Evolution of the system of defence works in Roman Dacia 9780860541424, 9781407325750

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Evolution of the system of defene e works in Roman Dacia loana Bogdan CM�niciu Translated from the Romanian by Etta Dumitrescu

B A R lnternational Series 1981

I I6

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS

A. R. Hands, E.Se., 1\1.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, 1\1.A.

B . A.R. S116, 1981: Roman Dacia'.

'Evolution of the system of defence works in

© Ioana Bogdan Cătăniciu, 1981 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541424 paperback ISBN 9781407325750 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541424 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age F oreword

1

C hap ter 1 DACIA AND THE EMPIRE BEFORE THE CONQUEST C hap ter 2 TRAJAN 'S WARS FOR THE CONQUEST OF DACIA

6

The F irs t War 1 01-102

6

The S econd Dac ian War

1, )

C hap ter 3 THE EARLY ORGAN ISATION OF THE DACIA .N SYSTE M OF DEFENCE- WORKS

1 .

The T err i tory w i th in t he R ange o f Ac t ion o f L eg io 1 1 1 F lav ia F e lix i n 1 01-117/118 The R ange o f Ac t ion o f L eg io X I I I G em ina i n 1 06-117/118

1 5

C onc lus ions o n t he S yste m o f Tra jan ic Defences

1 8

T he Dac ian T err i tor ies Ass igned t o Moes ia I nfer ior

1 9

C hap ter 4 HADR IAN 'S CONTR IBUT ION TO THE ORGAN ISAT ION OF THE DACIAN L I MES

2 1

Dac ia S uper ior

2 2

Da da I n fer ior

2 5

Dac ia P oro l issens is

3 7

The E ar thwork F or ts The S tone F or ts

4 0 4 1

C hap ter 5 THE ANTON INE CONTRIBUT ION TO THE ORGAN ISATION OF DEFENCE WORKS I N DACIA

4 2

C hap ter 6 THE REIGNS OF MARCUS A .UREL IUS AND CO M MODUS THE MARCO MANN IC WARS

4 6

C hap ter 7 THE S EVERAN PER IOD

4 8

C hap ter 8 THE LAST DECADES OF DACIA

5 3

N otes

5 6

L ist o f Abbrev ia t ions

1 07

ADDENDA

1 11

I NDEX

1 16

FORE WORD

" Th is s ys te m o fd efences s tar ted b e ing b u i l t a s e ar ly a s t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars b ut i ti s o n ly a f ter t he R oman c onques t , i n Tra jan 's d ays , t ha t i ta cqu ired a we l l-ordered f orm , t o b e a f terwards e x tended b y a l l s ubsequen t emperors who , e ach i n h is own way , c on tr ibuted t o i t s c onso lida t ion a nd c omp le t ion ." M . Macrea , V i 4a i n Dac ia r oman, 1 90 , p .218 .

The p resen t s tudy i s t he p roduc t o f o ur a t te mp t a t mak ing a c r i t ica l e s t ima te o f a l l t he r esu lts o f r esearch c onduc ted i n t he Dac ian l imes s o f ar , a nd t o c a l l a t ten t ion t o i nadequac ies a nd t o s ome f ac ts t ha t h ave e scaped n o t ice u n t i l n ow . I ti s d es igned a s as yn the t ica l s tudy wh ich s hou ld make k nown t he r esu lts o f d iscover ies i n D ac ia , a nd s um u p al arge n umber o f e xcava t ion r epor ts a s we l l a s p ar t ia l a ccoun ts . P rofessor Miha i l Macrea 's u nt i me ly e nd p reven ted h im f rom c o mp le t ing t he mi l i tary h is tory o f D ac ia , ab ook h e h ad i n tended t o wr i te a nd w h ich wou ld h ave f i l led u p t he g ap n o t iceab le i n t he p as t d ecades 1 i n t h is f i e ld . The r esu lts o f t he c o mpara t ive ly l arge n u mber o f a rchaeo log ica l s urveys c onducted i n t he f or ts , a nd , more r ecen t ly , i n t he c astra a t B erzob is a nd P o ta issa a s we l l a s o f r esearch i n t he n or th-wes t , n or th a nd n or th-eas t s ec tors o ft he Dac ian l imes h ave b een p ar t ly p ub l ished;

b u t t he s ign if ican t amoun t

o fd a ta c o l lec ted i n t he l a t ter h a lf o f t h is c en tury c an o n ly b e f u l ly t hrown i n to r e lief when v iewed a s a who le . I ti s o ur l ong-s tanding c oncern w i th t he s ub jec t t ha t t i es t oge ther t h is work c ompr ising a l mos t a l l o bserved f i ndings made a va i lab le u p t o n ow . And t he p resent a u thor 's t hes is , p resen ted t o t he B abe§-Bo lya i U n iversi ty , C lu j-Napoca , Roman ia , i n 1 967, c ons t i tu ted t he c ore o f s ubsequen t i nd iv idua l r esearch i n t he D ac ian l imes . The r ea l is t ic i n terpre ta t ion o f t he r esu lts o f o ur r esearch p ro jec t i n to t he s outh-east s ec tor o f t he Dac ian l imes , s tre tch ing b etween t he C arpa th ians a nd t he Danube , h as b een c onstant ly b ased o n at horough e xam ina t ion o f t he a va i lab le e v idence c oncern ing t he o ther s ec tors o f t h is l i ne o f R oman d efences . H av ing n o ted, d ur ing o ur t r ips a broad , t he a bsence o f ac omprehens ive s tudy o f Dac ia , we h ave d ec ided t o p resen t t h is f i rs t s yn thes is o f t he Dac ian l imes , a s i ta ppears d ur ing t he t wo c entur ies o f t he e x is tence o ft he n or thD anubian R o man p rov ince . We c anno t h ope t o p roduce a n o r ig ina l work ; we o n ly t rus t t h is s tudy w i l l s um u p t he p resen t k now ledge o f t he Dac ian l imes a nd w i l l e nab le u s t o f ormul a te a n u mber o f r e levant o bserva t ions .

1

I ti s o ur a im t o s tudy t he p rocess o f d eve lop men t o f t he l imes i n Dac ia c ons ider ing t ha t i ti s p rec ise ly t h is a spec t t ha t h as b een mos t o ver looked i n t he i nvest iga t ions c arr ied o u t s o f ar .

We wan t t o d raw a t ten t ion t o t he n ecess-

i ty f or i mprov ing t he q ua l i ty o f r esearch i n t h is f i e ld a nd f or d o ing away w i th i rre levant c onc lus ions t ha t c anno t b u t impa ir t he c omp le te p ic ture o f i t s h istor ica l e vo lut ion . We h ave s e t o ut t o a ssess t he v a lidi ty o f e very s ing le a rgu ment u nder ly ing t he h ypo theses c urren t ly r egarded a s f irm ly g rounded f ro m a d esire t o c ont r ibu te o ur s hare t o t he e l im ina t ion o f f a lse a ssu mp t ions a nd u ncer ta in t ies . I n d o ing t h is , we h ave e ncountered a n u mber o f d i f f icu lt ies , s uch a s t he s carc i ty o f s c ien t if ic monographs 2 o n t he v ar ious e le men ts mak ing u p t h is s ys te m o f d efences , u npub lished r esu lts o f r esearch c onduc ted o ver a n u mber o fy ears , i nsuf f ic ien t ly g rounded c onc lus ions , e tc .

Wi th f ew e xcep t ions , a l l

t hese f or t if ica t ions h ave b een d a ted a ccording t o e p igraph ic e v idence o r c o in d iscover ies;

t he s tudy o f a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f ound i n D ac ia , p o t tery

ma ter ia l3 i n p ar t icu lar , i s t oo l im i ted t o e nab le u s t o d eterm ine t he e xac t c hrono logy o f t hose d efence works f or wh ich e p igraph ic d a ta o r c o ins a re want ing . Moreover , i n t he p resen t s tage o f f i e ld r esearch , whose p ace h as b eco me i nexp licab ly s low i n t he l as t t wen ty y ears , we f e l t s ure t ha t o ur i nfor mat ion a bou t t he d efence works i n Dac ia i s s t i l l i nadequa te , a s t here a re s t i l l i nnu mera b le f or t if ica t ions u n iden t if ied o n t he g round;

p roo f t hereof a re t he r esu lts

o f t he f i e ld s urveys c arr ied o u t b y t he b ro thers I s tvan a nd G eza F erencz i i n t he l imes o f Dac ia P oro l issens is a nd, more r ecen t ly , a long D ac ia 's e ast b oundary l i ne .

We c ons ider t ha t l arger-sca le r esearch o n t he g round , r e ly ing

o n t he p rev ious s tudy o f 1 7th a nd 1 9th c entury mi l i tary maps a nd o f a ir-pho tog raphs , c ou ld l ead t o t he i den t if ica t ion o f t hose t e mporary f or ts t ha t mus t h ave e x isted a long t he n or th b ank o f t he l ower D anube a nd mus t h ave s erved , a s e ar ly a s t he I st c entury , a s c ross ing-po ints , a s o utpos ts f or i n tercept ing t he move ments o f t he Dac ian t roops , o r a s march ing c a mps

t ha t c an b e t raced

b ack t o t he t ime o f Do m i t ian 's wars , a nd wh ich h ave n o t b een t he s ub jec t o f p ar t icu lar r esearch s o f ar . We w i l l t ry o ur b es t t o p resen t a l l t he t opograph ica l e le ments we h ave a t h and , t hus e nab ling t he r eader t o a ssess t he s tra teg ic f unc t ion o f t he d efence works u nder d iscuss ion .

Moreover , we w i l l p resen t t he p lans a nd s ec t ions

t yp ica l o f e very s tudied f or t , i n s o f ar a s t hey h ave b een p ub l ished , t o s pare r eaders t he t roub le o f r esor t ing t o v ar ious p ub lica t ions i n wh ich t hey h ave a ppeared .

Our p oss ib le o bservat ions o n a lready r ecorded s i tua t ions w i l l b e

marked * ******* T he l imes w i l l b e d ea lt w i th i n a nc ien t a dm in is tra t ive u n i ts a nd s tra teg ic u n i ts .

2

NOTES 1 . I s tor ia mi li tarä a D ac ie i b y V as i le C hr is tescu , t he o n ly c omprehens ive work o n t he s ub jec t , was p ub lished i n 1 937 . N . G udea , A ufste ig u nd N iedergang d es r öm ishen We lt , P r inc ipa t S er ies , I . 61 977, a dvances s ome o f h is v iewpo in ts a nd g ives a l i s t o f t he Dac ian d efence works i n tended t o b e " e ine E hrenschu ld g egen t iber d em r öm ischen D ak ien u nd d er M i li taxgesch ich te d es R ö merre iches" .

We t h ink , h owever , t ha t t h is s tudy

f a i led t o c ope w i th t he t ask t he a u thor s e t h i mse lf , ma in ly o n a ccount o f t he v ery l im i ted s pace a va i lab le f or e ach o ft he p rob le ms d ea lt w i th . 2 . E xcep t f or t he a ccoun ts o ft he e xcava t ions a t C omä läu ,

C um idava-R i§-

n ov a nd a t B uc iu m i t here a re n o s uch works a va i lab le , t he e xcavat i on r epor ts p ub lished b e ing t oo b r ief a nd , more o f ten t han n o t , e ssen t ia l d a ta r egarding t he p lann ing , s tra t igraphy a nd f i nds a re want ing . 3 . The o n ly monograph made a va i lab le i s t he o ne c omp i led b y G . P ompi lian , C era m ica r o man äd in O lten ia , S cr isu l r omänesc , 1 976; u nfor tuna te ly , a s t he a u thor h i mse lf c onfesses , " the r ich p o t tery mater ia l b rough t t o l i gh t b yp rev ious r esearch , o n d isp lay i n t he c o l lec t ions i n O lten ia o r i n B uchares t , c anno t b e u nreserved ly u sed i n ar igorous , s c ien t if ic s tudy , s o a s t o e s tab lish a c er ta in c hrono logy , a s i td oes n o t p rov ide s uf f ic ien t s tra t igraph ic o r o ther k inds o f e v idence ." C eram . p . 2 1 .

3

CHAPTER 1 DA C IA AND THE EMP IRE BEFORE THE CONQUEST

T he c lashes b etween t he R o man Emp ire a nd t he G ae to-Dac ian p opu la t ions b eg in i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury BC 1 a nd a re more of ten t han n o t a c tua ted b y t he ir i nroads , e i ther a lone o r i n t e mporary a l liances , i n to t he R oman p ossess ion . U nder A ugus tus , 2 when t hey made t he s outh b ank o ft he Danube t he b oundary o f t he Emp ire , t he R o mans b egan t o b e c oncerned w i th c heck ing a nd n eu tra li z ing t he f ree d eve lop men t o ft hose p opu la t ions t ha t e ndangered t he e xerc ise o f R oman a uthor i ty s ou th o ft he Danube . A s a rchaeo log ica l r esearch i n to t he f or t if ica t ions l y ing s ou th o ft he Danube a re s carce , a nd a s i s n a tura l , h ave n o t y e t r eached t he e ar ly R o man l eve ls , g enera l ly l y ing u nder s ubsequen t s e t t le ments , we a re n o t i n ap os i t ion t o i nfer t he p r inc ip les t ha t u nder lay t he f or t if ica t ion o f t he D anube l imes ;

b ut s ince i ti s T iber ius 3 who a c tua l ly

s tar ted t he c ons truc t ion o ft he s tra teg ic r oad a long t he Danube , a nd s ince w e k now f ro m F lorus 4 t ha t L en tu lus p res idia c ons t i tu ta a f ter h av ing r outed C o t iso 's Dac ians , we c onsider t ha t f or t if ied p o ints h e ld b y a ux i l iary t roops a lready e x isted a t a n e ar ly d a te o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he r iver .

Bor is G erov 5

c ons iders t ha t i ti s p ossib le t o l oca te , b y means o f e pigraph ica l e v idence , a n u mber o f a lae i n t he v ic in i ty o ft he c as tru m a t Oescus , e ven b efore t he r e ign o f C laudius . C oncurren t ly w i th t he a c t ions i n tended t o i mpose c l ien ta l6 r e la t ionsh ips , a ' secur i ty z one ' was c rea ted n or th o f t he Danube b y p roh ib i t ing t he f ounding o f c iv i l s e t t le men ts .7 T h is must h ave o ccas ioned t he s i t ing o f o utposts o ppos ite t he l i ne o ft he l imes . Wi th t he e xcept ion o f t he B ana t ian a nd ( t o al esser e x ten t ) t he O l ten ian s ec tors , t he l ef t b ank o f t he D anube h as n o t b een e x tens ive ly s earched a nd s o f ew f or t if ica t ion r e ma ins h ave b een t raced o n t he g round, a nd f ewer o f t he m a re u nder a rchaeo log ica l s urvey . One h as t o p os tu la te t he e x is tence o f an u mber o f ( t e mporary ) b r idgeheads o n t he n or th b ank o ft he Danube , a t t he more a ccess ib le 8 c rossing p o in ts . B u t , g iven t he f ac t t ha t t he n or th b ank was g enera l ly s ub jec t t o f l ood ing a nd e ros ion a nd , i n t he l as t d ecades , h as b een e normous ly a f fec ted b y h ydro-e lectr ic c onstruct ion , t he d etect ion o f t hese p laces o n t he g round i s n o e asy t ask . T he d eve lop men t s tage o ft he Dac ian s ta te u nder D eceba lus c a l led f or n ew o f fens ive a c t ions t ha t ma ter ia l ised i n t he f irst p lace i n t he t wo d ist inct c amp a igns l ed b y C orne l ius F uscus a nd T et t ius J u l ianus . F ie ld s urveys a nd a rchaeo log ica l r esearch c arr ied o u t u p t o n ow h ave n o t s ucceeded i n i den t ify ing e i ther o f Do m i t ian 's c a mpa ign c amps , a nd p resu mp t ions c oncern ing t he l oca t ion o ft hese c ampa igns i n Dac ia 9 l arge ly d epend u pon l i terary s ources .

R adu

F lorescul 0 c ons iders t ha t a t Drobe ta ( t he modern T urnu-Sever in ) t he r ema ins o f s ome wooden b arracks a nd p av ings p r ior t o t he s tone f or t b ui lt b y Tra jan b e tween 1 02-105 , d a te b ack t o t he F lav ian p er iod . 4

Though t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds u near thed o n t h is s i te i n t he c ourse o f y ears h ave n o t b een p ub lished , t he d iscovery o f at erra s ig i l la ta v ase ( wh ich c ou ld n o t h ave b een b rough t h ere l a ter )

s tamped S QP 1 1

a lso l ends s uppor t

t o t he i dea t ha t a Dom i t ian ic d efence work e x is ted a t t h is p o in t . I n Roman ian l i tera ture ,

1 3

1 2

t he i dea h as b een a dvanced t ha t p ar t o f t he

Dac ian t err i tor ies r e ma ined u nder R oman o ccupa t ion a f ter t he p eace o f AD 8 9 . Th is c la i m was l arge ly s uppor ted b y t he d a t ing o f ap r id ianu m o f c ohors IH ispanoru m , p roposed b y 0 . Fi nk ,1 4 t o t he y ear 9 9 . The s urveys c onduc ted h ave t raced a n u mber o f f or ts 1 5 i n n or thern Wa l lach ia . B etween t hese p o in ts , t o wh ich B ur idava ( B irse§ t i , S to ln icen i ) a nd P irobor idava ( somewhere a t t he mou th o f t he S ire t-Po iana o r Bärboe i ) ,1 6 c an b e a dded , s ome o thers must h ave e x is ted whose a rchaeo log ica l e v idence c ou ld d a te t o D om it ian 's d ay . B u t , f or t he mo men t , t he e xcava ted a reas a t T irg§or , Mi l Le§t i , Dra jna d e s us a nd R ucär h ave n o t y ie lded c onv inc ing e v idence f or o r a ga ins t t h is c la im . Wi th r espec t t o B ur idava ( Birse§t i ) a nd Dra jna d e s us s uch a t heory c ou ld o n ly b e c onf irmed b yt he e x istence o f ap hase p rev ious t o t he o ne i n wh ich t he s ta mps o f l eg io X I C laudia were t urned u p , a s t he l eg ion c ame t o t he Danube l i ne o n ly a t t he t ime o ft he Tra jan ic c ampa igns . 1 7 O f c ourse , we c anno t p oss ib ly r e jec t ap r ior i t he t heory t ha t an u mber o f r eg ions o ccup ied b y Do m i t ian c on t inued t o f orm p ar t o f Moes ia S uper ior a nd Moes ia I nfer ior , s i mp ly b ecause wr it ten e v idence a bou t t he m i n a nc ien t s ources 1 8 i s w an t ing , p ar t icu llr ly w hen men t ions t hat h ave c ome d own t o u s a re s o h os t i le t o t ha t u nfor tuna te emperor .

5

CHAPTER 2 TRAJAN 'S WARS FOR THE CONQUEST OF DAC IA

T he F irs t War 1 01-102 T he f au l ty d escr ipt ion o ft he wars w aged b y Tra jan w ith D eceba lus a s i t h as b een h anded d own t o u s , h as h ad t o b e c o mp le ted b y f ur ther d a ta d er ived f rom e p igraph ic a nd a rchaeo log ica ll 9 s ources . B u t i n terpre ta t ion o f t he a va i lab le d a ta l eaves o pen t o d iscuss ion , i n t h is c ase a lso , t he q ues t ion o f t he r ou tes f o l lowed b y t he R oman t roops i n t he t wo c ampa igns f ough t f or t he c onques t o f D ac ia . The f ragmen t f rom P r isc ianus 2 0 a ssures u s t ha t t he c o lu mn l ed b y Tra jan a dvanced a long t he r oad V im inac iu m—Berzob is —A iz iz is , t hrough wes tern Bana t—T ib iscu m— the I ron Ga tes o f Transy lvan ia— towards t he c ap i ta l o ft he Dac ian s ta te .

2 1

Wh i le a dm i t ting t he e x is tence o f aF lav ian p hase i n t he l i fe o f t he Drobeta d efence work we must i mp l ic i t ly a dm i t t ha t , a s e ar ly a s 1 01, a Roman c o lu mn c rossed t he Danube a t t h is p o in t , t ak ing t he n a tura l r oad t ha t p assed t hrough t he e as t o ft he MehedinV moun ta ins , a nd l ed t o t he S tre iu Va l ley t hrough t he \Mean a nd Mer i§or P ass . T h is r oad i s marked b y t he f or ts a t C i tune le , V irW , B u mbe§t i a nd V ir top . On t he s i te o ft he C ä tune le f or t , r ecen t ly e xa m ined , t he 2 nd-century p o t tery f ound i n t he a gger 2 2 l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t h is f or t was b u i lt a f ter t he Dac ian wars .

2 3

The d iscovery a t t he f or t w i th mur i c aespi t ic i ,2 4 t raced a t B u mbe2 t i , o f s ta mps 2 5 c ohor t is I V C ypr ia—a t roop b ased i n Moes ia S uper ior a nd l a ter , f or a s hor t wh i le , i n Dac ia 2 6 — indica tes t ha t t h is f or t was b u i l t d ur ing t he Dac ian wars .

E xcava t ions c onduc ted i n t he s urv iv ing r e ma ins o f t h is f or t ,

af ter i t s o b li tera t ion b y t he f l oods o ft he J iu , c ou ld n o t d eterm ine t he s tages t ha t p receded t he c onstruc t ion o ft he s tone s tructures .2 7 The o n ly e x is t ing c lue i s t ha t t he i n terna l b u i ldings f aced a d if feren t d irec t ion f rom t he r a mpar t wa l l —the s ou th s ide 2 8 —w h ich was t hough t t o r ef lec t a modif icat ion i n t he c ourse o ft he s tone r a mpar t , wh ich i s d ist inc t f rom t he o ne o f t he wa l l i n d e c aesp i tes .

2 9

U nfor tuna te ly , e xcava t ions w i th in t he f or t were n o t a i med a t

d e term in ing t he p r i mary p hase o ft he d efence work—wh ich d epr ives u s o f t he p oss ib i li ty t o k now e xac t ly h ow t h is murus c aesp i t ic ius was r ea l ly b u i lt , a nd p reven ts u s f ro m r ecover ing t he p lan , h owever i ncomp lete , o f t he e ar l ies t R o man f or t if ica t ion o n t h is s i te . A t 1km d is tance f ro m t h is f or t , i s a no ther o ne , a t t he p o in t c a l led V ir top ;3° r esearch u nder taken o n t he g round h as n o t d e ter m ined t he d a te when t h is d efence was i n u se , a nd n ow i ti s c o mp le te ly o b l i tera ted b y modern c ons truct i on ( i nforma t ion f rom E . B u jor ) . We c ons ider t ha t t he t wo n eighbour ing f or ts f unc t ioned s i mu ltaneous ly , a nd o n ly d ur ing o ne c ampa ign . A . B ärcic i li ,

6

r epor ts t he d iscovery i n t h is f or t o f as tamp o f l eg io V Macedon ica .

The

3 1

v ex i l la t io o f t h is l eg ion c ou ld h ave a c ted h ere o n ly d ur ing t he Dac ian c a mpa igns o r a f ter t he a bandon men t o f Dac ia .

3 2

T he e x istence i n t he moun ta inous r eg ion—J igoru , C o märn ice 1 35

3 3

t he P ä tru P eak ,

3 4

t he

( t hree f or ts ) a nd t he Munce lu 13 6 —o f an u mber o f l arge-s ized

e ar thworks , was a ssoc ia ted f rom t he v ery f irs t w i th t he s urpr ise e nc irc l ing move ment f ro m S -E o f t he f or tress a t Gr a l 4te-Sarm izege tuza .

3 7

I . G lodar iu

a nd H . Da icov ic iu c onduc ted f i e ld r esearch s pecia l ly d esigned t o d e term ine t he r oute t aken b y t he t roops o f L us ius Q u ie tus ,

3 8

a nd t hey h ave a scer ta ined

t ha t t he l a t ter a bandoned t he r oute f o l lowed b y t he b u lk o f t he c o lu mn , swerv ing t owards t he moun ta in s lopes , o f c ourse a cco mpan ied b y an a t ive e scor t , i n o rder t o t ake u nawares t he u nfor t if ied r ear o f t he Dac ian c ap i ta l .

I ti s c er ta in

t ha t i n 1 02 Deceba lus , c ompe l led b y t he R o man a rm ies , h ad t o g ive u p western O l ten ia a nd t he Bana t w i th t he Hgeg P la in , b ecause a n u mber o f t roops h ad r e ma ined i n t he a rea o f t he f u ture U lp ia Tra jana 3 8 aa nd t he h eroes t ha t h ad f a l len i n t he b a t t les 3 8 bw ere c o m me mora ted a t Tapae ( probab ly t he I ron Ga tes o f Transy lvan ia ) e very y ear .

These t err i tor ies , o ccup ied b y t he e f for ts o f

t he t roops c oncen tra ted i n Moes ia S uper ior , w i l l h ave b een f or med i n to a mi li tary c om mand 3 8 es ubordina ted t o t ha t p rov ince u n t i l 1 06 . The t roops b ased i n Moesia I nfer ior , a nd c o m manded b y L aber ius Max i mus , a re s ure t o h ave a c ted i n t he s ec tor wh ich s ubsequent ly b eca me p ar t o f t ha t p rov ince .

There i s n o i ndica t ion wha tever a s t o t he r oad o r r oads a long

wh ich t h is s econd f ron t was d ep loyed .

B ut , a s d ur ing t he f irs t Dac ian war

t he l eg ions were s ta t ioned i n t he f or ts a t N ovae a nd Oescus , we t h ink t ha t t hey f o l lowed t he r oad a long t he O l t Va l ley a nd t he o ne i n wes tern Wa l lach ia , r unn ing f rom F lä minda b y R oOor i i d e V ede —J idava —Rucär a nd t he Bran Pass , t o Transy lvan ia . I n p re-Ro man t imes ,

t he O l t d ef i le was n o t u sed a nd t he r oad l eading t o

Transy lvan ia g enera l ly k ep t t o t he h igher l and .

3 9

The Roman r oad was b u i lt

o n ly af ter t he c onques t o f Dac ia a nd was p ar t ly c u t i n s o lid r ock , l i ke t he r oad a long t he Danube t ha t c rossed t hrough t he I ron Ga tes .

4 0

The a l terna t ive

r oad r unn ing a long t he U pper O lt , a nd c ross ing t he e astern p ar t o f t he C oz ia Moun ta ins s ee ms t o h ave b een u sed much l a ter , a s a l l t he d efences i n t he a rea were o r ig ina l ly b u i lt i n s tone a nd , a s i s s hown b y t he ir s hape a nd p lan , o n ly i n t he r e ign o f H adr ian .

The f ac t t ha t t he R o man t roops p enetra ted a s

4 1

f ar a s t he O lt d ef i le i s t es t if ied b y t he t oponym C astra Tra iana 4 2 p reserved i n t he Tabu la P eut inger ia na . a t I z laz ,

4 3

L ikew ise , t roops a re s ure t o h ave b een s ta t ioned

S läven i 44 a nd p robab ly a t Ac idava .

4 5

E xcava t ions c onduc ted a t B ur idava , n a me ly a t B irse t i—La P r izä a nd L a P lutä —have r evea led a g rea t n u mber o f R oman r e ma ins . B asing h is a ssu mpt ions o n e p igraph ic e v idence , D . Tudor e vo lved t he t heory t ha t t he h eadquar ters o f t he g overnor o f Moes ia I nfer ior 4 6 i n t h is a rea when p repara t ions Dac ians .

were s i ted

w as b eing made f or t he s econd war w i th t he

As d igg ing w ere ma in ly c onduc ted b y r escue t eams i n g rea t h as te

a nd i n a n a rea p ar t ly o b li tera ted b y modern c ons truc t ion t he a uthors f a i led t o o bta in s uf f ic ient e v idence c oncern ing t he l eve l o f Tra jan ic s et t le men t a nd n e ither p lans n or s ec t ions o f t hese s ign if ican t r e ma ins 4 7 were p resen ted a f ter

t he s urvey o f t he s i te .

The PS s tamp was t urned u p a t t he p o int " La Pr izä"

a nd t ha t o f c oh . I F l B essoru m a t " La P lu tä" .

G iven t he e x is tence o f a

p owerfu l 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tury s e t t le ment a t S to ln icen i , i t may b e t ha t t he s ta mped t i les a nd b r icks were r e-used i n t he c ons truc t ion o f c iv i l s e t t le men ts a nd , t herefore , a re n o t i ndica t ive o f t he l oca t ion o f t he f or t ( or f or ts) o n t he g round . T he s econd r oad t o Transy lvan ia , b y wes tern Wa l lach ia , i s marked , a s e ar ly a s t he t imes p r ior t o t he c onques t o f Dac ia , b y as er ies o f c o in d isc over ies ,

4 8

a nd s ee ms t o h ave b een t he ma in t rade r oute i n G et ic t imes;

i ta lso s erved a s t he l i ne a long wh ich t he d efence works a long t he r iver O lt ( l imes t ransa lutanus ) were s ubsequent ly b u i lt .

Our e xcava t ions i n t he l arge

e ar thwork f or t a t F lä minda a re s t i l l i n p rogress a nd s o we a re n o t i n ap os i t ion t o f i x i t s e xac t d a te ;4 9

we c an o n ly s ay t ha t i t s l arge a rea ( approx . 6 -7 h a )

l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t i t was d es igned t o s erve a s as tar t ing b ase f or a l arge n u mber o f t roops . N o e x tens ive s urvey o f t he t ransa lutana

l i ne h as b een c arr ied o ut , w i th

t he e xcep t ion o f t he p o in t a t J idava—Cimpu lung ; 5° t he r esu lts a re a s y e t u npub lished .

b u t e ven t here , mos t o f

E xcava t ions h ave t raced t he e x istence o f

f our l eve ls o f h ab i ta t ion i n t he f or t , wh ich was a bandoned i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 3 rd c entury . 5 1 N o c onc lus ive e v idence a s t o t he t roops t ha t g arr isoned t h is f or t h ave b een r evea led .

H owever , an u mber o f i nscr ibed t i les p rov ide

v a luab le i nforma t ion a bout t he s tay h ere o f av ex i l la t io , p oss ib ly o ne o f l eg io X I C laudia .

5 2

On t he b as is o f t hese d a ta we a re i nc l ined t o b e lieve t ha t t here

was a t J idava a n e ar thwork f or t wh ich c an b e t raced b ack t o t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars . A t R ucär i s t he s i te o f a sma l l f or t ( f ig . 2 ) —a q uadrang le w i th u nequa l s ides , t he l ong s ides f ac ing E as t- Wes t—tha t was o ccup ied , a s s hown b y t he s ta mped t i les , b y ad e tachment o f c ohors I F l . B essoru m .

The s ta mps f ound a t Rucär

a re i den t ica l w i th t hose u near thed a t B ur idava—wh ich made u s t h ink t ha t t ha t p ar t icu lar d etach men t was d isp laced t o R ucär f rom B ur idava a nd n o t f ro m t he f or t a t C inc§or 5 3 w h ich was o ccup ied a t al a ter d a te . F ur ther n or th , a t D ru mu l C aru lu i5 4

i n t he a rea o f t he Moec iu v i l lage a

s im i lar d efence work was i den t if ied b y e xcava t ion i n 1 977, wh ich , f ro m t he i n ter im r epor t , a ppears t o b e c on te mporary w i th t he o ne a t R ucär .

A l l t hese

d iscover ies c onf irm t he h ypo thes is t ha t t he Ro man t roops u sed t he e as ies t r ou te o f a ccess t o Transy lvan ia . d uc ted a t l i t nov 5 5

T he r esu lts o f t he r ecen t e xcava t ions c on-

( f ig . 3 ) were p ro mpt ly p ub l ished , a s s oon a s e ach f i e ld

s eason c a me t o ac lose .

E ven t hough , a s ar u le , h asty p ub l icat ion migh t

impa ir t he q ua li ty o f t he r epor ts , t h is p ar t icu lar c ase i s s ign if ican t i n i tse lf i n t ha t i tr a ises q ues t ions t ha t h ave l ong e scaped o bserva t ion o r h ave r e ma ined u npub lished a f ter p rev ious e xcava t ions .

E ssen t ia l ly , t he s ec t ions c ut a cross

mos t o f t he e le men ts o f t he d efence work h ave d emons tra ted t he e x is tence o f a n e ar thwork f or t a nd o f ar ep lace ment i n s tone .

5 6

Moreover , t he t races o f

b urn t ma t ter i n t he v a l lu m o f t he e ar thwork f or t l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t here a c tua l ly were t wo e ar th c ons truc t ions .

E xa m in ing t he s ec t ion a cross t he

n or th-east s ide o f t he f or t i tc an b e n o ted t hat t he d i tch o f t he e ar thwork f or t w as n o t f i l led u p when t he a gger was l a id o ver t he l ayer o f b urn ing , w h ich a gain , e nab les u s t o c la im t ha t af or t if ica t ion o f t he H o lz Erde -Mauer p a t tern 8

h ad e x is ted b efore , wh ich was l eve l led when a n ew c ons truc t ion w i th a n a gger r eve t ted i n t imber was b u i lt , a s i ndica ted b y t he u nusua l ly s teep s lopes o f t h is a gger . The d a ta p ub l ished 5 7

i n t he r epor t c on ta in i nforma t ion wh ich e nab le u s t o

d a te t hese p hases o f t he f or t b ack t o Tra jan 's r eign;

a s f ar a s we a re c on-

c erned, h owever , w e t h ink t ha t t he c om mencemen t o f ad efence work a t R i§nov g oes b ack t ot he t ime o ft he wars w i th t he Dac ians . The s er ies o fd e fence works f ound i n t he s ub-Carpa th ian r ange o f Wa l lach ia a lso a ppear t o b e long t o Tra jan 's t ime ;

o f t hese o n ly t hose a t T irg§oru l

v ech i , Mä lä ie§t i , D ra jna d e s us a nd P ie troase le h ave b een s ystema t ica l ly e xa m ined .

E xcava t ions h ave r evea led t ha t d efence works i n t he s ub-Carpa th ian

z one h ad a s hor tlived e x istence a nd were b ui l t d ur ing Tra jan 's r e ign o n ly ; t he p oss ib i l ity i s n o t e xc luded t ha t s o me o f t he works 58 t raced i n t he a rea b e longed t o d if feren t p er iods . E xcava t ions a t P ie troase le ,5 9 r esu med i n 1 973 , p roved t ha t t he f or tress t ha t was t hough t t o d a te f rom t he e ar ly 2 nd c en tury was a c tua l ly a R oman c ons truc t ion wh ich , a ccording t o t he f i ndings o ft he a rchaeo log ists , may b e s a id t o h ave b een f ounded i n t he 4 th c en tury A .D . I n terpre t ing t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence Gr igore F lorescu 6° makes t he c la im t ha t t he d efence works i n t he S ub-Carpa th ian z one o f Wa l lach ia a re t he work o ft he t roops o f Moesia I nfer ior , b e ing b u i lt a f ter t he Dac ian-Roxo lan ic 6 1 d iversion s outh o f t he Danube , i n t he c ourse o f t he f irs t Tra jan ic c ampa ign f ough t i n Dac ia . The f ac t t ha t , o n t he e ve o ft he s econd Dac ian war , D eceba lus was w i l l ing t o s e t f ree L ong inus i n e xchange f or t he c oun try s tre tch ing a s f ar a s t he D anube , c onf irms t he i dea t ha t af ter 1 02 t he R o man a rm ies r e ma ined i n t he s ub-Carpa th ian z one o f Wa l lach ia , E ast O l ten ia a nd S ou th Mo ldav ia ,

6 2

t o wh ich

t he s ou th-eas t c orner o f Transy lvan ia63 s hou ld b e a dded . I ti s v ery p oss ib le f or t hese t err i tor ies t o h ave b een c onquered w i thou t s ign if icant r es is tance; f or i t was f ro m among t he G e t ic l oca l l eaders , who h ad e s tab lished t i es o f f r iendsh ip w i th t he Emp ire l ong b efore , t ha t t hose who d eser ted Deceba lus a nd y ie lded t o Tra jan 64 were r ecru i ted . The t ruth i s t ha t t here i s n o more e v idence wh ich wou ld e nab le u s t o t race t he r oute f o l lowed b y t he Ro man t roops a s f ar a s t he S ub-Carpa th ian z one; u n ident if ied march ing-ca mps migh t h ave e x isted a long t he I a lo m4a V a l ley65 o r t he Arge § Va l ley , t ha t h ave n o t b een i den t if ied y et ; b u t , o n t he o ther h and , i ts ee ms mos t l i ke ly t ha t t he R o mans a vo ided t ak ing t he l onger r ou te t hrough t he Bärägan P la in . T he l arge f or t a t F i l ipe§ t i ,6 6 n o t e xam ined y e t , may we l l b e long t o t ha t p er iod a nd , i n t ha t c ase , i tm igh t h ave s erved a s al i nk b etween t he Danube a nd t he s ub-Carpa th ian z one . I ts ee ms t o u s t ha t t he c la im t ha t t he R oman t roops p enetra ted t he S ubC arpa th ian z one f rom t he e as t , t hrough Barbo§ i ,67 a nd f rom t he west a long t he on a nd t he t ransa lutanus r oad f rom B ur idava b y C astra Tra jana a nd J idava i s much more r easonab le a s i tf i ts b e t ter t he g eograph ica l a nd s tra teg ic c ontex t ; o bv ious ly , t he f or ts d escr ibed u p t o n ow d a t ing f rom t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars , were s ure ly d es igned t o f ac i li ta te t he march t owards

9

Transy lvan ia . d e S us 7°

T he p o in ts T irgeor ,6 8

Mi li iee t i 69

( f ig . 5a nd 6 ) a nd Dra jna _

( f ig . 7 ) mark t he r oad t ha t l eads t o t he B irsa C ountry , t hrough t he

Te lea jen Va l ley , wh i le J idava a nd R ucär i s t he o ne c rossing t hrough t he Bran P ass . T he b u i lding me thods u sed i n t he f or t a t Dra jna d e S us a re q u i te t he s ame a s t hose u sed i n t he c ons truc t ion o ft he f or ts a t Bretcu 7 1 ( f ig . 8 ) a nd a t H ogh iz 7 2

( f ig . 9a nd 1 0 ) .

The d oub le wa l ls , t yp ica l o f a l l f or ts i n t h is z one

a nd f ound i n n o o ther p ar t o f Dac ia ,

7 3

a re a lso a pparen t a t t he f or t o f t he

L eg ion a t V indisch ( V indon issa ) 74 wh ich a lready i n 5 3-54 h ad b een r ep laced i n s tone , a s a t t he f or t a t H ogh iz . We t h ink t ha t t he u se o ft he s a me b u i lding t echn ique , w i th s l ight d if ferences i n t he s hape o f t he g a te a nd t he a ng le t owers , a rgues i n f avour o f t he c on te mp oraneous e x is tence o f t hese f or ts a nd f or t he ir b e ing w i th in t he r ange o f a c t ion o f o ne a nd t he s ame l eg ion i n t he p rov ince i .e . l eg io X I C laudia wh ich d ur ing Do m i t ian 's r e ign was b ased a t t he f or t o f V indon issa .7 5 The S econd Dac ian War T he s econd war , t ha t a nn ih i la ted t he s tou t r es istance o f t he Dac ians , was waged a ga ins t t he n uc leus i n Transy lvan ia ;

f or , b y a dm i t t ing t he p resence

o ft he R o man t roops i n t he s ub-Carpa th ian r eg ion a nd a long t he Transy lvan ian O l t7 6 we r es tr ic t t he g enera l g oa l o f t he warfare t o t he o ccupa t ion o f S arm izege tuza a nd t o t he n eu tra l isa t ion o f t he o ther p o ints o f r esis tance , t he l as t o f wh ich was Ran istoru m .7 7 Archaeo log ica l i nves t iga t ions c onduc ted i n Mo ldav ia h ave s hown t ha t t he R oman a c t ions were a i med a t o ccupy ing t he Dac ian t err i tory a s a who le a nd h ave a lso p roved t ha t s o me o ther r eg ions t ha t were n ever i nc luded i n t he R oman Emp ire 7 8 were a lso o ccup ied b y t he Roman t roops . When t he war e nded t he c onquered t err i tor ies w ere a bsorbed i n to t he n ew ly-crea ted 79 Dac ian p rov ince a nd i n to Moesia I nfer ior . The p rov ince o f Dac ia w i l l i ncorpora te a l l t he t err i tor ies t ha t f ormer ly b e longed t o Moes ia S uper ior a nd t he Transy lvan ian t err i tor ies c onquered d ur ing t he s econd war ; wh i le Moes ia I nfer ior c o mpr ised t he r eg ions c onquered d ur ing t he f irs t war— t he e ast o f O lten ia , Wa l lach ia a nd t he s outh o f Mo ldav ia , a nd t he S outhE astern c orner o f Transy lvan ia .

The f ac t t ha t t he t err i tor ies l y ing i n t he

s outh e ast o f t he C arpath ians r e ma ined i n tra p rov inc ia m Moes iae I n fer ior is , s ee ms t o s ugges t t ha t a f ter t he s econd Dac ian war t ha t z one p reserved t he f orm i th ad a cquired f o l low ing t he p eace c onc luded i n 1 02 .

1 0

CHAPTER 3 THE EARLY ORGAN ISATION OF THE DACIAN S YSTEM OF DEFENCE- WORKS

B y i ncorpora t ing D ac ia i nto t he R oman Emp ire Tra jan c omp le ted a n o f fensi ve a c t ion meant t o s ecure t he s ou th-Danub ian p rov inces , t hus s p l i t t ing u p t he f ron t o f t he b arbar ians a nd k eep ing c lose wa tch o n a l l t he ir movemen ts . The c rea t ion o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia p osed t wo c ruc ia l p rob le ms — the d efence o f i t s own t err i tory a nd c om mun ica t ion w i th t he Emp ire a cross t he C arpa th ians a nd t he Danube . E xa m ina t ion o f t he s i tes a nd a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions a re a s y et t oo l im i ted t o e nab le u s t o d e term ine t he p hases o f t he c ons truc t ion o ft he Dac ian l imes . We wou ld p ropose Tra jan 's r e ign f or i t s s tar t , i tb eing t he p er iod when an u mber o f f or ts , f or wh ich e xcava t ions h ave a lready p roduced a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , s tar ted t o b e b u i lt , a nd when i n s o me o ther f or ts t roops r ecorded i n t he mi l i tary d ip lomas o f 1 10 , u n loca ted e lsewhere , a re k nown t o h ave b een s ta t ioned, a s a t tested b y e p igraph ic e v idence . A s ag enera l r u le , i th as b een n o ted t ha t t he c as tra a nd t he f or ts e x ist ing a t t he t ime were l oca ted o n t he s tra teg ic r oads . T he d efens ive s yste m o f t he n ew p rov ince i n t he s ubsequen t y ears b e trayed t he f ac t t ha t i t was i n tended t o n eu tra lize D ac ian r es is tance a nd t o s ecure p roper f ront ier b arr iers .

A f ter t he c onques t , a t l eas t t wo

l eg ions c on t inued t o r e ma in i n Dac ia a nd i ti s t o b e p resu med t ha t t he p rov ince was d iv ided i n to t wo t err i tor ia l u n i ts e ach s ubord ina te t o o ne o ft wo l ega t i . The Terr i tory w i th in t he Range o f Ac t ion o f L eg . 1 1 1 F lav ia F e l ix i n 1 06-117/118

The e ar l ies t s tone c a mp e ver b u i lt i n Dac ia , i s a t Drobe ta— i ts e rec t ion b y c ohors IA n t iochens iu m b eing s i mu ltaneous w i th t he b u i lding o f Apo l lodorus o f Damascus

b r idge :-

IMP ] CAESAR D I [ V I NERVAE F ] NERVA TRAIANUS AUG GER I M DACIC P [ M TR I IAPOTEST COS P P PER CO ]H IANTIO [CHENS IUM ] L arge-sca le e xcava t ions , c over ing t he e n t ire a rea o f t he c amp a nd a l l i t s p hases , " h ave b een c arr ied o ut . Radu F lorescu s u ms u p t he d a ta c oncern ing t he v ar ious s tages when t h is f or t was i n u se .

8 1

D esp i te t he f ac t t ha t Drobe ta i s o ne o ft he most i n tense ly

e xcava ted f or ts i n Dac ia , n o s c ien t if ic monograph h as y et d ea lt w i th t he o vera l l r esu lts o ft he a rchaeo log ica l s urvey o f i t s s i te ;

wh ich wou ld b e o f v ery

s pec ia l i nteres t a s e v idence r evea ls t ha t l i fe i n t h is f or t , wh ich u nderwen t t he modif ica t ions r equired a t e very s tage , g oes o n u n t i l l a te i n t he 6 th c en tury .

1 1

T here i s n o c er ta in ty o ver t he p lace men t o ft roops : i ta ppears t ha t c ohors I l C a mpenes tr is a nd c ohors IS ag i t tar ioru m were t he t roops t ha t s tayed i n t h is f or t f or a l onger t ime . E xcava t ions c onduc ted a t P o je jena S f rbeascä ( f ig . 1 2) h ave n o t g one b eyond t he s tage o fd e term in ing t he p lans a nd t he s ize o f t he f or t , a nd o n ly ab r ief a ccount 8 2 h as b een p ub lished . The f or t l i es a bou t o ne k i lome tre n or th o f t he Danube a nd o ccup ies a c om manding s i tua t ion o ver V e l iko Grädi§ te a nd t he d ef i le o f t he D anube . I th as b een a scer ta ined t ha t t h is d efence h ad t wo p hases o f e x istence b ut o n a ccoun t o ft he l im i ted s cope o f e xcava t ions a nd f or l ack o f e v idence w e c anno t d a te t he m e xac t ly .

The a u thors c ons ider t ha t t he e ar th-

work f or t i s l a te I s t c en tury-ear ly 2 nd c en tury , w hen t he e ar lies t e p igraph ic r ecords a t tes t t he p resence o f c ohors V Ga l loru m a t P o je jena .

8 3

We t h ink , h owever , t ha t f ur ther r esearch o n t he s i te , a nd more e x tens ive work o n t he g round , a re r equ ired b efore we c an s ay e xact ly whether i ti s a n e ar ly R oman d efence a nd when i ts tar ted b e ing b u i lt . T he i nd ica t ions g iven b y B . M i l leker , 84 a nd o ur own o bserva t ions b ased o n t he s tudy o f a ir p ho tographs , e n t i t le u s t o p resu me 8 5 t he e x is tence o f t wo a nd e ven t hree d efences b e long ing t o d if feren t p er iods , t ha t c ou ld b e R oman o r R oman-Byzan t ine ,8 6 g iven t he p ar t icu lar s tra tegic i mpor tance o f t heir p os i t ion . N or th o f P o je jena , o n t he L edera ta-T ibiscum r oad , C . Torma h as i den t if i ed a f or t a t Värädia-Arc idava 8 7 ( f ig . 1 3) ; i t s r ampar t wa l l i s marked b y p ro trus ions b eyond t he l i ne o ft he wa l l , b o th a t t he a ng les a nd a t t he c ur ta ins , wh ich f orm a s ys te m o fp la tforms .

T he g a tes a re f l anked b y r ec tangu lar8 8

t owers much r eced ing f ro m t he l i ne o f t he wa l l a nd mak ing u p i nner c our ty ards . 8 9 A t t he p or ta p raetor ia—a d oub le g ateway—apar t f rom t he r ec tangu lar t owers t here w i l l b e n o ted e x tens ive p lat forms a long t he r a mpar t wa l l . I ti s n o t o ut o f t he q ues t ion f or t hese p la tforms t o b e ar ep lace men t i n s tone o f t he Wehrgang t ha t h ad b een s uppor ted b y wooden p i l lars i n a n e ar lier c ons truc t ion . T he t roops i n g arr ison h ere were p resu mab ly c ohors IV inde licoru m , a s i ndica ted b y a sma l l t ab le t r eading C oh . IV inde l ico (ru m ) J u li Mar t ia l is C (entur ia ) C le men t is ; t h is t roop c a me t o Dac ia a s a mi l l iar ia ," b u t t he a rea o ft he f or t a t Arc idava i s t oo sma l l t o h ave h e ld s uch a u n i t . I ta ppears t ha t t he l i fe o ft h is d efence work c ame t o ac lose e ar ly i n t he r e ign o f H adr ian .

Among t he f i nds u ncovered b y e xcava t ions a t v ar ious t imes

a re a n u mber o f c o ins d a t ing b ack t o t he t ime o f N ero , V espas ian , Dom i t ian a nd Tra jan ( excava t ions c onduc ted b y M i l leker a nd B öh m , i nformat ion r ec orded b y T . S i mu Arh ive le O l ten iei , I V , 1 925 , p . 3 91) . The l ast c o in d isc overed d a tes f rom 17 .

9 1

We t h ink t ha t t he r esu lts p ub l ished s o f ar d o n o t

e n t i t le u s t o s uppose t he e x is tence o f ap r imary f or t o f e ar th a nd t imber ; we r a ther t h ink t ha t i t was o r ig ina l ly b ui l t i n s tone 9 2 e ar ly d ur ing t he Dac ian wars .

A l though Gr igore F lorescu c onsiders t ha t i tc on t inued t o f unc t ion

u n t i l t he 3 rd c en tury 9 3 t here i s n o e v idence r e la t ing t o i t af ter c ohors I V inde licoru m was t ransferred t o T ib iscu m , p oss ib ly e ar ly d ur ing H adr ian 's r e ign .

1 2

A t S urducu l Mere ( Cen tu m P utea ) ( f ig . 1 4 ) a n e ar thwork f or t was d iscovered i n whose s i te s tamps o f l eg io I I I F . F .

9 4

w ere r ecovered .

R esearch o n t h is

s i te i s f ar t oo l im i ted t o e nab le u s t o c ome t o d ef in i te c onc lus ions;

b u t j udg ing

f ro m t he s ec t ion a cross t he n or th-wes t s i de ( a lready p ub lished) i ti s h igh ly p oss ib le t hat t he v a l lu m Iwas l a id o ver a n e ar l ier c ons truc t ion .9 5

Obv ious ly ,

t he i n terna l b u i ldings t raced i n t he s ec t ions c ut were b arracks d es igned t o h ouse t he men o f av ex i l la t io o f l eg io I I I F . F . moved t o h ere f rom B erzob is . The r e ma ins a t B erzob is ( f ig . 1 5 ) , o n t he b ank o f t he B irzava , h ave b een k nown f or a l ong t ime n ow , b ut i ti s o n ly i n t he 1 96 0 s9 6 t ha t s ys tema t ic r esearch , t hough n o t e x tens ive e nough , s tar ted b e ing c onduc ted . T he b r ief r epor ts p ub lished a re j us t a ccoun ts o f e xcava t ions . I th as o n ly b een a scert a ined t ha t i t was a n e ar thwork f or t w i th v a l lum a nd d i tch 9 7 a nd t ha t b o th v ia s agu lar is a nd p r inc ip ia e xh ib it t wo p hases o f e x is tence ; t he s econd c ons truct i on c a me a f ter a d es truc t ive f i re; c hrono log ica l d e ta i ls a re wan t ing i n t he p ub lished r epor ts b u t s pec ia l men t ion i s made o f t he e ar ly a bandonmen t o f t he d efence a nd t he f ounding o f ac iv i l s e t t lement o n i t s s i te . S tudy ing a l l t he r e lics o f l eg io I I I F . F ., D . P ro tase 9 8 ma in ta ins t ha t t h is f or t w as i n u se t hroughout t he s tay o f t he l eg ion i n D ac ia i .e . u nt i l t he b eg inn ing o f H adr ian 's r eign . Though a nc ien t s ources men t ion t he p o in ts A iz izis a nd C aput B uba li a long t he r oad t o S arm izege tusa , n o s ys te ma t ic r esearch h ad b een c arr ied o ut t o d e term ine t he ir l oca t ion .

9 9

T ibiscu m ( f ig . 1 6 )— loca ted i n t he n e ighbourhood o f J upa v i l lage , o n t he r iver T im ie , i s a n o b liga tory c ross ing p o in t a f fording a ccess t o t he Hgeg P la in , t hrough t he T ransy lvan ian I ron G a tes . I n 1 964 , s ys te ma t ic r esearch s tar ted b o th i n t he c astru m a nd i n t he mun ic ip iu m . 1 00 F rom t he s ugges t ions c on ta ined i n t he p apers dwe l l ing s o le ly u pon t he q ues t ion o f t he t roops t ha t 1 i were i n g arr ison h ere ,1 0 tc an b e c onsidered t ha t af or t was a lready i n e x is tence a t t h is p o in t d ur ing t he t ime o f t he f i rs t war waged b y Tra jan . H owever , a s i n o ur o p in ion c ohors IV inde l icoru m 10 2 c ame h ere a s l a te a s t he b eg inn ing o f H adr ian 's r e ign we h ave t o c onc lude t ha t d ur ing t he p er iod o f t he Dac ian wars a nd i n t he e ar ly y ears o f R oman r u le a d if feren t t roop h ad b een s ta t ioned h ere . We mus t e ager ly awa i t t he c onc lus ion o f t he e xcava t ion a nd i t s r esu lts , g iven t he e x is tence o f s evera l p hases i n t he l i fe o f t h is f or t a nd t he f ac t t ha t i t was r ebu i lt i n a more e x tens ive a rea . 1 03 A t Z ävo i , i den t if ied w i th Agnav iae , t he e x is tence h as b een a scer ta ined o f al arge f or t s u mmar i ly e xa m ined , w i th r esu lts r e ma in ing u npub l ished . C onsider ing t hat t h is f or t l i es a t t he v ery o pen ing o f t he Transy lvan ian I ron Ga tes a nd t ha t c hance f i nds s ee m t o i ndica te t ha t i td id n o t f unc t ion v ery l ong , w e a re i nc l ined t o s hare t he g enera l o p in ion t ha t i t was a march ing-camp i n u se d ur ing t he Dac ian wars .

1 04

I ta ppears t ha t f o l low ing t he p eace o f 1 02 a R oman g arr ison was l ef t i n t he t err i tory U lp iae T ra ianae c o lon iae D ac icae .

1 05

The s ta mps o f l eg io 11

F . F , f ound i n t h is R oman c o lony , were t hough t t o i ndica te t ha t t h is l eg ion was q uar tered h ere f rom 1 02 t i l l t he f ounding o f t he R oman c i ty . 1 06 B ut , t he p resence o f t hese s ta mps i n t he c ons truc t ions o ft he c i ty c anno t b e p roof t ha t t he e n t ire l eg ion w as b ased i n t h is a rea ; w e t h ink t ha t a rch i tec ts a nd

1 3

s o ldiers o f t h is l eg ion , w i th in whose r ange o f a c t ion t he c o lony was f ounded , were u sed i n e rec t ing t he p ub lic b u i ldings o f t he n ew me tropo l is . And , a f ter s or t ing o ut t he s ta mps 1 07 t he f ac t a ppears q u i te c lear ly t ha t t h is l eg ion 's r ange o f a c t ion c overs t he s ou th o f D ac ia o n ly , a nd s o , i tw as n a tura l t ha t i t s men s hou ld b e i nvo lved i n t he c onstruc t ion o f t he c o lony . T he z one o f t he D ac ian f or tresses i n t he Ori§ t ie moun ta ins a lso b e longed t o t he t err i tory w i th in t he c ompe tence o f l eg io I I I F . F . I ft he f or ts l y ing i n moun ta inous c oun try a re s ure t o h ave b een i n u se d ur ing c a mpa igns a lone , b e ing s ubsequen t ly a bandoned , t hose s itua ted c lose t o t he D ac ian f or tresses mus t h ave b een o ccup ied b y t roops f or a l onger p er iod o f t ime , p oss ib ly u n t i l t he g rea t " reconc i l ia t ion" , i n i t ia ted b y H adr ian . We r efer t o t he f or ts a t C os te§ t i ,

1 09

P r isaca ,

1°

1 08

L ucan i-Tirsa , Munce lu 1 11

a nd t o t he f ac t t ha t D ac ia 's c ap i ta l c i ty was r e-used b y av ex i l la t io o f l eg io 1 1 1 I FF a s at e mporary c amp .

T he f or t if ica t ion f ound a t Orä t ioara d e S us 1 13

12

( f ig . 1 7 ) i s t he o n ly o ne f rom among t hose mark ing t he r oad t o t he c ap ita l o f t he D ac ian s tate a long t he r iver A pa Oa§u lu i , t ha t c on t inued t o e x is t u n t i l t he 3 rd c en tury . F rom t he p re l im inary r epor ts c oncern ing t h is f or t t he e x istence o f t hree p hases i n i t s l i fe c an b e i n ferred — two e ar thwork f or ts a nd a t h ird c ons truc t ion i n s tone ( see f i g . 1 8 ) . T he a gger o f t he f i rst p hase c ons is ts o f b rown-ye l low ish s o i l a nd h as a b ase o n ly 6 .40 m w ide—wh ich l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t i th ad a f ac ing o f c aesp i tes 15 t raced b y d igg ing ) .

o r a wooden f enc ing ( t ha t c ou ld n o t b e

I ti s l i ke ly t ha t i n Tra jan 's t ime t he Germanic i e xp lora tores

t ha t were t o b ecome n u merus G erman ic ianoru m 1 1 6g arr isoned t h is f or t . One o f t he p rob lems t ha t was n ever who l ly s o lved i s t ha t o f t he western b oundary o f t he p rov ince o f D ac ia . T he o n ly e xcava ted f or t a long t he c ourse o f t he Mure§ i s M ic ia ( t he modern V ee l ) ( f ig . 1 9 )—whose f unc t ion was t o g uard t he c ourse o f t he r iver a nd t he n a tura l r oad l i nking t he P annon ian p la in w i th t he p rov ince o f D ac ia . Da icov ic iu 17

T h is f or t ( f ig . 2 0 ) was i nves t iga ted b y P rofessor C .

i n 1 929-1930 a nd we t h ink t ha t h is o bserva t ions a re a ccura te

a nd s t i l l v a lid . T he e x is tence h as t hus b een a scer ta ined o f a n e ar thwork f or t wh ich , i n P rofessor C . D a icov ic iu 's o pin ion , c ou ld h ave b een sma l ler t han i t s r ep lace ment i n s tone .

18

A ccording t o d a ta s upp l ied b y t he s ec t ion c u t

a cross t he n or th s ide , t he a gger ( f ig . 2 1) —o f t he e ar thwork f or t i s o f t he Ho lz Erde -Mauer t ype-4 m w ide —and h as a h or izon ta l t imber s upers truc ture t ha t c onnec ted t he e nc losures;

ad i tch w i th c ompara t ive ly e qua l e scarp men ts

c a me a f ter a b erm a bou t 2m i n w idth .

I ns ide t he e ar th a nd t imber c onstruc-

t i on , t wo s uccess ive l ayers o fb urn t ma t ter were f ound , a pparen t ly t he e f fec t o f t he d evas ta t ion b y f i re o f s o me wooden b ui ld ings 19

o n i t s s i te .

T he e x istence o f t wo d if feren t d i tches o n t he s outh s ide ( 1a nd l a ) ( f ig . 2 ,a ) s uggests a s im i lar c onc lus ion a s r egards t he t wo d is t inc t p er iods i n t he l i fe o f t he e ar th f or t . A ctua l ly , t he p re l im inary e xcavat ion r epor ts a re t oo i ncomp lete t o e nab le u s t o t urn t o g ood a ccoun t a l l t he e le men ts t hat h ave b een b rough t t o l i gh t s o f ar , a nd i ti s t o b e r egre t ted t ha t n o c oncern h as b een s hown w i th f i x ing d a tes .

I n o ur o p in ion we c an d a te t he b eg inn ings o f t he

M ic ia f or t p rov ided t ha t we a gree t ha t i ti s h ard t o b e lieve t ha t t he d efence o f t he Mure§ V a l ley a nd o f t he a ccess r oad t o t he g o ld-bear ing r eg ion c ou ld h ave b een n eg lec ted . T he f ac t t ha t n o o ther f or t o f T ra jan ic d a te i s k nown t o h ave h e ld c ohors I F l C om magenoru mj a t tested i n D ac ia i n 10 ,1 20 a n d q uar tered h ere a lready i n H adr ian 's 1 2 I days , l eads u s t o t h ink t hat t h is c ohor t 1 4

i s r espons ib le f or t he c ons truc t ion o f t he e ar th-for t a t M ic ia .

I fi ti s a scer-

t a ined b y e xcava t ion t hat t he o r ig ina l f or t h ad t he s ame a rea a s i t s r ep lacemen t i n s tone , we w i l l h ave t o p ostu la te t ha t at roop ,

1 22

o ther t han c ohors I F l

C o m magenoru m , w as i n g arr ison h ere t oge ther w i th t he l a t ter . _

F ur ther

f i e ld r esearch a nd s ys te ma t ic e xcava t ions w i l l h ave t o f i nd o u t w he ther o r n o t d ur ing t he r e ign o f T ra jan t he l ower c ourse o f t he Mure§ was g uarded b y f or t if ied p o in ts . Wha t a ppears c er ta in , h owever , i s t ha t t he r ange o f a c t ion o f l eg io I I I FF e x tended t h is f ar a nd i ti s n o t u n like ly t ha t a t Aradu l N ou ,

1 23

o n t he r oad a long t he r iver Mure§ , a sma l l f or t migh t h ave e x isted . 24 w hose p resence i n D ac ia , i n 10 , a nd P edi tes s ingu lares Br i tann ic i1 l a ter i n D ac ia S uper ior i s a t tes ted , a re men t ioned o n i nscr ip t ions f ound a t C ig ma-u—Germisara 1 25 wh ich t hey h ad p robab ly g arr isoned s ince t heir c om ing t o Dac ia .

J udg ing f ro m i t s p os i t ion t he c as te l lu m mus t h ave b een l oca ted o n

t he U lp ia Tra iana—Apu lu m r oad . T he R ange o f Ac t ion o f L eg io X I I I G em ina i n 1 06-117/118 When t he wars e nded l eg io X I I I G em ina o ccupied t he c as tru m a t A pu lu m . I ta ppears t ha t i n T ra jan 's t ime t he l eg ion e xerc ised i t s a u thor i ty i n t he n or thern h a lf o f t he p rovince .

1 26

There i s n o c er ta in e v idence a bout t he f orm o f t h is

f or t , wh ich s ubsequen t ly b eca me a mediaeva l f or tress a nd i s n ow t he s i te o f t he modern c i ty o f A lba I u l ia .

Apu lu m l ay a t t he j unc t ion o f t he i mper ia l r oad

c ross ing t he n or th-south o f t he p rov ince a nd o f t he t rade r oute a long t he Mure§ V a l ley l eading t o P annon ia . I t s p os i t ion i n t he c en tre o f t he p rov ince a nd t he l a t ter 's r e la t ions w i th t he b arbar ian t r ibes d e term ined t he l eg ion t o s e t t le h ere f rom t he v ery f i rs t a nd t o r ema in i n t h is p lace u n t i l t he a bandonment o f t he p rov ince . T he l eg ion 's c lose v ic in i ty t o t he g o ld-bear ing r eg ion e nsured i t s r ap id i n terven t ion whenever n ecessary .

A lthough t here a re n o t

e nough d a ta a va i lab le , i ti s c ons idered p robab le t ha t i n t he y ears f o l low ing t he o rganisa t ion o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia Apu lu m was h e ld a lso b y l eg io I A diutr ix . 1 27 N or th-eas t o f t he c astru m f ound n ear I gh iu 1 28

( f ig . 2 4 ) t he r ema ins o f a

s tone r oad were u ncovered b y e xcava t ion-2 .5 m w ide—presu med t o b e t he r e ma ins o f t he r oad l eading t o B ruc la a nd f ar ther o n t o P o ta issa—Napoca . T his r oad was b ui lt s oon a f ter t he p rov ince was f ormed .

1 29

A sma l l e ar th-

work f or t1 30 w ith s ing le wes t g a te was i den t if ied a long t h is r oad , wh ich a lso h as a n a ddi t iona l r ampar t . We a re n o t i n ap osi t ion t o d a te i tb u t a s t he r esu lts p ub lished men t ion , among t he f ew f i nds t here i s ah as ta d a t ing f rom t he l st-2nd c en tury .

I tc ou ld b e s ugges ted t ha t t h is was a sma l l t e mporary

f or t b ui lt a t t he p o in t w here t he r oad t o Z la tna ( A mpe lu m ) a nd A brud ( A lburnus Ma jor ) b ranched o f fd ur ing t he e ar ly y ears o f o rgan isa t ion o f t he D ac ian p rov ince . Ow ing t o e p igraph ic e v idence a nd e spec ia l ly t o a rchaeo log ica l f i nds t he t err i tory t ha t u sed t o b e long t o t he p rov ince o f Dac ia c an b e more d is t inc t ly o ut lined t o t he n or th-wes t . E xcava t ions a t B o loga , t he a nc ien t R escu lu m ,1 31 s tar ted b y P ro fessor M . Macrea h ave p rov ided s ome o f t he mos t amp le a nd mos t a ccura te d a ta c oncerning a R o man f or tif ica t ion i n Dac ia .

1 5

Af or t i n e xce l len t p reserva t ion o ver looks t he n arrow v a l ley o f t he C r i§u l R epede r iver ,1 32 o ne o f t he most a ccess ib le r oads f rom t he n or th-wes t , f rom B arbar icu m t o t he i n ter ior o ft he p rov ince . Br i t tonu m 1 33

I ti s l i ke ly t ha t c ohors I

b ui lt t h is e ar thwork f or t a t t he t ime o f t he p ac ify ing a c t ions

s ubsequen t t o t he s uic ide o f Deceba lus a f ter t he Dac ians ' c omp le te d efea t . I n i t s o r ig ina l f orm t he f or t was sma l ler t han i t s l a ter r econs truc t ions . The d ef in ing o f t he a rea o f t h is f or t i n i t s e ar ly Tra jan ic f orm i s t he more v a luab le s ince i ta ppears t ha t p ar t o f i t s i n terna l b u i ldings h ave a lready b een t raced . 1 34 T he o n ly p ub l ica t ion ( M i litargrenzen , I , p . 3 20 , f i g . 6 ) made a f ter r ee xa m ina t ion o f t he s i te , i s t he s ec t ion s how ing t he s outh s ide o f t he e n larged f or t .

B ut , f rom t he o bserva t ions o ft h is s ec t ion i ti s o n ly r easonab le t o c on-

c lude t ha t t he e x tens ion o f t he a rea o f t h is f or t t ook p lace i n i t s e ar ly p hase . A s tudy o f t he s ec t ion i ndica tes t ha t t he a gger h as t wo p hases , d ef ined b y a l ayer o fb urn t ma t ter , a shes a nd c harcoa l;

we t h ink t ha t t h is l ayer—wh ich

d oes n o t a ppear a l l a long t he l eng th o f t he s ou th s ide—is t he e f fec t o f af i re t ha t d es troyed a wooden b ui lding p r ior t o t he t o ta l r ep lace men t i n s tone . T he e x tens ion o f i t s a rea s hor t ly af ter 1 08, t o when t he c om ing o f c ohors I H ispanoru m ( Scu ta ta c yrena ica ) t o t he n or th o ft he p rov ince , a t Bo loga , h as b een d a ted , c an b e a ccoun ted f or b y l og ica l a rguments .

1 35

B ut l arger-sca le

i nves t iga t ions a nd g rea ter c oncern f or a more a ccura te d escr ip t ion o f t he c ons truc t ions o f Tra jan ic d a te w i l l b r ing t o l i gh t more d eta i ls a bout t he f or ts a nd t he ir c omponen t s truc tures .

1 36

P oar ta Mese§anä— the s econd a ccess-way f ro m t he n or th-west—seems t o h ave b een p rov ided w i th s trong d efences a s e ar ly a s t he b eginn ings o f Dac ia . A t P oro lissu m , a t t he p o in t P omä t , ac amp was b ui lt i n t he t ime o f Tra jan .

E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t o n t he P omä t H i l l d ur ing t he 1 959 s eason

b rought t o l i gh t , o n t he s ou th-wes t s ide , t he e x istence o f a n e ar th-work f or t w i th a r ock-cu t d i tch o n whose 1 .50-w ide b erm a f a ir ly h igh l ayer o f h u mus was l a id . T he f orm o ft he a gger , p roposed b y t he a u thors i n t he s ec t ion a lready p ub lished , s ee ms u naccep tab le t o u s ( Ma ter ia le V M , p . 4 92 ) : " The a gger o ft he e ar th-work f or t , c ons ist ing o f r ock c h ipp ings i n av ar ie ty o f c o lours , y e l low o r r ed s o i l , we l l-set ( f ig . 2 6) , i s s epara ted f rom t he s tone-for t a gger b y al ayer o fb lack s o i l mixed w i th a l arge amoun t o f a sh , p o t tery f rag men ts , a nima l b ones , e tc ." Therefore , a ccording t o t he a uthors , t he a gger , e x tend ing b e tween 8 9-95 m, i s a bou t 5 .50 m w ide . We a re i nc lined t o b e lieve t ha t i ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he l ayer o f b urn ing t hat d ef ines t he a gger f e l l o n t he s lope g iv ing a ccess t o t he wa tch-wa lk , p oss ib ly when t he t imber a nd e ar th wa l l was r ep laced b y a n a gger o f c h ipped s tone . The p osi t ion o f s uch a n a gger b ehind a s o lid s tone wa l l s ee ms f ar more r easonab le t o u s . The c lear-cu t v er t ica l d e lim i ta t ion o f t he r ock l ayers , a s d ist ingu ished f rom t hose o f r ed s o i l , e n t i t les u s t o c onsider t ha t a Ho lz Erde-Mauer e x isted a t P oro l isu m i n t he f irs t p hase ; t he e x istence o f t h is t ype o f d efence c an b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he f ac t t ha t b e ing e rec ted a t t he v ery e dge o f t he h igh land s lope i tf ormed a r es is tance t o l ands l ides f ar b et ter t han a v a l lu m made o f c aesp ites .

O f c ourse , r ecent ly r esu med e xcava t ions o f t he s i te a t P o rni t

h ave r evea led more e xac t d a ta i n t h is r espec t , wh ich a re b eing worked o n a nd a re t o b e p ub lished .

T hough t he d a ta made a va i lab le s o f ar d o n o t e nab le

u s t o e s tab l ish a c er ta in c hrono logy o f t h is e ar thwork f or t a t P o mä t , t he s hape o ft he d i tch s eems t o a rgue i n f avour o f a n e ar ly d a t ing . 1 6

On t he n e ighbour ing h i l l , c a l led C i tera , e xcava t ions h ave r evea led t he e x is tence o f a n e ar thwork f or t g enera l ly a scr ibed t o Tra jan a s we l l

( Ma ter ia le ,

V I I , p p . 3 74-375 , M . Macrea , V ia ta ..., p . 2 31; M . Macrea , E nc ic lopedia c lass ica , s v . P oro l issu m ) . Though i t was p ossib le t o d e term ine t he e ar th p hase o n t he s outh-wes t s ide a nd o n t he e as t a ng le n o c omp le te p ic ture o f t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t r evea led h as b een made a va i lab le .

Men t ion i s made o f

t he f ac t t ha t t he l ayer i s p oor i n a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l .

T he f ac t t ha t s evera l

t roops a t tes ted i n D ac ia i n Tra jan 's t ime a re e p igraph ica l ly r ecorded a t P oro l issu m o r i n i t s i mmedia te v ic in i ty c a l ls f or more r esearch i n to t he q uest i on o f w hen a nd where t hese t roops p assed t hrough o r were s ta t ioned a t P oro lissu m .

U nfor tuna te ly t hese f i nds c anno t b e a ssessed c hrono log ica l ly

a s i n r ecover ing t hem n o r eference h as b een made t o t he a rchaeo log ica l c ontex t i n wh ich t hey were f ound .

T hey r efer t o t roops ment ioned i n t he

e ar l ies t d ip lomas i n t he p rov ince , wh ich were t o s tay i n t hese f or ts f or a l ong t ime ; a t tes ted a t P oro lissu m a re : c ohors IH ispanoru m D .p .f . ,1 39 c ohors V . L ingonu m , 1 4 °c ohors V I T hracu m ,1 41 a nd t he s tamp CHS IJS .1 42 A l l t hese t roops r e leased v e terans i n 10 .

C ohors IBr i t tonu m a nd c ohors

IH ispanoru m a re a t tes ted a t t he f or ts a t B o loga 14 3 a nd R omäna§ i1 44 i ve ly ( f ig . 2 9-30 ) .

r espec t-

I ti s h ard t o s ay whe ther o r n o t , a lready i n t he f i rs t t wo

d ecades , P oro lissu m p layed a s impor tan t ap ar t a s i td id i n t he mid-2nd c entury , a nd whe ther i to ccup ied , f rom t he v ery s tar t , ap rom inen t p osi t ion i n t he s tra teg ic z one n or th-wes t o ft he p rov ince . T he n or thern s ec t ion o f Dac ia 's b oundary b eg ins a t t he p o in t n a med T ihäu ( f ig . 3 1) .

T hough s evera l f or ts s tand o n e i ther b ank o ft he S ome

V a l ley , i t

migh t b e c ons idered t o h ave b een t he n a tura l b oundary o f t he t err i tory o f t he Emp ire s tr ic t ly s peak ing , f rom t h is p o in t e as twards .

E xcava t ion o ft h is

c aste l lu m i n 1 958, d emons trab ly s howed t ha t i t was o r ig ina l ly b u i lt i n s tone a nd t ha t i ti n i t ia l ly h e ld a v ex i l la t io o f l eg io X I I I G em ina 14 5 ( f ig . 3 2 ) w ith in whose r ange o f a c t ion was , u nt i l t he p rov ince P oro l issu m was f ounded , t he e n t ire t err i tory o f n or thern Dac ia .

Ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t t he i nscr ibed

f ounda t ion s tone was l a id b y ad e tach men t o ft he l eg ion , we c an b e c er ta in t ha t i t was r espons ib le f or t he c ons truc t ion o f t h is s tone f or t a f ter t he Dac ian wars . I ti s g enera l ly a sser ted t ha t t he f or t f ound a t C äse i ,1 45 a w as o r ig ina l ly b u i lt i n s tone i n Hadr ian 's r e ign a t t he e ar l ies t . Work h ere e ar ly i n t h is c entury , c ou ld n o t , o n a ccoun t o ft he t echn iques emp loyed , d e termine a l l t he p hases i n i t s c ons truc t ion . N o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence h as b een p ub lished f or t h is s i te e i ther . We o n ly k now , f rom e p igraph ic s ources , t ha t c ohors I B r i t tan ica 1 46

a nd , i n t he 3 rd c en turyea la e lec tonu m l i ved a t C ä§e i .

A f ter t ak ing p ar t i n t he wars w i th t he Dac ians , c ohors IB r i t tann ica r e ma ined i n t he n or th-Danub ian p rov ince ,1 47 a nd was a pparen t ly s ta t ioned t o t he n or th o ft he p rov ince f rom t he v ery f i rs t . The d a t ing o f t he f or t a t C5§e i—Sa mun ( f ig . 3 3 ) t o al a ter p er iod h as b een a ccoun ted f or b y t he t yp ica l ly l a te f orm o f t he g a te t owers a nd t he f ac t t ha t i th as n o a gger b ut a Wehrgang s uppor ted b y s tone a bu tmen ts . I ndeed , t he t owers a re b u i lt t o t he p a t tern u sed i n mi li tary c ons truc t ions o f l a ter d a te ,1 48 b ut we c an a sk whe ther o r n o t t he r ep lace men t i t se lf , wh ich t ook p lace a ccording t o t he i nscr ipt ion i n t he t ime o f C araca l la ,1 49 a l tered t he v ery f orm o f t he g a tes . Ap ho tograph o ft he d ecu mana 1 50

g a te s ee ms t o i ndica te p rec ise ly s uch a n a l tera t ion , a s 1 7

t here i s ad if ference i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he wa l l o f t he s em ic ircu lar f ragmen t a nd t he o ne i ns ide t he t ower . Anyway , t he p rob le m a s t o when t h is f or t was b ui lt—a t t he s a me t ime a s t he T i tIL f or t o r i n H adr ian 's d ays —awa i ts s o lu t ion , wh ich may we l l b e p rov ided b y n ew e xcava t ion o n t he s i te . Ac tua l ly , t h is s ec tor a s a who le s ee ms t o h ave b een l i t t le f or t if ied i n T ra jan 's r e ign , e ven t hough a la I P annon icu m 1 51

was i n g arr ison a t G her la 152 a t t ha t t ime .

T he n or th-eas tern c orner o f t he p rov ince was d efended b y t he f or t a t L ivezi le ,1 53 i den t if ied a nd e xcava ted; i t was d es igned t o g uard t he B is tr ita V a l ley f rom t he v ery s tar t o f Dac ia 's o rgan isa t ion . T he a uthors h o ld t he v iew t ha t i ti s p r ior t o t he f or t a t Orhe iu l B is tr ite i ( f ig . 3 4 ) ,l y ing a bout 2 km t o t he s outh ; t here i s n o e v idence r e la t ing t o t he t roops t ha t b u i lt t he L ivez i le f or t , b ut r e ly ing o n t he a bove c la im i ti s c onsidered t ha t i ti s t he work o f c ohors I H ispanoru m D o l a ter s ta t ioned a t Orhe iu l B istr ite i . D . P ro tase a dvances t he o p in ion t ha t i ti s n o t p oss ib le f or t he t wo f or ts t o h ave f unc t ioned a t t he s a me t ime , e ven f or a s hor t t ime , b ut we t h ink t ha t t h is c anno t b e f u l ly a ccoun ted f or g iven t he f ac t t ha t t he a rea o f t he f or t a t L ivez i le i s f ar t oo sma l l t o h ave a ccom moda ted a c ohors mi l l iar ia .

1 54

E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t Orhe iu l B istr ite i b e tween 1 957-1960 , t raced t he r e ma ins o ft he e ar thwork f or t , wh ich c overs q ui te t he s ame a rea a s t he c ons truc t ion i n s tone ;1 55

we t herefore s ugges t t ha t t he c ohor t was s ta t ioned

h ere f rom t he v ery f i rs t ;

a s f ar a s t he L ivez i le f or t i s c oncerned we t h ink

t ha t f ur ther e v idence i n s uppor t mus t b e c o l lec ted b y e xcava t ion wh ich s hou ld h e lp d e termine t he e xac t p er iod o f i t s e x istence a nd t he t roop t ha t e rec ted i t . A n i nscr ip t ion d a ted t o A. D . 1 29 a t tes ts t he p resence o f c ohors V I I I R ae toru m , i n D ac ia i n 1 10 , 1 56 a t t he p o in t n a med I n lgcen i , 1 57 -w h ich l ed M . Macrea t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t h is c ohor t was r espons ib le f or t he b u i lding o ft he e ar thwork f or t , e xcava ted i n 1 950 . 1 58 F ur ther a rchaeo log ica l d a ta o r e p igraph ica l r ecords a bout Tra jan ic d efences o n t he e as tern s ec tor o f Dac ia 's f ron t ier a s a who le a re n o t a va i lab le ; i ts ee ms s trange , h owever , t ha t t he u pper Mure§ V a l ley was n o t p rov ided w i th d efence works a f ter t he o rgan isa t ion o f t he p rov ince . T hough a t B r incovene t i , t he t wo p hases o f t he f or t h ave b een c lear ly r evea led , t here i s n o c hrono log ica l e v idence a s t o i t s c ommence men t1 59

a nd t he t roop s hown

t o h ave b een h oused h ere a ppears much l a ter i n t he Dac ia a rmy ;

w i thout

d eny ing t he p oss ibi li ty o f o ne o ft he a s y e t u n loca ted t roops f or m ing p ar t o f t he D ac ian a rmy h av ing b een s ta t ioned a t t h is p o in t o r n earby , i th as t o b e n o ted t ha t t he t roops d isp laced t o t he e as tern b order 1 60 s trength .

were n o t i n g rea t

C onc lus ions o n t he S yste m o f T ra jan ic D efences S tudy ing t he map s how ing t he f or t if ied p o in ts t ha t c ou ld b e a ss igned t o Tra jan ( f ig . 1 ) , we w i l l n o te t he e x istence o f f or t if ied r oads s uch a s t he imper ia l r oad L edera ta-T ib iscu m-U lp ia Tra jana a nd t he a l terna t ive r oad Drobe ta— B u mbe§ t i-U lp ia Tra jana-Apu lu m-Napoca .

I tc an a lso b e n o ted t ha t a s e ar ly

a s t he t ime o ft he Dac ian wars o r i m media te ly af ter , R oman t roops o ccup ied s tra teg ic p os i t ions c lose t o t he l i ne o f e ne my r es istance . R e ly ing o n a va i lab le i nforma t ion a bou t t h is f irs t s tage o f mi li tary o rganisa t ion , we t h ink t ha t o ne c anno t a rgue t ha t t he R omans were p reoccupied w ith 1 8

c los ing o r k eeping u nder c on tro l a l l t he p o in ts g iv ing a ccess t o t he p rov ince . We wou ld r a ther o bserve a c oncen tra t ion o ft roops o n t he s ou th-wes t a nd n or th-wes t s ec tors—a r eg ion e xposed t o t he a t tacks b y t he Y azyg i a nd t he f ree Dac ians .

1 61

F ur thermore , n o t ing t ha t t he R omans were p ar t icu lar ly c oncerned w i th h o lding u nder c on tro l t he wes tern r eg ions , t he i dea t ha t t hey migh t h ave l ef t d efence less t he a ccess t o t he g o ld-bear ing r eg ion i n t he A pusen i R ange o n t he C r i§u l A lb Va l ley , s ounds s trange t o u s , t o s ay t he l eas t .

Ac tua l ly , t h is

z one h as b een l i t t le s tudied , s cho lars b e ing r a ther c oncerned w i th t rac ing t he e x istence o f as ys tem o f R oman d efences i n t he moun ta ins , a long t he t heore t ica l l i ne Bo loga ( Rescu lum ) —Abrud — M ic ia .

True , i tc an b e l a id d own a s a

1 62

g enera l r u le t ha t t he R o mans u sed t o s e t t he ir b oundar ies b eh ind moun ta in r anges , wh ich were r egarded a s as ubstant ia l n a tura l b arr ier ; b u t , t he c ase o ft he Apusen i moun ta ins , whose e as tern z one was p ar t icu lar ly r ich i n g o ld , mus t h ave b een a n e xcept ion t o t he r u le .

I ts ee ms more l og ica l , t herefore ,

t ha t t he p rov ince s hou ld h ave i nc luded t he who le r ange o f t he A pusen i mounta ins a nd t ha t t he v a l leys t o t he wes t , l eading t o t he g o ld-bear ing r eg ion , s hou ld h ave b een g uarded .

A nd t he C r i§u l A lb V a l ley was t he e as iest way o f a ccess

t o t h is r eg ion . I nco mp le te r esearch c arr ied o ut i n t h is a rea b y S ever D um itra§cu ,

1 63

d e tec ted a n e ar th wa l l d oub led b y ad i tch t o t he wes t a long t he C ominee t iI erco§en i r oute ( f ig . 3 6 ) , a wa l l t ha t b arred t he way t o t he C r i§u l A lb Va l ley . We t h ink t ha t more d e ta i led s urveys a re n ecessary wh ich s hou ld f i nd n ew e v idence f or t he way i n wh ich t he g o ld-bear ing wes t r eg ion was d efended . T he p ar t icu lar impor tance o f t h is o b jec t ive l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t i t must h ave b een s trong ly h e ld a lready i n Tra jan 's t ime . E xa m in ing t he map t ha t s hows t he p o in ts t ha t a re s ure t o h ave b een o ccup ied i n t he f irs t t wo d ecades o ft he 2 nd c en tury i tc an b e n o ted t ha t Tra jan d id n o t b u i ld a d efence l i ne a long t he f ron t ier ; h e mere ly h e ld t he s tra teg ic p o in ts t ha t h ad b een o ccup ied d ur ing t he wars a nd o ccup ied n ew p os i t ions t ha t were d esigned t o r epe l o rp revent a ny e ne my a t tack .

T hough t he c ompara t ive ly

sma l l n u mber o f Tra janic f or ts i n t he n or thern a nd e as tern s ec tors o f t he Dac ian f ron t iers migh t we l l b e d ue t o t he l im i ted s cope o f f i e ld r esearch , we t h ink t ha t t hey s ugges t t he a bsence o f s t if f o pposi t ion o n t he p ar t o f t he n e ighbour ing t r ibes—the Dac ians , t he C os tobocc i a nd t he B as tarnae . These t r ibes h ad b een e i ther n eutra l ized f rom t he mi li tary v iewpo in t d ur ing t he wars 1 64

o r i ncorpora ted i n to t he s ys te m o f c l ien t s ta tes .

1 65

The Dac ian T err i tor ies Assigned t o Moes ia I nfer ior A s f ar a s t he Danube t err itor ies a ss igned t o Moes ia I n fer ior i n T ra jan ' s r e ign a re c oncerned , w e h ave a lready d escr ibed, i n g enera l t erms , t he d efence works o f Tra jan ic d a te i n Wa l lach ia , S ou thern Mo ldav ia a nd t he O lt l i ne . I n o rder t o s e t t hese f or ts w i th in t he f ramework o f t he d efence s ys te m o f Moes ia I nfer ior i t wou ld b e n ecessary t o h ave a c omp le te p ic ture o f t he d efence works t ha t o b ta ined n or th o f t he H ae mus a nd i n Dobru ja e ar ly i n t he 2 nd c entury .

B ut , ow ing t o t he l ack o f r esearch o n t he R o man e poch t here i s n o

r e liab le e v idence a va i lab le f or t he e ar ly d efences o r t he t roops t ha t g arr isoned t he m .

1 66

1 9

The l a tes t work d evo ted t o t he mi li tary o rganisa t ion o f Moes ia I nfer ior ' Arma ta r oman gi n Dobrogea ' , B ucure§t i , 1 977, a nd BAR , 1 980 , b y A . . A . r icescu d ea ls o n ly w i th t he e astern r eg ion o f t he p rov ince , p o in t ing p rec ise ly t o t he s carc ity o f a rchaeo log ica l r esearch a s we l l a s t o t he f act t hat n o c o mprehens ive s tudy h ad b een c o mp i led y e t r egard ing t he p rov ince o f Moes ia I nfer ior a nd t hat p rob le ms h ave b een a pproached i n r e la t ion t o p resen t-day a dm in istra t ive u n i ts . 1 67 C onsequent ly , we c onf ine o urse lves t o n o t ing t ha t f o l low ing t he a nnexa t ion o f t he t err i tor ies n or th o f t he Danube t o Moesia I nfer ior d ur ing t he D ac ian wars , p ar t o ft he R oman t roops i n t he p rov ince were s ta t ioned i n t he f or ts t ha t o b ta ined a long t he r oad t ha t t raversed t he t err i tory f rom n or th t o s outh a nd c onnec t ing i tw i th t he s ou th o f t he r iver .

T he p resent s tage o f

r esearch c anno t p rov ide a t ruthfu l p ic ture o f t he mi l i tary o rgan isa t ion o f Moes ia I nfer ior d ur ing Tra jan 's r e ign a nd o f t he c hanges t ha t o ccurred a f ter H adr ian 's r eorganisa t ions;

t hough we d o n o t i n tend t o a na lyse t h is p rob le m

t horough ly , i ts ee ms t o u s t ha t t he t roops d isp laced t o t he n or th o f t he Danube , e xcep t f or t he v ex i l la t iones o f t he l eg ions t ha t were w i thdrawn when t he f or ts i n n or thern Wa l lach ia s topped f unc t ion ing , c on t inued t o s tay w i th in t he n ew ly c rea ted p rov ince o f D ac ia I nfer ior .

2 0

CHAPTER 4 HADR IAN 'S CONTR IBUTION TO THE ORGAN ISATION OF THE DACIAN L IMES

The Emperor H adr ian r eorgan ised t he t err i tor ies t o t he n or th o f t he Danube a nd c on t inued t he b u i lding o f as ys tem o f d efences i n t he D ac ian p rov ince , mos t p robab ly c o mpe l led b y t he wars w i th t he t r ibes o f Y azyg i a nd R oxo lan i , w h ich b roke o ut a f ter T ra jan ' sd eath ,

1 68

b ut a lso b ecause a ctua l ly ,

d ur ing T ra jan ' sr e ign , t he s a me o rgan isat ion a s t hat w hen t he D ac ian wars w ere a t t he ir h e ight was c arr ied o n . D ur ing t he f i rst a dm in istra t ive r eorgan isat i on c arr ied o u t b y H adr ian , D ac ia w as t urned i n to D ac ia S uper ior 1 69 a nd D ac ia I n fer ior i s o rgan ised a s ap rocurator ' sp rov ince . Anc ien t a ccoun ts , t o t he e f fect t ha t t he emperor i n tended t o a bandon D ac ia w ere i n terpreted a s ar ef lect ion o f t he w i thdrawa l o f t he R o man t roops f rom Wa l lach ia a nd s outhern Mo ldav ia , wh ich w ere l ef t o uts ide t he b oundar ies o f t he emp ire .1 70 I ti s g ene ra l ly a dm it ted t ha t t he f or ts a t D ra jna d e s us , Mä lä ie§ t i , ' I lrg§or a nd R ucir w ere d estroyed b y t he R oxo lan i d ur ing t he f i gh t ing i n 1 17-118 ; b ut t he p oss ib i l ity i s n o t e xc luded t hat t he l ayer o f b urn t mat ter u ncovered i n a l l t hese f or ts was t he e f fec t o f t he ir b e ing s yste mat ica l ly a bandoned b y t he R o man t roops . Hadr ian c ou ld n o t l eave Wa l lach ia a nd S outhern Mo ldav ia d isorgan ised . I n ap rev ious s tudy ,1 71 we h ave a lready a dvanced t he h ypo thesis t ha t , wh i le w i thdraw ing h is t roops f ro m t hese r eg ions , Hadr ian e ncouraged t he r ev iva l o f ap o li t ica l f orma t ion wh ich , i n e xchange f or i t s p ro tec t ion , was u nder o b liga t ion t o k eep t he p eace a nd t o p rom ise t o r ender a ss is tance t o t he R oman a rmy . Tha t t he G ae to-Dac ian p o li t ica l f orma t ion s ecured p ro tec t ion c an a lso b e i nferred f ro m t he f ac t t ha t t he p ene tra tion o f Wa l lach ia b y t he S arma t ians a nd t he R oxo lan i—obv ious ly , w i th t he Romans ' p rev ious c onsen t— took p lace o u ts ide t he a rea where t hey h ad b een l oca ted . The r eorganisa t ion o ft he Dac ian t err i tor ies h ad t wo s tages ,1 72 v ery c lose t o e ach o ther ,1 73 a nd was a imed a t e nsur ing max imu m e f f ic iency o f t he ir r o le i n r e la t ion t o t he B arbar icu m a nd a t t he s ame t ime , a t s ecur ing t he w e lfare o f t he p rov ince . I n Dac ia P oro l issens is , o rganised n or th o f Dac ia , was a c ompara t ive ly r es tr ic ted a rea g iven a l arge n u mber o f t roops .

T he p rov ince a s a who le

r ese mb led a s trong ly h e ld d efence i n d ep th . P ar t icu lar ly u nder t hese c ircu mstances , b rough t a bout b y an ew s tra teg ic o u t look o f a marked d efens ive 1 74

c harac ter , t he f ron tier s ec tors r ef lec ted

t he Mi li tary p o ten t ia l i t ies o f t he n e ighbour ing p opu la t ions . 1 75 F ur thermore , w e t h ink t ha t i ti s i n t h is l i gh t t ha t we s hou ld i n terpre t t he f ac t t ha t f rom 1 171 18, when most o ft he f or t if ica t ions a long t he L edera ta-T ibiscus r oad a re a bandoned 1 76 d efended;

t i l l t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius , t he B ana t was n o t s o s trong ly

a s f ar a s t he f or ts a long t he D ierna-T ib iscus l i ne a re c oncerned

2 1

t hey were b ui lt af ter H adr ian 's r e ign ( see b e low ) .

N or d o we t h ink

1 77

t ha t

t he a bsence o fd efences i n t he B ana t a t t ha t t ime c ou ld b e a n a rgu ment i n s uppor t o f i t s a bandon men t ,

1 78

a s t races o f R oman c iv i l s et t le men ts 1 79

a re

c ons tan t ly r evea led i n t he a rea . More s ys te ma t ic s urvey may t hrow n ew l i gh t o n t he s i tua t ion i n t he B ana t ; i n a ny c ase , i ts ee ms t ha t t he Mure§ a nd t he l ower T isza were t he s outh-wes tern b oundar ies o f t he p rov ince o f D ac ia . The e f fec t o ft he p eace i mposed u pon t he Y azyg i b y H adr ian 1 8 °w as a p er iod o f c ompara t ive ly p eacefu l r e la t ions wh ich , we b e lieve , a ccoun t f or t he r ed uc t ion i n mi li tary f orces d ep loyed a long t h is s ec tor o f Dac ia 's f ron t ier l i ne . T ib iscus c ont inued t o b e ap owerfu l mi li tary c en tre a pparen t ly h o ld ing l arger n u mbers o f t roops t han b efore . p a l myren i i s ag i tar i i1 81

I ti s g enera l ly a dm i t ted t hät t he

w ere s ta t ioned a t t h is f or t , wh ich t hey l a ter s hared

w i th c ohors IV inde licoru m 1 82

a nd p oss ib ly w i th c ohors IS ag i t tar ionu m .

1 83

C loser s tudy o f t he s tamps b e long ing t o v ar ious t roops f ound i n t h is a rea w i l l h e lp f i x t he c hrono log ica l o rder o ft he ir movemen t t o t h is f or t . I ti s wor th n o t ing t ha t g enera l ly , af or t c over ing 5 .44 h a c ou ld a cco m moda te t he men o f t wo u ni ts a t mos t , b ut i fi tc an b e p roved t ha t more t han t wo u ni ts o ccup ied t he f or t a t t he s a me t ime i ti s t o b e p resu med t ha t t hey l i ved a nd a c ted a s s epara te d e tach men ts , a t d if feren t p o in ts , b e ing q uar tered i n sma l l b urg i whose e x is tence h as n o t y e t b een a t tes ted . T he f or t a t M ic ia i s a no ther k ey p o in t a long t he wes tern b oundary , where a t l eas t t wo t roops —a la IH ispanoru m -C ampagnoru m a nd c oh . I F l . C ommag enoru m 1 84

were q uar tered .

Y e t a no ther i mpor tan t p o int o n t he wes t b oundary o f Dac ia P oro lissens is was P oro lissu m , were t wo f or ts were u sed , a s h as b een n o ted , b y s evera l d if feren t u n i ts . 1 85 As f ar a s we a re c oncerned, w e a re i nc l ined t o b e l ieve t ha t t he wes t f ron t ier was d iv ided i n to t hree s ec tors , t wo o f wh ich b e longed t o Dac ia S uper ior a nd t he t h ird t o Dac ia P oro lissens is .

T h is c an a ccoun t

f or t he p resence , a s s hown b y e p igraph ic e v idence , o f l arge n u mbers o f t roops wh ich a re k nown t o h ave g arr isoned o ther f or ts . Dac ia S uper ior H adr ian 's g enera ls c omp le ted t he d efence s ys tem o f t he p rov ince b y e rec t ing n ew f or ts wh ich b arred t he a ccess r oads t owards t he i n ter ior . D o maszewsk i t st heory r egarding t he c los ing o f t he r oads a long t he r iver v a l leys 1 86 h o lds t rue o n ly f rom t he r eign o f H adr ian . However , t he p r inc ip le o fp reserv ing t i es w i th t he p rov inces l y ing s ou th o f t he Danube i s c arefu l ly o bserved . A . D . X enopo l , e ndorsed b y V . C hr is tescu ( IMDR , p . 6 0 ) , c ont ested t he a ccuracy o f t he p o in t r a ised b y C assius D io , n a me ly t hat H adr ian d estroyed t he u pper p ar t o f Appo lodorus ' b r idge a t D robe ta ; moverover , Xenop o l i s i nc l ined t o t h ink t hat t h is p assage w as a n i n terpo lat ion made b y X iph i l inus . I n a ny c ase , t he d estruct ion o f t he b r idge d oes n o t a ppear r easonab le s ince a rchaeo log ica l e v idence l ends s upport t o t he i dea t hat t he R o mans w ere c onc erned t o e stab l ish p er manen t r e lat ions w i th t he D ac ian p rov inces a cross t he D anube . To t he t roops d ep loyed o n t he e as tern b oundary o f Dac ia S uper ior w ere l a ter a dded more a lae a nd c ohor tes s uch a s :

t he a la IN 1 1yr ic 1 87

a t

B r incovenee t i , c ohors IA lp 18 8 a t Caugären i , S arg ten i a nd t he a la IB osporano ru m 1 89

a t C r iste§ t i . 2 2

A t Br incovenes t i e xcava t ions h ave r evea led a n e ar thwork f or t w i th a n a gger o fb ea ten c lay , w i th a 1 0 m w ide b ase ( M i l i tärgrenzen , I,p . 3 80 , f i g . 2 ) . T he a u thors h ave a greed t ha t t he s tone f or t i s l arger t han t he e ar thwork f or t b ecause t he l a t ter 's e as t s ide i s n o t t he s ame a s t ha t o f t he s tone f or t .

T he p ub lished s ec t ion s hows t ha t t he wa l l o f t he s tone f or t c ons iderab ly

o uts tr ips i n l eng th e x terna l ly t ha t o f t he e ar th a gger .

T he r epor t p ub l ished

b efore e xamin ing t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds d oes n o t d a te t he c ons truc t ion o f t he e ar thwork f or t : a s n o u n i t p rev ious t o a la IN (ova ) o r Mu mer i ) I l lyr icoru m i s a t tes ted t he e ar th p hase h as t o b e d a ted t o H adr ian 's d ay a t t he e ar l ies t . On a ccoun t o f t he f ar t oo l im i ted s cope o f e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut u p t o n ow t he b ui ld ing t echn ique o ft he e ar th c as tru m h as n o t b een t he s ub jec t o f much s tudy b ut o bserva t ions h ave r evea led a p a l isade i n t he u pper p ar t o ft he a gger . The f unc t ion o ft h is f or t was t og uard t he w ide v a l ley o ft he Muree . The g arr ison a t t he C ä lugären i1 9 1 3

f or t , l y ing t o t he l ef t o ft he r iver ,

p a tro lled t he l i ne a long t he N ira j —a t r ibutary o f t he Mure§ .

E xam in ing t he

s ec t ion o f i t s n or th s ide ( f ig . 3 8 ) we h ave c ome t o c onc lus ions d if feren t f rom D . Pro tase 's . 1 91 I n o ur o p in ion , t he a gger o f t he e ar th f or t was b acked u p b y t wo d itches , b o th o f wh ich were f i l led u p b efore t he s tone wa l l was e rec ted i n t he i n terna l e scarp men t o ft he f i rs t d i tch . The a gger i s made u p o f as er ies o f s uper i mposed l ayers o f c lay a nd b lack s o i l; . t he t races o ft he wooden f ramework a re n o t v is ib le . The f or t a t S ärä ten i ( f ig . 3 9 ) b locks t he u pper v a l ley o ft he T irnava M ica . E xcavat ions c onducted b y t h e Archaeo log ica l Museu m o f S f in tu G heorghe h ave r ecovered t he p lan o f t he s tone f or t . N o th ing i s y et k nown a bou t t he e ar thwork f or t wh ich i s mere ly s upposed t o h ave e x isted ,

1 g2

b u t j udg ing f ro m t he d ata

c on ta ined i n t he p ub l ished a ccoun t w e t h ink t hat t he e x istence o f a n e ar thwork f or t c anno t b e d ef in ite ly a scer ta ined . A ctua l ly , t he p lan o f t he s tone c onst ruct ion i t se lf , wh ich h as a lready b een p ub l ished , c on ta ins e le men ts p er ta ini ng t o s uccess ive p er iods i n i t s c onstruct ion . We t h ink t hat f ur ther r esearch may p rov ide s o lut ions t o t he p rob le ms p osed b y t he t est d igg ings made s o f ar , s uch a s f or i nstance w hether t he a bu tmen ts n o ted o n t he c ur ta in w a l l b etween t he g ates a nd t he a ng les-towers f or m p lat forms .

A . s n o th ing i s k nown a bout

t he a gger w e a re e n t it led t o e nqu ire whe ther t he Wehrgang was s uppor ted b y wooden p i l lars , a t 2 .5 metres d istance f ro m t he wa l l ; t he s tone a bu tmen ts b e ing r ep lace men t i n s tone o f s o me p lat for ms-towers o n t he c ur ta in .

T here i s as tr ik ing a na logy b etween t he S iräten i f or t a nd t he f or ts o f t he u pper O lt—the C oz ia r ange z one— , wh ich wou ld j ust ify t he q ues t ion whe ther t he s tone f or t a t S ärä en i was c ontemporary w i th t hose f or ts , h av ing i nscr ipt ion o f H adr ian ic d a te . 1 93 I n R oman ian l i tera ture i th as b een a greed t ha t c ohors IA lp inoru m-eq was s ta t ioned a t C ä lugären i a nd S irä ten i a t t he s a me t ime , b u t a s t he a rea o f e ach o ft hese f or ts i s l arge e nough t o h ave a ccom moda ted s uch a u n i t , 1 94 t he p oss ib i li ty i s n o t e xc luded t ha t t he c ohor t was * s uccessive ly h oused i n e ach f or t , o r mere ly t ook p ar t , a longside a u n i t a s y e t u n iden t if ied , i n b u i lding o ne o ft he m .

2 3

T he Th ir teen th L eg ion G em ina , whose r ange o f a c t ion af ter t he c rea t ion o f Dac ia P oro lissens is i s r es tr ic ted t o t he t err i tory o f Dac ia S uper ior , c on t inued t o b e s ta t ioned a t Apu lu m . N o s ys te ma t ic r esearch h as b een c onduc ted o n i t s s i te b ecause a f euda l f or tress a nd t he modern t own w ere b u i lt o ver t he r e ma ins o f t he R o man c as tru m .

E v idence r e la t ing t o t h is c h ief mi litary c en tre h as b een

a dduced b y t he e p igraph ica l r ecords b rough t t o l i gh t 19 5 b y e xcava t ion . r ecen t s tudy 1 96

I n h is

o f t he f euda l f or t if ica t ion , Mircea R usu h as r esu med t he p lan

r ecovered b y V iscon t i1 97

( f ig . 4 0 ) wh ich p reserves t he b as ic e le men ts o f t he

R oman f or t , a l mos t s quare i n s hape , e ach s ide measur ing a bout 4 70 m . f euda l f or t u ses o n ly t he e as t a nd wes t g a tes .

The

The p lan a lso i nc ludes p ar ts

o f t he r oads w i th in t he f or t a nd , i n r e la t ion t o t he m , i tc an b e i nferred t ha t t he p or ta p rae tor ia was t o t he wes t , a nd t ha t t he v ia p r inc ipa l is s epara ted t he e as t-west a x is i n to t wo t h irds .

A s M . R usu c hecked t he p lan o n t he

g round, we a re i n ap os i t ion t o s ugges t t ha t t h is v ers ion o f t he c as tru m , r eca l ling t he r epub lican p r inc ip les o fb u i lding c as tra t ha t were l arge ly made u se o f u nder H adr ian , was b ui lt i n s tone s oon a f ter t he f ounding o f Dac ia S uper ior . T he s pec if ica l ly H adr ian ic f orm o f t he c astru m c ou ld r esu lt f ro m t he f ac t t ha t u nder Tra jan i tc overed a l arger a rea , r equired b y t he n eed t o a cco mmod a te a t t he s a me t ime l eg io IA diutr ix a nd l eg io X I I I G e mina , whose r ange o f a c t ion n ow e x tended a long t he c ourse o f t he Mure

where among t he R o man

r ema ins i t s s ta mps h ave b een u near thed a t B u lc i , enn ico lau l Mare , C enad , a nd S zeged .

19 8

These p o in ts h ave n o t b een s earched y e t a nd we c anno t s ay

whe ther a ny f or ts o r s ta t iones a ctua l ly e x is ted i n t he a rea , o r whe ther t he s ta mped t i les d iscovered were mere ly u sed a s b u i ld ing mater ia ls f l oated d own t he Mure i n t he s ubsequen t p er iods . A la IBa tavoru m a nd a la IBosporanoru m , a t tes ted f or t he f i rs t t ime i n t he d ip lomas o f Dac ia S uper ior , h ad a pparen t ly b een b rough t t o D ac ia u nder Hadr ian .

1 99

S ta mps b e longing t o t hese a lae were d iscovered a t R äzbo ien i2 0 °

a nd C r is te t i 201

r espec t ive ly .

Though t he s tamps a re n o t t he o n ly e p igraph ica l

e v idence f or t hese t roops , t he f or ts where t hey were q uar tered h ave n o t b een i den t if ied o n t he g round , o n ly r ema ins o f c iv i l s e t t le men ts b e ing u ncovered . U n t i l f ur ther e xcava t ions , emp loy ing n ew r esearch t echniques , a re c arr ied o u t we w i l l h ave t o a dm i t t ha t e ar thwork f or ts p robab ly e x isted i n t he a bove l oca l i t ies , wh ich n one the less h ave n o t b een f ound a s e f for ts were g enera l ly d irected t o t race t he c onstruc t ions i n s tone .

I n o ur o p in ion t hese f or ts b e long

t o t he s a me c ategory a s t he o ne a t S igh isoara , i den t if ied b y I on Mi trofan .

2 02

These t hree f or ts l i e i n t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince , mak ing u p as econd d efence l i ne t ha t r uns p ara l le l t o t he f or ts a long t he f ront ier l i ne .

The ir

f unc t ion was t o k eep u nder c on tro l t he p opu la t ion o f t he p rov ince 2 °3 a nd a t t he s a me t ime t o e nsure a n e f f ic ien t l i nk b etween t he e as tern a nd wes tern s ec tors a long t he b anks o f t he Mure

a nd t he T irnava .

T he S ighi§oara d efence work was b ui l t o n ap rev ious Dac ian a nd R o man s e t t le ment .

The v a l lu m was a l mos t c o mp le te ly l eve l led o r o b li tera ted b y

t he r e ma ins o f t he s ubsequent R o man s e t t le men t .

Two d i tches o f u nequa l

d i mens ions r un c lose b ehind t he wa l l a t u nequa l d istances .

2 4

2 04

Dac ia I nfer ior As r egards i t s mi l i tary o rgan isa t ion t he n ew ly-crea ted Dac ia I nfer ior i s more marked ly H adr ian ic i n c harac ter . c en tered a round t he r iver O lt ,

2 05

The t err i tory o ft he p rov ince was

a nd t he p rov ince a s a who le e nsured t he

l i nk b etween t he s outh o f t he D anube a nd i n tra-Carpa th ian Dac ia a nd , j o in t ly w i th Moes ia I nfer ior , h e ld u nder c ontro l t he Wa l lach ian p la in a nd s ou thern Mo ldav ia .

The b u lk o f t he t roops —three l eg ions i n Moes ia I nfer ior a nd t he

a ux i liary t roops i n t he t wo p rov inces —were n o t c oncen tra ted w i th a v iew t o c oun ter ing t he s tout r es is tance o f t he t r ibes i n Wa l lach ia .

The mass ive

2 06

f or t if ica t ion o f Moes ia I nfer ior a nd Dac ia I nfer ior was t hough t o ut a s a means o f r es is t ing t he p oss ib le i nroads u pon t he Emp ire f ro m n or th-eas t , t hrough Wa l lach ia a nd Dobru ja . E ast o f D ac ia I nfer ior , t wo a l mos t p ara l le l f or t if ied l i nes 207

were c rea ted —

t he l i ne a long t he O l t a nd t he o ne e as t o f t he r iver , a t ad istance t ha t v ar ies b e tween 1 0 a nd 5 0 km .

I ti s c onsidered t ha t H adr ian n 8 was t he o rganiser

o f t he l imes a long t he O lt , k nown i n l i tera ture o f modern t imes a s l imes a lutanus —an i nappropr ia te n a me ,

2 09

a s i th appens .

Al arge n u mber o f R o man s i tes h ave b een r evea led a long t he O lt ( f ig . 4 1) , i n t he r eg ion b etween t he Danube a nd t he C arpa th ians .

Among t he R oman

p laces t raced were t he l oca l i t ies t ha t a ppeared i n t he a nc ien t i t inerar ies .

2 10

I t was a scer ta ined f ro m t he v ery s tar t t ha t a l l t he p laces men t ioned i n t hose i t inerar ies h ad o nce b een f or ts o n t he r oad a long t he O lt ;

w i thout d eny ing

t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t e ach a nd e very o ne o f t hese a nc ient l oca l i t ies was p rov ided a t s o me t ime , w i th mi li tary d efens ive works , we f ee l b ound t o c a ll a t ten t ion t o t he f ac t t ha t , u nt i l t hey a re a dequa te ly d e term ined o n t he g round , i ti s p osh i b le t ha t t hese p ar t icu lar s i tes migh t we l l h ave b een c iv i l s et t le men ts t ha t were d eve loped i n t he a rea .

Th is c au t ious v iew i s d ue t o t he a bsence o f r e-

l iab le e v idence a t tes t ing t he e x is tence o f f or ts i n s ome o f t hese l oca l i t ies , a nd t o t he f ac t t ha t l a ter o n , Tabu la P eut inger iana r ecords t he ma in r oad l i nk ing Drobe ta w ith A pu lu m a nd n o t af or t if ied l i ne . h ave b een i den t if ied or c er ta in a re : 2 14f I none t i i G ovor i i , C opa-c en i ,

2 17

I z laz ,

S to ln icen i-Boroneasa ,

Ra-d a-c ine§t i , T i te t i a nd Bo4a .

a long t he O l t i n Transy lvania a t t he p o in ts : H ogh iz .

2 20

o lten i ,221

2 15

The f or t if ied l i ne c on t inues F e ldioara ,

Among t hose where s uch f or ts 2 22

a re a lso T ia Mare , R omu la , Dräg 4an i , S i mbo t in , A t T ia Mare 2 24

The 'po in ts where f or ts

S la-v en i ,2 12 E no ee t i ,2 13 B ivo lar i ,2 16 R acov ita ,

2 11

2 23

2 18

C inceor ,

2 19

migh t h ave e x is ted

P er i pn i-Pr ipoare le .

t he r ema ins o f R o man c iv i l s e t t le men ts h ave b een f ound

b o th wes t o f t he O l t a nd o n i t s e as t b ank where a t ower p resu mab ly e x isted . On t he b as is o f as ke tch d rawn b y Mars ig li 2 25 a t Romu la-Re§ca t hree f or ts were i n u se .

i th as b een s ugges ted t ha t

B u t a nyone c o mpar ing Mars ig l i 's

s ke tch w ith t he g enera l p lan o f t he c i ty p ub l ished b y D . T udor w i l l a gree t ha t t h is o bserva t ion c anno t b e u ncondi t iona l ly a ccep ted .

I ti s c er ta in t ha t t he

ma in f or t if ica t ion , r ecen t ly e xa mined , was t he c i ty p rec inc t i n e ar l ier t imes . 2 26 R esearch o n t he s i te a nd a ir-pho tography ( f ig . 4 2 ) r evea l t wo d efence works s haped l i ke i rregu lar p o lygons —a sma ll r ampar t a nd a no ther o ne e x tending t o t he s outh .

I ti s h ard t o s ay wh ich o f t hese t wo d efences was r eferred t o i n

t he i nscr ipt ion o f P h i l ip t he Arab 2 27

b ut f ro m t he s i tua t ion o n t he g round we

2 5

are tempted to think that the fort to the south of Teslui, drawn by Marsigli, is a summary interpretation of the two successive lines of the city's walls (M KU Z Y X on D. Tudor's plan) (fig. 43). The third fort in Marsigli's drawing is located in the highest part of the highland. As chance discoveries in this area brought to light a large number of statuettes representing Roman deities as well as dedication-tablets, 22 8 we think that the seat of the cult of Romula had once been here and that Marsigli could not but identify the site of this sacred area. The fact that epigraphical records229 of the legions in Dacia Inferior and also the vexillationes which were here on various occasions have been revealed at Romula does not certainly prove that this was the site of one or several defence works. They rather illustrate the fact that at Romula thP defences were erected manu militari, especially in the middle of the 3rd century. Therefore we think23 0 that, according to present knowledge, there was just one early231 civil fortification at Romula, which was subsequently extended, and that this place cannot be thought of as belonging to the defence system on the Olt. At Draga§ani, Momote§ti suburb, extensive remains of Roman settlements232 were unearthed; until further research determines the existence of a Roman fort we would rather consider that these are the ruins of a civil settlement. Therefore, the only certainly attested forts along the lower course of the river Olt are at Izlaz, 233 Slaveni and Acidava. At Acidava-Enose§ti, diggings for the Bucharest-Piatra Olt railway have largely distroyed most parts of the fort identified there. By 1 9 75, when we conducted a field research project in the area, the unexcavated part of the south-west (fig. 44) angle was obliterated and a section across the preserved fragment on the west side was cut. On that occasion we noted234 that to the

west the earthwork fort extended beyond the one made of brick. This fort was held by cohors I Fl. Commagenorum. 235 As no clear evidence was found for the early phase in the construction of the earthwork fort, the displacement of the unit from Drajna de Sus to Tuo§e§ti remains uncertain. If the cohort was transferred to the Olt line after the abandonment of Wallachia and is re­ sponsible for the building of the Acidava fort, then we must date its beginnings to Hadrian's time. Few Roman remains236 have been disclosed by excavation north of Acidava-Tuo§e§ti as far as Buridava; the only �uilding observed is a fort at Ione�tii Govorii (identified with the ancient Pons-Aluti), whose plan was presented in a sketch by P. Polonic. During 1 9 63 the remains of its north­ west angle, obliterated by new constructions, were also cleared. D. Tudor thinks that this fort existed soon after the Roman conquest. 237 Tocilescu records its garrison as cohors III G (allorum)-attested by stamps-a troop which at first belonged to the army of Moesia Inferior and then to Dacia Inferior. 238 · A thriving civil settlement developed at Buridava, probably owing to the salt-works2 39 in its neighbourhood. Air photographs of this area (fig. 45), not taken for archaeological purposes, revealed the Roman road, remains of Roman habitation at the point "La Pluta", and an amphitheatre, possibly in 26

wood a s n o t races o f mor tar24° d iscovered i n Dac ia .

were f ound , t he f our th R oman amph i thea tre

2 41

R e ma ins o f ac iv i l R o man s e t t le men t h ave a lso b een t raced n or th o f t he c astru m , t owards R iuren i .

We c ons ider t ha t we a re i n ap os i t ion t o p ostu la te

t he p resence o f f l our ish ing c iv i l s e t t lemen ts a t B ur idava :

a n a u toch thonous

o ne , a nd o ne w i th in t he f or t . The c o ins 2 42 p rov ide amp le p roof t ha t t he d eve lop men t o ft hese s e t t le men ts c on t inued a t l east u n t i l t he 6 th c en tury . S tar t ing i n 1 965 , t he Museu m a t R imn icu V i lcea u nder took a rchaeo log ica l r esearch c onduc ted b y D . T udor ; e xcep t f or t he e xcava t ion o f t he t hermae c arr ied o u t s ys te ma t ica l ly b y G . B ich ir 2 43 b ut n o t p ub lished y e t , a l l t he o ther r esearch p ro jec ts were c onduc ted b y r escue t eams .

N o s ystema t ic

d igg ings were c arr ied o ut a t t he s i te o f t he f or t t raced i n t he v ic in i ty o f t he manor B oroneasa ( f ig . 4 6) , s o t ha t t here i s n o e v idence r e la t ing t o t he f or t if i cat ion wh ich , i n a l l p robab i l i ty , mus t h ave b een h e ld b y c ohors IBr i t tonu m mi l l iar ia .2 44 F ur ther r esearch w i l l h ave t o a scer ta in whe ther t he f or t i den t if ied c lose t o t he B oroneasa manor i s o ne a nd t he s ame w i th t he o ne d a t ing b ack t o Tra jan 's d ay o r whe ther i t mus t b e r e la ted t o t he o rgan isa t ion o ft he f ron t ier l i ne o f Dac ia I nfer ior . C astra Tra iana i n i t ia l ly l oca ted a t G ura WE b y G r igore Toc i lescu, was r eloca ted b y D . T udor a t S i mbo t in , where t he r esu l ts o fp re l im inary e xcavat ions were r epor ted . 2 45 J udg ing f rom i t s p lan ( f ig . 4 7) a nd t he s ec t ion a lready p ub lished, i ti s o n ly r easonab le f or u s t o e nqu ire whe ther o r n o t t he c ons truct ion was a f or t , a s i s g enera l ly b e l ieved , o r ac iv i l s et t le men t .

A c tua l ly ,

t he e xcava t ions o n t he s i te were mean t a s mere t es t d igg ings w i thou t t ack ling t he p rob lems i n a way t ha t c ou ld make p oss ib le a n a pprec ia t ion o f t he p lan o f t h is f or t .

We t h ink t ha t l arger-sca le i nves t iga t ion w i l l h e lp l oca te e xac t ly

t he s i te o ft he f or t if ica t ions t ha t l en t t he ir n ame t o t he a nc ien t l oca li ty r ecorded i n Tabu la P eut iger iana . A t J ib lea ,

2 46

t he p o in t where t he r oad a long t he O lt , west o f t he C oz ia

r ange , b ranches o f f , af or t h as l i kew ise b een i den t if ied b ut e nqu iry was , h ere t oo , f ar f rom c onc lusive . T he r oad a long t he O lt , r ock-cut a t t he p o in ts Masa l u i Tra ian , C ir l ige a nd U rso i , i n o rder t o c arve i t s way t hrough t he n arrow g orge , was g uarded b y t wo sma l ler c a mps , Arute la a nd C opicen i , d a t ing b ack t o Hadr ian 's t ime . T he Aru te la ( f ig . 4 8) c a mp l i es l ef t o f t he O lt , n ear C oz ia Monastery .

I t s

wes t s ide was o b li tera ted b y t he O lt a nd b y r a i lway l i nes . L arge-sca le e xhaust ive e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b e tween 1 967 a nd 1 970 2 47 r evea led i t s s quare s hape , w i th s ides 6 0 , 8 0 m l ong . T he r ampar t wa l l i s 1 .60 m w ide a nd " le s oc le r epose d irec te men t s ur l a t erre s ans u n amenage men t s pec ia l d u t erra in" .

Z 48

I n af ew p laces , t he wa l l i s s tand ing t o ah e igh t o f 1 .70 m

a nd i s b u i lt i n q uarry-s tones h e ld t oge ther w i th mor tar o n ly a t t he f ounda t ion .

2 49

Bonding t he r ampar t wa l l , t he ' abu t men ts ' -1 m i n w idth a nd 1 .50-1 .60 m i n l eng th —are b u i lt i n t he i n ter ior a t v ary ing d istances o f 2 .15-4 .40 m f rom o ne a no ther , t o s uppor t t he Wehrgang .

I n f ron t o ft he g a te t owers , a nd a t t he

a ng les , t he r ampar t wa l l b eco mes t h icker e x terna l ly .

The p or ta p rae tor ia ,

t o t he e ast , i s f l anked b y t wo s quare-shaped t owers wh i le t he p or ta p r inc ipa l is d ex tra a nd s in is tra b y o ne t ower f orm ing a d oub le g a te .

2 7

U n t i l t he f i na l r esu l ts o f t he i nves t iga t ion a re p ub lished , t he most c o mp le te d a ta a re a va i lab le i n t he a ccounts o f t he f i rs t t wo f i e ld s easons ( SMIM , 2 -3 , 1 969-1970 p p . 8 -46 ) t ha t s upp ly o bserva t ions r e lat ing t o s tra t igraph ic ( f ig . 4 9 ) e v idence .

T he a uthor 's c onc lus ion i s t ha t t here w as o ne l eve l o f h abita t ion .

N ke h ave n o ted , h owever , t ha t t he d igg ings were i nco mp le te a nd t ha t t hey were n o t a i med a t c lar ify ing ma jor i ssues;

t hus , e xcava t ions o f t he n or th

a nd e as t s ides d id n o t r each t he l eve l o fb are s o i l where t he d i tch n or ma l ly l ay , a nd o n t he s ou th s ide wha t s ee ms o bv ious ly t o b e ad i tch h as b een t aken f or a r av ine .

I ta ppears t ha t n ear t he v ia _prae tor ia a p a tch o fu neven g round

h ad e xisted —poss ib ly a b arrack —subsequent ly f i l led u p w i th ' ye l low s ands tone ' , o ver la id b y a shy b lack c lay .

T he r esearchers d id n o t p ay e nough a t ten t ion

t o t he i den t if ica t ion o f t he r e ma ins o f t he wooden b u i ldings , e i ther , a nd mos t o f t he i n terna l b u i ldings a ppear t o h ave b een u n inhab i ted .

T he o n ly c er tain

c ons truc t ion i s t he o ne a t t he p rae ten tura s inis tra wh ich was c ons idered t o h ave b een t he s cho la o f ac o l leg iu m 25 °b ut i ti s o bv ious t ha t i ti s ah orreu m . O f c ourse , t he l oca t ion o f t h is h orreu m i s n o t a ppropr ia te , b u t t he sm i thy f ound a t t he p rae tentura d ex tra i s p laced a t l east a s i nappropr ia te ly a s i t .

2 51

T he s tones marked o n t he p lan mus t h ave s erved a s f ounda t ions f or t he wooden b arracks ;

e ven t he e leva t ion a t t he p r inc ip ia w as a lso b ui lt i n wood .

T he i nscr ip t ions f ound b y G r . T oc i lescu a t t he p or ta p rae tor ia a nd a t t he p or ta p r inc ipa l ia d ex tra f i x t he b ui lding d ate o f t he f or t i n 1 38 b y t he s ur i i s ag it tar i i .

T he q uest ion why a d e tach ment o r j us t o ne s o ldier o f c ohors

2 52

IH ispanoru m v e terana w as l odged i n t he f or t h as r ema ined u nanswered ,2 53 a nd s o h as t he p rob le m o f t he d a te when t he f or t was i n u se 2 54

f or , i ft he

d a t ing o f t he t hree t ombs d iscovered o n i t s s i te t o t he midth ird c en tury i s c orrect 255

t hen t he t roop h ad l ef t A . rute la b efore t h is d ate .

N or th o f Arute la a re t wo sma l l-sized c as te l la a t o n ly 5 00 m d istance f rom e ach o ther , k nown i n l i terature a s t he modern C opäcen i a nd R acovga . A ccording t o a n i nscr ip t ion , t he f or t a t C opäcen i2 56 t o H adr ian 's t ime .

( f ig . 5 0 ) h as b een d a ted

The e v idence b rough t t o l i gh t b y e xcava t ions l a te i n

2 57

t he l ast c en tury d oes n o t i ndica te t ha t t he f or t was r econs truc ted w i th in t wo y ears o n al arger a rea a nd was p rov ided w i th t owers . r ioru m e t b urgar ioru m 2 59

2 58

N u merus v ereda-

wh ich p ut u p b o th b u i ld ing i nscr ip t ions ( Bau in-

s chr if ten ) was d es igned t o c on tro l t raf f ic o n t he r oad wh ich t hey h ad p robab ly c arved i n t he r ock ly O l t D ef i le . Two l ayers o fb urn t ma t ter were f ound i n t he f or t , s epara ted b y al eve l led l ayer o fy e l low c lay .

D . T udor a nd h is p up i ls f i xed t he d ate o f t he f i rs t b urn t

l ayer b efore 1 40 , c ons ider ing t he r ep lace ment o ft he f or t a t t ha t d a te a s d ue t o av io len t d estruc t ion wh ich , h owever , i s n o t c onf irmed b y t he t ex t o f t he i nscr ip t ion .

F ur ther s tudy o f t he e v idence a dduced b y r ecen t e xcavat ions ,

a s y e t u npub l ished , w i l l make p oss ib le a c hrono log ica l a ssess men t o f t he p hases a t tested s tra t igraph ica l ly a nd t he ir c oord inat ion w i th t he d ata s upp l ied b y e p igraph ic r ecords .

2 6

°

T he f or t a t R acov i ta ( f ig . 5 1 ) was who l ly e xcavated b y G r . Toc i lescu 's c o l laborators ;

t he r esearch t ea m o f t he C entra l M i l i tary Museu m h as

r ecen t ly r e-s tar ted r esearch o n i t s s i te .

2 60

a D . T udor a nd C . V lädescu

h o ld t he v iew t hat t h is c a mp a ppears t o h ave b een i n u se f or q ui te a s hor t t ime , b e ing a l a te c onstruc t ion a s " om iss ions a nd f au l ty measurements" h ave b een

2 8

n o ted .

Ac tua l ly , a s f ar a s i t s p lanning i s c oncerned , Drobe ta s hows g rea t

r ese mb lance w i th t he e ar ly s econd-century f or ts a nd i t s e xac t c hrono logy w i l l o n ly c ome f rom work ing o u t t he r esu lts o f e xcava t ion . On t he e as tern a l terna t ive R oman r oad t wo sma l l f or ts were i den t if ied a nd e xcavated a t R ädäc inee t i a nd T i tee t i . who l ly p reserved 2 62

2 61

T he R ädäc ineet i ( f ig . 5 2 ) f or t i s

a nd , i n g enera l t erms , q u i te s im i lar t o t hose a t Aru te la

a nd Prae tor iu m a nd t o t he f or t a t T i teet i .

2 63

I ta ppears t hat b o th t he f or t a t

T i tee t i ( f ig . 5 3 ) a nd t he o ne a t R ädäc inee t i h ad o n ly t wo g ates . T he p lan o f t he f or t a t T i tee t i2 64 a lready p ub lished ( Frontf ere r oma ines , Mama ia , f i g . 7 , p . 2 53 ) e v iden t ly s hows t ha t t he e as t g ate was b locked u p a t al a ter p er iod , a nd i t s p lan i n t he f i rs t p hase c ou ld b e e as i ly r ecovered b y a na logy w i th t ha t o ft he wes t s ide , o n t he b as is o f t he r ema ins d etec ted . To t he e xtent t ha t t he r esu lts o f e xcava t ions c onduc ted a t R ädäc inee t i f or t h ave b een made a va i lab le , i tc an b e s a id t ha t i t s g a tes were n o t g uarded b y t owers ,2 65 i n s hape .

a nd t ha t t he a ng le t owers were v ery sma l l a nd a l mos t c ircu lar

E xcep t f or t he p r inc ip ia , t he i n terna l b u i ld ings o f a l l H adr ian ic f or ts were b ui lt i n wood a nd t hey d id n o t e n joy much a t ten t ion o n t he p ar t o f r esearchers ; u nfor tuna te ly , n o th ing i s y e t k nown o f t he c on tubern ia a nd t he a nnex b u i ldings , a nd t herefore we a re n o t i n ap osi t ion t o a ssess t he n u mber o f men q uar tered t here a nd t he s pec if ic f unc t ions o ft hese sma l l f or ts l oca ted o n t he r oad a long t he O lt . I n 1 974 , w i th o ur c o lleagues f rom t he I ns t i tu te o f Archaeo logy a nd t he N a t iona l H istory Museu m ,2 66 we c onduc ted r esearch i n to t he u pper O l t V a l ley , s tar t ing a t H ogh iz , a s f ar a s C i inen i , where t he a nc ien t l oca l i ty o f P ons V etus 2 67 was i den t if ied . Our i nves t iga t ions d id n o t r esu lt i n t he i den t if i ca t ion o f aR o man c amp t here . Ac tua l ly , t he n a tura l r oad r unn ing e as t o f Mount C oz ia b ranches o f f a t T i tee t i —an a l terna t ive r oad l ead ing t owar ds C opicen i a nd a no ther o ne t owards Greb lee t i —a v i l lage s ou th o f C i inen i—where a sma l l f or t migh t h ave e x isted . The n ex t l oca li ty men t ioned i n Tabu la P eut inger iana i s C aput S tenaru m ( f ig . 5 4 ) i den t if ied w i th t he r uins f ound a t t he p o in t c a l led Bo ita . 2 68 A f or t le t , k nown t o h ave h ad a t l eas t t wo p hases o f e x istence , g uarded t he j unc t ion o f t he i mper ia l r oad t o A pu lu m a nd , a long t he O lt V a l ley , t o

Angust ia .

The f or t e xcava ted i n 1 957-1958 h ad n o d oub le wa l ls a s was s o me t imes b e lieved . We t h ink t ha t t he d if ference i n t he a spec t o f t he f or t if ica t ion e le ments , r esu lt ing f rom t he s ec t ion c u t a cross t he f our s ides ( f ig . 5 4-56) s hou ld b e t aken a s ar ef lec t ion o ft he s uccess ive t ransforma t ions t h is f or t u nderwen t i n t he c ourse o f i t s e x is tence . I ta ppears t ha t as tone f or t o r ig ina l ly e x isted ( marked b y u s o n f i g . 5 5 ) wh ich was d es troyed when t he d oub le wa l l f or t was e rec ted o n i t s wes t a nd s outh s ides .

I n N . L upu s o p in ion , t he e x terna l wa l l

was b ui lt af ter t he i n terna l o ne ( Ma ter ia le , V I I , p . 4 16 ) . E xam ining t he c o ins N . L upu c ons iders t ha t t h is sma l l f or t was b ui lt n o t e ar lier t han t he t ime o f Marcus Aure l ius . The i mpor tant s tra teg ic p os i t ion o f t he p o in t where t he f or t was l oca ted j us t if ies t he h ypo thes is t ha t t he wa l l a t t he s ou thern e nd o f t he t errace b e longs t o al arger c iv i l o r mi li tary f or t if ica t ion t ha t may h ave

2 9

b een i n u se a t ac er ta in t ime .

F or t he f ragmentary s tamp i nscr ibed COH

f ound i ns ide t he f or t , N . L upu p roposes t he c omp le t ion C ohors ITyroru m , a n a s y e t u n loca ted u n i t i n t he a rmy o f D ac ia I n fer ior . T he s tamp o f l eg io X I I I G em ina , f ound o n ab r ick u sed i n b u i lding a b a thh ouse , was c ons idered b y C . D a icov ic iu 2 70 t o b e ap roof t ha t t he l oca l i ty b e longed t o D ac ia S uper ior ;

r econs ider ing t he d a ta c oncern ing t he d iscovery

o ft he s ta mp , N . L upu o bserves t ha t t he d e tachmen t o f t he l eg ion w i l l b e s ta t ioned h ere o n ly a f ter t he a dm in is tra t ive r eform c arr ied o ut i n t he r e ign o f Marcus A ure lius . T he f or ts a t H ogh iz c on t inued t o e x is t i n H adr ian 's t ime , w hen t he d efences a long t he u pper c ourse o ft he O lt were p robab ly c omp le ted w i th t he C inceor , F e ldioara a nd O l ten i f or ts .

The f or t a t C inceor h as n o t b een e xcava ted y e t ;

t he l e t ter ing u sed i n t he i nscr ip t ions d iscovered i ns ide t he f or t l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t c ohors I F lav ia B essoru m c ame h ere a f ter b e ing moved f rom B ur idava a nd i t s d ependen t b urg i , R ucär i n t he f i rs t p lace . I t was o n ly i n 1 973 t ha t t he e xcava t ion s tar ted o f t he c as te l lu m a t F e ldioara 2 71 t hat l ay o n t he O lt r ivers ide , n ow p ar t ly d estroyed ; t he u n it c oh I N um idarum a t tested t o h ave b een s tat ioned h ere , c a l led A . n ton in iana , b e longed t o t he a r my o f D ac ia I n fer ior , b e ing a t tested i n b oth d ip lo mas r e la t ing t o t h is p rov ince .2 71a T he f or t a tO lten i , l y ing o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he O lt , was p ar t ly 2 72 e xcav a ted a nd i th as b een a scer ta ined t ha t i t was i n u se f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury u n t i l t he m idd le o ft he 3 rd c en tury .

2 73

T he n ame o f t he u n i t t ha t

L ci m

g arr isoned i th as r ema ined u nknown d esp i te t he e x is tence o f ac hance f i nd i n t he n ecropo lis —a s arcophagus made o f b r icks , b ear ing t he s tamp o f w h ich h as n o t b een p roper ly r ead .2 74

E xcava t ions c arr ied o ut b y t he r esearch t eam a t t he Museum i n t he t own o f S rmtu Gheorghe h ave l ed t o t he d iscovery o f af ragmen tary i nscr ip t ion i n T i tu lus o pens p ub lic i i ndica t ing t ha t H adr ian e rec ted a c ons truc t ion a t B oroeneu u s ing a la I( ? ) A ;

Z . S zeke ly r eads i ta s a la IE L la ( tobicoru m )2 74 a

wh i le D . T udor , s tudy ing a p ho tograph , c onsiders t ha t i ti s a bout a la I [B la ( t avorurn . )—a u n i t a t tes ted i n Dac ia S uper ior i n 1 44 , wh ich h ad p robab ly p rev ious ly c ome f rom P annon ia t o R äzbo ien i . L i t t le h as b een p ub lished 274b a bou t t he f or t a t Boroeneu l Mare a nd s o we c anno t s ay when i t was b u i lt .

I f

t he f or t a t B oroeneu r ea l ly e x is ted i n Hadr ian 's t ime i ti s l i ke ly f or t he a la IB a tavoru m t o h ave s en t ad e tachmen t2 74 c h ere f rom Dac ia S uper ior . B ut t h is c anno t l end s uppor t t o t he i dea t ha t t h is c amp was p ar t o f Dac ia S uper ior , e ven f or a s hor t t ime , a nd n e i ther c an t he p resence a t Hogh iz o f L eg io X I I I Gem ina 2 74 d d ur ing t he t ime o f Hadr ian , t oo , c oun terac t t he e v idence t es t ify ing t o t he f ac t t ha t t he s ou th-eas t c orner o f Transy lvan ia f ormed p ar t a t t hat t ime o f Dac ia I n fer ior . 2 74 e I t was e v iden t ly a t e mporary c oopera t ion r endered n ecessary e i ther b y mi l i tary d eve lopmen ts o r b y t he a dm in is tra t ive c hanges t ha t o ccurred i n Hadr ian 's r e ign . T herefore , H adr ian ic f or t if ied p o in ts a long t he O lt l i ne , h ave b een i den t i f ied a s f o l lows :

I z laz , S läven i , Ac idava , R us idava ( ? ) , P ons A lut i , B ur idava ,

C as tra Tra jana (? ) , Arute la , C opäcen i , R ädäc inee t i , T i tee t i , P ons V e tus ( ? ) , C aput S tenaru m , F e ldioara , C inceor, H ogh iz , O l ten i a nd a t Bretcu — jus t a t t he e n trance t o t he O i tuz P ass .

I ti s wor th ment ion ing t ha t t he p r ime f unc t ion

3 0

o f a l l t hese f or ts was t o b lock t he a ccess way f rom t he Wa l lach ian p la in t owards t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince . Gr . Toc i lescu w as t he f irs t t o c ons ider ( Foui l les , p p . 19-120 ) t h is l i ne o f f or t if ica t ions a s t he b oundary o f Dac ia I nfer ior , c rea ted b y Tra jan a nd o rgan ised b y Hadr ian ( paper r ead a t t he R oman ian Acade my S ess ion o f May 3 , 1 902 ) .

V . C hr is tescu p o in ts o u t t ha t t he r oad a long t he O l t h ad a lready

b een u sed b y Tra jan , p roof t hereof b e ing t he n a me o f C as tra Tra iana a nd t he f ac t t ha t B ur idava i s ment ioned i n t he H un t P apyrus . g a ted , i n t he ma in , t he R o man e poch i n O ltenia ; i n a l l h is works 2 75 R o man p rov ince .

D . T udor , i nvest i-

h ence h is e xc lus ive c oncern ,

d ea ling w i th Dac ia I nfer ior , w ith t he O l tenian s ec tor o f t he A ccording t o D . T udor , l imes a lutanus h ad a lready s tar ted

o pera ting i n Tra jan 's d ays .

2 76

I n s ta t ing t h is , h e i s o bv ious ly i ncons is ten t

a nd h e o ver looks t he f ac t t ha t af ter t he f i rs t war w i th t he Dac ians , more p rec ise ly a f ter 1 06 , Wa l lach ia a nd s outhern Mo ldav ia were p ar t o f Moesia I nfer ior a nd , t herefore , t he O lt c ou ld n o t h ave b een , f run tar ia r äsär i teanäm , t o u se h is own words ( O l ten ia R o manä 4 p . 1 53 ) .

T he f or t if ied l i ne a long t he

O l t r iver d id s erve a s al imes i n Tra jan 's t ime i f we u se t h is t er m i n i t s b as ic mean ing o f as tra teg ic r oad l eading t o t he f ron t l ime ( G . F orn i , L imes , 1 086 ) b ut t o a vo id c onfus ion t he a bove o bserva t ion s ee ms r equired . E xa m in ing t he c onc lusion d rawn f ro m t he c r i t ica l r ev is ion o f a rchaeo log ica l i nforma t ion o n t he a lu tana l ine , we n o t ice t he u neven d is tr ibu t ion o f t he d efences a cross i t s s ectors , n a me ly t he g rea t n u mber o f sma l l f or ts i n t he s ec tor s tre tch ing f rom C as tra Tra iana t o B o ita , a nd t he ir r are o ccurrence i n t he o ne f ro m I s laz t o C as tra Tra iana .

T he s ec tor b e tween Ac idava a nd

t he Danube , t ha t d oes n o t g ive v is ib i li ty t owards t he e as t ( f ig . 5 7) , must h ave h ad o utpos ts p laced o n t he e as t b ank o f t he O lt c ons iderab ly e ar lier .

A t a ny

r a te , t he t hr iv ing a gr icu l ture a t R o mu la c ou ld a ccoun t f or t he n ecess i ty o f e f f ic ien t d efence measures i n t he e as tern a rea . u se o f imper ia l c o ins i n Wa l lach ia ,

2 77

I n ap rev ious s tudy o n t he

we h ave a lready r e marked t ha t t h is

r ef lec ts t he a bsence o f an orma l c ircu la t ion o f c o ins i n t he s tre tch e as t o f t he O lt a s f ar a s t he t ransa lutana l i ne a nd e ven a f ew k i lo me tres f ur ther e as t . L ikew ise , t he f ac t t ha t n o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence was f ound t o s ugges t t he e x is tence o f ac iv i l s e t t le ment t ha t c ou ld b e d a ted t o t h is t ime ,

2 78

h as l ed u s

t o c ons ider t ha t t h is a rea was % . mi li tary t err i tor iu m a long t he f ron t ier l i ne , where c iv i lians were n o t a l lowed t o s e t t le .

I ti s o n ly s uch a l ega l r es tr ic t ion

t ha t c ou ld a ccount f or t he a bsence o f h u man s e t t le men ts i n t he a rea i n t he 2 nd c en tury , c onsider ing t ha t i t s s o i l was e qua l ly we l l s u i ted t o a gr icu lture a s t ha t wes t o f t he r iver .

R . V u lpe a rgues t ha t Dac ia I nfer ior e x tended f ro m

t he s tar t t o t he e as t i n Wa l lach ia a s f ar a s t he l i ne o n wh ich t he l imes t ransa lutanus was t o b e b u i lt ( Dac ia , NS , V , 1 961, p . 3 72 , n o te 3 2 ) . The t ransa luta d efences c onsis ted o fb o th sma l l a nd l arge f or ts a t t he p o in ts :

F läminda , V a lea To t e i ,

R o§ior i i d e V ede ,

2 80

2 79

P utine iu , Bäneasa , V a lea U r lui i ,

G res ia , C r impoa ia , U r luien i , F i lfan i ( I zb 4 t i ) , S äpa ta

d e J os , A lbo ta , P urcären i , J idava a nd Rhnov a nd o f av a l lu m i n t he p la ins t ha t h ad n o n a tura l b arr ier .

X t he e as tern f ron t ier l i ne

3 1

Gr . Toc i lescu s u ms u p i n F oul l les ...

t he r esu lts o f as ys te ma t ic

2 81

i nves t iga t ion c onduc ted u nder h is g uidance; t h is work embodies t he a va i lab le a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , s e lec ted w i th p ar t icu lar c are , c aut ious ly a nd c o mp e ten t ly i n terpre ted , a nd c orre la ted w ith t he i nforma t ion c om ing f rom a nc ien t l i terary s ources . T hese p re l im inary d a ta—tha t u nder l ie a l l s ubsequen t i nt erpre ta t ion a nd r esearch—are c omp le ted b y al arge q uan t i ty o fn o tes t ha t h ave r ema ined u npub lished a nd a re t o b e f ound i n t he l i brary o f t he R oman ian Acade my .2 82 Af ter P rofessor Toc i lescu 's d ea th , t he p ace o f e nquiry b eca me s lower , b e ing r esu med , f or a s hor t t ime t hough , o n t he e ve o f t he S econd Wor ld War b y V . C hr is tescu 2 83

a nd G h . C antacuz ino .

2 84

I t was o n ly i n t he

1 970s t ha t s ys te ma t ic i nves t iga t ion was r esu med a t J idava a nd R i§nov ;

q u i te

r ecen t ly , w e h ave s tar ted t o e xcava te t he f or ts a t F läminda , P u t ine iu a nd Ur lu ien i . B es ides D . T udor , who c omp i led t he work O lten ia R o mani , t he P o lish r esearcher H . Gaewska 2 85

a nd more r ecen t ly C . V lidescu 2 86

h ave b een

c oncerned w i th t he d efence s ys te m i n e as tern Dac ia I n fer ior . E . K orne mann , C . P a tsch ,2 88 h ave i n terpre ted t he O l t l i ne a nd t he l i ne a long wes tern

2 87

Wa l lach ia a s ad oub le l imes whose c ons truc t ion p resu mab ly b egan u nder H adr ian a nd e nded l a te i n t he 2 nd c en tury .

E . F abr ic ius ,

2 89

a nd l a ter D .

T udor , a rgue t ha t t he l imes t ransa lu tanus was " a ls E rsa tz fn . d ie A lu ta l i n ie e n ts tanden" a nd t ha t n o t a l l o ft he p o in ts a long t he O l t were n ecessar i ly a bandoned . A t a ny r a te , i fh is tor ica l e v idence l ends s uppor t t o t he h ypo thes is t ha t t he c ons truc t ion o ft he f or t if ica t ions a cross t he O lt s tar ted a s e ar ly a s u nder H adr ian , u n t i l t he m idd le o ft he 2 nd c en tury ,

2 9°

t he f i ndings o f e xcava t ions

c arr ied o ut b y V . C hr is tescu , p ar t o f wh ich h ave b een p ub l ished, a pparen t ly s howed t ha t t hey migh t b e d a ted t o t he t ime o f S ep t im ius S everus .

2 91

T he b as ic a rgu men t i s t he d iscovery i n t he b urn t ma t ter a t S äpa ta d e J os o f al arge h oard o f R oman c o ins s tar t ing w ith t he r e ign o f S ep t im ius S everus a nd e nding w i th Gordian H I .

B u t B . Mi trea 292

r efu tes t he s oundness o f

V . C hr istescu 's a rgu men t a nd d a tes t he b eg inn ings o f t he t ransa lutana l i ne t o t he d ays o f S ep tim ius S everus . Ac tua l ly , t he a bove- men t ioned t reasure c ou ld b e t aken t o h ave b e longed t o a mi li tary c hes t , a s t he momen t when c o ins s tar ted b e ing h oarded d oes n o t c o inc ide w i th t he d a te e xh ib i ted b y t he e ar lies t c o in i n t he t reasure . I t mus t b e h ones t ly a dm i t ted t ha t n o c onc lus ive e v idence i s a s y e t a va i lab le t o c arry a bso lu te c onv ic t ion a s r egards t he c hrono logy o ft he d efens ive l i ne a cross t he O l t .

The k nown e p igraph ic r ecords a re i nsuf f ic ien t a s s tone i s

want ing i n t he p la in z one a nd e xcava t ions were f ar f rom e x tens ive . The a rchaeo log ica l e v idence 2 93 f ound i n t he f or ts a t Bäneasa a nd S äpa ta d e J os h as n o t b een s tudied , b e ing l os t d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War ; t herefore , f ur ther r esearch emp loy ing n ew t echn iques a nd e qu ip men t i s r equ ired t o o b ta in t he n ecessary d a ta wh ich w i l l make p oss ib le a c hrono log ica l a ssess men t o ft hese f or ts .

I ti s e xpec ted t ha t t he d iggings a t J idava whose

r esu lts a re t o b e p ub lished s oon , w i l l p rov ide amp le i nforma t ion f or t he d a t ing o ft he t ransa lutana l i ne .

3 2

Wi th in t he l as t 8y ears we h ave b een e ngaged i n t he i nves t iga t ion 2 94 d efences o n t he t ransa lutan

o f t he

s yste m s tar t ing w i th t he r eiden t if ica t ion o n t he

g round o f a rchaeo log ica l o b jec t ives , a s we n o ted t ha t t he r ecent ly p ub lished a ccounts m isin terpre ted t he e v idence p rov ided b y d irec t s ources a nd t ha t s o me c onfusion h ad a r isen a s ar esu l t o f u nchecked i nfor ma t ion . We h ave b een p r imar i ly c oncerned w i th r esearch i n to t he c ourse o f t he e ar th v a l lu m wh ich i s p resen ted i n l i tera ture a s a wa l l o f b urn t s o i l ,

2 95

r unn ing u n interrup ted ly b etween t he Danube a nd t he C arpa th ians . We h ave a lready r epor ted 2 96

o ur c onc lus ions d rawn f rom t he s tudy o f a ir-

p ho tographs a nd o f o ur i nves t iga t ion o n t he g round;

we f ee l c er ta in t ha t t he

v a l lu m was b u i lt o n ly i n t he p la in z one , where t here was n o n a tura l b oundary o o f t he t err i tory o f t he emp ire , i .e . b e tween t he Danube , a t F lä m inda a nd t he V edea r iver—a t Gres ia 2 97

a nd t hen a ga in b e tween U r luien i a nd A lbo ta .

The ( t hree ) s ec t ions c ut a cross t he v a l lu m c lear ly s how t he e x is tence o f t wo d ist inc t p hases .

We f ee l i nc lined t o i n terpre t t he m a s t he r e ma ins o f a n

o r igina l c ons truc t ion i n e ar th a nd t imber , wh ich was b urn t i n s evera l p laces 2 98 a nd t ha t i t was o n ly l a ter t ha t a n e ar th v a l lu m was c ons truc ted wh ich i nc luded t he r e mains o f t he o r ig ina l wa l l i n terna l ly .

Though we s hou ld make a n

a t te mpt t o d if ferent ia te t he " pa l isade wa l l" f ro m t he v a l lu m s tr ic t ly s peak ing , t he l a t ter w i l l c on tinue t o b e r eferred t o a s v a l lu m t ransa lutanu m a nd t he c hrono log ica l d a ta r equired a re a s y e t i nsuf f ic ien t . N owadays , t he v a l lu m h as b een l eve l led b y a gr icu ltura l a c t iv i t ies ( i ts max i mu m h e ight i s 7 .0 m) ; t he s ec t ions c u t a cross i ti n t hree d if ferent g eographica l a reas ( L i mes , S zekesfehervar , p . 3 52 , f ig . 6a nd 7 ) , c on f ir m G r . Toc i lescu 's o bserva t ion t ha t t here was n o d i tch i n f ron t o ft he v a l lu m a nd t ha t i td id n o t s erve a s ar oad 2 99

i n Ro man t imes .

The f ac t t ha t o ur d igg ings i n t he a rea d id n o t r evea l t races o f t he R o man r oad p ara l le l w i th t he v a l lu m t ha t mus t h ave v eered wes t l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t i t was b u i lt a l i t t le f ur ther away , a t ad is tance o f 1 50-200 m , wh ich a c tua l ly s epara ted t he f or ts f rom t he v a l lu m . Among t he mounds t o b e f ound i n t he i m media te v ic in i ty o ft he v a l lu m ( f ig . 5 8 ) we h ave s tar ted t o u ncover t he o ne t ha t e nsured a v isua l l i nk b etween t he h igh l and c rossed b y t he s tre tch b e tween t he p o in ts R o§ ior i i d e V ede a nd S cr ioa *ea a nd t he Gres ia f or t , l y ing i n t he V edea r iverside .

We h ave a lready

c leared h ere p ar t o f at ower b u i lt i n wood a nd r eve t ted i n c lay . t oo , h as t wo d is t inc t p hases;

Th is t ower ,

t he o r igina l , l arge t ower was b urn t , i t s r e ma ins —

a mass o fb urn t e ar th a nd c harcoa l —were l eve l led a nd a no ther t ower , sma l ler i n s ize , was c ons truc ted .

3 00

The l im ited s cope o f e xcava t ion c arr ied o u t s o

f ar d oes n o t e nab le u s t o e s tab lish t he d a te o f t he v a l lu m t ransa lutanu m .

As

i ti s n o t e xpec ted t ha t e xcava t ions w i l l b r ing t o l i gh t f u l ly c onv inc ing e v idence t o h e lp u s d a te t he v a l lu m , we u nder took t he t ask o f e xa m ining t wo p o in ts wh ich we c ons ider t o b e e ssent ia l t o i t s e xis tence :

t he p o in t a t F lä minda

where t he v a l lu m s tar ts f ro m t he n or th-eas t a ng le o f t he l arge e ar thwork c a mp , a nd t he o ne a t U r luieni where i ti s c er ta in t ha t t he v a l lu m a nd a t l eas t o ne o f t he t wo f or ts were s i mu ltaneous ly e rec ted .

I n 1 977-1978 we s tar ted

e xa m ining t he s tra t igraph ic r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he e ar th v a l lu m a nd t he l arge c a mp a t F lä minda ( f ig . 5 9 ) .

The c ourse o f t he v a l lu m c on t inues t he 3 3

l i ne o f t he a gger a long t he e as t s ide o f t he e ar th work c a mp .

A t i t s e as t

a ng le t he d i tch o f t he c as tru m was c u t b eh ind t he v a l lu m a s w e l l , wh ich l ends s uppor t t o t he f ac t t ha t t he v a l lu m was n o t c ons truc ted a t t he s a me t ime a s t he c a mp . E xcava t ions c onduc ted a t t h is p o in t , much more l im i ted t han we i n tended o n a ccoun t o f s hor tage o f l abour , h ave n o t y ie lded c onc lus ive e v idence a s t o t he s tra t igraph ic r e la t ion b etween t he v a l lu m a nd t he d i tch o ft he c as tru m . I n f ac t , a s we h ave a lready p o in ted o u t , n o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence was f ound t o e s tab lish a c hrono logy i n t he c onstruc t ion o f t he c a mp .

An u mber o fp o t tery

f rag men ts a nd s ome o b jec ts f ound i n t he f i l ling o f t he d i tch 301 v a l lu m a re t he o n ly f i nds o bta ined .

b eh ind t he

Withou t c la im ing t ha t t h is a rgu men t p ro-

v ides a bso lute c onv ic t ion i ti s wor th t ak ing i n to a ccoun t , h owever , t ha t t he d i tch was p urpose ly3 °2 f i l led u p i n t he s tre tch b eh ind t he v a l lu m , wh ich migh t s ugges t t ha t t he c a mp a lready e xis ted b efore t he v a l lu m was b u i lt .

We h o ld

t he v iew t ha t t he v a l lu m was n o t n ecessar i ly b u i lt c oncomi tan t ly w i th a l l t he f or ts a nd t he wa tch t owers o f t he d efence .

I t migh t h ave o r ig ina l ly b een u sed

t o d e li m i t t he t err i tor ies o f t he empire o r , l a ter , t o d e termine , i n ac oncre te way , t he l im i tes imper i i , t ha t h ad b een p rev ious ly s e t i n f ron t o f c er ta in o u tposts . The e ar ly d a t ing o f t he v a l lu m t o H adr ian 's t ime i s a ccounted f or b y t he s quare p lan t yp ica l o f mos t f or ts a long t he t ransa lutana

3 03

l i ne a nd i ti s

g enera l ly a dm i t ted t ha t t he c ons truc t ion o f t h is f or t i f ied l i ne was a n impera t ive r equire men t a s e ar ly a s t he t h ird d ecade o f 2 nd c en tury .

3 04

As we h ave a lready men t ioned, we t h ink t ha t t he c a mp a t J idava c an b e t raced b ack t o t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars;

a s n o d ef in ite s ta te ment was

made c oncern ing t he g aps t ha t migh t h ave e x is ted i n i t s f our l eve ls o f e x istence , i t may we l l b e a ssu med t ha t t he f or t c on t inued t o e x is t e ven a f ter t he r est o f t he t roops were w i thdrawn f ro m n or thern Wa l lach ia .

I n t he b r ief r epor ts p ub-

l i shed n o d a ta c oncern ing t he c ons truc t ion o f t he s tone f or t i s a va i lab le ;

a nd

n o men t ion i s made , e i ther , o f t he c hanges wh ich o ccurred i n t he l i fe o f t he f or t i n t he c ourse o f i t s l i fe . N o c lear e v idence was f ound i n t he a rea e xcava ted a t R isnoy t o s ugges t a l u l l i n t he l i fe o ft he f or t ,

3 06

a nd, i t may t herefore b e p resu med t ha t t he f or t

e x is ted b e tween Hadr ian a nd S ep ti m ius S everus , a nd t ha t i tc onnec ted J idava w i th Hogh iz .

When e xac t ly t he e ar th p hase o r , i n o ur o pin ion ,

e ar th p hase c a me t o ac lose i s a s y e t u nc lear ;

3 07

t he s econd

b u t t he p lan o f t he s tone f or t

s uggests t he t ype t ha t f requen t ly o ccurs i n t he t ime o f H adr ian-An ton inus P ius .

3 °8

The o pen g round o ft he Ca mitu i Va l ley , l y ing i n t he s outh o f t he O l ten ian p lain , i s t he b es t way o f a ccess t owards t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince l eading t o t he a rea where t he S liven i f or t i s t o b e f ound .

T he v a l ley i s g uarded b y

t he sma l l f or t a t P ut ine iu a nd b y t he c a mps a t B ineasa . We h ave s tar ted a s urvey o f t he c aste l lu m a t P u t ine iu ( f ig . 6 0 ) b ecause we t h ink t ha t i ti s t yp ica l a nd t he b es t p reserved i n t he s outhern s ec tor , i n t he p lain a rea .

3 4

3° 5

The v a l lu m r uns a t s o me 1 50 m e as t o f t he f or t , s lan t ing d own t o t he C ä l mätu i wa ters ide , a nd a f ter c ross ing i t , s e izes t he h igh g round r unning west u p i t s n or ther n s teep f ace ;

f ro m h ere i t s c ourse c an b e e as i ly f o l lowed .

I ti s a bou t 1m h igh u p t o t he a rea o f t he Bäneasa f or ts , where i ti s o b li tera ted b y t he T urnu Mägure le-Ro ior i i d e V ede r oad .

A t a bou t 5 0 m d is tance f ro m

t he v a l lu m , t he p o in t t ha t e nsures p roper v is ib i li ty b e tween t he f or ts a t Bäneasa a nd t he l ow g round o f t he Ca mätu i Va l ley , a nd w i th t he P ut ine iu f or t a s we l l , i s a mound, 2 5 m i n d ia me ter , t ha t p robab ly s erved a s as ign a l ling t ower . The f or t a t P u t ine iu i s s quare i n s hape , i t s e as tern h a lf b e ing c overed b y v ineyards .

We h ave s ec t ioned i t s n or th a nd s outh p ara l le l s ides a s we l l a s t he

west o ne a nd we h ave b egun t o u ncover t he s outh-wes t a ng le .

The p rof i le o f

t he s ou th s ide ( L i mes , S zekesfehervar , 1 978, p . 3 49 , f i g . 3 B ) p rov ides a p icture o ft he f or t if ica t ion e le men ts a round t he g a te where t he d i tches g e t n arrower t o a l low a g ap i n f ron t o f t he g a te .

C ons idering t ha t t he g a te was i n

t he c en tre o f t he s ou th s ide , t he l a t ter i s 5 3 m l ong ( i nc luding o n ly t he a gger ) a nd b e ing e qua l t o t he wes t o ne .

T he a gger i s made o fb rown-redd ish s o i l ,

h av ing h ere a nd t here l ayers o fy e l low s o i l;

o n i t s t op was a c lay-faced

t imber p a l isade wh ich was d es troyed b y b urning a nd i t s r e ma ins were d epos i ted o n t he s lope o f t he a gger .

We c an s afe ly s ta te , f or t he momen t , t ha t t he

f or t h ad t wo g a tes o n t he n or th a nd s outh s ide , a s n o r e ma ins o f t he wes t s ide g a te o r o f t he r oad h ave b een i den t if ied a s y e t .

The s ou th g a te i s f ra med t o

t he e as t b y as truc ture o f h ard t imber wh ich was b urn t a nd wh ich u nfor tuna te ly c ou ld n o t b e p roper ly e xa mined , b e ing p ar t ly c overed b y v ineyards . I n t he c as te l lu m t here i s j us t o ne c u ltura l l eve l a nd o ne l eve l o f h ab ita t ion , a l though o n sma l l s tre tches t he s uccess ive e x is tence o f t wo p hases f or v ia s agu lar is h ave b een a scer ta ined .

As e xcava t ions a re i n p rogress , t he d is-

c overed ma ter ia l h as n o t y e t b een s tudied; o r im ita t ion o f i th as b een d iscovered;

n o f rag men t o f t erra s ig i l la ta

ar ush ligh t o f t he F irma la mpe t ype

a nd a n An toninus P ius s es ter t ius ( so b ad ly p reserved t ha t i t s d a te c ou ld n o t b e e xac t ly d e termined ) —are s o f ar t he e ar l ies t e v idence t o b e u sed i n d a t ing t he f or t .

P o t tery ma ter ia l w i l l b e more p rec ise ly d a ted af ter e xa m ina t ion .

A t Bäneasa , i n t he s outhern s ec tor o f t he f or t if ied l i ne a cross t he O lt a re t wo f or ts—the l arge o ne l y ing s outh-wes t t he sma l l o ne a nd h av ing s o me c harac ter is t ic f ea tures wh ich t he sma l l-sca le d iggings c onduc ted b y G . C anta .cuzino ,

3° 9

c ou ld n o t c lar ify .

Ac tua l ly , i ti s av a l lu m t ha t s epara tes

t he f or t i n to t wo a l mos t e qua l p ar ts f ro m n or th t o s outh ( f ig . 6 1) .

One o f

t he s ec t ions was c ut a cross t he d i tch a round t he n or th s ide wh i le t he o ther was a cross t he a gger o n ly . The p ub l ished d a ta h ave r evea led t ha t b o th t he s ides a nd t he a ng les were p rov ided w i th a v a l lu m o fb ea ten e ar th , 0 .70-0 .95 m i n h e igh t ( f ig . 6 2 ) . Over a nd a bove i t was awa l l b ui lt i n e ar th a nd t imber w i th a v ar iab le w idth o f 3 -4 m .

3 10

B u t more p ar t icu lar e v idence wh ich s hou ld a l low t he c ons truc-

t ion s ys te m o f t he c amp t o b e d e term ined w i l l o n ly c o me f ro m f ur ther e xcav a t ion;

h owever , wha t s ee ms t o b e mos t c er ta in i s t ha t t he e ar th " wa l l" i s

a c tua l ly t he r u ins o f ab urn t Ho lz -Erde -Mauer .

3 11

The i nner s lope o f t he

a gger i s t ough , a nd a t i t s t op was t he v ia s agu lar is; s erved a s ab ase t o t he wa l l b u i lt o f e ar th a nd t imber .

3 5

t herefore , t he a gger I ta ppears t ha t t he

t imbers s erved a s ah or izon ta l l i nk b e tween t he t wo " fences" o f t he wa l l ( t ha t i s t he e x terna l p a lisade a nd t he i n terna l b ase f or t he wa tch wa lk ) . 3 12 A t Bäneasa , a t U r luien i a nd S äpa ta d e j os , a t e ach o f wh ich t wo f or ts a re t o b e f ound, t he ma jor t ask i s t he ir d a t ing a nd t he e s tab lish men t o f t he ir c hrono log ica l r e la t ionsh ip .

We t h ink t ha t t he v ery e x is tence o fd oub le f or ts —

whose s i mu ltaneous u se c anno t b e e xp la ined —prov ides r eady c onf irma t ion o f t he f ac t t ha t t he l i ne t ransa lu tana h as more t han o ne p hase o f h ab i tat ion a nd t ha t i ti s r isky , t o s ay t he l eas t , i fn o t a l together u nsc ient if ic t o s ay t ha t t hese f or ts c o inc ided e xac t ly i n o ne s ing le p er iod , b efore e xa m in ing t he m . The l arge-s ized f or t a t S äpa ta d e J os was e xcava ted b y V . C hr istescu i n 1 929-1930 ,

3 13

when t he p lan o f t he s i te ( f ig . 6 5 ) w as a pprox ima te ly a scer ta ined

a nd s o me d a ta c oncern ing t he b u i lding t echn ique were o bta ined .

Though t he

e xcava t ions were c arefu l e nough t hey d id n o t r evea l s ign if ican t e v idence o n a ccoun t o f t he d igg ing t echnique emp loyed a t t he t ime a nd s o l i t t le i nforma t ion o n t he l i fe o f t h is e amp 3 14

i s a s y e t a va i lab le .

The wa l l a ppears t o h ave

b een b u i lt o f b r ick , t hough j us t t hree c ourses h ave b een f ound , a nd V . C hr is tescu c ons iders t ha t i t s u pper p ar t was b u i lt i n e ar th a nd t imber , t hese b r icks were n o t b ound w i th mor tar b u t w i th b lack ish c lay .

3 15

a s

The b inding

q ua l i t ies o f t h is k ind o fb lack c lay t ha t r ep laced t he mor tar l ead u s t o t h ink t ha t t he s o lidi ty o f t he s truc ture was n o t a f fec ted . Wha t a ppears t o b e ap ecu liar i ty o f t h is f or t —a w e l l-bea ten , sma l l-s ized a gger— w i l l b e e ncoun tered a s w e h ave a lready s een , a t t he B äneasa f or t a nd , i n a l l p robab i l i ty , a t Ur luien i , t oo .

F ur ther r esearch w i l l s ure ly e xam ine

3 16

more c arefu l ly t h is k ind o f " agger", s pec if ic t o t hese t hree f or ts o n t he t ransa lu tana l i ne .

F ro m t he a ppearance o f t he s ec t ion p ub lished b y V .

C hr is tescu i ta ppears t ha t t he " agger" d id n o t s erve a s a wa tch wa lk s o t ha t t he p oss ib i l i ty i s n o t e xc luded f or i tt o h ave b een s uppor ted b y wooden p i l lars whose c arbon ised r e ma ins h ave b een d iscovered t hroughou t t he e xcava ted s i te .

3 17

The f ac t t ha t t he r e inforced s uppor t o f t he b r ick wa l l i s n o t d is-

c ont inued i n t he s tre tch where t he g a tes 3 18

a re s upposed t o h ave e x is ted c on-

f irms t he i dea t ha t i td id n o t s erve a s a n a gger . The p lan o f t he a rea A o f t he s i te c leared o n t he n or th-wes t s ide o f t he c amp , a t t he p o in t where a g a teway i s s upposed t o h ave e x isted , i s f ar t oo i nc omp le te t o h e lp u s r econs truc t i t s s hape .

I n c ase a g a teway r ea l ly e x is ted

a t t h is p o in t , wh ich s ee ms h igh ly p robab le , t hen t he p or ta p rae tor ia mus t h ave b een o n t he n or th-eas t s ide .

The t owers o ccur a t t he a ng les o f t he f or t

b u t t hey were d is man t led , a s was t he r a mpar t , a nd o bserva t ions b y d igg ing d id n o t t race t he c ourse o f t he wa l ls; w i th a v iew t o r ecover ing i t s p lan . c er ta inty t hat h as r e ma ined 3 19

o n ly t he e as t a ng le was b e tter p reserved

I n o rder t o c lar ify t he c onsiderab le u n-

o n a ccoun t o ft he e xcava t ion t echn ique u sed

much more c arefu l r esearch i s r equired, s o much s o a s mos t o f t he s i te o f t he f or t h as a lready b een d ug . T hough t he s ides o f t he s econd f or t ,

3 20

l y ing s ou th-eas t o f t he l arge o ne ,

r un p ara l le l w ith t he l a t ter , i t mus t h ave f aced ad if feren t d irec t ion a nd we t hink t ha t t he t races o fb urning ( o n t he p lan ) f ound i n t he c en tre o f t he n or thwes t s ide a re t he r uins o f t he p or ta d ecu mana .

U nfor tuna te ly , a t b o th t hese

c a mps t he d e ta i ls c oncern ing t he t imber s tructures , a bou t whose p lan a nd c ons truc t ion t echn ique e v idence i s a s y e t i nsuf f ic ien t , h ave b een o ver looked . 3 6

The f ac t t ha t b o th f or ts a re s urrounded b y ac om mon d i tch 321

wou ld s ugges t

t ha t t hey were i n u se a t t he s a me t ime , a t l eas t a t ac er ta in t ime .

V .

C hr istescu c ons iders t ha t t he t wo f or ts were c on te mporary t hroughou t t he ir e x is tence , wh ich h e e s tab l ishes , o n t he b as is o f t he h oard o f c o ins d iscovered i n t he p rae ten tura o f t he l arge f or t , d a t ing f rom AD 2 05-242 .

A s w e h ave

a lready s ta ted , t h is t reasure c anno t b e i ndica t ive o f t he e ar ly l i fe o f t he f or t . The r es t o f t he c o ins f ound i n t he s outh-eas t p ar t o f t he l arge f or t 322

mus t

b e r e la ted t o t he u se o f t he s truc ture h av ing a b r ick p av ing , s earched o n t h is s i te .

The p ub lished d a ta s o f ar d o n o t a l low u s t o d a te t h is f or t t o e ar l ier t han

t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury ;

b ut , o n t he o ther h and , we s hou ld a dd t o o ur

k now ledge a bout t hese t wo f or ts t o b e a b le t o e stab l ish t he ir c hrono logy a nd t he ir h istor ica l e vo lu t ion . A t a ny r a te , i t mus t b e r eca l led t ha t B . M i trea3 23 d en ies , a nd w i th g ood r eason , t he s oundness o f t he a rgu men t t ha t t he b eginn ings o f t h is f or t if ied l i ne c ou ld b e r e la ted t o t he h oard o f c o ins d iscovered a t S äpa ta d e j os ;

we

t h ink t ha t t he d iscovery o f n ew a rchaeo log ica l d a ta i s r equ ired b efore w e t ry t o d e term ine t he c hrono logy o ft h is l i ne o f f or t if ica t ions t he more s o a s we h ave n o ted t ha t a c tua l s earch o ft he a rchaeo log ica l s i tes h as b een r ep laced b y h ypo the t ica l a ssess men ts . D ac ia P oro lissens is The c rea t ion , e ar ly d ur ing t he r e ign o f H adr ian 324

o f t he p rov ince o f

Dac ia P oro lissensis h ad p r i mar i ly t o mee t a mi l i tary r equ ire men t .

T he

p rov ince a s a who le was a n " ear ly warning z one" f or t if ied i n d ep th a nd , i n o ur o p in ion , i t s r e markab le mi li tary p o ten t ia li t ies were d esigned t o s uppor t t he empire 's p o licy o f o f fens ive d efence a ga inst t he p opu la t ions i n t he B arbar icu m . I n 1 23 325

Dac ia P oro lissens is was s t i l l t he b ase o f a la I P annon ioru m ,

a la IBr i t tonu m CR a nd o f c ohors IBr i tann ica—tha t h ad t aken p ar t , u nder t he c o m mand o f Q . Marc ius T urbo , i n t he b a t t les waged wes t o f Dac ia i n 1 18-119 . The l i s t o f t he t roops s ta t ioned i n Dac ia P oro l issens is were c o mp le ted b y t hose whose s o ldiers w ere g iven t he h ones ta miss ione i n 1 33 : a la ITungroru m F ron ton iana , c ohors IBr i tann ica c ohors IBa tavoru m

a la S i l iana CR ,

,c ohors IH ispanoru m ,

,c ohors IA e lia Gaesa toru m , c ohors I Br i t tonu m

c ohors IU lp ia Br i t tonu m

. O f t hese , i ta ppears t ha t a la IS i liana ,

3 26

a nd a la

IT ungroru m F ron ton iana , c ohors IB a tavoru m , c ohors Ae lia Gaesa toru m , c ohors I ( Nerv ia ) Br i t tonu m were b rough t t o Dac ia u nder Hadr ian .

The

a va i lab le e pigraphic e v idence i ndica tes t he c a mp where t he b u lk o f t hese t roops were s ta t ioned .

I ti s n o t y e t i ndica ted p rec ise ly i n wh ich c a mp was

g arr isoned a la IBr it tonu m —Br i tann ica 3 27 a nd I . I . R ussu a ssu mes t ha t i t p receded t he a la I Pannon ioru m a t G her la 328 ( f ig . 6 6) ; b ut , a s t he l a t ter h ad c o me t o a nd h ad r e ma ined i n Dac ia , p resu mab ly a t Gher la ,

3 29

i m media te ly

a f ter t he wars , t he q ues t ion o f t he f or t h e ld b y a la IBr i tann ica h as t o r e ma in u nso lved .

C ohors IBa tavoru m i s a t tested i n t he p roxi m i ty o f P o ta issa ( t he

modern Turda ) b y t he e v idence f ro m t wo t ombs tones 33°

f ound a t t he S in m iha i;

a no ther i nscr ibed t o mbs tone men t ions t he t roop a t R om i ta ;331

we c onsider

t ha t f ur ther d iscover ies a re r equired t o p rov ide c onf irma t ion o ft he p resence o f t h is u ni t a t t he t wo p o in ts men t ioned b y t hese i nscr ip t ions .

3 7

The a la S i l iana was t he g arr ison o f t he f or t a t G i 1u , o n t he r oad N apocaBo loga , a t t he c onf luence o f t he S o me§u l C a ld w i th t he S o me§u l R ece .

The

s i te o f t h is f or t was r e-used i n t he Midd le A ges a s w e l l a s i n o ur t imes . Today , t he p ark o f Rakoczy C as t le i s o ver t h is s i te . e xcava t ions were c arr ied o u t i n 1 949; 3 32

The f irs t s ys te ma t ic

i n r ecen t y ears , t he r esearch

g roup o f t he U n iversi ty o f C lu j-Napoca h as r esu med l arge-sca le e xcava t ions , b u t t he r esu l ts a re a s y e t u npub lished 3 33

( f ig . 6 7 ) .

T he s tra t igraph ic e v idence

a nd o bserva t ions r e la ted t o t he p o t tery f i nds u ncovered i n t he a rea p roved h igh ly p rom ising .

The s ec t ions c u t a cross t he c ur ta in wa l ls c lear ly s howed

t he e x is tence o f as er ies o f r ep lace men ts o f t he o r ig ina l f or ts o n t he s i te . T here i s g enera l a gree men t t ha t t he p r imary f or t made o f e ar th s tar ted i n Tra jan 's r e ign . c layey s o i 1 334

I n t h is p hase i t s a gger was made o f h o mogeneous b lack

a nd , a pparen t ly , t races o f c aesp i tes a nd o fb eams s e t h or izon-

t a l ly h ave b een i dent if ied . i n u se v ery l ong ;

T he e ar thwork f or t d oes n o t a ppear t o h ave b een

i t s d i tch was f i l led u p w i th d ebr is o f t he f or t a nd l a ter

w i th a gger ma ter ia l .

The r ampar t wa l l w i l l h ave b een b u i lt a f ter t he l eve l ling

u p o f t he v a l lu m wh ich wou ld s erve a s ab erm o f a bou t 4 . 5 m, d i tch .

3 35

w i th a s ing le

The s tone c ons truc t ion w i l l h ave b een r e-used when t h is p ar t icu lar

d i tch was f i l led u p , t he b erm h e igh tened a nd a no ther d i tch d ug . o n ly way t o i n terpre t t he o ut line o f s ec t ion C ( f ig .

6 8 ) ;

Th is i s t he

where t he f i l ling o f

d i tch ha a nd d i tch I l b i s wrong ly n on-dif ferent ia ted . I ns ide t he c a mp ( f ig . 6 7) , s ec t ions h ave b een c u t a cross t he b arracks 3 36 a nd o n t h is o ccas ion t wo c o ins 3 37

were f ound b enea th a l eve l o fy e l low s o i l

j us t o ver t he l ayer o f b aked a dobe , wh ich a re c ons idered a s at er minus p os t q ue r n f or t he b u i lding o f t he s tone f or t .

The s ec t ion a ppears t o i ndica te ,

h owever , t ha t t h is was t he t h ird r econs truc t ion a s u ndernea th t he t h ick l ayer o fb aked a dobe i s o ne o fb urn t ma t ter l a id o ver t he l eve l o f h u mus .

3 38

I ti s

p robab le t ha t t he p refec t o ft he a la S i liana , b ased a t t h is p o in t t hroughou t t he R o man r u le , h ad u nder h is c o m mand a s ec tor o ft he l imes a t l eas t u n t i l t he a rr iva l o f t he F if th L eg ion Macedon ica .

We t h ink t ha t t he f or t a t B o loga

( Rescu lu m ) b e longed t o t h is s ec tor a nd maybe a lso t he Buc iu m i f or t whose b eg innings c ou ld d a te b ack t o t he e nd o f Tra jan 's r e ign , s ome t ime b efore 1 19 3 39

d ur ing Marc ius Turbo 's a c t ions , i n wh ich a la IBr it tonu m , a la I

P annon ioru m a nd c ohors IBr i tann ica a lso t ook p ar t . c ohors I N erv ia Br i t tonu m 340

s ta t ioned a t B uc iu m i 341

I t was a f ter 14 t ha t c a me t o Dac ia .

E xcava t ions o n t he s i te o f t h is f or t b egan u nder t he g uidance o f Professor Macrea who , a par t f rom s o me b r ief r epor ts , o u t t he d a ta o bta ined;

3 42

d id n o t s ucceed i n work ing

h is f ormer c o l labora tors , who a re c ont inuing r esearch

o n t he s ite ( f ig . 7 0 ) , h ave p ub l ished a monograph a ccount c on ta ining t he r esu l ts o b ta ined u nt i l 1 971 . e ar th c ons truc t ion 344

3 43

E xcava t ions i ndica te t he e x is tence o f a n

wh ich mus t b e d a ted e i ther t o t he e nd o f Tra jan 's o r

t he b eg inn ing o f H adr ian 's r e ign , b e ing c onnec ted w i th t he c o ming o f t he c ohor t f ro m P annon ia .

3 45

E xam in ing t he p rof i le o f t he f or t a t B uc iu m i we

n o te t ha t t he e le men ts b e long ing t o t he e ar th p hase

3 46

h ave n o t b een made

c lear e nough . I n t he s ec t ion c u t a cross t he n or th a ng le ( S I X ) , ( f ig . 7 2 ) i ns ide t he t ower t races o f b urn ing were f ound , wh ich may b e i n terpre ted a s t he r e ma ins o f a b urn t wooden t ower , c orresponding t o t he s tone t ower b ut sma l ler i n s ize ; a s a ma t ter o f f ac t , t races o f ab urn t wooden b ui lding , p oss ib ly a n i n termed i3 8

a ry p la tform o n t he c ur ta in wa l l , h ave a lso b een f ound i n t he s ec t ion ( no t g iven i n t he p lan ) c u t p ara l le l w i th SX I a nd 6 m n or th-wes t o f i t .

We d ee m

i tn ecessary t o s uggest t ha t o ur c o l leagues who a re c arry ing o u t r esearch a t t he s i te o f B uc iu m i f or t s hou ld e xa m ine more c arefu l ly t he c omponent p ar ts o f t he e ar th c ons truc t ion .

I ft he s tone c a mp was b ui l t o n ly l a te i n t he 2 nd

o r e ar ly i n t he 3 rd c en tury 347 p resu med t o h ave e x is ted .

a t l eas t t wo p hases o ft he e ar th c a mp mus t b e

The n or thern b oundaryline was c omp le ted when t he a la IT ungroru m F rontan iana was s en t t o f l i va .

The f or t l ay o n t he Mägura p la teau a nd

c o m manded t he e n t ire h i l ly a rea n or th o f S o me§u l Mare , l and c rea ted b y i t s t r ibutar ies .

3 48

at yp ica l ly o pen

Our k now ledge o f t h is c a mp c o mes f ro m t he

s yste ma t ic r esearch c arr ied o u t b y C . Torma 349

more t han a c en tury a go .

T he a rea b e tween I l i§ua a nd Orheiu l B is tr4e i i s e asy o f a ccess b y an a tura l r oad .

We h ave a lready p o inted o ut t ha t we d o n o t s hare t he c la im , a s y e t

i nsuf f ic ien t ly a rgued , t ha t c ohors IH ispanoru m was i n i t ia l ly b ased a t L ivez i le a nd o n ly l a ter a t Orhe i .

R esearch o n t h is l a t ter f or t was f ar t oo l im i ted a s

j us t t es t d igg ings were c arr ied o u t a nd i t s p lan was mere ly s ketched .

3 50

I ns ide t he f or t , t he p r inc ip ia was o n ly p ar t ly e xcava ted a nd s o was a no ther b ui lding c ons idered t o b e ab a lneura , b ut p rae tor iu m .

wh ich , t o o ur mind , i s r a ther a

F ro m t he s ke tch o f t he p lan i t wou ld s ee m t ha t b o th c ons truc t ions

h ad s evera l p hases o f e x istence a nd t ha t an u mber o f t ransforma t ions i n t he o r ig ina l p lan o f t he s truc ture o ccurred , wh ich a re n o t i den t if ied . S utor-Op ta t iana 3 51

i s t he o n ly f or t i n Dac ia P oro l issens is whose d a te o f

c ons truc tion i s n o t e xac t ly k nown;

b ut a s an u mber o f s tamps were f ound

o n i t s s i te b e lon i ng t o aN (u merus M (auroru m ) 0 (p ta t ianens iu m ) a nd t o a n a la

wh ich were d a ted t o t he mid-second c entury a nd t he b eg inn ing

mi l liar ia ,35Z

o f t he 3 rd c en tury , we a re t e mp ted t o c ons ider t ha t t h is c amp mus t h ave b een b u i lt u nder An toninus P ius a t t he e ar l ies t . R ev iew ing t he p resen t k now ledge o f t he R o man d efences i n Dac ia i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he 2 nd c entury we c anno t h e lp n o t ing t ha t r esearch i s a s y e t t oo l im i ted t o a l low a ny f i na l c onc lus ion t o b e d rawn . As we h ave s hown a bove , v ery f ew f or ts h ave b een d a ted o n t he b as is o f a rchaeo log ica l a rgu men ts , h av ing r esor t , a s ar u le , t o e p igraph ic o r n um is ma t ic e v idence , wh ich , more of ten t han n o t , a re n o t wor th p rocess ing o n a ccoun t o ft he ir l ack o fp rec is ion . I n ab r ief s tudy , N . G udea made a n a t te mp t t o e xa mine t he e ar th p hase o ft he f or ts353 mak ing u p t he d efence s ys te m i n Dac ia , c oming t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t i t was o rgan ised " under t he f orm k nown t oday immedia te ly a f ter t he c onques t .

S ubsequent a l tera t ions a nd l a ter a ddi t ions s ee m p robab le b ut ,

a t a ny r a te , n one o ft he m i s k nown t oday w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he f or t a t T urda ( Po ta issa ) h e ld b y l eg io V Macedonica" .

3 54

Th is c onc lus ion c ou ld b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he p re li m inary n a ture o f t he i nves t iga t ion s ince t he a va i lab le d a ta , f ar f ro m c o mp le te , o f c ourse , s how q u i te c lear ly t ha t t he d efens ive s yste m i n Dac ia was s ub jec t t o c hanges t hroughout t he a l mos t t wo c en tur ies o f i t s e x is tence . The r esu l ts o f i nves t iga t ions c oncerning t he e ar thwork f or ts a re n o t r e levan t e i ther ,

3 55

a s i ti s c ons idered t ha t " the wooden f ra mework ( i f a ny )

was u sed d ur ing t he p er iod when t he e ar th v a l lu m was f ormed" . 3 9

The E ar thwork F or ts I ti s ac er ta in f ac t t ha t mos t o f t he i nves t iga ted f or ts were i n i t ia lly b ui lt i n e ar th a nd t imber . Bo th r esearch i n t he p as t a nd more r ecen t i nqu ir ies d id n o t a t te mp t t o h arness t he i nforma t ion p rov ided c oncern ing t he t ype o f e ar th a nd t imber c ons truc t ion . E ven when t races o f t he t imber s truc ture a nd c aesp i tes were u near thed t hese were n o t r eproduced i n t he p lan s o a s t o make r econs truc t ion p oss ib le a nd t o p rov ide i n forma t ion r e levan t t o t he c ons truc t ion t echn ique . F or t he moment , o n ly t he p lan s ke tched f o l low ing t he e xcava t ions we c arr ied o u t a t R ucär c on ta ins e nough d a ta wh ich c ou ld h e lp u s t o r ecover t he v a l lu m r e inforced w i th t imber o f t he f or t le t ;

when c omp le ted b y a ddi t iona l

i nforma t ion c om ing f rom f ur ther i nves t iga t ion t h is p lan w i l l a l low p rec ise r econs truc t ion o f t he s tructure . F rom o ur o bserva t ions a t R ucär i ti s n o t icea b le t ha t t he t urves d id n o t s erve a s f ac ings o f t he v a l lu m; t hey were u sed i n mak ing u p t he c ore i n t he s tre tch b etween t he e x terna l p a lisade a nd t he s uppor t ing p i l lars o f t he wa tch wa l l . R adu F lorescu h as r ecen t ly p roduced a s yn the t ic s tudy o f t he D ac ian d efences b ui l t i n c aesp i tes ,

3 56

mak ing g ood u se o f t he r esu l ts o f a rchaeo log ica l

work a t Drobe ta , Mä lä ie§ t i , B u mbe§t i , Bäneasa , S äpa ta d e j os a nd B uc iu m i . E ven i fc aesp i tes were r ea l ly t raced a t Mä lä ie§t i , a nd a murus c aesp i t ic ius i s a t tes ted e p igraph ica l ly a t B u mbe§t i , we d o n ot t h ink t ha t t he r est o ft he a bove- men t ioned f or ts migh t h ave emp loyed t he s ame t echn ique . R ev iew ing t he d a ta k nown s o f ar we h o ld t he o p in ion t hat t here were s evera l d if feren t t ypes o f wood a nd e ar th c ons truc t ions i n Dac ia . C aesp i tes h ave b een i den t if ied f or c er tain a t Mä lä ie§ t i a nd a t R ucar b u t t he p oss ibi l i ty i s n o t e xc luded f or t he m t o h ave b een u sed i n t he c ons truc t ions w hose a gger c ons is ts o f b lack s o i l- ( hu mus ) a l ternat ing r egu lar ly w i th y e l low s o i l s uch a s t he o ne a t Orhe iu l B is tr4e i , o r o fb lack s o i l o n ly a s a t G i läu .3 57 Though t he a va i lab le d a ta d o n o t a f ford t he o ppor tun i ty o f r econs truc t ing t he v a l lu m b u i lt i n t urfwork , we c ons ider t ha t t here i s ac onsiderab le d if ference i n t he way i n wh ich t urves were u sed a s a mere f ac ing o f t he v a l lu m , o r i n t he c ase when t he l a t ter was who l ly b u i lt o f c aesp i tes . I f at ur f a gger o ft he The L un t358 t ype may b e r econs truc ted a t Mä lä ie§t i , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t a t M ic ia t he e ar ly p hase c onsis ted o f aH o ltz Erde -Mauer , a nd t he t wo e x terna l f ra meworks were c onnec ted b y h or izon ta l b eams . s im i lar s ys tem i s s ugges ted b y e xcava t ions a t H ogh iz a nd Bineasa .

3 59

A

T he e ar th

wa l l a t Bäneasa was b u i lt u pon a f l a t tened v a l lu m o r o n as pec ia l ly l a id o u t t erra in .3 60 A t P oro us s um P o mKt t he f i l l ing b etween t he b ea m s tructure 3 61

e d

c ons isted o f s tone r ubb le . Ac om mon f ea ture o f t he e ar th p hase i n mos t o f t he e xcava ted f or ts i s t he a gger made o f s o i l c om ing f rom t he d i tch , f aced e x terna l ly w i th b oards o r w i th c aesp i tes ; f or t he momen t , h owever , n o t races o f t imber o r t ur f were f ound e i ther a t Br incovene§t i , R o mäna§ i , B uc iu m i o r P ut ine iu . A t t h is l as t c a mp , where o n a ccoun t o f t he d ark g rey c o lour o f t he s o i l t he t races o f t he p i l lars i n t he p lan a re n o t v is ib le , t he ir marks a re a pparen t i n t he b urnt s o i l d epos i ted i n t he d itch a nd a t t he b ase o f t he a gger when t he f or t was d es troyed .3 62 Tha t t here a re d if ferences i n t he c ons truc t ion o f e ar th c amps c an b e n o ted e ven where e xcavat ions a re s t i l l i n a n e ar ly s tage o r where i ncomp le te o bserv a t ions h ave b een made a va i lab le i n e xcava t ion r epor ts—wh ich e nt i t les u s t o s ay t hat a ddi t iona l a nd more c arefu l d igg ing i s c a l led f or . 4 0

The S tone F or ts Wi thou t e xc lud ing t he p oss ib i l i ty t hat t oo l i t t le i nforma t ion o n t he o r ig ina l c ons truc t ions i n wood h as b een f or thcom ing f rom t he a rchaeo log ica l work c onduc ted a t t he c as te l la a t Arc idava ( Värädia ) , A . ngust ia ( Br eu) , Dra jna d e s us a nd T ihäu , w e t h ink t ha t t he f i rst v ersion o f t hese works may we l l h ave b een a s tone c onstruc t ion . C ozia R ange ,

3 63

A s t he f or t if icat ions i n t he a rea o f t he

a long t he O lt , were o r ig ina l ly b u i lt i n s tone , l a te i n

Hadr ian 's r e ign , w e t h ink t ha t i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t he f or ts a t C i .§e i a nd S är ken i w ere o f s tone c ons truc t ion f rom t he v ery s tar t . Accord ing t o t he r esu lts o f r esearch c onduc ted o n t he s i tes o f t he c as te l la a t G her la 3 64 a nd G i läu 3 65 i ti s c ons idered t ha t t he s ubsequen t r ep lacements i n s tone o ft he e ar thwork f or ts i n Dac ia s tar ted u nder A ntoninus P ius .

3 66

On a ccoun t o ft he d eep ly r oo ted i dea t ha t e very s ing le f or t i n Dac ia h ad j ust t wo p hases —ear thwork a nd s tonework— the l a t ter b e ing p oss ib ly r epa ired i n t he 3 rd c entury ,— i t i s g enera l ly c ons idered t ha t t he e ar thwork f or ts l asted f or a l ong t ime a nd t he f ac t i s l arge ly i gnored t ha t b y t he ir v ery n ature , c ons truc t ions o f t h is t ype h ad t o b e r e-bu i lt r e lat ive ly o f ten .3 67 A s t here w as n o s pec ia l c oncern f or c arefu l e xam ina t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds , e ven i n t he c ases where o bserva t ions r e levan t t o t he e x is tence o f more t han t wo p hases were o bta ined, i t was n o t p oss ib le t o f i x t he ir e xac t d ate . More o f ten t han n o t , s tone r ep lace ments were d ated a ccording t o i nscr ip t ions , b u t a lways b u i lding i nscr ipt ions , wh ich h as g iven r ise t o s i tua t ions s uch a s t he o ne a t C i§e i where t he c a mp was d a ted t o t he r e ign o f C araca l la o n t he b as is o f t he d edica t ion-tab le t t oJ u l ia Domna 3 68

f ound i n t he p r inc ip ia ;

i ti s

o bv ious t ha t t h is i nscr ip t ion c an b y n o means a ccoun t f or c ons truc t ion a c t iv i t ies , a nd e ven l ess s o f or c onstruc t ions i n s tone . R unn ing t he r isk o fb e ing mis taken i n s o me c ases , we wou ld n o t a ccep t t he g enera l ly a dm i t ted d a tes o fb ui lding o f t he s tone f or ts , a s i ts eems t o u s t ha t , i n most c ases , t he a rgu men ts a re n o t s ound e nough a nd h ave n o mean ingfu l r e la t ion t o t he a rchaeo log ica l c on tex t e xh ib i ted b y t he s i te u nder i nvest iga t ion . I ti s o ur w ish t o r a ise t h is i ssue f or p roper d iscuss ion a nd t o f os ter i n teres t i n t he who le r ange o fp rob le ms p osed b y a rchaeo log ica l work a nd i n f i x ing t he c hrono logy o f t he v ar ious p hases i n c lose r e la t ion t o t he c on tex t p rov ided b y a rchaeo log ica l , e p igraph ic a nd n um isma t ic e v idence .

4 1

CHAPTER 5 THE ANTON INE CONTR IBUT ION TO THE ORGAN ISATION OF THE DEFENCE WORKS I N DACIA

The r ep lace men t i n s tone o f t he Dac ian c a mps h as b een a ssoc ia ted w i th t he d es truc t ion b rough t a bou t b y t he wars w i th t he f ree Dac ians f ough t u nder An ton inus P ius .

3 69

I ta ppears t ha t t he p ar t ia l o b l itera t ion o f t he f or t a t

G her la c an b e a ccoun ted f or n o t o n ly b y t he r ebui ld ing o f t he p r inc ip ia b u t b y t he f ac t t ha t ah oard o f c o ins d a t ing t o t he p er iod f ro m V espas ian t o A n ton inus P ius 3 76

was b ur ied i n i t s s i te .

U nder An toninus P ius t he R o man a rm ies i n Dac ia b eca me s tronger—a f ac t p robab ly n ecess i ta ted b y t he war fare b o th o n t he f ron t ier l i nes a nd i ns ide t he p rov ince .

The p resence o f c ohors 1 1 1 H ispanoru m , c ohors IU b ioru m 3 71

a nd o f v ex il lar i i A fr icae e t Mauretan iae C aesar iens is i s a t tested f or t he f i rst t ime i n t he d ip lo mas o f Dac ia S uper ior ;

t he c a mp a t ( f ig . 7 4 ) I n läcen i3 72

was t he b ase o f c ohors If i H ispanoru m , wh ich r ep laced t he t roop o f r aet i t ha t h ad b een d isp laced t o a long t he r oad D ierna-T ib iscu m . U b ioru m 3 73

C ohors I

was a lso g arr isoned o n Dac ia 's e astern b oundary .

T he q ues t ion whe ther t he d isp lace men t o f t hese t wo c ohor ts t o t he e as tern f ron t ier l i ne i s p roof o f t he R o mans ' i n ten t ion t o c omp le te t he f ron t ier d efence works o n t h is l i ne w i l l o n ly b e a nswered b y f uture r esearch .

Wha t we k now

n ow i s t ha t s tar t ing w i th t he A n tonine p er iod e very s ing le a ccess-way t o t he p rov ince was b locked b y f or ts . The d efence o f t he B ana t s ec tor o f t he f ron t ier l i ne was a lso a p r inc ip le c oncern i n t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius .

As we h ave a lready n o ted, t he r oad

L edera ta-T ib iscu m was n o l onger d efended b y t roops a s t hey h ad b een d isp laced f ro m t he c a mps a t Arc idava , C en tu m P utea a nd B erzob is a nd , p robab ly , V iree t .

The r oad f ro m D ierna t o T ib iscu m , b y Mehadia a nd Teregova , was

n o t u sed , a s h ad b een t hough t , d ur ing t he Dac ian wars , p rec ise ly b ecause i tc rossed a n arrow o pen ing g uarded b y mounta in r anges , wh ich wou ld h ave b een t o t he Dac ians ' a dvan tage .

A nyway , i fn o e ar ly R o man f or t3 74

i s k nown

t o h ave e x is ted a t D ierna , t he c a mps a t Mehadia a nd Teregova mus t b e o f l a ter d a te a s c ohors V I I I R ae toru m , wh ich was b rough t h ere o n ly i n t he mid-second c entury ,

3 75

t ook p ar t i n i t s c ons truc t ion .

I ti s u nfor tuna te t ha t t he r esu l ts

o f t he e xcava t ion a t t he s i te o f t he c a mp a t Mehadia , c arr ied o ut b y M . Macrea , h ave r e ma ined u npub lished ; 3 76

a t t he Teregova c amp , p ar t ly o b li tera ted b y

at r ibutary o f t he T im ie , t es t d igg ings were c arr ied o ut i n 1 969 3 77 n ever the less f a i led t o c lar ify t he d a te o f t he e ar th c ons truc t ion;

wh ich t herefore ,

u n t i l l arger-sca le e xcava t ions a re c arr ied o ut w e c ons ider t ha t c ohors V I I I R ae toru m was r espons ib le f or i t s c onstruc t ion .

I ta ppears t ha t t he c ons truc t ion

o f d efence works o n t he D ierna-Tib iscu m r oad must b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he f ac t t ha t an u mber o f l a trones were a t work i n t he z one o f t he Mehedin4 i

4 2

moun ta ins , a s a t tes ted b y i nscr ip t ions o n t ombstones f ound o n t he s i tes o f t he f or ts a t Mehadia , Z ega ia a nd S la t ina T im i p lu i .

3 78

We d o n o t t h ink , h owever , t ha t t he c ons truc t ion o f c amps a long t he D iernaT ib iscu m r oad c ou ld b e t aken t o imp ly t ha t t h is l i ne was made t he wes tern b oundary o f Dac ia S uper ior ;

i t wou ld s ee m t ha t i t was t he l ower c ourse o f

t he T isza t ha t marked t h is f ron t ier l i ne a nd t ha t o n ly s hor tage o f d a ta r endered t he q ues t ion o ft he w es tern b oundary o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia d if f icu lt t o s o lve . The c as tru m a t M ic ia w i l l h ave h ad t o b e s treng thened w i th a n ew u n i t ;3 8° t he d ip loma o f 1 44 i s t he f irs t t o men t ion a la IH ispanoru m C a mpagonu m — whose p resence h ere i s amp ly a t tes ted e p igraph ica l ly .

I ti s p robab le t ha t

t he c om ing o f t h is a la t o Mic ia c o inc ided w i th t he c onstruc t ion o f t he s tone f or t .

R ecent e xcava t ions o n t he e as t s ide r evea led a b r ick b ear ing t he s ta mp

o f L eg io X I I I G3 81

i n t he f i l ling o f t he d i tch o f t he e ar th f or t , wh ich d e mon-

s tra tes t ha t i t was o n ly af ter L eg io Im F lav ia F e lix was r e lieved a nd L eg io X II I Ge m ina s tar ted a c t ing i n t he s ou thern r eg ions o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia S uper ior382 a s we l l , t ha t t he r ep lace men t i n s tone c ou ld b e s tar ted .

There

was e nough r oo m i n t h is c as tru m ( 180 b y 3 60 m i n s ize ) f or a l arge n u mber o ft roops;

t he f ragmen tary i nscr ipt ion ( CIL I I , 1 343) f ound a t Mic ia r eading :

a la IH ispanoru m C ampagonu m , c ohors I F lav ia C o m magenoru m , c oh . I A lpinoru m ( ?) , c oh . IV inde licoru m , n u merus C ampes tro tu m , n u merus G er man ic ianoru m , a nd N u merus Mauroru m T ib iscensis , s ugges ts t e mporary b u i ld ing o r mi li tary a c t iv i t ies p ar t ic ipa ted b y t he t roops s ta t ioned a t M ic ia a nd b y t hose a t T ib iscu m; 3 83

t herefore , t he p resence i n t he c as tru m o f a la I

H ispanoru m C a mpagonu m , c ohors I F lav ia C om magenoru m a nd, a t ac er ta in mo ment , o f aN u merus Mauroru m Mic iens iu m , a ppears c er ta in . E xcava t ions o f t he c a mp a t Mic ia , p ar t ly o b li tera ted b y modern b u i ldings , h ave b rough t t o l i gh t s tre tches o f t he r a mpar t wa l l , t he s outh g a te ( f ig . 2 3) a nd t he s outh-wes t a ng le .

The wa l l i s 1 .80 m i n w idth , b e ing b u i l t e x terna l ly

i n o pus q uadra tu m ( 1 .40 m) a nd i n terna l ly i n o pus i ncer tu m 3 84

( 0 .40 m) .

s ou th g a tetower i s i n o pus q uadra tu m o n ab ase o f r ough b ou lders .

The

Th is

s ee ms t o u s t o b e o f v ery s pecia l i n teres t a nd we s uggest t ha t , b y c u t t ing a s ec t ion a cross t he wa l l , t he p ossib i li ty b e s tudied f or i tt o h ave b een who l ly b u i l t i n o pus q uadra tu m a nd t o h ave b een s ubsequen t ly c onso lida ted b y a n e x tension o f i t s w idth w i th a s ec t ion i n o pus i ncer tu m .

The s ec t ions c u t

a cross t he s ou th a nd e as t s ides ( f ig . 2 2 ) h ave r evea led t ha t t he d i tch a long t he r ampar t wa l l was u sed i n t wo d if feren t p hases;

i n t he s econd p hase t he b erm

was h eightened b y a prox . 3 0 cm , a nd was c overed b y f a l len r a mpar t ma ter ia l when t he wa l l was d e mo lished —wh ich , h owever , c ou ld n o t b e c onsidered t o b e t he f i na l d estruc t ion o ft he c a mp a s a who le . R ecent e xcava t ions ( L . P e tcu lescu , C ercetir i i n c astru l r oman d e l a Mic ia , 1 976-1977, i n p repara t ion ) h ave b rough t t o l i gh t b arracks w i th wa l ls p ara l le l w i th t he s hor t s ides o f t he c a mp .

These b arracks h ad b een o r ig ina l ly

b u i lt i n wood-pi l lars a nd b oards f aced w i th c lay a nd c a me t o a n e nd when c omp le te ly d e mo lished b y ad rast ic f ire .

T he l a tes t c o in d a tes f rom 1 65-166

( B MC 1 290 ) a nd t h is d emo li t ion h as b een a ccording ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he e ven ts d ur ing t he Marco mann ic wars .

I n t h is c ase , t he p r inc ipia a nd t he p rae tor iu m

a ppear t o h ave b een o f s tone o r p erhaps o ft imber , o n as tone f ounda t ion . These o bserva t ions c oncern ing t he b arracks were u sed i n e xp la ining t ha t t he

4 3

c a mp was r ebui lt i n s tone o n ly af ter t he Marco mann ic wars .

F or e cono m ic

r easons , t he c onstruc t ion i n o pus q uadra tu m was a bandoned i n S ept im ius S everus ' r e ign a t t he l a tes t ( Lug li , T ecn ica e di liz ia r o mana , 1 957, p . 3 32); we c ons ider h owever , t ha t t he s tone wa l l o f t h is c amp was b u i lt p r ior t o t he Marco mann ic wars a nd we a dvance t he h ypo thesis o ft he e x is tence o f t he c a mp w ith a wa l l i n o pus q uadra tu m , p r inc ipia a nd p rae tor iu m o f s tone , a nd wooden b arracks . We t h ink t ha t t he p oss ib i li ty i s n o t e xc luded t ha t t he c o mponen t p ar ts o ft he s tone f or t w ere a lso r ebu i lt af ter t he Marcomann ic wars ( L . P e tcu lescu n o ted t wo v ers ions o f t he v ia s agu lar is o f t he s tone f or t ) a nd f or t he d e mo lished b arracks t o h ave b een r ebui lt , t h is t ime , i n s tone .

D esp i te

t he s hor tage o f d a ta c om ing f rom e xcava t ions t he f ew o bserva t ions c oncern ing t he l i fe o ft he f or t o f M ic ia a re o f an a ture t o u pse t t he o vers imp lif ied t heory o fj us t t wo p hases i n t he h is tory o f t he l argest f or t h o lding a ux i liary t roops i n Dac ia S uper ior . T he v ic tor ies won o ver t he Dac ians were p robab ly c e lebra ted a t S ar m izegeg e tusa R eg ia ,

3 85

t oo ;

b ut i tr e ma ins t o b e s een w he ther t hese c e lebra t ion S -

c ou ld b e t aken t o imp ly t ha t t he war was waged a s f ar a s t h is p ar t o f t he p rov ince .

E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t a t Orä§ t ioara d e S us 3 86

d id n o t r evea l

s uf f ic ient e v idence wh ich s hou ld p rov ide a c o mp le te p ic ture o f t he l oca l h istor ica l b ackground . The s tone p hase o f t h is c amp wou ld s ee m t o b e r e la t ive ly e ar ly a nd, g iven t he s hape o f t he g a te 3 87

i ti s b e l ieved t o p recede t he e ven ts o f 1 57-158 .

I t was a t t h is t ime , o r p oss ib ly l a ter , t ha t aN u merus Mauroru m l isp . 3 88 was i n g arr ison a t Ampe lu m —Z la tna , i n ac a mp a s y e t u n iden t if ied o n t he g round, p robab ly d es igned t o s ecure d efence o f t he g o ld-bear ing r egion . I nforma t ion f ro m e p igraph ic a nd l i terary 3 89

s ources c oordina ted w i th

t he d a ta e xh ib i ted b y t he l a tes t c o in f ro m t he h oards d iscovered a t V i§ tea ( C lu j C oun ty ) a nd S ä la§ur i ( Mure§ C ounty )3 96

s ugges t t ha t t he b a t t les o f 1 56-

1 57 t ook p lace b o th i n t he p rov ince o f Dac ia P oro l issens is a nd o n t he e as t f ron t ierline o f Dac ia S uper ior . E xcava t ions c onduc ted a t P oro lissu m , o n t he s i te o f t he f or t le t o f t he C i tera h i l l , h ave r evea led a c o in d a ted t o t he t ime o f Marcus Aure l ius C aesar , f ound i n t he mor tar o f t he p edi men t o f t he n or th t ower o f t he e as t g a te , 391 wh ich made i tp oss ib le t o d a te t he c ons truc t ion i n s tone; w i thou t r e ly ing o n a rchaeo log ica l o r e p igraph ic e v idence i ti s a ssu med t ha t t he l arger c a mp o n t he P o mä t H i l l was b u i lt i n s tone i n t he s a me p er iod .

3 92

A t G he r la 393 t he p r inc ip ia was r e-bu i lt i n 1 43 a nd e xcavat ions u nder w ay a t G i läu mus t b e d irec ted t o t he c onf irma t ion o r i nva lida t ion o ft he h ypo thes is t ha t t he s tone c a mp was b ui lt u nder Antoninus P ius

; 3 94

A . B uday t h inks t ha t

t he r ep lace men t i n s tone o ft he e ar thwork d efence a t I l i§ua was t he work o f An ton inus t oo .3 95 I n Dac ia I nfer ior An ton inus P ius c ont inued t he c onstruc t ion o f f ron t ier d efences b egun b y H adr ian .

The d ip lo ma o f 1 40 3 96

r ecords a n u mber o f

t hree a lae a nd n ine c ohor tes p lus o ne n u merus e qu i tu m I l lyr icoru m .

E p i-

g raph ic e v idence f ound i n Dac ia I nfer ior a lso s hows t ha t N u merus maurorum N u merus S uroru m a nd N u merus b urgar ioru m e t v eredar ioru m were i n g arr ison 4 4

h ere .

A s o n ly t wo mi li tary d ip lo mas r eferr ing t o t he a rm ies s ta t ioned i n

Dac ia I nfer ior were f ound we a re n o t i n ap osi t ion t o f o l low t he move men ts o ft roops t o a nd f rom Moes ia I nfer ior a nd Dac ia I nfer ior a nd t o d e term ine when e xac t ly c oh . ITyroru m s ag i t tar ioru m , c ohors I Ga l loru m a nd c oh . IAug . N erv ia Br i t tonu m

s tar ted b e ing i n g arr ison n or th o ft he Danube , i n Dac ia

I nfer ior . R ecen t ly , an u mber o f s tamps o f a la Ga l lorum were f ound a t Boro§neu l Mare wh ich c ou ld b e t aken a s a la IC laudia Ga l loru m C ap i toniana i n Dac ia I n fer ior r a ther t han a la Ga l loru m e t B osporanorum s ta t ioned i n Dac ia S uper ior .3 96a Ac tua l ly , a t Boro peu l Mare where t he s i te o f ac amp sma l ler t han o ne a ppropr ia te t o h o ld a n a la q uinquagenar ia was u near thed , s o me s ta mps o ft he a la P a l myrenoru m were a lso f ound .

3 97

The w ars w i th t he f ree Dac ians —Cos tobocc i i were a lso waged i n Dac ia I nfer ior a nd i t was p robab ly o n t ha t o ccasion t ha t , i n 1 42-143 a nd l a ter i n 1 57, T . F lav ius P r iscus G a l lon ius F ron t° Marc ius T urbo was n om ina ted p ro legatus

e tp raefec tus Dac iae I nfer ior is .3 1 8 I .P iso 399 p o in ts o u t t ha t Ga l lonius F ron to ' s a u thor i ty i n h is c apac i ty a s p raefec tus was e xerc ised o u ts ide t he p rov ince , a s we ll a s i n Wa l lach ia o r e ven i n s ou thern Mo ldav ia , c ons ider ing t ha t t he a rmy o f Dac ia I nfer ior migh t h ave b een e ngaged i n t he war waged i n e astern Transy lvan ia a longs ide t he t roops s ta t ioned i n t he c as tra l y ing a long t he Transy lvan ian O lt .

4 5

CHAPTER 6 THE REIGNS OF MARCUS AUREL IUS AND CO M MODUS ( The Marco mann ic Wars )

The war f ough t d ur ing t he r e ign o f An toninus P ius was , p robab ly , a p re lude t o t he ma jor c onf lagra t ion t ha t b roke o ut o n t he n or thern f ron t iers o f t he R oman Emp ire i n t he d ays o f Marcus A ure l ius .

L arge-sca le

4 00

mi li tary a c t ions were c arr ied o u t i n Dac ia b e tween 1 66 a nd 1 69/170 , a f fec t ing t he f ron t iers a nd d is turb ing t he p eace w i th in t he p rov ince .

4 01

T he h oards o f c o ins u near thed i ndica te , g eograph ica l ly , t he d irec t ions f ro m wh ich S arm izege thusa U lp ia Tra iana 4 °2 was menaced .

According t o

a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t he d es truc t ion a t M ic ia a nd , maybe , a t T ib iscu m c an b e d a ted t o a round t he y ear 1 70 a s n a tura l ly a ny p ene tra t ion f rom t he wes t c ou ld h ard ly a vo id a n e ncoun ter w ith t he t roops s tat ioned i n t hese t wo c amps .

The s i tes a t I n licen i ,

4"

o n t he e as t b order , a nd a t S Inpau 1 404

y ie lded t wo a l tars d edica ted t o L uc ius V erus wh ich h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th t he m i li tary a c t ions c arr ied o n i n t he a rea . T es t t renches i n t he e as t s ide o f t he f or t a t S inpau 1 4 °5 ( f ig . 7 5 ) , measur ing a pprox . 1 33 b y 1 50 m, r evea led t wo p hases i n t he l i fe o f t he f or t— the e ar thwork f or t a nd i t s r ep lace ment i n s tone w i th t he ( f ig . 7 6) wa l l p lan ted i n to t he a gger o f t he e ar thwork d efence .

The c amp u sed t o f orm p ar t o f Dac ia

I nfer ior , a s N u merus Mauroru m Swas i n g arr ison h ere .

4 06

E xcava t ions

a t S inpau l a lso r evea led a h oard o f c o ins t he l a tes t b e ing i ssued i n 1 67 407 wh ich p rov ides c er ta in ty o ver t he r e la t ion b e tween t he a ltar i nscr ibed p ro s a lute L uc i V er i a nd t he e ven ts o f 1 67-169 i n Dac ia . T he d evas ta t ing f ire t ha t d es troyed t he c a mp o n t he C i tera-Poro l issu m h as b een a ssoc ia ted w i th t he f ac t t ha t b arbar ian i nvaders h ad s e t u pon Dac ia P oro lissens is .

W i th a v iew t o c onso lida t ing t he d efence o f t he n or thern

p rov ince , menaced f ro m t he e as t a nd f ro m t he w es t , t he L eg io V Macedon ica was b rough t t o P o ta issa-Turda .

The c as tru m h e ld b y t h is l eg ion 408

h ad a

d efensive w a l l 1 .70-2 m w ide , f aced w i th masonry e x terna l ly a nd i n o pus i ncer tu m i n t he i n ter ior .

When t he b ast ion a t t he n or th-eas t a ng le was

r evea led , t he t wo c ons truc t ion p er iods o f t he f or t were e v ident a s we l l a s t he t h icken ing o f t he i n terna l s ide o f t he wa l ls o ft he o r ig ina l f or t ( f rom 1 .70 m t o 2 ,250 m ) , o f u ncer ta in d a te .

4° 9

I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t hat e xcava t ions

i n t he s outh-eas t a ng le b as t ion i n 1 958 s howed t ha t i t s w a l ls were o n ly 1 .10 m i n w idth .

4 1

°

T he wes t g a te , p ar t ly u ncovered , i s g uarded b y t wo r ec tangu lar t owers ; b o th t he r a mpar t wa l l a nd t he l a tera l wa l l o f t he t owers a re 1 .70 m t h ick . On t he n or th s ide o f t he c as tru m i s a' p la tform-abutmen t ', a pparen t ly a s ubsequent a ddi t ion t o t he r a mpar t wa l l , p erhaps a f ter t he Ro man e poch .

4 6

4 11

A l l t hese p re lim inary d ata , b r ing t o t he f ore o n ly p ar t o f t he g reat p rob le ms p osed b y t he i nves t iga t ion o ft h is f or t whose c om mencemen t h as b een d a ted f or c er ta in t o 1 67/168 .

F ur ther r esearch i s c a l led f or b efore a ny c onc lus ions

c an b e d rawn r egarding t he e x istence o r n on-ex is tence o f ap r i mary f or t a t P o ta issa , a s i ti s p resu med t ha t c ohors IH ispanoru m a nd , p oss ib ly , a d e tach men t o f l eg io X I I I Ge m ina were i t s g arr ison i m med ia te ly a f ter t he Dac ian wars . A c tua l ly , t he b a t t les wen t o n e ven a f ter Dac ia c eased t o b e t hrea tened d irec t ly .

I n t he n or th , t he t roops i n Dac ia , r e inforced w i th men b rough t

f rom o ther p rov inces 4 12 a ga inst t he B as tarn i .

waged war a ga ins t t he f ree Dac ians a nd , p oss ib ly ,

4 13

E xcava t ions o n t he s i te o f t he f or t a t P o ta issa ( f ig . 7 7) h ave r evea led a n a l tar 4 14

w hose i nscr ip t ion i ndicates l eg io V Macedon ica a longs ide w i th l eg io

V I I G em ina . S tamps o f l eg io WI Gem ina were f ound a lso a t P oro lissu m a nd t he p resence o f av ex i l la t io o f t h is l eg ion , o r o f t he l eg ion a s aw ho le , i n Dac ia P oro lissens is was a ssoc ia ted w i th t he Marcomann ic wars ,

4 15

p oss ib ly

a f ter 1 80 , i fw e t ake i n to a ccoun t t ha t l eg io V Macedon ica was s urna med p ia c ons tans . T he f ac t t ha t d e tachmen ts f rom H ispan ia t ook p ar t i n t he f i gh t ing i n n or thern D ac ia i s a lso a t tes ted b y t he i nscr ipt ion C . S u lp ic ius U rsu lus p raefectus s y mmach ianoru m A . sturu m . 416

I ti s p robab ly n ow t ha t t he D ac ians

l i v ing o n t he b orders ( Casg ini-D io LXX I I , 3 , 3 ) a re r eques ted t o k eep t o o rders , wh i le C om modus p roh ib i ts t he ir s e t t ling i n t he t err i tor ies l y ing n ear t he f ront iers ( Cass ius D io , I JO CI I , 3 ) a nd s tar ts b e ing c oncerned w i th t he c ons truc t ion o fb urg i a nd p residia .

4 17

4 7

CHAPTER 7 THE S EVERAN PER IOD

T he t hr iv ing R oman l i fe i n t he t hree D ac ian p rov inces d ur ing t he r e ign o f t he S everan emperors p roves t ha t t he measures t aken t o n eu tra l ise t he a f terma th o f t he Marcomann ic wars h ad t he d es ired e f fec t . Moreover , t h is i s t he t ime t ha t marks t he a pogee 4 18

o f t he s ys tem o fd efences .

T here i s amp le e p igraph ic e v idence t ha t v as t p rogram mes f or r ebui lding f or ts i n a l l t he s ec tors o f t he D ac ian l imes 4 19

were c arr ied o u t .

I n 2 01,

t he wa l ls o f t he c a mp a t B u mbe§ t i4 2 °v etustate d i lapsos were r ebui l t i n s tone . I ti s g enera l ly c ons idered t ha t t he f or t w i th mur i c aesp i t ic i t ha t l ay o n t h is s i te was i n o pera t ion u n t i l t ha t t ime ;

we wonder w he ther a f ter c ohors 1 1 1

C ypr ia was r e lieved , t he f or t was o ccup ied b y ad if feren t t roop b efore i t s r ep lace men t i n s tone b y c ohors IA ure lia B r i t tonumoo A n ton in iana . 4 21 The f or t h as a r a mpar t r es t ing o n a n a gger o f c ompac t4 zz

c lay o fu ndef ined

s hape ( f ig . 7 8) . L ate i n t he 2 nd c entury a n e ar thwork f or t423

w as p robab ly b ui lt o n t he

Drobeta- V i lcan P ass r oad , l y ing o n t he l ef t b ank o ft he r iver Mo tru , a t C ä tune le ( f ig . 7 9 1 . T ak ing t h is i n to a ccoun t , w e a re t e mp ted t o t h ink t hat a t t he t urn o f t he 2 nd c en tury t he r ebu i lding o f f or ts d es igned t o g uard t he r oad Drobeta a nd S ar m izegetusa Apu lu m-Po ta issa , b eca me a n ecess ity .y . I n t he wes t s ec tor o f t he Dac ian b order , mi li tary c onstruc t ion work i s u nder way ; e p igraph ic e v idence s hows t ha t t he t hermae a t M ic ia 4 24 were r ebu i lt i n 1 93 .

I n t he n or th s ec tor , t he l arge f or t a t P oro lissu m ( Pome t ) ,

a nd t he f or ts a t B o loga ,

4 26

B uc iu m i4 27

a nd C i§e i ,

4 28

4 25

were a lso r ebu i lt .

T he s tone f or t a t P oro lissu m —Pomi t was d a ted b y M . Macrea o n ly t o t h is p er iod a ccording t o i nscr ip t ions o n t he g a teways . We t h ink , h owever , t ha t i t i s much more l i ke ly t ha t t hese p ar t icu lar i nscr ip t ions r efer t o t he r ep lacemen t o ft he f or t o r , p oss ib ly , o n ly o f t he g a te t owers .

Moreover , we t h ink t ha t

t he s a me h o lds t rue f or t he s i tes a t Bo loga , B uc ium i a nd C är iu , where t he c a mps were r efurb ished f or f unc t iona l p urposes u n t i l , l i t t le b y l i t t le , t hey t urned i n to r ea l f or t le ts l a te i n t he 3 rd a nd e ar ly i n t he 4 th c en tur ies . We h ave s a id n o th ing , u p t o n ow , a bou t t he s o-ca l led l imes P oro l issens is o r a bou t t he n e twork o fb urg i a nd t owers d iscovered a long t he n or th-west a nd n or th-east b oundar ies , b e tween Bo loga a nd Orhe iu l B is tr ite i , b ecause i nves t ig a t ions a re we l l u nder way a nd t here i s n o p rec ise e v idence a s t o t he ir c hrono logy a nd f unc t ion .

O f c ourse , t he c om mencemen t o f t h is s ys tem o f

d efences o r o f s ome o f i t s c omponen t e lemen ts , a s t hey s tand t oday , c ou ld g o b ack t o t he d ays when t he D ac ian l imes was b u i lt ;

b ut i ti s c er ta in t ha t

i ta cquired i t s f i na l f or m d ur ing t he r e ign o f C araca l la 4 29

4 8

a t t he l a tes t .

The e ar l ies t d ata c oncern ing t he s ystem o f wa l ls a nd t owers e rec ted o ppos i te t he s trong f or t if ied c en tre o f P oro l issu m were ( f ig . 8 0 ) b rough t t o l i gh t d ur ing t he e xcava t ions o f 1 959 . mun ic ip iu m ,

I n f ront o f t he c as tra a nd o f t he

4 30

av a l lu m was b ui lt a long a l eng th o f 4 km ;

4 31

a l terna tes w i th s ec t ions o f wa l 1 , b eco me a pparent ;

4 33

t he e ar th r a mpar t4 32

a nd i n p laces s tone t owers a nd t wo b urgi

i n t he l arge b urgus ,

4 34

ac o in f ro m t he t ime o f N ero was

f ound i n ab urn t b arrack —wh ich e nab led M . Macrea t o c onsider t ha t t hese d efences made u p awe l l-ordered s ys te m p robab ly c ons truc ted d ur ing t he f i rst y ears o f R oman r u le .

4 35

F or a s tre tch o f 2 25 m, t he wa l l r uns a long

t wo d if feren t c ourses , a t ad is tance o f 1 8 m f ro m e ach o ther ( f ig . 8 1); i n terna l a nd e x terna l v a l lu m e ach h as a t ower i n o pus i ncer tu m .

4 36

t he

Th is

c o mp lex d efence s ys te m f ac ing t he f or ts o n t he P omä t a nd t he C i tera , a s we l l a s t he c omp lementary e ar th r a mpar t , made M . Macrea t hink t ha t " i ts i m media te f unc t ion w as t o b lock t he ma in g a teway g iv ing a ccess t o t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince f rom t he n or th-wes t i .e . t he Or te lec V a l ley o r P oar ta Meseeanä .

I t was a r ea l k eys tone i n t he d efens ive s ys te m o fn or th-west

D ac ia a s a who le , a r t icu la t ing i t s t wo c o mponent p ar ts —the l imes a long t he Mesee a nd t he o ne a long t he S ome. "4 37 The Mese§ l i ne 4 38

o f d efences c ons is ted o f 6 1 t owers , v ary ing i n s hapes

a nd d i mens ions , l y ing a t u neven d istances , i n r e la t ion t o t he t errain , a nd s i ted a t p o ints t hat e nsured g ood v is ib i l i ty o r p rov ided a c onnec t ion b e tween t he f or ts o r among t he mse lves . b ui lt i n o pus i ncer tu m ;

T he s tudied t owers a re s quare i n s hape a nd

mos t o f t he m d o n o t e xh ib i t a n o ccupat ion l eve l i n

t he i n ter ior , t he ma ter ia l b e ing s pread a round —wh ich s uggests t hat t he l eve l o f ' habi tat ion ' was a t t he u pper l eve ls o f t he t owers .

N ex t t o t he s quare

t owers , c ircu lar o nes were i dent if ied a lso b ui lt i n o pus i ncer tu m ( Bonc iu l H i l l ) .

Though t he sma l l q uan t i ty o f p o t tery ma ter ia l f ound o n t he s i tes o f

t hese t owers was n o t s tudied t o e s tab lish t hat n o t a l l o f t he m a re c onte mporary ;

t he ir p rec ise d a te , i ti s c er ta in

a t P o ien i ,

were s uccess ive ly b u i l t i n t he s ame p lace .

4 39

f or i ns tance , t wo t owers

I ti s p resu med t hat mos t o f t he

e xcava ted t owers h ad a s tone b ase a nd a t imber s upers truc ture , b ut i ti s l ike ly t hat s o me o f t hem , t hose whose v isib le r e ma ins a re p ar t icu lar ly h igh , h ad a n u pper s torey a lso made o f s tone .

4 40

With a v iew t o s ecur ing c ontro l

o ver s econdary v a l leys , an u mber o fb urg i were c rea ted, t ha t c ou ld a cco moda te af ew s o ldiers ,

4 41

a pparen t ly b ui lt .

w h i le o n t wo s hor ter s tre tches a n e ar th r ampar t 442

was

R esearch c arr ied o ut b y S . F erencz i h as i dent if ied t wo

s igna l ling-towers n ex t t o t he c a mp a t G i läu ; 443

t herefore , t he l i ne a long

t he Mese§ was n o t n ecessar i ly c onnec ted w ith t he c as te l la i n i t s im media te v ic in i ty ; a c tua l ly , t he c onnec t ion was e nsured i n d epth a s f ar a s t he t wo c a mps a t G i läu a nd G her la , 444 h e ld b y a lae , a nd i ti s t o b e p resu med t ha t a s yste m o f s ending s igna ls e x isted a t P o ta issa—the c a mp where t he l eg ion was b ased — t oo . I n k eep ing w ith t he p ro jec t o f s yste ma t ic r esearch i n t he Dac ian l imes S . F erencz i u nder took i nves t iga t ion o f t he n or th s ec tor . d ur ing h is f i e ld s easons 4 45

T he r esu lts o bta ined

were p ub l ished , a nd t he o bservat ions o n t he g round

a re t o b e c hecked w i th more p ar t icu lar a rchaeo log ica l s urveys .

I th as b een

t hus a scer ta ined t ha t i n t he f ore land o f t he f or ts a t T ihäu , C äee i a nd I l ieua t owers a nd b urg i were b u i lt i n tended t o i n tercep t e very e ne my move men t a long t he f ron t ier l i ne a nd t o s end s igna ls t o t he t roops l odged i n t he c a mps .

4 9

L ikew ise , i th as b een r e marked t ha t t here was a d if ference i n t he way t owers a nd b urg i were l oca ted i n r e la t ion t o g eograph ic f ea tures wh ich were a lso t aken i n to a ccoun t when t he t roops t ha t were t o g arr ison e ach a nd e very s ec tor were c hosen . I n t he s ec tor b e tween T ihäu a nd C ä§e i , t he t owers a nd t he c amps f or a ux i liary t roops ( genera l ly h e ld b y i nfan try t roops ; i ti s o n ly i n t he 3 rd c en tury t ha t a n a la e lec toru m i s b ased a t C ä§e i ) a re s paced a t a n a verage d istance o f 1 0 km a t t he most b ut i n t he a rea o ppos i te t he I l i§ua f or t t he d istance i s 1 0-25 km : B e inahe a l le E lemen te d er V er te idigung s o v er te i l t ( waren) , d ass j edes g le ichze i t ig mi t mehreren a ndern P osten o p t ische ( und wenn e s mög l ich war a uch a kus t ische ) V erbindungen h aben k on te ....Auf Grund d er B eobach tungen , d ie w ir w ährend u nserer U n tersuchungen i m G e lände machen k onn ten , e rgib t s ich , d ass e s , wenn e s i n d em v on u ns b isher d urchwander ten A bschn i t t v on 1 85-190 km l änge a uch k e inen d urchgehenden Wa l l u nd G raben h a t , d eren An lage wegen d e m mehr o der weniger u nebene Terra in g rosse p hys iche u nd w ir tschaf t liche A nstrengungen e rforder t h ä t te , t ro tzdem o f fens ich t l ich i s t , d ass NW u nd N Daz ien e in g ut o rgan is ier tes , i n d ie T iefe e n tw icke ltes V er te idigungssystem v er fühg t h a t , d as a us Wach t—und S iegna lis ierungs t t irmen , a us b urg i u nd c as te l la b estand u nd s ich a uf e ine mi li tär ische V erkehrsar tere s tü tz te , d ie i n mög lichs t g erade L in ie i m Rücken d er v orders ten L in ie v er l ief ."

4 46

E xcava t ions o f t he n or th-eas t a nd e as t s ec tor o f t he s i te a re u nder way b u t f o l low ing t he d iscovery o f s ome b urg i a t Domne§ t i ,4 47 Bi le H omorod 448 a nd o f t he t ower a t S är 4e 1 449

a s we l l a s f i e ld r esearch c arr ied o ut b y I .

a nd G . F erencz i , i n a l l l i ke l ihood a s ys tem o f i n tercep t ion a nd c on tro l s im i lar t o t ha t o n t he n or th a nd n or th wes t f ront ier a lso e x is ted o n t he a ccess way t o t he p rov ince . The d at ing o ft hese a ddi t iona l f or t if ica t ions r ema ins t o b e e s tab lished b y f ur ther a rchaeo logica l work ;

i t mus t b e p o in ted o u t a ga in , h owever , t ha t

n o t a l l o f t he f or ts were c oncurren t ly b u i lt a nd t ha t t hey were n o t i n o pera t ion a l l a t t he s a me t ime . Af ac t we c ou ld b e q u i te c er ta in a bou t i s t ha t i n t he ir e f for ts t o d eve lop a n o f fens ive d efence s ystem d ur ing t he P r inc ipate t he R omans made t he b es t u se o ft he t err i tory o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia .

The s i te

a t C i§e i h as y ie lded among o ther i nscr ip t ions n o f ewer t han s even a l tars d edica ted b y t he b enef ic iar i c onsu lares o f l eg io X I I I G em ina o r l eg io V Macedon ica , w i th i nscr ip t ions r eading : " agens c uram s ta t ion is , 450 i t era to a gens s ta t ione ,4 51 a gens i n munere s ta t ion is , 452 o r a gens S amo c um r eg ione Ans(a mens iu m ) s ub s ign is 453 ( amens iu m ) 454

a nd a gens s ub

s i gp i s S a mu m c um r ez ione Ans

a nd a gens s ub s ign is r eg . Ans .

4 b5

C . Da lcov ic iu 456

c omp le ted

I . I . R ussu 's r emarks c oncern ing t he s ign if icance o f t hese i nscr ipt ions a nd c ons iders t ha t s ta t io was a n o u tpos t s i ted i n f ron t o ft he c as tru m a t C i§e i i n t he t err i tory i nhabi ted b y t he Dac ian t r ibe o f A nsamenses 4 57 —w h ich "moreover was a d ependency o ft he p rov ince ( be ing c lose ly c on tro l led b y i t ) r a ther t han p ar t o ft he t err i tory o f Roman Dac ia s tr ic t ly s peak ing ;

s ta t io

S amens is was a ' prea mb le ' t o t he a nnexa t ion o f t he A nsa menses ' l and a nd o f i t s main c i ty , S a mun , t o t he p rov ince . "4 58 i denti f ied w ith t he c as te l lu m a t N egr i le§ t i , 5 0

Th is p ar t icu lar s ta t io was 4 59

a nd ap ara l le l was d rawn w i th

t he s ta t io a t N egren i , l oca ted o ppos i te t he Bo loga f or t , where a R escu lu m , v icus Anar toru m 4 60

i s a pparen t .

We t h ink t ha t t he f ac t t ha t as tat io R escu l i—

f ro m t he t ime o f Marcus A ure l ius — is men t ioned o n a wax t ab let f ound n ear A lburnus Ma ior l arge ly c on tr ibu ted t o make t h is p rob lem c lear . T he mi les tone a t A l ma§u l Mare t es t if ies t o t he e xac t d istance t o R (esc )u l(u m ) v icus A n (ar )toru m , t ha t h as t hus b een i den t if ied w i th B o loga . S ta t io R escu l i mus t b e r egarded a s a mi li tary s ta t ion 4 63 i n t he v ic in i ty o f t he min ing c entre o f A lburnus Ma ior ; i f we a re s ure t ha t t he i den t if ica t ion 4 64 i s c orrec t , t hen t he f or t le t a t N egren i ,4 65 1 5 km wes t o f Bo loga , c ou ld b e r e la ted w ith a s ta t io o f t he t ype o ft he o ne a t S amun , i n t he ( non-a t tes ted ) r egio A nar toru m . F or l ack o f a rchaeo log ica l a rgu men ts n ecessary f or d a t ing t he i n i t ia l p hase o f t he f or t lets a t N egren i a nd N egr i le§ t i we c anno t p oss ib ly s ay when e xac t ly t he a rrangemen t o f a n a dvanced l i ne o f s ta t iones o n t he n or th a nd wes t f ron t ier s tar ted; t he t ab le t f ound a t A lburnus Ma ior c ou ld b e t aken a s a n a n te q uem f or t he ir e x is tence . The d if ference b e tween t he t erms i n t he i nscr ip t ions p r ior t o G ordian a nd t hose o f h is own t ime , b rough t t o t he f ore b y C . Da icov ic iu , h as b een a scr ibed t o t he c hanges b rough t a bou t b y t he a dm in istra t ive o rgan isat ion o ft he a rea where t he s ta t io was s i ted , when s o ldiers were a lso g iven l and . 4 66 B u t i t may b e g o ing b eyond t he a va i lab le e v idence a bout t he D ac ian p opu la t ions s e t t led o pposi te t he l i ne o f f or ts a long t he n or th f ron t ier t o s ay t ha t t hey were t he Ansa menses , i ndica ted b y i nscr ipt i ons , a nd t o d ef ine t he ir t err i tory .

We c ons ider t ha t t he t err i tory where

s ta t io S amun was s i ted was i nc luded i n t he Emp ire .

We a re r a ther t e mp ted

t o b e l ieve t ha t t he c ase when a b f . c os . was i n a c t ion h ere i s d if feren t f rom t ha t i n wh ich i ta dm inis tered a r eg io a nd t he d if ference c ons is ts i n t he f ac t t ha t u n t i l A lexander S everus c iv i l s et t le men ts were p roh ib i ted i n t he a rea wh ich was a mi li tary t err i tory o n t he f ron t ierline , e xc lus ive ly h e ld b y t he t roop .

H owever , a f ter t he r e ign o fA lexander S everus ,

more e xac t ly i n

4 87

t he 3 rd c en tury t he s e t t ling o f c iv i l p opu la t ions was a l lowed , p robab ly i n e xchange f or s erv ice i n t he a r my , a nd t he t err i tory w i l l b ecome a r eg io u nder mi li tary a dm in is tra t ion o u ts ide c i ty o rganisa t ion .

4 68

I fs ys te ma t ic

r esearch i s c arr ied o u t i n t he z one a t C i§e i a nd B o loga i tw i l l b e p oss ib le t op rove o n t he b as is o fa rchaeo log ica l e v idence whe ther t he A nsa menses p opu la t ion were s e t t lers c om ing f ro m o u tside t he f ron t iers , who h ad p ene tra ted t h is mi li tary z one w i th t he Emperor 's c onsen t , o r j us t at r ibe i ncorpora ted i n to t he p rov ince f rom t he v ery s tar t , a nd c ompe l led t o l eave t he t err i tory wh ich was t urned f or a t ime i n to a mi li tary f ront ier z one .

4 69

The t hr iv ing

e conomy o f t he r eg ions l y ing s ou th o ft he C arpa th ians i s s uppor ted b y t he a c t iv i ty f or i mprov ing t he s ys te m o f f ron t ier-defences; t he r oad a long t he O l t i s r ebu i lt ;

t he f or t a t S läven i ( f ig . 8 2 ) i s r ep laced b y as tone 4 71

c ons truc-

t ion e rec ted b y a la IH ispanoru m a nd a b as i l ica c as trens is i s a dded t o i t ( LDR , In o . 4 99 ) . The s tone f or t i s 1 98 b y 1 76 .60 m i n s ize a nd a s pec ia l k ind o f s o i l i s p repared a t h and ( ? ) f or a h ard p la tform made o f r ubb le c ourses , c lay , l imes tone a nd b r icks .4 72 T he r esu l ts o f t he l arge-sca le e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut a t S liven i h ave n o t b een p ub lished y et a nd we k now o fn o d ocu men t c oncern ing t he s tra t igraphy o ft he s tronges t c as te l lu m o n Dac ia 's s outh-eas t f ron t ier l i ne ;

we a re ,

t herefore , c ompe l led t o t ake f or g ran ted , t he e x is tence o f t wo p hases—ear th a nd s tone . A t ac er ta in momen t , t he f or t h ad a Wehrgang s uppor ted b y a b r ick wa l l w i thout a b ase , 0 .90 m w ide .4 73 5 1

A s n o a ccounts o f t he f i e ld n o tes h ave b een p ub lished we c an s ay n o thing a bou t t he r e la t ion b e tween t he wa tch-wa lk p aved w i th b r icks o n t he c res t o f t he e ar th a gger ,

4 74

a nd t he o ne made o fb ea ms s uppor ted b y ab r ick wa l l .

A ny-

way , t he f ac t t ha t t he f ounda t ion o f t he a gger i s l a id u pon a l ayer ( 0 .10-0 .15 m ) o fd ebr is o fb roken s tone 4 75

p oses t he q ues t ion when t he s tone wa l l was

c ons truc ted a nd t o wh ich c onstruc t ion p hase t h is a gger b e longs .

I ta ppears

t ha t t he c a mp was b u i l t i n o pus q uadra tu m , a t l eas t t he g a tes a nd t owers where a f ew s tone b locks were f ound , t he r es t o f t he wa l l b eing o b li tera ted . I ti s o f a verage s ize , t o h o ld a n a la q uingenar ia ; c ontubernia a nd 4 s tab les 4 76

i th as 1 2 b arracks , 8

o f q ui te s im i lar d i mens ions , a bout 4 2 .7 m .

The p urpose o f t he f or t a t S läveni was t o g ive a ccess t o t he p rov ince f ro m t he e as t , u n t he C ä l mä t ,u i V a l ley , wh ich was g uarded , o n t he t ransa lu ta l i ne b y t he t hree c as te l la a t P ut ine iu ( 1 ) a nd B äneasa ( 2 ) .

I t was a lso i n tended t o

k eep o rder a long t he s outh s ec tor o f t he r oad a long t he O lt . We t h ink t ha t t he l i ne o f d efences a cross t he O l t , g enera l ly a ssigned t o S ep t im ius S everus ,

4 77

n ow r eached i t s a pogee .

T he f or t a t J idava ( f ig . 8 3 ) ,

b u i lt i n s tone i n a n a s y et u nknown p er iod , i s h e ld b y au n i t i nc luding moun ted s o ldiers , t oo , a s o ne o f t he i nscr ibed b r icks r eads A ure l ius mi les t urmar is .

4 78

I n f ac t , t h is i s t he o n ly i ndica t ion r e la t ing t o t he t roops t ha t were i n g arr ison i n t he f or ts a long t he r oad a cross t he O l t .

I th as b een s a id t ha t d e tach men ts

o ft he t roops s ta t ioned a long t he O lt were d isp laced h ere . A par t f ro m t he f or ts l oca ted o n t he t wo p ara l le l f or t if ied l i nes a long t he J iu r iver , a no ther f or t i s k nown a t R äcar i ( f ig . 8 4 ) ,

r epea ted ly e xcava ted

b ut i nsuf f ic ien t ly s tud ied 4 8 ° —and we t ake t he l i ber ty o f mak ing t h is r e mark a s l ong a s i th as b een d a ted o n ly o n t he b as is o f t he p resence h ere o f a N (u merus ) M (auroru m )

( a ldens iu m ) . 4 8O a T h is f or t c an b e d a ted o n t he b as is

o f l og ica l a rgu ments e ven t o t he f i rst d ecades o f t he Ro man r u le i n Dac ia , b u t i ti s o n ly more p ar t icu lar s tudy o f t he e v idence a nd f ur ther r esearch t ha t c ou ld d e termine i t s p urpose a nd i t s c er ta in c hrono logy ;

f or t he moment

t he r oad o n wh ich t h is f or t was c ons truc ted i s n o t k nown , e i ther , t he more s o a s n o s ys te ma t ic r esearch h as b een c arr ied o u t o n t he g round t o a l low f i na l c onc lus ions t o b e d rawn c oncern ing a l l t he R o man r e ma ins f ound i n c en tra l O l ten ia .

Anyway , t he u n i t t ha t l ef t i t s s tamp o n t he b r icks f ound i n

t he R ä .car i f or t s ee ms t o h ave b een i n g arr ison f or a t ime i n t he c a mp a t S t ipau l .

4 81

The s ys te m o f d efences i n t he t hree Dac ian p rov inces , t hat was n ow a t i t s h e igh t , was n o t r ea l ly i mper i l led d ur ing t he e ar ly d ecades o f t he 3 rd c entury ; we o n ly k now i ndirec t ly a bou t as ta te o fu nres t u nder S ept im ius S everus 4 82 a nd a bou t ap oss ib le c onf l ic t w i th t he C arp i i n t he r e ign o f C araca l la . 4 83 Ac tua l ly , a s t es t if ied b y t he g rea t n u mber o f4 84

i nscr ip t ions , C araca l la t ook

s pec ia l i n teres t i n t he a rm ies o f t he t hree Dac ias , wh i le A lexander S everus " carr ies o n t he work o f mi li tary c onso lida t ion o ft he p rov ince n or th o f t he Danube , s tar ted b y S ep t im ius S everus . "4 85

5 2

CHAPTER 8 THE LAST DECADES OF DACIA

The r epea ted i nroads b y t he C arpi a nd t he Go ths 4 86

i n t he f our th d ecade

o ft he 3 rd c entury c aused g rea t a nx ie ty i n t he Dac ian p rov ince .

Ah oard o f

c o ins u near thed i n ab urn t b arrack a t S äpa ta d e j os i ndica tes t ha t t he t ransa lut an

l i ne was f orced t hroughou t , a nd g iven u p i n 2 45-247, when t he b ands o f

i nvaders p ene tra ted O lten ia , af ac t t es t if ied b y t he d iscovery a t I one t i i G ovor i i4 88 c as te l lu m .

o f a no ther h oard o f c o ins b ur ied i n t he l ayer o fb urn t mat ter i n t he 4 89

T he ma in c i t ies were f or t if ied .

4 89

T he l a test i nscr ip t ions f ound

i n t he c as te l la i n O l ten ia a re f ro m t he r e ign o f P h i lip t he Arab a nd t he l a tes t c o ins a re i ssued b y Tra jan Dec ius .

These d a ta e n t i t le D . T udor t o c onsider

t ha t Dac ia Ma lvens is was i n a s c r i t ica l as i tua t ion a s Moes ia I nfer ior .

4 90

On t he o ther h and , t he i n tra-Carpa th ian r eg ion o ft he p rov ince d oes n o t a ppear t o b e imper i l led , a l though 1 8 h oards o f c o ins were b ur ied i n t he a rea , a nd a t Apu lu m ( CIL I I 1 054 ) C . V a ler ius S erap ius e x tends h is t hanks f or b e ing a C arp is l i bera tus . N a tura l ly , d ur ing t he t roub led t ime o f t he s uccess ive b arbar ian waves a nd o f t he c r is is b rough t a bou t b y t he mi l i tary a narchy , t he s i tua t ion i n t he t hree Dac ian p rov inces d e ter iora ted;

b ut s hor tage o f d a ta a f fords l i t t le o ppor tun i ty

t o c onc lude t ha t t he c r is is h ad r ea l ly r eached a n a cu te s tage .

The f ac t t ha t

n o p ost-Tra jan Dec ius c o ins were f ound i n t he O lten ian f or ts c ou ld n o t b e t aken t o imp ly t ha t t hose f or ts were n o t r ebui lt ;

R o man c o ins a re k nown t o

h ave g enera l ly b een i n troduced i n to O lten ia f ro m s ou th a nd e as t , a s o therw ise p roved b y t he p reva len t t rends i n c o m merc ia l a c t iv i ty 4 92

a nd t he c hanne ls b y

way o f which c u ltura l i nf luence 4 93 p ene tra ted t he p rov ince . Ac tua l ly , a nc ient l i terary s ources a nd a rchaeo log ica l f i nds p rove q u i te c lear ly t ha t t he ma in t arget o f t he C arpo-Go th ic r a ids were t he B a lkan p rov inces , whence t hey h eaded, p ass ing t hrough Dobru ja a nd e as tern Wa l lach ia . o f ag enera l monetary c r is is ,

4 95

4 94

I n t he c ondi t ions

r endered e ver s harper b y t he r epea ted i nroads

f ro m t he s outh-Danub ian p rov inces , as low ing d own e ven t o t he h ighes t d egree i n t he c ircu la t ion o fn ew c o ins was b ut n a tura l .

T herefore , o n ly f ur ther

a rchaeo log ica l r esearch a nd more minu te s tudy o f e very s ing le f i nd w i l l c lear u p t he p rob le m o f t he r ep lace men t o f f or ts i n Dac ia Ma lvens is a nd i n t he o ther t wo i n tra-Carpa th ian p rov inces .

I th as b een e stab l ished t ha t t he d a te o f

a bandon men t o f t he s i te a t S läveni was t he y ear 2 49-250 , b ecause t he l as t i nscr ip t ion d edica ted t o P h i lip

t he Arab was n o t h a m mer-wrough t a nd t he

l a tes t c o in i n ah oard f ound i n o ne o f t he b arracks was i ssued i n 2 47/248 .

4 96

I t mus t b e r eca l led , h owever , t ha t t he a bandon ment o f t he f or t a t S läven i— t he s trongest f or t o n t he e n t ire O lt—w i th in t he w ider c ontex t o f t he a bandonmen t o ft he l i ne a cross t he r iver , g ives f ree a ccess a long t he r oad l ead ing t o R omu la a nd t o t he i n ter ior o f t he p rov ince a s a who le .

We v enture t o e nquire

whe ther a l l t he r ep lacemen ts o f t he f or t , a t l eas t u n t i l 2 71, h ave b een t raced

5 3

a rchaeo log ica l ly a nd whe ther t he r ich 4 th c entury p o t tery ma ter ia l , t he c oins a nd t he C hr is t ian r i tua l o b jec ts 4 97

d iscovered d o n o t c arry i n t he mse lves a n

i ndica t ion o f t he r ep lace ment o f t he f or t o r o f t he e s tab l ish men t o f c iv i l s e t t lemen ts a t t ha t t ime .

Our q ues t ion i s a l l t he more j us t if ied a s i th as b een

s ta ted t ha t " no t races o fb urn ing e x is t o n t he s i te o ft he f or t wh ich p roves t ha t t he t imber s truc ture u sed i n b u i ld ing i tr ot ted o n t he s po t w i thou t b e ing b urn t . "4 98 A s a ma t ter o f f ac t , t he s a me h o lds f or mos t o f t he f or ts i n Dac ia , b ecause t he c o ins f ound o n t he l imes , a nd t hose i n t he i n tra-Carpa th ian r eg ion a s we l l , d o n o t g o b eyond Maxim inus ' r e ign .

As f ar a s t he e as t b order i s c oncerned ,

4 99

i th as b een s ugges ted t ha t i t s a bandon men t o ccurred a s e ar ly a s t he t ime o f Ga l lienus .

5"

A n i dea t ha t h as i ncreasing ly g a ined g round l a te ly , f o l low ing

a rchaeo log ica l s urveys i n t he l imes , i s t ha t t he p rov ince o f D ac ia was n o t a bandoned a s ar esu l t o f t he v ic tor ious b arbar ian r a ids ,

5 01

a s mos t o f t he

s tud ied d efence works d id n o t e nd b y b e ing v io len t ly d es troyed 5°2 i nvaders .

A t P oro lissu m , when t he g a te o f t he c amp a t P omä t 5°3

b y t he was f or t i-

f i ed, a n i nscr ip t ion d edica ted t o Tra jan Dec ius ' w ife was s e t u p —wh ich s ugges ts t ha t t his f or t was r ebu i lt e ven l a ter . o ft he r oads ,

5 04

I n f ac t , t he l as t l arge-sca le r ebui lding

a nd a r e tr ieva l o f t he mi l i tary s i tua t ion i n t he p rov ince ,

a re s trong ly s uppor ted b y t he e p igraph ic e v idence d a t ing f ro m t he t ime o f Tra jan Dec ius —surna med r es t i tu tor D ac iaru m 5 °5 a nd r epara tor d isc ip linae mi li tar is , f irma tor s pe i R o manae .

5 06

The i nscr ip t ion l a id b y c ohors W N ova C um idavens is A lexandr iana i n h onour o f J u l ia Ma maea a t C um idava was b u i lt i n t he wa l ls o f al ate b u i ld ing , wh i le t he g a tes were b locked u p a t s o me t ime . 507 A t I n läcen i , t he g a teway b ast ion was s uccess ive ly r ebui l t u n t i l l a te i n t he 3 rd c entury a s h ere , t oo , t he d ebr is c om ing f rom o lder monu ments 5°8 A t B uc iu m i 5 °9 a nd a t Bo loga ,

5 10

was u sed a s b u i ld ing ma ter ia ls .

a rchaeo log ica l d igg ings h ave b rough t t o l i gh t

e v idence t est ify ing t o s o me a l tera t ions i n t he i n terna l o rgan isa t ion o f t he f or t , wh ich h era ld s ubsequen t c hanges i n i t s b as ic t rad i t iona l f unc t ions a s we l l , p oss ib ly e ven i t s b e ing u sed b y c iv i l ians . l eg ions b ased i n Dac ia 5 12

5 11

The s ta mp c o m mon t o b o th

f ound i n t he s i te o f t he f or t a t Mehadia c ou ld b e

d a ted t o t he p er iod p receding o r i m media te ly s uceeding t he a bandon men t o f t he p rov ince .

The r econs truc t ion o f a l l t hese f or ts , a pparen t ly i nsp ired b y

t he p urpose o f a d jus t ing t he c a mps a nd c ons truc t ions i ns ide t he r a mpar ts t o n ew r equ iremen ts , a re g enera l ly d a ted t o t he t ime p r ior t o t he u lt ima te a bandon men t o f t he d isused f or ts; b u t l i fe c omes b ack t o n orma l i n t he 4 th c en tury a s s ome o f t he m c onta in e v idence d ef in i te ly b e long ing t o t ha t t ime . F or l ack o f t horough s tudy o f t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds d iscovered a t t he l imes a nd o f o bserva t ions c oncern ing t he u pper l eve ls w e a re n o t i n ap os i t ion t o k now f or c er ta in a bou t t he l as t d ecades o f e x is tence o f t he p rov ince o f Dac ia . S tudy ing t he a va i lab le a rchaeo logica l d a ta r e la t ing t o s outh-east Dac ia K . H oredt , b r ings o u t s o me c ruc ia l e le men ts c oncerning t he c ons truc t ion o f d efence works i n t h is r eg ion i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 3 rd c entury .

5 13

Thus

h e p o ints o u t t ha t "muss man s ich a l lerdings v on d er Vors te l lung f re i machen , d ass d ie P re isgabe Dak iens zw ischen 2 68-275 e in u nfassender u nd v ern ich tender V organg g ewesen ware .

Zwe ife l los b edeute te e r e in e inschne idendes s taa ts-

p o li t isches E reignis d as s ich b ere i ts v orher i n e ine m l angsa men N iedergang a nkf indig te , a ber d as Gepräge u nd d ie Z e i ts te l lung d er r öm ischen S achku ltur n ich t i n d em Masse b eein träch t ig te , w ie man me is tens a nzuneh men g ene ig t i s t . "5 14 5 4

C ons ider ing t he c la i m made b y E . K . C hrysos 5 15

t ha t t he a bandonmen t o f

Dac ia d oes n o t i mp ly t ha t t he R omans r enounced t he t err i tory o ft he f ormer p rov ince f ro m t he l ega l s tandpo in t , a nd t ha t t he Go ths c on t inued t o l i ve i n t he t err i tory b e tween t he Danube a nd t he C arpa th ians a s f oedera t i ac hap ter o f p ar t icu lar i n teres t f or f u ture r esearch i s o pen ing u p ; t he more s o , a s t he i dea o ft he e ver las t ingness o ft he R oman s way o ver t he ir f ormer p rov inces ( Procop ius , De b e l l is , WI , 3 2-33 ) p reva i led o ver f ore ign p o l icy r e la t ionsh ips e ven a f ter t he s e t t ing u p o ft he German K ingdoms .

5 5

NOTES 1 . C . P a tsch , B e i täge , V , p ass im . 2 . I th as b een c ons idered t ha t t he p rov ince o f Moes ia was c rea ted i n t he e ar ly y ears o f t he C hr is t ian e ra ( A .D . 1 5 ) , t ha t i tc overed o n ly t he wes tern r eg ions , wh ich were af terwards t o f orm Moes ia S uper ior , a nd t ha t t he e astern t err i tor ies b e tween t he Hae mus a nd t he B lack S ea f ormed p ar t o f t he Odrysean c l ien t s ta te .

I n ar ecen t ly p ub lished s tudy e n t i t led The C l ien t

P opu la t ions i n Wa l lach ia , we h ave t r ied t o p rove t ha t t h is h ypo thes is i s g roundless , p o in t ing o u t t ha t we were i nc lined t o t h ink t ha t t hose p ar t icu lar t err i tor ies were f ormed i n to a mi li tary c o mmand d ependen t o n Moesia , p robab ly c a l led p raefec tura r ipae H is tr i—a t i t le t ha t o ccurs a s p raefec tura r ipae Danuv i i d ur ing t he r e ign o f Do m i t ian , s ome t ime e ven b efore i t was t urned i n to t he p rov ince o f Moes ia I nfer ior .

Em . Dorut iu-Bo i l,

Mi li tärgrenzen , I , p . 2 89-296 . 3 . C IL I I ,

1 698 = I LS , 2 281 .

4 . F lorus , b e l lu m d ac icu m , I , 2 8 ( IV , 1 2 ) , 1 8 . 5 . B . G erov , E p igraph ische B e i täge z ur Gesch ich te d es moesischen L i mes i n v orc laudischer Z e i t , AASH , XV , 1 -4 , 1 967 , p . 9 1-101 . 6 . R es Ges tae , V , 4 9;

V . P ärvan , G e t ica , p . 7 33;

R . S yme , Danub ian

P apers , 1 971, p . 1 48-149 . 7 . S trabo , V I I , 3 , 1 0 ;

F lorus , I , 1 8;

I LS 9 86 V . Pärvan , Ge t ica

p . 7 33;

v eche a Ro män ie i , 1 967, p . 3 06; p . 1 33;

Tac i t , Ann , I V , 1 ;

C IL X IV 3 608 =

D . M . P ipp idi , C on tr ibut i i l a i s tor ia

R . V u lpe , S tudia Thraco log ica , 1 977,

J . K lose , K lien te l R ands taa ten , p . 1 24-126 .

8 . R o man d efence works h ave b een i den t if ied o n t he l ef t b ank o f t he Danube , a t :

P o 'e "ena ;

D ierna , Oreova —rescue d igg ing p r ior t o t he c ons truc t ion

o ft he s torage l ake o f The I ron Ga tes Hydropower S ta t ion d id n o t t race t he r e ma ins o f a n e ar ly R o man f or t i n t he a rea ; f ar f ro m e xhaus t ive ;

b u t t he r esearch was

I nsu la Banu lui—a l a te R o man f or t ( 4 th-6th c en tury )

h as b een i den t if ied ( D . Tudor , 01 1 4 ,p . 2 79 ) ; S che la C ladove i —a f or t n ow o b l i tera ted b y t he r a i lway ; T udor , OR 4 ,p . 3 00-301);

i ta ppears t o b e o f Tra jan ic d a te ( D .

Drobeta ;

H inova—a f our th-century q uadr ibur-

g iu m measur ing 3 8 .6 b y 2 5 .4 m s earched b y M . Dav idescu;

i th as b een

a ssoc ia ted w i th t he s o-ca l led Brazda l u i N ovae d e N ord —a v a l lu m r unn ing f ro m Drobe ta t o P lo ie§ t i whose f unc t ion i s b e ing i nvest iga ted; 5 6

Ba tot i-

l a te Ro man f or t f unc t iona l ly c onnec ted t o t he o ne a t H inova ;

I zvoru l

F ru mos —a f or t ( i f a ny , )c o mp le te ly o b li tera ted b y t he Danube; al a te R o man d efence work ( Ma ter ia le , I , p . 4 00-403) ;

I zvoare le —

D esa —sa id t o b e

al a te R o man f or t ( co ins A ugus tus —Cons tans —D . Tudor , 0 . R .

4 ,p .

2 74 ) ;

B is tret—two c as tra a nd t he r e ma ins o f ab r idge o r h arbour h ave b een i den t if ied;

r epub lican a nd i mper ia l c o ins were d iscovered o n i t s s i te

( D . T udor , 0 . R .

4 ,p .

2 65 );

Z äva lu —a f or t o b li tera ted b y t he J iu R iver ;

The t ime when i t was i n u se c anno t b e a scer ta ined; o r 3 rd c entury R o man f or t was d iscovered; o n t he Danube b ank ( D . T udor , 0 . R .

4 ,p .

S uc idava—no 2 nd

I z laz —one o r t wo l arge f or ts

2 79 ) t o b e i nc luded o n t he l i st o f

t hose whose c hrono logy i s t o b e e s tab l ished b y a rchaeo log ica l r esearch t hey p robab ly s erved a s f u lcra f or t he l imes a long t he Danube ;

F läminda

( Po iana )-a f or t p art ly o b l iterated b y t he D anube ; R eca—Petro§an i —s ta mps a nd t i les o f l eg io II t a l ica h ave b een d iscovered ( CIL I I 1 2522 ); s tar t ing w i th V espasian 's r e ign t he l eg io was b ased a t N ovae ( RE , R i t ter ling , X I I , 1 410 ); 9 .

D ich isen i ;

G ura I a lo m ite i ( V . P ärvan , G e t ica , p . 1 26) .

D io C ass ius , LXV I I , 6 -10 ; D om it ian , 6 ;

S ueton ius ,

C . P atsch , B e iträge , V , 2 , D er K a mp f , p p . 1 -44 ;

Pirvan , G et ica

p p . 1 11-113 ;

D om it ien , P ar is 1 893 ; I , p . 7 4 ;

J ordanes , G e t ica X I I I , 7 6-78 ;

V .

G se l l , E ssa i s ur l e r egne d e l ' empereur

R . V u lpe , D ac ia , N .S . V , 1 961 , p . 3 70 a nd D ID

I stor ia R o man ie i , I , 1 960 , p p . 2 97-300 ;

D . T udor , P odu l d e

l a Or lea-Do ln i V ad in f o los i t d e C orne l ius F uscus , i n L ato mus ) 0 C , 1 961 , 5 01 , s qq . a nd O .R .4 p . 3 0 . 1 0 . R . F lorescu , " Les p hases d e c ons truc t ion d e c as tru m Drobe ta" i n M i li tärgrenzen R o ms , 1 967, p .145 .

F ig . 2 .

1 1 . G . Pop i l ian , C eramica r o man äi n O lten ia , C ra iova , 1 976, p . 2 4 .

The

v ase i s d a ted t o t he t ime o f Do m i t ian —Nerva . 1 2 . I ts ee ms t ha t t erra s ig i l la ta p roduc ts were o n ly o ccasiona l ly b rought t o t he Dac ian K ingdo m , a s t hey a re l ack ing i n t he Dac ian f or tresses .

S ee

I . G lodar iu , R e lat i i c o merc ia le a le Dac ie i c u l u mea e len is t icä e i r o mans , B ucure§ t i , 1 974 , p p . 2 13-215 ;

N . L upu , Apu lu m , XV I , 1 978 , p . 8 1 .

1 3 . R . V u lpe , Dac ia , N . S . I V =S tudia Thraco logica , p p . 1 40-145 ( w i th p rev ious b ib l iography a nd a rchaeo log ica l a rgu men ts ) . .

V . Pärvan , G et ica , p .112-

1 20 . Do m i t ian k ep t t he Bana t a nd O l ten ia a s V . C hr istescu c la ims , I stor ia Mi li tarä a Dac ie i , 1 937 , p .14 .

1 4 . R . 0 . F ink , JRS , 1 958 , XLV I I I , p p . 1 02-116 . 1 5 . R o man f or ts h ave b een t raced a t t he p o in ts : F i lipe§ t i , R ä .zvan i (? ) , Ora t ia ( ? ) , S ar inga (? ) , C io lan ( ? ) , N äen i ( ?) . , R ädu le§ t i ( ? ) , Ghergh ita (? ) , Mä lä ie§ t i , T irg§oru l V ech i , Dra jna d e S us , R ucär T IR , L . 3 5;

d ur ing r esearch o n t he s i te a t Ora t ia we h ave i den t i-

f ied a p o in t t ha t migh t b e aR o man d efence , b u t c onf irma t ion o f i t s e x is tence w i l l o n ly c ome f ro m f ur ther a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion . 1 6 .

R . V u lpe , R ev . Arch . 3 4 , 1 931, 2 , p .237 ;

N . G os tar , Apu lu m , V , 1 964 ,

p . 1 64 . 1 7 . R i t ter ling , R . E . X I I , 1 697-1698 .

R . S yme , JRS , XV I I I , I ,1 928 , p .4 1

l eg . X I C l . b ased a t V ind isch d ur ing t he war waged b y Do m i t ian w i th t he

5 7

C a t t i ; b u t I . S z i lagy i , AASH I , 1 -2 , 1 953 , P . 1 71, n . 3 14 , c ons iders L eg io X I C laudia 's c om ing a long t he l ower Danube p r ior t o Tra jan 's r e ign . F i low , D ie L eg ionen ., p . 6 5 c ons iders t ha t i th ad c ome t o D urostoru m a s e ar ly a s i n 1 01 . 1 8 . The a l lus ion t ha t F uscus 's b ones a re n o l onger b ur ied i n f ore ign l and migh t b e t aken t o l end s uppor t t o s uch a h ypo thes is . Mar t ia l , V I , 7 6, 1 -6 : Anyway , t he o ccupa t ion o f s ome t err i tor ies n or th o ft he Danube c ou ld b e e nv isaged, a s t he f irs t s cenes o n Tra jan 's c o lumn , t i l l t he b a t t le o f Tapae , r epresen t ap eacefu l a dvance o ft he t roops a nd p repara t ions f or a l onger c a mpa ign —V . C hr is tescu , I s tor ia M i l i tarä a Dac ie i r omane p . 1 4 . A t B erzob is t wo p hases h ave b een a scer ta ined a rchaeo log ica l ly b u t p ub lished a ccoun ts d o n o t p rov ide c er ta in c hrono log ica l d a ta . I ti s c er ta in t ha t L eg . I I I FF w i l l c o me b ack t o Moes ia S uper ior i n 17-118 a t t he l a tes t . Wi th in t he f or t , a t t he p r inc ip ia ( we a lso t ook p ar t i n t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut o n i t s s i te i n t he s u m mer o f 1 965 ) t he t wo p hases a re c lear ly d ef ined b y ad es truc t ive f i re t ha t c ou ld h ave t aken p lace e i ther i n 1 05 , o r , g iven t he d iscovery o f a mid-f irs t-cen tury l eg ionary h e l me t ( D . P ro tase , L . P e tcu lescu , B ana t ica I I , 1 975 p .85-89 ) a f ter D om i t ian 's wars w i th Deceba lus . I n t h is c ase , i tc ou ld h ave b een a ( t emporary ) f or t u sed d ur ing t he t ime o f D om i t ian 's wars i n Dac ia . 1 9 . We a re n o t g o ing t o e nter i n to d e ta i ls a bout t he wars ;

we o n ly i n tend t o

t race , a s f ar a s p oss ib le , t he c ourse o f t he wars o n t he g round .

S ources

g iv ing r eferences t o t he R oman wars : -C ass ius D io , 6 7, 9 -E utrop ius , 7 , 2 3 The mos t c omp le te i n terpre ta t ions : -C . P a tsch , Be i trage V , 2p ass im -P ar ibeni , Op t imus P r inceps , 1 . p . 2 14 s q . -I s tor ia R o män ie i , I , 1 960 , p . 3 01-316 . -C . Da icov ic iu , L a Transy lvan ie , p .7 7-91 . -R . V u lpe , D ID , I , p . 6 8-97 . -H . Da icov ic iu , Dac ia d e l a B ureb is ta L a D eceba l p . 3 21-335 , 2 0 . P r isc ianus V I , 1 3 ,

P .

2 05

2 1 . Tabu la P eut ., V I . 2 2 . D . T udor , M . Dav idescu ,

a rheo log ice d in c as tru l r oman d e l a

C i tune le , j ud . Gor j ' , Drobe ta , 1 976, p . 6 2 s qq e spec ia l ly p . 7 7 . 2 3 . Though t he a u thors c ons ider t ha t h is f or t i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een b u i l t d ur ing t he Dac ian wars , f or t he p urpose o fg uarding t he L a in ic i P ass , a nd t o h ave b een r ebui lt s ome t ime d ur ing t he 3 rd c entury , b efore a gree ing w i th i t we awa i t c onf irma t ion o f t he e x is tence o f ac er ta in r ep lacemen t w i th in t he c as tru m .

The p o t tery f rag men ts f ound i n t he v a l lu m m igh t we l l c ome f rom

ac iv i l s et t le men t p r ior t o t he 3 rd c en tury f or t . 2 4 . I nscr ip t ion C IL I I , 1 4485 ,a . 2 5 . C IL I I , 1 4216 , 2 7 .

5 8

2 6 . C IL XV I , 5 7 = ID R , I , n o . 2 .

W . Wagner , D is loka t ion , p p . 1 27-128 .

2 7 . The f irs t d igg ings were c onduc ted b y Gr igore Toc i lescu i n 1 897 a nd a f terwards b y N icu läescu-P lop§or ;

D . T udor , BC MI , = CH I , 1 03 , 1 940 ,

p . 1 8 s q p ub lished t he r esu l ts o f t h is r esearch p ro jec t a nd h is own o bserv a t ions . 2 8 . Gr . F lorescu , Ma ter ia le ? I V , 1 957, p p . 1 03-108 . 2 9 . D . T udor , o p . c i t ., p . 2 0 .

A l though n o t es t d igg ings were made t o c onf ir m

t h is h ypo thes is , R . F lorescu , I l fov , F i le d e I s tor ie , 1 978 , p . 9 1, t h inks t ha t t he e x is tence o f t renches o n e i ther s ide o ft he a gger a re i ndica t ive o f t he s teepness o f i t s s lopes . 3 0 . Ma ter ia le , I V , 1 957, p . 1 10 a nd Ma ter ia le , V , 1 958, p . 4 20 ; measures 1 26 b y 15 m, i t s l ong s ides f ac ing N -S ; t he n or th s ide ;

T he f or t

p or ta p rae tor ia o n

i n 1 897 i t was a scer ta ined t ha t t he v a l lu m was 1 4 m l ong

a nd t he d i tch 1 1 m l ong .

C . P eto lescu , O lten ia , 1 980 , p1 03 s qq .

3 1 . I nforma t ion c onveyed b y Gr . F lorescu i n BC MI , XX , 1 927 , p . 4 4 . C . P e to lescu h as s tar ted t o e xcava te a n e ar thwork f or t t ha t l ay wes t o f t he J iu , a t t he p o int c a l led P le a , mos t p robab ly a f or t f or a march ing c a mpa ign;

a rchaeo log ica l f i nds a re q ui te f ew ( i nforma t ion f ro m C .

P e to lescu) . 3 2 . L eg . V . Mac l ef t Oescus f or Troes mis i n 1 05-106 a nd f ro m 1 67-168 t o 2 75 was b ased a t P o ta issa ;

R i t ter ling , o p . c i t ., 1 576 , F i low , o p . c i t .

N . Gos tar , Ana le le U n iv .A l .I .C uza , I a§ i , s ec t . I I , t .X I , 1 965 , p . 5 a nd 1 09 , s ta tes t ha t t he s ta mps o f L eg . V Mac d iscovered a t B u mbe§t i , A liobr ix , a nd Bärboei ( 1s t p hase ) a re c on te mporary a s t he ir l et ter ing i s c u t i n t he s a me d es ign . 3 3 . The J igoru f or t —C . Da icov ic iu , A l . F erenczi , A§ezär i Dac ice , p . 4 3— measures 3 10 b y 2 40 m, i t s l ong s ides f ac ing n or th-sou th ;

t he e as t a nd

s outh g a tes c an b e s een o n t he s urface a nd h ave a t u tu lus e ach ; I n me mor ia m C . Da icov ic iu , p p . 1 54-155 ;

I . G lodar iu ,

C . Da icov ic iu a nd A l . F erencz i ,

o p . c i t ., p . 5 4 . 3 4 . V irfu l l u i P ä tru i s s haped l i ke a q uadrang le w i th u nequa l s ides 2 28 m ( nor th ) b y 2 11 m ( sou th ) b y 2 03 m(eas t ) b y 1 92 ( wes t ) .

The g a tes , a pprox .

9 -21 m i n w idth , h ave a t u tu lus e ach c onsis t ing o f v a l lu m a nd d i tch .

I .

G lodar iu , o p . c i t ., p p . 1 53-154 a nd C . Da icov ic iu , Dac ia , V I I-V I I I , 1 9371 940 , p p . 3 11-312 . 3 5 . C o märn ice l —Three c as tra a re t o b e f ound i n i t s i m media te v ic in i ty . J udg ing f rom i t s p os i t ion , i t was t he mee t ing p lace o f t he t roops c om ing f ro m moun ta in r oads f ro m t wo d if feren t d irec t ions . a c tua lly a d oub le f or t l y ing i n t he n or th ; l ong s ides f ac ing n or th-sou th .

The f irs t t wo a re

i t measures 3 00 b y 1 95 m, i t s

The t h ird ( 300 b y 2 60 m) l i es a t s o me

5 00 m d istance a nd f aces e as t-wes t . 3 6 . Munce lu l —a f or t le t s ized 6 0 b y 6 5 m;

H . Da icov ic iu ,

A .M . N ., 1 , 1 964 ,

p p . 17-118 . 3 7 . C . Da icov ic iu , I s tor ia Ro män ie i , 1 , 1 960 , p p . 3 05-308 .

5 9

3 8 .

I . G lodar iu, I t inerar i i p os ibi le a le c ava ler iei maure i n r äzboa ie le d ac ice .'

me mor ia m C ons tant in Da icov ic iu , 1 974 , p . 1 54 s qq . ; I .

F erenczi , Apu lu m , XV I , 1 978, P . 1 20 s qq . 3 8a .

C . Da icov ic iu, Dac ia I , 1 924 p . 2 25 n . 1 . C onstant ini Da icov ic iu , 1 974 , p p .

H . D aicov ic iu, I n me mor ia m

11-114 .

3 8b .

C assius D io , LXV I I I 8 .

3 8c .

H . Da icov ic iu , Dac ia d e l a B ureb ista l a Deceba l , 1 972 , p . 3 28 .

3 9 .

I . G lodar iu , AMN , V I I I , 1 971, p .86 .

4 0 .

D . T udor , F rontf eres r o ma ins ( 1 972 ) , 1 974 p .243 a nd Dac ia , N S , V I I I 1 964 p . : 3 50 .

C . V lädescu, G . P oenaru-Bordea , F ron tr eres r o ma ines ,

2 55 . 4 1.

C . V lädescu , G . P oenaru-Bordea , ' Castre le h adr ianee d in v a lea c arp a t icä a O ltu lui ' i n O ltenia , S tudi i

4 2 .

c o municär i , 1 974 , p . 4 7, s qq .

S haped l i ke C as tra T ragana Tabu la P eut . V I , V I I.

A t f i rst i t was

i dent if ied w ith t he modern Gura Vi i i ( Gr . Toc i lescu , F oui l les , p . 1 20 ) a nd more r ecen t ly w i th S i mbo t in ( D . Tudor , Ma ter ia le , I X , p . 2 45 ) . 4 3 .

Three f or ts h ave b een t raced h ere ( OR 4 ,p . 2 79 ) t wo o f e ach o n t he b ank o f t he Danube a nd t he t h ird o n t he b ank o f t he O lt .

We t h ink t ha t

o ne o f t he f or ts o n t he Danube , p oss ib ly b u i lt p r ior t o Tra jan 's r e ign , c ont inues t o s erve a s ab r idgehead f or c ross ing t he r iver a t t h is p o int . The t roops s ta t ioned h ere a re n o t a t tes ted e p igraph ica l ly . 4 4 .

D . Tudor , ' Le r o le d efens if d u c a mp r o ma in d e S läven i s ur l e l imes a lutanus e n Dac ie I nfer ieur y i n Mi li tärgrenzen , I , p . 3 99 .

The e ar ly

e ar th-work f or t ( t he g a tes , t he p r inc ip ia a nd s ix b arracks were b u i lt i n b r ick ) h as b een d a ted t o t he i n ter-war p er iod , a nd i s t he work o f a la I H ispanoru m .

On ly c onc lus ions o f t he l ong-ter m e xcava t ions i n t he f ort

h ave b een p ub lished .

We a re u nder t he impression , h owever , t ha t t he

p hases i n t he l i fe o f t he f or t were n o t a s c lear ly d ef ined a s h as b een s ta ted;

among o ther t h ings , t ha t i n t h is e ar ly p hase s ta mps o f t he t roops

t ha t t ook p ar t i n i t s c ons truc t ion were d iscovered, n a me ly :

l eg . V Mac . ,

l eg X I I I G . a la IH isp . ,a la IC laudia ( Ga l loru m Cap i toniana — N . Gostar , Arh . Mo ld ., I V , p . 1 79-181) , C oh . IF l . C o m mag . a nd C oh . I . Br it tonu m .

B ut , L eg . X I I I G . c ou ld n o t h ave t aken p ar t i n c onstruc tion

works h ere i n Tra jan 's t ime , a s i tl i ved a nd a c ted i n t he t err i tory o f Dac ia ;

s ta mps b e long ing t o t h is l eg ion migh t h ave b een b rough t t o t h is

a rea af ter i t s w i thdrawa l s outh o f t he Danube u nder Aure l ian . 4 5 .

S a lvage d igg ings c arr ied o ut b y o ur s quad i n 1 975 , a scer tained t he e xistence o f a n e ar thwork f or t t ha t was r ebu i lt i n b r ick d ur ing t he r eign o f Marcus Aure lius a t t he l a test .

N o e v idence i s a vai lab le c oncerning

t he c o m mence ment o f t he l i fe o f t his f or t . 4 6 .

D . Tudor , Dac ia , NS . V I I I , 1 964 , p . 3 47-348 .

A s ta mp i nscr ibed i n

r e lief P S i n t abula a nsa ta h as b een r ead P (edi tes) S ( ingu lares ) .

O ther

t roops i ndica ted h ere a re C oh . I F l . B essoru m a nd v exi l la t iones o f L eg . X I C l ., L eg . V . Mac . a nd— II t a lica ; 1 965 , n o .

af rag mentary s ta mp S CIV 1 6 .1,

1 1 1X B [ h as b een r ead b y D . T udor a s C oh . I ]X B [ a tavoru m ) . 6 0

I n N . Gos tar 's o p in ion i n Arh . Mo ld . ,I V , 1 966, p p . 1 83-184 , i ti s C oh .] B [r it tonu e X b e ing t he s ign o f t he mi l liar ia a t tes ted h ere ( ToC i lescu , AEM , X IX , 1 896, p . 8 ) . 4 7 .

Da ta c oncern ing t he f i nds a t B ur idava a re t o b e f ound i n : Dac ia , NS , V I I I , 1 964 , p . 3 45 -sqq ; 1 7, 3 , 1 966, p . 3 93; 1 968, p . 1 7-29;

D . T udor ,

S CIV , 1 6, 1 , 1 965 , p . 1 86;

S CIV , 1 8, 4 , 1 967, p p . 6 55-660 ;

S CIV ,

SM M IM , 1 ,

F ron tr eres r o ma ines , Ma ma ia , 1 974 , p . 2 40 ;

B ur idava , V i leea , 1 972 , p p29-34 a nd 1 62-168 a nd B ur idava , V i leea , 1 976, p p .41-44 . 4 8 .

B . M i trea , ' Pene traz ione ..

EDR , X , 1 945 , p . 1 48;

E ug .

I . P op . Apu lu m , V I I , 1 , p . 1 56 . 4 9 .

S ec t ions h ave b een c ut o n ly a cross t wo s ides o ft he c astru m , i t s n or thern p ar t b eing o b li tera ted b y t he c ons truc t ion o f ap ier a nd t he s ou thern o ne e roded b y t he D anube .

The f ew a rchaeo log ica l f inds p reserved t o t h is

d ay must b e p a ins tak ing ly r ecovered . 5 0 .

Resu l ts o f e xcava t ions c arr ied o u t i n t he 1 9th c entury h ave b een p ub l ished

b y D . Tudor af ter t he manuscr ip ts p reserved i n t he Gr . Toc i lescu f i les , Roman ian Acade my i n B ucure§ t i i , I , 1 -2 , 1 936, p p . 8 9-117; Mi li t ., I V , 7 -8 , 1 940-41, p p . 9 8-101; 8 2;

B ul . Muz .

BC M I, XXXV I I , 1 944 , p p . 7 7-

S CS , I a§ i , I V , 1 953 , 1 -2 , p . 4 83 . Accoun ts o f r ecen t e xcava t ions h ave r e ma ined u npub lished e xcep t

f or a b r ief r epor t p ub lished b y Em . Popescu a nd E ug . P opescu i n Ma ter ia le

I X , 1 971, p p . 2 51-263;

n o s tra t igraph ic s ec t ion h as b een

p ub lished . 5 1 .

Ma ter ia le , I X , p . 2 62 .

5 2 .

I oana B ogdan C ä tän ic iu, S CIVA

2 5 , 2 , 1 974 , p . 2 85 n o 1 9 e an ld idus

[ mi l(es ] l eg ( ion is ) [ X I CL f ] ec ( i t ) , t oge ther w i th a f rag mentary i nscr ipt ion o n ad if feren t b r ick D M C l ] ( D . T udor , S tud i i e ic erce tär i e t i i n t i f ic e , I V , 1 -4 , 1 953 , p . 4 84 ) . Our h ypo thes is h as b een r ecen t ly c onf irmed; a t Vo ine§ t i , n or th o f C impu lung t he r uins o f ah ypocaus t , p oss ib ly t he r e mains o f ab a thhouse were r evea led;

M . Bädescu a nd t he p up i ls o f

al oca l s choo l h ave t urned u p t he r e ma ins o f af or t ( ? ) n earby ( we h ave n o t c hecked t he i nforma t ion

o n t he g round s o f ar ) u ncover ing s o me t i les

b ear ing t he s ta mp o f L eg . X I C laudia . U n t i l f ur ther s ys te ma t ic r esearch i s d one , t he p oss ib i li ty i s n o t e xc luded f or t hese s ta mps t o h ave b rough t h ere f ro m t he J idava f or t . 5 3 .

I . B ogdan C ä tän ic iu , l oc . c i t . p .284 . T he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i s b e ing c o mp le ted, t herefore , i th as n o t b een e xa m ined a nd p ub lished y et ; h owever , a ccording t o o bserva t ions made u p t o n ow t he ma ter ia l a ppears u niform a nd c an b e d a ted t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury A .D .

5 4 .

C hance f i nd, e xam ined a nd r epor ted a s ap aper t o t he Deba t ing S oc iety o f t he Archaeo log ica l Museu m i n P i te§ t i b y F lorea C os tea , H is tory Museu m , Bra pv .

5 5 .

N . G udea , I . P op , ' Das R ö mer lager i n R ienov ' C um idava , Bra§ov , 1 971 ( i nc ludes a l l p rev ious b ib l iography ) .

6 1

5 6 .

I b ide m , p . 1 3 .

T he s tone v ers ion i t se lf h as s evera l s tages a nd s uccess ive

r ebui ldings . 5 7 .

The e ar ly d a t ing o f t he s tone f or t , i b ide m p p . 1 3-14 d oes n o t s ee m t o u s t o b e e xaggera ted;

a na log ies d rawn b e tween t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia ls

f ound a t H ogh iz a nd Br eu s ugges t t he e x is tence o f ac onnec t ion b e tween t he s ou th-Carpa th ian s ec tor a nd t ha t a long t he u pper O lt . The e ar th-work f or t measures 1 14 b y 1 10 m , i t s l ong s ides f ac ing n or th-wes t —sou th-eas t . The b ase o f t he a gger ( i n t he s econd p hase , t o o ur mind ) i s 1 0 m w ide; i ti s u nfor tuna te t ha t we c anno t a sses t he w idth o f t he p resu med H o lz . e rde -Mauer a s n o s ca le i s g iven ;

t he e ar thwork f or t h as o ne s ing le

d i tch 3 .5 m w ide a nd 1m d eep . 5 8 .

S ee 1 5 .

5 9 .

G . D iaconu, a .o . D ac ia , N . S ., XX I , 1 977 , p p . 1 99 s qq .

T he P ie troase le

f or t ( 158 x 1 24 m) l y ing o n ah i l lock o ver look ing t he p la in t o t he e ast a s f ar a s t he Danube , h as a wa l l 3m w ide , ab ase made o f r ivers tones s e t i n mor tar , a nd i t s s upers truc ture i s f aced i n q uarry s tone a nd emp lec ton . I ns ide t h is f or t a re t wo l eve ls o f s e t t le men t , r epresen ted b y c ons truc t ions s et d eep i n t he a l luv ia l s o i l . Archaeo log ica l f i nds migh t b e e xc lus ive ly d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c entury . 6 0 .

Gr . F lorescu , ' Prob le ma c as tre lor r o mane d e l a

Dra jna ,

P ie troase le i n Omag iu l u i C . Da icov ic iu , 1 960 , p p . 2 26-227 .

N ow ,

P ie troase le h as t o b e l ef t o ut . 6 1 .

C . P a tsch , B e i trage , V , 2 , p p . 1 84-185 .

6 2 .

0 . F ink , JRS , XLV I I I , 1 959 , p . 1 15 , a s e ar ly a s Do m i t ian 's d ays , g iven t he d a t ing p roposed f or t he p r idianu m .

6 3 .

I oana Bogdan C itän ic iu , AMN , V I , 1 969, p p . 4 78-480 . M . C h4escu r e marked t ha t t hroughou t t he p re-Ro man e poch t here was s im i lar i ty b e tween t he l i fe i nt h is t err i tory a nd i n t he e as tern r eg ions , ' Une le a spec te a le r e lat i i lor d in tre D ico mes § i M . An ton ius i n l um ina d escoper ir i lor n um is ma t ice , S CIV , X IX , 1 968, p . 6 60 .

6 4 .

Tra jan 's C o lu mn — the s cenes p r ior t o t he o u tbreak o f t he s econd war w i th t he Dac ians . C ass ius D io , LXV I I I , 1 1; 5 17-530 ;

R . V u lpe , I s tor ia R o män ie i , I , 1 960 , p p .

I oana Bogdan C i tän ic iu , P opu lat i i le c l ien te lare d in Mun ten ia ;

R . S yme , JRS , XL IX " , 1 959 , p .32 . 6 5 .

The r oad a long t he I a lo m ita V a l ley was s ugges ted b y V . Pärvan , R . V u lpe , Dac ia , I V , 1 960 , p . 3 33 .

6 6 .

ms . Acad . RSR , 5 137, p . 1 32 , Toc i lescu ; wes t f ro m t he v i l lage o f F i lipe§ t i ; l ong s ides f aces e as t-west .

t he f or t l i es 2 km s ou th

i t measures 3 40 b y 5 00 m a nd i t s

I t was a t e mporary f or t t ha t c onnec ted t he

Danube , maybe t hrough B arbo§i , w i th t he s ub-Carpa th ian z one , a long t he Buziu V a l ley .

V . C hr is tescu , I MDR ., p . 1 11, c ons iders t ha t t h is

c as tru m i s al i nk ing p o in t w i th D uros toru m , b u t we t h ink t he d irec t c onnec t ion a long t he B uziu V a l ley more p laus ib le .

A s t here i s n o

e v idence r egarding t he c hrono logy o f t he f or t we c anno t h azard t o a ss ign i tt o Tra jan , a s i tc ou ld we l l b e long t o l a ter p er iods o f R o man h is tory . 6 2

6 7 .

Bärboe i , af or t c over ing a pprox 5 000 s q .m ( 0 .5 h a ) , l oca ted o n a mound o ver look ing t he S ire t V a l ley ;

i t s p lann ing c anno t b e r ecovered b e ing

o b l i tera ted b y modern c ons truc t ions .

I t s f unc t ion was t o g uard t he r oad

l eading t o Transy lvan ia , b y P o iana a nd A ngust ia ( Bretcu) , i n t he S iret Va l ley .

The f or t l ay o n t he p lace o ccup ied b y a Dac ian d ava , p robab ly

d es troyed d ur ing t he r e ign o f N ero ( P laut ius A e l ianus );

t he b eg inn ings

o f t he R oman f or t c ou ld n o t b e d e term ined b u t t he c o ins d iscovered o n i t s s i te s pan t he who le p er iod f rom Tra jan t o C laudius I Go th icus ( one o f t he c o ins g oes b ack t o V espas ian ) ;

t hese c o ins a s we l l a s t he a rchae-

o log ica l e v idence f or t he e ar lies t l eve l , made N . Gos tar e s tab lish i t s d ate t o n o t l a ter t han t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury

( N . Cos tar ,

C e tät i le d ac ice d in Mo ldova e i c ucer irea r o man äl a n ordu l D unär i i d e J os , A pu lu m , V , 1 965 , p . 1 46 ).

S ta mps o f L eg . V . Mac a nd C oh .

Ma t t iacoru m i n t wo v ar ian ts a nd C lass is F l . Moess ica were d iscovered i n t he e ar lies t l eve l

( N . Cos tar , ' Un i te le mi li tare d in c aste l lu m d e l a

Bärboe i ', Danub ius , 1 , 1 967, p . 1 08) .

I ti s p robab le t ha t t he f or t was

g arr isoned b y av ex i l la t io o f t he c ohor t o f Ma t t iac i a s e ar ly a s t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars;

t he t roops o f t he R o man l eg ions r eached t h is a rea

s afe ly w i thout e ncoun ter ing a ny d if f icu lt ies . D igg ings a re u nderway . 6 8 .

E xcava t ions i n t he n ecropo l is a t T irgeor h ave r evea led b a th-houses t ha t , o n t he b as is o f t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , c ou ld b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly 2 nd c en tury ;

s tamps o f L eg . X I C l were a lso u near thed;

t he f or t ,

o bv ious ly a n e ar th-work c ons truc t ion , h as n o t b een i den t if ied y e t .

D ac ia ,

NS .,V , 1 961, p p . 3 75-376; Ma ter ia le , V , 1 959 , p p . 6 19-629 ; Ma ter ia le , VU , 1 961, p p . 6 37-639; N . S i mache , D in Ac t iv i ta tea Muzeu lu i I , P lo iee t i , 1 956 p . 1 03 . The f or t l ay a t t he f oo t o f t he h i l ly a rea i n t he v ic in ity o f t he P rahova V a l ley a nd we b e l ieve t ha t i tu sed t o mark t he r oad l eading t o Mä lä ieet i a nd Dra jna ;

n o p lans o r s ec t ions o f t he f or t were made a va i lab le ;

d esp i te c arefu l e xa m ina t ion o f t he b ath-houses n o a ccounts h ave a s y e t b een p ub lished . 6 9 .

Mä lä ieet i , a t t he p o in t ' Ce ta te ' , o n t he b ank o f t he Te lea jen , mak ing e asy c on tac t t o t he west w i th t he Prahova V a l ley a nd t o t he e as t w i th t he B uzäu V a l ley , t he f or t , measures 1 50 b y 1 80 m a nd h as n or th s outh a nd e ast g a tes ;

t he v a l lu m , w i th a b ase o f a pprox . 8m , was who l ly b u i lt

o f c aesp i tes 0 .40 b y 0 .20 b y 0 .25 m i n s ize ;

t he b er m i s a bout 4 m w ide

a nd t he d i tch 6 m w ide a nd 2 m d eep . Three c o ins were f ound i n t he c as tru m ( C . Z agor i tz , C as tru l r o man d e l a Mä lä ieet i , P lo ieet i , 1 940 , p . 8 ) .

Obv . Imp . Tra iano A ug . G er .

Dac PM T rP C os VPP l aurea te h ead r igh t . R ev . S PQR Opt i mo P r inc ip i —Concordia s tanding l ef t ;

ap a lm b ranch

r igh t , ac rown l ef t . a nd a c o in ( 2 ) f ro m 16-117 C ohen 2 3 25 , Ma t t ing ly I I p . 2 22 , n o . 1 043 a nd ( 3 ) , C ohen 2 3 56, Ma t t ing ly , p . 2 24 , n o . 1 051, 1 16/117 ( SCIV , V I , 1 -2 , 1 955 , p . 2 74 a nd 2 77) . C hance d igg ings u near thed t he s ta mp o f L eo V Mac ;

t he a rchaeo log ica l

f inds h ave n o t b een s ub jec t t o p ar t icu lar s tudy . 7 0 .

Dra jna d e S us . h a .

T he f or t measures 2 00 b y 1 76 m a nd c overs a pprox . 4

I tg uarded t wo v a l leys , Ogre t in a nd Dra jna , d efending t he p assage

t o Transy lvan ia .

Ap ecu liar f ea ture o f t h is f or t i s t he f ac t t ha t t he 6 3

e xterna l s tone r a mpar t i s d oub led b y a wa l l r unn ing p ara l le l t o t he f ormer , a t 1 .9 0 m, w i th a s pace f i l led w i th b ea ten e ar th i n b e tween; wa l l s uppor ts t he Wehrgang .

t he i n terna l

N o p rev ious t imber a nd e ar th c ons truc t ion

h as b een f ound b u t i ti s p resu med t ha t t he s tone f or t i s ar ep lace men t o f t he t imber c ons truc t ion .

T he o ccupa t ion l ayer i s u n iform a nd c on ta ins

p o t tery ma ter ia l , f i bu lae , a nd c o ins t ha t c ou ld b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly 2 nd c entury AD .

N u merous s ta mps h ave b een d iscovered , o f L eg . V .

Mac ., II t . ,a nd X I C l .;

t he s tamps o f C oh . IC om magenoru m i n t hree

v ar ian ts . E ven t he n or th g a te ( Por ta d ecu mana ) s eems t o b e ar ep lacement i n s tone o f a n o rdinary g a te , t yp ica l o f t he t imber a nd e ar th-work f or ts —w i th p la tforms — in terna l t urre ts . 15-144 . 7 1 .

G h . 5 ` tefan , Dac ia , X I-X I I , 1 945-1947, p p .

A t t he Transy lvan ian e nd o f t he O i tuz P ass , i s as tone f or t t ha t measures 1 78 b y 1 41 m a nd c overs 2 .5 h a . E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t i n 1 925-1926 a nd i n 1 950 . T he e x terna l r ampar t , i n o pus i ncer tu m , i s d oub led a t 4 -6 m d is tance b y as econd i n terna l wa l l wh ich s uppor ts t he wa tch wa lk . T he g a te a nd t he a ng le t owers b u i lt a s a n i n tegra l p ar t o ft he Wehrgang . The d i tch was a t 4 .5 m-5 m d is tance a nd i s s harp ly c urved . T he n or th g a te i s p rov ided w i th a bu t men ts mak ing u p p la tforms l i ke t hose a t Dra jna ( por ta d ecu mana ) .

The r es t o ft he g a te t owers a re s quare .

A t t he a ng les

o f t he r a mpar t a re c ircu lar b as t ions 5 m i n d iame ter i n terna l ly a nd e qua l t o t he Wehrgang i n t h ickness . The e x is tence o f a n e ar th-work f or t h as n o t b een a scer ta ined h ere , e i ther . I n t he 1 6th c en tury a d ip loma was d iscovered o n t he s i te o f t h is f or t , w i th d a te , 1 4 J une 9 2 ( C IL , I I , 3 7) , awarded t o as o ldier o f t he C lass is F lav ia Moes ica .

S tamps o f C oh . IB racaraugus tanoru m , C IL ,

I I , 8 074 , 9 ) a nd o f C oh . IH ispanoru m ( Ve terana e q ) ( C IL I I , 8 074 , 1 7 1 h ave a lso b een d iscovered . M . Macrea , S CIV , I , 2 , 1 951, p p . 2 85-296 . R . V u lpe , A ugust ia i n Omag iu C . G iurescu , B uc ., 1 944 , p p . 5 52-559, l oca tes t he a nc ien t c i ty o f A ngust ia a t Bretcu , P to lo meu , G eorgr ., 8 , 4 . Wes t o f t he c as te l lu m i s ab a th-house a nd a c iv i l s e t t le men t . 7 2 .

The f or t a t H ogh iz l i es l ef t o ft he O lt a t af ordab le c ross ing p o in t f rom t he s ou th o f t he Transy lvan ian P la in . I ts eems t ha t o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he O l t t he r uins o f ab urgus-br idgehead were f ound ( G . Bako , S CIVA , 1 , 2 3 , 1 975 , p .1 41L A mass ive b lock o fb r ickwork was s een i n t he b ed o f t he r iver , p robab ly t he p i l lar o f ab r idge ( Ma ter ia le , I , p . 7 90 ) . The f or t measures 2 20 b y 1 65 m , c overs a n a rea o f 3 .6 h a , i t s l ong s i des f ace n or th-sou th .

The t races o f ac iv i l s e t t lemen t were f ound t o t he e as t .

U n like t he f or ts a t Dra jna a nd Bretcu a t imber a nd e ar thwork f or t o ft he K t inz ig I t ype ( H . S chönberger , L imes F orschungen , 1 3 , p . 1 5 ) e x is ted h ere .

The t imber-ear th wa l l was 3 m t h ick .

I ta ppears t ha t .a la I

As turu m ( CIL , I I , 8 074 , 1 ) i s r espons ib le f or t he c ons truc t ion o f t h is f or t a f ter t ak ing p ar t i n t he Dac ian Wars ( ILS , 1 350 ); t here was r oom w i th in i t s r a mpar ts f or a n a la q uingenar ia , a nd i t s ma in f unc t ion was t o g uard a w ide d epress ion , wh ich s eems a ppropr ia te t o s uch a t roop .

On

a ccoun t o f sma l l-sca le e xcava t ions n o i n terna l b u i ldings p er ta in ing t o 6 4

t h is p hase w ere r evea led .

K . H oredt , Ma ter ia le , I , 1 953, p p .7 85-789 .

K . H oredt , S CIV , I , 1 , 1 950 , p p . 1 23-125 .

D . P rotase , L imes , S zekes-

f ehervar , 1 977 , p p . 3 03-319 . 7 3 .

Apparent ly , a t l eas t o ne o f t he s ides o f t he f or t a t B o4a h ad a d oub le wa l l , b ut a s n o d a ta h ave b een p ub lished we a re n o t a bso lute ly c onv inced — s e Ma ter ia le , V I , 1 959 , p p . 4 29-437 a nd Ma ter ia le , V I I , 1 961, p p . 4 114 20

7 4 .

T . B echer t , B .J ., 1 71, 1 971, p . 2 14 .

7 5 .

V ez i n o ta 1 7 .

7 6 .

J . F . G i l lia m , H om mages * a .A lber t Grenier , Brusse ls , 1 962 , I , p p . 7 47-756, e s tab l ishes t he d a te o f t he p r idianu m b efore t he e nd o f t he Dac ian wars .

7 7 .

M . P . S pe ide l , JRS

LX , 1 970 , p p . 1 42 s q .

I n t he a rea o pposi te Grädie te , o n t he C ioc lov ina s lope , e xcava t ions h ave b rough t t o l i gh t av a l lu m o f i mpress ive d i mens ions t ha t b arred a c ross ing p o in t a long a s tre tch o f 2 . 5 km ;

I . F erencz i , A pu lu m , XV I I , 1 978, p p .

1 27-130 a ssu mes t ha t i t was b u i lt b y D eceba lus ;

t he b a t t les waged h ere

a re d e mons tra ted b y t he e x istence o f t he v a l lu m o f aR o man march ing f or t ( l oc . c i t . p . 1 29 , n o te 2 0 ) a nd a s ubsequent b urgus ( 60 b y 4 0 m) w i th in i ts r a mpar ts . 7 8 .

N . Gos tar , C e taV le d ac ice d in Mo ldova § 1 c ucer irea r o mani . L a n ordu l Dunär i i d e J os , Apu lu m , V , 1 965 , p . 1 47;

d iscover ies made a t

( Bi tca Doa mne i ) P ia tra N ea mt . 7 9 .

The p rov ince o f Dac ia i nc luded t he B ana t a nd western O lten ia , ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t t he t roops d isp laced t o t he f or ts a t P o je jena S irbeasci ( Coh . V Ga l lorum) , Drobe ta ( Coh . i f i C a mpes tr is ) a nd B u mbe§ t i ( Coh . I V C ypr ia ) f ormed p ar t o f Dac ia i n 1 10 ( CIL , XV I , 5 7) , t he c en tra l p ar t o f Transy lvan ia a s f ar a s t he S ome§u l Mare V a l ley . AMN

8 0 .

M . Macrea ,

I I , p p . 1 32-133 , C . Da icov ic iu , I . , I , p p .348-356 .

S ys te ma t ic r esearch s tar ted a lso u nder Cr . Toc i lescu 's c onduc t ( Foui l les , p . 18) t o b e s ubsequen t ly c on t inued b y A l . B arcic i li ( 'Drobeta ' i n L 'Archeo log ie e n R ou man ie , B ucure§ t i , 1 938, p p . 7 -50 ) a nd Cr . F lorescu (MR , I I , 1 , 1 933 , p p . 3 2-53 ) .

8 1 .

' Les p hases d e c onstruc t ion d u c astru m Drobeta ' , M i l i targrenzen R o ms , I , 1 967 ,

8 2 .

p p .

1 44 s qq .

N . Gudea , I . U zu m , ' Cas tru l r o man d e l a P o je jena ; d in a nu l 1 970 '; p p . 1 81-185 :

B ana t ica , I I , 1 975 , p p . 3 33-343;

s ipi tur i le a rheo log ice

Bana t ica , I V , 1 977,

e ar thwork f or t 1 42 b y 1 79 m ; s tone f or t 1 48 b y 1 85 m;

v a l lu m o f c lay w i th a b ase 1 2 m w ide , a wa l l w i th a b ase 1 .5 m w ide s e t o n t he e x terna l e scarp ment o ft he v a l lu m l eve l led t o f orm a 1 -1 .20 m w ide b erm;

t he d i tch h as a n o pen ing o f 9m a nd i s 2 .50 d eep c o mpared

t o t he l eve l o f t he b erm;

t he n or th a nd west g a tes a re p rov ided w i th

s quare t owers ( 3 .85 x 4 .50 i n s ize ) w ith t he e x terna l o uts ide wa l l s l igh t ly p ro jec t ing b eyond t he r a mpar t . 6 5

8 3 .

W . Wagner , D is loka t ion , 1 40-141, t he u n i t i s s ta t ioned i n Moesia b efore AD 7 5 when i ti s men t ioned i n t he d ip loma o f T a l ia tae , M . Mircov ic i , E pigr . S t . V , 1 968, p . 1 80 .

8 4 .

De l magyarorszag r eg iseg le le te i , T im ieoara , 1 897 , 1 906 , p .59 , t races a f or t a t t he p o int ' J idin ' c over ing a n a rea o f a pprox . 1 2 h a ( i dent if ied b y Mars ig l i , Danub ius , I , 1 map ) ; moreover , Marsig li ment ions ( op . c i t ., p . 2 47 ) aR oman f or t i n t he p rox im i ty o f t he v i l lage ( near t he S erb ian g raveyard) a nd a f euda l s quare-shaped f or tress o n t he Danube b ank .

8 5 .

U nfor tuna te ly , ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t we h ave c hanged t he t he me o f o ur r esearch p ro jec t , we h ave g iven u p o ur c oncern w i th t he Bana t ian z one o f R oman Dac ia a nd t hese o bserva t ions b ased o n a ir-pho tographs h ave r e ma ined u nchecked o n t he g round .

8 6 .

Apar t f rom t he s tamps o f C oh . V Ga l loru m , s ome o ther s ta mps b e long ing t o L eg IMinerv ia were f ound w i th in t he a rea o ft he v i l lage — tha t c an , o f c ourse , b e d a ted t o t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars ( M i l leker , p . 5 9) . L eg . 1 1 1 F . F . a nd L eg . V I I C l . These l a t ter l eg ions may h ave a cted n or th o ft he Danube e ven b efore t he c onques t a nd af ter t he a bandon ment o f Dac ia ( see L eg . V I I C I . ) .

8 7 .

P to le meu , I I , 8 , 4 .

Tabu la P eu t ing ., V I I , 3 .

E xcava tions were c arr ied o ut l a te i n t he 1 9th c entury ( see B . M i l leker ) a nd i n 1 932 .

H ere , t oo , t hey mere ly r ecovered t he p lann ing o ft he f or t

a nd i t s c omponen t p ar ts .

Gr . F lorescu , I s tros , I , 1 934 , p . 6 0-72 ' Le

c a mp r o ma in d 'Arc idava ' .

S ize :

n or th-sou th , a nd t he f ront s ide t he v a l lu m 2 . 5m w ide ;

1 72 b y 1 54 m . f aces n or th ;

The l ong s ides f ace

t he wa l l i s 1 .10 m w ide ,

-

t he s ec t ion ( f ig . 1 3 ) a cross t he e as t s ide , t hough

s u mmar i ly d rawn , p rov ides v a luab le i ndica t ions a s t o t he e x is tence o f a t ype o f Wehrgang p robab ly s uppor ted , i n terna l ly , b y as er ies o f p i l lars; t h is w ou ld e xp la in why t he v a l lu m i s o n ly 2 . 5m w ide . Ac tua l ly , wha t Gr . F lorescu c ons iders t o b e t he s lope o ft he v a l lu m i s r a ther t he f a l len r ampar t ma ter ia l; i ti s t he o n ly way t o u nders tand h is r e mark a bou t t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l d iscovered i n t he s lope o f t he v a l lum wh ich h e i n terpreted a s p roof o ft he e x istence o f a n e ar ly e ar th-work f or t ( op . c i t ., p . 6 3) . The p i l lars h ave n o t b een t raced b y e xcava t ions t ha t w ere d irec ted t o f o l low t he l i ne o f t he wa l l . The d is tance b etween t h is e nc losure a nd t he wa l l i s f i l led w i th e ar th—a t echn ique s pec if ic t o a ny H o lzErde -Mauer . J us t o ne l ayer o fd ebr is h as b een d e termined; t he p r inc ipia a nd t he v iae w ere e xa m ined. N o th ing i s s a id a bou t t he b arracks wh ich l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t hey w ere n o t t raced, b e ing b u i lt i n wood . 8 8 .

Th is t ype o fg a te o ccurs v ery e ar ly w i th a l l R o man t imber e ar th works , s ee S . J ahrb , X IX , 1 961, p . 5 7 .

8 9 .

P or ta p rae tor ia ( 3 .80 m w ide ) i s f l anked b y t wo t owers , 4 .65 b y 8 .40 m; p or ta d ecu mana i s p rov ided w i th a s imp le e n trance w i th t owers , 2 .80 b y 8 .5 0 m; i n s ize .

p or tae p r inc ipa les , 3 .45 m i n w idth , h ave t owers 3 .15 b y 8 .50 m T he f ac t t ha t t he r a mpar t wa l l i s t h icker a t p laces i s p roof t ha t

t here u sed t o e x is t s o me p la tforms t ha t o u ts tr ipped t he Wehrgang i n l eng th .

6 6

9 1 .

Gr . F lorescu , o p . c i t ., p .71, C ohen ,

2

2 59 —a l l t he t hree c o ins t urned

u p d ur ing e xcava t ions i n 1 932 were b ur ied i n t he l ayer o fb urn ing :

The

f ire migh t h ave b een t he o u tcome o f a n e ne my a t tack b ut a lso o f ad e libera te a bandon men t o ft he f or t . 9 2 .

M . Macrea , V ia a r oman äi n Dac ia , 1 968, p . 3 8 —estab l ishes t he d a te o f t he s tone v ers ion o ft h is f or t t o t he e ar ly y ears o f e x is tence o ft he Dac ian p rov ince . N . G udea , A I IA

C lu j, 1 975 , XV I I I , p . 7 3 .. men t ions Arc idava among

t he f or ts h av ing a n e ar th p hase w i thout , h owever , s uppor t ing t h is c la im b y n ew a rchaeo log ica l e v idence . 9 3 .

o p . c i t . ,p . 7 2 .

D . P ro tase , AMN

I V , 1 967 , p . 6 8, a dvances t he v iew

t ha t t he d a ta p ub l ished b y Gr . F lorescu l end s uppor t t o t he a bandon men t o f t he f or t e ar ly d ur ing t he r e ign o f H adr ian . M . Moga , ' Cas tru l B erzob is ', i n T ib iscus , T im ieoara , 1 970 , p .5 7 c ons iders u nfounded t he h ypo thes is t ha t t he ' cas tru m was a bandoned mi l i tar i ly a s s oon a s L ei . I I I F . F . was r e lieved; , we t h ink t ha t t he n um is ma t ic a rgu men t c ou ld n o t b e t aken t o l end s uppor t t o t he i dea t ha t t he c as tru m was r e-used " by a d if feren t t roop" a s i t was n a tura l f or t he c o ins t o c on t inue t o b e i n u se a s l ong a s ac iv i l s et t lemen t was g row ing u p w i th in t he c astru m . 9 4 .

D . P ro tase , B ana t ica , I I ,

1 975 , p p . 3 45-348, s ec t ions were c u t a cross

t he n or th-wes t a nd s ou th-wes t s ides o f t he f or t , a s we l l a s a cross i t s i nterna l p ar t ; t hese t wo s ides a re p ro tec ted b yt wo wa l ls ( ?) a nd t wo d i tches ; t he c res t o ft he i n terna l wa l l measures 1 32 b y 1 28 m , t he s econd d i tch i s a t 1 3 m d is tance f rom t he f irs t a long t he n or th-west s ide a nd o n ly 8 m a long t he s ou th-wes t . 9 5 .

The b arrack men t ioned b y D . P ro tase , p . 3 47 .

9 6 .

D . P ro tase AMN

I V , 1 967 , p p . 4 9-51, f i g . 6 .

M . Moga , T ib iscus ,

T im ieoara , 1 970 , p p . 5 1-58 .

F . Mede le, R . P etrovsk i , T ib iscus , 9 7 .

T im ieoara , 1 974 , p . 1 33 .

The c as tru m measures 4 90 b y 4 10 m , i t s l ong s ides f ac ing e as t-wes t ; t he v a l lu m i s b u i l t o fy e l low s o i l , c oming f rom t he d i tch ;

p re l im inary

r epor ts p resen t p rof i les o f s ec t ions , b u t t hey a re n o t l oca ted o n t he p lan . Tak ing p ar t , a s as tuden t , i n t he d igg ings i n t he p r inc ip ia , a n o ld man t o ld me i n 1 965 t ha t t hey h ad u ncovered l arge s tone b locks b o th a t t he p r inc ip ia a nd o n t he n or th s ide;

o n t he b as is o ft h is i nforma t ion t he

p ossib i li ty s hou ld b e c onsidered f or a l l t he g a tes o f t he c as tru m , n o t o nly t he p r inc ip ia , t o h ave b een b u i lt i n s tone . 9 8 .

D . Pro tase , AMN L ondon , 1 967;

I V , 1 967, p . 5 1 =C ongress o f E p igraphy h e ld i n

I . G lodar iu , AMN , I I , 1 966 , p .430 :

9 9 .

T IR , L . 3 4 s v A iz iz is a nd C aput B uba l i .

1 00 .

M . Moga , R ev . Muz ., I , 1 965 , s pec ia l i ssue , ab r ief a ccoun t o ft he f irs t e xcava t ions . T he c as tru m i s i n v ery g ood p reserva t ion ( i t measures 3 20 b y 1 70 m); f our l eve ls o f e x istence h ave b een d e term ined , t he e ar lies t b e long ing t o t he t ime o f t he f irs t Tra jan ic war .

A t t he 1 968

d eba t ing s oc iety , where r epor ts o f e xcava t ions were p resen ted , t h is v iew 6 7

was r econsidered a nd i t was s ta ted t ha t t he c as tru m h ad t hree p hases; a sma l l-s ized e ar thwork f or t ;

as tone f or t e n larged t o t he n or th o ver

t he r u ins o f ac ivi l s e t t le men t ;

p ub l ished a ccoun ts a lso p o int o ut t ha t

t he l as t r ep lace men t was b u i l t af ter 1 59/160 a s at o mbstone i nscr ibed w i th t h is d a te was f ound i n i t s r a mpar t ( M . Moga , AMN V I I , 1 970 , p . 1 38 = L DR I n , 1n o . 1 67) .( Ma (ur i l S y(m mach iar i i ) . C o m men ts u pon t he t roops t ha t were i n g arr ison i n t he f or t were p ub l ished , a ccord ing t o t he s ta mps f ound , i nscr ibed C IS , M ID , C IV , A IM, M A SY . B es ides t he s u m mary a ccoun ts o f t he 1 964 e xcava t ions , n o r eferences t o t he m h ad b een made b efore 1 971 ( BM I , XL , 2 , 1 971 p . 5 5-56L

De ta i led

d escr ip t ion o f t he i n terna l wa l ls u ncovered a re o f n o a va i l b ecause n o p lan i s g iven , t h is t ime e i ther .

T he s tudy p resen ts t he r esu l ts o f e xcava t ions

o f t he n or th s ide , a nd t h is i s t o a ccount f or t he f ac t t ha t o n ly t hree p hases were d e term ined .

The d escr ip t ion s hows t ha t a l l t he t hree p hases r efer

t o t he i n terna l s tone c ons truc t ions a nd t herefore i ti s t o b e i nferred t ha t t he sma l l-s ized e ar th-work f or t d id n o t e x tend a s f ar a s h ere . 1 01 .

M . Moga , AMN , V I I , 1 970 , p . 1 35-147; 1 29-131;

1 02 .

i dem , T ibiscus , 3 , 1 974 , p .

N . Gos tar , AMN , V , 1 968, p . 4 71-476 .

M . Moga , R ev . Muz ., I , 1 965 , p . 4 33 s peaks a bout a c hance f i nd , a s tamp o f L eg . T i l l F .

S ta mps i nscr ibed C IV a nd CI V N a nd C o (h ) I

V i )ND , a re k nown t o b e long t o C oh IV inde l icoru m ;

ID R , I I ,1 ,

p p . 2 25-226 . 1 03 .

ID R

I I , 1 , p . 1 45 —the n or th s ide e x tends a cross t he c iv i l s e t t le men t ;

t h is e n large men t o f t he a rea mus t b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he r e liev ing o f t he t roops t ha t h ad b een d isp laced h ere . 1 04 .

T IR , L , 3 4 . s .v .;

i n t he a rea o f t he Z ivo i c o m mune s ta mps i nscr ibed

M ID a nd C oh IS (ag it tar ioru m ) ( ID R , I I , 1 , p . 2 34 ) were d iscovered; M . Macrea , V iata , p . 2 22 —the f or t c overs 2 2 h a . N . Moga a nd H . Da icov ic iu — inf . D . Protase , S C IV , X IX , 3 , 1 968 , p . 5 39 c arr ied o ut r esearch i n 1 967 . We h ave n o t e xc luded i tf ro m t he l i st o I f or ts s ubsequen t t o t he wars , b ecause we d o n o t k now h ow l ong i tf unc t ioned . I n B ana t ica , I V , 1 977 , Bozu ( ‚C ohors IS ag i t tar ioru m l a Z ivo i i) p ub lishes t he r esu lts o f as urvey a t Z ivo i where t he s ta mp C oh . IS ag ( i t tar ioru m ) was d iscovered . 1 05 .

H . Da icov ic iu , ' Cass ius D io § i S arm isege thusa ' , i n I n Me mor ia m C onstan t in Da icov ic iu , 1 974 , p p . 1 11-116 .

1 06 .

B oth N . G ostar , Apu lu m , I X , 1 971, p .318-320 a nd H . Da icov ic iu ( op . c i t . p . 1 16 ) c ons ider t ha t t he p oss ib i l i ty i s n ot e xc luded f or t he wa l ls o ft he c o lony t o b e t he s ame a s t he wa l ls o f t he c as tru m o f L eg . 1 1 1 F lav ia e rec ted h ere i n 1 02 .

1 07 .

D . Pro tase ,

AMN . I V , 1 964 , f i g . 1 7 p .62 .

M . Macrea , V iata ... p p . 1 18-119 . 1 08 .

The s urname S arm izegethuza ( cap i ta l o f t he d efea ted k ingdom ) , g iven t o U lp ia Tra jana , was t hough t t o s how , a nd f or g ood r eason ,a s ign o f l en iency t owards t he Dac ians . M . Macrea , I s tor ia R o män ie i , I , 1 960 , p . 3 60 .

6 8

1 09 .

I . H . C r4an , ' Cas tru l r o man d e l a C os te§ t i ', i n Ma ter ia le , X , 1 973 , p . 7 4-75 —a f or t le t ( 34 b y 3 4 m i n terna l d imens ions a nd 4 5 b y 4 5 a cross t he r ampar ts ) . I ti s s urrounded b y a n a gger o fb ea ten c lay ; f ea ture i s al ayer o fb urn t r ed c lay a nd c harcoa l a t t he b ase ;

i t s p ecu l iar p oss ib ly

ac ampa ign c a mp o r ac iv i l s e t t le ment d es troyed d ur ing t he Dac ian wars ( ? ) I ti s c er ta in t ha t i t was g arr isoned b y ad e tach men t d esigned t o d iscourage t he Dac ian f orces f ro m r egroup ing . 10 .

C . Da icov ic iu a .o ., Ma ter ia le

V , 1 959, p . 3 81, a t t he p oin t P r isaca ,

s outh-wes t o f C os te§ t i , t he r e ma ins o f af or t w i th u nequa l s ides were d iscovered , t ha t h ad b een t raced o n t he g round;

i t measures a pprox .

3 00 b y 1 00-120 m, i t s l ong s ides f ac ing n or th-nor th-east—sou th-sou thwes t , p robab ly o ccup ied a s e ar ly a s t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars :

i th as

n o t b een e xcava ted y e t . 1 11 .

C . Da icov ic iu , A . F erencz i , Aeezär i d ac ice , p . 4 3 .

1 12 .

I . G lodar iu, AMN , I , 1 965 , p p . 1 21-133; 1 941, p p . 1 30-149;

M Macrea , S arge t ia

t he Dac ian wa l ls were r ebu i lt a nd b a th-houses a nd

b arracks were c ons truc ted . 13 .

S o me t i mes r eferred t o a s B uc iu m .

The l arges t p ar t o f t he f or t was

o b li tera ted b y t he A pa Ora p lu i s o t ha t i t s s ize c anno t b e a ssessed . E xcava t ions h ave r evea led f or t if ica t ions o n t he wes t s ide .

H . Da icov ic iu ,

I . G lodar iu , Ma ter ia le , x , 1 973, p . 7 8-81; N . Gostar , AMN , V I , 1 969 , p p . 4 93-500 ; C . Da icov ic iu a .0 . ,Ma ter ia le , V I , p .350-353 . 1 14 .

We c ons ider t ha t o n ly t he c harac ter o f t he s o i l r endered i ti mposs ib le f or t he d igg ing t o d ef ine c lear ly t he l ayer o f d ebr is j us t b e low t he c repida . We d o n o t t h ink t he c ons truc t ion o f t he r a mpar t wa l l t o h ave b een p oss ib le w i thou t ab ase;

i ti s l i ke ly f or t he b erm p resu med b y u s t o h ave b een

e rec ted a t t he mo men t when t he wa l l was b ui lt o u t o f " wreckage" o f t he c ons tr uc t ion ;

a nyway , we t h ink t ha t wha t s ee ms t o b e ap ecu l iar i ty o f

t he e ar th-work d i tch —Doppe lsp i tzgraben — is a c tua l ly t he d i tch o f a n e ar lier p hase i n t he l i fe o f t he f or t , t ha t h ad a n a gger a lso o fb rowny e l low ish c lay ;

t he d i tch s tar ts f rom t he l eve l o f ab er m h igher b y 1 5-20

cm c ompared t o t he b erm o f t he o r ig ina l c ons truc t ion . 1 15 .

The b rownish-b lack s o i l b e tween t he r a mpar t a nd t he v a l lu m s tr ic t ly s peak ing c ou ld b e t aken a s t he r e ma ins o ft h is c aespi tes .

1 16 .

I n t he p os t-Tra jan ic p er iod t h is f or t was t he b ase o f N . G erman ic ianoru m ( Exp lora toru m ? ) , i n t he v ar ian ts i ndica ted b y t he s ta mps b ear ing i t s n a me N .G er , NGR , NU G E R , NG E ( H . Da icov ic iu , I . G lodar iu , o p . c i t ., p .80 ) —probab ly f or med o f e xp lora tores who h ad t aken p ar t i n t he c onques t wars waged b y H adr ian ( Ca l lies , 4 5 . p p . 1 30-227) .

B er ich t RGK , 1 964 ,

1 17 .

C . Da icov ic iu , ' M ic ia ', I , AC MIT , 1 930-1931, p . 1 6 s qq .

1 18 .

Maybe f or t h is r eason s ubsequen t e xcava t ions f a i led t o r ecover t he a spec t o f t he v a l lu m —O . F loca a nd L . Märgh i tan , ' No i c ons iderag i p r iv i toare l a c astru l r o man d e l a Mic ia ',

1 19 .

C . Da icov ic iu , o p . c i t ., p . 2 5

6 9

S arge t ia , V I I , 1 970 , p . 4 3-56 .

1 20 .

C IL

XV I , 1 63 .

1 21 .

_ C IL

1 22 .

The a t tes ted p resence a t M ic ia o f s ome v e teran o f a la IA ugus ta I t uraeoru m a nd o f a la P annonioru m c annot b e a n u nquest ionab le p roof

m

,1 371 .

t ha t e i ther o f t hese a lae were s ta t ioned t here .

B ut t he f ac t t ha t a la

Augus ta I t uraeoru m i s a t tes ted , i n i t s e ar ly y ears o f e x is tence i n Dac ia o n ly a t M ic ia , makes u s b e lieve t ha t t he p oss ib i l i ty i s n o t d ef in i te ly e xc luded f or i t s b e ing s ta t ioned h ere ( un like C . P e to lescu , M i l i targrenzen , I , p . 3 69 ) t he more s o a s t he w ide p la in west o f M ic ia was a ppropr ia te f or t he a c t iv i t ies o f a n a la . I . I . R ussu , AMN

V I , p . 1 71, i s i nc lined t o t h ink t ha t a la Aug .

I t uraeroru m was b ased a t Mic ia d ur ing i t s s tay i n Dac ia ( un t i l t he s tar t o f H adr ian 's r e ign a t t he l a tes t ) . 1 23 .

D . Pro tase , AMN , I V , 1 967, p . 4 8, f i g . 2 , —sta mps o f l eg io I I I FF were d iscovered h ere .

1 24 .

N . Gos tar , I nscr ipV i § i monu men te d in G erm isara .

C on tr ibut i i l a

C unoa§ terea r eg iun i i H unedoara , D eva , 1 956 , p p . 5 4-99; The s i te o ft h is c a mp h as n o t b een i dent if ied o n t he g round d esp i te t he f ac t t ha t N e igebauer ( 19th c en tury ) d escr ibed i ta s l y ing o n ah igh land o ver look ing t he Mure§ V a l ley . 1 25 .

W . Wagner , p . 2 0 , C IL , XV I , 5 7 a nd 1 07 a nd N . Gos tar , l oc .c i t .

1 26 .

RE , X I I , 1 719 .

We t h ink t ha t v ex i l la t iones o f t h is l eg ion may h ave b een

s en t t o P oro l issu m ( C IL , I I , 8 38 , 8 064 a nd p .167 ) , T o T ihäu ( Ma ter ia le , V I I , 1 960 , p .385 , f i g . 2 4 ) a nd t o P otaissa ( I . T igara , Prob le me d e muzeograf ie , C lu j , 1 960 , p . 1 95 ) o n ly b efore t he f orma t ion o f D ac ia P oro l issens is . 1 27 .

R i t ter ling R . E . X I I, 1 390-1391; V . C hr is tescu , IMDR ,

C IL I I 1 628

p . 1 75 .

1 28 .

M . Macrea a .o . , Ma ter ia le , V , 1 959 , p . 4 35 .

1 29 .

The mi les tone a t A i ton o f t he y ear 1 08 —CIL

1 30 .

M . Macrea a .o . ,Ma ter ia le , V , 1 959 , p . 4 48-449 .

I I , 1 627 .

T he f or t a t I gh iu , measures 5 0 b y 4 1 m , i t s l ong s ides f ace e as t-wes t ; i th ad a wes t g a te w i th t u tu lus , a nd a n a dd i t iona l b u i lding t o t he west ; a s s hown b y t he p lan t h is r ampar t c ou ld b e long t o ap rev ious f or t o f l arger s ize ;

t he d escr ip t ion o f t he t wo s ec t ions c u t a cross t he v a l lu m s hows

t ha t i ts ee ms t o h ave b een a H o ltzerde -Mauer 3 m w ide . 1 31 .

E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t i n 1 930 a nd p ub lished i n AC MIT , I V , 1 932-1938 , p p . 1 95-233 were r esu med i n 1 965 a t f i rs t u nder t he g u idance o f Professor Macrea ( unt i l 1 968 ) a nd t hen o f h is f ormer c o l leagues .

1 32 .

Af or t l y ing a t t he c onf luence o f t he S ebe§ w i th t he C r i§u l R epede , a t t he p o int where t he Mese§ Mounta ins s lope o f fg en t ly t owards n or thn or th-eas t .

To t he s ou th , I . F erenczi 's r esearch d id n o t r evea l t races

o f R o man f or ts i n t he Apusen i moun ta ins ( A MN , I X , 1 972 , p p . 3 87-409 ) .

7 0

1 33 .

Mi li targrenezen I , 1 977 , p .3 20 , f i g . 7a nd AMN , DC 1 972 , p . 4 21, f ig . 1 4/5 .

1 34 .

We a re p leased t o n o te t ha t t h is p hase h as b een d a ted a ccording t o a rchaeo log ica l e v idence d iscovered o n t he s i te , a nd n o t b y mere ly s ta t ing f ac ts , a s h as of ten b een t he c ase .

1 35 .

M . Macrea , AC MIT , I V , 1 932-1938 , p p . 1 95-233 . M . Macrea ,

1 36 .

p . 3 8 .

E xamin ing t he p ub l ished p rof i le ( M i l i targrenzen , I , p . 3 20 , f i g . 6 ) we wou ld b e t e mp ted t o b e lieve t ha t t he e ar th-work a gger i s c ompara t ive ly c lear ly d ef ined i n terna l ly b y t he h eap o f s tones f a l len t o i t s e dge f ro m t he 1b ( en larged) f or t when t he s tone wa l l was b e ing b u i l t .

1 37 .

M . Macrea , a .o . ,Ma ter ia le , V II I , 1 962 , p . 4 92-493;

e xcava t ions b egun

b y A . B uday o n t he t err i tory o f t he mun ic ipiu m i n 1 908-1914 ;

i n 1 938-

1 939 C . Da icov ic iu s earched t he f or t o n t he P o mä t , a nd s o d id A . R adno t i i n 1 943 . I ti s k nown t ha t b e low t he a gger o f t he e ar th-work f or t c ons truct ions i n t imber a nd s tone h ave b een i dent if ied whose f unc t ion , h owever , h as r e ma ined u nknown ;

i n 1 977 d igg ings o n t he P omä t , were r esu med .

A . R adno t i ( Archaeo log ia i E r tes i to , V -V I ,1 944-45 , p . 1 51 s qq ) was t he f irst t o e xamine a ir-pho tographs o f t h is s i te ( i b ide m P l . LXV I ILXV I I I ). 1 38 .

M . Macrea , D . P ro tase , M . R usu , ' Sant ieru l a rheo log ic d e l a P oro lissu m ', Ma ter ia le , WI , 1 960 , p . 3 74-375 ;

t he r e ma ins o f a n e ar th-work f or t

h ave b een t raced o n t he s ou th-wes t s ide a nd a t t he e as t a ng le . 1 39 .

C IL , I I , 6 283;

Arch . Anz ., 1 925 , 3 02;

RE , XX I , 1 , 1 953 s v .

Poro lissu m , 2 67 . 1 40 .

C IL , I I , 7 638 = C . Da icov ic iu , Dac ia , V I I-V I I I , p . 3 28, d a t ing f ro m t he t ime o f P h i l lipus .

1 41 .

Coh . V I Thracu m a t P oro l issu m —CIL I I 8 074 , 2 4 ; 8 8, n . 1 4 ;

1 42 .

AMN , I V , 1 967 , p .

W . Wagner , p . 1 94 .

Th is s ta mp was r e-used a t ac ons truc t ion o n t he ' Terrace o ft he p a laes tra '; Prof . I . I . R ussu a ss igns i tt o C oh . I . [ 1 1 ]Is(p ) Da nd r e jec ts i t s b e ing i den t if ied w i th C ohors II t uraeoru m S ag i t tar ioru m ( M . Macrea a .o . , Ma ter ia le , V I I , p .379 , f i g . 1 7 . The d ip lo mas f ound i n Dac ia r ecord t wo c ohor ts I t uraeoru m : C oh . IA ug . I t uraeoru m S ag i t tar ioru m b ased i n Dac ia i n 10—(CIL , XV I , 5 7) a nd i n Dac ia S uper ior i n 1 44 a nd i n 1 57-158 ( CIL , XV I , 9 0 , 1 07 a nd 1 08 ) t o wh ich was a ss igned t he s ta mp i nscr ibed C oh . IA ug . f ound a t Buc iu m i ( Cas tru l r o man d el a B uc iu m i p l . CXXX IX ) a nd a t P oro lissu m ( I . I . R ussu , S CIV , X , p . 3 16) ;

a nd

C oh . II t uraeoru m S ag i t tar ioru m ,

wh ich o n ly o ccurs i n t he D ip lo ma o f F ebruary 1 7 , 1 10 , i t af terwards l ef t f or Thrac ia ( I .G . R . I , 1 462 ) .

I ta ppears t ha t C ohors IAugusta

I t uraeoru m e rec ted t he e ar th-work f or t a t B uc iu mi ( Cas tru l r o man d e l a B uc iu m i , p . 1 22 ) t o b e d isp laced t o Dac ia S uper ior i n 1 44 .

We t h ink

t ha t i ft he r eading C (o )hior )s I( H ) is (panoru m ) , c anno t b e e xc luded , t here i s n o d ef in i te r eason t o r e jec t t he h ypo thes is t ha t t he s tamp f ound a t

7 1

P oro lissu m i s av ar ian t o f t he o ne r eading C (o )h (or )s I ( Augus ta ? ) I ( turaeroru m ) S (ag ) .

Anyway , i ta ppears t ha t b o th t hese c ohor ts were

b rought t o P oro lissu m b e ing e ngaged , i n c oopera t ion , i n t he t ask o f b u i lding mi li tary c ons truc t ions , w i thou t n ecessar i ly b e ing i n g arr ison t here . 1 43 .

Mi li targrenzen , Ip . 3 20 ;

e ven i f we d o n o t c ome t o u nders tand h ow t hey

g o t t o " auf d em j ungfra t t l ichen Boden e iner B aracke ." 1 44 .

C IL , I I , 8 074 , 1 8 a nd t he D ip lo ma o f R o ma 'na§ i , I DR , I , n o 4 = Dac ia N . S ., XV I , 1 972 , p . 2 90 .

The t ea m d irec ted b y M . Macrea c arry ing

o ut r esearch o n t h is s i te , d e ter m ined t wo s tages o f t he c ons truc t ion; t he e ar th-work f or t b eing , i n t he ir v iew , s hor tlived .

F ro m t he p ub l ished

d a ta we c anno t s ay e xac t ly when t h is e ar thwork f or t s tar ted t o f unc t ion . E xcava t ions c onduc ted i n 1 952 a lso r evea led s tamps i nscr ibed C oh . V I T (h )r (acu m ) , ( CIL , I I , 8 074 , 2 4 ) —a t roop t ha t a ppears t o h ave b een ( f rom t he v ery s tar t ) s ta t ioned i n n or thern Dac ia . 1 45 .

I . F erencz i—E m lekkönyv K e lemen L a jos s z t i le tesenek n yo lovanad ik e vfordu lö jara —A T iho i R o ma i T aborro l , 1 957 , p p . 2 79-292 .

V . Wol l mann,

Gh . B o t , ' Castru l § i g arn izoana r o man äd e l a T ihäu ', i n I n me mor ia m C . Da icov ic iu , p p . 4 29-439 . D esp i te t he e v idence b rough t t o l igh t b y e xcava t ions , N . G udea , A I IA , 1 9 , 1 975 , p .81 c ons iders t ha t t he f or t h ad a n e ar th-work v ers ion . 1 45a . Em . P ana itescu , ARBSH , 1 929 , f .321 s qq a nd AC MIT , I V , 1 929 , ( abs trac t ) . 1 46 .

C IL , I I . 8 21 a nd A E

1 929 , n o . 1 .

1 47 .

C IL , XV I , 5 7, 1 63 .

1 48 .

T . B echer t , B .J . ,1 71, 1 971, p . 2 60 , s q . f i g .

1 49 .

A E . ,1 929, n o . 1 .

1 50 .

Em . P ana i tescu , ' Cas tru l r o man d e l a C ä§e i ' —AC MIT , I V , 1 929 , f ig . 1 .

1 51 .

I n n or thern Dac ia i n 1 10 ( C IL , XV I , 1 63 ) a nd i n 1 23 1 DR , n o . 7p p . 8 8

2 4 .

s qq . i n Dac ia P oro lissens is . 1 52 . 1 53 .

S ee b e low . D . P ro tase , S t . Dän i lä , ' Un c as tru r o man d a p ä min t l a L ivez i le p e g ran4a d e n ord a Dac ie i ' , S CIV , X IX , 3 ,

1 968, p . 5 31-536 .

The f or t measures 1 66 b y 1 20 m , a nd c overs 1 .99 h a ( t he v a l lu m i nc luded) ;

i t s a gger i s l eve l led d own , a nd t he d i tch i s 4 -5 . 2 5 m w ide

a nd 1 .2 5-1 .80 m d eep . 1 54 .

As t here i s n o i ndica t ion wha tsoever a s t o t he u n i t h e ld b y t he f or t a t L ivez i we c anno t a ccept w i thou t r eserve t he c er ta in ty t ha t i t was c ons truc ted b y C oh . IH isp .

1 55 ,

M . Macrea , D . Pro tase , S t . Dän i lä , ' Cas tru l r o man d e l a Orhe iu l B is tr i eP , S CIV , XV I I I , 1 967, 1 p p . 1 13-120; o f 2 .9 2 h a a nd measures 2 03 b y 1 44 m;

t he f or t c overs a n a rea

f ro m t he p ub l ished p rof i le

( f ig . 3 5 ) we c an i nfer t ha t t he a gger was b u i lt o f c aesp i tes , h ence t he

7 2

r egu lar ly s uccess ive l ayers o fb lack a nd y e l low s o i l;

l i kew ise , t he

e ar th-work d i tch was much w ider t han t ha t o f t he s tone f or t ( our i n terp re ta t ion marked i n t he s ec t ion ) . 1 56 . 1 57 .

W . Wagner , p p . 1 81-182 ;

C IL , XV I , 5 7 , 1 63 .

M . Macrea , ' Garn izoane le c ohor te i V II I R ae tor iu m i n Dac ia ,

i n

Omag iu l u i C . D a icov ic iu, 1 960 , p p . 3 41-343 . 1 58 .

M . Macrea , K . Horedt , e tc .

'an t ieru l a rheo log ic S f . Gheorghe-Bretcu ' ,

S CIV , I . 1 , 1 951, p p . 3 04-306 , —the e ar th-work f or t , c overs a pprox . 2h a ( 2 .07 h a a cross t he r ampar ts ) a nd i s s urrounded b y t wo d i tches . The p re l im inary a ccoun t d oes n o t i nc lude d a ta r egarding t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds ; 1 59 .

t hey h ave r e ma ined u npub l ished a f ter P rof . M . Macrea 's d ea th .

D . P ro tase 's

q ues t ion , Mi l i tärgrenzen , I , p . 3 86 a nd Mar is ia V , p .

6 4 , a bout t he d efens ive s ys te m o f t he Mure§ Va l ley i n R o man t imes h as r e ma ined u nanswered . 1 60 .

C arefu l r esearch o n t he g round migh t c orrec t t h is o bserva t ion .

Among

t he a ux i l iary t roops f ound i n Dac ia i n 10 , t he f o l low ing h ave r e ma ined u n loca ted :

a la I CR , A la C laud ia ;

Thracu m CR ;

c oh II t uraeoru m ;

Ga l loru m P annon ica ;

a la IBr i tannica CR

a nd C oh . I .

c oh I G a l loru m Mac . ; c oh I

among t hese t roops , wh ich w ere t o l eave Dac ia

s hor t ly , o n ly c oh IThracu m w i l l c on t inue t o b e r ecorded i n t he D ip lo mas o f Dac ia S uper ior , wh ich l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t he f or t wou ld h ave t o b e l ooked f or i n j us t t he c en tra l p ar t o f Transy lvan ia , p oss ib ly o n t he e as tern f ron t ier l i ne .

T he i ncreased n u mber o f t roops men t ioned i n t he D ip lo ma

o f J u ly 1 10 ( CIL , XV I , 1 63) was g iven t he i n terpre ta t ion t ha t mi li tary a c t ions were c arr ied o n a ga ins t t he J azyg i—L . Ba l la , ' Guerre J azyge a ux f rontf eres d e l a Dac ie e n 1 07/108 ' , i n Ac ta C lass ica V , 1 969 , p p . 111 13 . 1 61 .

Apar t f rom t he f or ts l oca ted b e tween t he Danube a nd t he Mure§ , o n t he r oad t o T ib iscu m , t he c aste l lu m a t V ir§et , ( Vrsac ) h as t o b e c onsidered n o t s earched y e t , where c ohors I H ispanoru m i s a t tes ted i n 1 08 ( CIL , I I , 6 273 );

t he c la im t ha t t he i nscr ip t ion t o Mars U ltor mus tb e

a ssoc ia ted w i th a mi litary a c t ion a ga ins t t he J azyg i d oes n o t c arry a bso lute c onv ic t ion . 1 62 .

I . F erencz i , ' Con tr ibug i l a p rob le ma l i rnesu lui d e v es t a l Dac ie i ' ( par tea

( 2 ) —research c onduc ted i n 1 947-1957 a nd i n 1 966 i n AMN ,

X , 1 973 , p p . 5 65-567, i nc luding t he p rev ious b ib liography . There i s l i t t le p robab li li ty t ha t t he Romans s e t t he b oundary l i ne r igh t t hrough t he midd le o ft he Apusen i moun ta ins , l oca t ing wa tch t owers a nd b urg i i n ar eg ion d if f icu lt t o g e t i n t ouch w i th —wh ich , moreo ver , d id n o t g ive a ny a dvan tage o ver t he e ne my .

Actua l ly , n o d efence

work h as b een t raced i n t he a rea . 1 63 .

S . D um i tra§cu , ' Con tr ibut i i l a c unoa§ terea g rani te i d e v es t a Dac ie i r o mane ', AMN , V I , 1 969 , p . 4 86, a nd Map n o . 1 .

1 64 .

As s ugges ted b y t he p resence o f af or t i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he Dac ian s trongho ld a t P ia tra N eamt , N . G os tar , Apu lu m , V , 1 964 , p p . 1 44-147 . 7 3

1 65 .

K orne mann , U ns ich tbahren g renzen , p ass im . K lose , R o ms.K l ien te lrands traa ten , p ass im .

1 66 .

R oman f or ts d a ted t o t he t ime o f t he p r inc ipa tu m h ave b een a scer ta ined a t t he p o in ts where r uins p r ior t o t he Roman-Byzan t ine p er iod a re t o b e f ound a nd where e p igraph ic e v idence f or t he t roops o f Moes ia S uper ior was d iscovered .

I f , i n g enera l t erms , s uch a me thod c ou ld p rov ide a

m ini mu m amoun t o f i nforma t ion a bou t t he R o man a rmy a nd i t s d isp lacemen t t o t he p rov ince o f Dac ia , when c are less ly h and led i tl eads t o r ash c onc lus ions —as was t he c ase o f t he e p igraph ic e v idence c oncern ing t he p resence o f R oman t roops i n Tom i , wh ich h as b een t aken a s ap roof o f t he ir b e ing p ermanen t ly s ta t ioned t here .

F irst , we t h ink t ha t , g iven

t he s tatu te o f c iv i tas l i bera e t f oedera ta e n joyed b y t he c i ty o f T om i ( D . M . P ipp idi , D ID I3 16-317 ) , t here i s n o t much p robab i li ty t hat t he t roops h ad t he ir p ermanen t q uar ters i n T om i .

S econd, t he t hr iv ing

c i ty o n t he B lack s ea s hore was s ure t o h ave b een o f ten v is i ted b y a l arge n u mber o f v e terans a nd s o ldiers i n a c t ive s erv ice whose p resence was , s o mehow o r o ther , r ecorded e p igraph ica l ly ( Forn i , L i mes , 1 085 ) . Much i n t he s a me way , t he p resence o f s o me v ex i l lat iones a t tes ted a t Tropaeu m Tra jan i d ur ing t he t ime o f t he Marco mann ic wars was t aken a s ap roof f or t he e x istence o f a mi li tary d efence work h ere t hroughout t he p r inc ipatu m p er iod

( Em . C ondurach i , ' Les c ondi t ions p o li t iques

d u Bas D anube e t l e L i mes ,' Roman F ron t ier S tudies , Te l Av iv , 1 971, p . 1 63 ) —a h ypo thesis i nva l ida ted b y t he r esu lts o f r esearch c onducted i n r ecen t y ears ( I oana Bogdan C ä tänic iu i n Tropaeu m Tra ian i , 1 , 1 979 , C hap ter : 1 67 .

I nc in ta ) .

T . I vanov , ' Archäo log ische U n tersuchungen d es r öm ischen u nd f hr t ib yzan t in ischen L i mes a n d er u n teren Donau i n B u lgar ia ', R oman F rontier S tudies , C ardif f , 1 969 ( 1974) p . 2 35 s qq . I de m — 'D ie L e tz ten A usgraburgen d es r öm ischen f r t i-byzan t in ischen Donau L imes i n d er VR B u lgar ian , F ront ieres r o ma ines ' , Ma ma ia , 1 972 ( 1974) , p .55-70 Em . C ondurach i , _ 22 . c i t . I . Barnea , G . S tefan , ' Le l imes S y th icus d es o r ig ines a l a f i n d e Pan t iqu i te ', F ron tf eres r oma ines , p . 1 5-25 .

1 68 .

L . Barkocz i , I n terc isa , I,p . 5 03 s qq ; 1 965 , p p . 3 9-40 ;

L . Ba l la , Ac ta c lass ica I ,

J . D ob ias , Omag iu C . Da icov ic iu , 1 960 , p .147;

C . Da icov ic iu, S C IV , I V , 1 953 , 3 -4

= Dac ica p . 3 18-319 , c ons iders

t ha t t he b reaking o ut o f ar ising i n Dac ia i s p oss ib le a t t he t ime when t he p rov ince was a t tacked b y t he J azyg i a nd t he R oxo lan i . 1 69 .

The r easons f or t he r eorgan isa t ion o f t he Dac ian t err i tor ies were r econsidered b y M . Macrea , AMN , I I , 1 966 , p . 1 38, n o te 1 07 . C . Da icov ic iu , A ISC , I , 2 , 1 933-1935 , p p . 7 1-77 = Dac ica , p . 1 38; M . Macrea , Dac ia V I I I , 1 964 , p . 1 56 s qq .

1 70 .

C . Da icov ic iu , K l io , 3 8, 1 960 ,180-182;

S CIV , I V , 3 -4 , 1 953 p .

1 71 .

I oana B ogdan C i tän ic iu , i n Mi l itärgrenzen I , 1 978 , p . 2 73-275 , a nd ' Popu lg ia c l ien te lari d in Mun ten ia ' , t o b e p ub lished .

7 4

1 72 .

As e ar ly a s 1 23 Dac ia I nfer ior a nd Dac ia P oro l issens is w i l l b e a t tested b es ides Dac ia S uper ior ( I . I . R ussu , Dac ia , XV I I I , 1 974 , p p . 1 55-178) .

1 73 .

C . P e to lescu , R ev is ta d e I s tor ie , 3 2 , 2 , 1 979 , p p . 2 59-275 , makes a n a t te mp t t o d e mons tra te t ha t Dac ia P oro l issens is was f ormed c onc urren t ly w i th D ac ia S uper ior a nd I nfer ior . t he f ac t t ha t t he P a l myren i i S ag i t tar i i

Th is h ypo thes is r e lies o n

a t tested i n Dac ia S uper ior i n

1 20 ( D ip loma P oro liss iu m , C i i§e i , I DR , I , n o V , V I ) were s ta t ioned a lso t o t he n or th o f Dac ia , a t P oro l issu m a nd a t C i .§e i r espec t ive ly , o n ly a f ter 1 26 , p oss ib ly u nder An ton ius P ius .

U n t i l more c er ta in e v idence

i s f ound f or t h is t roop , a t tested a t P oro l is iu m , T ib iscu m , Op ta t iana , i ti s r easonab le t o c ons ider t ha t D ac ia P oro l issens is was c rea ted i n t he s econd p hase o f t he o rgan isa t ion o f t he Dac ian t err i tor ies .

1 74 .

H . A , H , 5 , 1" Adep tus i mper iu m a d p r iscu m s e s ta t i m more m i ns t i tui t e t t enendae p er o rbe m t erraru m p ac i o peram i ntendi t ."

1 75 .

I ti s i n t h is way t ha t M . Macrea , AMN , I I , 1 966 , p .139 a nd n o te 1 09 v iews t he r eason why Dac ia was t urned i n to a p rae tor ian p rov ince , f o l low ing t he s ta t ioning o f o ne R oman l eg ion h ere a f ter r eorgan isa t ion .

1 76 .

Arc idava , S urduc , Berzob is a nd maybe V ir pt ( no a va i lab le a rchaeo log ica l e v idence l ends s uppor t t o t he e ar ly a bandon men t o f t he l a t ter f or t ) .

1 77 .

C . P a tsch , ' Bana ter S arma ten , Anze iger A kade m ie d er Wissens , i n Wien ', 1 925 , XXV I I , p p . 1 81-216 .

C . Da icov ic iu , ' Bana tu l § i i azyg i i ', Apulu m .

1 939-42 , 1 , p p . 9 8-108 . 1 78 .

A . A lfö ldi , ' D ie Roxo lanen i n d er Wa lache i ' , V I K ongres f ar Archäo log ie , Ber lin , 1 939 . N . F e t ich , ' Archäo log ische Be i träge z ur G esch ich te d es S arma t ischDak ishen B ez iehungen ' , AAASH , 3 , 1 953 , p . 1 37 . L . B arkocz i , ' Transp lan ta t ion o f S arma t ians a nd R oxo lani i n t he D anube Bas in ' , AAASH ,V I I , 1 959 , p . 4 43 s qq .

1 79 .

M . Moga , N . G udea , ' Contr ibut i i l a r eper tor iu l a rheo logic a l B ana tu luP, , T ib iscus , I V 1 975 , p .129-146 c o mp let ing t he T . I .R . L 34 , B udapest , 1 968 .

1 80 .

V . C hr istescu , IMDR , p . 6 3 —"I t a ppears t ha t t he r aid ing B arbar ians h ad b een s ubdued i n Dac ia ; f or , t h is was t he o n ly way f or t he Emperor t o r educe t he a r my i n t he p rov ince ;

i ndeed , t here i s o ne l eg ion l ess

i n P annon ia , t oo" . 1 81 .

P a l myreni i s ag i tar i i a re a t tested i n t he D ip lo mas o f Dac ia S uper ior , i n 1 20 a nd 1 26 ( IDR , 1 , V , V I I I ) ;

t he D ip lo mas o f 1 20 were awarded

a nte emer i ta s t ipendia , wh ich l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t he ir s tay a t Poro l issu m a nd C ä§e i p leads f or t he ir b e ing q uar tered a lready i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he p rov ince . t he s a me a s i n 1 20 .

I n 1 26 P a l myreni i S ag i t t . a re n a med

E p igraph ic r ecords s how t ha t p ar t o f t he u n i t o r

i t s s o ldiers w ere a t T ib iscu m a nd p ar t a t P oro lissu m , g enera l ly , a s n u mer i o fp a lmyren i i w i th a n a dded e p i the t d er ived f ro m t he n a me o f t he r espec t ive f or t .

The ir s tay a t T ib iscu m a nd P oro l issu m i s a ccep ted

( C . D a icov ic iu , A ISC , I , 1 933-1935 , p . 7 3; i de m , AMN , I , 1 965 , p p . 1 37-138 ) .

I . I . R ussu c ons iders t ha t t he u ni t was i n i t ia l ly s ta t ioned

a t P oro l issu m ( IDR , I , p . 9 7) a nd was a f terwards t ransferred t o T ib iscu m . 7 5

The n a me n u merus d oes n o t i mp ly a c hange i n t he c harac ter o f t he t roop , o ccurr ing u nder Hadr ian o r An ton ius P ius ( Ca l l ies , 4 5 RGK, 1 964 , p . 1 81) ;

B er ich t

s igns o f ac ontrary v iew c an b e d e tec ted i n mos t

o f t he works d ea ling w i th t he P a l myr ians a nd t he Moors , i n Dac ia ( C . P e to lescu, S CIVA , 3 0 , 1 , 7 9 , p . 1 08) .

T he ' Or ts u nd Grenzwehr '

c harac ter o f t he u n i t ( Ca r nes , p p . 1 72-173 ) a nd i t s g reat s treng th , l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t af ter c om ing t o Dac ia i tw as s p li t u p i n to s evera l g arr isons wh ich s erved a s r egu lar a ux i liar ies d ur ing c a mpa igns . t ha t t he e p i the ts d er ived f ro m t he n a mes o f t he ir f or ts :

I t s ee ms t o u s P oro lissensis ,

T ib iscens is , Op ta t ionens is , r esult f ro m t he f ac t t ha t t he r espec t ive t roop was n o t s ta t ioned a t v ar ious f or ts i n t he s ame p rov ince b u t i n d if ferent p rov inces .

T he s p l i t t ing u p o ft he u n i t among t he p rov inces a ppears t o

u s t o h ave b een p oss ib le a nd r easonab le p rec ise ly b ecause a n u merus was n o t ar egu lar , c lear ly d ef ined u n i t . 1 82 .

We t h ink t ha t t he e x tens ion o ft he a rea o ft he f or t t o t he n or th mus t b e d a ted t o t h is t ime , t oo ; f or t . S ee 1 02 .

1 83 .

c oh IV inde l icoru m i s a lso a n ewco mer t o t h is

I n t he c as te l lu m , s ta mps i nscr ibed c oh . IS . were f ound , a scr ibed t o t h is t roop a f ter i th ad b een men t ioned i n a n i nscr ip t ion d edica ted t o Marcus Aure l ius ( M . Moga , T ib iscus , 1 974 , p . 1 29-131) .

As a rchae-

o log ica l o bserva t ions t o s ugges t a ny r e la t ion t o t he c on tex t i n wh ich t he s ta mps were f ound a re miss ing , i ti s a s y e t n o t p oss ib le t o s ay when t he t roop c a me t o T ib iscu m .

D . B enea ( SC IVA , 2 7 , 1 , 1 976, p . 8 2 )

i s i nc lined t o t h ink t ha t t he p resence o f t h is t roop i n t he f or t was s hor tl ived , a nd c onnec ts i tw i th t he b a t t les waged i n t h is a rea d ur ing t he Marco mann ic wars ( N . Moga , I . I . R ussu , ' Lapidaru l Muzeu lui B ana tu lu i ' , T im i§oara , 1 974 , p p . 8 -10 ) .

S ta mps o f c oh IS ag . a lso

o ccurred a t Z ävo i ( Bana t ica , I V , 1 977 p p . 1 31-132 ) . 1 84 .

C oh . I F l . C om magenoru m i s a t tes ted

i n H adr ian 's r e ign C IL ,

I T I , 1 371 a nd i n an u mber o f i nscr ip t ions C IL , I I , 1 343 , 6 267 , 1 372 , 1 379 ;

a la I . H isp . C ompagnoru m i s a lso l arge ly a t tes ted e p igraph ica l ly:

C IL , I I , 1 342 , 1 343 , 1 377, 1 378, 1 380 . 1 85 .

A lready f ormed i n to p a l myreni i s ag i tar i i ;

C . P e to lescu ( SCIVA , 3 0 ,

1 , 1 979 , p p . 1 05-109 ) c onsiders t ha t t he p a l myren i i s ag it tar i i o r ig ina l ly g arr isoned o n ly T ib iscu m; v ersus D . Benea , Apu lu m , XV II I , 1 980 p .131-139 . 1 86 .

Av . Domaszewsk i , Rhe in isches Museu m , 4 8 , 1 894 , p . 2 40 s qq .

1 87 .

D . P ro tase , A . Z r iny i , ' Cas tru l r o man d e l a Br incovene§ t i i n V a lea Mure p lui .

S äpä tur i le d in a n i i 1 970-1973 ,

Mar is ia , V , 1 975 , p . 5 7

s qq = Mi li tärgrenzen I , p . 3 79-386 . A . v . Do maszewsk i , R angordnung , p . 1 35 , d a tes t he i nscr ip t ion , C IL , I I , 197, t o Tra jan 's r e ign a ccording t o s ty le . i nscr ip t ion f ound a t Apu lu m , wh ich r eads :

We t h ink t ha t t he

T u tor S i lvanus j eque js

a lae Bosp(oranoru m ) e x N (u mero ) I l lyr ( icoru m ) s t i [p(endioru m ) XX I I I v ix( i t ) a nn (os ) XL I I I h ( ic ) s ( i tus ) e (st ) , s hou ld b eda ted t o t he p os tTra jan ic p er iod b ecause a la IBosporanoru m i s a t tes ted i n P annonia i n 1 16 ( CIL , XV I , 6 4 ) a nd s upposed t o h ave c ome t o Dac ia , o r ( more p rec ise ly ) c ome b ack , c ons ider ing t ha t i th ad t aken p ar t i n t he D ac ian wars . 7 6

C . J u l . Q uadra tus B assus ( W iegand , Abhand l . 1 932 , 5 , 4 0 ; 5 7-95 ) .

Weber , e bd .

T h is n u merus I l lyr icoru m a t tes ted i n Apu lu m , p oss ib ly s e t u p

f or t he s a me r eason l a te d ur ing Tra jan 's r e ign , mus t h ave b een r eo rgan ised a s a n a la b efore t he r e ign o f A nton inus P ius ( ILS 2 209 ) . 1 88 .

Though c oh . IA lp inoru m i s men t ioned f or t he f irs t t ime i n t he D ip lo ma o f D ac ia S uper ior , o f 1 44 , i t must h ave c o me t o D ac ia b efore t he p rov ince o f D ac ia P oro l issensis was c rea ted;

i t was o n ly t hen t ha t t he t roop

c ou ld h ave b een e ngaged i n t he c onstruc t ion o f c iv i l s e t t le men ts a t N apoca ( A MN , I , p . 3 4 =M . Macrea i n Dac ia , V I I I , 1 964 , p .152 , n .40 ) . I . I . R ussu , F ron tf eres r omaines , p . 2 22 , t h inks t ha t t he t roop h ad r e mained i n D ac ia s ince t he t ime when t he Dac ian wars , i n wh ich i tt ook p ar t , w ere b rough t t o ac lose . 1 89 .

a la IBosporanoru m , a t tes ted f or t he f irs t t ime b y t he D ip lo ma o f 1 44 ( CIL , XV I , 9 0 ) , b ut i t wou ld s ee m t ha t i th ad c o me f rom P annon ia d ur ing t he r e ign o f Hadr ian , W . Wagner , p . 1 7 .

1 90 .

D . P ro tase , ' Cas tru l r o man d e l a C i lugären i ;

S i :pitur i le d in a nu l

1 961 ' , i n AMN

I , 1 965 , p p . 2 09-214 .

t he f our s ides ;

b ut e v idence c om ing f ro m S I ( f ig . 3 8) i s e nough t o

s uggest a c o mp le te p ic ture .

S ec t ions h ave b een c u t a cross

The f or t i s q uadrangu lar , w i th s l igh t ly

u nequa l s ides , a nd c overs a pprox . 2 .25 h a —appropr ia te t o h ave h e ld t he who le c ohors q uingenar ia .

A s ta mp o f L eg . X I I I G . ( CIL , I I , 8 064 )

was f ound w i th in i t s r a mpar ts —wh ich i s b u t n a tura l g iven t he l ocat ion o f t he d efence i n t he mi li tary t err i tory o f t he c as tru m o f A pu lu m . 1 91 .

D . P ro tase , AMN , I , p . 2 12 , s ta tes t ha t " the v a l lu m a nd t he d i tch o f t he o r ig ina l f or t c an b e c lear ly s een i n t he p rof i le o f s ec t ion I . When t he s tone f or t was b ui l t , t he o ld d i tch was l eve l led u p , a nd t he b ase o f t he n ew r a mpar t , a t l as t i t s n or th s ide , was l a id i n to t he b erm o f t he o ld e ar thwork d efence .

The n ew b erm i s 1 .90-2 .0 m l ong a nd " covers"

q u i te a l ong s tretch , o f t he f i l led u p d i tch o f t he o ld c as tru m ...

The

e ar thwork v a l lu m , s tanding t o f u l l h e igh t ( 0 .50 m) , c an b e s een i n t he s ec t ion I ;

i t s d i tch i s 2m d eep a nd w ider a t t he t op-3 .50 m .

I n

e xchange , t he a gger o f t he s tone f or t , a s i tl ooks t oday , i s 0 .80 m h igh , 6 .50 m w ide a t t he b ase , a nd made t o s lope o f fg en t ly a s f ar a s t he v ia s agu lar is , s ugges ted b y ah eap o f r ivers tones p i led a ga ins t t he l eve l o f a nc ien t s o i l .

The d i tch i s 3m d eep a nd h as a max i mu m w idth o f 6m .

Ap o in t mus t b e a dded —the e x istence o f a n a ddi t iona l , 0 .60 m w ide , b o t tom e nd a t t he i n terna l e scarp men t . 1 92 .

Z . S zeke ly , ' Säpi tur i le e xecuta te d e Muzeu l r eg iona l d in S f . G heorghe t, i n Ma ter ia le , V I I , 1 961, p . 1 86;

i de m , S onda je e xecu ta te d e Muzeu l

r eg . S f . G heorghe , Ma ter ia le , V I I I , 1 962, p p . 3 31-335 . I ti s a l mos t s quare-shaped, measures 1 40 b y 1 46 m a nd c overs 2 .0 4 h a ;

t he n or th-ga te ( prae tor ia ? ) b u i l t i n o pus q uadra tu m h as a

s ing le t ower , 6 .25 b y 8 m; b y 6 m;

t he s outh g a te h as q uadr i la tera l t urre ts , 4 .5

t rapezo id b as t ions ( 5b y 5m ) a t a ng les;

b e tween e ach g a te

a nd a ng le t ower a n a bu t men t ( j ust o ne?) h as b een u ncovered; i s 1m w ide ;

t he b erm

i th as b een s ta ted t ha t a n e ar thwork f or t i s s upposed t o

h ave e x is ted w h ich n one t he l ess h as n o t b een d escr ibed o r s ec t ioned; t he r a mpar t a nd t he t owers w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he o nes o n t he n or th s ide a re i n o p us i ncer tu m ;

1 . 5m t h ick . 7 7

1 93 .

P oenaru B ordea , C . V lädescu , F ron tf eres r omaines , p p . 2 47-257 , n o t imber c ons truc t ion h as b een d e termined f or t he f or ts e i ther .

1 94 .

V . C hr istescu , I MDR , p . 1 30 ;

1 95 .

V . C hr is tescu , I MDR , p . 1 30 , C IL , I I , 1 061-aqueduc t ; C IL , I l l , 121, 138;

1 96 .

B aatz , RL 1 974 , P . 2 5 . a r ma men tar iu m

C IL , I I , 1 958 a nd C IL , I I , 1 070 .

A s tudy o f t he r e ma ins o f t he p reserved f or ts i n t he f euda l d efence work p ub l ished i n A I IA , XX I I , 1 979 , p .47-69 .

1 97 . 1 98 .

G . M . V iscont i , t he p lan made i n 1 711, o f t he f euda l f or tress ( 13 th-17th c ent . ) . T IR , L3 4 s v ;

t he p re lim inary r esu lts o f r esearch u nder taken a t C enad

b y t he t ea m o f t he H is tory Museu m i n Arad a re t o b e p ub l ished s oon . 1 99 .

W . Wagner , p . 1 6 a nd p .17 .

2 00 .

C IL , I I , 8 074 , 2 AL BAvo

2 01 .

C IL , I I , 8 074 , 3=1 2630 AL BOS ;

ALA BOS PO

Ma ter ia le I , 1 956 , p . 1 62 , f i g . 17/18 AL BOS . 2 02 .

I . M i trofan , G h . Mo ldovan , ' Castru l r o man d e l a S igh i para ' AMN , V , 1 968, p p . 9 9-109 .

An e ar thwork f or t i n t he T irnava Mare r ivers ide

( t est d iggings i n 1 964-1967 ) :

a pprox . 1 80 b y 1 33 m i n s ize , i t s l ong

s ides f ac ing NW-SE . 2 03 .

P oss ib ly a s a n o utco me o f t he D ac ians ' a t te mp t t o r ebe l , wh ich C . Da icov ic iu p resu mes ( Dac ica p . 3 18) t o h ave t aken p lace a t t he t ime o f t he a t tacks p erpe tra ted b y t he J azyg i a nd t he R oxo lan i .

2 04 .

I . Mi trofan , AMN , V , p . 1 04-105 . AH adr ian ic c o in was f ound i n t he v a l lu m ( t he y ear 1 28-129 C ohen I , 3 69 ) wh ich g ives a t erminus p os t q ue m f or t he c onstruc t ion o f t h is c a mp a nd o ne f rom t he t ime o f Marcus A ure lius ( Cohen I I , 7 76) i n ap i t o f a s ubsequen t c iv i l s et t le men t .

Therefore , t he f or t a t S igh i para w as

i n u se l a te i n t he r e ign o f Hadr ian o r e ar ly i n t he r e ign o f An ton inus P ius u n t i l Marcus A ure lius ' t ime ( I . Mi tro fan , 2 p . c i t ., p . 1 06) . I . Mi trofan 's o bserva t ion ( c 2p: c i t . ,p . 1 05 a nd n o te 3 3) t o t he e f fec t t ha t t here a re s evera l p hases i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he e ar thwork f or t , l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t he p resence h ere o f l eg . X I I I . G em ina —according t o t he n a mes o f s o me A ure l i i b r ick makers ( i b ide m

n o tes 4 4-46 ) —cou ld

b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he e x is tence o f ad efence o f l a ter d a te s o mewhere n ear t he e xcava ted f or t . 2 05 .

C . P e to lescu , S CIV , 2 2 , 3 , 1 971, p p . 4 11-422;

v ersus . H . Da icov ic iu ,

S teaua , n o . 4 , F eb ., 1 972 , p . 2 7 . 2 06 .

According t o D . T udor , O . R4 ,p p . 1 62-163 .

2 07 .

S ys te ma t ic i nvest iga t ions were c onduc ted b y G r . Toc i lescu a nd h is a ss is tan t , E ng ineer P . P o lon ic , a n e xper t i n t opography .

E xcep t f or

t he b r ief a ccoun t i n F oui l les , p p . 1 19-134 , ag rea t n u mber o f t rave l n o tes a nd i n terpre ta t ions c oncerning t hese t wo l i nes c ons idered t o b e s uccess ive l im i tes f or s outhern Dac ia , a re n ow i n t he c us tody o ft he R o man ian Acade my .

These u npub lished ma ter ia ls were u sed b y D . T udor

7 8

who , w i th t he a ss is tance o f h is p up i ls , h as l a te ly r esu med r esearch p ar t icu lar ly i n t he ' l i mes a lu tanus ' .

H is o bserva t ions , e spec ia l ly t hose

o f ah is tor ica l n ature , h ave b een s u mmed u p i n O l ten ia R omani . ; F our th E di t ion , 1 978 . 2 08 .

Gr . Toc i lescu , F ou i l les , p . 19;

M . Macrea , IR

I 1 960 , p . 3 77

c ons ider t ha t " the f or t if icat ion o f t h is b oundary-l ine a nd i t s o rganisa t ion a s t he f ron t ierline o f t he p rov ince t ook p lace u nder H adr ian , a f ter t he a bandon men t o f Wa l lach ia a nd t he r eorgan isa t ion o f Dac ia" a lso C . Da icov ic iu , AMN , 1 , 1 964 , p . 1 74 . D esp i te t he f ac t t ha t t he H unt p apyrus s hows q u i te c lear ly t ha t s ou thern Mo ldav ia a nd Wa l lach ia f ormed p ar t o f Moes ia I nfer ior , wh ich i s a lso h igh ligh ted b y a rchaeo log ica l e v idence c oncern ing Tra jan 's t ime , t he i dea p ers ists t ha t " the f or t if ica t ion o f t he e as tern b oundaryl ine ( our i t a l ics ) s tar ted , a t l eas t i n ar ough manner , a s e ar ly a s Tra jan 's r e ign —D . T udor OR 4 ,p . 1 53 , av iew V . C hr is tescu h ad e xp l icab ly h e ld af ew d ecades b efore , 2 2 . c i t . p . 1 23 . 2 09 .

G . F orm i , F ron tf eres r oma ines , p . 2 85 s qq .

2 10 .

Gr . Toc i lescu , F oui l les , p . 1 20 , i den t if ies t he t en l oca li t ies i n Tabu la P eut inger iana , a s f o l lows : ' RO MULA

R eeca

ACIDAVA

E noeee t i

RUSIDAVA

Drägäean i

PONS ALUTI

I onee t i i G ovor i i

BUR IDAVA

S läv i teet i Boroneasa

CASTRA TRAJANA

G ura Vi i i

ARUTELA

B ivo lar i

PRAETORIU M

R acov ita a nd C opäcen i

PONS VETUS

C l inen i

CAPUT S TENARU M

Bo ita

2 11 .

T udor

2 12 .

D . T udor , Mi l i tärgrenzen I , 1 977 , p . 3 99-403 .

2 13 .

p . 2 79 ;

R eper t . Arh . a l R (ms ) s ub v oce .

A . Odobescu , ' An t ich i tät i d in R o manat i ';

1 85-186;

AE M , X I , 1 888,

p . 2 03 . 2 14 .

Toc i lescu , F oui l les , p . 1 20 ; p p . 2 09-222 .

S CN I V ,

2 15 .

Toc i lescu , l oc . c i t .

2 16 .

AE M X II I , 1 41, X IV , 1 3 a nd XV I I , 2 26 .

2 17 .

AAR , s er . I I , f . XV I I I , 1 896, 1 09-112;

2 18 .

K . H toredt , S tudi i , 2 , 1 949 , 1 , p .142;

2 19 .

N e igebauer , D ac ien a us U beres ten , 2 74-275 , A . B unday , Do lgozatok V I I , 1 916, p p . 1 0-12 , 2 3-24 .

2 20 .

B uday , l oc . c i t . p . 2 4 .

2 21 .

N e igebauer , 2 2 . c i t ., 2 79 .

7 9

1 968 p . 2 07;

S CN I V , 1 968 ,

Toc i lescu , F ou i l les , p . 1 28 . I . P op . S CIVA , 2 6, 1 975 , 2 ,p . 2 89-292 .

2 22 . 2 23 .

D . T udor , OR4 ,p . 2 52 . E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b y N . H a mpar tu m ian . , u nder t he g u idance o f D . T udor ;

t he r esu l ts h ave b een p ub l ished i n Ma ter ia le

I X , 1 970 ,

p . 2 45 s qq . We a re r e t icen t a bou t t he mi l i tary c harac ter o f t he e xcava ted c ons truc t ion , a s s hown b y t he p ub l ished a ccoun t ( see b e low ) . 2 24 .

C . V lädescu , M . Mogh ior , ' No t äa supra s onda je lor e fec tua te l a T ia Mare , J ud e l O lt ,' SM IM ., 1, 1 978 , p p . 1 67-169 .

2 25 .

Mars ig l i , D anub ius P annon icus Mysicus , H aga , 1 726, t o me I , 1 , f i g . XL ;

V lädescu , P oenaru , SMIN I , 1 0 , 1 977 , p . 2 0 =L i mes , S zekes-

f ehervar , p . 3 55 . 2 26 .

D . T udor , 0 1 1 4 ,p . 1 85 , i dem Oraee ... p . 3 44 —Romu la q uadra ta , 2 16 b y 1 82 m i n s ize , was i n i t ia l ly p ro tec ted b y av a l lu m a nd a d i tch ; l a ter t he v a l lu m was r ep laced b y ab r ick wa l l .

T h is i s t he l oca t ion o f t he

c i ty a bout wh ich D . T udor 0R 4 ,p . 1 77 s ays : " The c o lony was s e t u p u nder H adr ian a t t he l a tes t when , a s i s k nown , t he l as t c ons truc t ions t o t he s a me p a t tern were e rec ted i n t he emp ire .

T he s o mewha t r egu lar p lan o f t he c i ty , w ith c ardo a nd

d ecu manus , a nd t he r o le p layed b y t he v ererans , l end s uppor t t o t h is h ypo thes is ." C . V lädescu , P oenaru-Bordea , ' Le c omp lex d e f or t if icat ions d e R omu la d ans l e c adre e n s ys te me d efensif d u L imes A lutanus ' , L i mes , S zekesf ehervar , 1 976 ( Budapes t , 1 978)p . 3 54 , r e-exam ine t he e p igraph ic e v idence t es t ify ing t o t he s ta tus o f t he c i ty , a t tes ted i n 1 58/159 a s a mun ic ip iu m ( CIL , I I , 7 249 = I LS 1 465 ) a nd c er ta in t o b e ac o lon ia i n 2 48 ( CIL , I I , 8 031 = I LS 5 10 ) c ons ider ing t ha t t he s ta tus o f c o lon ia c onferred o n t h is c i ty c ou ld b e p r ior t o t h is d a te . I n h is c harac ter is t ic manner o f work ing , i n t he b r ief p aper u nder d iscuss ion , t oo , o ur c o l league Mr . C . V lädescu l eaves t he e ssen t ia l p rob lems u nc lar if ied , s ays n o th ing a bout t he c harac ter o f t he ma in f or t d escr ibed , l eav ing u s t o t h ink t ha t i t was g arr isoned b y c oh . IC om magenorum a nd N u merus S uroru m ( op . c i t ., p . 3 59 ) , a nd t akes t he i nscr ip t ion o f L eg . XX I I P r im igen ia a nd l eg . V I I C l . , t ha t a re c er ta in t o h ave t aken p ar t i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he P h i l ipan r ampar ts , a s ap roof o ft he e x is tence o f aR oman mi li tary g arr ison a t R omu la . I n h is d oc tora l t hes is " Arma ta r o man äi n Dac ia I nfer ior" ( The R o man Army i n Dac ia I nfer ior ) h e c ons iders t he c i ty t o b e o ne a nd a nd t he s a me a s t he f or t : " I t h as b een s ta ted t ha t t he ma in f or t w i th in t he R o mula d efence work was a r ep lacemen t o f a n e ar thwork c astru m d a t ing b ack t o t he t ime o ft he R omans ' s e t t lemen t i n Dac ia . On t he b asis o f s trat igraph ic o bserva t ions , t o wh ich e v idence c om ing f rom c o ins i s a dded , t he p robab le d a te o ft he c ons truc t ion o ft he b r ick f or t i s t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c entury , p oss ib ly i n c onnex ion w i th t he c rea t ion o f D ac ia Ma lvens is ." 2 27 .

C IL , I I , 8 031 = I LS 5 10 = I DR , I , 3 24 .

D . T udor c ons iders t ha t " a

d efence wa l l r unn ing a long t he r igh t b ank o f t he r iver ( Tes lui ) s epara ted t he t own i n to t wo" , w i thou t b o ther ing t o t h ink o f t he e x is tence o f s ome a reas e nc irc led b y s uccess ive wa l ls .

8 0

2 28 .

I nforma t ion I . C h itu , D irec tor , Museu m o f C araca l o n t he v is it we p a id t o R omu la t oge ther .

E xcava t ions c onduc ted b y C . V lädescu d id

n o t r evea l t he r e ma ins o ft he s ugges ted f or t , men t ioned i n p ass ing i n L i mes , S zekesfehervar , p . 3 55 . 2 29 .

C IL , I I , 8 032 = 1 593 = I DR I 3 50— i m mun is e x N . S ur (oru m) S ag ( it tar ioru m) ; l eg . IX I C ( laudia ) ;

I DR I 3 80 —Leg . V I [ IC ]( l audia ) p .f . ) ; i b ide m n o 3 81 — i b ide m 3 82 —re trograde COH I F [ l ]av ia ) C o m(magenoru m );

i b ide m n o . 3 83 —unear thed i n P h i l ippus Arabus ' wa l l N (u merus S (uroru m ) ; A . E . 1 940 n o 1 3-14 = I DR I 3 25-326 — leg . XX I I P r im igen ia P F ;

A . E .

1 939 n o 2 8 =I DR I 3 27-328 — leg . V I C laudia P . F . 2 30 .

L iana Bogdan C ä tän ic iu ,

L imes , S zekesfehervar , p . 3 35 .

2 31.

T he d a te when t he mun ic ip iu m a t R o mu la was f ounded i s s t i l l u nder d iscuss ion , s ee D . T udor , Ora§e , f irgur i , s a te p . 3 49 s qq .

2 32 . 2 33 .

T .I .R . L . 3 5 , p . 5 1 a nd D . T udor , OR 4 ,p . 2 98 . P oss ib ly n ow a n ew c as te l lu m i s b e ing b u i lt i n t h is l oca l ity o n t he b ank o ft he O lt , i n t he a rea o f t he modern c hurchyard .

2 34 .

L imes , S zekesfehervar , p . 3 36 .

C .

V lädescu a nd P oenaru B ordea ,

w ished t o r esu me t he s earch i n t he r e ma ins o f t he c as te l lu m ;

i n d oing

t h is , t hey d id n ot u se t he o bserva t ions p ub lished b y u s , c ons ider ing t ha t we h ad c u t t he s ec t ion o uts ide t he s outh r ampar t a nd s ou th o f t he s ec t ions t ha t t hey o b ta ined i n 1 977 a cross " the s ou th s ide" .

T he a uthors h ave

c o me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t " therefore n oth ing h as b een p reserved o f t he s ou th wes t ' horn ' ( ang le ) a s i ta ppeared t o o ur p redecessors ( Gr . T oc i lescu ms . R om . Acad . 5 139 , p . 4 0 ) a nd a s i tc ou ld h ave b een i nferred f ro m t he p rof i le i n t he t wo r av ines ."

T he a ir p hotograph t aken i n 1 971, whose

c opy we d id n ot g e t i n t ime t o b e a b le t o p resent i tt o t he C ongres h e ld a t S zkesfehervar , c lear ly r evea ls t ha t t he s outh-wes t ( f ig . 4 4 ) a ng le o f t his f or t h as r e ma ined a s o ur p redecessors h ad s een i t .

Our own s ec t ion

h as b een c u t a l mos t p erpendicu lar t o t he wes t s ide , u nder t he f orm i n wh ich i t was p reserved .

The p rof i le o f t he s ec t ion s hows , b eyond a ny

d oub t , t he e x is tence o f t he f or t if ica t ion e le ments s pec if ic t oac as te l lu m . The d a ta p ub lished b y C . V lädescu a nd P oenaru B ordea SMI M

1 1, 1 978,

p p . 1 37-142 , who h ave n o t b othered t o g ive a p lan a nd a p rof i le d rawn t o s ca le , p rov ide n o c er ta inty o ver amore a ccura te l oca t ion o f t he R o man d efence .

Moreover , we h ave o ur d oub ts whe ther t he t races d e tec ted b y

t he m r ea l ly b e long t o a ny f or t if ica t ion , t he more s o a s t hroughou t t he a rea west o f t he c as te l lu m r e lics o f aR o man c ons truc t ion b ui lt i n mor tared b r ick a re v is ib le i n t he p loughed l and , t ha t a re c er ta in t o b e r e ma ins o f ac iv i l s e t t le ment . 2 35 .

C IL , I I , 8 074 , 1 4 , da nd C . V lädescu , P oenaru B ordea ,

c i t . ,

p .140 .

f i g . 4 . 2 36 . 2 37 .

T IR L 3 5 . D . T udor , OR4 ,p . 2 86 .

D ur ing d igg ings a t t he n or th-wes t a ng le o f

t he c a mp a c o in-hoard was d iscovered u nder a l ayer o fb urnt ma t ter , t he l as t c o in b e ing o f P h i l ip t he Arab . G h . I . P e tre Govora , ' Tezauru l mone tar d e l a I one§ t i i G ovor i i ' , S CN , I V , 1 968 , p . 2 07 s qq . 8 1

I ti s u n-

f or tuna te t ha t o bserva t ions a re n o t s upp le men ted b y p lans o r s ec t ions ; a lso B . Mi trea , S CN , I V , 1 968 , p p . 2 09-222 ;

s ee a lso D . T udor ,

S CIV , XVI, 1 965 , 4 , p . 6 12 . 2 38 .

W . Wagner , p . 1 38 a nd B . G erov , K l io , 1 959 , p . 1 96-198 .

2 39 .

D . T udor , Ora e , argur i , s a te , p . 3 67;

2 10 .

OR 4 ,p p . 2 14-217 .

P rov ided t hey were n o t d a maged b y a c t iv i t ies f or l ay ing o u t an ursery i n t he a rea .

2 11 .

B es ides t he o nes a t S armizege tusa ,

P oro lissu m a nd Mic ia .

2 12 .

D . T udor , B ur idava , 1 972 , p . 3 0 .

2 43 .

T hree p hases h ave b een a scer ta ined b ut n o t c hrono log ica l ly a ssessed .

2 44 .

I DR , I , 5 60 C o [ho ]rs m( i l liar ia ) B (r i t tonum)—poss ib ly c oh . IA ugusta N erv ia P acens is B r i t tonu m t ha t a ppears i n t he D ip loma o f 1 40 o f Dac ia I nfer ior ( B . G erov , K ilo , 1 959 , p p . 1 96-198 ) , N . G ostar , Arh . Mold , I V , 1 966 , p . 1 83, C . P e to lescu , S CIV , 3 , 1 971, p . 4 14 , n o te 2 5 . D . T udor c ons iders i tt o b e C oh . IAur B r i t t G C t ha t w as u sed i n r ebu i ld ing t he f or t a t B u mbe§ t i i n 2 01 .

2 45 .

Ma ter ia le , I X , 1 970 , p p . 2 45-249 —f igs 1 a nd 2 . T he s ec t ioned e ast s ide i s 6 0-70 m l ong , t he wa l l i s 1 ,10 m w ide , w i th a1 .30 m w ide b ase s e t i n mor tar a nd w idened e x terna l ly .

Al ayer o f

b urn t ma t ter h as b een d escr ibed a s p r ior t o t he c ons truc t ion i n s tone a nd l as t ing t hroughou t t he t wo p hases .

I n F ron tf eres r o ma ins , p . 2 42 .

D . T udor s peaks a bou t a n e ar thwork f or t , wh i le t he r epor t i n Ma ter ia le I X s ta tes t ha t n o e v idence t o s ugges t t he e x is tence o f t h is p hase was f ound .

The f ac t t ha t t he c o mp le te r esul ts o f t he t es t d igg ings h ave n o t

b een p ub lished a nd t ha t t he r e levan t p rob le ms h ave n o t b een c arefu l ly e xa m ined h as l ed t o r ash c onc lusions a nd c on trad ic tory s ta te ments : I n O l ten ia R o man , 4 th e d i t ion p . 2 71, t he wa l l d escr ibed i s 1 .5 0 m w ide , a nd b e longs t o ac as tru m b u i lt " in t he f irst h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury" o ver p rev ious Ro man s e t t le men t wh ich i nc luded a k i ln f or t he r educ t ion o f i ron o res .

Therefore , a t l eas t i n t he s earched a rea , n o Tra jan ic

c as tru m was i dent if ied . 2 46 .

D . T udor , O l ten ia R o mani , e d . 3 , 1 968, p . 2 93;

a t t he p o in t Gä i t in i

" a r ec tang le , 6 0 b y 1 00 p aces , w i th d i tch a nd v a l lu m c an b e c lear ly s een ... a t 1 00 m e as t , f ar f ro m t h is d efence a re t he r e ma ins o f t he R o man r oad a long t he O l t" f i g . 7 3/2 , b ut i n 0 . R . e d . 4p .281 " The p res u med R o man f or t i s i n a c tua l f ac t a( f euda l ? ) c ons truc t ion i n e ar th" . 2 47 .

Archaeo log ica l e xcava t ions were c onduc ted b y Gr . Toc i lescu i n t he 1 890s , b ut h e d id n o t s ucceed i n p ub lish ing t he r esu lts wh ich r e ma ined among t he manuscr ip ts , o bserva t ions a nd n o tes p ub lished b y D . Tudor , ' Cas tra Dac ia I nfer ior is ' I V , i n BC MI , XXXV , 1 942 , p p . 1 43-144; t he r esu lts o f more r ecen t e xcava t ions c onduc ted b y C . V lädescu a nd P oenaru B ordea , u nder t he g uidance o f D . T udor , were p resented i n BMI , XLI , 1 972 , p p . 2 7-32;

SMIM , 2 -3 , 1 969-1970 , p p . 8 -46;

3 , 1 972 , p p . 4 77-485;

F ron tr eres r o ma ines , p p . 2 47-250 ;

6 , 1 973 , p p . 1 2-26 a nd O lten ia , I , 1 974 , p p . 4 7-58 .

3 2

S CIV , 2 3 , SMI M ,

T he g enera l p lan o f t he d efence work h as b een r ecovered , a s we l l a s o f t he r oad w i th in i t s r a mpar ts , p ar t o f t he p lan o f t he p r inc ip ia , a nd o f ah orreu m ( i n terpre ted a s " asse mb ly h a l l") ;

l i kew ise t he

r e ma ins o f s ome s tone b ases f or t imber c onstruc t ions h ave b een r evea led . 2 48 .

F ron tf eres r oma ines , 2 49 —co mpar ing t h is p iece o f i nforma t ion w i th t he p rof i le p ub lished i n SMIM , 2 -3 ( f ig . 4 ) we t h ink t ha t i th ad n o f ounda t ion s tr ic t ly s peaking a s t he s oc le h as a n u nusua l ly s ha l low f ounda t ion ( according t o t he d raw ing — i t a ppears t o b e 2 0 cm i n d ep th ( no s ca le i s i ndica ted) .

2 49 .

SMIM , 2 -3 , 1 969-1970 , p .13 a nd F rontf eres r o ma ines , p . 2 45 .

2 50 .

D . T udor , O l ten ia R o man , e d . 4 , p . 2 64 .

2 51 .

SMIM , 2 -3 , p . 2 2 b ut n o f ur ther d e ta i ls a re g iven .

2 52 .

C IL , I I , 1 2601 a -b = 1 3793 , 1 3794 .

2 53 .

S i lver t ab le t i nscr ibed Va ler ius Va ler ianus E ques l i b (rar ius ) c (o )hor ( t is ) IH is (panoru m ) e x ( v )o to p os (ui t ) .

2 54 .

C . V lädescu , P oenaru Bordea , O l ten ia , C ra iova , 1 974 , p . 5 7 .

The

l a tes t c o in d iscovered i s o f E lagaba lus —bu t we k now n o th ing o f t he r e la ted c on tex t i n wh ich i t was f ound a nd t he p oss ib i l i ty i s n o t e xc luded f or i tt o b e long t o ad is turbed n ecropo lis t raced d ur ing d igg ings . 2 55 .

SMIM , 2 -3 , 1 969-1970 , p . 2 3-24 .

2 56 .

E xcava t ions c arr ied o u t b y Gr . Toc i lescu wh ich me t t he s ame f a te a s t he p rev ious o nes :

D . T udor u sed h is manuscr ip ts a nd t he o bserva t ions

j o t ted d own b y P . P o Ion ic o n t he s po t i n B u le t inu l Muzeu lu i M i li tar , V , 1 943 , p p . 9 5-101 .

On ly t he l as t t h ird o f t he f or t h as b een p reserved

N ew e v idence r esu lt ing f ro m r ecen t e xcava t ions h as b een p ar t ly p ub lished i n F ron t ieres r oma ines , 1 972 , p . 2 54 a nd O l ten ia , C ra iova , 1 974 , p p . 5 4-55 . 2 57 . 2 58 .

C IL , I I , 1 3795 = I LS 8 909 . C IL , I I , 1 3796 = I LS 9 180 . I mp (era tore ) C aes (are ) T i to Ae l io Hadr iano/Antonino A ug (usto) P io t r ib (un ic ia ) p o tes( ta te ) I l C o (n )s(u le ) I I/cas tra n (u merus ) b urg (ar ioru m ) e t v ered(ar ioru m ) q uod a ngus te t enderet d up lica to v a l li p ede e t i n/po s i t is t urr ibus amp l iav i t/per Aqui lam F idu m p roc (ura tore m ) a ug (us t i ) .

2 59 .

C a l lies , ' D ie f remden Truppen ' , 4 5 B er ich t RGK , 1 964 , p . 1 80 ; W . Wagner , p p . 2 04-205 .

2 60 .

I ft he f i rs t l ayer o fb urning h as b een d a ted , a rb i trar i ly e nough , t hough t o 1 30-140 ( a lso L . Ba l la , Ac ta C lass ica , Debreczen , I , 1 965 , p . 4 3 a ssoc ia tes t he r ebu i lding o f t he f or t w ith t he y ear 1 40 , i n c onnex ion w i th t he i ssuing o f t he D ip lo ma o f P a ma larca , mot iva t ing i tb y t he wars w i th t he R oxo lani ) t he s econd o ne i s d a ted t o t he 3 rd c en tury a nd a ssoc ia ted , we d o r ea l ly s ee why , w i th t he mi lestone d iscovered i n f ront o f t he e as t g a te , t ha t i s o f t he t ime o f Max iminus t he Thrac ian ( Poenaru B ordea , C . V lädescu , O lten ia , C ra iova , 1 974 , p .5 7 —"two

8 3

d e ter iora t ions o ccurred , whose c auses a re a s y e t u nknown , t he f i rs t b e tween 1 30 a nd 1 40 a nd t he s econd o ne t owards t he midd le o f t he 3 rd c entury , a ccording t o a mi les tone d a t ing f ro m t he t ime o f Max im inus" . T he r ese mb lance b e tween t he p lan o f t he f or ts a t Arute la ( B ivo lar i ) a nd P rae tor iu m ( Copicen i ) was emphas ized f ro m t he v ery s tar t a nd c onnec ted w i th t he ir b e ing c ontemporary a nd w i th t he p reference o f H adr ian 's a rch i tec ts f or t h is t ype o f c ons truc t ion . 2 60a . Gr . Toc i lescu 's e xcava t ion a ccoun ts were p ub lished b y V . C hr is tescu , p p . 1 44-147 a nd D . T udor i n BC MI , XXX II I , 1 06 , 1 940 , p p . 3 5 s qq .

S ou th-s ide-112 .41 m, n or th-s ide 1 12 .29 m, e as t-side 1 01 .10

a nd w es t-s ide 1 00 .92 m; 2 61 .

a rea a pprox . 1 .13 h a .

E v idence f or t he R oman d efences a t P er i§an i a nd/or P r ipoare le i s c ontrad ic tory a nd mus t b e c hecked o n t he g round, T . I .R .

2 62 .

L3 5 s .v .

T he e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut b y t he r esearch s quad l ed b y D . T udor r esu med t he d igg ing o ft he f or t c arr ied o ut i n 1 972;

e xcep t f or a

s u m mary p lan t he ir r esul ts h ave r e ma ined u npub l ished .

The f or t

measures 6 3 .10 b y 5 6 .70 m . 2 63 .

T echnica l d a ta a bou t t he p lan o f t he t wo f or ts a re i nco mp le te i n C . V lädescu a nd P oenaru Bordea , F ron d eres r o maines , 2 50-254 .

2 64 .

F ron d eres r o ma ines , p . 2 53 , f i g . 7 , s ize :

2 65 .

I n t he r epor ts p ub l ished :

O l ten ia

5 7 .35 b y 4 1 .75 m .

C ra iova , p . 5 1 a nd OR 4 ,p .297 ,

i ti s c ons idered t ha t t he p or ta p rae tor ia was o n t he wes t s ide ;

t rue ,

t he s ke tch o f t he p lan p ub l ished d oes n o t c on ta in a l l t he e le men ts d escr ibed i n t he t ex t , b ut t here h as b een s o me c onfus ion wh ich a ppears more o bv ious i n D . T udor l oc . c i t• p or ta p rae tor ia ( E ) , d ecu mana ( N ) a nd p r inc ipa lis d ex tra ( w ) . 2 66 .

R . P opa , L . N e mo ianu , T . N e mo ianu , L . P e tcu lescu .

2 67 .

D . T udor , 0 . R .

4 ,p .

2 87;

a ir p ho tographs s tudied i n t he l ast t hree

y ears r evea led p oss ib le r e ma ins a t Greb le§ t i , a s y e t n o t c hecked o n t he s i te . 2 68 .

C ont inued e xcava t ions , emp loy ing i nadequa te r esearch e qu ip men t , w i th r esu lts l arge ly u npub l ished;

i n i t ia l ly c onduc ted b y M . Macrea ,

t he d ig was l a ter t aken o ver b y N . L upu , F acu l ty o f H istory , S ib iu . M . Macrea a .o ., Mater ia le , V I , 1 959 , p p . 4 29-437 a nd N . L upu , Ma ter ia le , V I I 1 961, p . 4 11-420 . 2 69 . 2 71 .

The f or t measures 4 7 b y 4 1 m .

N . L upu , I n me mor ia m C . Da icov ic iu , 1 974 , p . 2 24 . E xcava t ions c onduc ted i n t he n or th-side a ng le , t ha t h as b een p reserved , h ave r evea led a t imber a nd a n e ar th p hase i n t he l i fe o ft h is c as tru m a s we ll a s t he n or th-wes t a nd n or th-eas t g a tes ;

t he d a t ing o f t he

c o m mence men t o f t h is f or t i sa ccounted f or b y t he f ac t t ha t f ro m t he v ery b eg inn ing C ohors I F lav ia N um idaru m a ppears t o h ave b e longed t o Dac ia I nfer ior ( N . G udea , I . P op , P on t ica , X , 1 977 , p .333-339 ) . 2 71a . C IL , XV I , 7 5 a nd B . G erov , K l io 1 959 i ti s mos t l i ke ly t ha t t he u n i4 h ad a lready b een n or th o ft he Danube b efore . 2 72 .

Z . S zeke ly , ' Sonda je le muzeu lu i d in S f . G heorghe ', Ma ter ia le , V I I I , 1 962 p .331 a nd Ma ter ia le , X , 1 973 , p . 2 21 . C um idava , I V , 1 970 , p .5 1 . Rd .

2 73 .

T he e nd o f t he l i fe o f t he f or t h as b een d a ted a ccording t o n um is ma t ic e v idence a lone ;

b u t we t h ink t ha t o ne h as t o c ons ider t he g enera l

mone tary c r is is d ur ing t he p er iod o f mi l i tary a narchy i n t he Empire . 2 74 .

R ead a s f o l lows :

C oh . I I I Br i t tonu m E ( qu i ta ta ) , C oh . If i B essonu m ,

C oh . 1 1 1 B e tavoru m , C oh 1 1 1 B etas ianoru m ,

C oh . 1 1 1 Be lgaru m , f or

t he l ast t wo r eadings s ee I . I . R ussu , F rontr eres r o ma ines , p . 2 24 i nc luding t he p rev ious b ib l iography . 2 74a . Z . S zeke ly , S CIVA , 1 975 , 3 , p . 3 43-351 . 2 74b . E p igraph ic e v idence p ub lished i n S CIV , 1 , 1 950 , p . 17; S CIV , X IV , 1 963 , p p . 1 64-165 ;

Z . S zeke ly ,

S CIVA , XXV I , 1 975 , 3 , p . 3 43-351;

N . Gos tar , Arheo log ia Mo ldove i I V , 1 966, p p . 1 79-181 . 2 74c . T he c a mp was t oo sma l l ( 2 .7 h a ) t o h ave h e ld a n a la q uingenar ia . More a bou t f or t le t g arr isons , d etach men ts t o n e ighbour ing p rov inces , r ecen t ly D . J . Breez , Mi li tNrgrenzen R o ms , I , 1 977 , p .4 . 2 74d . C IL , I I , 9 53 = 7 721, r e-read b y C . Da icov ic iu a s C oh . I I Ga l loru m , i n Dac ia , 7 -8 , p . 3 16;

G . B ako , S CIVA , 2 6 , I , 1 975 , p . 1 45 , n o .

3 1 —prefers t he r eading :

L eg io X I I I Ge m ina a s N e igebauer , i n 1 847,

h ad r ead X n o t Hb efore I I . 2 74e . I . I . R ussu , F ron tr eres r o ma ines , Ma ma ia , 1 974 , p . 2 24 ) s ta tes t ha t , e ar ly i n t he 2 nd c entury , t he u pper O l t f or med p ar t o f D ac ia S uper ior a nd l a ter o f D ac ia I nfer ior ;

t he s ame i dea I .D . R ., I , p . 2 0 b ased o n

t he s a me i nscr ip t ion l a id b y l eg io X I I I G , f ound a t 1 . .gh iz . 2 75 .

D . T udor ( R IR , X IV , 1 944 , p p . 1 57-165 ) c ons iders t ha t Dac ia I nfer ior was c onf ined t o t he t err i tor ies s ou th o f t he C arpa th ians;

when c onfronted

w i th t he e p igraphic e v idence , h owever , h e s ta ted t ha t t he p rov ince e x tended a lso a cross s ou th-eas t o f Transy lvan ia ;

h in ts a t t h is v iew c an

s t i l l b e f ound i n h is works , w i th r are e xcep t ions " l i mes a lutanus s tetenda it s ur 2 35 km . e n tre I z laz e t B o%a—Capu t S tenaru m ( recent ly F ron tr eres r o ma ines , 1 972 , p .235 , a nd O lten ia r o man , 4 , 1 978 , p p . 2 51-252 . 2 76 .

F ron tr eres r oma ines , Mama ia , p . 2 39 ;

O lten ia r o mani .4 ,p . 1 53 .

2 77 .

I n me mor iam C . Da icov ic iu , p . 5 1 s qq . a nd Mi l i tnrgrenzen R o ms , I , p . 2 1 57-275 map 1 -2 .

2 78 .

I th as b een n o ted t ha t a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i s wan t ing f or t he p er iod o ft he c onques t o f Dac ia a nd t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c entury b e tween t he t wo d efence l ines .

2 79 .

Va lea To t ite i , b urgus i den t if ied b y means o f a ir p ho tography a nd f o l low ing t he f i e ld s easons o f 1 972 when we c o l lec ted R oman p o t tery f rag ments i n t he f la t tened a rea .

2 80 .

I ti s wor thy o fn o te t ha t we h ave i den t if ied f or c er ta in t he f or t le t o n t he Ur lu i i Va l ley , s outh o ft he t own o f Ros ior i i d e V ede—G . T oc i lescu , F oui l les , f i g . 6 7;

f i g . 7 3 s hows a no ther c a mp l oca ted b y Toc i lescu s ou th-

e ast o f Ros ior i i d e Vede ;

t he t wo p lans a re d if feren t a nd we c anno t s ay

whether h e p ub l ished b y mis take t wo more o r l ess a ccura te s ke tches 8 5

o ft he s a me c amp , o r p erhaps , e lsewhere , maybe i n t he Va l ley o ft he B ascov , s tood a no ther sma l ler c amp n ow o b l i tera ted b y v ineyards . Toc i lescu , h owever , makes n o men t ion o f t h is f or t i n h is manuscr ip ts . 2 81 .

T ra jan 's r oad ( "Dru mu l l u i Tra ian" a s i to ccurs i n R oman ian f o lk lore ) h ad p rev ious ly b een d escr ibed b y C . S chuchardt , AEM , I X , 1 885 , p . 2 28 s qq , a s ar oad p aved w i th b r icks f or l ack o f a ny o ther k ind o f h ard ma ter ia l i n t he a rea ;

Gr . Toc i lescu r esumed r esearch o n s c ien t if ic

g rounds a nd p ub l ished a n a ccoun t i n F oui l les , p . 18 s qq . e vo lv ing t he t heory t ha t " h l a f i n d u He rne s iec le e t a u d ebu t d u I I-e l e f ron t iere p aru t i nsuf f isan te , 0 1 1 d u mo ins o n j ugea l e momen t v enu d e f or t if ier l e l imes a lu tanus p ar u ne d eux ie me l i gne h l 'Es t d e l 'A luta ;

c 'e ta i t i m

mura i l le e n t erre b a ttue e t c ui te , l arge d e p lus d e 2me tres e t h aute d e 3 , c ouronne p ar d es c reneaux a yan t d ans l a p ar t ie s uper ieure u ne g a l ler ie p our l es s ent ine l les" a nd , h e g oes o n t o s ay , " cet te mura i l le e n t erre b ru lee o n p eut l a c ons iderer c omme u ne l igne d e p os tes a vances s e t rouvan t a vec l e l imes a lu tanus d ans l e mime r appor t q ue l e p re m ier v a l lu m d e Bretagne a u s econd ." ( p .122 a nd p p . 1 23-124 ) . 2 82 .

Mss . A cade my o f t he S R o f R o man ia ;

ms . 5 139 , p .2 0—re-da tes t he

t ransa lu tana l i ne t o Marcus A ure lius ; p . 1 20 . T he O lt c annot b e p roper ly d efended a s i t s l ef t b ank d om ina tes t he r igh t o ne a nd i t was f or t h is r eason t ha t as econd d efence l i ne w as b ui lt , t ha t c o m munica ted w i th t he o ne a long t he r iver b y means o f s evera l r oadways;

p . 1 9— the

t wo d efence l i nes c o mp le ted e ach o ther a nd f ormed p ar t o f t he s ame d efensive s ys te m ; p . 1 21 —C . S chuchardt i s mis taken a bout c ons ider ing t he v a l lu m a s ab r ick r oad; t he v a l lum a t U r lu ien i , swerves n or the astwards t o g uard t he mouths o f s o me v a l leys ( p . 1 29 ) ; p .123 —the t owers a nd t he f or ts a re l oca ted a t t he p o ints where t he v a l lu m was c rossed b y r ivers ." Q u i te a f ew p ages i n Toc i lescu 's manuscr ip ts c on ta in d escr iptions o ft he wa l l a nd h ypo theses r egarding b ui lding t echn iques . The r esearcher h ad s e t h i mse lf t he t ask o f c arry ing o n s ys tema t ic s urveys c a lled f or b y t he s tudy o f t he t ransa lu tana l i ne . 2 83 .

V . C hr is tescu u nder took e xcava t ions a t S äpa ta d e j os , M an i , I zbi§e§ t i a nd U r lu ien i (IMDR , p . 1 26) . T he r esu lts o f e xcava t ions a t S äpa ta d e j os a re t he o n ly o nes t o h ave b een made a va i lab le i n ar epor t ( Dac ia

V -V I , 1 935-1936, p p . 4 35-447) l i kew ise , t he s tudy o f t he h oard

o f c o ins d iscovered i n t he f or t ( I s tros , I , 1 934 , p p . 7 3-80 ) . 2 84 .

G . C an tacuzino , Dac ia , I X-X , 1 941-1944 , p . 4 41-472 , c arr ied o ut e xcava t ions o f t he f or t a t Bäneasa .

2 85 .

H . G aewska , ' L imes a lutanus it ransa lu tanus ' , Archeo log ia , XX I , 1 970 , p p . 7 1-105 . Th is work , t he o utcome o f ac arefu l s tudy o f G r . T oc i lescu 's manuscr ip ts a nd o f h is o bserva t ions o n t he t wo d efence l i nes , u nder taken b y t he P o lish r esearcher o n av is i t t o R omania a s h o lder o f as tudy award b y t he Academy o ft he SRR , i nc ludes n o n ew d a ta r egard ing t he s tructure , b ui lding t echn ique a nd d a t ing o ft hese d efence l i nes .

I ti s t o t he c redi t o f t h is work , h owever , t ha t i th as

s crupu lous ly g a thered t oge ther a l l p rev ious r eferences t o t he t wo 8 6

d efens ive l i nes a nd h as i n terpre ted t he m o b jec t ive ly a nd c ons istent ly t o s uppor t t he h ypo thes is a bout t he ir h av ing t he f unc t ion o f a" doub le l imes" t ha t s tar ted b e ing b u i lt a s e ar ly a s t he b eg innings o f t he 2 nd c en tury" . 2 86 .

C . V lädescu , ' Arma ta r oman äi n D ac ia I nfer ior ' , D oc tora te T hesis , p resented t o t he U n ivers i ty o f B uchares t ( Prof . Em . C ondurach i ) . E xcep t f or t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i tc on ta ins , t he p aper a bounds i n e rroneous i n terpreta t ions a nd s ha l low a rgu men ts .

2 87 .

E . K orne mann , K ilo , V I I , 1 907 , p .105 a nd K lio

I X , 1 909 , p .5 00—

c ons iders t ha t t he f or ts o n t he t ransa lutanus were p r ior t o t he r ep lacemen ts i n s tone o f t he S läven i a nd B u mbe§ t i f or ts , p oss ib ly d a t ing f rom t he t ime o f A n ton inus P ius . 2 88 .

P a tsch , ' Be i trage ' , V , 2 , p . 1 71 —cons iders t ha t t hese t wo p ara l le l f or t if ica t ion l i nes a re t he work o f H adr ian .

2 89 .

E . F abr ic ius , R . E .

,s v . L imes , c o l . 6 45 .

2 90 .

A . B uday , D a lgoza tok , V I I , 1 916, p . 2 6 . C . D a icov ic iu , L a T ransy lvan ie , 1 944 , p . 1 05 . I . F erencz i , U n iv . B abe§-Bo lya i , 1 956, I , 1 -2 , p . 1 53 , s qq . M . Macrea , I .R . ,I , p .3 52; i b idem V i ga i n Dac ia R o mani : , 1 968 , p . 4 9 , 1 07 , 1 09 . N . G ostar , S CIV , X I I , 1 961, p . 1 92 .

2 91 .

I s tros , I , p . 7 5 —" S i l es monna istrouvees h S äpa ta n ous d onnent q ue lques p rec is ions s ur l a f i n d u c as te l lu m e t a uss i d u l imes d e l a Va l lach ie , i le s t p lus d if f ic i le p our tan t d e f i xer l a d a te ä l aque l le i ae t ec ons tru i t . Ad efaut d 'inscr ip t ions c 'est t ou jours d es monna ies q ue n ous p ouvons t i rer q ue lque e c la irc isse men ts . L e f a i t q ue l es monna ies d e S äpa ta d e j os n e r emon ten t p as p lus h au t q ue l e r egne d e S .S . n ous f a i t c ro ire q ue c e t empereur a p ousse l a l i gne d e d efense d e l 'O lt v ers PEs t , d ans l e t err i to ire d e l a Va lach ie , t enue j usqu 'a lors s eu le ment d ans l a c l ien te le d es Roma ins e t d ans l ' obedience d u g ouverneur d e l a Moes ie I nfer ieur ."

2 92 .

B . Mi trea , ' Cu p r iv ire l a t ezauru l mone tar r oman i mper ia l d e l a S äpa ta d e j os § ip räbu§ irea l imesu lu i t ransa lu tan ' , S CN , I V 1 968, p . 1 98, s qq—da tes t he c o ins f or t he s econd t ime , c onsider ing t ha t t he l ast i ssue was i n 2 43-244 ;

a t t he s ame t ime , h e h o lds t he o p in ion

t ha t t he c o in-hoard , wh ich s tar ted b e ing c o l lec ted w i th S everan c o ins , c ou ld n o t p oss ib ly l end s uppor t t o t he t heory t ha t t he l imes t ransa lu tanus was b ui l t u nder S ep t im ius S everus . 2 93 .

Sma l l-sca le e xcava t ions d irec ted o n ly t o r ecover t he p lan o ft he f or ts a nd t o g ive d e ta i ls o ft he c ons truc t ion o ft he d efences .

2 94 .

Our s tudy i s d es igned : - t o t race t he c ons t i tuen t p ar ts o ft he d efensive s ys te m , a nd t o l oca te t he m a f ter a p re l im inary s tudy o f o ld maps a nd a ir p ho tographs ; -t o a scer ta in t he me thods o fb u i lding o f t he t ransa lu ta d efence l i ne , t o d e term ine i t s p hases o f e x is tence a nd t of i x t he ir c hrono logy ; - t o e xamine o ne o f e ach t yp ica l c omponent p ar t , s uch a s t owers , b urg i , f or ts , w i th a v iew t o o bta in ing t echn ica l a nd c hrono log ica l e v idence ; 8 7

- to ascertain the phases in the life of the defensive system as a whole. Obviously, the proposed objectives will be spaced out over a longer time on account of modest conditions of work and research equipment and of the fact that all these tasks cannot be possibly coped with by one researcher. 295. The most detailed description of the vallum transalutanus has been given by Gr. Tocilescu, who was particularly concerned with both its aspect and methods of building used; ms. Romanian Academy 5139, sheet 12 0-The vallum is an elevation of ground without visible ditches; on its top was a fenced earth wall, as shown by the burnt soil and the traces of wicker; traces of burnt beaten soil appear throughout its course; at Urluieni, large blocks with remnants of twigs and canes have been found; ibidem p. 122-two parallel fences, at 2 metres' distance, the space between them being filled with soil beaten and burnt by heaping up wood; ibidem p. 17, verso-the earth removed from both slopes, piled up among wicker fences, in places the beaten soil was converted into a wall of burnt earth by prolonged burning, 3-4 m wide Inconsistencies in the description of the vallum are not due to the author's superficiality; they can be explained by differences in the aspect of the vallum at various points, where it could be observed without express diggings. 296. Frontieres romaines p. 259-265; Muntenia in sistemul defensiv al imperiului roman, ms. Teza de doctorat la Universitatea Bucure§ti. A great many observations that were not checked on the ground could not be interpreted or turned to account, especially those referring to the area between the two defence lines and to that north of Urluieni. 297. C. Schuchardt, AEM, IX, 1885, p. 229-admits the absence of evidence for the vallum course between the Vedea (Gresia) and Urluieni, which confirms the accuracy of our observations on the site. Tocilescu ms. 5137 p. 151 says that at Urluieni "the west end goes as far as the borderland of the north commune and ends next to the Cotmeana river". 298. Frontieres romaines, p. 261, lumps of burnt soil with marks of wood­ the remains of a timber-and-earth construction-have not been found all over the course of the vallum. We shall do our best to uncover a stretch of the vallum containing such a 'core' of burnt soil in order to gain an insight into its specific role and the method of building; likewise, during salvage diggings to be carried out at Flaminda-a sector without a core of burnt clay-we will try to establish the building technique used in erecting the vallum. 299. C. Schuchardt, AEM, IX, 1885, p. 228 sqq-interpret the vallum transalutan as a road. 300. Preliminary Report to the Scientific Session held in February 1979 (in preparation). Unfortunately, just a few Roman pottery fragments and animal bones were unearthed by excavation. No sufficient evidence is available for the watch towers as they are 88

h ard ly v is ib le o n t he s ur face o f t he t erra in a nd a ir-pho tos h ave b een t aken a t t oo sma l l as ca le t o b r ing t hem t o t he f ore . A c tua l ly , t he p la in i s s tudded w i th mounds t hroughou t , mos t o ft he m p reh is tor ic t u mu li . A l mgren , S tudien f i ber N ordeuropd 'ische F ibe lformen , L e ipz ig , 1 923 , t af , I , f i g . 1 5 , p . 1 06 . 3 01. 3 02 .

A l mgren , t af , I , f i g . 1 5 , p . 1 06 . I n a l l o ft he s ec t ions c u t , t he d i tch h as b een f i l led w i th h u mus i n t he c ourse o f t ime , a nd a rchaeo log ica l e v idence i s a c tua l ly miss ing ; o n ly i n S I I I/1977 t he f i l l ing c onsists o f e ar th mixed w i th p len ty o fp o t tery ma ter ia l .

A bove t he f i l ling o f t he d i tch i s al ayer o f s o i l —c lay wh ich

c anno t , h owever , b e d ef in i te ly a scr ibed t o t he momen t when t he v a l lu m t ransa lu tan was b u i l t , p rec ise ly b ecause i t s u pper p ar t was c ons iderab ly d isturbed i n modern t imes .

D ur ing t he e xcava t ions u nder way a t ten t ion

w i l l b e f ocussed o n t he c hrono log ica l a ssessment o ft he e ar thwork f or t a nd o n f ur ther r esearch i n to i t s r e la t ion w i th t he v a l lu m . 3 03 .

A . B uday , Do lgoza tok , C lu j, V I I , 1 916 , p . 2 6 H . G aewska , 2 n .c i t ., p .91 ( Put ine iu ) p .92 ( Bäneasa ) .

3 04 .

C . P a tsch , B e i träge , V . 2—Der K ampf um d es D onaurau m p .171 . C . Da icov ic iu , L a Transy lvanie , p . 1 05-107, M . Macrea , V i ga

3 05 .

p .49 , 2 24 ;

N . C os tar , S CIV , X I I , 1 961, p . 1 99 .

As t o p a t tern , t he p or ta d ecu mana r ese mb les t he e as t g a te a t K t inz ig , B .J . 1 71, f i g . 7 /5 ( a . 1 40/150 ) b ut t he g a te o f t he Arute la f or t a s we l l ( a . 1 38) . Therefore , t he r ep lacement i n s tone o ft h is c amp c an b e d a ted , i n r e la t ion t o t he s hape o f t he g a tes , t o t he t ime o f Hadr ian o r An ton inus P ius .

Among t he f i nds p ub l ished a re g a tes t yp ica l o f t he

e ar ly s econd c en tury ( Ma ter ia le , I X , p . 2 55 , f i g . 5a nd p . 2 58, f i g . 8 /4 a nd p . 2 60 , f i g . 1 0/3 —even e ar l ier ) . 3 06 .

Our v iew , AMN

V I , 1 969 , p p . 4 79-480 , t ha t t here i s ag ap i n t he l i fe

o ft he f or t b e tween t he r e igns o f H adr ian a nd S ept im ius S everus was b ased o n t he i ncomp le te o bserva t ions o fu npub lished p ot tery ma ter ia l t o b e f ound a t t he Museu m o f Bra§ov .

I ndeed , f or t he t ime b e ing ,

d a t ings a ccording t o p o t tery ma ter ia l a re e n t ire ly s ub jec t ive a s n o a dequa te c hrono log ica l a ssess men t o ft he p o t tery ma ter ia l f ound i n Dac ia h as b een made y e t . 3 07 .

S upra , p . 8 -9 .

3 08 .

N . G udea , I .P op . 2 n .c i t . ,p . 1 3 , 6 4-65 a nd SMEM , 7 -8 , 1 975 , p p . 5 57 7 , C um idava , V I I , 1 973 p . 1 3-16 , a nd C um idava V I I I , 1 975 p .55-63 . S ize o f t he f or t :

3 09 .

1 18 b y 1 24 m .

G . C an tacuzino , Dac ia , I X-X , 1 941-1944 , p p . 4 41-472; E xcava t ions c arr ied o ut i n 1 943 were n o t more t han mere t es t d igg ings mean t t o r ecover t he p lan o ft he f or t a nd t o s ec t ion t he c o mponen t e le men ts o f t he d efense work .

S pec ia l a t ten t ion was a ttached t o d e termin ing t he

c ons truc t ion s ys te m o ft he a gger , b ut n o d a ta were made a va i lab le c onc ern ing t he l os t p o t tery ma ter ia l .

The d escr ip tions o ft he s ec t ions c u t

a bound i n d e ta i ls , b ut t he p rof i les a re r ough ly d rawn , r ender ing r ec ons t itu t ion d if f icu lt , t he more s o a s t he r e ma ins o f s ome p os ts wh ich were u sed i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he d efence , a re d escr ibed , wh ich h owever , a re n o t i ndica ted o n t he p lan ( p . 4 55 , 4 58, 4 61) .

S ize :

1 30 b y 1 26 i n;

t he l ong s ides f ace n or th-south .

T he c oins f ound i n t he c a mp r ange f ro m A ntoninus P ius t o C araca l la , G . C an tacuz ino , . 2 2..c i t . ,p . 4 47 . 3 10 .

O n t he s outh-east a ng le t he w a l l i s 3m w ide b ut i s a l most c o mp lete ly o b li terated e x terna l ly ( i b ide m , p . 4 63 ) . G . C antacuz ino c la ims t hat t h is wa l l i s o n ly 1 .5-2 m t h ick ; wa tch-wa lk—approx . 2 .50 m;

t he

we t h ink t hat i ti s more l i ke ly 1 .5 m .

I ti s c er tain t hat a t t he a ng les t he w a l l i s 0 .5 0 m w ider t han t he c ur ta in w a l l p roper . 3 11 .

I ti s p robab le t ha t a t t he n or th-wes t a ng le a nd o n t he e ast s ide i th as b een r ecorded t hat t he f ire t ook p lace a f ter t he f or t h ad l ong b een i n u se , a s t he l ayer o f r u ins a nd d ebr is -0 .30-0 . 5 0 m t h ick —is o ver la id b y al arge amoun t o f b urn t mat ter a long a w idth o f 2m .

3 12 . 3 13 .

I b ide m , p . 4 69 . E xcava t ions p ub l ished i n Dac ia , V -V I , 1 935-1937 , p p . 4 35-447 a nd i n I MDR , p p . 1 50-154 .

3 14 .

S ec t ions a cross f or t if icat ion e lements a re n o t a va i lab le t o s how p oss ib le c hanges o ccurr ing i n t he c ourse o ft ime . T he l arge c a mp measures 1 25 b y 9 0 m i n terna l ly , t he l ong s ides f ac ing s outh-west-nor th-eas t . i t s o r ig ina l w idth i s n ot k nown ;

T he b r ick wa l l i s much o b li tera ted a nd a t p resent , i t s w idth ( t he w idth o f i t s

r ema ins ) v ar ies b e tween 1 .5 0 a nd 2 .50 m ( V . C hr is tescu , IMDR , p p . 1 50-151) .

The b r ick w a l l—s tone i s n ot a vai lab le i n t he a rea e i ther—is

i mposed u pon a s truc ture o f s pec ia l ly p repared s o i l . " Sur e nv iron 1 6-17 m, d e l argeur u ne c ouche d e t erre me langee d e g rav ier d e 0 .40-0 .60 m d e p rofondeur , r ecouvre l a t erre v ierge; a u d essus , i l y au ne a utre c ouche d 'env iron 0 .30 m, c o mpos e d e g rav ier me lange d e s ab le e t d e f rag men ts d e b r ique . e spacee , o n t ouve d es mo t tes d e c haux v ive . t erre g la ise , b ien b a t tue;

i le n e s t r esu lt

r es is ta i t mime a u c oups d es p ies . q ue c et te c ouche d e b e ton s e t rouve d es b irques q u i f ormen t l es murs" .

ç a e t r a a ssez

L e t ou t ae te p e tr i d e u n b e ton t ies d ure , q u i

Ie s t i n teressan t d e r e marquer c er ta ins e ndro i ts mgme a udessus ( Dac ia , V -VI , p . 4 37) .

T h is s ee ms t o u s t o b e t he r e ma ins o f ap rev ious wa l l p oss ib ly d e libera te ly l eve l led . A t S ipa ta d e J os , more t han a t B äneasa where t he s oi l u sed i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he H o lz Erde -Mauer was p repared i n t he s ame way , t he f ac t t ha t af ter t he l ayer o f s oi l a nd t he c ourse o f r ubb le h as b een p laced a l ayer o f s oi l mixed w i th f rag men ts o f b r ick a nd w i th l imestone l eads u s t o t he q ues t ion whe ther o r n o t t h is l ayer i s t he r esu lt o f t he l eve l l ing o f a n e ar l ier p hase o f e ar th a nd t imber , 3 15 . 3 16 .

I b ide m , p . 4 37-438 . V . C hr istescu c onduc ted e xcava t ions a t U r lu ieni wh ich h e d id n ot p ub l ish ; f or t h is d e tai l s ee Dac ia , V -V I , p . 4 38 .

D ur ing o ur t est d igg ings , we

d id n ot s ec t ion t he f or t if ica t ion e lemen ts o n t he n or th s ide o f t he l arge f or t i n t he ir e n t ire ty .

9 0

3 17 .

V . C hr is tescu c ons idered t ha t t he t races o fb urn t wood a re r emnan ts o f t he s upers truc ture o f t he r a mpar t .

3 18 .

I b ide m , p . 4 38 .

3 19 .

E xcava t ions p aid n o a t ten t ion t o t he i dent if icat ion o f t he i n ternal b u i ldings i n wood a nd n o e le men ts n ecessar i ly r equired b y t he r ecovery o f t he p lan were r evea led .

Ap rob lem t o b e s o lved i s t he e x istence , c lose t o t he

west a ng le , o f ab r ick wa l l r unn ing p ara l le l w i th t he r a mpar t , d istance .

a t 8m

A s i th as b een r ecorded , t h is wa l l r e ma ins i nexp l icab ly i so lated,

b ut i t mus t h ave a c tua l ly b een t he w a l l o f ab arrack o r o f a no ther i n terna l b ui lding . T he e ar lies t c o in i n t he h oard f ound i n t he p rae ten tura p robab ly i n o ne o f t he b arracks ( V . C hr istescu , I s tros , 1 934 , p .73) i s f ro m S ep t im ius S everus ' t ime a nd t he l as t f ro m t he t ime o f G ord ian

3 20 .

Dac ia , V -V I , p .441 . s ides f ace e as t-wes t ; d e t erre b a t tue .

The sma l l f or t measures 3 5 b y 4 5 m;

t he l ong

t he v a l lu m i s 1 . 5m h igh , " cons istant e n c ouches

A 1m p rofondeur mais s eu le ment a l ' ang le o ues t ,

o n at rouve. s ur u ne d is tance d e 2m d e l a t erre e t d u b o is b r ines" ;

a lso

o n t he n or th-wes t s ide t races o f b urnt c lay h ave b een r evea led a nd c arbonised p os ts s e t h or izon ta l ly .

J udg ing f ro m t he p lace where t hese

t races o f b urn ing were f ound , i n o ur o p in ion , i ti s ap or ta d ecu mana . 3 21 .

N o s earch was made i n t he d i tches a nd s o t he p lan h as b een r ecovered o n t he b as is o f t he t races v is ib le o n t he s ur face .

3 22 .

C oins o f C o m modus , A lexander S everus a nd J u l ia Ma maea ( Dac ia , V -V I , 1 935-37 , p . 4 45 ) .

A nother t wo c oins t ha t c ou ld n ot b e d ec iphered

were f ound i n t he t hermae . 3 23 .

SCN , I V , 1 968 , p . 1 97-205 .

3 24 .

A . Ar icescu , p aper r ead a t t he S c ient if ic S ess ion o f t he Museu m o f Transy lvan ia , h e ld o n May 2 5-28, 1 979 , a lso ma intains t hat t he p rov ince P oro l issense was c reated a t t he s a me t ime a s Dac ia S uper ior a nd D ac ia I nfer ior .

3 25 .

D ip lo ma o f 1 0 th A ugust 1 23 -1 . I . R ussu , D ac ia ei P annon ia I n fer ior , 1 973;

3 26 .

Dac ia , XVI I I , 1 974 , p p . 1 55-178 = I DR , n o . V I I .

The t roop i s a t tested i n P annon ia ( C IL , XV I , 1 64 ) i n 1 10 a nd p robab ly c a me b ack t o Dac ia a f ter h av ing t aken p ar t i n t he P ar th ian wars . C . Da icov ic iu , D . P rotase , AMN , I , p . 1 67 . J SR . L I , 1 961 , p . 6 3 s qq . ; D . I sac , AMP , S V I , 1 979 , p . 4 0-67 .

3 27 .

2J u ly 10-1DR ,I , n o . I I =C IL , XV I , 1 63 .

3 28 .

I DR , I , p . 9 2 .

3 29 .

J . Orns te in e xcavated t he c a mp a t G her la i n t he p as t c en tury , AE M , X IV , 1 891, p p . 1 68-180 , i n t he meanwh i le i t s e as tern p ar t was o b l i terated b y t he S o me , a nd i t s s i te was p ar t ly e ncu mbered w i th i ndus tr ia l c ons truc t ions .

T es t d igg ings c arr ied o u t b y D . P ro tase i n 1 968 h ave

n ot b een p ub lished y e t .

T he s ke tch o f t he p lan o f t he c as te l lu m d rawn b y

I . I . R ussu ( Dac ia § i P annon ia I nfer ior , f ig . 3 ) i s n o t e xp l ic i t e nough t o . c lear u p t he d if ferences b e tween i ta nd Orns te in 's s ke tch . F or a la I P annon s ee W . Wagner , p p . 9 2-93; 9 1

K . K raf t , p . 1 69 .

3 30 .

C IL , I I , 1 3760 a nd S CIV , 1 8, 1 967,

3 31.

C IL , I I , 8 39 .

3 32 .

M . R usu , Ma ter ia le , I , P . 6 90 s qq;

1 78-180 .

P .

i de m S CIV , I I , 1 952 , p . 3 17 s qq .

M . Macrea a .o . , Ma ter ia le , V , 1 959 p . 4 35 s qq . 3 33 .

We wou ld l i ke t o t hank o ur c o l league , Mr . Dan I sac , f or d raw ing t he p lan c orrec ted i n t he l i gh t o f t he l a tes t d ata a s y e t u npub lished .

B u t ,

i n o ur d escr ip t ion o f t he f or t , we u sed t he d a ta c o ming f ro m p ub l ished r esu lts o fp rev ious e xcavat ions o n ly . 3 34 .

Ma ter ia le , I , p . 6 93 , a nd Prof i le P l . I . c ontains t races o f t imbers .

S CIV , I I , 1 952 , p . 3 16 w h ich

We h ope t ha t r esearch t ha t i s g oing o n w i l l

more c lear ly r evea l t he t yp ica l f ea tures o f t he a gger i n t he p r i mary f or t , t o t he e x ten t t o wh ich i tw as n ot d isturbed i n t he meant i me , a s i t was o bv ious ly f l at tened d ur ing t he c onstruc t ion o f t he f irst s tone f or t . 3 35 .

S ec t ion wh ich i s n ot p erpendicu lar t o t he f or t if icat ion e le ments .

3 36 .

Mater ia le , V I , p . 4 55 .

The b arracks were 4 .5 m i n w idth a nd h ad w ooden

wa lls h e ld w i th c lay . 3 37 .

I b ide m , p p . 4 55-456 —a H adr ianic s es ter t ius a nd a nother o ne d at ing f ro m t he t ime o f Antoninus P ius —the y ear 1 48 —are c onsidered t erm inus p ost-que m f or t he e rec t ion o f t he s tone f or t .

3 38 .

M . R usu , Ma ter ia le , I , p p . 6 94-695 a dvances t he o pin ion t ha t t he s tone f or t was

3 39 .

e rec ted b efore 1 50 , maybe e ven u nder H adr ian .

Ac t ions r evea led b y t he D ip lo ma o f 1 23 f ound a t G her la . Dac ia

I . I . R ussu ,

iP annonia I nfer ior = I DR , I , V I I .

3 40 .

A t tes ted i n P annonia I nfer ior , i n 14 , C IL , XVI , 6 1 .

3 41.

I . I . R ussu , S CIV , X , 1 959 , p p . 3 05-307 , t he s ta mp COH

V

r ead

C oh (ors ) I N (er ) V ( ia ) ( Br it tonu m) . 3 42 .

M . Macrea , AMN , V I , 1 969 , p p . 1 49-155; p . 4 34;

3 43 .

R ev . Muz .

I , 1 965 ,

S t . c or n . S ib iu , 1 4 , 1 969 , p p . 2 89-298 .

F ug . C h ir i lä , N . Gudea , V . L ucäce l , C . P op , ' Cas tru l d e l a B uc iumi ; c on tr ibug i l a c erce tarea l imesu lui Dac ie i P oro lissensis ',

Z aläu ,

1 972 3 44 .

The e ar thwork f or t measures 1 50 b y 1 28 m ( measure ments r ecorded o n t he c rest o f t he wa l l );

t he a gger c ons is ts o f we l l-beaten y e l low c lay;

s tr ipes o f b lack s oi l w i th s poradic R o man r e l ics i n i t s make u p . The t races o fb lack s oi l h ave n ot b een i n terpre ted a nd we c anno t s ay whe ther t hey a re t races o f r ot ten t imbers o r mere ly o f v ege ta l d eposi t f ro m t he t ime t he v a l lu m was b ui lt ;

t he a gger i s a pprox . 1 0 m w ide

( 92 . c i t . ,p .13) b ut t he p ossib i li ty i s n ot e xc luded f or t he p rof i les 5 , 6 , 7t o r epresent s oi l f ro m t he a gger .

I n SI( F ig . 7 1) t he a gger a ppears

t o s tretch b e tween m . 9 -17 i nc luding t he b er m af ter l eve l ling;

t he

d i tch o f t he e ar thwork f or t i s a bout 1 .10 m d eeper c o mpared t o t he c orresponding s urface l eve l .

9 2

3 45 .

T he v iew e xpressed b y t he a u thors o f t he r epor t p . 1 21 t ha t t he f ounda t ion o ft he b arracks c on ta ins a l eve l d a ted b y c o ins t o t he y ear 10 a nd a ss igned t o c oh . IA ugus ta , p oss ib ly I t uraeroru m s ag i t tar iorum 's s tay h ere , s ee ms t o u s n o t v ery s ound ly a rgued g iven t he p ar t p layed b y c o ins i n a bso lu te d a t ing b ut a lso b ecause when t he f rag men ts o f t erra s ig i l la ta f ound i n t he s ame b arracks w ere p ub l ished D . I sac , AMP , I , 1 977 , p . 1 57, n o ted t he e x is tence o f b oth T ra jan ic a nd H adr ian ic c oins i n t he s ame l eve l .

3 46 .

C as tru l r o man d e l a B uc iu m i , p . 1 5—In t he d escr ip t ion o f s ec t ion XV I I I ( f ig . 7 3 ) c ut a cross t he n or th-wes t s ide i ti s c ons idered t ha t t he d i tch o ft he p r i mary f or t was r unn ing b e tween t he me tres 1 6 a nd 1 8 , a nd w as 0 .55 m d eep . I ti s o bv ious t ha t t h is d i tch was d ug f ro m a much h igher l eve l , c orresponding t o t he b erm o f t he s tone f or t . T he d i tch o f t he e ar thwork f or t r an b e tween me tres 1 8-24 b e ing l a ter d e libera te ly f i l led w i th a l luv ia l s o i l . M . Macrea a nd h is c o l labora tors ( A MN , V I , 1 969 , p . 1 49 ) c ons iders t ha t t he e ar thwork d itch i s V -shaped , 3m w ide , a nd 1 .5 0 d eep .

N ot a l l o f t h e s ides were s ubsequen t ly p rov ided w i th a

s econd p ara l le l d i tch ; f or i nstance , t he n or th a ng le p r imary d i tch main tained i n a l l s ubsequent p hases; a pparen t ly , t he a gger was c onso lida ted b yp osts ( i b ide m , p .15 b ut f i g . 5i s i ndica ted p robab ly b y mistake f or f i g . 7 ) .

We r egret t o n ote t he a bsence o f t he t raced p os ts

o n t he p lan—wh ich p reven ts u s f ro m r ecover ing t he t ype o f a gger u sed a t B uc iu mi ;

l i kew ise , we d o n ot f u l ly u nders tand t he p resence o f s ocke t-

h o les ( i n wh ich t he p os ts were p robab ly s e t ) i n SXVI I I , c u t a cross t he n or th-west s ide , wh ich c ou ld e qua l ly b e long e i ther t o t he s ame c onstruct i on , o r t o t he o nes a cross metres 7 -8 t o t he a gger a nd t ha t a cross metres 2 -3 o f ab arrack . 3 47 .

T b idem , p . 1 22 .

We n ote t ha t t he d a te o f t he c ons truc t ion o ft he s tone

f or t was n o t d e term ined a ccording t o t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds d ug u p i n c onc lus ive c ircu ms tances b u t a ccording t o t he s hape o f t he g a te t owers . 3 48 .

I . F erencz i— 'Con tr ibut i i d e c unoa§ terea l imesu lu i r o man d e l a n ordu l S o me§u lui Mare ' , I , i n F i le d e I s tor ie , I V , 1 976, p .123 .

3 49 .

P ub l ished i n E rde ly i Museu m E vkönyve , M, 1 864-1865 , p p . 1 0-67 , f i nds d iscovered i n t he I l i§ua a rea a lso p ub l ished i n A pu lum , I V , 1 961, p p .127-138; S C IV , X I , 1 960 , p . 3 29 ; Ma ter ia le , I V , 1 957 , p p . 3 193 29 a nd Arh . E r t ., XD C , 1 899 , p p . 2 97-300 . T he f or t i s s quare i n s hape , w i th s ides 1 82 . 0 5 m l ong , a nd w a l l i n o pus i ncer tu m ;

o fp ecu liar i n terest a re i t s u nrounded a ng les , w h ich

a re n ot e ncoun tered e lsewhere o n t he l i ne . I n c ase t h is i s c onf ir med , i ti s h igh ly p robab le t ha t t hey a re a l a ter r ep lacemen t o f t he o r ig ina l s quare a ng le t owers . D . P rotase h as l e t u s k now t ha t a rchaeo logica l e xcava t ion a t I l i§ua h ave s tar ted i n 1 979 . 3 50 .

M . Macrea , D . P rotase , S t . Din i lä , ' Castru l r o man d e l a Orhe iu l B istr ite i ' ( 1957-1960 ) , S CIV , 1 8 , 1 967, 1 , p p . 13-121 . The p rof i le o ft he s ec t ion p erpendicu lar t o t he n or th-eas t s ide a ppears i nsuf f ic ien t ly

9 3

d eep t o b e i n terpreted c orrec t ly ( f ig . 3 5 ) .

We f ee l s ure t ha t f ur ther

i nves t iga t ion o f t h is f or t i s c a l led f or , w i th s peci f ic o b jec t ives wh ich s hou ld b e minute ly f o l lowed . 3 51 .

The f or t was who l ly o b l i tera ted b y t he b u i ld ing o ft he r oad;

Em .

P ana i tescu , ACMIT , 1 930-1931, p . 8 1-104 p ub lished a l l t he monu men ts r ecovered a t S utoru, wrong ly i dent if ied w i th L arg iana . 3 52 .

C IL , I I , 7 644 a nd 193 .

3 53 .

N . G udea , ' S is temu l d efens iv a l Dac ie i r o mane .

C i teva o bservat i i i n

l egä turä c u f aza d e p ämin t ac as tre lor ', AIA ,X 'V I I I , 1 975 , p . 7 1 s qq . 3 54 .

I b ide m , p . 8 1 .

3 55 .

I b ide m , p p . 7 7-79 .

3 56 .

R . F lorescu , ' Opus C aesp i t ic iu m i n C impia R o mänä , i n I l fov , F i le d e I s tor ie , B ucure§ t i , 1 978, p p . 8 9-92 .

35 7.

P rof i le p ub lished i n S C IV , 1 952 , I I , p .316 , P l . I Ma ter ia le , I , p .693 a nd n ote 4—traces o f t imbers a re v is ib le i n t he b lack s oi l .

3 58 .

B r ian H ob ley , R o man F ron t ier S tudies , 1 967, p . 2 1 s qq .

3 59 .

The e x is tence o f a n e ar ly H o lz Erde-Mauer may b e p resu med ( see a bove ) t hough i n t he p rof i le p ub l ished b y C . Da icov ic iu n o p os t h o les a re i ndica ted b ut o n ly a v er t ica l l i ne o f d e marca t ion f ro m wha t a ppears t o b e ak ind o f a ccessus a nd wh ich was b ui l t l a ter , c ons ider ing t ha t a t t he l eve l o f t he a nc ien t h u mus

a t t he i n terna l f ounda t ion o f t h is H o lz-

E rde -Mauer , ap ave men t a pprox . 1m w ide was f ound . 3 60 .

G . C an tacuzino c ons idered t ha t t he t erra in was s pec ia l ly p repared a t t he b ase o ft he wa l l , b u t t here a re n o l og ica l a rgumen ts t o s uppor t t h is i dea g iven t he d ryness o ft he s oi l i n t h is a rea . C o mparab le s i tua t ions a t S äpa ta d e j os a nd , a s i th as b een s ta ted , a t U r lu ien i , l ead u s t o b e lieve t ha t a l l t hese d efences were o r ig ina l ly p rov ided w i th a s o l id v a l lu m wh ich was l eve l led when t he b r ick wa l l o r t he wa l l o f e ar th a nd t imber was b ui lt .

3 61 .

R e ma ins o f t he t imber c onstruc t ion h ave n o t b een t raced b y e xcava t ion h ere e i ther .

3 62 .

We h ope t ha t f ur ther r esearch w i l l i mprove o ur k now ledge a nd e nab le u s t o t race t he r e mnants o f ap oss ib le wooden s tructure , i n t he a gger ; f or t he t ime b e ing i ta ppears t ha t t he c lay-reve t ted t imber was u sed o n ly o n t he c res t , u nder t he f orm o f ap a lisade .

3 63 .

M . Macrea , ' Apärarea g ran4e i d e V est § i N ord-Es t a Dac ie if i t impu l Impära tu lu i C araca l la ' , S CIV , V II I , 1 957 , p . 2 18 —f ixes t he ir b u i ld ing d ur ing a l u l l i n t he Dac ian wars .

3 64 .

T he i nscr ip t ion f ound i n t he p r inc ip ia a t G her la ( Arh . E r t . XXV I , 1 906 , p p . 3 7-38; JOAI , x r i , 1 909 , B b l . 2 07) was c ons idered t o b e a p roof o ft he c ons truc t ion o ft he s tone f or t a t t ha t t ime .

3 65 .

Ma ter ia le , V , p . 4 55-456;

a t 1 .20 m u nder a l ayer o f c lay f i l l ing

H adr ian ic a nd A n ton ine s ester t i i were f ound . 9 4

The y ear 1 48, when t he

c oin o f Anton inus P ius was minted , was i n terpre ted a s t erminus p ost q ue rn f or t he c onstruc t ion o f t he s tone-for t .

Research o n t h is s i te

was r esu med b y D . I sac , who i s p ar t icu lar ly c oncerned w i th d e ta i led o bserva t ions t o a scer ta in t he v ar ious s tra t igraph ic a nd a rchaeo log ica l p hases i n t he l i fe o f t h is f or t , a pparent i n t he p ub lished s ec t ion . 3 66 .

I ti s p resu med t ha t u nder Anton inus P ius t he f or ts a t Mic ia , B ologa , P oro lissu m G her la , a ee i a nd f l li va were r e-bui lt i n s tone . —M . Macrea ,

p .223;

C . Da icov ic iu , L a Transy lvanie , p . 1 09-110 ,

n 1 . 3 67 .

To t ha t e f fect , t he f i ndings o f t he e xper i ment a t The L unt—Proceed ings o ft he E igh th I n terna tiona l C ongress o f R o man F ront ier S tudies , p . 8 1 .

3 68 .

I ULIAE AUGUSTAE MATRI S ANC [Tl ]SS [1 ] MI P I ESSIMIQ [U ]E ANTON IN I AUGUST I ET CASTRORU M S ENATUSQUE AC PATR IAE COH (ors ) IBR ITT [A JN ICA MILIAR IA ANTON IN IANA ;

R ev . Arch . ,1 929 , n o . 1 .

Em . P ana i tescu , AC MrT , 1 929 , p . 3 21-342 . 3 69 .

Ae lius Ar is t ides , Ora t iones , XXV I , 7 0; Oracula S yb i lina ;

XV I I , 1 81;

HA , A nt . P . 5 , 4 , W . H UM , Antoninus

P ius , Prague , 1 936, I , p .284 B . Mitrea , S CIV , V , 1 954 , p p . 4 74-482; t he l a tter e n larges u pon t he b a t t les i n Dacia u nder A ntoninus P ius; M . C hgescu, S CIV , XX I I , 3 , 1 971, p . 4 01-410 . 3 70 .

B . M itrea , . 2 p . c i t . ,p . 4 78 .

3 71.

The D ip lo mas o f 1 44 a nd 1 57, 1 58 —IDR C IL , XVI , 9 0;

XV = C IL , XVI ,

1 07;

I , n o .

x iv -

XV I =C II , , XV I , 1 08;

a la IBa tavoru m a nd a la IB osporanoru m , a s we l l a s c ohors IA lpinoru m a ppear o nly i n t hese d ip lo mas , b ut i ti s g enera l ly c onsidered t hey h ad b een b rough t t o Dac ia u nder Hadr ian (W . Wagner , p p . 1 6-17 a nd 8 2-83 ) . 3 72 .

The f or t a t I n la-c eni i s o ne o f t he more c arefu l ly s urveyed f or ts i n Dacia , d esp i te t he sma l l-sca le e xcava tions a nd t heir p ar t ly u npub lished r esu l ts .

E ssent ia l d a ta c oncern ing i t s p lanning a nd c onc lusions r e-

g arding s ubsequent r ep lace men ts M . Macrea , K . H oredt a .o . i n S CIV , I , 1 , p p . 3 04-306 . s haped b locks;

The s tone c ons truc t ion h as a wa l l o f r egu lar ly-

w i thou t a ng le-towers a nd i s p rov ided w i th sma l l

' abutments ' f orming i n to p la tforms s quare t owers a t t he g a tes p rotruding f ro m t he l i ne o f t he wa l l;

s uccess ive r e-bu i ldings n oted a t t he t owers;

a n i nscr ipt ion d edica ted t o H adr ian i n 1 29 b y c oh . V I I I Rae toru m was u sed a s b u i lding s tone f or t he s outh g a te; b ut , c ons ider ing t ha t t he r epor t s pec if ied s evera l r ep lace men ts o f t he g a te t owers , t he d a te i nscr ibed i n t he s tone c annot b e t aken a s ac er ta in i ndica t ion f or d a t ing t he s tone f or t , b ut j ust o ne o f i t s r ep lace men ts . M . Macrea , Omagiu l u i C . Da icov ic iu , 1 960 , p p . 3 41-343 . 3 73 .

Probab ly a t O dorhe iul S ecuiesc where s ta mps C IVB h ave b een d isc overed ( C IL , I I , 8 074/25 a—I . F erenczi , Ma ter ia le , X , 1 973 , p . 3 47) b ut t he d efence i s a s y e t u nident if ied .

3 74 .

Rescue e xcava t ions c onduc ted p r ior t o t he c ons truc t ion o f t he l arge s torage l ake t ha t c overed e nt ire ly t he a nc ien t c i ty o f D ierna ( t he 9 5

modern Oreova ) d id n ot b r ing t o l i gh t r e ma ins o f a n e ar ly R o man f or t ( E . B u jor , I n me mor iam C . Da icov ic iu , p . 6 0 ) b u t r esearch i s o f l im i ted s cope , a nd t he ir r esu lts , l arge ly u npub lished , c annot p rov ide a bso lu te p roof . More a t ten t ion was p a id t o t he d iscovery o f aq uadr iburg iu m o n t he b ank o ft he Danube .

Da ta a bou t D ierna i n R o man t imes i n D . B enea ,

B ana t ica , I I , 1 975 , R e Aa , p p . 9 1-97 . 3 75 .

M . Macrea , Omag iu l u i C . Da icov ic iu , p . 3 39 s qq .

3 76 .

' Reper tor iu Arheo log ic a l R o mänie i ' , ms . s v . M . Macrea , S tud i i , I , 1 , 1 949 —the f or t f aces n or th a nd measures 16 b y 1 42 .6 0m :

N . G udea p ub l ished t he c oins f ound a t Mehad ia

( SC IVA , 2 6, I , 1 975 , p . 1 47 s qq ) s ta t ing , o n t ha t o ccas ion , t ha t M . Macrea 's f i e ld n o tes were l os t .

I n c oopera t ion w i th M . Moga h e

p ub lished t he r esu lts o f e xcava t ions o f t he b a th-houses o f t he f or t , T ib iscus , I V , 1 975 p .107-124; I . I . R ussu , I nscr ipV i le r o mane d in P rae tor iu m ' , B ana t ica , I , 1 973 R ee4a , p . 1 03 s qq ;

t he f or t h ad

t rapezoid a ng le-towers a nd s quare g a tetowers p ro jec t ing b eyond t he l i ne o f t he wa l l . 8 074 , 1 5 ;

I t was c ons truc ted b y c oh I I De l ma taru m ( C IL I I ,

80 10 ) o ccas iona l ly a ss is ted b y c oh V II I R ae toru m i n i t s

b u i lding o r i n o ne o f t he r ep lace ments .

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he s ta mp

o f c oh . V I I I R ae toru m n o c lear e v idence was f ound t o s ugges t when t he l i fe o f t he f or t b egan . 3 77 .

N . G udea , B ana t ica , I , 1 973 , R ee ita , p p . 9 7-1 0 1; s erved s ide measures 1 20 m;

e x is ted wh ich h ad a n a gger made o f c lay : s ing le d i tch ;

t he who l ly p re-

i ts ee ms t ha t a n e ar th c onstruc t ion wa l l i n o pus i ncer tu m w i th

t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence c om ing f ro m e xcava t ions i s

r e la t ive ly s carce . 3 78 .

C IL , I I , 1 579 , 8 021, 80 09 —unda ted monu men ts .

3 79 .

C . Da icov ic iu , ' Bäna tu l e i I azyg l l ' , Apu lu m , 1 939-1942 , I , p p . 9 81 09 = Dac ica 1 97 0 , p . 2 77 .

3 8O .

As we h ave a lready p ointed o u t , we k now n o th ing o ft he s ize o f t he e ar thwork f or t a nd , a par t f ro m c oh I F l . C o m magenoru m , t he t roops t ha t were s ta t ioned t here f ro m t he v ery s tar t a re n o t k nown , e i ther .

3 81 .

0 .

F loca , L . Märgh i tan , ' N oi c ons iderag i p r iv i toare l a c astru l r o man

d e l a M ic ia ' , S arge t ia , V I I , 1 970 , Deva , p . 4 6 . 3 82 .

The p resence o f ac en tur ion o f l eg io MI F . F . —C IL I I , 1 353 —a t M ic ia , e x tends t he r ange o f a c t ion o f t h is l eg ion o ver t his p oin t , D . P rotase , AMN , I V , 1 967 , p .60-61.

3 83 .

N . G ostar , Ana le le

t i int if ice a le U nivers i te i A . I . C uza , I ae i s er ia

I s tor ie , X IV , 1 968, p p . 9 3-97 —cons iders t ha t t h is c oncen tra t ion o f t roops migh t b e c onnec ted w i th a s ta te o f u nres t i n western Dac ia ( under S ep t im ius S everus ) .

C . P e to lescu h o lds t he b e lief t ha t t he i n-

s cr ip t ion i s l a id o n t he o ccas ion o f t he b u i ld ing o f ab as i lica c as trensis f or t he a la IC a mpagnoru m a t t he t ime when t he c a mp a t Mic ia was r ebu i lt i n s tone w ith t he c ontr ibut ion o f a l l t he t roops r ecorded i n t he i nscr ip t ion ( M i li largrenzen , I , p .37 0 -372 ) . 9 6

3 84 .

A s s hown b y t he n or th s ide s ec t ion ( pub l ished b y C . Da icov ic iu ) .

3 85 .

C IL , I I , 1 061 .

3 86 .

H . Da icov ic iu , I . G lodar iu , Ma ter ia le , X , 1 973, p p . 7 8-81 — i ts e xac t . a rea i s n o l onger a scer ta inab le b ecause o f e ros ion b y t he A pa Oraeu lu i . N e igebauer , D ac ien ... p p . 9 4-95 —saw t he f or t b efore i t s o b l i tera t ion a nd g ave t he measure men ts o f 1 81 .90 b y 1 53 m ( N . G os tar , AMN , V I , 1 969 , p . 5 00 , n ote 2 8 ) . i ncer tu m;

The wa l l ( 0 .95 m i n w idth ) i s i n o pus

t he wes t g a te ( 4 . 0 5 m) h as n o t owers— just a b as t ion w i th

4 .40 m l ong w a l l p erpend icu lar t o t he r ampar t , r esemb ling t he p or ta p r inc ipa lis s in is tra a t Arute la-B ivo lar i a nd p or ta d ecu mana a t T i teet i . 3 87 .

H . Da icov ic iu , I . G lodar iu , o p .c i t . ,p . 7 9—the p lan o f t he g a te i s n ot a va i lab le .

3 88 .

C IL , U I , 149 , 1 294 ;

a nd a n i nscr ip t ion d iscovered i n 1 966 c onf irms

t he p resence o f t h is t roop .

I . B erc iu , I . P opa , p aper r ead a t t he

Museu ms S ess ion , Dece mber , 1 967 . 3 89 .

S ee n ote 3 69 a nd C IL , I I , 1 061, 1 416 .

3 90 .

B . M i trea , l oc . c i t ., M . Macrea , V i ga ,

3 91.

M . Macrea , D . P rotase , M . R usu , ' 5an t ieru l a rheo log ic P oro lissum ' , Ma ter ia le , VI , 1 961, p . 3 75; t he f or t measures 1 01 .10 b y 6 6 :65 m;

, p p . 5 4-56 .

1 .20 m w ide w a l l i n o pus i ncer tu m w i th a b ase o f 1 .60 m;

6m w ide

a gger , b erm s pr ink led w i th mor tar , 2 .2 5 m i n w idth ; t he d i tch was d ug o n ly o n t he s outh-wes t s ide where t he t erra in i s n ot s teep ; P or tae p r inc ipa les f l anked w i th r ec tangu lar s haped t owers , s l igh t ly p ro jec t ing b eyond t he l i ne o ft he wa l l , a nd a ng les p rov ided w i th t rapezo id t owers ; E xcava t ions h ave y ie lded a s can ty o ccupa t ion l eve l : t he e nd o ft he l i fe i n t he f or t s eems t o h ave b een v io len t , a s at h ick l ayer o fb urn ing was f ound i n t he g a te t owers . Dur ing t he e x istence o f t he f or t o n t he C i tera a n a nnex b u i ld ing was c ons truc ted ( 190 b y 1 90 m) wh ich i s c onsidered t o b e c onte mporary w ith t he e ar thwork f or t ( i b idem , p . 3 76 ) b ut i th as n o t b een e xam ined y e t .

U nt i l f ur ther e v idence i s a va i lab le i t c annot

b e c onnec ted w i th a ny p er iod i n t he l i fe o ft he f or t u n t i l t he f i na l a bandonmen t , wh ich p robab ly o ccurred s o me t ime d ur ing t he Marco mann ic wars . 3 92 .

Ma ter ia le , VI , 1 961, p . 3 74 ;

i n t he p lace o ft he g a te t owers w i th

s em i-c ircu lar p rotrus ion , t races o f a n e ar l ier s tone c ons truc t ion were f ound , p resu mab ly t he work o f. A n ton inus P ius . 3 93 .

S ee a bove .

3 94 .

Ma ter ia le , V I , p p . 4 45-456 .

3 95 .

A . B uday , D o lgoza tok , Travaux , V , 1 914 , p p . 1 06-108 .

3 96 .

B . G erov , K l io , 1 959 , XXXV I I , p p . 1 96-210 .

3 96a . Z . S zeke ly , S CIV , X IV , 1 , 1 963 , p . 1 65—cons iders i tt o b e a la Ga l loru m f ro m t he D ip loma C IL XV I 9 0 ; N . G ostar , Arheo log ia Mo ldove i , I V , 1 966 , p p . 1 71-181 —cons iders t ha t i t was a la IGa l loru m C ap i ton iana o f t he a rmy o f D ac ia I nfer ior . 9 7

3 97 .

Z .

S zeke ly , S CIVA

XXV I , 3 , 1 975 , p p . 3 43-351 —na tura l ly , a la

P a l myrenoru m was l ev ied l a te i n t he 3 rd c entury A .D . 3 98 .

L . L ensch i , CRA I , 1 945 , p . 1 44 s qq r e-read b y R . S yme , JRS , XLIV , 1 954 a nd JRS , L I I , 1 962 , p p . 8 7-96;

3 99 . 4 00 .

M . Macrea , V ia ta ... p p . 5 9-60 .

I on P iso , R evue R ou maine d 'H is toire , 6 , 1 973 , p p . 1 006-1007 . S HA, V i ta Marc i , 2 2 , 1 ; p .43 , s qq .

R .

N o l l , Archeo log ia A ustr iaca , 1 4, 1 954 ,

We a re n ot g oing t o e n ter i n to d eta i ls a bou t mi litary d eve lop-

ments b ecause o ur k now ledge d er ived f ro m e p igraph ic r ecords a nd l i terary s ources h as a lready b een made u se o f .

The wars w i th t he

Marco manni b rought a bou t t he l as t a d min is tra t ive c hanges i n Dacia , s hown i n t he a c t iv i t ies o f M . 1 098) .

C laudius F ron to ( CIL V I , 1 377 I LS ,

I ti s n ot k nown whether t he f orma t ion o f Dac ia Apu lensis a nd

Dac ia Ma lvens is i nvo lved t err i tor ia l c hanges ( C . Da icov iciu , H . Da icov ic iu , AMN

I V , 1 967, p p . 7 9-83) o r i ft hey a re s i mp ly n ew n a mes

f or t he o ld t err itor ies o f Dac ia S uper ior a nd Dac ia I nfer ior r espec t ive ly ( M . Macrea , AMN , I I , 1 966, p .149; 4 01.

D . T udor , O . R .

p .161) .

The l ast c oin f ound i n t he l ayer o f d ebr is o f as uburban v i l la n ear S ar m izege tusa was i ssued i n 1 6 ,4( Sarge t ia , 1 , 1 937, p . 5 8); 7 969 = I LS 3 71 .

C IL I I

S armizegethusa U lpia Tra iana h ad t o f ace t wo d angers

a nd t he d a te o n t he l a tes t t ab lets b ur ied i n t he Apuseni mounta ins i s t he y ear 1 67;

Apu le ius Marcus , q ues tor o f t he c i ty o f S armisegethusa w i l l

r ebui ld a p or t icus c um c ubicu lis a f ter t he c i ty " ancip i t ip er ico lo v irtut ibus r est i tuta" ( H . Da icov iciu , I . P iso , AMN , X I I , 1 975 , p p . 1 591 63) . 4 02 .

B . M i trea , S CIV , V , 1 954 , p . 4 82 a nd D . P rotase , AMN , V I , 1 969 , p . 5 12, n otes t wo d irec t ions f ro m wh ich t he e ne my p ene tra ted S ar mizegetusa f ro m Mo ldavia a nd f ro m t he B ana t—thus j us tifying t he " doub le d anger" t he c i ty me t w i th .

4 03 .

C IL I I , 9 49 .

4 04 :

I s tvan a nd Geza F erencz i , S arge t ia , V I I , 1 970 , p p . 5 9-78 .

4 05 .

I s tvan a nd Geza F erencz i , Ma ter ia le , VI , 1 961, p p . 4 02-403 —i ts e ar ly p hase c annot b e d ated f or l ack o f c onc lus ive e v idence .

4 06 .

C . Da icov ic iu , Dac ia , VI-V I I I , 1 937-1940 , p . 3 20 .

4 07 .

D . Protase , AMN , V I , p . 5 12 , n ote 1 3 .

4 08 .

The r uins o f t h is f or t were o f impress ive s ize u nt i l t he 1 8th c entury . S ince t hen t hey h ave b een p ersistent ly o b li tera ted, b eing u sed a s a s ource o f b ui lding ma ter ia ls a nd i n t he a nt iqui t ies t rade .

The f irst

s yste ma t ic a rchaeo log ica l s urvey was c onduc ted i n 1 958;

l arger-sca le

e xcavat ions h ave b een r esu med s ince 1 971 . I . H . C r 4an , Ma ter ia le , V I I , 1 961, p p . 4 31-437; a .o . i n P ota issa , ' S tudi i Approxima te s ize : west s ide -410m .

M . Bärbu lescu ,

iC o municär i , I , 1 978, Turda , p . 5 s qq .

n or th s ide — 5 75 m I tc overs 2 2 .9 h a .

9 8

;

s outh s ide 5 62 m;

e ast a nd

4 09 .

M . B ärbu lescu , _ 92 . c i t . , p .6 .

4 10 .

I . H .

4 11 .

M . B ärbulescu , 92 . c i t . ,p . 9 .

4 12 .

l eg . II t a lica a t P ota issa ( CIL I I 8 89 ) a nd l eg X F re tens is a t Do mne t i

C r i§an , 9 2 . c i t . ,p . 4 36 .

( CIL I I , 7 625 ) . 4 13 .

M . Macrea , V i ga ...

p . 7 3

;

c oh IH ispanoru m mi l liar ia p robab ly

f ough t i n Ga l ic ia ( ILS _ 9 171) . 4 14 . 4 15 .

M . B ärbulescu , Z . Mi lea , S CIVA , 2 6 , 4 , 1 975 , p p . 5 71-575 . I b ide m;

N . G udea , AMP , Z a läu, I , 1 978 —s ta mpsof l egio V II Ge mina

a nd o f l egio I I Ga l lica were f ound i n t he g a tes o f t he P o mä t f or t .

4 16.

B . D obson , E p igr . S t ., 8 , p p . 1 22-124 —re-da tes t he i nscr ipt ion o f U jo ‘ ( AE , 1 935 , n o . 1 2) , t ha t h ad b een a ss igned t o Tra jan , o n t he b as is o f t he n ew d a t ing p roposed b y E . B ir ley f or H yginus ( Coro l la me mor iae E .

S woboda d edicata , p . 5 , s qq . n .6) a ssu ming t hat b e l lu m d ac icu m

i s t he o ne mentioned b y HA , V . C omm , 1 3, 5 a nd C ass ius D io LXX I I , 8 4 17 .

The i nscr ipt ion a t I n terc isa C IL I I 3 385 , r eferr ing t o t he Danube c an b e r egarded a s at oken o f C o m modus ts u nder takings f or t he we lfare o f t he p rov ince f o l low ing t he c onc lusion o fp eace .

4 17a . M . Macrea , A ISC , I V p .241sqq . p . 2 37 s qq . 4 18 .

C . Da icov ic iu , S t . C l . ,V I I , 1 965 ,

V . C hr is tescu, V ia ta e cono m ic , 1 929 , p . 1 32 s qq .

M. Macrea 's s tudy ' Apärarea g ran4e i d e Vest i n t impu li mpära tu lui C araca lla T, S CIV

iN ord E s t a Dac ie i

V I I I , 1 957, p . 2 15 s qq .

4 19 .

I . I . R ussu , S CIV , 1 9 , 1 968 , p . 6 67 .

4 20 .

C IL I I , 1 4485 a .

4 21 .

I ti s n ot k nown f or c er ta in whence t his t roop c ame f ro m;

i t s s urna me ,

Aure lia s hows t ha t i tc ou ld b e o f c o mpara t ive ly r ecent d a te , N . Costar , Arheo log ia Mo ldove i , I V p . 1 82-184 a nd n ot t he s a me a s c ohors mi l liar ia Br it tonu m b ased a t S to lniceni ( CIL I I 1 4216, 2 5 ) .

D . Tudor

c ons iders t ha t i ti s o ne a nd t he s a me w i th c oh IA ugusta N erv ia Pacens is Br i t tonu m , a t tes ted b y t he D ip lo ma o f Dac ia I nfer ior i n 1 40 . 4 22 .

Ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t n o t race o f t he f or t w i th mur i c aespi t ic i i was f ound i tc an b e p resu med t ha t t he e ar thwork f or t was c o mp le te ly d estroyed a nd t ha t o n ly t he i n terna l b u i ldings r e mained i n u se , which f aced a d if ferent d irec t ion t han t he wa lls o f t he f or t ( Gr . F lorescu , a .o . Ma ter ia le , I V , 1 957 , p p . 1 08-110 ) .

We t h ink t ha t f ur ther r esearch i s

c a l led f or i n t he n on-ob li tera ted t h ird o f t he f or t , i n o rder t o a ssess t he c hrono logy o f t he v ar ious p hases i n i t s c ons truc t ion , wh ich c an b e i nferred f ro m t he p lan r ecovered b y e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut s o f ar . 4 23 .

S ee a bove p .6 n ote 2 2 .

E xcava t ions r evea led t he f or tif ica t ion e le ments

o n t he e ast a nd s outh s ides;

t he f or t measures 1 56 b y 1 14 m;

9 9

i ti s

c ons idered t ha t i tf aces s outh; f ound i n t he a gger ;

2 nd c entury p ot tery f rag ments were

a par t f ro m R o man p ot tery f ragments ( and t erra

s ig i l la ta o r l oca l imi ta t ions ) , g rey-burn ished Dac ian ( ?) p ot tery f ragments were f ound , d ecora ted w i th n e t ted s tr ipes;

t h is ware a nd t he

S a lonina c oin d iscovered i n t he f or t l ead u s t o p resu me t ha t i t may h ave b een i n u se i n al a ter p er iod . D . T udor a nd M . Dav idescu c onsider t ha t t here i s t he p ossib i li ty t ha t t he f or t was r ebui lt e ar ly i n t he 3 rd c en tury , t hus e xp laining t he e x is tence o f 2 nd c entury p ot tery ma ter ia l i n t he a gger ( Drobeta , Turnu S ever in , 1 976, p p . 6 2-74 ) a nd a s econd d i tch i s a dded . 4 24 .

C IL I I 1 374 —the r ep lace men t i n s tone o f t he b arracks a pparent ly c a me t o ac lose a round 2 04-205 when a b as i lica c as trensis f or t he a la I C a mpagonu m was b ui lt ( CIL I I 1 343) .

4 25 .

C . Da icov ic iu , Dac ia ,

1 937-1940 , p .326;

M . Macrea , S CIV , V 1I I , 1 957, p p . 2 36-237 .

M . Macrea c onsiders

t ha t t h is f or t was b ui lt i n s tone o n ly af ter C araca l la a s t he i nscr ipt ions f ound i n t he g a tes r ead : Imp . C aes . M . A ur . Anton inus P ius A ug . F e lix P ar t icus Maximus P ont ifex max i , Br i t . Max T r ib .

P otes XV I

Imp . I C os I I I P . P . PRO COS FECIT ; 4 26.

S CIV , V I I I , 1 957 , p .238 .

4 27 .

S CIV , X , 1 959 , p p . 3 11-312 , b ui lding i nscr ip t ion .

4 28 .

AC MIT , 1 929 , p p . 3 21-342 .

4 29 .

S . F erencz i ,

4 30 .

M . Macrea , a .o . Ma ter ia le , V I II , 1 962 , p p . 4 93-496;

F rontr eresro ma ines , p . 2 05 .

Dolgozatok —Travaux, V ,

1 914, p p . 9 5-98 a nd V I , 1 915 , p . 9 6 s q .

A ISC I , 1 933-1935 , p . 2 54 s q . a nd 3 02 s q . Arh . Er t ., V -V I , 1 944 p p . 1 46-149 , 1 63-166 . 4 31.

P oro lissu m h ad b een a munic ipiu m e ver s ince t he t ime o f S ep tim ius S everus , Dac ia V I-V I I I , 1 937-40 , p . 3 26, n o 7( be d ) = AE , 1 944 , 5 2-54 .

4 32 .

The e ar th v a l lu m was s ec t ioned b etween t he t wo b urg i; 8 .5 m w ide ;

i t s h eigh t ( as i t s tands n ow ) i s 1 .5 m;

w ide a nd 1 .40 m d eep . 4 33 .

i t s b ase i s

t he d itch i s 3 .5

Ma ter ia le , V I I I , 1 962 , p . 4 94 .

The b urgi , s paced a t ad istance o f 5 00 m, o ccur " be low t he C i tera"; t he l arge b urgus h as s ides o f u nequa l l ength ( 60 m west ; 6 0 . 5m e ast;

6 4 m s outh ) a nd wes t a nd s ou th g a tes ;

n or th s ides a re c o m mon w i th t he v a l lu m .

6 2 m n or th ;

t he west a nd t he

A n i n terna l b urnt b arrack

( 3 b y 4 m) h as b een e xcava ted , a nd a N ero c oin was f ound i n t he b urning; The sma l l b urgus measures 3 2 .5 m b y 3 7 m ( i bide m ) a nd i t s wes t s ide i s c o m mon w i th t he v a l lu m . 4 34 .

M . Moga , S CIV

I , 1 , 1 950 , p . 1 34;

M . Macrea , a .o . Mater ia le , V I I

( 1961) p . 3 76-377 . 4 35 .

We d o n ot t h ink i t s afe t o d a te t he d efence w orks a s a who le a ccording t o t he c oin f ound i n t he l arge b urgus . 1 00

4 36 .

O n t he e x terna l wa l l i s ap la tform ( 3 .65 b y 3m i n s ize ) ;

o n t he i n terna l

wa l l —a t ower i n o pus i ncer tu m (3 b y 3 m) b ui lt c oncurren t ly w i th t he v a l lu m —on t he t owers s uperstructures were b ui lt i n t imbers .

I .

F erencz i c ons iders ( A MN , V , 1 968 , p p . 8 9-90 ) t ha t t h is d oub le wa l l , a s we l l a s i t s r ep lace men t i n s tone , i n t he v ic ini ty o f P oro lissu m , a re s ubsequent c ons truc t ions t ha t c ou ld b e a ssigned t o Hadr ian , Anton inus P ius a nd C araca l la . 4 37 . 4 38 .

M . Macrea ,

p . 2 31 .

T he l i ne a long t he Mese§ was c ons idered t o b e ac losed l imes , b ui lt t o t he p a t tern o ft he o ne i n U pper Germany ;

t he i n tent ion o f t he l imes i n

t h is z one h as b een a l ong-deba ted q ues t ion . F erencz i , S C IV , X , 2 , 1 959 p .337-339 .

B ib l iography f or I .

F ie ld r esearch c onduc ted b y

I . F erencz i made a va i lab le a d e ta i led t opograph ic s tudy o f t he c ons t i tuen t p ar ts o f t he d efence;

Dac ia , X I , 1 967 , p p . 1 43-162 a nd AMN , V , 1 968,

p p . 7 5-97 . I n r ecen t y ears , N . G udea h as u nder taken r esearch i n to s o me o f t hese p ar ts ( A MN , V I I I , 1 971, p p . 5 07-529 ) .

We s tand b y o ur o b jec t ions

c oncern ing t he e xcava t ion o ft h is d efence , o f t he wooden t owers p ar t icul ar ly , wh ich , i n o ur o p in ion , h ave n o t b een g iven who le a t ten t ion . 4 39 .

A l l t he d a ta s upp l ied b y N . G udea 2 p . c i t . ,p lus a map o f t he B o loga z one a nd t he p lan o f t he e xcava ted t owers ;

t he s a me map i n ANRW , I

6 , 1 977 , f i g . 7 , p .864 . 4 40 .

S t . F erencz i , AMN , V , 1 968 , p . 8 1 .

4 41.

S t . F erencz i , S C IV , X , 2 , 1 959 , p p . 3 44-345 —on ly t hose l y ing i n t he v ic in i ty o f P oro l issu m h ave b een s earched .

4 42 . 4 43 .

I b ide m . S t . F erencz i , ' Con tr ibut i i l a p rob le ma l imesu lui d e Ves t a l Dac ie i ', 1/1, AMN , I X , 1 972 , p . 3 98 a nd 4 08 .

I n t he v ic in i ty o f t he c i ty o f

N apoca ( t he modern C lu j- Napoca ) , a t t he p oin t Mänäetur a t ower s ee ms t o h ave e x is ted wh ich , a ccord ing t o S t . F erenczi , c onnec ted G i läu w i th t he c i ty ;

we wou ld r a ther t h ink t ha t i te nsured t he l i nk w i th t he

l eg ion b ased a t P ota issa . 4 44 .

S t . F erencz i ,

F ron tr eres r o ma ines , Mama ia , p . 2 03 .

4 45 .

I . F erencz i , ' Cu p r iv ire l a a pärarea h otaru lu i d e n ord a l p rov inc ie i Dac ia ' , S tud i i e i C o mun icär i ,

S a tu Mare , 1 1, 1 969 , p p . 9 1-110 ;

i de m ,

' Cercetär i e i r ezul ta te n o i p e l imesu l d e n ord a l Dac ie i r o mane ', F i le d e i stor ie , B istrga ,

I ,

1 972 , p p . 3 7-46;

i de m

' Cercetär i

r ezu l ta te n oi p e l imesu l Dac ie i i ntercarpa t ice ' , Apu lu m X I , 1 973 , p p . 1 91-222;

i de m , ' Contr ibug i l a c unoae terea l imesu lu i r o man l a

n ordu l S o meeu lu i Mare ' , I—Sarge t ia , X , 1 973 , p p . 7 9-104 a nd I—F i le d e i s tor ie

1 976 , p p . 1 07-130 ;

i de m , ' D ie n ords trecke d es d ak ischen

L i mes v om C r ieu l R epede b is z u d en Os tkarpa ten , F ron tr eres r o ma ines , 1 974 , p p . 2 01-205 , i de m , Dac ia , XX I I , 1 978 , p . 2 59-288 ; Dac ia , XV I I I , 4 46 .

1 974 , p .126-136 . S t . F erencz i , F ron tr eres r o ma ines , Mama ia , 1 974 , p p . 2 02-203; a c tua l ly a f or t le t a s a t N egreni a nd N egr i lee t i , e tc . 1 01

i ti s

4 47 .

S t . Dän i lä , F i le d e i s tor ie , I , 1 971, p p . 2 65-266 , f i g . 5 .

4 48 .

G . a nd I . G erencz i , Ma ter ia le

X , 1 973 , p p . 3 48-349 t wo sma l l b urg i

measur ing 4 1 b y 3 1 m a nd 2 4 b y 2 4 m, r espec t ive ly a t 2 00 m d istance f ro m o ne a no ther ;

I . F erencz i , F rontf eres r o ma ines ,

Mama ia , p .

2 04 . 4 49 .

N . V lassa , S t . Däni lä , ' Säpä tur i le a rheo log ice d e l a S ä .räte l ' , Ma ter ia le V II I , 1 962 , p . 3 46 , as tone f or t le t c o m mand ing t he c onf luence o f t he r ivers S ieu l a nd B is tr ita , a t S äräte l .

4 49a . L imes , S zekesfehervar , 1 978, p p . 3 65-375 . 4 50 .

I . I . R ussu , Ac t iv . Muz ., 1 956 , n o . 3—da ted t o A .D . 2 24 a nd n o 2 t o a bout t he s ame t ime .

4 51 . 4 52 .

I b ide m , n o . 4f ro m AD 2 30 . C . Da icov ic iu , AMN , I I , 1 966 , p . 1 66 , n o 7a nd n o te 5 2 r e-reads C IL I I 8 25 b f . c os . a gens i n m(u )nere s ta t ( ion is ) .

4 53 .

I . I . R ussu , o p . c i t ., n o 1f ro m AD 2 43 .

4 54 .

C IL I I 8 27 = 7 633 f ro m 2 39 .

4 55 .

C . Da icov ic iu , AMN , I I , 1 966 , p . 1 66, n o 6r e-reads C IL I I 8 22 b f . c os . l eg . V (M ) p ie ( s ic ) a gens s ub s ign is r eg . Ans .

4 56 .

I b ide m , p p .

4 57 .

V . Pärvan , Ge t ica , p p . 2 75-276 .

4 58 .

C . Da icov ic iu , o p . c i t ., p . 1 68 .

4 59 .

T he f or t le t a t N egr i le§ t i was t he o n ly o ne a long t he n or th b order k nown a t t ha t t ime ;

1 67-170 .

we w onder whe ther t he s ta t io i n r eg io Ansa mens iu m s hou ld

n ot b e l ooked f or a t o ne o f t he p oin ts c on ta in ing r e ma ins o f a midd les ized f or t i ndica ted b y I . F erencz i .

N egr i le§ t i c ou ld h ave b een a

s ta t io w i th in t he t err i tory n e ighbour ing u pon A nsa menses . . 4 60 .

C . Da icov ic iu , 2 E . c i t . ,p . 1 69 , s ee a nd p . 1 68 n o te 5 6 .

4 61 .

C IL I I t ab . c era te V I I I =1 DR I , n o Ip . 1 93-197 o f 9F eb . 1 67 .

4 62 .

C IL , I I 8 060 M . Macrea , AC M IT , I V 1 932-1938 p .232-233; G e t ica , p . 2 75-276;

V . Pärvan ,

I . I . R ussu , I DR , I , p .188 d oub ts t ha t t h is s ta t io

R escu l i i s i dent if iab le w i th t he o ne i nscr ibed o n t he mi le-s tone , t heref ore , w i th t he o ne i n t he B o loga a rea . 4 63 .

C . Da icov ic iu , AMN , I I , p . 1 64 , n ote 5 6—m i l i tary s ta t io i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he min ing a rea ;

a ccep ted a lso b y I . I . R ussu ,1 12: .

c i t . ,p . 1 88 . 4 64 .

A lburnus Ma ior a nd Bo loga a re t he o n ly p o in ts o n t he n or thern s ec tor o ft he Apusen i r ange where R o man t roops a re a t tes ted , a nd t he p ossib i l ity i s n o t e n t ire ly e xc luded f or t he t ex t c oncern ing t he c o l leg iu m f unera t ic iu m t o h ave b een p os ted a t A burnus a nd R escu lu m .

4 65 .

I . F erencz i , S C IV , X , 2 , 1 959 , p p . 3 47-349 , 3 59; Dac ia , X I , 1 967, p . 1 52 . 1 02

4 66 .

C . Da icov ic iu , 2 2 . c i t . ,p p . 1 68-169 .

4 67 .

H . A ., v A l . S . ,5 8, 4 -5; F r . A ltheim , R . S t ieh l , ' E ine a grarpo l i t ische Massnahme S . A lexanders ', i n R o man i tas , 6 -7 , 1 965 , p p . 3 21-330 ( q uo ted b y C . Da icov ic iu , _ op . c i t . ) .

4 68 .

R . Grosse , R i m Mi li tärgesch ich te , 1 920 ,

4 69 .

S chönberg , JRS , L IX , 1 969 , p . 1 52 , 1 54; 1 962 , p . 1 88-189;

4 70 .

P .

6 5 .

F . K ich le , H is tor ia

X I , 2 ,

R ichmond , H is tory , 1 959 , XL IV , p . 1 13 .

M i l liar ies were f ound a t Bäb ic iu l E p iscop ie i C IL I I , 1 3802 a nd G ostavät u-S liven i -CIL I I , 1 4216 , 1 8 .

4 71.

C IL I I 1 3800-the i nscr ip t ion o n t he f ounda t ion s tone l a id b y a la I H ispanorum a nd b r icks b ear ing t he s a me s ta mp;

i nscr ibed t i les

c om ing f ro m t he b a th-houses were f ound b ear ing t he s tamp o f a la C laudia a nd d a ted t o b efore t he ir r ebu i lding e ar ly i n t he 3 rd c en tury . D . T udor , SM IM , 7 -8 , 1 974-75 , p . 1 7 . 4 72 .

G . T oc i lescu , ms . Acad

4 73 .

D . T udor ,

5 139 p p . 4 0-44 .

M i li tärgrenzen I , p .40 1, i n 0 . R .

4

p .3 02 th is wa l lt hat

p ara l le ls t he r a mpar t wa l l a t 6m d is tance i s o n ly 0 .60 m w idc .

4 74 .

D . T udor , 0 .1 1 4 ,p . 3 02 .

4 75 .

D . T udor , OR4 ,p p . 3 02-303 .

4 76 .

U nfor tuna te ly , t hese i mpor tant d a ta c oncern ing t he i n terna l o rgan isa t ion o f t h is f or t were n ever p ub lished; 0 . R .

4

t he s ize o ft he b arracks ( D . T udor

,p . 3 06 ) -9 .60 b y 4 3 .5 m a nd t he ir r oo ms a re f u l ly a ppropr ia te

t o h o ld a n a la . B .

D . Breeze , B . D obson , R o man F ron t ier S tudies , 1 969 ,

C ardif f , 1 974 , p p . 1 6-17 . 4 77 . 4 78 .

S ee a bove . D . T udor , B ucuree t i , 1 -2 , 1 6/5 p . 1 11 = I DR I , n o . 6 10 . t oo sma l l t o h ave h e ld a n

a la o r ac ohors B e qu i tata ;

T he f or t i s

t he a rea o f t h is

f or t , whose w ooden b arracks f or t he s o ldiers ' q uar ters h ave n ot b een s ys te ma t ica l ly s earched , c ou ld b e a ppropr ia te f or a n u merus e qui tu m . The f or t , measur ing 1 32 .35 b y 9 8 .65 m, h as a wa l l b u i lt i n r ivers tones 1 .80-1 .90 m w idth , a n a gger _ w i th a 6 m w ide b ase , a nd a b erm o f 2 m; t he d i tch i s 7 -13 m w ide a nd 3 m d eep . b een a scer ta ined;

F our l eve ls o f h ab i ta t ion h ave

Em . P opescu 's o bserva t ions ( Ma ter ia le , I X , p .252 )

a re e ssen t ia l , b e ing t he o n ly o nes t o r efer t o t he p hases i n t he l i fe o f t h is f or t .

A r e mark wor thy o f s pec ia l i n teres t i s t he o ne o n p age 2 52 :

" a l l t he d epos i ts o f t he p r imary l eve l a re u nder t he l ayer o f mor tar f rag ments f a l len d ur ing t he b ui lding o f t he r a mpar t wa l l , a nd s pread c lose a long t he w a l l t o aw idth o f 0 .30-0 .40 m" , p . 2 53 -in t he w ooden dwe l ling t he f our l eve ls s ucceed o ne a nother a s f o llows : l eve l i s c overed b y t he a gger ; a gger ;

" the f irst

t he s econd i s c onte mporary w i th t he

t he t h ird l eve l was o bta ined b y u s ing p ar t o f t he h e igh t o f t he

a gger i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he dwe l lings ; I I c o in was d iscovered .

a t t he t h ird l eve l aG ordian

T he f our th l eve l h as a p assageway made o f 1 03

b r icks l a id o ver t he b urnt , d emo lished dwe l l ing" . e nded b y b e ing d estroyed b y f i re .

T he l ast t wo l eve ls

4 79 .

D . T udor , F ron tf eres r o ma ines , p . 2 45 .

4 80 .

T h is l oca l i ty h as b een l ong k nown f or t he a nc ien t r ema ins i tc on ta ins : t he f i rs t s ys tema t ic s urvey was c onduc ted b y G r . T oc i lescu b ut , h owever , h e n ever p ub lished t he r esu l ts—so me o f wh ich were u sed b y V . P ärvan ( i n ' SU M n ouä .d in Dac ia Ma lvens is ' — Mo m . S ec t . I s t . A n . Acad . R ., XXXV I , p . 5 4 ) a nd b y D . T udor ( Apu lu m V , 1 964 , p . 2 33-257 ); s yste ma t ic e xcava t ions were c arr ied o ut b y Gr . F lorescu ( 'Cas tru l r o man d e l a R äcar i ' —Do l i, C ra iova , 1 931) .

T he f or t measures 1 73 .20

b y 1 11 . 5 0 m , i t s l ong s ides f ace e ast-wes t .

T he 1m w ide wa l l i s b ui lt

i n o pus i ncer tu m , h as r ec tangu lar g a te a nd a ng le t owers , s l igh t ly p ro jec t ing b eyond t he l i ne o ft he wa l l . 4 80a . N . G os tar , S C IV , I I , 1 954 , p . 6 07; p . 1 9 .

Gr . F lorescu , C astru l d e l a Räcar i ,

4 81.

S arge t ia , V I I , 1 970 , p . 6 4 .

4 82 .

N . G os tar ( An . S t . U n iv . C uza , I a§i , X IV , 1 968, p . 9 3 s qq ) t h inks t ha t t he f rag men tary i nscr ip t ion f ound a t M ic ia o n Dac ia 's e as tern f ron t ierl ine C IL I I , 1 343 wou ld s ugges t ac oncen tra t ion o f t roops t o p reven t ad anger f ro m o uts ide; a s ta te o f emergency s ee ms t o h ave c o me a bou t i n P annon ia , t oo ( J . F i tz , Ac ta . Arch , X I , 1 959 , p . 2 53) wh ich o ccasioned S ept im ius S everus 's v is i t t here i n 2 02 . T he p resence a t G ermisara o f s o me s o ld iers c om ing f ro m o ther f ron t ier s ec tors , c anno t b e t aken t o a ccoun t f or t heir b eing b ased h ere , g iven t he e x is tence o ft herma l b a ths i n t h is l oca li ty .

4 83 .

C IL I I 1 4416 a t Oescus , B . G erov , Ac ta o ft he V E p igraph ic C ongress , 1 967 , p p . 4 31-436; Em . Dorut iu—Boi l, S CIV , 2 4 , 3 , 1 975 , p . 4 354 41;

A . B odor , I n me mor ia m C . Da icov ic iu , p . 4 8 s qq .

D . T udor ,

L a to mus X IV , 1 960 , p . 3 50 s qq—den ies a war waged w ith t he C arp i r ead ing t he i nscr ip t ion a t Oescus a s C enn i n ot C arp i . T he d iscovery i n t he t hermae a t P ie troase le , p robab ly i n as econdary p os i t ion , o ft he s tamp o f l eg io X I C laudia A n tonin iana ( see n ote 5 9 a bove ) l eads u s t o t h ink t ha t t he c ons truc t ion was p oss ib le o f af or t f or a march ing c a mpa ign b y av ex i l la t io o f t h is l eg ion p rec ise ly o n a ccoun t o ft he wars w i th t he C arp i ; t h is p eop le o ccup ied c en tra l Mo ldav ia a t t ha t t ime , ar eg ion wh ich l ay i n t he i m med ia te v ic in i ty o ft he t err i tory o ft he i mper ia l c l ients i n Wa l lach ia a nd s ou thern Mo ldav ia . N o th ing i s s urpr is ing a bout t he e x istence o f o ne o r s evera l d efences i n Wa l lach ia i f we t ake a ccoun t o f t he o b liga t ions t ha t d er ived f ro m t he t rea t ies w i th t he c l ien t s ta tes . 4 84 .

I l i va , C IL I I 7 95 , 7 96; P oro lissu m , Dac ia 8 , 1 957 , p . 2 22; M ic ia—CIL I I 1 378 , 1 376; 3 2 , p . 6 0 ;

B uc iu m i S CIV X , 1 959 , p . 3 11;

p . 3 26 , S CIV , C i§e i , A ISC I , 2 , 1 929I n li .cen i , A l manahu l Muz .

r eg . S f . Gheorghe , 1 955 , p . 4 2 a nd t he mi l iary f ound a t V i§ tea r ewr i t ten b y C araca l la A ISC , I , 1 , 1 928-32 , p p .4 8-53 .

1 04

4 85 .

M . Macrea , C um idava , A ISC , I V , 1 941-1943, p . 2 41; 7 98;

4 86.

C IL I I 7 97;

A . E p . 1 912 , 2 .

Z os i mos ,I , 2 0 ; S . S oproni , F o lia Arheo log ica , 1 5 , 1 963 , p p . 4 3-54; C . Da icov ic iu , S t . C l . 7 , 1 965 , p . 2 42;

K . H oredt , Apu lu m , X I , 1 973 ,

p . 9 0 ;

Gh . B ich ir , C u ltura C arp icä ,

M . Macrea , V iata , p p . 4 40-441;

B ucure§t i , 1 973 , p p . 1 12-119; I . P iso, I n me mor ia m C . Da icov ic iu p p . 3 01-309 .

M . Macrea , D . Protase , S CS t , C lu j, V , 1 954 , p p . 4 95-

5 66 . 4 87, 4 88 .

V . C hr istescu , I stros , I , p p . 7 3-80 . ( ih . I . P e tre-Govora , S CN , I V , 1 968, p . 2 07 :

B . Mitrea , S CN , I V , 1 968,

p p . 2 09-222 . 4 89 . 4 90 .

D . T udor ,

H is tor ia , X IV , 1 965 , p p . 3 68-380 .

R . V u lpe , D ID , I , 1 968, p . 2 70 s qq .

B . Gerov , Ac ta P h i lippopo li tana ,

V I , 1 962 , p p . 1 27-146 . 4 91.

B . Mitrea , X C ongres S c iences H istor iques , R o me , 1 955 , p . 1 49; i de m SCIV , 4 , 3 -4 , 1 953 , p p . 6 11-640; M . Macrea , D . Protase , S CS , C lu j 5 , 1 954 , 3 -4 p p . 4 95-566; D . Protase , I . H . C r i§an , S CN I V , 1 968 , p p . 1 39-173;

C . Preda , S CN I V , 1 968, p p . 1 75-205; D . Protase , A .

Z r iny i , AMN , 2 , 1 965 , p p . 2 57-268; G . L az in , SCN 5 , 1 971, p p . 3 35-344 . 4 92 .

V . C hr istescu , V iata e cono m ic ;

M . Macrea , V iata ...., p p . 3 24-325 .

4 93 .

EDR I V , 1 930 , p . 1 37 s qq ; La to mus XVI I I , 1 957 , p . 2 23 s qq .

4 94 .

G . F orn i , L i mes , 1 269 .

4 95 .

F . L ot , F in d u monde a nt ique , 1 927, p p . 6 3-65 .

4 96 .

D . T udor , H is tor ica , I , Cra iova , 1 970 , p p . 6 7-83 .

F rontf ere

r o ma ines 1 974 , p . 2 46 . 4 97 .

D . T udor , O ltenia R o mani . , e d . 4 , p . 3 07 .

4 98 .

I b id .

4 99 .

A t P oro lissu m t he c oins g o o n t i l l Ga l lienus AMN , 1 , 1 964 , p . 2 17 . s qq .

An Aure lian c oin was f ound a t B oro§neu Dac ia , X TX , 1 975 ,

p . 3 22 . 5 00 .

Ta lk a bout t he a bandon men t o f Dac ia b y C . Da icov ic iu, A ISC , I I , 1 9361 940 , p p . 2 40-255 a nd Dacica , 1 974, p . 4 76 s qq; M . Macrea , V iata , p p . 2 71-274 a lso V I . I l iescu a nd R . Vu lpe , Dacorao mania , 1 , 1 973, p p . 5 -51 .

5 01 .

E utropius , I X , 1 5 , 1 .

5 02 .

M . Macrea , V iata ...., p . 2 34 .

5 03 .

C . Da icov ic iu , L a Transy lvan ie , p . 7 4 .

5 04 .

C IL , I I , 8 060 ; 1 4216, 1 9;

5 05 .

C IL , I I , 1 176 = I LS , 5 14 ( Sarmizegetusa ) .

5 06 .

AE M , 1 4 , 1 891, p p . 1 0-11,

a nd S CIV , I /1, 1 950 , p . 1 32.

8 061.

n o . 4= I DR , 1, n o . 6 39 o f 2 49 f ound i n a

f euda l t ower a t T urnu Mägure le where i t migh t h ave b een b rough t f ro m R o mu la a long t he O lt o r f ro m Oescus . 1 05

5 07 .

M . Macrea , A ISC , I V , 1 941-43 , P . 2 49; N . G udea , I . P op , C u midava , 1 971, p . 3 7 —the s pec if ic d eta i l i s g iven t ha t t he wa l ls o f t he c onstruc t ion h ave n o f ounda t ion , wh ich e n t i t les u s t o a sk whe ther o r n ot t he s ur face l eve l c orresponding t o t he c ons truc t ion h ad b een much h igher a nd was d es troyed b y a gr icu ltura l a c t iv i t ies ; f or t he b lock ing o f g a tes i b id ., p . 2 4 .

5 08 .

M . Macrea a .o .;

S CIV , I , 1 951, p p . 3 04-306 .

5 09 .

' Cas tru l r o man d e I f 1 972 , p . 3 0 a nd 1 22 . A t B uc iu m i v ia s agu lar is w as o ut o fu se a nd C l, C 2 a ndC3 w ere b ui l t o ver i ta nd p roba b ly C 4 w as d eve loped . ' The C 3 b u i ld ing , a nd t he a ddi t iona l b u i ldings o n t he n or th-eas t s ide o f C 4 , a re l a te c ons truc t ions ; t he l as t o f t hem , R -S whose wa l ls a re s e t i n c lay , d raw ing n ear t o t he d a te when t he t roop w ithdrew f ro m t he f or t a nd e ven l a ter" .

5 10 .

N . G udea , M i li tärgrenzen , I , p .325 . A t B o loga , o ver t he a gger a nd t he v ia s agu lar is a n e dif ice A was b u i lt ; a t t he s ame t ime t he p or ta p rae tor ia a nd p or ta d ecu mana w ere b locked .

5 11 .

C onstruc t ions s ubsequent t o t he mi li tary u se o f t he f or t were t raced a t M ic ia—C . Da icov ic iu , ACMIT , 1 930-1931, p . 2 7 .

D ur ing t he s econd

t es t d igg ing a t ad ep th o f 4 me tres , c lose t o t he wa l l ab r ick h ear th was u ncovered , a t 0 .40 b e low t he p resen t l eve l , p oss ib ly a h ab i ta t ion s ubs equent t o t he ' abandon men t ' o f t he f or t . 5 12 .

M . Macrea , S tudi i , 1( I I ) , 1 949 , p . 1 39; N . G udea , S CIVA , 2 6 , 1 , 1 975 p . 1 47 s qq . —pub lished t he c o ins f ound i n t he f or t wh ich t es t ify t o t heir l a te i ssue :

Max im inus ( 1 ) , G ord ian ( 1 ) , P h i l ip ( 3 ) , V o lus ian ( 2 ) ,

Q . Herenn ius E truscus ( 1 ) , Va ler ian ( 3 ) , C ons tan t ine I( 5 ) , C onstan t ine I( 2 ) , C ons tans ( 1 ) . 5 13 .

M i li tärgrenzen I ,p . 3 31 s qq . ; i de m ' D ie L e tzten J ahrzehnte d er P rov inz Dak ien i n S iebenbürgen ' : Apu lum , XV I , 1 978, p p . 2 11-237 . C o mp le t ing t he p lan o ft he f or t s earched b y Z . S zeke ly a t C o mä läu ( A . K o mo l loi e rödi te t t r i ma i t abor , 1 942 ) K . H ored t n otes t ha t i ti s t he p lan o fa n o rdinary f or t t yp ica l o f t he s econd h a lf a nd c lose o f t he 3 rd c en tury ; a t B oroeneu l Mare , t he s tay o ft he a la IP a l myrenoru m ( Z . S zeke ly , S CIVA , 2 6 , 1 975 , 3 46) , at roop c rea ted i n 2 51 a t t he e ar l ies t ( W . Wagner , p . 5 6) p ro longed t he o ccupa t ion o f t he f or t af ter t ha t d a te ; a n e ar th wa l l n amed " Honarka" b y l oca l i nhab itan ts ( I . P u lov ics , D ac ia K e le t i h a tärvona la , 1 944 , p p . 6 6-68) a nd w hose R o man c harac ter was d en ied b y C . Da icov ic iu ( SCIV , I , 1 , 1 950 , p . 1 18) i s a ssoc ia ted w i th a n a uxi liary d efence o ft he N egru R iver w hen A ngus t ia-Breteu s eems t o h ave b een a bandoned u nder p ressure b y t he G oths .

5 14 .

K . H oredt , A pu lu m , XV I , p . 2 34 .

5 15 .

Dac ca lnnan ia , 3 , 1 974 , p p . 5 9 , 6 1 .

1 06

L IST OF ABBREV IATIONS

Abhand lungen

A bhand lungen d er P reuss ischen A kade m ie d er Wissenschaf ten .

A CM IT

A nuaru l C o mis ie i Monu men te lor I s tor ice p entru Trans i lvan ia , C lu j , I-VI , 1 928-1931-1938 .

Ac ta C lass ica

Ac ta c lass ica U n ivers i ta t is S c ient iaru m Debreceniens is , D ebreceni .

Ac ta An t igua

Ac ta A nt igua Acade m iae S c ient iaru m H ungar icae , B udapes t .

Ac ta Arch H ung

Ac ta Archaeo log ica Academiae S c ient iaru m H ungar icae , B udapest .

AeE

Arcaeo log ia i E r tes i to- , B udapes t .

A EM

Archäo log isch-Ep igraph ische M i t te i lungen a us Oesterre ich , Wien .

AII A

A nuaru l I ns t i tutu lui d e I s tor ie § i Arheo logie , C lu j .

AI S C

Anuaru l I ns t i tutu lu i d e S tudi i C las ice , C lu j, I -V , 1 928-1948 .

A l mgren

S tudien t i ber N ordeuropä ische F ibe lformen , L e ipz ig 1 923 .

AM N

Ac ta Muse i N apocens is , C lu j .

AM P

Ac ta Muse i P oro lissens is , Z a läu .

A NR W

Aufs t ieg u nd N iedergang d er r öm iscen We lt , h erausgegeben v on H . Te mpor in i u nd W . H aase .

Ann E

A nn e E p igraph ique .

An S t U n iv C uza , I ai

Ana le le S t i int if ice a le U n ivers i tät i i A l . I . C uza , I a§ i .

Anze iger , Wien

Anze iger d er Akade m ie d er Wiessenschaf ten , Wien .

Apu lu m

Apu lu m , Ac ta Muse i A pu lens is , A lba J u lia .

Arh Mo ld

Arheo log ia Mo ldove i , I ai , B ucure§t i .

A R M SI

Acade m ia R o mänä , Me mor i i le s ect ie i I s tor ice

Baa tz , R L

D . B aa tz , Der r öm ische L imes , B er l in 1 974 .

B C MI ( B M I )

B u le t inu l C om is iu m i i Monu mente lor I s tor ice , a f ter 1 976 ( Bu le t inu l Monu mente lor I s tor ice ) .

Ber ich t RG K

B er ich t d er R öm isch-Germaniscen K omm iss ion , Deutsches Arch ä l og isches I ns t i tuts , F rankfur t am Main .

1 07

BJ

B onner J ahrb t icher .

B M C

C oins o f t he R o man Emp ire i n t he Br i t ish Museu m .

A R BS H

Acade m ie R ou ma ine , B u l lt in d e l a S ec t ion H is tor ique , B ucares t .

B u l Muz M i l

B u le t inu l Muzeu lu i M i l i tar , B ucureet i .

CA H

C ambr idge Anc ient H is tory .

C hr is tescu , I MDR

V . C hr is tescu , I s tor ia Mi li tara a Dac ie i R o mane , B ucuree t i , 1 937 .

i 4a C hr is tescu , V

V . C hr is tescu , V ia ta e cono m ic i a Dac ic i r o mane .

e cono mici

P i tee t i , 1 929 .

C ohen Dac ia

H . C ohen , Descr ip t ion d es monna ies f rapp es d ans l ' e mp irero ma in , P ar is , I -V IT T . Dac ia , r echerches e t d ecouver tes a rcheo log iques e n R ou ma in ie , B ucuree t i I -X I I-1924-1947;

N SI ,

1 957 . a Transy lvan ie Da icov ic iu , L

C . Da icov ic iu , L a Transu lvan ie d ans l ' an t iqu i te ,

B ucares t , 1 945 . Da icov ic iu , Dac ica

C . Da icov ic iu , Dac ica , S tud i i ei a r t ico le p r iv ind i s tor ia v eche a p i mi ntu lu i r o mi nesc , C lu j .

C . Da icov ic iu , A l F erenczi ,

Aeezir i ledac ice d in Mu g i i

DI D

D in I stor ia Dobroge i , I , I , B ucureet i .

D o lgoza tok

Do lgoza tok-Travaux d e l a S ec t ion n um is ma t ique e t

B ucure e i , 1 951 .

a rcheo log ique d u Musee N a t iona l d e Transy lvan ie , C lu j , I -X , 1 910-1919 . EDR

E phe mer is Dacoro mana , R o ma

E p igr S t

E p igraph ische S tudien , K ö ln , Graz .

F i low

B . F i low , D ie L eg ionen d er Prov inz Moes ia v on Augustus b is a uf D iok le t ian , L e ips ig , 1 906 .

F orn i , L imes

G . F orn i , L imes i n D iz ionar io e p igraph ico , E . R ugg iero , R o ma .

F ron d eres r o ma ines

Ac tes d u I X C ongres i n terna t iona l d 'etudes s ur l es F ron d eres R o ma ines , B ucuree t i , K ö ln , 1 974 .

G oos , C hron ik

C . G oos , C hron ik d er a rch .

F unde S iebenburgens ,

S ib iu , 1 876 . IC R

I nscr ip t iones Graecae a d r es R o manas p er t inentes , P ar is , I -IV .

IL S

Dessau , I nscr ipt iones l a t inae s e lec tae .

IR

I s tor ia R o män ie i , B ucuree t i , 1 960 .

JO AI

J ahreshef te d es o es terre ich ischen a rchäo log ischen I ns t i tu tes i m Wien .

JR S

J ourna l o f R o man S tud ies .

K . Kraf t

K . K raf t , Z ur R ekrut ierung d er A lae u nd K ohor ten am R he in u nd Donau , B erna , 1 951 .

L i mes , S zekesfehervar

L imes , Ak ten d es X I I n terna t iona len L imesk ongresses , S zekesfehervar , 1 978 .

L i mes F orschungen

L i mes F orschungen , S tudien z ur Organ iza t ion d er R "o m ischen R e ichsgrenze am R hein u nd Donau , B er lin .

M . Macrea , V ia ta

M . Macrea , V iata i n Dac ia R o man , B ucuree t i , 1 969 .

Mars ig l i , Danub ius

A . F . Mars ig l i , D anub ius P oannon icus- Mys icus , I -V I , Ams terda m Gaga , 1 726 .

Ma ter ia le

Ma ter ia le e i c ercetär i a rheo log ice , B ucuree t i I ( 1954 ) I ( 1956 ) , I I ( 1957 ) , I V ( 1 957) , V ( 1959 ) , V I ( 1960 ) , V I I ( 19

M i li tärgrenzen , I , I

) , VDT ( 19

) , I X ( 19

) , X ( 19

) .

S tudien z u d en M i li tärgrenzen R o ms , -V or träge d es 6I n terna t iona len L imeskongresses i n S üddeu tsch land , 1 967 . V or träge d es 1 0 I n terna t iona len L imeskongresses i n d er German ia I nfer ior , I , K ö ln , 1 977 .

B . M i l leker

B . M i l leker , De l magyarorszag r eg iseg le le te i , T im isoara , 1 897-1906 .

N e igebauer , Dac ien

I . F . N e igebauer , Dac ien a us d en U berres ten d es K lass ischen A lter tu ms , B raeov , 1 851 .

0 R

D . T udor , O l tenia R o mani , e d . I V , B ucuree t i , 1 978 ,

Pärvan , G e t ica

V . P ärvan , Ge t ica , Oprotois tor ie a Dac ie i , B ucuree t i , 1 926 .

Pa tsch , Be i träge

C . P a tsch , B e i trage z ur V ö lkerkunde v on S t idost europa , V , 1 , 1 932;

RE

V , 2 , 1 937 .

Pau l ly- W issowa , R ea l E ncyc lopädie d er K lass ischen A lter tu msw issenschaf t .

R ep . Arh

R eper tor iu l Arheo logic a l R o män ie i , mss I ns t i tutu l d e Arheo log ie d in B ucuree t i .

Rev . Arch .

R evue Archeo log ique , P ar is

Rev . Muz

Rev is ta Muzee lor , B ucuree t i .

HI C

H . Ma t t ing ly , E . A . S ydenha m , R o man I mper ia l C oinage , L ondon , 1 924 .

R IR

R ev is ta I stor icä R o mänä , B ururee t i , I - XVI I I , 1 931-1947 .

S arge t ia

S arget ia , B u le t inu l j udetu lui Hunedoara , Deva .

S MI M

S tudi i e i Ma ter ia le d e I stor ie B ucuree t i . 1 09

iMuzeograf ie

S C IV ( SCIVA )

S tudi i § i C ercetär i d e I s tor ie V eche ( a f ter 1 975 ) . S tudi i § i C erce tär i d e I s tor ie V eche § i Arheo log ie )

S CN

S tudi i § i C erce tär i N um is ma t ice , B ucure§t i .

SC 5 , C lu j

S tudi i § i C ercetär i S t i in g ice , C lu j .

SC S , I a§ i

S tudi i § i C erce tär i S t i inVf ice ,

SJ ahrb

S aa lburg J ahrbuch , B er ich t d es S aa lburg museu ms

S t C l

S tudi i C las ice , B ucure§ t i .

S t C orn

S tudi i § i C o municär i , S ib iu

T oc i lescu , F ou i l les

Gr . T oc i lescu , F ou i l les e t r echerches a rcheo log ique e n R ou ma inie , B ucure§ t i , 1 900 .

T udor , Ora§e

D . T udor , Ora§e , T irgur i , s a te i n Dac ia r o man, B ucure§ t i , 1 968 .

W . Wagner

W . Wagner , D ie D is loka t ion d er Aux i liarforma t ionen i n d en P rov inzen N or icu m , P annon ien Moes ien u nd D ak ien , B er lin , 1 938 .

1 10

ADDENDA

We a re g lad t o n o te t ha t s ince t he t ime t he p resen t w ork w as wr i t ten a g rea t many works d evo ted t o t he d efence s ys tem o f Dac ia h ave b een p ub lished . We d o n ot c la im t o a ssess , w i th in t he l im i ted s pace o f t h is a ppendix , t he e x ten t t o wh ich t hese r ecent ly-pub l ished w orks c onf irm o r r efute o ur s tandp o int .

We t h ink , h owever , t ha t i t wou ld b e h e lpfu l t o p resen t b e low s o me

f ac ts a nd f i gures t ha t h ave p roved s erv iceab le t o o ur d esign , a s w e l l a s s o me o f t he mos t s ignif ican t r esu lts o f t he e xcava t ions c arr ied o ut i n 1 979-1980 . Angus t ia-Bre t ,cu .

I n AMP I V 1 980 , p .255-365 , N . G udea p ub lished

a

monograph , t he r esu lts o f t he p rev ious e xcava t ions , f i e ld a ccounts a nd p ar t o f t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence t ha t h ave n ot b een d isp layed i n museu ms s o f ar . I ti s w or th n ot ing t ha t t he work p resents t he s ec t ions a nd t he p lans r evea led b y t he 1 950 d igg ings wh i le t ry ing t o r e-examine t he m . I ti s s la ted t ha t t h is c astru m h ad a n e ar th p hase . We t h ink t ha t t he c ross s ec t ion t ot he n or th s ide ( F ig . 1 8 )a nd t he o ne t o t he wes t s ide c lear ly r evea l t wo s tages i n t he l i fe o f t he s tone f or t ;

f ur ther r esearch w i l l h ave t o a scer ta in t he e x is tence o f t he

e ar thwork f or t w i th p a l isade , wh ich i s l i ke ly t o h ave p receded t he s tone f or t w i th d oub le wa l ls . I ti s c er ta in t ha t t he 4 -6 m w ide a gger i s a c tua l ly t he Wehrgang f i l ling , s uppor ted b y a n i n terna l wa l l w i th s uper f ic ia l f ounda t ion . N . G udea d oes n o t a ccoun t f or t h is n arrow a gger ( p .275 ) a nd c ons iders t ha t t he i n terna l wa l l ( b u i lt a f ter t he a gger a nd t he e x terna lw a l l ) h as n o d ef in i te f unc t ion ( p . 2 82-298)—a who l ly u ngrounded v iew , t o o ur mind , — ma in ta ining t ha t i tc ou ld b e r a ther r e la ted t o t he i n terna l s truc ture . We a re n ot r ea l ly aware t o w ha t e x ten t t he d raw ings o f t he c ross s ec t ions h ave b een s i mp l if ied ( t he a gger , f or i ns tance , l ooks u n iform a l though o n p age 2 74 i ti s d escr ibed a s c ons is t ing o f h or izon ta l l ayers o fc lay a nd r eddish e ar th ) b u t we t h ink t ha t t he s uccess ive d epos its i n f ront o f t he murus h ave b een c ons idered w i thou t t ak ing i n to a ccoun t e i ther t he r ea l d if ferences o r t he e x is tence o f t he t hermae ( p .283-284 )—desp i te t he f ac t t ha t F ig . 2 1 c lear ly r evea ls t he t wo p er iods i n t he ir c ons truc t ion . T he f ragments o f t erra s ig i l la ta Graufsenque a nd L ezoux ( pp .3 01, 3 07, f i g . 2 5/ 1-4 ) a re s ignif icant a st o t he e ar ly d a ting o f t he f or tt o t he t ime o f t he Dac ian wars ; N . G udea p resu mes t he s tone f or t t o b e b u i lt o n ly i n t he mid-second c en tury ; t he d eta i led p lans o ft he g a tes a nd t he a ng le t owers r evea l s evera l p hases a nd r econs truc t ions t ha t h ave n ot b een c lar if ied y et ( f igs . 1 5 , 1 6, 1 7) . Apu lu m—At t he 1 5 th S ess ion where t he r esu lts o ft he 1 980 a rchaeo log ica l c ampa ign w ere r epor ted ( Bra§ov , March 2 5 , 1 981) , V as i le Moga , o f t he A lba J u lia Museu m , p resented a ccoun ts o ft r ia l d igg ings i n t he n or th s ide o f t he f euda l c as tru m , p rov ing t ha t t he f or t t ha t was t he b ase o f l eg io X I I I G emina was r e-used d ur ing t he M idd le Ages .

T he v ia s agu lar is o f t ha t p ar t icu lar

f or t e xh ib i ts t wo d is t inc t p hases .

11

C ise i—In 1 980 , t he d igg ings i n t he c aste l lu m w ere r esu med ( D . I sac , I . P iso , A . D iaconescu o f t he U nivers ity o f C lu j ) , b r ing ing t o l i gh t e v idence c oncern ing t he e ar thwork v ers ion w i th t wo d itches ( Repor t t o t he Braeov S ess ion , March 2 5 , 1 981) ;

t he r e ma ins o f t he p r imary f or t were r e moved

d ur ing t he b u i lding o f t he s econd o ne . A lso i n 1 980 , t he c astru m a t C inceor s tar ted t o b e i nves t igated ( according t o I . P op , Braeov , 1 981) , a nd t he r escue e xcava t ions a t Gher la ( 1979-1980— R . Ardevan , Braeov , 1 981) , b rought t o l i gh t t races o f ap ost-Aure l ian s e t t lemen t w i th in t he c as tru m . G i liu —A n u mber o f r e markab le s tudies o f t he c as tru m t ha t was o ccup ied b ya la S i liana ( D . I sac , AMN , XV I , 1 979 , p p . 3 9-67 ) werepub lished b e tween 1 979 a nd 1 981 .

Af ter s evera l d ecades o f wa i t ing M . R usu i ssued a c o mpre-

h ens ive r epor t o n t he 1 951-1956 f i ndings ( Cas tru l R o man d e l a G i lu , S tudi i c o municir i d e i s tor ie , C aransebee , 1 979 ,

p p .

1 53-193) .

T he r esu l ts o f

r esearch r ecent ly c onduc ted b y t he U n ivers i ty o f C lu j t ea m were p ub lished b y D . I sac i n P ota issa , T urda , I , 1 980 ,p . 2 9-53 , S äpi tur i le a rheo log ice i n C astru l r o man d e l a Gn a t , a nd c onta in a ccura te i n for mat ion a nd t he r equ ired a rchaeo log ica l a rgu ments i n s uppor t o f t he c la ims made .

T he c as tru m i s

2 21 b y 1 37 . 5m i n s ize , a nd i s p rov ided w i th a p or ta p rae tor ia o n t he e as t s ide ( p .32 ) .

T he e x is tence h as b een a scer ta ined o f a n e ar thwork v ers ion

h av ing a 1 0 . 5 0m w ide f ounda t ion a gger , wh ich e xh ib i ts , a par t f ro m b rown c layey s oi l a nd d ark-co loured e ar th l ayers , t races o f c aesp i tes a nd f ossa f ast iga ta .

I n H adr ian 's t ime ( D . I sac , AM N , S V I , 1 979 , p . 5 4 ) , t he c as tru m

was r ebui l t w i th a wa l l i n o pus i ncer tu m .

T h is v ers ion s ee ms t o h ave u nder-

g one a n u mber o f c hanges a nd a d just men ts t ha t a re v is ib le e spec ia l ly a t t he west-side g a te t owers a nd a t t he n or th-wes t a ng le t ower ( pp .3 6-38) .

T he

p lan o ft he c as tru m ( f ig . 1 ) i s s upp le men ted b y d a ta c oncerning t he p r inc ip ia ( co mpared t ot he o nepub lished b y u s f i g .6 7) wh ich r evea ls s evera l p hases ( pp .3 9-42 ) . T he a bove r epor t was c o mp le ted b y t he s tud ies o fD . I sac , A N ew M i l i tary D ip lo ma f ro m G i lu , i n E pigraph ica , Travaux d ed ies a u V I lme C ongres d 'ep igraph ie g reque e t l a t ine , B uchares t , 1 977 , p p .69-73 . XV , 1 978, p p . 2 51-254 ;

I de m , AMN,

i de m , A la S i liana CR T orqua ta e t a rmi l la ta i n D ac ia ,

AMNXV I , 1 979 , p p .39-67 . Brudiu , o f t he Ga lat i Museu m , d iscovered a n e ar thwork c aste l lu m i n t he ' Dunirea ' d is tr ic t , a nd s tar ted i nves t iga t ing i t .

I ta ppears

t o h ave h ad t wo p hases , a nd t he amphorae f ound o n t he s i te c an b e d a ted t o t he 1 s t-2nd c entur ies .

I ti sp resu med t o h ave b een b ui lt b y c oh . IH isp .

V e terana , a f ter t he p eace c onc luded i n 1 02 ( Repor t t o t he B raeov S ess ion , March 2 6, 1 981) . I l ieua —D igg ings c onduc ted i n 1 979-1980 c onc luded t ha t t here e x is ted a p r i mary e ar thwork f or t , 1 25 b y 1 35 m i n s ize; a nd t ha t t he e ar thwork f or t was r ebui lt i n a more e x tens ive a rea e qua l t o t ha t o ft he s ubsequen t s tone f or t ( 180 b y 1 86 m) ;

t he f or t was b u i lt b y a la ITungroru m F rontoniana ;

t he

l a tes t c o in f ound i n i t s s i te was i ssued b y P h i lip I , b ut t he f or t c on t inued t o b e i n u se i n t he 4 th a nd 7 th c en tur ies ( D . Protase , R epor t t o t he Braeov S ess ion , March 2 6, 1 981) .

12

The e xcava t ions c onduc ted a t t he s i te o f I n läcen i , s u mmar i ly p resen ted i n t he r epor ts o f M . Macrea ( see p . 18 ,n .158 , 3 72 ) , w ere dwe lt u pon a t l arge i n N . G udea 's monograph s tudy , AMP , Z a läu , I I , 1 979 , p .151-179 . A l though N . G udea 's i n terpre ta t ion o ft he p rof i les n ow a va i lab le d if fer f ro m M . Macrea 's i ti sn one the less c onv inc ing , s ince t he s tra t igraph ic e v idence p rov ides c er ta in p roof o f t he e x istence o f a n a gger o f l eve l led b lack e ar th ( i n c aesp i tes , t o o ur m ind ) .

T he p oss ib le s tra t igraph ic d if ferences b e tween t he

men t ioned s ides c ou ld s ugges t t ha t t h is p ar t icu lar f or t was d if feren t i n s ize f ro m t he s ubsequent s tone v ers ion . T he 1 42 b y146 m c as tru m i no pus i ncer tum w i th v ar iab le s ides h as a y e l lowg rey e ar th a gger , w hich w e t ake t he l i ber ty o f i n terpre t ing a s a bove ( see p 9 5n . 3 72 ) , i .e . a s t he Wehrgang b ase s uppor ted b y aw ooden t imber s truc ture; d e ta i ls o fp lans a re g iven a s we l l a s o f g a tes a nd a ng le t owers t ha t a ppear t o h ave w i tnessed c hanges a nd a l tera t ions a lready s ugges ted i n P rofessor M . Macrea 's f i e ld a ccounts . According t o N . G udea , t he ' a bu tmen ts ' v is ib le a t a ng les o n t he i n terna l s ide o f t he murus , t he p or ta d ecu mana a nd o n t he c ur ta in wa l l a re e lements s uppor t ing t he wa l l ( p . 1 63 ); b u t w e s t i l l c ontend t ha t t hey s uggest t he e x istence o fs or t ie b u lwark-p la tforms c o mp le ted b y aw ooden s truc ture . R e ly ing o n a rchaeo log ica l d a ta t he p r i mary p hase o f t he c as tru m h as b een d a ted t o Tra jan 's r e ign wh i le t he s tone f or t was a t tr ibu ted t o H adr ian a nd t o A ntoninus P ius , w i th a s ubsequen t r ebu i ld ing b y C araca l la , wh ich u nderwen t r epa irs l a te i n t he 3 rd c en tury when t he g a tes were a lso b locked . P ub l ica t ion o ft he ma ter ia l s upp lied b y M . Macrea 's d igg ings b ear o u t p ar t o fo ur own i n terpre ta t ions a nd s treng then o ur c onv ic t ion t ha t f ur ther r esearch w i ll p rov ide more p rec ise i nforma t ion a s r egards t he p hases r evea led i n t he l i fe o f t h is f or t . A r ecent p re l im inary r epor t , i n a ddi t ion t o t he o nes t ha t h ave b een p ub lished s o f ar , c oncerning i nves t iga t ions o n t he s i te o f t he c as tru m a t P o je jena ( N . G udea , 0 . B ozu , B ana t ica 5 , 1 979 , p .181-185 ) s hows t ha t r esearch wen t o n a t t he s outh g a te , t he s ou th-eas t a ng le a nd t he p rinc ip ia a rea ;

a nd t ha t

ah orreu m a nd p ar t o f s o me b arracks , s ized 1 0-11 b y 4 0 m , were d iscovered . P oro l issu m—The t eam t ha t r esumed d igg ing a t t h is s i te s tar t ing i n 1 977 , h ave i ssued t he f i rs t a ccoun t o ft he r esu lts o f r esearch c onduc ted s o f ar , mak ing u se o ft he a rch ives a va i lab le ( V . C h ih li , N . G udea , A l . Ma te i , V . L ucace l , AMP , Z a liu , I V , 1 980 , p .83-90 ) . T he c orrec ted s ize o f t he f or t a t P o mä t i s 2 30 b y 3 00 m .

J us t o ne p hase w i th e ar th v a l lu m h as b een a scer-

t a ined f o l lowed b y t he s tone f or t wh ich was s ubsequen t ly r epa ired . I ti s s ta ted t ha t t he f ac t t ha t t he a gger i s w ide ly d if feren t a s t o s truc ture a nd c o lour ing i s d ue t o t he f ac t t ha t t he e ar th was n o t t aken f ro m t he d i tches ( p .96) .

N one

o ft he c la ims a dvanced c ould i nduce u s t o g ive u p o ur own a ssump t ion t o t he e f fec t t ha t t here were t wo o r e ven t hree p hases i n t he c ons truc t ion o f t he a gger ( see p .17 a nd f i g . 2 6) . " The c as tru m f aces n or th-east , t he p or taprae tor ia ( 7 .5 m w i th t wo p assages ) a re p rov ided w i th b u lwarks b ui lt a t t he s a me t ime a s t he f or t i t se lf , a nd t he l ower p ar t o f t he ir c ircu lar s ide i s f i l led w i th c layey s o i l t ha t i s t he s ame a s t ha t i n t he v a l lu m" . 13

We t h ink t ha ti n t h is c ase a lso , a s i n t ha t o f t he p or ta d ecu mana ( 4 .25 m w ide ) f ur ther i nves t iga t ion i s n ecessary a s r egards t he v a l idi ty o f t he c la im t ha t t hey w ere b u i lt a tt he s ame t ime a s t he f or t , c ons ider ing t ha t t he s ou th b u lwarks o f t he p or ta d ecu mana e xh ib i t l a ter a dd i t ions o f a rch i tec tura l monumen ts w h ich c ou ld b e l i ke ly t o h ave a f fec ted t he p lan o f t he g a te i t se lf a nd t ha t o f t he t owers . P or ta p r inc ipa lis d ex tra , o n t he s outh-eas t s ide , p rov ided w i th t wo w ings , i s 7m w ide a nd h as s l igh t ly u neven b u lwarks o n t he s ou th 9 .75 b y 7 .75 a nd 9b y 5 .2 e as t . P or ta p r inc ipa lis s in is tra , o n t he n or th-wes t s ide , i s 7 .5 m w ide , w i th b u lwarks 5 .2 5 b y 5m i n t he n or th a nd 9 .30 b y 5 .09 w es t .

T he r a mpar t w a l l

v ar ies i nt h ickness e ven i n t he c ourse o f t he s ame s ide ( we t h ink t ha t t hese v ar ia t ions a re d ue t o t he s uccessive r e-bu i ldings ) .

T he n or th a ng le t ower

i s 5 .8 b y 5 .3 b y 2 .9 b y 7m a nd t he wes t a ng le t ower 5b y 3 .8 b y 3 .8 b y 6 .26 m . N o t ower h as b een n ot iced a t t he e ast a ng le , t he h ighes t p o int o f t he f or t a s a who le . T here a re s o me t owers a long t he c ur ta in wa l l ,— two o n t he n or th wes t a nd n or th e as t a nd o ne o n t he s outh-west a nd s outh-eas t . E xcava t ions o f t he p r inc ip ia a re u nder way . T he f ac t t ha t s tamps o f l eg io V I I G (e m ina ) F e lix h ave b een f ound o nt he s i te o ft he p r inc ip ia s ee ms t ou s t o b e o f s pec ia l i n terest ; t he s ame t ype o f s ta mps a dded t o t hose o f CH I I were f ound a t t he p or ta p rae tor ia a nd t he p or tae p r inc ipa les ( p .88) . T he p resence o f H ispan ic t roops ( see a bove p .47) , L eg . V I I G em ina a nd o f t he S y m mach iares As tur i , d ur ing t he Marco mann ic w ars , p robab ly a f ter 1 80 , e nt i t les u s t o d a te a r ebu i lding o ft he g a tes a nd p oss ib ly ac hange i n t he p lan o ft he t owers t o t ha t t ime .

We r ea l ly h oped t ha t t he

r esu med d igg ings a t t he s i te a t P oro lissu m wou ld c lear u p t he ma t ters r e la ted t o t he p hases a nd t he c hrono logy o f t he f or ts . T he s ec t ion a cross t he f or t if ic a t ion e le men ts s hou ld h ave b een a i med a t f i nding t he r eason why v ar ied l ayers o fe ar th were more t han s ys te ma t ica l ly u sed a l l a long t he a gger ;

i th as t o b e

d e term ined whe ther t he l ayers o f c rushed r ock c .1 .5 m, was n ecessary t o a H o lzErde-Mauer o r whe ther i ti s al eve l led u pe ar th p hase p rev ious t o t he l a t ter . Iw ish Ih ad b een a b le t o g e t E . T oth 's P oro l issu m A usgrabungen v on . A . R adnot i 1 943 , B udapes t , 1 978, t o g e t a cqua in ted w i th h is o bserva t ions a nd t he way h e h as p rocessed t he d a ta a va i lab le . T he d igg ings c onduc ted a t U lp ia Tra jana i n1 980 b rough t t o l igh t t wo f ossae a nd t he a gger o ft he f or t g ar issoned b y l eg . I I FF , sma l ler i n s ize t han t he s ubsequen t c o lony ( N .D . Bra§ov , March 1 980 ) . F ur ther r esearch w i l l h ave t o a scer ta in t he p er iod when t he l eg ion ( or p ar t o f i t ) was s ta t ioned h ere , i n t he i n ter-war p er iod o rb efore t he c o lony h ad b een s e t u p . T ibiscu m , h as n ot b een t he s ub jec t o f a monograph s tudy—wh ich i tw ou ld h ave d eserved g iven i t s h istor ic i mpor tance a nd t he r ichness o f a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l .

D igg ings i n t he c aste l lu m s i te a nd t hose i n t he c iv i l s e t t le men t a re

u nder way , a nd, a ga in , o n ly p ar t ia l r esu lts h avebeen r epor ted; t he c as tru m i s n o t c er ta in . p ub l ished i n 1 965 .

t he s ize o f

U nder N o tes , 1 01, w e u sed t he measuremen ts

N ow , t he a va i lab le s ize o f t he s tone f or t i s 3 30 b y 1 95

14

a ccording t o B enea ( T ib iscus , 5 , 1 978, p .141) a nd 3 10 b y 1 95 a ccording t o t he r epor t o f t he t eam p ub lished i n Ma ter ia le Oradea ,1 979 , p .215 .

ic ercetär i a rheo log ice ,

F our s tages h ave b een a scer ta ined —one e ar thwork a nd t hree s uccess ive s tone f or ts ( t he r epor ts a re n ot s upp lemented b y i l lus tra t ions ) . A Tra jan ic b ronze c oin , f ound a t t he f irs t l eve l o f t he n or th t ower o f t he p or ta d ecu mana , wh ich h ad o r ig ina l ly b een b u i lt i n s quared l imes tone b locks ( opus q uadra tu m ) , i s r e levan t t o t he d a t ing o ft he f or t . D o ina B enea ( Apu lu m , XV II I , 1 980 , p .135 ) t h inks t ha t t he f i rs t t roop t o h ave o ccup ied t h is f or t—the sma l ler i n s ize ( t he o ne o bserved a t t he n or th-east c orner o f t he s tone f or t ) was c ohors IS ag i t tar ioru m a s as tamp b ear ing t ha t n ame was f ound a t t he mouth o f ap ot ter 's k i ln t ha t h ad b een b urn t a nd l eve l led u p ;

aH adr ian ic c oin o f AD 18 , was a lso d iscovered i n t he l eve l led l ayer :

t he f ire was a ssoc ia ted w i th t he d es truc t ions b rough t a bou t b ythe Y azyg i i n 17/118 .

15

I NDEX L oca lit ies : Ac idava-Eno§ W i 7 ,

2 5 , 2 6, 3 0 , 3 1, n .234;

2 35 .

A iziz is 6 , 1 3 A lbota 3 1, 3 3 A lburnus Ma ior-Abrud 1 5 , 5 1 Ampe lu m-Z la tna 1 5 , 4 4 Angust ia-Br eu 3 0 , 4 1, n o . 7 1;

n . 1 58

Apu lu m-A lba J u lia 1 , 1 5 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 5 3, n .195 Aradu l N o i t 1 5 Arc idava-Värädia 1 2 , 4 1, 4 2 , n .87;

8 9

Arute la-B ivo lär ie 2 5 , 2 7-28, n .247;

n .248;

Bäneasa 3 1, 3 4, 3 5-36, 4 0 , 5 2 , n .309 ,

n .254

3 10 , 3 11, 3 60

Bärbo i 5 , n .67 B ezobis 1 , 6 , 1 3 , 4 2 , n .18, 9 7 B oga s ee C aput S tenaru m B o loga s ee Rescur i im B onc iu l 4 9 B oro§neu l Mare 3 0 , 4 5 Bretcu s ee Angus t ia Br Incovene§t i 1 8, 2 2 , 2 3 , 4 0 , n .159 Bruc la 1 5 B uc iu m i 3 , 3 8-39 , 4 0 , 4 8, 5 4 , n .142 , n .344-346 B u lc i 2 4 B u mbe§t i 6 , 4 0 , 4 8, n .422 B ur idava-S to lniceni 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 2 5 , 2 6-27, 3 0 , 3 1 C aput Buba li 1 3 C aput S tenaru m -Boga 2 5 , 2 9-30 , 3 1 C as tra Tra iana- embot in 7 , 9 , 2 7, 3 0 , 3 1, n .223, n .245 Caugären i 2 2 , 2 3 , n .190-191 C i§e i s ee S a mu m C i tune le 6 , 4 8, n .22-23, n .423 C enad 2 4 C entu m P utea-Surducu l Mare 1 3, 4 2, n .94 C ig mäu s ee Germisara 1 5 C inc§or 8 , 2 5 , 3 0 C f ineni s ee P ons Vetus C o mi läu 3 , n . 5 13 C r impoa ia 3 1 C o märnice l 7 , n .35 C opicen i2 5 , 2 7, 2 8, 2 9 , n .256 , n .260 C r iste§t i 2 2 , 2 4 C um idava I I§nov 3 , 8 -9, 3 1, 3 2 , 3 4 , n .57, n .306 C oste§t i 1 4 , n . 1 09 D ierna-Or§ova 2 1, 4 2 Do mne§ t i 5 0 Dra jna d e S us 5 , 9 , 1 0 , 2 1, 2 6 , 4 0 , n .70 Drägi§ani 2 5 , 2 6, 3 0 Drobeta 4 , 1 1, 2 2 , 2 5 , 4 0

F e ldioara 2 5 , 3 0 F i lipeet i 9 , n .66 F i lfani-Izbieeet i 3 1 F lä minda 7 , 8 , 3 1, 3 2 , 3 3 Ga lat i a ddendu m Ger m isara-C ig mäu 1 5 Gher la 1 8, 3 7, 4 1, 4 2 , 4 4 , 4 9 , n .152 , n .329 G i läu 3 8 , 4 0 , 4 1, 4 4 , 4 9 , n .333 , 3 34 , 3 65 Greb lee t i 2 9 Gresia 3 1, 3 3 H ogh iz 1 0 , 2 5 , 2 9, 3 0 , 3 4 , 4 0 , n .72 H o morod 5 0 I gh iu 1 5 , n .130 I l ieua 3 9 , 4 4, 4 9 , n .349 I n läcen i 1 8, n .158, n .372 I onee ti i Govor i i s ee P ons A lut i I z laz 7 , 2 5 , 2 6, 3 0 , 3 1, n .43 J ib lea 2 7 , 1 .246 J idava 8 , 3 1, 3 2 , 3 4 , 5 2 , n .305 , n .478 J igoru 7 , n .33 J upa s ee T ibiscu m L edera ta 1 2 , 2 1 L ine a lutana 3 2 , n .281 L ine t ransa lu tana 3 2 , 3 3, 3 6, n .281, n .294 L ine o f Mesee 4 9 L i mes p oro lissens is 4 8-49 , n .433 , 4 36 L ivezi le 1 8 , n .153 L uncani-Tirsa 1 4 Mä lä iee t i 5 , 9 , 1 0 , 2 1, n .69 Mehadia 4 2 , n . 3 76 Micia-Vete l 1 4 , 2 2 , 4 0 , 4 3-44 , 4 6 , 4 8, n .122 Moec iu , Dru mu l C aru lu i 8 Munce lu l 7 , 1 4, n .36 N apoca-C lu j 1 , 1 5 N egren i 5 1 N egr i lee t i 5 0 N ovae 7 Oescus 4 , 7 O lten i 2 5 , 3 0 Opta t iana-Sutoru 3 9 , n .351 Oräe t ioara d e S us, Buc iu m 1 4 , 4 4 , n .113, 1 16, 3 86 Orheiu l B istr itei 1 8, 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 8 , n .155 , 3 50 Pä tru P eak 7 , n .34 P er ieani , Pr ipoare le 2 5 P ietroase le 9 , n .59 P irobor idava 5 P le na n .3 1 P oeni 4 9 P oiana p e S iret 5 P o je jena 1 2 , n .82

P ons A lut i-Ioneet i i Govor i i 2 5 , 2 6 , 3 0 , n .237 P ons Vetus-C i ineni 2 9 P oro lissu m;

P o mä t 1 6, 4 0 , 4 4 , 4 8, 4 9 , 5 4 , n .137, n .142 C itera 1 7, 4 4 , 4 6 , 4 9, n .391

P or ta Meseeanä 1 6, 4 9 P ota issa -Turda 1 , 1 5 , 3 7, 3 9 , 4 6-47 , 4 9 , n .126, n .408 Prae tor iu m :

C opäceni 2 5 , 2 7, 2 8, 2 9, n .256, 2 60 Racov ita 2 5 , 2 8-29

Pr isaca 1 4 , n . 1 10 P urcäreni 3 1 P utineiu 3 1, 3 2 , 3 4-35 , 4 0 , 5 2 Racovga s ee Praetor iu m Ranis toru m 1 0 Räcar i 5 2 R ädäcineet i 2 5 , 2 9 Räzboieni 2 4 , 3 0 P escu lu m-Bo loga 1 5 , 1 6, 1 7, 3 8, 4 8, 5 1, 5 4, n .135 , 1 36, 4 62, 4 63 R ienov s ee C u midava R o mänee t i 1 7, 4 0 , n .144 R o mi ta 3 7 R o mu la 2 5-26, n .226, 2 27 R oeior i i d e Vede 7 , 3 1, 3 3 R ucär 5 , 7 , 8 , 2 1, 3 0 , 4 0 S a mu m-Cäeei 1 7, 4 1, 4 8, 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 1 S ar m izegetusa r egia 7 , 4 4 S ar m izege tusa , U lp ia Tra iana C o lonia Dac ica 7 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 4 6 S ä laeur i 4 4 S är 4e 1 5 0 S äpa ta d e J os 3 1, 3 6-37, 4 0 , n .291, 3 14 , 3 19 , 3 20 S ärä ten i 2 2 , 2 3, 4 1, n .192 S cr ioaetea 3 3 S igh ieoara 2 4 , n .204 S i mbot in s ee Cas tra Tra iana S inpaul 4 6, 5 2 S la tina T im ieu lu i 4 3 S läveni 7 , 2 5 , 2 6, 3 0 , 5 1-52 , 5 3, 5 4 , n .44 , n .476 S urducu l Mare s ee C en tu m P utea S inico lau l Mare 2 4 Tapae 7 Teregova 4 2, n .377 T ia Mare 2 5 , n .244 T ibiscu m-Jupa 6 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 2 1, 2 2 , 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 6, n .100 T ihäu 1 7 , 1 8, 4 1, 4 9 , n .126 T i tee ti 2 5 , 2 9 T irgeor 5 , 9 , 1 0 , 2 1, n .68 Ur luieni 3 1, 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 6, n .316 Va lea Tot ie i i 3 1, n .279 Va lea Ur lu i i 3 1, n .280 Va l iu m C o mäneet i-Iercoeeni 1 9 , n .132 Va l iu m t ransa lutan 3 3-34 , n .281, 2 82 , 2 95 , 2 97, 3 02

1 18

V i minac iu m 6 V indonissa 1 0 V i§tea 4 4 V ir top 6 V irtu 6 V ir§et 4 2 Voine§t i n .5 2 Z avoi 1 3 Z latna s ee Ampe lu m Z ega ia 4 3 A lae : A la IAs turu m n .72 A la IBa tavoru m 2 4 , 3 0 , n .200 , n .371 A la IBosporanoru m 2 2 , 2 5 , n .187, n .201, 3 71 A la IBr itann ica ( Br i t tonu m ) 3 7, 3 8 , n . 1 60 A la I C iv iu m R o manoru m n .160 A la C laudia n . 1 60 , n . 4 71 A la E lec toru m p .17 , 5 0 A la Ga l lo r um C api toniana 4 5 , n . 4 4 , n .3 96 A la IH ispanoru m 5 1, n .44, n .471 A la IH ispanoru m C a mpagonu m 2 2 , 4 3 , n .184 , n .383 , 4 24 A la N I l lyr icoru m 2 2 , 2 3 A la IAugusta I turaeoru m n .122 A la ILa tob icoru m 3 0 A la Mi l l iar ia 3 9 A la Pa l myrenoru m 4 5 , n .397, n . 5 13 A la I P annonioru m 1 8, 3 7, 3 8, n .122 , n . 3 29 A la S i liana 3 7, 3 8 A la Tungroru m F rontoniana 3 7 , 3 9 C ohor tes : C ohors IA lpinoru m e q . 2 2, 2 3, 4 3 , n .188, n .371 C ohors IA ntiochens iu m 1 1 C ohors IBatavoru m 3 7 C oh . I[ X ] Ba tavoru m , n .46 C oh . I . FL . Bessoru m 8 , n .46 C oh . IBracaraugus tanoru m n .71 C oh . IBr i tannica 1 7 , 3 7, 3 8, n .368 C oh . IBr i t tonu m o o U lpia 1 6, 1 7, 3 7 C oh . Aug . N erv ia P acensis Br i t tonu m 2 7, 4 5, n .44 , n .421 C oh . I N erv ia Br i t tonu m oo 3 7 , 3 8, n .341 C oh . IAure lia Br i t tonu m An ton iniana 4 8, n . 2 44,n .4 21 C oh . I Br i t tonu m 3 7 C oh . I l C a mpes tr is 1 2 , n .79 C oh . IC annanefa t iu m C oh . IF l . C o m magenoru m 2 6, n .44 , n . 2 26 C oh . I FL . C o m magenoru m 1 4 , 1 5 , 2 2, 4 3 , n .184 , 3 80 C oh . V I N ova C um idavens is 5 4

C oh . I V C ypr ia 6 , 4 8 , n .79 C oh . I I De l ma taru m n .376 C oh . IAe l . Gaesa toru m 3 7 C oh . IGa l loru m 4 5 , n .160 C oh . I I Ga l loru m 2 6 C oh . V Ga l loru m 1 2 , n .79 , 8 6 C oh . F L . U lp ia H ispanoru m 1 8 , 3 9 , n . 1 54 , n .413 C oh . IH ispanoru m P 1 7, 3 7, 4 7 C oh . IH ispanoru m V e terana 5 , 2 8, n .71, 2 53 C oh . I H ispanoru m S cuta ta 1 6, n .161 C oh . 1 1 1 H ispanoru m 4 2 C oh . IA ug . I t uraeoru m n .142 , n .345 C oh : II t uraeoru m 1 7 , n .160 C oh . V L ingonu m 1 7 C oh . I Ma t t iacoru m n .67 C oh . I N um idaru m 3 0 C oh . IP a l myrenoru m P oro lisens is C oh . V II I R ae toru m 1 8 , 4 2 , n .372 , 3 76 C oh . IS ag i t tar ioru m 1 2 , 2 2 , n .104 , 1 83 C oh . IThracu m n .160 C oh . V I Thracu m 1 7, n .141, 1 44 C oh . ITyroru m 3 0 , 4 5 C oh . IU b ioru m 4 2 , n .373 N u mer i : S ingu lares Br i tann ic i 1 5 N . B urgar ioru m e t V eredar ioru m 2 8, 4 4 , n .258 N . C a mpes troru m 4 3 N . Ger man ic ianoru m 1 4 , 4 3 , n .116 N . e qui tu m I l lyr icoru m 4 4 , 1 87 N . Mauroru m

4 6, 5 2

N . Mauroru m H isp . 4 4 N . Mauroru m Mic iens iu m 4 3 N . Mauroru m Op ta t ianens iu m P edi tes S ingu lares 8 P a l myreni i S ag i t tar i 2 2 , n .173 , 1 81, n .185 N . P a l myrenoru m Opta t ianens iu m 3 9 N . P a l myrenoru m T ib iscens iu m 4 3 S ur i i S ag i t tar i 4 4 , n .226 S ymach iar i i As tures 4 7 L eg ion e s : L eg . IAdiu tr ix 1 5 , 2 4 L eg . II ta l ica n .8 , n .4 6, n .7 0 , n .4 12 L eg . IM inerv ia n .86 L eg . I IGa l lica n .415 L eg . I I I F lav ia F e l ix 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 4 3 , n .18 , 8 6 , 9 3 , 1 02 , 1 06, 1 23 , 3 82 L eg . V . Macedon ica 7 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 6, 5 0 , n .32 , 4 6 , 6 7 , 6 9 , 7 0 L eg . V I I C laudia n .86, 2 29

1 20

L eg . V I I Ge m ina 4 7 , n .415 L eg . X F retensis n .412 L eg . X I C laudia 5 , 8 , 1 0 , n .17, 4 6, 5 2, 7 0 , 4 83 L eg . X I I I Ge m ina 1 5 , 1 7, 2 4 , 3 0 , 4 3 , 4 7 , 5 0 , n .44, 1 90 , 2 04 , 2 74d, 2 74e L eg . XXT I Pr imigen ia n . 2 29 C lass is F l . Moes ica n .67 , 7 1

1 21

C , ) 2 ( 1 ) w c a a I -

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2 > L T > a
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