Etymology and Derivational Morphology: The Genesis of Old Spanish Denominal Adjectives in -ido 9783111630144, 3484522062, 9783484522060

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BEIHEFTE ZUR ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ROMANISCHE PHILOLOGIE BEGRÜNDETVON GUSTAV GRÖBER FORTGEFÜHRT VON WALTHER VON WARTBURG HERAUSGEGEBEN VON KURT BALDINGER BAND 206

STEVEN N. DWORKIN

Etymology and Derivational Morphology: The Genesis of Old Spanish Denominal Adjectives in -ido

MAX NIEMEYER VERLAG TÜBINGEN 1985

Publication of this book has been made possible in part by a grant from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan.

CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Dworkin, Steven N. : Etymology and derivational morphology : the genesis of old Spanish denominal adjectives in -ido / Steven N. Dworkin. -Tübingen : Niemeyer, 1985. (Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie : Beihefte ; Bd. 206) NE: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie / Beihefte ISBN 3-484-52206-2

ISSN 0084-5396

© Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1985 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Ohne Genehmigung des Verlages ist es nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus photomechanisch zu vervielfältigen. Printed in Germany. Satz: C. H. Beck'sche Buchdruckerei, Nördlingen Druck: Sulzberg-Druck GmbH, Sulzberg im Allgäu

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement

VII

CHAPTER ONE

Spanish Pseudo-Participal Adjectives in -ido: An Overview

1

CHAPTER TWO

The -ido Adjectives of Group III: A Study in Polygenesis

13

Group HI a Group III b

14 20

GroupIIIc

30

CHAPTER THREE The -ido Adjectives of Group II: A Study in Lexicalization

40

CHAPTER FOUR

The History of Denominal Adjectives in -ido Denominal Adjectives in -ido Formal and Semantic Considerations The Genesis of Denominal Adjectives in -ido Failure of a Derivational Pattern

Appendix Conclusion

51 62 62 66 71

74 78

Bibliography Books, Monographs and Articles Editions of Medieval Texts

80 87

Abbreviations Books, Journals, Monograph Series MedievalTexts Word Index

91 92 93

Acknowledgement

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help received from many quarters in the preparation of this monograph. I am deeply grateful to Professors Jerry R. Craddock, Clifford S. Leonard, Jr., Yakov Malkiel, and Ernst Pulgram for their insightful comments on an earlier draft of this study. I have incorporated many of their suggestions, but I alone remain responsible for remaining errors and stylistic infelicities. My warmest appreciation goes to the University of Michigan for the following generous assistance: I wish to thank the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies for a Faculty Fellowship which allowed me to complete the research for this monograph, the College of Literature, Science and the Arts for a grant which covered the costs of preparing the manuscript for submission, and the Department of Romance Languages for funding the computer time needed for text editing and processing. I owe a special debt of gratitude to David J. Billick who carefully and expertly prepared this monograph on the computers of the University of Michigan Terminal System.

VII

CHAPTER ONE

Spanish Pseudo-Participial Adjectives in -ido: An Overview

Etymologists have long known that successful work in their specialty demands recourse to the knowledge furnished by all branches of historical grammar phonology, morphology (inflectional, derivational, and compositional), syntax, and semantics. In a not too distant past, the masters of historical grammar fully understood the importance of etymology for their craft. The work of many first-rate scholars displays a happy balance between diachronically-slanted lexical pieces and essays in straight historical grammar. Within the fields of Latin and Romance studies, the names of Alfred Ernout, Friedrich Diez, Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke, and Max Leopold Wagner, each of whom authored both etymological dictionaries and historical grammars, spring immediately to mind. Although he never compiled a standard etymological dictionary, the research carried out by Ramon Menendez Pidal shows an impressive interplay between historical grammar and etymology; his Cid Grammar (1908), his masterly Origenes del espanol (1926; 31950), and the definitive version (1941) of his Manual de gramatica historica espanola were flanked by strings of impressive lexical vignettes1 and the etymological vocabulary of the Cantar de mio Cid. Outside the Romance domain one may invoke in this context, by way of illustration, the names of Emile Benveniste2, Pierre Chantraine, Antoine Meillet, and Edward Sapir. Today's practitioners of Romance historical grammar, especially students of morphology and syntax, have tended to ignore the findings made available by the probings of etymologists into the histories of individual lexical items, word families, or semantic fields. This attitude has resulted in the well documented estrangement - to the disadvantage of all parties - of etymology and historical grammar. To a large extent etymologists have not exactly helped their own cause. With a few notable exceptions (such as Yakov Malkiel, Kurt Baidinger, and those few of their immediate disciples who have displayed some degree of commitment to etymological research), they have neglected to show concern with the implications of their findings for general linguistics and have been slow 1

See especially his "Etimologias espanolas", Ro, 29 (1900), 334-379, and "Notas para el 16xico romänico", RFE, 1 (1920), 1-36, an elaboration upon the Spanish material in the first edition of Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke, REW. 2 For a retrospective of Benveniste's massive output viewed within the framework of this discussion, see Malkiel, "Lexis and Grammar - Necrological Essay on Emile Benveniste (1902-76)", , 34:2 (1980), 160-94.

1

to take advantage of new insights provided by more experimentally minded linguists. Responsibility for rectifying this situation falls squarely on the shoulders of the etymologist, who can no longer afford the luxury of being a "pure" etymologist in the style of such luminaries as Paul Aebischer, Juan Corominas, and Johannes Hubschmid. Among Romanists active today Yakov Malkiel has taken the lead in attempting to revitalize etymology and to restore a healthy balance with historical grammar3. Among his recent suggestions is the inclusion within the scope of etymology of the genesis and spread of affixal as well as of root morphemes. Certain intricate problems of derivational morphology may require the microscopic inspection of each lexical item in which the element in question makes an appearance. Worthy of quotation in this context is the following observation made by Malkiel some thirty years ago: "it has become empirically known that word formation (that is, derivation and composition) which, with inflection proper, makes up morphology in the Indo-European languages, is best studied and practiced jointly with etymology; witness the output of researchers such as A. Ernout and M. L. Wagner who attack problem after problem of word origins and formative suffixes, simply because they have found the respective issues to be inextricably interwoven."4 Let me add here that Malkiel himself has consistently practiced what he has preached in these lines. His monographs on the growth of individual suffixes are accompanied by separate studies of pertinent lexical items (many etymologically opaque) which contain the formative under study. Such investigations may be especially necessary with non-native suffixes which at first enter a language as integral parts of loanwords (e.g., Sp. -aje, -esco)5, and with affixes 3

The vital connection between etymology and historical grammar has preoccupied Malkiel since the fifties. His most recent papers on the topic include: "The Interlocking of Etymology and Historical Grammar Exemplified with the Analysis of Spanish desletr ", Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Historical Linguistics, ed. William M.Christie, Jr., (Amsterdam, 1976), pp. 285-310 (with Discussion at pp. 310-12); "Perspectives d'un renouvellement de l'otymologie romane", Actes du ΧΙΙΓ congres international de linguistique et ph ologie romanes (Quebec, 1971) (Quebec, 1976), pp. 967-86; "Etymology as a Challenge to Phonology: The Case of Romance Linguistics", Lautgeschichte und Etymologie: Akten der VI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Wien 24-29 September 1978 (Wiesbaden, 1980), pp. 260-86; "Etymology: New Thoughts and Possibilities for its Rejuvenation", Scritti linguistics in onore di G. B. Pellegrini, I, (Pisa [1983]), pp. 589-634. 4 "Etymology and the Structure of Word Families", Word, 10 (1954), 265-74, at 265. 5 On -aje see Suzanne Fleischman's monograph, Cultural and Linguistic Factors in Word Formation: An Integrated Approach to the Development of the Suffix -age, UCPL 86 (Berkeley, London, and Los Angeles, 1977), esp. pp. 285-315. On -esco see Malkiel, "The Pan-European Suffix -esco, -esque in Stratigraphic Projection", Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics to the Memory of Pierre Delattre, ed. Albert Valdmann (The Hague, 1973), 357-87; and, Thomas J. Walsh, "Two Contrastable Approaches to Suffixal Derivation: The Case of Romance -esco/-esque", RPh, 33:4 (1980), 489-96.

which may have been generated from the language's internal derivational resources. The growth and spread in Hispano-Romance of one such problem suffix constitutes the central theme of this monograph. Like its sister languages, Old Spanish had inherited from Latin a set of three suffix-stressed past participles, namely -ado, -ido, and -udo, attached to verbs in -ar, -ir, and -er respectively. These same morphemes (or their homonyms) came to perform other tasks in Hispano-Romance. A suffix -ado could be employed to form nouns indicative of secular or ecclesiastical jurisdictions (a function in which -ado often competed with OSp. -adgo, later -azgo, the local reflex of - TICU); witness relnado 'reign'