the fruit-body of a Merulius. metuloid – a thick-walled cystidium which may or may not be encrusted at its apex. micaceous – a surface covered with mica-like (glistening) particles. mycelium – the filamentous vegetative (growing and feeding) portion of a fungus. mycenoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, variably attached (but not decurrent) lamellae, a conic to campanulate pileal shape, an incurved to straight pileal margin, and no annulus or volva. mycorrhizal fungi – fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with a host green plant.

naucorioid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, adnexed or emarginate lamellae, and no annulus or volva.

526

Fungi in Australia

omphalinoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, decurrent lamellae, a convex to plane and sometimes umbilicate pileal shape, a variable pileal margin, and no annulus or volva. ostiole – a pore or hole through which spores are ejected; for an ascomycete at the apex of the perithecium, or for a basidiomycete the mouth of a puffball or earth-star. parasitic fungi – fungi that feed on other living organisms. See Cordyceps gunnii. partial veil – (of agarics and boletes) a membrane joining the stipe to the pileus margin during the development of the hymenium; this membrane ruptures to become an annulus or cortina. pileus – the scientific name for the cap on a macrofungus; it carries the spore-bearing surface. pleurotoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a stipe, eccentrically or laterally attached or absent, a variable lamellae attachment, and no annulus or volva.

plicate-striate – (of pileus) having radial folds or pleats.

pluteotoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, and no annulus or volva. polypore – a wood-inhabiting fungus, often bracket-like, which bears its spores in pores on the hymenium.

527

Fungi in Australia

pore – (in boletes and polypores) the orifice of a tube through which spores fall. pruinose – covered in a fine powder; powdery. pulvinate – cushion-like in form.

pyriform – pear-shaped.

resupinate – fruit-body that lies flat on the substrate with its hymenium outermost, often used with reference to crust fungi.

reticulate – (describing a stipe, notably of a bolete) marked with a net-like pattern of ridges or wrinkles.

rhizomorph – easily visible string-like aggregation of hyphae, often seen at the base of a fungal fruit-body.

rimose – (of pileus) cracked or split in a radial manner.

saccate – sac- or bag-like, usually used when describing a loose membranous volva at the base of a stipe.

528

Fungi in Australia

scabrous – rough surface, covered with with short rigid projections. sclerotium – a sterile compact mass of hyphae, usually with a hard outer protective layer. scrobiculate – (of stipe) with shallow depressions or conspicuous spots. serrate – jagged or saw-like; usually with reference to a lamella or pileus edge. sessile – a fruit-body without a stipe, so that it sits directly on the substrate. sinuate – (describing lamellae) with a notch near the point of attachment to the stipe.

spatulate – spoon-like in form. spore – reproductive unit of a fungus.

squamose – (of pileus) having flat scales.

sterigma (pl. sterigmata) – the projection on the basidium on which developing basidiospores are attached (can only be seen under a microscope).

529

Fungi in Australia

stipe – technical term for the stem of a fungus.

stipitate – having a stipe.

striate – (describing a pileus) with fine lines, grooves or ridges. substratum (substrate) – the material to which a fruitbody is attached. teleomorph – the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus, producing sexual spores. terricolous (terrestrial) – living or growing on soil. tomentose – covered with long, soft, hairy fibrils, either tangled or matted. translucent-striate – having the lines of the lamellae visible through the top of the pileus.

tricholomatoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, sinuate or notched lamellae, and no annulus or volva.

tube – the hollow cylinder, on the underside of boletes and polypores, in which spores are produced.

530

Fungi in Australia

umbilicate – having a deep depression, usually with a small umbo (protrusion) in the centre, e.g. as in a belly button. umbo – a broad swelling or bump in the centre of the pileus. umbonate – a pileus with a distinct swelling or bump (umbo) at the centre. universal veil – (for some agarics) a protective membrane that initially surrounds an entire young agaric fruitbody. Later, when the membrane ruptures, it may leave scales, patches or warts on the pileus surface. vaginatoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, and a volva but no annulus. ventricose – swollen or wider in the middle; (of stipe) swollen at or near the middle; (of lamellae) broader midway between stipe and pileal margin. viscid – slimy or sticky to the touch.

volva – the remains of the universal veil at the base of the stipe in certain fungi.

531

Fungi in Australia

warts – small pieces of universal veil tissue left on the surface of the pileus.

zonate – pileus or flesh marked with concentrically zoned coloured bands.

532

Species Index

Fungi in Australia

533

SPECIES INDEX Agaricus bursaeformis, 478 Agaricus euphyllus, 478 Agaricus guilfoylei, 478 Agaricus sordulentus, 478 Agaricus xanthodermus, 12 Agrocybe arenaria, 443 Agrocybe arenicola, 443 Agrocybe parasitica, 439 Agrocybe pediades, 442 Agrocybe praecox, 444 Agrocybe semiorbicularis, 443 Alboleptonia sericella, 174 Amanita armeniaca, 58 Amanita chlorophylla, 60 Amanita farinacea, 62 Amanita grisella, 64 Amanita muscaria, 66 Amanita ochrophylla, 69 Amanita phalloides, 71 Amanita vaginata, 73 Amanita xanthocephala, 75 Anthracophyllum archeri, 357 Armillaria hinnulea, 373 Armillaria luteobubalina, 376 Armillaria novae-zelandiae, 379 Armillariella novae-zelandiae, 380 Asterophora mirabilis, 266 Battarrea Battarrea Battarrea Battarrea

laciniata, 15 muelleri, 15 phalloides, 15 stevenii, 14

Bolbitius titubans, 80 Bolbitius vitellinus, 81 Botrydina chromacea, 214 Camarophyllus aurantiopallens, 193 Camarophyllus lilacinus, 197 Camarophyllus rodwayi, 208 Campanella olivaceonigra, 287 Cantharellus bryophilus, 499 Cantharellus lilacinus, 197 Chlorophyllum brunneum, 17 Chromocyphella muscicola, 96 Clavaria amoena, 101 Clavaria corallinorosacea, 103 Clavaria fragilis, 98 Clavaria meuleri, 99 Clavaria miniata, 105 Clavaria vermicularis, 99 Clavulinopsis amoena, 100 Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea, 102 Clavulinopsis miniata, 105 Clavulinopsis sulcata, 104 Clitocybe clitocyboides, 504 Clitocybe eucalyptorum, 487 Clitocybe nuda, 481 Clitocybula sp. “streaky yellow”, 268 Collybia elegans, 281 Collybia eucalyptorum, 475 Collybia subpruinosa, 362 Collybia velutipes, 386 Conchomyces bursaeformis, 478

Species Index

Conchomyces bursiformis, 477 Conchomyces verrucisporus, 478 Conocybe apala, 83 Conocybe filaris, 85 Conocybe lactea, 84 Coprinellus disseminatus, 411 Coprinellus truncorum, 414 Coprinopsis atramentaria, 417 Coprinopsis lagopus, 420 Coprinopsis nivea, 422 Coprinus atramentarius, 418 Coprinus comatus, 19 Coprinus disseminatus, 412 Coprinus lagopus, 421 Coprinus niveus, 423 Coprinus plicatilis, 425 Coprinus truncorum, 415 Cortinarius abnormis, 108 Cortinarius aff. alboviolaceus, 110 Cortinarius archeri, 112 Cortinarius areolatoimbricatus, 115 Cortinarius australiensis, 117 Cortinarius austroalbidus, 120 Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus, 122 Cortinarius austroevernius, 154 Cortinarius austrovenetus, 125 Cortinarius austroviolaceus, 128 Cortinarius canarius, 131 Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus, 134 Cortinarius fibrillosus, 135 Cortinarius globuliformis, 137 Cortinarius kula, 140 Cortinarius metallicus, 142 Cortinarius ochraceus, 157 Cortinarius oleaginus, 154 Cortinarius perfoetens, 145 Cortinarius persplendidus, 148

Fungi in Australia

534

Cortinarius phalarus, 151 Cortinarius rotundisporus, 153 Cortinarius sanguineus, 141 Cortinarius sinapicolor, 156 Crepidotus eucalyptorum, 245 Crepidotus cf. nephrodes, 247 Crepidotus aff. variabilis, 250 Crepidotus sp. “yellow orange”, 253 Crucibulum emodense, 57 Cruentomycena viscidocruenta, 289 Cyathus emodensis, 57 Cyathus olla, 22 Cyathus stercoreus, 24 Cyclocybe parasitica, 440 Cyptotrama asprata, 382 Cyptotrama aspratum, 383 Cystolepiota cf. adulterina, 26 Cystolepiota aspera, 31 Cystolepiota cf. sistrata, 28 Deconica horizontalis, 447 Dermocybe austroveneta, 126 Dermocybe canaria, 132 Dermocybe kula, 141 Dermocybe sanguinea, 141 Dermocybe splendida, 149 Descolea recedens, 87 Dictyopanus pusillus, 348 Echinoderma asperum, 30 Entoloma albidocoeruleum, 158 Entoloma albidosimulans, 160 Entoloma aromaticum, 162 Entoloma baronii, 165 Entoloma brevispermum, 167 Entoloma readiae, 169 Entoloma rodwayi, 171

Species Index

Entoloma sericellum, 173 Entoloma sulphureum, 170 Entoloma viridomarginatum, 175 Favolaschia calocera, 292 Favolaschia pustulosa, 294 Fayodia cystidiosa, 307 Filoboletus manipularis, 296 Fistulina hepatica, 177 Flammula eucalyptorum, 228 Flammula malicola, 467 Flammulina velutipes, 385 Galerina patagonica, 219 Gliophorus graminicolor, 183 Gymnopilus allantopus, 222 Gymnopilus dilepis, 224 Gymnopilus eucalyptorum, 227 Gymnopilus ferruginosus, 230 Gymnopilus junonius, 232 Gymnopilus pampeanus, 233 Gymnopilus spectabilis, 233 Gymnopus sp. “pink furry”, 359 Gymnopus subpruinosus, 361 Hebeloma aminophilum, 235 Hebeloma crustuliniforme, 238 Hebeloma victoriense, 240 Henningsomyces candidus, 270 Hohenbuehelia bursaefomis, 478 Hohenbuehelia dimorphocystis, 478 Humidicutis lewellinae, 217 Humidicutis mavis, 186 Hygrocybe acutoconica, 189 Hygrocybe aurantiopallens, 192 Hygrocybe austropratensis, 194 Hygrocybe cheelii, 196 Hygrocybe chromolimonea, 199

Fungi in Australia

535

Hygrocybe graminicolor, 184 Hygrocybe konradii, 190 Hygrocybe lewellinae, 217 Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata, 201 Hygrocybe mavis, 187 Hygrocybe miniata, 204 Hygrocybe persistens, 190 Hygrocybe rodwayi, 207 Hygrocybe siccitatopapillata, 209 Hygrophorus acutoconicus, 190 Hygrophorus involutus, 211 Hygrophorus lewellinae, 217 Hygrophorus lilaceolamellatus, 202 Hygrophorus mavis, 187 Hygrophorus persistens, 190 Hymenopellis gigaspora, 388 Hymenopellis mundroola, 391 Hypholoma aurantiaca, 459 Hypholoma australe, 450 Hypholoma brunnea, 454 Hypholoma brunneum, 453 Hypholoma candolleanum, 431 Hypholoma cutifractum, 431 Hypholoma fasciculare, 455 Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe

atrisquamosa, 255 cystidiocatenata, 135 eutheles, 261 sp. “pale yellow”, 257 sindonia, 260 violaceocaulis, 262

Laccaria canaliculata, 180 Laccaria glabripes, 181 Lachnella candida, 271 Lacrymaria asperospora, 428 Lepiota acutesquamosa, 31

Species Index

Lepiota aspera, 31 Lepiota birnbaumii, 41 Lepiota brunnea, 18 Lepiota friesii, 31 Lepiota haemorrhagica, 33 Lepiota leucothites, 38 Lepiota lutea, 41 Lepiota naucina, 38 Lepiota sp. “pale blue”, 35 Lepista nuda, 480 Leptoglossum bryophilum, 499 Leptonia viridomarginata, 176 Leratiomyces ceres, 458 Leucoagaricus leucothites, 38 Leucoagaricus naucinus, 37 Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, 40 Leucocoprinus luteus, 41 Leucopaxillus albissimus, 484 Leucopaxillus amarus, 489 Leucopaxillus cerealis, 483 Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum, 486 Leucopaxillus gentianeus, 488 Leucopaxillus lilacinus, 491 Lichenomphalia chromacea, 213 Limacella pitereka, 78 Lycoperdon pyriforme, 43, 44 Lycoperdon subincarnatum, 46 Lyophyllum eucalypticum, 506 Macrolepiota clelandii, 48 Macrolepiota dolichaula, 51 Macrolepiota rachodes var. hortensis, 18 Macrolepiota rachodes, 18 Macrotyphula juncea, 513 Marasmiellus affixus, 363 Marasmiellus candidus, 366

Fungi in Australia

536

Marasmius alveolaris, 273 Marasmius sp. “angina”, 275 Marasmius candidus, 367 Marasmius crinis-equi, 278 Marasmius elegans, 280 Marasmius equicrinis, 279 Marasmius graminum var. equicrinis, 279 Marasmius oreades, 283 Marasmius repens, 279 Marasmius subpruinosus, 362 Melanophyllum echinatum, 55 Melanophyllum haematospermum, 54 Melanotus haematochrous, 448 Melanotus hepatochrous, 448 Melanotus horizontalis, 448 Mniopetalum bryophilum, 499 Morganella subincarnata, 47 Mucronella alba, 107 Mucronella pendula, 106 Mycena acutoconica, 190 Mycena albidofusca, 298 Mycena austrofilopes, 300 Mycena austropullata, 301 Mycena austrororida, 353 Mycena carmeliana, 302 Mycena clarkeana, 304 Mycena cystidiosa, 306 Mycena epipterygia, 308 Mycena erythromyces, 315 Mycena fumosa, 310 Mycena hispida, 307 Mycena interrupta, 312 Mycena kurramulla, 314 Mycena kuurkacea, 316 Mycena cf. lazulina, 318

Species Index

Mycena leaiana var. australis, 320 Mycena maldea, 322 Mycena aff. mamaku, 324 Mycena mijoi, 326 Mycena mulawaestris, 328 Mycena nargan, 330 Mycena piringa, 332 Mycena rosella, 315 Mycena roseoflava, 334 Mycena sanguinolenta, 317 Mycena subgalericulata, 336 Mycena subvulgaris, 339 Mycena toyerlaricola, 341 Mycena tuvara, 343 Mycena veroniciae, 353 Mycena vinacea, 345 Mycena viscidocruenta, 290 Myxomycidium pendulum, 107 Naematoloma aurantiaca, 459 Naematoloma fasciculare, 456 Nidula emodensis, 56 Nidula microcarpa, 57 Nyctalis mirabilis, 267 Omphalia chromacea, 214 Omphalia epichysium, 356 Omphalia leonina, 356 Omphalina chromacea, 214 Omphalotus nidiformis, 368 Oudemansiella gigaspora, 387 Oudemansiella mundroola, 390 Oudemansiella radicata, 388 Panaeolus Panaeolus Panaeolus Panaeolus

antillarum, 90 campanulatus, 94 papilionaceus, 93 retirugis, 94

Fungi in Australia

537

Panaeolus sphinctrinus, 94 Panellus longinquus, 501 Panellus pusillus, 347 Panellus stipticus, 349 Parasola plicatilis, 424 Pholiota carbonaria, 464 Pholiota communis, 461 Pholiota highlandensis, 463 Pholiota imperfecta, 512 Pholiota malicola, 466 Pholiota praecox, 445 Pholiota recedens, 88 Pholiota rufofulva, 512 Pholiota serrulata, 512 Pholiota squarrosipes, 468 Pholiotina filaris, 86 Physalacria australiensis, 393 Phytoconis chromacea, 214 Pleurotopsis longinqua, 501 Pleurotus bursaeformis, 478 Pleurotus cinerascens, 494 Pleurotus lampas, 369 Pleurotus nidiformis, 369 Pleurotus phosphorus, 369 Pleurotus subapplicatus, 497 Pluteus atromarginatus, 396 Pluteus cervinus, 399 Pluteus flammipes var. depauperatus, 403 Pluteus pauperculus, 402 Pluteus sp. “yellow”, 405 Porpolomopsis lewelliniae, 216 Protostropharia semiglobata, 470 Psathyrella asperospora, 427 Psathyrella candolleana, 430 Psathyrella echinata, 433 Psilocybe australiana, 243

Species Index

Psilocybe echinata, 434 Psilocybe eucalypta, 243 Psilocybe formosa, 474 Psilocybe hepatochrous, 448 Psilocybe horizontalis, 448 Psilocybe subaeruginosa, 242 Psilocybe tasmaniana, 243 Pterospora olivaceonigra, 287 Resupinatus cinerascens, 493 Resupinatus sordulentus, 478 Resupinatus subapplicatus, 496 Rhodocollybia cf. incarnata, 371 Rimbachia bryophila, 498 Roridomyces austrororidus, 352 Rozites australiensis, 118 Rozites foetens, 146 Rozites metallica, 143 Schizophyllum commune, 436 Scytinotus longinquus, 500 Simocybe phlebophora, 264 Singerocybe clitocyboides, 503

Fungi in Australia

538

Solenia candida, 271 Stropharia aurantiaca, 459 Stropharia formosa, 473 Stropharia semiglobata, 471 Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra, 286 Tricholoma coarctata, 506 Tricholoma eucalypticum, 505 Tricholoma rutilans, 509 Tricholomopsis rutilans, 508 Tubaria rufofulva, 511 Volvariella gloiocephala, 409 Volvariella speciosa, 409 Volvariella speciosa var. gloiocephala, 409 Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, 408 Xeromphalina leonina, 355 Xeromphalina racemosa, 356 Xerula gigaspora, 388 Xerula mundroola, 391 Xerula radicata var. mundroola, 391

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 4 Basidiomycota

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Agaricomycotina – II Pucciniomycotina

Septobasidium clelandii

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 4 Basidiomycota Agaricomycotina – II Pucciniomycotina Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Agaricomycotina:

Pucciniomycotina:

Auriculariales Boletales Cantharellales Dacrymycetales Geastrales Gomphales Hymenochaetales Phallales Polyporales Russulales Thelephorales Tremellales Atractiellales Septobasidiales

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

i

Fungi in Australia

ii

Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and the respective authors and photographers.

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CONTENTS Contents

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1 Agaricomycotina 2 Species Descriptions – Agaricomycotina 2.1 Order: Auriculariales . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Auriculariaceae . . . . . . Fam: Incertae sedis . . . . . . . . 2.2 Order: Boletales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Amylocorticiaceae . . . . . Fam: Boletaceae . . . . . . . . . Fam: Boletinellaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Calostomataceae . . . . . . Fam: Diplocystidiaceae . . . . . Fam: Paxillaceae . . . . . . . . . Fam: Sclerodermataceae . . . . . Fam: Serpulaceae . . . . . . . . . Fam: Suillaceae . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Tapinellaceae . . . . . . . . 2.3 Order: Cantharellales . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Cantharellaceae . . . . . . Fam: Clavulinaceae . . . . . . . Fam: Hydnaceae . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Order: Dacrymycetales . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Dacrymycetaceae . . . . . 2.5 Order: Geastrales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Geastraceae . . . . . . . . 2.6 Order: Gomphales . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Clavariadelphaceae . . . . Fam: Gomphaceae . . . . . . . . 2.7 Order: Hymenochaetales . . . . . . . . . Fam: Hymenochaetaeae . . . . .

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Contents

Fungi in Australia

2.8

Order:

2.9

Order:

2.10 Order:

2.11 Order: 2.12 Order:

Fam: Rickenellaceae . . . Fam: Schizoporaceae . . . Phallales . . . . . . . . . Fam: Phallaceae . . . . . Polyporales . . . . . . . . Fam: Fomitopsidaceae . . Fam: Ganodermataceae . Fam: Meripilaceae . . . . Fam: Meruliaceae . . . . Fam: Phanerochaeteceae . Fam: Polyporaceae . . . . Fam: Steccherinaceae . . Russulales . . . . . . . . . Fam: Auriscalpiaceae . . Fam: Hericiaceae . . . . . Fam: Russulaceae . . . . Fam: Stereaceae . . . . . Thelephorales . . . . . . . Fam: Bankeraceae . . . . Tremellales . . . . . . . . Fam: Tremellaceae . . . .

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3 Pucciniomycotina 4 Species Descriptions – Pucciniomycotina 4.1 Order: Atractiellales . . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Phleogenaceae . . . . . . . . 4.2 Order: Septobasidiales . . . . . . . . . . . Fam: Septobasidiaceae . . . . . . .

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5 Glossary

314

Species Index

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chapter 1

AGARICOMYCOTINA

Figure 1.1: Subphylum Agaricomycotina Allmost all basidiomycetes described in Fungi In Australia are from the subphylum Agaricmycotina (see Figure 1.1). The largest of the 21 orders that currently constitute Agaricomycotina is the Agaricales, which has over 60% of the species, and is covered in Fungi in Australia – Basidiomycota: Agaricomycotina – I. The remaining 20 orders are covered in this part, Fungi in Australia – Basidiomycota: Agaricomycotina – II.

chapter 2

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS – AGARICOMYCOTINA

2.1

Order: Auriculariales

Auriculariales, according to Kirk et al. (2008) contains 1 family (Auriculariaceae), Auriculariales 32 genera and 198 described species. The Taxonomic Classification order is still in flux because molecular phylogenetic studies such as the one by Zhou and Kingdom: Fungi Dai (2013) are updating the phylogenetic re- Phylum: Agaricomycota lationships in the order. Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Currently, according to “The Catalogue of Class: Agaricomycetes Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org, Order: Auriculariales Auriculariales contains 1 family (AuricularFamilies iaceae), 9 genera and 151 described species. Auricularicaceae However, a further 28 genera and 113 described species are incertae sedis (not assigned). With such a large number of unassigned species it is evident that a more comprehensive taxon-sampling is required before the phylogeny of the Auriculariales can be determined. Phylogenetic analysis carried out by Weiß et al. (2001, 2004) revealed that species of fungi with “auricularioid” basidia were not necessarily closely related and that the genus Auricularia has more in common with Exidia and its allies. Auriculariaceae – consists of 9 genera with 151 described species. Its type genus is Auricularia, which contains 28 species. The majority of species in this family are wood-rotters and most produce gelatinous fruit-bodies. Some of these fruitbodies may be ear-shaped (as in the genus Auricularia), button-shaped, lobed, or effused. Their spore-bearing surfaces may be smooth, warted, veined, toothed (as in the genus Pseudohydnum), or poroid (as in the genera Elmerina and Protomerulius) (Zhou and Dai 2013).

Auricularia cornea

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

3

References Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008). Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK). Weiß M and Oberwinkler F (2001) “Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences.” Mycological Research Vol. 105(4), pp. 403–414 Weiß M, Selosse MA, Rexer KH, Urban A and Oberwinkler F (2004).“Sebacinales: a hitherto overlooked cosm of heterobasidiomycetes with a broad mycorrhizal potential.” Mycological Research Vol. 108(9), pp. 1003–1010 Zhou LW and Dai YC (2013) “Phylogeny and taxonomy of poroid and lamellate genera in the Auriculariales (Basidiomycota)” Mycologia Vol. 105(5), pp. 1219–1230

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriculariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Auricularia cornea

4

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

5

Fam. Auriculariaceae

Auricularia cornea Auricularia polytricha

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; fruit-bodies occur annually, either solitary or gregarious, on dead wood in tropical and subtropical forests.

Fruit-body Description A fleshy, rubbery-gelatinous ear-like fruit-body with a narrow lateral attachment. The fruit-body can be up to 150 mm across and very thin, 1–3 mm thick. Upper Surface velvety-hairy, individual hairs clearly distinguishable under a hand lens, hairs up to 0.2 mm long; greyish brown to deep brown. Lower Surface spore-bearing surface smooth, sometimes wrinkled, sometimes pruinose; purplish brown, plum-coloured, or brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 14–16 × 5–6 µm, curved, cylindrical or bean-shaped. Basidia 45–55 × 4–5 µm, elongated cylindrical with 3 transverse septa.

Comments A similar species, A. auricula, is difficult to separate from A. cornea in the field. The main difference is the length of the hairs on the pileus surface: for A. cornea they are up to 0.2 mm long, while those of A. auricula are up to 0.1 mm long. This difference becomes difficult to judge in older fruit-bodies.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 290 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 72 [D I] (as Auricularia polytricha) Lowy B (1952) “The Genus Auricularia”. Mycologia Vol. 44, pp. 657–691 [D P] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 64 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriculariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Auricularia delicata

6

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

7

Fam. Auriculariaceae

Auricularia delicata Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; fruit-bodies occur annually, either solitary or gregarious, on dead wood in tropical and subtropical forests.

Fruit-body Description A flabby, rubbery-gelatinous rounded bracket with a narrow lateral attachment. The fruit-body can be up to 80 mm across and 2–4 mm thick. Upper Surface velvety-hairy, individual hairs clearly distinguishable under a hand lens, hairs variable in length; creamy grey to brown. Lower Surface spore-bearing surface wrinkled with low, uneven ridges, in a honeycomb pattern of irregular depressions; creamy grey to brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–13 × 5–6 µm, curved, cylindrical or bean-shaped, with 2–3 prominent oil globules. Basidia 40–55 × 4–5 µm, elongated cylindrical with 3 transverse septa.

Comments Auricularia delicata is commonly found in the tropics and is readily identified by the irregular pattern of ridges or cells on its lower surface.

References Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 74 [D I] Lowy B (1952) “The Genus Auricularia”. Mycologia Vol. 44, pp. 657–691 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriculariaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

8

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

9

Fam. Auriculariaceae

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small loose colonies on dead wood, decaying logs, or woody debris.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm broad, bracket-shaped or tongue-like, broadly convex or plane, margin often lobed; surface dry, smooth or slightly rough; colour light to dark bluish grey, becoming greyish brown; flesh gelatinous, soft, translucent. Lower Surface covered in spines up to 3 mm long, running down the stipe; colour translucent white to pale grey, often with a bluish tint. Stipe lateral, usually short and stubby, but when growing on a horizontal surface may be up to 50 mm long. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6 × 4.5–5.5 µm, globose to subglobose, smooth. Basidia usually two- to four-spored, 10–15 × 7–9 µm, pyriform to oblong, longitudinally septate. Hyphae septate, with clamp connections.

Comments Pseudohydnum gelatinosum grows directly on rotting wood and is readily recognised by its gelatinous nature and whitish soft spines on the underside of the fruit-body. It is relatively common and is not easily confused with any other type of fungus. P. gelatinosum is a widespread cosmopolitan species.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 671 [D CP] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 62 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 292 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 174 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 82 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 91 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 66 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Incertae sedis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ductifera sucina

10

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

11

Fam. Incertae sedis

Ductifera sucina Exidia sucina

Gloeotromera sucina

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found in small to large colonies on wet decaying angiosperm or gymnosperm bark and wood.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-bodies originating as firm-gelatinous pustules, becoming pulvinate (cushion-like), smooth or convoluted, coalescing to form irregular patches 100 mm or more long and up to 12 mm thick; surface smooth, wax-like; colour semi-translucent, dingy white or pallid yellowish brown, drying to brownish. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 12–15 × 5–7.5 µm (mean 13.3 ± 0.8 × 6.3 ± 0.7 µm, Q=2.13 ± 0.24 n=30), short cylindrical to broadly ellipsoidal, granular, smooth. Basidia (metabasidia) 20–31 × 16–22 µm, clavate, 4-celled, longitudinally cruciateseptate; sterigmata 30–45 × 2.5–5 µm. Gloeocystidia up to 80 µm long, elongate clavate or subfusiform, contents granular. Clamp connections present.

Comments Ductifera sucina is recognised by its clear, semi-translucent, dingy white fruitbodies, often coalescing to form patches 100 mm or more long and up to 12 mm thick. There are many species of gelatinous fungi, so microscopic examination is recommended for a positive identification. Microscopically this species can be readily identified by its stalked basidia and conspicuous granular gloeocystidia. D. sucina received its current name when Wells (1958) combined Exidia sucina and a number of other synonyms. DNA analysis (Weiß and Oberwinkler (2001); Zhou and Dai (2013)) clearly shows that D. sucina is part of the order Auriculariales, but is not within the family Auriculariaceae. At present its phylogenetic position in the order Auriculariales is uncertain, hence its family is classified as Incertae sedis.

References McNabb RFR (1966) “New Zealand Tremellales – II”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 4, pp. 533–545 [D I] Weiß M and Oberwinkler F (2001) “Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences”. Mycological Research Vol. 105(4), pp. 403–415

2.1. Order: Auriculariales

Fungi in Australia

12

Wells K (1958) “Studies of some Tremellaceae. II. The genus Ductifera”. Mycologia Vol. 50(4), pp. 407–416 Zhou L-W and Dai Y-C (2013) “Phylogeny and taxonomy of poroid and lamellate genera in the Auriculariales (Basidiomycota)”. Mycologia Vol. 105(5), pp. 1219–1230

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

2.2

Fungi in Australia

13

Order: Boletales

Boletales is one of the larger orders of fleshy Agaricomycetes, containing species with diBoletales verse morphologies. About 77% of the species Taxonomic Classification have fruit-bodies that are either boletoid (e.g. Boletus, Suillus) or gilled (e.g. Paxillus, Kingdom: Fungi Phylloporus). The remaining species have Phylum: Agaricomycota morphologies that are either gasteroid (Scle- Subphylum: Agaricomycotina roderma, Rhizopogon, Astraeus), resupinate Class: Agaricomycetes (Coniophora, Serpula), merulioid (Leucogyro- Subclass Agaricomycetidae phana), or toothed (Gyrodontium) (Binder Order: Boletales and Hibbett 2006; Binder et al. 2010). Families According to Kirk et al. (2008) the Boca. 20; See text letales contain 17 families, 96 genera and about 1300 species, but more recently “The Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org has it containing 20 families, 121 genera, and roughly 2000 described species. It is evident from these figures that the taxonomy of the Boletales is still in flux. Brief descriptions of the latest 20 families are given below. Amylocorticiaceae – consists of 7 genera with 46 described species. Its type genus is Amylocorticium. Most of the species in this order are wood-rotters (Binder et al. 2010) Podoserpula pusio

Boletaceae – consists of 54 genera with 1213 described species. Its type genus is Boletus, which contains 395 species. The majority of species in this family have fleshy boletoid fruit-bodies. Boletus edulis

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

14

Boletinellaceae – consists of 3 genera with 23 described species. Its type genus is Boletinellus, which contains 6 species. A well known genus in this family is Phlebopus. Phlebopus marginatus

Calostomataceae – consists of 1 genus, Calostoma, with 24 described species. The species in this family are stalked puffballs. Calostoma rodwayi

Coniophoraceae – consists of 4 genera with 27 described species. Its type genus is Coniophora, which contains 24 species. Diplocystaceae – consists of 5 genera with 16 described species. Its type genus is Diploderma, which contains 1 species. A well known genus in this family is Astraeus. Astraeus hygrometricus

Gasterellaceae – consists of 1 genus with 1 species, Gasterella luteophila. Gastrosporiaceae – consists of 1 genus with 2 species, Gastrosporium asiaticum and G. simplex. Gomphidiaceae – consists of 5 genera with 43 described species. Its type genus is Gomphidius, which contains 18 species. The mushrooms in this family are gilled. A similar named genus, Gomphus, is not related to this family.

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Gyroporaceae – consists of 1 genus, Gyroporus, with 17 described species. Hygrophoropsidaceae – consists of 2 genera with 27 described species. Its type genus is Hygrophoropsis, which contains 16 species. The mushrooms in this family are gilled. Jaapiaceae – consists of 1 genus with 2 species, Jaapia argillacea and J. orchroleuca, both of which have resupinate fruit-bodies. Paxillaceae – consists of 10 genera with 94 described species. Its type genus is Paxillus, which contains 35 species. This family contains a mixture of fungi with gilled or pored fruit-bodies. Paxillus involutus

Protogastraceae – consists of 1 genus with 1 species, Protogaster rhizophilus. Rhizopogonaceae – consists of 3 genera with 219 described species. Its type genus is Rhizopogon, which contains 217 species. Sclerodermataceae – consists of 9 genera with 76 described species. Its type genus is Scleroderma, which contains 55 species. Another well known genus in this family is Pisolithus. The majority of species in this family are puffballs. Scleroderma albidum

Sclerogastraceae – consists of 1 genus, Sclerogaster, with 13 described species.

15

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

16

Serpulaceae – consists of 3 genera with 24 described species. Its type genus is Serpula, which contains 11 species. The species in this family are wood rotters (causing brown rot) and contain the aggressive house-infecting dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans.

Suillaceae – consists of 6 genera with 118 described species. Its type genus is Suillus, which contains 98 species. Suillus luteus

Tapinellaceae – consists of 3 genera with 8 described species. Its type genus is Tapinella, which contains 3 species.

References Binder M and Hibbett DS (2006) “Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales.” Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 971–981 Binder M, Larsson K-H, Matheny PB and Hibbett DS (2010) “Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms.” Mycologia Vol. 102(4), pp. 865–880 Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW and Stalpers JA (2008). Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. (10th ed.) CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Amylocorticiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Podoserpula pusio

17

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

18

Fam. Amylocorticiaceae

Podoserpula pusio Craterellus pusio

Craterellus multiplex

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, in small groups, or caespitose on well rotted wood, or on the ground near rotting stumps, or on a dense layer of decaying leaf litter, in native forests and plantations, including pines.

Fruit-body Description Up to 100 mm or more high, consisting of a vertical stem, which is usually simple, but on rare occasions branched, bearing up to 8 or more pilei, decreasing in size towards the apex, attached to the stem via a short stipe up to 5 mm long. Pilei up to 30 mm across, variable in shape, circular, reniform (kidney-shaped) to spathulate (spoon-shaped), stem through the centre, margin lobed and wavy; upper surface smooth, dry, suede-like, yellowish to orange-brown; lower surface (hymenium), consists of a complex system of folds, corrugations, and nodules; these features may sometimes be inconspicuous; colour pinkish orange. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–4.5 × 3–3.5 µm, ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth, slightly thick-walled. Basidia four-spored, 24–36 × 5–6 µm, elongate clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Podoserpula pusio is commonly known as the Pagoda Fungus, because its unusual multi-tiered structure resembles a pagoda, making this species unmistakable in the field. Fruit-bodies can be found on well-rotted wood, decaying vegetable matter or in soil close to rotting wood.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 326 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 282 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 177 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 61 [D CP] Reid DA (1963) “Fungi venezuelani: VI (New or Interesting Records of Australasian Basidiomycetes: IV). Podoserpula Reid: A New Genus Based on Craterellus pusio Berk. (C. multiplex Cooke & Massee)”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 16(3), pp. 437–445 [D I]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

19

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 97 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Austroboletus lacunosus

20

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

21

Fam. Boletaceae

Austroboletus lacunosus Austroboletus cookei

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; initially roundish then convex; surface dry, felty, suede-like; colour varies from yellowish brown to dark brown; usually with some tissue hanging from the rim (appendiculate margin). Pore Surface surface soft, brownish pink changing to ochraceous as spores mature. Pores up to 1 mm across, mostly round, not angular. Tubes broadly adnexed, up to 20 mm long. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 160 mm long and 25 mm thick; tall, slender when mature; surface dry, covered in a coarse network of deep ridged pits (lacunose); colour pale ochre. Spore Print Pale brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 14.5–16.5 × 7.5–8.5 µm, broadly fusiform, ellipsoidal, ornamented, warty, mainly around the centre. Basidia four-spored.

Comments This species is readily recognised by its large size, deeply reticulated stipe and brown suede-like pileus. In Western Australia there is a related species Austroboletus occidentalis, which looks very similar.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 187 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 63 [CP] Watling R and Gregory NM (1986) “Observations on the Boletes of the Cooloola Sandmass, Queensland and Notes on Their Distribution in Australia”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland Vol. 97, pp. 97–128 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

Boletellus emodensis

22

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

23

Fam. Boletaceae

Boletellus emodensis Biology Mycorrhizal? Most likely a saprotrophic basidiomycete; generally solitary or in small groups, amongst leaf litter or on decaying wood, in eucalypt or mixed forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; hemispherical to convex; margin with membranous veil fragments (the veil initially covers the pore surface); surface covered with pale brown, coarse, shaggy, pyramidal scales; colour red or brown. Flesh pale, turns blue when bruised. Pore Surface yellow to old-gold; turns blue-green on bruising. Pores circular; 1–2 per mm. Tubes greenish yellow, depressed around the stipe. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 150 mm long and 20 mm thick; surface fibrillose, dry; colour uniformly pale brown, may have reddish tints. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 16–21 × 6.5–10 µm, elongate-fusoid (tapering at both ends), with longitudinal furrows and minute cross-striations. Basidia four-spored, 24–25 × 10–12 µm, clavate.

Comments Boletellus emodensis is widespread; some of the countries it has been found in are Vietnam, Borneo, Malaya and Singapore. Most boletes are mycorrhizal, but to date no mycorrhizal partner has been identified, therefore this species is assumed to be saprotrophic. There are a number of other species that look similar to B. emodensis but none of these has minute cross-striations on the spores.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 188 [D CP] Watling R and Gregory NM (1986) “Observations on the Boletes of the Cooloola Sandmass, Queensland and Notes on Their Distribution in Australia”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland Vol. 97, pp. 97–128 [D] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 187 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Boletellus obscurecoccineus

24

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

25

Fam. Boletaceae

Boletellus obscurecoccineus Biology Mycorrhizal? Most likely a saprotrophic basidiomycete; generally solitary amongst leaf litter in eucalypt or mixed forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 70 mm or more; initially hemispherical then expanding to broadly convex; surface smooth or suede-like to the touch; colour rose-red to red. Pore Surface lemon yellow to yellow, dulling as spores mature; tubes and pores have a soft consistency. Pores angular with 5–6 sides; up to 1.5 mm wide. Tubes lemon yellow throughout, do not change colour when bruised. Flesh pale yellowish in pileus, yellow in stipe apex, becoming paler towards the base. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 95 mm long and up to 20 mm thick; yellow at the apex, becoming red to magenta towards the base, covered with a scattering of pale scales. Spore Print Dull brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 15–19 × 6–7 µm, elongate-subfusoid (somewhat spindle-shaped), with longitudinal furrows, not cross-striations. Basidia four-spored, 41–53 × 10–15 µm, clavate.

Comments Boletellus obscurecoccineus is readily recognised by its smooth red pileus, yellow pores, and pale scales on its stipe. Most boletes are mycorrhizal, but to date no mycorrhizal partner has been identified, therefore this species is assumed to be saprotrophic. This species is widespread throughout Australia. It was originally found in Java, and is also known in Africa, Borneo, New Guinea and Japan. Phylogenetic analysis performed by Halling et al. (2015) showed that Australian specimens of B. obscurecoccineus form a well defined clade, but unfortunately the authors did not have access to the type species material from Java to make a comparison.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 304 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 188 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 154 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 62 [D CP]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

26

Halling RE, Fechner N, Nuhn M, Osmundson T, Soytong K, Arora D, Binder M and Hibbett D (2015) “Evolutionary relationships of Heimioporus and Boletellus (Boletales), with an emphasis on Australian taxa including new species and new combinations in Aureoboletus, Hemileccinum and Xerocomus”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 28, pp. 1–22 Watling R and Gregory NM (1986) “Observations on the Boletes of the Cooloola Sandmass, Queensland and Notes on Their Distribution in Australia”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland Vol. 97, pp. 97–128 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Chalciporus piperatus

27

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

28

Fam. Boletaceae

Chalciporus piperatus Boletus piperatus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground, mainly in association with conifers.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm, rarely up to 100 mm; initially convex, becoming broadly convex; surface at first slightly viscid then becoming dry, smooth; colour can vary from yellow-brown to reddish brown. Pore Surface yellow-brown to reddish brown, becoming coppery as spores mature; surface turns brown when bruised. Pores angular, largish 1–2 per mm, pores often wider near the stipe. Tubes decurrent or subdecurrent, up to 10 mm long. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 80 mm long and 15 mm thick; smooth, dry, similar colour to pileus; has yellow mycelium at the base. Spore Print Brown to dull cinnamon

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–11 × 4–5 µm, spindle-shaped to ellipsoidal, smooth.

Comments This small bolete is readily recognised by its small size and yellow-brown coloration. It is an introduced species from the northern hemisphere. Although normally mycorrhizal with conifers, it has been found to form an association with Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii, and thus may threaten existing native mycorrhizal fungi.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 517 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 190 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 185 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 279 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Fistulinella mollis

29

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

30

Fam. Boletaceae

Fistulinella mollis Biology Mycorrhizal? (the mycorrhizal status of this bolete has not been confirmed) basidiomycete; generally solitary on the ground amongst leaf litter, or on rotting wood, in eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; initially hemispherical then expanding to broadly convex; surface smooth, viscid, shiny, sometimes pitted due to soft consistency of the flesh; colour yellowish brown to reddish brown. Pore Surface pinkish with a soft texture, and with a deep sulcus (ditch) around the stipe. Pores up to 1 mm diameter; irregular. Tubes up to 25 mm deep. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 80 mm long and up to 12 mm thick; relatively slender; surface smooth, may have viscid patches; colour whitish, with brownish tints, particularly towards the base. Basal mycelium white and conspicuous. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 12–18 × 4–5 µm, elongate-subfusoid (somewhat spindle-shaped), smooth. Basidia four-spored, 32–40 × 9–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent in all tissue.

Comments The marshmallow-like texture of the flesh of this bolete makes it readily identifiable in the field. The fruit-bodies tend to decay quickly because they are readily attacked by maggots and other fungi.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 306 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 191 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 222 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 64 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Gymnogaster boletoides

31

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

32

Fam. Boletaceae

Gymnogaster boletoides Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground (epigeous) amongst litter in wet sclerophyll forests dominated by Myrtaceae such as eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Stipitate fruit-body, up to 35 mm high, 50 mm across, ovoid, subglobose, with a pileal disc on top; most of the fruit-body consists of the fertile portion (hymenophore). Pileus (Head) consisting of a small disc, up to 10 mm across, depressed; surface dry, matt; colour dark brown to reddish-brown. Hymenophore (fertile region) fully exposed; surface consisting of small irregular labyrinthine chambers tending to radiate out from the columella (internal stipe extension); colour pale when young, becoming lemon-yellow to olive-yellow. Stipe (Stem) cylindrical, central, tapered towards base, generally 5–15 × 3–8 mm; surface slightly grooved, minutely pruinose; colour yellow at apex, then red, becoming dark red towards the base. Context (Flesh) fleshy, firm, becoming softer with age; when bruised or cut, fertile region of the fruit-body immediately stains greenish-blue, eventually fading to greyish brown. Spore Print Pale brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11–13 × 7–8 µm, almond-shaped (amygdaliform) to lemonshaped (citriform), smooth, with a pronounced apiculus. Basidia mostly four-spored but also one- or two-spored, 22–44 × 9–14 µm, cylindrical-clavate to clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Gymnogaster boletoides is readily recognised by its distinctive subglobose fruitbody, up to 35 mm high and 50 mm across, consisting largely of a bright yellowish fertile section with irregularly shaped chambers, a small reddish brown pileal disc on the apex, and a small reddish stipe below. All parts of the fertile region of the fruit-body stain greenish-blue immediately when bruised or cut. G. boletoides seems to be uncommon. It is a unique Australian species, found along the east coast of Australia from Queensland to Victoria.

References Cribb JW (1956) “The gasteromycetes of Queensland – II. Secotiaceae”. Papers from the Department of Botany, University of Queensland Vol. 3(13), pp. 107–111 [D]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

33

Gelardi M, Fechner N, Halling RE, Costanzo F (2017) “Gymnogaster boletoides J.W. Cribb (Boletaceae, Boletales), a striking Australian secotioid bolete”. Austrobaileya Vol. 10(1), pp. 121–129 [D CP] Halling RE, Nuhn M, Osmundson T, Fechner N, Trappe JM, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS, Binder M (2012) “Affinities of the Boletus chromapes group to Royoungia and the description of two new genera, Harrya and Australopilus”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 25, pp. 418–431

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Phylloporus rhodoxanthus

34

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

35

Fam. Boletaceae

Phylloporus rhodoxanthus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; generally solitary, scattered, or in small groups on the ground; in Australia usually grows in association with eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 120 mm or more; initially convex, becoming broadly convex, finally plane, often with a central depression, or with an uplifted margin; surface dry, minutely felty to nearly smooth; colour variable, ranging from reddish brown to yellowish. Chemical test application of ammonia solution produces a blue colour reaction. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to decurrent; distant or nearly so; thick, sometimes forking, sometimes with cross-veins; colour bright yellow to ochre, when bruised slowly turning green or bluish. Stipe (Stem) Central, sometimes eccentric; generally up to 75 mm long and 25 mm thick; usually stout, attenuated downwards; surface smooth, but with fine scales towards the base; colour yellow, sometimes with a reddish tint; basal mycelium yellow. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–16 × 4.5–6.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 40–58 × 8–13 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Phylloporus rhodoxanthus is commonly known as a gilled bolete. Chemical, morphological and DNA analysis definitely places this species amongst the boletes (Kretzer and Bruns 1999). It can be recognised by its robust stature, felty brown to reddish brown pileus, and yellow lamellae that stain green or bluish when bruised. This is a relatively small genus; its species are found in tropical forests worldwide. The work done by Neves et al. (2012) did not include any Australian specimens of P. rhodoxanthus, which would have been useful; results from their analysis tend to suggest that more species will need to be analysed in order to gain a better understanding of this genus.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 480 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 185 [D CP]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

36

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 218 [D CI‘] Kretzer AM and Bruns TD (1999) “Use of atp6 in Fungal Phylogenetics: An Example from the Boletes”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 13(3), pp. 483–492 Neves MA, Binder M, Halling R, Hibbett D and Soytong K (2012) “The phylogeny of selected Phylloporus species from NUC-LSU and ITS sequences, and descriptions of new species from the Old World”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 55(1), pp. 109–123

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Boletinellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Phlebopus marginatus

37

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

38

Fam. Boletinellaceae

Phlebopus marginatus Phlebopus portentosus Boletus marginatus

Phaeogyroporus portentosus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in association with eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 600 mm or more; initially convex, expanding to broadly convex or almost plane, sometimes with the centre a little depressed, at maturity margin often undulate or irregular; surface dry, felty, suede-like, finely warty, with age tending to crack; colour varies from yellowish brown to brown, often with greenish tints. Pore Surface soft, yellow, or orange yellow, often with a with greenish tinge, becoming more brownish as spores mature, bruising to brown or a greenish black; more or less adnexed, with a sulcus (ditch) around the stipe. Pores up to 0.75 mm across, moderately large, mostly round, largely irregular. Tubes up to 30 mm long. Stipe (Stem) Central, sometimes eccentric; generally up to 200 mm long and 150 mm thick; very stout, swollen and bulbous towards the base; surface dry, felty, smooth; colour dingy yellow-brown to dingy olive-brown, darker towards the base. Spore Print Brown to olive-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, slightly thick-walled. Basidia four-spored, 18–25 × 4–6 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Phlebopus marginatus is Australia’s largest terrestrial fungus. With its brownish pileus and yellowish pored surface, it can be readily identified by its huge size alone. This bolete is also found in New Zealand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Some interesting phylogenetic analyses done by Binder and Bresinsky (2002) and Binder and Hibbett (2006) show that Phlebopus species are more closely related to Scleroderma species than to other boletes.

References Binder M and Bresinsky A (2002) “Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors”. Mycologia Vol. 94 (1), pp. 85–98 Binder M and Hibbett DS (2006) “Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales”. Mycologia Vol. 98 (6), pp. 971–981

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

39

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 192 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 236 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 61 [CP] McNabb RFR (1968) “The Boletaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 6(2), pp. 137–176 [D I] (as Phaeogyroporus portentosus) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 188 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Calostomataceae

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

Calostoma fuscum

40

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

41

Fam. Calostomataceae

Calostoma fuscum Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter in wet eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description The fruit-body consists of a puffball supported on a thick stipe; total height up to 100 mm. Puffball up to 25 mm diameter, globose when young, may flatten with age; consists of three layers. Outer Layer (exoperidium) consists of a protective hemispherical cap, dark brown, warty on the outside and smooth on the inside, with reddish imprint of the starfish-shaped peristome (decoration around the pore through which the spores are ejected). This protective cap is disposed of in one piece as the fruit-body matures. Intermediate Layer (mesoperidium) smooth, dark brown, with a starfish-shaped peristome on top, which is initially red and may fade with age. Inner Layer (endoperidium or spore sac) is the sac that contains the gleba (spore mass), and is attached to the peristome. Stipe central, up to 20 mm thick; brown, consisting of intertwined strands of gelatinous mycelium. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–13 × 6.5–8.5 µm, ellipsoidal, finely pitted.

Comments This extraordinary puffball is easily identified by its tall stipe of intertwined strands of gelatinous mycelium, white spore mass and the red starfish-shaped decoration encircling the pore at the apex of the puffball. Phylogenetic analyses performed in the 2000s by Binder and Bresinsky (2002) show that this puffball is evolutionarily related to the Bolete mushrooms.

References Binder M and Bresinsky A (2002) “Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors”. Mycologia Vol. 94 (1), pp. 85–98 Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 112 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 225 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 195 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 90 [D CP]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

42

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 102 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 203 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Calostomataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Calostoma rodwayi

43

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

44

Fam. Calostomataceae

Calostoma rodwayi Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; occurs in small groups on the ground in leaf litter or amongst bryophytes in Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii forest.

Fruit-body Description The fruit-body consists of a puffball supported on a thick stipe; total height up to 60 mm. Puffball up to 20 mm diameter, globose when young, may flatten with age; consists of three layers. Outer Layer (exoperidium) flakes off in patches as the fruit-body matures; a lobed patch attached to the starfishshaped peristome (decoration around the pore through which the spores are ejected) is the last to fall off. Intermediate Layer (mesoperidium) surface covered in blister-like warts, dark brown, with a red starfish-shaped peristome on top. Inner Layer (endoperidium or spore sac) is the sac that contains the gleba (spore mass) and is attached to the peristome. Stipe central, up to 40 mm tall and up to 20 mm thick; brown, consisting of intertwined strands of gelatinous mycelium. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–18 × 8–15 µm, ellipsoidal to subglobose, finely pitted.

Comments Calostoma rodwayi can be readily identified by its short stature. It is found only in association with Nothofagus cunninghamii and its puffball is covered in warty scales.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 225 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 91 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 102 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Diplocystidiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

Astraeus hygrometricus

45

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

46

Fam. Diplocystidiaceae

Astraeus hygrometricus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found on the ground in parks or gardens near exotic trees, either solitary or in small groups.

Fruit-body Description Initially egg-shaped, diameter up to 30 mm; splitting to become star-shaped. Rays (exoperidium) 5–12 acute rays, up to 1 mm thick and up to 80 mm across; when moist will expand or recurve, and on drying will roll inwards; inner surface whitish, becoming smoky grey to cigar brown; at maturity surface extensively cracked. Spore sac (endoperidum) up to 30 mm across; sessile (without a stalk), thin, papery, felty; pale buff to to smoky grey; opening by an irregular or poorly defined apical pore. Spore Print Chocolate brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–16 µm, including ornamentation, globose, densely ornamented.

Comments The distribution of Astraeus hygrometricus seems to be worldwide. It usually occurs on poor soils in coniferous or mixed woods. It is readily identified by its hygroscopic trait.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 705 [D P] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 86 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 103 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 336 [D CP] Phosri C, Watling R, Martin MP and Whalley AJS (2004) “The genus Astraeus in Thailand”. Mycotaxon Vol. 89(2), pp. 453–463 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Paxillaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Paxillus cuprinus

47

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

48

Fam. Paxillaceae

Paxillus cuprinus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in sunny locations, in association with introduced trees belonging to the Betulaceae, such as Betula (Birch), Alnus (Alder), Corylus (Hazel), Ostrya (Hop-hornbeam), and occasionally Pinus (pine).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter 50 to 120 mm; at first convex with a strongly inrolled margin, less so with age, becoming plane and centrally depressed; surface slightly viscid when moist, slightly felty, glabrous and shiny when dry or with age, often areolate or cracked in dry exposed locations; colour grey-brown, soon becoming ochraceous brown then coppery brown, darker towards the centre. Chemical test pileal surface turns reddish brown to purplish brown when 50% ammonia solution is applied. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; often anastomosing and forked towards the stipe, close; colour whitish to yellow-brown when young, maturing rusty brown; staining red-brown when bruised, turning brown-black several minutes after bruising. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally 24 to 50 mm long and 5 to 25 mm thick; normally shorter than the diameter of the pileus, cylindrical or slightly tapering downwards; surface dry, longitudinally fibrillose; colour greyish yellow to ochraceous brown; staining red-brown when bruised, turning brown-black several minutes after bruising. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9.5 × 4.5–6 µm, ovoid to amygdaloid (almond-shaped), often with an apical constriction, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 27–46 × 8–10 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Paxillus curpinus it is not native to Australia, and was almost certainly introduced. In the field its identifying features are its association with exotic trees belonging to the Betulaceae in parks and gardens, its ochraceous to coppery brown colour, inrolled margin, and decurrent lamellae. This species belongs to the Paxillus involutus complex of species. The phylogenetic study by Jargeat et al. (2014) establishes species boundaries for the European members of the P. involutus complex and describes habitat preferences. This information can assist in the identification of the 4 species (P. involutus, P. cuprinus, P. ammoniavirescens, P. obscuriporus) which constitute this

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

49

complex. The species that are most easily identified are P. ammoniavirescens, which produces a striking emerald green reaction on the pileus from a drop of ammonia solution, and P. obscuriporus, which can be identified by the heavily built fruit-body, short stout stipe and robust inrolled margin – often up to 25 mm wide. Separating P. involutus and P. cuprinus is a little more challenging. P. involutus has a broader host range, which includes conifers, and prefers dark, shaded habitat, whereas P. cuprinus prefers sunny locations with Betulaceae, and its spores predominantly have a constricted apex.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 183 [D CP] (as Paxillus involutus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 36 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 202 [D CP] (as Paxillus involutus) Henrici A and Kibby G (2014) “Paxillus – an end to confusion?”. Field Mycology Vol. 15(4), pp. 121–127 [D CP] Jargeat P, Chaumeton J-P, Navaud O, Vizzini A, Gryta H (2014) “The Paxillus involutus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) complex in Europe: Genetic diversity and morphological description of the new species Paxillus cuprinus, typification of P. involutus s.s., and synthesis of species boundaries”. Fungal Biology Vol. 118, pp. 12–31 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 169 [D I] (as Paxillus involutus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pisolithus albus

50

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

51

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

Pisolithus albus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter in or near sclerophyll forests, or on disturbed soil, always in association with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Up to 80 mm wide and 200 mm or more high; at first globose, becoming pyriform or clavate, when mature eroding from the top down, eventually to a sterile base; Peridium dry, smooth, thin, membranous outer skin, at first white, then dirty off-white to brownish, sometimes various shades of brown to dark brown, when mature splits and crumbles from the top; Gleba spores develop within peridioles (cell-like structures) which at maturity can be up to 4 mm across; at first they are white, then turn yellow and finally ochraceous; the peridioles are encased in a dark brown to blackish gelatinous substance, which becomes brittle and crumbles away at maturity, exposing the spore mass. Spore Print Ochraceous brown to olive-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10.5 × 8.5–10.5 µm, (including spines), globose, densely spiny (echinate). Basidia not observed. Clamp connections present.

Comments Identifying Pisolithus species is difficult, because their morphologies are similar. The DNA work done by Anderson et al. (2001) indicates that there are only two common species of Pisolithus in Australia. The more common of these is P. albus; the other is P. marmoratus. Usually they can be separated by the colour of their spore mass. The spore mass of P. albus is usually ochraceous to olive-brown, whereas the spore mass of P. marmoratus is usually brown to dark brown.

References Anderson IC, Chambers SM and Cairney JWG (1998) “Molecular determination of genetic variation in Pisolithus isolates from a defined region in New South Wales, Australia”. New Phytologist Vol. 138, pp. 151–162 (as P. tinctorius) Anderson IC, Chambers SM and Cairney JWG (2001) “ITS-RFLP and ITS sequence diversity in Pisolithus from central and eastern Australian sclerophyll forests”. Mycological Research Vol. 105(11), pp. 1304–1312 Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 122 [D CI]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

52

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 212 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Scleroderma albidum

53

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

54

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma albidum Scleroderma radicans Scleroderma tuberoideum

Scleroderma flavidum forma macrosporum

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground, occasionally partially buried amongst leaf litter; often associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm across; subglobose (nearly round), often flattened on top, tapering to a whitish stem-like base, occasionally sessile; Peridium (external skin) 1.5– 2.5 mm or more thick, firm, covered with numerous ochraceous scales which may fall off with age, leaving a smooth or cracked skin; spores are ejected through an irregular or star-like rupture at the apex when the skin folds backwards; colour cream to yellowish ochraceous, almost whitish towards the base. Gleba at first firm and white, then umber and powdery. Spore Print Dull dark brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 12.5–14.5 (-16) µm in diameter (including the ornamentation), globose, covered in spines or warts, never with ridges. Clamp connections absent.

Comments For a preliminary identification of Scleroderma albidum the fruit-body would be up to 50 mm across, pale yellowish or ochraceous with or without brown scales, usually tapering to a smallish irregular-shaped whitish stem-like base, in some specimens the base can be almost absent; the outer skin (peridium) must be more than 1.5 mm thick and leathery; at maturity a star-like opening usually appears as the peridium folds back, revealing the umber-coloured spore mass. For positive identification, microscopic characteristics such as spore size and ornamentation type need to be taken into account. There are about 8 described Scleroderma species for Australia. By using the key produced by Sims et al. (1995) it is possible to identify most of these. Some interesting DNA work done by Binder and Bresinsky (2002) and Binder and Hibbett (2006) shows that Scleroderma and boletes are closely related.

References Binder M and Bresinsky A (2002) “Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors”. Mycologia Vol. 94 (1), pp. 85–98

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

55

Binder M and Hibbett DS (2006) “Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales”. Mycologia Vol. 98 (6), pp. 971–981 Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, pp. 120–121 [D I] (as Scleroderma flavidum forma macrosporum and Scleroderma radicans) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 561 [D I] Sims KP, Watling R and Jeffries P (1995) “A revised key to the genus Scleroderma”. Mycotaxon Vol. 56, pp. 403–420

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Scleroderma cepa

56

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

57

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma cepa Scleroderma flavidum

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground, occasionally partially buried amongst leaf litter; often associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm or more across; subglobose (nearly round), often flattened on top, often lobed, firm when young, usually sessile, the base consists of a mass of rhizomorphs which occasionally form an inconspicuous stem-like base; colour pallid straw, yellow, or ochraceous, fruit-body uniformly coloured. Peridium (external skin) 1.5–2.5 mm or more thick, relatively smooth, tough, leathery, dehiscing by irregular rupture, with age becoming recurved and stellate. Gleba at first firm, dark brown, then mouse grey and powdery. Spore Print Mouse grey

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–13 µm in diameter (including ornamentation), globose, densely echinulate (covered with spines), never with ridges. Basidia and cystidia not observed. Clamp connections absent.

Comments For a preliminary identification of Scleroderma cepa the fruit-body would need be up to 50 mm or more across, sessile, uniformly yellowish, with the outer skin (peridium) more than 1.5 mm thick, leathery, not velvety, dehiscing by irregular rupture, becoming stellate and exposing a mouse grey spore mass. For positive identification, microscopic characteristics such as spore size and ornamentation type need to be taken into account. There are about 8 described Scleroderma species for Australia. By using the key produced by Sims et al. (1995) it is possible to identify most of these. Some interesting DNA work done by Binder and Bresinsky (2002) and Binder and Hibbett (2006) shows that Scleroderma and boletes are closely related.

References Binder M and Bresinsky A (2002) “Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors”. Mycologia Vol. 94 (1), pp. 85–98 Binder M and Hibbett DS (2006) “Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales”. Mycologia Vol. 98 (6), pp. 971–981

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

58

Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, p. 120 [D I] (as Scleroderma flavidum Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 557 [D I] Sims KP, Watling R and Jeffries P (1995) “A revised key to the genus Scleroderma”. Mycotaxon Vol. 56, pp. 403–420

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Scleroderma verrucosum

59

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

60

Fam. Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma verrucosum Lycoperdon verrucosum Scleroderma nitidum Scleroderma tenerum

Scleroderma maculatum Scleroderma capensis

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter; often associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Up to 50 mm across; subglobose (nearly round), often flattened on top, tapering to a whitish, long, thick, stem-like base with white mycelial cords; Peridium (external skin) thin, less than 1 mm thick, leathery, covered with numerous brownish scales which may fall off with age, leaving a smooth skin; spores are ejected through an irregularly torn opening; colour yellowish, ochraceous or umber. Gleba at first firm and white, then olive-brown, finally dingy grey or umber and powdery. Spore Print Olive-brown to dingy grey

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–12 µm in diameter (including the ornamentation), globose, covered in spines or warts, never with ridges. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Scleroderma verrucosum, like most other Scleroderma species, is difficult to identify in the field, and usually both macroscopic and microscopic features need to be examined before a positive identification can be made. For a preliminary identification of Scleroderma verrucosum the fruit-body would be up to 50 mm across, yellowish or ochraceous with brown scales, tapering to a robust irregular-shaped whitish stem-like base; the outer skin (peridium) must be less than 1 mm thick, leathery, and the opening from where the spores can escape must be an irregular tear. There are about 8 described Scleroderma species for Australia. By using the key produced by Sims et al. (1995) it is possible to identify most species. Some interesting DNA work done by Binder and Bresinsky (2002) and Binder and Hibbett (2006) shows that the Scleroderma and boletes are closely related.

References Binder M and Bresinsky A (2002) “Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors”. Mycologia Vol. 94 (1), pp. 85–98 Binder M and Hibbett DS (2006) “Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales”. Mycologia Vol. 98 (6), pp. 971–981

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

61

Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, p. 119 [D I] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 559 [D I] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 263 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 332 [D CP] Sims KP, Watling R and Jeffries P (1995) “A revised key to the genus Scleroderma”. Mycotaxon Vol. 56, pp. 403–420

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Serpulaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Austropaxillus infundibuliformis

62

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

63

Fam. Serpulaceae

Austropaxillus infundibuliformis Paxillus infundibuliformis

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forests.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 110 mm or more; centrally depressed; with age becoming deeply funnel-shaped (infundibuliform), sometimes lobed; surface dry, minutely fibrillose, chamois-like; margin inrolled; ranging in colour from yellow ochre to brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; close, obviously forked; colour pale cream when young, maturing to yellow-brown or brown; bruising dark brown. Stipe (Stem) Usually central but sometimes lateral; generally up to 50 mm long and 20 mm thick; sometimes slightly swollen near the lamellae; dry, smooth, slightly velvety; similar colour to lamellae. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–17 × 5–7.5 µm, long ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored. Clamp connections present, confined to the lamellae.

Comments Austropaxillus infundibuliformis is readily recognised by its golden colour, decurrent forked lamellae and funnel shape. There is a very similar and related species, A. muelleri, which is usually smaller, paler, and has a pileus that is glutinous when moist.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 286 [D CI] (as Paxillus infundibuliformis) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 181 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 203 [D I] (as Paxillus infundibuliformis) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 62 [CP] (as Paxillus infundibuliformis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Suillaceae

c Paul George

c Ivan Margitta

Suillus granulatus

64

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

65

Fam. Suillaceae

Suillus granulatus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in groups on the ground, always associated with introduced species of pine (Pinus spp.).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 150 mm or more; hemispheric to conic when young, then convex to plane, sometimes slightly wavy or distorted; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous when moist, dull silky when dry; colour light brown, yellowbrown to red-brown. Flesh whitish to yellowish, not changing colour when cut. Pore Surface initially bright yellow then maturing to old gold; when immature may exude clear or milky droplets. Pores up to 1 mm diameter; broadly adnate; circular. Tubes up to 10 mm long, same colour as pores. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 80 mm long and 20 mm thick; robust, more or less equal; surface smooth, usually covered with granules towards the apex; colour whitish, becoming yellowish to dingy cinnamon with age. Spore Print Yellowish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–11 × 3–5 µm, long ellipsoidal (somewhat spindle-shaped), smooth. Basidia four-spored, 20–40 × 5–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent in all tissue.

Comments In Australia, Suillus granulatus is always found in association with Pinus spp. and is readily recognised by its viscid pileus, yellowish pored surface, pale stipe, and absence of any annulus. This species was introduced into Australia, possibly to aid the growth of pines in pine plantations.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 502 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1991) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 3: Boletes and agarics 1st part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 78 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 194 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 213 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 292 [D CP]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

66

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 190 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Suillaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Suillus luteus

67

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

68

Fam. Suillaceae

Suillus luteus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in groups on the ground, always associated with introduced species of pine (Pinus spp.).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; hemispherical when young, convex to plane, sometimes slightly wavy or distorted, partial veil tissue often hanging from margin; surface smooth, viscid to glutinous when moist, dull silky when dry; colour yellowish brown, brown or chestnut brown. Flesh whitish to yellowish, not changing colour when cut. Pore Surface initially pale yellow then yellow, maturing to olive-yellow; when young covered with a whitish partial veil. Pores up to 1 mm diameter; circular; adnexed to adnate. Tubes up to 15 mm long; same colour as pores. Stipe (Stem) Central; up to 80 mm long and up to 25 mm thick; robust, more or less equal; surface smooth, usually covered with granules towards the apex; colour whitish, becoming yellowish to dingy cinnamon with age, darker brown towards the base. Annulus persistent, membranous, skirt-like, initially whitish, developing purple tints, but usually stained brown with spore deposit. Spore Print Yellowish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 3–4 µm, long ellipsoidal (somewhat spindle-shaped), smooth. Basidia four-spored, 18–26 × 5–7 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent in all tissue.

Comments Suillus luteus is recognised by its stature, its glutinous brown pileus, and its distinctive annulus. It is an introduced species found in association with pine trees (Pinus spp.).

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 500 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1991) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 3: Boletes and agarics 1st part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 80 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 195 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 210 [D I]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

69

Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 292 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 191 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tapinellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Pseudomerulius curtisii

70

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

71

Fam. Tapinellaceae

Pseudomerulius curtisii Tapinella curtisii Paxillus curtisii

Meiorganum curtisii

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or scattered on decaying wood, causing brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter 20 mm or more; roughly semicircular, margin inrolled and lobed; surface dry, rough, scurfy, with appressed fibrils; colour pale honey-yellow to yellowish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from area of attachment; distant, thick, irregularly corrugated or wrinkled, some are forked, anastomosing (interconnections, interveining) between lamellae; colour pale yellow to orangey yellow. Stipe (Stem) None (fruit-body laterally attached). Spore Print pale brownish yellow

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 µm, oblong to short cylindric, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 15–18 × 3.5–4.5 µm, narrowly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Pseudomerulius curtisii is a relatively small bracket that usually grows on decaying logs. It is readily identified by its pale yellowish scurfy pileus and pale yellow to orangey yellow fleshy wrinkled lamellae. This species is also found in the northern hemisphere. The paper by Baldoni et al. (2014) shows the phylogenetic relationships of P. curtisii, and its close relationship to the genus Tapinella.

References Baldoni DB, Coelho G, Jacques RJS, Silveira RMB, Grebenc T and Antoniolli ZI (2012) “Brown rotting fungus closely related to Pseudomerulius curtisii (Boletales) recorded for the first time in South America”. Mycosphere Vol. 3(5), pp. 533–541 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 185 [D CP] (as Meiorganum curtisii) Gibertson RL and Hemmes DE (1997) “Notes on Hawaiian Coniophoraceae”. Mycotaxon Vol. 65, pp. 427–442 [D I] (as Meiorganum curtisii)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tapinellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Tapinella panuoides

72

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

73

Fam. Tapinellaceae

Tapinella panuoides Paxillus panuoides

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary, scattered or in caespitose clumps, prefers woody pine mulch or decaying wood (logs, stumps, etc.); causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter 150 mm or more; fan- or mussel-shaped, planoconvex, margin inrolled and lobed; surface dry, smooth or finely hairy, with a fibrillose zone near the point of attachment; colour pale tan, yellowish brown or orangey brown. Lamellae (Gills) Radiating from area of attachment; close, thick, irregularly corrugated or wrinkled, some are forked, anastomosing (interconnections, interveining) between lamellae; colour yellowish to orangey. Stipe (Stem) Absent, or when present very rudimentary; laterally attached. Spore Print Brownish

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–5.5 × 13–4 µm (mean 5.1 ± 0.3 × 3.6 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.42 ± 0.10, n = 30), ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 30–40 × 5–7 µm, narrowly clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Tapinella panuoides is readily identified by its distinctive fan-shaped pileus, absence or near absence of a lateral stipe, and by its lamellae which usually are wrinkled, forked or connected by cross-veins. This species is also found in the northern hemisphere. The paper by Baldoni et al. (2012) shows the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Tapinella. It is closely related to Pseudomerulius. The family Tapinellaceae contains only three genera: Bondarcevomyces, Pseudomerulius and Tapinella.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 476 [D P] (as Paxillus panuoides) Baldoni DB, Coelho G, Jacques RJS, Silveira RMB, Grebenc T and Antoniolli ZI (2012) “Brown rotting fungus closely related to Pseudomerulius curtisii (Boletales) recorded for the first time in South America”. Mycosphere Vol. 3(5), pp. 533–541 [D CP] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 288 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 185 [D CP]

2.2. Order: Boletales

Fungi in Australia

74

Gibertson RL and Hemmes DE (1997) “Notes on Hawaiian Coniophoraceae”. Mycotaxon Vol. 65, pp. 427–442 [D I] (as Meiorganum curtisii) Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. pp. 136–137 [D I] (as Paxillus panuoides)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

2.3

Fungi in Australia

75

Order: Cantharellales

Cantharellales is a smallish order containing 7 families, 49 genera and about 670 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). The species in this order have diverse morphologies, including cantharelles, corals, toothed fungi, lichens, and crusts. The taxonomy of the Cantharellales is still in flux; the most recent phylogenetic analysis of the order was carried out by Veldre et al. (2013). Brief descriptions of the 7 families in the order Cantharellales are given below.

Cantharellales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Agaricomycota Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Cantharellales Families ca. 7; See text

Aphelariaceae – consists of 3 genera with 21 described species. Its type genus is Aphelaria, which contains 19 species. Most of the species in this family have clavarioid fruit-bodies and are terrestrial. Botryobasidiaceae – consists of 7 genera with 100 described species. Its type genus is Botryobasidium, which contains 55 species. The species in this family are mainly wood- and litter-rotters with corticoid fruit-bodies that form thin web-like crusts. Cantharellaceae – consists of 7 genera with 174 described species. Its type genus is Cantharellus, which contains 124 species. The fruit-bodies of species in this family have a resemblance to agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like sporebearing surfaces (hymenophores). Cantharellus concinnus

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

76

Ceratobasidiaceae – consists of 10 genera with 81 described species. Its type genus is Ceratobasidium, which contains 20 species. Species in this family are mainly saprotrophic, occurring in the soil and producing crust-like fruit-bodies on dead stems and leaf-litter. Clavulinaceae – consists of 4 genera with 96 described species. Its type genus is Clavulina, which contains 72 species. This family contains a diverse group of fungi; those in Clavulina have club- and coral-like fruit-bodies, while those in Multiclavula are lichens (Lawrey JD et al. 2007); and there are other genera that contain crust-like fruit-bodies.

Clavulina tasmanica

Hydnaceae – consists of 14 genera with 129 described species. Its type genus is Hydnum, which contains 30 species. The majority of fruit-bodies in this family have a stipe and pileus, and a distinctive spore-bearing surface that consists of tooth-like spines. Hydnum aff. repandum Tulasnellaceae – consists of 4 genera with 63 described species. Its type genus is Tulasnella, which contains 52 species. The species in this family typically produce jelly-like patches on the underside of fallen wood or in leaf litter.

References Lawrey JD, Binder M, Diederich P, Molina MC, Sikaroodi M and Ertz D (2007) “Phylogenetic diversity of lichen-associated homobasidiomycetes”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 44, pp. 778–789 Veldre V, Abarenkov K, Bahram M, Martos F, Selosse M-A, Tamm H, Kõljalg U and Tedersoo L (2013) “Evolution of nutritional modes of Ceratobasidiaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) as revealed from publicly available ITS sequences”. Fungal Ecology Vol. 6, pp. 256–268

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cantharellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cantharellus concinnus

77

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

78

Fam. Cantharellaceae

Cantharellus concinnus Cantharellus cibarius var. australiensis

Cantharellus cinnabarinus var. australiensis

Biology Saprotrophic (or mycorrhizal?) basidiomycete (most likely mycorrhizal as some other species in the genus such as Cantharellus cinnabarinus are known to be mycorrhizal); rarely solitary, usually in gregarious groups on the ground in deep litter in mixed eucalypt forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 55 mm or more; initially knob-like, becoming flattened, then funnel-shaped or infundibuliform, margin often irregular and scalloped; surface smooth, dry; colour apricot to pinkish apricot or orange to pinkish orange. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent, resembling folds; moderately distant, often forked, paler than pileus. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long, tapered towards the base, same colour as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal to broadly ovoid, smooth. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is readily recognised by its bright apricot colour, funnel shape and decurrent lamellae. Although it is easily recognised, there is still debate amongst some mycologists about its identity, which could be resolved using molecular DNA analysis. In Australia at present there are 3 recognised species in the genus Cantharellus (Eyssartier and Buyck 2001). It is most likely that in there are still a number of undescribed species; this could be resolved by more field studies.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 312 [D CI] Eyssartier G and Buyck B (2001) “Notes on the Australian Species Described in the Genus Cantharellus (Basidiomycetes)”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 14, pp. 587– 598 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 35 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 158 [D CP]

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

79

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 28 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 95 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cantharellaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

Craterellus australis

80

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

81

Fam. Cantharellaceae

Craterellus australis Cantharellus cinereus var. australis

Biology Most likely a mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in scattered groups or caespitose clusters on the ground in damp areas amongst mosses, or in leaf litter.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; when young convex, becoming trumpet- or deep funnel-shaped, opening into the hollow stipe, margin often splitting; surface dry, rough, may have coarse hairs; colour blackish or blackish brown, margin often pale. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; lamellae consist of shallow ridges, markedly forked, whitish or greyish, sometimes with purplish tints. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 6 mm thick; hollow; surface dry, smooth, matt; colour blackish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 5–7 µm, ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 56–72 × 7–11 µm, long cylindrical with robust sterigmata up to 8 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Craterellus australis is recognised by the blackish to blackish-brown funnelshaped fruit-body, with lamellae consisting of whitish ridges that are often forked, and with a distinct hollow blackish stipe. It can readily be separated from C. cornucopioides which is more trumpet-shaped, is usually brownish, and has no lamellae-like ridges and no distinct stipe.

References Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 24 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 66 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cantharellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Craterellus cornucopioides

82

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

83

Fam. Cantharellaceae

Craterellus cornucopioides Biology Most likely a mycorrhizal basidiomycete; occurs solitary, in scattered groups or caespitose clusters on the ground in damp areas amongst mosses, or in leaf litter.

Fruit-body Description Up to 140 mm high and 60 mm across, trumpet- to funnel-shaped, thin, tough, hollow, with a flared mouth and a short stipe. Inner Surface slightly felt-like, roughened or finely scaly; colour typically dark brown to blackish, but sometimes yellow, brown, or grey. Outer Surface hymenium, smooth, slightly wrinkled (not ridged); colour usually an ash-grey bloom, brownish, rarely salmon or yellow. Stipe short, usually blackish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11–17 × 7–11 µm, broad ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia two-spored, 70–90 × 8–10 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Craterellus cornucopioides is not easily spotted amongst the leaf litter and mosses on the forest floor but, once found, it is readily identified by its trumpetlike shape. There are no other species with which it can be easily confused. DNA analysis done by Dahlman et al. (2000) showed that various species of trumpet-shaped Craterellus that were separated on colour or spore size, such as C. fallax or C. konradii, are variants of C. cornucopioides. Craterellus cornucopioides was officially classified as being mycorrhizal, based on its perceived close association with Cantharellus. Craterellus tubaeformis, which was previously called Cantharellus tubaeformis, is known to be mycorrhizal (Trappe 2004), therefore it is highly likely that C. cornucopioides is also mycorrhizal.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 666 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 374 [D CP] Dahlman, M, Danell, E, and Spatafora, JW (2000) “Molecular systematics of Craterellus : cladistic analysis of nuclear LSU rDNA sequence data”. Mycological Research Vol. 104(4), pp. 388–394 Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 287 [D CP]

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

84

Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 60 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 275 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 66 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 274 [D CP] Trappe MJ (2004) “Habitat and host associations of Craterellus tubaeformis in northwestern Oregon”. Mycologia Vol. 96(3), pp. 498–509 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 96 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Cantharellaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Craterellus sinuosus

85

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

86

Fam. Cantharellaceae

Craterellus sinuosus Pseudocraterellus sinuosus

Pseudocraterellus undulatus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in scattered groups or caespitose clusters on the ground in damp areas amongst mosses, or in leaf litter. In Australia usually associated with Nothofagus species.

Fruit-body Description Diameter to 15 mm or more; flat or very shallow, becoming trumpet- or deeply funnel-shaped, usually without a perforated centre, margin wavy, often splitting. Inner Surface dry, rough, may have coarse hairs; colour varies from a pale grey-brown to light drab. Outer Surface hymenium, smooth or slightly wrinkled (not ridged); colour pallid to a pale grey brown. Stipe up to 30 mm long and 3 mm thick; tapering to base; surface dry, smooth; colour similar to outer surface. Spore Print White to pale ochraceous

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–11 × 6.5–9 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 40–60 × 7–11 µm, long cylindrical. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Craterellus sinuosus is a rare species and its small size and drab colour makes it difficult to see on the forest floor amongst the litter. It is recognised by its trumpet-like shape and light brownish grey colour. In Australia it is usually found in association with Nothofagus species but in the northern hemisphere it is found in mixed woodland. The taxonomy of this species is difficult: only recently Dahlman, Danell and Spatafora (2000), using DNA analysis, showed that it belongs to the genus Craterellus. It is still not known if Craterellus sinuosus belongs to a complex of similar species or if it is a very variable species. Some mycologists, such as E.J.H. Corner (see Petersen 1969) have grouped C. calyculus, C. subundulatus and Craterellus sinuosus together as being a single species. Since Craterellus sinuosus was named in 1836 (earlier than the other two species) its name will most likely have precedence.

References Burt EA (1914) “The Thelephoraceae of North America II Craterellus”. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens Vol. 1, pp. 327–350 [D P] Dahlman M, Danell E and Spatafora JW (2000) “Molecular systematics of Craterellus : cladistic analysis of nuclear LSU rDNA sequence data”. Mycological Research Vol. 104(4), pp. 388–394

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

87

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 288 [D CP] (as Pseudocraterellus sinuosus) Petersen RH (1969) “Notes on Cantharelloid Fungi – II Some new taxa on Pseudocraterellus”. Persoonia Vol. 5(3), pp. 211–223 [D P] (as Pseudocraterellus sinuosus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavulinaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Clavulina coralloides

88

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

89

Fam. Clavulinaceae

Clavulina coralloides Clavulina cristata

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground; most likely associated with species from the Myrtaceae such as Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Coralloid, erect, up to 80 mm tall and 40 mm broad, branched 3–4 times, tips usually with multiple tooth-like projections; surface smooth; colour white, becoming creamy with age; base consisting of fused branches. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 6.5–9 µm, (mean 8.8 ± 0.6 × 7.8 ± 0.5 µm, Q=1.13 ± 0.07 n=30), subglobose to broadly ovoid, smooth, hyaline with large drops. Basidia two-spored, 45–65 × 4–6.5 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Clavulina coralloides is a small white coral fungus that grows on the ground, scattered to gregarious amongst leaf litter, usually in eucalypt forests. The fruitbody may be single or multi-branched; branches are usually smooth, with tips that have several short tooth-like projections (cristate). C. coralloides is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where presumably it is mycorrhizal with conifers and hardwoods (Breitenbach and Krãnzlin 1995). Although the morphology of the Australian species and the northern hemisphere species are very similar, I have not been able to find a publication where DNA evidence is cited to suggest that northern hemisphere and Australian species are the same. This species seems to have quite a variable morphology and mycorrhizal habit, which could suggest that it may consist of a complex of species. To clarify this situation more genetic evidence needs to be collected. In many field guides the epithet cristata, coined by the Danish mycologist Theodor Holmskjold in 1790, is used. However, Linnaeus described the same fungus in Species plantarum in 1753 with the epithet coralloides. Therefore by precedence the correct epithet to use is coralloides.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 352 [D CP] (as Clavulina cristata)

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

90

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 201 [D CP] (as Clavulina cristata) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 161 [D CP] Petersen RH. (1988) “The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 236, pp. 1–170 (as Clavulina cristata var. zealandica)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavulinaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Clavulina rugosa

91

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

92

Fam. Clavulinaceae

Clavulina rugosa Clavaria rugosa

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground; associated with exotic trees such as pine and spruce.

Fruit-body Description Clubs can be up to 100 mm high, and 7–15 mm thick; simple to very sparsely branched, often thickened towards the apex, marked with longitudinal wrinkles or grooves, with blunt apices; white to a dirty cream; Spore-bearing Surface whole of the club surface is spore-bearing Stipe almost non-existent. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–13.5 × 7.5–12 µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline with large drops. Basidia two-spored, 60–75 × 5–9 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This coral fungus is identified by its whitish colour and simple longitudinally grooved or wrinkled blunt clubs. It is an introduced species that is associated with exotic trees.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 354 [D CP] Grey E (2013) “Clavulina rugosa: an introduced coral fungus”. The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 130(2), pp. 81–83 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 86 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 345 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavulinaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

Clavulina tasmanica

93

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

94

Fam. Clavulinaceae

Clavulina tasmanica Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious or caespitose on the ground in damp eucalypt forest.

Fruit-body Description Up to 70 mm high and 7 mm thick; simple to very sparsely branched clubs, which are split at apex into 2 to 6 branches. Spore-bearing Surface colour dark ashen grey with a whitish to tan bloom; bloom is the result of very long cystidia (100–200 µm). Stipe up to 4 mm thick; paler than club. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–12.5 × 7–10.5 µm, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled.

Comments This coral fungus is identified by its colour and the relatively unique whitish to tan bloom.

References Petersen RH (1984) “Notes on clavarioid fungi. XVIII. A preliminary outline of Clavulina in Southern Australia”. Nova Hedwigia Vol. 37, pp. 19–35 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hydnaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hydnum aff. repandum

95

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

96

Fam. Hydnaceae

Hydnum aff. repandum Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 40 mm or more; convex when young, becoming plane with a central depression, sometimes irregular in shape, margin usually inrolled; surface velvety at first, smooth, dry; colour variable, pale yellow to brownish yellow; flesh white, soft, fragile. Spines (Teeth) Adnate or sometimes decurrent; generally up to 3 mm long and 0.3 mm thick, tapering to a rounded tip, fragile; colour white to cream. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 10 mm thick; surface with felty patches when young, smooth, dry; colour whitish to cream. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 6–7.5 µm, subglobose to globose, with drops or granular content. Basidia three or four-spored, 40–65 × 4–7 µm, slenderly clavate to cylindrical. Clamp connections present.

Comments The most common species of Hydnum seen in Australia eucalypt forests was believed to be Hydnum repandum, because its morphology is similar to that of the northern hemisphere H. repandum. In Europe, the H. repandum and H. rufescens complex of species all form ectomycorrhizal relationships with plants in the Pinaceae and Fagaceae (pines and broad-leaved trees)(Grebenc et al. 2009). However, unlike northern hemisphere Hydnum spp., Australian Hydnum spp. form an ectomycorrhizal relationship with plants in the Myrtaceae, including Eucalyptus, Leptospermum, and Melaleuca. Moreover, recent phylogenetic analysis by Feng et al. (2016) of Australian Hydnum spp. has shown that they are not members of the northern hemisphere H. repandum complex, and what has normally been accepted here as a single species called H. repandum has been shown to be a complex of at least 4 undescribed species. During forays we have encountered two different morphological types of Hydnum in eucalypt forests. We have referred to these as Hydnum ‘yellow’ and Hydnum ‘brown’. Hydnum ‘yellow’ is described here as Hydnum aff. repandum. Hydnum ‘brown’ has a brown pileus up to 30 mm across, with a distinctly radially fibrillose surface. Its flesh is not brittle, but flexible and tougher than that of Hydnum ‘yellow’. Both morphological types are microscopically very

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

97

similar. In the absence of phylogenetic evidence, the best way to handle this situation is to refer to both types as Hydnum aff. repandum.

References Feng B, Wang X-H, Ratkowsky D, Gates G, Su See Lee SS, Grebenc T and Yang ZL (2016) “Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected abundant diversity and significant disjunct distribution pattern of the Hedgehog Mushrooms (Hydnum L.)”. Scientific Reports DOI: 10.1038/srep25586. Vol. 6:25586, pp. 1–11. Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 242 [D CP] (as Hydnum repandum) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 208 [D CP] Grebenc T, Martín MP and Kraigher H (2009) “Ribosomal ITS diversity among the European species of the genus Hydnum (Hydnaceae)”. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid Vol. 66, pp. 121–132. McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 72 [CP] (as Hydnum repandum) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 94 [D CP] (as Hydnum repandum)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hydnaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hydnum crocidens

98

2.3. Order: Cantharellales

Fungi in Australia

99

Fam. Hydnaceae

Hydnum crocidens Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter under Leptospermum spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; convex when young, becoming plane with a central depression, sometimes irregular in shape; surface finely felty at first, becoming glabrous with felty patches at the margin, dry; colour white to creamy white, developing pale brownish stains with age; flesh white, soft. Spines (Teeth) Adnate; generally up to 4 mm long and 0.3 mm thick, tapering to a rounded tip, fragile; colour white, becoming cream with age. Stipe (Stem) Central, occasionally eccentric; up to 30 mm long and 5 mm thick; surface finely felty when young, smooth, dry; colour white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–8.5 × 6.5–8 µm, (mean 7.6 ± 0.5 × 7.2 ± 0.5 µm, Q=1.05 ± 0.06 n=30), subglobose to globose, with granular content. Basidia four-spored, 40–62 × 4–7 µm, slenderly clavate to cylindrical. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is recognised by its white to creamy white fruit-body, normally with a central stipe and non-decurrent spines. It grows on the ground in association with Leptospermum spp. At present this is the only described Australian Hydnum, which was described by Cooke in 1890. It is also found in New Zealand. Recent phylogenetic analysis by Feng et al. (2016) shows that H. crocidens is closely related to the H. repandum complex of species.

References Cunningham GH (1958) “Hydnaceae of New Zealand Part I. – The Pileate Genera Beenakia, Dentinum, Hericium, Hydnum, Phellodon and Steccherinum”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 85(4), pp. 585–601 [D I] (as Dentinum crocidens) Feng B, Wang X-H, Ratkowsky D, Gates G, Su See Lee SS, Grebenc T and Yang ZL (2016) “Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal unexpected abundant diversity and significant disjunct distribution pattern of the Hedgehog Mushrooms (Hydnum L.)”. Scientific Reports DOI: 10.1038/srep25586. Vol. 6:25586, pp. 1–11. Maas Geesteranus RA (1964) “Notes on Hydnums – II”. Persoonia Vol. 3(2), pp. 155– 192 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

2.4

Fungi in Australia

100

Order: Dacrymycetales

Dacrymycetales is a small order of jelly fungi, containing 1 family (Dacrymycetaceae), 13 genera and about 156 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). The recent phylogenetic study of the Dacrymycetes, which was carried out by Shirouzu et al. (2013), was a large-scale analysis of the Dacrymycetes, including nearly all genera except the rarely collected genus Dacryonaema. This study has produced a reliable description of the phylogeny of the Dacrymycetes.

Dacrymycetales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Agaricomycota Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Dacrymycetes Order: Dacrymycetales Families Dacrymycetaceae

Dacrymycetaceae – consists of 13 genera with 156 described species. Its type genus is Dacrymyces, which contains 60 species. The species in this family are all jelly fungi. Their fruit-body morphology can be pulvinate, resupinate, turbinate, cylindrical, spathulate, dendroid or cupulate. The Australian and New Zealand species belonging to this family have been thoroughly studied by McNabb (1964, 1965a, 1965b, 1965c, 1965d, 1965e, 1966, 1973).

Calocera sinensis

References McNabb RFR (1964) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae I. Cerinomyces Martin”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 2, pp. 415–424. McNabb RFR (1965a) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae II. Calocera (Fries) Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 31–58. McNabb RFR (1965b) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae III. Dacryopinax Martin”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 59–72. McNabb RFR (1965c) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae IV. Guepiniopsis Patouillard”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 159–169.

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

101

McNabb RFR (1965d) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae V. Heterotextus Lloyd”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 215–222. McNabb RFR (1965e) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae VI. Femsjonia Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 223–228. McNabb RFR (1966) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae VII. Ditiola Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 4, pp. 546–558. McNabb RFR (1973) “Taxonomic studies in the Dacrymycetaceae VIII. Dacrymyces Nees ex Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 11, pp. 461–524. Shirouzu T, Hirose D, Oberwinkler F, Shimomura N, Maekawa N and Tokumasu S (2013). “Combined molecular and morphological data for improving phylogenetic hypothesis in Dacrymycetes”. Mycologia Vol. 105(5), pp. 1110–1125.

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Calocera australis

102

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

103

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

Calocera australis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found in small to large colonies on wet rotting angiosperm wood.

Fruit-body Description Usually up to 8 mm high; simple, slender club-like, spatula-like or apically expanded; consistency firm-gelatinous; colour variable, occasionally a dingy white, pallid brownish-yellow or yellow to orange (all colours may be present in a single colony), and finally drying to a reddish brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 11–14 × 4–5.5 µm, slightly curved-cylindrical, when mature becoming 3-septate. Basidia tuning-fork-like, two-spored; clamp connections absent.

Comments Calocera australis can be recognised by its small club-shaped (clavate) to spatula-shaped (spathulate) fruit-body, which can grow up to 8 mm in height. Depending upon environmental conditions, the colour can vary from a pallid brownish-yellow to orange. This species is often found growing on dead eucalypt wood in wet forest, and is also found in New Zealand. For positive identification, microscopic examination is recommended.

References McNabb RFR (1965) “Taxonomic Studies in the Dacrymycetaceae II. Calocera (Fries) Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 31–58. [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Calocera fusca

104

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

105

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

Calocera fusca Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found in small to large colonies on wet rotting wood.

Fruit-body Description Usually up to 25 mm or more high; simple club-like or sparingly forked; consistency firm-gelatinous; colour variable, bright yellow to yellow-orange, occasionally a dingy white, drying to a reddish or brownish yellow. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–12.5 × 3.5–4.5 µm, slightly curved-cylindrical, when mature with one septum (i.e. only one dividing wall within the spore). Basidia tuning-fork-like, two-spored; clamp connections present.

Comments Calocera fusca is one of the larger Calocera species, which can readily be separated from the more common Calocera sinensis by its larger size. This species is also found in New Zealand.

References McNabb RFR (1965) “Taxonomic Studies in the Dacrymycetaceae II. Calocera (Fries) Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 31–58. [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Calocera sinensis

106

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

107

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

Calocera sinensis Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found in small to large colonies on moist dead wood.

Fruit-body Description Small, usually less than 10 mm high and 1 to 2 mm thick; simple club-like or sparingly forked; consistency firm-gelatinous; bright yellow to yellow-orange, drying to a reddish or brownish yellow. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–13 × 3–5 µm, bean-shaped with one septum (i.e. only one dividing wall within the spore). Basidia tuning-fork-like, two-spored; clamp connections present.

Comments Calocera species, such as C. clavata and C. fusca, have similar morphology but differ in microscopic characteristics.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 290 [D CP] (as Calocera sp.) McNabb RFR (1965) “Taxonomic Studies in the Dacrymycetaceae II. Calocera (Fries) Fries”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 31–58. [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 65 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Heterotextus miltinus

108

2.4. Order: Dacrymycetales

Fungi in Australia

109

Fam. Dacrymycetaceae

Heterotextus miltinus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; scattered or gregarious on dead twigs or small dead branches.

Fruit-body Description Diameter generally up to 10 mm; height 9 mm; bell-shaped; has a stipe and pileus; consistency gelatinous, margin often irregular; colour orange-yellow to orange-red; Stipe central, short, stout, narrow at the base and expanding towards the pileus to almost the pileus width; Pileus cup-shaped or as a flattened disc. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 15–18 × 4.5–5.5 µm, becoming 5–6 septate at maturity, smooth, curved-cylindrical, sausage-shaped. Clamp connections present.

Comments Although Heterotextus miltinus displays considerable variation in shape and colour, it is recognised by its largish (up to 10 mm across) fruit-body, its short thick stipe, and spores that are 5–6 septate at maturity. This species is found in both Australia and New Zealand. A similar species, H. peziziformis is generally smaller, usually less than 5 mm across, and its spores are only 2–3 septate at maturity.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 291 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 91 [CP] McNabb RFR (1965) “Taxonomic studies of the Dacrymycetaceae V. Heterotextus Lloyd”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 3, pp. 215–222. [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Geastrales

2.5

Fungi in Australia

110

Order: Geastrales

Geastrales is a small order with truffle-like and earth-star-shaped fruit-bodies, containGeastrales ing 1 family (Geastraceae), 10 genera and Taxonomic Classification about 95 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). The phylo- Kingdom: Fungi genetic study by Hosaka et al. (2006) showed Phylum: Agaricomycota that Geastrales has its own order in the sub- Subphylum: Agaricomycotina class Pallomycetidae, and that this order is re- Class: Agaricomycetes lated to the Gomphales and Phallales. Many Subclass Pallomycetidae of the species in this order are morphologi- Order: Geastrales cally very similar, making identification diffiFamilies cult; this is especially so with the earth-starGeastraceae shaped species. Geastrum triplex, commonly known as the “collared earth-star”, is widely distributed in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Phylogenetic analysis carried out by Kasuya et al. (2012) shows that the geographically dispersed Geastrum triplex may be a complex of different species. Geastraceae – consists of 10 genera with 95 species. Its type genus is Geastrum, which contains 77 species. A well known species in this family is Sphaerobolus stellatus, commonly known as “shotgun fungus” or “cannonball fungus”, which colonises wood-based mulches and may throw black, spore-containing globs up to several metres.

Geastrum triplex

References Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W, Dominguez LS, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Nouhra ER, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW and Trappe JM, (2006) “Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders.” Mycologia Vol. 98, pp. 949– 959. Kasuya T, Hosaka K, Uno K and Kakishima M (2012) “Phylogenetic placement of Geastrum melanocephalum and polyphyly of Geastrum triplex.” Mycoscience Vol. 53(6), pp. 411– 426.

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geastraceae

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

Geastrum fornicatum

111

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

112

Fam. Geastraceae

Geastrum fornicatum Geastrum fenestratum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete, solitary or scattered to densely gregarious in litter under trees in dry woodlands or mallee scrub.

Fruit-body Description Initially (immature fruit-body) globose, submerged, becoming superficial; diameter up to 80 mm; colour brown. Rays (exoperidium) outer surface splitting, to about the middle of the fruit-body, into 4-5 thick, firm, pointed rays to 35 mm long, which peel back and under until they are more or less erect, thus elevating the spore sac; rays stand on the tips of upward-pointing rays which form a cup-like, debris-encrusted structure at the base of the fungus; rays not hygroscopic. Spore sac (endoperidum) diameter up to 17 mm, depressed-globose to urn-shaped, finely felty, brown to pale buff, sits on a short pedicel (stalk) 3 mm long. Peristome (the opening through which the spores are discharged) simple, pore-like. Spore mass (gleba) brown to dark brown, powdery when mature. Spore Print Dark brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–7.0 µm (excluding ornamentation), globose, warty, covered with short narrow truncate projections.

Comments With its distinctive morphology, Geastrum fornicatum is unlikely to be confused with any other earthstar in Australia. In the southern hemisphere, this species is also found in South Africa. It is widely distributed in North America (Arora 1986; Phillips 1991), and is listed as rare and vulnerable in Europe (Phillips 1981, 2006). In the northern hemisphere this fungus grows in deciduous forests, and the spore size is 3.5 – 4.5 µm, noticeably smaller than for the Australian species. The difference in habitat and spore size suggests that the Australian species deserves further investigation.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 701 [D P] Cunningham GH (1979) ”The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Bd 67 Reprint. (as Geastrum fenestriatum) p. 175 [D] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 217 [D CP]

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

113

Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under. Fungimap: Melbourne. p. 87 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 632 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 95 [CP] Phillips R (1981) Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. Pan Books: London. p. 254 [D CP] Phillips R (1991) Mushrooms of North America. Little, Brown: Boston. p. 286 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 334 [D CP] Watling R (2003) Fungi. The Natural History Museum: London. p. 36 [CP] Young AM (1994) Common Australian fungi: a naturalist’s guide. UNSW Press: Sydney. p. 134 [D CI](as Geastrum fenestriatum)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Geastrum tenuipes

114

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

115

Fam. Geastraceae

Geastrum tenuipes Geastrum pectinatum var. tenuipes

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; either solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter or decaying vegetable matter.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body globose to flattened when young, submerged, becoming superficial; diameter up to 50 mm; outer surface rough, with some debris or dirt adhering, splitting to become star-shaped, opening up to 70 mm across and 60 mm tall; colour light brown to greyish brown. Rays (exoperidium) 6 to 12 pointed rays, fleshy, up to 5 mm thick initially, flaking away in irregular patches, leaving exposed an ochraceous fibrous layer, not hygroscopic. Spore sac (endoperidium) up to 20 mm across; subglobose to urn-shaped, often farinose, grey-brown to lead grey in colour, its base has furrowed striations and it sits on a slender stalk. Stalk pedicel up to 7 mm long and up to 1.5 mm wide, light or dark coloured. Peristome (the opening through which the spores are discharged) is on the apex of the spore sac, it is prominent, narrowly conical, grooved and concolorous with the spore sac. Spore mass (gleba) ferruginous, powdery when mature. Spore Print Dark brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7.5 µm (including ornamentation), globose, warty, covered with short flat-topped warts.

Comments Geastrum tenuipes is readily recognised by its grey spore sac with a “beaked” mouth and a uniquely furrowed base sitting on a prominent stalk, and by the light brown star (exoperidium) with 6 to 12 pointed rays. This species is native to Australia but it has often been confused with the northern hemisphere species G. pectinatum, which usually has a much shorter stipe and does not have a collar with striations at the base of the spore sac. Separating G. tenuipes, G. pectinatum and a number of other Geastrum species has been made possible by the work done by Zamora et al. (2015), where both DNA and morphological analysis were used to study a group of Geastrum species. As a result of their study, they have been able to revise the taxonomy of a number of Geastrum species, listing the characteristic features by which they can be identified.

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

116

References Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, pp. 162–163 [D I] (as G. pectinatum) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 617 [D I] (as G. pectinatum) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 96 [CP] (as G. pectinatum) Zamora JC, Calonge FD and Martin MP (2015) “Integrative taxonomy reveals an unexpected diversity in Geastrum section Geastrum (Geastrales, Basidiomycota)”. Persoonia Vol. 34, pp. 130–165 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Geastrum triplex

117

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

118

Fam. Geastraceae

Geastrum triplex Geastrum indicum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; either solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter or decaying vegetable matter.

Fruit-body Description Initially (immature fruit-body) bulb-shaped, ball-shaped, with a small, acute, beak-like area at the apex; diameter up to 50 mm; outer surface rough, splitting to become star-shaped, opening up to 100 mm across; colour light brown to greyish brown. Rays (exoperidium) 4–8 pointed rays, fleshy, up to 5 mm thick, not hygroscopic; rays tend to bend back under the fruit-body, usually cracking and forming a broad cup or saucer in which the spore sac is seated; inner surface smooth, cream, pinkish brown to tan. Spore sac (endoperidum) up to 30 mm across; sessile (without a stalk), thin, papery, smooth; pale to dark tan, greyish or reddish brown, when fresh with a paler ring around the raised mouth. Peristome (the opening through which the spores are discharged) conical, distinct, usually surrounded by a paler area; the opening (ostiole) circular or ellipsoidal, distinctly fibrillose. Spore mass (gleba) brown to dark brown, powdery when mature. Spore Print Dark brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–5.5 µm, globose, round, warty, covered with short narrow truncate projections.

Comments Although Geastrum triplex is possibly the most common large Geastrum in Australia, positively identifying it in the field can be difficult. The distinguishing characters to look for are its relatively large size, the pronounced “beak” on the immature fruit-body, the thick, star-like rays, a saucer-like depression in which the spore sac is seated and, on the spore sac, a conical fibrillose mouth with a paler surrounding area. What makes identification difficult is that all of these field characteristics may not be present at any one time.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 703 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 217 [D CP]

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

119

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 628 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 96 [CP] (as Geastrum indicum) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 335 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 208 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Geastraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Sphaerobolus stellatus

120

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

121

Fam. Geastraceae

Sphaerobolus stellatus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; gregarious or in clusters on rotting wood, woodchips, plant debris and herbivore dung.

Fruit-body Description Very small, up to 2.5 mm across; semiglobose, usually partly buried in a whitish mycelial mat, whitish to dull ochraceous, the upper outer surface (peridium) is often rimose (cracked), then splitting star-like with 4–9 minute orange-coloured rays, exposing a single spore-containing peridiole (“egg”). The peridiole is ejected by the sudden reversal of the receptacle, leaving a translucent white sphere in the centre of the split fruit-body. Peridiole consists of a gleba ball up to 1.5 mm diameter, very sticky, dark brown to blackish, containing both sexual basidiospores and asexual gemmae (chlamydospores). Spore Print White to yellowish

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 2–3.5 µm, cylindrical, some curved, smooth.

Comments Sphaerobolus stellatus, commonly known as the “Cannonball Fungus”, is readily recognised in the field: the small semiglobose fruit-body with its orange starlike opening is unique. The gleba ball can be ejected up to a range of 6 metres. The fungus is phototropic, ejecting its gleba ball towards the light. Sphaerobolus stellatus belongs to a genus that has three recognised species worldwide, the other two being S. iowensis and S. ingoldii. Macroscopically these species cannot be separated, and it is even extremely difficult to separate them on microscopic details, but DNA analysis has conclusively shown that there are three species (Geml et al. 2005). Since it seems that S. stellatus is the most common of these species, it is used here as the representative species.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 781 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 222 [D CP] Geml J, Davis DD and Geiser DM (2005) “Systematics of the genus Sphaerobolus based on molecular and morphological data, with the description of Sphaerobolus ingoldii sp. nov”. Mycologia Vol. 97(3), pp. 680–694 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 93 [CP]

2.5. Order: Geastrales

Fungi in Australia

122

Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 337 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.6. Order: Gomphales

2.6

Fungi in Australia

123

Order: Gomphales

Gomphales contains 3 families, 10 genera and about 480 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). Phylogenetic relationships between Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales and Phallales are now well established. Within these orders the species are characterised by a wide range of fruiting body morphologies: stalked ramarioid–clavarioid, club, gilled, toothed, and sequestrate (Giachini et al. 2010; Hosaka et al. 2006).

Gomphales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Agaricomycota Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Subclass Pallomycetidae Order: Gomphales Families Clavariadelphaceae Gomphaceae Lentariaceae

Clavariadelphaceae – consists of 2 genera with 28 species. Its type genus is Clavariadelphus, which contains 21 species. The 2 genera are Beenakia, which has stipitate species with a pileus and toothed hymenium, and Clavariadelphus, which has species with coral or club-like fruit-bodies.

Beenakia dacostae

Gomphaceae – consists of 14 genera with 427 species. Its type genus is Gomphus, which contains 18 species. This family has a wide range of morphologies: ramarioid–clavarioid (e.g. Ramaria and Phaeoclavulina), gilled (e.g. Gloeocantharellus), cantharelloid–gomphoid (e.g. Gomphus and Ramaria lorithamnus Turbinellus), and truffle-like (e.g. Destuntzia). Lentariaceae – consists of 3 genera with 25 species. Its type genus is Lentaria, which contains 19 species. The majority of species in this family are ramarioid–clavarioid.

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

124

References Giachini AJ, Hosaka K, Nouhra ER, Spatafora JW and Trappe JM (2010) “Phylogenetic relationships of the Gomphales based on nuc-25S-rDNA, mit-12SrDNA and mit-atp6DNA combined sequences”. Fungal Biology Vol. 114, pp. 224–234 Hosaka K, Bates ST, Beever RE, Castellano MA, Colgan W, Dominguez LS, Geml J, Giachini AJ, Kenney SR, Nouhra ER, Simpson NB, Spatafora JW and Trappe JM (2006) “Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders”. Mycologia Vol. 98, pp. 949–959

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Clavariadelphaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Beenakia dacostae

125

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

126

Fam. Clavariadelphaceae

Beenakia dacostae Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups, usually on dry woody debris beneath old fallen eucalypt logs or on old tree fern trunks (caudices).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 25 mm or more; round or irregular fan-shaped, slightly concave, ageing flat to wavy; surface dry, smooth; margin often coarsely lobed and slightly incurved; colour white when fresh, becoming cream to ochre with age. Spines (Teeth) Up to 10 mm long, decurrent, crowded, soft, slender, tapering to a point; white at first, becoming a light olive-brown as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central, sometimes eccentric or lateral; generally up to 30 mm long and 3 mm thick; woody, smooth; white mycelium at the base. Spore Print Pale olive-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 2.5–3 µm, elongated tear-drop-shaped, finely ornamented. Basidia four-spored, 18–32 × 5–6.5 µm, subclavate.

Comments Beenakia dacostae is the first species of this genus. The genus is named after the town Beenak in Victoria, where the type specimen was collected.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 717–718 [D P] Cunningham GH (1958) “Part I. – The Pileate Genera Beenakia, Dentinum, Hericium, Hydnum, Phellodon and Steccherinum”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 85(4), pp. 585–601 [D] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 206 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 74 [D CP] Reid DA (1955) “New or Interesting Records of Australian Basidiomycetes”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 10(4), pp. 631–648 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Gomphaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ramaria filicicola

127

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

128

Fam. Gomphaceae

Ramaria filicicola Ramaria sinapicolor

Clavaria lorithamnus

Biology Most likely a mycorrhizal basidiomycete; usually forming gregarious coral-like tufts on the ground amongst leaf litter, generally in wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest, but also occurring with Pinus spp.

Fruit-body Description Consists of a dense cluster of branches, up to 100 mm in height and 60 mm in width, emerging from a white mycelial mat which is attached to woody litter. Branches are upright, cylindrical, sometimes flattened towards the base, forked, whitish to pale pinkish buff, becoming buff-brown as spores mature. Apices dull white, tapered with 2–5 pointed protrusions. Spore Print Ochrebrown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7.5 × 3–4.5 µm, ellipsoidal, ornamented with low profile warts. Basidia four-spored, 32–50 × 5–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Ramaria filicicola is recognised by its dull white to buff fruit-body and the slender upright nature of its branches. It is a relatively common species and is found in eucalypt and pine forests. In most early records this species has been misidentified as R. gracilis, a northern hemisphere species to which it has a high degree of resemblance.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 211 [D CP](as Ramaria gracilis) Young AM (2014) “Australian coralloid fungi IV – Ramaria filicicola”. Muelleria Vol. 13 pp. 385–390 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Gomphaceae

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

Ramaria lorithamnus

129

2.6. Order: Gomphales

Fungi in Australia

130

Fam. Gomphaceae

Ramaria lorithamnus Ramaria sinapicolor

Clavaria lorithamnus

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; usually gregarious coral-like tufts on the ground amongst leaf litter, generally in wet sclerophyll forest or rainforest.

Fruit-body Description Consists of coral-like tufts made up of individual slender fruit-bodies up to 100 mm or more tall and up to 5 mm thick at the base; branched once or twice but rarely three times, becoming thinner towards the apices; apices are minutely digitate; surface dry, smooth; colour pale-yellow to yellow, completely without apricot-pink tints, bruising to a pinkish brown; flesh whitish and brittle. Spore Print Ochre-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–10 × 4–6 µm, ellipsoidal, ornamented with low profile warts. Basidia four-spored, 45–50 × 7–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Ramaria lorithamnus is recognised by the slender yellow tufts of fruit-bodies, usually with one or two branchings, and with apices that are slightly digitate. Similar looking species include R. flaccida, which usually has more than 2 branchings and pointy apices, and Clavaria amoena, which only occasionally grows in dense tufts, has no branching, and the apices are rounded.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 211 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 87 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 91 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

2.7

Fungi in Australia

131

Order: Hymenochaetales

Hymenochaetales contains 4 families, 56 genera and about 883 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). This order is well supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence (Larsson et al. 2006), but its internal structure is still in flux. There are still 11 genera that have not been assigned to a family. To complicate the taxonomy of this order there is a broad variety of the fruit-body types. The majority of species are corticioid fungi and poroid fungi, but there are also several clavarioid fungi and agarics.

Hymenochaetales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Agaricomycota Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Subclass Pallomycetidae Order: Hymenochaetales Families Hymenochaetaceae Repetobasidiaceae Rickenellaceae Schizoporaceae

Hymenochaetaceae – consists of 37 genera with 661 species. Its type genus is Hymenochaete, which contains 147 species. This family contains the majority of described species in the Hymenochaetales (mostly polypores), a number of stereoid fungi, and a few hydnoid fungi. All species in this family are characterised by brown pigments that turn black in KOH (xanthochroic reaction). Repetobasidiaceae – consists of 2 genera with 16 species. Its type genus is Repetobasidium, which contains 12 species. This phylogenetically defined family contains species with resupinate and stereoid fruit-bodies.

Coltricia australica

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

132

Rickenellaceae – consists of 1 genus, Rickenella, with 9 species. Rickenella species are agarics and associate with mosses. Rickenella fibula

Schizoporaceae – consists of 16 genera with 145 species. Its type genus is Schizopora, which contains 7 species. This family contains the bulk of corticioid fungi (e.g. Hyphodontia and Xylodon). The genus Xylodon is one of the largest genera of wood-rotting fungi.

Xylodon australis

References Larsson K-H, Parmasto E, Fischer M, Langer E, Nakasone KK and Redhead SA (2006) “Hymenochaetales: a molecular phylogeny for the hymenochaetoid clade”. Mycologia Vol. 98, pp. 926–936

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenochaetaeae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coltricia australica

133

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

134

Fam. Hymenochaetaeae

Coltricia australica Coltricia oblectans Polyporus oblectans

Coltricia cinnamomea

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; grows in association with eucalypt species; solitary or in small groups, usually on the ground on compacted or sandy soils.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; more or less round in outline, flat or depressed in the centre, central depression usually has erect fibrils; the surface is covered with silky-shiny appressed fibrils radiating from the centre; colour cinnamon-brown, usually with concentric bands of colour. Flesh blackens with 10% KOH solution. Pore Surface reddish brown to greyish brown. Pores 3–4 per mm, polygonal or angular, thin-walled. Tubes up to 2 mm long; paler than context. Stipe (Stem) Usually central; generally up to 30 mm long and 5 mm thick; almost equal, thickening at the apex; sometimes flattened with longitudinal folds, velvety, yellowish brown to reddish brown (not black). Spore Print Yellowish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 4–5.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 14–21 × 6–8 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Coltricia australica is a distinctive little polypore, with its central reddish brown stipe, silky-shiny cinnamon-brown pileus and brown pore surface making this species readily identifiable. Coltricia australica fruit-bodies have the habit of fusing together when they touch. Phylogenetic analysis performed by Tedersoo et al. (2007) revealed that the Australian species of C. cinnamomea was not consistent with its type species and that the Australian species was a new species. Zhou and Tedesoo (2012) named the Australian species C. australica.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 568 [D CP] (as Coltrica cinnamomea) Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 316 [D CI] (as Coltricia oblectans) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 249 [D CP] (as Coltrica cinnamomea) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 181 [D CP]

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

135

Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 284 [D I] (as Coltricia oblectans) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 80 [CP] (as Coltrica cinnamomea) Tedersoo L, Suvi T, Beaver K and Saar I (2007) “Ectomycorrhizas of Coltricia and Coltriciella (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) on Caesalpiniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Myrtaceae in Seychelles”. Mycological Progress Vol. 6, pp. 101–107 [D I] Zhou L-W and Tedersoo L (2012) “Coltricia australica sp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Australia”. Mycotaxon Vol. 122, pp. 123–128

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hymenochaetaeae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coltriciella dependens

136

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

137

Fam. Hymenochaetaeae

Coltriciella dependens Poria tasmanica Coltriciella tasmanica

Coltricia dependens

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; grows in association with eucalypt species; solitary or in small groups, on the underside of decaying burnt wood or rotting wood that is on the ground.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; more or less round in outline, pendent (hanging down), conical at first, becoming flat disc-like, with a centrally attached stipe, touching fruit-bodies fuse together; surface furry, finely hairy; colour yellow-brown to brown. Pore Surface Surface yellowish brown to cinnamon, margin paler, furry, finely hairy. Pores 2–3 per mm, pore opening covered with very fine hairs, velvety. Tubes up to 1 mm long. Stipe (Stem) Usually centrally attached to pileus; generally up to 5 mm long; about 2 mm thick, almost equal, thickening at the apex; surface hairy, velvety; colour same as pileus. Spore Print Yellowish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10.5 × 4.5–6 µm, spores varying in shape from broadly ellipsoidal to pip-shaped, distinctly ornamented, thick-walled. Basidia four-spored, 10–18 × 5–6 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This species is easily overlooked because it grows on the underside of decaying or burnt wood. Once spotted, the fruit-bodies are readily recognised by their yellow-brown to cinnamon colour and furry pored surface. Although the fruit-bodies grow on dead wood this does not indicate that they are saprotropic. Studies carried out by Tedersoo et al. clearly show that this species is mycorrhizal. The bulk of its vegetative mycelium is in the soil, while only some penetrates the woody substrate where it produces its fruit-bodies.

References Buchanan PK and Ryvarden L (1993) “Type Studies in the Polyporaceae 24*. Species Described by Cleland, Rodway and Cheel”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 6, pp. 215–235 [D] Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 196 [D I] (as Coltricia dependens)

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

138

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 250 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 200 [D CP] Reid DA (1963) “New or Interesting Records of Australasian Basidiomycetes: V”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 17(2), pp. 267–308 [D I] (as Coltriciella tasmanica) Tedersoo L, Suvi T, Beaver K, Saar I (2007) “Ectomycorrhizas of Coltricia and Coltriciella (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) on Caesalpiniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Myrtaceae in Seychelles”. Mycological Progress Vol. 6, pp. 101–107

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Rickenellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Rickenella fibula

139

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

140

Fam. Rickenellaceae

Rickenella fibula Biology Bryophilous basidiomycete; scattered in moss beds, always associated with moss. There is a mycorrhizoid relationship with mosses, which are directly invaded through the perforation of the chloro- or caulonema cell walls (stems from which the leafy parts grow) Kost (1988). The mosses are not adversely affected by this relationship.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 10 mm or more; initially hemispherical, becoming convex then plano-convex with a deep central depression, margin sometimes translucent-striate, crenate (sculpted or wavy); surface smooth, silky, minutely radially fibrillose (need hand lens to see); colour when young yellow-orange to bright orange, with age fading to yellowish but remaining darker in the centre. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment strongly decurrent (running down the stipe); distant, sometimes with cross-veins; colour whitish or creamy, sometimes with an orange tint. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 30 mm long and 1.5 mm thick; slender, fragile, translucent; surface smooth, dry, sometimes covered with minute fibrils; colour same as pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 2.5–4.5 µm, elongate-ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 20–28 × 4–6 µm, slender clavate. The minute fibrils on the pileus and stipe are very large cystidia that are up to 100 µm (0.1 mm) long. Clamp connections present.

Comments Rickenella fibula is readily identified by its association with moss, its bright orange-yellow fruit-body, centrally depressed pileus, decurrent lamellae and slender translucent stipe. This species is also relatively common in the northern hemisphere.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 214 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1991) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 3: Boletes and agarics 1st part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 316 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 166 [D CP]

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

141

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 139 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 315 [D CP] Kost G (1988) “Interactions between Basidiomycetes and Bryophyta”. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research Vol. 5, pp. 287–308 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 58 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 88 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Rickenellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Rickenella swartzii

142

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

143

Fam. Rickenellaceae

Rickenella swartzii Agaricus swartzii Mycena swartzii

Omphalina swartzii

Biology Bryophilous basidiomycete; scattered in moss beds, always associated with moss. There is a mycorrhizoid relationship with mosses, which are directly invaded through the perforation of the chloro- or caulonema cell walls (stems from which the leafy parts grow) (Kost 1988). The mosses are not adversely affected by this relationship.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 10 mm or more; initially conical, becoming convex then nearly plane, sometimes centrally depressed, margin sometimes translucent-striate, crenate (sculpted or wavy); surface smooth, silky, fibrillose when young (seen under hand lens); colour dark brown to dark purplish brown at the centre (disc), becoming pale tan to pale orange-brown towards the margin. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment strongly decurrent (running down the stipe); distant, sometimes with cross-veins; colour whitish or creamy. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 30 mm long and 1.5 mm thick; slender, fragile, translucent; surface smooth, dry, covered with minute fibrils (seen under hand lens); colour pale yellowish brown to brownish orange, darkening towards the apex. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 2.5–3.5 µm, elongate-ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 15–22 × 4–5 µm, slender clavate. The minute fibrils on the pileus and stipe are very large cystidia that are up to 100 µm (0.1 mm) long. Clamp connections present.

Comments Rickenella swartzii is readily identified by its association with moss, its distinctive two-toned pileus (dark purple-brown in the centre to pale orange-brown towards the margin), its deeply decurrent lamellae and thin stipe. In some field guides this species is identified by the misapplied name Rickenella setipes sensu Raithelhuber, which was based on the species description of Agaricus setipes, which was most likely a species of Mycena (Kuyper 1984).

References Bas C, Kuyper TW, Noordeloos ME and Vellinga ME (1995) Flora Agaricina Neerlandica Vol. 3. A A Balkema: Rotterdam. pp. 157–158 [D I]

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

144

Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1991) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 3: Boletes and agarics 1st part. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 316 [D CP] (as Rickenella setipes) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 167 [D CP] (as Rickenella setipes) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 139 [D CP] (as Rickenella setipes) Kost (1988) “Interactions between Basidiomycetes and Bryophyta”. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research Vol. 5, pp. 287–308 [D I] Kuyper TW (1984) “Notulae ad Floram Agaricinam Neerlandicam — VI-VII Rickenella and Omphalina”. Persoonia Vol. 12(2), pp. 188 Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 88 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Schizoporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Xylodon australis

145

2.7. Order: Hymenochaetales

Fungi in Australia

146

Fam. Schizoporaceae

Xylodon australis Hyphodontia australis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; fruit-body forms an adhering layer on dead wood such as fallen logs, causing white rot.

Fruit-body Description Crust-like, lies flat against the substrate (resupinate), up to 3 mm thick, with a distinct margin; surface spore-bearing (hymenium), crustaceous, covered with small pimples, distinctly cracked into small polygons; colour when young pale brown, then brown with reddish tints, with age becoming dull buff to chestnut. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces a violet colour reaction. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 4–4.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 20–30 × 4–5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Xylodon australis is a crust fungus found on dead wood, and is readily recognised by its light brownish colour, pimpled and polygonal cracked surface. It is found in Australia, New Zealand, and South America.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 279 [D CP] (as Hyphodontia australis) Greslebin A and Rajchenberg M (2000) “The genus Hyphodontia in the Patagonian Andes forests of Argentina”. Mycologia Vol. 92(6), pp. 1155–1165 [D I] Hjortstam K (1995) “Two New Genera and some New Combinations of Corticioid Fungi (Basidiomycotina, Aphyllophorales) from Tropical and Subtropical Areas”. Mycotaxon Vol. 54, pp. 183–193 [D]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.8. Order: Phallales

2.8

Fungi in Australia

147

Order: Phallales

Phallales contains 2 families, 56 genera and about 174 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). Most of the species in this order are known as “stinkhorns”. Their main characteristics are that they develop from an “egg”, have an upright fruit-body, and produce foul smelling gleba (glutinous spore mass). The Phallales are a prime example of interactions of fungi with insects. The foul smelling gleba is particularly attractive to flies, which feed upon the gleba and then proceed to disperse the spores (Tuno N 1998).

Phallales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Agaricomycota Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Subclass Pallomycetidae Order: Phallales Families Claustulaceae Phallaceae

Claustulaceae – consists of 5 genera with 11 species. Its type genus is Claustula, which contains 1 species. Many of the species in this family are lattice stinkhorns. Phallaceae – consists of 35 genera with 161 species. Its type genus is Phallus, which contains 29 species. The species in this family are predominantly stinkhorns and false truffles. Aseroë rubra

References Tuno N (1998) “Spore dispersal of Dictyophora fungi (Phallaceae) by flies”. Ecological Research Vol. 13, pp. 7–15

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Phallaceae

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Aseroë rubra

148

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

149

Fam. Phallaceae

Aseroë rubra Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on the ground in humus-rich soils or on deep forest litter, either solitary or in small groups.

Fruit-body Description Immature fruit-body dingy white, egg-like, diameter up to 40 mm; egg is broken open as fruit-body expands. Mature fruit-body consists of a whitish to pinkish, hollow, cylindrical stem up to 80 mm tall and up to 30 mm thick, flattened at the top with a red star-like structure up to 130 mm across, with up to 10 arms, each one branching into 2 thin tentacles; with foul smelling olive to brown spore mass (gleba) at the base of each arm, surrounding the central disc. Spore Print gleba dark olive-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 1.5–3 µm, cylindrical, smooth.

Comments Aseroë rubra was the first fungus recorded in Australia. The record was made from the shore of Recherche Bay near Hobart, Tasmania, on 1 May 1792 by Jacques Labillardière, a French biologist who was appointed to Bruni d’Entrecasteau’s expedition in search of Lapérouse.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 228 [D CP] Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 210 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 95 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 687 [D CI] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 94 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 193 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Phallaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Clathrus archeri

150

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

151

Fam. Phallaceae

Clathrus archeri Anthurus archeri

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on the ground in humus-rich soils or on deep forest litter, either solitary or in small groups.

Fruit-body Description Immature fruit-body dingy white, egg-like, up to 40 mm diameter; egg is broken open at the apex as fruit-body expands. Mature fruit-body from a common stipe 4–6 bright red arms expand upwards through the ruptured egg, initially fused at the tips but soon spreading outwards; they are reticulated and pitted and covered in a dark olive-brown gleba that smells like rotting meat. The fruit-body fully expanded is up to 160 mm across. Stipe up to 60 mm long, and 25 mm thick; red and whitish at the base, often hidden in the ruptured egg (volva). Spore Print gleba dark olive-brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–7 × 1.5–2.5 µm, cylindrical, smooth.

Comments This attractive red starfish-shaped fungus is readily identifiable. It is native to Australia, but can now be found in Europe and North America.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd edn. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 774 [D CP] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 398 [D CP] (as Anthurus archeri) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 231 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 339 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 195 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Phallaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ileodictyon gracile

152

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

153

Fam. Phallaceae

Ileodictyon gracile Clathrus gracilus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground in native forest, amongst leaf litter, on compost, mulch, in garden beds, and on lawns.

Fruit-body Description Immature fruit-body up to 40 mm diameter, ovoid (egg-shaped), globose to subglobose, smooth, whitish, and attached to the substrate with white mycelial strands; eventually ruptures to release a whitish, rapidly expanding spherical fruit-body. Mature fruit-body a hollow open lattice-like structure ranging from 40–200 mm diameter (the receptacle); arms up to 5 mm thick, typically broader where they join, smooth, whitish, coated with patches of foetid smelling brown gleba (spore mass). Spore Print Brown (Gleba)

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–6.5 × 2–3 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal to cylindrical, smooth. Basidia six- to eight-spored, 25–50 × 4–6.5 µm, cylindrical to narrowly ventricose. Clamp connections present.

Comments Ileodictyon gracile is a beautiful fungus, commonly referred to as a bird-cage, basket, or lattice fungus. The open ball-shaped lattice with smooth arms makes this species readily identifiable, although care needs to be taken because there is a similar closely related species, I. cibarium. The macroscopic and microscopic morphologies of these species largely overlap. The main difference between the two species is in the way they emerge from the peridium (the egg). Ileodictyon gracile is sinuously folded inside the peridium and expands in a similar way to a balloon or an air mattress being inflated. As a result the arms are smooth, not wrinkled. By contrast, I. cibarium is packed concertina-like and expands in a similar fashion to an accordion being expanded, and as a result the arms are wrinkled, not smooth.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 118 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 232 [D CP] (as Ileodictyon cibarium) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 99 [D CP]

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

154

Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 684 [D] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 94 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 197 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Phallaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Mutinus aff. albotruncatus

155

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

156

Fam. Phallaceae

Mutinus aff. albotruncatus Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; sometimes solitary but usually gregarious on humus-rich soils and amongst forest litter.

Fruit-body Description Immature fruit-body up to 15 mm long and to 8 mm across, ovoid (eggshaped), with white basal mycelium; usually partially covered by soil; surface smooth; colour white. Mature fruit-body stalk-like receptacle, up to 60 mm high and 8 mm thick, usually curved, cylindrical, equal, fertile region tapering to a blunt tip, hollow, spongy, fragile; surface slightly textured, with a net-like pattern; colour white. Fertile zone up to 20 mm long; tapering towards a blunt point; surface pitted, slightly reticulated, raised network of various sized meshes; colour golden yellow to orangey yellow. Gleba borne on the fertile region, brown to grey-brown, foetid. Spore Print Gleba brownish

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 2.5–4 × 1–2 µm, (mean 3.2 ± 0.2 × 1.5 ± 0.1 µm, Q=2.16 ± 0.22 n=30), cylindrical, smooth.

Comments This species of stinkhorn is recognised by its white spike, with a golden yellow fertile zone, which is usually covered by a sticky brownish gleba. It is morphologically similar to M. albotruncatus (Silva et al. 2015), except for the colour of the fertile region. Other similar species that have been reported in Australia are M. boninensis, M. borneensis and M. caninus, but these differ by having a fertile zone with some red colouring. Mutinus is an understudied genus and at present there are 38 species listed in “Index Fungorum”. It is quite possible that there are a number of unnamed species still to be described from Australia. Unlike other fungi, stinkhorns distribute their spores by using an odorous spore-rich slime (gleba) to attract flies and other insects, which then carry the spores away to other places.

References Cunningham GH (1944) The Gasteromycetes of Australia and New Zealand. (reprinted in 1979) Bibliotheca Mycologica, Band 67, pp. 91–93 [D] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 681 [D]

2.8. Order: Phallales

Fungi in Australia

157

Silva BDB, Cabral TS, Martìn MP, Marinho P, Calonge FD, and Baseia IG (2015) “Mutinus albotruncatus (Phallales, Agaricomycetes), a new phalloid from the Brazilian semiarid, and a key to the world species”. Phytotaxa Vol. 236(3), pp. 237–248 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

2.9

Fungi in Australia

158

Order: Polyporales

Polyporales contains 11 families, 240 genera and about 3280 species (“Catalogue of Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). The taxonomy of the Polyporales is still in flux. The phylogenomic and phylogenetic analyses carried out by Binder et al. (2013) provide an overview of evolutionary relationships in the Polyporales that will serve as road map for future studies. The species within this order are saprotrophic; most of them are woodrotters and the majority produce a white rot. They also have diverse morphologies, and include many polypores and corticioid fungi as the genus Lentinus).

Polyporales Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Agaricomycota Subphylum: Agaricomycotina Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Polyporales Families ca. 11; See text well as a few agarics (mainly in

Cystostereaceae – consists of 6 genera with 17 species. Its type genus is Cystostereum, which contains 7 species. The majority of species in this family have crust or corticioid fruit-bodies. Fomitopsidaceae – consists of 33 genera with 389 species. Its type genus is Fomitopsis, which contains 42 species. The majority of species in this family are bracket fungi, some well known genera being Antrodia, Laetiporus, Piptoporus and Postia. Fomitopsis lilacinogilva Ganodermataceae – consists of 8 genera with 282 species. Its type genus is Ganoderma, which contains 201 species. The vast majority of species in this family are bracket fungi and occur in the genus Ganoderma, which is probably the most morphologically complex genus of polypores (Ryvarden L 2000).

Ganoderma australe

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

159

Grammotheleaceae – consists of 1 genus, Theleporus, with 6 species. The majority of species in this family have crust or corticioid fruit-bodies. The genus Theleporus was described by Fries in 1847, making it one of the oldest genus names among polypores and corticioid fungi (Zhou L-W et al. 2012). Limnoperdaceae – consists of 1 genus, Limnoperdon, with 1 species. Meripilaceae – consists of 6 genera with 68 species. Its type genus is Meripilus, which contains 6 species. Many species in this family have compound flexible fruit-bodies such as those in the genus Grifola, or multi-layered brackets such as those in the genus Rigidoporus.

Rigidoporus laetus

Meruliaceae – consists of 58 genera with 618 species. Its type genus is Merulius, which contains 2 species. The majority of species in this family have crust or corticioid fruit-bodies (e.g. Steccherinum) , but there are also a number of genera with stiped leathery fruit-bodies (e.g. CymatoPodoscypha petalodes derma and Podoscypha). Phanerochaetaceae – consists of 24 genera with 322 species. Its type genus is Phanerodontia, which contains 4 species. The majority of species in this family have crust or corticioid fruit-bodies.

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Polyporaceae – consists of 98 genera with 1499 species. Its type genus is Polyporus, which contains 283 species. This is a large and morphologically diverse family, containing bracket fungi (e.g. Australoporus, Hexagonia and Ryvardenia), gilled fungi (e.g. Lentinus and Panus), stipitate pored fungi (e.g. Microporus and Polyporus), and leathery pored fungi (e.g. Trametes).

160

Lentinus arcularius

Sparassidaceae – consists of 2 genera with 11 species. Its type genus is Sparassis, which contains 10 species. Most species in this family have compound fruit-bodies made up of fan-like (flabelliform) elements. They are found predominantly in the northern hemisphere, but there is possibly 1 undescribed species found in Australia (Light W et al. 2009). Xenasmataceae – consists of 3 genera with 26 species. Its type genus is Xenasma, which contains 11 species. The majority of species in this family have crust or corticioid fruit-bodies.

References Binder M, Justo A, Riley R, Salamov A, Lopez-Giraldez F, Sjökvist E, Copeland A, Foster B, Sun H, Larsson E, Larsson K-H, Townsend J, Grigoriev IV and Hibbett DS (2013) “Phylogenetic and phylogenomic overview of the Polyporales”. Mycologia Vol. 105(6), pp. 1350–1373 Light W and Woehrel M (2009) “Clarification of the Nomenclatural Confusion of the Genus Sparassis [Polyporales: Sparassidaceae] in North America”. Fungi Vol. 2(4), pp. 10–15 Ryvarden L (2000) “Studies in Neotropical Polypores 2: A Preliminary Key to Neotropical Species of Ganoderma with a Laccate Pileus”. Mycologia Vol. 92(1), pp. 180–191 Zhou L-W and Dai Y-C (2012) “Wood-inhabiting fungi in southern China 5. New species of Theleporus and Grammothele (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)”. Mycologia Vol. 104(4), pp. 915–924

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

c Paul George

c Paul George

Fomitopsis lilacinogilva

161

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

162

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

Fomitopsis lilacinogilva Polyporus lilacinogilva Trametes lilacinogilva

Polystictus lilacinogilvus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; occurs solitary or in overlapping tiers on dead wood such as fallen logs, or on upright stumps, producing a brown cubical rot.

Fruit-body Description Diameter to 100 mm or more; laterally attached, irregular in shape, fan-shaped, kidney-shaped or semicircular, sometimes as a crust or pad; margin rounded, smooth. Upper Surface furrowed, crusty, overlain with coarse flattened hairs; colour pinkish, brownish, often zoned. Pored Surface smooth, 4–5 pores per mm; colour lilac to pinkish lilac, colour most intense at the margin of the fruit-body. Flesh corky, tough, pinkish brown or tinted pinkish lilac. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 2–3 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored.

Comments The lilac colour of Fomitopsis lilacinogilva pores is a very distinctive feature that helps in the field identification of this fungus. This species can be quite destructive, because it is found not only on fallen logs and tree stumps, but also on structural timbers, red gum sleepers and timber barriers, causing brown rot. Fomitopsis lilacinogilva is recorded from all Australian States and also from New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and South America.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 252 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 198 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 78 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 73 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Laetiporus portentosus

163

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

164

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

Laetiporus portentosus Polyporus portentosus Piptoporus portentosus

Polyporus eucalyptorum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on dead or living Eucalyptus or Nothofagus spp. It causes brown cubical rot on dead trees; on live trees it causes heart rot.

Fruit-body Description Radius to 300 mm or more, width up to 400 mm; laterally attached bracket, when young forming a nodular or globular body, with age becoming hoofshaped; margin always blunt, rounded and smooth. Upper Surface glabrous (smooth), becoming cracked with age; colour at first whitish, becoming biscuit brown to greyish brown with age. Pored Surface smooth, 1–3 pores per mm; colour at first pale yellow, becoming dingy white with age. Flesh white, corky; texture polystyrene foam-like. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9.5–13.5 × 5.5–8 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, thick-walled, with a prominent apiculus and a central oil drop. Basidia four-spored, 30–45 × 9–12 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Laetiporus portentosus is readily identified in the field by its colour and polystyrene-foam-like texture. Even pieces of the fruit-body found on the forest floor can be identified by the polystyrene-foam-like texture. When Rajchenberg (1995) moved this species from the genus Polyporus into the genus Laetiporus he noted that there were some features in this species that were not consistent with genus Laetiporus, but that for the time being it would be the best place to put this species. DNA analysis done by Linder and Banik (2008) showed without a doubt that Laetiporus portentosus does not belong in the Laetiporus genus. Further work is required before the actual genus of this fungus can be identified.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 264 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 188 [D I]

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

165

Linder DL and Banik MT (2008) “Molecular phylogeny of Laetiporus and other brown rot polypore genera in North America”. Mycologia Vol. 100(3), pp. 417–430 McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 77 [CP] Rajchenberg M (1995) “A taxonomic study of the Subantarctic Piptoporus (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycetes) II”. Nordic Journal of Botany Vol. 15(1), pp. 105–119 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Phaeolus schweinitzii

166

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

167

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

Phaeolus schweinitzii Coltricia schweinitzii

Biology Parasitic and saprotrophic basidiomycete; annual, solitary or in small groups on the ground; parasitic on the roots and heartwood of living conifers such as Douglas fir, spruce, and larches, and saprobic on the dead wood once the tree has died. It produces brown to reddish brown cubic rot.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 300 mm or more and to 40 mm thick; initially cushion-shaped, pilei variable in shape, and can be solitary or imbricate, circular or irregularly lobed; surface velvety or woolly, undulating, often with enclosed plants or twigs; colour zonate, when young orange to yellow and brown towards the centre, margin yellow to orange-yellow to greenish yellow, with age the whole pileus becoming rust-brown and finally blackish. Flesh initially soft-fibrous and yellowish brown, becoming firm and dark rust-brown with age. Pore Surface orange to bright yellow when young, becoming brownish to reddish-brown with age; promptly turning brown when bruised. Pores 1–3 per mm; decurrent; angular, almost slot-like, or labyrinthine. Tubes up to 10 mm long, same colour as pores. Stipe (Stem) More or less central when present; up to 60 mm long and 50 mm thick; usually tapered downwards; irregularly cylindrical; usually brown or concolorous with pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8.5 × 3.5–5.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 20–28 × 4.5–6 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Phaeolus schweinitzii is a polypore that is most readily identified when it is young and in its growing phase, because this is when its pileus is brightly coloured with yellow, orange and brown hues and has a woolly matt surface. As it ages it turns a dark brown and also loses its woolly surface, making identification much more difficult. P. schweinitzii is a northern hemisphere species. In North America and Eurasia it is a common root and butt pathogen, predominantly of conifers, with symptoms normally appearing in mature trees. Early Australian records of this species were shown to have been misidentified (Simpson and May 2002). Some of the specimens were later re-identified as Inonotus albertinii, which has brown spores. It seems that P. schweinitzii

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

168

has been introduced into Australia in recent times, and was first observed in Australia at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne in 1995 (Simpson and May 2002).

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 570 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 318 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 220 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 302 [D CP] Simpson JA and May TW (2002) “Phaeolus schweinitzii in Australia”. Australasian Plant Pathology Vol. 31, pp. 99–100 [D P]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Postia aff. caesia

169

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

170

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

Postia aff. caesia Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in imbricate (overlapping) groups on fallen dead wood or stumps. Causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body semicircular, 10–50 mm or more broad, projecting 10–40 mm from the substrate; often with a broad lateral attachment, or sometimes dorsally attached to the underside of dead wood. Upper Surface surface finely velvety at first, becoming radially wrinkled, tuberculate, often with a dark reticulate structure when dry; colour white when young, becoming bluish, but may be ochre to light brown with only a slight blue colour, may be weakly zoned; margin undulating, acute, white. Lower Surface fertile surface pored, pores rounded-angular to lacerated. 4–5 per mm, tubes 4–5 mm long; colour white to blue-grey. Consistency soft and sponge-like when fresh, firm when dry. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–5 × 1–2 µm (mean 4.7 ± 0.2 × 1.3 ± 0.2 µm, Q=3.64 ± 0.65, n=30), cylindro-elliptic, allantoid, smooth, hyaline, with drops. Amyloid. Basidia four-spored, 10–13 × 5–6 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is a member of the cosmopolitan Postia caesia complex that contains closely related brown-rot polypore species with fruit-bodies that stain blue when bruised or with age, making them easy to recognise. In the northern hemisphere there are approximately 20 named species in this complex (Miettinen et al. 2018; Pildain et al. 2013; Yao et al. 2005). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies by Miettinen et al. (2018) on New Zealand and Australian material strongly suggests that the Australian species belongs to the P. caesia complex but has not yet been named. Until it is named, it would be preferable to call this species Postia aff. caesia.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 272 [D CP] Fuhrer BA (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 270 [D CP] (as Postia caesia)

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

171

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 191 [D CP] (as Postia subcaesia) Miettinen O, Vlasák J, Rivoire B, Spirin V (2018) “Postia caesia complex (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in temperate Northern Hemisphere”. Fungal Systematics and Evolution Vol. 1, pp. 101–129 [D CP] Papp V (2014) “Nomenclatural novelties in the Postia caesia complex”. Mycotaxon Vol. 129(2), pp. 407–413 Pildain MB and Rajchenberg M (2013) “The phylogenetic position of Postia s.l. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Patagonia, Argentina”. Mycologia Vol. 105(2), pp. 357–367 Yao YJ, Pegler DN, Chase MW (2005) “Molecular variation in the Postia caesia complex”. FEMS Microbiology Letters Vol. 242(1), pp. 109–116

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Postia aff. lactea

172

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

173

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

Postia aff. lactea

Tyromyces lacteus sensu Cunningham

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in imbricate (overlapping) groups on dead conifer wood and hardwood, usually on fallen trunks and branches, as well as on stumps. Causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body 30–50 mm or more broad, projecting 10–25 mm from the substrate, fan-shaped to semi-circular, broadly laterally attached. Upper Surface surface smooth to coarse hairy (tomentose), tufted towards the base; colour white, with a pale pinkish-brown tint towards the base. Lower Surface fertile surface pored, pores rounded or angular, 4–5 per mm; colour white to cream. Consistency soft and sponge-like when fresh, firm when dry. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–5 × 1–2 µm (mean 4.3 ± 0.3 × 1.3 ± 0.2 µm, Q=3.41 ± 0.52, n=30), cylindro-elliptic, allantoid, smooth, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 9–15 × 3.5–5 µm, subclavate to clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Species of Postia aff. lactea are recognised by their soft fleshy whitish fruitbody, with a hairy upper surface, growing on wood where they produce a brown rot. This species has a close affinity to Tyromyces lacteus described by Cunningham (1965) using Australian and New Zealand material. The Australian and New Zealand material was assumed to be the same species as that found in the Europe. Since then, phylogenetic evidence has re-arranged the Polyporales and now fleshy species that produce brown rot are placed in the genus Postia and species that produce a white rot are placed in the genus Tyromyces. The European species Tyromyces lacteus, which the Australian material was named after, is in fact a white-rot fungus and hence still belongs in the genus Tyromyces. It is possible that Postia aff. lactea may be a complex of species. Australian polypores are understudied, and DNA analysis will be needed to separate these cryptic species so that they can eventually be named.

References Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 121

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

174

Fuhrer BA (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 270 [D CP] (as Postia lactea) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 190 [D CP] (as Postia lactea) Pildain MB and Rajchenberg M (2013) “The phylogenetic position of Postia s.l. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Patagonia, Argentina”. Mycologia Vol. 105(2), pp. 357–367

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Postia pelliculosa

175

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

176

Fam. Fomitopsidaceae

Postia pelliculosa Oligoporus pelliculosus

Tyromyces pelliculosus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in imbricate (overlapping) groups on fallen dead wood or stumps of Eucalyptus and Nothofagus spp. Causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body 10–50 mm or more broad, projecting 10–40 mm from the substrate, semicircular to fan-shaped, with a narrow lateral attachment. Upper Surface surface shaggy, hairy, hairs radially striate; colour can be either reddish dark brown or blackish. Lower Surface fertile surface pored, pores 2–5 per mm, rounded-angular with fringed (fimbriate) mouths; colour white to cream. Consistency soft and sponge-like when fresh, firm when dry. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–6 × 2–4 µm (mean 5.2 ± 0.5 × 3.1 ± 0.5 µm, Q=1.69 ± 0.23, n=30), ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 12–22 × 5–7 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Postia pelliculosa can be recognised by its shaggy reddish dark brown or blackish pileus, and whitish to cream pored surface. This species can be found in Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies by Pildain and Rajchenberg (2013) was on material found growing on Nothofagus spp. This species still requires further study: it still remains to be ascertained that the brown and black variants and those that grow on Nothofagus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the same species or whether they belong to a species complex.

References Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 124 [D I] (as Tyromyces pelliculosus) Buchanan KP, Hood IA (1992) “New species and new records of Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycetes) from New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 30, pp. 95– 112 [D I] Fuhrer BA (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 271 [D CP]

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

177

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 191 [D CP] Pildain MB and Rajchenberg M (2013) “The phylogenetic position of Postia s.l. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Patagonia, Argentina”. Mycologia Vol. 105(2), pp. 357–367

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Ganodermataceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Amauroderma rude

178

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

179

Fam. Ganodermataceae

Amauroderma rude Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; often found on buried wood, or on decayed wood, solitary or occasionally in small groups.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; convex at first, becoming flattened and then slightly depressed; irregular in shape, often with grass or twigs embedded; surface dry, velvety; colour zoned light and dark brown; usually woody. Pore Surface white to greyish. Pores up to 4 per mm; reach the stipe and may go down it a short way; turn red immediately on bruising, eventually the bruise will turn black. Stipe (Stem) Central or slightly eccentric; generally up to 130 mm long 20 mm thick, irregularly shaped; velvety to smooth; dark brown. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 6–8 µm, ellipsoidal, finely punctate (dotted with minute scales or pits).

Comments Amauroderma rude is usually found on the ground in association with buried decaying wood, and it is readily identified by the red colour when the whitish pores are bruised. A similar species is A. rugosum, which has rust-brown pores.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. pp. 245&, 247 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 63 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 74 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 69 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Ganodermataceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ganoderma australe

180

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

181

Fam. Ganodermataceae

Ganoderma australe Biology Saprotrophic and weak parasitic basidiomycete; solitary or layered, perennial (a new fertile layer is added each year), occurs on a wide variety of dead or living trees. On living trees it grows where damage has occurred, in areas where the sapwood has been removed. It causes white heart rot in living trees.

Fruit-body Description Diameter to 500 mm or more; laterally attached, bracket-like, irregular in shape, fan-shaped or semicircular, margin blunt, smooth, white when growing. Upper Surface rugose (wrinkled), with prominent concentrically zoned undulations; colour light to dark chocolate brown. Pored Surface smooth, creamy white when new fertile layer is being formed, bruising red-brown then turning dark brown, becoming brown as spores mature; pores round, small, 2.5–5 per mm. Flesh pithy when young, becoming woody with age. Spore Print Rust-brown to brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 9–12 × 5.5–9 µm, ellipsoidal but truncated at one end, ornamented, double walled. Basidia four-spored. Clamp connections present, best seen in fruit-body margin.

Comments Ganoderma australe is recognised by its shelf- or bracket-like form, the dull brown upper surface, and by the creamy white to light brown pored surface. Its distribution is in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific region. There has been much confusion between Ganoderma australe and a closely related species G. applanatum. DNA analysis (Smith and Sivasithamparam 2003) has shown that G. applanatum is a northern hemisphere species and G. australe is the Australian species.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 320 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 253 [D CP] (as Ganoderma applanatum) Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 318 [D I]

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

182

Smith BJ and Sivasithamparam K (2003) “Morphological studies of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) from the Australian and Pacific regions”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 16, pp. 487–503 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 73 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Meripilaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Grifola colensoi

183

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

184

Fam. Meripilaceae

Grifola colensoi Polyporus colensoi

Polyporus multiplex

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; typically growing on decayed wood and humus at the base of living eucalypt trees and Nothofagus spp. Causes brown cubical rot.

Fruit-body Description Large compound fruit-body, up to 300 mm diameter and 200 mm high, or more; composed of numerous overlapping pilei. Pileus up to 100 mm or more long, 50 mm wide and 1–4 mm thick, with a rubbery texture; may be fan-, spoonor spatula-shaped with a narrow stem, laterally attached to a central base; surface dry, smooth, rough to fibrillose; colour pale greyish brown to dark grey, with paler zones. Spore-bearing Surface (hymenium) has a labyrinth-like appearance when young, becoming irregularly pored; whitish cream at first, becoming darker with age; pores decurrent. Pores 1–3 × 1 mm, irregularly shaped, sometimes elongated. Spore Print White to cream

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–6 × 3.5–5 µm, (mean 5.1 ± 0.4 × 4.2 ± 0.4 µm, n=20) globose to subglobose, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 18–24 × 5–6 µm, elongate clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Grifola colensoi is a large fungus consisting of numerous overlapping pilei. Its size, colour and shape make this species readily identifiable. It grows on decaying wood, and causes brown cubical rot. If it is growing at the base of a tree it may also be responsible for butt rot.

References Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 95 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 256 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 185 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Meruliaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cymatoderma elegans

185

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

186

Fam. Meruliaceae

Cymatoderma elegans Cymatoderma lamellatum

Cymatoderma elegans var. lamellatum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small colonies on decaying branches and logs in rainforests.

Fruit-body Description Diameter to 120 mm or more and up to 225 mm in height; wine-glass or funnel-shaped, tough, leathery, radially wrinkled, margin ragged. Upper surface velvety, zoned concentrically in various shades of brown. Lower surface smooth, devoid of any warts or spines, with radial folds or ridges often branching and extending from the stipe to the margin; colour whitish grey to pale cream. Stipe central or off-centre, short, velvety, woody, brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–8 × 4–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Has thick-walled (metuloid) crystal-encrusted cystidia.

Comments This impressive looking fungus is readily identified by its distinctive funnel shape and texture. Cymatoderma elegans is not unique to Australia; it can also be found in Africa, Asia and some Pacific Islands.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 279 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 176 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 77 [D CP] Reid DA (1958) “The Genus Cymatoderma Jungh. (Cladoderris)”. Kew Bulletin Vol 13(3), pp. 518–530 [D] (as Cymatoderma elegans var. lamellatum) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 82 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Meruliaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Flavodon flavus

187

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

188

Fam. Meruliaceae

Flavodon flavus Irpex flavus Polyporus flavus

Polystictus flavus Trichaptum flavum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; forms large patches on bark or decorticated fallen wood; associated with white rot.

Fruit-body Description Consisting of patches up to 100 × 500 mm or more, some effused-reflexed, effuse area up to 4 mm thick. Reflexed part (pileus) up to 10 mm or more across, margin ragged; surface smooth to velutinous; colour yellow to yellowbrown. Hymenial surface (spore-bearing surface) initially pored 2–3 per mm, then develops flattish columnar tooth-like structures or overlapping plates (irpicoid-poroid), 1–3 mm long; colour yellow, becoming yellow-brown over toothed area; margin 5 mm or more wide, sterile, tomentose, remaining yellow. Context soft, tough, leathery, yellow to yellow-brown. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–6.5 × 2–3.5 µm, (mean 5.5 ± 0.5 × 2.8 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.99 ± 0.14 n=30), obovate to tear-drop-shaped, many broadly ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline. Basidia and cystidia not seen. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This species can be recognised by its spore-bearing surface, which is yellowish, has largish pores when young and later develops flattish columnar tooth-like structures. The specimen examined produced a meagre spore print, which allowed a spore measurement to be made. The spore size agreed well with the size reported by Cunningham (1965). The macro-morphology of our specimens agreed well with the colour photographs and description produced by Padhiar et al. (2009). Due to the tough nature and the interwoven hyphae of this species, conclusive sighting of the basidia and cystidia was not made. Based on the morphological evidence it is reasonable to assume that this species is Flavodon flavus, which is a cosmopolitan species found in both northern and southern hemispheres, and is relatively common in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

189

References Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 101 (as Trichaptum flavum) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 200 [D CP] Maas Geesteranus (1974) “Studies in the genera Irpex and Steccherinum”. Persoonia Vol. 7(4), pp. 443–581 (as Irpex flavus) Padhiar A, Nagadesi PK, Albert S and Arya A (2009) “Morphology, Anatomy and Cultural Characters of Two Wood Decaying Fungi Schizophyllum commune and Flavadon [sic] flavus”. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology Vol. 39(1), pp. 27– 31 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Meruliaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Phlebia subceracea

190

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

191

Fam. Meruliaceae

Phlebia subceracea Acia subceracea

Mycoacia subceracea

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; forms various-sized patches on moist rotting native wood, such as fallen branches and twigs.

Fruit-body Description Resupinate (lies flat) patches, various sizes, can be as large as 300 mm or more long and 100 mm wide; surface in from the margin denticulate (finely toothed); teeth up to 1.5 mm long and to 0.5 mm in diameter, apex roundedblunt, texture soft waxy; colour bright yellow, golden yellow, mustard yellow. Chemical test application of KOH solution produces no reaction, although the fungus may darken slightly. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6 × 2–3 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 12–26 × 4–6 µm, clavate to slenderly clavate.

Comments Phlebia subceracea is recognised in the field as being bright yellow denticulate patches, usually on the underside of rotting native wood. There are at least two similar species in the northern hemisphere: Mycoacia aurea, which is more of a cream to pale yellow colour, and M. uda, which looks very similar to P. subceracea but reacts with KOH by turning purple-red. (see Breitenbach and Krãnzlin 1986). To date, these species have not been found in Australia.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 160–162 [D CP] (as Mycoacia subceracea) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 243 [D CP] (as Mycoacia subceracea) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 203 [D CP] (as Mycoacia subceracea) Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 76 [D CP] (as Mycoacia subceracea) Wakefield EM (1930) “Australian Resupinate Hydnaceae”. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia Vol. 54, pp. 155–158 [D] (as Acia subceracea)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Meruliaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Podoscypha petalodes

192

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

193

Fam. Meruliaceae

Podoscypha petalodes Stereum floriforme

Podoscypha petalodes subsp. floriformis

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; occasionally solitary, gregarious, or in caespitose tufts, or rosettes; on rotting wood, logs, and stumps; if on the ground it is above buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Stipitate fruit-body; Pileus up to 80 mm high and 40 mm across; fan-shaped to funnel-shaped, usually with a split on one side, irregularly radially wrinkled, margin often thinning out; surface glabrous; colour ranging from pale goldenbrown to chestnut brown, with darker concentric zones. Hymenial surface grey when fertile, ochre or pallid brown when sterile. Stipe up to 10 mm long and 4 mm thick, slightly velvety; sometimes fused, usually single, but may arise from a common mycelial base; colour same as or similar to hymenium. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–6 × 2.5–3.5 µm, ovate to ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 25–40 × 5–6 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Fruit-bodies of Podoscypha petalodes are readily recognised by their funnel shape and habit of forming caespitose or rosetted colonies at the base of trees or on the ground above buried wood. This species can also be found in Central America, East Indies, Pacific Islands and New Zealand.

References Cunningham GH (1963) “The Thelephoraceae of Australia and New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Bulletin 145, pp. 359; [D I] (misidentified as Podoscypha elegans) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 281 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 83 [CP] (as Podoscypha petaloides) Reid DA (1965) “A monograph of the stipitate stereoid fungi”. Nova Hedwigia Beih. 18, pp.224; [D I] (as Podoscypha petalodes subsp. floriformis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Meruliaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Rigidoporus laetus

194

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

195

Fam. Meruliaceae

Rigidoporus laetus Coltricia laeta Fomes laetus

Polyporus laetus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or forming overlapping tiers of shelf-like fruit-bodies on dead wood such as tree stumps and logs.

Fruit-body Description Bracket-like, attached by a narrow lateral base, 30–60 mm wide, projecting 40–70 mm, and 5–10 mm thick; woody, firm, margin rounded. Upper surface glabrous, may become rough with age, radially striate, sometimes fluted laterally; colour orange or orange-rufous. Lower surface fertile surface, pored, 2–3 per mm, smooth; colour ranging from yellowish orange, pale orange, or orange to orange-rufous, darkening to deep brick-red. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–6 µm, globose or subglobose, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 10–12 × 4–5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Rigidoporus laetus is usually found on decaying wood, and is most readily identified by its orange-rufous upper surface, pale orangey pored lower surface and fruit-body thickness of 5 mm or more. Ridigoprus aureofulva is similar, but its fruit-bodies are no more than 2 mm thick.

References Buchanan PK and Ryvarden L (1988) “Type studies in the Polyporaceae – 18 Species described by G.H. Cunningham”. Mycotaxon. Vol. 31(1), pp. 1–38 [D I] Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 304 [D I] (as Coltricia laeta) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 272 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Phanerochaeteceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Byssomerulius corium

196

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

197

Fam. Phanerochaeteceae

Byssomerulius corium Merulius corium

Meruliopsis corium

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; fruit-body forms adhering patches, usually on dead angiosperm (flowering plant) wood, and is associated with white rot.

Fruit-body Description An adhering sheet that can be small to extensive, waxy, hard, and up to 2 mm thick; the outer margin may or may not be reflexed back from the wood. Lower Surface spore-bearing, white; covered by an irregular pattern of shallow pore-like depressions separated by a network of ridges. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–8 × 2–4 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia may have 2 or 4 sterigmata but produce only 2 spores, 25–35 × 4–5 µm, slender-clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Most crust fungi are very difficult to identify, requiring tedious and painstaking microscopic examination; Byssomerulius corium thankfully has a pattern of shallow pits (pores) and ridges on the spore-bearing surface, making it readily identifiable.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 277 [D CP] Ginns JH (1969) “The Genus Merulius II. Species of Merulius and Phlebia Proposed by Lloyd”. Mycologia Vol. 61(2), pp. 357–372 [D] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 164 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Cerrena zonata

198

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

199

Fam. Polyporaceae

Cerrena zonata Irpex brevis

Antrodiella zonata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on dead wood such as fallen branches, or on upright stumps where it grows bracket-like in multiple tiers; caespitose.

Fruit-body Description Brackets generally up to 50 mm broad, 30 mm long and 4 mm thick. Upper Surface smooth, polished; colour ochraceous or brownish orange, with or without concentric zones; margin acute. Lower Surface fertile surface consists of flattened teeth, irregular in length and shape, up to 3 mm long; colour pallid ochre. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–4.5 × 1.5–2 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia 12–16 × 4–6 µm, clavate. Cystidia abundant or sparse, often encrusted, metuloid.

Comments The bright ochraceous upper surface, and the lower surface with pallid ochre flattened teeth, make this species relatively easy to identify in the field. This species was transferred from the genus Antrodiella to the genus Cerrena based on DNA evidence (Yuan 2014).

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 247 [D CP] (as Antrodiella zonata) Cunningham GH (1949) “New Zealand Polyporaceae. 11. The genus Irpex ”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Plant Diseases Division. Bulletin 82: p. 8 [D I] (as Antrodiella zonata) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 73 [CP] (as Antrodiella zonata) Yuan H-S (2014) “Molecular phylogenetic evaluation of Antrodiella and morphologically allied genera in China”. Mycological Progress Vol. 13, pp. 353–364 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hexagonia vesparia

200

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

201

Fam. Polyporaceae

Hexagonia vesparia Hexagonia gunnii Osmoporus gunnii

Polyporus vesparius

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary or in small groups on trunks and branches of dead or dying Eucalyptus species.

Fruit-body Description More or less hoof-shaped, attached laterally by a broad base. Pileus up to 50 mm or more wide, projecting up to 30 mm, and up to 30 mm thick; surface at attachment tomentose (densely matted), becoming glabrous towards the margin, occasionally roughened with raised ridges; colour whitish when young, becoming brownish with age. Lower Surface hymenial surface initially white, with age becoming brownish, with a sterile border; pores angular, 1 to 3 mm wide, becoming more elongated towards the margin, 5 to 15 mm deep. Context corky-woody. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 15–22 × 6–8 µm, smooth, elongated, cylindrical with rounded ends, apiculate, with a round or oval guttule (oil drop), hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 35–42 × 8–9 µm, elongate-clavate. Clamp connections present in some of the hyphae.

Comments Among wood-rotting polypores this species is one of the more conspicuous. It is readily identified by its more or less hoof-like shape, large 1 to 3 mm wide, angular to elongated pores, and by its large cylindrical spores. This species is more common in the southern regions of Australia.

References Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 223 [D P] (as Hexagonia gunnii) Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, pp. 241–242 [D I] (as Osmoporus gunnii) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 259 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 185 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Laccocephalum sclerotinum

202

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

203

Fam. Polyporaceae

Laccocephalum sclerotinum Polyporus sclerotinus

Biology Most likely a mycorrhizal basidiomycete; fruit-body develops from a small hypogeous sclerotium, in gravelly or sandy soils in mixed eucalypt forest. Fruit-body usually appears after fire, solitary or in small groups, on burnt soil.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 30 mm or more; initially convex, then planoconvex to plane and occasionally becoming plano-concave; surface finely rough, glabrous, finely radially striate, with some concentric grooves(sulcate); colour orange-brown, reddish brown to chestnut, with some concentric darker rings; flesh becoming hard when dry. Pore Surface Pores decurrent, round or oval, concolorous with hymenial layer, 4–6 per mm. Hymenial surface white to greyish. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 25 mm above ground and up to 6 mm diameter; irregularly round, grooved; surface dry, usually encrusted with soil and sand grains; colour fuscous brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4.5–6.5 × 2–3.5 µm, (mean 5.5 ± 0.4 × 2.7 ± 0.2 µm, Q=2.05 ± 0.19 n=30), ellipsoidal to sub-cylindrical, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 11.5–19 × 4–6 µm, short-clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Laccocephalum sclerotinum is conspicuous, as its reddish brown pileus is easily seen against the blackish burnt soil in which it grows and, with its white pored underside, it can be readily identified. The roughly subglobose scelrotia can be 1–2 cm in length and be buried to a depth of up to 15 cm or more. This Australian species was initially named by Leonard Rodway using a specimen he found at Mt Field in Tasmania in 1917.

References Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 85 (as Polyporus sclerotinus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 262 [D CP] (as Laccocephalum sclerotinium) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 187 [D CP] (as Laccocephalum sclerotinium) D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lentinus arcularius

204

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

205

Fam. Polyporaceae

Lentinus arcularius Favolus arcularius

Polyporus arcularius

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on dead wood, such as fallen branches, causing a uniform white rot. If on the ground, it is on buried wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially convex, distinctly depressed in the centre, becoming funnel-shaped, sometimes with a central protrusion, margin slightly inrolled, acute, fringed-bristly; surface usually radially fibrillose, with age becoming smooth, usually scaly in the centre; colour light brown to darkish brown, zoned with concentric rings. Pore Surface whitish to light brown. Pores up to 0.5 to 2 per mm, elongated polygonal; becoming smaller towards the margin; usually slightly decurrent (running down the stipe). Stipe (Stem) Central to somewhat eccentric; generally up to 60 mm long and 20 mm thick; cylindrical; surface dry, smooth or slightly scaly; colour yellowish brown to brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–9 × 2–3 µm, cylindrical, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 15–22 × 4–6 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Lentinus arcularius is readily recognised by the tough thin pileus with brownish fibrils on the surface and largish elongated polygonal pores underneath. There is significant molecular data to show that this species does not belong in the genus Polyporus but instead in the genus Lentinus, (see Zmitrovich 2010; Seelan 2015).

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 563 [D P] (as Polyporus arcularius) Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 324 [D CP] (as Polyporus arcularius) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 268 [D CP] (as Polyporus arcularius) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 81 [CP] (as Polyporus arcularius)

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

206

Seelan JSS, Sabah K, Justo A, Nagy LG, Grand EA, Redhead SA and Hibbett D (2015) “Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in Lentinus, Polyporellus and Neofavolus emphasizing southeastern Asian taxa”. Mycologia Vol. 107(3), pp. 460– 489 Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 79 [D I] (as Polyporus arcularius) Zmitrovich IV (2010) “The Taxonomical and Nomenclatural Characteristics of Medical Mushrooms in Some Genera of Polyporaceae”. International Journal of Medical Mushrooms Vol. 12(1), pp. 87–89

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Microporus xanthopus

207

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

208

Fam. Polyporaceae

Microporus xanthopus Polyporus xanthopus Trametes xanthopus

Coriolus xanthopus Polystictus xanthopus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious on dead wood, such as fallen twigs and branches, in tropical to subtropical rainforests; causes white rot.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more and up to 2 mm thick; funnelshaped, flesh thin, margin thin and wavy; surface dry, shiny, glabrous; colour concentric zones of various shades of brown, yellow, and sometimes black. Pore Surface white to pale grey or pale fawn. Pores diameter minute, 8– 10 per mm, round; decurrent (extending a short distance down the stipe). Stipe (Stem) Central, occasionally eccentric; generally up to 40 mm long and 5 mm thick, expanding abruptly at the base to form a basal disc where it attaches to the substrate; surface smooth, shiny, glabrous; colour yellowish brown, basal disc yellowish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–4.5 × 1–2 µm, smooth, narrow-cylindrical, slightly curved. Basidia four-spored, 7–9 × 3–5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Microporus xanthopus is an elegant funnel-shaped fungus, readily recognised by its thin, shiny, zoned brown pileus, whitish pored surface with very small pores, and yellowish basal disc at the point of attachment. This species is common in tropical and subtropical rainforest areas in Queensland, extending to New South Wales and also reported from Victoria.

References Dutta S and Roy A (1985) “Notes on Microporus xanthopus (Fr.) Kuntze”. Nova Hedwigia Vol. 42, pp. 1–7 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 266 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 71 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 244 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 76 [D CI] D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Polyporus melanopus complex

209

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

210

Fam. Polyporaceae

Polyporus melanopus complex Picipes melanopus

Polyporellus melanopus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; grows solitary or more usually in groups, on dead fallen branches or decaying wood in mixed eucalypt forest.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 80 mm or more; spatulate when young, with age becoming more or less round in outline, with a wavy or undulate margin, usually depressed near stipe attachment; surface smooth, glabrous, often with some squamules arranged radially near stipe attachment; colour when young pale, becoming dark reddish-brown; flesh tough and leathery, becoming hard when dry. Pore Surface Hymenial surface whitish to ochre, with a 1–2 mm sterile margin. Pores decurrent, round or oval, concolorous with hymenial layer, 5–8 per mm, 75–150 µm diameter. Stipe (Stem) Usually eccentric to lateral; generally up to 40 mm long and 5 mm thick; almost equal, thickening at the apex; surface finely velvety; colour when young pale, with age becoming black. Spore Print Yellowish brown

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 3–4 µm, (mean 7.9 ± 0.5 × 3.4 ± 0.2 µm, Q=2.35 ± 0.16 n=30), narrowly ellipsoidal to sub-cylindrical, smooth, thin-walled. Basidia four-spored, 14–19 × 5.5–8 µm, stubby-clavate. Clamp connections not observed.

Comments This species can be readily identified in the field by its smooth, dark reddishbrown, tough leathery pileus, whitish to ochre coloured spore-bearing surface, with very small pores (5–8 per mm, best observed with a hand lens) and blackish stipe. For this species the observed macro and micro morphologies agree reasonably well with the species description of Polyporus melanopus by Cunningham (1965), where he had access to Australian material. The match with our observations and some northern hemisphere descriptions e.g. Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) is not as close as we would like. P. melanopus used to belong to an artificial group of Polypores called the “Melanopus group”, which contained species of Polypores with a black cuticle on the stipe. In the northern hemisphere, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on species belonging to the “Melanopus group”, using DNA analysis, has been undertaken, with the aim to identify specific species and to update their taxonomic position (Krüger

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

211

et al. 2006; Zhou et al. 2016). This type of detailed study still needs to be carried out using Australian material.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1995) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 326–327 [D CP] Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 85 Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 189 [D CP] Krüger D, Petersen RH, Hughes KW (2006) “Molecular phylogenies and mating study data in Polyporus with special emphasis on group “Melanopus” (Basidiomycota)”. Mycological Progress Vol. 5, pp. 185–206 Zhou J-L, Zhu L, Chen H, Cui B-K (2016) “Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Polyporus Group Melanopus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from China”. PLoS ONE Vol. 11(8): e0159495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159495

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ryvardenia campyla

212

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

213

Fam. Polyporaceae

Ryvardenia campyla Postia campyla Tyromyces campylus Tyromyces falcatus

Polyporus campylus Grifola campyla

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; imbricate (multiple tiers of brackets) on dead angiosperm wood such as that of Eucalyptus and Nothofagus species. Causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Usually with a few or numerous imbricate pilei normally originating from a common base. Pileus up to 60 mm or more wide, projecting up to 40 mm, and 20 mm thick; semicircular or fan-shaped, margin regular, acute or rounded; surface glabrous or slightly covered with short hair, often pitted; when conditions are moist, clear or amber droplets sometimes form on the surface; colour whitish towards the base, pinkish beige towards the margin. Lower Surface hymenial surface, white, pores circular, 2–3 per mm, pore mouths slightly hairy. Flesh when fresh, white, waxy, chalky. Spore Print Cream

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 4–5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, pip-shaped, with a prominent apiculus. Basidia four-spored, 15–33 × 4–8 µm, clavate, with numerous oil drops. Clamp connections present in some of the hyphae.

Comments Ryvardenia campyla is recognised by growing on wood, with numerous imbricate, waxy, pinkish beige pilei with a white pored undersurface. There are at least two species of Postia with which R. campyla can be confused (see Rajchenberg and Buchanan 1996). Postia brunnea differs from R. campyla by having more brownish and thinner pilei, and P. punctata normally has whitish pilei. To be sure of identification microscopic features may need to be examined.

References Buchanan PK and Ryvarden L (1988) “Type studies in the Polyporaceae — 18 Species described by G.H. Cunningham”. Mycotaxon Vol. 31(1), pp. 1–38 [D I] (as Tyromyces falcatus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 272 [D CP]

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

214

Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 184 [D I] Rajchenberg M (1994) “A taxonomic study of the subantarctic Piptoporus (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycetes) I”. Nordic Journal of Botany Vol. 14(4), pp. 435–449 [D I] Rajchenberg M and Buchanan PK (1996) “Two Newly Described Polypores from Australasia and Southern South America”. Australian Systematic Botany Vol. 9, pp. 877– 885 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Ryvardenia cretacea

215

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

216

Fam. Polyporaceae

Ryvardenia cretacea Postia cretacea Polyporus cretaceus

Piptoporus cretaceus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually solitary, most commonly found on Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii and on Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans, usually on rotting logs but occasionally on living trees. Causes brown rot.

Fruit-body Description Up to 200 mm wide, projecting 120 mm and 50 mm thick; bracket-like, more or less applanate, occasionally shaped like a horse’s hoof, attached to substrate by a broad lateral pseudo stipe, pileus margin rounded. Upper Surface when young glabrous, becoming pitted, with age may incorporate litter; colour from off-white to buff or grey. Lower Surface hymenial surface, white, pores circular, 2–3 per mm, in moist conditions often has exuded water droplets. Tubes up to 10 mm long, same colour as pores. Flesh when fresh, white, firm rubbery, chalky when dry. Spore Print White to cream

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6–7.5 × 4.5–6 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, pip-shaped, with a prominent apiculus. Basidia four-spored, 22–30 × 7–8 µm, clavate, with oil drops. Clamp connections present.

Comments Ryvardenia cretacea is recognised by its bracket-like shape, its lateral pseudo stipe attachment, its relatively large size, pale upper surface and white pored lower surface, which exudes droplets when conditions are moist. It is most commonly found on Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii and on Mountain Ash Eucalyptus regnans, usually on rotting logs but occasionally on living trees in Victoria and Tasmania. A similar looking fungus is Laetiporus portentosus, which is usually larger in size, does not exude droplets on its pored surface, and the texture of its flesh is less firm.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 273 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 193 [D CP] Rajchenberg M (1994) “A taxonomic study of the subantarctic Piptoporus (Polyporaceae, Basidiomycetes) I”. Nordic Journal of Botany Vol. 14(4), pp. 435–449 [D I]

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

217

Reid DA (1957) “New or interesting records of Australasian Basidiomycetes III”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 12(1), pp. 127–143 [D I] (as Polyporus cretaceus) Rajchenberg M and Pildain MB (2012) “Molecular studies reveal a speciation process within Ryvardenia cretacea (Polyporales Basidiomycota)”. Kurtziana Vol. 37(7), pp. 7–13

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Trametes coccinea

218

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

219

Fam. Polyporaceae

Trametes coccinea Polyporus coccineus Polystictus semisanguineus

Pycnoporus coccineus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; sometimes solitary but usually gregarious on dead wood, causing a white soft-rot.

Fruit-body Description Up to 100 mm or more across and 10 mm thick; when very young button- or cushion-shaped, becoming bracket-like, fan-shaped, semicircular, or irregular, often with embedded twigs, grass, or leaves. Upper surface smooth or finely fibrillose, sometimes zoned, occasionally pitted and uneven; colour uniformly orange-red, fading with age to a pinkish red. Lower surface pored, not bruising, pores almost reaching the margin; round or slightly angular, fine, 6–8 per mm; colour brilliant vermilion red. Stipe mostly absent, fruit-body attached laterally; if present it is short and tough; usually at the point of attachment reddish mycelium can be seen spreading through the substrate. Flesh orange-red, tough, corky. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 4–5 × 1.5–2.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 10–13 × 4–6 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Trametes coccinea is a common species, readily recognised by its colour and bracket-like shape. The pored surface will often retain its brilliant vermilionred colour long after the upper surface has faded. This fungus is found on most types of dead wood. In Australia there is another species, Trametes sanguinea, which is found mainly in the northern regions of the continent, while in the northern hemisphere there is T. cinnabarina. All three species are morphologically very similar and require extensive laboratory examination to separate them. For convenience, specimens found in Victoria and Tasmania are considered to be T. coccinea, and those found in tropical regions of Australia are considered to be T. sanguinea. Phylogenetic analysis by Justo and Hibbett (2011) on the genus Trametes and closely related genera showed all four Pycnoporus species clustered within the Trametes clade. Li and He (2014) used this information to officially move the species in the genus Pycnoporus into the genus Trametes.

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

220

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 330 [D CI] (as Pycnoporus coccineus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 271 [D CP] (as Pycnoporus coccineus) Justo A and Hibbett S (2011) “Phylogenetic classification of Trametes (Basidiomycotina, Polypotales) based on a five-marker dataset”. Taxon Vol 60(6), pp. 1567–1583 Li H-J and He S-H (2014) “Thre species of polypores new to China”. Mycosystema Vol. 33(5), pp. 967–975 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 78 [CP] (as Pycnoporus coccineus) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 80 [D CP] (as Pycnoporus coccineus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Trametes versicolor

221

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

222

Fam. Polyporaceae

Trametes versicolor Polyporus versicolor Polystictus versicolor

Coriolus versicolor

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forming dense, overlapping tiers of shelflike fruit-bodies on dead wood, generally hardwood, but sometimes on the wood of conifers. It causes white rot.

Fruit-body Description Radius of individual fruit-bodies up to 70 mm or more, and thickness usually less than 3 mm; bracket- to shelf-like, fan-shaped, often semicircular or growing in circular rosettes, narrowly or broadly attached, margin may be lobed, wavy or coarsely pleated. Upper surface velvety, hairy, hairy tufts towards point of attachment, often brightly coloured, concentrically zoned with many colours, ranging from light browns and yellows to almost black, margin usually whitish to yellowish. Lower surface fertile surface, smooth, white to yellowish, pored, pore opening more or less round, minute, more than 3 pores per mm; tubes shallow, up to 2 mm long. Flesh thin, tough, leathery, whitish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–6.5 × 1.5–2.5 µm, long ellipsoidal or bean-shaped, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 14–22 × 4–6 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Trametes versicolor is a common wood rotting fungus, but because of its variability and similarity to other brackets it may be difficult to identify. The following characteristics must be present: the lower surface must have pores, the pores must be minute, more than 3 per mm, the upper surface must be velvety, or finely hairy, with contrasting colour zones, and the fruit-body must be tough and leathery.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 594 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 340 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 288 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 274 [D CP]

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

223

Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 194 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 317 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 81 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Polyporaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Tyromyces pulcherrimus

224

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

225

Fam. Polyporaceae

Tyromyces pulcherrimus Aurantiporus pulcherrimus

Polyporus pulcherrimus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; fruit-bodies occur annually, either solitary or in overlapping tiers (imbricate), on the exposed heartwood of Nothofagus spp. and on some species of eucalypts such as snow gums. This infection causes in white rot of the heartwood.

Fruit-body Description Bracket-shaped, up to 95 mm wide, projecting up to 70 mm, laterally attached (no stem). Upper Surface covered in thick erect tufts especially near point of attachment; colour when fresh bright salmon to bright strawberry red, with age colour fades. Lower Surface pored, pores up to 4 per mm; tubes up to 5 mm deep; colour concolorous with upper surface. Flesh soft, spongy, resinous. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 3.5–4.5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, smooth. Clamp connections present.

Comments In the field, the bright reddish colour and soft spongy texture of the fruit-body are the main diagnostic features that assist in the identification of this species.

References Buchanan PK and Hood IA (1992) “New species and new records of Aphyllophorales (Basidiomycetes) from New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 30, pp. 95–112 [D I] (as Aurantioporus pulcherrimus) Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 121 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 247 [D CP] (as Aurantiporus pulcherrimus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 180 [D CP] (as Aurantiporus pulcherrimus) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 79 [CP] (as Aurantiporus pulcherrimus) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 70 [D I] (as Aurantiporus pulcherrimus)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Steccherinaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Austeria citrea

226

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

227

Fam. Steccherinaceae

Austeria citrea Antrodiella citrea Polyporus citreus

Tyromyces citreus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; typically growing on dead wood, most often on twigs or small branches. Usually found in damp sclerophyll forest. Causes white rot.

Fruit-body Description Fruit-body sometimes resupinate, more commonly resupinate-reflex with a lobed pileus. When resupinate, the fruit-body may form a patch up to 50 mm by 90 mm on a branch. When pileate, the pileus may be 50 mm or more long, 20 mm or more wide and 2–4 mm thick, with a leathery texture; may be fan- or spatula-shaped, often lobed, laterally attached; surface dry, smooth to velvety; colour citric yellow fading to cream or brownish with age, often concentrically zoned. Spore-bearing surface (hymenium) is covered in minute pores with a sterile margin; colour pale citric yellow to white. Pores 5–9 per mm, predominantly round. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 2–3 × 1–2 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 9–14 × 3–4.5 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments This relatively small polypore, which is usually found on twigs and branches, is readily recognised by its bright citric yellow pileus and pale yellow to white pored surface, with minute pores. This species is found in Australia and New Zealand, where in the recent past it was known as Antrodiella citrea. Phylogenetic studies (Miettine et al. 2012; Miettine et al. 2016) have clearly shown that the genus Antrodiella was polyphyletic and needed to be revised. The revised classification by Miettine et al. (2016) showed that this species was unique and did not belong in the genus Antrodiella nor in any other known genus. A new genus Austeria (meaning southern) was created to accommodate this species.

References Buchanan PK and Ryvarden L (2000) “New Zealand polypore fungi: six new species and a redetermination”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 38(2), pp. 251–263 (as Antrodiella citrea)

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

228

Cunningham GH (1965) “Polyporaceae of New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Research Bulletin 164, p. 95 [D I] (as Tyromyces citreus) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 247 [D CP] (as Antrodiella citrea) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 198 [D CP] (as Antrodiella citrea) Miettine O, Larsson E, Sjökvist, Larsso K-H (2012) “Comprehensive taxon sampling reveals unaccounted diversity and morphological plasticity in a group of dimitic polypores (Polyporales, Basidiomycota)”. Cladistics Vol. 28, pp. 251–270 Miettine O and Ryvarden L (2016) “Polypore genera Antella, Austeria, Butyrea, Citripora, Metuloidea and Trulla (Steccherinaceae, Polyporales)”. Annales Botanici Fennici Vol. 53(1), pp. 157–172 [D I] Ryvarden L (1984) “Type studies in the Polyporaceae 16. Species described by J.M. Berkeley, either alone or with other mycologists”. Mycotaxon Vol. 20 (2), pp. 329–363 (as Antrodiella citrea)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Steccherinaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Flaviporus brownii

229

2.9. Order: Polyporales

Fungi in Australia

230

Fam. Steccherinaceae

Flaviporus brownii Baeostratoporus braunii Junghuhnia brownii

Leptoporus braunii Polyporus rufoflavus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found on dead wood such as fallen logs, where it grows solitary or in groups as resupinate patches, or bracket-like in multiple tiers.

Fruit-body Description Usually bracket-like in multiple tiers and sometimes as resupinate patches. Resupinate patches can be up to 30 × 30 mm. Bracket form, up to 30 mm wide, 15 mm radius and 2–5 mm thick, irregular, shell-shaped or planar. Upper surface brownish yellow to brownish, often with darker brownish radial bands, when young finely furry, with age becoming smooth. Lower surface (hymenium) sulphur-yellow darkening to honey-yellow with age, pored with 8–10 pores per mm. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 1.5–3 × 1.5–2 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia not observed. Cystidia abundant, strongly encrusted, metuloid. Clamp connections absent.

Comments The brownish upper surface and the sulphur-yellow pored lower surface make this species relatively easy to identify in the field. This is a widespread species, most commonly found in tropical to sub-tropical regions, but less common in temperate or colder regions.

References Cunningham GH (1949) “New Zealand Polyporaceae. 11. The genus Irpex ”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Plant Diseases Division. Bulletin 82: p. 150 [D I] (as Flaviporus brownei) Pires RM, Vásquez VM and Gugliotta AM (2016) “New records of polypores (Basidiomycota) from the state of São Paulo, Brazil”. Iheringia Serie Botanica Vol. 71(2), pp. 124– 131 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

2.10

Fungi in Australia

231

Order: Russulales

Russulales contains 13 families, 99 genera and about 2941 species (“Catalogue of Russulales Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). Taxonomic Classification This is a large and complex order, which contains all morphological types (resupinate, Kingdom: Fungi discoid, effuse-reflexed, clavarioid, gastroid Phylum: Agaricomycota and pileate). It also contains most of the hy- Subphylum: Agaricomycotina menophore types (smooth, poroid, hydnoid, Class: Agaricomycetes lamellate and labyrinthoid). The three main Order: Russulales biological types — saphrotropic, ectomycorFamilies rhizal and parasitic — are also present in the ca. 13; See text Russulales (Larsson et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2006). The Russuloid agarics represent an independent evolutionary line of agarics, not directly related to the Agaricales. The Russulales have been well studied using DNA techniques, and it is a well supported monophyletic order, but there is still flux within the order as more specimens are sequenced. Albatrellaceae – consists of 8 genera with 62 species. Its type genus is Albatrellus, which contains 25 species. The majority of fruit-bodies produced in this family have the typical mushroom morphology; other forms include false truffles and a single genus, Byssoporia, which has corticioid fruit-bodies. Amylostereaceae – consists of 1 genus, Amylostereum, with 4 species. The species in this family produce crust-like and leathery-corky fruitbodies on dead conifer wood. These fungi have a symbiotic relationship with wood wasps (Siricdae). The female wasp transfers the fungus when she places eggs inside the wood, then the larvae feed on the fungus while burrowing through the fungus-infested wood.

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

232

Auriscalpiaceae – consists of 8 genera with 72 species. Its type genus is Auriscalpium, which contains 9 species. This small family contains a variety of morphological fruit-bodies: stipitate-hydnoid (e.g. Auriscalpium), resupinate hymenium (sporebearing surface) with teeth (e.g. Dendtipratulum) Auriscalpium vulgare and agaricoid (e.g. Lentinellus). Bondarzewiaceae – consists of 10 genera with 78 species. Its type genus is Bondarzewia, which contains 4 species. Many members of this family closely resemble Polyporales (and were formerly placed there). They are mainly wood-decaying species with either a poroid or a hydnoid hymenophore. Echinodontiaceae – consists of 2 genera with 7 species. Its type genus is Echinodontium, which contains 5 species. The species of this family are largely confined to the northern hemisphere. The species belonging to Echinodontium tend to be woody bracket fungi, although species of Laurilia tend to resemble Stereum. Gloeodontiaceae – consists of 1 genus, Gloeodontia, with 7 species. The species of this family are broadly effused crusts living on dead wood (Burdsall et al. 1976). Hericiaceae – consists of 5 genera with 26 species. Its type genus is Hericium, which contains 13 species. The species in this family are all woodrotters and they have coralloid or effused basidiocarps that are mostly strongly hydnoid. The best known Australian species in this family is Hericium coralloides.

Hericium coralloides

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Hybogasteraceae – consists of 1 genus, Hybogaster, with 1 species Hybogaster giganteus, which has a large truffle-like fruit-body (Singer 1964). Lachnocladiaceae – consists of 10 genera with 201 species. Its type genus is Lachnocladium, which contains 40 species. The species in this family are wood-rotters and the majority have corticioid or crust-like fruit-bodies. Peniophoraceae – consists of 10 genera with 209 species. Its type genus is Peniophora, which contains 176 species. The species in this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and are primarily wood-rotters with corticioid or crust-like fruitbodies. Russulaceae – consists of 16 genera with 1933 species. Its type genus is Russula, which contains 1066 species. This is a large diverse family where the majority of species (over 1700) can be found in two genera, Russula and Lactarius in a traditional sense. Based on DNA evidence the traditional version of Lactarius was found not to be monophyletic and has now been split up into Lactarius, Lactifluus and Multifurca. Stephanosporaceae – consists of 8 genera with 35 species. Its type genus is Stephanospora, which contains 6 species. The species in this small family are known largely from Eurasia, New Zealand and Australia. They have truffle-like fruit-bodies and grow on the ground in rotting wood or plant debris (Lebel et al. 2015).

Russula flocktonae

233

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Stereaceae – consists of 19 genera with 286 species. Its type genus is Stereum, which contains 115 species. The majority of species in this family have bracket-like corticioid forms with a smooth hymenophore and smooth basidiospores. Most grow on dead wood and have adapted to resist drought conditions. One of the more common species in Australia is Stereum ostrea.

234

Stereum ostrea

References Burdsall HH Jr and Lombard FF (1976) “The genus Gloeodontia in North America”. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Vol. 28(1), pp. 16–31 Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Eberhardt U, Verbeken A and Kauff F (2008) “Walking the thin line between Russula and Lactarius: the dilemma of Russula sect. Ochricompactae”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 28 pp. 15–40 Larsson E and Larsson K-H (2003) “Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa”. Mycologia Vol. 95(6), pp. 1037–1065 Lebel T, Castello MA and Beever RE (2015) “Cryptic diversity in the sequestrate genus Stephanospora (Stephanosporaceae: Agaricales) in Australasia”. Fungal Biology Vol. 119, pp. 201–208 Miller SL, Larsson E, Larsson K-H, Verbeken A and Nuytinck J (2006) “Perspectives in the new Russulales”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 960–970. Singer R (1964) “New genera of fungi – XII: Hybogaster ”. Sydowia Vol. 17, pp. 12–16

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Artomyces austropiperatus

235

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

236

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

Artomyces austropiperatus Clavicorona piperata

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; found in tufts or clusters on rotting wood in wet forests.

Fruit-body Description Tufts slender, coral-like; up to 120 mm tall and 80 mm broad; whitish to pale fawn. Base short; surface covered with fine hair; colour same or slightly darker than branches. Branches spore-bearing surface smooth; branches expand at the tips into cup-like structures, and new branches arise from the rim. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7 × 4–5 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, slightly rough. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species is identified in the field by its pale slender coral-like form growing on wood, with cup-like structures at the tips of its branches from which new branches arise, and also its distinctive peppery taste.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 314 [D CI] (as Clavicorona piperata) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 200 [D CP] (as Artomyces piperatus) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 88 [D CP] (as Clavicorona piperata)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

“eucalypt earpick”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Auriscalpium sp.

237

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

238

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

Auriscalpium sp.

“eucalypt earpick”

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; in small to large groups, usually on the bark of the Narrow- or Broad-leaved Peppermint Gums.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Up to 20 mm broad, semicircular, kidney- or shell-shaped, convex; surface dry, initially densely covered with dark brown bristles which are lost with age; colour dark brown; flesh thin, tough, leathery. Spines (Teeth) Up to 2 mm long near margin, becoming up to 6 mm long near stipe attachment, 1 mm thick, tapering to a rounded tip, fragile; colour whitish to very pale tan, becoming more whitish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Lateral if present, up to 7 mm long, usually buried in fibrous bark, with a tuft of white mycelium at base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–7 × 4.5–5.5 µm, (mean 6.2 ± 0.3 × 4.9 ± 0.2 µm, Q=1.25 ± 0.07 n=30), subglobose to ellipsoidal, ornamented with fine warts (verrucose). Basidia four-spored, 20–35 × 4–7 µm, clavate, with sterigmata up to 4.5 µm long. Gloeocyctidia 55–85 × 7–10 µm, curved, clavate with a long tail, protruding above basidia. Clamp connections present.

Comments This species of Auriscalpium is readily identified by its small shell-shaped fruit-body and distinctive long spines. To date it has been found growing only on the bark of living Narrow- or Broad-leaved Peppermint Gums. It is most likely that this is an unnamed species that is unique to Australia. At present the only described Auriscalpium species in Australia is A. barbatum (Maas Geesteranus 1978), a species found in Western Australia. Another species not yet described is Auriscalpium “warrensis” (Gates and Ratkowsky 2016), a species found in Tasmania. DNA analysis of Auriscalpium species (see Larsson et al. 2003; Lickey et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2006) shows that they are very closely related to the genus Lentinellus, which has the identifying characteristic of serrate margins on the lamellae.

References Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 207 [D CP] Larsson E and Larsson K-H (2003) “Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa”. Mycologia Vol. 95(6), pp. 1037–1065

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

239

Lickey EB, Hughes KW and Petersen R (2003) “Variability and Phylogenetic Incongruence of an SSU nrDNA Group I Intron in Artomyces, Auriscalpium, and Lentinellus (Auriscalpiaceae: Homobasidiomycetes)”. Molecular Biology and Evolution Vol. 20(11), pp. 1909–1916 Maas Geesteranus RA (1978) “Notes on Hydnums – XI”. Persoonia Vol. 9(4), pp. 491– 500 [D I] Miller SL, Larsson E and Larsson K-H (2006) “Perspectives in the new Russulales”. Mycologia Vol. 98(6), pp. 960–970

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lentinellus pulvinulus

240

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

241

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

Lentinellus pulvinulus Lentinellus hepatotrichus Lentinellus hyracinus

Lentinellus pseudobarbatus

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on rotting wood or on the bark of living trees.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 35 mm or more; broadly convex, typically semicircular or fan-shaped, occasionally lobed, with a smooth inrolled margin; surface usually smooth at the margin, becoming hirsute (with coarse roughish hairs) towards the point of attachment; colour ochraceous-salmon to cinnamon. Flesh firm, fawn. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately distant, margin coarsely and irregularly serrate; colour whitish to cream. Stipe (Stem) Usually absent, pileus normally laterally attached but occasionally may have a very short rudimentary stipe; the point of attachment is covered with dark coarse hairs. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5.5–8 × 4–5.5 µm, ellipsoidal, almost hyaline, very finely ornamented. Basidia four-spored, 20–30 × 4–7 µm, clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Lentinellus pulvinulus is a smallish ochraceous to cinnamon-coloured fan-shaped bracket, which has relatively distant serrate lamellae and is found on dead wood or bark. Lentinellus pulvinulus is a southern hemisphere species that is found in New Zealand, Southern Australia and Argentina. The work done by Petersen and Hughes (2004) showed that Lentinellus pulvinulus is closely related to another Argentinian species, Lentinellus perstrictifolius. This tends to suggest a Gondwanan origin for these species.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 108 [D CP] (as Lentinellus aff. ursinus) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 104 [D CP] Petersen RH and Hughes KW (2004) “A Preliminary Monograph of Lentinellus (Russulales)”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Band 198, J. Cramer (Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung): Berlin & Stuttgart.

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

242

Ratkowsky D and Gates G (2006) “Lentinellus Reconsidered”. The Tasmanian Naturalist. Vol. 128, pp. 8–10 Segedin BA (1996) “A new species of Lentinellus (Hericiales, Lentinellaceae) and a revision of taxa attributed to Lentinellus in New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 34, pp. 249–261 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lentinellus tasmanicus

243

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

244

Fam. Auriscalpiaceae

Lentinellus tasmanicus Lentinellus tasmanica

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on rotting wood.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 30 mm or more; typically semicircular or fan-shaped, occasionally lobed, centrally depressed, with a smooth inrolled margin; surface usually smooth at the margin, becoming hirsute (with coarse roughish hairs) towards the point of attachment; colour snuff-brown to light ochraceous-brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately distant, margin coarsely and irregularly serrate; colour whitish to cream. Stipe (Stem) Central, usually eccentric to lateral; up to 12 mm long and 3 mm diameter; surface covered with coarse to fibrillose hairs; colour dark brown to fawn. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–5.5 × 3–4 µm, subglobose, ellipsoidal, almost hyaline and very finely ornamented. Basidia four-spored, 19–26 × 5–6 µm, cigar-shaped. Clamp connections present.

Comments Lentinellus tasmanicus is usually found in the southern region of Australia and is recognised by its short brown hairy stipe and its irregularly serrated lamellae. It is more commonly found in Tasmania. A similar closely related species L. crawfordii is found in New Zealand.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 107 [D CP] (as Lentinellus aff. omphalodes) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 104 [D CP] Petersen RH and Hughes KW (2004) “A Preliminary Monograph of Lentinellus (Russulales)”. Bibliotheca Mycologica Band 198, J. Cramer (Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung): Berlin & Stuttgart. Ratkowsky D and Gates G (2006) “Lentinellus reconsidered”. The Tasmanian Naturalist. Vol. 128, pp. 8–10

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hericiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Dentipellicula leptodon

245

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

246

Fam. Hericiaceae

Dentipellicula leptodon Odontia oleifera Hydnum leptodon

Dentipellis isidioides Dentipellis leptodon

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually in small groups in damp areas on rotting wood from native and introduced trees.

Fruit-body Description Individual fruit-bodies effuse, resupinate, up to 70 mm long and 30 mm wide, with a distinct felty to woolly margin; spore-bearing area (hymenophore) consists of whitish, delicate, hanging spines. Spines (spore-bearing surface) generally 5 mm to 10 mm long and up to 1 mm across at the base, tapering to a rounded tip; delicate, fragile; colour white, becoming cream to pale brownish with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, (mean 4.0 ± 0.3 × 2.8 ± 0.3 µm, Q=1.42 ± 0.11, n = 30), ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline. Basidia four-spored, 15–20 × 4–5 µm, elongate clavate. Cystidia, some with a papillate apex. Clamp connections present.

Comments Dentipellicula leptodon can be tentatively identified by its smallish whitish fruit-bodies, and by its long slender spines. It grows in damp areas on rotting wood, logs or stumps from native and introduced trees. This species can be confused with some Steccherinum species, but most of these are not white and their spines are usually shorter and more robust. This species was placed in the genus Dentipellis by Maas Geesteranus (1974) along with other morphologically similar species. A phylogenetic study into hydnoid fungi (fungi with spines) in the Russulales, by Zhou et al. (2013), showed that this species was not all that closely related to the other members in the genus Dentipellis. The similarity in fruit-bodies was most likely due to convergent evolution. A new genus Dentipellicula was created to contain this and other closely related species.

References Cunningham GH (1959) “Hydnaceae of New Zealand. Part II. The genus Odontia”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 85, pp. 65–103 [D I] (as Odontia oleifera) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd end. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 207 [D CP] (as Dentipellis leptodon)

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

247

Maas Geesteranus (1974) “Studies in the genera Irpex and Steccherinum”. Persoonia Vol. 7(4), pp. 443–581 (as Dentipellis leptodon) Gorjón SP and Greslebin AG (2012) “Type studies of the species of Odontia by GH Cunningham”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 50(3), pp. 289–301 [D I] (as Dentipellis leptodon) Zhou L-W and Dai Y-C (2013) “Taxonomy and phylogeny of wood-inhabiting hydnoid species in Russulales: two new genera, three new species and two new combinations”. Mycologia Vol. 105(3), pp. 636–649

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Hericiaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hericium coralloides

248

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

249

Fam. Hericiaceae

Hericium coralloides Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually a solitary coral-like tuft on dead wood such as native and exotic logs and stumps.

Fruit-body Description Coral-like tuft up to 300 mm or more across, consisting of a basal trunk up to 10 mm or more thick, with multiple branches, forming a compact branched framework from which tufts of irregularly hanging spines grow. Spines sporebearing surface (hymenium) generally up to 10 mm long and 1 mm thick, tapering to an acute tip; fragile; colour white or cream, usually becoming cream with age. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3–5 × 3–4 µm, ellipsoidal to subglobose, ornamented, very finely warty, thick-walled. Basidia four-spored, 30–45 × 5–6 µm, elongate clavate. Clamp connections present.

Comments Hericium coralloides is a delicate and beautiful coral-like fungus, which is a pleasure to see. It is normally found on damp decaying wood in sheltered locations. Its pale colour and numerous short spines make it readily identifiable.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 240 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 241 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 75 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 72 [CP] (as Hericium clathroides) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 327 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Lactarius clarkeae

250

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

251

Fam. Russulaceae

Lactarius clarkeae Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in scattered groups on the ground amongst leaf litter, in association with eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 90 mm or more; convex when young, becoming plano-convex with a depressed centre, or funnel-shaped, margin strongly inrolled; surface smooth, dry, velvety; colour varies from reddish fawn to apricot or orange. Flesh firm, brittle, white, not bruising, bleeding white milky latex when cut, latex drying brownish. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; subdistant, occasionally forked; colour at first white, becoming pale cream. When damaged will ooze a white latex. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 45 mm long and 25 mm thick; short, stout; surface dry, smooth, velvety; colour initially whitish, at maturity colour similar to that of the pileus. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 6.5–8 µm, ellipsoidal, with warts and ridges. Basidia four-spored, 50–85 × 8–14 µm, cylindrical clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Lactarius clarkeae is found in eucalypt forests and it is identified by its orange pileus and stipe, and white lamellae, which when damaged will ooze a white latex. A similar looking species is Russula flocktonae, which does not ooze latex when damaged.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 132 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 103 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 100 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 61 [D I] McNabb RFR (1971) “The Russulaceae of New Zealand 1. Lactarius DC ex S F Gray”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 9, pp. 46–66. [D] (as Lactarius clarkei) Stubbe D, Le HT, Wang X-H, Nuytinck J, Van de Putte K and Verbeken A (2012) “The Australasian species of Lactarius subgenus Gerardii (Russulales)”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 52, pp. 141–167.

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

252

Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 147 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lactarius deliciosus

253

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

254

Fam. Russulaceae

Lactarius deliciosus Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter, in association with conifers (pine, spruce, etc.).

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 130 mm or more; when young broadly convex with a depressed centre, margin strongly inrolled, becoming shallowly funnelshaped with undulating margin; surface smooth or slightly rough, viscid when moist, but often dry, with numerous small rust-orange blotches often arranged in concentric bands; colour varies from dull orange to carrot-orange or orange-brown, bruises and stains green with age. Flesh thick, brittle, pale yellow to orange, bleeding an orange milky latex when cut. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to decurrent; close; colour pale orange-yellow to ochreorange, dull green when bruised. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 25 mm thick; robust, sometimes tapered towards the base; surface dry, sometimes scrobiculate (with shallow pits or depressions); colour orange to salmon, like pileus or paler, stains green when bruised or with age. Spore Print Off-white

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 6–7 µm, ellipsoidal, with minute warts. Basidia fourspored, 35–45 × 7–9 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Lactarius deliciosus is a mycorrhizal fungus that has been introduced into Australia to assist in the growth of Pinus radiata plantations. It is easily recognised in the field by its funnel-shaped form, orange colour, carrot-coloured latex when it is cut, the green stains where it is bruised, and its close association with pine trees. This is an edible species and it has been documented in Europe as a food source since well before the Roman Empire. It was first named and described by Linnaeus (the father of modern botanical nomenclature) in 1753. The taxonomy of Lactarius deliciosus in the northern hemisphere is not yet settled because there is a lot of evidence to suggest that it is a complex of closely related species. Most of the species in this complex have been described only in the last decade or so.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 68 [D CP]

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

255

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 104 [D CP] Hesler LR and Smith AH (1979) North American Species of Lactarius. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor. p. 90 [D I] (as Lactarius deliciosus var. deliciosus) Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 46 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 67 [CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 148 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Lactarius eucalypti

256

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

257

Fam. Russulaceae

Lactarius eucalypti Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in scattered groups on the ground amongst leaf litter, in association with eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 45 mm or more; when young broadly convex with a depressed centre, margin strongly inrolled, becoming broadly depressed, sometimes with an umbo in the centre; surface smooth, dry, glabrous, not viscid; colour varies from pinkish brown to rust-brown or reddish brown, usually darker in the centre, occasionally concentrically zoned with shades of brown. Flesh soft, pale pinkish buff, not bruising, bleeding white milky latex when cut, latex drying white. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment subdecurrent; close; colour at first pale cream, then a darker tan, finally with a pinkish tinge. When damaged will ooze a white latex. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 35 mm long and 6 mm thick; slender, sometimes tapered towards apex; surface dry, glabrous; colour usually the same as the pileus or paler. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–9.5 × 7–8 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, with minute warts and ridges. Basidia four-spored, 36–55 × 10–12 µm, cylindrical and slightly ventricose. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Lactarius eucalypti is common in eucalypt forests and it is identified by its reddish brown pileus and stipe, and lamellae that ooze white latex when damaged.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 134 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 104 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 67 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Lactarius plumbeus

258

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

259

Fam. Russulaceae

Lactarius plumbeus Lactarius necator

Lactarius turpis

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; found in association with birch and spruce, either solitary or in small groups.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter up to 150 mm or more; at first convex, becoming centrally depressed at maturity; surface viscid when moist, felted when dry; colour a drab olive-brown or sooty brown, paler towards margin. Flesh thick, brittle, crumbly, white, bleeding a white milky latex when cut, latex slowly changes to grey-brown or greenish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; close; colour at first pale cream to yellowish buff, bruising grey-brown. When damaged will ooze a white latex which slowly turns grey-brown. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 70 mm long and 30 mm thick; short and stout; surface viscid, sometimes finely felted; colour similar to or paler than that of pileus, with a greenish tint. Spore Print White to cream

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 6–8 µm, ellipsoidal; reticulate, ridges forming well defined network along spore. Basidia four-spored, 39–58 × 7–11 µm. Clamp connections absent.

Comments This is an introduced species found in parks and gardens where birch or spruce trees are present. It is readily recognised by its drab colour, covering of soil and mulch particles adhering to is surface, and the production of copious latex when its lamellae are damaged. The purple discoloration of the pileus, when solutions of KOH or ammonia are applied, is also characteristic.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 105 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 54 [D] (as Lactarius necator ) Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 47 [D CP] (as Lactarius necator )

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

260

McNabb RFR (1971) “The Russulaceae of New Zealand 1. Lactarius DC ex S. F. Gray”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 9, pp. 46–66. [D] (as Lactarius turpis) Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 57 [D CP] (as Lactarius turpis)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Lactifluus wirrabara

261

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

262

Fam. Russulaceae

Lactifluus wirrabara Lactarius wirrabara

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in scattered groups on the ground amongst leaf litter, in association with eucalypts.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 114 mm or more; when young broadly convex with a depressed centre, becoming shallowly funnel-shaped with undulating margin; surface dry, velvety, may become smooth with age; colour brown to brownish umber. Flesh thick, brittle, white, exuding white milky latex when cut. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment decurrent; distant; colour white, becoming pale pinkish with age. Stipe (Stem) Central or eccentric; up to 50 mm long and 15 mm thick; robust, equal; surface dry, matt to smooth; colour light brown to dark brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10.5 × 6–9.5 µm, subglobose, with amyloid ornamentation. Basidia four-spored, 65–80 × 8–12 µm, long thin clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Lactifluus wirrabara is uncommon and is always associated with Eucalyptus trees. Its velvety brown pileus, distant whitish decurrent lamellae and brown stipe make this fungus readily identifiable. Phylogenetic analysis carried out by Stubbe et al. (2012) shows that this species no longer belongs in the genus Lactarius. The specific epithet ’wirrabara’ is Aboriginal for ’tree place’, referring to its habitat under trees.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 107 [D CP] (as Lactarius wirrabara) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 58 [D] (as Lactarius wirrabara) Stubbe D, Le HT, Wang X-H, Nuytinck J, Van de Putte K and Verbeken A (2012) “The Australasian species of Lactarius subgenus Gerardii (Russulales)”. Fungal Diversity Vol. 52, pp. 141–167.

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Russula clelandii complex

263

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

264

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula clelandii complex Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; at first button-shaped, expanding to flat-convex with an incurved margin, finally centrally depressed with a plane or decurved margin; at maturity surface sometimes receding or peeling, often translucent-striate at the margin; surface when dry slightly pruinose, or slightly velvety; colour when young a deep vinaceous purple that fades with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; close; colour initially white, becoming pale cream with age; sometimes with a pinkish margin (marginate). Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 65 mm long and 17 mm thick; stout, clavate at first, becoming cylindrical; surface smooth, dry; covered by a purplish pink to pink fibrillose or pruinose layer on a white background, paler towards the base; basal mycelium white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–10 × 6–9 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, ornamented, irregularly warty. Basidia four-spored, 30–49 × 10–15 µm, clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula clelandii is closely associated with Eucalyptus spp. and is recognised by its purplish red pileus, pale cream lamellae, and a stipe covered in purplish pink fibrils. It was named by Miller and Hilton (1986) from Western Australian material. R. clelandii may be a member of a complex of species, which includes R. lenkunya. Separating these two species is difficult: morphologically and microscopically they are very similar, but the description by Miller and Hilton (1986) clearly states that R clelandii does not have forked lamellae, whereas Grgurinovic (1997), who described R. lenkunya using South Australian material, states that the lamellae of this species are often forked near the stipe. DNA analysis will most likely be required to determine if R. clelandii and R. lenkunya are actually different species or a single variable species.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 144 [D CI]

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

265

Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 170 [D CP] (as Russula lenkunya) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 141 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. pp. 69–70 [D CI] (as Russula lenkunya) Miller, OK Jr and Hilton RN (1986) “New and Interesting Agarics from Western Australia”. Sydowia Vol. 39, pp. 126–137 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Russula flocktonae

266

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

267

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula flocktonae Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or gregarious on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 100 mm or more; at first convex, expanding to flat-convex, finally developing a central depression or becoming funnelshaped, with a thick margin, not translucent-striate; surface dry, velvety; colour bright orange, fading with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; moderately close to distant; colour initially white, becoming cream, with age turning light brown; occasionally bifurcate near margin. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 45 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout, cylindrical; surface smooth, dry; colour pale orange, whitish towards apex; basal mycelium white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–12.5 × 5.5–9 µm, broad ellipsoidal, ornamented, irregularly warty. Basidia four-spored, 50–100 × 8–14 µm, elongate clavate; sterigmata up to 12 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula flocktonae is readily recognised by its velvety orange pileus that may be centrally depressed, pale orange stipe and white to cream lamellae. With age the lamellae may become brownish. As in all Russula species the flesh is crumbly and the stipe will snap like a piece of chalk. This species was named in honour of Miss Margaret L. Flockton, a highly respected botanical artist.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 150 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 169 [D CP] (as Russula flocktoniae) Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 81 [D CI]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Russula iterika

268

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

269

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula iterika Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 60 mm or more; at first convex, expanding to flatconvex with a central depression, not translucent-striate; surface dry, glabrous; colour dingy green, lighter or darker in patches, lighter towards margin, turning light brown on drying. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; cream-coloured; bifurcate near stipe. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 40 mm long and 16 mm thick; stout, cylindrical; surface smooth, dry; colour pure white; basal mycelium white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 6.5–9 × 5–8 µm, short ellipsoidal to subglobose, ornamented, irregularly warty. Basidia four-spored, 46–60 × 6–12 µm, clavate; sterigmata up to 6 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula iterika is recognised by its glabrous pileus with dingy green pigment, and lamellae that are bifurcate near the stipe. It can easily be mistaken for a similar looking species, R. viridis, but the latter does not have bifurcating lamellae. Like all Russula species it has crumbly flesh and the stipe will snap like a piece of chalk.

References Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 74 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Russula marangania

270

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

271

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula marangania Russula delica sensu Cleland

Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter in schlerophyll forests; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 75 mm; at first button-shaped, expanding to flatconvex with an incurved margin, finally centrally depressed with a plane or decurved margin, glabrous; colour milk white, sometimes with pale rust-brown stains; flesh does not become dark on drying. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate to subdecurrent; moderately close, occasionally bifurcate near stipe; colour initially white, becoming pale cream with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; short, generally up to 35 mm long and 20 mm thick; surface smooth; colour white with brownish tints; flesh fragile, snaps easily like a stick of chalk. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 5–7 µm, broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, ornamented with mainly isolated warts, but some connected. Basidia four-spored, 40–55 × 8–11 µm, cylindro-clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula marangania is closely associated with Eucalyptus spp., and is recognised by its whitish colour, often with pale brownish stains. Its flesh is fragile and its pileus, which seldom exceeds 75 mm diameter, becomes centrally depressed with age. This species can be confused with R. erumpens which, when mature, is often larger, with an infundibuliform pileus. Mycologist John Burton Cleland collected a form he described in 1935 as R. delica from under eucalypts in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia (Cleland 1976); however, this was reclassified as a new species R. marangania by Grgurinovic (1997).

References Cleland JB (1976) Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia Parts I and II 1934–1935. The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. Photolitho reprint. p. 150 (as Russula delica) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 142 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. pp. 78–81 [D CI] D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Russula neerimea

272

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

273

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula neerimea Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 85 mm or more; at first convex, expanding to flat with a central depression, margin translucent-striate, grooved; surface smooth, viscid when moist; colour uniformly yellow-brown or orange-brown, becoming paler with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to adnate; moderately close; colour pale yellowish cream, becoming dull with age. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout, cylindrical, fragile; surface smooth, dry; colour white; basal mycelium white. Spore Print Cream

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–12 × 6–8 µm, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, ornamented, irregularly warty. Basidia four-spored, 54–72 × 9–12 µm, clavate; sterigmata up to 10 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula neerimea is recognised by its viscid yellow-brown to yellow-orange pileus, pale cream lamellae, and white stipe. In some early literature it was misidentified as R. pectinatoides, which is a northern hemisphere species. It is possible that R. neerimea may belong to a complex of closely related species, since there is a large variation in the published microscopic characteristics.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 152 [D CI] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 84 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Russula persanguinea

274

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

275

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula persanguinea Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 70 mm or more; at first convex with an incurved margin, becoming convex, finally expanding to flat-convex with a central depression, with age margin may become striate; surface viscid when moist but soon drying, smooth; colour dark red, blood-red, or brick-red, fading with age. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnexed to adnate; moderately close; colour white, becoming pale cream when old. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 60 mm long and 25 mm thick; stout, cylindrical, fragile; surface smooth, dry; colour pure white; basal mycelium white. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 8.5–10.5 × 7–9 µm, short ellipsoidal to subglobose, strongly warted, warts often forming a network. Basidia four-spored, 40–50 × 10–14 µm, slender clavate; sterigmata up to 9 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula persanguinea is very distinctive because of its bright red pileus, white lamellae, and white stipe. It is always found in association with Eucalyptus trees. Like all Russula species its flesh is crumbly and the stipe will snap like a piece of chalk.

References Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 154 [D CI] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 170 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 70 [D CI] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 178 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Russulaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Russula purpureoflava

276

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

277

Fam. Russulaceae

Russula purpureoflava Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary or in small groups on the ground amongst leaf litter; associated with Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 55 mm or more; at first convex, finally expanding to flat-convex with a central depression; surface slightly sticky when moist but soon drying, smooth; colour reddish, reddish purple to purplish red, or very dark purplish brown. Lamellae (Gills) Attachment adnate; moderately close; colour mustard yellow to buff yellow, not white. Stipe (Stem) Central; generally up to 50 mm long and 15 mm thick; cylindrical, fragile; surface a little rough, dry; colour rosy pink, usually grading to whitish or yellowish at the base. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7.5–11 × 6–9 µm, short ellipsoidal to subglobose, strongly warted, warts often forming a network. Basidia four-spored, 31–56 × 10–16 µm, clavate; sterigmata up to 9 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Russula purpureoflava is recognised by its reddish, purplish, or dark purplish brown pileus, mustard yellow lamellae, and a pinkish stipe. It is always found in association with eucalypts. Like all Russula species its flesh is crumbly and the stipe will snap like a piece of chalk.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 170 [D CP] Grgurinovic CA (1997) Larger fungi of South Australia. Botanical Gardens of Adelaide and State Herbarium and The Flora and Fauna of South Australia Handbooks Committee: Adelaide. p. 65 [D I] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 68 [CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Stereaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Aleurodiscus sparsus

278

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

279

Fam. Stereaceae

Aleurodiscus sparsus Acanthophysium sparsum

Stereum sparsum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forming colonies of white patches on bark or decorticated wood of small dead eucalypt branches, usually on the ground, in wet native forests.

Fruit-body Description At first consisting of irregular shaped patches 2–10 mm across, coalescing to form effuse areas; margin abrupt; hymenial surface at first finely fibrillose (need hand lens), with age becoming smooth and areolate; colour white. Context up to 0.25 mm thick. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 26.5–33.5 × 15.5–18.5 µm, (mean 30.0 ± 2.7 × 16.8 ± 1.0 µm, Q=1.79 ± 0.16 n=30), broadly ellipsoidal, covered with bristle-like spines (aculeae) up to 3 µm long (in Melzer’s reagent and congo red), smooth in KOH (aculeae soluble in KOH), with large apiculus, strongly amyloid in Melzer’s reagent. Basidia four-spored, 60–110 × 15–25 µm, cylindrical to clavate, with robust sterigmata up to 20 µm long. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Aleurodiscus sparsus is an Australian native species that has also been introduced to New Zealand. Many species of Aleurodiscus are restricted to one or a few related hosts (Simpson and Grgurinovic 2003) and to date A. sparsus is known only from eucalypts. This species can be readily identified using microscopic features as its spores are amongst the largest found in the genus Aleurodiscus.

References Cunningham GH (1963) “The Thelephoraceae of Australia and New Zealand”. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Bulletin 145, pp. 359; [D I] (as Acanthophysium sparsum) Gates, GM and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd ed. The Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart. p. 198 [D CP] Jülich W (1978) “On some Aphyllophorales from Australia”. Persoonia Vol. 9(4), pp. 453–472 [D I] Simpson JA and Grgurinovic CA (2003) “A new species of Aleurodiscus (Stereaceae) from Mt Kosciuszko, Australia”. Australasian Mycologist Vol. 22(1), pp. 15–19

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Stereaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Stereum hirsutum

280

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

281

Fam. Stereaceae

Stereum hirsutum Thelephora hirsuta Thelophora subzonata Stereum amoenum Stereum kalchbrenneri

Stereum ochraceum Stereum rameale Stereum complicatum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forming dense, coalescing and overlapping tiers of shelf-like fruit-bodies on dead wood, such as fallen branches, logs, tree stumps, and sawn timber.

Fruit-body Description May be entirely or partly appressed on the substrate, but more commonly bracket-like, up to 50 mm wide, projecting 35 mm, and 1 mm thick; leathery, margin wavy, lobed and pleated. Upper surface concentrically zoned yellow, brown, orange, darkest near point of attachment, coarsely or finely hairy (hirsute). Lower surface fertile surface, smooth, may have radial wrinkles and bumps, colour ranging from yellowish near the margin to orange and brownish yellow towards the point of attachment. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, ellipsoidal, oval, smooth. Basidia fourspored, 20–30 × 5–6 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Stereum hirsutum may vary in size and shape, but the hairiness, the colour of the upper surface, and the colour and smoothness of the lower surface makes this species readily identifiable. Stereum spp. are readily differentiated from similar looking Trametes spp. by the lower surface being smooth with no pores.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 605 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 338 [D CI] Cunningham GH (1956) “Thelephoraceae of New Zealand. Parts IX, × and XI”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 84(2), pp. 201–268 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 283 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 78 [D CP]

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

282

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 83 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 316 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Stereaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Stereum illudens

283

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

284

Fam. Stereaceae

Stereum illudens Stereum archeri Stereum pannosum Sterem spiniferum

Lloydella illudens Xylobolus illudens

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forming dense, coalescing and overlapping tiers of shelf-like fruit-bodies on dead wood, such as fallen branches, logs, tree stumps, and sawn timber.

Fruit-body Description May be entirely or partly appressed on the substrate, but more commonly bracket-like, up to 30 mm radius, 150 mm wide, and 1 mm thick; leathery, margin wavy, lobed and pleated. Upper surface concentrically zoned dark brown, chestnut, and pale brown, darkest near point of attachment, coarsely or finely hairy (hirsute). Lower surface fertile surface, smooth, may have radial wrinkles and bumps, colour ranging from plum, dark violaceous, or tinted violet, often with a whitish bloom, margin usually whitish. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–9 × 3.5–4.5 µm, ellipsoidal, oval, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 24–30 × 5–6 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Stereum illudens is recognised by its chestnut-brown zoned hairy upper surface, and dark violaceous lower surface. This cosmopolitan species occurs widely within Australia. “Index Fungorum” has this species recorded as Xylobolus illudens. I have not been able to obtain any phylogenetic evidence to support this, so the locally accepted name Stereum illudens is used.

References Cunningham GH (1956) “Thelephoraceae of New Zealand. Parts IX, × and XI”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 84(2), pp. 201–268 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 284 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 177 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 162 [D I] (as Xylobolus illudens)

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

285

Jülich W (1978) “On some Aphyllophorales from Australia”. Persoonia Vol. 9(4), pp. 453–472 (as Xylobolus illudens) McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 84 [CP] McKenzie EHC, Buchanan PK and Johnson PR (1999) “Fungi on pohutukawa and other Metrosideros species in New Zealand”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 37(2), pp. 335–354 (as Xylobolus illudens)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Stereaceae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Stereum ostrea

286

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

287

Fam. Stereaceae

Stereum ostrea Stereum fasciatum Stereum concolor

Stereum leichhardtianum Stereum lobatum

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; usually forming dense, overlapping tiers of shelflike fruit-bodies on dead wood, such as fallen branches, logs, tree stumps, and sawn timber.

Fruit-body Description Up to 140 mm wide, projecting 100 mm, and 2 mm thick; leathery, fan-shaped, semicircular or bracket-like, narrowly or broadly attached, margin usually even or wavy. Upper surface velvety, hairy, hairy tufts towards point of attachment, brightly coloured, concentrically zoned brown, orange, and yellow, darker towards point of attachment, margin usually yellowish. Lower surface fertile surface, smooth, may have radial wrinkles and bumps, colour usually even, pale buff, yellow-orange or gold. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 5–7.5 × 2–3 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, cylindrical, smooth. Basidia four-spored, 20–25 × 4–5 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Stereum ostrea is a northern hemisphere species, readily recognised by its largish size and bright yellowish to golden colours. It often forms spectacular colonies on dead logs, and it seems to be relatively common in Australia. To be certain that the Australian species is the same as that from the northern hemisphere, DNA analysis will be required.

References Cunningham GH (1956) “Thelephoraceae of New Zealand. Parts IX, × and XI”. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand Vol. 84(2), pp. 201–268 [D I] (as Stereum lobatum) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 285 [D CP] Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. 2nd edn. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 178 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 79 [D CP] Hood IA (2003) An introduction to fungi on wood in Queensland. School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, University of New England: Armidale, NSW. p. 160 [D I] (as Stereum fasciatum)

2.10. Order: Russulales

Fungi in Australia

288

McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 84 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 316 [D CP] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 83 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.11. Order: Thelephorales

2.11

Fungi in Australia

289

Order: Thelephorales

Thelephorales contains 2 families, 17 genera and about 340 species (“Catalogue of Thelephorales Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). Taxonomic Classification This is a strongly supported order where all of the species are ectomycorrhizal and have a Kingdom: Fungi cosmopolitan distribution. This order is mor- Phylum: Agaricomycota phologically diverse and contains corticioid Subphylum: Agaricomycotina (e.g. Tomentella), cantharelloid (e.g. Poly- Class: Agaricomycetes ozellus), clavarioid (e.g. Thelephora) and Order: Thelephorales pileate (e.g. Hydnellum) forms. The hyFamilies menophores of pileate species may be poroid Bankeraceae (e.g. Boletopsis), toothed (e.g. Hydnellum, Thelephoraceae Sarcodon), smooth to wrinkled or tuberculate (covered with rounded nodules or warty outgrowths) (e.g. Thelephora), or lamellate (e.g. Lenzitopsis). Bankeraceae – consists of 6 genera with 124 species. Its type genus is Bankera, which contains 5 species. Many species in this family, especially when dried, can be characterised by their fenugreek odour. They have a varied morphology, with fruit-bodies that are pileate and stipitate with hydnoid to spinose hymenophores. One of the more common Australian species is Phellodon niger. Thelephoraceae – consists of 11 genera with 214 species. Its type genus is Thelephora, which contains 49 species. Many species in this family have trumpet-like fruit-bodies and are also known as “leathery earthfans”.

Phellodon niger

Polyozellus multiplex

2.11. Order: Thelephorales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bankeraceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Hydnellum sp.

290

2.11. Order: Thelephorales

Fungi in Australia

291

Fam. Bankeraceae

Hydnellum sp. Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious, sometimes fused together, on the ground amongst leaf litter under Eucalyptus spp.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially cone-shaped, becoming plane, centrally depressed, fruit-bodies in contact fuse together; surface felty at first, coarse knobs or roughness at the centre, often radially ridged; colour when young whitish, becoming tan then dark brown, lighter towards the margin, margin staying whitish. Flesh tough, almost woody. Spines (Teeth) Generally up to 3 mm long and 1 mm thick; often decurrent; initially whitish, becoming brownish as spores mature. Stipe (Stem) Central or off-centre; generally up to 40 mm long and 10 mm thick; stout, tapering towards the base; surface felty; colour brown to dark brown. Spore Print Brown

Microscopic Features Not observed

Comments This is not a common fungus and, because of its size and colour, is not readily seen amongst the leaf litter. The fruit-bodies develop slowly and can vary in appearance according to the growing conditions. For descriptions of similar species see the references below. Further work needs to be done.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. pp. 622–627 [D P] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 242 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 74 [CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 324 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.11. Order: Thelephorales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Bankeraceae

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Phellodon niger

292

2.11. Order: Thelephorales

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Fam. Bankeraceae

Phellodon niger Biology Mycorrhizal basidiomycete; solitary, gregarious, or clustered on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forest and heathland.

Fruit-body Description Pileus (Cap) Diameter to 50 mm or more; initially cone-shaped, becoming plane and centrally depressed, margin lobed, fruit-bodies in contact fuse together; surface velvety or downy, pitted, undulating, coarse erect scales or roughness at the centre; colour when young blue-black, becoming black, often radially zoned, margin pale grey to white. Flesh leathery, black, with fenugreek-like odour, especially when dried. Spines (Teeth) Generally up to 3 mm long; decurrent, initially blue-grey, becoming pale grey. Stipe (Stem) Central or off-centre; generally up to 50 mm long and 20 mm thick; stout, tapering towards the base; surface felty; colour black. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm, subglobose to globose, spiny. Basidia four-spored, 27–33 × 4–6 µm, slenderly clavate. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Phellodon niger is a distinctive fungus, recognised by its black pileus and stipe, pale spines, and its fenugreek-like odour. This species is found in Europe, Great Britain, North America, New Zealand, and Australia.

References Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 228 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 243 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 236 [D CP] Phillips R (2006) Mushrooms. Macmillan: London. p. 326 [D CP]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.12. Order: Tremellales

2.12

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Order: Tremellales

Tremellales contains 9 families, 36 genera and about 482 species (“Catalogue of Thelephorales Life” website http://www.catalogueoflife.org). Taxonomic Classification This order is strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis and the application of DNA Kingdom: Fungi sequence analysis for identification of yeast Phylum: Agaricomycota species is instrumental in the restructuring Subphylum: Agaricomycotina of the order (Scorzetti et al. 2002; Kurtzman Class: Tremellomycetes et al. 2015). At the family and genus levels Order: Tremellales this order is still in flux; there are a number Families of families with only 1 genus and about 10% ca. 9; See text of species have not been allocated to a family. Sixty-six per cent of the species in the 9 families in this order are in the Tremellaceae. It is obvious that not enough species in this order have been sequenced. Species in this order have a cosmopolitan distribution and can be found from the tropics to glacial Arctic regions (de Garcia et al. 2012). Species in this order are either teleomorphic (sexual stage with spores) or anamorphic, most of the latter being yeasts. Most of the teleomorphic species are parasitic on other fungi. Carcinomycetaceae – consists of 1 genus, Syzygospora, with 16 species. These species are gelatinous yeasts that are parasitic on other fungi, including lichens (Diederich 2003). Cuniculitremaceae – consists of 3 genera with 18 species. Its type genus is Cuniculitrema, which contains 1 species. The Cuniculitrema species is teleomorphic while the other 2 genera, Fellomyces and Kockovaella, are anamorphic and produce gelatinous fruit-bodies. Hyaloriaceae – consists of 3 genera with 10 species. Its type genus is Hyaloria, which contains 2 species. Species within this family produce gelatinous or waxy fruit-bodies.

2.12. Order: Tremellales

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Phragmoxenidiaceae – consists of 2 genera, Phragmoxenidium and Phyllogloea, with 7 species. Its type genus is Phragmoxenidium, which contains 1 species. The species in this family are parasitic on other fungi, and many do not develop distinct fruit-bodies. Rhynchogastremataceae – consists of 1 genus, Rhynchogastrema, with 1 species. Little is known about this family; the only known species, Rhynchogastrema coronatum, has been isolated from a soil sample and it is most likely parasitic on other fungi. Sirobasidiaceae – consists of 2 genera with 11 species. Its type genus is Sirobasidium, which contains 8 species. The species in this family are widely distributed, primarily tropical, and typically found on wood. The fruit-bodies are irregular in form, most being globose or composed of flattened globes. It is possible that these species are saprophytic. Tetragoniomycetaceae – consists of 1 genus, Tetragoniomyces, with 1 species, Tetragoniomyces uliginosus. This species has brain-like, whitish gelatinous-waxy jelly fruit-bodies, which grow in damp habitats and are parasitic on other fungi.

Tetragoniomyces uliginosus

2.12. Order: Tremellales

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Tremellaceae – consists of 18 genera with 315 species. Its type genus is Tremella, which contains 150 species. This is a cosmopolitan family containing both teleomorphic and anamorphic genera, most of the latter being yeasts. When fruit-bodies are produced they are gelatinous. Like most of the fungi in the Tremellales they are parasitic, predominantly on other fungi, but some species in the genus Cryptococcus are parasitic pathogens Tremella mesenterica on humans, other mammals, and insects (Findley et al. 2009) . Trichosporonaceae – consists of 5 genera with 63 species. Its type genus is Trichosporon, which contains 55 species. Most of the species in this family are soil-inhabiting yeasts that do not produce distinctive fruit-bodies.

References de Garcia V, Zalar P, Silvia Brizzio S, Gunde-Cimerman N and van Broock M (2012) “Cryptococcus species (Tremellales) from glacial biomes in the southern (Patagonia) and northern (Svalbard) hemispheres”. FEMS Microbiology Ecology Vol. 82, pp. 523–539. Diederich P (2003) “New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi”. Herzogia Vol. 16, pp. 41–90 Findley K, Rodriguez-Carres M, Metin B, Kroiss J, Fonseca Á, Vilgalys R and Heitman J (2009) “Phylogeny and Phenotypic Characterization of Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species and Closely Related Saprobic Taxa in the Tremellales”. Eukaryotic Cell Vol. 8(3), pp. 353–361 Kurtzman CP, Mateo RQ, Kolecka A, Theelen B, Robert V and Boekhout T (2015) “Advances in yeast systematics and phylogeny and their use as predictors of biotechnologically important metabolic pathways”. FEMS Yeast Research Vol. 15(6), pp. 1–17 Scorzetti G, Fell JW, Fonseca A and Statzell-Tallman A (2002) “Systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts: a comparison of large subunit D1/D2 and internal transcribed spacer rDNA regions”. FEMS Yeast Research Vol. 2, pp. 495–517.

2.12. Order: Tremellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tremellaceae

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Tremella foliacea

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Fam. Tremellaceae

Tremella foliacea Tremella frondosa Tremella fimbriata

Tremella vinosa Tremalla crispa

Biology Parasitic basidiomycete; parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum spp. and Corticiaceae (a large family of crust fungi found on decaying wood); solitary to gregarious clusters on decaying hardwoods and occasionally on pine.

Fruit-body Description Individual fruit-bodies up to 100 mm or more long, and up to 60 mm high; gelatinous, rubbery, when young irregularly globose to cushion-shaped, becoming a complicated mass of leaf-like folds, lobes, and convolutions; surface smooth, glossy, viscid when moist; colour reddish cinnamon to dark brown, vinaceous-brown, on drying becoming blackish brown. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 6–9 µm, globose to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia (metabasidia), 8–10 µm, globose to broadly ovoid, with 2–4 vertical or oblique septa (i.e. divided up rather like a hot cross bun). Long sterigmata, up to 100 µm or more, protrude from each segment, and spores form at the ends of the sterigmata. Clamp connections present.

Comments Tremella fimbriata is a jelly fungus recognised by its cinnamon-brown to dark brown colour. This species is widespread but not common.

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 673 [D P] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 66 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 294 [D CP] (as Tremella fimbriata) Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 282 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 92 [CP] (as Tremella frondosa)

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.12. Order: Tremellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tremellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

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Tremella fuciformis

299

2.12. Order: Tremellales

Fungi in Australia

300

Fam. Tremellaceae

Tremella fuciformis Biology Parasitic basidiomycete; parasitic on the mycelium of Hypoxylon or Stereum spp.; solitary to gregarious clusters on decaying hardwoods.

Fruit-body Description Individual fruit-bodies up to 160 mm or more long, and up to 60 mm high; gelatinous, rubbery, firm; when young irregularly globose to cushion-shaped, becoming a complicated mass of leaf-like folds, lobes, and convolutions; surface smooth, glossy, not viscid or sticky; colour semi-translucent white to opaque white when fresh, drying pallid creamy yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 7–10 × 5–6 µm, globose to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth. Basidia (metabasidia), 11–16 × 8–14 µm, globose to broadly ovoid, with 2–4 vertical or oblique septa (i.e. divided up rather like a hot cross bun). Long sterigmata, up to 60 µm or more, protrude from each segment, and spores form at the ends of the sterigmata. Clamp connections present.

Comments Tremella fuciformis is found on decaying hardwoods that have been infected with Hypoxylon or Stereum spp., and is readily recognised by its white gelatinous lobes. This species is common in eucalypt and mixed forest.

References Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 295 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 83 [D CP] McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 92 [CP] McNabb RFR (1966) “New Zealand Tremellales – II”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 4, pp. 533–545 [D I] Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 67 [D I]

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

2.12. Order: Tremellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Tremellaceae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

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Tremella mesenterica

301

2.12. Order: Tremellales

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Fam. Tremellaceae

Tremella mesenterica Tremella lutescens

Biology Parasitic basidiomycete; parasitic on the mycelium of Peniophora spp. (resupinate crust fungus) or Stereum spp.; solitary to gregarious clusters on decaying hardwoods.

Fruit-body Description Individual fruit-bodies up to 100 mm or more long, and up to 50 mm high; gelatinous, rubbery, firm; when young irregularly globose to cushion-shaped, becoming a complicated mass of leaf-like folds, lobes, and convolutions; surface smooth, glossy, not viscid or sticky; colour semi-translucent shades from bright orange to yellow. Spore Print White

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 10–15.5 × 7–12 µm, broadly ellipsoidal, oval, smooth. Basidia (metabasidia), 20–31 × 16–22 µm, globose to broadly ovoid, with 2–4 vertical or oblique septa (i.e. divided up rather like a hot cross bun). Long sterigmata, up to 60 µm or more, protrude from each segment, and spores form at the ends of the sterigmata. Clamp connections present.

Comments The name Tremella mesenterica probably can be applied to a complex of closely related species of jelly fungi with convolutions; morphologically they all look identical, and have a colour range from bright orange to yellow. One such species is T. aurantia (see Bougher and Syme 1998).

References Arora D (1986) Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. 2nd ed. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA. p. 673 [D P] Bougher NL and Syme K (1998) Fungi of Southern Australia. University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands. p. 110 [D CI] Breitenbach J and Krãnzlin F (1986) Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2: Non-gilled fungi. Verlag Mykologia: Luzern, Switzerland. p. 68 [D CP] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 295 [D CP] Grey P and Grey E (2005) Fungi down under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi. Fungimap: South Yarra, Victoria. p. 84 [D CP] Læssøe T (1998) Mushrooms. Dorling Kindersley: London. p. 282 [D CP]

2.12. Order: Tremellales

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McCann IR (2003) Australian fungi illustrated. Macdown Productions: Vermont, Victoria. p. 92 [CP] McNabb RFR (1966) “New Zealand Tremellales – II”. New Zealand Journal of Botany Vol. 4, pp. 533–545 [D I] (as Tremella lutescens) Young AM (2005) A field guide to the fungi of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney. p. 68 [D I]

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chapter 3

PUCCINIOMYCOTINA

Figure 3.1: Subphylum Pucciniomycotina Pucciniomycotina is the sister to the Agaricomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina, forming the basal lineage of Basidiomycota. At present Pucciniomycotina consists of approximately 8500 species in 9 classes, 22 orders (2 not assigned), 53 families (7 not assigned) and 321 genera (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/), which is nearly one-third of all described basidiomycetes, or more than 8% of all described species of fungi (Aime et al.

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2014). These species can be found in diverse habitats, ranging from marine, Artic ice and most terrestrial environments, where the vast majority of species are either pathogens or parasites on plants, fungi or insects. Their life cycles can range from the simple teliosporic yeasts (when a teliospore cell germinates, it gives rise to a four-celled basidium with basidiospores) to the complex five-stage life cycle of of rust fungi, which is regarded as the most complex in Kingdom Fungi (Lutzoni et al. 2004). An example of a the complex behaviour of fungi in this subphylum can be illustrated by the parasitic rust fungus Puccinia monoica that manipulates its plant host Boechera stricta to create elaborate pseudoflowers. These structures are completely novel to the plant’s native form (Roy 1993; Roy et al. 1998) and act to lure pollinators from co-blooming plant species by offering olfactory incentives and a sugary reward (Cano et al. 2013). Visiting pollinators transfer spores between pseudoflowers, thereby completing the sexual reproductive cycle of the fungus. The number of new species and lineages in Pucciniomycotina continue to increase as more species are found. At present the Puccinomycotina is undersampled and it is likely that much more diversity within this subphylum is yet to be discovered.(Aime et al. 2014)

References Aime MC, Toome M, McLaughlin DJ (2014) “Pucciniomycotina”. In: The Mycota VII. Systematics and evolution. Part A. (McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, eds.). Berlin: Springer: pp. 271–294. Cano LM, Raffaele S, Haugen RH, Saunders DGO, Leonelli L, MacLean D, Hogenhout SA, Kamoun S (2013) “Major transcriptome reprogramming underlies floral mimicry induced by the rust fungus Puccinia monoica in Boechera stricta”. PloS ONE Vol. 8(9), e75293. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075293 Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox CJ, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett, M, Shoemaker R, Sung GH, Lucking R, Lumbsch T, O’Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Kentaro L, Young-Woon L, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R and Vilgalys R (2004) “Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits”. American Journal of Botany Vol. 91(10), pp. 1446– 1480. Roy BA (1993) “Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen”. Nature Vol. 362, pp. 56–58 Roy BA, Vogler DR, Bruns TD Szaro (1998) “Cryptic Species in the Puccinia monoica Complex”. Mycologia Vol. 90(5), pp. 846–853

chapter 4

SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS – PUCCINIOMYCOTINA

4.1

Order: Atractiellales

Atractiellales is the only Order in the Class Atractiellomycetes. Atractiellales consists of Atractiellales 5 families of which 4 have assigned names Taxonomic Classification (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/). Atractogloeaceae – consists of 1 genus Kingdom: Fungi (Atractogloea) with 1 described species. Phylum: Agaricomycota Mycogelidiaceae – consists of 1 genus Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina (Mycogelidium) with 1 described species. Class: Atractiellomycetes Phleogenaceae – consists of 8 gen- Order: Atractiellales era (Atractiella, Basidiopycnis, Botryochaete, Families Helicogloea, Hoehnelomyces, Phleogena, ProAtractogloeaceae ceropycnis, Saccoblastia) with 44 described Mycogelidiaceae species. Phleogenaceae Saccoblastiaceae – consists of 1 genus Saccoblastiaceae (Infundibura) with 1 described species. Not assigned – consists of 1 genus (Hobsonia) with 3 described species. Morphologies of species in this Order are varied but most of them are of a gelatinous nature. Some species are parasitic, spread by beetles (Hausner et al. 2008) while some other species form mycorrhizae with orchids (Kottke et al. 2010).

References Hausner G, Reid J, Eyjólfsdóttir GG, Iranpour M and Loewen PC (2008) “Basidiopycnides albertensis gen. et sp. nov., a new anamorphic fungus with phylogenetic affinities in the Atractiellales (Basidiomycota)”. Mycotaxon Vol. 103, pp. 279–297. Kottke I, Suárez JP, Herrera P, Cruz D, Bauer R, Haug I and Garnica S (2010) “Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic neotropical orchids”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Vol. 277, pp. 1289–1298.

4.1. Order: Atractiellales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Phleogenaceae

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Helicogloea compressa

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4.1. Order: Atractiellales

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Fam. Phleogenaceae

Helicogloea compressa Dendrodochium compressum Leucogloea compressa

Pleurocolla compressa

Biology Saprotrophic basidiomycete; solitary to gregarious, usually on decorticated decaying wood in moist shaded forest.

Fruit-body Description The fruit-bodies are asexual (anamorphs), up to 2–3 mm diameter, hemispherical to cushion-like, whitish, firm gelatinous, surrounded by a clear gelatinous layer. Fruit-bodies may form large extended patches on moist decaying decorticated wood. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Conidia 3–6 × 2–3 µm, subglobose to ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores irregularly branched with lateral conidiogenous cells, 13–40 × 1.5–2 µm, which are cylindrical, slightly curved and tapering to the apex.

Comments Helicogloea compressa is recognised in the field by its whitish, gelatinous hemispherical fruit-bodies. Since there are numerous species of fungi that produce gelatinous fruit-bodies, care must be taken in its identification. In 2004 Kirschner renamed this species from Pleurocolla compressa to Leucogloea compressa. He observed that the morphology and preliminary DNA analysis had many similarities to the genus Helicogloea, but he was not convinced that it belonged to this genus. He coined a new genus Leucogloea and put it in there. A larger DNA study (Spirini et al. 2018) concluded that the anamorphic fungus Leucogloea compressa belonged in the genus Helicogloea, which at present has approximately 26 named species.

References Diehl WW (1933) “Thelebolus lignicola and the genus Pleurocolla (Fungi)”. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences Vol. 23, pp. 58–61 [D I] (as Pleurocolla compressa) Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 293 [D CP] (misidentified as Sirobasidium brefeldianum) Gates G and Ratkowsky D (2016) A Field Guide to Tasmanian Fungi. Tasmanian Field Naturalists Club: Hobart, Tasmania. p. 173 [D CP] (as Leucogloea compressa) Kirschner R (2004) “Sporodochial anamorphs of species of Helicogloea.”. In: Frontiers in Basidiomycote Mycology (Agerer R, Piepenbring M and Blanz P, eds.) Etching: IHW-Verlag: pp. 165–178 (as Leucogloea compressa)

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Spirini V, Malysheva V, Trichies G, Savchenko A, Põldmaa K, Nordén J, Miettinen O, and Larsson K-H (2018) “A preliminary overview of the corticioid Atractiellomycetes (Pucciniomycotina, Basidiomycetes)”. Fungal Systematics and Evolution Vol. 2, pp. 311–340

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4.2. Order: Septobasidiales

4.2

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Order: Septobasidiales

Septobasidiales, one of the orders in the class Puncciniomycetes, consists of 1 family Atractiellales (Septobasidiaceae) with 9 genera and a total Taxonomic Classification of 244 named species. Septobasidiaceae – consists of 9 gen- Kingdom: Fungi era (Aphelariopsis, Auriculoscypha, Coccid- Phylum: Agaricomycota iodictyon, Glenospora , Johncouchia, Mo- Subphylum: Pucciniomycotina hortia, Ordonia, Septobasidium, Uredinella) Class: Pucciniomycetes with 244 described species. The major- Order: Septobasidiales ity of species in this family are in the Families genus Septobasidium, which has 225 species Septobasidiaceae (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/). It is well known that mutualistic (mycorrhizal) and parasitic symbioses between fungi and plants have had significant influence on the development of terrestrial life, but what is less well known is the influence of the symbioses between fungi and insects. Fungal species in the Septobasidiales are the only known large group of fungi in the basidiomycetes that are obligatorily parasitic on insects. The best documented parasitic behaviour is for the genus Septobasidium, which sterilises the individuals that are parisitised, but may protect other uninfected individuals living under its thallus (body of the fungus) from predation, thus benefiting the overall population. This complex relationship can be described as both mutualistic and parasitic. It must be noted that not all fungi in the Septobasidiales display this type of symbiosis; some may be wholly parasitic because they do not form substantial protective structures (Henk and Vilgalys 2007).

References Henk DA, and Vilgalys R (2007) “Molecular phylogeny suggests a single origin of insect symbiosis in the Pucciniomycetes with support from some relationships within the genus Septobasidium”. American Journal of Botany Vol. 94(9), pp. 1515–1526.

4.2. Order: Septobasidiales

Fungi in Australia

Fam. Septobasidiaceae

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Septobasidium clelandii

311

4.2. Order: Septobasidiales

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Fam. Septobasidiaceae

Septobasidium clelandii Biology Parasitic basidiomycete; solitary to numerous, parasite of the female coccid bug Callococcus leptospermi, the host insect on branches of living Leptospermum trees.

Fruit-body Description Initially the fruit-body emerges from a fissure in a gall (produced by a female gall-forming bug Callococcus leptospermi ) to form a greyish patch of mycelium. From the centre of this patch, over a period of several weeks, clumps of erect spike-like structures (synnemata) up to 15 mm tall are formed. This occurs when the fungus is in its anamorphic (asexual, conidial) state. The fruit-bodies have a very tough gelatinous consistency, and are sometimes covered with a greyish bloom consisting of conidia. Spore Print Not observed

Microscopic Features Basidiospores 18–20 × 6–7 µm, cylindrical, slightly curved, smooth, with a truncated hilum (the attachment point on the apiculus). Basidia 29–47 µm, auricularoid, 2–4-celled with transverse septa, with each cell able to produce a sterigma and basidiospore. Conidia 9–10 × 2.5 µm, cylindrical, curved and smooth. Conidiophores consist of branched hyphae, becoming unbranched some distance back from their apices. The conidiophore apex becomes slightly narrowed and rounded before producing a conidium, but acute when the conidium has seceded. Clamp connections absent.

Comments Septobasidium clelandii initially infects a female gall-forming bug Callococcus leptospermi. How and when this happens in the bug’s life cycle is not known. In order for the female bug to produce young it needs to form a gall on a living Leptospermum tree branch (Coles et al. 1988). While inside the gall, and as the fungus starts to grow a fruit-body, the body of the parasitised Callococcus bug is almost completely filled with haustoria (special hyphae able to absorb food from a living cell) (Coles and Talbot 1977). Amongst the approximate 225 Septobasidum species, this behaviour is relatively unique, as a majority of species in this genus form a felty, perennial, lichen-like covering over scale insects. These fungi are superficial on the plant, but parasitise some of the insects which are feeding on it. This fungus-insect symbiosis can be regarded as

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a unique mixture of altruistic (where some insects are protected from predators by the fungal mat) and parasitic behaviour (Henk and Vilgalys 2007).

References Coles RB and Talbot PH (1977) “Septobasidium clelandii and its conidial state Harpogrphium corynelioides”. Kew Bulletin Vol. 31(3), pp. 481–488 [D I] Coles RB, Verberne F and Brookes HM (1988) “The immature and adult stages of Calloccus leptospermi (Maskell) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae), with observations on life history”. Journal of Australian Entomology Vol. 27, pp. 15–25 [D I] Fuhrer B (2009) A field guide to Australian fungi. Bloomings Books: Melbourne. p. 292 [D CP] Henk DA and Vilgalys R (2007) “Molecular phylogeny suggests a single origin of insect symbiosis in the Pucciniomycetes with support from some relationships within the genus Septobasidium”. American Journal of Botany Vol. 94(9), pp. 1515–1526

D=Description; I=Illustration; CI=Colour Illustration; P=Photo; CP=Colour Photo

chapter 5

GLOSSARY As you get more involved with fungi, and in particular when talking with fellow enthusiasts or reading about fungi, the jargon of terms and phrases will eventually become part of your own language. In the meantime, here is a glossary with images to assist with terms that are frequently used by mycologists. adnate – pertaining to the attachment of the lamellae, tubes, spines, etc. to the stipe of the fungus in which the attachment is perpendicular to the stipe. adnexed – pertaining to the attachment of the lamellae, tubes, spines, etc. to the stipe of the fungus in which the fertile tissue curves upwards towards the pileus of the fungus before attaching to the stipe. aff. – with affinity to, or similar to. agaric – a term commonly used to describe a fungus that has a pileus (cap), lamellae (gills), and a stipe (stem), i.e., what most people would call a mushroom.

allantoid – sausage-shaped, usually referring to spores.

amanitoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, an annulus and a volva.

Fungi in Australia

amyloid – a chemical staining reaction in which the tissue, spore wall ornamentation, etc. stains bluish-black in Melzer’s reagent (iodine solution), showing the presence of starch. amygdaliform – having an almond-shape, usually referring to almond-shaped spores. anamorph – an asexual reproductive form of a fungus, cf. teleomorph. anastomosing (interveining) – referring to lamellae that have transverse connections resembling veins. annulus – a ring or collar of tissue around the stipe, usually derived from the partial veil. See Amanita muscaria. appendiculate – usually referring to the hanging veil remnants on the margin of a pileus. applanate – flattened or becoming flattened. appressed – scales, fibres or hairs that lie flat against the surface of the pileus or stipe. areolate – a surface that is split into regular or irregular shaped blocks, revealing the underlying flesh, usually referring to the outer skin of a fungus. armillarioid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, attached lamellae, an annulus, but no volva. attached – lamellae (gills) fastened to the stipe of a mushroom.

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Fungi in Australia

basidiomycete – a fungus that reproduces by producing basidiospores on the basidia. Examples of these fungi types are mushrooms, corals, jellies, puffballs, stinkhorns, brackets, and clubs. basidium (pl. basidia) – a microscopic club-shaped structure that bears the spores of basidiomycetes.

basidiocarp – the fruit-body of a basidiomycete fungus. bifurcate – dividing into two branches; usually used to describe branching of lamellae. bolete – a fleshy mushroom-like fungus with tubes and pores on the underside of the pileus. See Suillus luteus. boletoid – resembling a bolete. bracket – a fungus with a bracket-shaped fruit-body, often produced on trees or dead wood. The fruit-body can be woody, fleshy, tough, or leathery.

broom cell – a cystidium that bears apical appendages, giving it a broom-like appearance.

bulbous – (of stipe) having a swollen base.

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Fungi in Australia

caespitose – where a number of fruit-bodies are fused together. See Flammulina velutipes. caulocystidium – a cystidium found on the stipe of a fungal fruit-body.

campanulate – (often of pileus) bell-shaped.

caulocystidium (pl. caulocystidia) – a cystidium on the stipe of a fungus. cheilocystidium (pl. cheilocystidia) – a cystidium on the edge of a lamella (gill). chlamydospores – asexual spores formed by the breaking up of fungal hyphae. clamp connection – a special structure bridging the septa (cross-walls) of the hyphae of some basidiomycetes. This structure allows nuclei to migrate into new cells after after mitotic division. A clamp connection looks something like the handle on a cup. However, it may be flattened against the wall of the cells or may have a large opening (keyhole clamp).

clavate – club-shaped.

clitocyboid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, decurrent lamellae, and no annulus or volva.

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Fungi in Australia

close – usually referring to the spacing of lamellae, which are neither crowded nor well spaced (distant) but arbitrarily in between. collybioid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, attached (but not decurrent) lamellae, a convex to parabolic pileus with an initially inrolled to incurved pileal margin, and no annulus or volva. concave – saucer-shaped; often used to describe the shape of disc fungi.

concentric – having rings or zones within each other.

concolorous – two or more objects having the same colour.

conic – cone-shaped (e.g. a pileus that is taller than its width and often pointed).

convex – rounded, higher in the middle than at the margin.

coprophilous – growing on dung or droppings. corticioid – having effused, smooth fruit-body that usually forms on the underside of dead wood, also sometimes called crust fungi.

318

Fungi in Australia

cortina – cobweb-like partial (inner) veil between pileus margin and stipe of certain agarics. See Cortinarius species. crowded – referring to the spacing of lamellae that are very close together.

cuticle – outermost layer of pileus or stipe. cylindric – cylinder-shaped, e.g. a stipe that has the same diameter from apex to base. cystidium (pl. cystidia) – a large sterile cell of distinct shape on the pileus, lamellae, or stipe surface. decurrent – pertaining to the attachment of the lamellae, tubes, spines, etc. that descend down the stipe to some degree. See Austropaxillus infundibuliformis. decurved (incurved) – bent downwards, usually referring to the margin of a pileus. deliquescence (autodigestion) – lamellae turning into a liquid, liquefying. See Coprinus comatus. depressed – usually with reference to a pileus, with the central part sunken below the level of the margin. Concave. dextrinoid – a chemical staining reaction in which the tissue, spore wall ornamentation, etc. stains reddish to reddish brown upon exposure to iodine or Melzer’s reagent. (See also amyloid). diploid – of a nucleus, cell, hypha, or a fruit-body having two sets of chromosomes (male and female).

319

Fungi in Australia

disc – (of pileus) central part of the pileus.

distant – referring to the spacing of lamellae that are wide apart.

dry – pileus or stipe neither viscid nor hygrophanous.

eccentric (excentric) – (of stipe) not attached to the centre of the pileus. ectomycorrhiza (EM) – mycorrhiza where the fungal hyphae form sheaths around the rootlets of a plant (often of a tree), growing between but not penetrating the cells of the plant rootlets, and providing the plant with water and nutrients while the plant supplies sugars to the fungus. ellipsoidal – a object that is bilaterally symmetrical,with curved sides and rounded ends, often referring to the shape of spores.

emarginate – sharply adnexed to the stipe, typically describing lamellae attachment. endomycorrhiza – mycorrhiza in which fungal hyphae penetrate cell walls of host plant.

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Fungi in Australia

ephemeral (evanescent) – appearing briefly and then vanishing, e.g. a part of the fungus that is present in the young fruit-body, but disappears when it matures. equal – usually refers to a stipe having the same diameter throughout its length. farinaceous – an odour variously described as that of raw potatoes, raw cucumbers, or even of soaps; mealy. felted – covered with densely matted fibrils or hairs. fibrillose – covered with hair-like filaments and arranged more or less parallel with one another. floccose – with a covering of loose cotton-like or or downy scales. free – referring to lamellae, tubes, spines etc. that are not attached to the stipe. fruit-body – in macro and micro fungi, the structure that supports the spore-bearing organs. fusiform – spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends (usually referring to spores). galerinoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, attached lamellae (which may be decurrent), a variable pileal shape, variable pileal margin, and an annulus but no volva. gasteroid – basidiocarps that include puffballs, earth-stars, stinkhorns, and false-truffles.

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Fungi in Australia

gasteromycetes – macrofungi with a sac-like structure containing spore-bearing tissue (gleba). germ pore – thin region of spore wall via which spores can germinate. glabrous – smooth, without any hairs or other ornamentation. gleba – the spore-bearing tissue inside a sac-like structure.

globose – having a spherical shape (e.g. fungal fruit-bodies or spores). glutinous – (often describing a pileus surface) covered with a slimy gelatinous layer. granulose – (often describing a pileus or stipe surface) covered with small granules. guttule – a small oil-like drop visible (via a microscope) inside a fungal spore. haploid – of a nucleus, cell, hypha, or a fruit-body having only one set of chromosomes. hirsute – covered with longish fibres or hairs. hispid – covered with stiff or bristle-like hairs. hyaline – clear and without colour; referring to structures such as spores seen under a microscope. hygrophanous – having the characteristic of changing colour upon drying.

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Fungi in Australia

hymenium – the spore-bearing surface of the fruit-body. hypha (pl. hyphae) – one of the filaments of a fungal mycelium. imbricate – overlapping like roof tiles, e.g. the scales on a pileus, or multiple tiers of a bracket-like fungus. See Coprinus comatus. infundibuliform – (of pileus) funnel-shaped. See Austropaxillus infundibuliformis. inamyloid – no change of colour upon application of Melzer’s reagent. incurved – referring to a pileal margin, pointing down towards the stipe or the lamellae, but not rolled up. institious – where the stipe is attached to the substrate without fibrils or hyphae being visible. intervenose – see anastomosing.

involute (inrolled) – referring to a pileal margin, margin rolled inwards.

lamellae (sing. lamella) – the technical term used to describe the gills of a mushroom which extend from the pileal margin to the stipe.

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Fungi in Australia

lamellulae (sing. lamellula) – short gills that occur between normal gills but do not extend all the way from the pileal margin to the stipe. lageniform – usually in reference to the shape of cystidia, swollen at the base and narrow at the apex; flaskshaped. latex – a coloured juice exuding from an injured portion of a fungal fruit-body. lecythiform – often referring to cystidia, bowling pinshaped.

lepiotoid – A mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, and an annulus but no volva.

lignicolous – growing on or in wood.

lubricous – slippery; a greasy smoothness.

macrofungi – fungal fruit-bodies that can be seen readily with the naked eye. margin – with reference to pileus or lamellae, outermost edge of the pileus; edge of lamellae.

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Fungi in Australia

marginate – with reference to (a) lamellae, when the lamella edge has a different colour from its face; or (b) stipe base, when there is a distinct rim at the base of a bulbous stipe. mealy – a surface covered with flour-like particles; smelling like fresh flour. merulioid – a structure type, hymenophore wrinkled with low uneven ridges, like the fruit-body of a Merulius. metuloid – a thick-walled cystidium which may or may not be encrusted at its apex. micaceous – a surface covered with mica-like (glistening) particles. mycelium – the filamentous vegetative (growing and feeding) portion of a fungus. mycenoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, variably attached (but not decurrent) lamellae, a conic to campanulate pileal shape, an incurved to straight pileal margin, and no annulus or volva. mycorrhizal fungi – fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with a host green plant.

naucorioid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, adnexed or emarginate lamellae, and no annulus or volva.

325

Fungi in Australia

omphalinoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a cartilaginous stipe, decurrent lamellae, a convex to plane and sometimes umbilicate pileal shape, a variable pileal margin, and no annulus or volva. ostiole – a pore or hole through which spores are ejected; for an ascomycete at the apex of the perithecium, or for a basidiomycete the mouth of a puffball or earth-star. parasitic fungi – fungi that feed on other living organisms. See Cordyceps gunnii. partial veil – (of agarics and boletes) a membrane joining the stipe to the pileus margin during the development of the hymenium; this membrane ruptures to become an annulus or cortina. pileus – the scientific name for the cap on a macrofungus; it carries the spore-bearing surface. pleurotoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a stipe, eccentrically or laterally attached or absent, a variable lamellae attachment, and no annulus or volva.

plicate-striate – (of pileus) having radial folds or pleats.

pluteotoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, and no annulus or volva. polypore – a wood-inhabiting fungus, often bracket-like, which bears its spores in pores on the hymenium.

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Fungi in Australia

pore – (in boletes and polypores) the orifice of a tube through which spores fall. pruinose – covered in a fine powder; powdery. pulvinate – cushion-like in form.

pyriform – pear-shaped.

resupinate – fruit-body that lies flat on the substrate with its hymenium outermost, often used with reference to crust fungi.

reticulate – (describing a stipe, notably of a bolete) marked with a net-like pattern of ridges or wrinkles.

rhizomorph – easily visible string-like aggregation of hyphae, often seen at the base of a fungal fruit-body.

rimose – (of pileus) cracked or split in a radial manner.

saccate – sac- or bag-like, usually used when describing a loose membranous volva at the base of a stipe.

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Fungi in Australia

scabrous – rough surface, covered with with short rigid projections. sclerotium – a sterile compact mass of hyphae, usually with a hard outer protective layer. scrobiculate – (of stipe) with shallow depressions or conspicuous spots. serrate – jagged or saw-like; usually with reference to a lamella or pileus edge. sessile – a fruit-body without a stipe, so that it sits directly on the substrate. sinuate – (describing lamellae) with a notch near the point of attachment to the stipe.

spatulate – spoon-like in form. spore – reproductive unit of a fungus.

squamose – (of pileus) having flat scales.

sterigma (pl. sterigmata) – the projection on the basidium on which developing basidiospores are attached (can only be seen under a microscope).

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Fungi in Australia

stipe – technical term for the stem of a fungus.

stipitate – having a stipe.

striate – (describing a pileus) with fine lines, grooves or ridges. substratum (substrate) – the material to which a fruitbody is attached. teleomorph – the sexual reproductive stage of the fungus, producing sexual spores. terricolous (terrestrial) – living or growing on soil. tomentose – covered with long, soft, hairy fibrils, either tangled or matted. translucent-striate – having the lines of the lamellae visible through the top of the pileus.

tricholomatoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, sinuate or notched lamellae, and no annulus or volva.

tube – the hollow cylinder, on the underside of boletes and polypores, in which spores are produced.

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Fungi in Australia

umbilicate – having a deep depression, usually with a small umbo (protrusion) in the centre, e.g. as in a belly button. umbo – a broad swelling or bump in the centre of the pileus. umbonate – a pileus with a distinct swelling or bump (umbo) at the centre. universal veil – (for some agarics) a protective membrane that initially surrounds an entire young agaric fruitbody. Later, when the membrane ruptures, it may leave scales, patches or warts on the pileus surface. vaginatoid – a mushroom stature type describing a mushroom with a fleshy-fibrous stipe, free or finely adnexed lamellae, and a volva but no annulus. ventricose – swollen or wider in the middle; (of stipe) swollen at or near the middle; (of lamellae) broader midway between stipe and pileal margin. viscid – slimy or sticky to the touch.

volva – the remains of the universal veil at the base of the stipe in certain fungi.

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Fungi in Australia

warts – small pieces of universal veil tissue left on the surface of the pileus.

zonate – pileus or flesh marked with concentrically zoned coloured bands.

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Species Index

Fungi in Australia

332

SPECIES INDEX Acanthophysium sparsum, 279 Acia subceracea, 191 Agaricus swartzii, 143 Aleurodiscus sparsus, 278 Amauroderma rude, 178 Anthurus archeri, 151 Antrodiella citrea, 227 Antrodiella zonata, 199 Artomyces austropiperatus, 235 Aseroë rubra, 148 Astraeus hygrometricus, 45 Aurantiporus pulcherrimus, 225 Auricularia cornea, 4 Auricularia delicata, 6 Auricularia polytricha, 5 Auriscalpium sp. “eucalypt earpick”, 237 Austeria citrea, 226 Austroboletus cookei, 21 Austroboletus lacunosus, 20 Austropaxillus infundibuliformis, 62 Baeostratoporus braunii, 230 Beenakia dacostae, 125 Boletellus emodensis, 22 Boletellus obscurecoccineus, 24 Boletus marginatus, 38 Boletus piperatus, 28 Byssomerulius corium, 196 Calocera australis, 102 Calocera fusca, 104 Calocera sinensis, 106

Calostoma fuscum, 40 Calostoma rodwayi, 43 Cantharellus cibarius var. australiensis, 78 Cantharellus cinereus var. australis, 81 Cantharellus cinnabarinus var. australiensis, 78 Cantharellus concinnus, 77 Cerrena zonata, 198 Chalciporus piperatus, 27 Clathrus archeri, 150 Clathrus gracilus, 153 Clavaria lorithamnus, 128, 130 Clavaria rugosa, 92 Clavicorona piperata, 236 Clavulina coralloides, 88 Clavulina cristata, 89 Clavulina rugosa, 91 Clavulina tasmanica, 93 Coltricia australica, 133 Coltricia cinnamomea, 134 Coltricia dependens, 137 Coltricia laeta, 195 Coltricia oblectans, 134 Coltricia schweinitzii, 167 Coltriciella dependens, 136 Coltriciella tasmanica, 137 Coriolus versicolor, 222 Coriolus xanthopus, 208 Craterellus australis, 80 Craterellus cornucopioides, 82

Species Index

Craterellus multiplex, 18 Craterellus pusio, 18 Craterellus sinuosus, 85 Cymatoderma elegans, 185 Cymatoderma elegans var. lamellatum, 186 Cymatoderma lamellatum, 186 Dendrodochium compressum, 308 Dentipellicula leptodon, 245 Dentipellis isidioides, 246 Dentipellis leptodon, 246 Ductifera sucina, 10 Exidia sucina, 11 Favolus arcularius, 205 Fistulinella mollis, 29 Flaviporus brownii, 229 Flavodon flavus, 187 Fomes laetus, 195 Fomitopsis lilacinogilva, 161 Ganoderma australe, 180 Geastrum fenestratum, 112 Geastrum fornicatum, 111 Geastrum indicum, 118 Geastrum pectinatum var. tenuipes, 115 Geastrum tenuipes, 114 Geastrum triplex, 117 Gloeotromera sucina, 11 Grifola campyla, 213 Grifola colensoi, 183 Gymnogaster boletoides, 31 Helicogloea compressa, 307 Hericium coralloides, 248

Fungi in Australia

Heterotextus miltinus, 108 Hexagonia gunnii, 201 Hexagonia vesparia, 200 Hydnellum, 290 Hydnum crocidens, 98 Hydnum leptodon, 246 Hydnum aff. repandum, 95 Hyphodontia australis, 146 Ileodictyon gracile, 152 Irpex brevis, 199 Irpex flavus, 188 Junghuhnia brownii, 230 Laccocephalum sclerotinum, 202 Lactarius clarkeae, 250 Lactarius deliciosus, 253 Lactarius eucalypti, 256 Lactarius necator, 259 Lactarius plumbeus, 258 Lactarius turpis, 259 Lactarius wirrabara, 262 Lactifluus wirrabara, 261 Laetiporus portentosus, 163 Lentinellus hepatotrichus, 241 Lentinellus hyracinus, 241 Lentinellus pseudobarbatus, 241 Lentinellus pulvinulus, 240 Lentinellus tasmanica, 244 Lentinellus tasmanicus, 243 Lentinus arcularius, 204 Leptoporus braunii, 230 Leucogloea compressa, 308 Lloydella illudens, 284 Lycoperdon verrucosum, 60 Meiorganum curtisii, 71

333

Species Index

Meruliopsis corium, 197 Merulius corium, 197 Microporus xanthopus, 207 Mutinus aff. albotruncatus, 155 Mutinus boninensis, 156 Mutinus borneensis, 156 Mycena swartzii, 143 Mycoacia subceracea, 191 Odontia oleifera, 246 Oligoporus pelliculosus, 176 Omphalina swartzii, 143 Osmoporus gunnii, 201 Paxillus cuprinus, 47 Paxillus curtisii, 71 Paxillus infundibuliformis, 63 Paxillus involutus, 48 Paxillus panuoides, 73 Phaeogyroporus portentosus, 38 Phaeolus schweinitzii, 166 Phellodon niger, 292 Phlebia subceracea, 190 Phlebopus marginatus, 37 Phlebopus portentosus, 38 Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, 34 Picipes melanopus, 210 Piptoporus cretaceus, 216 Piptoporus portentosus, 164 Pisolithus albus, 50 Pleurocolla compressa, 308 Podoscypha petalodes, 192 Podoscypha petalodes subsp. floriformis, 193 Podoserpula pusio, 17 Polyporellus melanopus, 210 Polyporus arcularius, 205

Fungi in Australia

334

Polyporus campylus, 213 Polyporus citreus, 227 Polyporus coccineus, 219 Polyporus colensoi, 184 Polyporus cretaceus, 216 Polyporus eucalyptorum, 164 Polyporus flavus, 188 Polyporus laetus, 195 Polyporus lilacinogilva, 162 Polyporus melanopus, 209 Polyporus multiplex, 184 Polyporus oblectans, 134 Polyporus portentosus, 164 Polyporus pulcherrimus, 225 Polyporus rufoflavus, 230 Polyporus sclerotinus, 203 Polyporus versicolor, 222 Polyporus vesparius, 201 Polyporus xanthopus, 208 Polystictus flavus, 188 Polystictus lilacinogilvus, 162 Polystictus semisanguineus, 219 Polystictus versicolor, 222 Polystictus xanthopus, 208 Poria tasmanica, 137 Postia aff. caesia, 169 Postia campyla, 213 Postia cretacea, 216 Postia aff. lactea, 172 Postia pelliculosa, 175 Pseudocraterellus sinuosus, 86 Pseudocraterellus undulatus, 86 Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, 8 Pseudomerulius curtisii, 70 Pycnoporus coccineus, 219 Ramaria filicicola, 127

Species Index

Ramaria lorithamnus, 129 Ramaria sinapicolor, 128, 130 Rickenella fibula, 139 Rickenella swartzii, 142 Rigidoporus laetus, 194 Russula clelandii, 263 Russula delica, 271 Russula flocktonae, 266 Russula iterika, 268 Russula lenkunya, 264 Russula marangania, 270 Russula neerimea, 272 Russula persanguinea, 274 Russula purpureoflava, 276 Ryvardenia campyla, 212 Ryvardenia cretacea, 215 Scleroderma albidum, 53 Scleroderma capensis, 60 Scleroderma cepa, 56 Scleroderma flavidum, 57 Scleroderma flavidum forma macrosporum, 54 Scleroderma maculatum, 60 Scleroderma nitidum, 60 Scleroderma radicans, 54 Scleroderma tenerum, 60 Scleroderma tuberoideum, 54 Scleroderma verrucosum, 59 Septobasidium clelandii, 311 Sphaerobolus stellatus, 120 Sterem spiniferum, 284 Stereum amoenum, 281 Stereum archeri, 284 Stereum complicatum, 281 Stereum concolor, 287 Stereum fasciatum, 287

Fungi in Australia

Stereum floriforme, 193 Stereum hirsutum, 280 Stereum illudens, 283 Stereum kalchbrenneri, 281 Stereum leichhardtianum, 287 Stereum lobatum, 287 Stereum ochraceum, 281 Stereum ostrea, 286 Stereum pannosum, 284 Stereum rameale, 281 Stereum sparsum, 279 Suillus granulatus, 64 Suillus luteus, 67 Tapinella curtisii, 71 Tapinella panuoides, 72 Thelephora hirsuta, 281 Thelophora subzonata, 281 Trametes coccinea, 218 Trametes lilacinogilva, 162 Trametes versicolor, 221 Trametes xanthopus, 208 Tremalla crispa, 298 Tremella fimbriata, 298 Tremella foliacea, 297 Tremella frondosa, 298 Tremella fuciformis, 299 Tremella lutescens, 302 Tremella mesenterica, 301 Tremella vinosa, 298 Trichaptum flavum, 188 Tyromyces campylus, 213 Tyromyces citreus, 227 Tyromyces falcatus, 213 Tyromyces lacteus, 173 Tyromyces pelliculosus, 176 Tyromyces pulcherrimus, 224

335

Species Index

Xylobolus illudens, 284

Fungi in Australia

Xylodon australis, 145

336

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 5

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A Photographic Guide to Ascomycetes

Hymenoscyphus berggrenii

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 5 A Photographic Guide to Ascomycetes Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

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Fungi in Australia

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Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and the respective authors and photographers.

Creative Commons licence

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY NC SA All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommerical – Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence, except for logos and any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication. Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to distribute, remix and build upon the work, but only if it is for non-commercial purposes. You must also credit the original creator/s (and any other nominated parties) and licence the derivative works under the same terms. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/ The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/legalcode This document was prepared with public domain software. LibreOffice was used to produce the text, and the book was formatted in LATEX, using TEXstudio.

CONTENTS Contents 1 A photographic guide to ascomycetes 1.1 Disc and Cup fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Club and Antler fungi . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Crust and Cushion fungi . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Flask fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi 1.6 Pin fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Species Index

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chapter 1

A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO ASCOMYCETES This photographic guide contains species that have been described in detail in Fungi In Australia Part 2. The fungi species have been placed in 6 broad morphological categories to facilitate identification.

Disc and Cup fungi comprises species that have their fertile layer (hymenium) in a disc-like fruit-body. The disc may or may not be supported by a stipe. The surface of the disc may be flat, concave, convex or cup-shaped and may have an irregular margin. The texture of the fruit-bodies can range from hard and brittle to soft and jelly-like, and their size can range from a fraction of a millimetre to a few centimetres.

Club and Antler fungi comprises species that have their hymenium on the outside of a club-like fruit-body, such as those belonging to earth-tongues or Cordyceps species. The antler-like species may consist of forked clubs or multibranched fruit-bodies.

Fungi in Australia

2

Crust and Cushion fungi – Crust-like fungi are a large and variable complex of species that form thin, spreading fruit-bodies in a continuous layer, usually on decaying wood but occasionally on soil. Their hymenial surface may be rough, warted, wrinkled, cracked or smooth, and they usually have pores (ostioles) through which ascospores are ejected. Cushion-like fungi are normally thicker than a crust and generally do not form continuous layers. They usually consist of multiple rounded fruit-bodies that can reach a thickness of several centimetres (e.g. Daldinia spp.).

Flask fungi contain species that produce their ascospores usually in tiny globose chambers (perithecia). The fruit-bodies can range in size from less than a millimetre to several millimetres in diameter. In some species (e.g. Annulohypoxylon bovei ) the flasks can bunch together to form what looks like a crust. They are commonly found on dead wood, but can occur on live wood or on other fungi (e.g. Neobarya agaricicola).

Fungi in Australia

3

Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi represent the larger compound fruit-bodies, such as Morchella spp., which have pitted honeycomb-like fruit-bodies; Gyromitra spp., which have brain-like fruit-bodies; and Hydnoplicata spp., which have convoluted fruit-bodies.

Pin fungi are fungi that have a stipe and usually a globose head that is covered with the hymenium. For example, some thin-stiped species are in the genus Chlorovibrissea, while some thick-stiped species are in the genus Leotia.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

1.1

Fungi in Australia

4

Disc and Cup fungi Order: Helotiales

Family: Helotiaceae

Ascocoryne sarcoides

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This species colonises wet rotting logs and branches. It has a characteristic pink to pale purplish pink colour. When young it has a globular gelatinous form, and as it matures it changes into discs up to 20 mm across.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

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Family: Helotiaceae

Banksiamyces macrocarpus

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This disc fungus occurs only on the cones of Hairpin Banksia Banksia spinulosa. The discs grow in groups between the seed capsules when conditions are moist.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

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Family: Helotiaceae

Bisporella citrina

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This fungus produces vivid yellow, flat or slightly concave discs with no true stipe. It grows on wood (including Banksia cones). There are a number of very closely related species that may differ only in microscopic features.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

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Family: Helotiaceae

Bisporella sulfurina

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c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small, bright sulphur-yellow disc is usually found on dead wood that has been infected by a black crust fungus, which is visible as a layer of blackish tissue nearby. This species is similar to B. citrina, which differs by being larger, with a colour that is closer to golden yellow, and is not associated with crust fungi.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

8

Family: Pyronemataceae

Byssonectria fusispora Peziza fusispora Peziza carbonigena

Octospora carbonigena Inermisia fusispora

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This uncommon species forms dense colonies of discs up to 3 mm across on the ground. They may vary in colour from orangey yellow to reddish orange.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

9

Family: Pyronemataceae

Cheilymenia coprinaria Scutellinia coprinaria

Scutellinia michiganensis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is one of a group of small (2 to 5 mm across), difficult to distinguish dung-loving cup fungi. The small cups have hairs on their rim, and may vary in colour from yellow to orange or red.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

10

Family: Chlorociboriaceae

Chlorociboria aeruginascens complex Chlorosplenium aeruginascens

c Arthur Carew

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has intensely green to blue-green discs that are attached to rotting wood by a small central stipe. When not fruiting its presence can be detected because it causes a blue-green stain in the wood.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

11

Family: Tympanidaceae

Claussenomyces australis Ionomidotis australis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Pat Grey

This species forms scattered or caespitose gelatinous dark green discs, usually found on decaying eucalypt wood. As the fruit-body dries it becomes blackish.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

12

Family: Helotiaceae

Cordierites frondosa Bulgaria frondosa

Ionomidotis frondosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species colonises wet rotting logs. It is characterised by gregarious black, ear-shaped or lobed fruit-bodies about 10–20 mm across. A test to help in identifying this species is to place a small piece of fruit-body in a KOH solution, and observe the release of a purple-brown pigment.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

13

Family: Helotiaceae

Cudoniella clavus Cudoniella aquatica

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily recognised by its pale cream to ochre fruit-body, stipitate disc, and aquatic habitat. It is found on woody debris which is either submerged in fresh water, very wet or is in the splash zone of a waterfall.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

14

Family: Dermateaceae

Fabraea rhytismoidea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

The fruit-bodies are small discs up to 1 mm diameter and are found in colonies on the leaves of the montane daisy Leptinella filicula.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

15

Family: Helvellaceae

Helvella fibrosa Helvella chinensis Helvella villosa

Octospora villosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is a grey-brown stalked cup with a smooth inner surface and a hairy outer surface. It is not common and its small size and colour make it difficult to see amongst the forest litter.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

16

Family: Hyaloscyphaceae

Hispidula dicksoniae Cyathicula dicksoniae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

These small beautiful fungi, which are often overlooked due to their minute size (up to 1 mm dia.) are found on dead rachises of Soft Tree Fern Dicksonia antarctica in wet areas.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

17

Family: Helotiaceae

Hymenoscyphus berggrenii Lanzia berggrenii Mollisia nothofagi

Pezizella nothofagi

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This tiny stipitate disc grows only on dead leaves of Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghami, and is readily recognised by the pale colour of the disc, which has a dark brown margin. Up to 10 or more fruit-bodies may erupt on a leaf, forming black demarcation lines around each fruit-body.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

Hymenoscyphus sp.

18

Family: Helotiaceae

“olive cream with black

rhizomorphs” Cudoniella pezizoidea sensu Fuhrer (2009)

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small disc fungus, up to 15 mm across, grows on damp shaded forest litter. When in large groups the discs can become compressed and convoluted.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

Hymenoscyphus sp.

19

Family: Helotiaceae

“white bruising orange”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small white disc, found on wood, can grow up to 5 mm dia., and has the unique property of developing yellow to orange bruises when touched. Although this species is relatively common, it seems that it has not been described and given a taxonomic name.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

20

Family: Sclerotiniaceae

Hymenotorrendiella clelandii Zoellneria clelandii

Torrendiella clelandii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This largish stalked disc is found on Eucalyptus wood and twigs, and is readily identified by its relatively large size, colour, and hairy outer surface.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

21

Family: Sclerotiniaceae

Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti Peziza eucalypti Zoellneria eucalypti Zoellneria callochaetes

Ciboria strigosa Torrendiella eucalypti

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small disc fungus, up to 1.5 mm diameter with dark hairs on its rim, can be easily recognised because it grows only on fallen Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon leaves. When it was named by the Kew Herbarium (England) it was assumed to be growing on eucalypt leaves.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

22

Family: Rutstroemiaceae

Lanzia lanaripes Ruststroemia lanaripes

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on rotting wood in wet forests, often in association with mosses. The fruit-bodies resemble broad-headed (up to 10 mm across) nails and have a tapering stipe.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

23

Family: Helotiaceae

Phaeohelotium baileyanum Discinella terrestris

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on moist soil, usually close to trees. The discs are relatively flat, and range in colour from yellow to yellow-orange.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Xylariales

24

Family: Xylariaceae

Poronia erici

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species, which can be found throughout most of Australia, has adapted to living on relatively dry marsupial dung. The small black dots on the fruit-body are holes (ostioles) through which spores are ejected.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

25

Family: Pyronemataceae

Aleuria aurantia

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

This attractive bright orange cup fungus grows on soil, usually in small dense groups. The cups have an almost non-existent stipe at the base, and flatten with age.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

26

Family: Pyronemataceae

Aleurina argentina Jafneadelphus argentinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Usually found on soil, this species is cup-shaped when young, becoming flattish with maturity. The inner surface is dark brown to dark purple brown; the outer surface is a little darker, rough and warty.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

27

Family: Pyronemataceae

Aleurina ferruginea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species of disc fungus usually has a thick rim to the disc. The upper surface of the disc is smooth and shiny, while the underside is minutely velvety, with warts toward the margin.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

28

Family: Lachnaceae

Lachnum lachnoderma Peziza lachnoderma

Dasyscyphus lachnodermus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is one of the larger species of Lachnum, which can be recognised by its size (2 mm or more across) and its orangey yellow disc with the outer surface clothed with white hairs. This species is relatively common on the rotten wood of the Musk Daisy-bush Olearia argophylla. Note: Discs less than 1 mm across are most likely a different species.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

29

Family: Lachnaceae

Lachnum pteridophyllum Lachnum varians var. pteridophyllum Dasyscypha pteriodophylla

Dasyscyphus pteridophyllus Dasyscyphus varians var. pteridophyllus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This minute disc fungus up to 0.5 mm in diameter has a golden fibrillose outer surface, while its inner surface is smooth and pale yellow. So far we have found L. pteridophyllum only on dead rachises of the Soft Tree Fern Dicksonia antarctica. Some other Lachnum species are found on wood in wet forests.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

30

Family: Lachnaceae

Lachnum cf. varians

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This minute disc fungus up 1.5 mm in diameter has a whitish fibrillose outer surface, while its inner surface is smooth and pale yellow. The fruit-bodies are larger than those of L. pteridophyllum. So far we have found Lachnum cf. varians only on the rachises of dead Rough Tree Fern Cyathea australis. Some other Lachnum species are found on wood in wet forests.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

31

Family: Lachnaceae

Lachnum virgineum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small goblet-shaped fungus is recognised by its size (up to 2 mm across), its overall white colour, and by the dense covering of short hairs on its outer surface. It is usually found on moist dead wood and woody debris in moist eucalypt forest and rainforest.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

32

Family: Pezizaceae

Peziza tenacella Humaria tenacella

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is found on charcoal, either after a bush fire or on the charcoal ash of old camp fires. The immature cups or discs are violet, becoming purplish brown as they mature.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

33

Family: Pezizaceae

Peziza thozetii Humaria thozetii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

The cups of this species are up to 40 mm across, are brown to olive-brown in colour, and grow on the ground. On the inside the cup is smooth, with tiny pits, and on the outside it is rough.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

34

Family: Pezizaceae

Peziza varia Peziza cerea Peziza micropus

Peziza repanda – probable

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This pale brown cup fungus is medium to large in size. It flattens with age, and can produce cups up to 150 mm across. It grows on dead wood, woodchip mulch, rich soil, sandy soil, and occasionally on burnt soil, as well as herbivore dung.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

35

Family: Pyronemataceae

Scutellinia scutellata complex Peziza scutellata

c Ivan Margitta

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is the most common member of a small group of similar looking cup-like fungi with eyelash-like hairs radiating from the margin. It ranges in size from 2 to 15 mm, and can be identified by its bright orange-red inner surface and long dark brown to black eyelash-like hairs. It grows on damp soil or rotting wood.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

36

Family: Pyronemataceae

Sowerbyella rhenana Aleuria rhenana

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on the ground, individually or as groups of cups that stay cup-shaped as they age. Unlike Aleuria aurantia each cup has a distinct pale stipe.

1.1. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

37

Family: Sarcosomataceae

Urnula campylospora Peziza campylospora

Plectania campylospora

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species consists of large dark brown rubbery cups, which are smooth on the inner surface and rough-textured on the outer surface. It sometimes forms colonies on damp rotting wood.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

1.2

Fungi in Australia

38

Club and Antler fungi Order: Pezizales

Family: Helvellaceae

Underwoodia beatonii Helvella beatonii

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

This species is readily recognised by its waxy, blunt club-shaped fruit-bodies. The colour of the upper portion can be brown to black, while the lower portion (stipe) is white. The interior of the fruit-body has hollow longitudinal chambers. It is usually found in sandy areas, in association with eucalypts, sheoaks, and melaleucas.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Xylariales

39

Family: Xylariaceae

Xylaria castorea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This club-shaped fungus is usually found on rotting wood in wet forests. The normally black fruit-body may sometimes have a white powdery coating of asexual spores (conidia). Its sexual spores are black. The flesh is white.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

40

Family: Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps cranstounii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

This species parasitises moth larvae. It usually forms cream-coloured clubshaped fruit-bodies covered in pores. The tissue connecting the fertile head to the moth larva is branched and fibrous. It also appears to parasitise Cordyceps robertsii when both fungi are present in the same moth larva.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

41

Family: Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps gunnii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The club-shaped fruit-body is yellowish at the base, and the fertile head is initially a dark olive-green colour that becomes blackish as it dries. It is usually found near wattle trees Acacia spp., because it parasitises the larvae of the Australian ghost moths Oxycanus spp., which feed on the wattle tree roots. The second image shows a moth larva infected by this fungus.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

42

Family: Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps hawkesii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species can be readily differentiated from C. gunnii by the lighter coloured fertile region, which has a sharp demarcation with the stem. It can be found in similar regions to C. gunnii.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

43

Family: Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps takaomontana Paecilomyces tenuipes Isaria japonica

Isaria tenuipes

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The asexual form of this species consists of yellowish stipes with a white feathery covering. The sexual form is a small yellow to orange-buff clubshaped fruit-body. The parasitised host is the pupa of a Lepidopteran (moth or butterfly) larva.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

44

Family: Ophiocordycipitaceae

Ophiocordyceps robertsii Cordyceps robertsii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species parasitises moth larvae and is readily identified by its long slender spear-like shape. The fertile head is clearly distinct from the stipe. This species sometimes appears to be parasitised by Cordyceps cranstounii, which causes creamy outgrowths on the fertile head.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geoglossales

45

Family: Geoglossaceae

Geoglossum umbratile

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This blackish earth-tongue is a relatively common. It has a variable morphology, making it difficult to identify in the field. As with all earth-tongues, microscopic examination is necessary if identification to species level is required.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geoglossales

46

Family: Geoglossaceae

Glutinoglossum australasicum Geoglossum glutinosum

Glutinoglossum glutinosum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Most earth-tongues that are glutinous or viscid, belong to the genus Glutinoglossum. As with all earth-tongues microscopic examination is necessary if identification to species level is required.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geoglossales

47

Family: Geoglossaceae

Glutinoglossum methvenii

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

These small earth-tongues can be tentatively identified by their viscid to glutinous fruit-bodies. Most earth-tongues that are glutinous belong to the genus Glutinoglossum, and require microscopic examination for positive identification.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geoglossales

48

Family: Geoglossaceae

Trichoglossum hirsutum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A distinguishing feature of Trichoglossum species is that they have short stiff bristles covering the fruit-body. To see these bristles a hand lens is required. Microscopic examination is needed to identify to species level in the Trichoglossum genus.

1.2. Club and Antler fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geoglossales

49

Family: Geoglossaceae

Trichoglossum walteri

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A distinguishing feature of Trichoglossum species is that they have short stiff bristles covering the fruit-body. This is one of the few species of Trichoglossum that is found on the trunks (caudices) of tree ferns, but for positive identification microscopic examination is necessary.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

1.3

Fungi in Australia

50

Crust and Cushion fungi Order: Hypocreales

Family: Cordycipitaceae

Cordyceps bassiana Beauveria bassiana

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The white mycelium infecting the insects is the asexual stage of Cordyceps bassiana. This highly virulent parasitic fungus is capable of infecting a wide range of insects. The sexual club-like Cordyceps stage has not been found in Australia. This fungus has been cultivated for use in biological control of insect pests.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

51

Family: Hypocreaceae

Hypocreopsis amplectens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The fruit-body consists of a central region with irregular radiating lobes. It has a dull rust-brown surface and it is white within. It often occurs on dead tea-tree branches, and is usually found in association with Hymenochaete species (a crust fungus).

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Xylariales

52

Family: Hypoxylaceae

Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by the largish patches of purplish crusts it forms, generally on decorticated dead wood of Pomaderris spp. It is usually found in association with other black crusts, possibly other Hypoxylon or Hypocrea species.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Pezizales

53

Family: Pyronemataceae

Pyronema omphalodes

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus appears after fire, and is often found amongst the ashes of camp fires. It usually forms obvious bright orange compact colonies of small fruitbodies (up to 1 mm across) on burnt soil. These colonies often have a white mycelial margin.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

54

Family: Hypocreaceae

Trichoderma aff. gelatinosum Hypocrea aff. gelatinosa (Teleomorph)

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This wood-inhabiting species is recognised by its yellow to greenish yellow cushion-like fruit-bodies which are dotted with dark green spore-bearing structures. Although similar looking species occur in Europe, this one is most likely an unnamed species.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

55

Family: Hypocreaceae

Trichoderma victoriense Hypocrea victoriensis

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This distinctive fungus forms yellow cushions or patches on which ostioles (pores through which spores are released) are clearly visible. This species can be found in wet forests, usually on the underside of dead wood. Previously known in Australia and New Zealand as Hypocrea sulphurea.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Xylariales

56

Family: Xylariaceae

Daldinia grandis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The fruit-bodies are hemispherical or rounded cushion-shaped, initially pinkish grey to brownish purple, becoming brittle and charcoal-black with age. They are concentrically zoned within. Found on dead wood in wet forests.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Xylariales

57

Family: Hypoxylaceae

Hypoxylon howeianum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by the hemispherical shape of its fruit-bodies and their rust to brown colour. Two types of fruit-bodies usually appear together — the brownish hemispherical fertile form, and the brownish rope-like sterile (conidial) form.

1.3. Crust and Cushion fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

58

Family: Hypocreaceae

Trichoderma nothescens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The fruit-bodies of the sexual stage are hemispherical cushions up to 4 mm diameter, either scattered, gregarious, or crowded, then turning smooth and pale brown, becoming darker brown with age; surface peppered with ostioles from embedded perithecia. Found on dead hardwood bark.

1.4. Flask fungi

1.4

Fungi in Australia

59

Flask fungi Order: Xylariales

Family: Hypoxylaceae

Annulohypoxylon bovei Hypoxylon bovei

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus grows on dead Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii wood. It is made up of clusters of small black spherical flasks containing spores that are released through slightly papillate ostiolar openings (like small volcanoes) surrounded by a raised margin.

1.4. Flask fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Xylariales

60

Family: Hypoxylaceae

Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microspora Hypoxylon bovei var. microspora

Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microsporum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This crust fungus grows on dead wood. The crust patch can be quite large, 200 mm × 50 mm or more, and is made up of small spherical flasks containing spores that are released through slightly papillate ostiolar openings (like small volcanoes) surrounded by a raised margin.

1.4. Flask fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Sordariales

61

Family: Lasiosphaeriaceae

Lasiosphaeria ovina

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on rotting, decorticated wood in wet forests. It is recognised by its very small, white woolly spherical fruit-bodies, each with a blackish papilla on the top. The fruit-bodies are usually so small that a large number growing in a compact group looks like a white crust.

1.4. Flask fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

62

Family: Nectriaceae

Nectria sanguinea Sphaeria sanguinea

Nectria episphaeria

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This tiny, scarlet or dark red flask fungus, less than half a millimetre across, grows profusely across the surface of a charcoal-coloured crust fungus Biscogniauxia sp., which it parasitises. Both species are normally found on dead wood.

1.4. Flask fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hypocreales

63

Family: Clavicipitaceae

Neobarya agaricicola

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This very small yellow parasitic flask fungus is often seen on the fruit-bodies of small agarics such as Galerina spp. that grow on wood.

1.5. Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi

1.5

Fungi in Australia

64

Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi Order: Cyttariales

Family: Cyttariaceae

Cyttaria gunnii Cyttaria septentrionalis

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is a parasite on Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii. The fruitbodies are soft, and form in clusters on galls during November or December. If the main trunk becomes badly infected this fungus can kill the tree.

1.5. Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi

Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

65

Family: Morchellaceae

Morchella australiana

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

Morchella australiana is a member of the Morchella elata group of morphologically similar species. A characteristic feature of these species is the presence of prominent vertical ridges on the fertile head of the fruit-body. These fungi grow on the ground, mostly in unburnt native woodlands.

1.5. Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi

Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

66

Family: Morchellaceae

Morchella esculenta group

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a sub-conical to subglobose head with an irregular network of ridges and pits, suggesting that it belongs to the Morchella esculenta group. It is found on the ground, usually amongst tea tree Leptospermum and Eucalyptus species.

1.5. Honeycomb, Brain and Convoluted fungi

Order: Pezizales

Fungi in Australia

67

Family: Pezizaceae

Hydnoplicata convoluta Peziza whitei

Hydnoplicata whitei

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is unusual because of its highly convoluted fruit-body with a complex arrangement of irregular chambers. It usually grows hidden below litter, or just poking through the soil. It has a fragile texture.

1.6. Pin fungi

1.6

Fungi in Australia

68

Pin fungi Order: Helotiales

Family: Vibrisseaceae

Chlorovibrissea bicolor Vibrissea bicolor

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This rare species of pin fungus colonises rotting waterlogged or semi-submerged wood in gullies in wet eucalypt and rainforest. The fruit-bodies are about 20 mm high with a yellow-green fertile head (5 mm across) on a dark stipe.

1.6. Pin fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

69

Family: Vibrisseaceae

Chlorovibrissea melanochlora Vibrissea melanochlora

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species of pin fungus colonises rotting wood in gullies in wet eucalypt and rainforest. The fruit-bodies are about 30 mm high with a dark green fertile head (7 mm across) on a very dark green to almost blackish stipe.

1.6. Pin fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

70

Family: Leotiaceae

Leotia lubrica

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small jelly-like fungus grows on the ground amongst leaf litter in wet forests. It is identified by its globular fertile head on a stipe about 50 mm long, and its colour, which ranges from yellow-green to yellow or olive-brown.

1.6. Pin fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Helotiales

71

Family: Vibrisseaceae

Vibrissea dura

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This uncommon species, which has a gelatinous texture, grows on decaying wood in wet forest and rainforest. It usually grows in small groups, and has no trace of green in its fruit-body.

Species Index

Fungi in Australia

72

SPECIES INDEX Aleuria aurantia, 25 Aleuria rhenana, 36 Aleurina argentina, 26 Aleurina ferruginea, 27 Annulohypoxylon bovei, 59 Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microsporum, 60 Annulohypoxylon bovei var. microspora, 60 Ascocoryne sarcoides, 4 Banksiamyces macrocarpus, 5 Beauveria bassiana, 50 Bisporella citrina, 6 Bisporella sulfurina, 7 Bulgaria frondosa, 12 Byssonectria fusispora, 8 Cheilymenia coprinaria, 9 Chlorociboria aeruginascens, 10 Chlorosplenium aeruginascens, 10 Chlorovibrissea bicolor, 68 Chlorovibrissea melanochlora, 69 Ciboria strigosa, 21 Claussenomyces australis, 11 Cordierites frondosa, 12 Cordyceps bassiana, 50 Cordyceps cranstounii, 40 Cordyceps gunnii, 41 Cordyceps hawkesii, 42 Cordyceps robertsii, 44 Cordyceps takaomontana, 43 Cudoniella aquatica, 13

Cudoniella clavus, 13 Cudoniella pezizoidea, 18 Cyathicula dicksoniae, 16 Cyttaria gunnii, 64 Cyttaria septentrionalis, 64 Daldinia grandis, 56 Dasyscypha pteriodophylla, 29 Dasyscyphus varians var. pteridophyllus, 29 Dasyscyphus lachnodermus, 28 Dasyscyphus pteridophyllus, 29 Discinella terrestris, 23 Fabraea rhytismoidea, 14 Geoglossum glutinosum, 46 Geoglossum umbratile, 45 Glutinoglossum australasicum, 46 Glutinoglossum glutinosum, 46 Glutinoglossum methvenii, 47 Helvella beatonii, 38 Helvella chinensis, 15 Helvella fibrosa, 15 Helvella villosa, 15 Hispidula dicksoniae, 16 Humaria tenacella, 32 Humaria thozetii, 33 Hydnoplicata convoluta, 67 Hydnoplicata whitei, 67 Hymenoscyphus berggrenii, 17

Species Index

Hymenoscyphus sp. “olive cream with black rhizomorphs”, 18 Hymenoscyphus sp. “white bruising orange”, 19 Hymenotorrendiella clelandii, 20 Hymenotorrendiella eucalypti, 21 Hypocrea aff. gelatinosa, 54 Hypocrea victoriensis, 55 Hypocreopsis amplectens, 51 Hypoxylon bovei, 59 Hypoxylon bovei var. microspora, 60 Hypoxylon howeianum, 57 Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum, 52 Inermisia fusispora, 8 Ionomidotis australis, 11 Ionomidotis frondosa, 12 Isaria japonica, 43 Isaria tenuipes, 43 Jafneadelphus argentinus, 26 Lachnum lachnoderma, 28 Lachnum pteridophyllum, 29 Lachnum cf. varians, 30 Lachnum varians var. pteridophyllum, 29 Lachnum virgineum, 31 Lanzia berggrenii, 17 Lanzia lanaripes, 22 Lasiosphaeria ovina, 61 Leotia lubrica, 70 Mollisia nothofagi, 17 Morchella australiana, 65 Morchella esculenta, 66

Fungi in Australia

Nectria episphaeria, 62 Nectria sanguinea, 62 Neobarya agaricicola, 63 Octospora carbonigena, 8 Octospora villosa, 15 Ophiocordyceps robertsii, 44 Paecilomyces tenuipes, 43 Peziza campylospora, 37 Peziza carbonigena, 8 Peziza cerea, 34 Peziza eucalypti, 21 Peziza fusispora, 8 Peziza lachnoderma, 28 Peziza micropus, 34 Peziza repanda, 34 Peziza scutellata, 35 Peziza tenacella, 32 Peziza thozetii, 33 Peziza varia, 34 Peziza whitei, 67 Pezizella nothofagi, 17 Phaeohelotium baileyanum, 23 Plectania campylospora, 37 Poronia erici, 24 Pyronema omphalodes, 53 Ruststroemia lanaripes, 22 Scutellinia coprinaria, 9 Scutellinia michiganensis, 9 Scutellinia scutellata, 35 Sowerbyella rhenana, 36 Sphaeria sanguinea, 62 Torrendiella clelandii, 20 Torrendiella eucalypti, 21

73

Species Index

Trichoderma aff. gelatinosum, 54 Trichoderma nothescens, 58 Trichoderma victoriense, 55 Trichoglossum hirsutum, 48 Trichoglossum walteri, 49 Underwoodia beatonii, 38 Urnula campylospora, 37

Fungi in Australia

Vibrissea bicolor, 68 Vibrissea dura, 71 Vibrissea melanochlora, 69 Xylaria castorea, 39 Zoellneria callochaetes, 21 Zoellneria clelandii, 20 Zoellneria eucalypti, 21

74

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 6

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A Photographic Guide to Gilled Fungi

Pholiota malicola

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 6 A Photographic Guide to Gilled Fungi Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

i

Fungi in Australia

ii

Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria and the respective authors and photographers.

Creative Commons licence

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY NC SA All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommerical – Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence, except for logos and any material protected by trademark or otherwise noted in this publication. Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to distribute, remix and build upon the work, but only if it is for non-commercial purposes. You must also credit the original creator/s (and any other nominated parties) and licence the derivative works under the same terms. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/ The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/au/legalcode This document was prepared with public domain software. LibreOffice was used to produce the text, and the book was formatted in LATEX, using TEXstudio.

CONTENTS Contents 1 Gilled Fungi with a Central 1.1 White spored fungi . . . . 1.2 Pink spored fungi . . . . . 1.3 Green spored fungi . . . . 1.4 Brown spored fungi . . . . 1.5 Black spored fungi . . . .

iii Stipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1 2 106 121 123 176

2 Gilled Fungi with a Lateral or No Stipe 191 2.1 White spored fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 2.2 Brown spored fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Species Index

212

chapter 1

GILLED FUNGI WITH A CENTRAL STIPE When you mention fungi most people think of mushrooms or toadstools, fungi that have a central stipe (stem) supporting a pileus (cap) with lamellae (gills) underneath the pileus, although these are only the tip of the iceberg in terms of species within the Kingdom Fungi. These fungi are collectively known as agarics and are the most common group of mushrooms, consisting of about 50% of the fungi described in these pages (Fungi in Australia). Here we have broken down this large group of mushrooms based on spore print colour. In each spore colour section the species are arranged in alphabetical order.

1.1. White spored fungi

1.1

Fungi in Australia

2

White spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita armeniaca

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This distinctive Amanita is readily recognised by its bright orange pileus, and lamellae that have an orange margin, especially near the pileus margin. The stipe has a membranous annulus but lacks a volva. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forest and heathy woodland.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

3

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita farinacea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This white Amanita is recognised by its powdery coating, which more or less covers the whole fungus, and pendulous tissue that remains on the pileus margin. Its annulus is very fragile and quickly crumbles away. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forests and woodlands.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

4

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita grisella complex

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This complex of Amanita species is characterised by a pileus that is mouse grey and covered with soft, almost mealy velar scales. This complex includes other species such as A. luteolovelata, A. luteofusca and A. griselloides; all of these are relatively difficult to separate using only macro features.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

5

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita muscaria

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This introduced species can be found under a number of exotic trees such as pines, birches, beeches, etc. It is also becoming associated with Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii where it may be replacing some of the native mycorrhizal fungi. Distorted forms often occur (see image 5).

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

6

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita ochrophylla complex

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Ivan Margitta

c Ivan Margitta

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus can grow to the size of a dinner plate. Its lamellae are cream to pale brown, and it has a thick stipe with a bulbous base. It grows on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forests.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

7

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita phalloides

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is an introduced species normally found on the ground under oak trees. The pileus varies in colour from pale grey to yellowish to greenish. The lamellae are white. The stipe has an annulus and a cup-like volva at its base. This species is Deadly Poisonous.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

8

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita vaginata complex

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This complex consists of at least 6 species. The common features are: pellucidstriate pileus with felty patches, stipe with fibrils but no annulus or bulbous base, and a volva that may be saccate or friable. These species are usually found on the ground in sclerophyll forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

9

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita xanthocephala

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The patches on the pileus (remnants of the universal veil) can be washed off by rain. The stipe has a bulbous base, usually with a yellow to orange rim. It grows on the ground under eucalypts.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

10

Family: Physalacriaceae

Armillaria hinnulea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This parasitic species causes wood rot and is found in wet or dry sclerophyll forests in Australia and New Zealand. It is recognised by its predominantly brownish colour, non-viscid pileus and light pinkish brown lamellae. Fruitbodies can be solitary or in dense groups, usually growing on dead wood.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

11

Family: Physalacriaceae

Armillaria luteobubalina

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is a virulent pathogen of eucalypts and other trees and will most likely kill the tree it has infected. It forms clusters of fruit-bodies, usually at the base of the infected tree or on its shallow roots.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

12

Family: Physalacriaceae

Armillaria novae-zelandiae Armillariella novae-zelandiae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This parasitic species usually has a largish pale honey-yellow pileus, up to 100 mm in diameter, which is plane when mature and viscid when moist. The lamellae are whitish and there is an annulus on the stipe. Fruit-bodies can be solitary or in dense groups, usually growing on dead wood.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

13

Family: Lyophyllaceae

Asterophora mirabilis Nyctalis mirabilis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small parasitic species grows in groups on species of fungi belonging to the genus Russula. It is usually found in wet forest areas. To date this is the only known agaric in Australia that is parasitic on other agarics.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

14

Family: Cantharellaceae

Cantharellus concinnus Cantharellus cibarius var. australiensis

Cantharellus cinnabarinus var. australiensis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is solitary or gregarious on soil in deep litter in various forest types. Its characteristic features are its colour (orange to pinkish-orange) and and its thick, decurrent, often forked lamellae.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

15

Family: Agaricaceae

Chlorophyllum brunneum Macrolepiota rachodes var. hortensis Macrolepiota rachodes sensu Australian authors

Lepiota brunnea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This large fungus with free white lamellae is readily recognised by the large brown scales with white in between, and a smooth stipe with a membranous annulus and a bulbous base. It grows under introduced trees, on compost heaps, and in well mulched garden beds. This fungus was most likely imported into Australia in the late 19th century.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Clitocybula sp.

16

Family: Marasmiaceae

“streaky yellow”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This is a fairly recognisable species. It usually grows in clumps on wood, has a greyish yellow depressed pileus that is dark brown in the centre with radiating fibrils, and creamy yellow to yellow lamellae.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

17

Family: Tricholomataceae

Collybia eucalyptorum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is identified by the colour of its pileus, the pale creamy lamellae and smooth pale brown to reddish brown stipe. It usually grows in colonies at the base of eucalypt trunks, or on the fibrous bark.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

18

Family: Cantharellaceae

Craterellus australis Cantharellus cinereus var. australis

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by the blackish to blackish-brown funnel-shaped fruit-body, with lamellae consisting of whitish ridges that are often forked, and a distinct hollow blackish stipe. There are also non-gilled species in this genus.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

19

Family: Cantharellaceae

Craterellus sinuosus Pseudocraterellus sinuosus

Pseudocraterellus undulatus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is a small trumpet-shaped species which is usually grey-brown on the inside and grey to whitish on the outside. It is normally found in association with Nothofagus species. There are also gilled species in this genus.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

20

Family: Mycenaceae

Cruentomycena viscidocruenta Mycena viscidocruenta

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species occurs on small twigs and similar material in litter on the woodland or forest floor, often under eucalypts. The pileus and stipe are viscid.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

21

Family: Physalacriaceae

Cyptotrama asprata Cyptotrama aspratum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This distinctive and brightly coloured species grows on decaying wood in eucalypt forests. The conical scales on the pileus disappear with age.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

22

Family: Agaricaceae

Cystolepiota cf. adulterina

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

The identity of this species is uncertain but it is easily recognised by its flocculent white powdery coating, which is readily shed, and its white lamellae, which are free from the stipe. It grows on decaying Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii wood.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

23

Family: Agaricaceae

Cystolepiota cf. sistrata

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

The identity of this distinctive species is uncertain but it is recognised by the pendulous veil remnants at the margin of the pileus, and its white lamellae, which are free from the stipe. This species grows in forest leaf litter.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

24

Family: Agaricaceae

Echinoderma asperum Lepiota acutesquamosa Cystolepiota aspera

Lepiota friesii Lepiota aspera

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Echinoderma asperum is recognised by the small brown sharp scales on the pileus, the flimsy membranous annulus, and close white lamellae that are free from the stipe. There are other similar looking species, so care should be taken when identifying this one.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

25

Family: Physalacriaceae

Flammulina velutipes Collybia velutipes

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species usually grows in dense clusters on dead or living trees, with a preference for Acacia spp. The pileus is viscid when wet. The lamellae are whitish, and the stipe has a dark brown velvety layer that is more pronounced at the base.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

26

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Gliophorus graminicolor Hygrocybe graminicolor

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

When young, this species has a green pileus and stipe, and its lamellae are white. The pileus and stipe have a thick glutinous coating, and the lamellae have a glutinous margin. On ageing the pileus turns pinkish or brownish, and on drying it turns pinkish. This fungus grows amongst bryophytes and leaf litter in wet eucalypt forests.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Gymnopus sp.

27

Family: Omphalotaceae

“pink furry”

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This small distinctive species is found on the bark of living eucalypt trunks as well as on logs. It is readily recognised by its rust-brown to pinkish brown fibrillose-scaly pileus, finely serrate pale lamellae, and furry stipe. It usually grows in crevices in the bark, either solitary or in groups.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

28

Family: Omphalotaceae

Gymnopus subpruinosus Collybia subpruinosa

Marasmius subpruinosus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus of this little mushroom is brown, soon fading to pale tan, and is radially grooved from margin to disc. The stipe is two-toned. This species has been introduced from the northern hemisphere, and is usually found in colonies on rotting woody debris in urban garden beds.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

29

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Humidicutis mavis Hygrocybe mavis

Hygrophorus mavis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

This species is recognised by its pure white waxy pileus that is usually radially split. It grows on the ground in wet eucalypt forest and heathland.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

30

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe acutoconica Mycena acutoconica Hygrophorus acutoconicus Hygrophorus persistens

Hygrocybe konradii Hygrocybe persistens

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

This medium-sized waxy cap is characterised by its conical pileus with yellow to reddish colours, and the fact that it does not blacken with age or when bruised. It occurs on calcareous or granitic sandy soils, usually in the company of various grasses.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

31

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe aurantiopallens Camarophyllus aurantiopallens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

This beautiful species is identified by its overall apricot-yellow to light orange colour, and by the cross-veining between the lamellae. It is widespread in eastern Australia (Qld, N.S.W., Vic. and Tas.), and occurs on the ground amongst litter in wet forest or rainforest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

32

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe austropratensis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Richard Hartland

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This rare, robust Hygrocybe has a distinctive pale cream thick stipe, an orange to light orange-brown pileus, and pale orange-buff lamellae. It occurs solitary or in groups in eucalypt forest, often amongst moss.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

33

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe cheelii Cantharellus lilacinus

Camarophyllus lilacinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The colour of this species ranges from pinkish mauve to lilac. There are other species of Hygrocybe with similar colours, but this species is identifiable by its finely velvety pileus with an inrolled margin, and yellowish tints at the base of its stipe. It occurs solitary or in groups in eucalypt forest, often amongst moss.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

34

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe chromolimonea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is completely yellow and viscid or slimy. It grows on decaying wood and leaf litter in wet eucalypt forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

35

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata Hygrophorus lilaceolamellatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This beautiful species is readily identified by its brownish pileus and stipe, and lilac lamellae. It is widespread in eastern Australia (N.S.W., Vic. and Tas.), and New Zealand. It occurs on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss in wet forest or rainforest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

36

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe miniata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This brilliant red species grows on the ground in wet eucalypt forest and heathland, and is waxy to the touch. The stipe is a similar colour to the pileus, but the lamellae vary in colour, from red to yellowish pink.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

37

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe rodwayi Camarophyllus rodwayi

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species, found on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss, can be recognised by the brownish tint at the centre of its whitish to cream-coloured pileus, the widely spaced decurrent lamellae, and longish stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

38

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrocybe siccitatopapillata

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a crimson pileus with a pronounced papillate umbo, and orangey lamellae. It is found on the ground amongst moss in sclerophyll forest or warm temperate rainforest gullies.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

39

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophorus involutus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species, found on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss, can be recognised by its viscid or sticky whitish to pale apricot-coloured pileus, pale apricotcoloured lamellae, and usually distinctive clear droplets at the apex of the stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

40

Family: Hydnangiaceae

Laccaria canaliculata Laccaria glabripes

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Laccaria species are difficult to identify, but this species is recognised by its association with tree ferns. It has an orange-brown pileus with translucent striations extending a long way towards the centre, reddish brown lamellae, and a brick-red stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

41

Family: Russulaceae

Lactarius clarkeae

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is found in eucalypt forests. It is readily recognised by its orange pileus and stipe and white lamellae, which, when damaged, produce a white latex (milky juice) that turns brownish when it dries.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

42

Family: Russulaceae

Lactarius deliciosus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This exotic species is associated (mycorrhizal) with pine trees. When cut it exudes carrot-orange coloured milky latex, which does not change colour. The flesh turns green when bruised.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

43

Family: Russulaceae

Lactarius eucalypti

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

This species is common in eucalypt forests. The pileus is convex at first, becoming centrally depressed. Its colour ranges from brownish red to brownish orange. The lamellae are paler than the pileus, and when damaged they produce white latex (milky juice) that remains white when it dries.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

44

Family: Russulaceae

Lactarius plumbeus Lactarius necator

Lactarius turpis

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This brittle, dark coloured and rather unattractive fungus is an introduced species associated (mycorrhizal) with birch trees. Earth, mulch and debris cling to the sticky pileus. When cut or broken, the flesh and lamellae produce an acrid white latex, which dries a dull creamy white.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

45

Family: Russulaceae

Lactifluus wirrabara Lactarius wirrabara

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This uncommon species is associated (mycorrhizal) with Eucalyptus trees. When cut it exudes white milky latex. Its brown pileus, brown stipe and distant whitish lamellae make this species readily recognisable.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

46

Family: Agaricaceae

Lepiota haemorrhagica

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

The pileus of this species has reddish brown fibrillose scales. The annulus and stipe are also reddish brown. The lamellae are white, free from the stipe, and turn blood-red when bruised.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Lepiota sp.

47

Family: Agaricaceae

“pale blue”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fragile Lepiota is readily identified by its pale blue scaly pileus with a dark blue centre, white free lamellae and pale blue fibrillose stipe with an annulus that falls off easily. It grows in groups on the ground under eucalypts in wet forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

48

Family: Agaricaceae

Leucoagaricus naucinus Leucoagaricus leucothites Lepiota naucina

Lepiota leucothites

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its fondness for grassy areas, its predominantly dull white fruit-body, lamellae which are free from the stipe, and membranous annulus on the stipe. Care must be taken not to confuse this species with Lepiota or Amanita species.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

49

Family: Agaricaceae

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii Leucocoprinus luteus Lepiota birnbaumii

Lepiota lutea

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is most easily recognised by the brilliant yellow fruit-bodies when they first appear. This is a subtropical species and is often observed on the soil of potted plants in greenhouses or sheltered courtyards.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

50

Family: Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus cerealis Leucopaxillus albissimus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Often found in fairy rings, this species grows with a variety of trees, including conifers and eucalypts. The fruit-body is white to cream, with copious white mycelium at the base of the stipe. It takes a long time both to grow and to decay.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

51

Family: Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum Clitocybe eucalyptorum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species is found in Eucalyptus forests, usually in the vicinity of ageing trees that are past their prime. Distinctive features of this species are its pale brownish pileus, white stipe and lamellae, and dense white mycelium at the base of the stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

52

Family: Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus gentianeus Leucopaxillus amarus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species grows under conifers and is recognised by its brown pileus, white lamellae and white stipe. It could be confused with L. eucalyptorum but the latter does not grow under conifers.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

53

Family: Tricholomataceae

Leucopaxillus lilacinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Distinctive features of this species are its lilac pileus and incurved margin. It is usually found on the ground, either solitary or in dense groups near Eucalyptus trees.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

54

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Lichenomphalia chromacea Omphalina chromacea Phytoconis chromacea

Botrydina chromacea Omphalia chromacea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small bright yellow species grows on algae-covered earth, especially in areas where there has been disturbance. The association with the algae is essential not only for its growth but also for its identification.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

55

Family: Amanitaceae

Limacella pitereka

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This white Limacella is recognised by its glutinous pileus which often has brownish tints in its centre, and glutinous stipe which does not have an annulus. It grows in eucalypt forest and woodlands.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

56

Family: Agaricaceae

Macrolepiota clelandii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by its long slender stipe with a distinctive movable annulus, pileus with brownish fibrillose scales, and whitish free lamellae. It grows either solitary or in small groups on soil in open forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

57

Family: Agaricaceae

Macrolepiota dolichaula

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by its ivory-white pileus up to 200 mm diameter, with small buff scales, a light brownish umbo and a long slender stipe with a distinctive movable annulus. It grows either solitary or in small groups on soil or in open grassland.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

58

Family: Omphalotaceae

Marasmiellus candidus Marasmius candidus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

Colonies of this species can be found on dead wood in moist forests. Some of its identifying features are the widely spaced lamellae, and initially white stipe that darkens from the base with age.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

59

Family: Marasmiaceae

Marasmius alveolaris

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small fungus has a pileus up to 5 mm in diameter, and is about 30 mm tall. It grows on shed eucalypt bark, where it sometimes forms large colonies. An identifying feature is the blistery or pitted pileus surface.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Marasmius sp.

60

Family: Marasmiaceae

“angina”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its bluish grey pileus, pale lamellae with a whitish margin, and a thin blackish brown insititious (emerging directly out of substrate) stipe, usually with a pale zone at its apex. It is found on damp forest litter such as fallen leaves and small twigs.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

61

Family: Marasmiaceae

Marasmius crinis-equi Marasmius equicrinis Marasmius repens

Marasmius graminum var. equicrinis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small (up to 5 mm across) fungus gets its common name from the horsehair-like stipe, and can be found growing on damp leaf litter. It can be readily identified by its pileus, which has radial plicate furrows and a central dimple with a minute dark knob in its centre.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

62

Family: Marasmiaceae

Marasmius elegans Collybia elegans

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The colour of the smooth to velvety pileus ranges from reddish brown to orange-brown. The lamellae are usually white but may be light cream. The stipe is two-toned, ranging from white at the apex to a colour similar to that of the pileus at the base. There is usually a tuft of white mycelium at the base.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

63

Family: Marasmiaceae

Marasmius oreades

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has an umbonate pileus, which is light tan in colour but changes to pale buff when it dries. The fruit-bodies are relatively tough, and grow in grassy areas such as lawns, where they sometimes form fairy rings.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

64

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena albidofusca

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily recognised by the distinctive pale spot at the apex of the pileus, which is often a little flattened. The pileus can be up to 25 mm across, brownish and translucent-striate. Grows in colonies amongst leaf litter.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

65

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena austrofilopes Mycena austropullata

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Geoff Lay

The brownish grey pileus is conical, and usually covered with a whitish bloom over the centre. The stipe is longish (120 mm). Fruit-bodies are single rather than caespitose, and grow amongst litter. There are no criniform stipes.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

66

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena carmeliana

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species grows in small colonies on rotting wood. The fruit-bodies are almost white in colour, and the pileus can be slightly viscid. The orange disc at the base of the stipe is a distinctive feature of this fungus.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

67

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena clarkeana

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is distinctive because of its pileus, which is bell-shaped, dull vinaceous in colour, and has a translucent-striate margin. It is slightly hygrophanous, and usually occurs in caespitose groups on decaying wood in eucalypt woodlands.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

68

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena cystidiosa Fayodia cystidiosa

Mycena hispida

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The stipe of this species is up to 200 mm long and fairly tough. The fruitbodies are single rather than caespitose, and grow amongst leaf litter or sometimes on wood. An identifying feature is the accompanying abundance of white threads, called sterile stipes, each tipped by a minute, aborted pileus that can be seen with a hand lens.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

69

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena epipterygia complex

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This complex is distinguished by having a slimy yellow stipe and a pale yellow to grey pileus. Although Mycena epipterygia probably does not occur in Australia, the name is used to group several similar species that can be distinguished only by microscopic characters.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

70

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena fumosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species grows in small colonies on rotting wood. The pileus can be slightly viscid and is pale brownish to pale brownish grey in colour. There is a whitish disc at the base of the stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

71

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena interrupta

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species usually forms small colonies on wet rotting wood. It is highly probable that it is the only blue, gilled fungus growing on wood in Australia.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

72

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena kurramulla Mycena erythromyces

Mycena rosella

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

This distinctive Mycena is identified by its pinkish to vinaceous coloration, translucent striate pileus, and pale arched lamellae with a red margin. It is gregarious, growing in clusters on fallen eucalypt wood.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

73

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena kuurkacea Mycena sanguinolenta

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

The conic pileus is brownish red, often darker in the centre, although rather pale forms do occur. The stipe is also brownish red. The lamellae are white with a dark reddish margin. A reddish juice is produced when the lamellae or stipe are cut or damaged. This species grows on litter and dead wood in eucalypt forests.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

74

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena cf. lazulina

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This minute species is best observed with the aid of a 10× hand lens. Its minute size (normally less than 3 mm across), white pileus, blue stipe, vivid blue basal disc and its substrate, usually dead tree fern rachises, makes this species readily recognisable. This species is bioluminescent.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

75

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena leaiana var. australis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species usually forms caespitose clusters on dead wood in eucalypt and Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii forests. The pileus and stipe are usually smooth and viscid to glutinous. The lamellae have distinctive orange margins.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

76

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena maldea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fragile small white species of Mycena has criniform stipes (stipe-like growths with no attached pileus). It forms colonies on decaying fern fronds, twigs and leaf litter. Its lamellae margins are finely toothed. A similar species is Mycena albidocapillaris, and it is suspected that there may be others.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

77

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena aff. mamaku

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This small species is easily overlooked but once spotted is readily recognised by its striate cylindrical pileus and by its habitat on mossy tree fern trunks.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

78

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena mijoi

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This Mycena has a moist convex pileus and a glutinous stipe. It is similar to M. subvulgaris but in mature specimens the pileus is paler and translucent striate, with a flat or shallowly depressed centre. It grows on leaf litter in eucalypt forests.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

79

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena mulawaestris

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species usually forms caespitose clusters on dead wood. The pileus and stipe are very glutinous (slimy) and the lamellae are white with distinct brownish margins. The pileus is usually conic, dark brown and darker in the centre. A number of brown Mycena species grow in clusters on wood, but no others combine the glutinous pileus with the brown lamellae margins.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

80

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena nargan

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The white scales on the dark brown to almost black pileus readily identify this species of Mycena. As this species matures it loses its white scales, and the pileus becomes lighter in colour, thus making identification difficult. It grows on dead wood in wet areas of native forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

81

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena piringa

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This minute species usually forms colonies on shed eucalypt bark. It is recognised by the white mealy granular pileus, and white basal disc where it attaches to the substrate.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

82

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena roseoflava

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily recognised by the small, almost translucent fruit-body, which is a distinctive pinkish colour. It grows on dead wood, bark and twigs. It is also found in New Zealand.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

83

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena subgalericulata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This variable fungus grows in caespitose colonies on the bark of eucalypt trunks and also on dead stumps and logs. The pileus has an umbo and becomes a lot paler as it ages. The young caps have a narrow pale margin.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

84

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena subvulgaris

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on the ground amongst leaf litter. It can be recognised by its dimpled grey-brown pileus and glutinous stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

85

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena toyerlaricola

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The conic striate pileus is red, often darker in the centre, the stipe is brownish red and the lamellae are pallid with a brownish red margin. A red juice is produced when the lamellae or stipe are cut or damaged. This species grows on litter in Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

86

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena tuvara

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by its tough flesh, grey to brownish grey greasy convex pileus, and pale greyish stipe which may be brownish to orange-brown at the base. It can form large clusters on decaying stumps or fallen wood in wet Victorian and Tasmanian forests.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

87

Family: Mycenaceae

Mycena vinacea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Grows on the ground amongst litter, usually in eucalypt forests, but also reported from pine plantations. The fruit-bodies grow solitary or a few together, and have an odour of radishes. This species includes Mycena nullawarrensis, differing mainly in microscopic characters.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

88

Family: Physalacriaceae

Oudemansiella gigaspora Oudemansiella radicata Xerula gigaspora

Hymenopellis gigaspora

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by its grey-brown to dark brown viscid pileus, pure white lamellae, and long whitish stipe, which has a mealy coating. This fungus grows on buried wood to which it is attached by a root-like extension.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

89

Family: Physalacriaceae

Oudemansiella mundroola Xerula radicata var. mundroola Xerula mundroola

Hymenopellis mundroola

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species usually has a smaller and more delicate fruit-body than Oudemansiella gigaspora and can be identified by its viscid to glutinous light brown pileus, white lamellae, and whitish stipe. This fungus grows on buried wood to which it is attached by a root-like extension.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

90

Family: Hygrophoraceae

Porpolomopsis lewelliniae Humidicutis lewellinae Hygrophorus lewellinae

Hygrocybe lewellinae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its lilac to grey-violet waxy pileus that is usually radially split. It grows on the ground in wet eucalypt forest and heathland.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

91

Family: Omphalotaceae

Rhodocollybia cf. incarnata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is a widespread species found on the ground in woodland and in grass. An identifying feature is the greasy (not viscid) feel of the pileus. It has white lamellae that are almost free from the stipe. When bent the stipe tends to split lengthways.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hymenochaetales

92

Family: Rickenellaceae

Rickenella fibula

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is an exclusively moss-dwelling species. The small yellow pileus (to 10 mm diameter) sits on a tall slender stipe which is covered with very small hairs. A hand lens is required to see the protruding hairs on the stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hymenochaetales

93

Family: Rickenellaceae

Rickenella swartzii Agaricus swartzii Mycena swartzii

Omphalina swartzii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This is an exclusively moss-dwelling species, readily identified by its small pileus (to 10 mm diameter), with dark purple-brown centre and pale orangebrown margin. The stipe is slender and covered with very small protruding fibrils, visible under a hand lens.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

94

Family: Mycenaceae

Roridomyces austrororidus Mycena veroniciae

Mycena austrororida

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows in small colonies on rotting wood. The fruit-bodies are almost white in colour, but the pileus can be brownish and is covered with fine squamules. The stipe is very glutinous.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

95

Family: Russulaceae

Russula clelandii complex

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

The common features of this fungus are the dark purple (or dark vinaceous grey) pileus, the white to cream lamellae, and the pinkish or purplish stipe. It is commonly found on the ground in eucalypt forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

96

Family: Russulaceae

Russula flocktonae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species usually occurs either solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forest. It is identified by the orange pileus and white to pale cream lamellae that are sometimes bifurcate (split into two) near the margin. With age the lamellae may turn pale brown.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

97

Family: Russulaceae

Russula iterika

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is identified by its greenish pileus and white to pale cream lamellae that are bifurcate (split into two) near the stipe, which is white. It occurs either solitary or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt forest. A similar green species, Russula viridis, does not have bifurcate lamellae.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

98

Family: Russulaceae

Russula marangania Russula delica sensu Cleland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species can be recognised by its whitish colour, often with pale brownish stains. Its flesh is fragile and its pileus seldom exceeds 75 mm diameter. This species can be confused with R. erumpens, which when mature often is larger, with an infundibuliform pileus.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

99

Family: Russulaceae

Russula neerimea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The identifying features of this species are its viscid yellow-brown to yelloworange pileus, its pale cream lamellae, and white stipe. It is commonly found on the ground in eucalypt forest. It is possible that this species may belong to a complex of related species.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

100

Family: Russulaceae

Russula persanguinea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The identifying features of this species are the clear red pileus (no purple or yellow tints or patches), pure white lamellae (no coloured margins) and white stipe. It is commonly found on the ground in eucalypt forest.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

101

Family: Russulaceae

Russula purpureoflava

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Ivan Margitta

c Paul George

Distinguished by the combination of a purple or reddish purple pileus, yellow lamellae and at least a strong flush of purple or purplish red on the stipe, this species grows on the ground in eucalypt forest and heathland. The Russula clelandii group differs by having white or pale cream lamellae.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

102

Family: Tricholomataceae

Singerocybe clitocyboides Clitocybe clitocyboides

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

This species grows on the ground in wet eucalypt forests. Its pileus is funnelshaped, pale cream to brownish cream in colour, and has a waxy texture. The lamellae are pale cream to pinkish cream, and the stipe is a similar colour to the pileus.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

103

Family: Tricholomataceae

Tricholoma eucalypticum Tricholoma coarctata

c Virgil Hubregtse

Lyophyllum eucalypticum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This largish species grows in clumps under eucalypts, with which it is mycorrhizal. It can be identified by the brownish to pinkish pileus, which is usually sticky-viscid when moist, pale lamellae and robust pale stipe.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

104

Family: Tricholomataceae

Tricholomopsis rutilans Tricholoma rutilans

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

This species is readily identified by the purplish red fibrillose tufts on a deep yellow pileus, bright yellow lamellae, and a yellow stipe covered in reddishpurple fibrils. It often appears in small clusters on rotting wood. Gymnopilus dilepis looks similar, but has an annulus.

1.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

105

Family: Mycenaceae

Xeromphalina leonina Omphalia leonina Omphalia epichysium

Xeromphalina racemosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species forms very large clusters on rotting logs. The small tough fruit-bodies have a central stipe. The pileus colour can vary from yellow to reddish-brown, and the lamellae are the same colour or slightly paler than the pileus.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

1.2

Fungi in Australia

106

Pink spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma albidocoeruleum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma albidocoeruleum is recognised by its fawn pileus, which has a dimple in the centre (some fruit-bodies have a knob in the centre of the dimple), and by its blue-grey stipe with white mycelium at the base.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

107

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma albidosimulans

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This Entoloma is found on the ground, or sometimes on the trunks (caudices) of tree ferns, in wet sclerophyll forests and rainforests. With its small, white, finely fibrillose pileus and slender white stipe, it can easily be confused with E. sericellum, and microscopic examination is required to separate the two species.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

108

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma aromaticum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Entoloma aromaticum usually has a pale fawn conical pileus with a dark brown pointed umbo. The most striking character of this species is its strong fruity smell, which is not so noticeable in older fruit-bodies.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

109

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma baronii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species can be identified by its largish fleshy fruit-body. Its pileus is glabrous, pale brown to greyish brown, and paler to almost whitish towards the margin. It is found on the ground in litter of mixed or sclerophyll forests.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

110

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma brevispermum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a pale brownish pileus that is distinctly striate, hygrophanous, and usually umbonate. The lamellae are pale pink, and the stipe is silvery and longitudinally striate. It is usually found amongst litter on the ground in wet sclerophyll forest.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

111

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma readiae Entoloma sulphureum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This Entoloma has a convex yellowish brown pileus with a darker depressed centre. The stipe is also yellowish brown, becoming darker towards the base where there is a wad of white mycelium.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

112

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma rodwayi

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a yellow-green pileus and stipe, and no dark margin on its lamellae. When the pileus dries it changes colour from yellow-green to bright blue-green. The stipe stays yellow-green and has white mycelium at its base.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

113

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma sericellum Alboleptonia sericella

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This whitish fungus, found in damp soil in forests, can be identified by the finely appressed fibrils (seen under a hand lens) on its pileus, which can have yellow and pink tints. Its lamellae are initially white, becoming pinkish as spores mature.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

114

Family: Entolomataceae

Entoloma viridomarginatum Leptonia viridomarginata

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a scaly, green to blue-green pileus. The lamellae have a dark green margin, and the stipe is very dark green with white mycelium at the base. It grows amongst grass or moss on the ground in wet forests.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

115

Family: Tricholomataceae

Lepista nuda Clitocybe nuda

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A large fleshy terrestrial fungus. The pileus colour ranges from pale violaceous brown to reddish brown; the lamellae when young have a distinct violet tinge, which becomes pinkish as spores mature.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

116

Family: Pluteaceae

Pluteus atromarginatus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The specific name atromarginatus refers to the dark, almost black margins of the lamellae, which distinguish this fungus from other Pluteus species. The pileus is broadly convex to flattened, with dark grey radial fibrils. Grows on decaying wood or woodchips.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

117

Family: Pluteaceae

Pluteus cervinus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

The pileus is usually slightly umbonate and radially fibrillose. The lamellae are free of the stipe, close and whitish at first, becoming pink as the spores mature. The stipe is usually swollen at the base. Grows on decaying wood, woodchips, sawdust, or on the ground above buried wood.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

118

Family: Pluteaceae

Pluteus pauperculus Pluteus flammipes var. depauperatus

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is normally found on decaying wood and is identified by its uniformly brown pileus, yellow stipe which may sometimes have a conspicuous orange to reddish orange base, and yellow lamellae that are free from the stipe. A similar looking northern hemisphere species with which it may be confused is Pluteus romellii.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Pluteus sp.

119

Family: Pluteaceae

“yellow”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Found on rotting wood, this species is readily recognised by its yellow to olive-yellow pileus, yellow stipe, and pale lamellae that are free from the stipe. There are similar looking fungi on wood but they do not have lamellae that are free from the stipe.

1.2. Pink spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

120

Family: Pluteaceae

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus Volvariella speciosa Volvariella gloiocephala

Volvariella speciosa var. gloiocephala

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is easily recognised by its large, initially conical, sticky, white to light greyish brown pileus, long stipe, volva, and absence of an annulus.

1.3. Green spored fungi

1.3

Fungi in Australia

121

Green spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Amanitaceae

Amanita chlorophylla complex

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

The Amanita chlorophylla complex includes A. austroviridis. Members of this complex are readily identified by their overall greenish colour and olive-green lamellae. They often occur under under trees in coastal vegetation. The fragile membranous ring on the stipe often disappears as the fruit-body ages. On the base of the stipe there is usually a ridge, which is the remains of the volva.

1.3. Green spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

122

Family: Agaricaceae

Melanophyllum haematospermum Melanophyllum echinatum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows in forest litter, and can be identified by its mealy-coated pileus, which has pendulous veil remnants at the margin. It also has a mealycoated stipe. Its spore print is initially dark green but turns brown when it dries.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

1.4

Fungi in Australia

123

Brown spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Agaricaceae

Agaricus xanthodermus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

The flesh of this mushroom has a tendency to stain bright yellow when bruised, especially at the pileus margin and at the base of the stipe.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

124

Family: Strophariaceae

Agrocybe parasitica Cyclocybe parasitica

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

This large species can grow on a variety of native hardwood trees. It can easily be identified by its large brown pileus, large membranous annulus — usually with a covering of a brown spore deposit — and it grows on wood, predominantly on living trees.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

125

Family: Strophariaceae

Agrocybe pediades Agrocybe arenaria Agrocybe arenicola

Agrocybe semiorbicularis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This exotic cosmopolitan species can be found in grass and woodchip mulch in parks and gardens. It is similar to Agrocybe praecox but lacks a veil, and is usually significantly smaller.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

126

Family: Strophariaceae

Agrocybe praecox complex Pholiota praecox

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This exotic cosmopolitan species can be found in grass and woodchip mulch in parks and gardens. Lamellae are initially whitish, becoming brown as spores mature. When young it has a fragile membranous annulus that disappears completely with age. There are a number of similar species that can be separated by their microscopic features.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

127

Family: Serpulaceae

Austropaxillus infundibuliformis Paxillus infundibuliformis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

The lamellae are deeply decurrent, and have numerous forks. The pileus colour may vary from yellow to dark brown, and its surface can vary from dry to viscid. Fruit-bodies from under Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii are often more yellow and more viscid. This group includes A. muelleri (separated on microscopic characteristics).

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

128

Family: Bolbitiaceae

Bolbitius titubans Bolbitius vitellinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This delicate fungus is usually found in grass. Its pileus can be up to 50 mm across, and its surface is bright yellow and viscid; with age it dries and fades to buff white. Usually its stipe has a mealy coating.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

129

Family: Bolbitiaceae

Conocybe apala Conocybe lactea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fragile ephemeral species, with a pale conical pileus and long hollow slender minutely mealy stipe, usually appears on lawns overnight and withers by mid-morning. A similar species, Conocybe crispa, may be separated using microscopic features (some experts believe it to be a variant of the same species).

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

130

Family: Bolbitiaceae

Conocybe filaris Pholiotina filaris

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The main characteristics of this species are the conical to planar tawny brown to brown pileus and the long slender minutely mealy stipe with a prominent movable annulus. It grows on decaying vegetable matter, in grass or on rotting wood.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

131

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius abnormis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Some of the distinctive features of this species are the yellow-brown colour of its pileus, which is lighter in colour at the margin, and the stipe, which is pale with a ring of brown fibrils (the remains of the cortina with spores caught in it). It is common and grows under eucalypts, usually in troops.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

132

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius aff. alboviolaceus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This pale lilac species has a satin smooth (almost viscid) pileus. It grows on the ground, solitary or in small groups amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forests, where it forms a mycorrhizal relationship with eucalypts and other closely related trees.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

133

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius archeri

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a glutinous (slimy) pileus and stipe. It grows on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forests, where it forms a mycorrhizal relationship with eucalypts and other closely related trees.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

134

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius areolatoimbricatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species is very robust, thick and fleshy. Its pileus is usually dry and covered with scales. It is generally found in dense caespitose clumps on the ground under eucalypts.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

135

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius australiensis Rozites australiensis

c John Eichler

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This robust species is readily identifiable in the field by its large size, whitish pileus, and white thick bulbous stipe which has a membranous annulus often coated with a rust-brown spore deposit. It is found on the ground in wet eucalypt forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

136

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austroalbidus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Virgil Hubregtse

This distinctive species grows on the ground under eucalypts. When fresh its pileus and stipe are glutinous (very slimy). The pileus is white to buff, and the stipe may show traces of violet. When dry this fungus may smell of fenugreek or curry.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

137

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

This uncommon fungus can be readily identified by its colour: the pileus is a bright orange-red and the stipe is yellowish with filbrillose bands that are the same colour as the pileus. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

138

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austrovenetus Dermocybe austroveneta

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is a very distinctive fungus with its green pileus, yellowish lamellae and sometimes fibrillose remains of the cortina on the stipe. It grows on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forests, where it forms a mycorrhizal relationship with eucalypts and closely related trees.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

139

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius austroviolaceus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its overall dark violet colour, smooth pileus, and fibrillose stipe. Even the lamellae are dark violet, becoming almost a rusty black when the spores mature. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

140

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius canarius Dermocybe canaria

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This uncommon fungus can be readily identified by its colour: both the pileus and stipe are bright yellow. The pileus is dry and the stipe is slightly bulbous at the base. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

141

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus Inocybe cystidiocatenata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a dense covering of pale fibrils on the reddish brown to orange-brown pileus, which is usually between 25 to 40 mm in diameter. The slender stipe is also covered with white fibrils so as to appear furry.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

142

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius globuliformis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This difficult-to-locate species fruits just under the surface of the ground or just below the leaf litter. This is probably an adaptation so that it can survive dry conditions. Although it fruits under the ground it still has fully formed lamellae, a cortina and a very short stipe.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

143

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius kula Dermocybe kula Dermocybe sanguinea

Cortinarius sanguineus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species, which is solitary or gregarious on the ground under Eucalyptus trees, is identified largely by the blood-red to brownish red colour of the pileus, lamellae, stipe and flesh. The mycelium at the base of the stipe is orangey pink. The lamellae are not as brightly coloured as those of Cortinarius persplendidus.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

144

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius metallicus Rozites metallica

c Arthur Carew

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

c Paul George

This species grows on the ground in Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii forests. Its distinctive features are a slimy bluish to lilac pileus, which sometimes has a yellowish to brownish centre, and a membranous ring on the stipe.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

145

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius perfoetens Rozites foetens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a glutinous pileus, usually with whitish velar remnants hanging from the margin, and a whitish shaggy stipe. It is one of the few species of Cortinarius that has a membranous veil and annulus, and it has a strong unpleasant odour. It grows on the ground and is associated with Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

146

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius persplendidus Dermocybe splendida

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a dry reddish brown pileus and bright paprika-red lamellae. The stipe is red at the apex, tending towards yellow at the base. An important identifying feature is the yellowish mycelium at the base of the stipe. This fungus is normally found in eucalypt forests and woodlands.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

147

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius phalarus

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

The unique features of this rare species are the white volva at the base of the stipe, and the whitish patch of velar remains at the centre of a usually golden brown pileus. This is a mycorrhizal species, usually found in association with Tea-tree, Willow Myrtle and eucalypt species.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

148

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius rotundisporus Cortinarius austroevernius

Cortinarius oleaginus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on the ground in eucalypt forests. Its distinctive features are a bluish to lilac pileus with a yellowish to brownish centre; when moist both pileus and stipe are viscid (slimy).

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

149

Family: Cortinariaceae

Cortinarius sinapicolor Cortinarius ochraceus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The main distinctive features of this species are the yellow pileus with an orangey centre, and the very glutinous pileus and stipe. The stipe has a slightly bulbous base with whitish to pale yellow mycelial threads. Usually found on the ground in eucalypt forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

150

Family: Bolbitiaceae

Descolea recedens Pholiota recedens

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus is brown to dark brown, up to 50 mm in diameter, and its surface is dry, with small yellow scales that disappear with age. The upper surface of the distinctive annulus is striate.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

151

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Galerina patagonica

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on decaying wood. Its pileus is normally 25 mm or more in diameter, and usually has a small, distinct umbo. It is strongly hygrophanous, and the stipe has a persistent membranous annulus.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

152

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus allantopus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on rotting wood, which may be buried. Its main identifying features are the white fibrils on the pileus margin, and its whitish zoned fibrillose stipe.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

153

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus dilepis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on rotting wood, or woody debris. Its main identifying features are the reddish purple fibrils covering the young pileus, the yellow lamellae, and the purplish stipe. This species mimics the colour scheme of Tricholomopsis rutilans, which has no annulus.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

154

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus eucalyptorum Flammula eucalyptorum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small Gymnopilus species grows on eucalypt bark, either shed or on living trees, and on eucalypt logs in wet forests. It can be recognised by its orangey to yellowish brown convex pileus, usually with a pale ochre margin, yellow-orange lamellae, and slender stipe that is usually covered with a whitish bloom.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

155

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus ferruginosus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on rotting wood. Its main identifying features are the orange-brown pileus covered with fine scales, the yellowish margin of the pileus, and the rust-coloured stipe.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

156

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Gymnopilus junonius Gymnopilus spectabilis

Gymnopilus pampeanus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species colonises dead wood, forming spectacular yellow-orange clumps or clusters. It is often found at the base of dead or living tree stumps. The pileus is dry, scaly and fibrous, and the stipe has a prominent annulus.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

157

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Hebeloma aminophilum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus loves nutrient-enriched soil such as that found under rotting carcasses of dead animals. As a result the fruit-bodies are often found near skeletal remains. The pileus is pinkish brown, usually with a whitish bloom, and the stipe is finely fibrillose.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

158

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Hebeloma crustuliniforme

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This introduced species grows in groups amongst exotic trees such as pine and oak. It is recognised by its pale colour, pileus that is slightly viscid when moist, lamellae that have finely serrate margins, and absence of an annulus or cortina on the stipe.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

159

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Hebeloma victoriense

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species of Hebeloma, which occurs solitary or caespitose in eucalypt forest, can easily be mistaken for a species of Agaricus. But unlike an Agaricus, its pileus is viscid when moist. Also, as it matures its lamellae stay a pinkish colour, whereas those on an Agaricus turn dark brown.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

160

Family: Inocybaceae

Inocybe atrisquamosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by the erect pointy dark brown coarse scales in the centre of the brown pileus, the pruinose surface of the stipe, and the light brown lamellae. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forests. There are a number of morphologically similar species so care must be taken in its identification.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Inocybe sp.

161

Family: Inocybaceae

“pale yellow”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This sturdy Inocybe is recognised by its light yellow, fibrillose pileus and pale yellow stipe. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forest.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

162

Family: Inocybaceae

Inocybe sindonia Inocybe eutheles

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a pale fibrillose pileus. It has been introduced from the northern hemisphere, and grows under pine trees.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

163

Family: Inocybaceae

Inocybe violaceocaulis

c John Eichler

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c John Eichler

This rather small but robust species is recognised by its cinnamon-brown pileus which may have a lilac or violet tinge, pale greyish lamellae, and distinctly lilac or violet stipe. It is usually found on the ground under various woody myrtaceous species, and also in wet eucalypt forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

164

Family: Strophariaceae

Leratiomyces ceres Stropharia aurantiaca Hypholoma aurantiaca

Naematoloma aurantiaca

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is a relatively common species, found in forest litter and garden woodchip mulch. There are often white veil remnants around the margin of the pileus.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

165

Family: Paxillaceae

Paxillus cuprinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species, introduced from the northern hemisphere, is normally found in sunny locations in urban parks and gardens, where it is associated with exotic trees such as birch, hazel, other introduced broad-leaved trees and occasionally pine. Identifying features are its inrolled margin, and decurrent lamellae.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

166

Family: Strophariaceae

Pholiota communis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus of this species is viscid when moist, and has fibrillose scales that become paler towards the margin. Sometimes there are yellow veil remnants on the margin. The lower part of the stipe is covered in brownish scales. This fungus grows on the ground in leaf litter or wood mulch, sometimes forming large colonies.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

167

Family: Strophariaceae

Pholiota highlandensis Pholiota carbonaria

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily recognised by its occurrence on burnt ground or on burnt wood. Its pileus is slightly sticky when moist, and the stipe is covered with brownish squamules. It grows in groups or is caespitose on the ground amongst charcoal, usually from eucalypt wood.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

168

Family: Strophariaceae

Pholiota malicola Flammula malicola

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species forms clusters on decaying wood such as old tree stumps, buried wood, woodchips, etc. Lamellae are initially a creamy yellow, becoming darker as the spores mature.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

169

Family: Strophariaceae

Pholiota squarrosipes

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The identifying features of this species are a pileus that may be viscid when moist, fibrils on the pileus, and the coarse shaggy fibrils on the stipe below the annulus. It grows solitary or in groups on the ground in native and pine forests.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

170

Family: Boletaceae

Phylloporus rhodoxanthus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on the ground in eucalypt forest. Its lamellae stain green or bluish when bruised. This species of fungus is classified as a gilled bolete.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

171

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella candolleana Hypholoma candolleanum

Hypholoma cutifractum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fragile species can be recognised by its brownish pileus, brown lamellae and white stipe. The pileus fades to whitish as it matures. This is a common cosmopolitan species, usually found in parks and gardens, on lawns and garden beds.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

172

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella echinata Psilocybe echinata

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The young fruit-bodies have bundles of fibres that form very obvious scales on the surface and margin of the pileus. The pileus is hygrophanous, changing colour from dark brown to a much paler brown on drying. This fungus colonises rotting wood.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

173

Family: Hymenogastraceae

Psilocybe subaeruginosa Psilocybe eucalypta Psilocybe australiana

Psilocybe tasmaniana

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

The main characteristic of this fungus is that the stipe and lamellae stain blue when bruised, or with age. It colonises decaying plant material such as grass, mulch, rotting wood and leaf litter.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

174

Family: Inocybaceae

Simocybe phlebophora

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

This species is normally found on decaying wood and is recognised by the distinctly wrinkled, gelatinous texture at the centre of the pileus.

1.4. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

175

Family: Tubariaceae

Tubaria rufofulva Pholiota rufofulva Pholiota serrulata

Pholiota imperfecta

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species, normally found on moist decaying wood and forest debris, is recognised by its wine-red colour. When young the stipe has a whitish membranous annulus that disappears with age.

1.5. Black spored fungi

1.5

Fungi in Australia

176

Black spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Coprinellus disseminatus Coprinus disseminatus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Usually occurs in large colonies on the ground, over buried decaying wood. The pileus is yellowish at first, becoming greyish.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

177

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Coprinellus truncorum Coprinus truncorum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The young pileus is covered with mica-like flecks. The stipe is long, thin, hollow and fragile. Often found in dense clumps at the base of old stumps. When mature, the fruit-bodies deliquesce into a black inky mass. This species is similar to the European Coprinus micaceus.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

178

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Coprinopsis atramentaria Coprinus atramentarius

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c John Eichler

Usually found growing in clusters on buried decaying wood. It prefers disturbed habitats and hence is usually found along paths, in gardens and grassy areas. The fruit-body deliquesces when it matures.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

179

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Coprinopsis lagopus Coprinus lagopus

c Ed Grey

c Ed Grey

c Ed Grey

c Ed Grey

Coprinopsis lagopus is one of a group of very similar looking “Woolly Ink Caps”. The young conical to ovoid pileus is covered with woolly fibrils, which are lost as it ages, revealing a striate surface. Eventually the pileus becomes planar and then deliquesces. This fungus grows in troops in leaf litter and on woody mulch.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

180

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Coprinopsis nivea Coprinus niveus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on herbivore dung. It is completely white, and the pileus and stipe have a mealy coating.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

181

Family: Agaricaceae

Coprinus comatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Often grows in large groups where plant material has been buried. It deliquesces when mature. It normally has a loose annulus that usually falls away.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

182

Family: Strophariaceae

Hypholoma australe

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Ivan Margitta

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus is brick-red, with dense, loose white scales around the margin when young. The stipe is also scaly when young. The lamellae are yellow at first, becoming darker as the purple-brown spores mature. Grows in clusters on wood, or on the ground over buried wood.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

183

Family: Strophariaceae

Hypholoma brunneum Hypholoma brunnea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus is brown to dark brown, and there are usually pale fibrous scales towards the margin of the pileus. This fungus is typically found on large fallen timber or stumps. When young the lamellae are yellowish to greenish, and darken as spores mature.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

184

Family: Strophariaceae

Hypholoma fasciculare Naematoloma fasciculare

c Ivan Margitta

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

This species grows in tight clusters on wood or stumps, but may also occur on the ground above buried wood. The pileus may be coloured from yellowish to greenish brown, lacking strong red or orange tints. When young the lamellae are greenish. There is a form with bright apricot orange lamellae and a more orange pileus.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

185

Family: Bolbitiaceae

Panaeolus antillarum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

At first the pileus of this species is white or silver-grey and viscid. On drying it becomes shiny with brown discolorations. The lamellae are mottled sooty grey with fine serrations on their margin. This fungus is usually found in small colonies on herbivore dung, especially horse or cow dung.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

186

Family: Bolbitiaceae

Panaeolus papilionaceus Panaeolus sphinctrinus Panaeolus campanulatus

Panaeolus retirugis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This can be a relatively difficult species to identify because of variations in its shape and size caused by either weather or habitat. Usually this species can be identified by the colour and shape of the pileus, the velar remains on its rim and the mottled lamellae. It is often found in small colonies on herbivore dung, especially horse dung.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

187

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Parasola plicatilis Coprinus plicatilis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This delicate species grows on the ground, amongst grass or on bare soil. It appears overnight and usually withers by mid morning. The radially plicate pileus, and lamellae that are separated from the stipe by a collar, are identifying features.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

188

Family: Strophariaceae

Protostropharia semiglobata Stropharia semiglobata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

When fresh the pileus and stipe are very slimy. The lamellae are mottled black, and the annulus is only a glutinous ring that is often coated with spores. Always found growing on animal dung.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

189

Family: Psathyrellaceae

Psathyrella asperospora Lacrymaria asperospora

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The main identifying characteristics of this species are the shaggy-fibrillose to scaly covering on the pileus and stipe, and the blackish mottled lamellae. It is associated with buried rotting wood. In wet weather, spore-laden droplets form on the lamellae.

1.5. Black spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

190

Family: Strophariaceae

Stropharia formosa Psilocybe formosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This handsome fungus, found on the ground or on rotting wood, is readily recognised by its slimy burgundy-coloured pileus that has pale yellowish appendiculate veil remnants on its margin, greyish lamellae and a scaly stipe.

chapter 2

GILLED FUNGI WITH A LATERAL OR NO STIPE This photographic guide contains images of gilled fungi that either have an eccentric to lateral stipe or are laterally attached with no stipe. They are grouped according to their spore print colour. A relatively small group of species fall into this category and most of them grow on wood. At present there are only records of white and brown spored species. Some of the white spored genera are Anthracophyllum, Hohenbuehelia, Pleurotus, Schizophyllum; brown spored genera include Crepidotus and Deconica.

2.1. White spored fungi

2.1

Fungi in Australia

192

White spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Omphalotaceae

Anthracophyllum archeri

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The distinctive shell-shaped bracket fungus has a short lateral stipe, and grows on dead wood in moist native forests. This species is normally gregarious, and can appear in large groups.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

193

Family: Tricholomataceae

Conchomyces bursiformis Agaricus bursaeformis Agaricus euphyllus Agaricus guilfoylei Agaricus sordulentus Conchomyces verrucisporus

Pleurotus bursaeformis Hohenbuehelia bursaefomis Hohenbuehelia dimorphocystis Resupinatus sordulentus Conchomyces bursaeformis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

This species is readily recognised by its smooth, pale cream to light brown, rubbery, shell-shaped pileus (up to 60 mm broad), which is attached to decaying wood by a very short stipe, and its white lamellae and spores. It is found throughout Australasia and Java (Indonesia).

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

194

Family: Auriscalpiaceae

Lentinellus pulvinulus Lentinellus hepatotrichus Lentinellus hyracinus

Lentinellus pseudobarbatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This smallish bracket-like fungus is readily identified by the serrated margins of its lamellae, which is a characteristic feature of the genus Lentinellus. It is usually found in small groups on rotting wood or on the bark of living trees in moist areas.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

195

Family: Auriscalpiaceae

Lentinellus tasmanicus Lentinellus tasmanica

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is identified by its lamellae with serrated margins, which is a characteristic feature of the genus Lentinellus, and by its lateral to central hairy stipe. It is found solitary or in small groups on rotting wood.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

196

Family: Omphalotaceae

Marasmiellus affixus

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Geoff Lay

This species forms dense colonies of small, fan-shaped fruit-bodies on dead eucalypt bark and branches. It tends to bleach the wood in areas where it is growing. It has a strong, unpleasant odour, like that of rotting cabbage.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

197

Family: Omphalotaceae

Omphalotus nidiformis Pleurotus nidiformis Pleurotus lampas

Pleurotus phosphorus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus occurs on dead wood either solitary or in large clusters. At night it is readily identified by its luminescence. The pileus colour varies from white to shades of brown or grey. The stipe may be central or eccentric and is usually purplish grey at the base.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

198

Family: Mycenaceae

Panellus stipticus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

This small kidney-shaped bracket with a lateral stipe grows on decaying wood. It is readily identified by the sticky latex it exudes. The fruit-body feels sticky when pressed between two fingers. There may also be some cross veins between some of the lamellae. There are also non-gilled species in this genus.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

199

Family: Tricholomataceae

Resupinatus cinerascens Pleurotus cinerascens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This small gelatinous dark greyish bracket, up to 12 mm across, is usually found in groups, its overlapping shell-like fruit-bodies attached to decaying wood by their upper surface. When young the fruit-bodies are covered with a white hoary tomentum, which they lose as they mature. On the undersurface the lamellae radiate from the point of attachment.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

200

Family: Tricholomataceae

Resupinatus subapplicatus Pleurotus subapplicatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The small grey shell-like fruit-bodies of Resupinatus subapplicatus are usually gregarious, and grow on decaying Eucalyptus wood or woody bark. This species can be readily confused with R. cinerascens, but is usually much smaller.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

201

Family: Tricholomataceae

Rimbachia bryophila Cantharellus bryophilus Leptoglossum bryophilum

Mniopetalum bryophilum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is found growing on mosses, and can be recognised by its small size, laterally attached white pileus, lack of stipe, and lamellae that look like thick folds. The latter feature helps to separate it from other diminutive species such as those of Crepidotus.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

202

Family: Schizophyllaceae

Schizophyllum commune

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This common species of bracket fungus is readily identified by its furry or felted pileus, and lamellae that appear split along the margin. It colonises many types of dead wood. This fungus should not be smelled, as the spores may be pathogenic.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

203

Family: Tricholomataceae

Scytinotus longinquus Panellus longinquus

Pleurotopsis longinqua

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus of this beautiful fungus is slimy, and ranges in colour from pink to almost white. It grows on dead wood in wet forests.

2.1. White spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

204

Family: Marasmiaceae

Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra Pterospora olivaceonigra

Campanella olivaceonigra

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is usually found in loose colonies on dead twigs and small branches. The pileus is tinted blackish to bluish green and has a pruinose (powdery) surface.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

2.2

Fungi in Australia

205

Brown spored fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Inocybaceae

Crepidotus eucalyptorum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This relatively common fungus is usually found on the bark of living eucalypt species. It is recognised by its convex shape and moderately scaly yellowish brown pileus.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

206

Family: Inocybaceae

Crepidotus cf. nephrodes

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This relatively common fungus grows on moist dead wood, where it usually forms gregarious colonies of overlapping fruit-bodies. It is recognised by its large size and its pale yellow to brownish yellow colour.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

207

Family: Inocybaceae

Crepidotus aff. variabilis

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus is variable in size and form. Initially the pileus and lamellae are whitish; eventually the lamellae darken to a brownish colour as spores mature. Usually found on moist dead twigs and small branches.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

Crepidotus sp.

208

Family: Inocybaceae

“yellow orange”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This Crepidotus species grows on moist dead wood, where it usually forms colonies of overlapping fruit-bodies. It is recognised by the overall yelloworange colour of the fruit-body.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

209

Family: Strophariaceae

Deconica horizontalis Melanotus haematochrous Melanotus horizontalis Melanotus hepatochrous

Psilocybe hepatochrous Psilocybe horizontalis

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small distinctive brown bracket fungus with a lateral stipe is usually found on dead wood or twigs. The lamellae are often covered with a white bloom.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

210

Family: Tapinellaceae

Pseudomerulius curtisii Tapinella curtisii Paxillus curtisii

Meiorganum curtisii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small distinctive bracket, with its pale pileus and pale yellow to orangey yellow lamellae, grows on decaying logs where it causes brown rot.

2.2. Brown spored fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

211

Family: Tapinellaceae

Tapinella panuoides Paxillus panuoides

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by its distinctive fan-shaped pileus, absence or near absence of a lateral stipe, and by its lamellae which usually are wrinkled, forked or connected by cross-veins. It prefers decaying pine wood (logs, stumps, mulch, etc.), and causes brown rot.

Species Index

Fungi in Australia

212

SPECIES INDEX Agaricus bursaeformis, 193 Agaricus euphyllus, 193 Agaricus guilfoylei, 193 Agaricus sordulentus, 193 Agaricus swartzii, 93 Agaricus xanthodermus, 123 Agrocybe arenaria, 125 Agrocybe arenicola, 125 Agrocybe parasitica, 124 Agrocybe pediades, 125 Agrocybe praecox, 126 Agrocybe semiorbicularis, 125 Alboleptonia sericella, 113 Amanita armeniaca, 2 Amanita chlorophylla, 121 Amanita farinacea, 3 Amanita grisella, 4 Amanita muscaria, 5 Amanita ochrophylla, 6 Amanita phalloides, 7 Amanita vaginata, 8 Amanita xanthocephala, 9 Anthracophyllum archeri, 192 Armillaria hinnulea, 10 Armillaria luteobubalina, 11 Armillaria novae-zelandiae, 12 Armillariella novae-zelandiae, 12 Asterophora mirabilis, 13 Austropaxillus infundibuliformis, 127 Bolbitius titubans, 128

Bolbitius vitellinus, 128 Botrydina chromacea, 54 Camarophyllus aurantiopallens, 31 Camarophyllus lilacinus, 33 Camarophyllus rodwayi, 37 Campanella olivaceonigra, 204 Cantharellus bryophilus, 201 Cantharellus cibarius var. australiensis, 14 Cantharellus cinereus var. australis, 18 Cantharellus cinnabarinus var. australiensis, 14 Cantharellus concinnus, 14 Cantharellus lilacinus, 33 Chlorophyllum brunneum, 15 Clitocybe clitocyboides, 102 Clitocybe eucalyptorum, 51 Clitocybe nuda, 115 Clitocybula sp. “streaky yellow”, 16 Collybia elegans, 62 Collybia eucalyptorum, 17 Collybia subpruinosa, 28 Collybia velutipes, 25 Conchomyces bursaeformis, 193 Conchomyces bursiformis, 193 Conchomyces verrucisporus, 193 Conocybe apala, 129 Conocybe filaris, 130 Conocybe lactea, 129 Coprinellus disseminatus, 176

Species Index

Coprinellus truncorum, 177 Coprinopsis atramentaria, 178 Coprinopsis lagopus, 179 Coprinopsis nivea, 180 Coprinus atramentarius, 178 Coprinus comatus, 181 Coprinus disseminatus, 176 Coprinus lagopus, 179 Coprinus niveus, 180 Coprinus plicatilis, 187 Coprinus truncorum, 177 Cortinarius abnormis, 131 Cortinarius aff. alboviolaceus, 132 Cortinarius archeri, 133 Cortinarius areolatoimbricatus, 134 Cortinarius australiensis, 135 Cortinarius austroalbidus, 136 Cortinarius austrocinnabarinus, 137 Cortinarius austroevernius, 148 Cortinarius austrovenetus, 138 Cortinarius austroviolaceus, 139 Cortinarius canarius, 140 Cortinarius cystidiocatenatus, 141 Cortinarius globuliformis, 142 Cortinarius kula, 143 Cortinarius metallicus, 144 Cortinarius ochraceus, 149 Cortinarius oleaginus, 148 Cortinarius perfoetens, 145 Cortinarius persplendidus, 146 Cortinarius phalarus, 147 Cortinarius rotundisporus, 148 Cortinarius sanguineus, 143 Cortinarius sinapicolor, 149 Craterellus australis, 18 Craterellus sinuosus, 19 Crepidotus eucalyptorum, 205

Fungi in Australia

213

Crepidotus cf. nephrodes, 206 Crepidotus aff. variabilis, 207 Crepidotus sp. “yellow orange”, 208 Cruentomycena viscidocruenta, 20 Cyclocybe parasitica, 124 Cyptotrama asprata, 21 Cyptotrama aspratum, 21 Cystolepiota cf. adulterina, 22 Cystolepiota aspera, 24 Cystolepiota cf. sistrata, 23 Deconica horizontalis, 209 Dermocybe austroveneta, 138 Dermocybe canaria, 140 Dermocybe kula, 143 Dermocybe sanguinea, 143 Dermocybe splendida, 146 Descolea recedens, 150 Echinoderma asperum, 24 Entoloma albidocoeruleum, 106 Entoloma albidosimulans, 107 Entoloma aromaticum, 108 Entoloma baronii, 109 Entoloma brevispermum, 110 Entoloma readiae, 111 Entoloma rodwayi, 112 Entoloma sericellum, 113 Entoloma sulphureum, 111 Entoloma viridomarginatum, 114 Fayodia cystidiosa, 68 Flammula eucalyptorum, 154 Flammula malicola, 168 Flammulina velutipes, 25 Galerina patagonica, 151 Gliophorus graminicolor, 26

Species Index

Fungi in Australia

Gymnopilus allantopus, 152 Gymnopilus dilepis, 153 Gymnopilus eucalyptorum, 154 Gymnopilus ferruginosus, 155 Gymnopilus junonius, 156 Gymnopilus pampeanus, 156 Gymnopilus spectabilis, 156 Gymnopus sp. “pink furry”, 27 Gymnopus subpruinosus, 28

Hymenopellis gigaspora, 88 Hymenopellis mundroola, 89 Hypholoma aurantiaca, 164 Hypholoma australe, 182 Hypholoma brunnea, 183 Hypholoma brunneum, 183 Hypholoma candolleanum, 171 Hypholoma cutifractum, 171 Hypholoma fasciculare, 184

Hebeloma aminophilum, 157 Hebeloma crustuliniforme, 158 Hebeloma victoriense, 159 Hohenbuehelia bursaefomis, 193 Hohenbuehelia dimorphocystis, 193 Humidicutis lewellinae, 90 Humidicutis mavis, 29 Hygrocybe acutoconica, 30 Hygrocybe aurantiopallens, 31 Hygrocybe austropratensis, 32 Hygrocybe cheelii, 33 Hygrocybe chromolimonea, 34 Hygrocybe graminicolor, 26 Hygrocybe konradii, 30 Hygrocybe lewellinae, 90 Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata, 35 Hygrocybe mavis, 29 Hygrocybe miniata, 36 Hygrocybe persistens, 30 Hygrocybe rodwayi, 37 Hygrocybe siccitatopapillata, 38 Hygrophorus acutoconicus, 30 Hygrophorus involutus, 39 Hygrophorus lewellinae, 90 Hygrophorus lilaceolamellatus, 35 Hygrophorus mavis, 29 Hygrophorus persistens, 30

Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe Inocybe

atrisquamosa, 160 cystidiocatenata, 141 eutheles, 162 sp. “pale yellow”, 161 sindonia, 162 violaceocaulis, 163

Laccaria canaliculata, 40 Laccaria glabripes, 40 Lacrymaria asperospora, 189 Lactarius clarkeae, 41 Lactarius deliciosus, 42 Lactarius eucalypti, 43 Lactarius necator, 44 Lactarius plumbeus, 44 Lactarius turpis, 44 Lactarius wirrabara, 45 Lactifluus wirrabara, 45 Lentinellus hepatotrichus, 194 Lentinellus hyracinus, 194 Lentinellus pseudobarbatus, 194 Lentinellus pulvinulus, 194 Lentinellus tasmanica, 195 Lentinellus tasmanicus, 195 Lepiota acutesquamosa, 24 Lepiota aspera, 24 Lepiota birnbaumii, 49

214

Species Index

Lepiota brunnea, 15 Lepiota friesii, 24 Lepiota haemorrhagica, 46 Lepiota leucothites, 48 Lepiota lutea, 49 Lepiota naucina, 48 Lepiota sp. “pale blue”, 47 Lepista nuda, 115 Leptoglossum bryophilum, 201 Leptonia viridomarginata, 114 Leratiomyces ceres, 164 Leucoagaricus leucothites, 48 Leucoagaricus naucinus, 48 Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, 49 Leucocoprinus luteus, 49 Leucopaxillus albissimus, 50 Leucopaxillus amarus, 52 Leucopaxillus cerealis, 50 Leucopaxillus eucalyptorum, 51 Leucopaxillus gentianeus, 52 Leucopaxillus lilacinus, 53 Lichenomphalia chromacea, 54 Limacella pitereka, 55 Lyophyllum eucalypticum, 103 Macrolepiota clelandii, 56 Macrolepiota dolichaula, 57 Macrolepiota rachodes var. hortensis, 15 Macrolepiota rachodes, 15 Marasmiellus affixus, 196 Marasmiellus candidus, 58 Marasmius alveolaris, 59 Marasmius sp. “angina”, 60 Marasmius candidus, 58 Marasmius crinis-equi, 61 Marasmius elegans, 62

Fungi in Australia

215

Marasmius equicrinis, 61 Marasmius graminum var. equicrinis, 61 Marasmius oreades, 63 Marasmius repens, 61 Marasmius subpruinosus, 28 Meiorganum curtisii, 210 Melanophyllum echinatum, 122 Melanophyllum haematospermum, 122 Melanotus haematochrous, 209 Melanotus hepatochrous, 209 Melanotus horizontalis, 209 Mniopetalum bryophilum, 201 Mycena acutoconica, 30 Mycena albidofusca, 64 Mycena austrofilopes, 65 Mycena austropullata, 65 Mycena austrororida, 94 Mycena carmeliana, 66 Mycena clarkeana, 67 Mycena cystidiosa, 68 Mycena epipterygia, 69 Mycena erythromyces, 72 Mycena fumosa, 70 Mycena hispida, 68 Mycena interrupta, 71 Mycena kurramulla, 72 Mycena kuurkacea, 73 Mycena cf. lazulina, 74 Mycena leaiana var. australis, 75 Mycena maldea, 76 Mycena aff. mamaku, 77 Mycena mijoi, 78 Mycena mulawaestris, 79 Mycena nargan, 80 Mycena piringa, 81

Species Index

Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena Mycena

rosella, 72 roseoflava, 82 sanguinolenta, 73 subgalericulata, 83 subvulgaris, 84 swartzii, 93 toyerlaricola, 85 tuvara, 86 veroniciae, 94 vinacea, 87 viscidocruenta, 20

Naematoloma aurantiaca, 164 Naematoloma fasciculare, 184 Nyctalis mirabilis, 13 Omphalia chromacea, 54 Omphalia epichysium, 105 Omphalia leonina, 105 Omphalina chromacea, 54 Omphalina swartzii, 93 Omphalotus nidiformis, 197 Oudemansiella gigaspora, 88 Oudemansiella mundroola, 89 Oudemansiella radicata, 88 Panaeolus antillarum, 185 Panaeolus campanulatus, 186 Panaeolus papilionaceus, 186 Panaeolus retirugis, 186 Panaeolus sphinctrinus, 186 Panellus longinquus, 203 Panellus stipticus, 198 Parasola plicatilis, 187 Paxillus cuprinus, 165 Paxillus curtisii, 210 Paxillus infundibuliformis, 127 Paxillus panuoides, 211

Fungi in Australia

216

Pholiota carbonaria, 167 Pholiota communis, 166 Pholiota highlandensis, 167 Pholiota imperfecta, 175 Pholiota malicola, 168 Pholiota praecox, 126 Pholiota recedens, 150 Pholiota rufofulva, 175 Pholiota serrulata, 175 Pholiota squarrosipes, 169 Pholiotina filaris, 130 Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, 170 Phytoconis chromacea, 54 Pleurotopsis longinqua, 203 Pleurotus bursaeformis, 193 Pleurotus cinerascens, 199 Pleurotus lampas, 197 Pleurotus nidiformis, 197 Pleurotus phosphorus, 197 Pleurotus subapplicatus, 200 Pluteus atromarginatus, 116 Pluteus cervinus, 117 Pluteus flammipes var. depauperatus, 118 Pluteus pauperculus, 118 Pluteus sp. “yellow”, 119 Porpolomopsis lewelliniae, 90 Protostropharia semiglobata, 188 Psathyrella asperospora, 189 Psathyrella candolleana, 171 Psathyrella echinata, 172 Pseudocraterellus sinuosus, 19 Pseudocraterellus undulatus, 19 Pseudomerulius curtisii, 210 Psilocybe australiana, 173 Psilocybe echinata, 172 Psilocybe eucalypta, 173

Species Index

Psilocybe formosa, 190 Psilocybe hepatochrous, 209 Psilocybe horizontalis, 209 Psilocybe subaeruginosa, 173 Psilocybe tasmaniana, 173 Pterospora olivaceonigra, 204 Resupinatus cinerascens, 199 Resupinatus sordulentus, 193 Resupinatus subapplicatus, 200 Rhodocollybia cf. incarnata, 91 Rickenella fibula, 92 Rickenella swartzii, 93 Rimbachia bryophila, 201 Roridomyces austrororidus, 94 Rozites australiensis, 135 Rozites foetens, 145 Rozites metallica, 144 Russula clelandii, 95 Russula delica, 98 Russula flocktonae, 96 Russula iterika, 97 Russula marangania, 98 Russula neerimea, 99 Russula persanguinea, 100 Russula purpureoflava, 101 Schizophyllum commune, 202

Fungi in Australia

217

Scytinotus longinquus, 203 Simocybe phlebophora, 174 Singerocybe clitocyboides, 102 Stropharia aurantiaca, 164 Stropharia formosa, 190 Stropharia semiglobata, 188 Tapinella curtisii, 210 Tapinella panuoides, 211 Tetrapyrgos olivaceonigra, 204 Tricholoma coarctata, 103 Tricholoma eucalypticum, 103 Tricholoma rutilans, 104 Tricholomopsis rutilans, 104 Tubaria rufofulva, 175 Volvariella gloiocephala, 120 Volvariella speciosa, 120 Volvariella speciosa var. gloiocephala, 120 Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, 120 Xeromphalina leonina, 105 Xeromphalina racemosa, 105 Xerula gigaspora, 88 Xerula mundroola, 89 Xerula radicata var. mundroola, 89

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA J. Hubregtse

Part 7

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A Photographic Guide to Non-gilled Fungi

Nidula emodensis

Est. 1880

Fungi in Australia

FUNGI IN AUSTRALIA Part 7 A Photographic Guide to Non-gilled Fungi Revision 2.2 August 28, 2019

Author: J. Hubregtse [email protected] Published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc. E-published at http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/ Typeset using LATEX

Est. 1880

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Fungi in Australia

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Citation: This work may be cited as: Hubregtse J (2019) Fungi In Australia, Rev. 2.2, E-published by the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria Inc., Blackburn, Victoria, Australia. Web address http://www.fncv.org.au/fungi-in-australia/

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CONTENTS Contents 1 A photographic guide to Non-gilled fungi 1.1 Boletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Coral and Club fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Crust fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Disc and Cup fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Gelatinous fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Leathery fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 Polypore and Bracket fungi . . . . . . . . 1.8 Puffball and Earth-star fungi . . . . . . . 1.9 Spine fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi . . . . . . . Species Index

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chapter 1

A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO NON-GILLED FUNGI This photographic guide to Non-gilled fungi (Agaricomycotina) contains species that have been described in detail in Fungi In Australia Parts 3 and 4. This morphologically diverse group of fungi has been placed in 10 broad morphological and textural categories to facilitate identification.

Boletes – this group has fleshy fruit-bodies, with a pileus and stipe, similar to agarics (gilled fungi), but the spore liberating surface underneath the pileus is pored rather than gilled. The fleshy fruit-body of a bolete is what distinguishes it from some stiped polypores, which also have a pored surface through which spores are liberated.

Coral and Club fungi – this group includes all fungi with fruit-bodies that form simple or branched clubs, as well as the more complex coral-like fungi. The fertile spore-bearing surface (hymenium) covers the outer branches. The stems of these fungi are usually not fertile.

Fungi in Australia

2

Crust fungi – this large group of fungi includes all species that grow flat (resupinate), usually on wood. Although these fungi grow flat on wood their hymenial surface may be rough, warted, wrinkled, cracked, smooth, dentate (toothed), or pored. These species are very difficult to identify in the field, due mainly to the limited number of observable characteristics. To complicate this even more there there are a large number of undocumented species.

Disc and Cup fungi – this group contains fungi that have disc or cupshaped fruit-bodies. The bird’s nest fungi have been included in this group. In the Basidiomycota – Agaricomycotina group of fungi there are very few cupand disc-shaped species.

Gelatinous fungi – this group of fungi contains all the species that have soft gelatinous fruit-bodies. The majority of species in this group belong to the Dacrymycetes and Tremellomycetes.

Fungi in Australia

3

Leathery fungi – this group of fungi includes fruit-bodies that have relatively thin tissue with a tough leathery consistency, and a smooth hymenial surface without any pores. Most of the fruit-bodies in this group occur on wood, and have a variety of forms. Some are fan-shaped, some have stipes and others have a bracket-like attachment.

Polypore and Bracket fungi – this group consists largely of woody brackets with a pored underside (hymenium). Included in this group are woody fruit-bodies that have a stipe, and bracket-like fruit-bodies with a leathery texture. All these species have a pored hymenium.

Puffball and Earth-star fungi – the common feature of this group is that their spore mass (gleba) is covered by a tough outer layer (peridium) forming a spore sac, which may sit flat on a sterile base, or have a stipe, or, like earth-stars, have a star-shaped saucer to sit in. In some species the spore sac erodes to liberate the spores, while in other species the spore sac has an opening at the apex (ostiole) through which the spores are liberated.

Fungi in Australia

4

Spine – in this group the spore-bearing surface (hymenium) is on spine- or tooth-like projections instead of gills or pores. All non-gelatinous species that have spines longer than 1.5 mm have been included. There are some crust fungi that have small teeth (dentate) which are usually less than 1 mm in length; these are not included here, but are included in the crust fungi group.

Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi – this group includes all fungi that produce their spores in a gooey, sticky, smelly mass (gleba). This smelly spore mass, often having a smell of rotting meat, attracts insects (e.g. flies), which act as the dispersal agents for the spores.

1.1. Boletes

1.1

Fungi in Australia

5

Boletes Order: Boletales

Family: Boletaceae

Austroboletus lacunosus Austroboletus cookei

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bolete, found in mixed eucalypt forest, is readily recognised by its brownish suede-like pileus and deeply reticulated stipe. Its pored underside is initially whitish, becoming pinkish as spores mature. Austroboletus occidentalis is a similar Western Australian species, differentiated by microscopic features.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

6

Family: Boletaceae

Boletellus emodensis

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bolete can readily be identified by the shaggy, felty, fibrillose scales on its pileus. Its yellowish pores instantly turn blue-green when bruised. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forest and woodland.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

7

Family: Boletaceae

Boletellus obscurecoccineus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bolete can be readily separated from other boletes with similar colours because it is the only one that has pale scales on its stipe. It grows on the ground in eucalypt forest and woodland.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

8

Family: Boletaceae

Chalciporus piperatus Boletus piperatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small bolete is an introduced species, usually associated with conifers. Its flesh does not stain blue on bruising, and it tastes very hot and peppery. Its pores are relatively large, 1–2 per mm.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

9

Family: Boletaceae

Fistulinella mollis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bolete can be identified by its soft texture, which is spongy to the touch, and its pinkish pore tissue, which is set back from the stipe. The species is usually found in eucalypt forest.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

10

Family: Boletaceae

Gymnogaster boletoides

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its small subglobose fruit-body, which consists largely of a bright yellowish fertile section with irregularly shaped chambers, a small reddish brown pileal disc on the apex, and a small reddish stipe below. The fertile region of the fruit-body stains greenish-blue immediately when bruised or cut.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

11

Family: Boletinellaceae

Phlebopus marginatus Phlebopus portentosus Boletus marginatus

Phaeogyroporus portentosus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

This large bolete grows on the ground near eucalypts, either as solitary specimens or in groups of two or three. It is probably Australia’s largest terrestrial fungus, with some specimens exceeding a metre in diameter.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

12

Family: Suillaceae

Suillus granulatus

c Ivan Margitta

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This exotic bolete is associated (mycorrhizal) with introduced species of pine (Pinus spp.). It is easily identified by its brown glutinous (slimy when wet) pileus from which the skin can easily be peeled, yellow pores and no annulus around its stipe.

1.1. Boletes

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

13

Family: Suillaceae

Suillus luteus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

This exotic bolete is associated (mycorrhizal) with introduced species of pine (Pinus spp.). This species is easily identified by its brown glutinous (slimy) pileus, yellow pores, and the membranous annulus around its stipe.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

1.2

Fungi in Australia

14

Coral and Club fungi Order: Russulales

Family: Auriscalpiaceae

Artomyces austropiperatus Clavicorona piperata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This delicate pale species occurs in clusters on decaying wood, and is readily identified by its distinctive branching pattern and peppery taste.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

15

Family: Clavulinaceae

Clavulina coralloides Clavulina cristata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This white coral fungus grows on the ground, scattered to gregarious amongst leaf litter, usually in eucalypt forests. The fruit-body may be single or multibranched; branches are usually smooth, with tips that have several short tooth-like projections (cristate).

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

16

Family: Clavulinaceae

Clavulina rugosa Clavaria rugosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This white coral fungus is an introduced species that grows on the ground in association with exotic trees such as pine and spruce. The fruit-body may be single or multi-branched; branches are usually wrinkled and twisted.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

17

Family: Clavulinaceae

Clavulina tasmanica

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Paul George

This greyish coral fungus grows on the ground. It may be single or multibranched, and may have fawn to mauve tips. It is readily identified by the furry, velvety coating on its branches.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

18

Family: Hericiaceae

Hericium coralloides

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This beautiful delicate coral-like fruit-body, consisting of numerous brittle branches that are densely covered with numerous spines, grows in damp areas on dead wood from native and introduced trees. The fruit-body develops from a thick stem that is attached to the wood substrate.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Gomphales

19

Family: Gomphaceae

Ramaria filicicola Ramaria sinapicolor

Clavaria lorithamnus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its whitish to pale buff fruit-body, upright stature and the multiple pointed apices. It is often found in mixed native woodland, but also in forests of Pinus spp.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Gomphales

20

Family: Gomphaceae

Ramaria lorithamnus Ramaria sinapicolor

Clavaria lorithamnus

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species grows in tufts on the ground in association with Eucalyptus trees. It is completely yellow, without any red or pink tints, and does not have a cauliflower-like appearance.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

21

Family: Clavariaceae

Clavaria fragilis Clavaria vermicularis

c Virgil Hubregtse

Clavaria meuleri

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fragile white coral fungus usually grows in dense clusters on the ground amongst woody leaf litter. The fruit-bodies may grow up to 150 mm high and up to 5 mm thick. It is a cosmopolitan species found in both northern and southern hemispheres.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

22

Family: Clavariaceae

Clavulinopsis amoena Clavaria amoena

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus grows on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss, usually in damp sheltered areas. The fruit-bodies may grow up to 100 mm high and they are always bright yellow.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

23

Family: Clavariaceae

Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea Clavaria corallinorosacea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species is identified by the distinct change in colour between the base and the upper fertile portion. It grows on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss, usually in damp sheltered areas.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

24

Family: Clavariaceae

Clavulinopsis sulcata complex Clavulinopsis miniata

Clavaria miniata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on the ground amongst leaf litter or moss, usually in damp sheltered areas. There is no distinct colour change between the base and the upper fertile portion.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

25

Family: Typhulaceae

Macrotyphula juncea

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This slender club fungus is readily identified by its shape. The fruit-bodies arise from small white mycelial mats attached to wet litter such as dead leaves, Banksia cones or decaying twigs.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

26

Family: Clavariaceae

Mucronella pendula Myxomycidium pendulum

Mucronella alba

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small, beautiful spearhead-shaped species can be found hanging from a short stem on the undersides of, or in hollows of, rotting logs in wet forests. It grows in colonies.

1.2. Coral and Club fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

27

Family: Physalacriaceae

Physalacria australiensis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Many of the species in the genus Physalacria have a simple fruit-body consisting of a whitish inflated bladder-like head on a shortish slender stipe, usually growing on decaying wood. This species has a head 3–10 mm diameter, with a stipe up to 6 mm long.

1.3. Crust fungi

1.3

Fungi in Australia

28

Crust fungi Order: Russulales

Family: Stereaceae

Aleurodiscus sparsus Acanthophysium sparsum

Stereum sparsum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This is a common crust fungus, colonising bark or decorticated wood of small dead eucalypt branches in wet native forests. When young, the patches can be tentatively identified by their finely fibrillose surface. As there are many species of white crust fungi, microscopic examination is required for positive identification.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

29

Family: Phanerochaeteceae

Byssomerulius corium Merulius corium

Meruliopsis corium

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This white crust fungus is identified by the reticulated or finely wrinkled pattern of the fertile surface and the shelving or upturned margin of the fruit-body. It is normally found on the underside of dead branches or twigs.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

30

Family: Hericiaceae

Dentipellicula leptodon Odontia oleifera Hydnum leptodon

Dentipellis isidioides Dentipellis leptodon

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species can be tentatively identified by the relatively small fruit-bodies with long whitish slender spines. It grows in damp areas on rotting wood from native and introduced trees. This species can be confused with some Steccherinum species, but most of those are not white and their spines are usually shorter and more robust.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

31

Family: Meruliaceae

Flavodon flavus Irpex flavus Polyporus flavus

Polystictus flavus Trichaptum flavum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This species can be recognised by its spore-bearing surface, which is yellowish and has largish pores when young, and later develops flattish columnar toothlike structures. It usually forms large patches on bark or decorticated fallen wood.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

32

Family: Marasmiaceae

Henningsomyces candidus Lachnella candida

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Solenia candida

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its small white tubular fruit-bodies, usually found on the underside of decaying wood or bark. Not common.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

33

Family: Meruliaceae

Phlebia subceracea Acia subceracea

Mycoacia subceracea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species forms bright yellow patches on the underside of fallen wet decaying branches and twigs. It can be identified by the blunt spore-bearing spines, which can be readily observed using a hand lens.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geastrales

34

Family: Geastraceae

Sphaerobolus stellatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This diminutive fungus, which can easily be overlooked, is readily identified by the orange star-shaped “catapult” and single central “egg” or spore ball. This fungus disperses its spores by catapulting them a distance of up to 6 metres. It grows on moist decaying wood, dung and other organic debris.

1.3. Crust fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hymenochaetales

35

Family: Schizoporaceae

Xylodon australis Hyphodontia australis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

The main identifying features of this crust fungus are its distinctly cracked surface and light brown colour. It grows on dead wood, logs or branches.

1.4. Disc and Cup fungi

1.4

Fungi in Australia

36

Disc and Cup fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Chromocyphellaceae

Chromocyphella muscicola

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Chromocyphella muscicola appears to be an uncommon but widespread species worldwide. It is identified by its whitish, sessile, bell-shaped fruit-bodies up to 4 mm across, with a felty surface. The smooth (gill-less) spore-bearing surface becomes brownish with maturity. It is found in association with mosses on wood.

1.4. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

37

Family: Agaricaceae

Cyathus olla

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This “Bird’s Nest Fungus” is usually found on woody debris. It is often gregarious and occasionally forms large colonies. The fruit-body at maturity is goblet-shaped with a flared rim, the inner surface is smooth silvery grey, and the outer surface is brownish to greyish.

1.4. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

38

Family: Agaricaceae

Cyathus stercoreus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is usually found on herbivore dung or on well-rotted litter. It is usually gregarious and occasionally forms large colonies. The inner surface of the cups is smooth and blackish, while the outer surface is brown and shaggy.

1.4. Disc and Cup fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

39

Family: Agaricaceae

Nidula emodensis Cyathus emodensis Crucibulum emodense

Nidula microcarpa

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This group of species has a cup with a hairy outer surface, and a rim that is often fringed with pale hairs. There are two similar species, Nidula emodensis and Nidula niveotomentosa, the former with a bowl-shaped cup, and the latter with almost vertical sides to the cup.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

1.5

Fungi in Australia

40

Gelatinous fungi Order: Auriculariales

Family: Auriculariaceae

Auricularia cornea Auricularia polytricha

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its gelatinous-textured ear-shaped fruit-body, which has a velvety upper surface and a smooth lower surface. It is found in tropical and subtropical rainforests, where it grows on dead wood to which it has a narrow attachment.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Auriculariales

41

Family: Auriculariaceae

Auricularia delicata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This common and distinctive tropical and subtropical rainforest fungus is identified by its flabby and jelly-like texture and deeply veined underside. It occurs on dead wood.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Dacrymycetales

42

Family: Dacrymycetaceae

Calocera australis

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Calocera australis can be recognised by its small club-shaped (clavate) to spatula-shaped (spathulate) fruit-body which can grow up to 8 mm in height. Depending upon environmental conditions, the colour can vary from a pallid brownish-yellow to orange.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Dacrymycetales

43

Family: Dacrymycetaceae

Calocera fusca

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Calocera fusca can be recognised by its size: its yellow to yellow-orange clubs can grow up to 25 mm or more in length, making this one of the larger Calocera species. It is found on wet rotting wood, such as branches or logs.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Dacrymycetales

44

Family: Dacrymycetaceae

Calocera sinensis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Calocera sinensis seems to be the most common member of this widely distributed genus. It is simple or branched and is of a firm-gelatinous consistency. It can be found growing in groups or clusters on moist rotting dead branches and logs of both hardwood and softwood. Members of this genus are very similar in morphology and usually require microscopic examination to separate them.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Auriculariales

45

Family: Incertae sedis

Ductifera sucina Exidia sucina

Gloeotromera sucina

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its clear, semi-translucent, dingy white fruitbodies, often coalescing to form patches 100 mm or more long and up to 12 mm thick. There are many species of gelatinous fungi, so microscopic examination is recommended for a positive identification.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Atractiellales

46

Family: Phleogenaceae

Helicogloea compressa Dendrodochium compressum Leucogloea compressa

Pleurocolla compressa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus usually forms groups of small, whitish, firm gelatinous, hemispherical to cushion-like fruit-bodies (2–3 mm diameter), surrounded by a clear gelatinous layer. They are found on damp rotten wood.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Dacrymycetales

47

Family: Dacrymycetaceae

Heterotextus miltinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species colonises dead logs and twigs. The yellow bell-shaped gelatinous fruit-body has a narrow attachment to the substrate. On drying, its colour changes to orange-red. This species includes Heterotextus peziziformis (separated on microscopic characters).

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Septobasidiales

48

Family: Septobasidiaceae

Septobasidium clelandii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by the formation of blackish spines emerging from a gall (swelling) produced by the gall-forming female coccid bug Callococcus leptospermi, found predominantly on branches of Leptospermum species.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Tremellales

49

Family: Tremellaceae

Tremella foliacea Tremella frondosa Tremella fimbriata

Tremella vinosa Tremalla crispa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is usually found on rotting wood. The fruit-body consists of clumps of dark brown, translucent, soft gelatinous material in the form of irregular lobes. The spores are borne on the outer surface of the fruit-body.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Tremellales

50

Family: Tremellaceae

Tremella fuciformis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is usually found on rotting wood, where it is parasitic on other fungi that are using the rotting wood. The fruit-body consists of clumps of white, translucent, soft gelatinous material in the form of lobed or convoluted folds. The spores are borne on the outer surface of the fruit-body.

1.5. Gelatinous fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Tremellales

51

Family: Tremellaceae

Tremella mesenterica Tremella lutescens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bright orange jelly fungus grows on rotting wood, where it is parasitic on other fungi that are using the rotting wood. The spores are borne on the outer surface of the fruit-body. Although frequently solitary, sometimes large colonies do occur.

1.6. Leathery fungi

1.6

Fungi in Australia

52

Leathery fungi Order: Cantharellales

Family: Cantharellaceae

Craterellus cornucopioides

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is hard to spot amongst the forest leaf litter, but once found its distinctive trumpet shape makes it readily identifiable. The inside of the ’trumpet’ is usually dark brown to almost black, but occasionally yellowish specimens have been found. There are also gilled species in this genus.

1.6. Leathery fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

53

Family: Meruliaceae

Cymatoderma elegans Cymatoderma lamellatum

Cymatoderma elegans var. lamellatum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This elegant goblet-shaped fungus grows on dead wood. It is relatively common in tropical rainforests, but can be found in most rainforest regions. The fruitbodies are very tough and leathery, which means that they can persist for some time, quite often collecting forest debris.

1.6. Leathery fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

54

Family: Meruliaceae

Podoscypha petalodes Stereum floriforme

Podoscypha petalodes subsp. floriformis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small attractive funnel-shaped fungus with a leather-like texture usually forms rosetted colonies on decaying wood. It is often found at the base of trees, or growing on the ground above buried wood.

1.6. Leathery fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

55

Family: Amylocorticiaceae

Podoserpula pusio Craterellus pusio

Craterellus multiplex

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This very attractive fungus grows on or near rotting wood, or on humus. It has soft flesh, and its usually pinkish stipe supports tiers of chamois-like lobes that have a wrinkled lower surface.

1.6. Leathery fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

56

Family: Stereaceae

Stereum hirsutum Thelephora hirsuta Thelophora subzonata Stereum amoenum Stereum kalchbrenneri

Stereum ochraceum Stereum rameale Stereum complicatum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This is a common, thin, fan-shaped leathery bracket colonising dead hardwood. The upper surface of the pileus is densely hairy, yellowish to yellow-orange with brownish concentric bands. The underside is smooth.

1.6. Leathery fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

57

Family: Stereaceae

Stereum illudens Stereum archeri Stereum pannosum Sterem spiniferum

Lloydella illudens Xylobolus illudens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This is a common, thin, fan-shaped bracket colonising dead wood. The upper surface of the pileus is brown and hairy and has concentric bands. The underside is violet to brownish-violet, may have a whitish bloom due to spore production, and has a white margin.

1.6. Leathery fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Russulales

58

Family: Stereaceae

Stereum ostrea Stereum fasciatum Stereum concolor

Stereum leichhardtianum Stereum lobatum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This is a common, thin, fan-shaped bracket colonising dead wood in wet native forests. Its bright colour (bright orange to orange-brown) with light and dark coloured concentric bands, yellow undersurface and leathery texture, make this fungus readily identifiable.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

1.7

Fungi in Australia

59

Polypore and Bracket fungi Order: Polyporales

Family: Steccherinaceae

Austeria citrea Antrodiella citrea Polyporus citreus

Tyromyces citreus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This polypore is identified by its bright yellow pileus and whitish to very pale yellow pored surface. It grows on decaying wood, often on dead twigs, usually in damp sclerophyll forest.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

60

Family: Meripilaceae

Grifola colensoi Polyporus colensoi

Polyporus multiplex

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on decaying wood, usually at the base of Eucalyptus trees. It is readily recognised by its large fruit-body, which is made up of numerous overlapping greyish brown fan-shaped lobes (pilei) that are attached to a central base.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

61

Family: Ganodermataceae

Amauroderma rude

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

The distinctive feature of this polypore is that the whitish pore area readily stains red when bruised. This red stain slowly turns black with age. The pileus has concentric brown rings and a woody texture. It grows on very rotten, often buried, wood.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hymenochaetales

62

Family: Hymenochaetaeae

Coltricia australica Coltricia oblectans Polyporus oblectans

Coltricia cinnamomea

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This little polypore, up to 50 mm across, is recognised by its brownish pileus with a surface patterned by radial hairs and concentric zones. It grows on the ground, usually on buried wood. Closely spaced fruit-bodies will commonly fuse together.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Hymenochaetales

63

Family: Hymenochaetaeae

Coltriciella dependens Poria tasmanica Coltriciella tasmanica

Coltricia dependens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Coltriciella dependens is a cosmopolitan species. In Australia it is usually found on the underside of burnt or rotting wood in native eucalypt forest. The brownish, furry pored fruit-bodies are readily identifiable.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

64

Family: Mycenaceae

Favolaschia calocera

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small bright orange fungus is readily identified by its colour and pored underside. It can form large colonies on fallen dead wood. This fungus has been introduced into Australia and is classed as a pest species. It occurs naturally in Asia and Madagascar.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

65

Family: Mycenaceae

Favolaschia pustulosa

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small white fleshy or jelly-like fungus is identified by the tiny domes on the surface, which are coincident with pores on the underside. It occurs on decayed wood in rainforest in southern Queensland.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

66

Family: Mycenaceae

Filoboletus manipularis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This easily recognised common tropical fungus grows on decaying wood throughout most of Queensland. It grows in tufts from a common base and may form very large groups. It is also bioluminescent.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

67

Family: Polyporaceae

Laccocephalum sclerotinum Polyporus sclerotinus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small hypogeous sclerotia-forming species, usually found in gravelly or sandy soils, can be recognised by its small reddish brown pileus, white pores and short stipe. It is often found on burnt soil after there has been a fire in eucalypt woodland.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

68

Family: Polyporaceae

Lentinus arcularius Favolus arcularius

Polyporus arcularius

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species has a tough thin pileus that is usually depressed in the centre and covered with tiny scales. Underneath it has polygonal pores, which are easily recognised. It occurs on rotting wood in various forest habitats.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

69

Family: Polyporaceae

Microporus xanthopus Polyporus xanthopus Trametes xanthopus

Coriolus xanthopus Polystictus xanthopus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This distinctive funnel-shaped fungus, with a zoned inner surface and a white to creamy finely pored outer surface, grows on dead logs or branches in tropical Australia. The specific name xanthopus means “yellow foot”, referring to the yellowish disc of attachment.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

70

Family: Mycenaceae

Panellus pusillus Dictyopanus pusillus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This tiny fungus is readily identified by its large pores, about 3 per mm. It forms troops on fallen wood in wet eucalypt forest or rainforest, and is attached to the wood by a small disc. This species is classified as a gilled fungus and is related to Panellus stipticus.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

71

Family: Polyporaceae

Polyporus melanopus complex Picipes melanopus

Polyporellus melanopus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on decaying wood, and is identified by its smooth, dark reddish-brown, tough leathery pileus, whitish to ochre-coloured spore-bearing surface with very small pores (5–8 per mm, best observed with a hand lens), and blackish stipe.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

72

Family: Polyporaceae

Cerrena zonata Irpex brevis

Antrodiella zonata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bracket forms colonies on dead wood. A characteristic feature of this species is that the fertile material on the lower surface looks like flattened teeth or curtains about 2–3 mm long.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

73

Family: Fistulinaceae

Fistulina hepatica

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Auther Carew

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This very distinctive bracket is attached to living or dead eucalypt wood by a short lateral stem. It has a rubbery texture, and when immature it is red to pink in colour. With age the cap becomes brownish and the pores tend to lose their colour. A distinctive feature is that the fruit-body consists of separate tubes.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

74

Family: Steccherinaceae

Flaviporus brownii Baeostratoporus braunii Junghuhnia brownii

Leptoporus braunii Polyporus rufoflavus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The fruit-bodies of this species can be found on dead wood such as fallen logs, where it grows solitary or in groups as resupinate patches, or bracket-like in multiple tiers. It can be readily identified by the sulphur-yellow of its finely pored hymenial surface, 8–10 pores per mm.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

75

Family: Fomitopsidaceae

Fomitopsis lilacinogilva Polyporus lilacinogilva Trametes lilacinogilva

Polystictus lilacinogilvus

c Paul George

c Paul George

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The lilac pore surface makes this fungus very distinctive. It is usually found on fallen logs in eucalypt forests.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

76

Family: Ganodermataceae

Ganoderma australe

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This long-lived bracket fungus can grow to 500 mm or more on living or dead wood. The pileus is light to dark brown, with concentric ridges. Each year a new white pore surface is produced, and stains dark brown when bruised. This species includes Ganoderma applanatum, which can be separated on microscopic features.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

77

Family: Polyporaceae

Hexagonia vesparia Hexagonia gunnii Osmoporus gunnii

Polyporus vesparius

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

Among wood-rotting polypores this species is one of the more conspicuous, because of its more or less hoof-like shape and its large 1 to 3 mm wide, angular to elongated pores. Young fruit-bodies are whitish, becoming brownish with a woody texture when mature.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

78

Family: Fomitopsidaceae

Laetiporus portentosus Polyporus portentosus Piptoporus portentosus

Polyporus eucalyptorum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Paul George

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This large hoof-shaped bracket is found throughout Australia, causing brown cubical rot in eucalypts. The flesh is firm when fresh, drying corky, and the texture is polystyrene foam-like.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

79

Family: Fomitopsidaceae

Phaeolus schweinitzii Coltricia schweinitzii

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This fungus is found near the base of conifers, and is identified by its pileus, which has a yellow to orange margin, a woolly surface, and a brown central region. Its underside has mustard yellow pores. This exotic species is a root pathogen and is associated with the death of mature conifers.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

80

Family: Fomitopsidaceae

Postia aff. caesia

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This polypore can be found on dead conifer wood and hardwood, usually on fallen trunks and branches, as well as on stumps. It is white when young, bruising blue or blue-grey, often becoming bluish grey with age.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

81

Family: Fomitopsidaceae

Postia aff. lactea Tyromyces lacteus sensu Cunningham

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This polypore is white and spongy when fresh, becoming light pinkish-brown and firm when dry. The fruit-bodies grow to about 50 mm wide, with a hairy upper surface and a white or pale cream pore surface. Found on logs, trunks and branches of a variety of native and introduced trees.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

82

Family: Fomitopsidaceae

Postia pelliculosa Oligoporus pelliculosus

Tyromyces pelliculosus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This polypore can be found on fallen trunks and branches, as well as on stumps of Eucalyptus and Nothofagus spp. It has a shaggy hairy upper surface that can be either blackish or reddish dark brown. The pored surface is creamy white.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

83

Family: Meruliaceae

Rigidoporus laetus Coltricia laeta Fomes laetus

Polyporus laetus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The shelf-like fruit-bodies of this species are more than 5 mm thick, grow on decaying wood, and are most readily identified by the orange-rufous upper surface, and orange to pale orange pored lower surface.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

84

Family: Polyporaceae

Ryvardenia campyla Postia campyla Tyromyces campylus Tyromyces falcatus

Polyporus campylus Grifola campyla

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

This distinctive multilayered bracket usually grows on dead wood, or occasionally on the trunks of living trees. The bracket is variable in shape and colour but it usually has a white margin, and clear or amber droplets frequently ornament its white pore surface.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

85

Family: Polyporaceae

Ryvardenia cretacea Postia cretacea Polyporus cretaceus

Piptoporus cretaceus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This bracket usually grows on dead wood, or occasionally on the trunks of living trees. It is most readily recognised by its white pored lower surface, which usually exudes clear water droplets. Usually found in southern Australia on Myrtle Beech or Mountain Ash.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

86

Family: Polyporaceae

Trametes coccinea Polyporus coccineus Polystictus semisanguineus

Pycnoporus coccineus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A common fungus found on dead wood. The colour fades as the fruit-bodies age. The top left-hand image shows the upper surface and the top right-hand image shows the brightly coloured lower surface.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

87

Family: Polyporaceae

Trametes versicolor Polyporus versicolor Polystictus versicolor

Coriolus versicolor

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

A common species that grows on dead wood. The pileus is relatively thin. The upper surface is smooth and velvety with many concentric zones, while the lower surface is whitish to cream with very small pores.

1.7. Polypore and Bracket fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Polyporales

88

Family: Polyporaceae

Tyromyces pulcherrimus Aurantiporus pulcherrimus

Polyporus pulcherrimus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

The bright red colour of this bracket makes it very conspicuous. It grows on dead or living trees, and usually colonises Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii or snow gums.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

1.8

Fungi in Australia

89

Puffball and Earth-star fungi Order: Agaricales

Family: Agaricaceae

Battarrea stevenii Battarrea phalloides Battarrea laciniata

Battarrea muelleri

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily recognised by its long (up to 300 mm), fibrous rustbrown stipe, and similarly coloured spore sac. Mature fruit-bodies are woody and can persist for months, and are normally found on dry sandy soils.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

90

Family: Calostomataceae

Calostoma fuscum

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species occurs solitary or in groups on the forest floor, usually amongst leaf litter or moss. The fruit-body may be up to 100 mm tall. The puffball is quite smooth once it has discarded its well formed protective cap.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

91

Family: Calostomataceae

Calostoma rodwayi

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species occurs solitary or in groups on the forest floor, usually amongst leaf litter or moss in Myrtle Beech Nothofagus cunninghamii forests. The fruit-body may be up to 40 mm tall. The puffball has a warty surface, and its protective cap is not as well formed as that of Calostoma fuscum.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

92

Family: Agaricaceae

Lycoperdon pyriforme Lycoperdon pyriforme

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This pear-shaped species is common in eucalypt forests, where it usually occurs in colonies on decaying wood. It is one of two Australian puffball species found on wood, the other being Lycoperdon subincarnatum, which is spherical in shape.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Agaricales

93

Family: Agaricaceae

Lycoperdon subincarnatum Morganella subincarnata

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on rotting wood or woody debris. It is one of two Australian puffball species found on wood, the other being Lycoperdon pyriforme, which is pear-shaped.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

94

Family: Sclerodermataceae

Pisolithus albus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This fungus is very common in roadside gravel adjacent to eucalypts. The spores form in sacs, as shown in a cross-section in the top right-hand image, and are spread when the fruit-body erodes. The genus Pisolithus is currently under review, which may result in the change of some species’ names.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

95

Family: Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma albidum Scleroderma radicans Scleroderma tuberoideum

Scleroderma flavidum forma macrosporum

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Separating species in this genus is difficult: microscopic examination is usually required. Scleroderma albidum is relatively common in eastern Australia and can usually be identified by its thick pale scaly exterior, dull dark brown gleba (spore mass) which is usually exposed through a stellate opening, and smallish stem-like base.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

96

Family: Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma cepa Scleroderma flavidum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Separating species in this genus is difficult: microscopic examination is usually required. Scleroderma cepa is relatively common in eastern Australia and can usually be identified by its thick peridium (external skin), usually more than 2 mm thick, mouse-grey gleba (spore mass) which is usually exposed through a stellate opening, and absence of a stipe, but if there is a stipe it is very small.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

97

Family: Sclerodermataceae

Scleroderma verrucosum Lycoperdon verrucosum Scleroderma nitidum Scleroderma tenerum

Scleroderma maculatum Scleroderma capensis

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

Separating species in this genus is difficult: microscopic examination is usually required. Scleroderma verrucosum is relatively common in eastern Australia and can usually be identified by its thin yellowish scaly leathery exterior, olive-brown to dingy grey gleba (spore mass) and stem-like base.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Boletales

98

Family: Diplocystidiaceae

Astraeus hygrometricus

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is readily identified by the by the tessellated (cracked) surface on the star rays. It grows in woodlands, clearings, or gardens, in association with exotic trees. The star arms tend to distend with humidity, and close inwards when dry.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geastrales

99

Family: Geastraceae

Geastrum fornicatum Geastrum fenestratum

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

c Richard Hartland

This distinctively shaped earthstar, which from some angles bears a resemblance to the human figure, grows on the ground in dry woodlands and mallee scrub.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geastrales

100

Family: Geastraceae

Geastrum tenuipes Geastrum pectinatum var. tenuipes

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its grey spore sac, which has a “beaked” mouth at its apex, furrowed striations on its base, and sits on a prominent pedicel (stalk). The light brown star-like section (exoperidium) can have 6 to 12 star-like rays. It is found on the ground amongst leaf litter.

1.8. Puffball and Earth-star fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Geastrales

101

Family: Geastraceae

Geastrum triplex Geastrum indicum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Virgil Hubregtse

This common species of earth-star, which can vary in colour from very pale brown to dark pinkish brown, can be identified when the fruit-body matures, because the rays of the star (the exoperidium) bend back under the fruit-body, and split to form a collar or cup around the base of the spore sac. This species grows on the ground amongst leaf litter.

1.9. Spine fungi

1.9

Fungi in Australia

102

Spine fungi Order: Russulales

Auriscalpium sp.

Family: Auriscalpiaceae

“eucalypt earpick”

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This very rare distinctive fungus is readily identified by its small semicircular to shell-shaped fruit-body and distinctive long spines. It has been found on the bark of living Narrow- and Broad-leaved Peppermint Gums.

1.9. Spine fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Gomphales

103

Family: Clavariadelphaceae

Beenakia dacostae

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This irregularly shaped stalked spine fungus is usually found on the ground in the dry debris under fallen logs in wet eucalypt forest. The teeth are initially white, becoming brownish as spores mature. The stipe is woody, with white mycelium at the base.

1.9. Spine fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Thelephorales

104

Family: Bankeraceae

Hydnellum sp.

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on the ground amongst leaf litter in eucalypt forest. It resembles Phellodon niger but differs in colour.

1.9. Spine fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

105

Family: Hydnaceae

Hydnum aff. repandum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus of this species has a smooth or slightly felty surface, and is usually centrally depressed. The colour is pale yellow to yellow-brown. This fungus grows on the ground in eucalypt woodlands.

1.9. Spine fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Cantharellales

106

Family: Hydnaceae

Hydnum crocidens

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species is recognised by its white to creamy white fruit-body and nondecurrent spines. It grows on the ground in association with Leptospermum spp.

1.9. Spine fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Thelephorales

107

Family: Bankeraceae

Phellodon niger

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

The pileus of this species has a tough leathery texture; it is blackish in the centre, concentrically zoned, and its margin is normally white. It grows in clusters on the ground in heathland and forest.

1.9. Spine fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Auriculariales

108

Family: Auriculariaceae

Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species grows on wet rotting wood, sometimes solitary but usually in clusters. Its flesh is translucent and has a gelatinous texture. The colour of the pileus can range from light grey to dark brown.

1.10. Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi

1.10

Fungi in Australia

109

Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi Order: Phallales

Family: Phallaceae

Aseroë rubra

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Bill Leithhead

c Bill Leithhead

c Arthur Carew

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This species appears on forest litter, compost, or woodchip mulch. The spores are contained in a slimy mass at its centre. Flies are attracted to this fungus when the spores mature, as it then starts to produce an odour of decaying meat or sewage.

1.10. Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Phallales

110

Family: Phallaceae

Clathrus archeri Anthurus archeri

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This attractive looking fungus appears to hatch from an egg, and produces its spores in a foul-smelling olive-brown slime on the inside of the arms. The spores are dispersed by insects, which are attracted to the slime.

1.10. Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Phallales

111

Family: Phallaceae

Ileodictyon gracile Clathrus gracilus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

c Arthur Carew

This species grows on forest litter, compost, woodchip mulch and on lawns. The immature fruit-body is egg-shaped, and bursts to release the rapidly expanding spherical frame. The brown spore mass (gleba) covers parts of the frame, and it has a foul smell. This species belongs to the Stinkhorn group.

1.10. Stinkhorn and Phalloid fungi

Fungi in Australia

Order: Phallales

112

Family: Phallaceae

Mutinus aff. albotruncatus

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

c Jurrie Hubregtse

This small, fragile stinkhorn arises from a small egg-like sac on dead wood or woody mulch in wet forest. The gleba, which contains the spores, forms a brownish region at the apex of the fruit-body. This gleba can be washed off by rain, leaving behind a golden yellow to orangey yellow fertile zone, as shown in the last photo.

Species Index

Fungi in Australia

113

SPECIES INDEX Acanthophysium sparsum, 28 Acia subceracea, 33 Aleurodiscus sparsus, 28 Amauroderma rude, 61 Anthurus archeri, 110 Antrodiella citrea, 59 Antrodiella zonata, 72 Artomyces austropiperatus, 14 Aseroë rubra, 109 Astraeus hygrometricus, 98 Aurantiporus pulcherrimus, 88 Auricularia cornea, 40 Auricularia delicata, 41 Auricularia polytricha, 40 Auriscalpium sp. “eucalypt earpick”, 102 Austeria citrea, 59 Austroboletus cookei, 5 Austroboletus lacunosus, 5 Baeostratoporus braunii, 74 Battarrea laciniata, 89 Battarrea muelleri, 89 Battarrea phalloides, 89 Battarrea stevenii, 89 Beenakia dacostae, 103 Boletellus emodensis, 6 Boletellus obscurecoccineus, 7 Boletus marginatus, 11 Boletus piperatus, 8 Byssomerulius corium, 29 Calocera australis, 42

Calocera fusca, 43 Calocera sinensis, 44 Calostoma fuscum, 90 Calostoma rodwayi, 91 Cerrena zonata, 72 Chalciporus piperatus, 8 Chromocyphella muscicola, 36 Clathrus archeri, 110 Clathrus gracilus, 111 Clavaria amoena, 22 Clavaria corallinorosacea, 23 Clavaria fragilis, 21 Clavaria lorithamnus, 19, 20 Clavaria meuleri, 21 Clavaria miniata, 24 Clavaria rugosa, 16 Clavaria vermicularis, 21 Clavicorona piperata, 14 Clavulina coralloides, 15 Clavulina cristata, 15 Clavulina rugosa, 16 Clavulina tasmanica, 17 Clavulinopsis amoena, 22 Clavulinopsis corallinorosacea, 23 Clavulinopsis miniata, 24 Clavulinopsis sulcata, 24 Coltricia australica, 62 Coltricia cinnamomea, 62 Coltricia dependens, 63 Coltricia laeta, 83 Coltricia oblectans, 62 Coltricia schweinitzii, 79

Species Index

Coltriciella dependens, 63 Coltriciella tasmanica, 63 Coriolus versicolor, 87 Coriolus xanthopus, 69 Craterellus cornucopioides, 52 Craterellus multiplex, 55 Craterellus pusio, 55 Crucibulum emodense, 39 Cyathus emodensis, 39 Cyathus olla, 37 Cyathus stercoreus, 38 Cymatoderma elegans, 53 Cymatoderma elegans var. lamellatum, 53 Cymatoderma lamellatum, 53 Dendrodochium compressum, 46 Dentipellicula leptodon, 30 Dentipellis isidioides, 30 Dentipellis leptodon, 30 Dictyopanus pusillus, 70 Ductifera sucina, 45 Exidia sucina, 45 Favolaschia calocera, 64 Favolaschia pustulosa, 65 Favolus arcularius, 68 Filoboletus manipularis, 66 Fistulina hepatica, 73 Fistulinella mollis, 9 Flaviporus brownii, 74 Flavodon flavus, 31 Fomes laetus, 83 Fomitopsis lilacinogilva, 75 Ganoderma australe, 76 Geastrum fenestratum, 99

Fungi in Australia

114

Geastrum fornicatum, 99 Geastrum indicum, 101 Geastrum pectinatum var. tenuipes, 100 Geastrum tenuipes, 100 Geastrum triplex, 101 Gloeotromera sucina, 45 Grifola campyla, 84 Grifola colensoi, 60 Gymnogaster boletoides, 10 Helicogloea compressa, 46 Henningsomyces candidus, 32 Hericium coralloides, 18 Heterotextus miltinus, 47 Hexagonia gunnii, 77 Hexagonia vesparia, 77 Hydnellum, 104 Hydnum crocidens, 106 Hydnum leptodon, 30 Hydnum aff. repandum, 105 Hyphodontia australis, 35 Ileodictyon gracile, 111 Irpex brevis, 72 Irpex flavus, 31 Junghuhnia brownii, 74 Laccocephalum sclerotinum, 67 Lachnella candida, 32 Laetiporus portentosus, 78 Lentinus arcularius, 68 Leptoporus braunii, 74 Leucogloea compressa, 46 Lloydella illudens, 57 Lycoperdon pyriforme, 92 Lycoperdon subincarnatum, 93

Species Index

Lycoperdon verrucosum, 97 Macrotyphula juncea, 25 Meruliopsis corium, 29 Merulius corium, 29 Microporus xanthopus, 69 Morganella subincarnata, 93 Mucronella alba, 26 Mucronella pendula, 26 Mutinus aff. albotruncatus, 112 Mycoacia subceracea, 33 Myxomycidium pendulum, 26 Nidula emodensis, 39 Nidula microcarpa, 39 Odontia oleifera, 30 Oligoporus pelliculosus, 82 Osmoporus gunnii, 77 Panellus pusillus, 70 Phaeogyroporus portentosus, 11 Phaeolus schweinitzii, 79 Phellodon niger, 107 Phlebia subceracea, 33 Phlebopus marginatus, 11 Phlebopus portentosus, 11 Physalacria australiensis, 27 Picipes melanopus, 71 Piptoporus cretaceus, 85 Piptoporus portentosus, 78 Pisolithus albus, 94 Pleurocolla compressa, 46 Podoscypha petalodes, 54 Podoscypha petalodes subsp. floriformis, 54 Podoserpula pusio, 55 Polyporellus melanopus, 71

Fungi in Australia

115

Polyporus arcularius, 68 Polyporus campylus, 84 Polyporus citreus, 59 Polyporus coccineus, 86 Polyporus colensoi, 60 Polyporus cretaceus, 85 Polyporus eucalyptorum, 78 Polyporus flavus, 31 Polyporus laetus, 83 Polyporus lilacinogilva, 75 Polyporus melanopus, 71 Polyporus multiplex, 60 Polyporus oblectans, 62 Polyporus portentosus, 78 Polyporus pulcherrimus, 88 Polyporus rufoflavus, 74 Polyporus sclerotinus, 67 Polyporus versicolor, 87 Polyporus vesparius, 77 Polyporus xanthopus, 69 Polystictus flavus, 31 Polystictus lilacinogilvus, 75 Polystictus semisanguineus, 86 Polystictus versicolor, 87 Polystictus xanthopus, 69 Poria tasmanica, 63 Postia aff. caesia, 80 Postia campyla, 84 Postia cretacea, 85 Postia aff. lactea, 81 Postia pelliculosa, 82 Pseudohydnum gelatinosum, 108 Pycnoporus coccineus, 86 Ramaria filicicola, 19 Ramaria lorithamnus, 20 Ramaria sinapicolor, 19, 20

Species Index

Rigidoporus laetus, 83 Ryvardenia campyla, 84 Ryvardenia cretacea, 85 Scleroderma albidum, 95 Scleroderma capensis, 97 Scleroderma cepa, 96 Scleroderma flavidum, 96 Scleroderma flavidum forma macrosporum, 95 Scleroderma maculatum, 97 Scleroderma nitidum, 97 Scleroderma radicans, 95 Scleroderma tenerum, 97 Scleroderma tuberoideum, 95 Scleroderma verrucosum, 97 Septobasidium clelandii, 48 Solenia candida, 32 Sphaerobolus stellatus, 34 Sterem spiniferum, 57 Stereum amoenum, 56 Stereum archeri, 57 Stereum complicatum, 56 Stereum concolor, 58 Stereum fasciatum, 58 Stereum floriforme, 54 Stereum hirsutum, 56 Stereum illudens, 57 Stereum kalchbrenneri, 56 Stereum leichhardtianum, 58 Stereum lobatum, 58

Fungi in Australia

Stereum ochraceum, 56 Stereum ostrea, 58 Stereum pannosum, 57 Stereum rameale, 56 Stereum sparsum, 28 Suillus granulatus, 12 Suillus luteus, 13 Thelephora hirsuta, 56 Thelophora subzonata, 56 Trametes coccinea, 86 Trametes lilacinogilva, 75 Trametes versicolor, 87 Trametes xanthopus, 69 Tremalla crispa, 49 Tremella fimbriata, 49 Tremella foliacea, 49 Tremella frondosa, 49 Tremella fuciformis, 50 Tremella lutescens, 51 Tremella mesenterica, 51 Tremella vinosa, 49 Trichaptum flavum, 31 Tyromyces campylus, 84 Tyromyces citreus, 59 Tyromyces falcatus, 84 Tyromyces lacteus, 81 Tyromyces pelliculosus, 82 Tyromyces pulcherrimus, 88 Xylobolus illudens, 57 Xylodon australis, 35

116