Evidence-based Therapy in Vascular Surgery, 2e (Feb 9, 2024)_(3031473965)_(Springer).pdf 9783031473968, 9783031473975

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Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Extracranial Carotid Stenosis
1.1 Guidelines
1.1.1 Guideline of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.1.1.1 Unchanged Recommendations
1.1.1.2 New Class I Recommendations Are Among Others
1.1.1.3 New Class IIa Recommendations
1.1.1.4 New Class IIb Recommendations
1.1.1.5 Class III: Non-recommendations
1.1.2 European Stroke Organisation Guideline on Endarterectomy and Stenting for Carotid Artery Stenosis [2]
1.1.3 Society for Vascular Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Extracranial Cerebrovascular Disease [3]
1.2 Results
1.2.1 Randomised Trials
1.2.1.1 Carotid Endarterectomy or Stenting or Best Medical Treatment
1.2.1.2 CEA and CAS in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
1.2.1.3 Long-Term Outcome Following CEA and CAS in Symptomatic Patients
1.2.2 Meta-Analyses Open Procedure and CAS
1.2.2.1 Cochrane Reviews: CEA and CAS in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis
1.2.2.2 Redo Stenting or CEA for In-Stent Stenosis After CAS
1.2.2.3 Tandem Carotid Artery Lesions
1.2.2.4 CEA or CAS for Contralateral Carotid Occlusion
1.2.2.5 Synchronous CEA and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft vs. Staged CAS
1.2.2.6 Carotid Interventions Following Thrombolysis
1.2.2.7 Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Carotid Endarterectomy
1.2.2.8 CEA Closure Techniques
1.2.2.9 Cost-Effectiveness of CEA and Stenting
1.2.3 Registry Data
1.2.3.1 Prognosis for Asymptomatic Patients Without Surgical Intervention
1.2.3.2 CAS and CEA vs. Medical Therapy
1.2.3.3 CEA and CAS Results
1.2.4 Transcervical Carotid Artery Revascularization (TCAR)
1.2.4.1 Meta-Analyses of Outcome After TCAR
1.2.4.2 TCAR-Study Results
1.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
1.4 Perioperative Management
1.4.1 Imaging Strategies in Carotid Artery Disease
1.4.1.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.4.2 Anaesthesia
1.4.2.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.4.2.2 Studies
1.4.3 Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis
1.4.3.1 Guidelines American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) [28]
1.4.3.2 The Steering Committee of the French Society of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation [29]
1.4.4 Beta-Blocker Perioperative
1.4.4.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA)- Guideline [30]
1.4.5 Blood Pressure Management After Carotid Intervention
1.4.5.1 ESVS-Guideline [1]
1.4.5.2 Studies
1.4.5.3 Hyperperfusion Syndrome
1.4.6 Perioperative Management of Patients with Anticoagulants
1.4.6.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA)- Guideline [30]
1.4.7 Intraoperative Heparin and Reversal
1.4.8 Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
1.4.9 Antiplatelet Therapy with CEA/CAS
1.4.9.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.4.10 Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Combination Therapy with Oral Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets
1.4.10.1 Studies
1.4.10.2 Guidelines
1.4.11 Lipid-Lowering Therapy (Statins)
1.4.11.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.4.11.2 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA)- Guideline [30]
1.4.12 Diabetes Mellitus
1.4.12.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.4.12.2 Studies
1.4.13 Wound Drainage After CEA
1.4.13.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
1.4.13.2 Studies
References
Chapter 2: Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrome
2.1 Guidelines
2.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery
2.1.1.1 Classification
2.1.1.2 Reporting Standards: Treatment
NTOS
VTOS
ATOS
2.1.2 American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria
2.2 Results
2.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews
2.2.1.1 Surgical Procedures for NTOS
2.2.1.2 Procedures for Paget-Schrötter Syndrome (VTOS)
2.2.2 Studies
2.2.2.1 TOS: Incidence/Registry Data
2.2.2.2 VTOS: Outcome
2.2.2.3 NTOS: Outcome
2.2.2.4 ATOS: Outcome
2.2.2.5 Transaxillary Access
2.2.2.6 Robotic Surgery
2.2.2.7 Botulinum Toxin Injections in Patients with NTOS
2.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 3: Distal Aortic Dissection Type Stanford B
3.1 Guidelines
3.1.1 Definition and Classification
3.1.2 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease
3.1.2.1 Management of Acute Type B Aortic Dissection
3.1.3 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
3.1.3.1 Acute Aortic Syndromes
3.1.4 Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American Association for Thoracic Surgery
3.1.4.1 Acute Complicated Type B Aortic Dissection (TBAD)
3.1.4.2 Uncomplicated TBAD
3.1.4.3 Chronic TBAD
3.1.4.4 Timing of Intervention
3.1.4.5 Connective Tissue Disorders
3.1.4.6 Spinal Cord Protection Adjuncts to TEVAR
3.1.4.7 Management of TBAD with Arch Involvement
3.2 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews
3.2.1 Acute and Subacute Uncomplicated Type B Aortic Dissection: BMT vs. TEVAR
3.2.2 TEVAR in Uncomplicated and Complicated TBAD
3.2.3 TEVAR in Acute/Chronic TBAD
3.2.4 Acute TBAD: Open vs. Endovascular Repair
3.2.5 Chronic TBAD: Open vs. Endovascular Repair
3.3 Studies and Registries
3.3.1 Open Repair, Endovascular Repair, or Medical Treatment of TBAD
3.3.2 TEVAR in Uncomplicated TBAD: Timing
3.3.3 Complicated TBAD
3.3.4 Hospital Readmission Rate After Acute TBAD
3.3.5 Chimney Technique and Adjunctive Side Branch Interventions with TEVAR
3.3.6 Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy After TEVAR
3.4 Technical Issues
3.5 Aortic Fenestration
3.6 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 4: Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (DTAA) and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms (TAAA)
4.1 Guidelines
4.1.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
4.1.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS)
4.1.3 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease
4.2 Results
4.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
4.2.1.1 Open vs. Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
4.2.1.2 Open Repair of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
4.2.1.3 Spinal Cord Ischaemia After Open and Endovascular Repair
4.2.1.4 Stroke Rate After Endovascular Repair of TAA
4.2.1.5 Gender Specific Differences in the Management of TAA
4.2.2 Registry Data/Studies
4.2.2.1 Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Growth
4.2.2.2 Long-Term Outcome After Endovascular and Open Repair of TAA
4.2.2.3 Open TAA Repair in Patients with Splanchnic Occlusive Disease
4.2.2.4 Open Surgical Repair in Patients with Marfan and Loeys-Dietz Syndromes
4.2.2.5 Risk Factors for TEVAR
4.2.2.6 Ruptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
4.2.3 Specific Issues with TAAA
4.2.3.1 Staged Hybrid Repair of Extent II TAAA
4.2.3.2 F/BEVAR Procedures for Extensive TAAAs
4.2.3.3 Open TAAA Repair in High Volume Centres
4.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
4.4 Perioperative Management
4.4.1 Diagnostic Methods in Descending Thoracic Aortic Disease
4.4.1.1 Guideline Recommendations
4.4.2 Preoperative Statin Therapy and Survival After TEVAR
4.4.3 Anaesthesia and Analgesia
4.4.3.1 Epidural Analgesia, Paravertebral Block and Intercostal Nerve Cryoanalgesia
4.4.4 Neurophysiological Monitoring
4.4.4.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
4.4.4.2 Studies
4.4.5 Prevention of Spinal Cord Ischaemia
4.4.5.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
4.4.5.2 Recommendations of the U.S. Aortic Research Consortium [40]
4.4.5.3 Studies
4.4.6 Transfusion Strategy
4.4.7 Minimally Invasive Segmental Artery Coil Embolisation to Prevent Spinal Cord Ischaemia
4.4.8 Thromboprophylaxis
4.4.8.1 Guidelines
4.4.8.2 Studies
4.4.9 Endoleak
4.4.9.1 The European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) Clinical Practice Guidelines Recommend [1]
4.4.9.2 Reviews
References
Chapter 5: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
5.1 Guidelines
5.1.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Abdominal Aorto-iliac Artery Aneurysms [1]
5.1.1.1 General Information
5.1.1.2 Screening/Surveillance
5.1.1.3 Indication for Elective Repair
5.1.1.4 Elective AAA Repair
5.1.1.5 Techniques for Elective AAA Open Repair
5.1.1.6 Techniques for Elective AAA Endovascular Repair
5.1.1.7 Management of Ruptured AAA
5.1.2 Society for Vascular Surgery
5.1.2.1 Screening/Surveillance
5.1.2.2 Indication for Elective Repair
5.1.2.3 Management and Perioperative Outcome of Elective Repair
5.1.2.4 Management of Ruptured AAA
5.1.2.5 Management in Symptomatic Patients
5.1.3 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease
5.2 Results
5.2.1 AAA-Screening
5.2.1.1 Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis
5.2.1.2 Screening for AAA in Women
5.2.1.3 Screening Effectiveness
5.2.1.4 Screen Detected Sub-Aneurysmal Aortas
5.2.2 Intact AAA: Randomized Trials
5.2.2.1 OVER-Trial
5.2.2.2 EVAR-2 Trial
5.2.2.3 Mesenteric Artery Embolisation/Aneurysm Sac Coil Embolisation
5.2.3 Intact AAA: Meta-Analyses
5.2.3.1 Surgery for Small Asymptomatic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
5.2.3.2 EVAR vs. Open Surgical Repair
5.2.3.3 Gender-Specific Differences in Outcome
5.2.3.4 EVAR: Reintervention Rate
5.2.4 Ruptured AAA: Meta-Analyses
5.2.4.1 EVAR vs. OAR
5.2.4.2 Procedure Volume and Outcomes After rAAA Repair
5.2.4.3 rAAA in Octogenarians
5.2.4.4 Weekend Admission of rAAA
5.2.5 Studies and Registries
5.2.5.1 Long-Term Outcomes of EVAR vs. OAR
5.2.5.2 Long-Term Reintervention After EVAR
5.2.5.3 EVAR in Patients Deemed Unfit for Open Surgical Repair
5.2.5.4 Elective AAA Repair and Cancer
5.2.5.5 Case Volume and Outcome in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
5.2.5.6 AAA Diameter and Elective Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair
5.2.5.7 Endovascular vs. Open Repair of Juxtarenal AAAs
5.2.5.8 Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture
5.2.5.9 Survival After EVAR and Open Repair for Ruptured AAAs
5.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
5.4 Perioperative Management
5.4.1 Modifiable Risk Factors
5.4.1.1 Smoking
Studies
5.4.1.2 Statin Therapy
Studies
5.4.1.3 Antiplatelet Therapy
Studies
5.4.1.4 Beta-blocker
Studies
5.4.2 Preoperative Coronary Revascularisation
5.4.2.1 Guidelines
5.4.2.2 Studies
5.4.3 Preoperative Carotid Intervention
5.4.3.1 Guidelines
5.4.3.2 Studies
5.4.4 Open Repair of Nonruptured AAA
5.4.4.1 Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis
5.4.4.2 Fast Track Concept (ERAS)
Studies
5.4.4.3 Epidural Anaesthesia
Studies
5.4.4.4 Perioperative Pain Management
Studies
5.4.4.5 Blood Transfusion and Blood Management
Studies/Meta-analysis
5.4.4.6 Graft Infection
Studies
5.4.5 Endovascular Repair of Nonruptured AAA
5.4.5.1 Anaesthesia
Studies
5.4.5.2 Percutaneous Access
Studies
5.4.5.3 EVAR Outside the Instructions for Use
Studies
5.4.5.4 Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN) with EVAR
Studies
5.4.5.5 Preservation of Flow to the Internal Iliac Artery
Studies
5.4.5.6 Stent Graft Migration
Studies
5.4.5.7 Endoleak
Studies
5.4.5.8 Stent Graft Infection
Studies
5.4.5.9 Short Stay EVAR
Studies
5.4.6 Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (rAAA)
5.4.6.1 Anaesthesia for EVAR
Studies
5.4.6.2 Access Type for EVAR in Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Studies
5.4.6.3 Permissive Hypotension
Studies
5.4.6.4 Aortic Occlusion Balloon
Studies
5.4.6.5 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Studies
5.4.6.6 Colonic Ischemia After rAAA Repair
Sigmoidoscopy
Extraluminal pH Measurement
References
Chapter 6: Renal Artery Stenosis
6.1 Guidelines
6.1.1 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association
6.1.2 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
6.1.2.1 Clinical Situations Raising Suspicion for Renal Artery Disease
6.1.2.2 Diagnostic Strategies
6.1.2.3 Recommendations for Treatment Strategies for Renal Artery Disease
6.1.3 Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)
6.1.3.1 Clinical Scenarios in Which Treatment of Significant RAS May Be Considered [3]
6.1.4 Fibromuscular Dysplasia- Statement from the AHA
6.2 Results
6.2.1 Endovascular Intervention
6.2.1.1 Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses
6.2.1.2 Randomised Trials
6.2.1.3 Uncontrolled Trials
6.2.1.4 Endovascular Treatment of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis
6.2.2 Registry Data
6.2.3 Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)
6.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 7: Visceral Artery Aneurysms (Including Renal Artery Aneurysms)
7.1 Guidelines
7.1.1 Renal Artery Aneurysm (RAA)
7.1.2 Splenic Artery Aneurysm (SAA)
7.1.3 Celiac Artery Aneurysm (CAA)
7.1.4 Gastric and Gastroepiploic Artery Aneurysms
7.1.5 Hepatic Artery Aneurysm (HAA)
7.1.6 Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm (SMAA)
7.1.7 Jejunal, Ileal, and Colic Artery Aneurysms
7.1.8 Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysm (PDAA) and Gastroduodenal Artery Aneurysm (GDAA)
7.2 Results
7.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews
7.2.2 Registries
7.2.2.1 Endovascular and Open Surgical Treatment
7.2.3 Studies
7.2.3.1 Endovascular and Open Surgical Treatment
7.2.3.2 Endovascular Treatment
7.2.3.3 Open Surgical Treatment
7.2.4 Special Issues
7.2.4.1 Aneurysm Growth Rate
7.2.4.2 Ex Vivo Renal Artery Repair for Renal Artery Branch Aneurysms
7.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 8: Acute Mesenteric (Intestinal) Ischaemia
8.1 Guidelines
8.1.1 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association
8.1.1.1 Acute Intestinal Ischaemia Caused By Arterial Obstruction
8.1.1.2 Acute Non-occlusive Intestinal Ischaemia
8.1.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
8.1.2.1 Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia (AMI)
8.1.2.2 Non-occlusive Mesenteric Ischaemia
8.1.3 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
8.2 Results
8.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews
8.2.2 Studies
8.2.2.1 Open Surgery
8.2.2.2 Open Mesenteric Bypass and Retrograde Open Mesenteric Stenting
8.2.2.3 Mesenteric Ischaemia in Patients with COVID-19
8.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 9: Chronic Mesenteric (Intestinal) Ischaemia
9.1 Guidelines
9.1.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
9.1.1.1 Diagnosis
9.1.1.2 Treatment
9.1.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
9.1.3 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery
9.1.4 European Guidelines on Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia: Joint United European Gastroenterology et al.
9.2 Results
9.2.1 Registries
9.2.2 Studies
9.2.2.1 Open vs. Endovascular Revascularization
9.2.2.2 Open Revascularization
9.2.2.3 Endovascular Revascularization
9.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 10: Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS)
10.1 Guidelines
10.1.1 The Appropriateness Criteria of the American College of Radiology [1] Recommend
10.1.2 European Guidelines on Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia—Joint United European Gastroenterology. These Guidelines Recommend [2]
10.2 Results
10.2.1 Reviews
10.2.2 Studies
10.2.2.1 Surgical Vs. Nonoperative Management
10.2.2.2 Laparoscopic and Open MAL Release
10.2.2.3 Open Surgery for Abdominal Compression Syndromes
10.2.2.4 Robotic Surgery
10.2.2.5 MALS in the Pediatric Population
10.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 11: Intermittent Claudication
11.1 Guidelines
11.1.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
11.1.2 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
11.1.2.1 Medical Therapy
11.1.2.2 Structured Exercise Therapy
11.1.2.3 Revascularization for Claudication
11.1.3 Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS)
11.1.3.1 General Recommendations
11.1.3.2 Recommendations for Interventions in Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease (AIOD) in IC
11.1.3.3 Recommendations for Intervention for Femoropopliteal Occlusive Disease (FPOD) in IC
11.1.4 “Appropriate Use”: Criteria of the SVS for IC
11.1.5 Reporting Standards of the SVS for Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease
11.1.5.1 Intervention
11.1.5.2 Outcome Measures: Procedural
11.1.5.3 Outcome Measures: Disease Specific
11.1.5.4 Complications
11.1.6 Optimal Exercise Programs for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association [6]
11.1.7 French Guidelines for the Management of Ambulatory Endovascular Procedures for Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease
11.2 Results
11.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews/Randomised Trials
11.2.1.1 Exercise Therapy
11.2.1.2 Exercise Therapy and Endovascular Revascularization
11.2.1.3 Medical Therapy for Intermittent Claudication
11.2.1.4 Rivaroxaban and Aspirin in Patients Undergoing Surgical Revascularization
11.2.2 Studies/Registries
11.2.2.1 Exercise First Approach and Peripheral Vascular Intervention
11.2.2.2 Endovascular Interventions
11.2.2.3 Smoking and Postprocedural Complications
11.2.3 Drug-Coated Devices
11.2.4 Special Issue
11.2.4.1 High-Pressure Intermittent Limb Compression
11.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
11.4 Perioperative Management
11.4.1 Antithrombotic Therapy
11.4.1.1 Guidelines
11.4.1.2 Antithrombotic Therapy for PADs Patients Requiring Oral Anticoagulant
11.4.1.3 Reviews
11.4.1.4 Studies
11.4.2 Statin Therapy
11.4.2.1 Guidelines
11.4.2.2 Studies
11.4.3 Beta Blocker
11.4.3.1 Guidelines
11.4.3.2 Studies
11.4.4 Antihypertensive Therapy
11.4.4.1 Guidelines
11.4.4.2 Studies
11.4.5 Diabetes/Glycaemic Control
11.4.5.1 Guidelines
11.4.5.2 Studies
11.4.6 Preoperative Anemia/Blood Transfusion
11.4.6.1 Studies
11.4.7 Anaesthesia
11.4.7.1 Studies, Review
11.4.8 Analgesia
11.4.8.1 Meta-Analysis
11.4.9 Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)
11.4.9.1 Studies, Review
References
Chapter 12: Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (Critical Limb Ischemia)
12.1 Guidelines
12.1.1 Preliminary Remark
12.1.2 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in Cooperation with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [2]
12.1.2.1 Recommendations on Revascularization of Aorto-Iliac Occlusive Lesions (Apply for Patients with IC and CLTI)
12.1.2.2 Recommendations on Revascularization of Femoro-Popliteal Occlusive Lesions (Apply to Patients with IC and CLTI)
12.1.2.3 Recommendations on Revascularization of Infra-Popliteal Occlusive Lesions (Apply to Patients with CLTI)
12.1.3 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association/AHA) [3]
12.1.3.1 Endovascular Revascularization
12.1.3.2 Surgical Revascularization
12.1.3.3 Wound Healing
12.1.4 Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia—Joint Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery, European Society for Vascular Surgery, and World Federation of Vascular Societies [4]
12.2 Suggested Objective Performance Goals (OPG) for Evaluating New Catheter-Based Treatments in Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)
12.3 Results
12.3.1 Randomized Trials
12.3.1.1 BEST-CLI Clinical Trial-Surgery or Endovascular Therapy for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia
12.3.1.2 Bypass Versus Angioplasty for Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL)-2
12.3.2 Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses
12.3.2.1 WIFI Classification System
12.3.2.2 Conservative Treatment
12.3.2.3 Percutaneous Intervention Vs. Bypass Surgery for CLTI
12.3.2.4 Revascularization in Octogenarians
12.3.2.5 Gender Differences in Outcome in Patients with Symptomatic PAD
12.3.2.6 Infrainguinal Bypass Following Failed Endovascular Intervention
12.3.2.7 Venous Arterialization for CLTI
12.3.2.8 30-Day Readmission to the Hospital after Revascularization
12.3.2.9 Atherectomy for Peripheral Arterial Disease
12.3.2.10 Drug-Coated Balloon Angioplasty for the Treatment of CLTI
12.3.3 Registries
12.3.3.1 Endovascular Vs. Open Revascularization
12.3.3.2 Revascularization with Paclitaxel-Coated Devices in Patients with CLTI
12.3.3.3 Endovascular Revascularization in Patients with Impaired Ambulatory Capacity
12.3.3.4 Failed Femoropopliteal Covered Vs. Bare Metal Stents
12.3.3.5 Lower Extremity Bypass in Patients on Hemodialysis
12.3.3.6 High-Intensity Statin Therapy among Patients Undergoing Lower Extremity Bypass
12.3.3.7 Revascularization in Active Smokers
12.3.4 Clinical Trials with Specific Questions
12.3.4.1 Drug-Coated Devices
12.3.4.2 Tack Endovascular System for Post-Angioplasty Dissections
12.3.4.3 LimFlow System for Percutaneous Deep Vein Arterialization
12.4 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 13: Acute Limb Ischemia
13.1 Clinical Categories and Prognosis
13.2 Guidelines
13.2.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in Collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]
13.2.2 American College of Cardiology (ACC) /American Heart Association /AHA) [2]
13.2.2.1 Clinical Presentation of ALI
13.2.2.2 Medical Therapy for ALI
13.2.2.3 Revascularization for ALI
13.2.3 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [3]
13.3 Results
13.3.1 Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses
13.3.1.1 Catheter Directed Thrombolysis
13.3.1.2 Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis
13.3.1.3 Infusion Techniques for Peripheral Arterial Thrombolysis
13.3.1.4 Endovascular and Surgical Revascularization Techniques
13.3.1.5 Outcomes after Acute Limb Ischemia in Patients with Cancer
13.3.2 Studies/Registries
13.3.2.1 Acute Limb Ischemia among Patients with COVID-19 Infection
13.3.2.2 Endovascular-First Approach to Acute Limb Ischemia
13.3.2.3 Open Surgical Intervention for ALI
13.3.2.4 Endovascular Versus Surgical Revascularization for ALI
13.3.2.5 Thrombolytic Therapy for ALI
13.3.3 Special Issues
13.3.3.1 ALI after Cardiac Surgery
13.3.3.2 Management of Acute Limb Ischemia in Paediatric Patients
13.4 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 14: Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
14.1 Guidelines
14.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery
14.2 Results
14.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
14.2.1.1 Open Vs. Endovascular Repair
14.2.2 Registries
14.2.2.1 Popliteal Aneurysms with Screening Detected Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
14.2.2.2 Vascunet Registry
14.2.2.3 POPART Registry
14.2.2.4 Open PAA Repair in Men and Women
14.2.2.5 Open PAA Repair Using Vein and Prosthetic Conduits
14.2.2.6 Open Vs Endovascular Repair of Symptomatic PAAs
14.2.2.7 Open Repair Vs Endovascular Repair in Patients with Acute Limb Ischemia
14.2.3 Studies
14.2.3.1 PAA Growth Rates
14.2.3.2 Open Surgery for Acute Ischemia Due to Thrombosed PAA
14.2.3.3 Open PAA Repair with Prosthetic Grafts
14.2.3.4 Open Vs. Endovascular PAA Repair
14.2.3.5 Endovascular Repair
14.2.4 Special Issues
14.2.4.1 Thrombolysis for Acute Thrombosed Popliteal Artery Aneurysms
14.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 15: Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome
15.1 Guidelines
15.2 Definitions
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Systematic Review
15.3.2 Case Series
15.3.2.1 PAES in Children
15.3.3 Functional PAES and Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS)
15.3.3.1 Reviews
15.3.3.2 Diagnostic Approach of Functional Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
15.3.3.3 Studies
15.3.3.4 Botulinum Toxin as a Treatment for FPAES
15.4 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 16: Vascular Access for Haemodialysis
16.1 Guidelines
16.1.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)
16.2 Results
16.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
16.2.1.1 Medical Adjuvant Treatment to Increase Patency of Arteriovenous Fistulae
16.2.1.2 Percutaneous Endovascular Arteriovenous Fistula
16.2.1.3 Brachiobasilic Arteriovenous Fistulas Vs. Arteriovenous Grafts
16.2.1.4 Tapered and Non-tapered Prosthetic Grafts
16.2.1.5 Regional Anaesthesia Vs. Local Anaesthesia for AV Fistula Creation
16.2.1.6 Arteriovenous Fistulae Aneurysms
16.2.1.7 DCB Angioplasty Vs. PBA Angioplasty for Hemodialysis Dysfunction
16.2.1.8 Distal Revascularization and Interval Ligation (DRIL)
16.2.1.9 AV Fistula Closure in Renal Transplant Recipients
16.2.2 Clinical Trials and Registries
16.2.2.1 Hemodialysis Access Type and Mortality
16.2.2.2 Permanent Vascular Access Type for Elderly Patients
16.2.2.3 Hemodialysis Access in Diabetic Patients
16.2.2.4 Brachiobasilic AV Fistula—One-Stage Vs. Two-Stage
16.2.2.5 End-to-Side or Side-to-Side Arteriovenous Anastomosis for AVF
16.2.2.6 Surgical Vs Percutaneous AV Fistulas
16.2.2.7 Early Cannulation Arteriovenous Grafts
16.2.2.8 Heparin-Bonded PTFE Arteriovenous Grafts
16.2.2.9 Distal Revascularization and Interval Ligation (DRIL)
16.2.2.10 Paclitaxel-Assisted Balloon Angioplasty of AVF
16.2.2.11 Drug Coated Balloons for the Treatment of Stent Graft Stenosis
16.2.2.12 Covered Stent Versus Angioplasty for AVF Stenosis
16.2.2.13 Anticoagulation Therapy and Hemodialysis Access Patency
16.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 17: The Diabetic Foot
17.1 Guidelines
17.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery
17.1.2 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
17.1.2.1 Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Management of Foot Infections in Persons with Diabetes [2]
17.1.3 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)
17.1.3.1 Guidance on Use of Interventions to Enhance the Healing of Chronic Ulcers of the Foot in Diabetes [3]
17.1.4 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF 2019 Update) [4, 5]
17.1.4.1 Guidelines on Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Management of Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Foot Ulcers and Diabetes [4]
17.1.4.2 Guidelines on Offloading Foot Ulcers in Persons with Diabetes [5]
17.1.5 Guidelines on the Classification of Foot Ulcers in People with Diabetes (IWGDF 2023 Update) [6]
17.1.6 WIfI Classification System
17.2 Systematic Reviews and Studies
17.2.1 Classification
17.2.2 Epidemiology and Prognosis
17.2.3 Topical Therapy
17.2.3.1 Dressings and Topical Agents Containing Hyaluronic Acid
17.2.3.2 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
17.2.3.3 Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
17.2.3.4 Growth Factor Therapy in Healing Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers
17.2.4 Free Tissue Transfer in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
17.2.5 Effectiveness of Revascularisation for the Ulcerated Foot
17.2.6 Amputation Technique
17.2.7 Offloading Interventions
17.2.8 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
17.2.8.1 Nerve Decompression
17.2.9 Achilles Tendon Lengthening and Fascia Release
17.2.9.1 Percutaneous Flexor Tenotomies
17.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 18: Chronic Venous Disease and Varicose Veins
18.1 Guideline Recommendations
18.1.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs [1]
18.1.1.1 Classification and Diagnostic Workup
Recommendation 1
Recommendation 2
Recommendation 3
Recommendation 4
Recommendation 5
18.1.1.2 Conservative Management
Recommendation 9
Recommendation 10
Recommendation 11
Recommendation 12
Recommendation 13
Recommendation 14
18.1.1.3 Interventions for Superficial Venous Incompetence
Recommendation 15
Recommendation 17
Recommendation 18
Recommendation 19
Recommendation 20
Recommendation 21
18.1.1.4 Compression after Treatment/Thrombosis Prophylaxis
Recommendation 22
Recommendation 23
Recommendation 26
18.1.1.5 Techniques for Saphenous Ablation
Recommendation 28
Recommendation 29
Recommendation 30
Recommendation 31
Recommendation 32
Recommendation 33
Recommendation 34
Recommendation 35
Recommendation 36
Recommendation 37
Recommendation 40
Recommendation 41
Recommendation 42
Recommendation 43
Recommendation 44
Recommendation 45
Recommendation 55
Recommendation 56
Recommendation 57
18.2 Results
18.2.1 Meta-Analyses
18.2.1.1 Interventions for Great Saphenous Vein Incompetence
18.2.1.2 Thromboprophylaxis for Endovenous Varicose Vein Interventions
18.2.1.3 Compression Therapy Following Endovenous Thermal Ablation
18.2.1.4 Thermal Versus Non-thermal Endovenous Ablation
18.2.1.5 Mechanochemical Ablation Versus Endothermal Ablation
18.2.1.6 Cyanoacrylate Ablation (CA)
18.2.1.7 Mechanochemical Ablation, Cyanoacrylate Ablation, and Thermal Ablation
18.2.2 Randomized Trials
18.2.2.1 Radiofrequency (RF) Thermal Ablations with Three RF Devices
18.2.2.2 Compression after Radiofrequency Ablation
18.2.2.3 Long-Term Outcomes of Laser Ablation, Foam Sclerotherapy, and Surgery
18.2.2.4 RFA Vs. EVLA
18.2.2.5 Mechanochemical (MOCA) and Endovenous Thermal Ablation
18.2.2.6 Mechanochemical Ablation Vs Cyanoacrylate Adhesive
18.2.2.7 Isolated Ambulatory Phlebectomy Versus Saphenous Thermal Ablation
18.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 19: Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb and Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
19.1 Guidelines
19.1.1 European Society of Cardiology
19.1.1.1 Consensus Statement: Diagnosis
19.1.1.2 Consensus Statement: Initial and Long-Term Management
19.1.1.3 Consensus Statement: Extended Management
19.1.1.4 Consensus Statement: DVT Management in Special Situations
19.1.1.5 Venous Occlusion Recanalization
19.1.2 The Postthrombotic Syndrome—A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association [2]
19.1.2.1 Recommendations for Thrombolysis and Endovascular Approaches to Acute DVT for the Prevention of Postthrombotic Syndrome (PTS)
19.1.2.2 Recommendations for the Use of Graduated Elastic Compression Stockings (ECS) and Intermittent Compression to Treat PTS
19.1.2.3 Recommendations for Exercise Training to Treat PTS
19.1.2.4 Recommendations for Venous Ulcer Management
19.1.2.5 Recommendations for Endovascular and Surgical Treatment of PTS
19.1.3 CHEST Guideline for Antithrombotic Management of Venous Thromboembolism [3]
19.1.4 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) on the Management of Chronic Venous Diseases of the Lower Limbs [4]. They Recommend
19.1.4.1 Recommendation 58
19.1.4.2 Recommendation 59
19.1.4.3 Recommendation 60
19.1.4.4 Recommendation 61
19.1.4.5 Recommendation 62
19.1.4.6 Recommendation 63
19.1.4.7 Recommendation 64
19.1.5 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis
19.1.5.1 Recommendation 34
19.1.5.2 Recommendation 35
19.1.5.3 Recommendation 36
19.1.5.4 Recommendation 38
19.1.5.5 Recommendation 39
19.1.5.6 Recommendation 40
19.1.5.7 Recommendation 41
19.1.5.8 Recommendation 42
19.2 Results
19.2.1 Deep Vein Thrombosis
19.2.1.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews
Thrombolytic Clot Removal Strategies
Catheter-Based Intervention for Acute Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis
Catheter-Based Intervention with Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy
19.2.1.2 Randomized Trials
Pharmacomechanical Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Vs. Anticoagulation
Elastic Compression Stockings to Prevent Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
19.2.1.3 Studies and Registries
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Proximal Deep Venous Thrombosis
19.2.2 Postthrombotic Syndrome
19.2.2.1 Systematic Reviews
Risk of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome after Isolated Distal Deep Vein Thrombosis
Venous Stenting for Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease
Antithrombotic Management after Venous Stenting
19.2.2.2 Clinical Trials
Accelerated Thrombolysis for Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
Venous Stent Patency
Venous Stent Configuration
19.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 20: Vena Cava Filter
20.1 Guidelines
20.1.1 Society of Interventional Radiology Clinical Practice Guideline
20.1.1.1 Acute Pulmonary Embolism
20.1.1.2 Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
20.1.1.3 Anticoagulation for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
20.1.1.4 Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism
20.1.1.5 Routine IVC Filter Placement
20.1.1.6 Trauma Patients without Known Venous Thromboembolism
20.1.1.7 Major Surgery in Patients without Known VTE
20.1.1.8 Indwelling IVC Filters with no Anticoagulation Indication
20.1.1.9 Indwelling IVC Filters with Mitigated PE Risk
20.1.1.10 Complications and Indwelling IVC Filters
20.1.1.11 Structured Follow-Up
20.1.1.12 Planned Filter Removal
20.1.1.13 Filter Removal without Standard Snare Techniques
20.1.1.14 Filter Placement Technique
20.1.2 International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer
20.1.3 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence)
20.1.4 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism [4]
20.1.4.1 Recommendations for Vena Cava Filter
20.2 Results
20.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews
20.2.2 Randomized Trials
20.2.3 Studies and Registries
20.2.3.1 Updated Trends in Inferior Vena Cava Filter Use in the United States
20.2.3.2 IVC Filters in Severely Injured Patients
20.2.3.3 IVC Filter Placement in Patients with Catheter-Based Thrombolysis
20.2.3.4 Stenting across Inferior Vena Cava Filters
20.2.3.5 Prophylactic IVC Filter Prior to Bariatric Surgery
20.2.3.6 Filter Retrieval and Temporary IVC Filters
20.2.3.7 Inferior Vena Cava Filter Thrombosis
20.2.3.8 Effect of Filter Placement Position
20.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References
Chapter 21: Venous Leg Ulcers
21.1 Guidelines
21.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum
21.1.1.1 Wound Care
21.1.1.2 Primary Wound Dressing
21.1.1.3 Split-Thickness Skin Grafting
21.1.1.4 Cellular Therapy
21.1.1.5 Tissue Matrices, Human Tissues, or Other Skin Substitutes
21.1.1.6 Negative Pressure Therapy
21.1.1.7 Compression
21.1.2 European Society for Vascular Surgery
21.1.2.1 Recommendation 67
21.1.2.2 Recommendation 68
21.1.2.3 Recommendation 69
21.1.2.4 Recommendation 70
21.1.2.5 Recommendation 71
21.1.2.6 Recommendation 72
21.1.2.7 Recommendation 73
21.1.2.8 Recommendation 74
21.1.2.9 Recommendation 75
21.1.2.10 Recommendation 76
21.1.2.11 Recommendation 77
21.1.2.12 Recommendation 78
21.1.2.13 Recommendation 79
21.1.2.14 Recommendation 80
21.1.2.15 Recommendation 81
21.1.2.16 Recommendation 82
21.2 Results
21.2.1 Randomized Studies
21.2.1.1 Early Endovenous Ablation in Venous Ulceration
21.2.2 Meta-Analyses
21.2.2.1 Compression Bandages or Stockings for Treating Venous Leg Ulcers
21.2.2.2 Dressings and Topical Agents for Treating Venous Leg Ulcers
21.2.2.3 Growth Factors for Treating Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers
21.2.2.4 Wound Cleansing for Treating Venous Leg Ulcers
21.2.2.5 Medication
21.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice
References

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Evidence-based Therapy in Vascular Surgery E. Sebastian Debus Reinhart T. Grundmann Second Edition

123

Evidence-based Therapy in Vascular Surgery

E. Sebastian Debus • Reinhart T. Grundmann

Evidence-based Therapy in Vascular Surgery Second Edition

E. Sebastian Debus Department of Vascular Medicine University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Germany

Reinhart T. Grundmann Community Hospital Altoetting-Burghausen Burghausen, Germany

ISBN 978-3-031-47396-8 ISBN 978-3-031-47397-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47397-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023, 2017 Springer International Publishing AG This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Paper in this product is recyclable

Preface

The topic of the second edition of this book is vascular and endovascular surgery and vascular medicine. Thereby, all prevalent arterial vascular diseases are discussed, from extracranial carotid artery stenosis to peripheral arterial occlusive disease and the diabetic foot. Furthermore, evidence-based therapy for hemodialysis access, varicose veins, deep vein thrombosis, and venous leg ulcer is presented. This is not a textbook that describes surgical techniques. Instead its intention is to advise the reader on which surgical or endovascular procedure is currently the best justified (indication) in specific situations and what the expected results should be from a quality assurance perspective. This starts with the presentation of guideline recommendations from the most recognized professional societies, which are not necessarily the same in all countries. The second focus of this book is treatment results, which serve as a rudiment for an evidence-based therapy decision. Clinical studies are discussed and classified according to their significance; all important meta-analyses and Cochrane Reviews are presented, and the recent results of randomized and nonrandomized clinical studies, large cohort studies, and registries are explained. In terms of structure and objectives, nothing has changed in this issue since the conception of the first edition except for the extension of the number of chapters and a new chapter on perioperative management. Nevertheless, it is much more than just a re-edition—in fact we are presenting the reader with a completely new book. The reason for this is another objective of this series, the timeliness. Based on a comprehensive, systematic literature search in PubMed, all the important publications of the last 5 years are presented here. This not only provides the reader with the evidence, but also the latest state of knowledge or discussion. In order not to go too far, it was necessary to delete many publications from previous years, which may still be of value, so that each new edition of this series is more of a supplement than a replacement for the previous edition. The book is aimed at a broad readership, including residents and junior doctors, as well as experienced practitioners looking to stay informed about the latest developments in our field—which can also have practical and possibly justiciable

v

vi

Preface

consequences, especially in the case of guideline recommendations or in medical malpractice criticism. In conclusion, we thank all employees of Springer Nature, who participated in this project for their kind assistance, and especially Ms. Mahalakshmi and Ms. Morton for their collaboration and coordination of this book project. Hamburg, Germany Burghausen, Germany

E. Sebastian Debus Reinhart T. Grundmann

Contents

1

Extracranial Carotid Stenosis�� 1 1.1 Guidelines �� 1 1.1.1 Guideline of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]�� 1 1.1.2 European Stroke Organisation Guideline on Endarterectomy and Stenting for Carotid Artery Stenosis [2]�� 5 1.1.3 Society for Vascular Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Extracranial Cerebrovascular Disease [3]�� 6 1.2 Results�� 7 1.2.1 Randomised Trials�� 7 1.2.2 Meta-Analyses Open Procedure and CAS�� 8 1.2.3 Registry Data�� 12 1.2.4 Transcervical Carotid Artery Revascularization (TCAR)�� 14 1.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 16 1.4 Perioperative Management �� 17 1.4.1 Imaging Strategies in Carotid Artery Disease�� 17 1.4.2 Anaesthesia �� 18 1.4.3 Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis�� 18 1.4.4 Beta-Blocker Perioperative �� 19 1.4.5 Blood Pressure Management After Carotid |Intervention�� 19 1.4.6 Perioperative Management of Patients with Anticoagulants�� 21 1.4.7 Intraoperative Heparin and Reversal�� 23 1.4.8 Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism�� 24 1.4.9 Antiplatelet Therapy with CEA/CAS �� 24 1.4.10 Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Combination Therapy with Oral Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets�� 26 1.4.11 Lipid-Lowering Therapy (Statins)�� 27 vii

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1.4.12 Diabetes Mellitus�� 28 1.4.13 Wound Drainage After CEA �� 28 References�� 29 2

Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrome �� 33 2.1 Guidelines �� 33 2.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery�� 33 2.1.2 American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria �� 36 2.2 Results�� 37 2.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews �� 37 2.2.2 Studies�� 38 2.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 44 References�� 45

3

Distal Aortic Dissection Type Stanford B�� 47 3.1 Guidelines �� 47 3.1.1 Definition and Classification�� 47 3.1.2 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease�� 48 3.1.3 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)�� 49 3.1.4 Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American Association for Thoracic Surgery�� 51 3.2 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews �� 54 3.2.1 Acute and Subacute Uncomplicated Type B Aortic Dissection: BMT vs. TEVAR�� 54 3.2.2 TEVAR in Uncomplicated and Complicated TBAD�� 54 3.2.3 TEVAR in Acute/Chronic TBAD�� 55 3.2.4 Acute TBAD: Open vs. Endovascular Repair�� 55 3.2.5 Chronic TBAD: Open vs. Endovascular Repair �� 56 3.3 Studies and Registries �� 57 3.3.1 Open Repair, Endovascular Repair, or Medical Treatment of TBAD�� 57 3.3.2 TEVAR in Uncomplicated TBAD: Timing�� 59 3.3.3 Complicated TBAD�� 60 3.3.4 Hospital Readmission Rate After Acute TBAD�� 61 3.3.5 Chimney Technique and Adjunctive Side Branch Interventions with TEVAR�� 61 3.3.6 Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy After TEVAR �� 62 3.4 Technical Issues�� 62 3.5 Aortic Fenestration�� 64 3.6 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 65 References�� 65

Contents

ix

4

Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (DTAA) and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms (TAAA) �� 69 4.1 Guidelines �� 69 4.1.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) �� 69 4.1.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS)�� 70 4.1.3 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease�� 72 4.2 Results�� 73 4.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews�� 73 4.2.2 Registry Data/Studies�� 76 4.2.3 Specific Issues with TAAA �� 82 4.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 84 4.4 Perioperative Management �� 85 4.4.1 Diagnostic Methods in Descending Thoracic Aortic Disease�� 85 4.4.2 Preoperative Statin Therapy and Survival After TEVAR�� 85 4.4.3 Anaesthesia and Analgesia�� 86 4.4.4 Neurophysiological Monitoring�� 87 4.4.5 Prevention of Spinal Cord Ischaemia�� 88 4.4.6 Transfusion Strategy �� 92 4.4.7 Minimally Invasive Segmental Artery Coil Embolisation to Prevent Spinal Cord Ischaemia�� 93 4.4.8 Thromboprophylaxis�� 93 4.4.9 Endoleak �� 94 References�� 96

5

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)�� 101 5.1 Guidelines �� 101 5.1.1 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Abdominal Aorto-iliac Artery Aneurysms [1]�� 101 5.1.2 Society for Vascular Surgery�� 103 5.1.3 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease�� 106 5.2 Results�� 106 5.2.1 AAA-Screening�� 106 5.2.2 Intact AAA: Randomized Trials �� 109 5.2.3 Intact AAA: Meta-Analyses�� 111 5.2.4 Ruptured AAA: Meta-Analyses�� 113 5.2.5 Studies and Registries �� 115 5.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 123

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Contents

5.4 Perioperative Management �� 124 5.4.1 Modifiable Risk Factors�� 124 5.4.2 Preoperative Coronary Revascularisation �� 128 5.4.3 Preoperative Carotid Intervention �� 129 5.4.4 Open Repair of Nonruptured AAA �� 130 5.4.5 Endovascular Repair of Nonruptured AAA�� 138 5.4.6 Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (rAAA)�� 147 References�� 152 6

Renal Artery Stenosis�� 161 6.1 Guidelines �� 161 6.1.1 American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association �� 161 6.1.2 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)�� 163 6.1.3 Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)�� 165 6.1.4 Fibromuscular Dysplasia- Statement from the AHA�� 165 6.2 Results�� 166 6.2.1 Endovascular Intervention�� 166 6.2.2 Registry Data�� 171 6.2.3 Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD)�� 172 6.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 174 References�� 175

7

isceral Artery Aneurysms (Including Renal Artery Aneurysms)�� 177 V 7.1 Guidelines �� 177 7.1.1 Renal Artery Aneurysm (RAA)�� 177 7.1.2 Splenic Artery Aneurysm (SAA)�� 178 7.1.3 Celiac Artery Aneurysm (CAA)�� 179 7.1.4 Gastric and Gastroepiploic Artery Aneurysms �� 179 7.1.5 Hepatic Artery Aneurysm (HAA) �� 180 7.1.6 Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm (SMAA)�� 180 7.1.7 Jejunal, Ileal, and Colic Artery Aneurysms�� 181 7.1.8 Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysm (PDAA) and Gastroduodenal Artery Aneurysm (GDAA) �� 181 7.2 Results�� 182 7.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews �� 182 7.2.2 Registries�� 184 7.2.3 Studies�� 185 7.2.4 Special Issues�� 188 7.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 190 References�� 190

Contents

xi

8

Acute Mesenteric (Intestinal) Ischaemia �� 193 8.1 Guidelines �� 193 8.1.1 American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association �� 193 8.1.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS)�� 195 8.1.3 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) �� 196 8.2 Results�� 197 8.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews �� 197 8.2.2 Studies�� 198 8.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 203 References�� 203

9

Chronic Mesenteric (Intestinal) Ischaemia�� 205 9.1 Guidelines �� 205 9.1.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) �� 205 9.1.2 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society of Vascular Surgery (ESVS)�� 206 9.1.3 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery�� 208 9.1.4 European Guidelines on Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia: Joint United European Gastroenterology et al �� 209 9.2 Results�� 209 9.2.1 Registries�� 209 9.2.2 Studies�� 211 9.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 213 References�� 214

10 Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (MALS)�� 217 10.1 Guidelines �� 217 10.1.1 The Appropriateness Criteria of the American College of Radiology [1] Recommend �� 217 10.1.2 European Guidelines on Chronic Mesenteric Ischaemia—Joint United European Gastroenterology. These Guidelines Recommend [2]�� 218 10.2 Results�� 218 10.2.1 Reviews�� 218 10.2.2 Studies�� 219 10.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 225 References�� 226

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11 Intermittent Claudication �� 229 11.1 Guidelines �� 229 11.1.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/ European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)�� 229 11.1.2 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association�� 230 11.1.3 Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS)�� 231 11.1.4 “Appropriate Use”: Criteria of the SVS for IC �� 233 11.1.5 Reporting Standards of the SVS for Endovascular Treatment of Chronic Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease�� 234 11.1.6 Optimal Exercise Programs for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association [6] �� 235 11.1.7 French Guidelines for the Management of Ambulatory Endovascular Procedures for Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease �� 236 11.2 Results�� 237 11.2.1 Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews/ Randomised Trials�� 237 11.2.2 Studies/Registries�� 243 11.2.3 Drug-Coated Devices�� 245 11.2.4 Special Issue�� 249 11.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 249 11.4 Perioperative Management �� 250 11.4.1 Antithrombotic Therapy�� 250 11.4.2 Statin Therapy �� 253 11.4.3 Beta Blocker�� 255 11.4.4 Antihypertensive Therapy�� 256 11.4.5 Diabetes/Glycaemic Control�� 257 11.4.6 Preoperative Anemia/Blood Transfusion�� 258 11.4.7 Anaesthesia �� 259 11.4.8 Analgesia�� 261 11.4.9 Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)�� 261 References�� 262 12 C hronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (Critical Limb Ischemia) �� 267 12.1 Guidelines �� 267 12.1.1 Preliminary Remark�� 267 12.1.2 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in Cooperation with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [2]�� 268 12.1.3 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association/AHA) [3] �� 269

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12.1.4 Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia—Joint Guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery, European Society for Vascular Surgery, and World Federation of Vascular Societies [4]�� 270 12.2 Suggested Objective Performance Goals (OPG) for Evaluating New Catheter-Based Treatments in Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)�� 272 12.3 Results�� 274 12.3.1 Randomized Trials�� 274 12.3.2 Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses �� 275 12.3.3 Registries�� 283 12.3.4 Clinical Trials with Specific Questions�� 287 12.4 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 290 References�� 291 13 Acute Limb Ischemia�� 295 13.1 Clinical Categories and Prognosis�� 295 13.2 Guidelines �� 296 13.2.1 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in Collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1]�� 296 13.2.2 American College of Cardiology (ACC) / American Heart Association /AHA) [2] �� 296 13.2.3 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [3] �� 298 13.3 Results�� 300 13.3.1 Systematic Reviews/Meta-Analyses �� 300 13.3.2 Studies/Registries�� 303 13.3.3 Special Issues�� 309 13.4 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 310 References�� 310 14 Popliteal Artery Aneurysm�� 313 14.1 Guidelines �� 313 14.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery�� 313 14.2 Results�� 314 14.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews�� 314 14.2.2 Registries�� 315 14.2.3 Studies�� 319 14.2.4 Special Issues�� 323 14.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 324 References�� 324

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15 P opliteal Entrapment Syndrome�� 327 15.1 Guidelines �� 327 15.2 Definitions�� 327 15.3 Results�� 328 15.3.1 Systematic Review�� 328 15.3.2 Case Series�� 329 15.3.3 Functional PAES and Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (CECS) �� 330 15.4 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 334 References�� 335 16 Vascular Access for Haemodialysis�� 337 16.1 Guidelines �� 337 16.1.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) �� 337 16.2 Results�� 341 16.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews�� 341 16.2.2 Clinical Trials and Registries�� 346 16.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 355 References�� 356 17 T he Diabetic Foot �� 359 17.1 Guidelines �� 359 17.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery�� 359 17.1.2 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)�� 362 17.1.3 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF)�� 364 17.1.4 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF 2019 Update) [4, 5]�� 365 17.1.5 Guidelines on the Classification of Foot Ulcers in People with Diabetes (IWGDF 2023 Update) [6]�� 368 17.1.6 WIfI Classification System �� 369 17.2 Systematic Reviews and Studies�� 371 17.2.1 Classification�� 371 17.2.2 Epidemiology and Prognosis�� 371 17.2.3 Topical Therapy�� 372 17.2.4 Free Tissue Transfer in Diabetic Foot Ulcers �� 375 17.2.5 Effectiveness of Revascularisation for the Ulcerated Foot�� 375 17.2.6 Amputation Technique�� 376 17.2.7 Offloading Interventions �� 376 17.2.8 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy�� 377 17.2.9 Achilles Tendon Lengthening and Fascia Release�� 379 17.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 380 References�� 381

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18 C hronic Venous Disease and Varicose Veins�� 383 18.1 Guideline Recommendations�� 383 18.1.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs [1] �� 383 18.2 Results�� 391 18.2.1 Meta-Analyses�� 391 18.2.2 Randomized Trials�� 398 18.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 401 References�� 402 19 Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb and Post-Thrombotic Syndrome�� 405 19.1 Guidelines �� 405 19.1.1 European Society of Cardiology�� 405 19.1.2 The Postthrombotic Syndrome—A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association [2]�� 408 19.1.3 CHEST Guideline for Antithrombotic Management of Venous Thromboembolism [3] �� 410 19.1.4 Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) on the Management of Chronic Venous Diseases of the Lower Limbs [4]. They Recommend�� 411 19.1.5 European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis�� 412 19.2 Results�� 414 19.2.1 Deep Vein Thrombosis�� 414 19.2.2 Postthrombotic Syndrome�� 419 19.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 423 References�� 424 20 Vena Cava Filter�� 427 20.1 Guidelines �� 427 20.1.1 Society of Interventional Radiology Clinical Practice Guideline�� 427 20.1.2 International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer�� 430 20.1.3 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) �� 431 20.1.4 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism [4] �� 431 20.2 Results�� 432

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20.2.1 Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews�� 432 20.2.2 Randomized Trials�� 432 20.2.3 Studies and Registries �� 434 20.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 439 References�� 439 21 Venous Leg Ulcers�� 441 21.1 Guidelines �� 441 21.1.1 Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum �� 441 21.1.2 European Society for Vascular Surgery�� 444 21.2 Results�� 447 21.2.1 Randomized Studies�� 447 21.2.2 Meta-Analyses�� 448 21.3 Conclusions for Clinical Practice�� 451 References�� 451

Chapter 1

Extracranial Carotid Stenosis

1.1 Guidelines 1.1.1 Guideline of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) [1] 1.1.1.1 Unchanged Recommendations • No. 19: For average surgical risk patients with an asymptomatic 60–99% stenosis, carotid endarterectomy should be considered in the presence of one or more imaging or clinical characteristics that may be associated with an increased risk of late stroke, provided 30 day stroke/death rates are ≤3% and patient life expectancy exceeds 5 years. (Class IIa/Level B). • No. 20: For average surgical risk patients with an asymptomatic 60–99% stenosis in the presence of one or more imaging or clinical characteristics that may be associated with an increased risk of late stroke, carotid stenting may be an alternative to carotid endarterectomy, provided 30 day stroke/death rates are ≤3% and patient life expectancy exceeds 5 years. (Class IIb/Level B). • No. 40: For patients reporting carotid territory symptoms within the preceding 6 months and who have a 70–99% carotid stenosis, carotid endarterectomy is recommended provided the 30 day risk of death/stroke rate is