Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2005 1402203276, 159339120X

Citation preview

"It

may be time

for the venerable

World Almanac and Book ofFactsto step aside." kA w

a

*,

—library Journal

d

ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Britannica

Al manaC

2005 INCLUDES CD-ROM & ONLINE SUBSCRIPTION .sting with fact

almost every imaginabL

The most complete almanac

for today's

wo

CALENDAR OCTOBER 2004 - DECEMBER 2005 S

M

OCTOBER 2004 T W T

S

F

S

NOVEMBER 2004 w T F 1 2 3 4 5

DECEMBER 2004

M

S

S

M

T

W

|

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

8

9

7

9

8

6

10 11 12 13

5

6

7

4

1

2

3

8

9

10 11

12 13 14 15 16

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

28 29 30

26 27 28 29 30 31

10 11

24/31

25 26 27 28 29 30

FEBRUARY 2005 w T F 1 2 3 4

JANUARY 2005 S

M

1

T

W

T

S

F

S

M

1

4

2

3

9

10 11

5

6

8

7

6

7

8

9

s

S

M

5

10 11 12

6

7

MARCH 2005 T w T

F

S

1

2

3

4

5

8

9

10 11 12

12 13 14 15

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28

27 28 29 30 31

25 26 27 28 29

2130 2431

F

s

S

M

1

2

1

2

MAY 2005 T W 3 4 5

8

9

8

9

10 11 12 13 14

APRIL 2005 S

3

M

|

4

T

5

W 6

T

7

JUNE 2005 F

S

6

7

S

5

M

6

T

7

w

T

F

S

1

2

3

4

8

9

10 11

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

15 16 17 18 19 20 21

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

29 30 31

26 27 28 29 30

M

T

4

w

T

SEPTEMBER 2005

AUGUST 2005

JULY 2005 S

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

F

S

1

2

S

M

T

W

T

F

S

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10 11

S

M

T

6

w

F

S

1

2

3

8

9

10

12 13

4

5

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

11

12 13 14 15 16 17

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

28 29 30 31

25 26 27 28 29 30

3

24/31

5

6

7

8

'

9

25 26 27 28 29 30

7

OCTOBER 2005 S

M

2

3

9

F

S

7

8

NOVEMBER 2005 T W T F

S

4

5

S

M

6

7

7

DECEMBER 2005 T W

S

M

1

2

8

9 10

3

1

2

3

8

9

10 11 12

4

5

10 11 12 13 14 15

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

11

12 13 14 15 16 17

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

27 28 29 30

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

i

23/30 24/31

4

5

6

25 26 27 28 29

i

6

7

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

REA

'N from the Knowledge leader since i/b»

ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Britannica

ALMANAC

2005 Notice: Warning of Copyright Restrictions The copyright law of the United States (Title 17 United States Code) governs the reproduction distribution adaptation public performance and public display of copyrighted material Under certain conditions specified

in

NOTICE:

are authorized to lend, lease, or rent copies of computer programs to patrons on a nonprofit basis and for nonprofit

purposes Any person who makes an unauthorized copy or adaptation of the computer program or redistributes tne loan copy or publicly performs or displays the computer program

W

of the United Stated except as permitted by the title may be liable for copyright infringement

This institution reserves the right to refuse to

request

if

in its

judgement

*CN\Mf!rf#

law nonprofit libraries

fulfillment of the

fulfill

Code

lost

is

If any part of these contents or damaged, the Patron will be

charged for the

a loan

1

Disk

Video

Cassette

CD

Text

Other

request would

lead to violation of the copyright law

flim

total cost of all items.

4

200S

Jacob

E.

Chairman of the Board

Safra,

Jorge Aguilar-Cauz, President

Chicago

•

London

•

New

Delhi

•

Paris

Seoul

•

Sydney Taipei •

•

Tokyo

Braucher

Charles Cegielski Rob Curley

CARTOGRAPHY

MANUFACTURING Dennis Flaherty

Michael Nutter

Charles Turoff

Michael Frassetto

COPY

Anthony L. Green Jamie Hennelly William Hosch

Sherman

Kurt Heintz

Jeannine Deubel Kimberly L Cleary

Linda Berris Lisa

EDITORIAL LIBRARY Henry Bolzon Angela Brown Lars Mahinske

MEDIA ASSET MANAGEMENT

EDITORIAL Susana Darwin Patricia Bauer

MARKETING

Sylvia Wallace

Ronning Lorraine Murray Thad King

Patti Ginnis

Larry Kowalski

Katrina Litka

Michael Ray Dennis Skord

Tom Panelas

PRODUCTION CONTROL

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA,

Julian

Hollar

Michael R. Hynes Kathleen Kuiper Gene 0. Larson Robert Lewis Sarah Forbes Orwig

Kenneth Pletcher

Marilyn

Jessica Rhoades

L.

Maureen Brennan Richard Flower

Leah Mansoor

Jacob

Barbara Schreiber Kathleen B. Sheet? Melinda C. Shepherd Karen Jacobs Sparks

COMPOSITION TECHNOLOGY Melvin Stagner Carol A. Gaines

Mamoru Suzuka Amy Tikkanen

E.

Safra

Chairman of the Board Jorge Aguilar-Cauz President

EDITORIAL TECHNOLOGIES Michael Ross Senior Vice President, Corporate Development

Steven Bosco Gavin Chiu Bruce Walters

Anita Wolff

Zhihou Xia

Mark Wiechec

ART/DESIGN Nancy Donohue Canfield Kathy Nakamura

Dale H. Hoiberg Sen/or Vice President

CD Team Mark Almadrones Dan Au

and

Steven N. Kapusta Jerry Kraus Thomas John Spanos

Tom Brandt

Charles

Strom Nadia Venegas

Amber Gribben

Theodore Pappas

Kristine A.

Executive Editor

Megan Williams

Beth Kessler Luna Rajbhandari

David Alexovich

Megan Abrams

© 2004

is

dedicated

P.

Trumbull

Bindiya Valavil

Marsha Mackenzie Managing Editor and

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Director of Production

Carmen-Maria Hetrea Sheila Vasich

Paul

Lyudmila Skoropistsev

book

Editor

Director of Yearbooks

Morgan Delagrange Sam Fong

STATISTICAL STAFF Rosaline Jackson Keys DeAudray Brown Stephen Neher

This

INC.

Barton

in

memory

loving

to

Cranmer Melvin Stagner.

He was always

there.

BY ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, INC.

©

©

Shepard

S*"*^***

Ali Jasim/Reuters/Corbis. edition photos (front cover left to right): Jftm Young/Reuters/ Gary Hershorn/Reuters/Corb.s; Andrew Holbrooke/Corbis; Reuters/Corbis; (continued on page 4) Jeff Haynes/Pool/Reuters/Corbis: Kevin Lamarque/Reuters/Corbis; Corbis;

US

©

©

©

©

©

©

Copyright Under International Copyright Union „.,,„•„ nr Bntannica, inc. Copyright Conventions by Encyclopaedia All Rights Reserved Under International and Universal ,

edition US edition International Standard Book Number: 1-4022-0327-6; international Book Number: 1-59339-120-X; International Standard Serial Number: 1540-8868

International Standard

electronic or mechanical, includpart of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, without permission in writing ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

No

from the publisher.

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ALMANAC 2005 For information on group and Britannica.com may be accessed on the Internet at http://www.britannica.com. bulk sales, please send an e-mail to [email protected]. a-

~i_.~. n ~i, r>~.

r\ft

\

n.-,v,»

1

.

I

Year

in

X

HI E l

ClIMI

Mn

Civil

Features Life

on Earth

248

.

5

Plants

The European Union

8

Endangermer

Weapons

of

Mass

234

Engineering

Global Challenges to the United States in a New Millennium: An Interview with Jimmy Carter

Defining

228

Natural Disasters

Review

Animals

Destruction

.

...

Rebuilding the World Trade Center by David R. Calhoun

249 252

|

.

253 256

Geology

by Peter Saracino

8 Preserving Nature ...

269

Hearth

271

9 Major Diseases

Filling

.

AmericansCanada

276

.

Prescriptions for

Mental Hearth

Big Business in by Ellen Bernstein

.10

Nanotechnology-Small by Alan Stewart

291

and Exercise

Diet

Beautiful

Is

1

Hybrid Cars Hit the Road by William L. Hosch .

284

.

.

The Reality of Virtual Characters by Barbara Whitney Chronology. July 2003-June Month by Month

The World Countries of the World

301

Rulers and Regimes

624

Encyclopaedia Bntanmca's Most

2004

2003-June 2004 Month by Month

Leaders of

Influential

....

.

.

13

Disasters, July

...

48

Populations

Languages

All

638

Time

650

.

World

of the

.

673

Religion

Personalities

The 2004 Annual Megacensus Celebrities

& Newsmakers

Obituaries. July

.53

.

2003-June 2004

117

652 654

Scholarship

Religions

of .

Law & Crime

.

.

674

683

.

689

Military Affairs

Awards The Nobel Prizes

.

.139

.

152

Special Achievement Awards

Science Honors

.

.

FLAGS

... after

HAPS

after

page 960: plates 1-6

page 960: plates 6- 16

158 United States

PHOTOS

after

page 192: plates 1-16 History

Nature, Science, Medicine,

&

.

.691

.

Technology

Important Documents

Time

165

173

The Universe

Cosmogony

173

Stars

...

.691

Chronology of US History

174

Government.

.

in

US

706

The Presidency

The Congress.

.

.

Measurements and Numbers

200 213

Applied Science

.748

The Supreme Court

Communications

214

Aerospace Technology

215

Space Exploration

215

Cities

Meteorology

Firsts

218

219 222

.

Population

.

The States and other Areas .

.

706

.738

.

Military Affairs.

Air Travel

.694

185

The Solar System

Space Exploration

History ....

.

.

751

762

.770 .810

.

Law and Crime

.812

Society.

.820

.

Family ....

Education. Libraries

.

and Museums.

.820 .823 .

824

Table of Contents

Economics

&

Business

986

Basketball

990

827

World Economy

827

US Economy

832

Banking

832

Currency

833

Energy

834

995

996

Bowling

839

Consumer

849

Prices

US Budget

851

US Taxes

854

Chess

1012

Contract Bridge

1013

Cricket

1014

Curling

1015

Cycling

1016

Fencing

1018

Field

Arts, Entertainment,

998

Boxing

836

and Tourism

Employment

&

857

Motion Pictures

859

1020

US

1021

Music

Grammy Awards

1041 1044

Ice

Hockey

1053

881

Ice

Skating

1056

882

Judo

1062

882

Marathon

1063

Rodeo

1065

Rowing

1066

888

Sailing (Yachting)

1069

889

Skiing

1072

Sled Dog Racing

1078

Squash

1078

Swimming

1079

888

Encyclopaedia Britannica's 25 World-Class Orchestras

Pageants

890

and Letters Awards

Encyclopaedia Britannica's Favorite English-Language Children's Books

.

.

.

906

Sports Sporting Codes for Countries

The Olympic Games

913 915

Archery

1029

Horse Racing

Encyclopaedia Britannica's

Top 25 Opera Companies

1028

Gymnastics

879

Encyclopaedia Britannica's 25 Notable US Theater Companies

Rugby

1033

875

Theater

1028

1028

Golf

870

Film Festivals Television

Canadian Australian

Association Football (Soccer)

859

Academy Awards

1020

Hockey

Football

Leisure

Encyclopaedia Britannica's 50 Great Museums of the World

Arts

Games

Billiard

Banking

Travel

Baseball

977

Automobile Racing

978

Badminton

984

Table Tennis

1084

Tennis

1085

Track

&

1100

Field

Volleyball

1108

Weight

1108

Lifting

1109

Wrestling

1116

INDEX

©

©

©

(continued from page 2) (back cover left to right): Sunset Ian Hodgson/Reuters/Corbis; Reuters /Corbis; Boulevard/Corbis Sygma; © Petre Buzoianu/Corbis; International edition photos (front cover left to right): Amit Bhargava/Corbis; Reuters/Corbis; Mike Finn-Kelcey/Reuters/Corbis; Richard H. Cohen/Corbis;

© © John

©

©

©

Schults/Reuters/Corbis; (back cover left to right): © Reuters/Corbis; © Michael Cole/Corbis; Boulevard/ Corbis Sygma; © Petre Buzoianu/Corbis; NASA/JPL/University of Colorado.

© Sunset

Year

in

Review

Global Challenges to the United States in a

New Millennium

An Interview with Jimmy Carter

Few people in the United States have a better overview of the state of the world than Jimmy Carter. He has been a submarine officer in the US Navy, a successful peanut farmer, governor of Georgia (1971-75). the 39th president of the US (1977-81), and, with his wife, Rosalynn, founder of The Carter Center (1982). an organization dedicated to the well-being of the world's people. In addition to his many other honors, Carter received the 2002 Nobel Prize for Peace. Now 80 years old, Carter is still very active in The Carter Centers projects, which include monitoring national elections, promoting peace through personal diplomacy, and eradicating or preventing tropical diseases such as river blindness, Guinea worm disease, and trachoma. Since leaving the White House he has written 18 books, including political memqirs, personal reminiscences, inspirational works. poetry, and, most recently, a novel. This written interview is excerpted from a conversation with Encyclopaedia Britannica (EB) Director of Yearbooks Charles Trumbull at The Carter Center in Atlanta GA. Encyclopaedia Britannica: How would you characterize the state of the world? think the world is deeply conPresident Carter: cerned and uncertain about the future. The number of conflicts on Earth now is close to the highest in history. There is rapidly increasing wealth in the industrialized countries and a growing gap, or chasm, between the quality of life of those nations and the nations of the developing world. The status of the international community has changed dramatically in the last year. For the first time in human history, there is one undisputed superpower that is asserting its military strength. The strength of the United Nations has been dramatically challenged and potentially weakened. There is a lack of understanding or cooperation between Europe and the United States that is unprecedented in recent hisI

tory.

The effects

of so-called globalization

have not

attenuated the disparities between the rich and poor countries but maybe have accelerated them. The ability of people now in the poorer nations to understand through mass media the degree of their

economic

has made them increasingly can compare themselves with

plight

resentful as they

in other nations and not just families in the next village. Yet the quality of life for people like me

families

and most readers

of Encyclopeedia Britannica

is

improved every year by scientific and medical developments that hold promise for the future. The decrease in colonial or central authority in Russia, the former Yugoslavia, and throughout Africa has unleashed ethnic strife and tribal differences that were subdued under colonial influence in Africa and under the powerful central governments of the Soviet Union and Marshal Tito. But believe most of I

our individual fears of terrorism in industrialized countries are unjustified. Statistically speaking, it is highly unlikely that any of us or our friends will be directly affected by terrorism, although the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks has made us all extraordinarily fearful. EB: Do you see terrorism or state terrorism as a new

phenomenon? Carter: No,

ment ident,

I

think there has

been an

we

dealt with terrorism

in

incipient ele-

When was

of terrorism for a long time.

I

pres-

the form of explo-

and things of that kind, not a worldwide awareness of it. Leaders were concerned, however, and we acted to

sions, aircraft hijackings,

but there

was

try to control

it.

EB:

Would you agree

was a

that the history of the 20th cen-

between various ideologies—capitalism, communism, fascism, and so if on—and. so. what do you think the arena for the 21st century is going to be? Will ideologies again tury

history of the clash

be the issue, or

will

it

be our

cultural, ethnic,

and

social differences? first few months of 2001. gave several speeches addressing the question of the greatest

Carter: In the

1

challenge the world faces in the new millennium. My answer was the "growing gap between nch and poor people." This is the preeminent potential element of conflict and dispute we face in the coming years. It is exacerbated by the growing sense of a religious difference, that you have Muslims on one side and Christians on the other who have been identified, at least in the public consciousness, as adversaries. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, this potential difference between Islam and the Christian world has become a very important concern, almost an obsession for some people. do not see it as justified, but it exists. EB: Has it become an obsession on both sides, or only in the United States? Carter: think it is an obsession on both sides. For instance, recently saw the results of a poll by the Pew Global Attitudes Project. The number of Jordanians who look with favor on the United States is 1%. In the past looked upon Jordan, with Egypt, as perhaps our best friend in the Arab world. A favorable attitude overseas toward the United States is at an abysmally low level. A lot of that is a feeling not only that the United States dominates economically, militarily, and politically but also that we are trying to dominate others from a religious point of view. Within the Christian community in the US certainly, and perhaps in some countries of Europe, there is a sense that Islam harbors and encourages acts of terrorism or violence to accomplish its goals. EB: You suggested in your Nobel Prize lecture that in the new era nations will be called upon to cede some of their sovereignty to international organizations, yet in many ways the US seems to be backing I

I

I

I

away from initiatives that would limit its ability to act independently—for example, in the United Nations recently over Iraq, in the World Trade Organization whenever it rules against the US. in regard to the International Criminal Court, and so on.

Some of my Nobel address was targeted toward the United States and its recent policies.

Carter:

Year

in

Review

—Global Challenges EB: You have spoken frequently about the important role that nongovernmental organizations and pri-

which concern me very deeply: the inclination to bypass the United Nations or to derogate its work; an attempt to deal unilaterally with the problems of the world; trying to impose our will on others with military action as a very great and early possibility, not a last resort; a strong inclination, proven by actions, to abandon all the important international agreements that had been approved by presidents of the past and to prevent the implementation of agreements in the embryonic stage, including the International Criminal Court; and the abandonment of the agreement at Kyoto concerning global warming. The Kyoto Agreement represented consensus

vate initiatives have

common

and

trying to

purpose. The

publicly

past policies and,

I

typical

this

US HOW

separated

I

government or its national eleccommission. EB: am interested in your humble use of the word authority. You

itself

is

the only

superpower now? Is it because the Republicans are in

office?

Is

it

Well,

commitments

claim that you have no authority,

it

yet you

made and is

is

embarking on a new

new

not only

because the United States

atomic Weaponry,..*

I

national policy. Their ability to put these ideas into practice was greatly enhanced because of the 9/11 attack, which

caused Americans to consider themselves to be at war against terrorism. Anytime our country is at war, we try to give the commander in

who

is

normally a

civilian

The

into a country.

personal dimension of your involvement with The Carter Center gives you an enormous amount of sway, does it not? Carter: Well, there is certainly moral authority and the influence of my voice, on behalf of The Carter Center. Quite often we monitor an election side by side with represen-

power in the Soviet Union and Russia. about as much on our military as the rest of the world combined. Every time we spent three dollars on our military, the Iraqis spent one cent. It is hard for me to speak in a completely objective way, but think there have been long-standing philosophical and political commitments of some of the key players in the Bush administration whose ideas and goals are now being effectuated by in

We now spend

chief-

m

s s

the only superpower. We have been the only superpower since Mikhail Goris

bachev was

have enormous authority

when you go

also

effort to develop it

I

just a stage

of history?

Carter:

tion

happen?

Did this arrogance of power occur because the United States

is

altruistic

dealing with tropical diseases, we are in the villages, in the homes of people who suffer from these diseases. Another aspect of NGOs is that they have no special authority and could not have it even if they wanted it. The Carter Center has now observed 45 elections in the world. We go into those countries by invitation, and the first thing always announce when arrive is that we have no authorflClS ity. All authority rests in tne local

publicly from most

partisan commitments. did

NGO

I

( £ The

previous leaders of this

Why

of the

on the ground

country, regardless of our

EB:

some

self, say, to

think,

contravene the general premises espoused by the rest of the world and

A

humanitarian or

US now has sepafrom most commitments it rated itself made and is also embarking on a new effort to develop new atomic weaponry, as shown in the recent vote in Congress in support of deep-penetrating nuclear bombs, and the antiballistic-missile placements that have recently been approved in Alaska and are now facing China and North Korea. Many of these are departures from reach a

alleviating

an organization designed for purposes—for example, to alleviate suffering, provide improved environmental quality, promote freedom and democracy, or guarantee human rights. Second, although some NGOs may be bound by the purposes expressed by the founder, or their heirs, many are adequately flexible and can deal without the restraints of complicated government structures, economies, and so forth and can make decisions rapidly. Third, NGO representatives quite often work in areas of the world and among people of the world who are most in need. If an NGO like The Carter Center devotes it-

Carter:

reached after a decade or more of analysis of scientific facts, laborious negotiation,

in

world's problems.

administrator—ex-

traordinary public support and latitude in dealing with the threat to the country. The terrorism threat has been publicized repeatedly, such that the US

has never been able to get over its quite legitimate concerns after 9/11. The US is the superpower in almost every aspect of life now-not just militarily, politically, and economically- but culturally too. American music and entertainment permeate the world. Our country is in a mode of deciding how its single superpower status should be exerted.

On election day, if see something going wrong, have no reluctance to take it up directly with the head of the ruling party, the

tatives of the United Nations.

I

I

president, or the prime minister.

If

that

is

unsuc-

am

not shy about calling an international press conference and saying, "This is wrong, and the

cessful,

I

ruling party should take action to

the election

is

over,

I

change

it."

When

have no reticence about saying,

was faulty, and do not believe the will of the people was represented." EB: How do you view some of the other grand-scale "This election

I

personal efforts to alleviate suffering? am thinking particularly of rock musician Bob Geldof, who earlier this year called for a "Marshall Plan" for Africa. Geldof said that during the Marshall Plan for Europe, 1% of the gross national product of the United States went to rebuilding Europe and that the same I

thing could be done in Africa with 0.16% of GNP. think we could do it if we invested 0.1% of the US GNP for humanitarian aid. By the way, the

Carter:

I

humanitarian aid figure from the US government is the lowest percentage of any industrialized country in the world. European countries give about 4 times as much; Norway gives about 17 times as much per capita.

Vk\k

in

Review

—Global Chali

EB: You set up The Carter Center in Atlanta in 1982. What was your vision then, and what is your vision

now, say, looking

20 years out?

They were quite different. When we conhad ceived of The Carter Center, Rosalynn and I

the very limited vision of creating here a Camp would deal excluthought David in miniature. sively with conflicts or potential conflicts in the world, analyze their causes and the principles of the parties involved, and offer my services as a had mediated between Israel and mediator, as Egypt in the Camp David Accords in 1978 that led to the peace treaty between those countries— by the way, not a word of which has ever been violated. We still do that. But The Carter Center has I

I

evolved, because

mitments

to

I

human

my

realized that rights

marily predicated on

my

and

to

earlier compeace were pri-

limited viewpoint as a

president and governor. did not understand that intense personal hunger and suffering from preventable diseases was such a terrible problem. know did not know about all the poor countries well today. Now over half our total effort is devoted 4' to health programs. The I

I

I

most

remarkable proagainst Guinea

gress

worm

general it is a better avenue for the solution of social problems. EB: You have mentioned the 9/11 attacks several times today. How have those events changed your thinking or the policies of The Carter Center? was Carter: It really has not changed our policies. pleasantly surprised after 9/11 that the worldwide support for The Carter Center went up noticeably. Many people saw The Carter Center as an element of international stability, that we operated across ethnic and religious lines, in mundane commrtments. like growing more rice on a farm or treating clear that

and the right to self-governance, but social and economic rights, including environmental concerns, alleviation of suffering, and the right to health care.

problems such as poor housing or unmedical care? Carter: Yes, with some caveats. The right of a people to elect their own leaders does not automatically result in a fair distribution of a nation's wealth and an social

availability of

alleviation of abject poverty, but

it

certainly gives a

better opportunity for alleviation that

is

achieved to

be more rapid and effective. If leaders of a country know they will be subject to their people's approval or disapproval in four, five, or six years, they are

much more inclined to pay attention to their problems. In new democracies there is often the reverse problem

too. People espousing democracy for the time quite often are misled into extremely high expectations and believe that after they elect their own leaders, they are going to have better housing, more to eat, or better education for their children. first

disillusioned

when change comes

is also a natural human inclination among leaders to ally themselves with their peer group or with special interests who can provide It

political

in their individual distncts.

congressmen vote a Now the Congress members go into caucus and they decide on the party's policy, and then they vote as a bloc. This is amazing to me; never expenenced that when was in the White House. have always been a Democrat, and my choice is a natural one; do not have any compunction about my choice, nor have ever felt bound by it. My main challenge when was president was from the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, and my strongest support was from the moderate elements in the Democratic Party. EB: Let me ask for your quick responses to situations in a couple of hot spots around the world. BrazilThere are very interesting developments with the election of Pres. Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. Carter: Yes. have very good hopes about Brazil. understand that President Lula has chosen excellent advisers, is making good decisions, and is putting Brazil on the right track. did

line.

I

I

I

I

I

there a connection between lack of democracy

slowly.

home

Seldom party

freedom of as speech, freedom of mistreatment by authorities,

Then they are

was great flexibility in the House and Senate in dealing with controversial issues on their merit and how they affected people back

problem.

rights,

I

ship with the Republicans

diseases was such a terrible

had a better relationin Conwith the Democrats, than gress but not always. Comparatively speaking however, there was very little partisan animosity. There generally

from preventable

such

and

we

as

hunger and suffering

much broader range of human rights, not only

Is

realized that

all

uitably. So.

intense personal

the villages because of the civil war. The Carter Center has extended its vision to encompass a

EB:

and

kinds of governments and leaders eqfar as The Carter Center was concerned. 9/11 was a terrible atrocity but not an adverse factor on our own projects. EB: A key aspect of The Carter Center and yourself personally, it seems, has been your dedication always to nonpartisanship. Sometimes this must have been an incredible balancing act. Often you seem to have been at cross-pur poses with the White House, the State Department, and even the Democratic Party on occasion. Carter: That is true. As president, dealt with

understand that

than 50,000 today, and almost three-fourths of those are in southern Sudan, where we cannot reach some of less

political

in

is

children for river blindness,

earlier I did not

and

democracy

but

I

campaign

civil

to favoritism or corruption.

has evolved, because

disease. Incidences

to

and this So there are

with funding for a reelection effort,

can lead

have been reduced from 3.5 million, when the began,

s

jfa Carter Center

f

is

eradication

ngi

some caveats about democracy,

Carter:

I

them

i

I

I

I

EB: One of Lula's first acts as president was to declare that nobody in Brazil should be without housing. As if to underline his determination. Lula canceled a very large order of military equipment. Carter: That is a very good move. We have tried to encourage that all over Latin America. The leader in this regard is Costa Rica, a country that devotes all its resources to nonmilitary purposes. EB: Zimbabwe—You were present at the creation, were you not?

Year

Carter:

I

issues

Review

—The European Union

spent more time working on the Zimbabwe than did on the Middle East

think in

in

Carter: Well,

I

I

know they had weapons

them,

mass

of

struction in the era of the Iran-Iraq War.

I

de-

They used

EB:

think with the knowledge of the United States. "Maybe by the time this interview is pub-

Carter:

lished,

peace process! brink. It seems to be a country that is on the It is because of malfeasance and maladministration of Pres. Robert Mugabe. EB: What is the way out?

Carter: To find ship.

I

some means

is

my

opinion

will

not

amount

to anything, but

am

increasingly doubtful that they did have substantial weapons of mass destruction at the time of I

the

to terminate his leader-

do not see any way out as long as he

I

the

EB:

US

leader.

invasion.

Thank you very much,

Carter:

I

Mr. President.

have enjoyed talking with you.

EB: Iraq-Do you think the Iraqis had weapons of mass destruction in the spring of 2003?

The European Union map shows Europe on 1 May 2004. when The the 15-member European Union was aug-

The new EU

Weapons

a powerful

economic and

455

political

million (com-

290 million in the US), an area of 4.0 km (1.5 million sq mi) (compared with 9.5 million sq km [3.7 million sq mi] in the US), and a gross domestic product of $11.5 trillion (US GDP is

mented by the accession of 10 additional countries-Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia-eight of which were from the former communist Eastern Europe.

Defining

is

entity with a total population of

pared with

million sq

about $10.4

of

trillion).

Mass Destruction

by Peter Saracino continued search 2003-04 weapons The mass destruction (WMD) heightened in

for

in Iraq

of

cu-

concerning the definition of WMD. The term has been in use since at least 1937, when newspapers described German bomber aircraft as riosity

"weapons

of mass destruction" because they were being used to raze Republican-held cities during the

Spanish Civil War. During the Cold War, WMD was narrowly defined to include only nuclear weapons because their use threatened the entire planet. By the end of the 1990-91 Gulf War, WMD had been used in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687— which imposed on Iraq strict rules for disarmament—to describe nuclear, biological, and chemical

Yeah

in

Review

—Defining Weapons of

weapons. Since that time others have tried to alter the definition to include any weapon that disperses radioactivity or causes mass panic. Nuclear weapons are thus far the most devastating weapon of mass destruction. They inflict their damage by a combination of intense blast, heat, electromagnetic energy, and radioactivity. Within a few min utes the single rudimentary bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in August 1945 killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed all the buildings inside a 1.6-km (1-mi) radius of "ground zero" (i.e.. the point of impact).

Nuclear weapons get their explosive power from a sustained nuclear chain reaction involving fission (the splitting of atoms) or fusion (the combining of lighter atoms to form new heavier ones). Creating such a chain reaction requires either highly enriched uranium (HEU) or plutonium. Plutonium occurs very rarely in nature and must be made inside a nuclear reactor. Uranium ore contains about 0.7% U-235 (the isotope needed to sustain an explosive chain reaction) and must be refined until the U-235 content is at least

90%. About 50 kg (110 lb) of HEU or 10 kg (22 lb) of Plutonium are needed to build a crude nuclear bomb. To acquire even these small amounts, one requires a sophisticated enrichment plant or a nuclear reactor and reprocessing facility to extract plutonium; alterna-

one could acquire HEU or plutonium from someone with such facilities. The cornerstones of the effort

tively,

to control the

spread of nuclear weapons materials

and technologies are the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). which has nearly 200 member states and came into force in 1970. and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). which still requires signature by India. Pakistan, and North Korea. Before it can come into force, nine other countries, including the United States, must ratify the CTBT. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), established under the auspices of the United Nations

1957, helps ensure that states

live

up

to their

in

NPT

obligations.

During World War both the German and the Allied armies used chemical weapons (CW) as a means of breaking the deadlock of trench warfare. By war's end in 1918, approximately one million soldiers and civilians had been injured by this type of weapon, and nearly 100,000 had died. More recently. CW were used during the 1980-88 war between Iran and Iraq, most often by the Iraqis, who were trying to overcome the numerical superiority of the Iranian army. CW are I

divided into four categories:

Choking agents, such as chlorine and phosgene and the easiest to manufacture. These have a corrosive effect on the lining of the lungs, causing fluid buildup, but they can easily be defended against by wearing a gas mask. Blood agents, such as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride gas, work by preventing red blood gas. are the oldest

Peter Saracino

is

M\ss Dkmki

(

im>\

from absorbing oxygen and transmitting it throughout the body. Blister agents attack any exposed area of the body, and to defend against them personnel must wear cumbersome protective clothing as well as a gas mask. Mustard gas (sulfur mustard) and lewisite are examples of blister agents. Nerve agents were developed in the 1930s to be more lethal and faster acting than previous types of CW. They are absorbed through the skin or lungs and within seconds will disrupt the transmission of nerve signals to and from the brain. These agents include sarin, tabun, and VX. Controlling the proliferation of CW is difficult because many of the chemicals involved in their production also have nonmilitary uses. For example, thiodiglycol is used to make mustard gas but is also an ingredient in ink for felt-tip pens. The Chemical Weapons Convention is the first international treaty intended to eliminate an entire catecells

gory of

WMD. The treaty came

into force in

1997,and

CW

member

states have 10 years to eliminate their stockpiles and any related infrastructure. The treaty

established the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to monitor and ensure its provisions. This is done through a series of rigorous scheduled and short-notice inspections of known or suspected CW facilities and through the investigation of incidents of alleged use. Biological

weapons (BW) encompass pathogens

(bacteria, viruses,

and

cause diseases and organisms such as plants,

fungi) that

toxins that are derrved from

snakes, and insects. Anthrax and smallpox are examples of pathogens. An example of a toxin is nan. which is derived from the seed of the castor bean. Crude forms of biological warfare have been used since ancient times, when the decaying corpses of animals and humans were placed near enemy food and water supplies with the intention of spreading disease. In the 18th century the British distnbuted blankets contaminated with smallpox to decimate the Indian tnbes with which they were warring. During World War II the Japanese used vanous BW agents against the Chinese. Britain, the Soviet Union, and the US all had significant BW programs dunng the Cold War BW pose a special problem for arms controllers, because most of the equipment and matenals used in their production also have peaceful commercial uses. There is little observable difference between a BW factory and a medical research facility or pharmaceutical plant. The 1975 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention bans all BW and their production facilities, but its more than 140 member states have been unable to reach an agreement on how to verify the treaty. In 2001 the US withdrew from talks on verification protocols, in part over concerns that the proposed inspections would be so intrusive as to threaten the security of propnetary information owned by pharmaceutical companies.

a freelance defense journalist and contributor

to

PEJ News.

Rebuilding the World Trade Center by David R. Calhoun of the most vigorously contested architecmany years ended on 26 Feb 2003. when representatives of the Lower Manhattan Development Corp. (LMDC), the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the gov-

One

tural competitions in

ernments of New York state and New York architect

Daniel

City

chose

Libeskind to develop the 6.5-ha

(16-ac) site of the World Trade Center, destroyed by

the terrorist attacks of 11 Sep 2001. Libeskinds design featured a park sunk 9.1 m (30 ft) below

Year

10

in

Review

—Rebuilding the World Trade Center

would be a memorial to those killed the attacks, and 70 stories of offices topped by a spire (Freedom Tower) that would rise to a height of 538 m (1,776 ft). (The height of the structure was selected to coincide with the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed.) Other parts of the design included visible "footprints" marking where the Twin Towers once stood, a cultural quarter with a museum at its core, a transportation hub, a performing arts center, and four additional office towers. street level that in

winning the competition, Libeskind triumphed some of the world's most prominent architects. The six other finalists included Foster and Partners, whose design featured a single tower that appeared to be formed from two entwined buildings; Meier Eisenman Gwathmey Holl, which offered five towers, three of them connected by a walkway and two other buildings connected to each other by a walkway and erected perpendicular to the other three; the THINK Team, an international group whose design featured very tall twin towers composed of exposed steel latticework; United Architects, which submitted a plan that comprised several very high towers fused together to form a helix-shaped structure; Peterson/ Littenberg, which offered tall twin towers with a promenade between them; and Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, which presented a design featuring a In

over

cluster of 80-story buildings. Earlier, in

2002,

six de-

signs had been submitted for consideration, but all were rejected as prosaic and unimaginative.

Although Libeskind won the competition, questions

David

R.

Calhoun

the Future

and

Filling

is

remained as to who would build his design and whether it would retain all of its original elements. Though the LMDC was given the authority to oversee the restoration of the World Trade Center site, it had to share power' with the Port Authority, which had built the original Trade Center and owned the land. In turn, the Port Authority had to deal with Larry

New York City developer who six weeks before the attacks had signed a 99-year lease on the Trade Center and held the rights to office space at the site. Silverstein was partnered with retail developer Westfield America, which was seeking maxiSilverstein, a

mum

shopping space

own well-known sioned

in

any new plan and had

architect, David Childs,

some money-saving alterations to

who

its

envi-

Libeskind's

and Silverstein's representatives reached an agreement whereby plan. In July, however, Libeskind

Childs would take the lead role in developing Freedom Tower. Later in July Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava was selected to take the lead in the construction of the train terminal. In the meantime, the federal government and the Port Authority endorsed Libeskind's plan to build the tower on the northwest corner of the site, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg agreed that the rebuilt Trade Center could expand beyond its original boundaries for a less-crowded look. In September it was announced that interna-

acclaimed architects Sir Normar Foster, Jean Nouvel, and Fumihiko Maki would be designing three of the towers. The cornerstone for Freedom Tower was laid on 4 Jul 2004. tionally

a freelance writer and former editor of Encyclopaedia Britannica's Yearbook of Science and

Britannica

Book

of the Year.

Prescriptions for Americans

—

Big Business in Canada

by Ellen Bernstein a chilly September morning in Duluth MN, 20 Minnesotans boarded the "Rx Express" bus bound for Winnipeg, MB, Canada. The passengers, senior citizens on fixed incomes, were on a quest for prescription drugs at prices they could afford. Their tab, including appointments with physicians, hotel stays, and meals, would be picked up by US Sen. Mark Dayton, who had been using his government salary to finance Rx Express trips since 2000. The fact that the seniors would save up to 80% by buying their drugs in Canada rather than in the US made the 10hour, 685-km (425-mi) bus ride well worth it. Trips to Canada were one way Americans were seek-

On

or so

ing more reasonably priced medications. Another, more convenient way was via the Internet, and in 2003 well over one million American consumers—not just seniors—took advantage of savings they could get by forwarding prescriptions from their American doctors to an

ever-growing

macies."

ment

Still

number

of

Canadian mail-order "e-phar-

another way was through

initiatives. In July Springfield

American

city to

local govern-

MA became the first

establish a "drug reimportation" pro-

gram-so named because many of the drugs dispensed in Canada were American-made—for its 9,000 employees and retirees. Governors from a number of states were looking

into

implementing similar programs, as

was New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Drugs in Canada were generally less expensive

be-

Ellen Bernstein

in

a freelance writer specializing Britannica's Medical and Health Annual. is

cause the national government negotiated prices, capped subsequent price increases, and granted pharmaceutical companies extended patent rights. In the US unregulated drug prices were among the highest in the world. The booming business that Americans were bringing to Canadian pharmacies was evidence that the US was not doing enough to make drugs affordable to all of its citizens. Even though Pres. George W. Bush said the new Medicare legislation, which he signed into law on 8 Dec 2003 was "finally bringing prescription drug coverage to the seniors of America," the savings it would offer them—at least in the short term— would remain far less than the savings from their northern neighbor. Technically, it was illegal for Americans to import or reimport prescription drugs from a foreign country. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was strongly opposed to the cross-border pharmaceutical trade, citing mainly safety reasons. Although the regulatory agency had exercised "enforcement discretion" with individuals who obtained small quantities of medications for personal use, it began cracking down on profit-making storefront businesses that were facilitating transactions with Canadian pharmacies. In March 2003 the FDA warned one of the biggest commercial ventures, Rx Depot, Inc., that its actions violated the law; a US district court subsequently ordered

Rx Depot to shut down

health

its

85

and medicine and former

storefronts

in

26

states.

editor of Encyclopaedia

Yh \R

in

Rkmkw—Nwoim

Nanotechnology

—

Small

HNOI AH.\

Is

11

Beautiful

by Alan Stewart popular media The "nanotechnology."

are abuzz with a

new

term,

which refers to creation of materials and devices at an extremely small scale to serve as tools for science, technology, and medicine. The prefix "nano" derives from the Greek nanos, meaning "dwarf," and a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. The thickness of a human hair is about 80.000 nanometers, while a strand of DNA is 2.5 nanometers thick. Working at this supermimature level was suggested by American physicist Richard Feynman as early as 1959. and the term "nanotech-

was introduced by researcher Nono Tane-

nology"

in the 1970s. Nanotechnology holds advances in a wide variety of from devices to clean the Earth's atapplications, mosphere to new means of conquering disease and the aging process. Many nano-devices are already hard at work, such as the carbon nanotubes discovered by Sumio lijima in Japan in 1991, which are now in use in "jumbotron" lamps installed in many sports stadiums. Other practical uses of nanoscale technology are important, if more mundane: computer disk drives, automotive sensors, landmine detectors, and solid-state compasses, for example. The technology is also used in the manufacture of dressings for burns and wounds, water filtration, catalytic converters, and sunscreens.

guchi

in

promise

Some

Japan

for significant

of the

ments have as

most yet

exciting nanoscale-level experi-

no

practical applications.

These

include the self-assembling "nano-elevators" reported

by developers at the University of California. Los Angeles,

2004,

in

in

(imagine a three-pin plug set

in

a three-hole socket)

can be made to pop in and out. Within the next few years, nanotechnotogyengineered solar cells in roof tiles are expected to encourage the take-up of solarpower electricity and thus help provide a cleaner environment. Nano-composrte materials are also being used in tires, footwear, exercise equipment, and windshield-wiper blades. Even more exerting prospects are the implantation of nanoscale devices into the human body to deliver and control drugs or to identify cancer cells and environmental applications, such as sensors to detect chemicals and toxins in the air. The US government has provided hefty funding for bioterronsm security applications of nanotechnology. such as developing carbon nanotubes that can sense minscule amounts of nerve agents in the air and-apotying nanoscale devices on a mega scale basis—devising a national system of sensors that could monitor the atmosphere over the US continuously for the presence of biological pathogens or dangerous chemicals. As with any new technology, certain aspects of nanotechnology are frightening to some, and creepy little machines have already infiltrated science fiction writing. Michael Cnchtons 2002 novel Prey, for example, features the spread of tiny malevolent, serf-replicating nanotechnology robots that he calls "nanobots." Perhaps a more realistic worry-as suggested in some toxicology reports over the past few years—is that nanoparticles could prove harmful to living creatures. nanotechnology is expected to be a $1 trillion industry by 2015.

Still,

which two interlocking molecules

Alan Stewart is a freelance journalist and author of Gathering the Clans: Tracing Scottish Ancestry on the Internet (2004).

Hybrid Cars Hit the Road by William

Hybrid

cars began grabbing headlines

in

2004.

especially after movie stars were seen arriving at the

Academy Awards

tally friendly vehicles.

in these environmen With worries over air pollution

and with gas prices topping $2 a gallon, the public imagination has seized on hybrid cars as a high-tech, high-fashion solution.

The State of California provided the major commerimpetus for the development of electric, electric gasoline (hybrid), and fuel-cell vehicles. In 1990 the California Air Resources Board mandated a schedule cial

for

sales of light-duty vehicles

reduce

air pollution.

The

first

in

the state

modern

in

order to

hybrid cars, the

Honda Insight and the Toyota Prius. went on sale in Japan in 1998 and in the US in very limited numbers two years later. Greater numbers—although still fewer than 50,000 (compared to some 17 million gasoline vehicles sold each year in the US) became available with the 2004 model year. Sales took off. with dealers reporting waiting lists of from six months to a year. American manufacturers countered in the summer and fall of 2004. Ford introduced the Escape, the world's first hybrid sport utility vehicle; General Motors offered hybrid versions of its Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks; and DaimlerChrysler came up with a hybrid version of its Dodge Ram truck.

L.

Hosch

Hybnds

typically

use nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) power for an electnc motor that

batteries to provide

shares duties with a small gasoline motor. Either or both motors may be operating, according to driving conditions. When the car is idling at a stop, going downhill, or cruising at low speeds, the gasoline motor is shut off. (Unlike gasoline vehicles, hybrids get better mileage in the city than on the highway.) Under full-throttle acceleration, when climbing hills, or while cruising at high speeds, the two engines operate in tandem by means of a sophisticated elec-

When decelerating or braking, the force used to slow the car down is harnessed to charge the batteries. Although nonnnternal-combustion automobile engines have not been mass-produced for decades, many alternatives have been tried over the years. Throughout the late 19th century, electric, steam, and gasoline vehicles competed fender-to-fender in the marketplace. There were 1.684 steam. 1.575 electric, and 963 gasoline vehicles manufactured in the US in 1900. Electric vehicles lost out to gas-driven cars because of disadvantages in the weight and range of their storage batteries and. especially, owing to their cost. In 1912 the gas-driven Ford Model T. for example, sold for $550, while a typical electric tronic transmission.

•

Year

12

vehicle cost three times as

in

Review

much. The

—Virtual Reality Characters

earliest pro-

duction-model hybrid, the Woods Gasoline-Electric of 1916, sold for even more-$2,650. Today's hybrid vehicles suffer from a similar cost disadvantage because of their extra motor and batteries. With an eye to market share, hybrid automakers have so far underwritten their costs William

L.

Hosch

is

in

an

effort to

a freelance writer

keep

prices in the $20,000 range and competitive with standard cars. They are gambling that mileage figures in the 50-60 mpg (4-5 liters per 100 km) range, the clean and quiet operation, and the stylishness of the new vehicles will continue to attract buyers even as price subsidies begin to be lifted.

selling

and the mathematics and computer science

editor at Encyclopaedia

Britannica.

The Reality of

Virtual Characters

by Barbara Whitney film of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Return of the King, further demonstrated what had been realized the year before in the second of the series, The Two Towers— how absolutely real a computer-generated (CG) character could seem. From the first appearance of the creature Gollum in The Two Towers, it was evident that the day had come when a CG character could play a major acting role in a motion picture and in so doing have as much authenticity—and be as physically and emotionally compelling— as the actual humans on the screen. The performance of Gollum, a once humanlike hobbit whom the power of the ring at the center of the story had transformed into a slinking, crafty, tormented being obsessed with possessing it, was so striking that there was a campaign to gain him an Academy Award nomination. Indeed, at the MTV Movie Awards in mid-2003, Gollum was the winner twice—for best virtual performance and for being a member, along with actors Elijah Wood and Sean Astin, of the best onscreen team. Director Peter Jackson wanted the character to be actor-based and arranged for the creation of Gollum to be an elaborate collaboration between a group of animators and actor Andy Serkis. Gollum's computer design had a full skeleton and a system of some 300 muscles and 250 face shapes. Serkis, whose strong interpretation was a major influence on the final realization of the character, voiced Gollum's dialogue, and the actor's facial expressions and body movements were studied by the animators. Further, in a method known as motion capture photography, Serkis's movements, as he acted out the scenes while wearing a special bodysuit covered in small dots, were captured by computer and transformed digitally. Added to this technique were digital sound mixing and the computer generation of imagery, and the result was the first digital character to be the equal of the live actors. CG characters had been evolving for nearly two decades, since the appearance of what was considered to have been the first one in a film, a knight in a stained-glass window who—during a hallucination sequence in Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)-emerges from the window to engage in a fight. Other milestone

2003 the final

InThe

Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), which pioneered the inclusion of animated characters, complete with three-dimensional shading, in liveaction scenes; The Abyss (1989), whose seawater being was the first character completely created by computer; Jurassic Park (1993), which combined CG techniques with live action and animatronics to create films included

Barbara Whitney

is

lifelike,

textured dinosaurs that

moved

realistically

and could even be seen breathing; Toy Story (1995), the first feature film to be entirely computer-animated and to allow the motion of its characters to be independent of background motion within the same sequence; and the video-game-inspired Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (2001), the first animated film to feature

human

characters

who

are photo-realistic.

CG

imagery (CGI) techniques were also used to create realistic-looking people in films for purposes that included enlarging crowds or armies; having dangerous stunts performed by virtual actors; and finishing a film if an actor died before all of his or her scenes had been shot, as was done, for example, for The Crow (1994) following the death of Brandon Lee and Gladiator (2000) after Oliver Reed died. In The Matrix Reloaded (2003), the character Neo engages in a fight scene in which he has to battle scores of identical versions of his archenemy Agent Smith simultaneously. Star Wars: Episode l-The Phantom Menace (1999) and Episode ll-Attack of the Clones (2002) not only made use of CG armies but also had digitally created characters—such as Jar Jar Binks, Watto, and, in Episode II, Yoda (a puppet in previous series episodes)— interacting with human actors and seeming just as real. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) did the same with a house elf, Dobby, and in The Lord of the Rings, although Gollum was the best-realized

and most famous CG

creation, virtual

characters also appeared elsewhere—such as the walking and talking "living trees" known as Ents. The idea of virtual characters was intriguing enough that a 2002 film, SlmOne, posited the substitution of such a creation, named Simone, when the troublesome human star of a film quits; the digital actress fools everyone and becomes a sensation. Not too far removed from this fiction was the actual creation in Japan of a "virtual idol," Kyoko Date, who was given a family and a personal history and released a compact disc; in the UK an online virtual newscaster named

Ananova, equipped with emotions and facial expressions, was featured on an Internet news service and could be used to deliver customized news broadcasts 24 hours a day-in 16 different languages. Perhaps even closer to real life was the news that a Miss Digital World competition was to be held in 2004, with CG contestants vying to be selected as the virtual embodiment of the ideal contemporary beauty and go on to a career of modeling for advertising, performing in video games, or even starring in virtual-reality films.

a freelance writer and copy supervisor at Encyclopaedia Britannica.

— Yh\K

IN

KniKU

13

CllK()N()l.()(,V

Chronology, July 2003-June 2004 listing of important and interesting events, adapted from Bntannica Book of the Year. See also Disasters.

A day by-day

July 1

The rotating presidency of the European Union passes from Greece to Italy. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas appear publicly together for the first time; they express mutual respect and hope for peace before beginning a fourth round of negotiations. Jul

2003 volcano, increasing the size of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park some 50%. 4 Jul A bomb and grenade attack at the mam Shi'i mosque in Quetta. Pakistan, kills 47 people and

wounds 65;

Shi'i Muslims not in response. A taped voice claiming to be Saddam Hussein and exhorting Iraqis to continue to resist the American occupation is broadcast on the al-Jazeera televi

sion channel.

—

Palestinian Prime Minister M.ihmoikl \hhav before his tourth meelinu uith Israeli Prune Minister Ariel Sh.tnm. in Jerusalem. Jul> I

Hundreds

of

thousands

of

people demonstrate

Hong Kong against a planned that

in

national security law

would ban subversion and other crimes

against the state. Pope John Paul II appoints Bishop Sean P. O'Malley to head the archdiocese of Boston, replacing

Bernard Cardinal Law.

2

Los Angeles Lakers basketball star Kobe Bryant is in Eagle CO on charges of having sexually assaulted a woman. The National Constrtution Center, a museum dedicated to the US Constitution, opens in Philadelphia. The Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis MO reopens on its 129th anniversary with celebrations and fireworks after having been closed for renovations since 1991. 5 Jul The World Health Organization declares that the respiratory disease SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) has been contained worldwide, with the last case reported to the agency on 15 June; 812 people have died of the disease since the outbreak began. Two bombs explode at the entrance to an annual rock festival at the Tushino Aerodrome outside Moscow, killing at least 16 people and wounding arrested

Both /'/

ML'

J

"i :fc»n

" '•"•^M

iijjikjji^Hi^

gEgfe1 **

*J»

20 Nov 2003,

Istanbul, Turkey: a

woman

25 May 2004, Fond

Verettes, Haiti:

/or or riooaine

ana

11!"

^

-

W

\ f 1

,»«•*

H

.^1

SUKNCK/ARCHITKCTURE

W/

M| [^^^y^^w

*5*

1

A

»

•

,f—

.»

ffw?!iTffl WfTBuli^n^ffff 5j«m335ii fflW HLl •IMitiHH l!M*I3*It*I»iit-i.l •Ifr.lilrJ »?jjf«!ji'«

!fVI*!«i!?fn M^€|lltt»WjM.

DEATHS 8,000! 1,836

600 600 408 390

generated a vague reproduction of sound.

includes Atlantic/Gulf Coast hurricanes only. Source: National Hurricane Center. Web site:

N

1

ITS'

II




Atlantic

Oce\an

i

Sea

aloes are cultivated for export; small of tomatoes, beans, cucumbers, gherkins, watermelons, and lettuce are grown on hydroponic farms; divi-divi pods, sour orange fruit, sorghum, and peanuts (groundnuts) are nonhydroponic crops of limited value; fish catch (1997) 205. Mining and quarrying: excavation of sand for local use. Manufacturing: rum, cigarettes, aloe products, and soaps. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2002) 824,649,000 (690,129,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (2,400,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) none (296,000). Gross domestic product (2002): $1,875,000,000 ($20,100 per capita). Population economically active (2000): total 45,036; activity rate of total population 49.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 71.9%; female 46.6%; unemployed 6.9%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $393,300,000. Household income and expenditure (1999): average household size 3.6; average annual income per household: Af. 39,000 ($21,800); expenditure (1994): transportation and communications 20.7%, food and beverages 18.4%, clothing and footwear 11.3%, household furnishings 10.4%, housing 9.8%. Tourism: receipts from visitors (2001) $890,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad (2000) $158,000,000. Land use (1998): forfishing:

amounts

^V^>o;

Caribbean /

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: Af. 731,800,000 (tax revenue 82.9%, of which taxes on wages and income 28.7%, excise taxes on gasoline 14.3%, import duties 13.4%, taxes on profits 12.3%; nontax revenue 17.1%). Expenditures: Af. 818,900,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry,

^ »

>KL-

(

Official name: Aruba. Political status: nonmetropolitan territory of The Netherlands with one legislative house (States of Aruba [21]). Chief of state: Dutch Monarch Queen Beatrix (from 1980), represented by Governor-General Olindo Koolman (from 1992). Head of government: Prime Minister Nelson 0. Oduber (from 2001). Capital: Oranjestad. Official language: Dutch. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Aruban florin (Af.); pegged to the US dollar at a fixed rate of Af. 1.79 = $1.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

est,

meadows and pastures, negligible; and under permanent cultivation 11.0%; savanna and built-up) 89.0%.

negligible;

agricultural

other (dry

World— Australia

315

37% of GDP by the end of exchange tax information signed in November 2003 by the US Treasury and the Dutch government was aimed at curbing crime and tax evasion on Aruba and elsewhere. Caribbean country rose to

2002. An agreement

to

Foreign trade Imports (2001): $2,362,000,000 (petroleum [all forms] and free-zone imports 68.8%, food and beverages 7.1%, electrical and nonelectrical machinery 5.5%). Major import sources: US 61.9%; The Netherlands 11.6%; Netherlands Antilles 3.6%; Venezuela 3.1%. Exports (2001): $2,439,000,000 (petroleum [all forms] and free-zone exports 98.8%, food and beverages 0.5%). Major export destinations: US 25.9%; Venezuela 21.3%; Netherlands Antilles 19.8%; The Netherlands 14.5%.

Internet resources:

.

Australia

Transport and communications total length 800 km (paved (2002): passenger cars 42,802; trucks and buses 1,072. Air transport (2001; Air

Transport.

64%).

Roads (1995):

Vehicles

Aruba only): passenger-km 800,000,000; airports (2001) with scheduled flights 1. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (1996): 73,000 (851); radios (2000): 51,000 (562); televisions (2000): 20,000 (224); telephone main lines (2001): 37,100 (350); cellular telephone subscribers (2001): 53,000 (500); Internet users (2001): 24,000 (226).

Education and health Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling or incomplete primary education 9.7%; primary education 33.9%; secondary/vocational 39.2%; advanced vocational/higher 16.2%; unknown status 1.0%. Literacy (2000): percentage of total population age 13 and over literate 97.3%. Health (2002): physicians 99 (1 per 944 persons); hospital beds 305 (1 per 306 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

Official

name: Commonwealth

of Australia.

Form

of

government: federal parliamentary state (formally a constitutional monarchy) with two legislative houses (Senate [76]; House of Representatives [150]). Chief of state: British Monarch (from 1952), represented by

Queen

Elizabeth

II

Governor-General Michael Jeffery (from 11 Aug 2003). Head of government: Prime Minister John Howard (from 1996). Capital: Canberra. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents; valuation (2 Jul 2004) US$1 =

$A 1.40.

(2000) 6.5.

Demography Military Total active duty personnel (1999): a

Dutch naval/air force contingent and the Netherlands Antilles.

Did

A

is

45-member

stationed

in

Aruba

Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda

M was the European to set foot yOU * "on the island of Aruba, 1499. first

in

knows

Background Aruba's earliest inhabitants were Arawak Indians, whose cave drawings can still be seen. Though the Dutch took possession of Aruba in 1636, they did not begin to develop it aggressively until 1816. In 1986 Aruba seceded from the Federation of the Netherlands Antilles in an initial step toward independence.

Recent Developments International

political

and economic pressures afand public debt in the

fected Aruba's economy,

Area: 2,969,978 sq mi. 7,692,208 sq km. Population (2003): 19,880,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 6.7, persons per sq km 2.6. Urban (2002):

85.0%. Sex distribution (2001): male 49.35%; female 50.65%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15, 20.8%; 15-24, 13.7%; 25-44, 29.8%; 45-64, 23.1%; 65 and over, 12.6%. Ethnic composition (2001): white 92%; Asian 6%; aboriginal 2%. Religious affiliation (2001): Christian 68.0%, of which Roman Catholic 26.6%, Anglican Church of Australia 20.7%, other Protestant 15.8% (Uniting Church 6.7%, Presbyterian 3.4%), Orthodox 2.8%, other Christian 2.1%; Buddhist 1.9%; Muslim 1.5%; Hindu 0.5%; Jewish 0.4%; no religion 15.5%; other 12.2%. Metropolitan areas (2001): Sydney 3,997,321; Melbourne 3,366,542; Brisbane 1,627,535; Perth 1,339,993; Adelaide 1,072,585; Newcastle 470,610; Gold Coast 444,077; Canberra 353,149; Wollongong 257,510; Caloundra 192,397; Hobart 191,169. Location: Oceania; a continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. Place of birth (2001):

76.9%

native-born;

23.1%

foreign-born, of

which Europe 9.7% (UK and Republic of Ireland 5.5%, Italy 1.2%, Greece 0.7%, Germany 0.7%, The Netherlands 0.5%, other Europe 1.1%), Asia and Middle East 3.9%, New Zealand 1.9%, Africa, the Americas, and other 7.6%. Mobility (1995-96). Population

I

Countries of the

316

age 15 and over living in the same residence as in 1994: 81.6%; different residence between states, regions, and neighborhoods 18.4%. Households (2000). Total number of households 7,510,000. Average household size 3.0; 1 person 25.1%, 2 persons 33.4%, 3 or more persons 41.5%. Family households 5,367,000 (71.5%), nonfamily 2,143,000 (28.5%), of which 1-person 25.1%. Immigration (2001-02): permanent immigrants admitted 88,900, from New Zealand 17.6%, UK and Ireland 10.4%, China 7.5%, India 5.7%, Indonesia 4.7%, South Africa 4.0%, Vietnam 2.3%, Philippines 2.3%, former Yugoslavia 2.3%, Sri Lanka 2.3%. Refugee arrivals (2001-02): 12,349. Emigration (2001-02): 48,241.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 12.8 (world avg. 21.3); (2000) legitimate 69.3%; illegitimate 30.7%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 7.4 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 popBirth rate per

ulation (2002): 5.4 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility

woman; 2002): 1.8. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2001): 5. 3. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2001): 2.8. Life expectancy at birth (2001): male 77.0 years; female 82.4 years. rate (avg. births per childbearing

World—Australia debt 3.0%). Public debt (2000-01): $A 69,226,000,000. Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors US$7,625,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad US$5,812,000,000. Production (gross value in $A '000 except as noted). Agriculture, forestry,

(1999-2000): livestock (slaughtered value) 7,946,900 (cattle 5,050,900, sheep and lambs 1,053,900, poultry 1,031,000, pigs 791,700); wheat 4,831,200, wool 2,149,000, vegetables 1,861,900, fruits and nuts 1,761,100, seed cotton 1,400,000, grapes 1,118,200, sugarcane 881,900, barley 864,800, canola 638,000, oats 118,400, sunflower seeds 74,000, corn (maize) 60,000, tobacco 40,000, other cereal crops 4,735,100; livestock (number of live animals; 2002) 113,000,000 sheep, 30,500,000 cattle, 2,912,000 pigs, 93,000,000 poultry; roundwood (2001) 30,915,306 cu m; fish catch (2000) 251,300 metric tons. Mining and fishing

quarrying (metric tons [tons of contained metal]; 2000): iron ore 170,999,000; bauxite 53,802,000; zinc 1,410,000; copper

830,000; lead 678,000;

ura-

nium oxide 4,910; gold 296,410 kg; diamonds 26,648,000 carats. Manufacturing (value added in US$'000,000 except as noted; 1998): food products 13,216; machinery and transport equipment 12,956; printing and publishing 6,458; nonferrous metals 3,605; metal products 3,604; electrical ma1,809. Energy production (consumption):

chinery

(kW-hr; 1999) 203,380,000,000 (203,380,000,000); hard coal (metric tons; 1999) 223,721,000 (60,643,000); lignite (metric tons; 1999) 67,281,000 (67,281,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) 123,800,000 (225,200,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) 33,854,000 (32,597,000); natural gas (cu m; 2000) 30,794,000,000 ([1999] 22,738,000,000). Population economically active (2003): total 9,517,500; activity rate of total population 48.8% (participation rates: over age 15, 63.9%; female 44.0%; unemployed [June 2003] 6.1%). Household income and expenditure (1999-2000). Average household size (2002) 3.0; average annual income per household $A 37,752 (US$20,600); sources of income: wages and salaries 56.7%, transfer payments 28.0%, self-employment 6.0%, other 9.3%; expenditure (1998-99): food and nonbeverages 18.2%, transportation and communications 16.9%, housing 13.9%, recreation 12.7%, household durable goods 6.0%, household services and operation 5.9%, clothing and footwear 4.6%, health 4.6%, alcoholic beverages 2.9%, energy 2.6%, other 11.7%. Land use (2000): agricultural and under permanent electricity

Social indicators life (2003). Average workweek: 34.7 hours. Working 50 hours a week or more 28.8%. Annual rate per 100,000 workers for: accidental injury and industrial disease, 3,200 (1992-93). Proportion of employed persons insured

Quality of working

damages or income loss resulting from: injury 100%; permanent disability 100%; death 100%. Working days lost to industrial disputes per 1,000 employees (2000): 52. Means of transportation to

for

work (2000): private automobile 76.0%; public transportation 12.0%; motorcycle, bicycle, and foot 12.0%. Discouraged job seekers (2002): 78,000 (0.8% of labor force). Social participation. Eligible voters participating

in last national election (2001): compulsory. Trade union membership in total workforce (2002): 23.1%. Social deviance (2002). Offense rate per 100,000 population for: murder 1.6; sexual assault 90.6; assault 809.7; auto theft 575.4; burglary and housebreaking 2,001.4; armed robbery 106.4. Incidence per 100,000 in general population of (2001): prisoners 139; suicide 13.0. Material well-being (1995). Households possessing: automobile 85%; telephone 95%; refrigerator 99.7%; personal computer 56.0 % (2001); washing machine 90.0%.

95.0%; voting

is

National

economy

Gross national product (at current market prices; 2001): US$385,900,000,000 (US$19,900 per capita). Budget (2001-02). Revenue: $A 162,388,000,000 (tax revenue 92.3%, of which individual 53.2%, corporate 16.7%, excise duties and sales tax 15.8%; nontax revenue 7.7%). Expenditures: $A 166,482,000,000 (social security and welfare 41.5%; health 16.6%; defense 7.2%; education 7.1%; economic services 6.8%; interest on public

cultivation 7.0%; other

93.0%

(of

which,

meadows

and pastures 54.0%).

Foreign trade Imports (2000-01-f.o.b.): $A 118,264,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 45.2%, of which road motor vehicles 12.1%, office machines and automatic data-processing equipment 7.0%, telecommunications equipment 6.7%; chemicals and related products 12.0%, of which medicines and pharmaceuticals 3.7%; mineral fuels and lubricants 8.9% food and live animals 3.6%). Major import sources US 18.9%; Japan 13.0%; China 8.4%; UK 5.3%; Ger many 5.2%; South Korea 4.0%; New Zealand 3.9% Malaysia 3.5%; Singapore 3.3%; Taiwan 2.8%. Exports (2000-01-c.i.f.): $A 119,602,000,000 (minera

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; f.o.b.: free on board c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

fuels 21.1%, of which coal

[all

forms] 9.1%, petro-

leum products and natural gas 9.1%; crude materials excluding fuels 19.7%, of which metalliferous ores and metal scrap [mostly iron ore and alumina] 12.3%, textile fibers 4.7%; food 16.8%, of which meat and meat preparations 4.8%, cereals and cereal preparations 4.5%; nonferrous metals 7.9%). Major export destinations: Japan 19.6%; US 9.7%; South Korea 7.7%; New Zealand 5.7%; China 5.7%; Singapore 5.0%; Taiwan 4.9%; UK 3.9%; Hong Kong 3.3%; Indonesia 2.6%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (1998-99; government railways only): route length 35,780 km; passengers carried

595,200,000; metric ton-km cargo 127,400,000,000. Roads (2000): total length 808,465 km (paved 40%). Vehicles (1999): passenger cars 9,719,900; trucks and buses 2,214,900. Air transport (1999; Qantas and Ansett Australia [ceased operations 4 Mar 2002]): passenger-km 75,070,556,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,688,215,000; airports (1996) with scheduled flights 400. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 5,630,000 (293); radios

36,700,000 (1,908); televisions (2000): 14,200,000 (738); telephone main lines (2002): 10,590,000 (539); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 12,579,000 (640); personal computers (2001): 10,000,000 (517); Internet users (2002): 8,400,000 (427).

(2000):

Education and health Educational attainment (1999). Percentage of population age 15 to 64 having: no formal schooling and incomplete secondary education 38.0%; completed secondary 18.3%; postsecondary, technical, or other certificate/diploma 28.3%; university 15.4%. Literacy (1996): total population literate, virtually 100%. Health: physicians (2001) 48,211 (1 per 404 persons); hospital beds (2001) 79,900 (1 per 244 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 5.3. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 3,126 (vegetable products 66%, animal products 34%); 117% of FAO recommended

minimum.

Military

50,920 (army 49.4%, navy 24.7%, air force 25.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 1.8% (world

Total active duty personnel (2002):

2.4%); per capita expenditure

US$372.

World— Australia

the colonial nuclei of all Australia's states had been formed, but with devastating effects on the Aboriginals, whose population declined sharply with the introduction of European diseases and weaponry. Britain granted its colonies limited self-government in the mid-19th century, and Australia achieved federation in 1901. Australia fought alongside the British in World War I, notably at Gallipoli, and again in World War II, preventing the occupation of Australia by the Japanese. It joined the US in the Korean and Vietnam wars. Since the 1960s the government has sought to deal more fairly with the Aboriginals, and a loosening of immigration restrictions has led to a more heterogeneous population. Constitutional links allowing British interference

Australia

Recent Developments Prime Minister John Howard and his Liberal Party of Australia won a historic third term in office in the 2001 general elections. Governor-General Peter Hollingsworth resigned in May 2003 under the shadow of allegations that he had mishandled sexabuse cases when he was archbishop of Brisbane (1990-2001). Pauline Hanson, the former One Nation leader, was sentenced to three years in prison after being convicted for having fraudulently registered her party. Hanson and One Nation cofounder David Ettridge were released in November after their convictions were overturned on appeal. High defense expenditure put extra pressure on the Australian economy, which was already weakened by drought, the outbreak of SARS in Asia, and a sluggish global economy. A trading scandal that

caused

investors' losses of

has long been inhabited by Aboriginals,

arrived on the continent 40,000—60,000 years ago. Estimates of the population at the time of Eu-

ropean settlement in 1788 range from 300,000 to more than 1,000,000. Widespread European knowledge of Australia began with 17th-century explorations. The Dutch landed in 1616 and the British in 1688, but the first large-scale expedition was that of James Cook in 1770, which established Britain's claim to Australia.

The

first

English settle-

ment, at Port Jackson (1788), consisted mainly of convicts and seamen; convicts were to make up a large proportion of the incoming settlers. By 1859

some US$184

million re-

the hasty exit of National Australia Bank in February 2004 and the sacking of a number of top bank officials in March. Meanwhile, at the end of the first quarter the exchange rate of the Australian dollar reached a seven-year high and unemployment was at a 14-year low. Divisions remained in the Australian community over how to treat refugees. Some Vietnamese asylum seekers managed to reach Port Hedland in July 2003, but they were immediately removed to Christmas Island for processing. Howard continued his successful hard-line policy and said that whatever it cost to transfer the illegal immigrants out of Australian inshore waters, it was worth it to get the message through that boat people would never make it to the mainland. The prime minister continued his sulted

in

chief Frank Cicutto

Howard

who

in

government were formally abolished in 1968, and Australia has assumed a leading role in Asian and Pacific affairs. During the 1990s, it experienced several debates about giving up its British ties and becoming a republic.

high-profile

Background

317

international

visited the

tional terrorism.

ings

in

activities.

In

July

2003

Philippines to discuss interna-

He followed these

talks with meet-

Japan and South Korea, where the growing

North Korea's weapons of mass destruction program was high on the agenda. Howard also committed Australian police and troops to the Solomon Islands as part of a multinational group (which included New Zealand and Papua New Guinea) intent on restoring law and order. Two thousand Australian troops were sent to Iraq in 2003, but about half of them had been withdrawn by spring 2004. crisis involving

Internet resources: .

I

i

Countries of the

318

World

—Austria

37.7%, individual income taxes 17.3%, value-added taxes 16.2%). Expenditures: S 1,017,870,000 (social security and welfare 42.0%; health 14.4%; education 9.2%; interest 9.2%; defense 2.0%). National debt (end of year 2001): $161,700,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002'): sugar beets 3,005,000, corn (maize)

Austria

2,000,000, wheat 1,460,000; livestock (number of live

animals) 3,440,405 pigs, 2,118,454 cattle, 11,-

000,000 chickens; roundwood (2001) 13,467,000 cu m; fish catch (2000) 3,706. Mining and quarrying (1999): iron ore 1,747,000; magnesite 748,600; talc

129,600. Manufacturing (value added in $'000,000; 1998): electrical machinery and apparatus 4,106; nonelectrical machinery and apparatus 4,030; food and beverages 3,350. Energy production (consumption):

name: Republik Osterreich (Republic of AusForm of government: federal state with two leg-

Official tria).

islative cil

houses (Federal Council

[64]; National

[183]). Chief of state: President

Thomas

CounKlestil

Head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang Schussel (from 2000). Capital: Vienna. Official language: German. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = €0.81; the Austrian Schilling (S) was the former monetary unit; on 1 Jan 2002, S13.76 = €1. (from 1992).

Demography mi, 83,871 sq km. Population (2003): 8,054,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 248.7, persons per sq km 96.0. Urban (2001):

Area: 32,383 sq

67.4%. Sex distribution (2001): male 48.44%; female 51.56%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15, 16.8%; 15-29, 18.7%; 30-44, 24.9%; 45-59, 18.6%; 60-74, 13.8%; 75 and over, 7.2%. Ethnic composition (national origin; 1998): Austrian 91.2%; citizens of former Yugoslavia 4.0%; Turkish 1.6%; other 3.2%. Religious affiliation (1995): Roman Catholic 75.1%; nonreligious and atheist 8.6%; Protestant (mostly Lutheran) 5.4%; Muslim 2,1%; Eastern Orthodox 0.7%; Jewish 0.1%; other 1.9%; unknown 6.1%. Major cities (2001): Vienna 1,550,123; Graz 226,244; Linz 183,504; Salzburg 142,662; Innsbruck 113,392. Location: central Europe, bordering the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Germany.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2001): 9.3 (world avg. 21.3); (2000) legitimate 71.7%; illegitimate 28.3%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2001): 9.2 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population Birth rate per

(2001): 0.1 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2001): 1.3. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2001): 4.8. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2001): 2.5. Life expectancy at birth (2001):

male 75.9 years; female 81.7 years.

National

economy

Budget (1997). Revenue: S 950,820,000,000 (tax revenue 92.0%, of which social security contributions

electricity

(kW-hr;

2001) 62,426,000,000

([1999] 64,214,000,000); hard coal (metric tons; 2001) negligible ([1999] 3,832,000); lignite (metric tons; 1999) 1,138,000 (1,535,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 7,139,000 ([1999] 62,600,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) 8,-

095,000 (10,900,000);

natural gas (cu m; 1999) 1,808,200,000 (8,058,300,000). Tourism ($*000,000; 2001): receipts $10,118; expenditures $8,886. Population economically active (2001): total 3,940,300; activity rate of total population 48.3% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 72.0%; female 43.3%; unemployed 5.5%). Gross national product (at current market prices; 2001): $194,463,000,000 ($24,200 per capita). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2001) 2.4; sources of income (1995): wages and salaries 54.8%, transfer payments 25.9%; expenditure (2000): utilities 24.5%, transportation and communications 17.5%, food and beverages 15.2%, entertainment and sport 12.4%, housing 7.0%, clothing 6.4%, cafe and hotel expenditures 5.9%, health 2.4%. Land use (1994); forested 39.2%; meadows and pastures 24.3%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 18.3%;

other 18.2%.

Foreign trade

€78,692,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 40.2%, of which road vehicles 11.5%, electrical machinery and apparatus 7.9%; chemicals and related products 10.5%; food products 5.0%; fabricated metals 4.1%). Major import sources: Germany 40.5%; Italy 7.2%; US 5.3%; France 4.1%; Hungary 3.4%; Switzerland 3.2%. Exports (2001-f.o.b.): €74,251,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 31.3%; transportation equipment 12.0%; chemical products 9.5%; paper and paper products 4.6%; fabricated metals 4.5%; iron and steel 4.3%). Major export destinations: Germany Imports

(2001-c.i.f.):

32.5%; Italy 8.5%; US 5.3%; Switzerland 5.2%; UK 4.7%; France 4.6%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2000; federal railways only): length 5,643 km; (1998) passenger-km 7,971,000,000; (1998) metric ton-km cargo 15,348,000,000. Roads (1997): total length 200,000 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2000): passenger cars 4,009,604; trucks and buses 328,591. Air transport (2001; Austrian Airlines and Lauda Air): passenger-km 12,832,-

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

000,000; metric ton-km cargo 355,923,000; airports (2000) with scheduled flights 6. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspa-

2,380,000 (296); radios 6,050,000 (753); televisions (2000): 4,310,000 (536); telephone main lines (2001): 3,810,000 (468); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 6,760,000 (829); personal computers (2001): 2,730,000 (335); Internet users (2002): 3,340,000 (409). per circulation (2000):

(2000):

Education and health Educational attainment (1993). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: lower-secondary education 37.5%; vocational education ending at sec-

ondary

44.6%; completed upper secondary

level

6.1%; higher vocational 5.5%; higher 6.3%. Literacy: virtually 100%. Health: physicians (2002) 35,400 (1 per 227 persons); hospital beds (2001) 66,395 (1 per 121 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 4.8. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 3,799 (vegetable products 67%; animal products 33%);

144%

World— Azerbaijan new

319

government of the conservative Ausand the populist right-wing Freedom Party of Austria (FPO). The OVP had been unsuccessful in wooing a more compatible coalition partner and had to settle for a second uneasy alliance with the FPO and its erstwhile leader (and stilldominant force), Jorg Haider. The renewed coalition was also unpopular among Austrians, and in May a general strike was called to protest government plans to tighten state pension provisions. The protests procoalition

trian People's Party (OVP)

vided Haider with a perfect opportunity to boost both his own profile and the flagging fortunes of the FPO. His headline-grabbing campaigns—often contrasting sharply with the government's positions—served to underscore the sharp divisions between moderates in the party and more extreme elements. In September the FPO performed disastrously at the polls in two provincial (state) elections. Austria's political polarization was underscored in spring 2004 when Haider was unexpectedly reelected as governor of Carinthia and a Social Democrat, Heinz Fischer, was elected

president, an event interpreted as a vote against the coalition

government.

FAO recommended minimum.

of

Internet resources: .

Military

34,600 (army 80.2%; air force 19.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 0.8% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $208.

Azerbaijan

Total active duty personnel (2002):

Background

some 3,000 years, when lllyrians were probably the main inhabitants. The Celts invaded c. 400 bc and established Noricum. The Romans arrived after 200 bc and esSettlement

Austria goes back

in

i

tablished the provinces of Raetia, Noricum, and Pannonia;

prosperity followed

and the population

be-

came romanized. With the fall of Rome in the 5th century ad, many tribes invaded, including the Slavs; they were eventually subdued by Charlemagne, and the area became ethnically Germanic. The distinct political entity that would become Austria emerged in 976 with Leopold of Babenberg as margrave. In 1278 Rudolf of the Holy Roman Empire (formerly I

I

Habsburg) conquered the area; Habsburg 1918. While in power, the Habsburgs created a kingdom centered on Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. The Napoleonic Wars brought about the creation of the Austrian empire (1804) and the end of the Holy Roman Empire (1806). Count von Metternich tried to assure Austrian supremacy among Germanic states, but war with Prussia led Austria to divide the empire into the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Nationalist sentiment plagued the kingdom, and the assassination of Francis Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 triggered World War which destroyed the Austrian empire. In the postwar carving up of Austria-Hungary, Austria became an independent republic. It was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 and joined the Axis powers in World War II. The Rudolf

IV of

rule lasted until

I,

Official

name: Azerbaycan Respublikasi (Republic of Form of government: unitary multiparty

Azerbaijan).

republic with a single legislative body (National As-

sembly [124, excluding one vacant seat reserved for Nagorno-Karabakh representative]). Head of state and government: President llham Aliyev (from 31 Oct 2003), assisted by Prime Minister Artur Rasizade 4 Nov 2003). Capital: Baku. Official language: Monetary unit: 1 manat (A.M.) = 100 gopik; valuation (2 Jul 2004) free rate, $1 - A.M. 4,915.00.

(from

Azerbaijani. Official religion: none.

republic was restored in 1955 after 10 years of Allied occupation. Austria became a member of the Euro-

pean Union

in

1995.

Recent Developments On 28 Feb 2003, to a chorus of protests, Chancellor

Demography mi, 86,600 sq km. Population (2003): 8,235,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 246.6, persons per sq km 95.1. Urban (2001): 50.8%. Sex distribution (2001): male 48.94%; female 51.06%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15,

Area:

international

Wolfgang Schussel swore

in

a

33,400 sq

31.8%; 15-29, 25.6%; 30-44, 24.1%; 45-59, 9.5%;

I

Countries of the

320

60-69, 7.6%; 70 and over, 1.4%. Ethnic composition (1995): Azerbaijani 89.0%; Russian 3.0%; Lezgian 2.2%; Armenian 2.0%; other 3.8%. Religious affiliaMuslim 93.4%, of which Shi'i 65.4%, Sunni 28.0%; Russian Orthodox 1.1%; Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) 1.1%; other 4.4%. Major cities (2002): Baku 1,817,900; Ganca (formerly Kirovabad) 300,900; Sumqayit (Sumgait) 261,200; Mingacevir (Mingechaur) 94,600. Location: eastern Transcaucasia, bordering Russia, the Caspian Sea, Iran, Turkey, Armenia, and Georgia. tion (1995):

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2001): 14.8 (world avg. 21.3); (2000) legitimate 94.6%; illegitimate 5.4%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2001): 5.9 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 popBirth rate per

ulation (2001): 8.9 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility

rate (avg. births per childbearing

woman; 2001):

expectancy at male 75.1 years.

male 68.1 years;

Life

birth (2001):

1.6. fe-

—Azerbaijan

World

Russia 10.7%; Turkey 10.4%; Turkmenistan 9.4%; Kazakhstan 7.0%; Germany 5.1%. Exports (2002): $2,046,000,000 (crude petroleum 56.5%, refined petroleum 27.5%, cotton 2.1%, food 1.9%). Major export destinations (2001): Italy 57.2%; Israel 7.1%; Georgia 4.5%; Spain 4.4%; Russia 3.4%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2001): length 2,120 km; pas-

senger-km 537,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 6,141,000. Roads (2002): total length 45,870 km (paved 94%). Vehicles (2000): passenger cars 332,100; trucks and buses 78,300. Air transport (2001): passenger-km 827,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 76,000,000; airports (2001) 3. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 217,000 (27); radios (2000): 177,000 (22); televisions (2000): 2,080,000 (259); telephone main lines (2002): 989,200 (121); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 870,000 (107); Internet users (2002):

National

economy

Budget (2002). Revenue: A.M. 8,219,000,000,000 (tax revenue 55.7%, of which value-added tax 20.4%, enterprise profits tax 9.0%, social security contribuincome tax 6.7%, excise taxes

tions 7.8%, personal

5.3%; nontax revenue 44.3%, of which petroleum fund 14.0%). Expenditures: A.M. 8,384,000,000,000 (national economy 20.9%; education 20.4%; social security 20.4%; defense 13.0%; health 4.8%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $726,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): cereals 1,970,300, vegetables (except potatoes) 916,400, potatoes 694,900; livestock (number of live animals) 6,559,000 sheep

300,000

(37).

Education and health Educational attainment (1995). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: primary education or no formal schooling 12.1%, some secondary 9.1%;

completed secondary and some postsecondary 27.5%; higher 7.6%. Literacy (1989): percentage of population 15 and over literate 97.3%; males lit95 9%. Health (2000): physi281 persons); hospital beds

total

erate 98.9%; females cians 28,600 (1 per

70,000 (1 per 115 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 30.0. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,474 (vegetable products 86%, animal products 14%); 96% of FAO recommended minimum.

and goats, 2,098,000 cattle, 15,351,000 poultry; roundwood (2001) 13,500 cu m; fish catch (2000) 18,917. Mining and quarrying (2000): alumina 200,000; gypsum 60,000. Manufacturing (gross

Total active duty personnel (2002):

value of production in $'000,000; 2001): oil refinery products 504.5; food products 450.2; electricity and gas 362.2. Energy production (consumption): electric-

86.0%, navy 3.0%, air force 11.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 6.6% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $120.

2001) 18,699,000,000(19,193,000,000); 2001) none (1,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2000) 102,200,000 (47,200,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2000) 7,520,000 ([1999] 5,030,000); natural gas (cu m; 2002) 5,500,000,000 (5,500,000,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 5.3; income per household (2000) $460; sources of income: wages and salaries 35.7%, other 64.3%; expenditure: food 66.1%, other 33.9%. Tourism (2001): receipts $43,000,000; expenditures $109,000,000. Gross national product (2001): $5,300,000,000 ($650 per capita). Population economically active ity

Military

72,100 (army

(kW-hr;

coal (metric tons;

(2002): total 3,778,000, activity rate 46.1% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 77.2%; female 47.7%; unemployed 1.3%). Land use (2000): forest 11.5%; pasture 25.4%; agriculture 50.0%; other 12.6%.

Foreign trade Imports (2001): $1,465,000,000 (machinery and equipment 23.7%, food 23.2%, metals 7.2%, chemicals 4.4%). Major import sources (2001): US 16.1%;

Background Azerbaijan adjoins the Iranian region of the same name, and the origin of their respective inhabitants is the same. By the 9th century ad it had come under Turkish influence, and in ensuing centuries it was fought over by Arabs, Mongols, Turks, and Iranians. Russia acquired the territory of what is now independent Azerbaijan in the early 19th century. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Azerbaijan declared its independence; it was subdued by the Red Army in 1920 and became a Soviet Socialist Republic. It declared independence from the collapsing Soviet Union in 1991. Azerbaijan has two geographic peculiarities. The exclave Nakhichevan is separated from the rest of Azerbaijan by Armenian territory. NagornoKarabakh, which lies within Azerbaijan and is administered by it, has a Christian Armenian majority. Azerbaijan and Armenia went to war over both territories in the 1990s, causing great economic disruption. Though a cease-fire was declared in 1994, the political situation remained unresolved.

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; f.o.b.: free on board c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

—The Bahamas

World

Recent Developments The long-awaited

transition of

power from

321

Vital statistics Pres. Hey-

dar Aliyev to his son, llham, took place in 2003. The elder Aliyev collapsed twice during a televised speech on 21 April and underwent medical treatment on two occasions in Turkey and was flown to the US in August for further treatment. He died on 12 December. In August he appointed llham prime minister, and in October llham was elevated to the presidency in an election that was widely held to be fraudulent. A report by Human Rights Watch released in January 2004 was highly critical of the policies of the new president in regard to political dissent. Internet resources: .

1,000 population (2000): 19.5 (world 21.3); legitimate 43.2%. Death rate per 1,000

Birth rate per

avg.

population (2000): 6.8 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2000): 12.7 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per child-

bearing woman; 2000): 2.3. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2000): 7.8. Life expectancy at birth (2000): male 68.3 years; female 73.9 years.

National

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: B$957,400,000 (import taxes 43.0%, stamp taxes from imports 10.8%, business and professional licenses 8.2%, departure taxes 5.8%).

Expenditures:

B$95 7, 400,000

The Bahamas

US$4,500,000,000 (US$14,860 per Official

Form two

name: The Commonwealth

The Bahamas. monarchy with House of Assem-

of

of government: constitutional

legislative

houses (Senate

bly [40]). Chief of state:

[16];

Queen

(education

20.1%, health 16.5%, public order 11.8%, interest on public debt 10.5%, defense 2.8%). National debt (2001): US$1,483,800,000. Production (value of production in B$'000 except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2001): crayfish 56,500, poultry products 28,300 (1998), citrus and other fruit 21,300 (1998); roundwood (2001) 17,000 cu m. Mining and quarrying (value of export production; 2000): aragonite 26,086; salt 12,447. Manufacturing (value of export production; 2000): chemical products 42,787; rum 18,856. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2002) 1,826,000,000 (1,566,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) none (583,000). Tourism (US$'000,000; 2001): receipts 1,665; expenditures 297. Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 3.5; income per household (1996) B$27,252 (US$27,252); expenditure (1995): housing 32.8%, transportation and communications 14.8%, food and beverages 13.8%, household furnishings 8.9%. Gross national product (at current market prices; 2001):

Elizabeth

II

repre-

sented by Governor-General Dame Ivy Dumont (from 2001). Head of government: Prime Minister Perry Christie (from 2002). Capital: Nassau. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents; valuation (2 Jul 2004) US$1 = B$1.00.

Demography 5,382 sq mi, 13,939 sq km. Population (2003): 314,000. Density (2003; land area only): persons per sq mi 80.7, persons per sq km 31.2. Urban (2000): 88.3%. Sex distribution (2000): male 49.34%; female 50.66%. Age breakdown (2000): under 15, 29.5%; 15-29, 27.2%; 30-44, 23.3%; 45-59, 12.1%; 60-74, 5.9%; 75 and over, 2.0%. Ethnic composition (2000): local black 67.5%; mu-

Area:

capita). Popula-

tion economically active (2000): total

154,396; ac-

50.9%

(participation

tivity

rates:

rate of total population

ages 15-64, 72.1%; female 47.5%; unem-

ployed [2001] 6.9%). Land use (1994): forest 32.4%; pasture 0.2%; agriculture 1.0%; other 66.4%.

Foreign trade Imports (2000-c.i.f.): B$2,276,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 25.9%; food products 14.8%; mineral fuels 10.2%; chemicals and chemical products 9.4%). Major import sources (excludes petroleum): US 91.8%; EC 1.5%. Exports (2000-f.o.b.): B$607,000,000 (domestic exports 52.8%, of which crayfish 14.0%, pharmaceuticals and other chemical products 7.1%; reexports 33.5%; mineral fuels 13.7%). Major export destinations (excludes petroleum): US 82.1%; EC 8.3%; Canada 1.5%.

Transport and communications 2,693 km

14.2%; British 12.0%; Haitian black 3.0%; US white 2.4%; other 0.9%. Religious affiliation (1995): non-Anglican Protestant 45.4%, of which Baptist 17.5%; Roman Catholic 16.8%; Anglican 10.8%; nonreligious 5.3%; Spiritist 1.5%; other (mostly independent and unaffiliated Christian) 20.2%. Major cities (2000): Nassau 210,832 (pop. of New Providence Island); Freeport 26,910; Marsh Harbour 3,611

Transport.

(1990); Bailey Town 1,490 (1990). Location: chain islands in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of

28,000 (99); radios (1997): 215,000 (744); televisions (2000): 75,200 (247); telephone main lines (2002): 126,600 (405); cellular telephone sub-

latto

of

Florida.

Roads (2000):

total

length

(paved 57%). Vehicles (1996): passenger cars 89,263; trucks and buses 17,228. Air transport (2001; New Providence and Grand Bahamasair only): passenger-km 374,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,764,000; airports (1997) with scheduled flights 22. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (1996):

I

i

Countries of the

322

scribers (2002): 121,800 (390); (2002): 21,200 (68).

Internet

—Bahrain

World

users

Education and health Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: no formal schooling 1.5%; primary education 8.7%; incomplete secondary

19.9%; complete secondary 53.7%; incomplete higher 8.1%; complete higher 7.1%; not stated 1.0%. Literacy (2000): total percentage age 15 and over literate 98.5%. Health; physicians (1996) 419 (1 per 678 persons); hospital beds (1997) 1,119 (1 per 258 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2000) 17.0. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,777 (vegetable products 67%, animal products 33%);

104%

of

FAO recommended minimum. houses (Chamber of Deputies Military

Total active duty personnel (2002):

860

(paramilitary

coast guard 100%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (2000): 0.6% (world, n.a.); per capita expenditure US$85.

state: King

Islam.

YOU mj

^^ m

9

KilOW M

The

and Con-

ibn 'Isa al-Khalifah (from 1999).

Monetary

unit:

valuation (2 Jul

1 Bahrain dinar (BD) = 1,000

2004) $1 = BD 0.38.

700 low-lying The Bahamas are incred-

seas around the

islands of

ibly clear, undisturbed by silt, because the Bahamas have no rivers.

Background The islands were inhabited by Lucayan Indians when Christopher Columbus sighted them on 12 Oct 1492. He is thought to have landed on San Salvador (Watling) Island. The Spaniards made no attempt to settle but carried out slave raids that depopulated the islands;

when

Hamad

Head of Government: Prime Minister Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah (from 1970). Capital: Manama. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: fils;

D|Q

[40; elected]

sultative Council [40; appointed by the king]). Chief of

English settlers arrived

in

1648 from Bermuda,

the islands were uninhabited. They became a haunt of pirates, and few of the ensuing settlements prospered. The islands enjoyed some prosperity following the American Revolution, when Loyalists fled the US and established cotton plantations. The islands were a center for blockade runners during the American Civil War. Not until the development of tourism after World War did permanent economic prosperity arrive. The Bahamas was granted internal self-govern-

Demography Area: 276.4 sq mi, 715.8 sq km. Population (2003): 674,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 2,438.5, persons per sq km 941.5. Urban (2001): 90.3%. Sex distribution (2001): male 57.43%; female 42.57%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15,

27.9%; 15-29, 27.5%; 30-44, 29.7%; 45-59, 11.0%; 60-74, 3.2%; 75 and over, 0.7%. Ethnic composition (2000): Bahraini Arab 63.9%; Indo-Pakistani 14.8%, of which Urdu 4.5%, Malayan 3.5%; Persian 13.0%; Filipino 4.5%; British 2.1%; other 1.7%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim 82.4%, of which Shi'i 41%, Sunni 41%; Christian 10.5%; Hindu 6.3%; other 0.8%. Major urban areas (2001): Manama 143,035; Al-Muharraq 91,307; Ar-Rifa' 79,550; Hammad 52,718; Madinat 'Isa 36,833. Location: Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi

Arabia.

II

ment

in

1964 and became independent

in

Vital statistics

1973.

1,000 population (2001): 20.1 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2001): avg. 3.9 (world 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2001): 16.2 (world avg. 12.2). Total ferBirth rate per

Recent Developments a report published in February 2003, the US Department of State identified The Bahamas as a "major" Caribbean transit route for Colombian cocaine headed for the US; an estimated 10- 15% of cocaine shipments to the US passed through the islands, and about a dozen trafficking organizations were allegedly based in the scattered Bahamian archipelago. In

Internet resources:

tility

rate (avg. births per childbearing

woman; 2001):

1,000 population (2001): 6.9. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2001): 1.2. Life expectancy at birth (2001): male 73.2 years; female 3.0. Marriage rate per

76.2 years.

National

.

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: BD 980,900,000 (petroleum revenue 68.5%, nonpetroleum revenue 31.5%).

Bahrain name: Mamlakat al-Bahrayn (Kingdom of Bahrain). Form of government: constitutional monarchy (declared 14 Feb 2002) with two legislative Official

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost,

Expenditures:

BD 911,300,000

(infrastructure

30.1%, general administration and public order 29.3%, social services 21.6%, transfers 13.6%, economic services 3.5%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2001):

fruit

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the World

—Bangladesh

323

(excluding melons) 21,518, dates 16,508, cow's milk

16,000; livestock (number of live animals) 17,500 sheep, 16,300 goats, 11,000 cattle; fish catch (2001) 11,230. Manufacturing (barrels; 2001): gas oil 30,673,000; kerosene and jet fuel 18,274,000; fuel oil 17,188,000. Energy production (consumption):

electricity

(kW-hr;

2001)

6,779,000,000

(5,951,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 13,656,000 ([1999] 96,100,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) 11,283,000 (861,000); natural gas (cu m; 2001) 9,285,000,000 (9,285,000,000). Public debt (1999): BD 589,800,000 ($1,568,632,000). Population economically active (2001): total 308,341; activity rate of total population 47.4% (participation rates: ages 15 and over 63.3%; female 21.7%; unemployed 5.5%). Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors $630,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad $250,000,000. Gross national product (2001): $7,200,000,000 ($11,130 per capita). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2001) 6.2; expenditure (1984): food and tobacco 33.3%, housing 21.2%, household durable goods 9.8%, transportation and communications 8.5%, recreation 6.4%, clothing and footwear 5.9%. Land use (1994): meadows and pastures 5.8%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 2.9%; built-on and wasteland 91.3%.

Military

10,700 (army 79.4%, navy 9.3%, air force 11.3%; US troops in Bahrain [2003], 4,000). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 8.1% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $666.

Total active duty personnel (2002):

Background The area has long been an important trading center and is mentioned in Persian, Greek, and Roman references. It was ruled by Arabs from the 7th century ad but was then occupied by the Portuguese 1521-1602. Since 1783 it has been ruled by the Khalifah family, though through a series of treaties its defense remained a British responsibility from 1820 to 1971. After Britain withdrew its forces from the Persian Gulf (1968), Bahrain declared its independence in 1971. It served as a center for the allies in the First Persian Gulf War (1990-1991). Since 1994 it has experienced bouts of political unrest, mainly by Shi'ites, who attempted to get the government to restore the parliament (abolished in 1975).

Recent Developments Foreign trade Imports (2001-c.i.f.): BD 1,602,800,000 (petroleum products 36.6%, machinery and transport equipment 11.8%, food, beverages, and tobacco products 11.2%). Major import sources (excludes trade in petroleum): Australia 10.0%; Saudi Arabia 9.0%; Japan 8.3%; US 7.8%; UK 6.4%; Germany 6.0%. Exports (2001): BD 2,084,800,000 (petroleum products 66.9%, aluminum [all forms] 15.0%, textiles and clothing 7.6%). Major export destinations (excludes trade in petroleum): US 23.8%; Saudi Arabia 14.2%; Taiwan 9.8%; Malaysia 4.3%; India 4.2%.

Bahrain joined the international Formula One racing circuit on 4 Apr 2004 with the inaugural running of the Bahrain Grand Prix on a new deluxe 308-km (191.8-mi) route with 15 corners. Michael Schumacher won the race. Internet resources: .

i

Bangladesh

Transport and communications Transport.

Roads (2001):

total

length

3,583 km

(paved 80%). Vehicles (2002): passenger cars 176,261; trucks and buses 36,231. Air transport (2001; one-fourth apportionment of international flights of Gulf Air [jointly administered by the govern-

ments of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE]): passenger-km 3,076,180,000; metric ton-km cargo 135,000,000; airports (2001) with scheduled flights 1. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (1996): 67,000

48,500 (76); televisions (2000): 256,000 (402); telephone main lines (2002): 175,400 (263); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 389,000 (583); personal computers (2002): 107,000 (160); Internet users (2002): 165,000 (245). (117); radios (2000):

Education and health Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: no formal education 24.0%; primary education 37.1%; secondary 26.4%; higher 12.5%. Literacy (2001): percentage of population age 15 and over literate 87.7%; males literate 92.5%; females literate 83.0%. Health (2001): physicians 1,101 (1 per 591 persons); hospital beds 1,836 (1 per 354 persons); infant mortality rate per

1,000

live births

(2001) 8.7.

Official

name: Gana

Prajatantri

Bangladesh (Peo-

Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Parliament [330 seats, including 30 reserved for ple's Republic of Bangladesh).

women]). Chief of state: President lajuddin Ahmed (from 2002). Head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda Zia (from 2001). Capital: Dhaka. Official language: Bengali. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Bangladesh taka (Tk) = 100 paisa; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = Tk 59.32.

Demography Area (including river area) 56,977 sq mi, 147,570 sq km. Population (2003): 133,107,000. Density

I

Countries of the

324

—Bangladesh

World

(2002, excluding river area): persons per sq rrti 2,474.2, persons per sq km 955.3. Urban (2001): 23.4%. Sex distribution (2001): male 50.94%; female 49.06%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15, 35.9%; 15-29, 31.5%; 30-44, 17.6%; 45-59, 9.9%; 60-74, 4.0%; 75 and over, 1.1%. Ethnic composition (1997): Bengali 97.7%; tribal 1.9%, of which Chakma 0.4%, Saontal 0.2%, Marma 0.1%; other 0.4%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim 85.8%; Hindu 12.4%; Christian 0.7%; Buddhist 0.6%; other 0.5%. Major cities/urban agglomerations (2001): Dhaka 5,644,235/10,403,597; Chittagong 2,199,590/ 3.361,244; Khulna 811,490/1,287,987; Rajshahi 402,646/ 678,728. Location: South Asia, bordering India, Burma, and the Bay of Bengal.

Foreign trade Imports (2001-02-f.o.b. in balance of trade and c.i.f. for commodities and trading partners): Tk 460,700,000,000 (capital goods 30.6%; textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles 19.4%; consumer durables and motor cars 15.0%; imports for export processing zone 7.3%; iron and steel 4.8%). Major import sources (2000-01): India 16.8%; Western Europe 12.7%; Singapore 11.8%; China 9.5%; Hong Kong 6.9%; South Korea 5.6%. Exports (2001-02): Tk 322,900,000,000 (ready-made garments 52.2%; hosiery and knitwear 24.4%; frozen fish and shrimp 4.6%; jute manufactures 4.0%). Major export destinations (2001-01): Western Europe 48.8%; US 36.2%; Hong Kong 2.0%; Canada 2.0%.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 30.1 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1.000 population (2002): 8.8 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 21.3 (world avg. 12.2). Total fer-

Transport and communications

Birth rate per

tility

rate (avg. births per childbearing

3.6. Marriage rate per

expectancy at male 61.0 years.

Life

woman; 2002):

1,000 population (1998): 9.2. male 60.0 years; fe-

birth (2002):

Transport. Railroads (1998-99): route length 2,734 km; passenger-km 4,980,000,000; metric ton-km

cargo 828,000,000. Roads (1999): total length 207,486 km (paved 10%). Vehicles (1999): passenger cars 66,723; trucks and buses 82,025. Air transport (2001— Bangladesh Biman only): passenger-km 4,446,908.000; metric ton-km cargo 171,515,000; airports with scheduled flights (2001) 8. Communiin total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 6,880,000 (53); radios (2000): 6,360,000 (49); televisions (2000): 909.000 (7); telephone main lines (2002): 682,000 (5.1); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 1,075,000 (8.1); personal computers (2002): 450,000 (3); Internet users (2002): 204,000 (1.5).

cations,

National

economy

Budget (2002-03). Revenue: Tk 326,000,000,000 (value-added tax 39.3%, international trade 36.2%; income taxes 14.7%; other 9.8%). Expenditures: Tk 448.000,000,000 (development program 42.4%, wages 16.5%, subsidies 14.7%; interest payments 10.3%, goods and services 8.3%, other 7.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): paddy rice 38,134,000, sugarcane 6,502,000, potatoes 3,216,000; livestock

(number of live animals) 34,400,000 goats, 24,000,000 cattle, 1,143,000 sheep; roundwood (2001) 28,421,728 cu m; fish catch (2000) 1,661,385. Mining and quarrying (1997-98): masalt 350,000; industrial limestone 32,324. Manufacturing (value added in $'000,000; 1995): textiles 651; industrial chemicals 441; food products 331. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2002) 17,021,000,000 (17,021,000,000); coal (metric tons; 1999) none (92,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) 7,000 (7,500,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2002) 1,323,000 (3,769,000); natural gas (cu m; 2002) 6,568,000,000 (3,096,000,000). Household income. Average household size (2000) 5.7; average annual income per household Tk 52,389 ($1,277); sources of income: self-employment 56.9%, wages and salaries 28.1%, transfer payments 9.1%, other 5.9%; expenditure (2002-03): food and drink 64.5%, housing and energy 15.0%, clothing and footwear 5.9%, transport 3.3%, other 11.3%. Population economically active (2000): total 52,847,000; activity rate of 'total population 47.3% (participation rates: over age 15, 58.8%; female 37.5%; unemployed 2.0%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2002): $15,970,000.000. Gross national product (2001): $48,600,000,000 ($360 per capita). Land use (1998): pasture 4.6%; agriculture 68.6%; forest and other 26.8%. Tourism (2001): receipts $48,000,000; expenditures $166,000,000.

rine

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f: cost,

insurance,

Education and health Educational attainment (1991). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling 65.4%; primary education 17.1%; secondary 13.8%; postsecondary 3.7%. Literacy (2000): total population age 15 and over literate 41.3%; males literate 52.3%; females literate 29.9%. Health (1999): physicians 30,864 (1 per 4,150 persons); hospital beds 44,374 (1 per 2,886 persons); infant mortality rate (2002) 68.0. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,187 (vegetable products 97%, animal products 3%); 95% of FAO recommended minimum.

Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

137,000 (army

87.6%, navy 7.7%, air force 4.7%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 1.4% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $5.

Background Bangladesh was known as Bengal. When the British left the subcontinent in 1947, the area that was East Bengal became the part of Pakistan called East Pakistan. Bengali nationalist sentiment increased after the creation of an independent Pakistan. In 1971 violence erupted; some one million Bengalis were killed, and millions more fled to India, which finally entered the war on the side of the Bengalis, enIn its

early years

suring West Pakistan's defeat. East Pakistan became the independent nation of Bangladesh. Little of the

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

devastation caused by the war has been repaired, and political instability, including the assassination of two presidents, has continued. In addition, the low-lying country has been repeatedly battered by natural disasters, notably tropical storms and flooding.

—Barbados

World

325

other Christian 2.0%; nonreligious/other 30.2%. Major cities (1990): Bridgetown 6,070 (urban agglomeration [2001] 136,000); Speightstown, 3,500. Location: northeast of Venezuela at the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea where it adjoins the North Atlantic

Ocean.

Recent Developments The year 2003 began in Bangladesh with a controversial bill proposed by the government indemnifying the members of the armed forces who had taken part the anticrime drive known as Operation Clean house raids, severe inand arrests without warrants, and at least 40 suspects died in the hands of the authorities. Important laws passed during 2003 included those promising speedy trials and tribunals, a ban on money laundering, and improvement in the status of women. For the third year in a row, Bangladesh was ranked at the top of Transparency International's list of most corrupt countries. in

Heart. This drive consisted of

terrogation,

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2000): 13.6 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2000): 8.7 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 Birth rate per

population (2000): 4.9 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2000): 1.6. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1995): 13.5. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1995): 1.5.

expectancy at male 75.6 years. Life

birth (2000):

National

male 70.4 years;

fe-

economy

(2003):

Budget (2000-01). Revenue: BDS$1,703,000,000 (tax revenue 94.7%, of which goods and services taxes 44.0%, personal income and company taxes 34.7%, import duties 8.0%; nontax revenue 5.3%). Expenditures: BDS$1,802, 600.000 (current expenditure 83.3%, of which education 19.6%, debt payment 12.5%, health 11.3%, economic services 11.0%, social security and welfare 8.4%; capital expenditure 16.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): raw sugar 50,000, sweet potatoes 5,300, yams 1,450; livestock (number of live animals) 41,300 sheep. 35,000 pigs, 21,000 cattle; roundwood (2001) 5,000; fish catch (2000) 3,100. Manufacturing (value added in BDSS'OOO; 1995): food, beverages, and tobacco (mostly sugar, molasses, rum, beer, and cigarettes) 108,000; paper products, printing, and publishing 33,400; metal products and assemblytype goods (mostly electronic components) 28,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2000) 737,100,000 (737,100,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 463,700 ([1999] 1,900.000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) 4,000 (335,000); natural gas (cu m; 2001) 34,900,000 (34,900,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 2.8; income per household (1988) BDS$13,455 (US$6,690); expenditure (1994): food 39.4%, housing 16.8%, transportation 10.5%, household operations 8.1%, alcohol and tobacco 6.4%, fuel and light 5.2%, clothing and footwear 5.0%, other 8.6%. Population economically active (2001): total 145,100; activity rate of total population 53.1% (participation rates: ages 15 and over, 69.5%; female 47.3%; unemployed 9.9%). Gross national product (2000): US$2,600,000,000 (US$9,750 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): US$700,700,000. Tourism: receipts from visitors (2001) US$687,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad (2000) US$94,000,000.

Density (2003): persons per sq mi 1,638.6, persons per sq km 632.6. Urban (2001): 50.5%. Sex distribution (2002): male 48.17%; female 51.83%. Age breakdown (2000): under 15, 22.0%; 15-29, 24.2%; 30-44, 26.1%; 45-59, 15.7%; 60-74, 7.9%; 75 and over, 4.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): local black 87.1%; mulatto 6.0%; British expatriates 4.3%; US white 1.2%; Indo-Pakistani 1.1%; other 0.3%. Religious affiliation (1995): Protestant 63.0%, of which Anglican 26.3%, Pentecostal 10.6%, Methodist 5.7%; Roman Catholic 4.8%;

Imports (2001-c.i.f.): B05$2, 137,000,000 (retained imports 92.2%, of which machinery 17.9%, food and beverages 15.4%, mineral fuels 7.6%, construction materials 7.1%; reexported imports 7.8%). Major import sources (2000): US (including Puerto Rico) 41.6%; Trinidad and Tobago 16.5%; UK 8.1%; Japan 5.2%. Exports (2001): BDS$519,000,000 (domestic exports 68.0%, of which food and beverages 27.7% (including

Internet resources: .

Barbados

Atlantic

Ocean

^> Pacific

X.0

1

\

Sea \

^X/

i

Ocean

\

National

penditures: 0761,306,000,000 (current expenditures 90.1%, of which transfers 30.5%, wages 29.7%, interest on debt 23.0%; development expenditures 9.9%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $3,424,000,000. Gross national product (2001): $15,700,000,000 ($4,060 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): sugarcane 3,700,000, bananas 2,140,000, pineapples 1,015,000; livestock (number of live animals) 1,219,500 cattle, 475,000 pigs, 17,000,000 chickens; roundwood (2001) 5,161,232 cu m; fish catch (2000) 37,658, of which shrimp 3,684. Mining and quarrying: limestone (1997) 1,500,000; gold (1999) 300 kg. Manufacturing (value added in 0*000,000; 1997): food products

91,065; beverages 50,898; fertilizers and pesticides 21,713. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 6,438,000,000 (6,560,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (7,000); petroleum products (1999) 2,000 (1,803,000). Population economically active (2000): total 1,390,560; activity

name: Republica de Costa Rica (Republic of Costa Rica). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Legislative Assembly [57]). Head of state and government: President Abel Pacheco de la Espriella (from 2002). Capital: San Jose. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: Roman Catholicism. Monetary unit: 1 Costa Rican colon (0) = 100 centimos; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = 0438.00.

Official

economy

Budget (2000). Revenue: 0610,138,000,000 (taxes on goods and services 63.8%, income and profit taxes 21.8%, import duties 7.7%, other 6.7%). Ex-

rate of total

population

39.9%

(participation

ages 12-59, 53.4%; female 32.1%; unemployed 5.2%). Tourism (2001): receipts $1,278,000,000; expenditures $467,000,000. Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 4.1; average annual household income (1997) 01,468,597 ($6,314); sources of income (1987-88): wages and salaries 61.0%, self-employment 22.6%, transfers 9.6%; expenditure (1987-88): food and beverages 39.1%, housing and energy rates:

Countries of the

368

12.1%, transportation 11.6%, household furnishings 10.9%. Land use (1994): forested 30.8%; meadows and pastures 45.8%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 10.4%; other 13.0%.

Foreign trade Imports (2000-c.i.f.): $6,380,000,000 (general merchandise 68%; goods for reassembly 32%). Major import sources: US 53.1%; Mexico 6.2%; Venezuela 5.3%; Japan 3.4%; Spain 2.3%. Exports (2000f.o.b.):

$5,897,000,000 (components

— Cote d'Ivoire

World

19th century. It joined the short-lived Mexican Empire 1821, was a member of the United Provinces of 1823-38, and adopted a constitution in 1871. In 1890 Costa Ricans held what is considered to be the first free and honest election in Central America, beginning a tradition of democracy for which Cosfa Rica is renowned. In 1987 then president Oscar Arias Sanchez was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. During the 1990s Costa Rica struggled with its economic policies. It suffered severe damage from a hurricane in 1996. in

Central America

micro-

for

processors 28.0%, bananas 9.0%, processed food and tobacco products 6.5%, coffee 4.7%, tropical fruit 3.4%). Major export destinations: US 51.8%; The Netherlands 6.7%; UK 5.1%; Guatemala 3.3%; Nicaragua 3.0%.

Recent Developments was riveted during 2003 on the

Public attention

changing fate of Pres. Abel Pacheco de la Espriella, who had been elected in April 2002 after soundly derival in the first-ever runoff election in Costa Rica. Though Pacheco largely retained his preelection personal popularity, his job-performance rating slipped dramatically, falling to about half of what it had been at the beginning of his term. Contributing to the slide was the growing government budget deficit of more than 5% and Pacheco's inability to reign in government spending fully.

feating his

Transport and communications

Roads (1999):

Transport.

length

total

35,876 km

(paved 17%). Vehicles (1999): passenger cars 326,524; trucks and buses 181,272. Air transport (2001; Lacsa (Costa Rican Airlines) only): passengerkm 2,143,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 84,697,000; airports (1996) 14. Communications, in total units (units per

culation

1,000 persons).

(1996):

3,200,000

320,000

Daily

(94);

(816); televisions (2000):

newspaper

radios

cir-

Internet resources: .

(2000):

907,000

(231);

Cote d'Ivoire

telephone main lines (2002): 1,038,000 (251); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 528,000 (128); personal computers (2001): 700,000 (170); Internet users (2001): 384,000 (93).

Education and health Educational attainment (1996). Percentage of population age 5 and over having: no formal schooling 11.7%; incomplete primary education 28.5%; complete primary 25.8%; incomplete secondary 16.0%; complete secondary 9.0%; higher 8.5%; other/unknown 0.5%. Literacy (1999): total population age 15 and over literate 95.5%; males literate 95.4%; females literate 95.5%. Health (1997): physicians 5,500 (1 per 630 persons); hospital beds 5,953 (1 per 582 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 10.9. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,761 (vegetable products 80%, animal products 20%); 123% of FAO recommended

minimum.

Military Paramilitary expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 0.5% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $19. The army was officially abolished in 1948. Paramilitary (police) forces had 8,400 members in 2002.

Background Christopher Columbus landed in Costa Rica in 1502 in an area inhabited by a number of small, independent Indian tribes. These peoples were not easily dominated, and it took almost 60 years for the Spanish to establish a permanent settlement. Ignored by the Spanish crown because of its lack of mineral wealth, the colony grew slowly. Coffee exports and the construction of a rail line improved its economy in the

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

name: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire (Republic Form of government: republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [225, inOfficial

of Cote d'Ivoire).

cluding unoccupied seats]); constitutional referendum approved July 2000, but status of new constitution unclear in 2004. Chief of state and government: President Laurent Gbagbo (from 2000) assisted by a

prime minister. Capital: Abidjan (de facto; Capital designate:

Yamoussoukro (de

legislative).

jure; adminis-

language: French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = CFAF 533.28 (fortrative). Official

merly pegged to the French franc and since 1 Jan 2002, to the euro at the rate of €1 = CFAF 655.96).

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World— Cote

Demography Area: 123,863 sq mi, 320,803 sq km. Population (2003): 16,631,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 134.3, persons per sq km 51.8. Urban (2002):

44.0%. Sex distribution (2002): male 50.28%; female 49.72%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 45.6%; 15-29, 28.7%; 30-44, 14.4%; 45-59, 7.6%; 60-74, 3.0%; 75 and over, 0.7%. Ethnolinguistic composition (1998; local population only; foreigners constitute 26% of the population and two-thirds of all foreigners are from Burkina Faso): Akan 42.1%; Mande 26.5%; other 31.4%. Religious affiliation (1998): Muslim 38.6%; Christian 30.4%; nonreligious 16.7%; animist 11.9%; other 2.4%. Major cities Abidjan (1999) 3,199,000; Bouake (1995): 330,000; Daloa 123,000; Yamoussoukro 110,000. Location: western Africa, bordering Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, the Atlantic Ocean, Liberia, and Guinea.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 40.4 (world 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2001):

Birth rate per

avg.

18.4 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 22.0 (world avg. 12.2). fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 5.6. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 40.4 years; female 45.3 years.

Total

369

d'Ivoire

1,768,000,000,000 (crude and refined petroleum 28.8%, food products 22.5%, machinery and transport equipment 20.4%). Major import sources (2000): Nigeria 26.6%; France 20.3%; Belgium 4.0%; Italy 3.6%; Germany 3.6%. Exports (2001): CFAF 2,891,000,000,000 (cocoa beans and products 33.2%, crude petroleum and petroleum products 13.7%, wood and wood products 7.1%, coffee beans 3.6%). Major export destinations (2000): France 14.9%; The Netherlands 9.7%; US 8.3%; Mali 5.7%; Italy 4.8%; Senegal 4.0%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (1999): route length 655 km; passenger-km 93,100,000; metric ton-km cargo

537,600,000. Roads (1999): total length 50,400 km (paved 9.7%). Vehicles (1996): passenger cars 293,000; trucks and buses 163,000. Air transport (1998): passenger-km 318,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 44,000,000; airports (1999) 5. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily

newspaper circulation (2000): 1,440,000 (91); radios (2000): 2,170,000 (137); televisions (2000):

950,000 (20);

(60);

000

telephone main lines (2002): 336,100 telephone subscribers (2002):

cellular

1,027,100

computers (2002): 118,users (2002): 90,000 (5.5).

(62); personal

(7.2); Internet

Education and health National

economy

Budget (2000). Revenue: CFAF 1,237,100,000,000 revenue 87.1%, of which import taxes and duties 29.2%, export taxes 13.2%, taxes on profits 11.6%, income tax 10.2%; nontax revenue 12.9%). Expenditures: CFAF 1,358,200,000,000 (wages and salaries 33.0%; debt service 22.7%; capital expenditure 15.4%; transfers 13.1%; other 15.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): yams 3,000,000, cassava 1,700,000, plantains 1,410,000; livestock (number of live animals) 1,522,000 sheep, 1,476,000 cattle, 1,191,000 goats; roundwood (2001) 12,083,092 cu m; fish catch (2000) 81,519. Mining and quarrying (2001): gold 3,100 kg; diamonds 320,000 carats. Manufacturing (value added in CFAF '000,000,000; 1997): food 156.6, of which cocoa and chocolate 72.4, vegetable oils 62.7; chemicals 60.2. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 2,924,000,000 (2,924,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) 10,800,000 (34,000,000); petroleum products (1999) 4,045,000 (2,418,000); natural gas (cu m; 1999) 1,510,400,000 (1,510,400,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 7.8; expenditure (1992-93): food 48.0%, transportation 12.2%, clothing 10.1%, energy and water 8.5%, housing 7.8%, household equipment 3.4%. Population economically active (2000): total 6,531,000; activity rate of total population 40.9% (participation rates [1994] over ages 10, 64.3%; female 33.0%; unemployed [1996] 38.8%). Gross national product (2001): $10,300,000,000 ($630 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $8,590,000,000. Tourism (2001): receipts $48,000,000; expenditures $192,000,000.

(tax

Educational attainment (1988). Percentage of population age 6 and over having: no formal schooling 60.0%; Koranic school 3.6%; primary education 24.8%; secondary 10.7%; higher 0.9%. Literacy (2000): percentage of population age 15 and over literate 46.8%; males 54.5%; females 38.6%. Health: physicians (1996) 1,318 (1 per 11,111 persons);

beds (1993) 7,928 (1 per 1,698 persons); 1,000 live births (2001) 99.6. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,594 (vegetable products 97%, animal products 3%); 112% of FAO recommended minimum. hospital

infant mortality rate per

Military Total active duty personnel.

New

national

army

to

be

created pending final resolution of 2002-03 civil war. Peacekeeping troops (September 2003): West African regional (ECOWAS) 1,300; French 4,000. Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 0.8% (world avg. 2.4%); per capita expenditure $5.

D|y

VUU

Villi

^^ m 9

KnOW

Yamoussoukro, a medium-sized m central Cote d'Ivoire, is the site ofthe world's tallest (149 m [489 ft]) basilica. Built between 1986 and 1989 the Basilica of Our

c ' fy

[

Lady of Peace was offered as a gift to the pope. The dream of former longtime president Felix Houphouet-Boigny, the project was widely criticized because of

its

great expense.

Background Europeans came to the area Foreign trade Imports (2001-f.o.b. in balance of trade and commodities and c.i.f. for trading partners): CFAF

slaves beginning

doms gave way tury.

in

to trade in ivory and the 15th century, and local king-

to French influence in the 19th cen-

The French colony

of Cote d'Ivoire

was founded

Countries of the

370

in

1893, and

1946

it

full

occupation took place 1908-18. In territory in the French Union. Cote

became a

achieved independence in 1960, when Felix Houphouet-Boigny was elected president. The country's first multiparty presidential elections were held in 1990. d'lvoire

Recent Developments civil war in what was once one of most stable nations met with limited suc-

Attempts to end the

West Africa's cess. Former president Gen. Robert Guei led a coup attempt in September 2002 but was killed by loyalist troops. The population was polarized, and fighting began. Rebel groups in the west of the country attacked French troops in early January 2003, after Pres. Laurent Gbagbo and leaders of northern rebel groups agreed to begin talks on 15 January. In Paris the parties agreed to form a government of national reconciliation that gave rebel leaders the key ministries of interior and defense. Riots broke out immediately, however, against what was seen as a Frenchimposed giveaway of power. In July the rebels suddenly agreed to accept Gbagbo, and the war was declared finished. Attempts to achieve a permanent peace faltered, however, and economic and diplomatic activity virtually ground to a halt. In early 2004 the country remained divided in half by a "confidence zone," representatives of most international agencies and firms were evacuated, and sporadic violence continued.

World— Croatia km 78.3. Urban (2002): 58.1%. Sex distribu2001): male 48.13%; female 51.87%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15, 17.1%; 15-29, 20.3%; 30-44, 21.4%; 45-59, 19.5%; 60-74, 16.3%; 75 and over, 5.4%. Ethnic composition (2001): Croat 89.6%; Serb 4.5%; Bosniac 0.5%; Italian 0.4%; Hungarian 0.4%;-other 4.6%. Religious affiliation (2000): Christian 95.2%, of which Roman Catholic 88.5%, Eastern Orthodox 5.6%, Protestant 0.6%; Sunni Muslim 2.3%; non religious/atheist 2.5%. Major cities (2001): Zagreb 691,724; Split 175,140; Rijeka 143,800; Osijek 90,411; Zadar 69,556. Location: southeastern Europe, bordering Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Adriatic Sea. per sq

tion

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2001): 10.0 (world avg. 21.3); (1999) legitimate 91.8%; illegitimate 8.2%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2001): 11.5 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 popBirth rate per

ulation (2001): -1.5 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility

woman; 2001): 1.4. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2000): 4.9. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2000): 0.9. Life expectancy at birth (2001): male 70.8 years; female 77.7 years. rate (avg. births per childbearing

National Internet resources:

.

Croatia

I

name: Republika Hrvatska (Republic of CroaForm of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (House of Representatives Official

tia).

[140; includes six seats representing Croatians living Head of state: President Stipe Mesic (from 2000). Head of government: Prime Minister Ivo Sanader (from 23 Dec 2003). Capital: Zagreb. Official language: Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 kuna (HrK; plural kune) = 100 lipa; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = HrK 5.98. abroad]).

Demography Area: 56,542 sq km. Population (2003): 4,428,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 202.8, persons

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: HrK 55,303,800,000 (tax revenue 84.9%, of which sales tax 40.7%, excise taxes 14.2%, income tax 6.8%; nontax revenue 15.1%). Expenditures: HrK 57,308,100,000 (social security and welfare 43.2%; education 10.7%; public order 8.3%; defense 7.4%). Population economically active (2001): total 1,728,503; activity rate 39.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 57.9%; female 43.0%; unemployed 22.0%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): corn (maize) 2,501,774, sugar beets 1,183,445, wheat 988,175; livestock (number of live animals) 1,286,000 pigs, 580,016 sheep, 417,113 cattle; roundwood (2001) 3,468,000 cu m; fish catch (2000) 28,062. Mining and quarrying (2000): gypsum 100,000; ferrochromium 16,000. Manufacturing (value added in $'000,000; 1996): food products 895; transport equipment 425; electrical machinery 362. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2001) 11,674,000,000 ([1999] 14,599,000,000); hard coal (1999) 15,000 (316,000); lignite (1999) none (31,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) 9,475,000 (41,000,000); petroleum products

(1999) 5,103,000 (4,060,000); natural gas (cu m; 2001) 2,009,000,000 ([1999] 2,610,600,000). Gross national product (2001): $19,900,000,000 ($4,550 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $6,400,000,000. Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2001) 3.0; income per household HrK 64,288 ($8,700); sources: wages 42.8%, self-employment 22.5%, pension 20.6%, other 14.1%; expenditure (2001): food and non-alcoholic beverages 33.7%, housing and energy 13.4%, transportation 11.5%, clothing 9.1%, recreation and culture 5.9%, household furnishings 5.6%, alcoholic beverages and tobacco 4.1%, other 16.7%. Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors $3,335,000,-

I

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board cost, insurance, and freight;

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

J

Countries of the

000; expenditures by nationals abroad $606,000,000. Land use (1994): forest 37.1%; pasture 19.3%; agriculture 21.6%; other 22.0%.

—Cuba

World

371

Austria-Hungary in World War I, it joined other south Slav territories to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. During World War an independent state of Croatia was established by Germany and Italy, embracing CroatiaSlavonia, part of Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina; after the war Croatia was rejoined to Yugoslavia as a people's republic. It declared its independence in 1991, sparking insurrections by Croatian Serbs, who carved out autonomous regions with Serbian-led Yugoslav army help; Croatia had taken back most of these regions by 1995. With some staII

Foreign trade Imports (2001-f.o.b. in balance of trade and c.i.f. for commodities and trading partners): $9,044,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 33.2%, chemical products 11.5%, base and fabricated metals 10.1%, crude and refined petroleum 9.2%). Major import sources: Germany 17.1%; Italy 16.9%; Slovenia 7.9%; Russia and other countries of former USSR 7.2%; Austria 7.0%. Exports (2001): $4,659,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 29.4%, chemical and chemical products 10.6%, clothing 10.5%, crude petroleum and petroleum products 7.4%, food 6.9%). Major export destinations: Italy 23.7%; Germany 14.8%; Bosnia and Herzegovina 12.0%; Slovenia 9.1%; Austria 5.7%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2001): length 2,726 km; passenger-km 1,234,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

2,148,000,000. Roads (2001): total length 28,275 km (paved 82%). Vehicles (2001): passenger cars 1,195,450; trucks and buses 124,669. Air transport (2001): passenger-km 921,053,000; metric ton-km cargo 3,597,000; airports (2001) 4. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (1996): 515,000 (118); radios (2000): 1,120,000 (252); televisions (2000): 1.693,000 (380); telephone main lines (2002): 1,879,000 (388); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 2,278,000 (470); personal computers (2002): 760,000 (157); Internet users (2002):

789,000

bility

returning, Croatia's

economy began

Recent Developments hopes for accession into the European Union by 2007 were dashed at the 6 May 2003 EU Enlargement Summit when Brussels announced it was premature to discuss any date for Croatian admission. Early accession was to have been a key achievement in the run-up to national elections held at year's end. The decision highlighted the government's inability to free the country from what it felt were Balkan problems. The center-right Croatian DeCroatia's

mocratic Union registered a convincing victory in the November parliamentary elections. Party leader Ivo Sanader was named prime minister on 9 December, and his cabinet was approved two weeks later. Internet resources: .

Cuba

(163).

Atlantic

Education and health

Ocean

Educational attainment (1991). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: no schooling or unknown 10.1%; less than full primary education 21.2%; primary 23.4%; secondary 36.0%; postsecondary and higher 9.3%. Literacy (1999): population age 15 and over literate 98.2%; males 99.3%; females 97.1%. Health (1999): physicians 8,046 (1 per 529 persons); hospital beds 27,000 (1 per 158 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 7.2. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,676 (vegetable products 76%, animal products 24%); 105% of FAO recommended minimum.

Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

Official

51,000 (army

and air defense 5.9%). as percentage of GNP (1999): 6.4% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $491.

88.2%, navy 5.9%,

to revive in

the late 1990s.

air force

Military expenditure

Form

name: Republica de Cuba (Republic

of Cuba).

government: unitary socialist republic with one legislative house (National Assembly of the People's Power [601]). Head of state and government: President Fidel Castro (from 1976). Capital: Havana. of

Official

language: Spanish. Official religion: none. unit: 1 Cuban peso (CUP) = 100 centavos; 2004) $1 = 1.00 CUP.

Monetary

Background The Croats, a southern Slavic people, arrived in the area in the 7th century ad and in the 8th century came under Charlemagne. They converted to Christianity soon afterward and formed a kingdom in the 10th century. Most of Croatia was taken by the Turks in 1526; the rest voted to accept Austrian rule. In 1867 it became part of Austria-Hungary, with Dalmatia and Istria ruled by Vienna and Croatia-Slavonia a Hungarian crown land. In 1918, after the defeat of

valuation (2 Jul

Demography 42,804 sq

110,861 sq km. Population (2003): 11,295,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 263.9, persons per sq km 101.9. Urban (2002): Area:

mi,

75.5%. Sex distribution (2002): male 49.93%; female 50.07%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 21.0%; 15-29, 21.6%; 30-44, 27.3%; 45-59, 16.3%;

I

Countries of the

372

60-74, 9.7%; 75 and over, 4.1%. Ethnic composition (1994): mixed 51.0%; white 37.0%; black 11.0%; other 1.0%. Religious affiliation (1995): Roman Catholic 39.5%; Protestant 2.4%; other Christian 0.2%; other (mostly Santerfa) 57.9%. Major cities (1999): Havana (2002) 2,181,500; Santiago de Cuba 441,524; Camaguey 306,049; Holgufn 259,300; Santa Clara 210,100; Guantanamo 208,030. Location: island southeast of Florida, US, between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

—Cuba

World

port equipment 16.1%, of which power-generating machinery 7.4%; crude petroleum 7.2%). Major import sources (2001): Spain 12.7%; France 6.5%; Canada 5.7%; China 5.3%; Italy 5.0%. Exports (1996): $1,849,000,000 (raw sugar 51.5%; nickel [all forms] 22.6%; fresh and frozen fish 6.7%; raw tobacco and tobacco products 5.9%; medicinal and pharmaceutical products 2.8%). Major export destinations (2001): The Netherlands 22.4%; Russia 13.3%; Canada 13.3%; Spain 7.3%; China 6.2%.

Vital statistics

Transport and communications

1,000 population (2002): 12.6 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): (world avg. 7.2 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000

Transport. Railroads (2001): length 4,807 km; (1997)

Birth rate per

population (2002): 5.4 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 1.7. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2001): 4.8. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2001): 2.3. Life

expectancy at 79.0 years.

birth (2002):

National

male 74.4 years; female

economy

Budget (2000). Revenue: CUP 14,505,000,000. Expenditures: CUP 15,243,000,000 (capital expenditure 18.0%, education 13.9%, health 11.3%, defense 6.1%, other 50.7%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2002): $12,300,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): sugarcane 32,100,000, bananas 678,691, oranges and tangerines 563,293; livestock (number of live animals) 4,038,400 cattle, 1,307,300 pigs, 11,215,000 chickens; roundwood (2001) 1,696,000 cu m; fish catch (2000) 108,846. Mining and quarrying (2001): nickel (metal content) 72,619; cobalt (metal content) 3,910. Manufacturing (value added in $'000,000; 1990): tobacco products 2,629; food products 1,033; beverages 358. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2001) 15,301,000,000 (15,301,000,000); coal (1999) none (14,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2000) 17,380,000 ([1999] 18,900,000); petroleum products (1999) 991,000 (5,923,000); natural gas (cu m; 1999) 460,000,000 (460,000,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 3.6; average annual income per household (1982) CUP 3,680 ($4,330); sources of income (1982): wages and salaries 57.3%, bonuses and other payments 42.7%; personal consumption (1989): food 26.7%, other retail purchases 60.5%. Tourism: receipts from visitors (2001) $1,692,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad (1990) $48,000,000. Population economically active (2002): total 4,300,000; activity rate 38.2% (female [1998] 37.0%; unemployed [2002] 3.5%). Gross domestic product (2002): $25,900,000,000 ($2,300 per capita). Land use (1994): forested 23.7%; meadows and pastures 27.0%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 30.7%; other 18.6%.

Foreign trade in balance of trade and trading c.i.f. for commodities): $3,481,000,000 petroleum 20.2%; food and live animals 19.8%, of which cereals 11.4%; machinery and trans-

Imports (1996-f.o.b. partners and (refined

passenger-km 1,684,000; metric ton-km cargo 821,500,000. Roads (1997): total length 60,858 km (paved 49%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 172,574; trucks and buses 185,495. Air transport (2000): passenger-km 2,769,162,000; metric ton-km cargo 49,294,000; airports with scheduled flights (1999) 14. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 1,280,000 (114); radios (2000): 5,320,000 (354); televisions (2000): 3,580,000 (242); telephone main

(2001):

573,000 (51); cellular telephone sub8,100 (0.7); personal computers 220,000 (20); Internet users (2001):

120,000

(11).

lines (2001):

scribers (2001):

Education and health Educational attainment (1981). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling or some primary education 39.6%; completed primary 26.6%; secondary 29.6%; higher 4.2%. Literacy (2000): total population age 15 and over literate 96.9%; males 96.9%; females 96.8%. Health (2001): physicians 66,285 (1 per 169 persons); hospital beds 82,000 (1 per 137 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 6.2. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,564 (vegetable products 86%, animal products 14%); 111% of FAO rec-

ommended minimum. Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

76.1%, navy 6.5%,

air

46,000 (army

force 17.4%). Military expendi1.9% (world

ture as percentage of GDP (1999): 2.4%); per capita expenditure: $57.

Background Several Indian groups, including the Ciboney, the Taino, and the Arawak, inhabited Cuba at the time of the first Spanish contact. Christopher Columbus claimed the island for Spain in 1492, and the Spanish conquest began in 1511, when the settlement of Baracoa was founded. The native Indians were eradi-

cated over the succeeding centuries, and African slaves, from the 18th century until slavery was abolished in 1886, were imported to work the sugar plantations. Cuba revolted unsuccessfully against Spain in the Ten Years' War (1868-78): a second war of independence began in 1895. In 1898 the US entered the war; Spain relinquished its claim to Cuba, which was occupied by the US for three years before gaining its

independence

in

1902. The US invested heavily

in

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the the Cuban sugar industry

in

the

of the

first half

20th

and this, combined with tourism and gamcaused the economy to prosper. Inequalities in

century, bling,

the distribution of wealth persisted, however, as did political corruption. In 1958-59 the communist revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba's longtime dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and established a socialist state aligned with the Soviet Union, abolishing capitalism and nationalizing foreign-owned enterprises. Relations with the US deteriorated, reaching a low point with the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion and the

1962 Cuban missile crisis. In 1980 about 125,000 Cubans, including many that their government officially labeled "undesirables," were shipped to the US in the so-called Mariel Boat Lift. When communism collapsed in the USSR, Cuba lost important financial backing and its economy suffered greatly. The latter gradually improved in the 1990s with the encouragement of tourism, though diplomatic relations with the US were not resumed.

—Cyprus

2003 the

National Assembly unanimously confirmed Pres. Fidel Castro as the country's leader for another five-year term. Several high-level officials, in-

373

is the original and still the interrecognized de jure government of the whole island; and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), proclaimed unilaterally 15 Nov 1983, on territory originally secured for the Turkish Cypriot population by the 20 Jul 1974 intervention of Turkey. Only Turkey recognizes the TRNC, and the two ethnic communities have failed to reestablish a single state. Provision of separate data below does not imply recognition of either state's claims but is necessitated by the lack of unified data.

of the island, which

nationally

Area: 3,572 sq mi, 9,251 sq km. Population (2003): 921,000 (includes 80,000 "settlers" from Turkey and 40,000 Turkish military in the TRNC; excludes 3,200 British military in the Sovereign Base Areas (SBA) in the ROC and 1,200 UN peacekeeping forces). Location: Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey.

DJJQ

Recent Developments In

World

VGil

^^ m

m*

9

KIlOW B

According to Greek mythology, Cyprus is the birthplace of the goddess Aphrodite. She was born from the sea foam along the shore of the island.

cluding the head of ideology and the ministers of transportation and finance, were replaced, but the

overdue (sixth) Party Congress, the event at which major personnel and policy changes were to be charted, did not take place. The government's wave of repression of dissidents in the spring provoked widespread international consternation but few serious consequences. Diplomatic tensions between the US and Cuba reached new levels as Castro threat-

ened to close the US interests section in Havana because of its contacts with dissidents, while the US ejected 14 Cuban diplomats for possible espionage and imposed new limits on travel and vehicle ownership. Several Latin American countries sponsored a

UN

resolution criticizing Cuba's

human

rights record,

but a similar effort stalled in the OAS because of sistance from the Caribbean countries.

re-

Internet resources: .

Cyprus

I

Turkish Cypriots established a functioning government, which obtained recognition only from Turkey.

BlacklSea

"^ ^T

Background Cyprus was inhabited by the early Neolithic Age; by the late Bronze Age it had been visited and settled by Mycenaeans and Achaeans, who introduced Greek culture and language, and it became a trading center. By 800 bc Phoenicians had begun to settle there. Ruled over the centuries by the Assyrian, Persian, and Ptolemaic empires, it was annexed by Rome in 58 bc It was part of the Byzantine empire in the 4th- 12th centuries ad. Cyprus was conquered by the English king Richard in 1191. A part of the Venetian empire from 1489, it was taken by Ottoman Turks in 1571. In 1878 the British assumed control, and Cyprus became a British crown colony in 1925. It gained independence in 1960. Conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots led to the establishment of a UN peacekeeping mission in 1964. In 1974, fearing a movement to unite Cyprus with Greece, Turkish soldiers occupied the northern third of the country and

has continued to the present, and the UN peacekeeping mission has remained in place. Reunihave remained deadlocked.

Conflict

^*J-

1

3-~v—

fication talks

c?\

}

s

unit.

name: Republica Dominicana (Dominican ReForm of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [32]; Chamber of Deputies [150]). Head of state and government: President Hipolito Mejfa Domfnguez (from 2000). Official public).

Did.a m M

know

Dominica

is

home

to

two

parrots,

the imperial parrot, or sisserou

(Amazona

imperialis),

and the

smaller red-necked parrot (Ama-,

zona arausiaca). Both are found only in Dominica. Large frogs, known as crapaud or mountain chicken, are a culinary delicacy.

Capital:

Santo Domingo.

Official

religion:

Official

language: Spanish. is the

none (Roman Catholicism

City). Mone100 centavos;

state religion per concordat with Vatican tary unit: 1 Dominican peso (RD$) =

valuation (2 Jul

2004) US$1 = RD$45.00.

Demography Background At the time of the arrival of Christopher

Columbus

in

1493, Dominica was inhabited by the Caribs. With its steep coastal cliffs and inaccessible mountains, it was one of the last islands to be explored by Europeans, and the Caribs remained in possession until the 18th century; it was then settled by the French and ultimately taken by Britain in 1783. Subsequent hostilities between the settlers and the native inhabitants resulted in the Caribs' near extinction. Incorporated with the Leeward Islands in 1883 and with the

Windward Islands in 1940, the West Indies Federation came independent in 1978.

it

became

in

mi, 48,671 sq km. Population (2003): 8,716,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 463.8, persons per sq km 179.1. Urban (2000):

Area:

a

member

of

1958. Dominica be-

Recent Developments Dominica exited the controversial offshore-banking business in February 2003 when the last such insti-

18,792 sq

66.0%. Sex distribution (2002): male 49.85%; female 50.15%. Age breakdown (2000): under 15, 34.5%; 15-29, 27.3%; 30-44, 20.3%; 45-59, 10.8%; 60-74, 5.7%; 75 and over, 1.4%. Ethnic composition (2000): mulatto 69.5%; white 17.0%; local black 9.4%; Haitian black 2.4%; other/unknown 1.7%. Religious affiliation (1995):

Roman

Catholic

81.8%; Protestant 6.4%; other Christian 0.6%; other 11.2%. Major urban centers (2000): Santo Domingo (urban agglomeration; 2001) 2,629,000; Santiago 580,745; San Cristobal 199,693; San Francisco de Macorfs 198,068; La Romana 189,900. Location: eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, bordered by the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and Haiti.

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

—Dominican Republic

World

(181); televisions (2000):

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 24.3 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 6.7 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 17.6 (world avg. 12.2). Total ferBirth rate per

rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1994): 2.0. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 66.8 years; female 69.8 years.

National

economy

Budget (2002). Revenue: RD$67,009,000,000 (tax revenue 94.5%, of which taxes on goods and services 45.5%, income taxes 25.0%, import duties 21.2%; nontax revenue 5.5%). Expenditures: RD$75,789,000,000 (current expenditures 63.1%; development expenditures 36.9%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): US$3,749,000,000. Gross national product (2001): capita).

US$19,000,000,000 (US$2,230 per

Production (metric tons except as noted). forestry, fishing (2002): sugarcane

810,000

(97);

telephone

main lines (2002): 955,100 (110); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 1,270,100 (147); Internet users (2001): 186,000 (21).

Education and health

tility

2.9.

381

Literacy (1995): total population age

15 and over

lit-

erate 82.1%; males literate 82.0%; females literate 82.2%. Health: physicians (1997) 17,460 (1 per 460 persons); hospital beds (1996) 11,921 (1 per 662 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 35.1. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,333 (vegetable products 86%, animal products 14%); 96% of FAO recommended minimum.

Military

24,500 (army 22.4%). Military expen(1999): 0.7% (world

Total active duty personnel (2002):

61.2%, navy 16.3%,

air force

diture as percentage of

GNP

US$15.

2.4%); per capita expenditure

Agriculture,

4,846,485, rice 730,705, bananas 502,877; livestock (number of live animals) 2,159,623 cattle,

Did

Mining (2000): nickel (metal content) 68,300; gold 40,700 troy oz. Manufacturing (1998): cement 1,872,000; refined sugar 105,000; beer 2,990,000 hectoliters. Energy production (consumption): elec-

2002) 10,449,000,000 (6,808,000,000); coal (1999) none (78,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2002) none (14,400,000); petroleum products (1999) 1,774,000 (6,667,000). Tourism (2001): receipts US$2,689,000,000; expenditures US$340,000,000. Population economically active (1997): (kW-hr;

tricity

total

3,155,500;

activity

rate

of total

population

(participation rates: ages 15-64 [1993] 54.3%; female [1993] 24.9%; unemployed [2002] 16.1%). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2002) 3.5. Land use (1994): forested 12.4%; meadows and pastures 43.4%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 30.6%; other 13.6%.

39.5%

Foreign trade Imports (2002): US$8,882,000,000 (imports for free zones 29.8%, refined petroleum 14.6%, machinery and apparatus 11.4%, transport equipment 10.5%, food 5.4%). Major import sources (1998): US 65%; Venezuela 6%; Mexico 4%; Japan 3%. Exports (2002): US$5,183,000,000 (reexports of free zones 83.6%, ferronickel 3.0%, ships' stores 2.2%, raw sugar 1.4%, cacao and cocoa 1.3%). Major export destinations (1998):

2%;

US 87%; Belgium-Luxembourg

UK 2%. Transport and communications

Transport. Railroads (1997; mostly privately owned lines serving the sugar industry): route length 1,743

km. Roads (1999): total length 12,600 km (paved 49%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 353,177; trucks and buses 200,347. Air transport (1997; Aerochago and Dominair airlines): passenger-km, 15,808,000; metric ton-km cargo 11,624,000; airports (2002) 6. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (1996): 416,000 (53); radios (2000): 1,510,000

~M

m y riii u

577,000 pigs, 46,000,000 chickens; roundwood (2001) 562,300 cu m; fish catch (2000) 13,154.

I*

KlIOW

Founded

in

of Santo

Domingo

1496, the capital city is

the oldest

permanent European city in the New World. Other superlatives for the city include both oldest

university and oldest cathedral in the Americas.

The Colonial City of Santo Domingo was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990.

Background The Dominican Republic was

originally part of

the

Spanish colony of Hispaniola. In 1697 the western third of the island, which later became Haiti, was ceded to France; the remainder of the island passed to France in 1795. The eastern two-thirds of the island were returned to Spain in 1809, and the colony declared its independence in 1821. Within a matter

weeks it was overrun by Haitian troops and occupied until 1844. Since then the country has been

of

under the rule of a succession of dictators, except for short interludes of democratic government, and the US has frequently been involved in its affairs. The termination of the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo in 1961 led to civil war in 1965 and US military intervention. The country suffered from severe hurricanes in 1979 and 1998.

Recent Developments The Dominican Republic's long surge

of growth, unthe Caribbean, reversed in 2003 as the economy shrank by 2.8%. Investment confidence was badly shaken by the massive $2.2 billion scandal and collapse of Banco Intercontinental (Baninter), the country's second largest commercial bank. The re-

paralleled

in

sulting deficit and acceleration in inflation precipitated negotiations with the IMF and led to a standby agreement of $618 million in August. However, the agreement came with politically unwelcome conditions-fiscal reform and cutbacks in the public sector.

The government was also criticized for its failure to address chronic deficiencies in the electricity grid and generating capacity. Internet resources: .

I

Countries of the

382

sava (2001) 55,000; livestock (number of live animals) 378,000 pigs (1996), 187,000 goats (1996), 137,000 cattle (1996); fish catch (1997) 2,804, of which marine 2,424. Mining and quarrying (2001): commercial quantities of marble are exported. Manufacturing (2001): principally the production of textiles, garments, and handicrafts. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1998) 40,000,000 (n.a.). Household: Average household size (1995) 4.9. Population economically active (2001): total 232,000; activity rate of total population 28% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 57%; unofficially unemployed [2000] 80%). Gross national product (2002): $393,000,000 ($530 per capita). Tourism: available beds for tourists (1998) 580. Land use (2000): forested 34%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 15%; meadows and pastures 10%; other 41%.

East Timor

Official name: Republika Democratika Timor Lorosa'e (Tetum); Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Portuguese) (Democratic Republic of East Timor). Form of

government: republic with one tional

Parliament

[88]).

legislative

body (Na-

Chief of State: President

Xanana Gusmao (from 2002). Head

World— East Ti mor

of

Government:

Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri (from 2002). Capital: Dili. languages: Tetum and Portuguese; Indonesian and English are "working languages." Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 US dollar ($) = 100 cents. Official

Foreign trade Imports (1998): $135,000,000 (foodstuffs 26%, of which rice 10%; construction materials 15%; petroleum products 10%; unspecified 49%). Major import sources: Indonesia nearly 100%. Exports (1998): $55,000,000 (agricultural products 93%, of which nonfood crops [nearly all coffee] 51%, livestock 22%, food crops 15%; garments, bottled water, handicrafts, and other manufactured goods 5%). Major export destinations: Indonesia 96%.

Demography 5,639 sq mi, 14,604 sq km. Population (2003): 778,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 138.0, persons per sq km 53.3. Urban (2001): 24.0%. Sex distribution (2000): male 51.70%; female 48.30%. Age breakdown (2000): under 15, 43.0%; 15-29, 23.9%; 30-44, 17.9%; 45-59, 10.5%; 60-74, 4.1%; 75 and over, 0.6%. Ethnic composition (1999): East Timorese 80%; other (nearly all Indonesian, and particularly West Timorese) 20%. Religious affiliation (2000): Roman Catholic 87%; Protestant 5%; Muslim 3%; traditional beliefs 3%; Area:

Transport and communications

Roads (December 1999): total length 1,414 km (57% of paved roads were in poor or damaged condition in late 1999; gravel roads were not usable for most vehicles). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 3,156; trucks and buses 7,140. Air transport: airports (2001) with scheduled flights 1. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2002): 1,500 (2); telephone main lines (1996): 6,600 (8).

Transport.

other 2%. Major cities (2000):

Dili 48,200; Dare 17,100; Baucau 14,200; Maliana 12,300; Ermera 12,000. Location: southeast Asia, eastern end of the island of Timor plus an exclave on the western end, bordering the Timor Sea and Indonesia.

Education and health Literacy (2001): total population age 15 and over literate 203,000 (48%). Health: physicians (1996-97)

122 (1 per 6,590 persons); hospital beds (1999) 560 (1 per 1,277 persons); infant mortality rate (2001)

70-90%. Vital statistics

1,000 population (2003): 27.7 (world avg. 21.2). Death rate per 1,000 population (2003): 6.4 (world avg. 8.9). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2003): 21.3 (world avg. 13.2). Total ferBirth rate per

tility

rate (avg. births per childbearing

woman; 2003):

3.8. Marriage rate per

1,000 population (1997-98) 0.4. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1997-98) 0.1. Life expectancy at birth (2001): male 56.0 years female 59.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2002). Revenue: $54,000,000 (tax revenue 45.6%; grants 42.0%; nontax revenue 12.4%). Expenditures: $53,100,000 (current expenditure 78.2%; development expenditure 21.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing: corn (maize) (2001) 69,000, rice (2001) 58.000, cas-

Military Total active duty personnel (2002): 636, to be expanded to 1,500 troops by the end of 2003 (army

94.3%, naval element 5.7%); UN presence (August 2003): 3,400 military, 400 police.

Background The Portuguese first settled on the island of Timor in 1520 and were granted rule over Timor's eastern half in 1860. The Timor political party Fretilin declared East Timor independent in 1975 after Portugal withdrew its troops. It was invaded by Indonesian forces and was incorporated as a province of Indonesia in 1976. The takeover, which resulted in thousands of East Timorese deaths duringthe next two decades, was disputed by the UN. In 1999 an independence referendum won

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo: c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

overwhelmingly; civilian militias, armed by the military and led by local supporters of integration, then rampaged through the province, killing 1,000-2,000 people. The Indonesian parliament rescinded Indonesia's annexation of the territory, and East Timor was returned to its preannexation status as a non-self-governing territory, though this time under UN supervision. Preparation for independence got under way in 2001, with East Timorese voting by universal suffrage in August for a Constituent Assembly of 88 members. Independence was declared on 20 May 2002 and was followed by the swearing in of Xanana Gusmao as the first president of the world's newest country.

—Ecuador

World

383

13,003,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 123.8, persons per sq km 47.8. Urban (2002): 63.4%. Sex distribution (2001): male 49.51%; female 50.49%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 35.3%;

tion (2003):

15-29, 28.5%; 30-44, 19.2%; 45-59, 10.5%; 60-74, 4.8%; 75 and over, 1.7%. Ethnic composition (2000): mestizo 42.0%; Amerindian 40.8%; white 10.6%; black 5.0%; other 1.6%. Religious affiliation (2000): Roman Catholic 94.1%; Protestant 1.9%; other 4.0%. Major cities (2001): Guayaquil 1,985,379; Quito 1,399,378; Cuenca 277,374;

Machala 204,578; Santo Domingo de los Colorados 200,421. Location: northwestern South America, bordering Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean.

Recent Developments The East Timor government's efforts to set up the public institutions that had been established by the 2002 constitution proceeded without encountering any particular difficulties on the political level, despite persistent rivalries between political parties. Economic development remained a priority, but con-

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 24.9 (world avg. 21.3; excludes nomadic Indian tribes). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 5.3 (world avg. 9.1; excludes nomadic Indian tribes). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 19.6 (world avg. 12.2; excludes nomadic Indian tribes). Total ferBirth rate per

siderable constraints still existed, notably the lack of reliable baseline information.

tility

Internet resources: .

3.2. Life expectancy at female 74.9 years.

rate (avg. births per childbearing

National

Ecuador Caribbean

) c?

•

Sea

^Zj

*

tw \

{

n

Ea

birth (2002):

j

woman; 2000):

male 69.1 years;

economy

Budget (2002). Revenue: $4,526,000,000 (nonpetroleum revenue 72.4%, of which value-added tax 33.8%, income tax 14.8%; petroleum revenue 27.6%). Expenditures: $4,694,000,000 (current expenditure 73.9%; capital expenditure 26.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $11,149,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): bananas 6,500,000, sugarcane 5,669,900, rice 1,283,390; livestock (live animals) 5,578,396 cattle, 2,805,597 sheep, 2,380,716 pigs; roundwood (2001) 10,919,709 cu m; fish catch (2000) 654,658. Mining and quarrying (2000): limestone 3,147,000; gold 2,823 kg. Manufacturing (value

added

in

S/. '000,000; 1998): re-

fined petroleum 14,320,504; food products 1,943,-

Pacific

917; nonmetallic mineral products 785,400. Energy

Ocean

production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999)

name: Republica del Ecuador (Republic of Form of government: unitary multiparty reone legislative house (National Congress [100]). Head of state and government: President Lucio Gutierrez Borbua (from 15 Jan 2003). Capital: Quito. Official language: Spanish (Quechua and Shuar are also official languages for the indigenous peoples). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: the US dollar ($) became the principal national currency from March 2000 and was formally adopted as the national currency on 9 Sep 2000; the pegged value Official

Ecuador).

public with

of the sucre [S/.j, the

10,305,000,000 (10,305,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 146,200,000 ([1999] 52,691,000); petroleum products (1999) 6,611,000 (5,462,000); natural gas (cu m; 1999) 606,000,000 (606,000,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2001) 4.1; average annual income per household (1995) S/. 9,825,610 ($3,830); sources of income (1995): self-employment 70.9%, wages 16.0%, transfer payments 6.7%, other 6.4%; expenditure (1995): food and tobacco 37.9%, transportation and communications 15.0%, clothing 9.2%, household furnishings 6.5%. Population economically active (2001): total 4,124,185; activity rate of total population

49.6%

(participation rates:

ages 15 and over, 72.8%; female 42.3%; unemployed 13.3%). Gross national product (2001): $14,000,000,000 ($1,080 per capita). Tourism (2001): receipts $430,000,000; expenditures $340,000,000.

former national currency, from

March 2000 was $1 = S/. 25,000). Foreign trade

Demography Area: 105,037 sq mi, 272,045 sq km (includes 884 sq mi [2,289 sq km] in nondelimited areas). Popula-

Imports (2000-f.o.b. in balance of trade and c.i.f. for commodities and trading partners): $3,446,000,000 (chemicals and chemical products 23.5%; machinery and apparatus 21.1%; mineral fuels and lubricants

Countries of the

384

8.2%; food and live animals 7.6%). Major import sources (2001): US 29.4%; Colombia 10.3%; Japan 8.2%; Venezuela 4.7%; Chile 4.5%. Exports (2000): $4,822,000,000 (mineral fuels and lubricants 50.7%, of which crude petroleum 44.5%; food 35.7%, of which bananas 17.0%, fish and crustaceans 11.8%; cut flowers 3.2%). Major export destinations (2001): US 36.2%; Colombia 5.0%; South Korea 4.6%; Germany 4.3%; Japan 4.0%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2000): route length 956 km; passenger-km (1998) 44,000,000; metric ton-km

cargo (1996) 1,000,000. Roads (1999): total length 43,197 km (paved 19%). Vehicles (1996): passenger cars 464,902; trucks and buses 52,630. Air transport (2001; Ecuatoviana and TAME airlines): passenger-km 901,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 14,344,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (1996): 820,000 (70); radios (2000): 5,190,000 (418); televisions (2000): 2,710,000 (213); telephone main lines (2002): 1,426,200 (110); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 1,560,900 (121); personal computers (2002): 403,000 (31); Internet users (2002): 503,300 (39).

several changes of heads of state. In a controversial

move

to help stabilize the economy, the US dollar replaced the sucre as the national currency in 2000.

Recent Developments Lucio Gutierrez Borbua, a former army colonel who had participated in an antigovemment uprising in

2000 and who was the richest man in Ecuador, took over as president on 15 Jan 2003. Despite widespread poverty, the Ecuadoran economy was one of the stronger performers in Latin America. Pressure from environmentalists dogged construction of a new $1.3 billion Ecuadoran pipeline to carry crude oil from the Amazon region to the Pacific coast; it was finally completed in late 2003. An assassination attempt on Leonidas Iza, the leader of CONAIE, an umbrella organization of Ecuador's indigenous peoples, on 1 Feb 2004 undermined the political base of President Gutierrez. January

Internet resources:

.

Egypt

o\-w

Education and health Educational attainment (1990). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling 2.2%; incomplete primary 54.3%; primary 28.0%; postsecondary 15.5%. Literacy (1995): total population age 15 and over literate 90.1%; males 92.0%; females 88.2%. Health (2000): physicians 18,335 (1 per 456 persons); hospital beds 19,564 (1 per 427 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 33.0. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,333 (vegetable products 86%, animal products 14%); 103% of FAO recommended minimum.

Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

Wor ld— Egypt

Medi erram an Sea

^^

If

\.

fc

N

1)

^^L.m\ '

f-\^

_J -"^

59,500 (army

84.0%, navy 9.3%, air force 6.7%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 3.7% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $38.

/o .

Arabian

Sea

/2

jf\

name: Jumhuriyah Misr al-'Arabiyah (Arab Republic of Egypt). Form of government: republic with one legislative house (People's Assembly [454, including 10 nonelective seats]). Chief of state: President Hosni Mubarak (from 1981). Head of government: Prime Minister Atef Ebeid (from 1999). Capital: Cairo. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Egyptian pound (£E) = 100 piastres; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = £E 6.22. Official

Background Ecuador was conquered by the Incas

in

ad

1450 and

came under Spanish

control in 1534. Under the Spaniards it was a part of the viceroyalty of Peru until 1740, when it became a part of the viceroyalty of New Granada. It gained its independence from Spain in 1822 as part of the republic of Gran Colombia, and in 1830 it became a sovereign state. A succession of authoritarian governments ruled into the mid-20th century, and economic hardship and social unrest prompted the military to take a strong role. Border

disputes led to war between Peru and Ecuador in 1941; the two fought periodically until agreeing to a

demarcation in 1998. The economy, booming in the 1970s with petroleum profits, was depressed in the 1980s by reduced oil prices and earthquake damage. A new constitution was adopted in 1979. In the 1990s social unrest caused political instability and final

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Demography Area:

385,210 sq

mi, 997,690 sq km. Population (2003): 68,185,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 177.0, persons per sq km 68.3. Urban (2002): 42.7%. Sex distribution (2002): male 50.45%; female 49.55%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 33.9%;

15-29, 28.1%; 30-44, 19.4%; 45-59, 12.0%; 60-74, 5.5%; 75 and over, 1.1%. Ethnic composition

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

(2000): Egyptian Arab 84.1%; Sudanese Arab 5.5%; Arabized Berber 2.0%; Bedouin 2.0%; Rom (Gypsy) 1.6%; other 4.8%. Religious affiliation (1997): Sunni

Muslim 89%; Christian 11%. Major cities ('000; 1996): Cairo 6,789 (urban agglomeration: 10,345 [1999]); Alexandria 3,328; Al-Jizah 2,222; Shubra alKhaymah 871; Port Said 470. Location: northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the Gaza Strip, Israel, the Red Sea, The Sudan, and Libya.

—Egypt

World

385

64,000 km (paved 78%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 1,154,753; trucks and buses 510,766. Inland water (2000): Suez Canal, number of transits 14,141; metric ton cargo 438,962,000. Air transport (2001): passenger-km 8,892,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 239,040,000; airports (1998) 11. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 2,780,000 (43); radios (2000): 21,900,000 (418); televisions (2000): 12,200,000 (189); telephone main lines (2002): 6,688,400 (104); telephone subscribers (2002): 4,412,000 personal computers (2001): 1,000,000 (16); Internet users (2001): 600,000 (9.3). cellular

Vital statistics Birth rate per 1,000 population (2002): 24.9 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 5.4 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 19.5 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 3.1. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 67.6 years;

(67);

avg. 21.3).

female 72.7 years.

National

economy

Budget (2000-01). Revenue: £E 97,938,000,000 (income and profits taxes 28.4%, sales taxes 18.4%, customs duties 13.3%, oil revenue 4.7%, Suez Canal fees 3.6%). Expenditures: £E 111,669,000,000 (current expenditure 76.7%, of which wages and pensions 25.7%, public debt interest 18.3%, defense 3.3%; capital expenditure 23.3%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $25,243,000,000. Population economically active (1999-2000): total 18,818,000; activity rate 29.7% (participation rates [1998] ages 15-64, 45.9%; female 21.4%; unemployed 8.1%). Production ('000; metric tons except as

Education and health Literacy (2000): total population age

Foreign trade Imports (1999-c.i.f.): $15,962,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 22.6%; food 18.3%, of which cereals 8.1%; chemicals and chemical products 11.5%; iron and steel 5.6%). Major import sources (2001): US 18.6%; Italy 6.6%; Germany 6.5%; France 4.9%; China 4.4%. Exports (1999-f.o.b.): $3,501,000,000 (crude petroleum 27.4%; refined petroleum 8.4%; food 7.9%; wearing apparel 7.9%; raw cotton 6.8%). Major export destinations (2001): Italy 15.0%; US 14.4%; UK 9.3%; France 4.7%; Germany 4.1%.

Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 3,385 (vegetable products 92%, animal products 8%);

133%

of

Transport. Railroads (1999): length 4,810 km; passenger-km (1998) 56,667,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (1996) 4,117,000,000. Roads (1999): length

FAO recommended minimum.

Military

443,000 (army 72.2%, navy 4.3%, air force [including air defense] 23.5%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP

Total active duty personnel (2002):

(1999): 2.7% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure

$36.

Egypt

is

Background home to one of the world's

oldest continuous

Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 bc, beginning a period of cultural achievement and a line of native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 civilizations.

years. Egypt's ancient history

is

divided into the Old,

New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 332 bc The pyramids date from the Old Middle, and

Kingdom; the

cult of Osiris

and the refinement and the era

sculpture, from the Middle Kingdom;

of of

empire and the Exodus of the Jews, from the New Kingdom. An Assyrian invasion occurred in the 7th century bc, and the Persian Achaemenids established a dynasty in 525 bc The invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 bc inaugurated the Macedonian Ptolemaic period and the ascendancy of Alexandria. The Romans held Egypt from 30 bc to ad 395; later it was placed under the control of Constantinople. Constantine's granting of tolerance in 313 to the Christians began the development of a formal Egyptian (Coptic) church. Egypt

came under Arab control in 642 and ultimately was transformed into an Arabic-speaking state, with Islam as the dominant religion. Held by the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, timid dynasty.

In

969 it became the center of the Fa1250 the Mamluks established a dyuntil 1517, when Egypt fell to the

in

nasty that lasted

Ottoman Turks. An economic decline ensued, and with a decline in Egyptian culture. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914 and received nominal indepenit

in 1922, when a constitutional monarchy was A coup overthrew the monarchy in 1952, Gamal Abdel Nasser taking power. Following

dence

established. with

Transport and communications

lit-

pital beds (1994) 113,020 (1 per 515 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2000) 62.3.

noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): sugar-

cane 15,706, corn (maize) 6,800, tomatoes 6,329; livestock ('000; number of live animals) 4,672 sheep, 3,810 cattle, 3,550 buffalo; roundwood (2001) 16,600,028 cu m; fish catch (2000) 724. Mining and quarrying (1999-2000): gypsum 3,027; iron ore 2,932; salt 1,990. Manufacturing (1999-2000): cement 26,000; nitrate fertilizers 1,550; sugar 1,285. Energy production (consumption): electricity ('000,000 kW-hr; 1999) 69,045 (69,045); coal (1999) none (1,310); crude petroleum ('000 barrels; 1999) 278,500 (225,900); petroleum products (1999) 29,503 (21,749); natural gas ('000,000 cu m; 2000) 21,000 ([1999] 16,728). Gross national product (2001): $99,600,000,000 ($1,530 per capita). Household: Average household size (2000) 4.7. Tourism (2001): receipts $3,800,000,000; expenditures $1,132,000,000.

15 and over

erate 55.3%; males 66.6%; females 43.8%. Health: physicians (1996) 129,000 (1 per 472 persons); hos-

three wars with Israel, Egypt, under Nasser's successor, Anwar al-Sadat, ultimately played a leading role in Middle East peace talks. Sadat was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak, who followed Sadat's peace initiatives and in 1982 regained Egyptian sovereignty (lost

Countries of the

386

in

World

1967) over the Sinai peninsula. Although Egypt took

the coalition against Iraq during the Persian Gulf War (1991), it later made peace overtures to Iraq and other countries in the region. part

in

—El Salva dor

Santa Ana 241,266; San Miguel 227,414. Location: Central America, bordering Guatemala, Honduras, and the North Pacific Ocean.

Vital statistics

Recent Developments an effort to prepare the groundwork for the resumption of peace talks between the Israelis and the Palestinians, Egypt's Pres. Hosni Mubarak hosted an Arab-US summit in Sharm al-Shaykh on 3 June 2003. Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah In

of Jordan, King Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah of Bahrain, and Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas met with US Pres. George W. Bush to show their support for the "road map for peace." II

Birth rate

per 1,000 population (2002): 27.9

National

Internet resources: .

El

Salvador

Pacific

Ocean

name: Republica de El Salvador (Republic of Form of government: republic with one house (Legislative Assembly [84]). Chief of state and government: President Francisco Flores Perez (from 1999). Capital: San Salvador. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: none (Roman

Official El

Salvador).

legislative

although not official, enjoys special in the constitution). Monetary units: 1 = 100 centavos; valuation (2 Jul 2004; pegged rate) $1 = 08.75 (the US dollar is also legal tender since 1 Jan 2001).

Catholicism,

transportation and communications 10.2%, clothing and footwear 6.7%. Land use (1994): forested 5.0%;

meadows and

pastures 29.5%; agricultural and under cultivation 35.2%; other 30.3%. Populaeconomically active (1999): total 2,444,900; ac-

recognition

permanent tion

Demography 8.124 sq

21,041 sq km. Population (2003): 6.515.000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 801.9. persons per sq km 309.6. Urban (2002):

Area:

mi,

61.5%. Sex distribution (2002): male 48.67%; female 51.33%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 37.1%; 15-29, 28.7%; 30-44, 17.2%; 45-59, 9.8%; 60-74, 5.0%; 75 and over 2.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): mestizo 88.3%; Amerindian 9.1%, of which Pipil 4.0%; white 1.6%; other/unknown 1.0%. Religious affiliation (1995): Roman Catholic 78.2%; Protestant 17.1%. of which Pentecostal 13.3%; other Christian 1.9%; other 2.8%. Major cities (1998; figures are for municipios [urban centers that may include adjacent rural areas]): San Salvador 467,004

(urban

282.066

agglomeration 1.856.788); Soyapango (within San Salvador urban agglomeration);

1 metric ton - about 1.1 short tons: ton-mi cargo:

c.i.f: cost,

insurance,

economy

Budget. Revenue (2001): $1,499,400,000 (sales taxes 57.2%, corporate taxes 13.1%, individual income taxes 11.4%, import duties 9.7%). Expenditures: $1,968,600,000 (education 23.3%, police 15.7%, economic services 14.7%, social services 12.7%, health 11.1%, defense 6.6%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $3,257,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): sugarcane 4,932,516, corn (maize) 637,040, sorghum 139,163; livestock (number of live animals) 1,392,114 cattle, 153.463 pigs; roundwood (2001) 5,200,129 cu m; fish catch (2000) 9,851, of which crustaceans 3,730. Mining and quarrying (1997): limestone 3,000,000 metric tons. Manufacturing (value added in $'000,000; 1998): food products 306; wearing apparel 249; drugs and medicines 128. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 3,769,000,000 (4,019,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (7,132,000); petroleum products (1999) 932,000 (1,704,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 4.5; average income per household (1992-93) 022,930 ($2,562); expenditure (199091): food and beverages 37.0%, housing 12.1%,

colon

(0)

(world

21.3); (1998) legitimate 27.2%; illegitimate 72.8%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 6.0 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 21.9 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 3.2. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1998): 4.4. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 67.0 years; female 74.4 years.

avg.

tivity

rate of total

population

40.1%

(participation

ages 15-64 (1995) 62.9%; female 40.7%; unemployed 7.0%). Gross national product (at current market prices; 2001): $13,000,000,000 ($2,040 per capita). Tourism (2001): receipts $235,000,000; expenditures $195,000,000. rates:

Foreign trade

$4,947,000,000 (imports for reexport 23.3%; machinery and apparatus 15.5%; chemicals and chemical products 11.2%; food 10.4%; petroleum [all forms] 10.3%). Major import sources (2002): US 49.6%; Guatemala 8.1%; Honduras 3.0%; Costa Rica 2.9%; unspecified 30.4%. ExImports

(2000-c.i.f.):

ports (2000-f.o.b.): $2,941,000,000 (reexports [mostly clothing] 54.4%; coffee 10.1%; paper and paper products 2.8%; yarn, fabrics, made-up articles 2.7%). Major export destinations: US 67.0%; Guatemala 11.5%; Honduras 5.9%; Nicaragua 3.8%; unspecified 6.9%.

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

—Equatorial Guinea

Count ries of the Worl d

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2001): operational route length

387

in 1983 a new constitution was adopted, but civil war continued through the 1980s. An accord in 1992 brought an uneasy truce.

283 km; (1997) passenger-km 7,100,000; (1996) metric ton-km cargo 17,300,000. Roads (1999): total length 10,029 km (paved 20%). Vehicles (1997): passenger cars 177,488; trucks and buses 184,859. Air transport (2001; TACA International Airlines only): passenger-km 6,150,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 379,000; airports (2001) with scheduled flights 1.

Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 pernewspaper circulation (2000): 217,000 radios (2000): 2,970,000 (478); televisions (2000): 1,250,000 (201); telephone main lines (2002): 667,700 (103); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 888,800 (138); personal computers sons). Daily (35);

(2001):

140,000

300,000

(46).

(22);

users

Internet

(2002):

In

the March

Recent Developments 2003 local elections El Salvador's

far-

Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation took the capital from the rightist parties and showed well in the other most populous cities but failed to left

wrest control of the legislature from the National Republican Alliance and its conservative coalition partners.

The presidential elections

in

March 2004 were

a pitched battle between the right and the left, but the right-wing National Republican Alliance was victorious for the fourth straight time, sending former sports commentator Tony Saca to the presidential palace.

Internet resources: .

Education and health Educational attainment (1992). Percentage of population over age 25 having: no formal schooling 34.7%; incomplete primary education 37.6%; complete primary 10.8%; secondary 9.4%; higher technical 2.4%; incomplete undergraduate 1.1%; complete undergraduate 2.9%; other/unknown 1.1%. Literacy (1999): total population age 15 and over literate

78.3%; males

literate

81.3%; females

Equatorial Guinea

liter-

ate 75.6%. Health: physicians (1997) 6,177 (1 per 936 persons); hospital beds (1996) 9,571 (1 per 593 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live

(2002) 26.7. Food (2001): daily per capita 2,512 (vegetable products 89%, animal products 11%); 110% of FAO recommended births

caloric intake

minimum.

Military

15,000 (army 89.3%, navy 4.2%, air force 6.5%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 0.9% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $18.

Total active duty personnel (2002):

Did VOl I

m*

^% m 9

KnOW

m

El Salvador's only

UNESCO

World Heritage designation

is

the

archaeological site of Joya de

Ceren. Discovered in 1976, 32 km (20 mi) northwest of the capital, San Salvador, it has been under ongoing excavation. Buried by volcanic ash in ad 590, Joya de Ceren is considered to be the most completely intact Mayan farming village.

Background in the area in 1524 and subjugated the Pipil Indian kingdom of Cuzcatlan by 1539. The country was divided into two districts, San Salvador and Sonsonate, both attached to Guatemala. When independence came in 1821, San Salvador was incorporated into the Mexican Empire; upon its collapse in 1823, Sonsonate and San Salvador combined to form the new state of El Salvador within the United Provinces of Central America. From its founding, El Salvador experienced a high degree of political turmoil and was under military rule from 1931 to 1979, when the government was ousted in a coup. Elections held in 1982 set up a new government, and

The Spanish arrived

name: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial (SpanRepublique du Guinee Equatoriale (French) (Republic of Equatorial Guinea). Form of government: re-

Official ish);

with one legislative house (House of Representatives of the People [80]). Chief of state: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (from 1979). Head of government: Prime Minister Candido Muatetema Rivas (from 2001). Capital: Malabo. Official languages: Spanish; French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = CFAF 533.28; the CFAF is pegged to the euro (€) at €1 = CFAF 655.96 public

from 1 Jan 2002.

Demography 10,831 sq mi, 28,051 sq km. Population (2003): 494,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 45.6, persons persq km 17.6. Urban (2002): 49.3%. Sex distribution (2002): male 48.77%; female 51.23%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 42.4%; 15-29, 27.0%; 30-44, 16.2%; 45-59, 8.3%; 60-74, 4.8%; 75 and over, 1.3%. Ethnic composition (1995): Fang 82.9%; Bubi 9.6%; other 7.5%. ReliArea:

Countries of the

388

World— Equatorial G uinea

gious affiliation (2000): Roman Catholic 80.1%; Muslim 4.0%; African Christian 3.7%; Protestant 3.1%; other 9.1%. Major cities (2003): Malabo 92,900; Bata 66.800; Mbini 11,600; Ebebiyin 9,100; Luba 6,800. Location: western Africa, the mainland portion bordering Cameroon, Gabon, and the Bight of Biafra (inlet of the Atlantic Ocean).

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 37.3 (world 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002):

Birth rate per

avg.

12.8 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1.000 population (2002): 24.5 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 4.8. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 52.3 years; female 56.5 years.

National

Transport and communications

Roads (1999): total 2,880 km (paved 13%). Vehicles (1994): passenger cars 6,500; trucks and buses 4,000. Air transport (1998): passengerkm 4,000,000; (1996) metric ton-km cargo 1,000,000; airports (1998) with scheduled flights 1. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons).

newspaper circulation (1996): 2,000 (4.9); ra180,000 (428); televisions (1997): 4,000 (9.8); telephone main lines (2002): 8,800 (18); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 27,000 (55); personal computers (2002): 4,000 (7.2); Internet users (2002): 1,700 (3.5). Daily

dios (1997):

Education and health

grants 2.3%). Expenditures: CFAF 80,728,000,000 (current expenditure 63.6%, of which goods and services 16.0%, salaries 11.3%, transfers 9.0%, interest on debt 5.5%; capital expenditure 36.4%). Public

debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $192,100,000. Gross national product (at current market prices; 2003): $2,200,000,000 ($4,400 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): roots and tubers 105,000 (of which cassava 45,000, sweet potatoes 36,000), palm oil 35,000, bananas 20,000; livestock (number of live animals) 37,600 sheep, 9,000 goats, 6,100 pigs; roundwood (2001) 811,000 cu m; fish catch (2000) 3,634. Mining and quarrying: gold (2002) 500 kg. Manufacturing: methanol (2002) 719,000; sawn timber (1998) 21,500 cu m; processed timber (1998) 3,900 cu m. Energy production (consump(kW-hr;

electricity

1999)

Educational attainment (1983). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: no schooling 35.4%; some primary education 46.6%; primary 13.0%; secondary 2.3%; postsecondary 1.1%; not specified 1.6%. Literacy (2000): percentage of total population age 15 and over literate 83.2%; males literate 92.5%; females literate 74.4%. Health: physicians (1996) 106 (1 per 4,065 persons); hospital beds (1990) 992 (1 per 350 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 90.7.

Military Total

Foreign trade Imports (2001-c.i.f.): CFAF 593,400,000,000 (for petroleum sector 80.8%; other machinery and apparatus 11.6%; petroleum products 4.8%). Major import sources (1999): US 60%; France 12%; Spain 8%; Italy 6%; Cameroon 3%. Exports (2001-f.o.b.): CFAF 1,346,700.000,000 (crude petroleum 91.6%; methanol 4.5%; wood 2.9%; cocoa beans 0.1%). Major export

active duty personnel

83.3%, navy 9.1%,

0J(J

yflU *

^^ m W

Equatorial Guinea's

1,320 (army expendi-

3.2%

economy

(world

for-

merly depended solely on agricultural products, but,

KnOW

with the discov-

ery and production of oil in the 1980's, petroleum products

now

account for nearly four-fifths of Equatorial Guinea's exports and contribute nearly two-thirds of its GDP.

Background The

inhabitants of the mainland region appear

first

have been Pygmies. The now-prominent Fang and Bubi reached the mainland region in the 17th-cen-

to

tury Bantu migrations. Equatorial

Guinea was ceded

by the Portuguese to the Spanish in the late 18th century; it was frequented by slave traders, as well as by British, German, Dutch, and French merchants. Bioko was administered by British authorities (1827-58) before the official takeover by the Spanish. The mainland (Rio Muni) was not effectively occupied by the Spanish until 1926. Independence was declared in 1968, followed by a reign of terror and economic chaos under the dictatorial president Macfas Nguema, who was overthrown by a military coup in 1979 and later executed. A new constitution was adopted in 1982, but political unrest persisted.

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

freight;

GNP

(1999): 2.4%); per capita expenditure $40.

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; cost, insurance,

(2002):

air force 7.6%). Military

ture as percentage of

21,000,000

(21,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2002) 69,000,000 ([1999] 1,200,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) none (52,000); natural gas (2002) 1,050,000,000 (n.a.). Population economically active (1997): total 177,000; activity rate of total population 40.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 74.7%; female 35.4%; unemployed [1983] 24.2%). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1980) 4.5; sources of income (1988): wages and salaries 57.0%, business income 42.0%, other 1.0%; expenditure (1988): food and beverages 62.0%, clothing and footwear 10.0%; medical care 6.0%. Tourism: tourism is a government priority but remains undeveloped. Land use (1994): forested 65.2%; meadows and pastures 3.7%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 8.2%; builton, wasteland, and other 22.9%.

c.i.f.:

46%; China 24%; Japan

Transport.

economy

Budget (1998). Revenue: CFAF 76,974,000,000 (domestic revenue 97.7%, of which oil revenue 69.5%, tax revenue 19.0%, nontax revenue 9.2%; foreign

tion):

destinations (1999): Spain 7%; US 7%; Chile 5%.

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

Countries of the

Recent Developments 2003 and 2004 the oil boom seemed

Guinea. An apparent coup attempt was scotched in early March when a plane carrying some 70 mercenaries from South Africa was stopped in Harare, Zimbabwe. In the days following, Pres. Teodoro Obiang Nguema deported hundreds of West African immigrants and arrested other foreigners staying in the country. Work was underway on a new deepwater port at Luba, south of Malabo. Internet resources: .

Eritrea

m=v

If"

Mm iterrant an Sea

Jf ^

(2002) 6.2. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 3,680 (vegetable products 75%, animal products 25%); 146% of FAO recommended minimum. births

$

Atlantic

^

Ocean

Military

216,800 (army 23.4%). Military expen(1999): 2.0% (world

Total active duty personnel (2002):

59.0%, navy 17.5%,

air force

diture as percentage of

GNP

2.4%); per capita expenditure $412.

I

Background The Etruscan civilization arose in the 9th century bc and was overthrown by the Romans in the 4th-3rd centuries bc Barbarian invasions of the 4th and 5th

Roman empire. fragmentation lasted for centuries but did not diminish its impact on European culture, notably during the Renaissance. From the 15th to the 18th century, Italian lands were ruled by France, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Austria. When Napoleonic rule ended in 1815, Italy was again a grouping of independent states. The Risorgimento

name: Jamaica. Form of government: constimonarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [21]; House of Representatives [60]). Chief of state: Queen Elizabeth (from 1952). Head of government: Prime Minister Percival James Patterson (from 1992). Capital: Kingston. Official language: English. Mone-

centuries ad destroyed the western

Official

Italy's political

tutional

most of Italy, including Sicily and and the unification of peninsular was completed by 1870. Italy joined the Allies during World War but social unrest in the 1920s brought to power the Fascist movement of Benito Mussolini, and Italy allied itself with Nazi Germany in World War Defeated by the Allies in 1943, Italy proclaimed itself a republic in 1946. It was a charter member of NATO (1949) and of the European Community. It com-

II

Jamaica dollar (J$) = 100 cents; valuation 2004) US$1 = J$60.72.

tary unit: 1 (2 Jul

successfully united Sardinia, by 1861,

Demography

Italy

I,

Area:

4,244 sq

mi,

10,991 sq km. Population

(2003): 2,644,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 623.0, persons per sq km 240.6. Urban (2001):

pleted the process of setting up regional legislatures autonomy in the 1970s. Since World War

52.1%. Sex distribution (2002): male 49.95%; female 50.05%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 30.5%; 15-29, 26.9%; 30-44, 21.9%; 45-59, 11.1%; 60-74, 6.5%; 75 and over, 3.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): local black 77.0%; local mulatto

it has experienced rapid changes of government but has remained socially stable. It worked with other European countries to establish the European Union.

14.6%; Haitian 2.0%; East Indian 1.7%; black- East Indian 1.6%; other 3.1%. Religious affiliation (1995): Protestant 39.0%, of which Pentecostal 10.5%, Sev-

II.

with limited II

Recent Developments Shock waves shook Italy twice in 2003. First, 19 Italians were killed in a suicide-bomb attack against a 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

enth-day Adventist 6.1%, Baptist 5.3%, Anglican 3.7%; Roman Catholic 10.4%; other (including nonreligious) 46.9%. Major cities (1991): Kingston 103,771 (metro area 587,798); Spanish Town (2001) 131,056; Portmore 90,138; Montego Bay

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

83,446; May Pen 46,785. Location: island Caribbean Sea south of Cuba.

in

the

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 20.0 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 6.5 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 13.5 (world avg. 12.2). Total ferBirth rate per

tility

rate (avg. births per childbearing

2.1. Marriage rate per

expectancy at male 77.5 years. Life

woman; 2001):

1,000 population (1996): 7.4. male 73.5 years; fe-

birth (2001):

National

—

World Jamaica

2,482,000. Roads (1999); total length 18,700 km (paved 70%). Vehicles (2000-01): passenger cars 168,179, trucks and buses 62,634. Air transport (2001; Air Jamaica only): passenger-km 4,411,851,000; metric ton-km cargo 50,743,000; airports flights 4. Communications, in 1,000 persons). Daily newspa-

(2000) with scheduled total units (units per

per circulation (2000): 161,000 (62); radios (2000): 2,030,000 (784); televisions (2000): 502,000 (194);

telephone main lines (2001): 512,600 (197); cellular telephone subscribers (2001): 700,000 (269); personal computers (2001): 130,000 (50); Internet users (2001): 100,000 (38).

economy

Education and health

Budget (2000-01). Revenue J$101,018,000,000 (tax revenue 86.2%, of which income taxes 35.1%, consumption taxes 26.4%, custom duties 8.4%; nontax revenue 7.7%; bauxite levy 2.7%; capital revenue 1.7%; grants 1.7%). Expenditures: J$104,171,000,000 (current expenditure 91.0%, of which debt interest 41.2%, wages 33.8%; capital expenditure 9.0%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): sugarcane 2,400,000, citrus fruits 221,000, vegetables and melons 197,000; livestock (number of live animals) 440,000 goats, 400,000 cattle, 180,000 pigs; roundwood (2002) 866,628 cu m; fish catch (1999) 12,658. Mining and quarrying (2002): bauxite 13,139,000; alumina 3,630,000; gypsum (2001) 317,000. Manufacturing (2001): cement 595,064; animal feeds 384,569; sugar 205,128. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 6,609,000,000 (6,609.000,000); coal (1999) none (72,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (3,200,000); petroleum products (1999) 520,000 (3,286,000). Population economically active (April 2001): total 1,105,800;

Educational attainment (1982). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling 3.2%; some primary education 79.8%; some secondary 15.0%; complete secondary and higher 2.0%. Literacy (2000): total population age 15 and over literate 88%; males 83%; females 91%. Health (2000): physicians 435 (1 per 5,988 persons); hospital beds 3,511 (1 per 742 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 14.2. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,705 (vegetable products 85%, animal products 15%); 121% of FAO recommended

minimum.

Military

personnel (2002): 2,830 (army 88.3%, coast guard 6.7%, air force 5.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 0.8% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure US$19.

Total

household size (1991) 4.2; average annual income per household (1988) J$8,356 (US$1,525); sources of income (1989): wages and salaries 66.1%, selfemployment 19.3%, transfers 14.6%; expenditure (1988): food and beverages 55.6%, housing 7.9%, fuel and other household supplies 7.4%, health care 7.0%, transportation 6.4%. Tourism: receipts (2001)

US$1,233,000,000; expenditures US$206,000,000.

Foreign trade Imports (2001-c.i.f.): US$3,365,000,000 (consumer goods 29.4%, capital goods 16.8%, refined petroleum and other fuels and lubricants 12.4%, crude petroleum 5.0%). Major import sources (2001): US 44.8%; Caricom 12.7%; Latin American countries 10.5%; EU 9.3%, of which UK 3.0%. Exports (2001f.o.b.): US$1,225,000,000 (alumina 52.5%, bauxite 7.7%, wearing apparel 7.2%, refined sugar 5.8%, coffee 2.5%, rum 2.4%). Major export destinations: US 31.1%; EU 29.4%, of which UK 12.8%; Canada 15.6%; Norway 7.5%; Caricom 4.1%.

active duty

^^ Q|Q m y |\|| M I* KI10W

population 42.4% (participation rates: ages 14 and over 63.0%; female 43.9%; unemployed 14.8%). Gross national product (2001): US$7,300,000,000 (US$2,800 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): US$3,947,000,000. Household income and expenditure. Average

activity rate of total

The coffee beans harvested from the Blue

Mountains of Jamaica are

considered to be among finest in the world. Although the demand

for the beans is very high, only a produced annually. As a result, the very expensive, costing about $27 per

small amount

is

coffee

is

pound

at retail.

Background The island of Jamaica was settled by Arawak Indians c. ad 600. It was sighted by Christopher Columbus in 1494; Spain colonized it in the early 16th century but neglected it because it lacked gold reserves. Britain gained control in 1655, and by the end of the 18th century Jamaica had become a prized colonial possession due to the volume of sugar produced by slave laborers. Slavery was abolished in the late 1830s, and the plantation system collapsed. Jamaica gained full internal self-government in 1959 and became an independent country within the British Commonwealth in 1962.

Recent Developments September 2003 Prime Minister Percival Patterson said that he wanted Jamaica to adopt a republican form of government by 2007. The opposition Jamaica In

Labour

it might not supthe required constitutional

Party, however, declared that

port the

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2000): route length

445

government

in

amendments.

339 km;

passenger-km 19,516,000; metric ton-km cargo

Internet Resources: .

Countries of the

446

Percentage of

Japan

^

v

\

\i

J j$

population moving: within a pre-

Vital statistics

*

1,000 population (2001): 9.3 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2001): 7.7 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 Birth rate per

population (2001): 1.6 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2001): 1.3. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2001): 6.4;

Japan

*X

total

fecture 2.5%; between prefectures 2.1%.

Seaof]

rT

Wo rld—Japan

East J China Ji**r,

J

/

/

1

pacific

T

Ocean

average age at first marriage (1996) men 28.5 years, women 26.4 years. Divorce rate per 1,000 popula(2001): 2.3. Life expectancy at birth (2001): male 78.1 years; female 84.9 years.

tion

Social indicators life. Average hours worked per month (2002): 153.1. Annual rate of industrial deaths per 100,000 workers (2001): 2.7. Proportion

Quality of working

,

/^

damages or income loss repermanent disability, and death (2001): 65.4%. Average man-days lost to labor stoppages per 1,000,000 workdays (1998): 6.8. Average of labor force insured for

sulting from injury,

Official

name: Nihon (Japan). Form of government: monarchy with a national Diet consist-

constitutional ing of

[247]; state:

legislative houses (House of Councillors House of Representatives [480]). Chief of Emperor Akihito (from 1989). Head of govern-

two

ment: Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi (from 2001). Capital: Tokyo. Official language: Japanese. Official religion:

none. Monetary unit: 1 yen

valuation (2 Jul

(¥)

= 100 sen;

2004) $1 = ¥108.50.

having access to: gas supply 64.6%; safe public water supply 94.0%; public sewage collection 89.4%. Social participation. Eligible voters participating in last na-

62.5%. Population 15 years and over participating in social-service activities on a voluntary basis (1991): 26.3%. Trade union membership in total workforce (2002): 20.2%. Social deviance (2001). Offense rate per 100,000 population for: homicide 0.6; robbery 1.2; larceny and theft 14.2. Incidence in general population of: drug and substance abuse per 100,000 population, 0.1. Rate of suicide per 100,000 population: 23.1. Material well-being (2001). Households possessing: automobile 84.4%; telephone, virtually 100%; color television 99.3%; refrigerator 98.4%; air conditioner 87.2%; washing machine 99.3%; vacuum cleaner 98.2%; videocassette recorder 79.6%; camera tional election (June 2000):

Demography mi, 377,837 sq km. Population (2003): 127,546,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 874.2, persons per sq km 337.5. Urban (2001): urban 78.9%; rural 21.1%. Sex distribution (2002): male 48.9%; female 51.1%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 14.2%; 15-29, 19.3%; 30-44,

Area:

duration of journey to work (1996): 19.0 minutes. Rate per 1,000 workers of discouraged workers (unemployed no longer seeking work: 1997): 89.4. Access to services (1989). Proportion of households

145,884 sq

20.0%; 45-59, 21.5%; 60-74, 17.1%; 75 and over, 7.9%. Composition by nationality (2002): Japanese 98.7%; Korean 0.5%; Chinese 0.3%; other 0.5%. Immigration (2000): permanent immigrants/registered aliens admitted 1,686,444, from North and South Korea 37.7%, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and China 19.9%, Brazil 15.1%, Philippines 8.6%, Peru 2.7%, US 2.6%, Thailand 1.7%, Indonesia 1.1%, UK 1.0%, Vietnam 0.6%, Canada 0.6%, India 0.6%, Pakistan 0.4%, other 7.4%. Major cities (2002): Tokyo 8,025,538; Yokohama 3,433,612; Osaka 2,484,326; Nagoya 2,109,681; Sapporo 1,822,992; Kobe 1,478,380; Kyoto 1,387,264; Fukuoka 1,302,454; Kawasaki 1,245,780; Hiroshima 1,113,786; Saitama 1,029,327; Kita-Kyushu 999,806; Sendai 986,713. Location: eastern Asia; island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan. Religious affiliation (1995): Shinto and related religions 93.1% (many Japanese practice both Shintoism and Buddhism); Buddhism 69.6%; Christian 1.2%; other 8.1%. Households (2000). Total households 46,782,000; average household size 2.7; composition of households 1 person 27.6%. 2 persons 25.1%, 3 persons 18.8%, 4 persons 16.9%. 5 persons 6.8%, 6 or more persons 4.8%. Family households 33,769,000 (72.2%); nonfamily 13.013,000 (27.8%). Mobility (2002).

86.8%; microwave oven 96.2%; compact disc player 60.5%; personal computer 57.2%; cellular phone 78.6%.

National

ity (kW-hr; 1999) 1,066,130,000,000 (1,066,130,000,000); coal (metric tons; 1999) 3,922,000 (137,492,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) 2,800,000 (1,546,700,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1999) 183,706,000, of which (by volume [1998]) diesel 32.8%, heavy fuel oil 21.7%,

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

economy

Gross national product (at current market prices; 2001): $4,523,300,000,000 ($35,610 per capita). Budget (2002-03). Revenue: ¥81,230,000,000,000 (government bonds 36.9%; income tax 19.5%; corporation tax 13.8%; value-added tax 12.1%; stamp and customs duties 3.9%). Expenditures: ¥81,230,000,000,000 (social security 22.5%; debt service 20.5%; public works 10.3%; national defense 6.1%). Public debt (1998): $2,412,200,000,000 (¥278,847,900,000,000). Energy production (consumption): electric-

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

Countries of the

gasoline 21.7%, kerosene and jet fuel

12.0%

(193,-

294,000); natural gas (cu m; 1999) 2,279,600,000 (74,066,700,000). Composition of energy supply by source (1998): crude oil and petroleum products 50.9%, coal 17.0%, nuclear power 14.2%, natural gas 12.8%, hydroelectric power 4.1%, other 1.0%. Domestic energy demand by end use (1998): mining and manufacturing 46.3%, residential and commercial 26.3%, transportation 25.2%, other 2.2%. Population economically active (2002): total 66,890,000; activity

rate of total population

52.5%

(participation rates:

age 15 and over, 63.9%; female 40.9%; unemployed 5.4%). Household income and expenditure (2002). Average household size 2.7; average annual income per household ¥6,338,000 ($51,400); sources of income (1994): wages and salaries 59.0%, transfer payments 20.5%, self-employment 12.8%, other 7.3%; expenditure (2002): food 23.3%, transportation and communications 12.0%, recreation 10.1%, fuel, light, and water charges 6.9%, housing 6.5%, clothing and footwear 4.7%, education 4.2%, medical care 3.8%, furniture and household utensils 3.4%. Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors $3,301,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad $26,530,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): rice 11,111,000, sugar beets 4,098,000, potatoes 2,980,000, cabbages 2,500,-

000, sugarcane 1,400,000, onions 1,270,000, sweet potatoes 1,030,000, apples 911,000, wheat 827,800, tomatoes 800,000, cucumbers 740,000, carrots 700,000, watermelons 570,000, lettuce 560,000, eggplant 450,000, pears 375,500, spinach 320,000, cantaloupes 305,000, soybeans 270,200, persimmons 269,300, grapes 231,700, pumpkins 220,000, taro 218,000, barley 217,000, strawberries 210,000, yams 200,000, peaches 175,100, peppers 171,000, cauliflower 115,000, plums 112,700; livestock (number of live animals) 9,612,000 pigs, 4,564,000 cattle, 283,102,000 chickens; roundwood (2001) 16,236,538 cu m; fish catch (2000) 5,752,178, of which squid 671,100, scallops 515,000, cod 398,900, crabs 42,000. Mining and quarrying (2001): limestone 182,255,000; silica stone 14,213,000; dolomite 3,389,000; pyrophyllite 403,000; zinc 44,519; lead 4,997; copper 744; silver 80,397 kg; gold 7,815 kg. Manufacturing (2001): crude steel 102,866,000; steel products 78,927,000; cement 76,550,000; pig iron 78,836,000; sulfuric acid 6,727,000; plastic products 6,300,000; fertilizers 4,200,000; newsprint 3,210,000; cotton fabrics 710,000,000 sq m; synthetic fabrics 1,920,000 sq m; finished products (in number of units) 420,000,000 watches and clocks, 51,062,000 industrial robots, 46,072,000 cellular phones, 12,421,000 air conditioners, 11,350,000 computers, 9,777,000 passenger cars, 9,112,000 cameras, 8,993,000 video cameras, 5,446,000 vacuum cleaners, 4,184,000 bicycles, 4,059,000 automatic washing machines, 3,875,000 electric refrigerators, 3,130,000 color television receivers, 2,675,000 microwave ovens, 2,398,000 photocopy machines, 2,328,000 motorcycles, 1,916,000 facsimile machines, 1,185,000 videocassette recorders. Land use (1999): forested 66.4%; meadows and grassland 0.9%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 12.9%; other 19.8%.

Foreign trade Imports

(2001-c.i.f.):

¥42,415,500,000,000 (ma-

chinery and apparatus 28.5%, of which computers

World—Japan

447

and office machinery 6.5%; crude and refined petroleum 13.3%; food products 12.4%, chemicals and chemical products 7.3%, apparel and clothing accessories 5.5%). Major import sources: US 18.1%; China 16.6%; South Korea 4.9%; Indonesia 4.3%; Australia 4.1%; Taiwan 4.1%; Malaysia 3.7%;

UAE

3.7%; Germany 3.6%; Saudi Arabia 3.5%. Exports

¥48,979,200,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 44.4%, of which electronic microcircuits 7.4%, computers and office machinery 5.8%; road vehicles and parts 18.6%; base and fabricated metals 5.9%; precision instruments 5.4%). Major export destinations: US 30.0%; China 7.7%; South Korea 6.3%; Taiwan 6.0%; Hong Kong 5.8%; Ger(2001-f.o.b.);

many 3.9%; Singapore 3.6%; 2.9%; The Netherlands 2.8%.

UK 3.0%;

Thailand

Transport and communications Railroads (2001): length 23,654 km; stock-(1995) locomotives 1,787, (1995) passenger cars 25,973, (1995) freight cars 12,688; passengers carried 21,700,000,000; passenger-km 385,421,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 22,193,000,000. Roads (2002): total length 1,232,000 km (paved 82%). Vehicles (2002): passenger cars 42,655,000; trucks and buses 18,200,000. Air transport (2000): passengers carried 205,106,000; passenger-mi 159,337,000,000, passenger-km 256,428,000,000; short ton-mi cargo 6,712,000,000, metric ton-km cargo 9,800,000.000; airports (1996) with scheduled flights 73. Urban transport (2000; Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka traffic range only): passengers carried 57,719,000, of which by rail 34,020,000, by road 19,466,000, by subway 4,233,000. Radio and television broadcasting (2001): total radio stations 1,586, of which commercial 707; total television stations 15,088, of which commercial 8,299. Commercial broadcasting hours (by percentage of programs; 2001): reports— radio 12.6%, television 21.4%; education-radio 2.4%, television 12.1%; culture-radio 13.5%, television 24.8%; entertainment-radio 69.0%, television 39.2%. Advertisements (daily average; 2001): radio 158, television 431. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 Transport. rolling

persons). Daily

newspaper

circulation (2000):

73,-

300,000

(578); radios (2000): 121,000,000 (956); televisions (2000): 92,000,000 (725); telephone

main lines (2001): 76,000,000 (597); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 79,083,000 (621); personal computers (2002): 48,700,000 (383); Internet users (2002): 57,200,000 (449).

Education and health Educational attainment (1998). Percentage of population ages 25-64 having: no formal schooling through complete primary education 2.4%; incomplete through complete secondary 79.9%; postsecondary 17.7%. Literacy: total population age 15 and over literate, virtually 100%. Health (2000): physicians 243,201 (1 per 522 persons); dentists 90,857 (1 per 1,396 persons); nurses 1,042,468 (1 per 122 persons); pharmacists 217,477 (1 per 583 persons); midwives 24,511 (1 per 5,176 persons); hospital beds 1,646,797 (1 per 77 persons), of which general 76.5%, mental 21.7%, other 1.8%; infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 3.1. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,768 (vegetable products 79%, animal products 21%); 118% of FAO rec-

ommended minimum.

I

I

Countries of the

448

Military Total active duty personnel (2002): 239,900 (army 61.8%, navy 18.5%, air force 19.0%); US troops

(2003) 40,500. Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 1.0% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure

$342.

Background Japan's history began with the accession of the legendary first emperor, Jimmu, in 660 bc The Yamato court established the first unified Japanese state in the 4th-5th century ad; during this period, Buddhism arrived in Japan by way of Korea. For centuries Japan borrowed heavily from Chinese culture, but it began to sever its links with the mainland by the 9th century. In 1192 Minamoto Yoritomo established Japan's first bakufu, or shogunate. Unification was achieved in the late 1500s under the leadership of Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa leyasu. During the Tokugawa shogunate, beginning in 1603, the government imposed a policy of isolation. Under the leadership of Emperor Meiji (1868-1912), it adopted a constitution (1889) and began a program of modernization and Westernization. Japanese imperialism led to war with China (1894-95) and Russia (1904-05) as well as to the annexation of Korea (1910) and Manchuria (1931). During World War Japan attacked US forces in Hawaii and the Philippines (December 1941) and occupied European colonial possessions in South Asia. In 1945 the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japan surrendered to the Allied powers. US postwar occupation of Japan led to a new democratic constitution in 1947. In rebuilding Japan's ruined industrial plant, new technology was used in every major industry. A tremendous economic recovery followed, and it was able to maintain a favorable balance of trade into the 1990s.

World

—Jersey

On 1 August in Washington DC, delegates of the two nations completed negotiations on the status of US military personnel stationed in Japan, but without complete success. Decades after the 1952 peace treaty restoring Japan's sovereignty after World- War II, the US still kept about 50,000 troops in the country; of these some 24,000 were based on relatively poor Okinawa. Iraq provided another challenge. Koizumi strongly supported the US position, but late in March a crowd of Japanese demonstrated near the US Navy base at Yokosuka to protest against Washington's Iraq campaign. Nevertheless, on 26 July the parliament passed a law providing for the dispatch of Japanese troops to Iraq to aid the US occupation. This was the first deployment of Japan's military units into a war zone since the end of World War II. It was a supreme historical irony that the step doubtless violated Japan's postwar constitution, which the US had helped Japan to draft. About 550 Self-Defense Forces troops were dispatched to patrol in southern Iraq. In April 2004 the kidnapping and public humiliation of three Japanese civilian workers by Iraqi rebels created shock at home, and public opinion was divided after the Foreign Ministry sought to shame the victims for causing trouble to others. Internet Resources: .

II

Jersey

Recent Developments On 20 Sep 2003, Prime Minister Junichiro Kcizumi, who had begun his third year in office in April, was reelected president of the majority Liberal DemocraParty (LDP), which had governed Japan for almost 50 years. On 9 November an LDP-led conservative coalition took 275 of 480 lower-house seats in the

tic

parliamentary elections. This victory assured Koizumi a second term as prime minister. In January 2003 Koizumi made an official visit to the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, a memorial to Japanese war dead, "to meditate on peace." The visit caused strong con-

Official

of the

between the dwindling number of relatives more than two million Japanese enshrined at Yasukuni and the increasing number of younger citi-

(States of Jersey [57; 53 elected members include 12 senators popularly elected for 6-year terms, 12

zens who simply did not identify with the shrine or whose politics differed from Koizumi and his ruling

constables popularly elected triennially, and 29 deputies also popularly elected triennially; 4 nonelected members include the bailiff, the dean of Jersey, the attorney general, and the solicitor general]).

troversy

The opposition denounced the shrine for recalling memories of Japanese imperialism. Perhaps more important, the shrine and the official visits triggered diplomatic protests from Japan's neighborsChina and the two Koreas, past victims of Japanese aggression. Their governments pointed out that buried with the veterans were 14 convicted Class A war criminals who were linked to atrocities commitparty.

ted during World

War

II.

name: Bailiwick of Jersey. Political status: Crown dependency (UK) with one legislative house

Chief of state: British Monarch Queen Elizabeth II (from 1952) represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir

John Cheshire (from 2001). Head of government: Executive committees appointed by the States of Jersey (alternately called States Assembly). Capital: Saint Helier.

Official

French was an

language: English (until the 1960s language of Jersey and is still

official

1 metric ton - about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

used by the court and Norman-French dialect,

449

legal professions; Jerriais, a is

spoken by a small number Monetary unit: 1

of residents). Official religion: none.

Jersey pound (£J) =

World—Jordan

100 pence;

valuation (2 Jul

2004) $1 = £J.55.

Demography Area: 44.9 sq mi, 116.2 sq km. Population (2003): 87,700. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 1,906.5, persons per sq km 743.2. Sex distribution (2001):

Foreign trade

Customs ceased recording imports and exports as

of

1980. Major import sources (2001): mostly the UK. Exports: agricultural and marine exports (2001): £40,626,000 (potatoes 67.4%, greenhouse tomatoes 19.1%, flowers 3.3%, zucchini 3.0%, crustaceans 2.0%, mollusks 2.0%). Major export destinations: mostly the UK.

male 48.73%; female 51.27%. Age breakdown

Transport and communications

(2001): under 15, 16.9%; 15-29, 18.4%; 30-44,

Transport. Roads (1995): total length 557 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2001): passenger cars 71,059; trucks and buses 10,576. Air transport (1999; Jersey

25.9%; 45-59, 19.7%; 60-74, 12.6%; 75 and over, 6.5%. Population by place of birth (2001): Jersey 52.6%; UK, Guernsey, or Isle of Man 35.8%; Portugal 5.9%; France 1.2%; other 4.5%. Religious affiliation (2000; includes Guernsey): Christian 86.0%, of which Anglican 44.1%, Roman Catholic 14.6%, other Protestant 6.9%, unaffiliated Christian 20.1%; nonreligious/atheist 13.4%; other 6%. Major cities (2001; pop. of parishes): St. Helier 28,310; St. Saviour 12,491; St. Brelade 10,134. Location: western Europe, island in the English Channel.

European Airways): passenger-km 890,438,000; metric ton-km cargo 923,000; airports (1999) with scheduled flights 1. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2002): 22,897 (262); telephone main lines (2001): 73,900 (848); cellular telephone subscribers (2001): 61,400 (704); Internet users (2001): 8,000 (92).

Education and health Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 10.9 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 9.2 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 Birth rate per

population (2002): 1.7 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2000): 1.6. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2001): 7.6. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2001): 3.2. Life

expectancy at 81.4 years.

birth (2002):

Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of male population (16-64), female population (16-59) having: no formal degree 34.1%; undergraduate 7.1%; graduate (advanced degree) 4.1%. Literacy (2002): 100.0%. Health: physicians (2001) 174 (1 per 500 persons); hospital beds (1995) 651 (1 per 130 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

(2002) 5.2.

male 76.3 years; female Military Total active duty personnel (2002): none; defense

is

the responsibility of the UK.

National

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: £400,085,000 (income tax 86.8%, import duties 8.7%, interest payment 1.5%, other 3.0%). Expenditures: £369,138,000 (current expenditure 79.3%, of which health 25.7%, educa-

19.0%, social security 18.2%, public services 5.1%; capital expenditure 20.7%). Production. Agriculture, forestry, fishing: fruits and vegetables, mostly potatoes and greenhouse tomatoes; greenhouse flowers are important export crops; livestock (number of live animals; 2001) 4,552 mature dairy cattle; fish catch (metric tons; 2001; includes Guernsey): 3,927, of which crustaceans (including lobsters and crabs) 2,169, mollusks (including abalones, winkles, and conch) 969, marine fish 789. Manufacturing: light industry, mainly electrical goods, textiles and clothing. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2001) 153,000,000 (567,000,000). Gross national product (at current market prices; 2000): $2,880,000,000 ($33,220 per capita). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2001) 2.4; average annual income of workers (2001) £22,700 ($35,200); expenditure (1998-99): housing 20.1%, recreation 16.5%, transportation 12.8%, household furnishings 11.6%, food 11.5%, alcoholic beverages 6.0%, clothing and footwear 5.5%. Population economically active (2001): total 46,602; activity rate of total population 53.4% (participation rates: ages

tion

15-64, 81.7%; female 45.5%; unemployed 2.1%). Public debt: none. Tourism (1996): receipts $429,000,000; number of visitors for at least one night (2001) 470,000. Land use (1997): land under cultivation 56.8%; other 43.2%.

Internet Resources:

DlO YQlj w*

^^ m M

KnOW

Jersey and Guernsey were the the

only part of Great Britain to be occupied by the Germans during

World War

II.

The occupation

lasted nearly five years.

Jordan

name: Al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyah Hashimiyah (Al-Urdun) (Hashemite Kingdom of

Official

al-

Jor-

I

I

Countries of the

450

monarchy houses (Senate [40; all members are appointed by the king]; House of Representatives [110]). Head of state and government: King Abdullah (from 1999) assisted by Prime Minister Faisal aldan).

Form

of government: constitutional

with two legislative

II

Fayez (from 23 Oct 2003). Capital: Amman. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Jordan dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils; valuation (2 Jul 2004) JD 1.00 = $0.71.

Demography 89,342 sq km. Population (2003): 5,395,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 156.4, persons persq km 60.4. Urban (2000): 74.2%. Sex distribution (2002): male 52.38%; female 47.62%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 36.6%; 15-29, 30.4%; 30-44, 19.8%; 45-59, 8.0%; 60-74, 4.3%; 75 and over, 0.9%. Ethnic composition (2000): Arab 97.8%, of which Jordanian 32.4%, Palestinian 32.2%, Iraqi 14.0%, Bedouin 12.8%; Circassian 1.2%; other 1.0%. Religious affiliation (2000): Sunni Muslim 93.5%; Christian 4.1%; other 2.4%. Major cities (1994): Amman 969,598; Al-Zarqa 350,849; Irbid 208,329; Al-Rusayfah 137,247; Wadi Essier 89,104; Al-Aqabah 62,773. Location: the Middle East, bordering Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the Gulf of Aqaba, Israel, and parts of the Emerging Palestinian Autonomous Areas. Area:

34,495 sq

mi,

—

Worl d Jordan Population economically active (1993): total 859,300; activity rate of total population 22.2% (participation rates: over age 15, 43.6%; female 14.0%; unemployed [2001] 16.0%). Gross national product (2001): $8,800,000,000 ($3,750 per capita). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 7.5; income per household (1997) JD 5,464 ($7,700); sources of income (1997): wages and salaries 52.4%, rent and property income 24.5%, transfer payments 12.8%, self-employment 10.3%; expenditure (1997): food and beverages 44.3%, housing and energy 23.5%, transportation 8.2%, clothing and footwear 6.2%, education 4.5%, health care 2.5%.

Foreign trade Imports (January-November 2002-c.i.f.): JD 3,213,000,000 (food products 14.1%; machinery and apparatus 13.9%; crude petroleum 11.6%; transport equipment 11.2%; chemicals and chemical products 11.1%). Major import sources: Iraq 15.4%; Germany 9.3%; US 7.2%; China 6.5%; France 4.1%. Exports (January- November 2002): JD 1,776,000,000 (domestic goods 78.5%, of which chemicals and chemical products 19.7% [including medicines and pharmaceuticals 7.4%], clothing 17.4%, potash 6.6%, vegetables 5.3%, phosphates 5.0%; reexports 21.5%). Major export destinations: Iraq 20.2%; US 18.5%; India 10.3%; Saudi Arabia 6.9%; Israel 5.8%.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 24.6 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 2.6 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 22.0 (world avg. 12.2). Total fer-

Transport and communications

Birth rate per

tility

rate (avg. births per childbearing

expectancy at female 80.3 years. 3.1. Life

birth (2002):

National

woman; 2002):

male 75.3 years;

economy

Budget (2002 est.). Revenue: JD 2,029,500,000 (taxes 52.8%, of which sales tax 25.2%, custom duties 10.6%, income and profits taxes 9.7%; nontax revenue 33.5%, of which licenses and fees 12.7%; foreign grants 13.7%). Expenditures: JD 2,289,100,000 (current expenditure 78.5%, of which defense 24.1%, social security and other transfers 22.1%, wages 17.8%, interest expense 12.4%; capital expenditure 21.5%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $6,600,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): tomatoes 359.830, olives 180,900, cucumbers 150,000; livestock (number of live animals) 1,457,910 sheep, 557,260 goats; roundwood (2001) 233,544 cu m; fish catch (2001) 1,060. Mining and quarrying (2002): phosphate ore 7,107,200; potash 1,956,200. Manufacturing (value added in JD '000; 1997): chemicals 130,276; nonmetallic mineral products, pottery, and china 114,897. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2002) 7,864,900,000 (7,864,900,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 14.600 ([1999] 25,600,000); petroleum products (2002) 3,627,000 ([1999] 4,192,000); natural gas (cu m; 2001) 290.000,000 ([2000] 283,000,000). Land use (1994): forest 0.8%; pasture 8.9%; agriculture 4.6%; other 85.7%. Tourism (2001): receipts $700,000,000; expenditures $420,000,000.

677 km; passenger-km 2,100,000; metric ton-km cargo 348,000,000. Roads (1998): total length 7,133 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2001): passenger cars 245,357; trucks and buses 110,920. Air transport (2001): passenger-km 3,848,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 181,408,000; airports (1999) 3. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 383,000 (77); radios (2000): 1,850,000 (372); televisions (2000): 417,000 (84); telephone main lines (2002): 680,000

Transport. Railroads (2000): route length

(127); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 866,-

000

(167);

Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

100,240 (army

84.5%, navy 0.5%, air force 15.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (1999): 9.2% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $150.

ton-mi cargo;

and

freight;

(45).

Education and health

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

cost, insurance,

234,000

Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling 16.7%; primary education 49.2%; secondary 16.7%; postsecondary and vocational 9.5%; higher 8.2%. Literacy (2003): percentage of population age 15 and over literate 91.3%; males literate 95.9%; females literate 86.3%. Health: physicians (2000) 9,493 (1 per 523 persons); hospital beds (1999) 8,726 (1 per 553 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 19.6. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,769 (vegetable products 89%, animal products 11%); 113% of FAO recommended minimum.

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; c.i.f.:

personal computers (2001): 170,000

(33); Internet users (2002):

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short on board

Countries of the

—Kazakhstan

World

451

Background Jordan shares much of its history with Israel, since both occupied the area known historically as Palestine. Much of present-day eastern Jordan was incorporated into Israel under kings David and Solomon c. 1000 bc. It fell to the Seleucids in 330 bc and to Muslim Arabs in the 7th century ad. The Crusaders extended the kingdom of Jerusalem east of the Jordan River in 1099. Jordan submitted to Ottoman Turkish rule during the 16th century. In 1920 the area comprising Jordan (then known as the Transjordan) was established within the British mandate of Palestine. Transjordan became an independent state in 1927, although the British mandate did not end until 1948. After hostilities with the new state of Israel ceased in 1949, Jordan annexed the West Bank of the Jordan River, administering the territory until Israel gained control of it in the Six-Day War of 1967. In 1970-71 Jordan was wracked by fighting between the government and guerrillas of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a struggle that ended in the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan. In 1988 King Hussein renounced all Jordanian claims to the West Bank in favor of the PLO. In 1994 Jordan and Israel signed a full peace agreement. Upon the death of King Hussein in 1999, his son Abdullah took over the throne. •

56.3%. Sex distribution (2001): male 48.07%; female 51.93%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15, 26.7%; 15-29, 27.1%; 30-44, 21.5%; 45-59, 13.2%; 60-74, 9.2%; 75 and over, 2.3%. Ethnic composition (1999): Kazakh 53.4%; Russian 30.0%; Ukrainian 3.7%; Uzbek 2.5%; German 2.4%; (2001):

Tatar 1.7%; other 6.3%. Religious affiliation (1995): Muslim (mostly Sunni) 47.0%; Russian Orthodox

Recent Developments The majority of Jordanians are of Palestinian origin, and King Abdullah has been keenly interested in reviving the stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace process. On 4 June 2003 he hosted a summit at the Red Sea resort of AI-'Aqabah, where Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas, and US Pres. George W. Bush met to discuss the "road map for peace." It was the first meeting between top Israeli and Palestinian leaders since the second intifadah erupted in 2000. Further evidence of warming Jordanian-Israeli relations included an agreement in February 2004 to set up a joint desertecology-studies center and a discreet meeting between the king and Sharon in March 2004 to discuss II

the security barrier being erected by Israel along border with the West Bank.

its

Internet resources: .

8.2%; Protestant 2.1%; other (mostly nonreligious) 42.7%. Major cities (1999): Almaty (includes an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Bayqongyr [Baykonur] space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr [formerly Leninsk] leased to Russia in 1995 for a period of 20 years) 1,130,068; Qaraghandy (Karaganda) 436,900; Shymkent (Chimkent) 360,100; Taraz 330,100; Astana 319,318. Location: central Asia, bordering Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, the Aral Sea, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2001): 14.9 (world avg. 21.3); (2000) legitimate 76.1%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2001): 10.0 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2001): 4.9 Birth rate per

(world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per

childbearing birth (2002):

woman; 2001):

2.0. Life expectancy male 58.3 years; female 71.1 years.

at

Kazakhstan name: Qazaqstan Respublikasy (Republic of Kazakhstan). Form of government: unitary republic with a Parliament consisting of two chambers (Senate [39, including 7 nonelective seats] and Assembly [77]). Head of state and government: President Nursultan Nazarbayev (from 1991) assisted by Prime Minister Daniyal Akhmetov (from 13 Jun 2003). Capital: Astana. Official language: Kazakh (Russian comOfficial

mands equal

status at state-owned organizations

and local government bodies). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 tenge (T) = 100 tiyn; valuation (2 Jul 2004) free rate, $1 = 135.85 tenge.

Demography Area: 1,052,100 sq mi, 2,724,900 sq km. Population (2003): 14,790,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 14.1, persons per sq km 5.4. Urban

National

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: 743,550,000,000 tenge (tax revenue 91.1%, of which income and profits taxes 34.8%, sales tax 29.3%, social security 17.5%; nontax revenue 8.9%). Expenditures: 749,092,000,000 tenge (social security 24.9%, education 14.0%, health 8.3%, debt 6.7%, defense 4.3%). Population economically active (2001): total 7,479,100; activity rate of total population

50.4%

(participation rates:

ages 16-59 [male], 16-54 [female] 73.6%; female 46.0%; unemployed 12.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): wheat 12,699,975, potatoes 2,257,000, barley 2,208,925; livestock (number of live animals)

9,207,500 sheep and goats, 4,281,700 cattle; roundwood (1998) 315,000 cu m; fish catch (2000) 31,071. Mining and quarrying (2000): iron ore 13,828,000; bauxite 3,730,000; chromite 2,607,000.

I

I

Countries of the

452

Manufacturing (value of production in '000,000 tenge; 2002): metallurgy 396,000; food 307,000; oil

and nuclear energy 149,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2002) 58,464,000,000 ([1999] 50,490,000,000); hard coal (2002) 70,608,000 ([1999] 43,364,000); lignite (2002) 2,616,000 ([1999] 1,744,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2002) 348,224,000 ([1999] 30,000,000); petroleum products (1999) 5,648,000 (5,481,000); natural gas (cu m; 2002) 9,112,000,000 ([1999] 8,196,700,000). Gross national product (2001): $20,100,000,000 ($1,350 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $3,446,000,000. Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1999) 3.6; sources of income (2001): salaries and wages 72.1%, social benefits 9.2%; expenditure (2001): food and beverages 56.0%, housing 11.7%. Tourism (2001): receipts $395,000,000;

—

World Kenya percentage of GNP (1999): 0.9% (world avg. 2.4%); per capita expenditure $40.

Background Named for its earliest inhabitants, the Kazakhs, the area came under Mongol rule in the 13th century. The Kazakhs consolidated a nomadic empire in the 15th -16th century. Under Russian rule by the mid19th century, it became part of the Kirgiz Autonomous Republic formed by the Soviets in 1920, and in 1925 its name was changed to the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Kazakhstan obtained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, and during the 1990s it attempted to stabilize its economy.

Recent Developments

expenditures $474,000,000.

Kazakhstan joined with Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine at the Commonwealth of Independent States summit

Foreign trade

September 2003 to create the Space, an integration mechanism for the four strongest economies in the CIS. The concept had been proposed by Pres. Nursultan Nazarbayev in the early 1990s. The government announced in February 2004 that construction would in Yalta,

Imports (2000-c.i.f.): $5,052,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 27.4%; mineral fuels and lubricants 11.5%; chemicals and chemical products 11.4%; transport equipment 11.1%). Major import sources: Russia 48.7%; Germany 6.6%; US 5.5%; UK 4.3%; Italy 3.1%. Exports (2000-f.o.b.): $9,139,000,000 (crude petroleum 49.4%; nonferrous metals 13.7%, of which copper 7.5%; iron and steel 12.0%; cereals 6.0%). Major export destinations: Russia 19.5%; Bermuda 14.9%; British Virgin Islands 11.6%; Italy 9.8%; China 7.3%.

Ukraine,

in

Common Economic

begin in the summer on a pipeline to carry oil from the Kashagan fields and others on the Caspian Sea to the Chinese border. Internet resources: .

Kenya

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2001): route length 13,500 km; passenger-km 10,384,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

135,653,000,000. Roads (1999): total length 109,445 km (paved 90%). Vehicles (2001): passenger cars 1,000,298; trucks and buses 278,711. Air transport (2001): passenger-km 1,901,100,000; metric ton-km cargo 44,000,000; airports (1999)

Communications, in total (units per 1,000 persons), radios (2000): 6,270,000 (422); televisions (2000): 3,580,000 (241); telephone main lines (2001): 1,939,600

with scheduled flights 20. units

(121); cellular telephone subscribers (2001): 582,000 (36); Internet users (2001): 150,000 (9.3).

Education and health Educational attainment (1999). Population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling or some primary education 9.1%; primary education 23.1%; secondary and some postsecondary 57.8%; higher 10.0%. Literacy (1999): 99.0%. Health (2001): physicians 51,300 (1 per 289 persons); hospital beds 110,200 (1 per 134 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 19.4. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,477 (vegetable products 73%, animal products 27%); 97% of FAO

minimum.

Military Total active duty personnel (2002): 60,000 (army 68.3%, air force 31.7%). Military expenditure as

name: Jamhuri ya Kenya (Swahili); Republic (English). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [224; including 14 nonelective seats]). Head of state and government: President Mwai Kibaki (from 30 Dec 2002). Capital: Nairobi. Official Official

of

Kenya

languages: Swahili; English. Official Religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Kenya shilling (K Sh) = 100 cents; 2004) $1 = K Sh 79.45.

valuation (2 Jul

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

1

Countries of the

World— Kenya

Demography Area:

224,961 sq

mi,

582,646 sq km. Population

(2003): 31,639,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 140.6, persons per sq km 54.3. Urban (2002): 34.4%. Sex distribution (2001): male 50.16%; female 49.84%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15,

41.9%; 15-29, 32.1%; 30-44, 14.6%; 45-59, 7.0%; 60-74, 3.4%; 75 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic composition (1989): Kikuyu 17.7%; Luhya 12.4%; Luo 10.6%; Kalenjin 9.8%; Kamba 9.8%; other 39.7%. Religious affiliation (2000): Christian 79.3%, of which Roman Catholic 22.0%, African Christian 20.8%, Protestant 20.1%; Muslim 7.3%; other 13.4%. Major cities (1999; pop. of urban core[s]): Nairobi 2,143,254; Mombasa 665,018; Nakuru 219,366; Kisumu 194,390; Eldoret 167,016; Thika 82,665. Location: eastern Africa, bordering Ethiopia, Somalia, the Indian Ocean, Tanzania, Uganda, and The Sudan.

453

ign trade

Imports (2002-c.i.f.): K Sh 277,275,000,000 (crude petroleum and petroleum products 22.8%, machinery and transport equipment 19.3%, chemicals and chemical products 14.1%). Major import sources (2001): US 16.4%; U.A.E. 10.7%; Saudi Arabia 7.8%; South Africa 7.1%; UK 7.1%. Exports (2002): K Sh 158,600,000,000 (tea 21.4%, horticultural products [mostly cut flowers] 13.8%, petroleum products 7.6%, coffee 4.1%, other [including nontraditional fruits and vegetables, iron and steel, and fish] 53.1%). Major export destinations (2001): Uganda 17.4%; UK 12.5%; The Netherlands 6.5%; Pakistan 6.1%; US 5.6%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2000): route length 2,700 km; passenger-km 302,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,557,000,000. Roads (1999): total length 63,800

km

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 29.8 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 15.7 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 14.1 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2000): 3.7. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 45.3 years; female 45.8 years. Birth rate per

avg. 21.3).

National

(2002): 328,100 (16); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 1,325,200 (42); personal computers (2001): 175,000 (5.6); Internet users (2001): 500,000 (16).

economy

Budget (2001-02). Revenue: K Sh 206,665,600,000 (tax revenue 86.6%, of which income and profit taxes 29.0%, value-added tax 27.2%, import duties 15.3%; nontax revenue 13.4%). Expenditures: K Sh 235,832,000,000 (recurrent expenditure 80.4%, of which administration 29.7%, education 22.2%, defense 6.1%, health 6.0%; development expenditure 19.6%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $4,930,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,

(paved 14%). Vehicles (2000): passenger cars 244,836; trucks and buses 96,726. Air transport (1998): passenger-km 2,091,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 243,000,000; airports (1997) with scheduled flights 11. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 303,000 (10); radios (2000): 6,760,000 (223); televisions (2000): 758,000 (25); telephone main lines

forestry,

Education and health Literacy (1999): total population over age

81.5%; males

15

literate

88.3%; females literate 74.8%. Health (2001): physicians 4,630 (1 per 6,645 persons); hospital beds 57,540 (1 per 535 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002): 64.1. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,058 (vegetable products 88%, animal products 12%); 89% of FAO recommended minimum. literate

fishing (2002): sugar-

cane 5,150,000, corn (maize) 2,800,000, potatoes 1,000,000; livestock (number of live animals) 13,500,000 cattle, 9,000,000 goats, 8,000,000 sheep; roundwood (2001) 21,803,900 cu m; fish catch (2001) 164,151, of which freshwater fish 95.5%. Mining and quarrying (2000): soda ash 238,200; fluorite 100,100; salt 16,400. Manufacturing (value added in K£'000 [Kenya pound (K£) as a unit of account equals 20 K Sh]; 1995): food products 847,000; beverages and tobacco 249,000; machinery and transport equipment 226,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2001) 4,338,400,000 (3,654,800,000); coal (1999) none (98,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (15,700,000); petroleum products (2001) 1,695,600 (2,385,200). Household expenditure. Average household size (1998) 3.4; expenditure (1993-94): food 42.4%, housing and energy 24.1%, clothing and footwear 9.1%, transportation 6.4%, other 18.0%. Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors $308,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad $143,000,000. Population economically active (2001): total 12,952,000; activity rate of total population 42.1% (participation rates [1985]: ages 15-64, 76.2%; female [1997] 46.1%). Gross national product (2001): $10,700,000,000 ($350 per capita). Land use (1994): forest 29.5%; pasture 37.4%; agriculture 8.0%; other 25.1%.

Military Total active duty personnel (2001):

24,400 (army

82.0%, navy 5.7%, air force 12.3%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 1.9% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $7.

Old y||||

^^ m M

Th e ex P ort of cut

flowers (primar-

comprises about 8% 000 000 ) of Ken y a s foreign ($ 1 exchange. A fourth of the European Union's imported flowers come from Kenya. ily roses)

'

*MI KnOW H

Icil

'

'

Background Africa was dominated by was seized by the Portuguese in the 16th

The coastal region of East Arabs

until

it

The Masai people held sway in the north and moved into central Kenya in the 18th century, while the Kikuyu expanded from their home region in southcentral Kenya. The interior was explored by European century.

in the 19th century. After the British took Kenya was established as a British protecand a crown colony (1920). The Mau

missionaries control,

torate (1890)

Mau

rebellion of the

1950s was

directed against

I

Countries of the

454

European colonialism. In 1963 the country became independent, and a year later a republican government under Jomo Kenyatta was elected. In 1992 Kenyan Pres. Daniel arap Moi allowed the country's first multiparty elections in three decades, though the balloting was marred by violence and fraud. Political fully

World Roman

—Kiribati Catholic 54.6%; Kiribati Protestant (Congre-

37.0%; Mormon 2.7%; Baha'i 2.4%; other Protestant 2.3%; other/nonreligious 1.0%. Major city (1999): Tarawa (urban area) 32,000. Location: western Pacific Ocean, south of the Hawaiian Islands (US).

gational)

turmoil occurred over the next years.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 31.6 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): Birth rate per

Recent Developments The overwhelming victory of Mwai Kibaki in the December 2002 elections encouraged aid agencies to renew their offers of assistance in 2003. The new government immediately implemented

its

election

promise to offer free primary education to all. The gesture met with such an enthusiastic response, however, that classrooms were overcrowded and there were not enough teachers to cope with the influx of students. Kibaki was also determined to tackle the corruption that had ruined the country's economy. Early in January 2003, two anticorruption courts were established, and two anticorruption bills were prepared for parliamentary debate. In March 2004, Kibaki responded to criticism about the pace of work on a new constitution and pressed the parliament to accelerate the process of drafting the document. Internet resources: .

Kiribati

8.8 (world avg. 9.1). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 4.3. Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 22.8 (world avg. 12.2). Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1988): 5.2. Life expectancy at female 63.6 years.

birth (2002):

National

male 57.6 years;

economy

Budget (2000). Revenue: $A 107,800,000 (nontax revenue 59.5%, tax revenue 22.9%, grants 17.6%). Expenditures: $A 90,000,000 (current expenditures 87.2%, capital expenditures 12.8%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 1999): US$9,500,000. Tourism: receipts from visitors (2001) US$3,200,000; expenditures by nationals abroad (1999) US$2,000,000. Land use (1994): forest 2.7%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 50.7%; other 46.6%. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): coconuts 96,000, roots and tubers 7,200 (of which taro 1,700), vegetables and melons 5,600; livestock (number of live animals) 12,000 pigs, 450,000 chickens; fish catch 32,375. Manufacturing (1996): processed copra 9,321; other important products are processed fish, baked goods, clothing, and handicrafts. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 7,000,000 (7,000,000); petroleum products (1999) none (8,000). Gross national product (2001): US$100,000,000 (US$830 per capita). Population economically active (1995): total 38,407; activity rate of total population 49.5% (participation rates: over age 15, 84.0%; female 47.8%; unemployed [2000] 1.5%). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1995) 6.5; expenditure (1996): food 45.0%, nonalcoholic beverages 10.0%, transportation 8.0%, energy 8.0%, education 8.0%.

Official

name: Republic

of Kiribati.

Form

of govern-

ment: unitary republic with a unicameral legislature (House of Assembly [42, including two nonelective members]). Head of state and government: President Anote Tong (from 10 Jul 2003). Capital: Bairiki, on Tarawa Atoll. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents; valuation (2 Jul 2004) US$1 = $A 1.40.

Demography 313

sq mi, 811 sq km. Population (2003): 87,900. Density (2003: based on inhabited island areas [280 sq mi (726 sq km)]): persons per sq mi 314.0, persons per sq km 121.1. Urban (2002):

Area:

40.0%. Sex distribution (2000): male 49.29%; female 50.71%. Age breakdown (1995): under 15, 41.2%; 15-29, 25.8%; 30-44, 18.3%; 45-59, 9.3%; 60-74, 4.4%; 75 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic composition (2000): Micronesian 98.8%; Polynesian 0.7%; European 0.2%; other 0.3%. Religious affiliation (2000):

Foreign trade Imports (1999): $A 63,700,000 (food and live animals 28.3%; machinery and transport equipment 22.6%; mineral fuels 10.3%; beverages and tobacco products 7.7%). Major import sources (2001): Australia 26.5%; Poland 15.7%; Fiji 14.8%; US 9.5%; Japan 8.0%. Exports (1999): $A 14,000,000 (domestic exports 92.6%, of which copra 63.9%, seaweed 5.1%, other [including fish for food and pet fish] 23.6%; reexports 7.4%). Major export destinations (2001): Japan 45.8%; Thailand 24.8%; South Korea 10.7%; Bangladesh 5.5%; Brazil 3.0%.

Transport and communications

Roads (1996): total length 670 km (paved 5%). Vehicles (2000): passenger cars 477; trucks and buses 277. Air transport (1996): passenger-mi 4,350,000, passenger-km 7,000,000; short ton-mi

Transport.

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

cargo 621,000, metric ton-km cargo 1,000,000;

World—North Korea

air-

Official

455

name: Choson Minjujuui

In'min

Konghwaguk

units (units per

(Democratic People's Republic of Korea). Form of

1,000 persons), radios (2000): 32,600 (386); televisions (2000): 3,030 (36); telephone main lines (2001): 3,600 (42); cellular telephone subscribers (2001): 500 (5.8); personal computers (2001): 2,000 (25); Internet users (2001): 2,000 (25).

government: unitary single-party republic with one legislative house (Supreme People's Assembly [687]). Head of state and government: Chairman of the Na(from 1998). tional Defense Commission Kim Jong Capital: Pyongyang. Official language: Korean. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 won = 100 chon; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = 900.00 won.

ports 9.

Communications,

in

total

II

Education and health Educational attainment (1995). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no schooling 7.8%; primary education 68.5%; secondary or higher 23.7%. Literacy (1995): population age 15 and over literate 90%. Health: physicians (1998) 26 (1 per 3,378 persons); hospital beds (1990) 283 (1 per 253 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 52.6. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,922 (vegetable products 88%, animal products

12%);

128%

of

FAO recommended minimum.

Background The islands were settled by Austronesian-speaking peoples before the 1st century ad. In 1765 the British discovered the island of Nikunau; the first permanent European settlers arrived in 1837. In 1916 the Gilbert and Ellice islands and Banaba became a crown colony of Britain; they were later joined by the Phoenix and Line islands. In 1979 the colony became the nation of Kiribati.

Demography Area: 47,399 sq mi, 122,762 sq km. Population (2003): 22,466,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 474.0, persons per sq km 183.0. Urban (2001):

60.5%. Sex distribution (2000): male 48.48%; female 51.52%. Age breakdown (2000): under 15, 25.6%; 15-29, 24.5%; 30-44, 24.7%; 45-59, 14.4%; 60-74, 9.0%; 75 and over, 1.8%. Ethnic composition (1999): Korean 99.8%; Chinese 0.2%. Religious affiliation (2000): nonreligious 55.6%; atheist 15.6%; Ch'ondogyo 12.9%; traditional beliefs 12.3%; Christian 2.1%; Buddhist 1.5%. Major cities (1993): P'yongyang (2001) 3,164,000 (urban agglomeration); Namp'o (2000) 1,022,000 (urban agglomeration); Hamhung 709,000; Ch'ongjin 582,480; Kaesong 334,433. Location: eastern Asia, bordering China, Russia, the Sea of Japan (East Sea), South Korea, and the Yellow Sea.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 18.7 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 6.9 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 Birth rate per

Recent Developments A period of political instability and a series of elecdominated Kiribati in 2003. Political parties fol-

tions

population (2002): 11.8 (world avg. 12.2). Total ferrate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 2.3. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1987): 9.3. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1987): 0.2. Life

lowed tradition by reflecting personal political allegiance and local issues rather than philosophical differences or widespread popular support. Apart from personal and local issues, the main election debates were over the economy, the government's leasing of aircraft, and the presence of a Chinese spy satellite base on Tarawa Atoll.

tility

Internet Resources: .

Budget (1999). Revenue: 19,801,000,000 won (turnover tax and profits from state enterprises). Expenditures: 20,018,200,000 won (1994; national economy 67.8%, social and cultural affairs 19.0%,

expectancy at 73.3 years.

birth (2002):

National

North Korea

Sea of Japan

X ,

V

\

East China

\

Sea

—5 J

\~~~~

J

bt&r

-

0^3 Pacific

Ocean

\ \

male 67.8 years; female

economy

defense 11.6%). Population economically active (1997): total 11,898,000; activity rate of total population 55.8% (participation rates [1988-93]: ages 15-64, 49.5%; female 46.0%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): rice 2,190,000, potatoes 1,884,000, corn (maize) 1,651,000; livestock (number of live animals) 3,152,000 pigs, 2,693,000 goats, 575,000 cattle; roundwood (2000) 4,900,000 cu m; fish catch (2000): 267,550. Mining and quarrying (2001): iron ore (metal content) 300,000; magnesite 1,000,000; phosphate rock 350,000. Manufacturing (1999): cement 16,000,000; crude steel 8,100,000; pig iron 6,600,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 31,450,000,000 (31,450,000,000); hard coal (1999) 4,197,000 (59,129,000); lignite (1999) 20,800,000 (20,800,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (14,000,000); petroleum products (1999) 2,480,000 (3,795,000). Household. Average household size (1999) 4.6. Public debt (external, outstanding; 1999): $12,000,000,000. Gross national product (1999): $9,912,000,000 ($457 per capita). Land use (1994): forested

I

I

Countries of the

456

—South Korea

World

61.2%; meadows and pastures 0.4%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 16.6%; other 21.8%.

economy

that failed to produce adequate food. In the 1990s, under Kim ll-sung's successor, Kim Jong the country endured a serious famine; as many as

late II,

a million Koreans

may have

died.

Foreign trade Imports (2001): $1,847,000,000 (food, beverages, and other agricultural products 23.7%, machinery and apparatus 15.0%, mineral fuels and lubricants 14.3%, textiles and clothing 12.6%). Major import sources: China 31.0%; Japan 13.5%; South Korea

12.3%; India 8.4%; Singapore 6.1%. Exports (2001): (live animals and agricultural products 30.2%, textiles and wearing apparel 21.6%, machinery and apparatus 15.1%, base and fabricated metals 9.3%). Major export destinations: Japan 27.3%; South Korea 21.3%; China 20.2%; Hong Kong 4.6%; Thailand 3.0%.

$826,000,000

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (1999): length

Recent Developments North Korea -began 2003 with a confrontation with the United States over the development of nuclear weapons. North Korea charged that the US had not fulfilled its part of the 1994 agreements to supply aid in exchange for cessation of North Korea's nuclear weapons development program. Rather than continuing adherence to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, North Korea now announced that it was pulling out and would reserve the right to develop nuclear weapons. Talks between North and South Korea, the US, China, Russia, and Japan were held in Beijing in August and again in February 2004 but ended both times without agreement.

8,533 km. Roads

(1998): total length 23,407 km (paved 8%). Vehicles (1990): passenger cars 248,000. Air transport (1997): passenger-km 286,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 30,000,000; airports (2001) with scheduled flights 1. Communications, in total units (units per

Internet resources: .

South Korea

1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 4,500,000 (208); radios (2000): 3,330,000 (154); televisions (2000): 1,170,000 (54); telephone main lines (1999): 1,100,000 (46).

Education and health Educational attainment (1987-88). Percentage of population age 16 and over having attended or graduated from postsecondary-level school: 13.7%. Literacy (1997): 95%. Health (1993): physicians 61,200 (1 per 370 persons); hospital beds (1989) 290,590 (1 per 74 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 26.5. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,201 (vegetable products 94.2%, animal products 5.8%);

94% of FAO recommended minimum. Military

Total active duty personnel (2002):

87.8%, navy 4.2%,

air force

ture as percentage of

1,082,000 (army

8.0%). Military expendi-

GNP

(1999):

18.8%

(world

2.4%); per capita expenditure $199.

name: Taehan Min'guk (Republic of Korea). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [273]). Head of state and government: President Roh Moo Hyun (from 25 Feb 2003); Prime Minister Goh Kun (was acting president from 12 Mar 2003 and pending outcome of impeachment proceedings against Official

Background According to tradition, the ancient kingdom of Choson was established in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, probably by peoples from northern China, in the 3rd millennium bc and was conquered by China in 108 bc The kingdom was ruled by the Yi dynasty from 1392 to 1910. That year Korea was formally annexed by Japan. It was freed from Japanese control in 1945, at which time the USSR occupied the area north of latitude 38° N and the US occupied the area south of it. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established as a communist state in 1948. North Korea launched an invasion of South Korea in 1950, initiating the Korean War, which

ended

with an armistice

North Korea

mented

in

1953. Under Kim

became one

societies

in

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

ll-sung,

of the most harshly regithe world, with a state-owned

cost, insurance,

Roh). Capital: Seoul. Official language: Korean. none. Monetary unit: 1 won (W) = chon; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = 1,155.05. cial religion:

Offi-

100

W

Demography Area: 38,402 sq mi, 99,461 sq km. Population (2003): 47,925.000. Density (2002): persons per sq mi 1,247.0, persons persq km 481.5. Urban (2002):

83.0%. Sex distribution (2002): male 50.34%; female 49.66%. Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 20.6%; 15-29, 24.1%; 30-44, 26.9%; 45-59, 16.5%;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World

60-74, 9.4%; 75 and over, 2.5%. Ethnic composition (2000): Korean 97.7%; Japanese 2.0%; US white 0.1%; Han Chinese 0.1%; other 0.1%. Religious affilreligious 50.7%, of which Buddhist 23.2%, Protestant 19.7%, Roman Catholic 6.6%, Confucian 0.5%, Wonbulgyo 0.2%, Ch'ondogyo 0.1%, other 0.4%; nonreligious 49.3%. Major cities (2000): Seoul 9,853,972; Pusan 3,655,437; Taegu 2,473,990; Inch'on 2,466,338; Taejon 1,365,961. Location: northeast Asia, bordering North Korea, the Sea of Japan (East Sea), and the Yellow Sea; Cheju Island lies off the southern coast in the East China Sea.

iation (1995):

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 12.9 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 5.9 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 Birth rate per

population (2002): 7.0 (world avg. 12.2). Total fertilrate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 1.5. Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2000): 7.0. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2000): 2.5. Life ity

expectancy at 79.1 years.

birth (2002):

National

male 71.5 years; female

—South Korea

$150,439,000,000

(electric

and

electronic products

25.0%, transport equipment 17.0%, nonelectrical machinery and apparatus 15.6%, chemicals and chemical products 8.3%). Major export destinations: US 20.7%; China 12.1%; Japan 11.0%; Hong Kong 6.3%; Taiwan 3.9%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2001): length 6,819 km; passenger-km 29,172,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

10,492,000,000. Roads (2001): total length 91,396 km (paved 77%). Vehicles (2001): passenger cars 8,889,000; trucks and buses 3,768,000. Air transport (2002; Scheduled flights of Asiana and Korean Air only): passenger-km 48,325,000,000; metric tonkm cargo 4,590,000,000; airports (2001) with scheduled flights 15. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 18,500,000 (393); radios (2000): 48,600,-

000

(1,033); televisions (2000):

17,100,000 (364);

telephone main lines (2002): 23,257,000 (489); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 32,342,000 (680); personal computers (2002): 26,458,000 (556); Internet users (2004): 29,220,000 (610).

economy

Budget (2002). Revenue: W 105,876,700,000,000 (tax revenue 88.6%, of which income and profits taxes 34.3%, value-added tax 30.2%; nontax revenue

W

11.4%). Expenditures: 105,876,700,000,000 (economic services 25.9%, education 17.4%, defense 16.2%, social services 13.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $33,742,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): rice 6,650,000, cabbages 3,420,000, dry onions 1,074,000; livestock (number of live animals) 8,811,000 pigs, 1,951,000 cattle,

107,000,000 chickens; roundwood (2001) 3,986,806 cu m; fish catch (2000) 2,146,393. Mining and

Education and health Educational attainment (1995). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling 8.5%; primary education or less 17.7%; some secondary and secondary 53.1%; postsecondary 20.6%. Literacy (1995): total population age 15 and over literate 98.0%; males 99.3%; females 96.7%. Health (2001): physicians 75,295 (1 per 629 persons); hospital beds 288,952 (1 per 164 persons); infant mortality rate (2002) 7.4. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 3,055 (vegetable products 85%, animal products 15%); 130% of FAO recommended minimum.

quarrying (2001): iron ore 195,000. Manufacturing (units; 2001): transistors 21,126,000,000; mobile

phones 89,834,000; color

televisions

15,914,000.

Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1999) 266,818,000,000 (266,818,000,000); coal (1999) 57,000,000 (58,682,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1999) none (873,900,000); petroleum products (1999) 96,499,000 (62,047,000); natural gas (cu m; 1999) none (17,828,200,000). Household income and expenditure (2001). Average household size 3.5; annual income per household 31,501,200 ($24,400); sources of income: wages 84.2%, other 15.8%; expenditure: food and beverages 26.3%, transportation and communications 16.3%, education 11.3%. Gross national product (2001): $447,600,000,000 ($9,460 per capita). Population economically active (2001): total 22,181,000; activity rate 46.9% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 64.6%; female 41.3%; unemployed [2002] 3.1%). Tourism (2001): receipts $6,373,000,000; expenditures $6,547,000,000.

W

Foreign trade Imports

457

$141,098,000,000 (electric and electronic products 19.4%, crude petroleum 15.1%, nonelectrical machinery and transport equipment 14.5%, chemicals and chemical products 9.2%, food and live animals 4.8%). Major import sources: Japan 18.9%; US 15.9%; China 9.4%; Saudi

Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

686,000 (army

81.6%, navy 9.2%, air force 9.2%); US military forces (2003): 41,145. Military expenditure as percentage of

GNP

diture

(1999):

2.9%

(world 2.4%); per capita expen-

$246.

Background the Korean Peninsula dates to the 3rd millennium bc (see background of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, above). The Republic of Korea was established in 1948 in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. In 1950 North Korean troops invaded South Korea, precipitating the Korean War. UN forces intervened on the side of South Korea, while Chinese troops backed North Korea in the war, which ended with an armistice in 1953. The devastated country was rebuilt with US aid, and South Korea prospered in the postwar era, developing a strong export-oriented economy. It experienced an economic downturn in the mid-1990s that affected many economies in the area. Civilization in

(2001-c.i.f.):

Arabia 5.7%; Australia 3.9%. Exports (2001-f.o.b.):

Recent Developments On 25 Feb 2003, South Korea began a new political era with the inauguration of Pres. Roh Moo Hyun. Roh's campaign attracted young people and many who were openly anti-American. Although he wrapped

I

Countries of the

458

himself in the cloak of an anticorruption and prodemocracy campaigner, Roh and his cronies soon fell afoul of these

same problems. By

early

2004

six of

and more than a dozen members of parliament had been accused of involvement in political funding scandals. In March two opposition parties inaugurated a parliamentary debate on impeachment of President Roh for what many saw as a minor violation of election regulations. The vote on 12 March, however, was a resounding 193-2 in favor of impeachment, which would take effect if conhis close associates

firmed by the Constitutional Court. In legislative elections in April, the opposition conservatives were turned out, and the liberal pro-Roh Uri party won a majority. The Constitutional Court rejected Roh's im-

peachment on 14 May, and his powers were restored. Prime Minister Goh Kun. who had been acting president, resigned on

World— Kuwait 10%. Bedouin 9%; Kurd 10%; Indo-Pakistani 8%; Persian 4%; other 4%. Religious affiliation (1995): Muslim 85%, of which Sunni 45%, Shi'i 30%, other Muslim 10%; other (mostly Christian and Hindu) 15%. Major cities (1995): Al-Salimiyah 130,215; Qalib alShuyukh 102,178; Hawalli 82,238; Kuwait (city) ian

28.859 (urban agglomeration [2001] 888,000).

Lo-

cation: the Middle East, bordering Iraq, the Persian Gulf,

and Saudi Arabia.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2002): 21.8 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 2.5 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 19.3 (world, avg. 12.2). Total ferBirth rate per

rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2002): 1,000 population (2000): 4.9. Divorce rate per 1.000 population (1999): 3.9. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 75.6 years; female

tility

3.1. Marriage rate per

24 May.

Internet resources: .

77.4 years.

Kuwait

Black Sea

^ ^^—y^

\

Sea

i

^ y&

economy

Budget (2002-03). Revenue: KD 3,521,700,000 (oil revenue 84.1%). Expenditures: KD 5,428,000,000 (wages 29.5%, transfers 29.1%, economic development 11.7%, other 29.7%). Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors $104,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad $2,843,000,000. Gross national product (2001): $37,400,000,000 ($18,270 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): tomatoes 35,127, cucumbers and gherkins 33,004, eggplants 12,002; livestock (number of live animals) 800,000 sheep, 130,000 goats, 18,000 cattle; fish catch (2001) 6,041. Mining and quarrying (2001): sulfur 524,000; lime 40,000. Manufacturing (value added in KD '000,000; 1997): refined petroleum products 3,632; chemicals 962; fabricated metal products 68. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kWhr; 1999) 32,106,000,000 (32,106,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 733,500,000 ([1999] 329,900,000); petroleum products (1999) 40,619,000 (9,902,000); natural gas (cu m; 1999) 8,686,300,000 (8,686,300,000). Population economically active (2002): total 1,364,290. of which Kuwaiti 19.5%, non-Kuwaiti 80.5%; activity rate of total popuindustrial

Arabian

Sea

name: Dawlat al-Kuwayt (State of Kuwait). Form of government: constitutional monarchy with one legislative body (National Assembly [65; includ-

Official

ing 50 elected members plus cabinet ministers not elected to National Assembly serving ex officio]).

Head

and government: Emir Sheikh Jabir alSabah (from 1977) assisted by Prime Minister Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (from 13 Jul 2003). Capital: Kuwait City. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = KD0.29. of state

Ahmad

al-Jabir Al

Demography Area: 6,880 sq mi, 17,818 sq km. Population (2003): 2%439.000. Density (2003): persons persq mi 354.5, persons per sq km 136.9. Urban (2001): 96.1%. Sex distribution (2002):

male 60.26%; female 39.74%.

Age breakdown (2002): under 15, 28.3%; 15-29, 30.6%; 30-44, 24.5%; 45-59. 12.4%; 60-74. 3.7%; 75 and over, 0.5%. Ethnic composition (2000): Arab 74%,

of which Kuwaiti

30%. Palestinian 17%, Jordan-

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons: ton-mi cargo:

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

lation

56.4%

(participation

rates:

ages 15-59,

72.9%; female [1995] 26.1%; [2000] unemployed 0.8%). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1995) 3.9; sources of income (1986): wages and salaries 53.8%, self-employment 20.8%, other 25.4; expenditure (1992): food, beverages, and tobacco 37.0%, housing and energy 18.7%, transportation 15.3%, household appliances and services 11.1%, clothing and footwear 10.0%, education and health 2.5%. Land use (1994): forest 0.1%; pasture 7.7%; agriculture 0.3%; other 91.9%.

Foreign trade Imports (2001-c.i.f.): KD 2,371,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 20.0%, transport equipment 17.2%, base and fabricated metals 8.5%, chemicals and chemical products 7.5%, textiles and wearing apparel 7.0%). Major import sources: US 19.1%; Germany 14.1%; Japan 12.3%; UK 10.8%; Italy 8.1%. Exports

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about and freight: f.o.b.: free on board

0.

68 short

—Kyrgyzstan

World

Countries of the

(2001-f.o.b.): KD 4,948,000,000 (crude petroleum and petroleum products 92.8%, plastics 4.0%). Major export destinations: Japan 28.7%; South Korea

459

US-led military coalition drove them out in 1991. of many of Kuwait's oil wells com-

The destruction

plicated reconstruction efforts.

17.1%; US 16.8%; Singapore 10.3%; Taiwan 9.4%.

Transport and communications

A general

4,450 km (paved 81%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 747,042; trucks and buses 140,480. Air transport

Transport.

Roads (1997):

total

length

(2002): passenger-km 6,330,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 254,302,000; airports (2001) with scheduled Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circulation (2000): 836,000 (374); radios (2000): 1,400,000 (624); tele-

flights 1.

visions (2000):

1,090,000 (486); telephone main

472,400 (207); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 877,900 (386); personal computers (2001): 272,000 (120); Internet users (2001): 200,lines (2001):

000

(88).

Education and health

Recent Developments was held in Kuwait on 5

election

Jul

2003.

sustained heavy losses, and the new 50member National Assembly came under the control of Islamist, conservative, and pro-government elements. The election results stunned liberal Kuwaitis, who had thought that important changes in the region, particularly in Iraq, would set the stage for longawaited internal reforms, including giving women the right to vote and to be candidates in general elections. After the election the emir of Kuwait met a long-standing demand of political activists to separate the position of crown prince from the office of prime minister. The change meant that the prime minister could be subjected to questioning by the National Assembly.

The

liberals

Internet resources: .

Educational attainment (1988). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: no formal schooling 44.8%; primary education 8.6%; some secondary 15.1%; complete secondary 15.1%; higher 16.4%. Literacy (2000): total population age 15 and over lit-

Kyrgyzstan

erate 82.0%; males literate 84.0%; females literate 79.7%. Health (2002): physicians 3,780 (1 per 625 persons); hospital beds 5,200 (1 per 455 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 10.9. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 3,170 (vegetable products 78%, animal products 22%); 131% of

FAO recommended minimum.

i

Military Total active duty personnel (2002):

15,500 (army

[in-

cluding central staff] 71.0%, navy 12.9%, air force 16.1%); US troops (March 2004) 26,000. Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1999): 7.7% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $1,410.

Did

^^

VOU m

mf

kllOW

M

Kuwait has about 10% of the

wor 'd it

s

petroleum reserves, placing

fourth in the world behind Saudi

Arabia, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. About 75% of Kuwait's

petroleum is produced south of Kuwait City.

in the Greater

Burgan area

Background

independence, and Iraq dropped

lika

name: Kyrgyz Respublikasy

(Kyrgyz);

Kirgizstan (Russian) (Kyrgyz Republic).

Respub-

Form

of

government: unitary multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Assembly of People's Representatives [45]; Legislative Assembly [60]). Head of state and government: President Askar Akayev (from 1990) assisted by Prime Minister Nikolay Tanayev

Faylakah Island, in Kuwait Bay, had a civilization dating back to the 3rd millennium bc that flourished until 1200 bc. Greek colonists resettled the island in the 4th century bc Abd Rahim of the Sabah dynasty became sheikh in 1756, the first of a family that continues to rule Kuwait. In 1899, to thwart German and Ottoman influences, Kuwait gave Britain control of its foreign affairs. Following the outbreak of war in 1914, Britain established a protectorate there. In 1961, after Kuwait became independent, Iraq laid claim to it. British troops defended Kuwait, the Arab League recognized its forces invaded and occupied Kuwait

Official

its

in

claim.

Iraqi

1990, and a

(from 22 May 2002). Capital: Bishkek. Official languages: Kyrgyz; Russian. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 som (K.S.) = 100 tyiyn; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = K.S. 42.50.

Demography Area: 77,200 sq mi, 199,945 sq km. Population (2003): 5,059,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 65.5, persons per sq km 25.3. Urban (1999):

34.3%. Sex distribution (2001): male 48.84%; female 51.16%. Age breakdown (2001): under 15, 35.0%; 15-29, 28.1%; 30-44, 18.6%; 45-59, 9.2%; 60-74, 7.0%; 75 and over, 2.1%. Ethnic composition (1999): Kyrgyz 64.9%; Uzbek 13.8%; Russian 12.5%;

460

C()l

NTRIES OF THE

WORLD

Hui 1.1%; Ukrainian 1.0%; Uighur 1.0%: other 5.7%. Religious affiliation (1997): Muslim (mostly Sunni) 75.0%; Christian 6.7%. of which Russian Orthodox 5.6%; other (mostly nonreligious) 18.3%. Major cities

(1999): Bishkek (Frunze) 750,327; Osh 208,520; Jalal-Abad 70.401: Tokmok 59,409; Kara-Kol 47,159. Location: central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

KYRGYZSTAN

apparatus 21.0%, food products 11.7%, chemicals and chemical products 9.5%). Major import sources: Russia 18.2%; Kazakhstan 17.5%; Uzbekistan 14.3%; China 10.4%; US 5.7%. Exports (2001): $476,200,000 (nonferrous metals [significantly gold] 51.7%, machinery and apparatus 12.0%, electricity 9.8%, agricultural products [significantly tobacco] 9.5%). Major'export destinations: Switzerland 26.1%; Germany 19.8%; Russia 13.5%; Uzbekistan 10.1%; Kazakhstan 8.2%.

Vital statistics

1.000 population (2001): 20.6 (world avg. 21.3); (1994) legitimate 83.2%. Death rate per 1.000 population (2001): 7.3 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2001): 13.3 Birth rate per

(world avg. 12.2). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2001): 2.5. Marriage rate per

1,000 population (1999): 5.6. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1999): 4.6. Life expectancy at birth (2001): male 64.0 years; female 72.0 years.

Transport and communications

424 km; passenger-km 44,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 348,000,000. Roads (1999): total length 18,500 km (paved 91%). Vehicles (2000): passenger cars 187,322. Air transport (1999): passenger-km 532,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 56,000,000; airports with scheduled flights 2. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily newspaper circula-

Transport. Railroads (2000): length

(15); radios (2000): 542,000 239,000 (49); telephone 394,800 (79); cellular telephone subscribers (2002): 53,100 (10); personal computers (2002): 65,000 (13); Internet users (2002): 152,-

tion (2000):

National

economy

73,000

(111); televisions (2000):

Budget (2001). Revenue: K.S. 12,544,000,000 revenue 73.2%, of which VAT 33.6%, taxes on income 16.0%, excise taxes 8.8%, other taxes 14.8%; nontax revenue 21.3%; grants 5.5%). Expenditures: K.S. 13,133,000,000 (education 21.7%; general public services 16.0%; social security 10.8%; health 10.5%; defense 7.5%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $1,256,000,000. Land use (1994): forest 3.7%; pasture 45.4%; agriculture 7.2%; other 43.7%. Population economically active (2001): total 1,939,000; activity rate of total population 39.2% (participation rates [2000]: ages 16-59 [male], 16-54 [female] 62.0%; female (1999) 44.9%; unemployed [2001] 7.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2002): mixed grasses and legumes 2,900,000, wheat 1,306,000, potatoes 1,244,000; livestock (number of live animals) 3,104,000 sheep, 988,000 cattle, 350,000 horses; roundwood (2001) 26,000 cu m; fish catch (2001) 201. Mining and quarrying (2002): mercury 300; antimony 200; gold (2001) 24,600 kg. Manufacturing (value of production in '000,000 som; 2001): ferrous metals 21,268; nonferrous metals 21,243; flour 3,914. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2001) 13,667,000,000 (11.503,000,000); hard coal (1999) 97,000 (878,000); lignite (1999) 320.000 (346.000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2001) 553,000 (553,000); petroleum products (2001) 131,000 (387,000); natural gas (cu m; 2001) 32.800.000 (655,700,000). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1999) 4.3; income per household (1994) 4,359 som ($325); sources of income (1999): wages and salaries 29.2%, self-employment 25.6%, other 45.2%; expenditure (1990): food and clothing 48.0%, health care 13.1%, housing 5.9%. Gross national product (2001): $1,400,000,000 ($280 per capita). Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors, $24,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad. $12,000,000. (tax

Foreign trade Imports (2001-f.o.b. in balance of trade and c.i.f. for commodities and trading partners): $467,200,000 (petroleum and natural gas 22.6%, machinery and

main

000

lines (2002):

(30).

Education and health Educational attainment (1999). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: primary education 6.3%; some secondary 18.3%; completed secondary 50.0%; some postsecondary 14.9%; higher 10.5%. Literacy (1999): total population age 15 and over literate 97.5%; males 98.5%; females 96.5%. Health (1997): physicians 15,100 (1 per 307 persons); hospital beds 40,700 (1 per 114 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2001) 39.0. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,882 (vegetable products 81%, animal products 19%); 111% of

FAO recommended minimum.

Military

10,900 (army 78.0%, air force 22.0%); US and coalition troops (May 2003) 1,500. Russian air base (not affiliated

Total active duty personnel (2002):

with coalition forces) opened in Kyrgyzstan in October 2003. Military expenditure as percentage of

GNP

(1999): 2.4% (world 2.4%); per capita expendi-

ture $62.

Background The

nomadic people of Central Asia, settled in the Tian Shan region in ancient times. They were conquered by Genghis Khan's son Jochi in 1207. The Kyrgyz, a

area became part of the Qing empire of China in the mid-18th century. The region came under Russian

the 19th century, and its rebellion against resulted in a long period of brutal repression. Kirgiziya became an autonomous province of the USSR in 1924 and was made the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936. Kyrgyzstan gained independence in 1991. In the 1990s it struggled with its democratization process and with establishing a control

in

Russia

in

thriving

1916

economy.

1 metric ton - about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

—Laos

World

Recent Developments

Vital statistics

Kyrgyzstan's reputation as the Central Asian state that had moved farthest on the road to democracy suffered

in

2003 from

the increasing authoritarianism of

Pres. Askar Akayev and his government. In a report published in April 2003, the World Bank, the IMF, the EBRD, and the Asian Development Bank—all of which had provided financial support to the country since its

independence—declared that Kyrgyzstan was the most corrupt of the seven poorest members of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the only one where corruption had worsened since 1999. The previous month Akayev had told his National Security Council that many citizens considered corruption to be the reason for Kyrgyzstan's economic ills, a point many opposition figures had been making for years. Internet resources: .

Laos

yf

Bay

°f\ f W C/ Smith m )j\ ^ ^^. China

Bene

Beng al

j

I

Military

100,000 (army 80.0%, navy 12.0%, air force 8.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (1999): 2.3% (world 2.4%); per capita expenditure $78.

Total active duty personnel (2002):

i Indian

Ocean

^

Background Malaya has been inhabited and small kingdoms existed ad,

when adventurers from

for in

6,000-8,000

years,

the 2nd-3rd century

India first arrived.

Suma-

tran exiles founded the city-state of Malacca about 1400, and it flourished as a trading and Islamic reli-

gious center

until its capture by the Portuguese in 1511. Malacca passed to the Dutch in 1641. The British founded a settlement on Singapore Island in 1819, and by 1867 they had established the Straits Settlements, including Malacca, Singapore, and Penang. During the late 19th century the Chinese began to migrate to Malaya. Japan invaded in 1941.

Opposition to British rule led to the creation of the United Malays National Organization (UNMO) in

name: Divehi Jumhuriyya (Republic of MalForm of government: republic with one legislahouse (Majlis [42]). Head of state and govern-

Official

dives). tive

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (since 1978). Capital: Male. Official language: Divehi. OffiMonetary unit: 1 Maldivian rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laari; valuation (2 Jul 2004) $1 = Rf 12.80. ment: President

cial religion: Islam.

Area:

115 sq

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

cost, insurance,

freight;

Demography 298 sq km. Population

(2003):

285,000. Density (2003): persons per sq mi 2,478,

1 metric ton - about 1.1 short tons; c.i.f.:

mi,

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

Countries of the km

persons per sq

divian 98.5%; Sinhalese 0.7%; other 0.8%. Religious affiliation: virtually

Transport and communications

male 50.73%; female 49.27%.

Age breakdown (2003): under 15, 36.1%; 15-29, 31.7%; 30-44, 18.0%; 45-59, 7.9%; 60-74, 5.2%; 75 and over, 1.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Mal-

100%

Sunni Muslim. Major

(2000): Male 74,069. Location: islands

in

city

the Indian

Transport. Vehicles (1999): passenger cars 3,037; trucks and buses 1,003. Air transport (1997): passengers carried 189,000; passenger-km 292,000,000; airports (1997) with scheduled flights 5. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Daily

newspaper

dios (1997):

India.

10,900

(40);

(101); cellular

Vital statistics

rate (avg. births per childbearing

woman; 2002):

Marriage rate per 1,000 population (2001): 11.6. Divorce rate per 1,000 population (2001): 5.5. Life expectancy at birth (2002): male 68.0 years; fe-

5.4.

male 67.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2001). Revenue: Rf 2,513,200,000 (nontax revenue 50.8%, taxation 41.4%, foreign aid 7.3%). Expenditures: Rf 2,886,200,000 (general public services 42.1%, of which defense 15.2%; education 18.5%; health 10.4%; transportation and communications 8.9%; transfer payments 2.3%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2001): $180,700,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, fishing (2001): vegetables and melons 28,000, coconuts 15,000, fruits (excluding melons) 9,000; fish catch 127,184. Mining and quarrying: coral for construction materials. Manufacturing: details, n.a.; however, major industries include boat building and repairing, coir yarn and mat weaving, coconut and fish processing, lacquerwork, garment manufacturing, and handicrafts. Energy production (consumption):

1999) 93,000,000 (93,000,000); petroleum products (1999) none (152,000). Tourism (2001): receipts from visitors $331,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad $45,000,000. Population economically active (2000): total 87,987; activity rate of total population 32.6% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 58.5%; female 33.8%; unemployed 2.0%). Household income and expenditure. Average household size (2000) 6.8; annual income per household (1990) Rf 2,616 ($274); expenditure (1981): food and beverages 61.8%, housing equipment 17.0%, clothing 8.0%, recreation and education 5.9%, transportation electricity (kW-hr;

2.6%, health 2.5%, rent 1.6%. Gross national product (2001): $600,000,000 ($2,170 per capita). Land use (1994): forested 3.3%; meadows and pastures 3.3%; agricultural built-on,

and under permanent

circulation (1996):

34,000

5,000

(19); ra-

televisions

(2000): telephone main lines (2001): 27,200 telephone subscribers (2001): 18,400 (129);

personal computers (2001): 6,000 (22); Internet users (2001): 10,000 (37).

(68);

1,000 population (2002): 36.1 (world avg. 21.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2002): 6.1 (world avg. 9.1). Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (2002): 30.0 (world avg. 12.2). Total ferBirth rate per

tility

481

956.4. Urban (2002): 27.0%. Sex

distribution (2003):

Ocean, south of

—Maldives

World

cultivation

10.0%;

wasteland, and other 83.4%.

Education and health Educational attainment (1990). Percentage of population age 15 and over having: no standard passed 25.6%; primary standard 37.2%; middle standard 25.9%; secondary standard 6.3%; preuniversity 3.4%; higher 0.4%; not stated 1.2%. Literacy (1995): total population age 15 and over literate 93.2%; males literate 93.0%; females literate 93.3%. Health (2001): physicians 263 (1 per 1,049 persons); hospital beds (2000) 470 (1 per 577 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2002) 38.0. Food (2001): daily per capita caloric intake 2,587 (vegetable products 75%, animal products 25%); 117% of

FAO recommended minimum.

Military Total active duty personnel: Maldives maintains a

numbering about 700-1,000; performs both army and police functions.

single security force

Q|Q

^^ m M

The Indian Ocean Experiment

it

(a

comprehensive field exercise in 1998-2000 to monitor climate change in the Indian Ocean) had its headquarters on Male, in the Maldives. The island of Kaashidhoo was chosen as the location of the Climate Observatory for the project because of its remoteness from the larger land masses of India asd Sri Lanka.

yflU J UU

[

kflOWl

Background The archipelago was settled in the 5th century bc by Buddhists from Sri Lanka and southern India, and Islam was adopted in 1153. The Portuguese held sway in Male in 1558-73. The islands were a sultanate under the Dutch rulers of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) during the 17th century. After the British gained control of Ceylon in 1796, the area became a British protectorate, a status formalized in

1887. The

won full independence from Britain in 1965, and in 1968 a republic was founded. During the 1990s its economy gradually developed. islands

Foreign trade Imports (2001-c.i.f.): $395,400,000 (food products 36.9%; petroleum products 12.1%; transport equipment 10.5%; construction-related goods 10.2%). Major import sources: Asian countries 69%, of which Singapore 25%, Sri Lanka 13%, India 10%, Malaysia 9%; European countries 14%. Exports (2001-f.o.b.): $110,200,000 (domestic exports 69.1%, of which fish 32.5%, garments 29.3%, live tropical fish 2.8%; reexports 30.9%, of which jet fuel 25.6%). Major export destinations: US 39%; Sri Lanka 21%; European countries 15%.

Recent Developments On 25 Sep 2003, Maldives's 50-member Majlis (parliament) nominated, by a unanimous vote, Pres. Mau-

moon Abdul Gayoom to seek reelection for a sixth consecutive five-year term. A public referendum on 17 October gave him overwhelming support. Internet resources: .

I

I

Countries of the

482

World—Mali^ ditures:

Mali

CFAF 601,500,000,000

i

Atlantic

Ocean

noted). Agriculture,

forestry,

fishing (2002):

1,034,211, sorghum 951,417, stock (number of

4

{•* Gu/fof Guinea

'

\

r«-i

Mali (Republic of Mali).

government: multiparty republic with one leghouse (National Assembly [147]). Chief of state: President Amadou Toumani Toure (from 2002). Head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani (from 2002). Capital: Bamako. Of-

Form

millet

926,497;

live-

live

1999) 404,000,000 (404,000,000); petroleum products (1999) none (161,000). Gross national product (2001): $2,500,000,000 ($230 per capita). Household: Average household size (2000) 5.6. Land use as % of total land area (2000): in temporary crops 3.8%, in permanent crops, negligible, in pasture, 24.6; overall forest area 10.8%. (kW-hr;