Time-Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2012 1603202064, 9781603202060, 1603209018, 9781603209014

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R 031 Time 2012

The Time almanac

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Table of Contents Year

in

Life

Review

3

on Earth

167

Geology

Features

169 i7i

Geography

Osama

bin Laden:

How

US

the

Finally

Got Its Man by David von Drehle, TIME

5

Invasive Species: Exotic Intruders

by John

P.

7

Preserving Nature

175

Health

176 and Exercise

181

How Japan Will Reawaken by Hannah Beech, TIME

187

Diet

Rafferty

Wind Turbines: A New Spin on Energy by Lee Hudson Teslik

8

Cyberwarfare: The Invisible Threat by John B. Sheldon

9

Chronology, July 2010-June Month by Month

World

2011

Countries of the World

188

11 PHOTOS

2010-June 2011 Month by Month

Disasters, July

31

PLATES 1-16

FLAGS

PLATES 17-22

MAPS

PLAHS 23-32

Rulers and Regimes

People The TIME 100, 2011 Celebrities

and Newsmakers

Obituaries

488

Populations

501

35

Language

502

37

Scholarship

504

76

Religion

505

The 2011 Annual Megacensus

of

508

Religions

Awards TIME’S Top 100 Films TIME’S Person of the Year,

89

1927-2010

Terrorism

512

Military Affairs

515

90 91

Nobel Prizes

United States Special Achievement Awards

104

Science Honors

109

Torn Asunder: How the Deadliest Twister in Decades Ripped Through

517

Joplin, Missouri

by David von Drehle, TIME

Nature, Science, Medicine,

&

Technology

116

•

123

The Universe Constellations

Astronomical

Phenomena

United States Chronology

Important Documents

Time

for

2012

518

History

115

The End of the Line by Bryan Walsh, TIME

Fishing:

124 128

in

US

History

518 520 532

Government The Presidency The Supreme Court The Congress The Senate The House of Representatives

532 557 560 560 562

Measurements and Numbers

144

Applied Science

149

Military Affairs

Communications

149

Population

Aerospace Technology

151

The States and Other Areas

Space Exploration Space Exploration

151 154

State Government

608

Cities

613

Law and Crime

615

Society

620

569 575 . .

Firsts

Air Travel

155

Meteorology

156

Geologic Disasters

160

Civil

Engineering

162

Family Education

y

582

620 622

Tabi.e of Contents

4

Sport

Business

Want to Make More than a Banker? Become a Farmer! by Stephen Gandel, TIME

625

US Economy

Sporting Codes for Countries

695

The Olympic Games

696

626

Special Olympics

761

627

Automobile Racing

761

628

Baseball

763

Employment

630

Basketball

767

Consumer

637

Bowling

772

Cricket

773

Cycling

773

Football

775

US

776 783 783 783 784

Energy Travel

and Tourism

Prices

US Budget

638

US Taxes

642

Arts, Entertainment, All Is

&

Leisure

Well: Harry Potter’s Film

Concludes by Richard

Canadian

Saga

Australian

645 Corliss,

Rugby

TIME

Association Football (Soccer)

Motion Pictures

Academy Awards Television

Emmy Awards

646 646 660 660

788

Golf

Horse Racing

794

Hockey

803

Ice

664

Marathon

806

Tony Awards

664

Skiing

809

Encyclopaedia Britannica’s 20 Notable US Theater Companies

667

Theater

Music

Grammy Awards Encyclopaedia Britannica’s 20 World-Class Orchestras Encyclopaedia Britannica’s

Arts

Swimming

813

667

Tennis

819

667

Track

673

Top 20 Opera Companies

673

and Letters Awards

674

Pulitzer Prizes

Architecture Awards

&

Field

835

Volleyball

840

Weight

841

Lifting

674 694

INDEX

842

a

Year Osama

bin Laden:

in

Review

How the US

Finally

Got

Its

Man

by David von Drehle, TIME

he four helicopters chuffed urgently through the Khyber Pass, racing over the lights of Peshawar city of Abbottabad and the prosperous neighborhood of Bilal Town. In the dark houses below slept doctors, lawyers, retired military officers-and perhaps the world’s most wanted fugitive. The American birds were on their way

T

and down toward the quiet

to find out.

Ahead loomed a strange-looking house in a walled compound. The pilots knew it well, having trained for their mission using a specially built replica. The house was three stories tall, as if to guarantee a clear view of approaching threats, and the walls were higher and thicker than any ordinary resident would require. Another high wall shielded the upper balcony from view. A second smaller house stood nearby. As a pair of backup helicopters orbited overhead, an HH60 Pave Hawk chopper and a CH-47 Chinook dipped toward the compound. A dozen SEALs fast-roped onto the roof of a building from the HH-60 before it lost its lift and landed hard against a wall. The Chinook landed, and its troops clambered out. Half a world away, it was Sunday afternoon in the crowded White House Situation Room. Pres. Barack Obama was stone-faced as he followed the unfolding drama on silent video screens— a drama he alone had the power to start but now was powerless

to control.

Obama had heard summarized, three ways of dealing with tantalizing yet uncertain intelligence that had been developed over painstaking months and years. He could continue to watch the strange compound using spies and satellites in hopes that the prey would reveal himself. He could knock out the building from a safe distance using B-2 bombers and their precisionguided payloads. Or he could unleash the special At a meeting three days earlier,

his options

SEALS known as Team 6. strong was the intelligence? he asked. A 50% to 80% chance, he was told. What could go wrong? Plenty: a hostage situation, a diplomatic crisis— dozen varieties of the sort of botch that ruins a presidency. In 1980, Pres. Jimmy Carter authorized a daring helicopter raid on Tehran to free American hostages. The ensuing debacle helped bury his reelection hopes. To wait was to risk a leak, now that more than a hundred people had been briefed on the possible raid. To bomb might mean that the US would never know for sure whether the mission was a success. As for an assault by special forces, US relations with the Pakistani government were tricky enough without staging force of

How

a raid on sovereign territory. It is said that only the hard decisions make it to a president’s plate. This was one. Obama’s inner circle was deeply divided. After more than an hour of discussion, Obama dismissed the group, saying he wanted time to reflect— but not much time. The next morning, as the president left the White House to tour

tornado damage in Alabama, he paused on his way through the Diplomatic Reception Room to render his decision: send the SEALs.

On Saturday the weather was cloudy

in Abbottabad. kept his appointment at the annual White House Correspondents’ Dinner, where a ballroom full of snoops had no inkling of the news volcano rum bling under their feet. The next morning. White House officials closed the West Wing to visitors, and Obama joined his staff in the Situation Room as the mission

Obama

lifted off from a base in Jalalabad, southern Afghanistan. The bet was placed: American choppers invaded the airspace of a foreign country without warning, to attack a walled compound housing un-

known occupants. As the birds swooped down on the mysterious house, chaos addled the satellite feeds for some 40 minutes. A hole was blown through the side of the house, gunfire erupted. SEALs worked their way through the smaller buildings inside the compound. Others swarmed upward in the main building, floor by floor, until they came to the room where they hoped to find their cornered target. Then they were inside the room for a final burst of gunfire. What had happened? The president sat and stared while several of his aides paced. The minutes

"passed like days," one official recalls. The grounded chopper felt like a bad omen. Then a voice briskly crackled with the hoped-for code name: “Visual on Geronimo." Osama bin Laden, elusive emir of the al-Qaeda terrorist

network, the

man who

said yes to the 9/11 atand daunting catalyst of murders on four continents,

tacks, the taunting voice

thousands of political was dead. The US had finally found the long-sought needle in a huge and dangerous haystack. Through 15 of the most divisive years of modern American politics, the hunt for bin Laden was one of the few steadily shared endeavors that linked administrations. Pres. Bill Clinton sent a shower of Tomahawk missiles down on bin Laden’s suspected hiding place in 1998 after al-Qaeda bombed two US embassies in Africa. Pres. George W. Bush dispatched troops to

Afghanistan in 2001 after al-Qaeda destroyed the World Trade Center and damaged the Pentagon. Each time, bin Laden escaped, evaporating into the lawless Afghan borderlands where no spy. drone, or satellite could find him. “Dead or alive," Bush declared in 2001, when the smell of smoke was still acrid, and the cowboy rhetoric struck a chord. It took a long time to make good on that vow— an interval in which the very idea of American power and effectiveness took a beating. Thus, to find this one man on a planet of close to 7 billion, to roar out of the night and strike with the coiled wrath of an unforgetting people, was grimly satisfying. The thousands of Americans across the country whose impulse was to celebrate— banging drums outside the White House,

waving flags at Ground Zero— were moved perhaps by more than unrefined delight at the villain’s comeuppance. It was a relief to find that America can still fix a bull’s-eye on a difficult goal, stick with it year after frustrating year, and succeed when almost no one expects it.

'Year

6

in

Good Life So he wasn’t in a cave after all. Osama bin Laden, master marketer of mass murder, loved to traffic in the image of the ascetic warrior-prophet. In one of his most famous videotapes, he chose gray rocks for a backdrop, a rough camo jacket for a costume, and a rifle for a prop. He portrayed a hard, pure alternative to the decadent weakness of the modern world. Now we know otherwise. Bin Laden was not the stoic soldier that he played onscreen. The exiled son of a Saudi construction mogul was living in a millionLiving the

dollar hills.

home

in

among

a wealthy town nestled

He apparently

slept

in

green

a king-size bed with a

much younger wife. He had satellite TV. This, most of was fitting, because no matter how many hours

all,

he spent talking nostalgically of the 12th century and the glory of the Islamic caliphate, bin Laden was a master of the 21st century image machine. He understood the power of the underdog to turn an enemy’s strength into a fatal weakness. If your foe spans the globe, blow up his embassies. If he fills the skies with airplanes, hijack some and smash them into his buildings. Bin Laden learned this judo as a mujahid fighting the USSR in Afghanistan, and he perfected it against the US. No Hollywood filmmaker ever staged a more terrifying spectacle than 9/11, which bin Laden conjured from a few box cutters and 19 misguided martyrs. When the Twin Towers fell, he became the embodiment of the stateless, unstoppable villains of James Bond fantasy. It was necessary, then, to find him and render him mortal again, reduce him to mere humanity— not just as a matter of justice but as a matter of self-defense. The raid took him down to size. Obama’s chief counterterrorism adviser, John Brennan, found himself disgusted by bin Laden in a whole new way: “Here is bin Laden, who has been calling for these attacks, liv-

compound, living removed from the front. think it

ing in this million-dollar-plus

area that just

is

speaks

far

to just

I

how

false his narrative has

in

an

really

been

over the years.”

Review they’d

been waiting for. The CIA picked up the trail in Peshawar and then followed him until

courier’s

he led them

to the compound in Abbottabad. Now the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency trained a spy satellite on the triangular fortress. Overtime, despite

the residents’ secrecy, analysts grew more confident that they had hit the jackpot. Obama was first informed of the breakthrough in August. By February the clues were solid enough for CIA Director Leon Panetta to begin planning a raid. Panetta called the commander of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), Vice Admirql William McRaven. JSOC is the potent weapon created from the humiliation of the failed 1980 hostage-rescue mission. Ultimately, the plan devised by McRaven’s troops called for about 80 men aboard four helicopters. "I don’t want you to plan for an option that doesn’t allow you to fight your way out," Obama -told his military planners. Darkness was the cloak and speed essential: the force had to be in and out of Pakistan before the Pakistani military could respond. They rehearsed against a 30-minute clock. The orders were capture or kill. Meanwhile, the pace of secret White House briefings accelerated in March and April, culminating in the 28 April session at which Obama weighed the conflicting advice of his senior circle. When the decision was made to strike the compound, bin Laden still had not been spotted among the residents behind the walls. The raiders found him near the end of their search through the house. The courier was already dead on the first floor, along with his brother and a woman caught in the cross fire. When the SEALS encountered bin Laden, he was with one of his wives. The young woman started toward the SEALs and was shot in the leg. Bin Laden, unarmed, appeared ready to resist, according to a Defense Department account. In an instant it was over: in all, four men and one woman lay dead. Bin Laden was shot in the head and in the chest. One of bin Laden’s wives confirmed his identity even as a photograph of the dead man’s face

was From Intel The path

to

Capture

to bin Laden began in the dark prisons of the CIA’s post-9/11 terrorist crackdown. Under questioning, captured al-Qaeda operatives described bin Laden’s preferred mode of communication. He knew that he couldn’t trust electronics, so he passed his orders through letters hand-carried by fanatically devoted couriers. One in particular caught the CIA’s attention, though he was known only by a nickname. Interrogators grilled 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed for details about the courier. When he pleaded ignorance, they knew they were onto .something promising. Abu Faraj al-Libbi, a senior al-Qaeda figure captured in 2005, also played dumb. Both men were subjected to so-called enhanced interrogation techniques, including, in Mohammed’s case, the waterboard. The US previously prosecuted as torturers those who used waterboarding, and critics say it violates international treaties. They also

argue that extreme techniques are counterproducThe report that Mohammed and al-Libbi were more forthcoming after the harsh treatment guarantees that the argument will go on. Gradually, the courier’s identity was pieced together. The next job was to find him. The CIA tracked down

tive.

his family and associates, then turned to the National Security Agency to put them under electronic surveillance. For a long time, nothing happened. Finally, in the summer of 2010, agents intercepted the call

relayed for examination by a face-recognition program. As the SEAL team prepared to load the body onto a helicopter, at Langley McRaven delivered the verdict. His voice was relayed to the White House Situation Room: "Geronimo: E-KIA,” meaning enemykilled in action.

“We

got him,”

Obama

said.

had eluded Pakistani radar on the flight into the country, but once the firefight erupted, the air force scrambled jets, which might arrive with guns blazing. A decision was made to destroy the stricken chopper. Surviving women and children in the compound—some of them wounded—were moved to safety as the explosives were placed and detonated. In the meantime, SEALs emerged from the house carrying computer drives and other potential intelligence

The

strike force

treasures collected during a hasty search. Aloft, the raiders performed a head count to confirm that they hadn’t lost a man. That news sent a second wave of smiles through the Situation Room. DNA from the body was matched to known relatives of bin Laden’s— a third form of identification. The dead man’s next stop was the USS Carl Vinson, an aircraft carrier in the Arabian Sea. There, his body was washed and wrapped in a white sheet, then dropped overboard. There would be no grave for his admirers to venerate. The face that haunted the Western world, the eyes that looked on the blazing

towers with pride of authorship, sank sightless beneath the waves.

Ykar

Rkmk\\

in

7

Invasive Species: Exotic Intruders by John

P.

he increasing prevalence of invasive species and impact on biodiversity briefly pushed global warming and climate change out of the environmental spotlight, especially since the United Nations

T

ready scoured

plankton from parts of the Great Lakes.) In addition, silver carp often leap out of the water when startled by noise, creating life-threatening

their

hazards to anglers, water-skiers, and boaters. With the discovery of Asian carp DNA in the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and in Lake Michigan, a controversy erupted between Illinois and a coalition of other Great Lakes states and a Canadian province. aerial

and many conservation organizations recognized

2010 as

the International Year of Biodiversity, In parthe activities of two invasive groups of animals in North America-the Asian carp, a collection of Eurasian fishes that belonged to the family Cyprinidae, and the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus)recelved the most attention during the year. Invasive species, which are also known as exotic or alien species, are plants, animals, and other organisms that have been introduced either accidentally or deliberately by human actions into places outside their natural geographic range. Many foreign species set free in new environments do not survive very long because they do not possess the evolutionary tools to adapt to the challenges of the new habitat. Some species introduced to new environments, however, have a to built-in competitive advantage over native ft) long, species; they can establish themselves in the constrictor ticular,

Growing

Rafferty

The

coalition asked Illinois to close the locks to prevent the transfer of the carp between the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes. Citing the potential loss of shipping revenue, Illinois declined-an action that

spawned two petitions to the US Supreme Court with the goal of forcing Illinois to close the canal’s locks. All three petitions were rebuffed by the courts in 2010. However, the announcement in early September that John Goss, the former director of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, would serve as US Pres.

nearly 6

(20

Barack Obama’s Asian carp czar, along with the allotment of US$79 mil-

m

lion earlier Ih the year, signaled greater White

these giant

House involvement

snakes have

new environment and there, especially

new

if

Florida ecosystems, in

dis-

rupt ecological processes

become

significant

predators to keep them in check. Since invasive competitors thwart native species in their bid to obtain food, over time they

predators in the area,

challenging the American alligator for

can effectively replace, and thus eliminate from the ecosystem, the species they compete with. On the other hand, invasive predators, which also could spread diseases, may be so adept at capturing prey that prey populations decline over time, and many prey species are eliminated from affected ecosystems. One of the best contemporary examples of an invasive competitor is the Asian carp. After having been taken to the United States in the 1970s to help control algae on catfish farms in the Deep South, bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H.

escaped into the Mississippi River system during flooding episodes in the early 1990s. After establishing self-sustaining populations in the lower Mississippi River, they began to move northward. Thus far, they have been restricted to the Mississippi River watershed; however, it is feared that they will enter the Great Lakes through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Once in the Great Lakes ecosystem, they could seriously disrupt the food chains of the major lakes and adjoining rivers. These'two species of carp pose the greatest danger. They consume large amounts of algae and zooplankton, eating as much as 40% of their body weight per day. They are fierce mdlitrix)

competitors that often push aside native fish to oband their populations grow rapidly, accounting for 90% of the biomass in some stretches of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. (Some scientists suggest, however, that the carp’s impact may be tempered by the presence of the quagga mussel, Dre/ssena bugensis, a filter-feeding mollusk that has altain food,

contrast, faced a differ-

their

habitat lacks natural

in

the issue.

dominance.

ent type of invader. Unlike the Asian carp, the Burmese python is a voracious predator. Released into the Florida

landscape after Hurricane Andrew damaged pet stores in 1992. as

well as by change-ofheart pet owners, Burmese pythons have established breeding populations in the state. Growing to nearly 6 m (20 ft) long, these giant constrictor snakes have become significant predators in the area, challenging the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) for

dominance. The python’s penchant for consuming the Key Largo wood rat (Neotoma floridana) and the wood stork (Mycteria americana) have caused both species to decline locally. As python numbers continue to grow, predation pressure on these and other as well. Wildlife managers and govgave up hope of completely eradicating the animals, choosing instead to implement a program of monitoring and control. They also worry that the Burmese python could interbreed with the more aggressive African rock python (Python sebae prey animals

ernment

will

officials

sebae), another species released

by pet owners.

Those concerned remain optimistic about containing the animals, however. A cold snap descending on Florida in January

large

numbers

2010 was thought

to have killed

of pythons.

Unfortunately, the Asian carp and Burmese python are only two examples of several invasive species currently affecting North America. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Great Lakes region was altered by the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a primitive fish that uses a specially modified sucker to latch on to game fish and drain their blood. In the 1980s the introduction of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), a filter-feeding mollusk that clogs water intake

I

i

8

,

Year

in

Rev ew

pipes and removes much of the algae from the aquatic ecosystems it inhabits, created further ecological disruption. Other parts of the US are covered by kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata), a fast-growing vine native to Asia that deprives native plants of sunlight, and plagued by the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), an aggressive swarming and biting species native to South America. The invasive species problem is neither new nor restricted to North America. One of the best-known historical examples is the spread of the Norway, or brown, rat {Rattus norvegicus) throughout the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Since the rat’s accidental introduction during the voyages of exploration between the late 18th and 19th centuries, populations have established themselves on numerous Pacific islands, including Hawaii and New Zealand, where they prey on many native birds, small reptiles, and amphibians. Dogs, cats, pigs, and other domesticated animals taken to new lands caused the extinction of many other species, including the dodo (Raphus cucullatus). In modern times, red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom are being replaced by North American gray squirrels (S. carolinensis), which breed faster than red squirreis and are better equipped to survive harsh conditions. Although ’Snvasive species occur on all continents, Australia and Oceania have been particularly hard hit. The first wave of invasive species arrived in Australia and the islands of the Pacific with European explorers in the form of feral cats and various rat species. European wild rabbits {Oryctolagus cuniculus) were introduced to the continent in 1827 and have multiplied significantly. Over time, they degraded grazing lands by stripping the bark from native trees and shrubs and

consuming their seeds and leaves. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has wreaked havoc on marsupials and native rodents since its introduction in the 1850s. The voracious cane toad {Bufo marinus), a poisonous species with few natural predators, was introduced to Australia John

P.

Rafferty

is

the Associate Editor of Earth

and

Life

1930s from Hawaii to reduce the effects of beeon sugarcane plantations. Cane toads are responsible for a variety of ills, such as population declines in native prey species (bees and other small animals), population drops in amphibian species that compete with them, and the poisoning of species that consume them. On Guam, Saipan, and several other Pacific islands, the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) has caused the extinction of several birds, reptiles, and amphibians and two of Guam’s three native bat species. The best way to thwart further invasions and conin

the

tles

tribute to the protection of biodiversity

is to prevent the introductions of exotic species to new areas. Although international trade and travel continue to provide opportunities for "exotic stowaways,’’ governments and citizens can reduce the risk of their release to new environments. Closer inspection of pallets, containers, and other international shipping materials at ports of departure and arrival could uncover insects, seeds, and other stowaway organisms. Tougher fines and the threat of incarceration might also deter buyers, sellers, and transporters of illegal exotic pets. More stringent control at ports will not work for invasive species already established, however. Climate change, for example, may afford some invasive species new opportunities. The continued rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations has been shown to fuel photosynthesis (and thus growth and reproductive success) in some plants. For botanical invaders such as

kudzu and Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), climate warming associated with increases in atmospheric carbon will likely allow these species to gain in habitats formerly off-limits to them. To prevent such scenarios from playing out, aggressive monitoring and eradication programs need to be put in

footholds

place. Ideally, these actions, combined with effective education programs that give citizens the knowledge and resources to deal with exotic plants, animals, and

other species

in their

loss of biodiversity

region, will prevent the further

from invasive species.

Sciences for Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Wind Turbines: A New Spin on Energy by Lee Hudson Teslik

T

he wind-energy industry, which for a decade has been one of the fastest-growing sources of energy production in advanced economies, hit a

stumbling block in 2010 despite a promising start to the year. In April the US federal government approved the first American offshore wind farm—the proposed

Cape Wind

project in Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts-buoying industry hopes for rapid development stirring discontent among coastal communities along the waterway. By late summer, however, this momentum had been deflated by industry reports that wind-farm installations had dropped dramatically, falling by more than 70% compared with the same period in 2009. The news, alongside the delays in US Pres. Barack Obama’s climate-change legislation, left a mixed outlook for an industry that has garnered increasing support from governments while also requiring large capital investments amid major

and

the United States funded wind development and surpassed Germany as the global leader in wind-power capacity. This growth appeared to be accelerating worldwide through 2009, a year when the world’s economies added a record-lDreaking 37.5 gigawatts of wind-power capacity— a more than 30% increase in capacity over 2008. Projects subsidized by economic stimulus spending, particularly in China and the United States, played a major role in boosting this in-

crease in capacity. A few news events

in

early

2010 seemed

to

mark a

continuation of this trend. Overall, the World Wind Energy Association estimated that 16 gigawatts of capacity were added in the first half of the year, which included the construction of three wind turbines on

Ross Wind

Island in Antarctica.

The proposal

for the

Cape

project called for a wind farm similar to those

economic constraints.

standing off the coasts of some European countries and China. In April Germany opened its first offshore

The long-term trend for wind-energy development in the United States and Western Europe remains one of growth. In 2008, despite the economic downturn.

wind farm, some 45 km (28 mi) off the coast in the North Sea, with a test field of 12 wind turbines. In July China’s first full-size commercial offshore wind farm.

Year

in

the 102-MW Donghai Bridge Wind Farm in the East China Sea, began transmitting power. It initially provided electricity to the Expo 2010 Shanghai China. The turbines were expected to generate enough power

Review

9

would continue and that the industry a little over half as many turbines in 2010 as it did in 2009. The decline seemed to be the result of multiple factors. First. Spain, a leading source of industry growth, experienced a major economic downturn in early 2010 and thus sharply scaled back its investment in turbines. Second, slower growth trends in the United States were attributed to fragile credit markets that folstallations

would

for 200,000 households in Shanghai. In September the Thanet wind farm, the world's largest offshore project to date, commenced operations off the coast of Kent, England. It boasted 100 turbines, which would

be expanded to 341 turbines within four years.

install

The biggest threat to wind-energy develop-

ment

2010 came

in

lowed

not

In July the leading industry

nomic and

research group,,, reported

In

legislative

some

respects

that the installation of new

heady 2009 performance, much of

turbines in the

which was propelled by

the first half of 2010 fell

was

repeat

highly

its

US during

71% compared with same period

pullback was inevitable, but analysts said that owing to expiring stimulus programs, the slowdown in turbine installations in 2010 had surpassed what

re^

was

not freely available. Thus, companies had a

time making up the withdrawal of government funding. In a difficult

capital-intensive try that requires

2010 fell 71% compared

with the

same

indus-

massive

of

the

^

in 2009,

available

in

the lack credit

proved to be a major impediment to growth. Doubts also emerged in the second half of 2010 about whether

US

government

would follow through on plans to expand wind-power capacity. President Obama’s sweeping climate-change legislation, which once seemed likely to bolster the wind-energy industry, stalled in mid-2010, ahead of the congressional elections. Late in the year, analysts said that the industry’s prospects going forward in the US would de-

pend heavily on whether (and passed into

period

2009. The group projected that the decline

infrastructure,

the

might have been expected. In July the leading industry research group, the American Wind Energy Association, reported that the installation of new turbines in the US during the first in

of the

As a

up-front expenditures

temporary economicstimulus measures implemented by governments around the world. As these programs expired in 2010, financial

half of

wake

for

unlikely that the industry would it

the

private investment

suit,

from environmental concerns but from ecoones.

in

financial crisis.

islation eventually

in in-

in

what form)

this leg-

law.

Cyberwarfare: The Invisible Threat by John

omputers and the networks that connect them are collectively known as the domain of cyberspace, and in 2010 the issue of security in cyberspace came to the fore, particularly the growing

C

fear of cyberwarfare

waged by other states or their and military networks in

proxies against government

order to disrupt, destroy, or deny their use. In the US, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates on May 21 formally announced the appointment of Army Gen. Keith B. Alexander, director of the National Security Agency (NSA), as the first commander of the newly established

US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM). The announcement was the culmination of more than a year of preparation by the Department of Defense. Soon after a government Cyberspace Policy Review was published in May 2009, Gates had issued a memorandum calling for the establishment of USCYBERCOM, and Alexander underwent months of US Senate hearings before he was promoted to a four-star general in May 2010 and confirmed in his new position. USCYBERCOM, based at Fort Meade, Maryland, was charged with conducting all US military cyberoperations across thousands of computer networks and with mounting offensive strikes in cyberspace if required. USCYBERCOM became fully operational in late 2010. Western countries depend on cyberspace for the everyday functioning of nearly

all

aspects of modern

B.

Sheldon

and financjal and less-developed countries are becoming more reliant upon cyberspace every year. Therefore, the threat of cyberwar and its purported effects are a source of great concern for governments and militaries around the world. Cyberwarfare should not be confused with the terrorist use of cyberspace or society, including critical infrastructures institutions,

with cyberespionage or cybercrime.

Some

states that

cyberwar may also have engaged in disruptive activities such as cyberespionage, but such activities in themselves do not constitute cyberwar. The cyberspace domain is composed of three layers: the physical, including hardware, cables, satellites, and other equipment; the syntactic, which includes computer operating systems and other software; and the semantic, which involves human interaction with the information generated by comput-

have engaged

in

ers and the way that information is perceived and interpreted by its user. Physical attacks usually occur during conventional conflicts, such as NATO’s Operation Allied Force against Yugoslavia in 1999 and the in 2003, in which communication networks, computer facilities, and telecommunications were damaged or destroyed. Attacks can be made against the syntactic layer by using cyberweapons that destroy, interfere with, corrupt. monitor, or otherwise damage the software. Such

US-led operation against Iraq

Year

10

weapons

in

Review

conducted DDoS attacks against key government, financial, media, and commercial Web sites. In 2010 Australian government Web sites came under

In recent years cyberwar has assumed a more prominent role in conventional armed conflicts, ranging from the Israeli-Hezbollah conflict in Lebanon in 2006 to the Russian invasion of Georgia in 2008. In these cases cyberattacks were launched by all belligerents before the armed conflicts began, and cyberattacks continued long after the shooting stopped, yet it cannot be claimed that the cyberattacks caused the conflicts. Similarly, the cyberattacks against Estonia in 2007 were conducted in the context of a wider political crisis. Despite its increasing prominence, there are many challenges for both attackers and defenders engaging in cyberwarfare. One challenge is the difficulty of dis-

DDoS

tinguishing between lawful combatants

include malicious software, or malware, such

as viruses,

trojans, spyware,

duce corrupted code.

In

and worms that can

intro-

distributed denial of service

(DDoS) attacks, hackers, using malware, hijack a large number of computers to create botnets, groups of zombie computers that then attack other targeted computers, preventing their

proper function. This method was

cyberattacks against Estonia in April and May 2007 and against Georgia in August 2008. On both occasions it was alleged that Russian hackers, mostly

used

in

civilians,

net

attack by cyberactivists protesting national

Inter-

Semantic cyberattacks manipulate human users’ perceptions and interpretations of computer-generated data in order to obtain valuable information (such as passwords, financial details, and classified government information) from the users through fraudulent means. Social engineering techniques include phishing (attackers send seemingly innocuous e-mails targeted to users,

inviting

them

divulge protected

mation for apparently gitimate purposes)

to

inforle-

(malware-infected software is left in a public place in the hope that a target user will

find

and

Perhaps the greatest chal-

and motive. For exam-

install

it,

ple,

lenge

is

the anonymity of

her

his or

identity, location,

and

little

solid

linking

location,

identity,

motive.

and

motivation of an attack cannot be established,

conduct espionage and criminal activity.

One

is

the Russian government to the Estonian and Georgian cyberattacks, so one can only speculate as to what motivated the attackers. If the

cyberspace, in which

anyone can mask

there

evidence

thus compromising the entire computer system). Semantic methods are used mostly to

civilian

Civilians are

and

baiting

and

capable of mounting and participating in cyberattacks against state agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and individual targets. The legal status of such individuals— under the laws of armed conflict and the Geneva Conventions— is unclear, presenting additional difficulty for tfiose prosecuting and defending against cyberwar. Perhaps the greatest challenge is the anonymity of cyberspace, in which anyone can mask his or her identity, location,

noncombatants.

filters.

it

becomes

to deter

of the first refer-

very difficult

such an attack,

to the term cyberwar can be found in “Cyberwar Coming!," a landmark article by John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, two researchers for the RAND Corporation, published in 1993 in the journal Comparative

and using offensive cybercapabilities in retaliation carries a strong and often unacceptable risk that the wrong target will face reprisal. Key features of any country’s major cyberdefense

Strategy.

The term is increasingly controversial, howand many experts in the fields of computer security and international politics suggest that the cyberactivities in question can be more accurately described

structure include firewalls to

ever,

and detect network intruders, physical security of equipment and facilities, and training and monitoring of network users. A growing number of modern militaries also are creat-

ences Is

as crime, espionage, or even terrorism but not necessarily as war, since the latter term has important political, legal, and military implications. It is far from apparent that an act of espionage by one state against another, via cyberspace, equals an act of war—just as traditional methods of espionage have rarely, if ever, led to war. For example, a number of countries, including India, Germany, and the US, believe that they have been victims of Chinese cyberespionage efforts, but overall diplomatic relations remain undamaged. Similarly, criminal acts perpetrated in and from cyberspace are viewed as a matter for law enforcement, though there is evidence to suggest that Russian organized crime syndicates helped to facilitate the cyberattacks against Georgia in 2008 and that they were hired by either

Hamas

or Hezbollah to attack Israeli

Web

sites.

On the other hand,*a cyberattack made by one state against another, resulting in damage against critical infrastructures or financial networks, might legitimately be considered an armed attack if attribution could be reliably proved.

John

B. Sheldon is Professor of Space Security Studies, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.

filter

network

traffic,

en-

cryption of data, tools to prevent

ing units specifically designed to defend against the

escalating threat of cyberwar, including the US Air Force and the US Navy, both of which formed new commands under USCYBERCOM. In the UK the Gov-

ernment Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) created a Cyber Security Operations Centre in September 2009, and France set up its Network and Information Security Agency in July 2009. While the present focus

is

on defending against

cy-

berattacks, the use of offensive cybercapabilities is also being considered. In many Western countries

such capabilities are proscribed extensively by law and are alleged to be the preserve of intelligence agencies such as the NSA in the US and GCHQ in the UK. In China it is believed that organizations such as the General Staff Department Third and Fourth Departments, at least six Technical Reconnaissance Bureaus, and a number of People’s Liberation Army Information Warfare Militia Units are all charged with cyberdefense, attack, and espionage.

and Cybersecurity

at the School of

Advanced

Air

and Space

Yea r

in

Review

—Chronoeocy

11

Chronology, July 2010-June 2011 A day-by-day

listing

of important and interesting events, adapted from Book of the Year. See also Disasters.

Britannica

July 1

The East African Community, consisting of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi, Jul

launches a

common market

2010 Cup

final; at least 76 people are killed, and suspicion falls on the al-Shabaab militants of Somalia.

for products, capital,

and workers.

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

James H. Billington, the American librarian of Congress, names W.S. Merwin the country’s 17th poet

^^

We can

Merwin succeeds Kay Ryan. The UN General Assembly approves the creation

laureate;

2

Jul

of a

new umbrella agency, the

for

Gender

Women,

Equality

United Nations Entity

and the Empowerment

Jul In Poland’s runoff presidential election, acting

crash Jul

in April left

three countries. controversial law allowing an unre-

stricted right to abortion within the first

14 weeks

pregnancy goes into effect in Spain. 6 Jul The automobile manufacturer Chrysler announces that it plans to open about 200 dealerof

ships

in

2010

500; they

will

country

26

in

the US to sell the subcompact Fiat be the first Fiat dealerships in the

in

years.

7

researchers announce the discovery near Norfolk, England, of 78 flint tools that date to some 800,000 years ago, suggesting the earliestyet-discovered hominin occupation in northern Eu-

8

Jul

Jul

targeted at World

Cup watchers

the

was obwas

it

public

in

Jy

—Ugandan Cup

police inspector Kale Kayi-

bombs

hura, after

killed

dozens of World

spectators in Kampala,

British

rope.

The European Parliament agrees to reactivate a program that allows the US to monitor banking and Europe for possible financing of terrorist activity; the program was suspended in

1

1

July

Johannesburg, Spain defeats the Netherlands with a goal in the 116th minute by Spanish striker Andres Iniesta to win the country’s first association football (soccer) World Cup. Paula Creamer of the US scores a four-stroke victory over Choi Na-Yeon of South Korea and Suzann In

1-0

Pettersen of Norway to win the

the office vacant.

The leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan agreement forming a customs union of the

sign an

A new and

way

from

places.

to

president Bronislaw Komorowski of the ruling Civic Platform party defeats Jaroslaw Kaczynski, twin brother of Lech Kaczynski, whose death in a plane

5

rule anything out. This

of

be called UN Women. 3 Jul American Serena Williams defeats Vera Zvonareva of Russia to take her fourth All-England (Wimbledon) women’s tennis championship; the following day Rafael Nadal of Spain wins the men’s title for the second time when he defeats Tomas Berdych of the Czech Republic.

4

’t

viously terrorism,

golf

tournament

12

in

Oakmont

US Women’s Open

PA.

Jul National Statistics releases revised figures showing that the recession 2008-09 in the country cut deeper into the economy than previously thought and that economic growth in the first quarter of 2010 was only

Britain’s Office for

in

0.3%.

13 Jul

Police

in Italy

arrest

more than 300 people and

seize weapons, drugs, and property

in

an operation

against the ’Ndrangheta criminal organization; among those arrested are government officials and Domenico Oppedisano, believed to be the head of the syndicate. 14 Jul Afghan Pres. Hamid Karzai, after several days of negotiations with NATO military leaders, agrees to a program to create local defense forces to bolster military

and

police forces.

15

financial transfers in

Jul The US Congress passes a major bill to increase government oversight of financial companies and markets in an effort to remedy the causes

February.

of the severe recession that

The US and Russia agree that the_10 people recently arrested as unregistered Russian spies in

the

be released to Russia in exchange 4 men held in Russian pristheir contacts with Western intelligence

US

will

for the release of

ons

for

agencies. 9 Jul A demonstration in favor of independence for southern Sudan takes place in the region’s capital, Juba; a referendum on the issue is scheduled to take place on 9 Jan 2011. The conservation organization WWF announces that the global population of wild tigers has fallen to as low as 3,200. 10 Jul The energy company BP removes a cap that partially contained the gushing of oil from the broken oil well under the Gulf of Mexico in order to be able to attach a tighter cap. Jul Bombs explode in a restaurant and a rugby club in Kampala, Uganda, both crowded with fans

11

watching the association football (soccer) World

began in 2008. The energy company BP successfully tests a new containment cap on the gushing well in the Gulf of Mexico, completely stopping the flow of oil for the time in 86 days. 16 Jul Two oil pipelines in Dalian, China, explode after an oil tanker unloaded its cargo into the pipelines; first

and a large oil spill follow. The annual EuroPride march of gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and transsexuals from throughout Europe and North America takes place in Warsaw, Poland, where it is not universally welcomed; it is the first time that the event has been held in a formerly communist country. 18 Jul Louis Oosthuizen of South Africa defeats England’s Lee Westwood by seven strokes to win the British Open golf tournament on the Old Course at St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland. 19 Jul The online bookseller Amazon.com announces that for the past three months its sales of e-books have been greater than its sales of hardcover books. a

17

fire

Jul

Year

12

in

Review

More than 150 comic-book stores

in the US open the final chapter in the popular saga of Scott Pilgrim, Scott Pilgrim’s Finest Hour, written and drawn by Bryan Lee O'Malley,

at midnight to

make

available to fans.

20

A conference

of international leaders takes Kabul; the conferees agree to grant a larger portion of foreign aid to the Afghan government rather than to individual ministries or nonJul

place

in

governmental organizations and approve a timetable proposed by Pres. Hamid Karzai for a transition to Afghan-led security. 21 Jul The IMF cancels Haiti’s debt of US$268 million and approves a loan of an additional US$60 million.

22

Jul The International Court of Justice rules, in response to a complaint lodged by Serbia, that Kosovo did not violate international law when it declared itself independent in February 2008. In a cricket Test match in which Sri Lanka defeats India, Sri Lankan spin bowler Muttiah Muralitharan, in

his final Test cricket

cricketer ever to take

match, becomes the

800

first

Test wickets.

23

Jul During an African Union summit meeting in Kampala, Uganda, Guinea agrees to send a battalion to join African Union peacekeepers in Somalia; together with a force from Djibouti, these will be the first African Union peacekeepers in Somalia from predominately Muslim countries. 24 Jul Relentless rains result in the breach of the 83-year-old Lake Delhi dam in Iowa, which causes

the recreational lake to drain away and releases floodwaters into the Maquoketa River, resulting in great destruction to homes, businesses, and farmland. 25 Jul The organization WikiLeaks.org posts on its Web site tens of thousands of pages of classified US military field reports on the war in Afghanistan. Spanish cyclist Alberto Contador wins the Tour de France for the second year in a row.

—Chronology wins the FIVB World League championship Cordoba, Argentina, defeating Russia to take a record ninth World League title. 26 Jul In Cambodia's UN-backed war crimes tribunal’s first verdict, Kaing Guek Eav, known as Duch, who oversaw the torture and executions of thousands of prisoners at the Tuol Sleng prison under the Khmer Rouge regime, is found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to 35 years in prison. 27 Jul The US Forest Service announces that caves on federal land in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wyoming will be closed to explorers for a year in an effort to contain the spread of white-nose syndrome, a disease that has killed more than one million bats. 28 Jul In Spain the legislature of Catalonia votes to ban the Spanish tradition of bullfighting in the reBrazil

in volleyball in

gion.

announce the discovthe Marshall Islands of the giant Pacific elkhorn coral, a previously unknown species that may be the rarest of all corals, confined only to Australian coral researchers

ery at Arno atoll

that

in

atoll.

‘Ali ‘Abdallah Salih of Yemen invites leaders of the al-Huthi rebels to Join talks between the Yemeni government and assorted opposition par-

29

Jul Pres.

ties.

Jul Violent fighting between those who support and those who oppose ongoing peace talks with the Sudanese government breaks out in a refugee camp in the Darfur region of Sudan; UN reports indicate that about 600 people have died in violence

30

Darfur in the past few months. A four-man team skippered by Leven Brown of Scotland sets a record for rowing across the Atlantic from New York to Britain when it lands in the in

31

Jul

Isles of Scilly 43 days 21 hr 26 min 48 sec from its departure on 17 June, a Journey of 5,250 km (3,262 mi).

August 2010 1 Aug The Netherlands withdraws its forces from Afghanistan; it is the first NATO member to end its mission there.

Taiwanese golfer Yani

Tseng captures the

Women’s British Open golf tournament. A US federal team of scientists and engi2 Aug neers estimates that the amount of oil that flowed Mexico following the explosion of the energy company BP’s Deepwater Horizon oil rig on 20 April is roughly 4,900,000 bbl, about 800,000 bbl of which was captured, making it the largest-ever accidental release of oil into marine into the Gulf of

waters.

3 Aug

and Lebanese troops stationed at the border between the countries exchange gunfire, reportedly leaving four Lebanese’ and at least one Israeli dead; each side blames the other for starting Israeli

the incident. New York City zoning officials clear the way for the building of a community center and mosque to be constructed two blocks north of the site of the World Trade Center, commonly referred to since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as "ground zero"; opposition to the planned center, often fanned by right-wing commentators, has appeared in much of the country and frequently takes

on an anti-Islam tone.

4 Aug The US government says

that the energy company BP’s use of a so-called static kill to seal the broken oil well in the Gulf of Mexico by filling it with mud is a success and that there should be no further leaking from the well; the following day cement is used to plug the pipe for the first time.

In San Francisco, Vaughn R. Walker, a US federal Judge, rules that the law approved by voters in 2008 that allows only opposite-sex couples to marry violates the equal-protection clause of the

Constitution.

5 Aug An iceberg covering

at least

251 sq km (97 sq

mi) breaks off from Greenland’s

Petetmann

Gla-

the largest ice island to break free in the Northern Hemisphere since 1962. 6 Aug The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in July remained steady at 9.5% and that, though the private sector added cier;

it

is

71,000 Jobs, the economy as a whole

lost

131,000

Jobs.

7 Aug Elena Kagan is sworn in as a US Supreme Court Justice. Muscle Massive wins the Hambletonian harness race by a half length over favorite Lucky Chucky at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford NJ. The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton OH inducts running backs Emmitt Smith and Floyd Little,

Year

in

Review

wide receiver Jerry Rice, cornerback Dick LeBeau, linebacker Rickey Jackson, guard Russ Grimm, and defensive tackle John Randle.

8 Aug A UN spokesman declares that the will return staff members to Somalia time since

organization for the first

withdrew from the country in 1993. 9 Aug The US Environmental Protection Agency for the first time issues rules limiting mercury emissions from the manufacture of cement; the agency says that the new rules should reduce such emissions and particulate matter 92% annually from 2013. 10 Aug The US Federal Reserve announces that it will buy long-term government debt in hopes of preventing a slowing of the tenuous economic recovery. The Journal Archives of Neurology publishes a study that found that a test of spinal fluid can accurately diagnose and predict the development of Alzheimer disease. 11 Aug The Mecca Clock Tower, with four faces 46 m (151 ft) in diameter and illuminated by LED lights, begins marking time in Saudi Arabia; it runs on Arabia Standard Time and is intended to challenge Greenwich Mean Time as the world standard. 12 Aug Desi Bouterse, who twice led the country at the head of a militaryjunta and was on trial for murder at the time of his election by the legislature, takes office as president of Suriname. 13 Aug The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield MA inducts as members NBA players Scottie Pippen, Karl Malone, Dennis Johnson, and Gus Johnson, WNBA star Cynthia Cooper, Brazilian player Maciel Pereira, owner Jerry Buss, and high school coach Bob Hurley, Sr., as well as the US Olympic teams from the Games of 1960 it

and 1992.

14 Aug The opening ceremonies Youth Olympic

Games

for the inaugural

take place

in

Singapore,

where some 3,600 athletes 14 to 18 years of age from 204 countries will compete in two dozen summer sports over the next 12 days.

15 Aug At the Whistling Straits golf club in Kohler Wl, Martin Kaymer of Germany defeats Bubba Watson of the US in a three-hole playoff to win the PGA championship tournament. Danielle Kang of California wins the US women’s amateur golf title in Charlotte NC. 16 Aug Japanese government figures are released showing that the country’s economy in the second fiscal quarter was valued at US$1.28 trillion, thus resulting in China (which posted US$1.33 trillion in the same quarter) surpassing Japan to become the second biggest economy in the world. Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago sign an agreement on the sharing of the Loran-Manatee gas field, which straddles the maritime border between the two countries. 17 Aug Lebanon passes a law granting Palestinians in the country, of whom there are an estimated 400,000, the same rights to work that other for-

eigners enjoy. Taiwan’s legislature ratifies the trade agreement that was signed with China in June. 18 Aug China’s state-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission announces that it will invest billions of dollars in development of electric and hybrid automobiles. 19 Aug Scientists at the Smithsonian Institution announce that they have found that over the past billion years, the Moon has shrunk by about 183 m 600 ft) in diameter and that it may still be

shrinking.

—Cf^onolocv

13

The Fields Medals, awarded every four years to mathematicians aged 40 or younger, are presented to Elon Lindenstrauss, Ngo Bao Chau, Stanislav Smirnov, and Cedric Villani; the Chern Medal for lifetime achievement goes to Louis Nirenberg.

20 Aug US

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton an-

nounces that Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas engage in direct talks with Israel in hopes of finding a way to return to the peace process. 21 Aug Near Bushehr, Iran, officials from Iran and Russia ceremonially open Iran’s first nuclear power plant; will

it

will

be Jointly operated with Russian technicians.

22 Aug Seventeen days and copper mine trapped

700

in

after the collapse of a gold northern Chile, 33 miners

m (2,300 ft)

underground

tie

a note to

that has penetrated the area in which they have taken refuge, notifying those above of their survival; plans for their rescue begin.

a rescuers’

drill

23 Aug US

District Court Judge Royce C. Lam berth, to the shock of the scientific community, overturns an executive order allowing limited federal funding of stem cell research. 24 Aug The National Association of Realtors in the US reports that home sales in July were 25.5% lower than in the previous July, in spite of historically low

mortgage interest rates and

25 Aug The

falling prices.

the 4.2-million-kW Xiaowan China’s Yunnan province begins operating; the project gives the country the highest hydropower capacity in the world. final unit of

Hydropower Station

26 Aug

in

Brazilian Pres. Luiz Inacio Lula

da

Silva cere-

monially signs the contract for the building of the massive Belo Monte hydroelectric dam on the Xingu River; it is planned to be the third largest dam in the

world and to supply electricity to 23 million homes. The winners of the inaugural Horton Foote Prize for playwriting are announced: Ruined by Lynn Nottage wins the award for outstanding new American play, and the prize for promising new American play goes to Middletown by Will Eno. 27 Aug The North American Lutheran Church is created in Grove City OH by 199 congregations that opposed the more accepting stance toward gay clergy recently adopted by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. 28 Aug Conservative broadcaster Glenn Beck leads a rally of tens of thousands of people, many of them

Tea Party partisans or libertarians, at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC; he calls for Christian religious revival.

29 Aug The Emmy Awards

are presented in Los Angewinners include the TV shows Modern Family and Mad Men and the actors Jim Parsons, Bryan Cranston, Edie Falco, Kyra Sedgwick, Eric Stonestreet, Aaron Paul, Jane Lynch, and Archie Panjabi. In University Place WA, Peter Uihlein wins the US men’s amateur golf championship. The Edogawa Minami team from Tokyo defeats the Waipio team from Waipahu HI 4-1 to win baseball’s 64th Little League World Series. les;

Year

14

30 Aug

in

Review

India’s legislature ratifies the final legislation

necessary to complete the implementation of a nu-

agreement made with the US in 2005. The US Food and Drug Administration releases renumerous and egregious sanitation violations at farms run by egg producers Wright County Egg and Hillandale Farms, clear

ports of inspections that found

—Chronology the companies that were found to have produced eggs contaminated with salmonella. 31 Aug In a nationally televised address, US Pres. Barack Obama announces an end to the country’s combat mission in Iraq, though 49,700 troops will remain in a supporting capacity for another year.

September 2010 1 Sep

Washington DC, US Pres. Barack Obama, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Palestinian Authority Pres. Mahmoud Abbas, Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarak, and King ‘Abdullah of Jordan meet to begin a push to achieve agreement between Israel and Palestine. 2 Sep The American fast-food chain Burger King agrees to be bought by the Brazilian-backed investIn

II

ment

firm 3(a Capital.

3 Sep The US Food and Drug Administration publishes its assessment that salmon genetically engineered to grow quickly can be safely eaten and poses little risk of ecological disruption. 4 Sep A magnitude-7.0 earthquake with its epicenter about 45 km (28 mi) west of Christchurch strikes in New Zealand: most major buildings in Christchurch are

built

to

withstand earthquakes, but

US$2.9 billion in damage does result. 5 Sep The Basque militant organization ETA declares a cease-fire

6 Sep The

in

some

publicly

Spain.

International Atomic Energy

Agency

re-

continuing its refusal to adequately cooperate with the agency’s requests for information and access to facilities. 7 Sep Israel, the newest member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, signs the OECD Convention, pledging its dedication to the ports that Iran

is

organization’s goals.

Mayor Richard M. Daley of Chicago announces that he will not seek a seventh term of office in 2011. 8 Sep China’s Foreign Ministry summons Japan’s ambassador to China for the second time to complain about Japan’s seizure the previous day of a Chinese fishing boat’s captain in the waters around islands called Diaoyu in China and Senkaku in Japan that are claimed by both countries. District Court Judge Virginia Phillips rules that the "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy, which prohibits the military from seeking to learn the sexual orientation of service members but permits the dis-

9 Sep US

charge of service members who are found to be homosexual, is unconstitutional. India’s cabinet ratifies a plan to include data on caste status in the census scheduled for 2011; caste information was last collected in the 1931 census. 10 Sep The US government announces that Staff Sgt. Salvatore A. Giunta will be granted the Medal of Honor for conspicuous bravery during a battle in eastern Afghanistan in 2007; he will be the first living service member since the Vietnam War to re-

final

feats

postponed by rain, Rafael Nadal of Spain deNovak Djokovic of Serbia to take the men’s

title for

of re-

unions of families that were divided by the Korean War; it is the first time that North Korea has proposed such meetings. Kim Clijsters of Belgium defeats Russian Vera Zvonareva to win the women’s US Open tennis championship for the third time; two days later in a

first

civilian courts,

ident

and

time

in his

career.

and increase the

control of the pres-

legislature over judicial appointments.

Violent demonstrations take place in eastern Afghanistan over a widely publicized plan by Terry Jones, pastor of a small independent church in Gainesville FL to burn copies of the Qur’an on 11 September, despite the fact that Jones eventually canceled the plan. 13 Sep Cuba announces plans to lay off 500,000 people from the government payroll by March 2011 in a major turn toward the private sector. 14 Sep UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon announces that former Chilean president Michelle Bachelet will head the new agency UN Women. The UN World Food Programme says that the number of people in the world who can be classified as hungry has fallen from the record high in 2009 of 1.02 billion to 925 million, the first time in 15 years that the figure has fallen. 15 Sep Russian Pres. Dmitry Medvedev signs a treaty with Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg that settles a border dispute over a region of the Barents Sea in the Arctic Ocean that has undeveloped petroleum reserves. In the Atlantic Ocean, Hurricane Julia strengthens to a Category 4, marking the first time on record that a hurricane has become so strong such a distance east of land; Hurricane Igor is also a Category 4, and this is the first time since 1926 that two Category 4 hurricanes have been active simultaneously in the Atlantic. 16 Sep The US Census Bureau reveals that the poverty rate in 2009 rose sharply to 14.3%, a 15year high, that the median household income, which had experienced a big drop in 2008, remained steady in 2009, and that the number of those without health insurance rose from 46 million in

2008

to

51

milliorl in

2009.

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

^ ^ This is the first time in memory that an entire decade has produced essentially no economic growth for the typical American household.

JJ

— Harvard University economist

ceive the honor.

11 Sep North Korea proposes the resumption

the

12 Sep Turkish voters resoundingly approve 26 amendments to the country’s constitution that increase civil rights, make the military responsible to

Lawrence Katz, commenting on newly released Census Bureau information, 16 September

The Seattle Storm defeats the Atlanta Dream to sweep the final series and win the

87-84

Year Women’s

in

Rkmew — Ciir()N()lo(;\

National Basketball Association champi-

onship.

24 Sep On The Oprah Winfrey Show. Mark Zucker berg,

17 Sep Colorado wildlife officials report that lynx have been successfully reestablished in Colorado after an 11-year program; the feline species had become extinct in the state by the early 1970s. 18 Sep Legislative elections take place in Afghanistan in spite of Taliban efforts to disrupt the polling: turnout is reported to be light, and complaints of irregularities begin within days. 19 Sep The gushing oil well in the Gulf of Mexico is declared permanently sealed and the spill over after the completion of a relief well allowed the sealing of the broken well from the bottom on 17 September and testing showed that the seal will hold. 20 Sep The Business Cycle Dating Committee declares that the recession in the US ended in June 2009; it was the longest recession the country had experienced since World War II. The Steinberg Distinguished Playwright Award, which carries a US$200,000 prize, is presented to Lynn Nottage. 21 Sep Hundreds of people attend a two-day seminar in Rosemont IL dealing with the growing scourge of bedbugs in the US. 22 Sep In the Iranian city of Mahabad, a bomb goes off along the route of a parade marking the anniversary of the start of the Iran-lraq War; at least 10 people are killed. 23 Sep In a speech at the opening of the annual meeting of the UN General Assembly, Iranian Pres. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad says that it is widely believed that the US government orchestrated the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001; 33 delegations walk out. The Thanet wind farm opens in the North Sea off the southeast coast of England: with 100 turbines expected to produce 300 of electricity, it is the world’s largest offshore wind farm.

MW

15

CEO

of the social-networking site

Facebook, donating US$100 million to improve Newark’s public school system. 25 Sep India announces a new approach to the unrest in Kashmir, including the relaxing of curfew, the release from jail of student protesters, the reopening of schools and universities, and opening of dialogue with various groups in Kashmir. 26 Sep The Israeli freeze on construction in Jewish settlements in the West Bank expires. 27 Sep Gustavo Sanchez Cervantes, who became acting mayor of the Mexican city of Tancitaro in December 2009 after the elected mayor resigned because of threats from organized- crime, is found murdered: he is the 11th Mexican mayor to have

announces

been

that he

killed in

is

2010.

28 Sep Kim Jong-Eun, the youngest son

of North Korean leader Kim Jong II, along with Kim Jong M’s sister and four other people, are reported to have

been made four-star generals; it is widely assumed Kim Jong-Eun has been made heir to the lead-

that

ership of the country.

Japan’s minister of economic and clares that a de facto halt

fiscal policy de-

the export of rare earth minerals from China to Japan, which China denies, Japan’s economy; the minerals are is threatening crucial in the manufacture of myriad products. 29 Sep Astronomers report having found in the constellation Libra orbiting the star Gliese 581 a planet, Gliese 581g, that appears to be in the socalled Goldilocks zone, a distance from the star that would be neither so hot nor so cold as to preclude the possibility of life. 30 Sep The Dow Jones Industrial Average finishes the month 7.7% higher than it started, posting its best September in 71 years; the Standard & Poor’s 500stock index gains 8.7% for the month, and the NAS-

DAQ

is

in

up 12%.

October 2010 1 Oct The US government formally apologizes for a recently uncovered American program in which some 700 Guatemalan prisoners and mental patients were deliberately infected with gonorrhea and syphilis in order to study the effects of penicillin in

1946-48. The 2010 Lasker Awards

for medical research are presented: winners are Douglas Coleman and Jef-

frey

Friedman, Napoleone Ferrara, and David

2 Oct Iranian Intelligence Minister Heydar Moslehi announces that arrests have been made in connection with the ongoing infection of computers in the country’s nuclear operations by the destructive Stuxnet worm, which is believed to have been created by a government for the purpose of disrupting

program.

Scottish driver Dario Franchitti wins his third overall

his development, with British physician Patrick Steptoe (1913-88), of in vitro fertilization; Edwards won the Lasker Award in 2001 for the same work. In golf’s Ryder Cup competition in Newport, Wales, Europe defeats the US with a 14V2- I 3 V2 margin

of victory. is awarded to RussAndre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for their work on the creation of graphene, a one-atom-thick form of carbon with

5 Oct The Nobel ian-born

Weatherall.

Iran’s nuclear

4 Oct The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is awarded to British physiologist Robert Edwards for

IndyCar drivers’ championship.

The Collingwood Magpies defeat the St. Kilda Saints 16.12 (108)-7.10 (52) in the Australian Football League Grand Final Replay after a tie in the Grand Final a week earlier, thus winning the AFL title. 3 Oct Sebastien Loeb of France secures a record seventh successive world rally championship automobile racing drivers’ title with his first-place finish in

the Rallye'de France.

many

Prize for Physics

scientists

possible applications.

6 Oct The Nobel Prize for Chemistry is awarded to Richard Heck of the US, Ei-ichi Negishi of Japan and the US, and Akira Suzuki of Japan for their independent advances in the use of palladium as a catalyst in linking carbon atoms to form complex structures widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. 7 Oct The Nobel Prize for Literature is awarded to Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa. 8 Oct The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to imprisoned Chinese democracy advocate Liu Xiaobo. The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in September remained at 9.6% (to which it had risen in August) and that, though the private sector added 64,000 jobs, the economy as a whole lost 95,000 nonfarm jobs.

Year

16

in

Review

The Dow Jones industrial Average closes at 11,006.48. Its first close above 11,000 since May. 9 Oct Pakistan announces that it will reopen its main border crossing with Afghanistan; the crossing was closed after NATO helicopters killed two Pakistani soldiers in a strike on a Pakistani border post on 30 September and dozens of NATO and American supply trucks stranded at the closed crossing had been

10 Oct Hanoi celebrates 1,000 years of history with an enormous procession and other festivities. The Chicago Marathon is won by Sammy Wanjiru of Kenya with a time of 2 hr 6 min 24 sec; the women’s victor is Liliya Shobukhova of Russia with a time of 2 hr 20 min 25 sec. 11 Oct The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences goes to American economists Peter Diamond and Dale Mortensen and Cyprus-born British economist Christopher Pissarides for their work on search theory. 12 Oct The Man Booker Prize goes to British writer

Howard Jacobson

for his

comic novel The Finkler

Question.

is

It

revealed that China’s unofficial

The UN Security Council agrees to extend for a year the authorization for the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan. In Tokyo the Japan Art Association awards the Praemium Imperiale to Italian pianist Maurizio Pollini, German sculptor Rebecca Horn, Italian painter Enrico Castellani, Italian actress Sophia Loren, and Japanese architect Toyo Ito. 14 Oct The UN Food and Agriculture Organization announces that the virus rinderpest, which for millennia was a worldwide scourge of livestock, with an 80% mortality rate, but was last reported in Kenya in 2001, has been eradicated: this is the second disease ever declared eliminated. 15 Oct The final section of the world’s longest tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, is drilled through under the Swiss Alps; a high-speed railroad through the 57-km (35-mi) tunnel is planned to open in 2017. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reopens some 17,870 sq km (6,900 sq mi) of waters in the Gulf of Mexico south of the Panhandle to commercial and recreational almost one-third of the area that was

closed after the BP April explosion

oil spill

and sinking

that resulted from the of the

Deepwater

Hori-

zon oil platform. 16 Oct Hundreds of US and Afghan troops begin an air assault on an area of Afghanistan from which Taliban forces have launched attacks on Kandahar. 17 Oct Afghanistan’s independent Election Commission postpones the announcement of the results of the 18 September legislative election hours before it was expected: the reason is thought to be the pervasive fraud associated with the balloting. Pope Benedict XVI canonizes six new saints, including the nun Mary Helen MacKillop (1842-1909), who becomes the first Australian saint.

18 Oct The US Bureau of Reclamation says that Lake Mead, impounded by the Hoover Dam to provide water to people across the Southwest, has fallen to the record low level of 330.13 m (1,083.09 ft) above sea level.

embargo

on shipping rare earth minerals to Japan has spread to Europe and the US. 20 Oct The British government announces a 19% reduction in public spending, the deepest cut in six decades: the plan includes the elimination of 490,000 public-sector jobs and cutbacks in social welfare programs.

LCROSS

scientists report that the

mis-

which a spacecraft was deliberately crashed into the Moon’s Cabeus Crater to send data on the dust thus dislodged, has revealed a

sion,

in

multitude of minerals reflecting the history of objects that have struck the ingly large

amount

Moon and

also a surpris-

perhaps as much

of water ice,

as 8.5% of the mixture. 22 Oct The World Health Organization reports that at least 150 people have succumbed in an outbreak of cholera centered in northwestern Haiti; first

appearance

it

is

the

of the disease in the Caribbean re-

gion in some 50 years. 23 Oct The death toll in the

cholera outbreak

in Haiti

208.

rises to

13 Oct In a dramatic rescue, the 33 Chilean miners who have been trapped underground since a 5 August explosion in the San Jose gold and copper mine are lifted to the surface, one by one, over 22 V2 hours in a specially designed capsule.

Florida

19 Oct

21 Oct NASA

torched.

fishing,

—Chronology

24 Oct A

geologic study of the earthquake that ocJanuary reveals a previously un-

curred

in Haiti in

known

fault

as the source of the quake; the EnGarden fault, originally thought to be the source, remains dangerously stressed. 25 Oct Afghan Pres. Hamid Karzai publicly acknowlriquillo-Plantain

edges that his government does cash from Iran.

regularly receive

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

—yes, yes,

^ ^ They do give us bags of money is

it

done.

—Afghan

Pres.

Hamid

Karzai,

acknowledging receiving cash from Iran, 25 October

For the first time since early 2008, a shipment of food aid— 5,000 tons of rice—departs South Korea for delivery to North Korea. 26 Oct Water at China’s Three Gorges Dam reaches a level of 175 m (574 ft), achieving its maximum capacity for the first time. 27 Oct The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize is awarded to Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe. 28 Oct China’s undeclared embargo on the export of rare earth minerals appears to end. 29 Oct Two packages of toner cartridges packed with strong explosives are found in England and in Dubayy, UAE, after a tip from Saudi Arabia; the packages were shipped from Yemen and addressed to synagogues in Chicago. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity agrees

on the Nagoya Protocol, a set

them

of

20

goals,

among

to at least halve the rate of extinction of

species by 2020; it is also agreed that profits from pharmaceutical and other products derived from genetic material will be shared with both advanced and less-developed countries. 30 Oct On the National Mall in Washington DC, tens of thousands of people attend the "Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear,” organized by satirists Jon

Stewart and Stephen Colbert.

31 Oct The iconic Pontiac car brand, which began in 1926 in Pontiac Ml, is retired by its owner. General Motors.

Year

in

Review

—Chr()N()lo(;v

17

November 2010 1 Nov Russian

Pres. Dmitry

Medvedev makes

a

visit

to the Kuril Islands, claimed by both Russia

and

Japan; it is the first time the islands have been visited by a Russian leader, and the following day

Japan

recalls its ambassador to Russia. the World Series, the San Francisco Giants de3-1 in game five to win the Major League Baseball championship: it is the first championship for the Giants since 1954, when the franchise was in New York City. 2 Nov In legislative elections in the US, the Republican Party gains 63 seats to win control over the House of Representatives, and the Democratic Party retains a narrow majority in the Senate; many Republican victors are champions of the Tea Party In

feat the Texas Rangers

movement. Prime Minister David Cameron and French an agreement creating a defense partnership between France and the UK. 3 Nov The US Federal Reserve states that because of the "disappointingly slow” pace of the economic recovery, it will purchase US$600 billion in long-term Treasury securities in hopes of speeding progress. 4 Nov Ireland announces plans to slash public spending and raise taxes to reduce its budget deficit: interest rates on Irish government bonds rise draBritish

Pres. Nicolas Sarkozy sign

the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola against polio in response to the outbreak of the disease in the Republic of the Congo. of

At the Latin Grammy Awards in Las Vegas, Mexican pop group Camila wins record of the year for "Mientes," and the award for album of the year goes to Dominican merengue star Juan Luis Guerra for A son de Guerra. 12 Nov A meeting in Seoul of the Group of 20 countries with industrialized and emerging economies agrees to increase the amount of capital banks must hold but defers other major decisions. The Daily Beast, a Web site founded by Tina Brown, and the newsmagazine Newsweek announce a merger agreement: the new entity is to be called the Newsweek Daily Beast Co., and Brown will serve as editor in chief for both the magazine and the Web site. 13 Nov Opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest in Myanmar (Burma) and is greeted by a jubilant crowd; she has spent 15 of the past 21 years under house arrest, with her most recent detention beginning in 2003.

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

matically.

5 Nov The US Department of Labor reports that in October the unemployment rate was 9.6% for the third successive month and that after four months of losses, the economy added 151,000 nonfarm jobs. Marine biologists report having found dead and dying coral reefs in an area of the Gulf of Mexico where plumes of oil from the BP oil spill were documented about 11 km (7 mi) southwest of the site of the broken well; it is considered almost certain that oil from the spill caused the damage. Authorities in Mexico report that 18 of the bodies in a mass grave found a few days earlier outside Acapulco are those of some of the 20 men who were kidnapped in October when they went to the resort city for a vacation. 7 Nov The Chiba Lotte Marines defeat the Chunichi Dragons 8-7 in 12 innings in game seven to win

6 Nov

baseball’s Japan Series.

Gebre Gebremariam of Ethiopia wins the New York marathon with a time of 2 hr 8 min 14 sec, and Kenya’s Edna Kiplagat is the fastest woman, with a time of 2 hr 28 min 20 sec. The Breeders’ Cup Classic Thoroughbred horse City

race

is

won

Louisville KY;

by Blame at Churchill Downs in Blame defeats the previously unde-

feated Zenyatta by less than a head. Ice hockey players Dino Ciccarelli, Cammi Granato, and Angela James, manager Jim Devellano, and owner Daryl ("Doc") Seaman are inducted

8 Nov

into the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto. 9 Nov It is reported that the cholera epidemic in Haiti has reached Port-au-Prince and that at least 583

people have died of the disease in the country. The 13th annual Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is awarded to Tina Fey in a ceremony at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington DC. 10 Nov The New York Times announces that beginning in 2011 it will add the category of e-books to its publication of lists of best-selling books.

11 Nov UNICEF and WHO declare a campaign to immunize some three million people in the Republic

^^

haven’t seen each other for so long.

have so much

/

to tell you.

ff

— Aung San Suu Kyi addressing her supporters on her release from house arrest in

Myanmar (Burma),

13

November

In Arlington TX, Manny Pacquiao, who was recently elected to the legislature in the Philippines, defeats Antonio Margarito of Mexico by unanimous decision to win the vacant WBC junior-middleweight boxing title. 14 Nov With his win in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, German driver Sebastian Vettel secures the Formula One automobile racing drivers’ championship. 15 Nov The National Independent Electoral Commission in Guinea declares that Alpha Conde won the runoff presidential election on 7 November; supporters of his opponent, Cellou Dalein Diallo, violently protest the results. 16 Nov The engagement of Prince William of Wales, son of Charles, prince of Wales, and Diana, princess of Wales, to his longtime girlfriend, Kate

Middleton, is announced in London. In the first civilian trial of a former detainee at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani is found guilty of one count of conspiracy to destroy government buildings and property and acquitted on more than 280 other counts in a US federal court; the judge had disallowed important parts of the prosecution’s case as being the

17 Nov

fruit of torture.

The automobile manufacturer General Motors, US government in 2008, returns to the stock market in an eagerly anticipated initial public offering that proves to be the largest American IPO in history and halves the government’s ownership of the company. 18 Nov Activision, the publisher of the first-person shooter video game Call of Duty: Black Ops reports bailed out by the

that

it

generated

US$650

million in sales world-

Year

18

Revikw

in

wide in its first five days of release, breaking the introductory five-day sales record for a video game.

19 Nov The US Transportation

Security Administra-

—Chronology 26 Nov

Police and armed forces in Brazil declare that they have taken control of the favela Vila Cruzeiro in Rio de Janeiro, and they are fighting

tion

gang members

line

people have died past six days.

exempts uniformed airline pilots from new airpassenger screening procedures, including fullbody scans and more intrusive pat-downs, which have raised objections from pilots and flight attendants in addition to passengers. 20 Nov In Boston the new Art of the Americas Wing of the Museum of Fine Arts opens to delighted reviews.

21 Nov After the final auto

race of the season, Jimmie Johnson is crowned winner of the NASCAR drivers’ championship for a record fifth consecutive year. The Colorado Rapids win the Major League Soccer title with a 2-1 overtime victory over FC Dallas in

the MLS Cup in Toronto. 22 Nov The US government

issues

new

rules requiring

medical insurance companies to spend a minimum 80-85% of premiums collected on medical care. 23 Nov Unexpected artillery shelling by North Korea kills two marines and two civilians on the South Korean island of Yeonpyeong; the attack causes interof

national consternation.

The National Association of Realtors reports that sales of existing American homes in October were 26% lower than they had been in October 2009; the expiration of a tax credit for first-time home buyers

is

24 Nov

thought to be a major cause of the drop. Irish Prime Minister Brian Cowen unveils an

austerity plan that includes

deep cuts

in

public

spending as well as tax increases. 25 Nov South Korean Pres. Lee Myung Bak accepts the resignation of his defense minister and announces plans to put more troops and weapons on Yeongpyeong Island. Ana Maria Matute of Spain is named the winner of the Cervantes Prize for literary achievement in the Spanish language.

in

27 Nov Thousands Dublin

the Alemao favela complex; 41 violence in the favelas in the

in

of people

march and

rally

in

protest against the government’s proposed austerity plan. in

In Paris the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas votes to reduce the allow-

able catch of the dangerously overfished bluefin tuna in 2011 to 12,900 tons from 13,500 tons in 2010; conservationists believe a moratorium is necessary.

28 Nov The WikiLeaks Web site posts the first installment of some 250,000 classified US diplomatic cables from roughly the. past three years, exposing many private opinions and other secrets.

The finance ministers

manent fund

to

EU approve the release and also agree on a per-

of the

of bailout funds for Ireland

be created, including rules stating

in 2013, bondholders of troubled companies can face exposure in financial rescues. The Montreal Alouettes capture the 98th Canadian Football League Grey Cup, defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders 21-18. 29 Nov Riots take place in several places in Egypt over accusations of widespread fraud in the previous day’s legislative elections. The UN reports that militias and the armed forces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have cre-

that beginning

ated criminal networks to steal mineral resources in the country and attempt to sell them for private gain.

30 Nov

Eurostat reports that in October the unemployment rate of the 16 member countries of the euro zone rose to 10.1%, its highest level since 1998; the rate for the European Union as a whole remained at 9.6%.

December 2010 1 Dec The Health toll

reports the death from the cholera outbreak that began in OctoMinistry

in Haiti

ber has reached 1,817. 2 Dec Scientists reveal that an experiment took bacteria from the bottom of arsenic-rich Mono Lake in California and gradually increased the amount of arsenic in their environment until the bacteria were able to live on arsenic alone, without the phosphorus that has been considered one of the six chemical elements necessary for life. 3 Dec The UN International Atomic Energy Agency decides to create a bank for nuclear fuel that countries can use for nuclear reactors for energy production: it is hoped that this will free countries from the need to produce nuclear fuel on their own. The US and South Korea sign a far-reaching freetrade agreement that will eliminate tariffs on most exports: legislatures in both countries must ratify the deal, which is a revision of a 2007 agreement. The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in November jumped to 9.8%, while only 39,000 nonfarm jobs were created in the private sector.

4 Dec The day after Spain approved an austerity package that includes the partial privatization of the country’s two major airports, sparking a wildcat strike by air traffic controllers, the government for the first time since its 1975 return to democracy

declares a “state of alarm,” which puts air traffic under military supervision. 5 Dec The annual Kennedy Center Honors are precontrol

sented in Washington DC to television talk show host Oprah Winfrey, country musician Merle Haggard, choreographer Bill T. Jones, musical theater composer and lyricist Jerry Herman, and pop musician Sir Paul McCartney. Serbia defeats France 3-2 to win its first Davis

Cup

in

men’s international team

tennis.

presented in London to Scottish artist Susan Philipsz; her winning entry, “Lowlands,” is a recording of her singing the 16thcentury Scottish lament “Lowlands Away” under three bridges over the River Clyde in Glasgow. 7 Dec WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange turns him-

6 Dec

Britain’s Turner Prize

is

self in to British authorities in

tained; he

is

wanted

in

London and

Sweden on charges

is

de-

of sex-

ual misbehavior. of Birds of America by John James Audubon a Sotheby’s auction in London for £7.3 million (US$11.5 million), a new record for a printed book.

A copy

sells at

8 Dec Supporters of jailed WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange launch denial-of-service attacks against Web sites that stopped hosting and that stopped donations to WikiLeaks. Falcon 9, a rocket built by the private

facilitating

SpaceX, takes

off

company

from Kennedy Space Center

in

C \'JEAR IN

Florida

and places an empty capsule

Ren iE\y— hronoeog^

into Earth

demonstration for NASA. London. Parliament passes a steep increase in university tuition while violent student protests take place outside, including an attack on a car carrying Prince Charles and his wife, Lady Camilla, to orbit in a successful

9 Dec

In

North Korea

win

for Division

of

10 Dec

ceremony

to present the Nobel Peace Chinese human rights activist Liu Xiaobo, the winner’s chair is vacant and no representative attends to accept the award on his behalf; this is the first time since 1935 that this has happened. A law is passed in Bolivia that lowers the retirement age from 65 for men and 60 for women to 58 and that extends pensions to people working in the informal economy. 11 Dec A UN climate change conference in Cancun, Mexico, concludes with an agreement that, among other things, creates a fund to help less-developed countries cope with climate change, funds preser-

At the

Prize to imprisoned

vation of tropical forests,

and strengthens emission-

2009 conference. Steer roper Trevor Brazile wins the all-around cowboy world championship for a record eighth time at the Wrangler National Finals Rodeo in Las Vegas: he also wins titles in team roping (header) and tiereduction promises from the

down roping. 12 Dec A high-speed

rail

link

between Helsinki and

Petersburg is inaugurated, with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and Finnish Pres. Tarja Halonen taking part. 13 Dec Scientists studying a massive eruption that covered a complete hemisphere of the Sun conclude that coronal events on the Sun are connected across vast distances, covering most of the body of the star, by magnetic fields. 14 Dec Officials in Mexico declare that the death toll from drug-related violence in Juarez in 2010 has reached 3,000; in 2007 the figure was 300. 15 Dec The Micex securities exchange in Moscow begins direct trading between the Russian ruble and the Chinese renminbi (yuan). Pres. John Evans Atta Mills of Ghana ceremonially opens the Jubilee oil field, which is expected to proSt.

duce

initially

and eventually 120,000 coveted light sweet crude oil.

55,000

bbl

day of Cote d’Ivoire, security forces loyal to Pres. Laurent Gbagbo, who refuses to give up power, fire on a march on the state television headquarters by supporters of winning presidential candidate Alassane Ouattara: some 15 people are killed. 17 Dec The Pan American Health Organization says that because of a worldwide shortage of cholera vaccine, a pilot program to test vaccination strategies should be instituted in Haiti, where 2,405 people have died of the disease since its outbreak in bbl per

16 Dec

In

October.

18 Dec The US Congress repeals the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” rule, which prohibited openly gay people from serving in the US military. 19 Dec Alyaksandr Lukashenka is reelected president of Belarus, and an opposition protest is violently suppressed. 20 Dec South Korea conducts a live-fire military exercise on Yeonpyeong Island, which was shelled by

in

spite of it

bellicose

does not

21 Dec The University of Connecticut Huskies women’s basketball team, coached by Geno Auriemma, defeats Florida State University 93-62 to

The African Union suspends Cote d'Ivoire’s membership in the organization pending the yielding of power by Laurent Gbagbo to Alassane Ouattara,

who is internationally recognized as the winner 28 November presidential election.

November;

threats of retaliation from North Korea, react to the exercise.

the theater.

the

in

19

its

89th consecutive game, breaking the record college basketball set by the

I

UCLA

men’s team coached by John Wooden in 1971-74. 22 Dec US Pres. Barack Obama overcomes political

US Senate, which ratifies the New reducing nuclear stockpiles that signed with Russian Pres. Dmitry Medvedev

opposition

START

Obama

in

the

treaty

in April.

23 Dec

Ireland takes majority control of Allied Irish Banks, once the country’s largest banking institution. At the women’s world chess championship in Hatay, Turkey, Hou Yifan of China, aged 16, defeats Ruan Lufei, also of China, to become the youngest world chess champion in history. 25 Dec China’s central bank raises its benchmark lending interest rate for the second time in 2010,

24 Dec

to

5.81%.

26 Dec Thousands in

of people

favor of ethnic tolerance

demonstrate and an end to

in

Moscow

friction be-

tween Russians and migrants from the Caucasus. 27 Dec Relief crews in Colombia say that they have closed 178 m (584 ft) of the breach in the levee containing the Digue Canal that opened on 30 November because of heavy rainfall and allowed the Magdalena River to flood a populated floodplain; 80 m (262 ft) of the levee remain ruptured. 28 Dec The Ministry of Commerce in China announces a 35% decrease in quotas of rare earth minerals for export in the opening months of 2011. 29 Dec Five men are arrested in Denmark and Sweden: authorities in Denmark say that they were planning a major terrorist assault on the newspaper Jyllands-Posten, which in 2005 inflamed Muslim opinion with the publication of cartoons mocking the Prophet Muhammad. Wild Oats XI is awarded line honors as the first boat to finish the 2010 Sydney Hobart Yacht Race in Australia: Secret Men's Business 3.5 is later declared the overall winner.

30 Dec The Web

Body Count releases its deaths in Iraq in 2010; it

site Iraq

final figure for civilian

says 4,023 civilians died in violence during the slightly fewer than the 4,680 deaths it

year,

counted

for

2009.

defiance of international attempts to persuade him to step down, Laurent Gbagbo declares that he will not cede power as president of Cote

31 Dec

In

d’Ivoire.

QUOTE OF THE MONTH ^ ^ This

is \K-hat’s

at slake: Either

we

assist in

the installation of democracy in Ivory

Coast or we stand by indifferent and allow to be assassinated.

democracy

—

Guillaume Soro, appointed prime minister of Cote d’Ivoire by Alassane Ouatara, on Laurent Gbagbo's refusal to leave office. 3

1

December

At the last bell of the year at the New York Stock Exchange, the Dow Jones Industrial Average has risen 11% since the beginning of the year.

Year

20

in

Review

—Chronology

January 2011 1 Jan The Estonian kroon

becomes

Estonia zone.

replaced by the euro as the 17th member of the euro is

into effect.

The US

becomes the

currency

the Dutch special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustadollar

official

in

tius, and Saba. 2 Jan A 7.1-magnitude earthquake rattles southern Chile, causing some 50,000 people to evacuate, but there are no reports of casualties or damage. 3 Jan Christian protests stemming from the New

bombing

Year’s

11 Jan The 123 Agreement between Russia and the US on cooperation on civilian nuclear power goes

at a Coptic Christian church

in

Alexandria take place in Cairo, where rioting also occurs. A second attempt by African heads of state to persuade Laurent Gbagbo, who lost the 2010 presidential election in Cote d’Ivoire, to step down fails: Gbagbo maintains that his presidency is legitimate. Pres. Barack Obama signs the Food Safety Modernization Act into law; it requires processors of food to take responsibility for preventing contamination, requires the Food and Drug Administration to establish safety standards for production and harvesting of fruits and vegetables, and for the first time gives the FDA the authority to recall contaminated food from the market. 5 Jan The UN Food and Agriculture Organization publishes a report saying that its world food price index— measuring prices of commodities in the export market-went up 32% between June and December 2010, reaching a record high. 6 Jan US military officials declare that some 1,000 US Marines will be deployed to Afghanistan, most of them to Helmand province, to attempt to consol-

4 Jan US

12 Jan Massive demonstrations take place

River waters in Queensland continue to rise, and in Australia urge residents of parts of Brisbane to evacuate as even a reservoir built to protect the city from flooding overflows; floodwaters inundate some 30,000 homes and businesses. The US National Climatic Data Center reports that the average global temperature in 2010 was 0.62 ®C (1.12 °F) above the historical average, making 2010 a tie with 2005 for the warmest year since record keeping began in 1880; 2010 was also the wettest year on record. 13 Jan The US Environmental Protection Agency revokes the permit granted to Arch Coal for a proposed coal mine that would have removed mountain tops in a 922-ha (2,278-ac) area in West Virginia to access the coal within the mountains and would have placed the resulting debris into valauthorities

leys

and

toll is

closer to 20.

A weeklong referendum on independence gets under way in southern Sudan; Jubilant voters throng the polling places.

10 Jan The Basque militant separatist group ETA declares a permanent cease-fire: it does not, however, offer to disarm.

Auburn University defeats the University of Oregon in college football’s Bowl Championship Se-

22-19

game in Glendale AZ to win the NCAA FootBowl Subdivision championship. In the field of children’s literature, the Newbery Medal is awarded to Clare Vanderpool for her novel Moon over Manifest, and Erin E. Stead wins the ries title ball

Caldecott Medal for her illustrations for A Sick Day for Amos McGee by Philip C. Stead.

rivers.

14 Jan Zine

al-Abidine Ben Ali abandons the presidency of Tunisia and flees the country in the face of relentlessly swelling protests; Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi declares that he is now interim

president.

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

^ ^ What happened here whole Arab world.

103,000 jobs. 8 Jan At a “Congress on Your Corner" event outside a supermarket in Tucson AZ, a deranged gunman approaches US Rep. Gabrielle Giffords and shoots her in the head, gravely wounding her, and then opens fire on the crowd, shooting 18 other people attending the event before he is stopped by bystanders and taken into custody; six people, including a federal Judge and a nine-year-old girl, are killed. 9 Jan Officials in Tunisia say that protests over unemployment the previous two days left some 14 people dead: leaders of the demonstrations, which began in December 2010 after a produce vendor set himself on fire to protest the police’s seizure of his cart, say the death

Tunis

dent.

idate gains.

7 Jan The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in December 2010 fell from 9.8% to 9.4% and that the economy added

in

as well as other cities in Tunisia in spite of efforts by government forces to shut the protests down and the replacement of the minister of the interior; demonstrators call for the resignation of the presi-

—Zied Mhirsi,

is

going

to affect the

ff

a demonstrator in Tunis,

fall of Pres. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, 14 January

Tunisia, after the

Prosecutors in Milan announce that they are investigating Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi in

connection with a prostitution case.

The British-based energy company BP announces a partnership with the Russian company Rosneft to conduct oil exploration in the Russian Arctic. 15 Jan As violent antigovernment demonstrations continue in Tunisia, ^Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi, who the previous day declared himself interim president, relinquishes power to Fouad Mebazaa, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies: the constitution mandates that the speaker succeed the president in case of emergency. The Dakar Rally concludes in Buenos Aires: the winners are Qatari driver Nasser al-Attiyah in a Volkswagen automobile, Spanish driver Marc Coma on a KTM motorcycle, Russian driver Vladimir Chagin in a Kamaz truck, and Argentine driver Alejandro Patronelli in a Yamaha ATV. 16 Jan Jean-Claude (“Baby Doc”)

dictator of Haiti from

France

in

1971

1986, returns

until

Duvalier,

he

who was

fled to exile in

to Haiti; his motives are un-

clear.

At the Golden Globe Awards in Beverly Hills CA, best picture honors go to The Social Network and

Year

in

Review

The Kids Are All Right, best director goes to David Fincher for The Social Network. 17 Jan At Thoroughbred horse racing’s 2010 Eclipse Awards, the nearly undefeated mare Zenyatta (19-1) is named Horse of the Year. 18 Jan Pres. Hu Jintao of China arrives in Washington

DC

for a state visit.

The Piracy Reporting Center of the International Maritime Bureau reports that pirates attacked 445 ships in 2010 and took close to 1,200 people hostage, 8 of whom were killed; it is the fourth consecutive year of increased piracy. In what appears to be part of a power struggle between Afghan Pres. Hamid Karzai and the Inde-

19 Jan

pendent Election Commission and Electoral Complaints Commission, Karzai orders that the seating of the new legislature be delayed by a month. The US House of Representatives votes to repeal the health care reform act signed into law in 2010; the measure is considered unlikely to come to a vote in the Senate. 20 Jan China's National Bureau of Statistics reports that the country’s economy grew at a blistering 9.8% rate in the final quarter of 2010. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal reports that in countries in which infants are vaccinated against rotavirus, which can cause quickly fatal bouts of diarrhea and kills half a million children a year, the incidence of the disease has fallen dramatically.

21 Jan

Protest marches take place in several cities in Jordan, where demonstrators demand the right to elect the prime minister and object to the country’s poverty.

Hospira, Inc., the only American company that makes sodium thiopental, the anesthetic generally used in capital punishment by lethal injection in the US, declares that

it

is

ceasing

its

production of the drug.

snowboarding championships conclude in Spain; Benjamin Karl of Austria wins two gold medals, one in slalom and one in giant

22 Jan The

FIS world

slalom.

Sumo yokozuna Hakuho defeats ozeki Baruto to win his 18th (and 6th consecutive) Emperor’s Cup at the New Year basho (grand tournament) in

has been without a government since elections June 2010.

24 Jan A powerful bomb explodes

in

in

the public wait-

ing area of the international arrivals hall of Domodedovo, Russia’s largest airport, outside

Moscow; at least 36 people are killed. 25 Jan Unexpectedly large demonstrations, apparently inspired by a

try’s

Egypt to

Facebook page, swell

in

several

the downfall of the coun-

demand

government.

US Pres. Barack areas for increased spending to bolster the country's international competitiveness In

21

and suggests areas

for cost cutting to reduce the budget deficit. 26 Jan Antigovernment protests continue in Egypt as government security forces unleash tear gas and truncheons in an effort to quell the uprising; hun dreds are arrested. The BBC World Service, citing slashing in its fund ing by the British government, announces that it must close five language services and reduce its workforce by a quarter over the next three years. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises above 12,000 for the first time since June 2008, before falling again to close at 11,985.44. 27 Jan Thousands of people march in Sanaa, Yemen, demanding reforms or the fall of the government. A report published in Science magazine describes the finding at the Jebel Faya site in the United Arab Emirates of stone tools 127,000 years old that raise the suggestion that modern humans may have spread out from Africa earlier than the 50,000 years ago that is generally held to be the case. 28 Jan Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt orders a shutdown of Internet and cell phone communications and vows to enforce security as antigovernment pmtests continue to grow in size and vehemence, and demonstrators fight successfully against security

forces.

The US Department of Commerce reports that the country’s GDP expanded at an annual rate of 3.2% in the final quarter of 2010, an improvement from the third quarter. For the first time in his tenure, Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarak names a vice president— intelligence chief Omar Suleiman— and replaces Ahmad Nazif with Ahmed Shafiq as prime minister; meanwhile, security forces clash with tens of thousands of protesters, but the military largely remains on the sidelines. Belgian Kim Clijsters defeats Li Na of China to win the Australian Open women’s tennis championship; the following day Novak DJokovic of Serbia defeats Briton Andy Murray to take the

29 Jan

men’s

title.

Japan wins the Asian Cup

in

association football when it defeats

(soccer) for a record fourth time

1-0 in extra time in the final match in Doha, Qatar. Top awards at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City UT go to Like Crazy, How To Die in Oregon, Circumstance, and Buck. 30 Jan It is reported that losses at Kabul Bank owing to mismanagement and fraud may be as high as US$900 million, three times earlier estimates; Kabul Bank is Afghanistan’s main bank. 31 Jan The legislature of Myanmar (Burma) meets in Australia

Tokyo.

23 Jan Some 34,000 people march in Brussels to demand the formation of a new government; Belgium

cities in

—Chronoi o(;\

his state of the union address,

Obama proposes

Nay Pyi Taw in its first session in 22 years. The US government issues new nutritional guidelines for the first time since 2005; the new measures

recommend

eating less overall, replacing soft drinks

and making half of each meal consist vegetables and fruit, among other suggestions. with water,

of

February 2011 1 Feb As hundreds

of

thousands of antigovernment

Cairo’s Tahrir Square, Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarak addresses the country in a televised speech in which he declares that he will not run for

protesters

fill

office again

and

will

step

angered crowds demand

in September; the immediate resignation.

down

his

of Jordan responds to growing King ‘Abdullah antigovernment demonstrations by dismissing the cabinet and replacing Prime Minister Samir al-Rifai with Marouf al-Bakhit. 2 Feb Pres. 'Ali ‘Abdallah Salih of Yemen offers concessions to antigovernment protesters and II

Year

22

IN

Review

—Chronology

promises not only.to abandon his effort to change the constitution to allow him to remain in office for life but also to step down at the end of his term of

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

We can breathe fresh air, we can feel our freedom. After 30 years of absence from the world, Egypt is hack. JJ

2013. Rupert Murdoch announces the debut of The Daily, a panmedia daily news publication available only on Apple’s iPad tablet computer by subscrip-

office in

tion through the

App

legislator,

17th attempt to choose a new prime minister, the legislature of Nepal elects Jhalanath Khanal of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) to the post. 4 Feb The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in January fell significantly from the previous month to 9% but that the econ-

3 Feb On

its

omy added only 36,000 jobs. 5 Feb With signatures on instruments of ratification from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, the New START treaty, which was agreed to in 2010 and provides for limited nuclear

6 Feb

disarmament, goes

into effect.

After three days of shelling by Thai

and Cam-

bodian soldiers over the 11th-century Hindu temple Preah Vihear, which is claimed by both countries despite a 1962 ruling by the World Court in Cambodia’s favor, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen asks the UN to convene a meeting aimed at ending the fighting. In Arlington TX, the Green Bay Packers defeat the Pittsburgh Steelers 31-25 to win the National Football League’s Super Bowl XLV. 7 Feb The results of the referendum held in southern Sudan are announced in Khartoum; 98.83% voted in favor of independence, and Pres. Omar al-Bashir declares that he accepts the results. The Obregon Yaquis of Mexico defeat the Anzoategui Caribes of Venezuela 3-2 to win baseball’s Caribbean Series. 8 Feb The UN Food and Agriculture Organization warns that a severe drought in China’s agricultural area, particularly in Shandong province, is causing hardship and threatening the wheat crop; China is the world’s largest producer of wheat. 9 Feb Preliminary talks between North Korea and South Korea intended to set an agenda for substantive military discussion break down when the North Korean delegation walks out. 10 Feb Hundreds of thousands of people gather in Tahrir Square in Cairo to hear a suddenly announced speech from Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarak in which they anticipate he will announce that he is stepping down; instead, Mubarak declares that he will not resign but will delegate authority to his new vice president, Omar Suleiman. Researchers from the University of Missouri and Arizona State University report in the Journal Science the discovery of a fourth metatarsal of the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis, of which Lucy is the best-known example; the foot bone shows for the first time that A. afarensis walked upright. 11 Feb Hundreds of thousands of Egyptians, enraged by Pres. Hosni Mubarak’s failure to resign, flood the streets of Cairo; as dusk falls. Vice Pres. Omar Suleiman announces that Mubarak has stepped down and handed authority to the Supreme Council

—Gamal Heshamt, former Egyptian

Store.

of the

Armed

Forces.

Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker proposes a budget that cuts salaries and pensions of most public employees, severely limits the right to collective bargaining for public-employee unions, and impedes the ability of such unions to collect dues.

on the fall of Mubarak,

Hosni February

Pres. 1

1

The US Department of Agriculture approves the commercial growing of corn that has been genetically engineered to be easy to process into ethanol; those in businesses involved in the use of corn for food products object.

12 Feb The

Palestinian Authority calls for presidential

and

legislative elections to

new

artist is Jazz bassist

be held by September; the militant organization Hamas, which won the last such elections in 2006, rejects the call. 13 Feb Egypt’s Supreme Council of the Armed Forces dissolves the legislature, suspends the constitution, and calls for elections to be held in six months; the government of P'rime Minister Ahmed Shafiq remains in a caretaker role. Some 1,000 young people, organized via text message, march in Sanaa, Yemen, to demand the immediate resignation of the country’s president. At the Grammy Awards in Los Angeles, the top winner is country band Lady Antebellum, which wins five awards, including both song of the year and record of the year for “Need You Now”; the album of the year is Arcade Fire’s The Suburjps, and the best

and

vocalist

Esperanza

Spalding.

14 Feb Tens

of thousands of people in various cities march in protests against the government, but the demonstrations are crushed by security in Iran

forces. oil company Chevron damages for environmental destruction caused in the 1970s by the oil company Texaco when it was operating in the rain forest

AJudge

to pay

in

Ecuador orders the

US$9

billion in

in Ecuador in partnership with Ecuador’s state oil company; Chevron, which will appeal, bought Texaco in 2001. The NASA spacecraft Stardust passes within 200 km (125 mi) of Comet Tempel 1, taking photographs, which will be compared with those taken when the comet was visited in 2005 by the space-

craft Deep Impact. 15 Feb The stock exchanges NYSE

Euronext, which operates the New York Stock Exchange, and Deutsche Borse, operator of the Frankfurt (Germany) Stock Exchange, announce a planned

merger.

US Pres. Barack Obama awards the Presidential Medal of Freedom to, among others, former US president George H.W. Bush, US Rep. John Lewis, poet Maya Angelou, former baseball player Stan Musial, former basketball player Bill Russell, and

businessman Warren Buffet. Foxcliffe Hickory Wind wins Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club’s 135th dog show; the Scottish deerhound, known as Hickory, is the first of

its

breed to win the competition.

16 Feb Large antigovernment protests take place Benghazi, Libya; marches also occur in the cities

in

of

Zentan and Zawiyat al-Bayda.

Thousands of protesters fill the state capital buildMadison Wl to oppose the bill proposed by

ing in

Ykar

in

Rkvikw

Gov. Scott Walker that would cut public union benefits and curtail bargaining rights. The bookstore chain Borders files for bankruptcy protection and plans to close about 200 of its more

650

than

to

recognition of same-sex marriages that are legal in other jurisdictions, are unconstitutional and that therefore the Department of Justice will no longer defend the law in suits against it.

cede power

Cote d’Ivoire after having lost a presidential election in 2010, orders the government to seize major banks that suspended business in the country. 18 Feb Bahrain’s military opens fire on protesters entering Manama’s Pearl Square; an unknown num-

rent

Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi respond with deadly force; human rights activists believe that more than 220 people have died in clashes between antigovernment protesters and security forces in the country. to

loyal

22 Feb A 6.3-magnitude quake, centered about 10 km (6 mi) from downtown Christchurch, NZ, and about 5

much

The price of a barrel of light sweet crude oil briefly passes US$100 for the first time since October 2008. 24 Feb For the first time since the November 2010 election in Cote d’Ivoire, armed forces loyal to Lau

killed.

Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture announces that the annual whale hunt, which Japan says is for scientific research, is being cut short because of harassment by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which seeks to prevent the hunting of whales. 19 Feb Police forces withdraw from Pearl Square in Manama, Bahrain, and Joyous antigovernment protesters fill the square. The Iranian film Jodaeiye Nader az Simin (A Separation), directed by Asghar Farhadi, wins the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival. 20 Feb In Daytona Beach FL, the 53rd running of the Daytona 500 NASCAR race is won by Trevor Bayne, who, at age 20, is the youngest-ever winner. 21 Feb Antigovernment rioters take to the streets of Tripoli, the capital of Libya, and militia members

km

(3 mi) underground,

of the

city,

causes buildings

in

including skyscrapers, to collapse

and kills at least 180 people. Americans Jean and Scott Adam and their crew, Phyllis Macay and Robert Riggle, who were seized by pirates on 18 February as they were sailing in the Arabian Sea, are killed by the pirates; there are more than 50 vessels and 800 hostages being held by pirates.

23

Attorney General Eric Holder declares that a review has found that portions of the 1996 De fense of Marriage Act. which disallows federal

in

ber are

(X;^

23 Feb US

stores.

17 Feb Laurent Gbagbo, who refused

—CIIKONOI

Gbagbo engage

with the militia that

in conflict

supports the winner of the election, Alassane Ouat

13 combatants are reported killed. Algeria officially ends a state of emergency that has been in place for 19 years; protest marches in

tara;

Algiers, however,

remain forbidden.

The space shuttle Discovery takes off on Its final mission; it will deliver supplies and a storage module to the International Space Station. 25 Feb Forces loyal to Libyan leader Muammar alQaddafi bloodily put down antigovernment protests •

in Tripoli; Libya’s ambassador to the US and its missions to the Arab League and the UN resign in protest against the violent response to the demon-

strations.

Large antigovernment protests take place in sevYemen, notably in Sanaa and Ta'izz. Feb Two gunmen infiltrate the Baiji Refinery, Iraq’s

eral cities in

26

and set off bombs, badly damand shutting it down. 27 Feb Protesters demanding political reforms, more jobs, and better pay begin fighting with Omani pobiggest

refinery,

oil

aging the

facility

when

lice

officers

demonstration

in

attempt to shut down the Oman; two protesters are

Suhar,

killed.

At the 83rd

are

won

picture)

Academy Awards

presentation, Oscars

among others. The and its director, Tom by,

King’s

Speech

(best

Hooper, and actors

Colin Firth. Natalie Portman, Christian Bale,

and

Melissa Leo.

28 Feb As Western

countries discuss how to respond bloodshed in the country, US warships begin moving closer to Libya, and the European Union announces new sanctions. to increasing

March 2011 1 Mar The French fashion house Christian Dior fires its star designer, John Galliano, after the appearance of a video in which he is seen engaging in what appears to be a drunken anti-Semitic rant. 2 Mar Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistan’s minister of minorities and the only Christian member of the cabinet, is shot dead in his car in Islamabad; he had worked to reform the country’s law that makes blasphemy a capital crime.

The US Supreme Court

rules that the picketing of by members of the Westboro Baptist Church with signs saying that the deaths are God’s punishment for the toleration of homosexuality in the US is permitted speech under the soldiers’ funerals

Amendment to

the Constitution. 3 Mar Fouad Mebazaa, interim president of Tunisia, announces that an election for members of a council to rewrite the country’s constitution will take First

place on 24 July. It is reported that a week of fighting in the Abyei region of Sudan on the border between north and south has left more than 100 people dead.

4 Mar Tens

of

thousands

of

pro-democracy demon-

strators march in the streets of Manama, Bahrain; large pro-democracy protests also take place in Amman, Jordan, while police and military personnel prevent possible demonstrations in Djibouti.

The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in February dropped to 8.9% and that the number of jobs added to the econ-

omy

rose to 192,000; nonetheless, the percentage of adults actively involved in the workforce (either employed or seeking work) remains at a low 64.2%.

5 Mar Forces

loyal to

Libyan leader

Muammar

al-

Qaddafi lay siege to the rebel-held town of Al-Zawiyah; a day earlier, rebels had taken the port city of Ras Lanuf. 6 Mar Bursts of lava from new fissures that began opening the previous day between the Napau and

Pu’u O’o craters on Hawaii’s Kilauea volcano reach heights of 24 m (80 ft), which leads to the closure of parts of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

Year

24

in

Review

7 Mar Tunisia’s interim government disbands the state security department. Prime Minister John Key of New Zealand declares that as a result of the earthquakes on 4 Sep 2010 and on 22 February, more than 10,000 houses and other buildings in Christchurch will have to be demolished and that parts of the city will have to be abandoned because of liquefaction. US Pres. Barack Obama issues an executive order allowing the resumption of military trials of detainees at the

US detention center

Guantanamo

at

and governing the treatment of the remaining 172 detainees there; the military trials had been halted two years earlier. 8 Mar Ayatollah Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani replaces Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as head of the Assembly of Experts in Iran; the body chooses Bay, Cuba,

supreme leader. The Bangladesh High Court rules that the Bangladesh Bank was within its rights when it removed Muhammad Yunus as managing director of the Grameen Bank, the microfinance bank Yunus founded in 1976. 9 Mar Three weeks after Democratic members of Iran’s

Wisconsin’s state Senate left the state to prevent the body from achieving a quorum to vote on a measure introduced by Gov. Scott Walker to severely limit collective bargaining rights of public employees, Republicans sever funding appropriation from the proposed law and approve it. The producers of the Broadway show Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, which has had 101 preview performances but is not yet ready to open, replace its star director, Julie Taymor, with Philip William McKinley. The US$250,000 A.M. Turing Award for excellence in computer science is granted to Leslie Valiant for his work in the mathematical foundations of computer learning and in parallel computing.

10 Mar The Dalai Lama announces his relinquishment of political authority within the Tibetan government

in exile.

New

York City the winners of the National Book Critics Circle Awards are announced as Jennifer Egan for A Visit from the Goon Squad (fiction), Isabel Wilkerson for The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (nonfiction), Sarah Bakewell for How To Live: Or a Life of Montaigne in In

One Question and Twenty Attempts

at

an Answer (bi-

ography), Darin Strauss for Half a Life (autobiography), C.D. Wright for

Clare

Cavanagh

Russia, Poland,

One

with Others (poetry),

for Lyric Poetry

and the West

and Modern

and

Politics:

(criticism).

11 Mar A 9.0-magnitude earthquake

rocks Japan and sets off a tsunami with waves as high as 9 m (30 ft) that engulfs towns along hundreds of kilometers of Japan’s northeastern coast; some 24,000 people are killed.

— Chronology 12 Mar Evacuations are ordered

for those living in the immediate area around Japan’s Daiichi and Daini nuclear power plants after the cooling systems shut down during the earthquake and the generators to keep them running were subsequently damaged by the tsunami; later there is an explosion in the number 1 reactor at Daiichi, which is then flooded with seawater in hopes of preventing a meltdown.

The Arab League, which suspended Libya’s membership on 22 February, requests that the

UN

Security Council impose a no-flight zone over in hopes of preventing further attacks by

Libya

Muammar

al-Qaddafi against those seeking democracy. Leaders of the euro zone agree to lower the interest rate that Greece must pay on its debt and to set more flexible rules for the use of a bailout fund for the euro.

13 Mar Antigovernment

—Toshiaki

Bahrain block

strators. In London Legally Blonde, the Musical wins three Laurence Olivier Awards: best new musical, best actress in a musical or entertainment (Sheridan Smith), and best supporting actress in a musical or entertainment (Jill Halfpenny). 14 Mar A large explosion occurs at the number 3 reactor at the Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan, and because the plant is off-line, the country’s power company announces a planned series of rolling

blackouts.

Some 1,20Q troops from Saudi Arabia and 800 from the United Arab Emirates under the aegis of the Gulf Cooperation Council arrive in Bahrain to help the government put down antigovernment protests. in New York City, the Rock and Roll inducts musicians Darlene Love, Neil Diamond, Alice Cooper, Dr. John, and Tom Waits; musician Leon Russell and record label owners Jac Hoizman and Art Rupe are also honored. 15 Mar King Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah of Bahrain declares a three-month state of emergency as a result of continuing antigovernment protests in the coun-

a

In

ceremony

Hall of

Fame

try.

John Baker wins the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, crossing under the Burled Arch in Nome AK after setting a course record time of 8 days 18 hours 46 minutes 39 seconds; Baker is the first Alaskan Inupiat to win the race.

The winner of the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction announced as Deborah Eisenberg for her compilation The Collected Stories of Deborah Eisenis

berg.

16 Mar Government troops in Bahrain demolish the protest tent camp in Manama’s Pearl Square and

rity

thought it would stop, hut it just kept shaking and shaking and getting stronger,

jj

Takaha.shi, a city official in

Sendai. Japan, describing his experience of 1 1

officers dead.

Mahmoud Abbas announces that he has accepted Hamas leader Ismail Haniya’s invitation to travel to Gaza for unity talks. The US$1 million Birgit Nilsson Prize for outstanding achievement in opera and concert is awarded Palestinian Authority Pres.

/

the 9.0-magnitude earthquake,

in

clear the square of demonstrators in a crackdown that leaves at least three protesters and two secu-

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

^^

protesters

access to the financial district of Manama in spite of police attempts to disperse the demon-

March

to

Chicago Symphony Orchestra director Riccardo

Muti.

17 Mar The UN Security Council authorizes the use

Some 100,000

people engage in a sit-in in Sanaa, Yemen, to demand the resignation of the president.

of

including the establishment of a no-flight zone, to prevent forces loyal to Libyan leader

force,

YkaR Muammar al-Qaddafi

from attacking

in

RkVIKW

civilians in

the

country.

NASA’s spacecraft Messenger, launched achieves orbit around the planet Mercury.

18 Mar Government supporters open ers

2004,

on protest-

fire

Sanaa, Yemen,

in

Pres.

in

'Ali

killing at least 50 people, and ‘Abdallah Salih declares a state of emer-

gency.

Antigovernment protests take place

them

Syria, the largest of

in

four cities

Dar'a; they are

in

in

imme-

and brutally squashed. The Pearl Monument, erected in 1982 in Manama, Bahrain, in honor of a Gulf Cooperation Council meeting there, is torn down by authorities; the monument had become a symbol of the protests in diately

Manama’s Pearl Square. 19 Mar Leaders of a coalition

of

Western and Arab

countries begin a military intervention in Libya, sending missiles against Libyan government forces attacking rebels in Benghazi and other towns in en-

The American telecommunications giant AT&T announces that it will buy cellular telephone carrier TMobile; the resulting

company

will

be the country’s

largest carrier.

21 Mar The Dow Jones

Average rises sank below on 12

Industrial

above 12,000

points, a level

March. Researchers

in

it

Canada say that DNA analysis Amsterdam albatross, discov-

rare

ered in 1983, is a separate species from the wandering albatross; there are only 170 Amsterdam albatrosses. named for their breeding ground on Nouvelle Amsterdam island in the southern Indian

Ocean. 22 Mar The US Census Bureau releases figures show-

London

of

to protest

thousands of people march in proposed spending cuts by the

government.

The Japanese horse Victoire Pisa wins the Dubai World Cup, the world’s richest horse race. Oxford defeats Cambridge in the 157th University Boat Race; Cambridge nonetheless leads the series

80-76.

27 Mar Radiation

237,500 people to end up

killed in Dar‘a, Syria,

plans to increase the dividends that shareholders.

it

pays to

military intervention in Libya.

India’s Ministry of

Environment and Forests

re-

leases the results of a survey of the population of wild tigers in the country; it found that though the area of tiger habitat is shrinking, the number of tigers rose from 1,411 in 2006 to 1,706, approximately a 20% increase.

Portuguese architect Eduardo Souto de Moura

named winner of the 2011 Prize; among his works is a

is

Pritzker Architecture

sports stadium built

into a hillside in Braga, Portugal.

29 Mar In the face of clashes between antigovernment and pro-government demonstrators, the gov-

gebra. to take

command

of coalition

forces maintaining the no-flight zone over Libya; later it agrees to take the lead on the entire military campaign to prevent Muammar al-Qaddafi’s forces

from overrunning the opposition. of pro-democracy demonstrators

25 Mar Thousands

cities in Syria; military,

of the series. The Clan of the Cave Bear, was published in 1980. The winner of the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for children’s literature is announced as Australian

book

illustrator Shaun Tan. Libyan Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa defects to Britain; forces loyal to Muammar alQaddafi, however, retake several towns recently ceded to the rebels in Libya. Forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara take control of

author and

The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters awards its annual Abel Prize for outstanding work in mathematics to American mathematician John Milnorfor his discoveries in topology, geometry, and al-

march in Dai^a and other met with live fire from the

search team has developed a practical "artificial leaf,” a small, extremely efficient photovoltaic cell that can be placed in water in sunlight to produce electricity; he believes it can be put to use in lessdeveloped countries. 28 Mar US Pres. Barack Obama makes a nationally televised speech to explain his decision to launch a

Earth’s Children series of novels by Jean M. Auel, The Land of Painted Caves, goes on sale; the first

the

lost

city

army personnel fire on demonstrators. The banking giant Bank of America declares that the US Federal Reserve board has rejected its

24 Mar NATO agrees

At the American Chemical Society's annual meetDaniel Nocera of MIT declares that his re-

ing,

when

a stunning

713,777.

23 Mar Several people are

plex.

with a population of only

fell

25% between 2000 and 2010;

killed.

ica.

26 Mar Hundreds

ernment of Syria resigns. The rating agency Standard & Poor’s lowers its debt ratings for both Greece and Portugal. The sixth and last installment in the best-selling

ing that the population of Detroit

reported

milk Creek site in central Texas that date to as long ago as 15,500 years; among the implications are that the traditional view that humans first traveled to North America 13,000 years ago over the Bering Strait cannot be correct and that the technology ascribed to the Clovis people was not imported from Asia but rather developed in North Amer-

to Egypt’s constitution are resound-

in a referendum; amendments include a limit of two four-year terms of office for the president and judicial supervision of elections. Despite a 24-8 loss to Ireland, England wins the Six Nations Rugby Union championship with a 4-1 record when France (3-2) defeats Wales (3-2). 20 Mar Pres. ‘Ali ‘Abdallah Salih of Yemen dismisses the government of Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar.

V

Science magazine publishes a report on ar rowheads and other tools found at the Butter

levels high enough to cause radiation sickness are unexpectedly found in wa-

approved

shows that the

25

ters that have flooded turbine buildings next to reactors at Japan’s stricken Daiichi nuclear com-

zone.

Amendments

k()N()l.(K;V

no-flight

forcement of a previously announced

ingly

—CH

they are

and dozens are

30 Mar

Cote d’Ivoire’s administrative capital, Yamoussoukro.

31 Mar The Indian Ocean island of Mayotte becomes France’s 101st departement.

officially

the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Muin Yorba Linda CA, the Watergate Gallery, an exhaustive delineation of the final chapter of Nixon’s presidency curated by historian Timothy In

seum

Naftali,

opens

to the public.

Ykar

26

in

Rkvikw

April 1 Apr Thousands of protesters demonstrate

in

sev-

eral cities in Syria, but security forces react with

olence: at least

15 people are said

to

vi-

have been

killed.

Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, urge anti-American action in response to the virtually unreported burning of a Qu'ran by fringe pastor Terry Jones in Florida on 20 March, thousands of rioters attack the UN compound in the city; 12 people, 7 of After clerics

in

them UN workers, are killed. The US Department of Labor reports that the unemployment rate in March decreased to 8.8% and that the economy added 216,000 nonfarm jobs; this is seen as auspicious news. 2 Apr UN officials and aid organizations report that they have found that hundreds of people were massacred in Duekoue, Cote d'Ivoire, the previous week during fighting between forces loyal to Alassane Ouattara and those favoring Laurent Gbagbo. Officials in Japan report the discovery of a breach in a maintenance pit near the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant that has been leaking highly

the final of the cricket World Cup in Mumbai (Bombay), India, led by Mahendra Singh Dhoni, defeats Sri Lanka to win the title for the first time since 1983; more than one billion people worldwide watch the event on television, making it probably the most-seen sports event in history. 3 Apr Ai Weiwei, an internationally known artist and the designer of the Olympic stadium in Beijing, is arrested by authorities in China as part of a crackdown on critics of the government. 4 Apr Security forces fire on tens of thousands of In

at least

in Ta'izz,

Yemen,

killing

10 people.

The NCAA championship in men’s basketball is won by the University of Connecticut, which defeats Butler University

A&M

20U 8 Apr A demonstration ple who feel that the is

by tens of thousands of peomilitary government of Egypt failing to support democratic reform takes place

in

Cairo’s Tahrir Square.

The Walt Disney Co. breaks ground on the Shanghai Disney Resort in China: the complex, which

race.

10 Apr As momentum

in

the battle for control of C6te

appears to swing in favor of Laurent Gbagbo, French and UN forces fire on Gbagbo’s residence and on the presidential palace in Abidjan. Chari Schwartzel of South Africa wins the Masters golf tournament in Augusta GA, finishing two strokes ahead of Austraiians Jason Day and Adam d’Ivoire

Scott. led by skip Jeff Stoughton, bests Scotland

to win the world

the tournament

11 Apr

In

men’s championship in Regina, SK, Canada.

Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, the forces of Alas-

presidential election to Ouattara.

QUOTE OF THE MONTH

^ ^ Today a white page opens in front of us, white like the white of our flag, symbol of hope and peace.

—Alassane

Cote d’Ivoire, on

the capture of former president Laurent

Gbagbo, who refused

University defeats the

theoretical astrophysicist. is named the winner of the Templeton Prize for his contributions to affirming the spiritual dimension of life and to raising questions about the fundamental nature of existence. 7 Apr In a controversial move, the European Central

Bank

British

benchmark interest rate for the first time since 2008; the new rate is 1.25%, a quarter raises

its

point higher.

The publisher of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, by Stieg Larsson, announces that it has sold more than a million downloaded e-books: it is believed to be the first publication to reach that benchmark.

JJ

Ouattara, winner of the 2010

presidential election in

to give

Dame 76-70 to

dependent country. Martin J. Rees, a

curling at

in

sane Ouattara capture Laurent Gbagbo, who had refused to give up power after losing the 2010

53-41; the following day Texas

University of Notre win the women’s title. 5 Apr The government of Brazil refuses to halt construction on the giant Belo Monte hydroelectric dam in spite of a request from the Organization of American States (OAS); preliminary construction began in March. 6 Apr Portuguese Prime Minister Jose Socrates in a televised address declares that he has requested financial aid from the European Commission. The IMF issues its annual report on the economies of the West Bank and Gaza; the report for the first time declares that the Palestinian Authority is capable of conducting the economic policies of an in-

is

planned to eventually encompass 700 ha (1,730 ac), is scheduled to open in 2015, 9 Apr Long-shot Jumper Ballabriggs, ridden by Jockey Jason Maguire, wins the Grand National steeplechase hprse race at the Aintree course in Liverpool, England, by two and a quarter lengths; two horses, however, are fatally injured in the

Canada,

radioactive water into the sea.

antigovernment protesters

—Ciir

experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons disclosure of

artificial

produced by neutron

1939 1943 1944

Ernest Orlando Lawrence Otto Stern Isidor Isaac Rabi

US US US

1945 1946 1947 1948

Wolfgang

Austria

1949 1950

Hideki

Pauli

Percy Williams Bridgman Edward V. Appleton Patrick M.S. Blackett

radioactive elements irradiation

invention of the cyclotron

discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton resonance method for the registration of various properties of atomic nuclei discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere

US UK UK

discoveries

in

the domain of nuclear physics and

cosmic radiation

Yukawa

Japan

Cecil Frank Powell

UK

1951

John D. Cockcroft Ernest T.S. Walton

UK

1952

Felix

1953 1954

Ireland

US US

Bloch

E.M. Purcell Frits Zernike

prediction of the existence of

mesons

photographic method of studying nuclear processes: discoveries concerning mesons work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei I 3 by accelerated particles 1 discovery of nuclear magnetic 3

resonance

Neth.

method

in

solids

of phase-contrast microscopy

UK

statistical studies of

W.Ger.

invention of the coincidence

measurement

of the magnetic

discoveries

the hydrogen spectrum

Walter H. Brattain William B. Shockley

US US US US US

1957

Tsung-Dao Lee Chen Ning Yang

China China

1958

Pavel Alexeyevich

USSR

1955

Max Born Walther Bothe Polykarp Kusch

Eugene Lamb, John Bardeen Willis

1956

Jr.

Cherenkov Ilya

Mikhaylovich Frank

Igor Yevgenyevich

1959

Tamm

Owen Chamberlain Emilio Segre

1960 1961

Donald A. Glaser Robert Hofstadter Rudolf Ludwig

USSR USSR US US US US W.Ger.

Mossbauer

1962

Lev Davidovich Landau

1963

J.

USSR

in

atomic wave functions

method

moment

of the electron

investigations on

semiconductors and the 1

invention of the transistor discovery of violations of the principle of parity, the 3 symmetry between phenomena in coordinate systems discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect, which indicates that electrons emit light as they pass through a transparent medium at a speed ( higher than the speed of light in that medium confirmation of the existence I 3 of the antiproton development of the bubble chamber I

determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons discovery of the Mossbauer effect, a nuclear process permitting the resonance absorption of gamma rays contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter ) development of the shell model theory of 3 the structure of the atomic nuclei principles governing the interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus work in quantum electronics leading to the construction of instruments based on [ maser-laser principles work in quantum electrodynamics, which describes mathematically all interactions of light with [ matter and of charged particles with one another discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms discoveries concerning the energy production of stars work with elementary particles, in particular the ,

1964

1965

Hans

Jensen Maria Goeppert Mayer Eugene Paul Wigner

W.Ger.

Nikolay G. Basov

USSR USSR US US US

D.

Aleksandr M. Prokhorov Charles Hard Townes Richard P. Feynman Julian Seymour Schwinger Shin’ichiro

Tomonaga

US US

Japan

1966

Alfred Kastler

France

1967 1968

Hans Albrecht Bethe Luis W. Alvarez

US US

1969

Murray Gell-Mann

US

•

discovery of resonance states classification of

elementary particles and their

interactions

1970 1971 1972

1973

Hannes Alfven

Sweden

1

Louis-Eugene-Felix Neel

France

3

Dennis Gabor John Bardeen Leon N..Cooper John Robert Schrieffer Leo Esaki

UK

Ivar

Giaever

Brian D. Josephson

US US US Japan

US

UK

work

in

magnetohydrodynamics and

antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism invention of holography development of the theory of superconductivity, the disappearance of electrical resistance in various solids I when they are cooled below certain temperatures 1 experimental discoveries in tunneling in 3 semiconductors and superconductors predictions of supercurrent properties in

Awards

— Nobel Prizks

93

Physics (continued) YEAR

1974

COUNTRY

WINNER(S) Antony Hewish Martin Ryle

1975

Aage N. Bohr Ben R. Mottelson

.

James Rainwater

1976

Burton Richter Samuel C.C. Ting

1977

W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott John H. Van VIeck

1978

Kapitsa Arno Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson

1979

Sheldon Lee Glashow

1980 1981

Philip

Pyotr

L.

Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg James Watson Cronin Val Logsdon Fitch Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur L. Schawlow Kai M.B. Siegbahn

1982 1983

Kenneth G. Wilson

Subrahmanyan

UK UK Denmark Denmark US US US US UK US USSR US US US Pakistan

US US US US US Sweden US US

1 3

[

1

ACHIEVEMENT work in radio astronomy work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion discovery of

new

class of

elementary particles (psi, or J) contributions to understanding the behavior of electrons in

^ 3

1 3

magnetic, noncrystalline solids research in magnetism and low-temperature physics discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic

3

interactions of subatomic particles demonstration of the simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

1

applications of lasers

J

in

spectroscopy

development of electron spectroscopy analysis of continuous phase transitions contributions to understanding the evolution and

Chandrasekhar

devolution of stars studies of nuclear reactions key to the formation of

William A. Fowler

US

Simon van der Meer

Neth.

Carlo Rubbia

Italy

1985

Klaus von Klitzing

W.Ger.

1986

Gerd Binnig

W.Ger.

1

Heinrich Rohrer

Switz.

j

Ernst Ruska

W.Ger. W.Ger.

development of the scanning tunneling electron microscope development of the electron microscope

1

discoveries of superconductivity

Karl Alex Muller

Switz.

3

Leon Max Lederman

US US US US

chemical elements

1984

1987

1988

J.

Georg Bednorz

Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger

1989

Hans Georg Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul

Norman

1990

Foster

Ramsey

Jerome Isaac Friedman Henry Way Kendall Richard

1991 1992 1993 1994

E. Taylor

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

US US US Canada

in

ceramic materials research

in

subatomic ( ) 3

particles

development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study development of the atomic clock discovery of

1

atomic quarks

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Georges Charpak

France France

discovery of general rules for behavior of molecules invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles

Russell Alan Hulse Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. Bertram N. Brockhouse

US US Canada US US US US US US US

identification of

Clifford G. Shull

1995

W.Ger.

W

and Z, discovery of subatomic particles which supports the electroweak theory discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance

Martin Lewis Perl Frederick Reines David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson Steven Chu Claude Cohen-Tannoudji William D. Phillips Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Stormer Daniel C. Tsui Gerardus ’t Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman

Zhores 1. Alferov Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby

binary pulsars I 3

Neth. Neth.

Russia

Germany US

neutron-scattering techniques discovery of the tau subatomic particle discovery of the neutrino subatomic particle

discovery of superfluidity in [

France

US US US US

development of

[

isotope helium-3 process of cooling and trapping atoms with laser light

discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect, showing that electrons in a low-temperature magnetic field can [ form a quantum fluid with fractional electric charges study of the quantum structure

I 3

of electroweak interactions

development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics development of the integrated circuit (microchip)

Awards

94

‘

Physics (continued)

YEAR

WINNER(S)

COUNTRY

2001

Eric A. Cornell

US Germany US US

Wolfgang Ketterle

Wieman Raymond Davis,

Carl E.

2002

2003

Jr.

1

^ J1

11

Japan

Riccardo Giacconi

US

Alexei A. Abrikosov

US/Russia

L

J'

1

|

Ginzburg

Russia

John L Hall Theodor W. Hansch

UK/US US US US US US Germany

2006

John C. Mather George F. Smoot

US US

2007

Albert Fert

France

Anthony

2005

1

Masatoshi Koshiba

Vitaly

2004

—Nobel Prizes

J. Leggett David J. Gross H. David Politzer Frank Wiiczek Roy J. Glauber

^ J1

11

^ J1

I j

r

i

*

1

1

J1

1

ACHIEVEMENT achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular the detection of cosmic neutrinos pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction contributions to quantum theory of optical coherence contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique discovery of the blackbody form and variability of

cosmic microwave background radiation discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance (large resistance

|

Germany

Peter Grunberg

y

,

1

2008

Makoto Kobayashi

Maskawa

Toshihide Yoichiro

Nambu

Japan Japan

i1

J1

changes

2010

Charles K. Kao Willard S. Boyle

George E. Smith Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov

materials

composed

of alternating layers of

subatomic physics that predicts three families of quarks

US

discovery of spontaneous broken symmetry

UK/US Canada/us US

contributions

in

2009

in

various metallic elements), a nanotechnology application research on the origin of the broken symmetry in

Neth.

11

^'

11

UK/Russia

subatomic physics in

the transmission of

light in fiber

optics

invention of the

CCD sensor experiments with the twcndimensional material

graphene

Chemistry YEAR

WINNER(S)

1901

Jacobus

1902 1903 1904

Emil Fischer

H.

van

’t

Hoff

Svante Arrhenius William

Ramsay

1905 1906 1907 1908

Adolf von Baeyer

COUNTRY

ACHIEVEMENT

Neth.

discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure work on sugar and purine syntheses

Germany Sweden

UK Germany

Henri Moissan

France

Eduard Buchner

Germany

Ernest Rutherford

UK

1909

Wilhelm Ostwald

Germany

1910 1911 1912

Otto Wallach Marie Curie Victor Grignard

Germany

1913 1914 1915 1918 1920 1921

Alfred

1922

theory of electrolytic dissociation discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds isolation of fluorine: introduction of the Moissan furnace discovery of noncellular fermentation investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium,

Paul Sabatier

Werner Theodore W. Richards Richard Willstatter Fritz

Haber

Walther Hermann Nernst

France France France Switz.

US Germany Germany Germany

and reaction

velocities

pioneer work in alicyclic combinations discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium discovery of the Grignard reagents method of hydrogenating organic compounds work on the linkage of atoms in molecules accurate determination of various atomic weights research in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll synthesis of ammonia

work

in

thermochemistry

UK

investigation into the chemistry of radioactive substances and the occurrence and nature of isotopes

Francis William Aston

UK

work with mass spectrographs: formulation of the whole-

1923 1925

Fritz Pregl

Austria

number rule method of microanalysis

Richard Zsigmondy

Austria

1926 1927 1928

Theodor H.E. Svedberg Heinrich Otto Wieland

Sweden Germany Germany

Frederick

Soddy

of organic substances elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions

Adolf

Windaus

work on disperse systems research into the constitution of bile acids research into the constitution of sterols

Awards

— Nobel Prizes

95

Chemistry (continued) YEAR

1929 1930 1931

WINNER(S) Hans von Euler-Chelpin Arthur Harden

Hans Fischer Friedrich Bergius

Bosch Irving Langmuir

Carl

1932 1934 1935

Harold C. Urey Frederic

and Irene

COUNTRY

Sweden UK Germany Germany Germany US US

ACHIEVEMENT 1 i

investigations into the fermentation of sugars

and the enzyme action involved hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin invention

I 3

France

and development

of

chemical high-pressure methods discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry discovery of heavy hydrogen synthesis of new radioactive elements

Joliot-Curie

1936

Peter Debye

1937

Norman Haworth

UK

Paul Karrer

Switz.

Richard Kuhn (declined) Adolf Butenandt (declined)

Germany Germany

Leopold Ruzicka

Switz.

1938 1939 1943 1944 1945 1946

Georg Charles von Hevesy Virtanen John Howard Northrop Wendell M. Stanley Artturi llmari

James

B.

Sumner

Robert Robinson Arne Tiselius

1949 1950

William Francis Giauque Kurt Alder

Hermann

1951

Edwin M. McMillan Glenn T. Seaborg

1952

A.J.P.

1953 1954 1955 1956

Diels

Martin R.L.M. Synge Hermann Staudinger Linus Pauling Vincent du Vigneaud Cyril N.

Hinshelwood

Nikolay N.

invention of the fodder preservation

Finland

US US US

1

3

UK Sweden

1947 1948

Otto Paul

Hungary

Germany

Hahn

Otto

work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases research on carbohydrates and vitamin C research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins carotenoid and vitamin research work on sexual hormones work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

Neth.

Semyonov

US

discovery and development of diene synthesis discovery of and research on

W.Ger. W.Ger.

US US UK UK

transuranium elements development of partition chromatography work on macromolecules

W.Ger.

US US UK USSR

1957 1958 1959

Alexander Robertus Todd Frederick Sanger

UK UK

Jaroslav Heyrovsky

Czecho-

1960 1961

Willard Frank Libby

US US

1962

John

method

preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form discovery of enzyme crystallization investigation of alkaloids and other plant products research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis: discoveries concerning serum proteins behavior of substances at extremely low temperatures

study of the nature of the chemical bond synthesis of a polypeptide hormone work on the kinetics of chemical reactions work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes determination of the structure of the insulin molecule discovery and development of polarography

first 1 3

slovakia

Melvin Calvin C.

Kendrew

Max Ferdinand 1963

Perutz

development of radiocarbon dating study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis determination of the structure of

UK UK

hemoproteins

Karl Ziegler

W.Ger.

1964

Dorothy M.C. Hodgkin

UK

research into the structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics determination of the structure of biochemical

1965 1966

R.B.

US US

compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances work concerning chemical bonds and the

1967

Manfred Eigen Ronald G.W. Norrish George Porter Lars Onsager

W.Ger.

studies of

Derek H.R. Barton

UK

Giulio Natta

Italy

Woodward

Roberts. Mulliken

electronic structure of molecules

1968 1969

UK UK US

Odd Hassel

Norway

1970

Luis Federico Leloir

Argentina

1971 1972

Gerhard Herzberg Christian B. Anfinsen

Canada US US US

1973

Stanford Moore William H. Stein Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson

extremely fast chemical reactions work on the theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes work in determining the actual three-dimensional I 3 shape of molecules discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates research in the structure of molecules fundamental contributions to the study of ribonuclease

(

) 3

W.Ger.

1

UK

3

fundamental contributions to

enzyme chemistry

studies in the field of organometallic chemistry

Awards

96

— Nobel Prizes

Chemistry (continued) YEAR

WINNER(S)

COUNTRY

ACHIEVEMENT

1974 1975

Paul

US UK

studies of long-chain molecules

Switz.

stereochemistry studies on the structure of boranes widening the scope of thermodynamics formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes

1976 1977 1978

Flory

J.

John W. Cornforth Vladimir Prelog William N. Lipscomb, Ilya Prigogine

work

US

Jr.

Belgium

UK

Peter Dennis Mitchell

in

biological

1979

Herbert Charles Brown

US W.Ger.

1980

Georg Wittig Paul Berg Frederick Sanger

US US UK

Kenichi Fukui

Japan

Roald Hoffmann Aaron Klug

US

Walter Gilbert

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

1986

Henry Taube Bruce Merrifield Herbert A. Hauptman

Jerome Karle Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee

US US US US US US Canada US

1990 1991

Richard R. Ernst

Switz.

1992 1993 1994

Rudolph A. Marcus Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith George A. Olah

US US Canada US

1995

Paul Crutzen

Neth.

Mario Molina

US US US

1988

1989

F.

Sherwood Rowland

1996

Robert

1997

Harold W. Kroto Richard E. Smalley Paul D. Boyer

F.

Curl,

Jr.

orbital ^

UK ,

John C. Polanyi Donald J. Cram Jean-Marie Lehn Charles J. Pedersen Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel Sidney Altman Thomas Robert Cech Elias James Corey

1987

phosphorus

^

^

in

symmetry

interpretation

of chemical reactions

determination of the structure of biological substances study of electron transfer reactions development of a method of polypeptide synthesis development of a way to map the chemical structure of small molecules

development ^

compounds

of boron and the synthesis of organic substances first preparation of a hybrid DNA development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure

introduction of

^

of

methods

for-analyzing basic

chemical reactions

development of molecules that can link with other molecules

France

US W.Ger. W.Ger. W.Ger.

discovery of structure proteins needed in photosynthesis discovery of certain

US US US

basic properties of

development

RNA

of retrosynthetic analysis for

synthesis of complex molecules improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

1

1

J

1

explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules invention of techniques for

gene study and manipulation development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s

ozone

layer

discovery of

1

new

1

John Jens

1998

E.

Walker

C.

Skou

Walter Kohn A. Pople

John

UK US US

[ J>

carbon compounds called fullerenes

US

explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase development of the density-functional theory

UK

development of computational methods

UK Denmark

1 J

1

1

in

quantum chemistry

1999

Ahmed

2000

Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid

US US

Hideki Shirakawa

Japan

William S. Knowles

US

2001

H. Zewail

Egypt/us 11

\ J1

1

1

Ryoji Noyori

K. Barry

2002

John

Sharpless

Fenn Tanaka

B.

Koichi

Japan

US US Japan

jl

11

study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

work on

chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions

work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions development of soft desorption ionization methods for

i

mass spectrometric analyses

of biological

^ 1

Kurt Wuthrich

Switz.

macromolecules development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules

2003

Peter Agre

Roderick MacKinnon

US US

in

systems

11

Ji

cell

membrane channel

discoveries

in

solution

— Awar ds

Nobel Prizks

97

Chemistry (continued) YEAR

2004

2005

2006 2007 2008

WINNER(S) Aaron Ciechanover

COUNTRY

ACHIEVEMENT

Israel

Avram Hershko Irwin Rose

Israel

discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation development of the

Yves Chauvin Robert H. Grubbs Richard R. Schrock Roger D. Kornberg Gerhard ErtI Martin Chalfie

Osamu Shimomura Roger

2009

Y.

Thomas Ada

2010

Tsien

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan E.

A. Steitz

Yonath

Richard F. Heck Ei-ichi Negishi Akira Suzuki

US France

US US US Germany US US US US

metathesis method

in

Israel

organic synthesis studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces discovery and development of GFP, the green fluorescent protein studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

US

development of palladium-catalyzed

US

Japan Japan

cross couplings for organic synthesis

Physiology or Medicine YEAR

1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908

WlNNER(S) Emil von Behring Ronald Ross Niels Ryberg Finsen Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Robert Koch Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Alphonse Laveran

COUNTRY

Paul Ehrlich

Germany

Elie

1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1919 1920 1922

Metchnikoff

Russia

Alexis Carrel

France France

Charles Richet Robert Barany

Austria-

Jules Bordet

Hungary Belgium

Frederick G. Banting

Macleod

Denmark UK Germany Canada

UK

Willem Einthoven

Neth.

Johannes Fibiger Julius Wagner-Jauregg

Denmark Austria

Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle

France

Christiaan Eijkman

Neth.

Frederick

1930 1931 1932

Italy

Spain France

Germany Sweden

JJ.R.

1924 1926 1927 1928 1929

Russia

Germany

Albrecht Kossel Allvar Gullstrand

A.V. Hill

Gowland Hopkins

Edgar Douglas Adrian

Warburg

]

\

J

1

in blood serum discovery of the capillary motor-regulating

work on immunity factors •

work on metabolism of ] J

1

1

lactic acid in

mechanism

muscles muscles

discoveries concerning heat production

in

discovery of insulin

discovery of the electrocardiogram contributions to cancer research

work on malaria inoculation work on typhus

in

mechanism

dementia paralytica

discovery of the antineuritic vitamin discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins discovery of human blood groups

UK US Germany UK

Karl Landsteiner

Otto

discovery of how malaria enters an organism treatment of skin diseases with light work on the physiology of digestion tuberculosis research work on the structure of the nervous system discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases work on immunity work on aspects of the thyroid gland researches in cellular chemistry work on dioptrics of the eye work on the vascular suture; the transplantation of organs work on anaphylaxis work on vestibular apparatus

Denmark

Switz.

Otto Meyerhof

1923

UK

Emil Theodor Kocher

August Krogh

ACHIEVEMENT work on serum therapy

Germany

discovery of the nature of the respiratory 1(

enzyme

discoveries regarding

Charles Scott Sherrington

UK

1933 1934

Thomas Hunt Morgan

1935 1936

Hans Spemann

US US US US Germany

Henry Dale

UK

Otto Loewi

Germany

1937 1938

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi

Hungary

work on

Belgium

discovery of the role of sinus and aortic in respiration regulation

1939 1943

Gerhard Domagk (declined) Henrik Dam Edward Adalbert Doisy

Germany Denmark US

discovery of the antibacterial effect of Prontosil discovery of vitamin K discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

George Richards Minot William P. Murphy George H. Whipple

Corneille

Heymans

'Ji

the functions of neurons discoveries concerning

11

[ J1

11

J1

chromosomal heredity functions

discoveries concerning liver

for

treatment

anemia

discovery of the organizer effect in embryos work on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses biological

combustion

mechanisms

Awards

98

— Nobel Prizes

Physiology or Medicine (continued) YEAR

WINNER(S)

COUNTRY

1944

Joseph Erlanger Herbert S. Gasser Ernst Boris Chain Alexander Fleming

US US

1945

Howard Walter

1946 1947

Hermann

J.

1 >

UK UK Australia

Florey

discovery of penicillin [

US US

Muller

and Gerty Cori Bernardo A. Houssay

Carl

ACHIEVEMENT research on differentiated functions of nerve fibers

and

its

curative value

production of mutations by X-ray irradiation discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted discovery of the pituitary hormone function in

Argentina

sugar metabolism

1948 1949 1950

1951

Paul

Hermann Muller

discovery of properties of DDT discovery of therapeutic value in leucotomy for psychoses discovery of the function of the interbrain research on adrenal cortex

Switz.

Antonio Egas Moniz Walter Rudolf Hess Philip Showalter Hench Edward Calvin Kendall

Portugal Switz.

US US

Tadeus Reichstein

Switz.

Max

South

Theiler

hormones, I

Selman A. Waksman Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann

1954

John Franklin Enders Frederick C. Robbins

Thomas

discoveries discovery of streptomycin discovery of the citric-acid cycle discovery of coenzyme A metabolism cultivation of the

1955 1956

1957 1958

1960

Peter B.

Medawar

Georg von Bekesy Francis H.C. Crick

James Dewey Watson Maurice Wilkins John Carew Eccles Alan Hodgkin

Andrew F. Huxley Konrad Bloch

1966

Feodor Lynen Frangois Jacob Andre Lwoff Jacques Monod Charles B. Huggins

1967

Peyton Rous Ragnar Arthur Granit

1965

1968

1969

Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald Robert William Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg Max Delbruck A.D. Hershey Salvador Luria

1970

Julius Axelrod

von Euler Bernard Katz Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. Gerald M. Edelman Rodney Robert Porter Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen Ulf

1971 1972 1973

poliomyelitis virus in

tissue cultures

discoveries concerning oxidation

US

heart catheterization and (

Italy

‘

US US US US US

I 3

Australia

UK UK US W.Ger. France France France

US US Sweden US US US US US US US US US Sweden UK US US UK Austria Austria

UK

circulatory

changes

production of synthetic curare discovery of the genetic regulation of chemical processes

discoveries concerning genetic recombination

work on producing nucleic acids artificially discovery of acquired immunity to tissue transplants discovery of functions of the inner ear discoveries concerning

Australia

UK US UK US UK

enzymes

discoveries concerning

W.Ger.

Daniel Bovet

Severo Ochoa Macfarlane Burnet

1964

US US US US Sweden US

Andre F. Cournand Werner Forssmann Dickinson W. Richards

1959

1963

UK

Axel H.T. Theorell

George Wells Beadle Edward L. Tatum Joshua Lederberg Arthur Kornberg

1961 1962

US

H. Weller

and

yellow fever

Africa

1952 1953

their structure,

their biological effects

the molecular structure [

of

DNA

study of the transmission of impulses along i a nerve fiber discoveries concerning cholesterol

and

fatty-acid

metabolism

discoveries concerning regulatory activities (

1

of the body cells research on causes and treatment of cancer discoveries about chemical

and physiological -I

processes deciphering of the

in

visual

the eye

genetic code research and discoveries concerning viruses and ( viral diseases discoveries concerning the chemistry of ( nerve transmission discoveries concerning the action of hormones ) research on the chemical J structure of antibodies discoveries in animal behavior ( patterns [

Awards

— Nobei. Prizes

99

Physiology or Medicine (continued) YEAR

WINNER(S)

COUNTRY

1974

Albert Claude

US

Christian

George

E.

Ren§ de Duve Palade

1975

David Baltimore

1976

Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin Baruch S. Blumberg D. Carleton Gajdusek Roger C.L Guillemin

1977

Andrew

1978

Victor Schally

Rosalyn S. Yalow Werner Arber Daniel Nathans

1979 1980

1981

1982

1983 1984

Hamilton 0. Smith Allan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield Baruj Benacerraf Jean Dausset George Davis Snell David Hunter Hubei Torsten Nils Wiesel Roger Wolcott Sperry Sune K. Bergstrom Bengt 1. Samuelsson John Robert Vane Barbara McClintock Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Kohler Cesar Mllstein

and functional organization

Belgium

US US US US US US US US US

1

US US US

of cells

discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic (

material of the cell studies of the origin and

spread of infectious diseases research on pituitary

hormones development of radioimmunoassay discovery and application

Switz.

of

enzymes that

UK

fragment DNA development of the CAT scan

US

investigations of genetic

[

France

control of the response of the

immune system

US US Sweden US Sweden Sweden

t

UK

(

US Denmark

discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity theory and development of a technique for producing ( monoclonal antibodies discovery of cell receptors relating to

W.Ger.

UK/ Argentina

1985

ACHIEVEMENT research on the structural

US US US

to foreign substances

discoveries concerning the processing of visual information by the brain discoveries concerning cerebral hemisphere functions

discoveries concerning the biochemistry

and physiology

of

of prostaglandins

1986

Michael S. Brown L Goldstein Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italy

1987 1988

Susumu Tonegawa James Black

Japan

discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells study of genetic aspects of antibodies

UK

development

Gertrude Belle Elion

US US US US US US Germany Germany US US UK US US US US Germany US

Joseph

George

1989 1990

1991

H. Hitchings

Michael Bishop Harold Varmus Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas Erwin Neher J.

Sakmann Edmond H. Fischer Bert

1992

1993 1994 1995

Edwin Gerhard Krebs Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nusslein-Volhard Eric

F.

Wieschaus

1996

Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Australia

1997 1998

Stanley B. Prusiner Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro

US US US US US Sweden US US US

Ferid

1999 2000

Murad

Gunter Blobel Arvid Carlsson

Paul Greengard Eric

2001

Kandel

Leland H. Hartwell R. Timothy Hunt Paul M. Nurse

cholesterol metabolism 1 3

J

new

genes called oncogenes development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants discovery of

I 3

how

cells

communicate, as related to diseases discovery of a class of enzymes called protein kinases

discovery of

"split,”

or

interrupted, genetic structure I 3

I f *

discovery of

cell

signalers

called G-proteins identification of

genes

that control the body's early structural

development

discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein

Switz.

UK UK

of

classes of drugs for ( combating disease ) study of cancer-causing

discovery that nitric oxide acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system discovery that proteins help govern cellular organization discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve [ cells in the brain discovery of key I regulators of r * the cell cycle (

Awards

100

— Nobel Prizes

Physiology or Medicine (continued) YEAR

2002

2003 2004 2005 2006

WINNER(S) Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston Paul C. Lauterbur Peter Mansfield Richard Axel Linda B. Buck Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren

COUNTRY

Andrew

US US US UK US

UK US UK US UK US US

2008

2010

1

1

1

J^

i ^

Australia

Z. Fire

Mario R. Capecchi Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies Frangoise Barre-Sinoussi

Luc Montagnier Harald zur Hausen

2009

^

Australia

Craig C. Mello

2007

1

J

J

1

1 ^ J

•

discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications

using embryonic stem cells

France France

} J

1

discovery of the

human

immunodeficiency virus

'

(HIV)

research supporting the theory that human papillomaviruses cause cervical cancer discovery of the protection of chromosomes by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase development of the technique of in vitro fertilization •

Elizabeth H. Blackburn

US/Australia

1I

Carol W. Greider

US US UK

J'

r

Literature

YEAR

WINNER(S)

1901 1902 1903 1904

Sully

Prudhomme

Theodor

Mommsen

FIELD

France

poetry

Germany

history

Norway

prose

Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre

Spain France Poland

drama

Henryk Sienkiewicz Giosue Carducci Rudyard Kipling Rudolf Christoph Eucken

Selma Lagerlof Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse Maurice Maeterlinck Gerhart Hauptmann Rabindranath Tagore

Remain Rolland Verner von Heidenstam

Germany Sweden Germany Belgium

drama

Germany

drama’

India

poetry

France

prose fiction poetry prose fiction prose fiction poetry poetry, prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction

Italy

UK

Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined)

Carl Spitteler

Switzerland

Knut Hamsun

Norway

Karl Gjellerup

Anatole France Jacinto Benavente y William Butler Yeats

Martmez

Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont George Bernard Shaw Grazia Deledda Henri Bergson Sigrid Undset

Thomas Mann Sinclair Lewis Erik Axel Karlfeldt

France Spain

drama

Ireland

poetry

Poland

prose fiction

Ireland

drama

Italy

prose fiction philosophy prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction poetry prose fiction poetry, prose fiction

France

Norway

Germany US (posthumously) Sweden

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

UK USSR

Luigi Pirandello

Italy

Eugene

US

John Galsworthy

O'Neill

Roger Martin du‘Gard Pearl

Frans Eemil Sillanpaa

Johannes

V.

France

US

Buck Jensen

fiction, poetry,

poetry prose fiction poetry poetry, prose fiction philosophy prose fiction poetry, prose fiction,

Sweden Denmark Denmark Sweden

Henrik Pontoppidan

1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1944 1945 1946

COUNTRY

Bjornstjerne Martin us Bjprnson Frederic Mistral

1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1915 1916 1917

its

RNA

by double-stranded

1

Germany

Jack W. Szostak Robert G. Edwards

ACHIEVEMENT discoveries concerning how genes regulate and program organ development and cell death discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and role in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis discovery of RNA interference: gene silencing

Finland

Denmark

Gabriela Mistral

Chile

Hermann Hesse

Switzerland

drama drama prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction poetry prose fiction

drama

drama

Awards

—Nobel Prizes

101

Literature (continued)

YEAR

WINNER(S)

COUNTRY

FIELD

1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Andre Gide

France

prose

T.S. Eliot

UK

poetry, criticism

William Faulkner

US

Bertrand Russell Par Lagerkvist Francois Mauriac

UK Sweden France

prose fiction philosophy prose fiction poetry, prose

Winston Churchill

UK

history, oration

Ernest Hemingway Halldor Laxness

US

Ramon Jimenez Albert Camus

Spain France

prose fiction prose fiction poetry prose fiction, drama prose fiction, poetry poetry poetry prose fiction prose fiction poetry

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Juan

Boris

L.

Pasternak (declined)

Iceland

USSR

Salvatore Quasimodo Saint-John Perse Ivo Andric

France Yugoslavia

John Steinbeck George Seferis

Greece

Jean-Paul Sartre (declined)

France

philosophy,

Mikhail A. Sholokhov

USSR

Italy

US '

fiction,

drama

Israel

prose prose

Nelly

Sweden

poetry

Miguel Angel Asturias Yasunari Kawabata Samuel Beckett Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn Pablo Neruda

Guatemala Japan

prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction, drama prose fiction

Chile

poetry

Heinrich Boll

West Germany

Patrick White

Australia

Eyvind Johnson Harry Martinson

Sweden Sweden

S.Y.

Agnon Sachs

Ireland

USSR

drama

fiction fiction

Poland

prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction, poetry poetry prose fiction poetry prose fiction poetry poetry prose prose fiction, journalism, social criticism prose fiction poetry prose fiction drama, poetry poetry, prose prose fiction prose fiction poetry, prose prose fiction poetry prose fiction prose fiction poetry poetry

Dario Fo

Italy

drama

Jose Saramago Gunter Grass

Portugal

Germany

Gao

France

Eugenio Montale

Italy

Saul Bellow Vicente Aleixandre Isaac Bashevis Singer

US

Odysseus Elytis Czeslaw Milosz

US Greece

US Bulgaria

Elias Canetti

Gabriel Garcia

Spain

Marquez

Colombia

William Golding

UK

Jaroslav Seifert

Czechoslovakia France

Claude Simon Wole Soyinka Joseph Brodsky Naguib Mahfouz Camilo Jose Cela Octavio Paz Nadine Gordimer Derek Walcott

Nigeria

US Egypt

Spain Mexico South Africa Saint Lucia

Toni Morrison

US

Kenzaburo Oe Seamus Heaney Wislawa Szymborska

Japan Ireland

Austria

prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction, drama prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction prose fiction, drama

Harold Pinter

UK

drama

Orhan Pamuk

Turkey

Doris Lessing

UK

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio Herta Muller Mario Vargas Llosa

Germany

prose fiction prose fiction, social criticism prose fiction, essays poetry, prose poetry, prose

Xingjian

V.S. Naipaul

UK

Imre Kertesz J.M. Coetzee

Hungary South Africa

Elfriede Jelinek

France/Mauritius Peru

Awards

102

—Nobel Prizes Peace

YEAR

WINNER(S)

COUNTRY

YEAR

1901

Henri Dunant

Switzerland

Frederic Passy

France

1962 1963

1902

^lie

Ducommun

1903 Randal Cremer UK 1904 Institute of International Law (founded 1873) 1905 Bertha, Freifrau von Suttner Austria-Hungary 1906 Theodore Roosevelt US 1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Italy 1908

France

Louis Renault Klas Pontus Arnoldson

Sweden Denmark

Fredrik Bajer

1909 Auguste-Marie-Frangois

Belgium

Beernaert

1964 1965

1970 1971 1973

France (founded 1919)

Organisation Norman Ernest Borlaug Willy Brandt Henry Kissinger Le Due Tho (declined)

US

1976

Henri-Marie Lafontaine

Belgium (founded 1863)

Fried

Committee

of

US West Germany

US North Vietnam Ireland

Japan

Eisaku Sato

USSR

Dmitriyevich

Sakharov Mairead Corrigan

Northern

Betty Williams

Northern

Ireland

the Red Cross

1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 L6on Bourgeois 1921 Karl Hjalmar Branting Christian Lous

Lange

1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1925 Austen Chamberlain Charles G. Dawes 1926 Aristide Briand 1927

Gustav Stresemann Ferdinand-^douard Buisson Ludwig Quidde

1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Soderblom 1931 Jane Addams Nicholas Murray Butler

Ireland

France

1977 Amnesty International 1978 Menachem Begin

Sweden

Anwar el-Sadat

US

Norway Norway

UK

for

1944 1945 1946

Cordell Hull

Emily Greene Balch

John

R.

Mott

1947 American

Friends Service

1983 1984 1985

Friends Service Council

John Boyd Orr Ralph Bunche Leon Jouhaux Albert Schweitzer

George

C.

Marshall

Office of the United Nations

US US US US

UK UK

Lech Walesa

Desmond

Tutu International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear

US Costa Rica

keeping Forces Tibet

1992 Rigoberta Menchu 1993 F.W. de Klerk

Guatemala

USSR Myanmar (Burma)

1994

Nelson Mandela

South Africa South Africa

Yasir Arafat

Palestinian

Shimon Peres

Israel

territories

1995

France France

1996

US

1997

(founded 1951)

Yitzhak Rabin

Israel

Pugwash Conferences

(founded 1957)

Joseph Rotblat

UK

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo

East Timor East Timor (founded 1992)

Jose Ramos-Horta

Campaign Ban Landmines

International

to

Jody Williams

1998 John Hume Canada Belgium

Sweden

US Northern Ireland

David Trimble

UK South Africa

Poland South Africa (founded 1980)

1989 Dalai Lama 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi

US

Refugees

(posthumously)

Sweden

(founded 1863)

High Commissioner for

1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Dominique Pire 1959 Philip John Noel-Baker 1960 Albert John Luthuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjold

Mexico

Alfonso Garcfa Robles Alva Myrdal

War 1986 Elle Wiesel 1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez 1988 United Nations Peace-

Committee

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954

Egypt

Refugees

1982

France

Germany US Sweden US US

Israel

High Commissioner for

France

Germany

(founded 1961)

1979 Mother Teresa India 1980 Adolfo P§rez Esquivel Argentina 1981 Office of the United Nations (founded 1951)

US

1933 Norman Angell UK 1934 Arthur Henderson UK 1935 Carl von Ossietzky Germany 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas Argentina 1937 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil UK 1938 Nansen International Office (founded 1931) Refugees International Committee of the Red Cross

US (founded 1946)

Fund

1968 Rene Cassin 1969 International Labour

Elihu Root

Hermann

International

(founded 1919)

Martin Luther King, Jr. United Nations Children’s

1975 Andrey

Tobias Michael Carel Asser Alfred

1912 1913 1917

Peace Bureau

(founded 1863)

Societies

(founded 1891) The Netherlands Austria-Hungary

International

of

1974 Sean MacBride

de Constant

1910 1911

US

Committee

League

France

Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles

International

the Red Cross of Red Cross

Switzerland Switzerland

Charles-Albert Gobat

COUNTRY

WINNER(S) Linus Pauling

Northern Ireland

1999 Doctors Without Borders 2000 Kim Dae Jung

(founded 1971) Republic of Korea

Awards

— Nobel Prizes

103

Peace (continued) YEAR

WINNER(S)

2001

Kofi

Annan

COUNTRY

YEAR

Ghana

2006 Muhammad Yunus Grameen Bank 2007 Intergovernmental Panel

(founded 1945)

United Nations

2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 Mohamed ElBaradei

US

WINNER(S)

on Climate Change

Iran

Kenya

Albert Arnold

(Al)

Gore,

Jr.

2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack H. Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo

Egypt (founded 1957)

International Atomic

COUNTRY Bangladesh (founded 1976) (founded 1988)

Energy Agency

US Finland

US China

Economics COUNTRY Norway

1

Jan Tinbergen

Neth.

}

Samuelson Simon Kuznets

US US US

YEAR

WINNER(S)

1969

Ragnar

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Frisch

Paul

Kenneth J. Arrow John R. Hicks

US

Friedrich von Hayek Gunnar Myrdal

UK Sweden USSR US US UK Sweden US UK US US US US US UK US US

Leonid

Kantorovich

V.

Tjalling C.

1976 1977

UK

Wassily Leontief

Koopmans

Milton Friedman

James Edward Meade Bertil Ohiin

1978 1979

Herbert A. Simon Arthur Lewis Theodore W. Schultz

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

Lawrence Robert Klein

James Tobin George

J.

Stigler

Gerard Debreu Richard Stone Franco Modigliani James M. Buchanan,

Jr.

1987 1988 1989

Robert Merton Solow Maurice Allais

US

Trygve Haavelmo

Norway

1990

Harry M. Markowitz

1995

Ronald Coase Gary S. Becker Robert William Fogel Douglass C. North John C. Harsanyi John F. Nash Reinhard Selten Robert E. Lucas, Jr.

US US US US US US US US US Germany US

1996

James

UK

1997

(posthumously) Robert C. Merton Myron S. Scholes

US US

1998 1999

Amartya Sen Robert A. Mundell

Canada

2000

James

J.

Daniel

L McFadden

1991 1992 1993 1994

2001

Merton

H. Miller

William

F.

Sharpe

A. Mirriees William Vickrey

George A.

Heckman

A. Akerlof

Michael Spence

Joseph

E. Stiglitz

I 3

pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena contributions to the theory of I 3 optimum allocation of resources I

work I 3

3 3

in

consumption analysis and economic

stabilization

contributions to the theory of international trade

study of decision-making in economic organizations research into analyses of economic processes in developing nations creation of empirical models of business fluctuations portfolio-selection theory of investment studies of economic effects of governmental regulation mathematical proof of the supply-and-demand theory

development of national income accounting systems analyses of household savings and financial markets development of the public-choice theory bridging economics and political science contributions to the theory of economic growth study of the theory of markets and efficient resource use development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting study of financial markets and investment

[

decision making application of application of

I 3

economic principles to the study of law economic theory to social sciences

contributions to

economic history development

]

of

game

theory incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory contributions to the theory of incentives under I 3 conditions of asymmetric information '

I 3

India

US US US US US

equilibrium theory and welfare theory development of input-output analysis

3

France

US

ACHIEVEMENT work in econometrics work in scientific analysis of economic theory extensive research on the economic growth of nations contributions to general economic

method

for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives contribution to welfare economics analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange-rate regimes

3

development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behavior

j

analyses of

I

3

markets with asymmetric

J

information

-

Awards

104

'

YEAR

WINNER(S)

2002

Daniel

2003

Kahneman

Vernon

L.

Robert

F.

—Nobkl Prizes

Economics (continued)

COUNTRY

ACHIEVEMENT

US/lsrael

Smith

US

Engle

US

psychological study of economic decision making establishment of laboratory experiments for empirical economic analysis of alternative market mechanisms methods of analysis of economic time series

Granger

UK

methods

with time-varying volatility Clive W.J.

of analysis of

common 2004

Finn

Norway

Kydiand

E.

Edward

macroeconomic analysis of the time consistency economic policy and the driving forces behind

US

C. Prescott

[

2005

2006 2007

Robert J. Aumann Thomas C. Schelling Edmund S. Phelps

Israel/US

Krugman

US US US US US US

Ostrom

US

Oliver E. Williamson

US

Leonid Hurwicz Eric S.

Roger

2008

Paul

2009

Elinor

Maskin Myerson

B.

Peter A.

Diamond

Dale T. Mortensen Christopher A. Pissarides

of

business cycles

enhancement

of the understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomics research that laid the foundations ( of mechanism design theory research into trade patterns and location of

2010

economic time series with

trends

US US

economic

activity

research in economic governance, especially the commons analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm analysis of financial •

UK/Cyprus

markets containing search frictions

Special Achievement Awards Kennedy Center Honors he Kennedy Center Honors are bestowed annually by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington DC. First conferred in 1978, the honors salute several 'artists

T

NAME 1978 Marian Anderson

YEAR

Fred Astaire

dancer, actor

choreographer

Artur Rubinstein Ella Fitzgerald

1980

Henry Fonda Martha Graham Tennessee Williams Leonard Bernstein James Cagney Agnes de Mille Lynn Fontanne Leontyne Price

1981 Count Basie

1982

Cary Grant Helen Hayes Jerome Robbins Rudolf Serkin George Abbott Gish

Web

site:

NAME 1983 Katherine Dunham Elia

Kazan

pianist

composer

Virgil

Thomson

Danny Kaye Gian Carlo Menotti Arthur Miller Isaac Stern

conductor

1985

pianist writer

actress

composer

Lucille Ball

Como

Gene

dancer, actor

Bette Davis

conductor

Sammy

Kelly

playwright violinist

Alan Jay Lerner Frederick Loewe Beverly Sills

swing musician

1987

critic

actor, comedian composer

dancer, choreographer actress entertainer, actor

Merce Cunningham

Ray Charles Hume Cronyn Jessica Tandy Yehudi Menuhin Antony Tudor

theater producer, direc-

actor

Irene

Dunne Bob Hope

1986

singer, actor

singer, actress

dancer, choreographer playwright

dancer, choreographer actress opera singer jazz pianist actor actress dancer, choreographer

FIELD

dancer, choreographer theater and film direc-

composer, music

1984 Lena Horne

actor

actor

the perform-

tor

Frank Sinatra James Stewart

singer

in

.

composer

tor,

Lillian

for lifetime

ing arts.

YEAR

FIELD

opera singer

George Balanchine Richard Rodgers

1979 Aaron Copland

each year

Perry

Davis,

playwright, lyricist

opera singer actress soul musician actor

actress violinist

choreographer singer

actress Jr.

singer, dancer, enter-

tainer

Awards

— Kf.nnedy Center Honors

105

Kennedy Center Honors (continued) YEAR

NAME

FIELD

YEAR

1987

Nathan Milstein

violinist

2000

(cont.) Alwin Nikolais

1988

Alvin Ailey

1989

FIELD

Mikhail Baryshnikov

dancer musician opera singer

Chuck Berry Placido Domingo Clint Eastwood

choreographer dancer, choreographer

George Burns actor, comedian Myrna Loy actress Alexander Schneider violinist, conductor Roger L. Stevens arts administrator

NAME

2001

Van Cliburn Quincy Jones

folk singer, actor

1990

Dizzy Gillespie

jazz musician

actress opera singer

Chita Rivera

composer

Paul

film director

Elizabeth Taylor

1991

Katharine Hepburn Rise Stevens Jule Styne Billy Wilder Roy Acuff

Comden

Adolph Green Fayard Nicholas Harold Nicholas Gregory Peck Robert Shaw

1992

Lionel

Paul

Hampton

Newman

ballet

composer

dancer

actress, singer

composer

country musician theater and film writer theater and film writer

2002

opera singer actor

conductor musical theater performer

Simon

singer

actress

musician

Carol Burnett

actress

Loretta Lynn

musician

Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman Warren Beatty

director film actor, director

conductor swing musician

Ossie Davis

actor, writer, producer,

actor

Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams

actress, writer

2004

actor

musician

director

musician opera singer

composer

2005 Tony Bennett

singer

television entertainer

Suzanne

dancer, choreographer

Julie Harris

actress

Georg Solti Stephen Sondheim

conductor composer, lyricist gospel singer

Robert Redford

film actor, director.

Tina Turner

singer, actress

Marion Williams Kirk Douglas

dancer, teacher

Farrell

producer

2006 Zubin Mehta

actor

conductor

Aretha Franklin

soul singer

Dolly Parton

singer, actress

Morton Gould

composer

William “Smokey”

singer

Harold Prince

theater director, pro-

Robinson Steven Spielberg

film director,

Pete Seeger

folk

B.B. King

ducer musician dancer, choreographer opera singer blues musician

Sidney Poitier

actor

Marilyn Horne

Neil

Simon

1996 Edward Albee

playwright Jazz musician

Maria Tallchief Lauren Bacall Bob Dylan Charlton Heston Jessye Norman

ballet

Willie

Nelson

Andre Previn

2007

2008

Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson Roger Daltrey

actor

dancer

Barbra Streisand

actress T\wyla

Tharp

Pete Townshend

actor

2009 Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro

lyricist

composer country musician

composer. conductor Shirley Temple Black actress, diplomat Victor Borge pianist, comedian

composer, singer singer, composer. actor ,

country musician singer, actress, direc-

producer, writer

dancer, choreographer musician, composer writer, actor, director.

producer, composer

comedian

pianist,

film director

tor,

singer, songwriter

actor,

actor, writer

singer, actress

actor

Morgan Freeman George Jones

country musician

opera singer dancer, choreographer

producer

Andrew Lloyd Webber composer pianist, conductor Leon Fleisher

playwright

Benny Carter Johnny Cash Jack Lemmon

Edward Villella 1998 Bill Cosby Fred Ebb John Kander

1999

actor

Arthur Mitchell

1995 Jacques d’Amboise

1997

Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti James Earl Jones James Levine

2003 James Brown

dancer dancer

actress Ginger Rogers dancer, actress Mstislav Rostropovich musician, conductor Paul Taylor dancer, choreographer

1994

pianist

music producer.

actress

Joanne Woodward

1993 Johnny Carson

actress actress

Andrews

Julie

Harry Belafonte Claudette Colbert Alexandra Danilova Mary Martin William Schuman

Betty

actor, director

Angela Lansbury

2010

Bruce Springsteen Merle Haggard Jerry Bill T.

pianist,

composer

opera singer actor, director,

producer

singer, songwriter singer, songwriter

Herman

composer,

Jones

dancer, choreographer.

lyricist

theater director

Sean Connery

actor

Paul McCartney

singer, songwriter.

Judith Jamison

dancer, choreographer actor

Oprah Winfrey

television host, pro-

Jason Robards Stevie

Wonder

musician

musician ducer, actress

Awards

106

— National Medal of Arts

'

National Medal of Arts

he National Medal of Arts, awarded annually since 1985 by the National Endowment for the Arts and the president of the United States, honors artists and art patrons for remarkable contributions to American arts. Nominations are garnered

T

YEAR

NAME

1985

Elliott

Dorothy Buffum Chandler Ralph Ellison Jose Ferrer

actor, director

Merce Cunningham

dancer.

dancer, choreographer patron patron

Jasper Johns B.B. King David Lloyd Kreeger

painter, sculptor

writer

choreographer

actor Inc.

patron

Jacob Lawrence

sculptor

Harris

Leontyne Price

opera singer

Ian

Alice Tully

patron

Beverly

opera singer

Southeastern

1986 Marian Anderson Frank Capra Aaron Copland Willem de Kooning Dominique de Menil Mille

Exxon Corp.

Seymour

H.

Knox

painter

and

blues musician patron painter

Carroll

patrons

Masterson

Sterling

McHarg

landscape architect opera singer

Sills

Bell

patron

Corp.

film director

composer

Jessica Tandy

actress

1991 Maurice Abravanel

painter

patron dancer, choreographer patron patron

conductor, music director

Roy Acuff

country musician

Pietro Belluschi

architect

J.

museum

Carter Brown

director

Charles "Honi” Coles John 0. Crosby

tap dancer opera director, conductor

writer

Richard Diebenkorn

painter

Romare Bearden

painter

R. Philip

J.W. Fisher

patron singer patron patrons

Kitty Carlisle

Eva Le Gallienne Alan Lomax Lewis Mumford Eudora Welty

Ella Fitzgerald

Armand Hammer Sydney and Frances

actress, producer

ethnomusicologist architectural critic

writer,

Hanes,

Jr.

Hart

patron actress, singer

Pearl Primus

choreographer, an-

Isaac Stern

violinist

Texaco

patron patron

thropologist

Lewis

Howard Nemerov

Inc.

1992 AT&T

scholar

Alwin Nikolais

choreographer

Marilyn Horne

opera singer

Isamu Noguchi

sculptor

Allan

sculptor

composer

Houser James Earl Jones

writer

Minnie Pearl

Grand Ole Opry

Robert Saudek

television producer,

Scruggs Robert Shaw

banjo player conductor

Schuman

William

1988

Cronyn

Paul Mellon Louise Nevelson Georgia O’Keeffe

Agnes de

FIELD

theater producer. director, writer

Hume

Lincoln Kirstein

1987

.

NAME 1990 George Abbott

composer

Jr.

selected by the president,

YEAR

FIELD Carter,

from the public and various arts fields and reviewed by the National Council on the Arts. The winners are

Robert Penn Warren Brooke Astor Saul Bellow Sydney J. Freedberg Francis Goelet Helen Hayes Gordon Parks

performer

patron writer

patron actress filmmaker, photographarchitect

Jerome Robbins

dancer, choreographer

Rudolf Serkin

pianist

Roger L. Stevens Obert C. Tanner

arts administrator

Thomson

1989 Leopold

Adler

composer, music leader

patron dancer, choreographer photojournalist

Dizzy Gillespie

Jazz musician sculptor

Hancock

museum

Vladimir Horowitz^

pianist

Czeslaw Milosz Robert Motherwell John Updike

writer

painter writer"

Bess Lomax Hawes

director

civic leader,

Jazz pianist architects

patron film director

patrons

Cabell “Cab" Calloway Jazz musician soul musician Ray Charles

historic preservationcivic

Taylor

Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown Lila WallaceReader’s Digest Fund Robert Wise Walter and Leonore

director

Annenberg

critic

Dayton Hudson Corp. Katherine Dunham Alfred Eisenstaedt Martin Friedman Leigh Gerdine K.

Billy

1993

patron

ist,

Walker

Earl

writer

I.M. Pei

Virgil

museum

art historian, curator

er,

actor

patron

1994

Stanley Kunitz Robert Merrill Arthur Miller Robert Rauschenberg Lloyd Richards William Styron Paul Taylor Billy Wilder Harry Belafonte

Dave Brubeck

musician poet opera singer

folklorist,

playwright painter theater director writer

dancer, choreographer film director, writer

folksinger, actor

Jazz musician

Awards

— National Medal of Arts

107

National Medal of Arts (continued) YEAR

NAME

FIELD

YEAR

NAME

1994

Celia Cruz

salsa singer

1999

Irene

(cont.)

Dorothy Delay

violin instructor

Julie Harris

actress dancer, choreographer dancer, actor

Erick

Hawkins

Gene

Kelly

Pete Seeger Catherine Filene

FIELD

Diamond

television producer.

patron

Rosetta LeNoire

actress, theater

painter

Harvey Lichtenstein

arts administrator

folk

musician

1995

performing arts school

Mendoza

Richard Wilbur

poet

Lydia

Young Audiences

arts organization

Odetta

folksinger

Licia Albanese Gwendolyn Brooks B. Gerald and

opera singer poet patrons

George Segal

sculptor

Maria Tallchief Maya Angelou Eddy Arnold Mikhail Baryshnikov

country musician dancer, dance

Cantor Ossie Davis and

2000

actors

Ruby Dee

composer

Bob Hope

entertainer

Roy Lichtenstein Arthur Mitchell William S. Monroe

dancer, choreographer bluegrass musician

Urban Gateways

arts education

Benny Carter Chuck Close

architect

ballet

dancer

poet, writer

director

Jazz musician

painter

Horton Foote Lewis Manilow

dramatist patron National Public Radio broadcaster

pa-inter

cultural

photographer

Harry Callahan Zelda Fichandler

theater founder.

Eduardo "Lalo”

Chicano musician

programming

division

Claes Oldenburg

Edward Albee playwright Boys Choir of Harlem choir Sarah Caldwell opera conductor

2001

Guerrero

sculptor

Itzhak Perlman

violinist

Harold Prince Barbra Streisand

theater director

Alvin Ailey

Dance

Foundation Rudolfo Anaya Johnny Cash Kirk Douglas Helen Frankenthaler

director

Hampton

Tejano musician

company

David Diamond James Ingo Freed

organization

singer, actress

modern dance company and school writer

country musician actor

Bella Lewitzky

swing musician dancer, choreographer

Vera List Robert Redford

patron

Yo-Yo

actor, film director

Mike Nichols

theater and film

Maurice Sendak Stephen Sondheim

composer,

designer, architect

Louise Bourgeois Betty Carter

sculptor

Florence Knoll Bassett

jazz singer

Trisha

Agnes Gund

patron

Philippe

museum

Daniel Urban Kiley

landscape architect

Angela Lansbury

actress opera conductor.

Montebello Uta Hagen

actress, educator

Lionel

1997

architect, designer

founder

Iris

1996

soul singer

writer

Shouse

Wayne Thiebaud

patron

Aretha Franklin Michael Graves The Juilliard School Norman Lear

James Levine

Judith Jamison

MacDowell Colony Puente

lyricist

director

2002

artists’

Jazz

colony

and

mambo

musician

Jason Robards

actor

Edward Villella Doc Watson

dancer, choreographer folk and country

1998 Jacques d’Amboise Antoine "Fats”

2003

musician dancer, choreographer rock-and-roll musician musician

folk

Philip Roth-

writer

Sara Lee Corp. Steppenwolf Theatre

dancer, choreographer director

Lawrence Halprin

landscape architect

Al Hirschfeldi

artist, caricaturist

George Jones Ming Cho Lee William “Smokey”

singer, songwriter

Robinson, Jr. Austin City Limits Beverly Cleary Rafe Esquith Farrell

painter, stage designer

singer, songwriter

television

show

children's

book author

arts educator

dancer, artistic director, arts educator blues musician

Buddy Guy Ron Howard

actor, director, writer

Mormon Tabernacle

choir

Choir

architect

patron painter

actor

opera singer

Brown de

Suzanne

Domino Ramblin’ Jack Elliott Frank 0. Gehry Barbara Handman Agnes Martin Gregory Peck Roberta Peters

Company Gwen Verdon

cellist

illustrator, writer

pianist Tito

Ma

painter dancer, choreographer

2004

Leonard Slatkin George Strait Tommy Tune Andrew W. Mellon

conductor singer, songwriter director, actor

patron

patron

Foundation Ray Bradbury

writer

arts organization

Carlisle Floyd

opera composer

Frederick “Rick” Hart^ sculptor actress, dancer

Anthony Hecht-

poet

Awar ds— National Medal of Arts

108

National Medal of Arts (continued) YEAR

NAME

2004 John Ruthven (cent.)

2005

2006

FIELD

YEAR

NAME

painter

2008

Olivia

actress choral ensemble

architectural historian

Fisk Jubilee Singers

dancer, choreographer

Ford’s Theatre Society theater,

writer

Leonard Garment Ollie Johnston

arts advocate

Hank Jones Jose Limon Dance Foundation Stan Lee Jesus Moroles Presser Foundation Sherman Brothers Bob Dylan

conductor musician actor

Wynton Marsalis

animator, artist musician, educator

Dolly Parton

singer, songwriter

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Tina Ramirez William Bolcom Cyd Charisse

arts

Roy

R.

DeCarava

Wilhelmina C. Holladay Interlochen Center for the Arts Erich Kunzel Preservation Hall Jazz

2009

academy

Clint

Gregory Rabassa Viktor Schreckengost Dr. Ralph Stanley Morten Lauridsen Lionel

Hampton

Inter-

Maya Lin Rita Moreno Jessye Norman

dancer, choreographer

composer dancer photographer patron

conductor jazz

Roy

R.

Momaday

Neuberger

Noel Les Paul Henry Stein way George Tooker R. Craig

Andrew Wyeth

museum

Jazz musician

dance company comic book

writer

sculptor

patron songwriters singer, songwriter director, actor graphic designer artist, designer singer, dancer, actress

soprano

Oberlin Conservatory

conservatory

Music Joseph P. Riley, Jr. School of American

patron ballet school

of

music school

Ballet

ensemble

translator industrial designer

2010

Frank Stella Michael T. Thomas John Williams Robert Brustein

painter, sculptor

conductor composer, conductor theater

bluegrass musician

critic,

producer.

playwright, educator

composer music competition.

national Jazz Festival N. Scott

Eastwood

Milton Glaser

Band

2007

FIELD

de Havilland

Vincent Scully Twyla Tharp Louis Auchincloss James DePreist Paquito D’Rivera Robert Duvall

festival

author, poet

patron theater director

Van Cliburn Mark di Suvero

sculptor

Donald Hall Jacob’s Pillow Dance

dance

pianist,

music educator

poet festival

Festival

Quincy Jones

musician, music

patron

Harper Lee

writer

painter

Sonny

painter

Meryl Streep

Jazz musician actress

James

singer, songwriter

producer

guitarist, inventor

Rollins

Taylor

^Awarded posthumously.

Spingarn Medal The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) presents the medal for distinguished achievement among African Americans. The medal is named for early NAACP activist Joel E. Spingarn. FIELD NAME marine biologist 1915 Ernest Everett Just army officer 1916 Charles Young 1917 Harry Thacker Burleigh singer, composer 1918 William Stanley Braith- poet, literary critic

YEAR

1919

waite Archibald Henry Grimke lawyer, diplomat. social activist

1920

W.E.B.

Du Bois

sociologist, social

YEAR

NAME 1930 Henry Alexander Hunt

FIELD educator, govern-

1931 Richard B. Harrison 1932 Robert Russa Moton

actor

1933 Max Yergan

civil

1934. William T.B. Williams 1935 Mary McLeod Bethune

educator

1936 John Hope

educator

ment

educator, leader

Carver Roland Hayes

1924 1925 James Weldon Johnson

singer,

chemist

composer

diplomat, antholo-

1937 Walter White 1938 no medal awarded 1939 Marian Anderson 1940 Louis T, Wright

civil

historian

businessman

1941 1942

Richard Wright A, Philip

Randolph

surgeon, leader

president

.

civil

1943

William H. Hastie

rights

writer

labor

and

civil

leader

writer

minister, university

rights leader

opera singer

gist

1926 Carter G. Woodson 1927 Anthony Overton 1928 Charles W. Chesnutt 1929 Mordecai W, Johnson

rights leader

(posthumously)

rights activist

agricultural

rights

activist

actor civil

civil

educator, social

activist

1921 Charles S. Gilpin 1922 Mary Burnett Talbert 1923 George Washington

official

lawyer. Judge

rights

Awards

— Fields Medal

109

Spingarn Medal (continued)

NAME 1944 Charles

YEAR

surgeon, research scientist

1945

Paul Robeson

NAME 1979 Rosa Parks 1980 Rayford W. Logan 1981 Coleman A. Young

YEAR

FIELD

Richard Drew

actor, singer, social activist

1946 Thurgood 1947 1948 1949 1950

1951 1952 1953 1954

Marshall

lawyer,

Carl

Murphy

Journalist,

civil

rights

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

Thomas Bradley

politician

Cosby Benjamin

actor,

1987

Percy

1988

Frederick Douglass

Benjamin E. Mays Lena Horne

educator, minister singer, actress

Bill

L.

Hooks

Little

1959 1960 1961 1962

Duke

Rock Nine

baseball player rights leader school integration civil

activists

Jazz musician

Ellington

Langston Hughes

writer

Kenneth Bancroft Clark educator Robert C. Weaver economist, govern-

Sutton

civil

1963

Medgar Evers (posthumously) Roy Wilkins Leontyne Price John H. Johnson Edward W. Brooke

1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Sammy

Davis,

1989

civil

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

L.

Douglas Wilder

army general, government official

Colin Powell

Barbara Jordan Dorothy 1. Height Maya Angelou John Hope Franklin A. Leon Higginbotham Carl

Rowan

T.

rights activist

civil

rights leader

2001 Vernon

E.

Jordan,

Jr.

opera singer

2002 John

Lewis

lawyer,, US

senator singer, dancer.

Jr.

Jr.

civil

educator

lawyer. Judge, scholar

commen-

civil

rights activist

publisher television host.

lawyer,

rights lobbyist

minister,

Wilson C. Riles Keith

Hank Aaron

civil

rights

politician, civil rights

activist

2003 Constance Baker

2004

Motley Robert L. Carter

2005

Oliver

Judge, lawyer,

civil

rights activist

Judge, lawyer,

civil

rights activist

painter civil

rights

W.

Hill

lawyer,

civil

rights

activist

filmmaker, photographer, writer

educator lawyer. Judge

Alvin Ailey

baseball player dancer, choreogrpher

Alex Haley

writer

Andrew Young

civil

knowB

historian,

activist

publisher III

1972 Gordon Parks

A youV

poet

Journalist,

activist

Did

lawyer, politician social activist

media personality

1969 Clarence M. Mitchell, 1970 Jacob Lawrence 1971 Leon H. Sullivan

Damon

rights leader

politician

tator

entertainer

1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978

official

rights activist.

politician

civil

official

comedian

rights leader.

educator Patterson (posthumously) Jesse Jackson minister, politician,

1998 Myriie Evers-Williams 1999 Earl G. Graves 2000 Oprah Winfrey

ment

civil

government Ellis

activist

1956 Jackie Robinson 1957 Martin Luther King, Jr. 1958 Daisy Bates and the

rights activist

educator, writer labor activist, politician

US Supreme

Court justice Percy L. Julian chemist Channing H. Tobias civil rights leader Ralph Bunche diplomat, scholar Charles Hamilton lawyer Houston (posthumously) Mabel Keaton Staupers nurse, social activist Harry T. Moore civil rights activist, (posthumously) educator Paul R. Williams architect Theodore K. Lawless dermatologist, philanthropist

1955

FIELD civil

2006 Benjamin S. Carson 2007 John Conyers, Jr. 2008 Ruby Dee 2009 Julian Bond

physician politician

actress, writer

statesman,

civil

rights activist

2010 2011

Cicely Tyson

Frankie

rights leader

Muse Freeman

actress lawyer,

civil

rights

activist

Prizes were created in 2008 and consist of a scroll, a medal, and a monetary award of US$1 million. Inaugurated by Norwegian-born physicist Fred Kavli to support seminal advances in research, the prizes are thought of as a complement to the Nobel Prizes. They are awarded to scientists every other year in the fields of astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience.

The Kavli

Science Honors Fields

The Fields Medal, officially known as the International Medal for Outstanding Discoveries in Mathematics, is granted every four years to between two and four math-

Medal ematicians for outstanding or groundbreaking reIt is traditionally given to mathematicians under the age of 40. Prize: Can$15,000 (about US$15,600). search.

Awards

110

Fields

— Fields Medal

Medal (continued)

YEAR

NAME

BIRTHPLACE

PRIMARY RESEARCH

1936

Lars Ahifors

Helsinki, Finland

Riemann surfaces

Jesse Douglas Laurent Schwartz Atle Selberg Kunihiko Kodaira

New

Langesund, Norway

number theory

Tokyo, Japan

algebraic geometry algebraic topology

1950 1954

York NY Paris, France

Plateau problem functional analysis

Jean-Pierre Serre

Bages, France

1958

Klaus Roth

Breslau,

Montbeliard, France

1962

Rene Thom Lars Hormander

Orange NJ

differential topology

1966

John Milnor Michael Atiyah

London, England Long Branch NJ

topology set theory algebraic geometry topology number theory algebraic geometry topology group theory number theory algebraic geometry algebraic geometry

Paul

1970

1974 1978

1983

MJallby,

Cohen

Alexandre Grothendieck

Berlin,

Stephen Smale Alan Baker Heisuke Hironaka

Flint

partial differential

Germany

Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan Gorky, USSR (now in Russia) Ottawa KS Milan, Italy

Worth, Sussex, England Brussels, Belgium Washington DC Moscow, USSR (now Orange NJ

Pierre Deligne Charles Fefferman Gregory Margulis Daniel Quillen

Connes

Russia)

Simon Donaldson

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

groups

operator theory topology differential

Gelsenkirchen, West Germany Michael Freedman Los Angeles CA Vladimir Drinfeld Kharkov, USSR (now in Ukraine) Vaughan Jones Gisborne, New Zealand Shigefumi Mori Nagoya, Japan Edward Witten Baltimore MD Ostend, Belgium Jean Bourgain Pierre-Louis Lions Grasse, France Jean-Christophe Yoccoz Paris, France Yefim Zelmanov Khabarovsk, USSR (now in Russia) Richard Borcherds Cape Town, South Africa William Gowers Marlborough, Wiltshire, England Maksim Kontsevich Khimki, USSR (now in Russia) Curt McMullen Berkeley CA Laurent Lafforgue Antony, France Vladimir Voevodsky Moscow, USSR (now in Russia) Andrei Okounkov Moscow, USSR (now in Russia) Grigory Perelman (declined) Leningrad, USSR (now in Russia) Terence Tao Adelaide, SA, Australia Wendelin Werner Cologne, West Germany Elon Lindenstrauss Jerusalem, Israel Ngo Bao Chau Hanoi, Vietnam Stanislav Smirnov Saint Petersburg, USSR (now in Russia) Cedric Villani Brive-la-Gaillarde, France

Gerd Faltings

1990

Lie

algebraic K-theory

Darguignan, France

Shing-Tung Yau

equations

classical analysis in

Washington DC Swatow, China Cambridge, England

William Thurston

1986

number theory topology

Sweden

Ml London, England

Sergey Novikov John Thompson Enrico Bombieri David Mumford

Alain

Germany

geometry

topology Mordell conjecture Poincare conjecture algebraic geometry knot theory algebraic geometry superstring theory analysis partial differential equations dynamical systems group theory mathematical physics

functional analysis

mathematical physics chaos theory number theory and analysis algebraic geometry algebraic geometry Ricci flow

prime numbers, nonlinear equations

mathematics of critical phenomena measure rigidity in ergodic theory proof of the Fundamental Lemma statistical physics

Boltzmann equation

National Medal of Science he National Medal of Science was established by Congress in 1959. Awarded annually since 1962 by the National Science Foundation, it recognizes notable achievements in mathematics,

T YEAR

NAME

.

NAME 1963 John Robinson

YEAR

FIELD

1962 Theodore von Karman aerospace

engineering, and the physical, natural, and social sciences. National Science Foundation Web site:

engineer-

FIELD

Pierce

engineering

(cont.)

1963

Luis W. Alvarez

physics

Vannevar Bush

electrical engineering

communications

Cornelius Barnardus

van

biology

Niel

Norbert Wiener

mathematics

A\VARI)S— NaTI()NAL

Mkdal of Sciknck

111

National Medal of Science (continued) YEAR

NAME

1964

Roger

FIELD

Adams

Chemistry civil engineering

Othmar Herman

NAME 1969 Herbert

YEAR

Ammann Theodosius Dobzhansky genetics Charles Stark Draper aerospace engineering

Solomon Lefschetz

mathematics

Neal Elgar Miller

psychology

H.

Marston Morse

mathematics

Marshall Warren Nirenberg Julian

1970

biochemistry

Seymour

physics

FIELD

Brown

C.

chemistry

William Feller

mathematics

Robert J. Huebner Jack Kilby

virology

Ernst Mayr

biology

electrical engineering

Wolfgang K.H. Panofsky Richard Dagobert Brauer Robert H. Dicke Barbara McClintock George E. Mueller Albert Bruce Sabin

Schwinger

1965

Harold C. Urey chemistry Robert Burns Woodward chemistry John Bardeen physics Peter J.W. Debye physical chemistry Hugh L. Dryden physics Clarence L Johnson aerospace engineering

1966

Leon M. Lederman Warren K. Lewis Francis Peyton Rous William W. Rubey George Gaylord Simpson Donald D. Van Slyke Oscar Zariski Jacob A.B. Bjerknes Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Henry Eyring Edward F. Knipling Fritz Albert Lipmann John Willard Milnor William C. Rose Claude E. Shannon H. Van VIeck Sewall Wright Vladimir Kosma Zworykin

John

physics

Saul Winstein

chemistry

physics

I.

Carl Djerassi

Harold

E.

Edgerton

Maurice Ewing Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Vladimir Haensel

ing, photography geophysics biochemistry chemical engineering

mathematics

Frederick Seitz

physics

meteorology

W. Sutherland, John Wilder Tukey

chemistry

Earl

astrophysics

Richard

chemistry

entomology biochemistry

mathematics

1974

Jr.

Whitcomb

T.

Chance

Britton

mathematics, electrical engineering

Erwin Chargaff Paul J. Flory William A. Fowler Kurt Godel Rudolf Kompfner

James Van Gundia Neel Linus Pauling

Gregory Breit

physics

Ralph Brazelton Peck

Louis Harry

physics

Cohen

P.

Hammett

F.

Harlow

biophysics

Michael Heidelberger George B. Kistiakowsky Edwin Herbert Land Igor 1. Sikorsky Alfred H. Sturtevant Horace A. Barker Paul D. Bartlett Bernard B. Brodie Detlev W. Bronk J.

Presper Eckert,

chemistry physics aircraft design genetics biochemistry chemistry

pharmacology Jr.

Neyman

Lars Onsager B.F.

immunology

biophysics

Herbert Friedman Jay L. Lush Nathan M. Newmark Jerzy

mathematics chemistry psychology

Skinner

Eugene Paul Wigner

Kenneth Sanborn

statistics

chemistry psychology mathematical physics

aerospace

biophysics biochemistry physical chemistry

nuclear astrophysics

mathematics physics genetics

chemistry geotechnical engineering physical chemistry

Pitzer

James Augustine Shannon Abel Wolman

1975 John W. Backus Manson Benedict

physiology sanitary engineering

computer science nuclear engineering

Hans Albrecht Bethe

theoretical physics

Shiing-shen Chern George B. Dantzig Hallowell Davis Paul Gyorgy

mathematics mathematics

engineering, com-

puter science astrophysics livestock genetics civil engineering

biochemistry statistics

engineering particle physics Robert Rathbun Wilson Nicolaas Bloembergen physics

biochemistry

electrical engineering

S. Cole

biochemistry chemistry •electrical engineer-

geophysics

Kenneth

medicine, vaccine

John C. Slater John Archibald Wheeler

Francis Birch

Paul Joseph

physics genetics physics

development astronomy

Sandage

1971 no recipients named 1972 no recipients named 1973 Daniel Arnon

chemical engineering pathology geology paleontology

physics genetics

1967 Jesse W. Beams

1968

physics

Allan R.

physics

mathematics

Sterling

Brown Hen-

physiology medicine, vitamin research

chemistry

dricks

Joseph 0. Hirschfelder chemistry physics William Hayward Pickering

Lewis H. Sarett Frederick

Emmons

chemistry electrical engineering

Terman Orville Alvin Vogel

research agronomy

Awards

112

— National Medal of Science

National Medal of Science (continued)

NAME 1975 Wernher von Braun

YEAR

ing

(cont.)

Wilson,

E. Bright

Chien-Shiung

1976

FIELD

aerospace engineer-

Morris

Jr.

Wu

Cohen

Kurt Otto Friedrichs Peter C. Goldmark

Samuel Abraham Goudsmit Roger Charles Louis Guillemin Herbert S. Gutowsky Erwin W. Mueller Keith Roberts Porter Efraim Packer Frederick D. Rossini

Suomi Henry Taube George Eugene

Verner

E.

NAME 1983 Roald Hoffmann

YEAR

(cont.)

chemistry physics

1977 no recipients named 1978 no recipients named 1979 Robert H. Burris Elizabeth C. Crosby

Doob Richard P. Feynman

Joseph

L.

Donald

E.

Knuth

Arthur Korn berg

Emmett N. Leith Herman F. Mark Raymond D. Mindlin

Simon Ramo John

H. Sinfelt

Lyman Spitzer, Jr. Earl Reece Stadtman George Ledyard Stebbins Victor F. Weisskopf Paul Alfred Weiss

ing

George

Frederick Reines

physics

engineering physics

Wendell L. Roelofs Bruno B. Rossi

chemistry, entomology

chemistry physics cell

biology

biochemistry chemistry meteorology chemistry physics

1984 1985 no recipients named 1986 Solomon J. Buchsbaum Stanley Cohen

Crane Herman Feshbach Harry Gray Donald A. Henderson Horace

mathematics

Yoichiro

Nambu

Marshall H. Stone Gilbert Stork

Edward

Teller

Charles Hard Townes

1983 Howard

L.

Bachrach

Paul Berg

R.

biology

Robert Hofstadter Peter D. Lax Yuan Tseh Lee Hans Wolfgang

biochemistry

neuroanatomy mathematics

Liepmann

theoretical physics

T.Y. Lin

Carl S. Marvel

biochemistry electrical engineering chemistry mechanical engineer-

Vernon

Mount-

Antoni

1987

Philip

Zygmund Hauge Abelson

Anne Anastasi Robert Byron Bird Raoul Bott Michael E. DeBakey Theodor 0. Diener Harry Eagle Walter M. Elsasser Michael H. Freedman William S. Johnson

biochemistry physics physics chemistry medicine, public health physics

mathematics chemistry

aerospace engineering

engineering chemistry neurophysiology

molecular biology chemistry theoretical physics

mathematics physical chemistry

psychology chemical engineering

mathematics heart surgery plant pathology cell

biology

physics

mathematics

Stigler

economics

J.

Max Tishler James Alfred Van Allen

Ernst

1988

biology

George

E.

Walter H. Stockmayer

mathematics

cell

social science

Pake Seed

George

theoretical physics

electrical engineering

H. Bolton

Paul C. Lauterbur Rita Levi-Montalcini

chemical engineering

Weber

chemistry chemistry physics '

electrical engineering

William 0. Baker Konrad E. Bloch

chemistry biochemistry

David Allan Bromley Michael S. Brown

physics physics genetics chemistry

astronomy physics

Paul C.W. Chu Stanley N. Cohen

Herman H. Goldstine William R. Hewlett

computer science

Elias

electrical engineering

physics

chemistry biochemistry chemistry neurology research, physics civil engineering

Har Gobind Khorana

Margaret Burbidge Maurice Goldhaber E.

astrophysics

castle

physics biology

organic chemistry nuclear physics physics biochemistry biochemistry

B.

Bernard M. Oliver George Emil Palade Herbert A. Simon Joan A. Steitz Frank H, Westheimer Chen Ning Yang

computer science biochemistry materials science physics electrical engineering chemical engineering astrophysics biochemistry botany, genetics

chemistry

civil

computer science

ing

Katz

C. Pimentel

oceanography

Berta V. Scharrer neuroscience John Robert Schrieffer physics Isadore M. Singer mathematics John G. Trump electrical engineering Richard N. Zare chemistry no recipients named

physiology

biochemistry physics Seymour Benzer molecular biology Glenn W. Burton genetics Mildred Cohn biochemistry F. Albert Cotton chemistry Edward H.'Heinemann aerospace engineerL.

Munk

mathematics communications

1980 no recipients named 1981 Philip Handler 1982 Philip W. Anderson

Donald

aerospace engineer-

Walter H.

ing

Robert N. Noyce Severe Ochoa Earl R. Parker Edward M. Purcell

climatology

materials science

Uhlenbeck Hassler Whitney Edward 0. Wilson

Helmut E. Landsberg George M. Low

FIELD

chemistry

James Corey

molecular genetics

Awards

— National Medal of Science

113

National Medal of Science (continued) YEAR

NAME

FIELD

1988

Daniel C. Drucker

engineering educa-

Milton Friedman Joseph L. Goldstein Ralph E. Gomory

economics

tion

(cont.)

Willis

NAME 1991 Dudley

YEAR

(cont.)

molecular genetics mathematics, research

M. Hawkins

aerospace engineer-

FIELD

Herschbach G. Evelyn Hutchinson Elvin A. Kabat Robert W. Kates Luna B. Leopold

chemistry zoology

Salvador Luria Paul A. Marks

biology

R.

ing

Maurice R. Hilleman George W. Housner

George

vaccine research earthquake engineer-

Arthur

Glenn

ing

T.

Schawlow Seaborg Skoog

hematology, cancer research psychology physics nuclear chemistry botany

neurobiology

Folke K.

mathematics

H. Guyford Stever

aerospace engineer-

Walter Kohn Norman Foster

physics

Edward

physics

ing

Stone Steven Weinberg

physics

Jack Steinberger Rosalyn S. Yalow Arnold 0. Beckman Richard B. Bernstein Melvin Calvin Harry G. Drickamer Katherine Esau Herbert E. Grier

C.

chemistry, physics

nuclear physics molecular biology psychology Allen Newell computer science Calvin F. Quate electrical engineering Eugene M. Shoemaker planetary geology Howard E. chemistry

botany aerospace engineer-

Simmons, Jr. Maxine F. Singer

physics

medical physics chemistry chemistry biochemistry

1992

Paul C. Zamecnik Eleanor J. Gibson

ing

Hamburger Samuel Karlin

biology

Leder Joshua Lederberg

genetics genetics

Saunders Mac Lane Rudolph A. Marcus Harden M. McConnell Eugene N. Parker

mathematics

mathematics

Howard Martin Temin John Roy Whinnery 1993 Alfred Y.Cho

chemistry chemistry theoretical astro-

mathematics

chemistry

Martin D. Kruskal Daniel Nathans

mathematics

Rubin

C.

G.

Waelsch

F.

neurobiology

Thomas

biochemistry

George

chemical ecology chemistry

pathology, immunol-

Robert K. Merton Elizabeth F. Neufeld Albert W. Overhauser Frank Press

Eisner

Hammond

S.

MacLeod Cormack physics Mildred S. Dresselhaus physics Karl August Folkers chemistry Nick Holonyak, Jr. electrical engineering

Koshland, Edward B. Lewis

Daniel

E.

Jr.

John McCarthy Edwin Mattison McMillan David G. Nathan Robert V. Pound Roger R.D. Revelle John D. Roberts Patrick

E.

Suppes

Donnall

1991 Mary

Thomas

Ellen Avery

Ronald Breslow P. Calderon Gertrude B. Elion George H. Heilmeier

Alberto

sociology

biochemistry physics geophysics, administration

1995 Thomas Robert Cech Hans Georg Dehmelt

Allan

Leonid Hurwicz

molecular genetics engineering

civil

oceanography

mathematics

Stephen Cole Kleene

microbiology

astronomy

computer science

biochemistry, genet-

Carrier

particle physics

John Cocke

ics

George

electrical engineering

Norman Hackerman

1994 Ray W. Clough

ogy chemistry

Elkan R. Blout Herbert W. Boyer

electrical engineering

chemistry

Salome

geology

virology

Donald J. Cram Val Logsdon Fitch

Vera

physics

Robert P. Sharp Donald C. Spencer Roger Wolcott Sperry Henry M. Stommel Harland G. Wood Baruj Benacerraf

biochemistry, administration

Viktor Philip

1990

hydrology, geology

Eric Kandel Joseph B. Keller

Ramsey

1989

A. Miller L.

immunology geography

Peter M. Goldreich

Hermann Isabella

A.

L.

Haus

Karle

biochemistry physics astrophysics electrical engineering

chemistry

mathematics

economics mathematics

Louis Nirenberg Alexander Rich

biochemistry genetics computer science nuclear physics

Roger N. Shepard Wallace S. Broecker Norman Davidson

molecular biology psychology geochemistry chemistry, molecular

James

electrical engineering

1996

biology

pediatrics

Flanagan Richard M. Karp

physics

C.

oceanography

Ruth Patrick

limnology

chemistry

Paul Samuelson

economics mathematics

N. Patel

1997

William K. Estes

Darleane

C.

Hoffman

Harold S. Johnston Marshall N. Rosen-

pediatrics

chemistry

mathematics pharmacology electrical

Kumar

Stephen Smale

philosophy, statistics

education medicine

L.

engineering

bluth

Martin Schwarzschild

James Dewey Watson

computer science electrical engineering

psychology chemistry chemistry theoretical

plasma

physics astrophysics genetics, biophysics

Awards

114

—National Medal of Science

National Medal of Science (continued)

YEAR

NAME

1997

Robert

(cont.)

George W. Wetherill Shing-Tung Yau Bruce N. Ames

1998

A.

Weinberg

YEAR

NAME

FIELD

2003

J.

Michael Bishop G. Brent Dalrymple Carl R. de Boor Riccardo Giacconi R. Duncan Luce John M. Prausnitz Solomon H. Snyder Charles Yanofsky Kenneth J. Arrow Norman E. Borlaug Robert N. Clayton

microbiology geology

research geophysics astrophysics materials science

Don L. Anderson John N. Bahcall John W. Cahn Cathleen Synge Morawetz Janet D. Rowley

mathematics

Ruckenstein George M. Whitesides William Julius Wilson David Baltimore Eli

1999

FIELD

cancer research planetary science mathematics biochemistry, cancer

2004

medicine, cancer research chemical engineering chemistry sociology virology, administra-

Edwin N. Lightfoot Stephen J. Lippard Phillip A. Sharp

Thomas

tion

2005

E. Starzl

James Watson Cronin Jared Diamond

particle physics

Ralph

physiology

Gordon

theoretical physics

Bradley Efron Anthony S. Fauci Tobin J. Marks Lonnie G. Thompson Torsten N. Wiesel

Lynn Margulis Stuart A. Rice

microbiology chemistry chemistry atmospheric science

John Ross

Susan Solomon Robert M. Solow Kenneth N. Stevens

economics

C.

Andreasen

Woese

Carl R.

Acrivos Francisco J. Ayala F.

Bass

Mario R. Capecchi Marvin L. Cohen Ernest R. Davidson

Raymond Ann M.

Davis,

Jr.

Graybiel

Charles D. Keeling Gene E. Likens

McKusick Calyampudi R. Rao

Victor A.

Elias

A.

Somorjai

M. Stein

Harold Varmus L.

John

1.

James

Beranek

Brauman E.

Richard

James

Darnell

L Garwin

G.

Glimm

genetics materials science chemistry chemistry, astrophysics

Rita R. Colwell

Peter B. Dervan Nina V. Fedoroff Daniel Kleppner

2007

mathematics

engineering chemistry cell

biology

W. Jason Morgan Evelyn M. Witkin

geophysics genetics mathematical physics

neurobiology

mathematics genetic engineering marine microbiology organic chemistry molecular biology atomic physics medical research

Andrew

wireless

J.

J.

Viterbi

Wineland

Berni Alder

biochemistry nuclear physics laser

dynamics

Internet technology

receptor biology molecular biology

physical sciences

biology

Joanna S. Fowler Elaine Fuchs

chemistry

E.

Gunn Kalman

Rudolf E. Michael 1. Posner

JoAnne Stubbe J.

2009

communi-

cations ionic physics

Francis S. Collins

Craig Venter

Aharonov Stephen J. Benkovic Esther M. Conwell Anne Marye Fox Susan Lee Lindquist Mortimer Mishkin Yakir

biology

physical sciences

engineering behavioral and social

sciences chemistry biology physical sciences chemistry physical sciences chemistry

biology

behavioral and social

David Mumford

sciences mathematics, computer science

Stanley Prusiner

biology

Warren Washington

physical sciences engineering

physics

mathematics.

glaciology

condensed-matter

James

ecology medical genetics mathematics.

virology, administra-

immunology chemistry

Robert S. Langer Lubert Stryer Fay Ajzenberg-Selove Mostafa A. El-Sayed Leonard Kleinrock Robert J. Lefkowitz Bert W. O’Malley Charles P. Slichter

David

2008

neuroscience

chemistry

psychology statistics

physics

oceanography

statistics

Edward Witten

Marvin H. Caruthers

chemical engineering molecular biology nautical archaeology

tion

2002 Leo

Bower

H.

2006 Hyman Bass

speech

statistics

Gabor

Alpher

A.

microbiology

2001 Andreas George

1

psychiatry

John D. Baldeschwieler chemistry Gary S. Becker economics Yuan-Cheng B. Fung bioengineering Ralph F. Hirschmann chemistry Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. physics Jeremiah P. Ostriker astrophysics Peter H. Raven botany John Griggs Thompson mathematics Karen K. Uhlenbeck mathematics geography Gilbert F. White

agriculture

geochemistry engineering chemistry molecular biology. biochemistry medicine

ing

electrical engineering,

2000 Nancy

economics

astronomy

mathematics mathematics

Kadanoff

chemical engineering neuroscience molecular biology

mathematics mechanical engineer-

Browder Ronald R. Coifman

P.

cognitive science

Dennis P. Sullivan Jan D. Achenbach

Felix E.

Leo

mathematics astrophysics

Amnon

Yariv

Nature, Science,

Medicine, Fishing:

& Technology The End of the Line

by Bryan Walsh, TIME

S

ince

human

beings

first

thing

from the farmer’s hand.

We

liance. “It’s here.

grew fruits, vegetaand support those domesticated animals we relied on for meat and dairy products. But there was an exception. When humans fished, we still went out into the wild, braved the elements, and brought back decidedly undomesticated animals for dinner. There was a romance to fishing that was inseparable from the romance of the sea, a way of life—for all its peril and terror—suffused with a freedom that the farmer and rancher would bles,

and grains

we should or shouldn’t embrace," says Ned Daly, senior projects adviser at the Seafood Choices Al-

took up the plow about of our food has come

10,000 years ago, most

to feed ourselves

never know. "Fish are the last wild food,” says Paul Greenberg, author of Four Fish, one of the best books on the state of seafood. "And we’re just realizing it.” But we may be coming to that realization too late, because it turns out that even the fathomless depths of the oceans have limits. The UN reports that 32% of global fish stocks are overexploited or depleted and as much as 90% of large species like tuna and marlin have been fished out in the past half-century. Once-plentiful species like Atlantic cod have been fished to near oblivion, and delicacies like bluefin tuna are on an arc toward extinction. A 2011 report by the International Programme on the State of the Ocean found that the world’s marine species faced threats "unprecedented in human history”-and overfishing is part of the problem. Meanwhile, the worldwide catch seems to have plateaued at about 90 million tons a year since the mid-1990s. That’s a lot of fish, but even if those levels prove sustainable, it’s not enough to keep up with global seafood consumption, which has risen from 22 pounds per person per year in the 1960s to nearly 38 pounds today. With hundreds of millions of people Joining the middle class in the developing world and fish increasingly seen as a tasty and heart-heaithy form of protein, that trend will continue. The inescapable conclusion: there Just isn’t enough seafood in the seas. "The wild stocks are not going to keep up,” says Stephen Hall, director general of the World-

“Something else has to fill that gap.” Something else already does: aquaculture. Humans have been raising some fish in farms for almost as long as we’ve been fishing, beginning with Chinese fishponds 4,000 years ago. But it’s only in the past 50 years that aquaculture has become a true, industry. Fish Center.

Global aquacultural production increased from less than 1 million tons in 1950 to 52.5 million tons in 2008, and over the past few decades, aquaculture has grown faster than any other form of food production. Today about half the seafood consumed around the world comes from farms, and with the projected rise in global seafood consumption, that proportion will surely increase. Without aquaculture, the pressure to overfish the oceans would be even greater. “It’s no longer a question about whether aquaculture is some-

The question

is

how

we’ll

do

it.”

That’s not an easy question to answer, because the rapid growth of aquaculture has been accompanied

by environmental

salmon farms

of

spread disease

costs.

In

the past, the dense

Canada and northern Europe helped

among wild

into coastal waters.

waste which provide

fish while releasing

Mangrove

forests,

a valuable habitat for coastal life, have been razed to make way for Thailand’s shrimp farms. Especially many of the most popular farmed species are carnivores, meaning they need to be fed at least partly with other fish. By one count, about 2 pounds

troubling,

up to make fish meal is needed on average to produce 1 pound of farmed fish, which of wild fish ground

leaves the ocean at a net loss. But unless you can convince 1.3 billion Chinesenot to mention everyone else in a growing world-that they don’t deserve the occasional sushi roll, aquacul-

keep growing. As it does, it will need to beefficient and less polluting. The good news is that the industry is improving. More farmable but less familiar species like the barramundi-which

ture

will

come more

yields more protein than it takes in as feed-may have supplement popular fish like cod that haven’t taken as well to aquaculture. We may even need to genetically engineer popular species to make them grow faster and bigger. For thousands of years, fishermen risked the elements to bring back the bounty of the sea. Fishing is the deadliest Job in the US: in 2009, 0.2% of fishermen died hauling in our seafood, compared with 0.01% of miners who died on the Job. But that danger is also part of the allure, as the success of TV shows like The Deadliest Catch and books like The Perfect Storm demonstrates. "Fishermen are the last commercial hunters in the world," says Sebastian Belle, director of the Maine Aquaculture Association, who has seen unemployed New England fishermen take up aquaculture. “They had the excitement of never knowing what they were going to get.” With 7 billion people, however, the planet doesn’t have much space for such freedom. It’s not that comto

mercial fishing

will

disappear;

in

fact,

sustainable

may even produce boutique foods, finally earning what they’re worth. There’s no doubt that something will be lost in the transition to mass aquaculture, as fish-the last true wild food— are domesticated to support human fisheries like Alaska’s wild-salmon industry

beings, in much the same way we tamed cattle, pigs, and chickens thousands of years ago. But if we’re all going to survive and thrive in a crowded world, we’ll need to cultivate the seas Just as we do the land. If we do it right, aquaculture can be one more step toward saving ourselves. And if we do it well, we may even enjoy the taste of it.

Nature, Science, Medicine,

116

&

Technology

—Time Zone Map

lime Time Zone Map

s-

1

135°

jC 120°

105°

£

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b 656,690 (5,428,590): Valparafso 263,499 (803,683): Concepcion Serena 147,815 La .212,003 (666,381): (296,253): Antofagasta 285,255. Location: southern South America, bordering Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, the South Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean.

World

—Chile

239

Foreign trade Imports (2007: c.i.f.): US$42,732,000,000 (crude petroleum 22.7%: machinery and apparatus 21.4%: chemical products 11.1%: motor vehicles 9.9%: food products 6.5%). Major import sources: US 17.0%: China 11.4%: Brazil 10.5%: Argentina 10.1%: Korea 7.2%. Exports South (2007: f.o.b.): US$65,739,000,000 (refined copper 36.4%: copper ore 20.5%: food products 12.5%, of which fruits 4.0%, fish 3.8%: other base metal ores 5.4%). Major export destinations: China 15.2%: US 12.8%: Japan 10.8%: Netherlands 5.9%: South Korea 5.9%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 5,034 km: passenger-km 843,131,000: metric ton-km cargo

3,660,000,000. Roads (2003): Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2006): 14.8 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2006): 5.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2006): 2.00. Life expectancy at 80.8 years.

birth (2006):

male 74.8 years: female

total length

80,505

km

(paved 22%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 1,514,220: trucks and buses 735,901. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 16,056,000,000: metric tonkm cargo 1,294,968,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 3,526,000 (214): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 14,797,000 (899): personal computers (2006): 2,277,000 (141): total Internet users

National

economy

(2008): 5,456,000 (332): broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

1,426,000

(87).

Budget

Revenue: Ch$23,534,000,(2007). 000,000 (tax revenue 78.1%: nontax revenue 17.0%: other 4.9%). Expenditures: Ch$15,996,000,000,000 (social protection 28.8%: education 17.2%: health 15.9%: transportation 8.8%: defense 6.5%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$9,975,000,000. Population economically active (2007): total 7,078,000: activity rate of total population 42.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 61.7%: female 36.8%: unemployed [November 2007-October 2008] 7.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): grapes 2,350,000, sugar beets 1,806,600, corn (maize) 1,557,100, kiwi fruit 170.000, avocados 167,000: livestock (number of live animals) 4,350,000 cattle, 3,480,000 pigs, 3.420.000 sheep: fisheries production (2006) 4,635,927 (from aquaculture 18%): aquatic plants production 359,770 (from aquaculture 6%). Mining (2007): copper (metal content) 5,557,000: iron ore (metal content) 4,195,000: lithium carbonate (2006) 50,035: molybdenum (metal content) 44,900: iodine 15,500: silver 1,936,000 kg: gold

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/other 5.4%: incomplete primary education 24.6%: complete primary 8.7%: secondary 43.9%: higher technical 4.9%: university 12.5%. Literacy (2006): total population ages 15 and over literate 96.4%. Health (2006): physicians 21,100 (1 per 765 persons): hospital beds 37,374 (1 per 432 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 7.6: undernourished population (2002-04) 600,000 (4% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,920 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 60,560 (army 57.8%, navy 29.4%, air force 12.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 3.0%: per capita expenditure US$286.

Total

active

59.840.000. 41,500 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2005): nonferrous base metals 20,677: refined petroleum products 6,245: food products 5,239. Energy production (consumption): 2.015.000.(kW-hr: 2007) 57,576,000,000 ([2006] electricity 000): coal (metric tons: 2007) 288.000 ([2006] 5,402,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 963,000 ([2006] 80,800,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 10,701,000 natural m: (9,630,000): gas (cu 2007) 000 (4,191,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$157,460,000,000 (US$9,400 per capita). Selected balance of payments data.

Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007; 1,419: remittances (2008) 3: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 9,600: official development assistance (2007) 120. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,762: remittances (2008) 6: FDI (2005-07 avg.). 2,963.

Background Originally inhabited by native peoples, including the

Mapuche, the Chilean coast was invaded by the in 1536. A settlement begun at Santiago in

Spanish

1541 was governed under the became a separate captaincy

general

volted against Spanish rule

in

Viceroyalty of Peru but in

1810:

1778.

It

re-

independence was finally assured by the victory of Jose de San Martin in 1818, and the area was then governed by Bernardo O’Higgins to 1823. In the War of the Pacific against Peru and Bolivia, it won the rich nitrate fields on the coast of Bolivia, effectively forcing that country into a landlocked position. Chile remained neutral in World War and World War but severed diplomatic ties with the Axis powers in 1943. In 1970 Salvador Allende was elected president, becoming the first avowed Marxist to be elected chief of state in Latin America. Following economic upheaval, he was I

II

its

Countries of the

240

ousted

in

Pinochet,

1973 in a coup whose military junta

suppressed

all

led for

by Gen. Augusto harshly

many years

internal opposition.

A national

refer-

Wored

—China

(National People’s Congress [3,000]). Head of state: President Hu Jintao (from 2003). Head of govern-

ment: Premier

Wen

Jiabao (from 2003). Capital: BeiMandarin Chinese. unit: 1 renminbi

endum

jing (Peking). Official language:

in

Official

in 1988 rejected Pinochet, and elections held 1989 returned the country to civilian rule. Chile’s economy maintained steady growth through most of the 1990s and in the early 21st century remained

one

(yuan)

religion:

(Y)

US$1 = Y

none. Monetary

= 10 jiao = 100 fen; valuation (1

Jul

2011)

6.46.

of the strongest in Latin America.

Demography Recent Developments In

2010

Chile experienced a presidential election

that brought a major political change, a devastating natural disaster,

and a

phe. The election

in

riveting

man-made

catastro-

January to replace highly popular Pres. Michelle Bachelet— who was ineligible for reelection-resulted in triumph for Sebastian Pihera, the first successful right-wing candidate since 1958. In February Chile was devastated by a magnitude-8.8 earthquake, one of the strongest ever recorded. It was centered only 105 km (65 mi) from one of Chile’s largest cities, Concepcion. The earthquake spawned a tsunami that literally wiped towns and villages off the map. The death toll, estimated at more than 500 victims, paled next to the vast physical devastation, which left more than a million people homeless and caused extensive damage to roads and bridges. Once in office, Pihera not only had to respond to the earthquake but also had to oversee rescue efforts in August for miners who were trapped 700 m (2,300 ft) below ground in a mining accident at the San Jose gold and copper mine in the northern desert. An allout rescue effort was launched that kept the country and indeed much of the world riveted. On 13 October, to great international jubilation, all 33 miners were safely extracted from the mine. Internet resource: .

China

Area: 3,696,100 sq mi, 9,572,900 sq km. Population (2010): 1,338,085,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 362.0, persons per sq km 139.8. Urban (2008):

45.7%. Sex distribution (2008): male 51.47%; female 48.53%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15. 17.9%; 15-29, 21.4%: 30-44, 26.8%; 45-59, 20.3%; 60-74, 10.4%: 75-84, 2.7%: 85 and over. 0.5%. Ethnic composition (2005): Han (Chinese) 90.95%: Chuang 1.37%: Manchu 0.82%: Yi 0.79%: Hui 0.77%: Miao 0.75%: Uighur 0.74%; Tuchia 0.65%; Tibetan 0.57%: Mongolian 0.49%: Tung 0.28%: Puyi 0.26%: Yao 0.24%: Korean 0.14%; Pai 0.14%; Hani 0.12%; Li 0.11%: Kazakh 0.09%; Tai 0.08%; other 0.64%. Religious affiliation (2005): nonreligious 39.2%; Chinese folk-religionist 28.7%; Christian 10.0%, of which unregistered Protestant 7.7%, registered Protestant 1.2%, unregistered Roman Catholic 0.5%, registered Roman Catholic 0.4%; Buddhist 8.4%: atheist 7.8%: traditional beliefs 4.4%; Muslim 1.5%. Major urban agglomerations (2007): Shanghai 14,987,000; Beijing 11,106,000; Guangzhou 8,829,000; Shenzhen 7,581,000: Wuhan 7,243,000; Tianjin 7,180,000; Chongqing 6,461,000; Shenyang 4,787,000; Dongguan 4,528,000; Chengdu 4,123,000; Xi’an 4,009,000; Nanjing 3,679,000; Guiyang 3,662,000; Harbin 3,621,000; Changchun 3,183,000; Dalian 3,167,000; Zibo 3,061,000; Hangzhou 3,007,000; Kunming 2,931,000; Taiyuan 2,913,000; Qingdao 2,866,000; Jinan 2,798,000; Zhengzhou 2,636,000; Fuzhou 2,606,000; Changsha 2,604,000; Lanzhou 2,561,000: Xiamen 2,519,000; Jinxi 2,426,000. Loeastern Asia, bordering Mongolia, Russia, North Korea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. Mobility (2007). Population residing in registered enumeration area cation:

90.4%: population not residing 9.6%.

in

registered

enumera-

tion area

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 12.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

7.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2007): 1.77. Life expectancy at birth (2007):

male 71.3 years: female 74.8 years.

Social indicators Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 6 and over having: no formal schooling 8.0%: incomplete/complete primary education

name: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo (PeoForm of government: singlepeople’s republic with one legislative house

Official

ple’s Republic of China).

party

31.8%: some secondary 40.2%; complete secondary 13.4%: some postsecondary through advanced degree 6.6%. Quality of working life. Average workweek (November 2007): 45.5 hours. Annual rate per 100,000 workers for (2008): death in mining, indus-

I metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about

on board

0. 68

short

CODN

I

RIES

or commercial enterprises 2.82. Death toll from work accidents (2008) 91,172. Access to services. Percentage of population having access to electricity (2005) 99.4%. Percentage of total (urban, rural) population with safe public water supply (2002) 83.6% (94.0%, 73.0%). Sewage system (1999): total (urban, rural) households with flush apparatus 20.7% (50.0%, 4.3%), with pit latrines 69.3% (33.6%, 86.7%), with no latrine 5.3% (7.8%, 4.1%). Social participation. Trade union membership in total labor force (2006): 169,942,200 (22%). Percentage of population who consider themselves religious (2005-06) 31.4%. Social deviance. Annual reported arrest rate per 100,000 population (2007) for: thievery 248.0; robbery 22.2; fraud 16.6; injury 12.3; rape 2.4; homicide 1.2. Material well-being. Urban households possessing (number per household; 2004): bicycles 1.4; color televisions (2007) 1.4; washing ma-

trial,

chines 1.0; refrigerators 0.9;

cameras

air

conditioners 0.7;

computers (2007) 0.5. Rural families possessing (number per household; 2004): bicycles 1.2; color televisions (2007) 0.9; washing machines 0.4; refrigerators 0.2; air conditioners 0.05; cameras 0.04; computers (2007) 0.04. 0.5;

National

economy

Gross national income (2008): US$3,678,488,000,000 (US$2,770 per capita). Budget (2007). Revenue: Y 5,132,178,000,000 (tax revenue 88.9%, of which VAT 30.1%, corporate taxes 17.1%, business tax 12.8%, income tax 6.2%; nontax revenue 11.1%). Expenditures: Y 4,978,135,000,000 (general administration 17.1%; education 14.3%; social security 10.9%; manufacturing, trade, and finance 8.6%; defense 7.1%; public security/police 7.0%; agriculture and forestry 6.8%; health 4.0%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007); US$87,653,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture

and

fishing

grains-rice 185,490,000, corn (maize) 151.830.000, wheat 109,860,000, barley 3,851,000; oilseeds— 102.000. soybeans 15,600,000, peanuts (ground36.000. nuts) 13,016,000, rapeseed 10,375,000, sunflower 28.000. seeds fruits and nuts— apples 1,800,000; citrus 27.500.000, cantaloupes 19,617,100, 12.000. pears 12,500,000, bananas 7,100,000; 13.650.000, other— sugarcane 105,651,000, sweet potatoes 000, potatoes 72,000,000, cabbage 000, tomatoes 33,500,000, cucumbers 000, seed cotton 22,872,000, onions 20.500.000, eggplants 18,000,000, chilies and peppers 14,000,000, garlic 12,000,000, spinach 000, asparagus 6,250,000, tobacco leaves 2.395.000, tea 1,186,500, silkworm cocoons (2003) 667,000; livestock (number of live animals) 138.000. 501,475,621 pigs, 197,267,883 goats, 171,961,000 sheep, 116,859,793 cattle, 22,717,000 water buffalo, 4,509,633,000 chickens, 736,912,000 ducks;

(2007):

46,079,311 (from aquaculture 68%); aquatic plants production 10,081,245 (from aquaculture 97%). Mining and quarrying (2005; by world rank): metal content of mine output— iron ore

fisheries production

000,(3), zinc 2,450,000 (1), manganese 1.100.000 (5), lead 1,000,000 (1), copper 740,000 (7), antimony 120,000 (1), tin 110,000 (1), tungsten 61.000 (1), silver 2,500 (3), gold 225 (2); metal ores— bauxite 18,000,000 (3), vanadium 17,000 (1); nonmetals— salt 44,547,000 (2), phosphate rock 9.130.000 (2), magnesite 4,700,000 (1), barite 4.200.000 2.700.000

(1), (1),

talc

3,000,000

asbestos 520,000

(1), (2),

CHINA

OF THE WORIT)

fluorspar strontium

140.000

(2).

241

Energy production (consumption):

elec-

3,392,304,000,000 (3,450,200,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2007) 2.430.000. 000 ([2008] 2,740,000,000 [including lignite]); lignite (metric tons; 2007) 120,000 (n.a.); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 1,450,000,000 (2,635,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 238.365.000 (256,345,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) 80,314,000,000 (80,700,000,000). Popula-

tricity

tion

2008)

(kW-hr;

economically active (2006):

activity rate of total

population

792,324,000;

total

59.6%

(participation

ages 15-64, 81.2%; female 45.8%; registered unemployed in urban areas [2008] 4.0%; urban unemployed including migrants [2008] up to 9.0%; rural unemployment is substantial). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 37,233; remittances (2008) 40,641; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 76,214; official development assistance (2007) 1,439. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 29,786; remittances (2008) 5,737; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 18,630. rates:

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$955,956,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 39.4%, of which electronic integrated circuits and micro-assemblies 13.4%, computers and office machines 4.8%, telecommunications equipment and parts 3.7%; chemical products 11.2%, of which organic chemicals 4.0%; mineral fuels 11.0%, of which crude petroleum 8.4%; metal ore and metal scrap 7.3%; optical instruments and apparatus 4.8%). Major import sources: Japan 14.0%; South Korea 10.9%; Taiwan 10.6%; China free trade zones 9.0%; US 7.3%; Germany 4.7%; Malaysia 3.0%; Australia 2.7%; Thailand 2.4%; Philippines 2.4%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$1,217,776,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 43.0%, of which computers and office machines and parts 13.6%, electrical machinery and electronics 10.6%, telecommunications equipment and parts 8.4%; wearing apparel and accessories 9.5%; chemical products 4.9%; textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles 4.6%; iron and steel 4.2%). Major export destinations: US 19.1%; Hong Kong 15.1%; Japan 8.4%; South Korea 4.6%; Germany 4.0%; Netherlands 3.4%; UK 2.6%; Singapore 2.4%; Russia 2.3%; India 2.0%.

Transport and communications Transport.

Railroads (2008):

route

length

(2007)

78.000 km; passenger-km 777,860,000,000; metric 288.280.000. 11.960.000. ton-km cargo 2,511,180,000,000. Roads (2005): total length 1,930,544 km (paved 82%). Vehicles passenger cars 31,959,900; trucks (2007): 10,540,600. Air transport (2008): passenger-km metric ton-km cargo 000; 000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008); 340,810,000 (256); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 641,230,000 (482); personal computers (2007): 75,118,000 (57); total Internet users (2008): 298,000,000 (225); broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

83,366,000

(63).

Education and health Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 91.6%; males literate 95.7%; females literate

87.6%. Health (2008): physicians 2,050,000 (1 per 650 persons); hospital beds 3,690,000 (1 per 361

Countries of the

242

persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 22.9; undernourished population (2002-04) 150,000,000 (12% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,930 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 2,185,000 (army 73.2%, navy 11.7%, air force 15.1%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 3.0%: per capita expenditure US$97.

Total

active

Background Peking man {Homo erectus) in 1927 dated the advent of early humans in what is now China to the Middle Pleistocene, about 900,000 to 130,000 years ago. Chinese civilization probably spread from the Huang He (Yellow River) valley, where it existed about 3000 bc. The first dynasty for which there is definite historical material is the Shang (c. 16th century bc), which had a writing system and a calendar. The Zhou overthrew its Shang rulers in the 11th century bc and ruled until the 3rd century bc. Daoism and Confucianism were founded

The discovery

of

in this era.

A time

of conflict, called the Warring States period,

221 bc, when the Qin (Ch’in) dynasty (from whose name China is derived) was established after its rulers had conquered rival states and created a unified empire. The Han dynasty was established in 206 bc and ruled until ad 220. A time of turbulence followed, and Chinese reunification was not achieved until the Sui dynasty was established in 581. After the founding of the Song dynasty in 960, the capital was moved to the south because of northern invasions. In 1279 this dynasty was overthrown and Mongol (Yuan) domination began. During this time Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan. The Ming dynasty followed the period of Mongol rule and lasted from 1368 to 1644, cultivating antiforeign feelings to the point that China closed itself off from the rest of the world. Peoples from Manchuria overran China in 1644 and established the Qing (Manchu) dynasty. Ever-increasing incursions by Western and Japanese interests led in the 19th century to the Opium Wars, the Taiping Rebellion, and the Sino-Japanese War, all of which weakened the Manchus. The dynasty fell in 1911, and a republic was proclaimed in 1912 by Sun Yat-sen. The power struggles of warlords weakened the republic. Under Sun’s successor, Chiang Kai-shek, some national unification was achieved in the 1920s, but Chiang soon broke with the Communists, who had formed their own armies. Japan invaded northern China in 1937: its occupation lasted until 1945. The Communists gained support after the Long March (1934-35), in lasted from the 5th century bc until

Mao Zedong emerged as their leader. Upon Japan’s surrender at the end of World War a fierce civil war began: in 1949 the Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan and the Communists proclaimed the People’s Republic of China. The Commuwhich

II,

World

—China

nomic paralysis of the latter led, after Mao’s death in 1976, to a turn to moderation under Deng Xiaoping, who undertook economic reforms and renewed China’s ties to the West: the country established diplomatic ties with the US in 1979. The economy has been in transition since the late 1970s, moving from central planning and state-run industries to a mixture of state-owned and private enterprises in

manufacturing and services, in the process growing dramatically and transforming Chinese society. The

Tiananmen Square

incident

in

1989 was a challenge

an otherwise increasingly stable political environment after 1980. The death of Deng in 1997 marked the end of a political era, but power passed peacefully to Jiang Zemin. In 1997 Hong Kong reverted to Chinese rule, as did Macao in 1999. to

Recent Developments China overtook Japan

in

2010

to

become the

world’s

second largest economy as annual GDP growth reached 10.3%. Its economic strength translated into increasing financial clout. Just as Japanese banks were the world’s biggest in the 1980s, by 2010 half of the world’s 10 largest banks— including the two biggest-were Chinese. Chinese firms bought 280

oil

and gas companies, and leading Chinese automaker Geely purchased Volvo’s automobile-manufacturing subsidiary from Ford Motor Co. for US$1.5 billion. The state-owned China Power International Development Limited signed a 20-year US$60 billion deal with an

company to supply China with 30 million tons of coal annually from mines in Queensland. In July the International Energy Agency reported that China had passed the United States as the world’s top energy consumer. Australian

In

September Japan

interdicted a Chinese fishing

vessel near disputed islands

in the East China Sea, which were claimed by China and Taiwan but were administered by Japan. After China lodged diplomatic protests and imposed an informal ban on the export of rare earth minerals, which are used in developing technologies crucial to Japan’s economy such as

computer and mobile-device components and hybrid and electric cars, the ship’s captain was released. China, which is the world’s largest producer of these metals, announced in late December, however, that it would cut its rare earth minerals exports by 10% in 2011. In March, Chinese officials told their US counterparts that the South China Sea— where China, Taiwan, and Vietnam have had a long-running territorial dispute over the Paracel Islands— was a core national interest of China’s. In July US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton responded by declaring that freedom of navigation in the sea was a US national interest and offered to broker talks over the disputed islands. In September the US House of Representatives passed a bill authorizing import duties on products from countries with undervalued currencies as the weakness of the Chinese renminbi (yuan) became a political issue in the US. China signed a US$23 billion agreement in May with Nigeria to provide assistance

policies alternated with periods of revolutionary up-

constructing oil refineries. In December Chinese premier Wen Jiabao visited India, where he signed agreements aimed at boosting trade between the two countries to US$100 billion annually by 2015.

heaval, most notably iq the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The anarchy, terror, and eco-

Internet resource: .

nists

undertook extensive reforms, but pragmatic

in

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short

on board

Countries of the

Colombia

World

—Colombia

243

ages 12-55, 63.2%: female 43.0%: unemployed [April 2008- March 2009] 11.5%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 40,000,000, plantains 3,600,000, rice 2.250.000, coffee 710,000: Colombia is a leading producer of coca, with 430 metric tons of illegal cocaine production in 2008: livestock (number of live animals) 26,000,000 cattle, 3,400,000 sheep,

2.500.000 horses:

fisheries

production

156,100

(from aquaculture 38%). Mining and quarrying (2006): nickel (metal content) 94,100: gold 15,700 kg: emer-

alds 5,734,000 carats. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2005): processed food products

3,471: refined petroleum products 2,873: medicines, and soaps 1,956. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 51,830,000,000 fertilizers,

name: Repubiica de Colombia (Repubiic of Coiombia). Form of government: unitary multiparty repubiic with two legislative houses (Senate [102]; House of Representatives [166]). Head of state and government: President Juan Manuel Santos Calderon (from 2010). Capital: Bogota. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 peso (Coi$) = 100 centavos: vaiuation (1 Jui Official

(metric tons: 2007) (52,963,000,000): coal 71.700.000 (4,480,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 214,400,000 ([2007] 105,500,000): petro6.600.000. leum products (metric tons: 2006) 13,247,000 natural gas (cu m: 2006) (9,442,000): 000 (9,298,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$207,425,000,000 (US$4,660 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: December 2008): US$24,855,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,669: remittances (2008) 4,884: foreign direct investment (FDI:

Demography 440,831 sq

mi,

1,141,748 sq km. Popuiation

(2010): 44,205,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 100.3, persons per sq km 38.7. Urban (2005): 73.6%.

Sex

distribution (2007):

male 49.01%: female 50.99%.

Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 29.8%: 15-29, 25.4%: 30-44, 22.3%: 45-59, 14.4%: 60-74, 6.2%: 75-84, 1.6%: 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2006): mestizo 58%: white 20%: mulatto 14%: black 4%: black-Amerindian 3%: Amerindian 1%. Religious affilia-

Roman Catholic 80.0%: Protestanl/independent Christian 13.5%: Mormon 0.3%: nonreligious 2.0%: other 4.2%. Major cities (2007): Bogota 7,033,914: Medellfn 2,248,912: Cali 2,139,535: Barranquilla 1,144,470: Cartagena 871,342. Location: northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, Venezueia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, the Pacific Ocean, and Panama.

avg.)

8,577:

of-

Foreign trade

2011) US$1 = ColSl, 762.90.

Area:

2005-07

development assistance (2007) 731. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,537: remittances (2008) 88: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 2,043.

ficial

Imports (2007: c.i.f.): US$32,897,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 26.5%: chemical products 18.5%: motor vehicles 12.0%: base and fabricated metals 9.8%). Major import sources: US 26.2%: China 10.1%: Mexico 9.3%: Brazil 7.3%: Venezuela 4.2%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.); US$29,991,000,000 (crude petroleum 18.5%: coal 11.1%: refined petroleum products 5.8%: coffee 5.7%: ferronickel 5.6%: wearing apparel and accessories 4.5%: motor vehicles and parts 3.9%: cut flowers 3.7%). Major export destinations: US 35.4%: Venezuela 17.4%: Ecuador 4.3%: Switzerland 3.0%: Netherlands 2.8%.

tion (2007):

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 2,030 km: 9.552.000. passenger-km (2004) 25,000,000: metric ton-km

Birth rate per

cargo (2005) 8,236,000,000. Roads (2006): total length 164,278 km (paved [2000] 23%). Vehicles cars (2005): 1,606,880: trucks and buses 1,079,247. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 000: metric ton-km cargo 189,804,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 per-

avg.

sons). Telephone landlines (2008):

Vital statistics

1,000 popuiation (2007): 20.2 (worid 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007):

5.5 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2007): 2.51. Life expectancy at birth (2007):

male 68.4 years: female 76.2 years.

band National

Internet subscribers (2008):

1,903,000

(43).

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: Col$ 103,986,000,000,000 revenue 56.4%, of which taxes on goods and services 26.1%, income tax 16.7%: nontax revenue 39.3%: other 4.3%). Expenditures: Col$110,014,000,000,000 (interest on debt 25.1%: other 74.9%). Population economically active (2006): total 20,177,100: activity rate 44.5% (participation rates: (tax

6,820,000 (153):

telephone subscribers (2008): 41,365,000 (931): personal computers (2007): 3,513,000 (80): total Internet users (2008): 17,117,000 (385): broadcellular

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 10.2%: primary education 40.1%: secondary 34.2%: higher 15.5%>. Literacy (2006): population ages 15 and over literate 92.3%: males literate 92.4%: females literate 92.2%. Health: physi-

ColINTRIKS OF THE

244

WoRED

— CoMOROS

cians (2006) 51,095 (1 per 849 persons): hospital beds (2004) 50,824 (1 per 833 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 20.1: undernourished population (2002-04) 5,900,000 (13% of total population based on the consumption of a min-

imum

daily

Comoros

requirement of 1,830 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008); 267,231 (army 84.7%, navy 11.5%, air force 3.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 4.7%; per capita expenditure US$186.

Total

active

Background The Spanish arrived in what is now Colombia c. 1500 and by 1538 had defeated the area’s Chibchanspeaking Indians and made the area subject to the Viceroyalty of Peru. After

1740

authority

was

trans-

to the newly created Viceroyalty of New Granada. Parts of Colombia threw off Spanish Jurisdiction in 1810, and full independence came after Spain's defeat by Simon Bolivar in 1819. Civil war in 1840 checked development. Conflict between the

ferred

Liberal and Conservative parties led to the War of a Thousand Days (1899-1903). Years of relative

peace followed, but hostility erupted again in 1948; the two parties agreed in 1958 to a scheme for alternating governments. A new constitution was adopted in 1991, but democratic power remained threatened by civil unrest. Many leftist rebels and right-wing paramilitary groups funded their activities through kidnappings and narcotics trafficking.

^ youV

Did

knowa

Official names: Udzima wa Komori (Comorian); Jumhuriyat al-Qamar al-Muttahidah (Arabic): Union des Comores (French) (Union of the Comoros). Form of government: republic with one legislative house (Assembly of the Union [33]). Head of state and government: President Ikililou Dhoinine (from 2011). Capital: Moroni. Official languages: Comorian (Shikomor);

Monetary unit: 1 Comorian franc (CF) = 100 centimes: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CF 339.70. Arabic: French. Official religion: Islam.

Colombia, which

trails only the Netherlands as the world’s second largest exporter of cut flowers, provides the US with more than two-thirds of its floral imports.

Recent Developments Escalating diplomatic conflict with Venezuela, which reached its peak after the Colombian government

took a case to the Organization of American States against Venezuela for having provided safe haven for guerrillas, marked 2010. The Colombian government’s evidence included photographs and the geographic coordinates of alleged locations of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) encampments in Venezuela. These claims were quickly dismissed by the Venezuelan government, which broke off diplomatic relations with Colombia. Relations between the two countries were reestablished, however, after the Constitutional Court ruled that the bilateral agreement with the United States to give the US access to more military bases in Colombian territory was unconstitutional. Crime continued to be one of Colom-

armed

bia’s greatest challenges. Most dramatically, violence escalated in Medellm as the drug-trafficking organization “Office of Envigado” joined other criminal organizations to control illegal activities in the city.

Internet resource: ..

Demography 719 sq mi, 1,862 sq km. Population (2010): 691,000 (excludes Comorians living abroad in France

Area;

or Mayotte [about

150,000

people]). Density (2010):

persons per sq mi 961.1, persons per sq km 371.1. Urban (2008); 28.1%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.61%: female 50.39%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 42.7%; 15-29, 26.6%: 30-44, 17.8%: 45-59, 8.2%: 60-74, 3.9%: 75 and over, 0.8%. Ethnic composition (2000): Comorian (a mixture of Bantu, Arab, Malay, and Malagasy peoples) 97.1%; Makua 1.6%: French 0.4%; other 0.9%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim (nearly all Sunni) 98.4%: other 1.6%. Major cities (2002): Moroni (2007) 46,000; Mutsamudu 21,558; Domoni 13,254; Fomboni 13,053; Tsembehou 10,552. Location: islands in the western Indian Ocean, between Madagascar

and Mozambique.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 32.6 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

6.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 5.03. Life expectancy at birth (2006):

male 60.0 years; female 64.7 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: CF 33,945,000,000 (tax revenue 49.1%, of which taxes on international trade

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

—Congo, Democratic Repu blicof the

Countr ies of the World

17.6%, taxes on goods and services 11.5%; grants 37.7%: nontax revenue 13.2%). Expenditures: CF 37,314,000,000 (current expenditures 72.5%, of which interest on debt 2.2%; development expenditures 27.5%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2008): US$277,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): coconuts 77,000, bananas 65,000, cassava 58,000, cloves 2,500, vanilla 90, ylang-ylang essence 25: livestock (number of live animals) 115,000 goats, 45.000 cattle, 21,000 sheep: fisheries production 16.000 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2009): sand, gravel, and crushed stone from coral mining for local construction. Manufacturing (2009); products of small-scale industries include processed vanilla and ylang-ylang, cement, handi-

soaps, soft drinks, woodwork, and wearing apparel. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 50,600,000 (22,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (32,000). Population economically active (2006): total 348,000: activity rate of total population 42.5% (participation crafts,

ages 15-64, 73.8%: female 43.1%: unemployed [2005] 13.3%). Gross national income

rates:

245

France provides training for military personnel. as percentage of GDP (2005): 3.5%; per capita expenditure US$21.

curity.

Military expenditure

Background The Comoro Islands were known

to European navigafrom the 16th century. In 1843 France officially took possession of Mayotte and in 1886 placed the other three islands under protection. Subordinated to Madagascar in 1912, Comoros became an overseas territory of France in 1947. In 1961 it was granted autonomy. In 1974 majorities on three of the islands voted for independence, which was granted in 1975.

tors

The following decade saw several coup attempts, which culminated in the assassination of the president in 1989. French intervention permitted multiparty elections in 1990, but the country remained in a state of chronic instability. Anjouan and Moheli seceded from the Comoros federation in 1997. The army took control of the government in 1999. A ref-

erendum at the end of 2001 renamed the country the Union of the Comoros and granted the three main islands partially

autonomous

status.

(2007): US$425,000,000 (US$680 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from

(US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 27; remittances (2007) 12: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 1: official development assistance (2007) 44. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 11.

Foreign trade Imports (2007: c.i.f.): CF 49,716,000,000 (refined petroleum products 21.4%: rice 10.4%: meat 6.8%: cement 4.9%: iron and steel 2.3%). Major import sources (2005): South Africa 15.4%: France 13.8%: Pakistan 3.1%; Mauritius 3.0%: Belgium-Luxembourg 2.4%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.); CF 4,965,000,000 (cloves 57.7%; vanilla 25.7%: ylang-ylang 14.3%). Major export destinations (2005): France 73.3%: Germany 10.4%.

Transport and communications

Recent Developments tensions threatened the relative stability of Comoros for most of 2010. Turmoil ensued when Pres. Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi attempted to enforce a 2009 constitutional reform mandate to streamline the government by reducing the status of the federal presidents of the semiautonomous Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli islands to governors and extending the term of the union presiPolitical

dency from four Court

to five years.

later invalidated

The Constitutional

the law that extended the pres-

ident’s term.

Internet resource:

.

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2004); total length 793 km (paved 70%). Vehicles (1996); passenger cars 9,100: trucks and buses 4,950. Air transport (2001): passengers arriving or departing

Moroni 108,000. Communications, in total units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2005): 17,000 (28): cellular telephone subscribers (2007): 40,000 (48): personal computers (2004): 5.000 (6.3): total Internet users (2006): 21,000 (26). (units

Education and health Educational attainment (1996). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 73.9%: primary education 11.0%: secondary 15.1%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 57.1%; males literate 64.2%; females literate 50.1%. Health: physicians (2004) 48 (1 per 12,417 persons): hospital beds (1995) 1,450 (1 per 342 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 72.9.

Military Total active duty personnel (2008): the 1,100-member national army is not necessarily accepted by each of the islands:

each island also has

its

own armed

se-

Official name: Republique Democratique du Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with two legislative

Countries of the

246

World

—Congo, Democratic Republic of the

houses (Senate [108]: National Assembly [500]). Head of state: President Joseph Kabila (from 2001). Head of government: Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito (from 2008). Capital: Kinshasa. Official languages: French (Kongo, Lingala, Swahili, and Tshiluba are national languages). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: Congo franc (FC) = 100 centimes: valuation (1 Jul

= FC 923.33.

2011) US$1

Income (2008): US$9,843,000,000 (US$150 capita). Population

economically active (2003):

per total

21,718,000: activity rate 40.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 77.1%: female 41.1%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2005) 1.0: foreign direct investment (2004-06 avg.) 37: official development assistance (2005) 1,828. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (1997) 7.0.

Demography 905,568 sq

2,345,410 sq km. Population (2010): 67,827,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 74.9, persons per sq km 28.9. Urban (2005): 32.1% Area:

Sex distribution

mi,

(2(X)5):

male 49.48%: female 50.52%.

Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 47.2%: 15-29, 27.1%: 30-44, 14.2%: 45-59, 7.4%: 60-74, 3.4%: 75-84, 0.6%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (1983): Luba 18.0%: Kongo 16.1%: Mongo 13.5%: Rwanda 10.3%: Azande 6.1%: Bangi and Ngale 5.8%: Rundi 3.8%: Teke 2.7%: Boa 2.3%: Chokwe 1.8%: Lugbara 1.6%: Banda 1.4%: other 16.6%. Religious affiliation (2004): Roman Catholic 50%: Protestant 20%: Kim10%: Muslim 10%: and syncretic sects 10%. Major urban areas (2004): Kinshasa 7,273,947: Lubumbashi I, 283,380: Mbuji-Mayi 1.213.726: Kananga 720.362: Kisangani 682.599. Location; central Afnca. bordering

.

Transport and communications

banguist (indigenous Christian)

traditional beliefs

the Central Afncan Republic. South Sudan, Uganda. Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia. Angola, the South Atlantic

Ocean, and the Republic of the Congo.

Vital statistics

1.000 population (2007): 43.4 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1.000 population (2007): Birth rate per

II. 9 (world avg. 8.5). Total

fertility

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: FC 564.900.000.000 customs and excise taxes 25.7%; direct and indirect taxes 19.7%: petroleum royalties and taxes 17.4%). Expenditures: FC 655.500,000,000 (current expenditures 65.3%, of which interest on external debt 14.8%: capital expenditures 17.4%: expenditures on demobilization and reinte-

(grants 31.1%:

gration 14.8%). Public debt (external, outstanding:

2007): US$10,853,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): cassava 15.000.000, sugarcane 1.550.000, plan1,200,000, (2005) pimento and allspice 28,540,000 coffee 21,300: livestock (number of live ani33.000, mals) 4,000,000 goats. 957,000 pigs: fisheries production 238.970 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining and 7.240.000. quarrying (2006): copper (metal content) 130,000: cobalt (metal content) 28,400: tin (metal content) 3,500: silver 67,633 kg: gold 10,000 kg: diamonds carats. Manufacturing (2004): cement 402,500: flour 199,000: steel 130,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 000 (5,160,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2007) 116,000 (296,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 7,290,000 (negligible): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (373,000). Gross national

tains

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

Transport. Railroads (2003): length (2004) 5,138 km: passenger-km 152,930,000: metric ton-km

cargo 506,010,000. Roads (2004): total length 153.497 km (paved 2%). Vehicles (1999): passenger cars 172.600: trucks and buses 34,600. Air transport (1999): passenger-km 263,000,000: metric tonkm cargo 39,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 37,000 (0.6): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 9,263,000 (143): total Internet users (2008): 290.000 (4.5): broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 1.500 (0.02).

rate (avg. births

per childbearing woman: 2007): 6.37. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 51.9 years: female 55.4 years.

National

Foreign trade

Imports (2005): US$2,465,000,000 (aid-related imports 22.9%: other imports 77.1%). Major import sources (2004): South Africa 18.5%: Belgium 15.6%: France 10.9%: US 6.2%: Germany 5.9%. Exports (2005); US$2,042,000,000 (diamonds 48.4%: crude petroleum 20.0%: cobalt [2004] 15.0%: copper [2004] 3.3%: coffee [2004] 0.9%: gold [2004] 0.7%). Major export destinations: Belgium 42.5%: Finland 17.8%: Zimbabwe 12.2%: US 9.2%: China 6.5%.

cost, insurance,

Education and health Literacy (2003): percentage of total population ages

15 and over literate 65.5%: males literate 76.2%: females literate 55.1%. Health: physicians (2004) 5,827 (1 per 9.585 persons): infant mortality rate per 1.000 live births (2005) 116.5: undernourished population (2002-04) 39,000,000 (74% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,830 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 145.000 (army 79.0%, central staff 9.5%, republican guard 5.0%, air force 2.0%, navy 4.5%): UN peacekeepers (March 2009): 16,600 troops: 1,100 police. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.7%: per capita expenditure US$3. Total

active

Background European colonization, several native kingdoms had emerged in the Congo region, including the 16th-century Luba kingdom and the Kuba federation, which reached its peak in the 18th century. European development began late in the 19th century when of Belgium financed Henry Morton King Leopold Stanley’s exploration of the Congo River. The 1884-85 Berlin West Africa Conference recognized the Congo Free State with Leopold as its sovereign. Prior to

II

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.; free on board

Countries of the

World

The growing demand for rubber helped finance the exploitation of the Congo, but abuses against native peoples outraged Western nations and forced Leopold to grant the Free State a colonial charter as the Belgian Congo in 1908. Independence was granted in 1960, and the country’s name was changed to Zaire in 1971. The postindependence period

was marked by

Congo (DRC).

Head

[137]).

of state

247

and government: President

Denis Sassou-Nguesso (from 1997). Capital: Brazzaville. Official language: French (Lingala and

Monokutuba are national languages). Official reliMonetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CFAF

gion: none.

452.93.

unrest, culminating in a military

coup that brought Gen. Mobutu Sese Seko to power in 1965. Mismanagement, corruption, and increasing violence devastated the infrastructure and economy. Mobutu was deposed in 1997 by Laurent Kabila, who restored the country's name to Democratic Republic of the

—Congo, Republic of the

Instability in

neighboring coun-

an influx of refugees from Rwanda, and a desire for Congo’s mineral wealth led to military involvement by various African countries, which fueled existing civil conflict in Congo. Although unrest continued in the beginning of the 21st century, it was somewhat abated by the promulgation in 2003 of a transitional constitution and by the formation of a transitional unity government that included most rebel groups; a new constitution was promulgated and a formal government elected in 2006. tries,

Demography Area; 132,047 sq mi, 342,000 sq km. Population (2010): 3,932,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 29.8, persons per sq km 11.5. Urban (2007);

61.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.72%; female 50.28%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 46.1%: 15-29, 27.4%: 30-44, 14.8%; 45-59, 7.4%; 60-74, 3.4%; 75-84, 0.8%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Kongo 21.2%; Yombe 11.5%: Teke 10.7%; Kougni 8.0%; Mboshi 5.4%; Ngala 4.2%; Sundi 4.0%; other 35.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 49%>; independent Christian 13%; Protestant 11%; Muslim 2%; other (mostly traditional

Major

beliefs

and nonreligious) 25%.

cities (2007): Brazzaville

1,308,700; Pointe-

647,152; Dolisie 118,562; Nkayi 60,453; Ouesso 26,994. Location: west-central Africa, bordering Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, the South Atlantic Ocean, and Gabon. Noire

Recent Developments The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s economy improved in 2010. In July the World Bank and the IMF approved a US$12.3 billion debt-relief agreement. Structural reforms progressed in public financial and oil resource management. The transnational mining firm Randgold Resources announced plans to start mining Africa’s largest undeveloped gold deposit, in Kibali. In three eastern provinces, the government suspended mining indefinitely to curtail illegal production and trade of “conflict" minerals (the mining of which contributes to or benefits from violations of

human

rights) by

armed

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 41.8 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 12.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 5.92. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 52.5 years; female 55.0 years. Birth rate per

militias.

Internet resource: .

Congo, Republic of the

National

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: CFAF 1,300,100,000,000 (petroleum revenue 80.6%; nonpetroleum revenue grants 16.9%: 2.5%). Expenditures: CFAF 736,400,000,000 (current expenditures 77.0%, of which interest 20.4%, wages and salaries 17.7%; capital expenditures 23.0%). Public debt (external,

outstanding; 2006): US$5,328,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$7,134,000,000 (US$1,970 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): cassava 915,000, sugarcane 550,000, oil palm fruit 90,000; livestock (number of live animals) 290,000 goats, 110,000 cattle, 99,000 sheep; fisheries production 59,966 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): gold 100 kg; diamonds, n.a. Manufacturing (2001): residual fuel oil (2000) 206,000; refined sugar 71,814; distillate fuel oils (2000) 62,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 453,000,000 (864,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2007) 82,600,000 ([2006] 4,909,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 625,000 (355,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) 23,600,000 (23,700,000). Population economically active (2006): total 1,482,000; activity rate of total population

Official

Congo). islative

name: Republique du Congo (Republic of the Form of government: republic with two leghouses (Senate [72]; National Assembly

40.2%

(participation rates:

ages 15-64, 69.5%; female 41.3%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 54; remittances (2008) 15; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 473; official development assistance (2007) 127.

('orM KIKS OF

248

WORI.D

TIIF,

Disbursements

for (USS'OOO.OOO): tourism (2CX)7) 168; remittances (2008) 102.

Foreign trade Imports (2005): CFAF 746.400.000.000 (nonpetroleum sector 85.9%: petroleum sector 14.1%). Major import sources (2002): France 26%: US 11%: Italy 8%: Lebanon 6%: Netherlands 5%. Exports (2005): CFAF 2.484.300.000.000 (crude petroleum 92.5%: wood products 4.6%: refined petroleum products 1.2%). Major export destinations (2002): Taiwan 27%: North Korea 11%: US 10%: South Korea 7%: France 7%.

— CoSTA Rk A

French overseas

17,000

155.000

(40).

total

(5):

users (2008):

Internet

1958 voted

in

to be-

republic within the

Recent Developments

894 km; passen-

ger-km metric ton-km cargo 242.000,000: 135.000,000. Roads (2004): total length 17.289 km (paved 5%). Vehicles: passenger cars (2002) 30,000: trucks and buses (1997) 15,500. Air transport (2002): passenger-km 27,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 3,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2005): 16,000 (4); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,807,000 (470); personal computers (2006):

and

French Community. Full independence came two years later. The area has suffered from political instability since independence. Congo’s first president was ousted in 1963. A Marxist party, the Congolese Labor Party, gained strength, and in 1968 another coup, led by Maj. Marien Ngouabi, created the People’s Republic of the Congo. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977, and a series of military rulers followed. Fighting between local militias that began in 1997 badly disrupted the economy, and though a 2003 peace agreement largely ended the conflict, sporadic violence continued.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (1998): length

territory

come an autonomous

In

March 2010, French

oil

giant Total

announced a

project in the Republic of the Congo, sub-Saharan Africa’s fourth largest

300

oil

producer, to extract up to

from existing offshore wells where production had been halted. Congo, which earned more than US$168 million yearly from its exports of timber to the EU, signed an agreement in May with the EU that committed both parties to the fight against illegal harvesting of hardwoods. million bbl

Internet resource:

.

Education and health

Costa Rica

Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 15-49 having: no fori;nal schooling 5.6%: primary education 28.1%: lower secondary

47.2%: upper secondary/higher 19.1%. Literacy (2005): total population ages 15 and over literate

87.4%: males literate 92.3%: females literate 82.9%. Health: physicians (2000) 540 (1 per 5,745 persons): hospital beds (2001) 5,195 (1 per 623 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 81.7: undernourished population (2003-05) 800.000 (22% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,800 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 10.000 (army 80.0%, navy 8.0%, air force 12.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.1%: per capita expenditure US$26.

Total

active

Background

Rica).

Official

language: Spanish. Official religion:

Roman

eral thriving

Catholicism. Monetary unit: 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

had

0503.58.

In

precolonial days the

Congo area was home

to sev-

kingdoms, including the Kongo, which beginnings in the 1st millennium ad. The slave trade began in the 15th century with the arrival of the Portuguese: it supported the local kingdoms and dominated the area until its suppression in the 19th century. The French arrived in the mid-19th century and established treaties with two of the kingdoms, placing them under French protection prior to their becoming part of the colony of French Congo. In 1910 the French possessions were renamed French Equatorial Africa, and Congo became known as Middle (Moyen) Congo. In 1946 Middle Congo became a

,

name: Republica de Costa Rica (Republic of Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Legislative Assembly [57]). Head of state and government: President Laura Chinchilla (from 2010). Capital: San Jose. Official

Costa

its

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons: ton-mi cargo:

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Demography mi, 51,100 sq km. Population (2010): 4,516,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 228.9, persons per sq km 88.4. Urban (2003): 60.6%. Sex distribution (2006): male 50.76%: female 49.24%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15,

Area:

19,730 sq

28.4%: 15-29, 28.1%: 30-44, 21.5%: 45-59, 13.7%: 60-74, 5.9%: 75-84, 1.8%: 85 and over.

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

freight:

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

Countries of the

0.6%. Ethnic composition (2000): white 77.0%; mes17.0%: black/mulatto 3.0%: East Asian (mostly Chinese) 2.0%: Amerindian 1.0%. Religious affiliation (2004): Roman Catholic (practicing) 47%: Roman tizo

25%: Evangelical Protestant 13%: nonreliglous 10%: other 5%. Major cities (2009): San Jose 356,174: Limon 65,600: Alajuela 50,989: San Francisco 48,036: Cinco Esquinas 43,100. Location: Central America, bordering Nicaragua, the Caribbean Sea, Panama, and the

World— Costa Ri^ 40.2%: Hong Kong 6.8%: Netherlands Guatemala 4.0%: Nicaragua 3.9%.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 16.9 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage (2007) 40.1%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 4.1 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

Total

fertility

rate

(avg.

births

1.97. Life expectancy male 76.7 years: female 81.7 years.

economy

25.2%: taxes on international trade 7.9%). Expendi02,025,500,000,000 (education 31.8%: interest on debt 20.7%: social protection 16.0%: public order 11.4%: transportation 10.7%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$3,750,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$27,447,000,000

(US$6,060 per

capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 4,300,000, bananas 2,240,000, pineapples 1,225,000, green coffee 110,400: livestock (number of live animals) 1,000,000 cattle, 550,000 pigs, 19.500.000 chickens: fisheries production 47,500 (from aquaculture 54%). Mining and quarrying (2006): limestone 900,000: gold 1,210 kg. Manu(60.000) facturing (value added in US$'000,000: 2003): food products 734: beverages 188: paints, soaps, and (4.911.000) pharmaceuticals 169. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 8,697,000,000

(8,786,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2006) none crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) none petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 637.000 (2,132,000). Population economically active (2008): total 2,059,613: activity rate of total pop:

:

(participation

rates:

ages 12-59

[2005] 60.8%: female [2005] 36.2%: unemployed 4.9%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 2,029: remittances (2008) 635: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 1,409: foreign development assistance (2007) 53. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 628: remittances (2008) 271: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 106.

Foreign trade Imports (2005: c.i.f.): US$9,640,100,000 (machinery and apparatus 34.2%: chemical products 11.0%: mineral fuels 10.5%: plastic products 7.0%: fabricated metal products 6.8%). Major import sources: US 40.1%: Japan 5.8%: Mexico 5.0%: Venezuela 4.9%: Ireland 4.5%. Exports (2005: f.o.b.):

US$7,150,690,000

scribers (2008):

176,000

(39).

Education and health

tures:

45.4%

220,456. Air transport (2005: Lacsa [Costa Rican Airlines] only): passenger-km 2,284,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 10,351,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,438,000 (317): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,887,000 (416): personal computers (2005): 1,000,000 (233): total Internet users (2007): 1,500,000 (336): broadband Internet sub-

at birth (2008):

Budget (2007). Revenue; 02,106,400,000,000 (taxes on goods and services 59.1%: income tax

ulation

Transport. Railroads (2004): 278 km. Roads (2006): total length 35,983 km (paved 25%). Vehicles (2004): passenger cars 620,992: trucks and buses

per childbearing

woman: 2008):

National

6.3%:

Transport and communications

Catholic (nonpracticing)

North Pacific Ocean.

249

(machinery and apparatus 29.8%: food products 24.8%, of which bananas 6.8%, pineapples 4.6%, coffee 3.7%: professional and scientific equipment 8.1%: textiles 7.5%: chemical products 6.0%). Major export destinations: US

Educational attainment (2004). Percentage of population ages 5 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 12.8%: incomplete primary education 23.3%: complete primary 24.5%: incomplete secondary 18.2%: complete secondary 8.5%: higher 12.7%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate 96.0%: males literate 95.9%: females literate 96.1%. Health: physicians (2004) 6,600 (1 per 644 persons): hospital beds (2003) 5,908 (1 per 714 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 9.0: undernourished population (2003-05) less than 5% of total population.

Military Paramilitary expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.7%: per capita expenditure US$43. The army was officially abolished in 1948. Paramilitary (police) forces (November 2008): 9,800.

Background Christopher Columbus landed in Costa Rica in 1502 in an area inhabited by a number of small, independent Indian tribes. These peoples were not easily dominated, and it took almost 60 years for the Spanish to establish a permanent settlement. Ignored by the Spanish crown because of its lack of mineral wealth, the colony grew slowly. Coffee exports and the construction of a rail line improved its economy in the 19th century. It joined the short-lived Mexican Empire in 1821, was a member of the United Provinces of Central America (1823-38), and adopted a constitution in 1871. In 1890 Costa Ricans held what is considered to be the first free and honest election in Central America, beginning a tradition of democracy for which Costa Rica is renowned. In 1987 then president Oscar Arias Sanchez was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In the early 21st century, many Costa Ricans looked to increasingly free trade with the US as a solution to the country’s economic woes.

Recent Developments time in the history of the country, in 2010 a woman, Laura Chinchilla, claimed the presidency of Costa Rica, promising to focus on problems of security and poverty. In response to concerns about rising crime, many new police officers were trained, a national antidrug commission was estabFor the

first

COUNTRIF.S OF THF W()RU>

250

lished,

C6TF D’IvOIRE

and collaboration with other Central Ameri-

can countries and the US increased. A national referendum on same-sex civil unions proposed by conservative

elements

was

quashed

by

the

constitutional court on the grounds that this matter

should be handled by the legislature. The economy rebounded sharply from its declines in 2009 linked to the worldwide recession.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 37.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

13.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2007); 4.33. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 50.3 years: female 53.7 years.

Internet resource: .

National

Cote d’Ivoire

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: CFAF 1,566.000,000.000 (tax revenue 79.9%: nontax revenue 14.1%: grants 6.0%). Expenditures: CFAF 1,536,600,000,000 (current expenditures 78.4%: interest on public debt 11.5%: other 10.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2006): US$10,830,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): yams 4,900,000, cassava 2,110,000, plantains 1.590.000, cacao beans 1,300,000, coffee 171.000, cashew nuts 130,000, natural rubber 128.000, fonio 9,700; livestock (number of live animals) 1,523,000 sheep, 1,500,000 cattle; fisheries production 33,416 (from aquaculture 2%). Mining and quarrying (2007): gold 1,243 kg: diamonds 300,000 carats. Manufacturing (value added in CFAF ’000,000,000: 1997): food products 156.6, of which cocoa and chocolate 72.4; chemical products 60.2; 30.000.

wood products 55.9;

refined petroleum products 46.0. Energy production (consumption): electricity

2006) 5,510,300 ([2005] 4,181,000,000): crude petroleum (barrels; 2007) 18,800,000 ([2005] 000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2005) 3,136,000 (974,000): natural gas (cu m; 2005) 1,661,000,000 (1,661,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 6,937,000: activity (kW-hr;

rate of total population

name: Republique de Cote d’Ivoire (Republic of Cote d’Ivoire). Form of government: republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [225, statutory number]). Head of state and government: PresiOfficial

dent Alassane Ouattara (from 2011), assisted by Prime Minister Guillaume Soro (from 2007). Capital: Abidjan. Official language: French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 cen-

times: valuation (1 Jul 2011)

US$1 = CFAF 452.93.

36.7%

(participation rates:

ages 15-64, 66.2%: female 30.5%). Selected balfrom ance of payments data. Receipts (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 104; remittances (2008) 215: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 353: official development assistance (2007) 165. Disbursements for (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 396: remittances (2008) 19. Gross national

income (2008): US$20,257,000,000 (US$980 per capita).

Demography

Foreign trade

Area: 123,863 sq mi, 320,803 sq km. Population (2010): 21,059,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 170.0, persons per sq km 65.6. Urban (2008):

Imports (2005): CFAF 2,687,000,000,000 (machinery and transportation equipment 40.1%: crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 32.3%: food products 17.0%). Major import sources (2004): France 24.3%: Nigeria 19.2%: UK 4.0%: China 4.0%: Italy 3.8%. Exports (2005): CFAF 3,950,000,000,000 (cacao beans and products 27.5%: crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 26.9%: wood .products 3.8%: coffee 2.1%). Major export destinations (2004): US 11.6%: Netherlands 10.3%: France 9.5%: Italy 5.5%: Belgium 4.7%.

49.0%. Sex distribution (2007): male 50.75%: female 49.25%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 41.2%: 15-29. 29.2%: 30-44, 16.5%: 45-59, 8.4%: 60-74, 3.9%: 75-84, 0.6%: 85 and over, 0.2%. Ethnollnguistlc composition (1998: local population only [in 1998 foreigners constituted 26% of the populaAkan 42.1%: Mande 26.5%: other 31.4%. Religious affiliation (2005): traditional beliefs 37%: Christian 32%, of which Roman Catholic 17%, Protestant 8%. independent Christian 7%: Muslim 28%: other 3%. Major cities (2005): Abidjan (urban agglomeration) 3,576,000: Bouake 573,700: Daloa 215,100: Yamoussoukro (2003) 185,600: Korhogo (2003) 115,000. Location: western Africa, bordering Mali. Burkina Faso. Ghana, the Atlantic Ocean, Liberia, and Guinea.

tion)):

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (1999): route length (2004) 660 km: passenger-km 93,100,000: metric ton-km cargo

537.600.000. Roads (2004): total length 80,000 km (paved 8%). Vehicles: passenger cars (2002) 114,000: trucks and buses (2001) 54,900. Air trans-

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.; free on board

Countries of the

port (2002; Abidjan airport only): passenger arrivals

and departures 821,400; cargo unloaded and loaded 16,699 metric tons. Communications, in total

251

quently arrested by pro-Ouattara rebels on 11 and Ouattara was inaugurated in May.

1,000 persons). Telephone landlines

Internet resource: .

357,000 (18); cellular telephone subscribers 10,449,000 (533): personal computers 262,000 (16); total Internet users (2008):

Croatia

units (units per

(2008): (2008): (2004):

World— Croatia

66.000 (34): broadband 1,200 (0.07).

April,

Internet subscribers (2005):

Education and health Educational attainment (1998-99). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 63.0%: primary education 19.4%: secondary 14.3%: higher 3.3%. Literacy (2007): percentage of population ages 15 and over literate 55.5%: males literate 65.1%: females literate 45.5%. Health: physicians (2004) 2,081 (1 per 8,143 persons): hospital beds (2001) 5,981 (1 per 2,660 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 98.3: undernourished population (2003-05) 2.600.000 (14% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,780 calories).

Military active duty personnel (November 2008): 17,050 (army 38.1%, navy 5.3%, airforce 4.1%, pres-

Total

guard 7.9%, gendarmerie 44.6%); peacekeeping troops: UN (March 2009): 7,800, French (November 2008): 1,800. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.4%; per capita expendiidential

ture

US$15.

name: Republika Hrvatska (Republic of CroaForm of government: multiparty republic with

Official tia).

one legislative house (Croatian Parliament [153]). Head of state: President Ivo Josipovic (from 2010). Head of government: Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor (from 2009). Capital: Zagreb. Official language: Croanone (Roman Catholicism re-

tian. Official religion:

ceives state financial support through concordats with the Vatican). Monetary unit: 1 kuna (kn; plural kune) = 100 lipa; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = kn 5.09.

Demography

Background Europeans came slaves beginning

doms gave way

to the area to trade in ivory in

and

the 15th century, and local king-

to French influence in the 19th cen-

The French colony of Cote d’Ivoire was founded 1893, and full occupation took place during

tury. in

1908-18. In 1946 it became a territory in the French Union; in 1947 the northern part of the country separated and became part of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). Cote d’Ivoire peacefully achieved autonomy in 1958 and independence in 1960, when Felix Houphouet-Boigny was elected president.

The country’s

elections were held

first

multiparty presidential

1990. Political turmoil has persisted since Houphouet-Boigny died in 1993, and a civil war in 2002 left the country divided into northern and southern sections. Attempts at reconciliation were initiated over the following years, including a 2007 power-sharing agreement signed by in

Area: 21,831 sq mi, 56,542 sq km. Population (2010): 4,426,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 202.7, persons per sq km 78.3. Urban (2005):

56.5%. Sex distribution (2006): male 48.17%; female 51.83%. Age breakdown (2004): under 15, 16.1%: 15-29, 20.2%; 30-44, 20.9%; 45-59, 20.7%: 60-74, 15.9%: 75-84, 5.3%; 85 and over, 0.9%. Ethnic composition (2001): Croat 89.6%: Serb 4.5%: Bosniak 0.5%; Italian 0.4%; Hungarian 0.4%: other 4.6%. Religious affiliation (2001): Christian 92.6%, of which Roman Catholic 87.8%, Eastern Orthodox 4.4%; Muslim 1.3%; nonreli1,000 gious/atheist 5.2%; other 0.9%. Major cities (2001): Zagreb 691,724; Split 175,140; Rijeka 143,800; Osijek 90,411; Zadar 69,556. Location: southeastern Europe, bordering Slovenia, Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Adriatic Sea.

both sides. Vital statistics

Recent Developments A presidential election in Cote d’Ivoire was contested in October 2010 by Pres. Laurent Gbagbo and former prime minister Alassane Ouattara. The electoral commission announced on 2 December that Ouattara had won, but the next day the Constitutional Council declared Gbagbo to be the winner. A stalemate dragged on, and beginning in late February 2011, there was an escalation in violence. Despite calling for a cease-fire on 4 April, Gbagbo’s troops attacked Ouattara’s base of operations, which was protected by UN peacekeeping troops. Gbagbo was subse-

Birth rate per

1,000 population (2007): 9.4 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 88.5%. Death rate per population (2007): 11.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2007): 1.40. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 72.3 years; female 79.2 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: kn 108,321,000,000 (tax revenue 59.3%, of which VAT 35.0%, excise taxes 11.2%; social security contributions 34.3%;

252

CoiJNTftlfvS

OF THE

nontax revenue 6,0%; grants 0.4%). Expenditures: kn 108.008,000,000 (social security and welfare 44.6%: wages and salaries 25.5%: goods and services 4.2%). Population economically active (2005): total (1,802,000): activity rate 40.5% (parrates: ages 15-64, 58.3%: female unemployed [July 2005-June 2006]

ticipation

45.5%:

12.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugar beets 1,582,606, corn (maize) 1,424,599, wheat 950.000, sunflower seeds 54,303: livestock (number of live animals) 1,489,000 pigs, 680,000 sheep, 483,000 cattle: fisheries production (2006) 52,750 (from aquaculture 28%). Mining and quarrying (2005): ceramic clay 200,000: ornamental stone 1,000,000 sq m. Manufacturing (value

WORLD

CROATIA

Education and health Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 3.5%: incomplete primary education 15.8%: primary 21.7%: secondary 47.1%: postsecondary and higher 11.9%. Literacy (2003): population ages 15 and over literate 98.5%: males literate 99.4%: females literate 97.8%. Health (2005): physicians 8,216 (1 per 541 persons): hospital beds 24.000 (1 per 185 persons): infant mortality rate per 1.000 live births 5.7: undernourished population (2002-04) 300,000 (7% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

2,010

calories).

added in kn '000,000: 2004): food products and beverages 7,112: refined petroleum products 12.540.000. chemical products 2,774. Energy produc4,005: tion (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2007) 000 ([2006] 18,052,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2006) none (1,071,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2007) 6,710,000 ([2006] 34,300,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 4,537,000 (4,490,000): natural gas (cu m: 2007) 2,713,000,000 ([2006] 2,802,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$60,192,000,000 (US$13,570 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$14,212,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 9,233: remittances (2008) 1,602: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2004-06 avg.) 2,191: official development assistance (2006) 200. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 985: remittances (2008) 110: FDI (2004-06 avg.) 267.

Foreign trade Imports (2007: US$23,658,000,000 (basic manufactures 20.0%: mineral fuels 15.0%: chemiproducts 11.0%: motor vehicles and parts 9.3%), Major import sources: Italy 16.3%: Germany 14.4%: Russia 9.9%: China 6.2%: Slovenia 6.0%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.): US$11,294,000,000 (basic manufactures 15.7%: mineral fuels 12.7%: ships and boats [particularly tankers] 11.5%: chemical products 9.4%: food products 8.0%). Major export destinations: Italy 19.2%: Bosnia and Herzegovina 14.4%: Germany 10.1%: Slovenia 8.3%: Austria 6 2 %. c.i.f.):

cal

.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 18,600 (army 61.2%, navy 10.0%, air force 18.8%, joint staff 10.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.7%: per capita expenditure active

Total

US$217.

Background The Croats, a southern Slavic people, arrived in the area in the 7th century ad and in the 8th century came under Charlemagne’s rule. They converted to Christianity soon afterward and formed a kingdom in the 10th century. Most of Croatia was taken by the Turks in 1526: the rest voted to accept Austrian rule. In

1867

it

became

part of Austria-Hun-

Dalmatia and Istria ruled by Vienna and Croatia-Slavonia a Hungarian crown land. In 1918, after the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, it Joined other southern Slavic territories to form gary, with

the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. During World War II an independent state of Croatia was established by

Germany and

Italy, embracing Croatia-Slavonia, part of Dalmatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina: after the war Croatia was rejoined to Yugoslavia as a people’s republic. It declared its independence in 1991, sparking insurrections by Croatian Serbs, who carved out autonomous regions with Serbian-

led Yugoslav

army

help: Croatia

had taken back

1995 and regained full control of its territory in 2002. With some stability returning, Croatia’s economy began to revive in the early 21st century. The country Joined NATO in most

of these regions by

2009. Transport and communications Transport. 1.080.000. Railroads (2007): length (2004) 2,726 km: passenger-km 1,611,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 3,574,000,000. Roads (2005): total length 28,472 km (paved [2003] 85%). Vehicles (2008):

passenger cars 1,529,271: trucks and buses 175,455. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 000: metric ton-km cargo 2,220,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,851,000 (407): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 5.924.000 (1,302): personal computers (2004):

842.000

(191): total Internet users (2008): 2.244.000 (493): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 525,000 (115).

Recent Developments Progress toward EU accession for Croatia remained

on track in 2010. A resolution of an impasse with Slovenia over the countries’ mutual border was agreed upon in June. The border agreement, together with a good report in June 2010 from Serge Brammertz, chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, cleared the way for Croatia to Join the EU as soon as it completed negotiations. Accession looked likely in 2012, though Croatia

still

Internet resource: .

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

had to resolve several issues, including and the fight against corruption.

Judicial reform

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

Countries of the

World — Cuba

253

tains 540,000, tobacco leaves 30,000: livestock (number of live animals) 3,750,000 cattle, 2.765.000 sheep, 1,765,000 pigs: fisheries production 62,144 (from aquaculture 50%). Mining and quarrying (2006); nickel (metal content) 75,000: cobalt (metal content) 4,300. Manufacturing (2006): cement 1,713,900: steel 257,200: cigarettes (2004) 12,800,000,000 units.

Cuba

Energy production (consumption): electricity (kWhr: 2008) 17,957,100,000 (17,957,100,000): coal (metric tons: 2006) none (11,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) 18,700,000 (39,400,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 1.861.000 (4,527,000): natural gas (cu m: 2006) 1,085,000,000 (1,085,000,000). Populaeconomically active tion total (2008): 5,027,800: activity rate 44.7% (participation rates: ages 15 and over [2004] 52.3%: female 38.0%: unemployed 1.6%). Gross national in-

come name; Republica de Cuba (Republic of Cuba). Form of government: unitary socialist republic with one legislative house (National Assembly of the People’s Power [614]). Head of state and govOfficial

ernment: President Raul Castro Ruz (from 2008). Capital: Havana. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: none. Monetary unit; 1 Cuban peso (CUP) = 100 centavos: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = 1.00 CUP.

Demography Area: 42,427 sq mi, 109,886 sq km. Population (2010): 11,239,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 264.9, persons per sq km 102.3. Urban (2005):

75.5%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.09%: female 49.91%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 19.2%: 15-29, 20.5%: 30-44, 27.6%: 45-59, 17.0%: 60-74, 10.8%: 75-84, 3.6%: 85 and over, 1.3%. Ethnic composition (1994): mixed 51.0%: white 37.0%: black 11.0%: other 1.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 47%: Protestant 5%: nonreligious 22%: other 26% (as much as 70% of the population also practice Santerfa). Major cities (2006): Havana 2,174,790: Santiago de Cuba 425,990: Camaguey 306,702: Holguin 274,805: Santa Clara 208,739. Location: island southeast of Florida (US), between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008); 10.9 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

7.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 1.50. Life expectancy at birth

(2005-07): male 76.0 years: female 80.0

(2007): US$51,167,000,000 (US$4,541 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000, 000): 'tourism (2007) 2,141: remittances (2003) 1,200: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 20: official development assistance (2007) 92.

Foreign trade Imports (2004: c.i.f.): US$5,610,000,000 (food products 18.4%, of which cereals 8.0%: machinery and apparatus 17.5%: refined petroleum products 12.8%: chemical products 9.6%: crude petroleum 9.4%). Major import sources (2006): Venezuela 23.5%: China 16.7%: Spain 9.0%: Germany 6.5%: US 5.1%. Exports (2004: f.o.b.): US$2,332,000,000 (nickel oxide 45.5%: food products 19.7%, of which raw cane sugar 11.5%: cigars 8.7%: medicine 6.0%). Major export destinations (2006): Netherlands 28.0%: Canada 19.8%: Venezuela 10.7%: China 8.9%: Spain 5.4%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2003: Cuban Railways only): length 4,226 km: (2001) passenger-km 1,766,600: metric ton-km cargo 806,900,000. Roads (2000):

length 60,856 km (paved 49%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 172,574: trucks and buses 185,495. Air transport (2003: Cubana airline only); passenger-km 2,044,000,000: metric ton-km cargo

total

40,933,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1.104.000 (98): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 332,000 (29): personal computers (2005); 377.000 (33): total Internet users (2008): 1,450,000 (129): broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 1,900 (0.2).

years.

Education and health

economy Revenue: CUP 42,055,600,000

National

Budget (2008). revenue 61.5%: nontax revenue 38.5%). Ex-

(tax

penditures:

CUP 46,255,600,000

(current rev-

enue 90.3%,

of which education 16.2%, health 15.5%, social security contributions 9.5%, public safety and defense 4.4%: capital expenditures

9.7%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2004): US$12,000,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 11,100,000, tomatoes 640,000, plan-

Educational attainment (2002): Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling 14.1%: primary education 17.2%: secondary 26.6%: vocational/teacher training 32.8%: university 9.3%. Literacy (2004): total population ages 15 and over literate 96.9%: males literate 97.0%: females literate 96.8%. Health: physicians (2006) 70,594 (1 per 160 persons): hospital beds (2004) 70,079 (1 per 160 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000

live

births

(2008) 4.7: undernourished population (2003-04) less than 5% of total population.

Countries of the

254

World — Cyprus Cyprus

Military Total active duty personnel

(November 2008): 49,000

(army 77.6%, navy 6.1%, air force 16.3%); US military forces at Naval Base Guantanamo Bay (November 2008): 903. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2005): 3.8%; per capita expenditure US$151.

Background groups, including the Ciboney, the Taino, and the Arawak, inhabited Cuba at the time of the first Spanish contact. Christopher Columbus Several

Indian

claimed the island for Spain in 1492, and the Spanish conquest began in 1511, when the settlement of Baracoa was founded. The native Indians were eradicated over the succeeding centuries, and African slaves, from the 18th century until slavery was abolished in 1886, were imported to work the sugar plantations. Cuba revolted unsuccessfully against Spain in the Ten Years’ War (1868-78); a second war of independence began in 1895. In 1898 the US entered the war; Spain relinquished its claim to Cuba, which was occupied by the US for three years before gaining its independence in 1902. The US invested heavily in the Cuban sugar industry in the first half of the 20th century, and this, combined with tourism and gambling, caused the economy to prosper. In 1958-59 the communist revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba’s longtime dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and established a socialist state aligned with the Soviet Union, abolishing capitalism and nationalizing foreign-owned enterprises. Relations with the US deteriorated, reaching a low point with the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion and the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. In 1980 about 125,000 Cubans, including many that their government officially labeled “undesirables," were shipped to the US in what became known as the “Mariel boatlift." When communism collapsed in the USSR, Cuba lost important financial backing and its economy suffered greatly. In the early 21st century, Cuba benefited from a petroleum-trade agreement with Venezuela and

eased some of

its

restrictive

economic and

social poli-

stepped down as president in 2008, ending his 49-year rule of Cuba; his younger brother Raul replaced him as Cuba’s leader.

Two de facto states currently exist on the island of Cyprus: the Republic of Cyprus (ROC), predominantly Greek in character, occupying the southern two-thirds of the island, which is the original and still the internationally recognized de jure government of the whole island; and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), proclaimed unilaterally 15 Nov 1983, on territory originally secured for the Turkish Cypriot population by the 20 Jul 1974 intervention of Turkey. Only Turkey recognizes the TRNC, and the two ethnic communities have failed to reestablish a single state. Provision of separate data below does not imply recognition of either state’s claims but is necessitated by the lack of unified data. Area: 3,572 sq mi, 9,251 sq km. Population (2010): 1,085,000 (includes 160,000-170,000 immigrants [mostly from Turkey]; excludes 2,791 British military in the Sovereign Base Areas (SBA) in the ROC and 842 UN peacekeeping troops). Location: the Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey.

cies. Castro officially

Republic of Cyprus

name: Kipriaki Dhimokratia (Greek); Kibris Cumhuriyeti (Turkish) (Republic of Cyprus). Form of Official

Recent Developments

2010

gained worldwide attention for an interview with an American reporter in which he candidly stated that "the Cuban model doesn’t even work for us anymore" (though he later said that his remarks had been misinterpreted). After months of hinting that the huge state employment sector was unwieldy and inefficient, Pres. Raul Castro said that one million government jobs would be eliminated in the coming year. In May 2011, Cuba legalized the sale of real estate and In

Fidel Castro

automobiles. Although the

US maintained

offer licensed charter flights to

Internet resource: .

seats reserved for Turkish Cypriots are not occupied]). Head of state and government: President Dimitris Christofias (from 2008). Capital: Lefkosia (Nicosia).

languages: Greek; Turkish. Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = €0.69 (the euro replaced the Cyprus pound [£C] on 1 Jan 2008, at the rate of €1 = £C 0.59). Official

its political

and nonagricultural economic embargo of Cuba, in January 2011, US Pres. Barack Obama’s administration eased several restrictions. Travel to Cuba from the US by religious, educational, and Journalistic groups was facilitated, as was the sending of remittances to Cuba. As well, all US international airports would eventually be allowed to

government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (House of Representatives [80; 24

Cuba.

Demography km (includes 99

Area: 2,276 sq mi, 5,896 sq

sq mi

[256 sq km] of British military SBAs and 107 sq mi [278 sq km] of the UN Buffer Zone). Population (2010): 805,000 (excludes British and UN military forces). Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 17.5%; 15-29, 24.0%; 30-44, 21.6%; 45-59, 19.6%; 60-74, 12.2%; 75 and over, 5.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Greek Cypriot 91.8%: Armenian 3.3%;

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

Arab 2.9%, of which Lebanese 2.5%; British 1.4%; other 0.6%. Religious affiliation (2001): Greek Orthodox 94.8%: Roman Catholic 2.1%, of which Maronite 0.6%: Anglican 1.0%: Muslim 0.6%: other 1.5%. Urban areas (2007): Lefkosia (ROC only) 231,800: Limassol 183,000: Larnaca 81,700.

Vital statistics

World — Cyprus

255

Education and health Educational attainment (2008). Percentage of population 9 ges 20 and over having: no formal schooling/incomplete primary education 7%: complete primary 18%: secondary 47%: higher education 28%. Health (2006): physicians 1,950 (1 per 395 persons): hospital beds 2,864 (1 per 269 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 3.1.

1,000 population (2007): 10.9 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): Birth rate per

6.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2007): 1.39. Life expectancy at birth

(2006-07): male 78.3 years: female 81.9

years.

National

Military Total active duty personnel (2008):

10,000

(national

guard 100%): Greek troops (2008): 950. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 2.3%: per capita expenditure US$635.

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: £C 3,273,700,000 (excises and import duties 41.4%: income tax 22.3%: social 19.9%). Expenditures: £C 3.459.300.000 (current expenditures 91.3%: development expenditures 8.7%). Gross national income (2007): US$19,617,000,000 (US$24,940 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008: island of Cyprus): potatoes 131,695, barley 46,806, oranges 43,910, grapes 35,976, grapefruit 26,900, olives 18,025: livestock (number of live animals) 464,900 pigs, 318,400 goats, 267,300 sheep: fisheries production (2007) 4,950 (from aquaculture 51%). Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2005): food products, beverages, and tobacco products 281: cement, bricks, and ceramics 98: base metals and fabricated metal products 67. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 4,652,000,000 (4,652,000,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 2,687: remittances (2008) 279: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 1,590. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,479: remittances (2008) 577: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 826. security contributions

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): US$7,046,000,000 (refined petroleum products 17.2%: machinery and apparatus 16.4%: motor vehicles 11.0%: food products 9.2%). Major import sources: Greece 17.3%: Italy 11.4%: UK 8.9%: Germany 8.9%: Israel 6.2%. Exports (2006: f.o.b.): US$1,414,900,000 (refined petroleum products 18.2%: telecommunications equipment 9.9%: motor vehicles 9.8%: vegetables and fruit 8.9%: medicine 8.6%: cigars and cigarettes 4.5%). Major export destinations: UK 14.6%: Greece 13.2%: France 7.4%: Germany 4.5%.

Transport and communications

Roads (2004): total length 12,059 km (paved 65%). Vehicles (2007): cars 410,936: trucks and buses 120,790. Air transport (2008): passengerkm ton-km cargo metric 3,384,000,000:

Transport.

46,000,000. Communications, in total units (island of Cyprus unless otherwise noted: units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 413,000 (479): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1.017.000 (1,177): personal computers (ROC only: 2004): 249,000 (309): total 380.000 (445): broadband (2008): 104,000 (120).

InteVnet users (2007):

Internet subscribers

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Official

name: Kuzey

Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)

Northern Cyprus). Capital: Lefkosa (Nicosia). Official language: Turkish. Mone-

(Turkish

Republic

of

new Turkish lira (YTL): US$1 = YTL 1.61. Population

tary unit:

2011) 280,000 (in-

valuation (1 Jul

(2010):

cludes 160,000-170,000 immigrants [mostly from 2,791 British military in the Sovereign Base Areas [SBA] in the ROC and 842 UN peacekeeping troops) (Lefkosa [2006] 49,237: Magusa [Famagusta] [2006] 34,803: Girne [Kyrenia] [2006] 24,122: GOzelyurt [Morphou] [2006] 12,425). Sex distribution (2006): male 53.99%: female 46.01%. Ethnic composition (2006): Turkish Cypriot/Turkish 96.8%: other 3.2%. Birth rate per 1,000 population (2007): 15.0 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): 6.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2007) 1.80.

Turkey]: excludes

Budget (2007). Revenue: YTL 1,912,021,000 (indirect taxes 29.4%: direct taxes 20.5%: foreign aid 14.8%). Expenditures: YTL 2,125,064,000 (social transfers 39.8%: wages and salaries 35.6%: investments 10.7%: defense 5.6%). Imports (2004): US$853,100,000 (machinery and transportation equipment 35.7%: food products 9.4%). Major import sources: Turkey 60.1%: UK 10.7%. Exports (2004): US$62,000,000 (citrus fruits 32.4%: wearing apparel 18.9%). Major export destinations: Turkey 46.3%: UK 21.8%. Health (2007): physicians 474 (1 per 529 persons): hospital beds 1,380 (1 per 194 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 15.0.

Background Bronze Age Cyprus had been visited and settled by Mycenaeans and Achaeans, who introduced Greek culture and language, and It became a trading center. By 800 bc Phoenicians had begun to settle there. Ruled over the centuries by the Assyrian, Persian, and Ptolemaic empires, it was annexed by Rome in 58 bc. It was part of the Byzantine Empire in the 4th -12th centuries ad. Cyprus was conquered by the English king Richard in 1191. A part of the Venetian empire from 1489, it was taken by Ottoman Turks in 1571. In 1878 the British assumed control, and Cyprus became a British crown colony in 1925. It gained independence in 1960. Conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots led to the establishment of a UN peacekeeping mission in 1964. In 1974, fearing a movement to unite Cyprus with Greece, Turkish soldiers occupied the northern third of the country, and Turkish Cypriots established a government, which obtained recognition only from Turkey. Conflict has conBy the

late

I

COIJNTRIKS OF THK

256

WORU) — CZF.CH RePUBUC

tinued to the present, and the UN peacekeeping mission has remained in place. The Republic of Cyprus joined the European Union in 2004 and adopted the euro as its official currency in 2008.

In

Recent Developments 2010 Cyprus remained divided, but

and violence increasingly replaced by

with tension

interaction

negotiation. In April Dervis Eroglu

was elected

dent of Turkish Cyprus, replacing

Mehmet

and

presi-

Ali Talat.

The

president-to-president talks with Dimitris Greek Cyprus, dating to 2008, continued. These talks were cordial, but the war of words continued, as did sporadic intercommunal vandalism. A joint communications room was set up to deal with crime and criminals crossing the border. Both sides took action to preserve and rehabilitate churches and mosques and to facilitate pilgrimages from one side to the other.

Moravian 3.7%: Slovak 1.9%; Polish 0.5%: German 0.4%: Silesian 0.1%; Rom (Gypsy) 0.1%; other 2.9%. Religious affiliation (2000): Christian 63.0%, of which Roman Catholic 40.4%, unaffiliated Christian 16.0%, Protestant (mostly Lutheran) 3.1%, independent Christian (mostly independent Catholic [Hussite Church of the Czech Republic]) 2.6%: atheist 5.0%; Jewish 0.1%: nonreligious 31.9%. Major cities (2008): Prague 1,233,211: Brno 370,592; Ostrava 307,767; Plzen 169,273; Liberec 100,914. Location: central Europe, bordering Germany, Poland, Slovakia.

and

Austria.

Christofias of

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 11.5 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 58.6%. Death rate per 1.000 population (2008); 10.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.50. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 73.7 years: female 79.9 years.

Internet resource: .

National

Czech Republic

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: Kc 1,151,050,000,000 (tax revenue 92.0%, of which social security contributions 45.3%, taxes on goods and services 1.210.270.000. taxes on income and profits 18.8%; grants 26.9%, 4.3%: nontax revenue 3.7%). Expenditures: Kc 000 (social security and welfare 33.7%; health 16.1%; education 9.4%;' transportation and communications 7.0%; defense 3.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): wheat 3,955,437, sugar beets

2,598,676, barley 1,919,712, rapeseed 1,038,400:

(number of live animals) 2,741,300 pigs, 1,389,600 cattle: fisheries production 24,723 (from aquaculture 83%). Mining and quarrying (2007): kaolin 3,604,000; feldspar 514,000. Manufacturing (value added in Kc '000,000; 2003): base and fabricated metals 93,380; food products, beverages, and tobacco products 81,440; electrical and optical equipment 70,800. Energy production (consumplivestock

electricity (kW-hr; 2007) 88,187,000,000 223.000.71,730,000,000): coal (metric tons; 2007) ([2006] 12.900.000 ([2005] 9,220,000); lignite (metric tons; tion):

name: Ceska republika (Czech Republic). government: unitary multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [81]; Chamber of Deputies [200]).. Head of state: President Vaclav Klaus (from 2003). Head of government: Prime MinOfficial

Form

of

ister Petr

Necas (from 2010).

Capital: Prague. Official

language: Czech. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = 16.74 Kc.

Demography 30,450 sq

mi, 78,865 sq km. Population (2010): 10,526,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 345.7, persons per sq km 133.5. Urban (2003): 74.3%. Sex distribution (2006): male 48.83%; female 51.17%. Age breakdown (2004): under 15,

Area:

14.9%: 15-29, 22.1%: 30-44. 21.3%: 45-59, 22.0%: 60-74. 13.6%: 75-84. 5.2%; 85 and over, 0.9%. Ethnic composition (2001): Czech 90.4%;

2007) 49,300,000 ([2005] 47,600,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) 2,332,000 (53,800,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 5.578.000 t6,761,000): natural gas (cu m; 2007)

000 ([2006] 10,661,000,000). Population economically active (2007): total 5,198,300; activity rate of total population

50.4%

(participation rates:

ages 15-64, 69.8%; female 43.6%: unemployed 6.0%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2004); US$12,020,000,000. Gross national income (2008):

US$173,154,000,000 (US$16,600 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 6,637; remittances (2008) 1,415; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 8,931. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 3,647; remittances (2008) 3,826: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 927.

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): Kc 2,111,100,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 31.9%: chemical products

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo: c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

10.2%: mineral fuels 9.0%; motor vehicles and parts 8.5%). Major import sources: Germany 28.5%: China 6.1%: Russia 6.0%: Poland 5.6%: Slovakia 5.4%. Exports (2006: f.o.b.): Kc 2,149.800.000.000 (machinery and apparatus 34.7%. of which computers and ofmachines and parts 7.8%, general industrial

fice

machinery 6.8%: motor vehicles and parts 15.7%: chemical products 5.8%: fabricated metal products 5.5%). Major export destinations: Germany 31.9%: Slovakia 8.4%: Poland 5.7%: France 5.5%: Austria 5.1%.

World— Denmark

257

The economy grew 2.4% during the year, compared with a 4.1% contraction in the previous year. Industrial production and exports were strong, thanks to rising demand elsewhere in Europe. Domestic household consumption rose only modestly, however, despite a steady drop in unemployment rates, which at the end of the year stood at 9.0%. Moreover, investment levels were poor, as firms were reluctant to spend amid continued economic uncertainty. In August the country, which had been a partner to an earlier, controversial plan to which Russia had objected, agreed to be part of a revised US missile defense system. In June 2011, however, the Czechs withdrew. years.

Transport and communications Transport.

Railroads (2005):

route

length

(2004)

Internet resource: .

9,441 km: passenger-km 6,667,000: metric ton-km cargo 14,866,000,000. Roads (2006); total length 128,512 km (paved [2004] 100%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 3,958,708; trucks and buses 435,235. Air transport (2008); passenger-km 6,300,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 27,180,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 2,278,000 (224); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 13,780,000 (1,353); personal computers (2004): 5,100,000 (500): total Internet users (2007): 4,400,000 (432): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,760,000 (173).

Denmark

Education and health Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling 0.2%; primary education 21.6%: secondary 68.7%; higher 9.5%. Literacy (2001): 99.8%. Health (2005): physicians 36,381 (1 per 282 persons): hospital beds 65,022 (1 per 158 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 2.8: undernourished population (2003-05) less than 5% of total popula-

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 24,083 (army 55.5%, air force 20.5%, joint staff 24.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.5%: per capita expenditure US$279.

Total

name: Kongeriget Danmark (Kingdom of Denmark). Form of government: constitutional monarchy with one legislative house (Folketing (from [179]). Head of state: Queen Margrethe 1972). Head of government: Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen (from 2009). Capital: Copen-

Official

tion.

active

Background 1918 the history of what is now the Czech Republic was largely that of Bohemia. In that year the independent republic of Czechoslovakia was born

II

hagen. Official language: Danish. Official religion: Evangelical Lutheran. Monetary unit: 1 Danish krone (DKK; plural kroner) = 100 ore; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = DKK 5.15.

Until

through the union of Bohemia and Moravia with Slovakia. Czechoslovakia came under the domination of the Soviet Union after World War II, and from 1948 to 1989 it was ruled by a communist government. Its growing political liberalization was suppressed by a

1968. After communist rule collapsed in 1989-90, separatist sentiments emerged among the Slovaks, and in 1992 the Czechs and the Slovaks agreed to break up their federated state. On

Soviet invasion

in

1993 the Czechoslovakian republic was peacedissolved and replaced by two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, with the region of 1 Jan

fully

Moravia remaining in the former. In 1999 the Czech Republic entered ^ATO and in 2004 the EU.

Recent Developments The Czech Republic continued in 2010 to recover economically from the global crisis of the past two

Demography Area: 16,640 sq mi, 43,098 sq km (excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland). Population (2010): 5,546,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 333.3, persons per sq km 128.7. Urban (2004): 85.4%. Sex distribution (2008): male

female 50.43%. Age breakdown under 15, 18.6%: 15-29, 17.3%: 30-44, 21.9%: 45-59, 20.2%; 60-74, 15.0%; 75-84, 5.1%: 85 and over, 1.9%. Ethnic composition (2006): Danish 91.9%: Turkish 0.6%: German 0.5%: Iraqi 0.4%; Swedish 0.4%; Norwegian 0.3%: Bosnian 0.3%; other 5.6%. Religious affiliation (2006): Evangelical Lutheran 83.0%: other Christian 1.3%: Muslim 3.7%; nonreligious 5.4%: atheist 1.5%: other 5.1%. Major urban areas (2007): Greater Copenhagen 1,153,615; Arhus 237,551: Odense 158,163; Alborg 121,818; Esbjerb 70,880. Location: northern Europe, bordering the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and Germany.

49.57%: (2006):

Countries of the Wori.d

258

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1.000 population (2008); 11.8 (world 53.8%. Death rate per

avg. 20.3): within marriage

1.000 population (2008): 9.9 (world avg. fertility

rate (avg.

8.5). Total

births per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.89. Life expectancy at birth (2007-08): male 76.3 years: female 80.7 years.

economy Revenue: DKK 694,084.000,000

National

Budget (2007). on income and profits 44.4%; taxes on goods 613.412.000. and DKK services Expenditures: 39.8%). 000 (social protection 35.1%; education 11.4%: economic affairs 5.8%: defense 4.3%: health 0.2%). National debt (December 2006): US$57,887,000,000. Population economically active (2007): total 2,893,200; activity rate of total population 53.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 80.2%: female 47.1%; unemployed [July 2005-June 2006] 5.0%). Production (metric tons except as

— Denmark

km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 2,020,013; trucks and buses 508,788. Air transport (2008; Danish share of Scandinavian Airlines System): passenger-km 5,316,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (2007) 8,748,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 2,487,000 (456); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 6,551,000 il,201); personal computers (2004): 3,543,000 (659); total Internet users (2008): 4,630,000 (849); broadband Internet subscribers (2008); 2,006,000 (369).

(taxes

noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): wheat barley sugar 4,519,200, beets 3,104,200, 2,255,300: livestock (number of live animals) 13.599.000 pigs, 1,579,000 cattle; fisheries produc-

684,191 metric tons (from aquaculture 5%). Mining and quarrying (2007): sand and gravel 28.600.000 cu m; chalk 1,950,000 metric tons. Man-

tion

ufacturing (value of sales in DKK ’000,000; 2005): food products 121,040; nonelectrical machinery and

Education and health Educational attainment (2004). Percentage of population ages 25-69 having: completed lower secondary or not stated 30.3%; completed upper secondary or 1,000 vocational 43.9%; undergraduate 19.6%; graduate 6.2%. Literacy: 100%. Health: physicians (2004) 19,450 (1 per 278 persons): hospital beds (2005) 20,487 (1 per 265 persons): infant mortality rate per live births (2008) 4.0; undernourished population (2003-05) less than 5% of total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 29,550 (army 48.2%, air force 12.1%, navy 11.8%, joint staff 27.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.3%; per capita expenditure Total

active

US$746.

apparatus 66,050; computer and telecommunications equipment 49,(D78. Energy production (con-

Background

sumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2007) 37,394,000,000 ([2006] 38,781,000,000): coal (metric tons; 2006) none (9,436,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2007)

The Danes, a Scandinavian branch settled the area

c.

111.300.000 ([2006] 59,111,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 7,840,000 (6,800,000); natm; ural gas (cu 10,053,000,000 2006) (4,918,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$325,060,000,000 (US$59,130 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from

Viking period the

Danes expanded

(US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 6,218; remittances (2008) 1,087; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 9,243. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 8,791; remittances (2008) 3,227; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 13,914.

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): DKK 502,587.000,000 (machinery and apparatus 25.9%; chemical products 10.8%: food products 9.2%; motor vehicles 8.5%). Major import sources: Germany 21.5%; Sweden 14.3%: Netherlands 6.2%; UK 5.8%; China 5.3%. Exports (2006: f.o.b.): DKK 535,933,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 23.3%, of which general industrial machinery 6.4%, power-generating machinery 4.5%; food products 16.1%, of which meat 5.6%; crude petroleum 9.3%: medicine and pharmaceuticals 7.3%). Major export destinations: Germany 15.5%; Sweden 1.976.000. 13.8%: UK 8.4%: US 6.0%: Norway 5.7%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2004): route length 2,644 km; passenger-km 6,132,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 000. Roads (2006): total length 72,362

of the Teutons, the 6th century ad. During the their territory,

and

by the 11th century the united Danish kingdom included parts of what are now Germany, Sweden, Eng-

and Norway. Scandinavia was united under Danish rule from 1397 until 1523, when Sweden became independent: a series of debilitating wars with Sweden in the 17th century resulted in the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660), which established the modern Scandinavian frontiers. Denmark gained and lost various other territories, including Norway, in the 19th and 20th centuries: it went through three constitutions between 1849 and 1915 and was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940-45. A founding member of NATO (1949), Denmark adopted its current constitution in 1953. It became a member of the European Community in 1973 and of the EU in 1993, but it negotiated exemptions from certain EU provisions in response to some Danes’ concerns regarding environmental protection and social welfare. In the early 21st century Denmark’s handling of immigrants land,

raised great debate.

Recent Developments the Muhammad cartoon scandal returned to haunt Denmark in 2010. Overnight on 1-2 January, an ax-wielding Somali Muslim broke into the home of Kurt Westergaard, a cartoonist who had produced one of the infamous drawings of Muhammad that sparked violent fJFotests across the Muslim world in 2006. Westergaard escaped to a safe room in his home and alerted police. They ap-

The

bitter legacy of

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.; cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.; free on board

COUINTR lES OF THE

prehended the attacker, who reportedly had close links to both the radical Somali al-Shabaab organization and al-Qaeda in eastern Africa. On the eve of the ninth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a Chechen Muslim was arrested after he set off a minor explosion in a Copenhagen hotel while apparently preparing a letter bomb to be sent to the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. Internet resource:

.

Djibouti

WORLD — DJIBOUTI

259

19.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 5.31. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 41.9 years: female

44.5 years.

National

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: FDJ 46,710,000,000 (tax revenue 65.8%, of which indirect taxes 26.3%, direct taxes 24.8%, transit taxes, harbor dues, and other registration fees 14.7%; nontax revenue 17.5%; grants 16.7%). Expenditures: FDJ 46,378,000,000 (current expenditures 74.7%; capital expenditures 25.3%). Public debt (external, outstanding: February 2006): US$474,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): lemons and limes 1,800, dry beans 1,500, tomatoes 1,200; livestock (number of live animals) 512,000 goats, 466,000 sheep, 297,000 cattle, 69,000 camels; fisheries production 265 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying: mineral production limited to locally used construction materials such as basalt and evaporated salt (2006) 138,000. Manufacturing (2003): products of limited value include furniture, nonalcoholic beverages, meat and hides, light electromechanical goods, and mineral water. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 280,000,000 (280,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (139,000); natural gas (cu m; 2004) none (4,380,000); geothermal, wind, and solar resources are substantial but largely undeveloped. Population economically active (2003): total 299,000; activity rate of total population 39.1% rates: ages 15-64, 69.0%; female 39.5%; unemployed [2006] 60%). Gross national in-

(participation

come

(2008): US$957,000,000 (US$1,030 per Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 9.2; remittances (2008) 29; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 139; official development assistance capita).

name: Jumhuriyah Jibuti (Arabic): Republique de Djibouti (French) (Republic of Djibouti). Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [65]). Head of state and head of government: President Ismail Omar Guelleh Official

(from

1999). Capital: Djibouti. Official languages:

Arabic; French. Official religion: Islam.

Monetary

unit:

1 Djibouti franc (FDJ) = 100 centimes; valuation (1 2011) US$1 = FDJ 174.90.

Jul

Demography Area: 8,950 sq mi, 23,200 sq km. Population (2010): 833,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 93.1, persons per sq km 35.9. Urban (2007): 86.9%. Sex distribution (2006): male 51. 19%; female 48.81%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 43.3%; .

15-29, 28.0%: 30-44, 13.7%; 45-59, 9.2%; 60-74, 5.1%: 75 and over, 0.7%. Ethnic composition (2000): Somali 46.0%: Afar 35.4%; Arab 11.0%; mixed African and European 3.0%; French 1.6%; other/unspecified 3.0%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim (nearly all Sunni) 94.1%: Christian 4.5%, of which Orthodox 3.0%, Roman Catholic 1.4%: nonreligious 1.3%: other 0.1%. Major city and towns (2009):

(2007) 583,000; Ali Sabieh 23,000; Dikhil 16,700; Arta 11,600. Location: the Horn of Africa, bordering Eritrea, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, Somalia, and Ethiopia.

Djibouti

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2006): 39.5 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2006):

Birth rate per

avg.

(2006) 117. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 3.5; remittances (2008) 5.

Foreign trade Imports (1999; total and commodities data exclude Ethiopian trade via rail): US$152,700,000 (food products and beverages 25.0%; machinery and electric appliances 12.5%; khat 12.2%; refined petroleum products 10.9%: transportation equipment 10.3%). Major import sources (2004): Saudi Arabia 21.9%: India 18.7%; China 10.2%; Ethiopia 4.8%; France 4.7%. Exports (2001; total and commodities data exclude Ethiopian trade via rail): US$10,200,000 (aircraft parts 24.5%: hides and skins of cattle, sheep, goats, and camels 20.6%; leather products 7.8%; live animals 6.9%). Major export destinations (2005): Somalia 66.4%: Ethiopia 21.5%: Yemen 3.4%.

Transport and communications

100 km; (1999) passenger-km 81,000,000; (2002) metric ton-km cargo 201,000,000. Roads (2002): total length 2,890 km (paved 13%). Vehicles (2002): passenger cars 15,700; trucks and buses 3,200. Air transport (2005): passenger arrivals and departures 219,119; metric tons of freight loaded and unloaded 10,973. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2005): 11,000 (23); cellular telephone subscribers (2007): 45,000 (54); per-

Transport. Railroads (2006): length

Countries of the

260

World

— Dominica

sonal computers (2005): 19,000 (41); total Internet users (2006): 11,000 (23); broadband Internet subscribers (2005): 40 (0.09).

Education and health

15 and over literate 72.2%; males literate 81.2%; females literate 63.8%. Health: physicians (2004) 129 (1 per 3,619 persons): hospital beds (2000) 694 (1 per 621 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 102.4; undernourished population (2002-04) 200,000 (24% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,770 calories). Literacy (2007): percentage of population ages

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 10,450 (army 76.6%, navy 1.9%, air force 2.4%, national security force 19.1%); foreign troops (November 2008): French Foreign Legion 2,850; US 1,900; German 100. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.9%; per capita expendi-

Total

ture

active

US$20.

Background Settled around the 3rd century bc by the Arab ancestors of the Afars, Djibouti was later populated by Somali Issas. In ad 825 Islam was brought to the area by missionaries. Arabs controlled the trade in this region until the 16th century: it became the French protectorate of French Somaliland in 1888. In in

1946 it became a French overseas territory, and 1977 it gained its independence. In the late

20th century, the country received refugees from the Ethiopian-Somali war and from civil conflicts in Eritrea. In the 1990s it suffered from political un-

290 sq mi, 751 sq km. Population (2010): 72,200. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 249.0, persons per sq km 96.1. Urban (2003): 72.0%. Sex distribution (2006): male 50.34%; female 49.66%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 26.1%; 15-29, 23.8%: 30-44, 27.4%: 45-59, 12.4%; 60-74, 7.0%; 75 and over, 3.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): black 88.3%; mulatto 7.3%; black-Amerindian 1.7%; British expatriates 1.0%; Indo-Pakistani 1.0%; other 0.7%. Area:

Religious affiliation (2001): Roman Catholic 61%; four largest Protestant groups (including Seventh-day

and Methodist) 28%; 6%; other 5%. Major towns (2006): Roseau 16,600; Portsmouth 3,600; Marigot 2,900. Location: island in the southern Caribbean Sea, south of Guadeloupe and north of Martinique.

Adventist, Pentecostal groups,

nonreligious

Vital statistics

rest.

1,000 population (2006): 15.3 (world avg. 20.3): (1991) within marriage 24.1%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2006): 6.7 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

Recent Developments The border dispute that began in 2008 between Djibouti and its northern neighbor, Eritrea, neared resolution in 2010. Qatar, with support from the UN, stepped in to help mediate, and Eritrean troops left the Ras Doumeira area of Djibouti under the supervision of Qatari military observers in June 2010. Djibouti also agreed to allow Japan to build its first overseas base within the country. The US$40 million naval base would serve in the larger international antipiracy effort in the Gulf of

Aden.

Internet resource: .

Dominica Official

name: Commonwealth

of Dominica.

Form

of

government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (House of Assembly [32]). Head of state: President Nicholas Liverpool (from 2003). Head of government: Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit (from 2004). Capital: Roseau. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Eastern Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = EC$2.70.

Total

fertility

woman; 2006):

rate

(avg.

births

per childbearing

1.94. Life expectancy at birth (2006):

male 72.0 years: female 77.9 years.

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: EC$467,600,000 (tax revenue 65.7%, of which VAT 24.4%, taxes on international trade and transactions 14.7%, taxes on income and profits 11.1%; grants 27.8%; nontax revenue 6.5%). Expenditures: EC$458,300,000 (current expenditures 66.2%, of which wages and salaries 26.2%, transfers 13.9%, debt service 7.2%: development expenditures and net lending 33.8%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2005): US$208,400,000. Gross national income (2007): US$310,000,000 (US$4,250 per capita). Population economically active (2001): total 27,865; activity rate of total population 40.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 64.7%; female 38.9%; unemployed [2002] 25%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): bananas 30,000, grapefruit and pomelos 17,000, coconuts 12,000; livestock (number of live animals) 13,500 cattle, 9,700 goats, 7,600 sheep; fisheries produc-

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries ok the

World

776 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying: pumice, limestone, and sand and gravel are quarried primarily for local consumption. Manufacturing (value of production in ECS’OOO; 2004): toilet and laundry soap 24,588; toothpaste 8,774; crude coconut oil (2001) 1,758; other products include fruit juices, beer, garments, bottled spring tion

water, and cardboard boxes. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 85,000,000 (85,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (38,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 71; remittances (2008) 30; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 31; official development assistance (2007) 19. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 10; remittances (2008) negligible.

Foreign trade

— Dominican Republic

was one of the last islands to be explored by Europeans, and the Caribs remained in possession until the 18th century; it was then settled by the French and ultimately taken by Britain in 1783. Subsequent hostilities between the settlers and the native inhabitants resulted in the Caribs’ near extinction. Incorporated with the Leeward Islands in 1883 and with the Windward Islands in 1940, it became a member of the West Indies Federation in 1958. Dominica became independent In 1978. Offshore banking, a controversial boon to the Dominican economy in the late 20th century, was discontinued early in the 21st century. it

Recent Developments Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit ordered a review in April 2010 of Dominica’s Economic Citizenship program, which allowed foreigners to acquire Dominican citizenship for a fee of

Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$166,900,000 (machinery and apparatus 17.1%; food products 15.5%; refined petroleum products 14.2%; chemical products 12.2%; motor vehicles 5.9%). Major import sources: US 36.1%; Trinidad and Tobago 22.1%; UK 5.8%; Japan 4.0%; China 3.9%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$41,500,000 (food products 32.8%, of which bananas 21.2%; soap 25.3%; dental and oral hygiene preparations 13.5%; stone, sand, and gravel 6.7%). Major export destinations: UK 18,6%; Jamaica 15.2%; Antigua and Barbuda 13.0%; France (including overseas departments) 8.2%; Trinidad and Tobago 7.5%.

261

suspected that

gram

to

US$75,000. The government

some people might be

commit

using the pro-

illegal acts.

Internet resource: .

Dominican Republic

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (1999): total length 780 km (paved 50%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 8,700; trucks and buses 3,400. Air transport (1997): passenger arrivals and departures 74,100; cargo unloaded 575 metric tons, cargo loaded 363 metric tons. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2004): 21,000 (295); cellular telephone subscribers (2004): 42,000 (589); personal computers (2004); 13,000 (182); total Internet users (2005); 26,000 (372); broadband Internet subscribers (2004); 3,300 (46).

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: primary education

62%; secondary 31%; vocational/university 7%. Literacy (1996): total population ages 15 and over liter94.0%. Health: physicians (2004) 38 (1 per 1,824 persons); hospital beds (2002) 270 (1 per 257 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 13.7; undernourished population (2003-05)

ate,

less than

5%

of total population.

name: Republica Dominicana (Dominican ReForm of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [32]; Chamber of Deputies [183]). Head of state and government: Official

public).

President Leonel Fernandez Reyna (from 2004). CapSanto Domingo. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: none (Roman Catholicism is the state religion per concordat with Vatican City). Monetary unit: 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos; valuation ital:

(1 Jul

2011) US$1 = RD$37.93.

Military Total active duty personnel (2006): none (a 300member police force includes a coast guard unit).

Demography

in

mi, 48,671 sq km. Population (2010): 9,884,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 526.0, persons per sq km 203.1. Urban (2005): 66.8%. Sex distribution (2005): male 50.18%; female 49.82%. Age breakdown (2002); under 15,

1493, Dominica was inhabited by the Caribs. With its steep coastal cliffs and inaccessible mountains.

33.5%; 15-29, 26.6%; 30-44, 20.2%; 45-59, 11.7%; 60-74, 5.9%; 75-84, 1.6%; 85 and over.

Background At the time of the arrival of Christopher

Columbus

Area:

18,792 sq

Countries of the

262

World

0.5%. Ethnic composition (2003): mulatto 73%; white 16%; black 11%. Religious affiliation (2004): Roman Catholic 64.4%; other Christian 11.4%; nonreligious 22.5%: other 1.7%. Major urban centers

Santo Domingo 1,887,586; Santiago 507,418; San Pedro de Macons 193,713; La Romana 191,303; San Cristdbal 137,422. Location:

— Dominican Republic nations (2005): 1.9%.

Transport and communications

(2002):

eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, bordered by the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and Haiti.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 20.4 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007):

Birth rate per

avg.

3.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 74.5 years.

birth

fertility

rate (avg. births

2006): 2.83. Life ex(2006): male 71.0 years; female

US 78.9%: Netherlands 2.4%; Mexico

Transport. Railroads (2004); route length 615 km. Roads (2002): total length 19,705 km (paved 51%). Vehicles (2008); passenger cars 630,815; trucks

and buses 383,869. Air transport: (1999) passenger-km 4,900,000; (2003) metric ton-km cargo 200.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landllnes (2008): 986.000 (100): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 7,211,000 (728); personal computers (2007):

331,000

(35); total Internet users (2008):

2.563.000 (259): broadband (2008): 226,000 (23).

Internet subscribers

Education and health National

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: RD$157,585,000,000 (tax revenue 94.2%, of which taxes on goods and services 49.0%, import duties 24.0%, income taxes 18.8%; nontax revenue 5.8%). Expenditures: RD$161,612,000,000 (current expenditures 75.7%; development expenditures 24.3%). Public (external, debt outstanding; 2006): 710,000, Gross national income (2008); US$6,571,000,000. US$43,207,000,000 (US$4,390 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture fishing (2007): sugarcane 5,700,000, rice

and

Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25 and older having: no formal education/unknown 4.1%; incomplete/complete primary education 53.1%; secondary 25.9%; undergraduate 15.9%: graduate 1.0%. Literacy (2003): total popu2.000. lation ages 15 and over literate 84.7%. Health (2005): physicians (public sector only) 12,966 (1 per 730 persons): hospital beds 9,640 (1 per 982 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 29.0; undernourished population (2003-05) 000 (21% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

1,840

calories).

bananas 552,500; livestock (number of live animals) 2,210,000 cattle, 47,500,000 chickens; fisheries production 14,689 (from aquaculture 7%). Mining (2007): nickel (metal content) 47,125;

marble 6,000 cu m; gold, none. Manufacturing (2005): cement 2,779,000; refined sugar 139,203; beer 4,541,000 hectoliters; rum 499,000 hectoliters. Energy production (consumption): electricity

(5.190.000) (kW-hr; 2006) 14,150,000,000 (14,150,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none (704,000); crude pe(331.400.000) troleum (barrels; 2006) none (14,800,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 1,936,000 natural gas (cu m; 2006) none Population economically active (2007): total 4,204,800; activity rate of total population 45.2% (participation rates: ages 15 and over, 64.3%: female 38.7%; unemployed 10.0%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 4,082; remittances (2008) 3,487; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 1,427; official development assistance (2007) 128. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 326; remittances (2008) 28. ;

.

Foreign trade Imports (2006): US$8,745,000,000 (consumer goods 50.7%, of which refined petroleum products 21.0%, food products 5.8%; capital goods 15.4%; crude petroleum 10.9%). Major import sources (2005): US 50.0%; Colombia 6.2%; Mexico 5.8%. Exports (2006):

US$6,440,000,000 (reexports

of free

zones 70.0%, of which wearing apparel 24.8%, electronics 10.3%, Jewelry 9.8%; ferronickel 11.0%; mineral fuels 5.6%: raw sugar 1.6%). Major export desti-

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 49,910 (army 81.0%, navy 8.0%, air force 11.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.6%: per capita expenditure US$30.

Total

active

Background The Dominican Republic was originally part of the Spanish colony of Hispaniola. In 1697 the western third of the island, which later became Haiti, was ceded to France; the remainder of the island passed to France in 1795. The eastern two-thirds of the island was returned to Spain in 1809, and the colony declared its independence in 1821. Within a matter of weeks it was overrun by Haitian troops and occupied until 1844. Since then the country has been under the rule of a succession of dictators, except for short interludes of democratic

government, and the US has frequently been involved in its affairs. The termination of the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo in 1961 led to civil war in 1965 and US military intervention. The country frequently suffered from severe hurricanes, as in

1979 and 1998. Recent Developments curb corruption and stand up to vested interests blunted the Dominican Republic government’s efforts at structural reform, more efficient tax collection, and deficit control in 2010. Unbridled patronage had created a bloated public and foreign Inability to

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

ton-mi cargo;

Countries of the One report cited a total of 325 deputy min20 government ministries. Macroeconomic indicators were generally strong but masked

service.

for

isters

the country’s poor performance in providing public education, its chronic sectors of acute poverty, and its high unemployment rate. Organized crimelinked to the northward transit of drugs-and domestic narcotics consumption grew. The Dominican government provided food, medicine and medical treatment, and reconstruction support for victims of the earthquake in Haiti in January; however, the surge of Haitian migrants into the Dominican Republic exacerbated the existing tensions regarding illegal

Haitian residents.

Internet resource: .

East Timor (Timor-Leste)

World — East Timor

263

per childbearing woman; 2008): 6.50. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 64.0 years; female 68.7 years.

National

economy

Budget (2005-06). Revenue: US$485,000,000 (oil and gas revenue 93.1%, of which taxes 74.8%, royalties 15.5%; domestic revenue 6.9%). Expenditures: US$93,000,000 (current expenditures 71.3%; capital expenditures 16.9%: previous year spending 11.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); corn (maize) 63,430, cassava 49,720, rice 41,386, coffee 14,000, candlenut (2001) 1,063, cinnamon 75; livestock (numlive animals) 346,000 pigs, 171,000 cattle, 110.000 buffalo: sandalwood exports were formerly more significant: fisheries production 350 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2006): commercial quantities of marble are exported. Manu-

ber of

facturing (2001): principally the production of texgarments, handicrafts, bottled water, and

tiles,

processed coffee. Energy production (consumption): electricity

(kW-hr;

320,000,000

2006)

(320,000,000): crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) 1.142.000 (negligible): petroleum products (metric

2006) 6,735,000 (97,000). Population economically active (2006): total 427,000: activity rate population 38% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 71%: female 40%; unemployed [2000] 50%). Gross national income (2008): US$2,706,000,000 (US$2,460 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 1; official development assistance (2007) 278.

tons:

of total

Official

name; Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste

(Portuguese): Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa’e (Tetum);

(Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste [East

Form of government; republic with one leghouse (National Parliament [65]). Head of State; President Jose Ramos-Horta (from 2007). Head of government: Prime Minister Xanana Gus-

Timor]). islative

mao

(from 2007). Capital: Dili. Official languages: Portuguese: Tetum. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 US dollar (US$) = 100 centavos.

Foreign trade Imports (2008): US$268,583,000 (mineral fuels 26.5%: motor vehicles 16.3%; cereals 9.5%; electrical equipment 6.5%: machinery and apparatus 6.5%). Major import sources: Indonesia 42.5%; Singapore 17.1%; Australia 13.8%; Vietnam 7.0%; Japan 4.5%. Exports (2008): US$49,206,000 (domestic exports 26.2%, of which coffee 25.7%; reexports 73.8%). Major export destinations (excluding reexports): Germany 26.9%; US 26.8%; Indonesia 16.6%; Singapore 10.0%; Portugal 6.4%.

Demography Area: 5,760 sq mi, 14,919 sq km. Population (2010): 1,143,000. Density (2010):. persons per sq mi 198.4, persons per sq km 76.6. Urban (2005): 7.8%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.79%: female 49.21%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15,

45.0%: 15-29, 25.3%: 30-44, 15.1%: 45-59, 10.0 60-74, 4.0%: 75 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic 9.6%: composition (1999): East Timorese 80%: other (nearly all Indonesian, and particularly West Timo-

20%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman 98%: Protestant 1%: Muslim 1%. Major urban areas (2004): Dili 151,026: Los Palos

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2005): total length 5,000 km (paved 50%). Vehicles (1998): passenger cars 3,156; trucks and buses 7,140. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons).

Telephone landlines (2003): 2,000

(2.4); cellular tele-

phone subscribers (2007): 69,000 users (2004): 1,000 (1.1).

(60); total Internet

rese)

Catholic

(Lospalos) 12,612: Same 9,966. Location: southeast Asia, eastern end of the island of Timor plus an exclave on the western end, bordered by the Timor Sea and Indonesia.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 40.9 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008);

Birth rate per

avg.

(world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal education 54.3%, some primary education 14.4%, complete primary 6.2%, lower secondary 10.4%, upper secondary and higher 14.7%. Literacy (2005): percentage of population ages 15 and over literate 49%; males literate 54%: females literate 45%. Health (2008): physicians 347 (1 per 3,107 persons); hospital beds (1999) 560 (1 per 1,277 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 83.5.

Countries of the

264

World — Ecuador

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 1,286 (army 97%, navy 3%); foreign peacekeeping troops (March 2009): Australian 650; New Zealander 140. Total

active

Background The Portuguese first settled on the island of Timor in 1520 and were granted rule over Timor’s eastern half in 1860. The Timorese political party Fretilin declared East Timor independent in 1975 after Portugal withdrew

its

troops.

It

was invaded by Indone-

was incorporated as a province of 1976. The takeover, which resulted in thousands of East Timorese deaths during the next two decades, was disputed by the UN. In 1999 an independence referendum won overwhelmingly; civilian militias, armed by the military and led by local supporters of integration, then rampaged sian forces and

Indonesia

in

through the province, killing 1,000-2,000 people. The Indonesian parliament rescinded Indonesia’s annexation of the territory, and East Timor was returned to its preannexation status as a non-self-governing territory, though this time under UN supervision. Preparation for independence got under way in 2001, with East Timorese voting by universal suffrage in August for a Constituent Assembly of 88 members. Independence was officially declared on 20 May 2002 and was followed by the swearing in of Xanana Gusmao as the first president of the country.

Recent Developments Disagreement continued in East Timor in 2011 over development plans for the Greater Sunrise offshore gas and oil fields, revenues from which were to be divided evenly between East Timor and Australia. In March East Timor threatened to scuttle the agreement because the Australian company Woodside Petroleum had proposed an offshore floating processing center— East Timor wanted the natural gas to travel to its coastline for processing.

under 15, 32.6%; 15-29, 27.4%; 30-44, 19.5%; 45-59, 12.1%: 60-74, 6.1%; 75-84, 1.8%; 85 and 0.5%. Ethnic composition (2000): mestizo 42.0%; Amerindian 40.8%; white 10.6%; black over,

5.0%: other 1.6%.

Roman

Religious affiliation

Catholic (practicing)

(2005):

35%; Roman Catholic

50%; other (significantly Evangelical 15%. Major cities (2003): Guayaquil (urban agglomeration: 2005) 2,387,000; Quito (urban agglomeration: 2005) 1,514,000; Cuenca 303,994; Machala 217,266; Santo Domingo de los Colorados 211,689. Location: northwestern South America, bordering Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean. (non-practicing)

Protestant)

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 14.9 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

4.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2005); 2.70. Life expectancy at birth (2005): male 71.7 years; female

77.6 years. Internet resource: .

National

Ecuador name: Republica del Ecuador (Republic of Ecuador). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [124]). Head of state and government: President Rafael Correa Delgado (from 2007). Capital: Quito.

Official

language: Spanish (Quechua and Shuar are also official languages for the indigenous peoples). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 US dollar (US$) = 100 centavos. Official

Demography Area: 98,985 sq mi, 256,370 sq km. Population (2010): 14,219,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 143.6, persons per sq km 55.5. Urban (2005): 62.8%. Sex distribution (2005): male 50.15%: female 49.85%. Age breakdown (2005):

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: US$6,895,000,000 (nonpetroleum revenue 75.1%, of which VAT 32.3%, income tax 15.5%, customs duties 9.0%; petroleum export revenue 24.9%). Expenditures: US$7,011,000,000 (current expenditures 76.2%; capital expenditures 23.8%). Production (metric tons

except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sug-

arcane 7,300,000, bananas 6,130,000, oil palm 2,100,000, plantains 590,000, pyrethrum and dried flowers (2004) 105; livestock (live animals) 5,050,000 cattle, 1,300,000 pigs, 1,050,000 sheep; fisheries production 554,745 (from aquaculture 31%). Mining and quarrying (2007); limestone 5,374,000; gold 3,186 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2004): refined petroleum products 1,794; food products 870; beverages 845. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 14,814,000,000 (16,383,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2007) 187,000,000 ([2006] fruit

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; ton-mi cargo; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

55,500,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 7,453,000 (8,218,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) 687,000,000 (687,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 4,204,800; activity rate of total population

45.2%

(participation rates:

ages 15-64, 69.6%: female 38.7%; unemployed [March 2006-February 2007]' 10.1%). Public debt December (external, outstanding; 2006): US$10,108,000,000. Gross national income (2008):

US$49,105,000,000 (US$3,640 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 623; remittances (2008) 3,200; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 314; official development assistance (2007) 215. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 504; remittances (2008) 83.

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): US$12,114,000,000 (mineral fuels 21.1%: machinery and apparatus 20.0%; chemical products 15.3%; motor vehicles and parts 11.5%: iron and steel 6.0%). Major import sources (2008): US 19.0%: Colombia 9.6%; Brazil 4.8%; Japan 3.6%; Mexico 3.5%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$12,728,000,000 (crude petroleum 54.5%; bananas and plantains 9.5%; fish 5.4%; shrimp 4.6%; refined petroleum products 3.9%; cut flowers 3.4%). Major export destinations (2008): US 45.3%: Peru 9.2%; Chile 8.2%; Colombia 4.2%; Venezuela 3.8%.

World

Transport and communications

2.000. Roads (2006): total length 43,670 km (paved 15%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 519,041; trucks and buses 357,514. Air transport (2005): passenger-km 867,100,000; metric ton-km cargo 5.400.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1.910.000 (142): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 11,595,000 (860); personal computers (2005): 866,000 (65); total Internet users (2008): 1.310.000 (97): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 35,000 (2.6).

265

Background Ecuador was conquered by the Incas in ad 1450 and came under Spanish control in 1534. Under the Spaniards it was a part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1740, when it became a part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. It gained its independence from Spain in 1822 as part of the republic of Gran Colombia, and in 1830 it became a sovereign state. A succession of authoritarian governments ruled into the mid-20th century, and economic hardship and social unrest prompted the military to take a strong role. Border disputes led

war between Peru and Ecuador in 1941; the two fought periodically until agreeing to a final demarcation in 1998. The economy, booming in the 1970s with petroleum profits, was depressed in the 1980s by reduced oil prices and earthquake to

damage. A new constitution was adopted in 1979. In the 1990s social unrest caused political instability and several changes of heads of state. In a controversial move to help stabilize the economy, the US dollar replaced the sucre as the national currency in 2000. In the early 21st century, Ecuador continued to struggle with political upheaval, social unrest related to indigenous rights

and economic mance.

policies,

and poor economic

Recent Developments for

how to shape his analysis to fit the plaintiffs’ case. Nonetheless, in February 2011 a judge issued a US$8 billion Judgment against Chevron, ruling that the company was responsible for contamination in the Ecuadorean Amazon referred to by some as the "Amazon Chernobyl.” Chevron appealed a month later. Internet resource:

.

Egypt Education and health Educational attainment (1995). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schoolin^incomplete primary education 18.8%; complete

primary/incomplete secondary 47.2%; complete secondary 16.1%; higher 17.9%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate 92.5%; males literate 94.0%; females literate 91.0%. Health: physicians (2004) 21,625 (1 per 603 persons); hospital beds (2007) 20,523 (1 per 663 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 16.4; undernourished population (2003-05) 1.900.000 (15% of total population based on the' consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,770 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 57,983 (army 80.2%, navy 12.6%, air force 7.2%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.8%; per capita expenditure US$57.

Total

active

perfor-

Chevron Corp., battling a US$27.3 billion lawsuit in 2010 over environmental damage in Ecuador’s oil zone, claimed that outtakes from a documentary film about the issue show that plaintiffs’ lawyers had told a key expert witness Lawyers

Transport. Railroads (2006): route length (2005) 965 km; passenger-km 4,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

— Egypt

Countries of the

266

name: Jumhuriah Misr al-‘Arabiyah (Arab Republic of Egypt). Form of government: republic

Official

with two legislative houses (Consultative Assembly

People’s Assembly [518]). Head of state: head of the Armed Forces Supreme Council Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (from 2011). Head of government: Prime Minister Essam Sharaf (from 2011). Capital: Cairo. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Egyptian pound (LE) = 100 piastres; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = LE 5.97. [264]:

Demography 386,874 sq

1,002,000 sq km. Population (2010): 84.474,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 218.4, persons per sq km 84.3. Urban (2006): Area:

mi,

43.1%. Sex distribution (2006): male 51.11%; female 48.89%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 33.0%; 15-29, 28.0%; 30-44, 19.8%; 45-59, 12.3%; 60-74, 5.7%; 75 and over, 1.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): Egyptian Arab 84.1%; Sudanese Arab 5.5%; Arabized Berber 2.0%; Bedouin 2.0%;

Rom (Gypsy) 1.6%; other 4.8%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim 84.4% (nearly all Sunni; Shi'i make up less than 1% of population); Christian 15.1%, of which Orthodox 13.6%, Protestant 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.3%; nonreligious 0.5%. Major cities (2006): Cairo 6,759,000 ([urban agglomeration: 2007] 11,893,000): Alexandria 4,085,000; Al-Jizah 2,891,000; Shubra al-Khaymah 1,026,000; Port Said 571,000. Location: northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the Gaza Strip, Israel, the Red Sea, Sudan, and Libya.

World — Egypt 118,058): coal (metric tons; 2006) 25,000 (1.713.000) crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 241.500.000 ([2006] 205,400,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 30,700,000 (30.977.000) natural gas (cu m; 2007) 47,488,000,000 (31,800,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$146,851,000,000 (US$1,800 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007): US$26,940,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 9,303; remittances (2008) 9,476; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 8,999; official development assistance (2007) 1,083. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 2,446: remittances (2008) 180; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 302. :

:

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$26,928,000,000 (food products 15.7%, of which wheat 5.8%; machinery and apparatus 14.9%; mineral fuels 14.7%; chemical products 9.8%: iron and steel 4.5%). Major import sources: free zones 15.2%; US 9.5%; Saudi Arabia 8.3%: Germany 6.6%; China 6.0%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$16,101,000,000 (refined petroleum products 25.4%: liquefied natural gas 16.6%; food products 7.7%: crude petroleum 6.5%; iron and steel 4.6%). Major export destinations: free zones 16.3%; India 11.3%; Italy 9.8%; Spain 6.4%; bunkers and ships’ stores 6.0%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005): length 9,525 km; passenger-km 54,853,000,000; metric ton-km

Vital statistics

cargo

1,000 population (2008-09): 25.0 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008-09): 6.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate

length

Birth

rate per

births per childbearing woman; 2006): 2.83. expectancy at birth (2007-08): male 71.0 years; female 74.0 years. (avg. Life

National

economy

Budget (2006-07). Revenue: LE 205,655,000,000 (nontax revenue 42.6%; corporate taxes 23.7%; taxes on goods and services 19.2%). Expenditures: LE 239,602,000,000 (social protection 35.8%; general administration 24.4%; education 11.6%; defense 7.5%). Population economically active (2005): total 22,310,000; activity rate 31.3% (participation rates: ages 15-64 [2001] 46.9%; female 23.3%: unemployed [2008] 8.7%). Production (’000; metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 16,200, tomatoes 7,550, wheat 7,379, dates 1,130, seed cotton 560, figs 170; livestock (’000; number of live animals) 5,180 sheep. 4,550 cattle, 3,950 buffalo, 120 camels; fisheries production 1,008,007 (from aquaculture 63%). Mining and quarrying (2006): gypsum 3,300; iron ore 2,600; phosphate rpck 2,200: salt 1,200; kaolin 416. Manufacturing (value added in USS’OOO.OOO; 2002): chemical products 2,823; food products 1,016; textiles and wearing apparel 618. Energy production (consumption): electricity (’000,000 kW-hr; 2008) 128,105 ([2006]

4,234,000,000. Roads (2004): total 92,370 km (paved 81%). Vehicles: passenger cars (2004) 1,960,000; trucks and buses (2002) 650,000. Inland water (2007): Suez Canal, number of transits 20,384; metric ton cargo 710,098,000. Air transport (2006): passenger-km 10,332,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 323,160,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 12,011,000 (147); cellular tele-

phone subscribers (2008): 41,272,000 (506); personal computers (2007): 3,923,000 (49); total Internet

users (2008): 12-,569,000 (154); subscribers (2008):

Internet broadband 769.000 (9.4).

Education and health Educational attainment (2006). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal schooling 41.6%: incomplete primary education/incomplete secondary 20.7%; complete secondary/some higher 28.1%: university 9.4%; advanced degree 0.2%. Literacy (2001): total population ages 15 and over literate 56.1%: males literate 67.2%; females literate 44.8%. Health: physicians (2006) 161,000 (1 per 451 persons): hospital beds (2007) 185,000 (1 per

393

persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live (2007-08) 16.0; undernourished population

births

(2002-04) 2,600,000 (4% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement j * of 1,900 calories).

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World

— El Salvador

be weakened or rejected under a new

public, could

Military

267

regime.

Total active duty personnel (November 2008): 468,500 (army 72.6%, navy 3.9%, airforce [including air defense] 23.5%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 3.5%; per capita expenditure

Internet resource: .

US$58.

El

Salvador

Background

home

one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations. Upper and Lower Egypt were united about 3000 bc, beginning a period of cultural achievement and a line of native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years. Egypt’s ancient history is divided into the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 332 BC. The pyramids date from the Old Kingdom, the cult of Osiris and the refinement of sculpture from the Middle Kingdom, and the era of empire and the Exodus of the Jews from the New Kingdom. An Egypt

is

to

Assyrian invasion occurred in the 7th century bc, and the Persian Achaemenids established a dynasty in 525 BC. The invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 bc inaugurated the Macedonian Ptolemaic period and the ascendancy of Alexandria, The Romans held Egypt from 30 bc to ad 395; later it was placed under the control of Constantinople. Constantine’s granting of tolerance in 313 to the Christians began the development of a formal Egyptian (Coptic) church. Egypt came

under Arab control in 642 and ultimately was transformed into an Arabic-speaking state, with Islam as the dominant religion. Held by the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, in 969 it be-

came the center of the Fatimid dynasty. In 1250 Mamiuks established a dynasty that lasted until 1517, when Egypt fell to the Ottoman Turks.

name: Republica de El Salvador (Republic of Form of government: republic with one legislative house (Legislative Assembly [84]). Head of state and government: President Mauricio Funes (from 2009). Capital: San Salvador. Official language: Spanish. Official religion: none (Roman Official El

Salvador).

Catholicism, though not official, enjoys special recognition in the constitution). Monetary unit: 1 colon (C) = 100 centavos; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = 08.75 (the US dollar [US$] has also been legal tender since 1 Jan 2001; the colon is rarely in use).

the

Demography

An economic decline ensued, and with

it a decline Egyptian culture. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914 and received nominal independence in 1922, when a constitutional monarchy was established. A coup overthrew the monarchy in 1952, with Gamal Abdel Nasser taking power. Following three wars with Israel, Egypt, under Nasser’s successor, Anwar el-Sadat, ultimately played a leading role in Middle East peace talks. Sadat was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak, who followed Sadat’s peace initiatives and in 1982 regained Egyptian sovereignty (lost in 1967) over the Sinai Peninsula. Although Egypt took part in the coalition against Iraq during the Persian Gulf War (1991), it later made peace overtures to Iraq and other countries in the region.

in

Area: 8,124 sq mi, 21,041 sq km. Population (2010): 6,052,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 745.0, persons per sq km 287.6. Urban (2008): 64.8%. Sex distribution (2008): male 47.39%; female 52.61%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15,

32.6%; 15-29, 27.2%; 30-44, 18.3%; 45-59, 11.9%; 60-69, 5.0%; 70 and over, 5.0%. Ethnic composition (2000): mestizo 88.3%; Amerindian 9.1%, of which Pipil 4.0%; white 1.6%; other/unknown 1.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 71%; independent Christian 11%; Protestant 10%; Jehovah’s Witness 2%; other 6%. Major cities (2007): San Salvador 316,090 (urban a^lomeration 1,433,000); Santa Ana 245,421; Soyapango 241,403; San Miguel 218,410; Mejicanos 140,751. Location: Central America, bordering Guatemala, Honduras, and the North Pacific Ocean.

Recent Developments In

2011

in

Egypt, a popular uprising forced

one

of

the region’s longest-serving and most influential leaders. Pres. Hosni Mubarak, from power. As demonstrations calling for Mubarak to step down to clear the way for free elections and democracy gathered strength, the Mubarak regime resorted to increasingly violent tactics against protesters, resulting in hundreds of injuries and deaths. After almost three weeks of mass protests, Mubarak stepped down as president. Central elements of Egypt’s foreign policy under Mubarak, such as Egypt’s politicalmilitary alignment with the United States and the 1979 Egypt-lsrael peace treaty, embraced by Egypt’s leaders but unpopular with the Egyptian

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 22.5 (world avg. 20.3); (2003) within marriage 27%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 5.9 Birth

rate

per

(world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per

woman; 2006): 3.12. Life expectancy (2006): male 67.9 years; female 75.3

childbearing at birth

years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: US$3,077,600,000 (VAT 53.9%; income tax 31.4%; import duties 6.6%;

COIJNTRIKS OF THK

268

grants

other

1.4%;

6.7%).

WORLD — El

Expenditures:

US$2,928,900,000 (education 18.4%; defense and public security 18.3%: public health and welfare 9.7%: other 53.6%). Public debt (external, out-

standing: 2007): US$5,444,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 5,400,000, corn (maize) 836,695, sorghum 181,694, coffee 94,514: livestock (number of live animals) 1,380,112 cattle, 451,482 pigs, 96,000 horses: fisheries production 52,368 (from aquaculture 7%). Mining and quarrying (2006): limestone 1,200,000. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2004): food products 875: textiles and wearing apparel 262: chemical products 262: refined petroleum products 234. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 5,293,000,000 (5,204,-

000,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) none (6,348,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 811,000 (1,857,000). Population economicaliy active (2008); total 2,495,908: activity rate of total

population

40.8%

(participation

SaL.VADOR

22.0%: primary education: grades 1-3 19.1%, grades 4-6 19.9%: secondary: grades 7-9 13.9%, grades 10-12 14.6%: higher 10.5%. Literacy (2008): total population ages 10 and over literate 85.9%: males literate 88.5%: females literate 83.6%. Health (2005): physicians 8,670 (1 per 794 persons): hospital beds 4,816 (1 per 1,429 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 700,000 (2004) 10.5: undernourished population (2002-04) (11% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,800 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 15,500 (army 89.4%, navy 4.5%, air force 6.1%). Milexpenditure itary as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.4%: per capita expenditure US$20.

Total

active

rates:

ages 16-64, 62.9%: female 41.3%: unemployed Gross national income 5.9%). (2008):

US$21,361,000,000 (US$3,480 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 847: remittances (2008) 3,804: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 752; official development assistance 157. Disbursements for (2006) (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 605: remittances (2008) 29: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 62.

El Salvador and neighboring

0^ you # If

n vwY AW

Hon-

duras engaged in the so-called Football

War

in

June 1969 after the

countries played in several association football

ifying matches.

As many

World Cup qual-

as 2,000 people died in the

four-day war that followed El Salvador’s victory.

Background The Spanish Foreign trade c.i.f.): US$7,627,000,000 (food products, beverages, and tobacco 16.2%: imports

Imports (2006:

reexport 15.8%: machinery and apparatus 14.4%: crude petroleum 13.7%). Major import sources: US 40.5%: Guatemala 8.0%: Mexico 7.7%: Brazil 4.0%: Costa Rica 2.9%. Exports (2006: f.o.b.): US$3,513,000,000 (reexports [mostly clothing] 45.6%: fabricated metal products 5.9%: coffee 5.4%: distilled spirits 4.5%: paper products 4.2%). Major export destinations: US 57.1%: Guatemala 13.0%: Honduras 8.0%: Nicaragua 4.8%; Costa Rica 3.4%.

for

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2007; rail service was suspended in 2005): length 562 km. Roads (2002); total length 11,458 km (paved 23%). Vehicles (2000): passenger cars 148,000: trucks and buses 250,800. Air transport (2005; TACA International Airlines only); passenger-km 8,117,465,000; metric ton-km cargo 37,883,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1.077.000 (155): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 6,951,000 (1,000): personal computers

359,000 (52): total Internet users (2007): 763.000 (111): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 124,000 (18).

(2007);

Education and health Educational attainment (2004). Percentage of population over ages 25 having: no formal schooling

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

arrived in the area

in

1524 and

subju-

gated the Pipil Indian kingdom of Cuzcatlan by 1539. The country was divided into two districts, San Salvador and Sonsonate, both attached to Guatemala. When independence came in 1821, San Salvador was incorporated into the Mexican Empire; upon its collapse in 1823, Sonsonate and San Salvador combined to form the new state of El Salvador within the United Provinces of Central America. From its founding El Salvador experienced political turmoil; powerful economic interests controlled the country through most of the 19th and early 20th centuries but were replaced by a military dictatorship that lasted from 1931 to 1979. Elections held in 1982 set up a new government, but civil war continued throughout the 1980s. Peace accords in 1992 ended the war, but violent crime became a major problem. The country was plagued by inflation and unemployment into the 21st century. In 2006 El Salvador officially entered into the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) with the United States.

217,000

Recent Developments the Salvadoran economy continued to rely heavily on remittances from the estimated 2.5 million Salvadorans residing in the United States. In mid2010 the US government extended temporary protected status for another 18 months to more than Salvadorans who had been in the United States since 2001. In May El Salvador joined other Central American states in approving a free-trade agreement with the European Union. In

2010

Internet resource: .

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World— Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea

name: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial (SpanRepublique du Guinee Equatoriale (French) (Republic of Equatorial Guinea). Form of government: republic with one legislative house (House of People’s Representatives [100]). Head of state and government: President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (from 1979), assisted by Prime Minister Ignacio Milam Tang (from 2008). Capital: Malabo. Official languages: Spanish; French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CFAF 452.93.

269

000,000

(infrastructure 43.3%; social services 18.3%: public administration 17.0%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2006): US$156,800,000. Gross national income (2008): US$9,875,000,000 (US$14,980 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): cassava 45,000, sweet potatoes 36,000, oil palm fruit 35,000; livestock (number of live animals) 37,600 sheep, 9,000 goats, 6,100 pigs; fisheries production 3,583 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): gold 200 kg. Manufacturing (2004): methanol 1,027,300; processed timber 31,200 cu m. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 29,000,000 (29,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2007) 133,000,000 ([2006] negligible): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (51,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) 480,000,000 (480,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 193,000; activity rate of total population 38.9% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 69.5%: female 33.7%; unemployed [1998] 30%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2005) 5; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 1,752; official development assistance (2007) 31.

Official ish):

Foreign trade Imports (2007): CFAF 1,325,000,000,000 (petroleum sector 35.6%; nonpetroleum sector 64.4%). Major import sources (2005): US 26.8%; Cote d’Ivoire 21.4%: Spain 13.6%; France 8.8%; UK 7.8%. Exports (2007): CFAF 4,893,200,000,000 (crude petroleum 83.1%: methanol 15.9%: timber 0.7%). Major export destinations (2005): US 24.6%: China 21.8%; Spain 10.8%: Canada 7.3%; Netherlands 5.2%.

Demography

Transport and communications

10,831 sq mi, 28,051 sq km. Population (2010): 651,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi

Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2000): total length 2,880 km (paved 13%). Vehicles (2002): passenger cars 8,380; trucks, and buses 6,618. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons).

Area:

60.1, persons per sq

km

23.2. Urban (2008): 60.8%.

Sex distribution (2008): male 49.57%; female 50.43%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 42.0%; 15-29, 26.6%: 30-44, 16.6%; 45-59, 8.7%; 60-74, 5.0%: 75-84, 1.0%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Fang 56.6%; migrant laborers from Nigeria 12.5%, of which Yoruba 8.0%, Igbo 4.0%: Bubi 10.0%; Seke 2.9%; Spaniard 2.8%; other

15.2%. Religious affiliation (2000): Roman Catholic 79.9%: Sunni Muslim 4.1%; independent Christian 3.7%: Protestant 3.2%; traditional beliefs 2.1%: nonreligious/atheist 4.9%: other 2.1%. Major cities (2003): Malabo 92,900; Bata 66,800; Mbini 11,600. Location: western Africa, the mainland portion bordering Cameroon, Gabon, and the Bight of Biafra.

Telephone landlines (2005): 10,000 (20): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 346,000 (666); personal computers (2004): 7,000 (3.3); total Internet users (2008); 12,000 (23); broadband Internet subscribers (2007); 200 (0.04).

Education and health Literacy (2006): percentage of total population ages

15 and over literate 87.0%; males literate 93.4%; females literate 80.5%. Health: physicians (2004) 101 (1 per 5,020 persons): hospital beds (1998) 907 (1 per 472 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 83.8.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008); 37.1 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Military

Birth rate per

avg.

9.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008); 5.16. Life expectancy at birth (2008):

Total active duty personnel

(army 83.3%, navy 9.1%,

(November 2008): 1,320

air force

7.6%).

male 60.4 years; female 62.1 years.

Background The National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: CFAF 2,308,500,000,000 (oil revenue 90.9%, of which profit sharing 48.9%, royalties 20.3%: non-oil revenue 9.1%, of which tax revenue 3.3%). Expenditures: CFAF 1,151,900,-

first

inhabitants of the mainland region appear to

have been Pygmies. The now-prominent Fang and Bubi reached the mainland region in the 17th-century Bantu migrations. Equatorial Guinea was ceded by the Portuguese to the Spanish in the late 18th century: it was frequented by slave traders, as well as by

Countries of the

270

German, Dutch, and French merchants. Independence was declared in 1968, followed by a reign of terror and economic chaos under the dictatorial president Macfas Nguema, who was overthrown by a military coup in 1979 and later executed. New constitutions were adopted in 1982 and 1991, but political power remained concentrated in the office of the British,

president. In the early 21st century the standard of living of try’s oil

most people remained

low, despite the

coun-

wealth.

Recent Developments Although Equatorial Guinea produced almost 500,000 bbl of oil daily, the country remained known in 2010 mainly for its systematic human rights violations and the autocratic rule of Pres. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. In an attempt to improve relations with the

Obiang made many official visits to other countries and spoke of introducing reforms at home and of his desire for Equatorial Guinea international community,

become a

member

Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). He persuaded the African Union to hold its 2011 summit in Equatorial Guinea, but few were surprised when the CPLP declined to accept Equatorial Guinea as a member. to

full

of the

Internet resource: .

Eritrea

World

— Eritrea

persons per sq mi 134.0, persons per sq Urban (2006): 21.3%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.84%; female 50.16%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 44.0%: 15-29, 27.9%; 30-44, 14.3%; 45-59, 8.2%; 60-74, 4.5%; 75 and over, 1.1%. Ethnolinguistic composition (2004): Tigrinya (Tigray) 50.0%; Tigre 31.4%; Afar 5.0%; Saho 5.0%: Beja 2.5%; Bilen 2.1%; other 4.0%. Religious affiliation (2004): Muslim (virtually all Sunni) 50%; Christian 48%, of which Eritrean Orthodox 40%, Roman Catholic 5%, Protestant 2%; traditional beliefs 2%. Major cities (2003): Asmara 435,000; Keren 57,000; Assab 28,000; Afabet 25,000; Massawa 25.000. Location: the Horn of Africa, bordering Sudan, the Red Sea, Djibouti, and Ethiopia. area

km

only):

51.7.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2006): 34.3 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2006): Birth rate per

9.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 5.08. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 57.4 years; female 60.7 years.

National

economy

Budget (2002). Revenue: Nfa 3,409,800,000 (tax revenue 45.1%, of which import duties 18.1%, sales tax 10.8%, corporate taxes 9.9%; grants 32.8%; nontax revenue 21.2%; extraordinary revenue 0.9%). Expenditures: Nfa 6,138,200,000 (defense 34.3%; health 9.6%; humanitarian assistance 7.9%; educadebt service 5.7%). Public debt -(external, outstanding: 2007); US$856,000,000. Gross na-

tion 7.6%:

income (2008): US$1,492,000,000 (US$300 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted).

tional

and fishing (2007): sorghum 130,000, 20,000, sesame seeds 19,000; livestock (number of live animals) 2,120,000 sheep, 1,960,000 cattle, 1,720,000 goats, 76,000 camels: fisheries production 1,932 (from aquaculture, 269.000. none). Mining and quarrying (2007): coral 67,332, basalt 45,335, granite 21,394. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2004): beverages 31; tobacco products 8; furniture 7. Energy produc(consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) tion 000 (269,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (173,000). Population economically active (2006): 1,881,000; activity rate of total population 40.1% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 71.4%: female 41.3%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 60; remittances (2003) 150; foreign

Agriculture millet

direct disinvestment

(2005-07

avg.) -2; official de-

velopment assistance (2007) 155. Official

name: State

of Eritrea.

Form

of govern-

ment: transitional regime with one interim legislative house (transitional National Assembly [150]). Head of state and government: President Isaias Afwerki (from 1993). Capital: Asmara. Official language: none. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 nakfa (Nfa) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011)

US$1

= Nfa 15.00.

Demography 46,774 sq

121,144 sq km. Population (2010): 5,224,000. Density (2010; based on land Area:

mi,

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Foreign trade Imports (2003; c.i.f.): US$432,800,000 (food products and live animals 40.5%, of which cereals 25.5%; machinery and apparatus 14.8%; motor vehicles 7.3%: chemical products 6.1%). Major import sources (2008): Italy 16.9%: UAE 15.7%; China 13.0%; India 9.4%: US 6.7%. Exports (2003; f.o.b.): US$6,600,000 (food products and live animals 36.4%, of which fresh fish 22.7%: leather products 10.6%; corals and shells 9.1%). Major export destinations (2008): India 31.7%; Italy 18.6%: Kenya 11.9%; China 11.5%; France 5.4%.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005): route length 306 km. Roads (2004): total length 4,000 km (paved 20%). Vehicles (1996): automobiles 5,940. Air transport (2001: Asmara airport only): passenger arrivals 39,266, passenger departures 46,448; freight loaded 202 metric tons, freight unloaded 1,548 metric tons. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 40.000 (8.2); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 109,000 (22); personal computers (2007):

38.000

(8); total

Internet users (2008):

World— Estonia

271

took tentative steps during the year toward making peace. In March the EU imposed military and economic sanctions on Eritrea. Three months later Pres. Isaias Afwerki’s government agreed to a pact brokered by the Qatari government that included Eritrea’s commitment to withdraw troops from a contested border area. Internet resource: .

Estonia

150,000

(30).

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal education/unknown 67.6%, incomplete primary education 16.6%, complete primary 1.3%, incomplete secondary 5.8%, complete secondary 5.7%, higher 3.0%. Literacy (2006): total population ages 15 and over literate 61.4%: males literate 72.3%; females literate 50.7%. Health (2006): physicians (2004) 215 (1 per hospital beds 5,500 (1 per 833 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

20,791 persons):

population undernourished (2002-04) 3.100.000 (75% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,730 calories). 46.3:

name:

Official

Form

active duty personnel (November 2008): 201,750 (army 99.1%, navy 0.7%, air force 0.2%); mandate for the UN peacekeeping force along the Eritrean-Ethiopian border was terminated in July 2008.

Total

as percentage of 24.1%: per capita expenditure US$49. Military expenditure

Eesti Vabariik (Republic of Estonia).

government: unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative house (Riigikogu [101]). Head of

Military

GDP

(2003):

of

state: President

Head

of

Toomas Hendrik

2006).

tonian. Official religion: none. (€) =

100

Monetary unit: 1 euro 2011) US$1 =

cents: valuation (1 Jul

€0.69.

Demography

Background the main ports of the Aksumite empire, Eritrea was linked to the beginnings of the Ethiopian kingdom, but it retained much of its independence until it came under Ottoman rule in the 16th century. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, control of the territory was disputed between Ethiopia, the Ottomans, the kingdom of Tigray, Egypt, and Italy; it became an Italian colony in 1890. Eritrea was used as the base for the Italian invasions of Ethiopia (1896 and 1935-36) and in 1936 became part of Italian East Africa. It was captured by the British in 1941, federated to Ethiopia in 1952, and made a province of Ethiopia in 1962. Thirty years of guerrilla warfare by Eritrean seces-

As the

lives (from

government: Prime Minister Andrus Ansip

(from 2005). Capital: Tallinn. Official language: Es-

site of

ensued. A provisional Eritrean government was established in 1991, and independence came in 1993. A border war with Ethiopia that began in 1998 ended in an Ethiopian victory in 2000, but boundary disputes with Eritrea’s neighsionist groups

mi, 45,227 sq km. Population (2010): 1,340,000. Density (2010; based on land area only): persons per sq mi 81.9, persons per sq km 31.6. Urban (2005): 69.3%. Sex distribution (2008): male 46.05%; female 53.95%. Age break-

Area:

17,462 sq

down (2005): under 15, 15.1%; 15-29, 22.7%; 30-44, 20.5%: 45-59, 20.2%; 60-74, 14.7%; 75-84, 5.7%: 85 and over, 1.1%. Ethnic composition (2005): Estonian 68.6%; Russian 25.7%; Ukrainian 2.1%: Belarusian 1.2%; Finnish 0.8%; other 1.6%. Religious affiliation (2000): Christian 63.5%, of which unaffiliated Christian 25.6%, Protestant (mostly 1,000 Lutheran) 17.2%, Orthodox 16.5%, independent Christian 3.3%; nonreligious 25.1%; atheist 10.9%; other 0.5%. Major cities (2006): Tallinn 396,852; Tartu 101,965; Narva 66,712; Kohtla-Jarve 45,399; Parnu 44,074. Location: eastern Europe, bordering the Gulf of Finland, Russia, Latvia, the Gulf of Riga, and the Baltic Sea.

bors persisted into the 21st century. Vital statistics

Recent Developments The international community accused Eritrea early 2010 of fomenting trouble in the Horn Africa by continuing

in

of

border disputes with neighbors Djibouti and Ethiopia and supporting an antigovernment insurgency in Somalia, but Eritrea its

1,000 population (2008): 12.0 (world 20.3): within marriage 40.9%. Death rate per

Birth rate per

avg.

population (2008): 12.4 (world avg. 8.5). Total rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 1.66. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male

fertility

67.6 years; female 79.2 years.

COUNTRIF.S OF THE

272

National

WORLD

— ETHIOPIA

economy

Education and health

Budget (2006). Revenue: EEK 57,735,000,000 (tax revenue 58.7%, of v/hich taxes on goods and services 46.6%, taxes on income and profits 12.1%; social contributions 20.9%). Expenditures: EEK 53.149.000. 000 (social protection 30.2%; general administration 17.8%: economic affairs 11.9%; education 8.5%: health 6.6%: defense 5.3%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture

and

fishing

(2007); barley 372,800, wheat 322,000, potatoes 173,700: livestock (number of live animals) 345,800 pigs, 244,800 cattle: fisheries production 98,614 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007); oil shale 13,992,000; peat 900,800. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2006); wood products (excluding furniture) 211; food products 10.524.000. 197; printing and publishing 141. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 000 ([2006] 8,758,000,000); coal (mettons; 2006) none (70,000); lignite (metric tons; 2008) 16,044,000 ([2006] 14,028,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (858,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) none ([2006] 963,000,000). Population economically active (2005): total 659,600; ac-

Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal schooling/incomplete primary education 6.7%; complete primary/lower secondary 31.6%; complete secondary 29.2%: higher vocational 17.5%; undergraduate 12.3%: advanced degree 0.4%; unknown 2.3%. Health (2007): physicians 4,504 (1 per 298 persons): hospital beds 7,473 (1 per 179 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 5.0; undernourished population (2002-04) less than

2.5%

of total population.

Military

(November 2008): 5,300 (army 88.7%, navy 5.7%, air force 5.6%). Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2008): 1.8%; per capita expenditure US$317.

Total active duty personnel

ric

tivity

rate of total

population

48.8%

(participation

ages 15-64, 69.6%; female 50.1%; unemployed [2008] 5.5%). Gross national income (2008); rates:

Background The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were invaded by Vikings in the 9th century ad, but the Estonians were able to withstand the assaults until the Danes took control in 1219. In 1346 the Danes sold their sovereignty to the Teutonic Order, which

US$19,131,000,000 (US$14,270 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from

was then in possession of Livonia (southern Estonia and Latvia). In the mid-16th century Estonia was

(US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,036; remittances b008) 422; foreign direct investment (EDI; 2005-07 avg.) 2,345. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 670; remittances (2008) 113; EDI (2005-07 avg.) 1,088.

once again divided, with northern Estonia capitulating to Sweden and Poland gaining Livonia, which it surrendered to Sweden in 1629. Russia acquired Livonia and Estonia in 1721. Serfdom was abolished, and from 1881 Estonia underwent intensive Russification. In 1918 Estonia obtained independence from

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): EEK 164,451,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 20.2%; refined petroleum products 11.5%: motor vehicles 11.1%; chemical products 8.6%; food products 5.6%; iron and steel 5.1%). Major import sources: Einland 15.9%; Germany 12.8%: Russia 10.2%; Sweden 10.1%; Latvia 7.6%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): EEK 117,121,000,000

(machinery and apparatus 20.1%; refined petroleum products 9.8%: motor vehicles and parts 7.1%: food products 5.6%; sawn wood 5.3%; furniture 4.3%). Major export destinations: Einland 18.0%: Sweden 13.3%; Latvia 11.4%; Russia 8.9%; Lithuania 5.8%.

Russia, which lasted until the Soviet Union occupied the country in 1940 and forcibly incorporated it into the USSR. Germany held the region (1941-44) during World War II, but the Soviet regime was restored

1944, after which Estonia’s economy was collecand integrated into that of the Soviet Union. In 1991, along with other parts of the former USSR, it proclaimed its independence and subsequently held in

tivized

elections. Estonia continued negotiations with Russia

common border, and, along with the other Baltic states, Estonia joined the EU and NATO in

to settle their

2004.

Recent Developments

km

Estonia realized one of its most important longterm goals, becoming the 17th member of the euro area on 1 Jan 2011-the first former Soviet republic to do so. Maintaining the lowest state debt in the EU, Estonia was also invited in May to Join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation

length

and Development.

756.000. Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005); route length (2004) 958 km; passenger-km 246,951,000; metric ton-

cargo 10,629,398,000. Roads (2005): total 57,016 km (paved 23%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 493,800: trucks and buses 91,400. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 1,044,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 498,000 (372): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 2.524.000 (1,883): personal computers (2007):

700.000 (522): total Internet users (2007): 854.000 (637): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 318,000 (237).

Internet resource: .

Ethiopia name: Eederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Eorm of government: federal republic with

Official

two

legislative

[135]:

House

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

cost, insurance,

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

of the

Eederation

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; c.i.f.:

houses (House

of Peoples’ Representatives [547]).

Countries of the

World— Ethiopia

273

2007-08): US$2,753,600,000. Gross national in(2008): US$22,742,000,000 (US$280 per

come

capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). 4.000. Agriculture and fishing (2007): corn (maize)

000, wheat 3,000,000, teff (2006-07) 2,437,700, coffee 325,800, mate 260,000, chickpeas 190,000, sesame seeds 164,000; leading producer of beeswax, honey, cut flowers, and khat; livestock (number of

live animals) 43,000,000 cattle, 23.700.000 sheep, 18,000,000 goats, 2,300,000 camels, (1998) 3,037 civets; fisheries production 13,253 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): rock salt 230,000; tantalum 77,000 kg; niobium 12,000 kg; gold 3,400 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2004): food products 157; beverages 118; bricks, cement, and ce2.872.000. ramics 69. Energy production ‘(consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2007-08) 3,530,280,000 ([2005] 000): crude petroleum (barrels; 2005) none (5,640,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) n.a. (1,680,000). Population economically

active (2005): total 32,158,392; activity rate of total population 50.9% (participation rates: ages 10 and

Head of state: President Girma Wolde-Giorgis (from 2001). Head of government: Prime Minister Meles Zenawi (from 1995). Capital: Addis Ababa. Official language: none (Amharic is the "\A/orking” language). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = Br 17.00.

over,

78.4%: female [1999] 45.5%; unemployed

5.0%). Selected balance of

payments data. Receipts

from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 177; remittances (2008) 358; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 355; official development assistance (2007) 2,422. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 107; remittances (2008) 15.

Demography

Foreign trade

1,063,652 sq km. Population (2010); 79,456,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 193.5, persons per sq km 74.7. Urban (2007): 16.2%. Sex distribution (2007): male 50.46%: female 49.54%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 45.0%: 15-29, 28.3%: 30-44, 14.7%: 45-59, 7.2%: 60-74, 3.7%; 75-84, 0.8%: 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2007): Oromo 34.5%: Amhara 26.9%; Somali 6.2%; Tigray 6.1%; Sidamo 4.0%; Gurage 2.5%; Welaita 2.3%; other 17.5%. Religious affiliation (2007): Orthodox 43.5%: Muslim 33.9%; Protestant 18.6%; tradi-

Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$5,207,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 20.7%; refined petroleum products 19.5%: motor vehicles 14.1%; chemical products 11.0%; food products 6.7%). Major import sources: Saudi Arabia 17.9%o; China 12.3%; Italy 7.7%: UAE 7.6%: India 5.8%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$1,043,000,000 (coffee and khat 40.8%; sesame seeds 15.4%; gum products, cut flowers, and foliage 12.4%: gold 6.2%>: leather products 4.2%; chickpeas 3.5%)). Major export destinations: Germany 12.6%o; China 9.7%o; Japan 8.4%; Switzerland 6.4%>; Saudi

Area:

410,678 sq

tional

mi,

beliefs 2.7%;

Roman

Arabia 6.3%>.

Catholic 0.7%; other

0.6%. Major cities (2007): Addis Ababa 2,738,248;

Transport and communications

Adama

(Nazret) 222,035; Dire Dawa 222,000; Mekele 215,546; Gonder 206,987. Location: the Horn of Africa, bordering Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Sudan.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 44.0 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008);

Birth rate per

avg.

11.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 6.17. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 52.5 years; female 57.5 years.

Railroads (2003): length 781 km; passenger-km 28,200,000. Roads (2007-08): total length 44,359 km (paved [2004] 19%). Vehicles (2003): passenger cars 71,311; trucks and buses 65,557. Air transport (2008); passenger-km 9,300,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 227.760.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 909.000 (11); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 3.168.000 (37): personal computers (2007): Transport.

(2006-07)

551.000 (4.2):

(7.0): total Internet

users (2008): 360,000

broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 300.

35.564.000. National

economy

Budget (2006-07). Revenue: Br 30,274,000,000 (tax revenue 57.3%, of which import duties 27.0%, income and profits tax 16.1%, sales tax 9.5%; grants 28.0%: nontax revenue 14.7%o). Expenditures: Br

000 (capital expenditures 51.7%), of which economic development 32.0%; current expenditures 48.3%, of which education 13.8%, defense 8.4%o). Public debt outstanding: (external,

Education and health Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling 63.8%; incomplete primary education 21.6%>: primary 2.6%o; incomplete secondary 8.1%; secondary 2.5%; post-secondary 1.4%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 47.5%>. Health: physicians (2004-05) 1,077 (1 per 66,236 persons): hospital beds (2007-08) 13,145 (1 per 6,062 persons);

Countries of the

274

World — Fiji

1,000 live births (2008) population (2003-05) undernourished 35.200.000 (46% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of infant mortality rate per

Fiji

82.6:

I,

680

calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 138.000 (army 97.8%, air force 2.2%): mandate for the UN peacekeeping force along the EritreanEthiopian border was terminated in July 2008. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.6%: per capita expenditure US$4. Total

active

Background was inhabited

Ethiopia, the Biblical land of Cush,

from earliest antiquity and was once under ancient Egyptian rule. Ge‘ez-speaking agriculturalists established the kingdom of Da’amat in the 2nd millennium Bc. After 300 bc they were superseded by the kingdom of Aksum, whose King Menilek I, according to legend, was the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Christianity was introduced in the 4th century ad and became widespread. Ethiopia’s prosperous Mediterranean trade was cut off by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries, and the area’s interests were directed eastward. Contact with Europe resumed in the late 15th century with the arrival of the Portuguese. Modern Ethiopia began with the reign of Tewodros II, who began the consolidation of the country. In the wake of European encroachment, the coastal region was made an Italian colony in 1890, but under Emperor Menilek II the Italians were defeated and ousted in 1896. Ethiopia prospered

under his rule, and his modernization programs were continued by Emperor Haile Selassie in the 1930s. In 1936 Italy again gained control of the country, and it was held as part of Italian East Africa until 1941, when it was liberated by the British. Ethiopia incorporated Eritrea in 1952. In 1974 Haile Selassie was deposed, and a Marxist government, plagued by civil wars and famine, controlled the country until 1991. In 1993 Eritrea gained its independence, but there were continuing border conflicts with it and neighboring Somalia into the 21st century.

Official

name: Republic

Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko

Form

Viti

of the

(Fijian):

Fiji

islands: Matanitu

Fiji

Ripablik (Hindus-

government: interim regime. Head of state: President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau (from 2009). Head of government: Prime Minister Voreque Bainirharama (from 2007). Capital: Suva. Official languages: English, Fijian, and Hindustani have equal

tani).

of

status per constitution. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Fiji dollar (F$) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul

2011) US$1 = F$1.74.

Demography Area; 7,055 sq mi, 18,272 sq km. Population (2010): 844,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 119.6, persons per sq km 46.2. Urban (2007): 50.7%. Sex distribution (2007): male 51.02%: female 48.98%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

29.0%: 15-29, 27.9%: 30-44, 21.1%: 45-59, 14.5%: 60-74, 6.1%: 75 and over, 1.4%. Ethnic composition (2007); Fijian 56.8%: Indian 37.5%: other Pacific islanders 3.0%, of which Rotuman (Polynesian/other) 1.2%: European/part-European 1.7%: Chinese 0.6%: other 0.4%. Religious affiliation (2007): Christian 64.4%, of which Methodist 34.6%, Roman Catholic 9.1%, Assemblies of God 5.7%: Hindu 27.9%: Muslim 6.3%: other 1.4%. Major urban areas (2007): Nasinu 87,446; Suva 85,691 (urban agglomeration, 241,432): Lautoka 52,220; Nausori 47,604; Nadi 42,284. Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, between Hawaii (US) and New Zealand.

Recent Developments Although declines

global

in

demand

for

steadily growing agriculture-based

omy expanded an estimated 7%

in

Ethiopian econ-

2010. The border

dispute with Eritrea continued throughout 2010 with little change. Neither country had taken steps to demarcate the border in keeping with the 2002 ruling of the Eritrea Ethiopia Boundary Commission, which Ethiopia rejected. The Ethiopian military continued to engage in periodic battles with small but persistent domestic armed insurgencies, particularly those in the Somali region of the country, but its troops mostly stayed out of neighboring Somalia after the 2006-09 invasion.

Internet resource: .

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Vital statistics

important

commodities such as coffee had an impact, the

1,000 population (2007): 20.7 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): Birth rate per

7.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 2.73. Life expectancy at birth (2006);

male 67.3 years: female 72.5 years.

National

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: F$l,373,000,000 (tax revenue 90.7%, of which taxes on goods and services 40.9%, income tax 32.5%: other 9.3%). Expenditures: F$ 1,530,000,000 (general administration 25.0%: education 22.4%: economic affairs 14.2%: public order 9.4%; health 9.3%: defense 5.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding: June

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

2009): US$273,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 3,200,000, coconuts 140,000, taro 38.000, cassava 34,500, rice 15,000, ginger 4,300, yaqona (kava) (2006) 2,259; livestock (number of live animals) 315,000 cattle, 4,300,000 chickens: fisheries production (2006) 47,319 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining and quarrying (2005): gold 3,800 kg: silver 1,500 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2004): food products 63: textiles and wearing apparel 53; beverages 46. Energy production (consumption): electricity

(kW-hr:

2006) 840,000,000 (841,000,000):

coal (metric tons: 2006) none (12,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (489,000). Population economically active (2007): total activity rate of total

population

40.0%

334,787; (participa-

ages 15-64, 57.0%; female 33.9%; unemployed 8.6%). Gross national income (2008): US$3,300,000,000 (US$3,930 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 433; remittances

tion rates:

(2008) 175; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 268; official development assistance (2007) 57. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 101; remittances (2008) 32.

World — Finland

275

Military

(November 2008): 3,500 6,000. (army 91.4%, navy 8.6%, air force, none); reserve Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.6%: per capita expenditure US$60.

Total active duty personnel

Background Archaeological evidence shows that the islands of Fiji were occupied in the late 2nd millennium bc. The first European sighting was by the Dutch in the 17th century ad; in 1774 the islands were visited by Capt. James Cook, who found a mixed MelanesianPolynesian population with a complex society. Traders and the first missionaries arrived in 1835. In 1857 a British consul was appointed, and in 1874 Fiji was proclaimed a crown colony. It became independent as a member of the Commonwealth in 1970 and was declared a republic in 1987 following a military coup. Elections in 1992 restored civilian rule.

Coups

in

A new constitution was approved in 1997. 2000 and 2006 created continuing politi-

cal instability in the early

21st century.

Recent Developments government continued to be controversial in 2010. In June interim Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama's government passed legislation that limited foreign ownership of news media, effectively forcing the government’s most vocal critics to sell their newspapers, including the country’s largest paper, the F//7 Times. Despite concerns over Fiji’s unFiji’s

Foreign trade Imports (2008; c.i.f.): F$3,601,000,000 (mineral fuels 33.9%: machinery and transportation equipment 20.2%: food products 14.4%). Major import sources (2007): Singapore 34.2%; Australia 22.8%; New Zealand 17.7%; China 3.3%; US 3.2%. Exports (2008: f.o.b.): F$l,471,000,000 (reexports [mostly refined petroleum products] 33.2%; sugar 16.9%; fish 9.1%: mineral water [2007] 9.1%: wearing apparel 6.9%: lumber 4.0%). Major export destinations (2007): Singapore 18.6%; US 14.7%; UK 14.2%; Australia 13.3%: New Zealand 6.9%.

interim

elected government, however,

US Secretary

of State

announced in October that Fiji had been selected as the hub for its Pacific aid program, Hillary Clinton

in

part to counter China’s growing influence

in

the

country. Internet resource: .

Transport and communications Transport. 2.360.000.Railroads (2003; owned by the Fiji Sugar Corporation): length 597 km. Roads (1999): total length 3,440 km (paved 49%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 76,273: trucks and buses 42,311. Air

Finland

transport (2004-05; Air Pacific only); passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 92,108,000.

Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2007): 108,000 (130); cellular telephone subscribers (2007): 437,000 (524): personal computers (2004): 44,000 (52); total Internet users (2007): 91,000 (110): broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 12,000 (14).

Education and health Educational attainment (1996). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling 4.4%: some education 22.3%; incomplete secondary 47.7%: complete secondary 17.0%: some higher 6.7%; university degree 1.9%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate 93.7%; males literate 95.5%: females literate 91.9%. Health (2007): physicians 318 (1 per 2,622 persons): hospital beds 1,727 (1 per 483 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 18.4; undernourished population (2002-04) 40,000 (5% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

1,920

calories).

Official

names: Suomen Tasavalta

(Finnish);

liken Finland (Swedish) (Republic of Finland).

Repub-

Form

of

government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (Parliament [200]). Head of state: President Tarja Halonen (from 2000). Head of government: Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen (from 2011). Capital: Helsinki. Official languages: none (Finnish and Swedish are national [not official] languages). Official

COIIN TRIKS OF THE

276

religion:

none. Monetary unit; 1 euro (€) = 2011) US$1 = €0.69.

100

cents; valuation (1 Jul

WORLD

— FINLAND

2005-07 avg.) 6,236. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 4,350; remittances (2008) 391; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 5,336.

(FDI;

Demography mi; 338,424 sq km. Population (2010): 5,364,000. Density (2010; based on land area only): persons per sq mi 45.7, persons per sq km 17.7.

Area:

Foreign trade

130,666 sq

Urban (2004): 62.1%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.03%; female 50.97%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 16.7%; 15-29, 18.8%; 30-44, 19.0%; 45-59, 21.7%; 60-74, 15.9%; 75-84, 5.9%; 85 and over, 2.0%. Linguistic composition (2008): Finnish 90.9%: Swedish 5.4%; Russian 0.9%; other 2.8%. Religious affiliation (2005): Evangelical Lutheran 83.1%; nonreligious 14.7%; Finnish (Greek) Orthodox 1.1%;

Muslim 0.4%: other 0.7%. Major

cities (2008): Helsinki

576,632 (urban agglomeration [2007] 1,115,000); Espoo 241,565; Tampere 209,552; Vantaa 195,397;

Imports (2007; c.i.f.): €59,600,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 26.2%; crude petroleum 10.8%; chemical products 10.1%; motor vehicles and parts 8.5%; metal ore and scrap metal 7.2%). Major import sources: Russia 14.1%; Germany 14.0%; Sweden 9.8%: China 7.5%; UK 4.8%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): €65,607,000,000 (telecommunications equipment and parts 13.6%; paper products and cardboard 12.3%: iron and steel 7,8%; specialized machinery 6.7%; refined petroleum products 5.1%; general industrial machinery 5.0%; nonferrous base metals 4.7%). Major export destinations: Germany 10.9%; Sweden 10.7%; Russia 10.2%; US 6.4%; UK 5.8%.

Turku 175,582. Location: northern Europe, bordering Norway, Russia, the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia, and Sweden.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008): route length 5,919 km; passenger-km 4,100,000,000; metric ton-km

Vital statistics

cargo

1,000 population (2008): 11.2 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 59.3%. Death rate per 1.000 population (2008): 9.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total

length

Birth rate per

rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 1.85. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 76.3 years: female 83.0 years.

fertility

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: €45,522,000,000 (income and property taxes 34.2%; turnover taxes 33.3%: excise duties 11.0%). Expenditures:

10,800,000,000. Roads (2008): total 78,141 km (paved [2005] 65%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 2,430,345; trucks and buses 363,644. Air transport (2007): passengerkm 15,564,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 489.672.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,650,000 (311); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 6,830,000 (1,285); personal computers (2007): 2,644,000 (500); total Internet users (2007): 4,169,000 (788); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,617,000 (304).

€45,522,000,000

(social security and health 31.0%: education 15.4%; public debt service 1,222,000, agriculture and forestry 6.2%; defense 9.3%: 5.3%). Public debt (2008): US$74,700,000,000.

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): barley 1,984,000, oats

wheat 797,000; livestock (number of 1,448,000 pigs, 927,000 cattle, 193.000 reindeer; fisheries production (2006) 162,341 (from aquaculture 8%). Mining and quarrying (2006): chromite 320,000; zinc (metal content) 66,109; gold 5,292 kg. Manufacturing (value added in €’000,000; 2007): electrical and optical equipment (largely telephone apparatus) 10,291; nonelectrical machinery and apparatus 4,707; live

animals)

chemical products 4,129. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 74,052,000,000 ([2006] 93,705,000,000): coal (metric tons; 2006) none (7,612,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) none ([2006] 76,800,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 12,849,000 (10,541,000): natural gas (cu m; 2007) none (4,587,000,000). Population economically active (2008): total 2,725,600; activity rate of total population 51.3% (participation rates: ages 15-64,

76.1%:

female

47.8%;

unemployed

[May

2008-April 2009] 8.0%). Gross national income (2008): US$255,678,000,000 (US$48,120 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 3,127; remittances (2008) 772; foreign direct investment

c.i.f.:

cost,

Military

(November 2008): 31,900 (army 67.4%, navy 17.9%, air force 14.7%); reserves 237.000. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.3%: per capita expenditure US$596.

Total active duty personnel

Background Recent archaeological discoveries have ied some to suggest that human habitation in Finland dates back at least 100,000 years. Ancestors of the Sami apparently were present in Finland by about 7000 bc. The ancestors of the present-day Finns came from the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland in the 1st millennium bc. The area was gradually Christianized from the 11th century. From the 12th century Sweden and Russia contested for supremacy in Finland, but by

1323 Sweden

ruled

most

of the country. Rus-

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

I metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: incomplete uppersecondary education 35.6%; complete upper secondary or vocational 35.8%; higher 28.6%. Literacy: virtually 100%. Health (2007): physicians 18,843 (1 per 281 persons): hospital beds 36,095 (1 per 147 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 2.6; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

Countries of the

World

— France

277

was ceded part of Finnish territory in 1721; in 1808 Alexander of Russia invaded Finland, which in 1809 was formally ceded to Russia. The subsequent

km 115.7. Urban (2003): 76.3%. Sex distribution (2006): male 48.60%; female 51.40%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 18.4%; 15-29, 19.1%;

saw the growth of Finnish nationalism. RusWorld War and the Russian Revolution of 1917 set the stage for Finland’s independence in 1917. It was defeated by the Soviet Union in the Russo-Finnish War (1939-40) but then sided with Nazi Germany against the Soviets during World War and regained the territory it had lost. Facing de-

30-44, 21.1%: 45-59, 20.4%; 60-74, 12.7%; 75-84, 6.3%: 85 and over, 2.0%. Ethnic composition (2000): French 76.9%; Algerian and Moroccan Berber 2.2%: Italian 1.9%; Portuguese 1.5%; Moroccan Arab 1.5%; Fleming 1.4%; Algerian Arab 1.3%; Basque 1.3%; Jewish 1.2%; German 1.2%; Vietnamese 1.0%;

sia

I

period

sia’s losses in

I

II

by the advancing Soviets in 1944, it reached a peace agreement with the USSR, ceding territory and paying reparations. Finland’s economy feat again

recovered after World

War

II.

It

joined the EU

in

1995.

Recent Developments response to a television debate in October 2010 in which Paivi Rasanen, the leader of the Christian Democrats party, strongly opposed the legalization of same-sex marriage, a record 40,000 members left the Lutheran church in Finland. Voter participation rose in subsequent church elections, and liberals won seats from conservatives. In December a poll inIn

44.0% of Finns felt that the government’s performance had been poor, the worst such showing since 2007. Despite this perception, the government led the Finnish economy to growth of 3.1% in 2010, while real household income rose by 2.9%. dicated that

Internet resource: .

France

Catalan 0.5%; other 8.1%. Religious affiliation (2004): Roman Catholic 64.3%, of which practicing 8.0%; nonreligious/atheist 27.0%; Muslim 4.3%; Protestant 1.9%; Buddhist 1.0%; Jewish 0.6%; Jehovah’s Witness 0.4%; Orthodox 0.2%; other 0.3%. Major cities (urban agglomerations) (2006); Paris 2,181,371 (10,142,977): Marseille 839,043 (1,418,481); Lyon 472,305 (1,417,463); Lille 226,014 (1,016,205): Nice 347,060 (940,017); Toulouse 437,715 (850,873); Bordeaux 232,260 (803,117): Nantes 282,853 (568,743); Toulon 167,816 (543,065): Douai-Lens: Douai (2005) 40,094, Lens (2005) 34,872 (512,462); Strasbourg 272,975 (440,265); Grenoble 156,107 (427,658); Rouen 107,904 (388,798); Valenciennes (2005) 41,506 (355,660): Nancy 105,468 (331,279); Metz 124,435 (322,946): Montpellier 251,634 (318,225); Tours 136,942 (306,974); Saint-Etienne 177,480 (286,400); Rennes 209,613 (282,550). Location: western Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, the Mediterranean Sea, Spain, and Andorra. Immigration: total immigrant population (2004) 4,850,000; immigrants admitted (2002) 205,707, of which North African 30.7%, EU 20.8%, sub-Saharan African 15.2%, Asian 14.1%, other European 11.8%.

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 12.9 (world avg. 20.3): (2007) within marriage 48.3%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 8.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total

fertility

rate

woman; 2008): 2.00.

(avg.

births

per childbearing

expectancy at male 77.6 years: female 84.4 years. Life

birth (2008):

Social indicators Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25-64 with no formal schooling through lower-secondary education 35%, upper secondary/ higher vocational 41%, university 24%. Quality of working life. Legally worked week for full-time employees (2005) 36.0 hours. Rate of fatal injuries per 100,000 insured workers (2004): 3.7. Average days lost to labor stoppages per 1,000 workers (2004): 13. Trade union

name: Republique Frangaise (French RepubForm of government: republic with two legislative houses (Senate [343], National Assembly [577]). Head of state: President Nicolas Sarkozy (from 2007). Head of government: Prime Minister Frangois Fillon

Official

membership (2003): 1,900,000 (8%

lic).

cess to services (2004). Proportion of principal residences having: electricity 97.4%; indoor toilet 94.6%; indoor kitchen with sink 94.2%; hot water 60.3%; air conditioner 15.4%. Social participation. Population

(from 2007). Capital: Paris. Official language: French. Official religion:

100

none. Monetary

cents: valuation (1 Jul

unit:

2011) US$1

1 euro (€) = = €0.69.

Demography 210,026 sq mi, 543,965 sq km. Population (2010): 62,962,000 (excludes the populations of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reu-

Area:

nion, totaling sity

1,882,000 people

in

mid-2010). Den-

(2010): persons per sq mi 299.8, persons per sq

of labor force). Ac-

ages 15 and over participating in voluntary associations (1997): 28.0%. Percentage of population who “never” or "almost never” attend church services (2000) 60%; percentage of Roman Catholic population who attend Mass weekly (2003) 12%. Social deviance. Offense rate per 100,000 population (2006) for: murder 1.5, rape 16.0, other assault 269.2; theft (including burglary and housebreaking) 3,403.8. Incidence per 100,000 in general population of: homicide (2001) 0.8; suicide (2001) 16.1. Leisure. Members of sports federations (2007): 16,254,000, of which football (soccer)

Countries of the

278

2.321.000. Movie tickets sold (2005): 174.200.000. Average daily hours of television viewing for population ages 4 and over (2007): 3.45. Material well-being (2004). Households possessing: automobile (2007)

82%: color television 95%: personal computer 45%: washing machine 92%: microwave 74%: dishwasher (2001) 39%.

National

22.848.000 ducks, 420,238 horses: fisheries production (2007) 749,903 (from aquaculture 31%): aquatic plants production (2007) 76,678 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2006): gypsum 3,500,000: kaolin 300,000: gold 1,500 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2003): food products 27,023: pharmaceuticals, soaps, and paints 22,675: motor vehicles, trailers, and motor vehicle parts 20,269: fabricated metal products

14,264: general purpose machinery 10,595: plastic products 8,754: medical, measuring, and testing appliances 7,551: aircraft and spacecraft 7,476: publishing 6,911: special purpose machinery 6,605: bricks, cement, and ceramics 5,922: basic chemical products 5,843: base metals 5,547, of which iron and steel 4,117: paper products 5,532: beverages furniture 4,218. Energy production (consump5,509: 606.000. electricity

(kW-hr:

2006) 574,473,000,000

(511,138,000,000 [including Monaco]): coal (metric 2007) 168,000 ([2005] 19,069,000): lignite (metric tons: 2006) negligible (36,000 [including 1.079.000. crude Monaco]): petroleum (barrels: 2007) 49.155.000. including Monaco] 7.430.000 ([2006:

tons:

000): petroleum products (metric tons: [including Monaco]) 74,659,000 natural m: gas (cu (75,921,000): 2007) including Monaco] 000 ([2006: 000). Retail trade (value of sales in €’000,000: 2004): large food stores 162,600: large nonfood stores 136,400: auto repair shops 120,400: pharmacies and stores selling orthopedic equipment 32,600: shops selling bread, pastries, or meat 31,800: small food stores and boutiques 15,300. Population economically active (2005); total 27,635,800: activity rate of total population 45.5%

2006

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

— France

ages 15-64, 69.1%: female 2007] 8.2%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 54,165: remittances (2008) 15,133: foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 107,025. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 36,743; remittances (2008) 4,541: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 153,666. (participation

rates:

46.4%: unemployed

[April

economy

Gross national income (2008): US$2,702,180.000.000 (US$42,250 per capita). Budget (2007). Revenue: €369,600,000,000 (tax revenue 80.0%, of which taxes on goods and services 43.6%: social contributions 10.9%: grants 4.5%). Expenditures: €411,410,000,000 (social protection 20.0%: education 19.4%: economic affairs 13.8%: debt service 11.1%: defense 8.2%). Public debt (2007): US$1,655,000,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): wheat 39,001,700, sugar beets 30,306,300, corn (maize) barley potatoes 15,818,500, 12,171,300, 6,808,210, grapes 5,664,195, rapeseed 4,719,053, apples 1,940,200, triticale 1,820,950, sunflower seeds 1,607,977, tomatoes 714,635, oats 471,960, dry peas 446,850, lettuce and chicory 420,400, green peas 337,488, string beans 337,488, dry onions 189,992, pears 162,000, mushrooms and truffles 150,450, spinach 143,487, chicory roots 125,475, flax fibre and tow 95,000, kiwi fruit 65,670: livestock (number of live animals) 19,887,458 cattle, 14,805,557 pigs, 8,187,329 sheep, 175,000,000 chickens, 25,253,000 turkeys,

tion):

World

cost, insurance,

Foreign trade Imports

(2006:

c.i.f.

[including

Monaco]):

US$529,902,000,000 (machinery and apparatus machinery and parts 5.4%, general industrial machinery 3.9%, office machines and computers 3.5%: mineral fuels 14.8%, of which crude petroleum 7.5%, refined petroleum products 3.5%; chemical products 12.7%, of which medicines and pharmaceuticals 3.5%: motor vehicles and parts 10.2%: wearing apparel and accessories 3.5%: iron and steel 3.2%). Major import sources: Germany 16.3%: Italy 8.5%: Belgium 8.3%; Spain 6;9%: UK 6.1%: US 6.0%: China 5.7%; Netherlands 4.1%; Japan 2.4%; Russia 2.4%. Exports (2006; f.o.b. [including Monaco]): US$479,013,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 22.1%, of which electrical machinery and parts 6.2%, general industrial machinery 4.8%, power-generating machinery 3.7%, telecommunications equipment 3.1%: chemical products 15.7%, of which medicines and pharmaceuticals 5.1%, perfumery and cosmetics 2.3%: motor vehicles and parts 12.1%: food products 6.1%: aircraft and parts 6.0%: mineral fuels 4.3%; iron and steel 3.7%: alcoholic beverages [mostly wine] 2.4%). Major export destinations: Germany 14.5%; Spain 9.9%: Italy 9.1%: UK 8.5%: Belgium 7.4%; US 6.9%; Netherlands 4.1%: Switzerland 2.7%; China 2.1%; Poland 1.8%. 22.1%, of which

1,000

electrical

Transport and communications

Transport.

Railroads (2006):

route

length

(2004)

29,085 km: passenger-km 92,000,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 41,000,000,000. Roads (2006): total 131.664.000. 35.000. length 951,500 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 30,400,000; trucks and buses 6.262.000. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 5,838,300.000. Communications, in total units (units per persons). Telephone landlines (2008):

000 (565): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 57,972,000 (936): personal computers (2007): 40,400,000 (652): total Internet users (2007): 31,571,000 (512): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 17,691,000 (286). Education and health Health: physicians (2007) 212,700 (1 per 291 persons): hospital beds (2004) 457,132 (1 per 132 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 3.6: undernourished population (2002-04) less than

2.5%

of total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 352,771 (army 38.0%, navy 12.5%, air force 16.3%, headquarters staff 1.5%, health services 2.4%, gen-

Total

active

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

darmerie 29.3%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 2.4%; per capita expenditure US$980.

Background Archaeological excavations in France indicate continuous settlement from Paleolithic times. About 1200 BC the Gauls migrated into the area, and in 600 bc Ionian Greeks established several settlements, including one at Marseille. Julius Caesar completed the Roman conquest of Gaul in 50 bc. During the 6th century AD, the Salian Franks ruled; by the 8th century

World

—Gabon

279

promised a fresh start in Franco-Rwandan relations. In he hosted 40 African leaders at an AfricaFrance summit in Nice in late May and early June. On

addition,

14 July, at his invitation, African troops marched alongside French troops in the Bastille Day parade to mark the 50th anniversary of independence for 14 former French colonies in Africa. Internet resource: .

Gabon

power had passed to the Carolingians, the greatest of whom was Charlemagne. The Hundred Years’ War

(1337-1453)

resulted

in

the return to France of land end of the

that had been held by the British; by the

15th century, France approximated its modern boundaries. The 16th century was marked by the Wars of Religion between Protestants (Huguenots) and Roman Catholics. Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598) granted substantial religious toleration, but this was revoked in 1635 by Louis XIV, who helped to raise monarchical absolutism to new heights. In 1789 the French Revolution proclaimed the rights of the individual and destroyed the ancien regime. Napoleon ruled from 1799 to 1814, after which a limited monarchy was restored until 1871, when the Third Republic was created. World War (1914-18) ravaged the northern part of France. After Nazi Germany’s invasion during World War II, the collaborationist Vichy regime governed. Liberated by Allied and Free French forces in 1944, France restored parliamentary democracy under the Fourth Republic. A costly war in Indochina and rising nationalism in I

French colonies during the 1950s overwhelmed the Fourth Republic. The Fifth Republic was established in 1958 under Charles de Gaulle, who presided over the dissolution of most of France’s overseas colonies. In 1981 Frangois Mitterrand became France’s first elected Socialist president. At various times from 1986 through the beginning of the 21st century, France balanced a form of divided government known as "cohabitation,” with a president and prime minister of different political parties.

Official public).

name: Republique Gabonaise (Gabonese ReForm of government: unitary multiparty re-

public with two legislative tional

Assembly

[120]).

houses (Senate [102]; Na-

Head

of state: President AM

Bongo Ondimba (from 2009). Head

of government: Prime Minister Paul Biyoghe Mba (from 2009). Capital: Libreville. Official language: French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CFAF

452.93.

Recent Developments 2010 was a stormy one for

The year Sarkozy and

Pres. Nicolas

crackdown on illegal immigration, targeting Roma (Gypsies) who had remained in France longer than the period of residence without work permitted to citizens of fellow European Union countries. The French government’s claim that it was acting in a nondiscriminamanner was punctured by the leak of an Interior Ministry memorandum that singled out the Roma for

tory

deportation.

Demography

for France. Linking lax immigration poli-

cies to recent outbreaks of crime, Sarkozy launched a

The campaign was widely

criticized within

France and internationally, and by mid-October France had duly undertaken to amend its law. France, though once more fully integrated into NATO, controversially agreed in September to sell Russia four Mistral-class warships—the biggest arms sale to Russia made by a NATO country in the history of the alliance. In December a battalion of combat soldiers from Germany completed the move to a base near Strasbourg, marking the first time since the conclusion of World War that German troops had been stationed in France. Having hitherto relatively ignored Africa, Sarkozy made a highly symbolic visit in February to Rwanda, which had accused France of abetting the 1994 genocide, and

Area: 103,347 sq mi, 267,667 sq km. Population (2010): 1,501,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 14.5, persons per sq km 5.6. Urban (2006):

85.7%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.67%; female 50.33%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 40.0%; 15-29, 28.3%; 30-44, 16.1%; 45-59, 9.3%; 60-74, 4.6%: 75-84, 1.4%; 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): Fang 28.6%; Punu 10.2%; Nzebi 8.9%: French 6.7%; Mpongwe 4.1%; Teke 4.0%; other 37.5%. Religious affiliation (2005): Christian 73%, of which Roman Catholic 45%, Protestant/independent Christian 28%; Muslim 12%; traditional beliefs 10%: nonreligious 5%. Major urban areas (2003); Libreville 661,600; Port-Gentil 116,200; Franceville 41,300. Location: western Africa, bordering Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the South Atlantic Ocean, and Equatorial Guinea.

II

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2006): 36.2 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2006): Birth rate per

Countries of the

280

12.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 4.74. Life expectancy at birth (2006); male 53.2 years; female

55.8 years.

National

World

—Gabon

phone landlines (2007): 27,000 (18); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,300,000 (963); personal computers (2007): 46,000 (36); total Internet users (2008): 90,000 (68); broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 2,000 (1.3).

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: CFAF 1,582,600,000,000 (oil revenues 64.0%; taxes on international trade 15.2%: direct taxes 10.0%; indirect taxes 7.2%; other revenues 3.6%). Expenditures: CFAF 1,066,300,000,000 (current expenditures 77.6%, of which transfers 27.3%, wages and salaries 23.7%, debt service 10.9%: capital expenditures 22.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$5,177,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$10,490,000,000 (US$7,240 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); plantains 275.000, cassava 240,000, sugarcane 220,000, natural rubber 12,000; livestock (number of live animals) 213,000 pigs, 3,100,000 chickens; fisheries production 39,124 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2005): manganese ore 2,859,000; gold 300 kg (excludes about 400 kg of illegally mined gold smuggled out of Gabon). Manufacturing (value added in CFAF ’000,000,000; 2004): agricultural 1.726.000. products 48.0; wood products (excluding furniture) 31.3; refined petroleum products 18.1. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006)

Education and health Educational attainment (2000): no formal schooling 6.2%: incomplete primary and complete primary education 32.7%: lower secondary 41.3%; upper secondary 14.2%: higher 5.6%. Literacy (2000): total population ages 15 and over literate 71%; males literate 80%; females literate 62%. Health (2003-04): physicians 270 (1 per 5,006 persons): hospital beds 4,460 (1 per 303 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 54.5; undernourished population (2002-04) 60,000 (5% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

quirement of 1,850

calories).

Military

(November 2008): 4,700 (army 68.1%, navy 10.6%, air force 21.3%); French troops (2008): 800. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.1%; per capita expenditure

Total active duty personnel

US$86.

000 (1,726,000,000); crude petroleum 2007) 83,900,000 ([2006] 5,749,000); peproducts (metric tons; 2006) 684,000 (497,000): natural gas (cu m; 2006) 126,000,000 (126,000,000). Population economically active (2003): total 570,000; activity rate of total population 42.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 74.1%; female 43.0%: unemployed 21%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000):

Background

(barrels:

troleum

tourism (2005) 15; remittances (2008) 11; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 199; official development assistance (2006) 31. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2004) 214; remittances (2008) 186; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 76.

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$1,725,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 27.6%, of which general industrial machinery 8.8%; food products 13.0%; motor vehicles and parts 9.9%; chemical products 9.2%). Major import sources: France 39.9%; Belgium 14.2%; US 7.3%: Cameroon 3.5%; Japan 3.0%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$6,015,000,000 (crude petroleum 84.4%; rough wood 5.1%; manganese ore and concentrate 3.1%: veneer and plywood 2.0%: refined petroleum products 1.2%). Major export destinations: US 58.4%: China 10.6%; France 7.1%; Singapore 5.3%; 1.553.000. 2.6%. Switzerland

from late Paleolithic and early Neolithic times have been found in Gabon, but it is not known when the Bantu speakers who established Gabon’s ethnic composition arrived. Pygmies were

Artifacts dating

probably the original inhabitants. The Fang arrived in the late 18th century and were followed by the Portuguese and by French, Dutch, and English traders. The slave trade dominated commerce in the 18th and much of the 19th century. The French then took control, and Gabon was administered (1843-86) with French West Africa. In 1886 the colony of French Congo was established to include both Gabon and the Congo: in 1910 Gabon became a separate colony within French Equatorial Africa. An overseas territory of France from 1946, it became an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958 and declared its independence in 1960. Rule by a sole political party was established in the 1960s, but discontent with it led to riots in Libreville in 1989. Legalization of opposition parties led to new elections in 1990. The country continued to face economic difficulties despite large revenues from petroleum exports.

Several

Recent Developments moves were made in Gabon in 2010

to di-

owing to the prospect of diminishing oil reserves. The government signed agreements with a Moroccan corporation to begin gold mining in the Bakoudou region and with companies from India and Singapore to improve Gabon’s road network, and it made a commitment to increase the production of cash crops, particularly coffee and cocoa. versify economically

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2002): route length (2005) 814 km; passenger-km 97,500,000; metric ton-km cargo

000. Roads (2004): total length 9,170 (paved 10%). Vehicles (1997): passenger cars 24,750; trucks and buses 16,490. Air transport (2002): passenger-km 643,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Tele-

km

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Internet resource: .

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World

—Gambia, The

281

40,000,

Gambia, The

findo (local cereal; 2005) 600; livestock

(number

of live animals)

150,000

334,000

sheep;

cattle,

280,000

production 43,574 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): clay 14,000; sand and gravel are also excavated for local use. Manufacturing (value added in US$; 1995): food products and beverages 6,000,000; textiles, wearing apparel, and footwear 750,000; wood products 550,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kWhr; 2007) 213,000,000 ([2006] 166,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none Population economically active (109,000). (2006): total 754,000; activity rate of total population 45.3% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 77.1%; female 45.6%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$704,000,000. Gross national

goats,

fisheries

income (2008): US$653,000,000 (US$390 per Selected balance of payments data. Re-

capita).

ceipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 75; remittances (2008) 64; foreign direct investment

(2005-07

development assistance Disbursements for (US$’000,000):

avg.) 60; official

72.

(2007)

tourism (2007)

name: Republic of The Gambia. Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [53]). Head of state and government: President Col. Yahya Jammeh (from

7;

remittances (2008) 12.

Official

1994). Capital: Banjul. Official language: English. Ofreligion: none. Monetary unit: 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = D 28.00.

ficial

Demography Area:

4,491 sq

mi,

11,632 sq km. Population

(2010): 1,751,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 389.9, persons per sq km 150.5. Urban (2006):

54.3%. Sex distribution (2007): male 49.92%; female 50.08%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 44.1%: 15-29, 26.9%; 30-44, 15.6%; 45-59, 8.8%; 60-74, 3.8%: 75-84, 0.7%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2003): Malinke 42%; Fulani 18%; Wolof 16%; Diola 10%; Soninke 9%; other 5%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 90%; Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) 9%; traditional beliefs/other 1%. Major cities (2006): Banjul 33,131 (Greater Banjul [2003] 523,589): Serekunda 335,700; Brikama 80,700; Bakau 45,500; Farafenni 30,400. Location: western Africa, bordering Senegal and the North Atlantic Ocean.

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$262,900,000 (imports for domestic use 70.0%, of which refined petroleum products 10.8%: imports for reexport [principally to Senegal] 30.0%). Major import sources: Denmark 14%; US 13%: China 11%; Germany 8%; UK 8%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.):' US$91,400,000 (reexports 86.3%: peanut [groundnut] oil 3.3%; peanuts [groundnuts] 2.7%; fish 2.0%). Major export destinations: reexports (principally to Senegal) 86.3%; domestic exports 13.7%, of which to Senegal 3.5%, to UK 2.7%, to France 1.9%.

Transport and communications Roads (2004): total length 3,742 km (paved 19%). Vehicles (2004): passenger cars 8,109; trucks and buses 2,961. Air transport

Transport. Railroads: none.

(2001; Yumdum International Airport at Banjul only): passenger arrivals 300,000, passenger departures 300,000; cargo loaded and unloaded 2,700 metric

Communications,

1,000 49,000 (30); 1,166,000 (702): personal computers (2007): 53,000 (33); total Internet users (2008); 114,000 (69); broadband In-

tons.

in total

units (units per

persons). Telephone landlines (2008):

cellular

telephone subscribers (2008):

ternet subscribers (2007):

300

(0.2).

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 39.0 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2007):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

13.0 (world avg. per childbearing at birth (2006):

8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births

woman; 2007): 5.2. Life expectancy male 52.3 years; female 56.0 years.

3.635.000. National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: D 3,663,500,000 (tax revenue 82.9%, of which taxes on goods and services 36.7%, taxes on income and profits 24.1%; nontax revenue 11.8%; grants 5.3%). Expenditures: D 000 (current expenditures 71.1%, of which interest payments 22.4%; capital expenditures 26.8%: net lending 2.1%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): millet 160.000, peanuts (groundnuts) 100,000, sorghum

Education and health Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 44.9%: males literate 52.3%; females literate

37.8%. Health; physicians (2003) '156 (1 per 9,769 persons): hospital beds (2005) 1,221 (1 per 1,250 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 72.0; undernourished population (2002-04) 450,000 (29% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,850 calories).

Military

(November 2008): 800 (army 100%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 0.6%; per capita expenditure US$2.

Total active duty personnel

Countries of the

282

Background Beginning about the 13th century ad, the Wolof, Malinke, and Fulani peoples settled in different parts of what is now The Gambia and established villages and then kingdoms in the region. European exploration began when the Portuguese sighted the Gambia River in 1455. Britain and France both settled in the area in the 17th century.

The

British Ft.

James, on an island about 20 river's mouth, was an impor-

mi (32 km) from the

tant collection point for the slave trade. In 1783 the Treaty of Versailles reserved the Gambia River for Britain. After the British abolished slavery in 1807, they built a fort at the mouth of the river to block the continuing slave trade. In 1889 The Gambia’s boundaries were agreed upon by Britain and France: the British declared a protectorate over the area in 1894. Independence was pro-

1965, and The Gambia became a rethe Commonwealth in 1970. It formed a limited confederation with Senegal in 1982 that was dissolved in 1989. The country faced severe economic problems that continued into the 21st century. claimed public

in

within

Recent Developments The Gambia’s diplomatic

relations with Senegal

strained after the October

2010

were

seizure of a ship-

World— Georgia Georgian. Official religion: none (special recognition is given to the Georgian Orthodox Church). Monetary unit: 1 Georgian lari (GEL) = 100 tetri; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = 1.66 lari.

Demography Area: 26,911 sq mi, 69,700 sq km. Population 4,356,000. (2010; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): Density (2010; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): persons per sq mi 197.4, persons per sq km 76.2. Urban (2008; excluding Abkhazia and

South Ossetia): 52.7%. Sex distribution (2008; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): male 47.45%; female 52.55%. Age breakdown (2008; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): under 15, 17.1%; 15-29, 23.9%: 30-44, 20.7%; 45-59, 20.0%; 60-74, 12.4%; 75 and over, 5.9%. Ethnic composition (2002; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): Georgian 83.8%; Azerbaijani 6.5%; Armenian 5.7%; Russian 1.5%; Ossetian 0.9%; other 1.6%. Religious affiliation (2005): Georgian Orthodox 54.8%; Sunni Muslim 14.5%: Shi'i Muslim 5.0%; Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) 3.9%; Catholic 0.8%; Yazidi 0.4%; Protestant 0.4%; nonreligious 13.0%; other 7.2%. Major cities (2008): Tbilisi (Tbilisi) 1,106,500; Kutaisi 188,600; Batumi 122,200; Rustavi 117,300; Zugdidi 72,100. Location: northern Transcaucasia, bordering Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, and the Black Sea.

ment of weapons in Nigeria, covertly sent from Iran and said to be destined for The Gambia. Senegal feared that the weapons were intended for rebels

Internet resource:

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): 12.9 (world avg. 20.3); within marriage 65.7%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia):

fighting in that country.

Birth

.

rate per

9.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007; excluding Abkhazia and

Georgia

South Ossetia): 1.45. Life expectancy at birth (2008; excluding Abkhazia and South Ossetia): male 69.3 years: female 79.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: GEL 5,158,600,000 (tax revenue 72.4%, of which VAT 38.3%, social tax 14.0%, corporate taxes 8.4%, excise tax 8.3%; nontax revenue 23.3%; grants 4.3%). Expenditures: GEL 5,237,100,000 (defense 28.6%; social security and welfare 14.8%; general public service 14.6%; public order 13.1%; education 7.3%), Population economically active (2008): total 1,917,800; activity rate of total population 43.8% (participation rates: ages 15 and over, 62.6%; female 46.4%; unemployed 16.5%),

2008) 2009)

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture fishing (2007): potatoes 174,500, grapes 93.000, wheat 92,300, apples 42,500, walnuts 12,400; livestock (number of live animals) 1,318,800 cattle, 509,700 pigs; fisheries production 7.599.000. 18,377 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining and quarrying (2005): manganese ore 251,800. Manufacturing (value of production in USS’000,000; 2006): food products and beverages 95; chemical products 41; cement, bricks, and ceramics 26. Energy production

and

Official

name: Sakartvelo

(Georgia).

Form

of govern-

ment: unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative house (Parliament [150]). Head of state and government: President Mikheil Saakashvili (from assisted by Prime Minister Nika Gilauri (from ,

.

Capital:

Tbilisi

(Tbilisi).

Official

language:

(consumption):

electricity

000 (8,373,000,000);

(kW-hr; 2006) coal (metric tons;

2006) 11,000 (23,000): crude petroleum

(barrels:

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

2007) 357,300 (4,737,700); petroleum products 2006) 4,000 (658,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) 10,000,000 (1,490,000,000). Gross national Income US$10,788,000,000 (2008); (US$2,470 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; March 2009): US$2,170,032,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (metric tons;

(US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 385; remittances (2008-09) 907; foreign direct investment (2006-08 avg.) 1,192; official development assistance (2007) 382. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 176; remittances (2008-09) 77.

Foreign trade Imports (2008; c.i.f.): US$6,304,557,300 (mineral fuels 18.5%: motor vehicles 13.9%; food products and beverages 13.7%; nonelectrical machinery 9.1%; electrical machinery 8.2%; chemical products 7.0%). Major Import sources: Turkey 14.9%; Ukraine 10.4%; Azerbaijan 9.6%: Germany 7.9%; Russia 6.8%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): US$1,496,060,400 (iron and steel 27.4%; food products and beverages [Including wine] 16.7%; chemical products 13.6%: mineral fuels 11.3%). Major export destinations: Turkey 17.6%; Azerbaijan 13.7%; Ukraine 9.0%: Canada 8.8%; Armenia 8.2%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2007): 1,559 km; passenger-

ton-km km metric cargo 773,900,000; 6,927,500,000. Roads (2007): 20,329 km (paved Vehicles passenger cars 39%). [2006] (2008); 466,900; trucks and buses 105,100. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 474,800,000; metric ton-km cargo 3,600,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,Q00 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 556,000 (129); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 3,283,000 (762); personal computers (2007): 228,000 (52); total Internet users (2008):

388,000 (90); broadband 47,000 (11).

Internet sub-

scribers (2007):

'

pire by

65

Bc

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 21,150 (army 84.0%, national guard 7.5%, navy 2.3%, airforce 6.2%); Russian troops in Abkhazia and South Ossetia (November 2008): 3,800 in each. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 7.6%: per capita expenditure US$250. active

283

and became Christian

in

ad 337. For the

was involved in the conflicts between the Byzantine and Persian empires; after 654 it was controlled by Arab caliphs, who established an emirate in Tbilisi. It was controlled by the Bagratids from the 8th to the 12th century, and the zenith of Georgia’s power was reached in the reign of Queen Tamara, whose realm stretched from Azerbainext three centuries

it

jan to Circassia, forming a pan-Caucasian empire. Invasions by Mongols and Turks in the 13th and 14th centuries disintegrated the kingdom, and the fall of

Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 isolated it from Western Christendom. The next three centuries saw repeated invasions by the Armenians, Turks, and Persians. Georgia sought Russian protection in 1783, and in 1801 it was annexed to Russia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the area was briefly independent: in 1921 a Soviet regime was installed, and in 1936 Georgia became the Georgian SSR, a full member of the Soviet Union.

power

In in

1990 the

a

first

noncommunist

coalition

free eiections ever held

came in

to

Soviet

in 1991 Georgia declared indepenthe 1990s, while Pres. Eduard Shevardnadze tried to steer a middle course, internal dissension resulted in conflicts with the northwestern republic of Abkhazia and the northern republic of South Ossetia, and external distrust df Russian motives in the area grew. In 1992 Abkhazia reinstated its 1925 constitution and declared independence, which Georgia refused to recognize. After several weeks of sporadic exchanges of gunfire between Georgian soldiers and rebel forces in South Ossetia, Georgian troops entered the republic on 7 Aug 2008. In response, Russian tanks and troops advanced into South Ossetia on 8 August, bombed the port of Poti and several military bases, and occupied Gori. Several hundred servicemen and civilians died during the fighting, and tens of thousands were forced to flee their homes. Following the deployment of international observers in October, Russian troops withdrew from the conflict zones.

Georgia, and

dence.

In

Recent Developments

Education and health

Educational attainment (2004). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal education/unknown 1.6%: primary education 4.1%; incomplete secondary 10.5%; secondary 48.2%; incomplete higher 12.3%; higher 23.3%. Literacy (2008): virtually 100%. Health (2008): physicians 20,253 (1 per 216 persons): hospital beds 14,100 (1 per 310 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 17.0; undernourished population (2002-04) 500,000 (9% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,960 calories).

Total

World — Germany

round of talks on Georgia's associate membership in the European Union took place in Batumi in

The

first

July

2010. The NATO summit

in

Lisbon

in

November

reaffirmed that Georgia might Join the alliance once it had met the conditions for membership. After several

rounds of internationally mediated talks between Georand the leaders of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Russia in mid-October withdrew its troops from the Georgian village of Perevi, near the South Ossetian border. That month Georgia introduced visa-free entry gia, Russia,

Caucasus republics. In economic news, in September Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Romania agreed to a Joint venture for the export of Azerbaijani natural gas to Europe. Georgia’s GDP grew an estimated 4.5% in 2010, an improvement over the

for residents of Russia’s North

previous year’s decline of 3.9%. Internet resource: .

Germany Background Ancient Georgia was the site of the kingdoms of Iberia and Colchis, whose wealth was known to the ancient Greeks. The area was part of the Roman Em-

name: Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany). Form of government: federal

Official

multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Federal Council [69]; Federal Diet [622; statutory

num-

Countries of the

284

World

—Germany

thodox 1.7%: New Apostolic 0.5%; Buddhist 0.3%; Jewish 0.2%; nonreligious 18.0%; atheist 2.0%; other 5.5%. Resident foreign population (2007): 6,744,900; region/country of birth: EU countries 34.7%, of which Italy 7.8%, Poland 5.7%, Greece 4.4%, Austria 2.6%; Turkey 25.4%; Asian countries 12.1%; former Serbia and Montenegro 4.9%; African countries 4.0%; Croatia 3.3%: Russia 2.8%; Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.3%; US 1.5%: other 9.0%. Population with immigrant back-

ground (2008): 14,800,000 (18% of total population). Immigration/emigration trends (2007); foreigners arriving 680,000; Germans departing 165,000.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 8.2 (world avg. 20.3); within marriage 68.2%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 10.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.37. Life expectancy at birth (2008); male 77.2 years: female 82.5 years.

ber is 598]). Head of state: President Christian Wulff (from 2010). Head of government: Chancellor Angela Merkel (from 2005). Capital: Berlin; some ministries

remain in Bonn, the previous capital of West Germany, and the federal supreme court meets in Karlsruhe. Official language: German. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = €0.69.

Demography Area:

137,879 sq

mi,

357,104 sq km. Population

(2010): 81,644,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 592.1, persons per sq km 228.6. Urban (2003):

88.1%. Major

cities

(urban agglomerations) (2005):

Dortmund 588,168 (5,746,018); Essen 585,430 (5,746,018); Duisburg 501,564 (5,746,018); Berlin Stuttgart 3,395,189 592,569 (4,200,072); (2,625,690): Hamburg 1,743,627 (2,549,339); Munich 1,259,677 (1,940,477): Frankfurt am Main 651,899 (1,915,002): Cologne 983,347 (1,846,241); Mannheim 307,900 (1,579,252); Dusseldorf 574,514 (1,318,512): Nuremberg (Nurnberg) Hannover 499,237 (1,030,168); 515,729 (1,001,580): SaarbrOcken 178,914 (942,594); Bonn 312,818 (899,753): Bremen 546,852 (858,488); Wuppertal 359,237 (832,685); Wiesbaden 274,611 (795,725): Dresden 495,181 (695,680); Karlsruhe 285,263 (600,161): Aachen 258,208 (599,676); Bielefeld 326,925 (585,145); Leipzig 502,651 (580,050): Darmstadt 140,562 (531,077). Location: Denmark, the Baltic Sea, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg. Belgium, the Netherlands, and the North Sea. Sex distribution (2007): male 48.98%; female 51.02%. Sex distribution (2007): male 48.98%; female 51.02%. Ethnic composition (by nationality; central Europe, bordering

2000); German 88.2%; Turkish 3.4% (including Kurdish 0.7%); Italian 1.0%: Greek 0.7%; Serb 0.6%; Russian 0.6%: Polish 0.4%: other 5.1%. (2006): under 15. 13.9%; 15-29,

Age breakdown

Social indicators Educational attainment (2006). Percentage of population ages 25-64 having: no formal schooling through primary education 3%; lower secondary 14%; upper secondary 52%; post-secondary non-tertiary 7%: higher vocational 9%; university 14%; advanced degree 1%. Quality of working life. Average workweek (2007): 38.4 hours. Annual rate per 100,000 workers (2007) for: injuries or accidents at work 2,803; deaths 2.16. Proportion of labor force insured for damages of income loss resulting from: injury, virtually 100%; permanent disability, virtually 100%; death, virtually 100%. Average days lost to labor stoppages per 1,000 workers (2008); 3.7. Access to services. Proportion of dwellings (2002) having: electricity, virtually 100%; piped water supply, virtually 100%; flush sewage dis-

posal (1993) 98.4%; public fire protection, virtually 100%. Social participation. Trade union membership in total workforce (2008): 6,441,045 (15.4%). Popula-

western eastern Germany 36%/8%; 15% of Roman Catholics "regularly” attend religious services. Social deviance (2006; excluding eastern Germany except for the former East Berlin). Conviction rate per 100,000 population for: murder, manslaughter, and attempted murder 0.8; sexual abuse of children 3.1; rape 2.7; assault and battery 91.3; theft 195.3; fraud 132.4. Leisure. Favorite leisure activities include playing football (soccer; registered participants, 2004) 6,272,804, as well as watching television, using the computer, going to the cinema, attending theatrical and musical performances, visiting museums, and taking part in package tours. Material well-being (2008). Households possessing: automotion "religious”/‘‘deeply religious” (2007): in

Germany 78%/21%;

in

bile (2005) 76.8%: refrigerator 98.6%; freezer 52.4%; dishwasher 62.5%; microwave oven 69.6%; washing machine (2004) 95.5%: clothes dryer 38.5%; television (2004) 95.0%: DVD player (2006) 59%; personal computer (2006) 71.6%; Internet access (2006) 57.9%: MP3 player (2006) 23%.

17.6%; 30-44, 22.4%; 45-59. 21.1%; 60-74, 16.7%; 75-84, 6.3%;

85 and

over.

2.0%. Religious

affiliation

(2005): Protes-

tant 35.0%, of which Lutheran/Reformed churches

34%: Roman Catholic 32.5%; Sunni Muslim 4.3%;

Or-

National

economy

Budget (2007; general government). €1,064,730,000,000 (tax revenue 54.5%,

Revenue: of which

in-

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

come

tax 21.6%, general taxes on goods and services 15.6%, excise taxes 6.0%; social security contributions 37.6%: nontax revenue 7.5%; other 0.4%). Expenditures: €1,061,590,000,000 (social protection 45.7%; health 14.0%; education 9.1%; economic affairs 7.2%; public debt payments 6.3%; public order 3.5%; defense 2.4%).

(May 2009): US$2,052,000,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): wheat 25,988,600, sugar beets

Total public debt

23.002.600, barley 11,967,100, potatoes 11,369,000, rapeseed 5,154,700, corn (maize) 5,105,900, rye 3,744,200, triticale 2,381,500, grapes 1,428,776, apples 1,046,995, cabbages 806,078, oats 793,200, dry onions 407,602, strawberries 150,854, dry peas 140.600, sunflower seeds 48,900, gooseberries 40.000, hops 39,700, currants 10,587; livestock (number of live animals) 26,686,800 pigs, 12,969,674 cattle, 2,437,000 sheep, 114,625,000 chickens; fisheries production (2007) 293,757 (from aquaculture 15%). Mining and quarrying (metric tons; 2006): potash 3,625,000; bentonite 364,000; feldspar 167,332; 619.784.000. barite 85,524. Energy production (consumption): electricity

(kW-hr;

2007) 000);

594,660,000,000

coal

(metric

tons;

2008)

Germany was a world leader in the production of wind and solar power). Gross national income (2008): US$3,485,674,000,000 (US$42,440 per capita). Population

economically active (2008):

rate of total population

total

51.0%

Education and health Health (2006): physicians 311,000 (1 per 265 persons); hospital beds 510,767 (1 per 161 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 4.0; undernourished population (2002-04) less than

2.5%

of total population.

Military

(November 2008): 244,324 (army 65.8%, navy 9.4%, air force 24.8%); German peacekeeping troops abroad (November 2008): 7,300, including 3,300 in Afghanistan: US troops in Germany (November 2008): 40,000; British troops (November 2008): 22,000; French troops (November 2008): 2,800. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.3%; per capita expenditure US$512.

Total active duty personnel

Background

41,875,000; ac-

(participation rates:

ages 15-64, 76.0%; female 45.4%; unemployed [April 2008- March 2009] 8.7%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 36,092; remittances (2008) 11,064; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 49,355. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 82,966; remittances (2008) 14,976; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 110,338.

Germanic

quer the region, which became a political entity only with the division of the Carolingian empire in the 9th century ad. The monarchy’s control was weak, and power increasingly devolved upon the nobility, organized

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005): track length 76,473 km (route length 38,206 km); passenger-km 74,946,-

feudal states. The monarchy was restored rule in the 10th century, and the Holy

in

under Saxon Italy,

Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$1,059,308,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 23.0%, of which electrical machinery 6.7%, office machines and computers 4.0%; manufactured goods 14.4%, of which iron and steel 3.6%: mineral fuels 10.5%, of which crude petroleum 5.2%: motor vehicles and parts 8.2%; food products 5.2%: medicines and pharmaceuticals 3.9%). Major import sources: France 8.4%; Netherlands 8.3%; China 7.1%: US 5.9%; Italy 5.7%; UK 5.6%; Belgium 5.0%; Austria 4.2%; Switzerland 3.9%; Russia 3.7%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$1,328,841,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 28.4%, of which electrical machinery and electronics 7.3%, general industrial machinery 7.0%; transportation equipment 19.0%, of which motor vehicles 16.4%; manufactured goods 14.1%, of which iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, and fabricate metal products 8.6%; chemical products 13.8%, of which medicines and pharmaceuticals 4.2%). Major export destinations: France 9.7%; US 7.6%; UK 7.3%: Italy 6.7%: Netherlands 6.4%; Austria 5.4%; Belgium 5.3%; Spain 5.0%; Switzerland 3.8%; Poland 3.7%.

about the 2nd cenThe Romans failed to con-

tribes entered the region

tury BC, displacing the Celts.

Roman Foreign trade

285

000,000; metric ton-km cargo 95,421,000,000. Roads (2005): total length 231,480 km (paved [2003] 100%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 46,090,300; trucks and buses 2,573,100. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 206,112,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 8,345,976,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 51,500,000 (627); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 107,245,000 (1,308); personal computers (2007): 53,967,000 (656); total Internet users (2008): 62,500,000 (761); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 22,600,000 (275).

([2006]

17.200.000 ([2006] 65,500,000); lignite (metric tons; 2008) 175,300,000 ([2006] 176,400,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 34,100,000 ([2006] 20.337.000. 817,800,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 104.605.000 (100,068,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) 000 ([2006] 94,772,000,000) (in 2009

tivity

World — Germany

Empire, centering on Germany and northern revived. Continuing conflict between the Holy

was

Roman emperors and the Roman Catholic popes undermined the empire, and its dissolution was accelerated by Martin Luther’s revolt in 1517, which divided Germany, and ultimately Europe, into Protestant and Roman Catholic camps, culminating in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48). Germany’s population and borders were greatly reduced, and its numerous feudal princes gained virtually full sovereignty. In 1862 Otto von Bismarck came to power in Prussia and over the next decade reunited Germany in the German Empire. It in 1918 after the German defeat in Germany was stripped of much of its territory and all of its colonies. In 1933 Adolf Hitler became chancellor and established a totalitarian state, the

was

dissolved

World War

I.

Third Reich,

dominated by the Nazi

sion of Poland

War

II.

in

Following

Party. Hitler’s inva-

1939 plunged the its

vided by the Allied

world into World

1945, Germany was diPowers into four zones of occupadefeat

in

Disagreement with the USSR over the reunificazones led to the creation in 1949 of the Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Berlin, the former capital, remained divided. West Germany became a prosperous parliamentary democracy and East Germany a one-party state under Soviet control. The East German Communist government was brought down peacefully in 1989, and Germany was reunited in tion.

tion of the

Federal Republic of

Countries of the

286

1990. After the initial euphoria over unity, the former West Germany sought to incorporate the former East Germany both politically and economically, resulting in heavy financial burdens for the v\/ealthier western Germans. The country continued to move toward deeper political and economic integration with Western Europe through its membership in the European Union.

Recent Developments Although financial health in Germany in 2010 was still influenced by the global economic downturn, its economy registered an unexpected 3.4% growth in 2010. German concerns regarding a lack of fiscal austerity on the part of some of its euro zone partners seemed to have been borne out by the Greek financial crisis. Germany balked at a bailout for Greece without guarantees of more regulated fiscal policies throughout the EU but in the end agreed to a massive loan package for Greece. The increased economic growth that resulted

in

Germany seemed

to indicate that this

was

the right decision. Germany’s European partners accused it of not having done enough to reduce carbon emissions, particularly in the German auto-manufacturing industry. This was an issue in which Germany had promised to take a leadership role. Internet resource: .

World

—Ghana

mi 264.38, persons per sq km 102.0. Urban (2008): 50.1%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.02%; female 49.98%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 37.7%: 15-29, 29.4%: 30-44, 18.3%; 45-59, 9.5%: 60-74, 4.1%: 75-84, 0.9%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Akan 41.6%: Mossi 23.0%: Ewe 10.0%: Ga-Adangme 7.2%: Gurma 3.4%: Nzima 1.8%: Yoruba 1.6%: other 11.4%. Religious affiliation (2005): Protestant 23.7%: traditional beliefs 21.5%: Sunni Muslim 20.1%: independent Christian 15.9%: Roman Catholic 12.2%: other 6.6%. Major cities (2002): Accra (2003) 1,847,432; Kumasi 627,600; Tamale 269,200; Tema 237,700; Obuasi 122,600. Location: western Africa, bordering Burkina Faso, Togo, the Atlantic Ocean, and C6te d’Ivoire.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 29.4 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

9.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 3.78. Life expectancy at birth (2008):

male 58.5 years; female 60.8 years.

National

porate tax 9.4%; grants

Ghana

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: 031,917,680,000,000 (tax revenue 77.2%, of which VAT 18.4%, trade tax 17.0%, petroleum tax 12.8%, income tax 9.7%, cor19.9%; nontax revenue

2.9%). Expenditures: 038,734,730,000,000 (current expenditures 63.9%, of which transfers 14.7%, debt service 10.2%; capital expenditures 36.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding; December 2008): US$3,982,600,000. Gross national income (2008): US$15,744,000,000 (US$670 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and

yams cassava 9,650,000, (2007): 3,550,000, plantains 2,930,000, cacao beans 690,000; livestock (number of live animals) 3,704,700 goats, 3,420,000 sheep, 1,427,100 catfishing

tle;

fisheries production

321,875

(from aquaculture,

Mining and quarrying (2007): bauxite 748,000; manganese (metal content) 410,000; gold negligible).

production only) 77,349 kg; gem diamonds carats. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2003): wood products 157; chemical products 115; food products 108; refined petroleum products 55; precious and nonferrous metal products (including gold) 47. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 8,435,000,000 (legal

720,000

Official

name: Republic

Ghana. Form of government: one legislative house (Parliastate and government: President of

multiparty republic with

ment

[230]).

Head

of

John Atta Mills (from 2009), Capital: Accra. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Ghana cedi (GH.

Age breakdown (2005); under 15, 37.5%; 15-29, 29.5%: 30-44, 17.8%: 45-59, 11.8%; 60-74, 3.1%: 75 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2006): Nauruan 95.8%; Kiribertese (Gilbertese) 1.5%: Asian

1.4%; other Pacific Islanders 0.3%;

other/unknown 1.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Protestant 49%, of which Congregational 29%; Roman Catholic 24%; Chinese folk-religionist 10%; other 17%. Major cities; none; population of Yaren urban area (2007) 4,616. Location: Oceania, island in the western Pacific Ocean, near the equator east of Papua New Guinea.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2001): length 5 km. Roads (2004): total length 40 km (paved 73%). Airtransport

(2004): passenger-km 338,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (including weight of passengers and mail)

34,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,800 (188).

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 15-49 and over having; incomplete/complete primary education 4%; incomplete secondary 71%: complete secondary 17%; more than secondary 8%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15-49 lit-

98%: males literate 96.1%; females literate 99.3%. Health (2008): physicians 10 (1 per 957 persons); hospital beds 51 (1 per 188 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2003-07) 37.9. erate

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2009): 29.8 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2009):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

9.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007); 3.4. Life expectancy at birth (2008); male 52.5 years; female 58.2 years.

Military

is

National

economy

exists.

Budget (2007). Revenue: $A 17,751,000 (grants 38.2%: property income 35.3%; sales of goods and services 13.1%; other taxes 13.4%). Expenditures: $A 21,769,000. Total public and private debt (July 2007): US$854,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$34,933,000 (US$3,650 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); coconuts 1,800, tropical

fruit,

coffee,

and pandanus (screw pine) are also cultivated: livestock (number of live animals) 2,900 pigs, 5,000 chickens: fisheries production 39 (from almonds,

figs,

aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): phosphate rock (gross weight) 45,000 (phosphate extraction, the backbone of the Nauruan economy.

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Nauru does Its defense assured by Australia, but no formal agreement

Total active duty personnei (2008); not have ahy military establishment.

Background Nauru was inhabited by Pacific islanders when British explorers arrived in 1798. Annexed by Germany in 1888, in 1919 it was placed under a Joint mandate of Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. During World

War

II

it

was occupied by the Japanese. Made a UN

under Australian administration in gained independence in 1968 and became a member of the Commonwealth and the UN in .1999. Nauru once had the world’s largest concentration of phosphate and became wealthy from mining and processing it. The deposits have been severely trust territory

1947,

it

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the Wori.d

depleted, however, and the

economy has been

con-

verting to fishing activities.

—

375

INepai

8.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007): 3.10. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 63.6 years; female 64.5 years.

Recent Developments March 2010 officials in Nauru took control of a new secondary school built with foreign aid from Australia. The school included Nauru’s first vocational

National

In

training

facility.

rose above

School enrollment across the island

83%

in

2010. As

well,

improvements

health care reduced the infant mortality rate to per 1,000 live births, down from 40 per 1,000 births in

in

economy

Budget (2007-08). Revenue: NRs 104,865,300,000 (tax revenue 81.1%, of which VAT 28.4%, customs duties 20.1%, corporate taxes 12.6%; nontax revenue 18.9%). Expenditures:

NRs 151,969,500,000

(cur-

20

rent expenditures 64.6%, of which education 16.8%,

live

defense 6.7%, health 6.1%; capital expenditures 35.4%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): rice 4,299,264, sugarcane 2,485,437, potatoes 2,054,817, ginger 176,602, mustard seed 134,286, garlic 32,317, jute 16,988; livestock (number of live animals)

2002.

Internet resource:

.

8,135,880 goats, 7,090,714

Nepal

cattle,

4,496,507

buf-

production (2007) 46,779 (from aquaculture 57%). Mining and quarrying (2007): limestone 822,042; talc 9,043; marble 22,110 sq m. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2002): food products 83; textiles and wearing apparel 73; tobacco products 55. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 2,684,000,000 falo; fisheries

(2,755,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) 11,963 (420,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (645,000). Gross national income (2008): US$11,537,000,000 (US$400 per capita). Population economically active (2003): total 9,981,000; activity

rate of total

population

38.3%

(participation

ages 15-64, 66.3%; female 41.0%; unofficially unemployed [2004] 42%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007): US$3,485,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 200; remittances (2008) 2,735; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 0.3; official development assistance (2007) 598. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 274; remittances (2008) 4. rates:

Official

name: Sanghiya

Loktantrik Ganatantra Nepal

(Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal).

Form

of gov-

ernment: multiparty republic with interim legislature (Constituent Assembly [601]). Head of state: President Ram Baran Yadav (from 2008). Head of government: Prime Minister Jhalanath Khanal (from 2011). Capital: Kathmandu. Official language: Nepali. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Nepalese rupee (NR; plural NRs) = 100 paisa; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = NRs 71.33.

Demography Area: 56,827 sq mi, 147,181 sq km. Population (2010): 28,952,000. Density (2010); persons per sq mi 509.5, persons per sq km 196.7. Urban (2006):

16.7%. Sex distribution (2007): male 50.10%; female 49.90%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 39.0%; 15-29, 27.9%; 30-44, 17.2%; 45-59, 10.2%; 60-74, 4.7%; 75-84, 0.9%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000); Nepalese 55.8%; Maithili 10.8%; Bhojpuri 7.9%; Tharu 4.4%; Tamang 3.6%; Newar 3.0%; Awadhi 2.7%; Magar 2.5%; Gurkha 1.7%; other 7.6%. Religious affiliation (2001): Hindu 80.6%; Buddhist 10.7%; Muslim 4.2%; Kirat (local traditional belief) 3.6%; Christian 0.5%; other 0.4%. Major cities (2001); Kathmandu 671,846; Biratnagar 166,674; Lalitpur 162,991; Bokhara 156,312; BirganJ 112,484. Location: southcentral Asia, bordering China and India.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 27.7 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

Foreign trade

Imports (2006-07; c.i.f.): NRs 191,709,000,000 (basic manufactures [including fabrics, yarns, and wearing apparel] 24.8%; mineral fuels [mostly refined petroleum products] 19.0%; machinery and transportation equipment 18.6%; chemical products 13.5%). Major import sources (2006): India 48%; China 13%; UAE 12%; Saudi Arabia 5%; Kuwait 4%. Exports (2006-07; f.o.b.):

NRs 60,796,000,000 (ready-made garments 9.8%; woolen carpets 9.2%; vegetable ghee 6.8%; thread 6.7%; zinc sheets 5.9%; textiles 5.0%; Jute goods 4.5%). Major export destinations (2006): India 58%; US 14%; Germany 6%; UK 3%; France 2%. Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 59 km; passengers carried (2002) 1,600,000; freight handled

22,000 metric tons. Roads (2007): total length 17,782 km (paved 30%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 93,266; trucks and buses 64,959. Air transport: passenger-km (2003) 652,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (2005) 7,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 805,000 (28); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 4,200,000 (146); personal computers (2005): 132,000 (4.9); total Internet users (2008):

Countries of the

376

499.000

(17):

broadband

Internet

World

—Netherlands

subscribers

(2007): 14,000 (0.5).

Education and health Educational attainment (2005-06). Percentage of population having: unknown through literate 15.4%; primary education 22.0%: secondary 44.0%: higher 18.6%. Literacy (2003-04): total population ages 15 and over literate 48.0%: males literate 64.5%: females literate 33.8%. Health (2006): physicians (public health system only) 1,259 (1 per 21,737 persons): hospital beds 9,881 (1 per 2,801 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 48.0: undernourished population (2003-05) 4,000,000 (15% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,760 calories).

Military

duty personnei (November 2008): 69.000 (army 100%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 2.1%: per capita expenditure

Total

active

comprising two legislative houses (Senate [75]:

House Queen

US$6.

Background Nepal developed under early Buddhist influence, and dynastic rule dates from about the 4th century It was formed into a single kingdom in 1769 and fought border wars with China, Tibet, and British India in the 18th- 19th centuries. Its independence was recognized by Britain in 1923. A new constitution in 1990 restricted royal authority and accepted AD.

a democratically elected parliamentary government. of Nepal (Maoist) began an armed insurgency in 1996. Nepal signed trade agreements with India in 1997. On 1 Jun 2001, King Birendra, the queen, and seven other members of the royal family were fatally shot by Crown Prince Dipendra, who then turned the gun on himself. After a historic vote by a constituent assembly in 2008, the monarchy was abolished and Nepal became a multiparty republic.

The Communist Party

Recent Developments May 2010 the terms of Constituent Assembly (CA) members were extended for one year to complete the drafting of Nepal’s new constitution. Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned on 30 June amid In

pressure from the opposition-including a paralyzing May— but the CA failed to elect a new prime minister. Despite Supreme Court intervention in November, the situation was not resolved until February 2011, when Jhalanath Khanal was elected prime minister. The UN Mission in Nepal ceased operations in January 2011, and the UN declared Nepal mine free in June.

six-day general strike in

Internet resource: .

of Representatives

[150]).

Beatrix (from 1980).

Head

Head of

of state:

government:

Prime Minister Mark Rutte (from 2010). Capital: Amsterdam. Seat of government: The Hague. Official language: Dutch (Frisian is officially recognized in Friesland but not legally codified by the national government). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

€0.69.

Demography mi, 41,543 sq km. Population (2010): 16,602,000. Density (2010: based on land area): persons per sq mi 1,273, persons per sq km 491.4. Urban (2005): 80.2%. Sex distribution (2008):

16,040 sq

Area:

male 49.48%: female 50.52%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 17.7%: 15-29, 18.2%: 30-44, 21.5%: 45-59, 21.3%: 60-74, 14.5%: 75-84, 5.1%: 85 and ovpr, 1.7%. Ethnic composition (by place of origin: 2008): Netherlander 80.0%: from EU countries 5.3%: Indonesian 2.3%: Turkish 2.3%: Surinamese 2.1%: Moroccan 2.1%: Netherlands Antillean/Aruban 0.8%: other 5.1%. Religious affiliation (2004): Roman Catholic 30%: Reformed/Lutheran tradition 20%: 1,000 Muslim 6%: nonreligious/atheist 40%: other

4%. Major urban agglomerations (2007): Amsterdam 1,482,287: Rotterdam 1,169,800: The Hague 997,323: Utrecht 592,463: Haarlem 407,521. Location:

northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea,

Germany, and Belgium.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 11.2 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 58.8%. Death rate per Birth rate per

fertility

population (2008): 8.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total rate (avg. births per childbearing woman:

2008): 1.77. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 78.4 years: female 82.4 years.

Netherlands Official

name:

Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (Kingdom

of the Netherlands). tional

Form

of

government: constitu-

monarchy with a parliament (States General)

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.;

cost, insurance,

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: €261,628,000,000 (social security contributions 31.3%: indirect taxes 28.3%:

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.; free on board

Countries of the

direct taxes

World

26.0%; nontax revenue 7.3%; sales tax

7.1%). Expenditures:

€259,526,000,000

(current ex-

penditures 92.3%, of which social security and welfare 45.3%: development expenditures 7.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): potatoes 7,200,000, sugar beets 5.400.000, wheat 990,000; flowering bulbs and tubers 80,000 acres (32,400 hectares), of which tulips 27,200 acres (11,000 hectares), cut flowers and plants under glass 10,900 acres (4,400 hectares); livestock (number of live animals) 11,663,000 pigs, 3.763.000 cattle, 1,369,000 sheep; fisheries production 470,363 (from aquaculture 12%). Mining: limestone, n.a. Manufacturing (value added in €’000,000; 2008): food products, beverages, and tobacco products 16,198; refined petroleum products 8,094; base chemical products and man-made

—Netherlands

377

(2008): 14,273,000 (868); broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

5,756,000 (350).

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 25-64 having: primary/lower sec-

ondary education 27%; upper secondary 39%; higher vocational 2%; university 29%; other 3%. Health: physicians (2005) 60,519 (1 per 270 persons); hospital beds (2006) 48,000 (1 per 340 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 3.8.

Military

fibers 7,975. 118.192.000.

duty personnel (November 2008): 40,537 (army 53.0%, navy 23.4%, air force 23.6%).

electricity (kW-hr;

Military expenditure as

Energy production (consumption): 2008) 107,645,000,000 ([2006] 000): coal (metric tons; 2008) none ([2006] 12,683,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 12,200,000 ([2006] 357,600,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 61,361,000 (25,334,000): natural gas (cu m; 2008) 79,771,000,000 ([2006] 50,416,000,000). Gross national income (2008); US$824,636,000,000 (US$50,150 per capita). Public debt (December 2008); US$392,000,000,000. Population economically active (2005); total 8,308,000; activity rate of total population 51% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 75.1%; female 45.1%; unemployed [April 2008-March 2009] 2.8%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 13,339; remittances (2008) 3,006; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 51,705. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 19,110; remittances (2008) 8,431; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 71,354.

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): €307,851,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 25.7%, of which office machines. computers, and parts 8.7%; mineral fuels 13.6%, of which crude petroleum 7.0%; chemical products 12.1%; food products 7.0%; motor vehicles 5.4%). Major import sources: Germany 20.1%; Belgium 10.8%; China 8.6%; US 7.9%; UK 6.4%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.); €348,964,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 26.3%, of which office machines, computers, and parts 8.3%, nonelectrical machinery and equipment 7.3%; chemical products 15.2%: food products 9.8%; refined petroleum products 8.0%). Major export destinations: Germany 23.6%: Belgium 11.9%; UK 9.1%; France 8.2%: US 5.0%.

Transport and communications

Total

active

percentage of

GDP

(2007):

1.5%: per capita expenditure US$700.

Background and Germanic

tribes inhabited the Netherlands at the time of the Roman conquest. Under the Romans, trade and industry flourished, but by the mid-3rd century ad Roman power had waned, eroded by resurgent German tribes and the encroachment of the sea. A Germanic invasion (406-07) ended Roman control. The Merovingian dynasty followed the Romans but was supplanted in the 7th century by the Carolingian dynasty, which converted the area to Christianity. After Charlemagne’s death in 814, the area was increasingly the target of Viking attacks. It became part of the kingdom of Lotharingia, which established an Imperial Church. In the 12th-14th centuries dike building occurred on a large scale. The dukes of Burgundy gained control in the late 14th century. By the early 16th century the Low Countries were ruled by the Spanish Habsburgs. In 1581 the seven northern provinces, led by Calvinists, declared their independence from Spain, and in 1648, following the Thirty Years’ War, Spain recognized Dutch independence. The 17th century was the golden age of Dutch civilization. The Dutch East India Company secured Asian colonies, and the country’s standard of living soared. In the 18th century the region was conquered by the French and became the Kingdom of Holland under Napoleon (1806). It remained neutral In World War and declared neutrality in World War but was occupied by Germany. It joined NATO in 1949, was a founding member of what is now the European Community, and is part of the EU. At the outset of the 21st century the Netherlands benefitted from a strong, highly regulated mixed economy but struggled with the social and economic challenges of immigration. Celtic

II

I

Transport. Railroads (2006): length 2,797 km; pas75.012.000. senger-km (2004) 14,097,000,000; metric ton-km

cargo (2001) 4,293,000,000. Roads (2006); total length 134,981 km (paved 90%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 7,230,178; trucks and buses 1,064,846. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 4,735,500.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 7.324.000 (446): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 19,927,000 (1,212); personal computers (2007): 14,934,000 (912); total Internet users

Recent Developments February 2010 the coalition government of the Netherlands fell following disagreements over the country’s military mission in Afghanistan. Labour Party leader and Deputy Prime Minister Wouter Bos opposed an extension of the Dutch mission in Uruzgan, whereas other coalition partners were willing to consider NATO’s request for a prolonged Dutch deployment. The collapse was not entirely surprising; the coalition had shown signs of instability In

Countries of the

378

World— New Zealand

since its formation in the winter of 2007, and none of the three previous cabinets under Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende had been able to complete a four-year term. The Netherlands did begin to recover from the worldwide economic crisis, however. Concern within the country persisted, particularly as fellow EU members Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Ireland continued to struggle financially, and the Dutch unemployment rate grew to 5.4% in 2010. The value of both imports and exports grew by more than 20.0%, however, and GDP increased by 3.4%.

unknown

12.9%.

Major

urban

of Australia.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 15.1 (world avg. 20.3); within marriage 51.9%. Death rate per 1.000 population (2008): 6.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

2008): 2.18. Life expectancy at 78.0 years; female 82.2 years.

Internet resource: .

agglomerations'

(2008): Auckland 1,313,200; Christchurch 382,200; Wellington 381,900; Hamilton 197,300; Napier 122,600. Location: Oceania, islands between the South Pacific Ocean and the Tasman Sea, southeast

New Zealand

National

woman;

birth (2006):

male

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: NZ$65,859,000,000 (tax revenue 85.3%, of which inpome tax 41.3%; nontax revenue 14.5%; social contributions 0.2%). Expenditures:

NZ$60,247,000,000

(social

protection

33.9%; education 16.7%; health 16.7%; defense 3.2%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): potatoes 505,000, barley 400,000, apples 380,000, kiwifruit 315,000, grapes 190,000; livestock (number of live animals) 40,000,000 sheep, 9,650,000 cattle; fisheries production 600,868 (from aquaculture 19%); aquatic plants 192 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): limestone and marl 5,092,000; gold 10,762 kg; silver 10,568 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$'000,000; 2005): food products 4,175; fabricated metal products 1,350; printing and publishing 1,250. Energy production (consump-

Official

(Maori).

name: New Zealand (English); Aotearoa Form of government: constitutional monar-

chy with one legislative house (House of Representatives [122; statutory state: British

Queen

number

is

Elizabeth

120 II

seats]).

Head

of

(from 1952), repre-

sented by Governor-General Sir Anand Satyanand (from 2006). Head of government: Prime Minister John Key (from 2008). Capital: Wellington. Official languages: English; Maori; New Zealand Sign Language. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = NZ$1.21.

Demography Area: 104,515 sq mi, 270,692 sq km. Population (2010): 4,369,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 41.8, persons per sq km 16.1. Urban (2007):

86.0%. Sex distribution (2006): male 48.96%; female 51.04%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 21.1%; 15-29, 20.8%; 30-44, 21.8%; 45-59, 19.5%; 60-74, 11.2%; 75 and over, 5.6%. Ethnic composition (2006): European 67.6%; Maori (local Polynesian) 14.6%; Asian 9.2%, of which Chinese 3.7%; other Pacific peoples (mostly other Polynesian) 6.9%; other 1.7%. Religious affiliation (2006): Christian 51.1%, of which Anglican 13.3%, Roman Catholic 12.2%, Presbyterian 9.2%, Methodist 2.9%, Maori (indigenous) Christian 1.6%; Hindu 1.6%; Buddhist 1.3%; Muslim 1.0%; nonreligious 31.1%; other 1.0%;

electricity (kW-hr; 2007-08) 42,728,000,000 tion): 4.783.000) ([2006] 37,390,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2007-08) 2,178,000 ([2006] 196,000); lignite 6.026.000) (metric tons; 2007-08) 2,855,000 ([2006]

crude petroleum (barrels; 2007-08)

;

20,607,500 ([2006] 35,016,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2007-08) 5,187,000 ([2006] natural gas (cu m; 2007-08) 4.290.200.000 ([2006] 3,700,000,000). Popula;

tion economicaliy active (2007): total activity rate

52.8%

(participation rates:

2,235,400; ages 15-64,

76.9%; female 46.3%; unemployed [July 2007-June 2008] 3.6%). Gross national income (2008): US$119,246,000,000 (US$27,940 per capita). Seiected baiance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 5,406; remittances (2008) 626; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 4,163. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 3,066; remittances (2008) 1,202; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 961.

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): NZ$40,774,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 21.4%; mineral fuels 14.9%; motor vehicles 11.7%; aircraft 4.2%; plastic products 3.8%). Major import sources: Australia 20.1%; China 12.2%; US 12.1%; Japan 9.1%; Germany 4.4%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): NZ$34,619,000,000 (dairy products 20.6%; beef and sheep meat 12.1%; wood and paper products 9.4%; machinery and apparatus 8.6%; aluminum 4.3%; fish 3.7%; fruit 3.7%). Major export destina-

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World — Nicaragua

20.5%: US 13.1%; Japan 10.3%; China 5.4%; UK 4.9%.

379

tions: Australia

Recent Developments

New Zealand was devastated

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 4,128 km; metric ton-km cargo (1999-2000) 4,040,000,000.

Roads (2007):

total length

93,748 km (paved 65%).

Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 2,775,717; trucks and buses 558,412. Air transport (2007; Air New

Zealand only); passenger-km 28,423,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 906,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,750,000 (414); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 4,620,000 (1,092); personal computers (2005): 2,077,000 (507); total Internet users (2008): 3,047,000 (720); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 915,000 (216).

by an earthquake (magnitude from 7.0 to 7.1) that struck on 4 Sep 2010 and the large, destructive aftershock (magnitude 6.3) that occurred on 22 Feb 2011. In contrast to the main shock, the focus of the February temblor was relatively shallow, occurring only 3 miles (5 km) beneath the surface near Christchurch. Buildings and roads across the region, which had been weakened by the September event and its aftershocks, were severely damaged or destroyed in February. More than 180 people were thought to have died. Australia, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries sent hundreds of search-and-rescue workers. It was expected that as many as one-third of the buildings in the Christchurch central business district would have to be demolished.

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling to incomplete primary education 26.8%; primary 9.0%: vocational 29.8%; secondary 15.0%; higher 19.4%. Literacy: virtually 100%. Health: physicians (2006) 9,547 (1 per 434 persons): hospital beds (2002) 23,825 (1 per 165 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 5.0; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total popu-

Internet resource: .

Nicaragua

lation.

Military

(November 2008): 9,278 (army 51.2%, navy 21.8%, air force 27.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008); 1.1%; per capita expenditure US$286.

Total active duty personnel

Did

^

youV

knowB

Several crates of whisky from Sir

Ernest Shackleton’s ill-fated 1908 expedition to the South Pole were

recovered from Antarctica in 2010.

Taken back to Christchurch, New Zealand, and carefully thawed out, the whisky was analyzed, and in 201 1 it was re-created commercially by distillers Whyte & Mackay.

name: Republica de Nicaragua (Republic Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [92]). Head of state and government: President Daniel Ortega (from 2007). Capital: Official

of Nicaragua).

Managua.

Official language: Spanish. Official renone. Monetary unit: 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = ligion:

C$22.42.

Background Polynesian occupation of New Zealand dates to about AD 1000. First sighted by Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman in 1642, the main islands were charted by Capt. James Cook in 1769. Named a British crown colony in 1840, the area was the scene of warfare between colonists and native Maori through the 1860s. In 1907 the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand. It administered Western Samoa during 1919-62 and participated in both world wars. New Zealand took a strong stand against nuclear proliferation, since the mid-1980s banning nuclear-powered ships or those carrying nuclear weapons from its waters. There has been a revival of traditional Maori culture and art, and Maori social and economic activism have been central to political developments in the country since the late 20th century.

Demography Area: 50,337 sq mi, 130,373 sq km; land area alone equals 46,464 sq mi, 120,340 sq km. Population (2010): 5,822,000. Density (2010; based on land area): persons per sq mi 125.3, persons per sq km 48.4. Urban (2005): 55.9%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.03%; female 49.97%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 34.6%; 15-29, 31.3%:

30-44, 19.3%: 45-59, 9.8%; 60-74, 3.1%; 75-84, 0.9%: 85 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic composition (2000): mestizo (Spanish/Indian)

63.1%; white 14.0%; black 8.0%; multiple ethnicities 5.0%; other 9.9%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 58.5%; Protestant/independent Christian 23.2%, of which Evangelical 21.6%, Moravian 1.6%; nonreligious 15.7%: other 2.6%. Major cities (2005): Managua 908,892: Leon 139,433; Chinandega 95,614;'Masaya 92,598; Esteli 90,294. Location:

Countries of the

380

Central America, bordering Honduras, the Caribbean Sea, Costa Rica, and the North Pacific Ocean.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008); 23.7 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

4.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 2.63. Life expectancy at birth (2008); male 69.1 years; female

73.4 years.

World

—Nicaragua Transport and communications

Transport. Railroads (2004): 6 km. Roads (2004): total length 18,669 km (paved [2002] Vehicles 11%). passenger cars (2007): 101,899; trucks and buses 187,526. Air transport (2000): passenger-km 72,200,000; metric ton-km cargo (2003) 200,000. Communica-

1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 312,000 (55); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 3,039,000 (536); personal computers (2005): 220,000 tions, in total units (units per

185,000 (33); broadband Internet subscribers (2006): 19,000

(43); total Internet users (2008):

National

economy

(3.6).

Budget (2008). Revenue: US$1,209,700,000 (tax revenue 92.6%, of which taxes on goods and services 32.7%, taxes on international trade 30.0%, taxes on income and profits 29.8%; nontax revenue 7.4%). Expenditures: US$1,641,600,000 (education 20.7%; health 14.4%; economic services 14.4%; defense and public order 11.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007): US$2,144,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture 268,000 fishing (2007): sugarcane 4,875,000, corn and (maize) 569,948, rice 302,697, peanuts (groundnuts) 116,682, coffee 81,818; livestock

(number

of live animals) 3,600,000 cattle, horses; fisheries production 37,959, which lobster 3,752 (from aquaculture 30%). Mining and quarrying (2007); gold 2,059 kg. Manufacturing (value added in C$’000,000 in constant prices of 1994; 2003): food products 1,917; textiles and wearing apparel 969; beverages 713. Energy production (consumption): of

electricity

(kW-hr;

2006)

2,958,000,000

(3,011,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) none (5,989,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 763,000 (1,286,000). Population economically active (2006): total 2,204,300; activity rate of total population 39.9% (participation rates; ages 10 and over [2005] 55.0%; female [2005] 35.2%; officially unemployed [2008] 6.1%). Gross national Income (2008): US$6,126,000,000 (US$1,080 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 255; remittances (2008) 818; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 279; official development assistance (2007) 834. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 121; FDI

(2005-07

avg.) 16.

Foreign trade

Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$2,741,000,000 (chemical products 16.7%; machinery and apparatus 15.6%; crude petroleum 13.2%; refined petroleum products 10.8%; food products 9.7%). Major import sources: US 22.8%; Mexico 14.8%; China 7.6%; Venezuela 6.8%; Costa Rica 5.4%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$759,000,000 (coffee 26.4%; cattle meat 10.3%; crustaceans 9.3%; gold 7.7%; raw sugar 6.6%; peanuts [groundnuts] 5.2%). Major export destinations: US 46.5%; Mexico 6.2%; Canada 6.0%; Spain 4.5%; Honduras 4.4%. 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 20.5%; 1-3 years 16.6%; 4-6 years 27.0%; 7-9 years 16.1%; 10-12 years 10.5%; vocational 2.3%; incomplete university 2.6%; complete university 4.4%. Literacy (2005): total population ages 15 and over literate 78.0%;

males

literate

78.1%; females

literate

77.9%.

Health (2003): physicians 2,076 (1 per 2,538 persons); hospital beds 5,030 (1 per 1,047 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2005) 26.4; undernourished population (2003-05) 1.200.000 (22% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

1,770

calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 12.000 (army 83.3%, navy 6.7%, air force 10.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.6%; per capita expenditure US$7.

Total

active

Background Nicaragua has been inhabited for thousands of years, most notably by the Maya. Christopher Columbus arrived in 1502, and Spanish explorers discovered Lake Nicaragua soon thereafter. Nicaragua was governed by Spain until 1821, when it declared its independence. It was part of Mexico and then the United Provinces of Central America until 1838, when full independence was achieved. The US intervened in political affairs by maintaining troops there in 1912-33. Ruled by the dictatorial Somoza dynasty from 1936 to 1979, it was taken over by the Sandinistas after a popular revolt. They were opposed by armed insurgents, the US-backed contras, from 1981. The Sandinista government nationalized several sececonomy. They lost the national elections in 1990, but Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega returned to power after winning the presidential tors of the

election of

2006.

Recent Developments in 2010 from Venezuela

Off-budget payments

via the

Our America allowed Nicaragua to meet IMF-mandated fiscal targets Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

0. 68

short

i

Countries of the

and still provide unofficial but popular measures such as a monthly subsidy of US$25 to Nicaragua’s approximately 130,000 public-sector workers who earned less than US$260 per month, Despite these gains, in recent years approximately two million Nicaraguans had emigrated— primarily to Costa Rica and the US. Notwithstanding the global economic downturn, commodity export prices and textile production rose, and GDP growth was projected at 2%. Export growth came, in part, from the temporarily beneficial terms extended to Nicaragua under the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement.

World— Niger

381

73,002. Location: western Africa, bordering AlLibya, Chad, Nigeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, and Mali.

geria,

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 52.2 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

15.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 7.83. Life expectancy at birth (2008): maie 51.0 years: female

53.4 years.

National

Internet resource: .

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: CFAF 584,100,000,000 (tax revenue 48.1%: nontax revenue 27.2%: external aid and grants 24.3%: other 0.4%). Expenditures: CFAF 546,000,000,000 (current expenditures 53.1%, of which wages and salaries 15.3%:

Niger

capital expenditures 46.9%). Public debt (external,

outstanding:

2008):

US$795,000,000. Selected

payments

data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 37; remittances foreign direct investment (2005-07 (2008) 78: avg.) 36: official development assistance (2007) 542. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 30: remittances (2008) 29: foreign direct disinvestment (2005-07 avg.) -2. Gross national

balance

of

income (2008): US$4,823,000,000 (US$330 per capita). Production (metric tons except

Agriculture

and

as noted).

fishing (2008): millet 3,489,400,

cowpeas 1,548,000, sorghum 1,311,100, dry

Official

Niger). islative

name: Republique du Niger (Republic of Form of government: republic with one leghouse (National Assembly [113]). Head of

Mahamadou Issoufou (from 2011). government: Prime Minister Brigi Rafini (from 2011). Capital: Niamey. Official language: French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CFAF 452.93. state: President

Head

of

onions 373,600, pimento 25,800: livestock (numlive animals) ber of 12,641,500 goats, 10,191,400 sheep, 8,737,400 cattle, 1,630,500 camels: fisheries production (2007) 29,768 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2008): uranium 2,993: salt (2007) 1,300: gold 2,314 kg. Manufacturing (value added in CFAF ’000,000: 2008): food products 6,797: paper products, printing, and publishing 2,604: soaps and other chemical products 1,625. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 179,000,000 (535,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2008) 182,912 ([2006] 183,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (138,000). Population economically active (2006): total 6,139,000: activity rate of total population

tion

rates:

42.6%

(participa-

ages 16 and over, 83.5%: female

41.9%).

Foreign trade

Demography 459,286 sq

mi, 1,189,546 sq km. Popu(2010): 15,878,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 34.6, persons per sq km 13.3. Urban (2008): 18.4%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.02%: female 49.98%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 49.6%: 15-29, 25.6%: 30-44, 13.7%: 45-59, 7.2%: 60-74, 3.3%: 75 and over, 0.6%. Ethnolinguistic composition (2001): Hausa 55.4%: Zarma-SonghaiDendi 21.0%: Tuareg 9.3%: Fulani (PeuI) 8.5%: Kanuri 4.7%: other 1.1%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 90%, of which Sunni 85%, Shi‘i 5%: traditional beliefs 9%: other 1%. Major cities (2001): Niamey 707,951 (urban agglomeration [2007] 915,000): Zinder 170,575:

Area:

lation

Maradi

148,017:

Agadez

78,289:

Tahoua

Imports (2008): CFAF 501,605,000,000 (food products 25.1%: refined petroleum products 15.5%: rnachinery and apparatus 15.1%: chemical products 14.9%: transportation equipment 6.8%). Major import sources: France 13.7%: China 13.3%: Netherlands 7.6%: US 7.4%: Nigeria 4.9%. Exports (2008): CFAF 316,412,000,000 (uranium 62.6%: livestock 23.7%, of which cattle 9.5%: gold 5.6%: onions 4.2%). Major export destinations: France 36.8%: Nigeria 25.0%: US 14.2%: Japan 10.4%: Switzerland 5.6%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2008): total length 18,949 km (paved 21%). Vehicles (2005); passenger cars 21,360. Air transport (2007: Niamey air-

Countries of the

382

World— Nigeria

port only): passenger arrivals 64,904, passenger de-

Nigeria

partures 60,297; cargo unloaded 1,394 metric tons, cargo loaded 149 metric tons. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 65,000 (4.4); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,898,000 (129); personal computers (2005): 10,000 (0.8); total Internet users (2008): 80.000 (5.4): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 600 (0.04).

Education and health Educational attainment (2006; Niamey only). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 86.2%; incomplete primary education 6.9%; complete primary 1.0%; in-

complete secondary 3.7%; complete secondary 0.4%; higher 0.9%. Literacy (2007-08): total population ages 15 and over literate 29.0%; males literate 42.8%; females literate 17.1%. Health (2008): physicians (public health institutions only) 427 (1 per 34,548 persons): hospital beds (2007) 2,934 (1 per 4,845 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 118.9; undernourished population (2002-04) 3.900.000 (32% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,800 calories).

Military

(November 2008): 5,300 (army 98.1%, air force 1.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.0%; per capita expendi-

Total active duty personnel

ture US$3.

Official

Form

name: Federal Republic

the territory of Niger, there

is

evidence of Neolithic

culture, and several kingdoms existed there before the colonialists arrived. First explored by Europeans in the late 18th century, it became a French colony in 1922. It became an overseas territory of France in 1946 and gained independence in 1960. The first

multiparty elections were held

in

1993.

Recent Developments A

coup

in Niger led by Maj. Salou Djibo ousted the elected government of Pres. Mamadou Tandja in February 2010. After a series of gun battles in the capital, the victorious rebels, calling themselves the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, imposed a dusk-to-dawn curfew and ordered the closure of all borders. Simmering discon-

military

tent over Tandja’s

2009

constitutional revisions that

extended his mandate for a third term was seen as the root cause of the coup. Niger was subsequently suspended from membership in the African Union. The junta produced a new constitution, which reined in the presidential powers introduced under Tandja in 2009, and voters overwhelmingly approved it in October. The presidential election was held as scheduled in January 2011. After a runoff election in March, Ma-

hamadou sworn

month

in

Nigeria.

Demography

Background In

of

government: federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [109]; House of Representatives [360]). Head of state and government: President Goodluck Jonathan (from 2010). Capital: Abuja.' Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = N151.65. of

Issoufou, a longtime opposition figure, was as president, ending the military Junta’s 14-

rule.

Internet resource: .

Area: 356,669 sq mi, 923,768 sq km. Population (2010): 158,259,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 443.7, persons per sq km 171.3. Urban (2007): 47.7%. Sex distribution (2006): male 50.80%; female 49.20%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 43.1%; 15-29, 28.2%: 30-44, 15.3%: 45-59, 8.6%; 60-74, 4.0%: 75-84, 0.7%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Yoruba 17.5%; Hausa 17.2%: Igbo (Ibo) 13.3%: Fulani 10.7%; Ibibio 4.1%: Kanuri 3.6%; Egba 2.9%; Tiv 2.6%; Igbira 1.1%: Nupe 1.0%: Edo 1.0%; IJo 0.8%; detribalized 0.9%: other 23.3%. Religious affiliation (2003): Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 50.5%: Christian 48.2%, of which Protestant 15.0%, Roman Catholic 13.7%, other (mostly independent Christian) 19.5%; other 1.3%. Major urban agglomerations (2007): Lagos 9,466,000;

Kano 3,140,000: Ibadan 2,628,000; Abuja 1,576,000; Kaduna 1,442,000. Location: western Africa, bordering Niger, Chad, Cameroon, the Atlantic Ocean, and Benin.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 39.9 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): 16.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007): 5.30. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 46.4 years; female 47.3 years. Birth rate per

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

National

economy

federal budget). Revenue: (2008: N2, 411, 000, 000, 000 (petroleum revenue 83.3%, of which tax on profits and royalties 39.8%; nonpetroleum revenue 16.7%, of which corporate taxes 6.3%). Expenditures: N2, 45 1,000,000,000 (current expenditures 65.3%: capital expenditures 34.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); cassava 45,750,000, yams

Budget

sorghum 10,500,000, peanuts 3,835,600, cowpeas 3,150,000, cashews 660,000, cacao beans 500,000, melon seeds 488,500, ginger 138,000, sesame seeds 100,000: livestock (number of live animals) 28.583.000 goats, 23,993,500 sheep, 16,258,37.150.000,

(groundnuts)

560 cattle: fisheries production 615,507 (from aquaculture 14%). Mining and quarrying (2007): limestone 3,300,000; marble 200,000. Manufacturing (value added in N’000,000; 2008): refined petroleum products 44,297; cement 18,036; other unspecified (particularly food products, bever23.110.000. ages, and textiles) 543,259. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 000 (23,110,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2007) 530,000 ([2006] 8,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 767,700,000 ([2006] 43,800,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 5,319,000 (10,344,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) 46,046,000,000 ([2006] 10,730,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$175,622,000,000 (US$1,160 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: December 2008): US$3,704,000,000. Population economically active (2006): 44,112,000; activity rate 30.5% (participation ages 15-64, 55.5%; female 35.5%; unofficially unemployed [2007] 60%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 215; remittances (2008) 9,980; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 10,463; official development assistance (2007) 2,042. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 2,444; remittances (2008) 103; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 230. total

rates;

Foreign trade Imports (2008): N4, 991, 000,000,000 (basic manufactures 33.0%: chemical products 25.0%; machinery and transportation equipment 22.0%; food products and live animals 6.0%). Major import sources (nonpetroleum imports only [81.6% of all imports]): US 14.4%; China 10.5%; France 9.4%; UK 7.9%: Netherlands 7.4%. Exports (2008): N9, 495, 000, 000, 000 (crude petroleum 92.2%; other petroleum sector 6.8%; cacao beans 0.3%). Major export destinations (crude petroleum exports only): US 23.0%; Spain 9.3%; China 6.0%; Brazil 5.0%: Italy 4.1%.

World—Nigeria

383

(2008); 62,989,000 (417); personal computers (2007); 1,182,000 (8); total Internet users (2008): 11,000,000 (73): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 26,000 (0.2).

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 50.4%; primary education 20.4%; secondary 20.1%; higher 9.1%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 73.1%;

males

literate

79.4%; females

literate

67.0%.

Health (2005): physicians 42,563 (1 per 3,234 persons): hospital beds 85,523 (1 per 1,609 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births undernourished population 109.0; (2007) (2002-04) 11,400,000 (9% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

quirement of 1,830

calories).

80,000 Military

duty personnel (November 2008): (army 77.5%, navy 10.0%, air force 12.5%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 0.7%: per capita expenditure US$7.

Total

active

Background Inhabited for thousands of years, Nigeria was the center of the Nok culture from 500 bc to ad 200 and of several precolonial empires, including the state of Kanem-Bornu and the Songhai, Hausa, and Fulani kingdoms. Visited in the 15th century by Europeans, it became a ceqter for the slave trade. The area began to come under British control in 1861; by 1903 British rule was in 1960 and 1963. Ethnic strife soon led to military coups, and military groups ruled the country from 1966 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1999. A civil war between the central government and the former Eastern Region— which seceded and called itself Biafra-began in 1967 and ended in 1970 with Biafra’s surrender after widespread starvation and civilian deaths. In 1991 the capital was moved from Lagos to Abuja. The government’s execution of environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa in 1995 led to international sanctions, and civilian rule was finally reestablished in 1999. Ethnic conflicts continued in the early 21st century, as did vio-

total. Nigeria

became

lent

gained independence

a republic in

protests over

oil

production

delta. Friction also increased

and Christians after some of central states adopted Islamic

in

the Niger

between Muslims the northern and law.

Recent Developments were killed in Nigeria in 2010 when flashpoints of turbulence erupted in areas known for internecine ethnic and sectarian tension,

Hundreds

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005): length (2006) 3,505

km; passenger-km 75,170,000; metric ton-km 18,027,000. Roads (2004): total length

cargo

193,200 km (paved 15%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 4,560,000. Air transport (2008); passenger-km 2,136,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 7.368.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008); 1.308.000 (8.7): cellular telephone subscribers

including

of people

in

the cities of Jos, Warri, Port Harcourt,

and Bauchi. In September an Islamic sect named Boko Haram (meaning “Western education is a sin”) attacked the central prison in Bauchi and released more than 700 inmates, including some 150 sect members who were being held there after their participation in an uprising the previous year. Since then, the sect was believed to have con-

Countries of the

384

ducted a series of assassinations that included several police officers, a politician, and a prominent Islamic cleric. Violence also marred the 50th anniversary of Nigeria’s independence when three car bombs exploded at celebration venues in the capital, Abuja, in October, killing 12. Militants claiming to represent the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) took responsibility for the attacks, charging that the government had done little to ameliorate poverty in the Niger delta. Mainstream MEND leaders, however, quickly disowned any connection with the attacks. The anniversary generated measured reflections on the country’s progress. Former president Olusegun Obasanjo applauded the country’s achievement in simply remaining united after decades of disunity, civil war, and military rule. Other observers noted the widening gap between the rich and the poor, with an increase in the proportion of Nigeria’s population living on less than US$1.25 a day from 49% in 1990 to 11% in 2008. More than 500 people were killed in post-election violence in April 2011.

World — Norway 3.9%, Africa 1.3%. Religious affiliation (2003): EvanLutheran 85.7%: other Christian 4.5%: Muslim 1.8%: other/nonreligious 8.0%. Major cities (2007): Oslo 560,484 (urban agglomeration 856,915): Bergen 247,746; Trondheim 165,191; Stavanger 119,586; Baerum 108,144. Location: northern Europe, bordering the Barents Sea, Russia, Finland, Sweden, the North Sea, and the Norwegian Sea.

gelical

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 12.7 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 45.0%. Death rate per 1.000 population (2008): 8.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.96. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 78.3 years; female 83.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: NOK 1,146,890,736.004.000. (tax revenue 51.5%; nontax revenue 000,000 24.5%: social security 18.0%). Expenditures:

000

Internet resource: .

(social

security

NOK

and welfare

41.5%: general public services 17.5%; health 16.6%: education 5.8%; defense 5.0%; transportation 4.5%). Public debt (June 2009):

Norway

US$101,447,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): barley 580,000, wheat 380,000, potatoes 380,000; livestock (number of live animals) 2.400.000 sheep, 930,000 cattle; fisheries production 3,209,140 (from aquaculture 26%); aquatic plants production 134,671 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): olivine sand 3,000,000, ilmenite concentrate 882.000, iron ore (metal content) 630,000. Manufacturing (value added in NOK ’000,000; 2008): machinery and apparatus 55,474; food products, beverages, and tobacco products (1.115.000) 34,589; ships and oil platforms 26,139. Eqergy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr;

2008) 142,632,000,000 ([2006] 22,518,000,(11.936.000) 000): coal (metric tons; 2007) 3,995,000 crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 743.700.000 ([2006] 94,800,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 22,993,000 natural gas (cu m; 2008) 99,403,000,000 ([2007] 6,512,000,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 4,222; remittances (2008) 684; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 4,163. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 14,032; remittances (2008) 4,776: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 18,092. Population economically active (2006): total 2,446,000; activity rate of total population 52.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 80.8%; female 47.1%; unemployed [July 2008-June 2009] 2.9%). Gross national income (2008): :

name: Kongeriket Norge (Kingdom of NorForm of government: constitutional monarchy with one legislative house (Storting, or Parliament [169]). Head of state: King Harald V (from 1991). Head of government: Prime Minister Jens Official

way).

Stoltenberg (from 2005). Capital: Oslo. Official lan-

guage: Norwegian (Sami

is official locally).

Official re-

Lutheran. Monetary unit: 1 Norwegian krone (NOK; plural kroner) = 100 ore; valuation (lJul 2011) US$1 = NOK 5.38. ligion: Evangelical

Demography Area: 148,718 sq mi, 385,179 sq km. Population (2010): 4,888,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 32.9, persons per sq km 12.7. Urban (2005): 77.4%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.90%; female

50.10%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 19.0%; 15-29, 19.1%: 30-44, 21.7%; 45-59, 19.5%; 60-74, 13.3%: 75-84, 5.1%: 85 and over, 2.3%. Ethnic composition (2008): Norwegian (nonimmigrant) 89.4%: other 10.6%, of which from Europe 4.2%, Asia 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

:

US$415,249,000,000 (US$87,070 per

capita).

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): NOK 470,681,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 24.8%, of which nonelectrical machinery and equipment 11.6%: base and fabricated metals 10.7%; motor vehicles 10.2%; chemical

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

products 8.6%: metal ore and metal scrap 6.7%). Major import sources: Sweden 14.7%; Germany 13.6%: UK 6.9%: Denmark 6.4%: China 6.0%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.): NOK 799,284.000,000 (crude petroleum 39.9%: natural gas 19.3%: machinery and apparatus 6.8%: refined petroleum products 4.8%: aluminum 4.4%: fish 3.6%: nickel 2.4%). Major export destinations: UK 26.2%: Germany 12.3%: Netherlands 10.3%: France 8.0%: Sweden 6.5%.

World

—Oman

island of Utpya, some west, at which a youth

385

25 miles (40 km)

camp hosted

to the north-

by the Norwegian

Labour Party was being held. He spent the next hour methodically shooting at the young campers, killing at least 68. The combined death toll of the two attacks approached 80, making them the deadliest such incidents in the country since World War II. Internet resource: .

Transport and communications

Oman

Transport. Raiiroads (2007); route length 4,087 km; passenger-km 3,432,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 2*476,000,000. Roads (2007): total length 92,920 km (paved 80%). Vehicies (2007): passenger cars 2,153,730: trucks and buses 538,225. Air transport (2008; SAS [Norwegian part] and Wideroe only): passenger-km 8,194,000,000: metric

ton-km cargo 7,646,000. Communications, in i,000 persons). Telephone

total units (units per

landlines (2008): 1,928,000 (404); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 5,287,000 (1,109);

personal computers (2007): 2,959,000 (629): Internet users (2008); 4,237,000 (889): broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

total

1,608,000 (337).

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 16 and over having: primary and lower secondary education 29.6%: higher secondary 41.3%: higher 24.8%; unknown 4.3%. Literacy (2000): virtually 100% literate. Health: physicians (2006) 17,523 (1 per 266 persons): hospital beds (2007) 22,882 (1 per 206 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 2.7; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total popu-

Official

Form

bodies (State Council [72]: Consultative Council [84]). Head of state and government: Sultan (from 1970) and Prime Minister (from 1972) Qabus ibn Sa‘id. Capital: Muscat. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 rial Omani (RO) = 1,000 baiza; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

RO

lation.

name: Saltanat ‘Uman (Sultanate of Oman). monarchy with two advisory

of government:

0.39.

Military

Demography

duty personnel (November 2008); 19,100 (army 34.0%, navy 16.5%, air force 14.2%, central support 31.4%, other 3.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.2%: per capita expenditure US$1,013.

Area: 119,500 sq mi, 309,500 sq km. Population (2010): 2,968,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 24.8, persons per sq km 9.6. Urban (2005):

Total

active

Background Several principalities were united into the kingdom of Norway in the 11th century. From 1380 it had the same king as Denmark until it was ceded to Sweden

1814. The union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, and Norway's economy grew rapidly. The country remained neutral during World War though its in

I,

shipping industry played a vital role in the conflict. It declared its neutrality in World War but was invaded and occupied by German troops. Norway is a member of NATO but turned down membership in the EU in 1994. Its economy grew consistently during the 1990s, aided particularly by its North Sea petroleum II

71.5%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.54%; female 49.46%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 35.2%: 15-29, 38.5%: 30-44, 16.3%: 45-59, 6.3%: 60-74, 3.1%: 75 and over, 0.6%. Ethnic composition (2000): Omani Arab 48.1%: Indo-Pakistani 31.7%, of which Balochi 15.0%, Bengali 4.4%, Tamil 2.5%: other Arab 7.2%: Persian 2.8%: Zanzibari (blacks originally from Zanzibar) 2.5%: other 7.7%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 89%, of which Ibadiyah 75%, Sunni 8%, Shi'i 6%: Hindu 5%: Christian 5%: other 1%. Major cities (populations of districts; 2007): Muscat 28,987 (urban agglomeration 620,000): Al-Sib 268,259: Matrah 203,159; Bawshar 193,778; Salalah 185,780. Location: the Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian Sea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE; the Ru'us al-Jibal exclave occupies the northern tip of the

industry.

Musandam

and borders the UAE, the Persian Strait of Hormuz.

Gulf,

Peninsula and the

Recent Developments 2011, a car bomb exploded in downtown Oslo, Norway, damaging buildings and killing at least

On 22

Jul

eight people while injuring dozens.

a

man

A short time

later,

dressed as a police officer arrived on the resort

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 24.2 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

Countries of the

386

2.5 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 75.4 years.

birth

fertility

rate (avg. births

2008): 3.19. Life ex(2008): male 73.2 years; female

National

World

—Oman

passenger-km 3,551,000,000; metric

only):

ton-km cargo 20,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Tele-

phone landlines (2008): 274,000 (98); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 3,219,000 (1,156); personal computers (2006): 180,000

economy

total Internet users (2008): 465,000 (167); broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

(67);

Budget (2008). Revenue: RO 7,829,400,000 (oil revenue 67.5%; natural gas revenue 11.6%; nonrevenue tax Expenditures: RO 11.0%). 7,556,700,000 (current expenditures 58.5%, of which defense 23.5%, education 9.8%, social security and welfare 6.6%, health 3.4%; capital expenditures 30.2%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2006); US$819,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$49,812,200,000 (US$17,884 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): dates

260,000, tomatoes 41,000, bananas 26,000;

live-

stock (number of live animals; 2008) 1,652,400 goats, 373,500 sheep, 319,900 cattle, 124,500 camels; fisheries production 151,834 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2008): limestone 3,604,452; chromite 784,082; marble

32,000

(12).

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal schooling (illiterate) 15.9%; no formal schooling (literate) 22.3%; primary 35.3%; secondary 17.0%; higher technical 3.3%; higher undergraduate 5.2%; higher graduate 0.7%; other 0.3%. Literacy (2007): percentage of total population ages 15 and over literate 84.4%; males literate 89.4%; females literate 77.5%. Health (2008): physicians 5,194 (1 per

536

persons); hospital beds 5,473 (1 per

sons); infant mortality rate per 10.3.

457,146; gypsum 321,746. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2006): petroleum products 1,754; cement, bricks, and ceramics 367; chemical products 333. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 16,048,100,000 ([2007] 11,191,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008-09) 277,100,000 ([2008] 29,565,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 4,172,000 (4,265,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) 30,288,712,000 (13,460,000,000). Population economically active (2007): total 968,782; activity rate of total

population

35.5%

(participa-

ages 15-64, 55.2%; female 19.6%; unemployed [2004] 15%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 645; remittances (2008) 39; fortion rates:

eign direct investment (FDI;

2005-07

avg.) 1,896.

Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 744; remittances (2008) 5,181; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 377.

Foreign trade

(2008; c.i.f.): RO 8,814,500,000 ([2007] motor vehicles and parts 24.1%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 17.8%; food products and live animals 8.3%; iron and steel 8.2%; chemical products 6.4%). Major import sources: UAE 27.2%; Japan 15.6%; US 5.7%; China 4.6%; India 4.5%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): RO 14,503,000,000 (domestic exports 89.5%, of which crude petroleum 58.0%, liquefied natural gas 11.0%, refined petroleum products 6.9%; reexports 10.5%, of which motor vehicles and parts 9.1%). Major export destinations: China 28.4%; UAE 10.9%; Japan 8.1%; Thailand 6.7%; South Korea 6.3%.

Imports

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2008): total length 53,556 km (paved 44%). Vehicles (2003): passenger cars 308,663; trucks and buses 109,118. Air transport (2008; Oman Air

c.i.f.:

cost,

509

per-

live births

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 42,600 (army 58.7%, navy 9.9%, air force 11.7%, royal household/foreign troops 19.7%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 8.1%; per capita expenditure US$1,185.

Total

active

Background

Oman

has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years. Arabs began migrating there in the 9th cen-

was endemic until the conthe 7th century ad. It was ruled by Ibadi imams until 1154, when a royal dynasty was established. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas from about 1507 to 1650, when they were expelled. The Al Bu Sa'id dynasty, founded in the mid-18th century, still rules Oman. Oil was discovered in 1964. In 1970 the sultan was deposed by his son, who began a policy of modernization, and under him the country joined the Arab League and the UN. In the Persian Gulf War, Oman cooperated with the allied forces against Iraq. It subsequently continued to expand tury Bc. Tribal warfare

version to Islam

its

in

foreign relations.

Recent Developments In

February 2011, demonstrators

in

Oman

held

ral-

more

Jobs, higher pay, less corruption, and reduced taxes. Unlike many similar protests in the Middle East and North Africa that also sought the removal of political leaders, prolies calling for

testers

in

Oman

did not challenge the rule of Qa-

boos bin Said. After clashes left at least one protester dead and several injured, Sultan Qaboos announced measures meant to quell the unrest, including the creation of 50,000 new Jobs and an expansion of the powers of the elected Consultative Council. Internet resource:

.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board insurance, and freight;

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

1,000

Countries of the

name:

— Pakistan

387

1.353.660.000. 000 (general public service 47.4%; defense 20.3%; economic affairs 5.8%; public order and police 1.8%; education 1.8%). Public debt (external, outstanding: June 2008): US$40,243,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 54.752.000, wheat 23,520,000, rice 8,300,000, seed cotton 6,500,000, mangoes 2,250,000, chickpeas 842,000, sunflower seeds 560,000, dates 510,000; livestock (number of live animals) 53.800.000 goats, 29,600,000 cattle, 27,300,000 buffalo, 900,000 camels: fisheries production (2007-08) 640,000 (from aquaculture 23%). Mining and quarrying (2007-08); limestone 30,825,000; rock salt 1,872,000; gypsum 682,000; kaolin (2007) 39,000. Manufacturing (value of production in PKR ’000,000,000; 2000-01): textiles 321; food products 189; refined petroleum products and coke 94. Energy production (consumption) in ’000:

Pakistan

Official

World

Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Form

of

electricity

(kW-hr;

2007-08)

109,021,000

Demography

([2006-07] 72,712,000); coal (metric tons; 2007-08) 3,482 ([2006-07] 7,894); crude petroleum (barrels: 2007-08) 25,610 ([2006] 84,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 9,793 ([2006-07] 16,847): natural gas (cu m; 2007-08) 40.981.000 ([2006-07] 34,601,000). Population economically active (2007): total 50,331,000; activity rate of total population 31.8% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 53.7%; female 20.7%; officially unemployed 5.3%). Gross national income (2008): US$162,930,000,000 (US$980 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from

Area data exclude the 33,125-sq-mi (85,793-sq-km) area of Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir (comprising both Azad Kashmir [AK] and GilgitBaltistan [GB]); population and density data include 184,405,000. Afghan

(US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 276; remittances (2008) 7,032; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 3,936; official development assistance (2007) 2,212. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,593; remittances (2008) 3.0;

government: federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; National Assembly [342]). Head of state: President Asif Ali Zardari (from 2008). Head and government: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani (from 2008). Capital: Islamabad. Official language: none (Urdu is the national language). Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Pakistan rupee (PKR) = 100 paisa: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

PKR 85.97.

refugees and the 2009 populations of AK (3,890,000) and GB (1,009,000). Area: 307,374 sq mi, 796,096 sq km. Population (2010): Density (2010): persons per sq mi 541.6, persons per sq km 209.1. Urban (2008): 35.3%. Sex distribution (2007): male 51.89%: female 48.11%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15,

37.2%: 15-29, 29.9%: 30-44, 16.8%: 45-59, 10.2%: 60-74, 4.7%: 75-84, 1.0%: 85 and over, 0.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): Punjabi 52.6%: Pashtun 13.2%: Sindhi 11.7%: Urdu-speaking muhaJirs

7.5%: Balochi 4.3%: other 10.7%. Religious

affili-

ation (2000); Muslim 96.1%: Christian 2.5%: Hindu 1.2%: others (including Ahmadiyah) 0.2%. Major

urban agglomerations (2007): Karachi 12,130,000; Lahore Faisalabad 6,577,000; 2,617,000: Rawalpindi 1,858,000: Multan 1,522,000. Location: southern Asia, bordering China, India, the Arabian Sea,

Iran,

FDI

(2005-07

avg.) 84.

Foreign trade Imports (2007-08): US$35,417,333,000 (refined petroleum products 17.4%; machinery and apparatus 16.2%; chemical products 14.4%; crude petroleum 12.2%: food products 10.0%). Major import sources: UAE 14.5%; Saudi Arabia 10.2%; China 8.6%: Kuwait 6.9%; Singapore 4.8%. Exports (2007-08): US$20,122,394,000 (textiles 49.8%, of which woven cotton fabric 11.5%, knitwear 10.5%, bedding 6.9%, ready-made garments 5.5%, cotton yarn 5.3%; rice 5.6%; refined petroleum products 3.7%). Major export destinations: US 18.6%: UAE 8.6%: UK 5.3%: Afghanistan 5.1%: Germany 4.1%.

and Afghanistan.

Transport and communications Vita! statistics

1,000 population (2008): 25.0 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

7.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 64.4 years.

birth (2007);

National

fertility

(2007): length (2005-06) 11,515 km; passenger-km 25,821,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 5,876,000,000. Roads (2007-08): total length 264,853 km (paved 67%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 1,440,072; trucks and buses 357,455. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 319,800,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008); 4,416,000 (25); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 88,020,000 (497): personal computers (2005): 803,000 (5.2); total Internet users (2008): 18,500,000 (105); broadband Internet subscribers (2008); 168,000 Transport. 13.920.000.Railroads

rate (avg. births

2007); 3.13. Life exmale 64.3 years; female

economy

Budget (2007-08). Revenue: PKR 1,368,139,000,000 (tax revenue 75.3%, of which corporate taxes 28.4%, sales taxes 27.4%, customs 11.3%; nontax revenue 24.7%). Expenditures: PKR

(0.9).

Countries of the

388

Education and health Literacy (2006-07): total population ages 15 and over literate 52%; males literate 65%; females literate 38%. Health (2007): physicians 127,859 (1 per 1,280 persons); hospital beds (2006) 103,285 (1 per 1,585 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births undernourished population 68.0; (2003-05) 35,000,000 (23% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

quirement of 1,750

calories).

Military

tempted to detonate explosives in Times Square in New York City, had received bomb-making training in a militant camp in North Waziristan. In May 2011, Osama bin Laden was killed during a raid by US special forces soldiers on a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, located less than 100 miles from the capital and in the town that housed the Pakistani military academy. The act enflamed tensions on both the American side— where many people did not believe that bin Laden could be hiding successfully in that locale without the knowledge of and help from the Pakistanis—and the Pakistani side, where people were furious that the Americans carried out the raid without, apparently, having informed the Pakistani military be-

duty personnel (November 2008); 617,000 (army 89.1%, navy 3.6%, air force 7.3%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 2.8%: per capita expenditure US$21.

Total

World— Palau

active

forehand.

In July

pending some

the

US announced

US$800

that

it

was

sus-

million in aid to Pakistan.

Internet resource: .

Background

Palau

Pakistan has been inhabited since about 3500 bc. From the 3rd century bc to the 2nd century ad, it was part of the Mauryan and Kushan kingdoms. The first Muslim conquests were in the 8th century ad. The British East India Company subdued the reigning Mughal dynasty in 1757. During the period of British colonial rule, what is now Pakistan was part of India. When the British withdrew in 1947, the new state of Pakistan came into existence by act of the British Parliament. Kashmir remained a disputed territory between Pakistan and India, resulting in full-scale war in 1965 and continued military clashes. Civil war between East Pakistan and West Pakistan resulted in independence for the former, which became Bangladesh, in 1971. Many Afghan refugees migrated to Pakistan during the Soviet-Afghan war in the 1980s. Pakistan elected Benazir Bhutto prime minister in 1988; she was the first woman to head a modern Islamic state. She was ousted in 1990 on charges of corruption and incompetence. During the 1990s border flare-ups with India continued, and Pakistan conducted tests of nuclear weapons. Pakistan’s political landscape changed dramatically after the terrorist attacks of September 11. It was quickly determined that they had been staged by the Muslim militant organization al-Qaeda, which was operating out of Afghanistan with the support of the Taliban regime, with which Pakistan had diplomatic relations. As the US prepared to move militarily against both organizations, Pakistan chose to provide support to the US-led coalition.

name: Beluu er a Belau (Palauan): Republic Form of government: republic with two legislative houses (Senate [13]; House of Delegates [16]). Head of state and government: Official

of Palau (English).

President Johnson Toribiong (from 2009). Capital: Melekeok. Official languages: Palauan; English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 US dollar (US$)

= 100 cents.

Recent Developments Amid the chaos of violent attacks and security operations in 2010, several events indicated the conflicted nature of Pakistan’s efforts to deal with militant groups. Officials announced in January that the Pakistani army would not launch new operations against militants in 2010 but would continue the operations already in progress. This was widely perceived as a snub to the US, which had lobbied Pakistan to do more to prevent militant groups from carrying out cross-border operations in Afghanistan. In May the US-Pakistan security relationship was further complicated when it became known that Faisal Shahzad, a naturalized

US

citizen of Pakistani origin

who had

at-

Area:

188 sq

ton-mi cargo;

and

freight;

(2010):

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

cost, insurance,

Demography 488 sq km. Population

20,500. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 109.0, persons per sq km 42.0. Urban (2005): 70.0%. Sex distribution (2007): male 53.53%; female 46.47%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 24.1%; 15-29, 22.8%; 30-44, 28.0%; 45-59, 16.8%; 60-74, 5.3%; 75-84, 2.4%: 85 and over, 0.6%. Ethnic composition (2005; population ages 18 and over only): Palauan (Micronesian/Malay/Melanesian admixture) 65.2%; Asian 30.3%, of which Filipino 21.6%, Vietnamese 2.3%: other Micronesian 3.1%; white 1.1%; other 0.3%. Religious affiliation (2005; population ages 18

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; c.i.f.:

mi,

f.o.b.:

free

Countries of the and over only): Roman Catholic 51.0%; Protestant 26.7%: Modekngei (marginal Christian sect) 8.9%; other Christian 1.8%; other 11.6%. Major towns (2005): Koror 10,743; Meyuns 1,153; Kloulklubed 680. Location; Oceania, island group in the North Pacific Ocean, east of the Philippines.

World— Panama

389

1.9%: incomplete primary education 9.0%; complete primary 3.9%; incomplete secondary 14.9%; complete secondary 42.2%; some postsecondary 10.0%; vocational 4.1%; higher 14.0%. Literacy (2005): total population ages 15 and over literate, virtually 100%. Health: physicians (2006) 26 (1 per 771 persons): hospital beds (2004) 135 (1 per 147 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 7.2.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 12.4 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007); Birth rate per

7.9 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007): 2.00. Life expectancy at birth (2008):

male 66.3 years; female 72.1 years.

National

Military

The US is responsible for the external security of Palau, as specified in the Compact of Free Association of 1 Oct 1994.

economy

Background

Budget

(2007-08). Revenue: US$80,900,000 (grants 48.4%; tax revenue 42.1%; nontax revenue

Palau’s inhabitants began arriving 3,000 years ago in successive waves from the Indonesian and Philippine

9.5%). Expenditures: US$98,800,000 (current expenditures 77.4%: capital expenditures 22.6%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and

archipelagos and from Polynesia. The islands had

fishing (value of sales in US$; 2001): eggs (2003)

638,750, cabbages 116,948, cucumbers 44,009; livestock (number of live animals; 2001) 702 pigs, 21,189 poultry: fisheries production (2007) 1,003 (from aquaculture 2%). Manufacturing: includes handicrafts and small items. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 151,OOO,O0O (151,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (66,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 90; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 1.67; official development assistance (2007) 22. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 1.4. Population economically active (2005): total 10,203; activity rate of total population 51.3% (participation rates; ages 16 and over, 69.1%; female 39.1%; unemployed 4.2%). Gross national income (2008): US$175,000,000 (US$8,650 per capita). Public debt (gross external debt; 2006-07): US$22,857,000.

been under nominal Spanish ownership for more than three centuries when they were sold to Germany in 1899. They were seized by Japan in 1914 and taken by Allied forces in 1944 during World War II. Palau became part of the UN Trust Territory of the PaIslands in 1947 and became a sovereign state in 1994; the US provides economic assistance and maintains a military presence in the islands.

cific

Recent Developments September 2010 the United States and Palau renewed their 1994 Compact of Free Association. The agreement included a 15-year, US$250 million financial aid package and the appointment of a commission to implement financial reforms in Palau. In

,

Internet resource: .

Panama

Foreign trade Imports (2006-07): US$91,287,000 (mineral fuels and lubricants 37.5%; machinery and transportation equipment 17.6%; beverages and tobacco products 14.9%: food products and live animals 9.4%; chemical products 8.7%). Major import sources: US 33.2%; Singapore 24.8%; Guam 11.2%; Japan 9.6%; Philippines 7.6%. Exports (2006-07); US$10,081,000 (mostly high-grade tuna and garments). Major export destinations (2003): Japan 86.7%; Vietnam 5.9%; Zambia 4.6%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2004); total length 61 km (paved 59%). Vehicles (2004); passenger cars and trucks 7,247. Air transport (2003): pas-

senger arrivals 80,017, passenger departures 78,608. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 7,500 (370): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 12,000 (592): total Internet users (2007): 5,400 (268); broadband Internet subscribers (2007); 100 (5).

name: Republica de Panama (Republic of Panama). Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [71]). Head of state and government: President Ricardo Official

Martinelli (from 2009). Capital:

City. Official

Demography

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling

Panama

language: Spanish. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = B 1.00.

mi, 75,517 sq km. Population (2010): 3,328,000. Density (2010): persons per sq

Area:

29,157 sq

World— Panama

Countries of the

390

mi 114.1, persons per sq km 44.1, Urban (2005): 70.8%. Sex distribution (2007): male 50.43%; female 49.57%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

29.9%: 15-29, 25.7%: 30-44, 21.9%; 45-59, 13.5%: 60-74, 6.7%: 75 and over, 2.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): mestizo 58.1%; black and mulatto 14.0%: white 8.6%: Amerindian 6.7%; Asian 5.5%; other 7.1%. Religious affiliation (2008): Roman Catholic 75%: Prote§tant/independent Christian 20%; Mormon 1%; Jewish 0.3%; Muslim 0.3%; other 3.4%. Major cities (districts) (2000): Panama City

415,964 (845,684): San Miguelito 352,936; Colon 52,286 (205,557): Arraijan 63,753 (203,207); La Chorrera 54,823 (153,778). Location: Central Amer-

and apparatus 19.7%; refined petroleum products 17.2%: motor vehicles 11.5%; food products

ery

.

9.1%: iron and steel 4.2%). Major import sources: US 30.8%; free zones 16.0%; Netherlands Antilles 7.1%; China 5.2%; Japan 4.8%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.) (excludes trade passing through the Colon Free Zone [2007 reexports US$8,523,000,000, of textiles and wearing apparel 24.2%; machinery and apparatus 23.9%]): US$1,120,000,000

which

24.4%, of which tuna 7.2%; melons and papayas 18.1%: crustaceans and mollusks 10.1%; bananas 10.0%: pineapples 3.8%). Major export destinations: US 35.7%: France 10.2%; Sweden 5.6%; China 5.6%; UK 5.5%. (fish

bordering the Caribbean Sea, Colombia, the North Pacific Ocean, and Costa Rica. ica,

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005; Panama Canal Railway): length route (2007) 77 km; passenger-km

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 20.2 (world avg. 20.3): (2006) within marriage 17.3%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): 4.4 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

Total

fertility

rate

woman; 2007): 2.62.

(avg.

births

per childbearing birth (2007):

expectancy at male 73.7 years; female 79.5 years. Life

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: B 4,433,000,000 (tax revenue 48.1%, of which indirect taxes 22.5%, income tax 22.2%: nontax revenue 32.9%, of which revenue from Panama Canal 10.5%; capital revenue 16.9%). Expenditures: B 4,432,000,000 (current expenditures 78.1%, of which debt servicing 30.7%, education 14.4%, health 13.5%, public order 5.6%; devel-

opment expenditures 21.9%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 1,800,000, bananas 440,000, rice 280,000, canteloupes and other melons 130,000, pineapples 71,002; livestock (number of live animals) 1,650,000 cattle, 300,000 pigs, 190,000 horses: fisheries production 215,569 (from aquaculture 4%). Mining

and quarrying (2Q07): limestone

270,000; gold 2,059 kg. Manufacturing (value added in B '000,000; 2006): food products 468; beverages 167; cement, bricks, and ceramics 82. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 5,962,000,000 (5,913,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (1,922,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,185; remittances (2008) 196; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 1,787. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 307; remittances (2008) 198; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 2,095. Population economically active (2006): total 1,332,059; activity

rate of total

population

39.8%

(participation

ages 15-64, 66.9%; female 37.1%; unemployed [October 2009] 6.6%). Gross national Income (2008): US$20,973,000,000 (US$6,180 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$8,267,000,000.

44,734,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 138,104,000,000. Roads (2006): total length 13,365 km (paved 34%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 436,205; trucks and buses 194,615. Panama Canal traffic (2007-08): oceangoing transits 13,048; cargo 213,081,000 metric tons. Air transport (2007; COPA only): passenger-km 7,944,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (2005) 37,226,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 496,000 (146); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 3,805,000 (1,119); personal computers (2007): 154,000 (46); total Internet users (2008): 779,000 (229); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 158,000 (46).

Education and health Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 13.8%: primary education 36.4%; secondary 33.9%; undergraduate 14.4%; graduate 1.5%. Literacy (2005): total population ages 15 and over literate 93.0%; males literate 93.6%; females literate 92.4%. Health (2007): physicians 4,524 (1 per 739 persons): hospital beds 7,689 (1 per 435 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 14.7; undernourished population (2002-04) 700,000 (23% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

quirement of 1,830

calories).

Military Total

active

duty personnel (November 2008):

none: a 12,000-member paramilitary includes air units. Paramilitary expenditure as GDP (2008): 0.9%; per capita expen-

and maritime percentage of diture US$66.

rates:

'

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.) (excludes trade passing through the Colon Free Zone [2007 imports US$7,633,000,000]): US$6,868,000,000 (machin-

Background inhabited by Native Americans when the Spanish arrived in 1501. The first successful Spanish settlement was founded by Vasco Nunez de Balboa in 1510. Panama was part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until it declared its independence from Spain in 1821 to Join the* Gran Colombia union. In

Panama was

1903 which

it it

and was recognized by the US, to ceded the Canal Zone. The completed

revolted

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); I metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World— Papua New Guinea

391

Panama Canal was opened in 1914; its jurisdiction reverted from the US to Panama in 1999. An invasion by US troops in 1989 overthrew the de facto ruler, Gen. Manuel Noriega. In 2007 a project to expand

40,300: Mount Hagen 34,900: Popondetta 30,400. Location: Oceania, group of islands, including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, in the South Pacific Ocean near the Equator to the north of Aus-

the canal began.

tralia,

bordering Indonesia.

Recent Developments

Vital statistics

In

an attempt to stem the rising tide of crime—the homicide rate had nearly doubled in two years-the

1,000 population (2008): 29.3 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Panamanian administration reorganized the security forces in 2010. The Ministry of Government and Justice was eliminated, with the National Police, the Air-Naval Service, and the Border Service under

9.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 3.7. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 55.0 years: female

Birth rate per

60.0 years.

the Ministry of Public Security. Forecasters predicted that Panama’s economy would grow more than any other Latin American country during

2011-15. Internet resource:

.

Papua New Guinea

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: K 7,128,000,000 (tax revenue 77.4%, of which corporate taxes 38.0%, income tax 14.8%, excise duties 6.6%: grants 15.8%: nontax revenue Expenditures: K 6.8%). 7.003.400.000 (current expenditures 52.0%, of which interest payments 5.3%: capital expenditures 26.9%). Public debt '(external, outstanding: June 2009): US$1,044,390,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007):

oil

palm fruit 1,400,000, bananas 870,000, coconuts 677.000, coffee 75,400, cacao 50,300, natural rubber 4,700: livestock (number of live animals) 1.800.000 pigs: fisheries production 263,960 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): copper (metal content) 169,184: gold 65.000 kg: silver 51,300 kg. Manufacturing (value of exports in K ’000,000: 2008-09): palm oil 788.8: refined petroleum products 486.5: forest 100.000. 367.9. Energy production (consumption): products electricity

names: Independent State of Papua New Guinea (English): Gau Hedinarai ai Papua -Matamata Guinea (Hiri Motu); Papua-Niugini (Tok Pisin). Form of government: constitutional monarchy with one legislative house (National Parliament [109]). Head of Official

state: British

Queen

Elizabeth

II

(from 1952), repre-

sented by Governor-General Michael Ogio (from 2010). Head of government: Prime Minister Sam Abal (from 2011). Capital: Port Moresby. Official languages: English: Hiri Motu: Tok Pisin. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 kina (K) = 100 toea: valuation (lJul 2011) US$1 = K 2.27.

(kW-hr:

2007)

2,885,000,000

(2,683,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2004) none (1,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 13,906,500 (12,045,000): natural gas (cu m: 2008) 000 (100,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 842,000 (1,242,000). Population economically active (2007): total 3,100,000: activity rate 54.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64 [2000] 73.2%: female 49.2%: officially unemployed [2004] 1.9%). Gross national income (2008): US$6,509,000,000 (US$1,010 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2005) 3.6: remittances (2008) 13: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 41: official development assistance (2007) 317. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2005) 56: remittances (2008) 135: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 5.

Foreign trade

Demography Area:

178,704 sq

mi,

462,840 sq km. Population

(2010): 6,065,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 33.9, persons per sq km 13.1. Urban (2008): 12.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 51.49%: female 48.51%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15

37.7%: 15-29, 27.2%: 30-44, 19.4%: 45-59, 10.3%: 60-74, 4.5%: 75-84, 0.8%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (1983): New Guinea Papuan 84.0%: New Guinea Melanesian 15.0%: other

1.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Protestant/independent Christian 44%: Roman Catholic 22%: traditional beliefs 34%. Major cities (2006): Port Moresby 289,900: Lae 75,600: Arawa

commodities and f.o.b. in tradK 8,413,300,000 ([2003] nonelectrical

Imports (2008: ing partners):

c.i.f. in

machinery 18.5%: food products 14.8%, of which cereals 7.3%: refined petroleum products 12.9%: transportation equipment 8.8%: chemical products 8.4%: fabricated metal products 6.3%). Major import sources: Australia 42.0%: US 22.7%: Singapore 11.3%: Japan 4.7%: China 3.5%. Exports (2008): K 15.423.400.000 (gold 30.3%: copper 23.4%: crude petroleum 22.7%: palm oil 6.6%: coffee 3.4%: refined petroleum products 3.3%: logs 3.0%: cocoa 2.2%). Major export destinations: Australia 44.3%: Japan 13.3%: Philippines 7.8%: Germany 4.8%: South Korea 4.7%.

Countries of the

392

World

—Paraguay Paraguay

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2000): total length 19,600 km (paved 4%). Vehicles (2002): passenger cars 24,900; trucks and buses 87,800. Air 748.000. passenger-km (2006; Air Niugini only) transport: 23.000. metric ton-km cargo 000; (2007) per

000. Communications, in total units (units 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008):

60.000 (9.1); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 600.000 (91): personal computers (2005): 391,000 (64): total Internet users (2008): 120,000 (18). Education and health Educational attainment (1990). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling 82.6%; some primary education 8.2%; completed primary 5.0%; some secondary 4.2%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate

57.8%; males literate 62.1%; females literate 53.4%. Health: physicians (2005) 750 (1 per 7,849 persons): hospital beds (2000) 14,516 (1 per 371 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 60.0.

Military

(November 2008): 3,100 (army 80,6%, maritime element [coastal patrol] 12.9%, air force 6.5%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.6%; per capita expenditure

Total active duty personnel

US$7.

Background Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The Portuguese sighted the coast of New Guinea in 1512. The first colony was founded in 1793 by the British. In 1828 the Dutch claimed the western half as part of the Dutch East Indies. In 1884 Britain annexed the southeastern part and Germany took over the northeastern sector. The British part became the Territory of Papua in 1906 and passed to Australia, which also governed the German sector after World War I. After World War II, Australia governed both sectors as the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Dutch New Guinea was annexed to Indonesia in 1969. Papua New Guinea achieved independence in 1975 and joined the

British Commonwealth. It moved to resolve its war with independence fighters on the island of Bougainville in the 1990s. The decadelong war ended when final terms for peace were negotiated on 1 Jun 2001; Bougainville became an au-

tonomous

region

in

2005.

Recent Developments

Official name: Republica del Paraguay (Spanish); Teta Paraguaype (GuaranO (Republic of Paraguay). Form of government: multiparty republic with two

legislative houses (Chamber of Senators [45]; of Deputies [80]). Head of state and government: President Fernando Lugo (from 2008). Capital: Asuncion. Official languages: Spanish; Guarani. Official religion: none (Roman Catholicism, though not official, enjoys special recognition in the constitution). Monetary unit: 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = G 4,047.50.

Chamber

Demography Area: 157,048 sq mi, 406,752 sq km. Population (2010): 6,376,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 40.6, persons per sq km 15.7. Urban (2006):

57.1%. Sex distribution (2006): male 50.57%; female 49.43%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 35.4%: 15-29, 28.8%: 30-44, 17.4%; 45-59, 11.4%: 60-74, 5.2%: 75 and over, 1.8%. Ethnic composition (2000): mixed (white/Amerindian) 85.6%; white 9.3%, of which German 4.4%, Latin American 3.4%; Amerindian 1.8%; other 3.3%. Religious affiliation (2002): Roman Catholic 89.6%; Protestant (including ail Evangelicals) 6.2%; other Christian 1.1%; nonreligious/atheist 1.1%; traditional beliefs 0.6%; other/unknown 1.4%. Major urban areas (2002): Asuncion (2006) 519,361 (urban agglomeration [2007] 1,870,000): Ciudad del Este 222,274; San Lorenzo 204,356; Luque 170,986; Capiata 154,274. Location: central South America, bordering Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia.

Papua New Guinea, construction sites in a massive liquefied natural gas project headed by ExxonMobil In

were attacked several times in 2010 by groups of local landowners. In August striking landowners halted construction at a site in Tari, Southern High-

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 25.0 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): Birth rate per

fits

lands province, in a dispute over the sharing of benefrom the project.

5.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2005): 3.30. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 69.6 years: female

Internet resource: .

73.8 years.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.; free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.; cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World — Peru

393

Literacy (2005): percentage of total population ages

National

economy

Budget (2006-07); Revenue: (310,174,723,000,000 (tax revenue 65.2%, of which VAT 28.5%, in-

come

tax 10.9%, taxes on international trade 8.5%; nontax revenue and grants 34.8%). Expenditures: (39,682,282,000,000 (current expenditures 77.3%, of which wages and salaries 42.9%; capital expenditures 22.7%). Public debt (external, outstanding: December 2007): US$2,197,000,000. Population economically active (2006): total 2,735,646; activity rate 46.0% (participation rates: ages 15-64 [2002] 61.4%; female 38.5%; unemployed 11.1%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); cassava 5,100,000, soybeans sugarcane 3,400,000, mate 87,500, 3.900.000, 17.000. sesame seed 53,000; livestock (number of live animals) pigs, 10,000,000 cattle, 1,600,000

000

chickens: fisheries production

15 and over literate 94.9%; males literate 95.9%; females literate 93.9%. Health (2007): physicians (2005) 5,517 (1 per 873 persons): hospital beds 5,766 (1 per 1,063 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 32.4; undernourished population (2003-05) 700,000 (11% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,810 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 10,650 (army 71.4%, navy 18.3%, air force 10.3%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.9%: per capita expenditure US$22. active

Total

Background

22,100

aquaculture 10%). Mining and quarrying (2007): dimension stone 70,000; kaolin 66,000. Manufacturing {value added in US$'000,000; 2002): food products 253; chemical products 77; beverages 67. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kWhr; 2006) 53,774,000,000 (Paraguay is the world’s second largest net exporter of electricity) (8,076,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) negligible (1,201,000). Gross national income (from

(2008); US$13,574,000,000 (US$2,180 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 102; remittances

(2008) 503; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 138; official development assistance (2007) 108. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 109; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 6.

Seminomadic

speaking Guarani were in Paraguay long before it was settled by Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries. Paraguay was part of the Viceroyalty of the Rfo de la Plata until it became independent in 1811. It suffered from dictatorial governments in the 19th century and from the 1865 war with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. The Chaco War tribes

with Bolivia over disputed territory

was

settled

pri-

Paraguay’s favor by the peace treaty of 1938. Military governments, including that of Alfredo Stroessner, predominated in the mid-20th century until the election of a civilian president, Juan Carlos Wasmosy, in 1993. Paraguay suffered political unrest and a financial crisis beginning in the 1990s and continuing into the 21st century. marily

in

Recent Developments Foreign trade Imports (2006); US$5,254,271,000 (machinery and apparatus 35.9%; mineral fuels 13.2%; transportation equipment 11.5%; chemical products 6.3%; food products, beverages, and tobacco products 6.1%). Major import sources: China 27.0%; Brazil 20.0%; Argentina 13.6%: Japan 8.3%; US 6.4%. Exports (2006; electricity exports are excluded): US$1,906,367,000 (soybeans 23.0%; meat 22.3%; cereals 11.4%; flour 7.5%: vegetable oils 6.2%; wood products 5.2%). Major export destinations: Uruguay 22.0%; Brazil 17.2%: Russia 11.9%: Argentina 8.8%; Chile 6.9%.

501.000. Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): operational route length 36 km. Roads (2000); total length 29,500 km (paved

51%). Vehicles (2007); passenger cars 240,728; trucks 248,086. Air transport (2005; Transportes Aereos del Mercosur only): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo, none. Communi-

Buoyed by a surge larly

in

agricultural production, particu-

Paraguay’s the previ-

of genetically modified soybeans,

economy recovered

strongly in

2010 from

ous year’s recession. The country’s political landscape remained in turmoil, however. Struggling with health problems. Pres. Fernando Lugo fought to assert his leadership over a legislature dominated by the right-wing opposition Colorado Party. At the time, he

was combating

a

same

group that October the

leftist guerrilla

was operating

in northern Paraguay. In Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that Paraguay had violated the rights of the Xakmok Kasek indigenous community in the Chaco region by allowing the people to be displaced from their lands:

the court ordered the lands returned to the group. Paraguay had not complied with similar rulings by the court in 2005 and 2006 involving other indigenous groups displaced by ranchers. Internet resource: .

cations,

in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 363,000 (58); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 5,791,000 (928); personal computers (2005): 460,000 (78); total Internet users (2008); 694,000 (111): broadband In ternet subscribers (2008): 94,000 (15).

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling 4.1%: incomplete primary education 30.2%; complete primary 30.8%; secondary 26.9%; higher 8.0%.

Peru name: Republica del Peru (Spanish) (Republic of Peru). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Congress [130]). Head of state and government: President 01lanta Humala (from 2011), assisted by Prime Minister Salomon Lerner (from 2011). Capital: Lima. Official languages: Spanish (Quechua and Aymara are official locally). Official religion: none (the state recOfficial

ognizes

ment

in

Roman Catholicism as an important elethe historical and cultural development of

Countries of the

394

World

— Peru

4,962,000 llamas and alpacas: fisheries production (2007) 7,250,075 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining

and quarrying (2008: metal

content):

iron

ore

5,243,000: zinc 1,371,000: copper 1,036,700: lead 317,700: molybdenum 16,100: silver 3,465: gold (all forms) 174,700 kg. Manufacturing (value in US$’000,000: 2007): food products 4,066: wearing apparel 1,326: paints, soaps, pharmaceuticals I, 233: refined petroleum products 862. Energy pro27.358.000. duction (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006)

000 (27,358,000,000):

coal

(metric

2007) 127,900 (1,192,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 28,000,000 ([2006] 56,600,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 9,193,000 2.249.000. natural gas (cu m: (6,412,000): 2006)

tons:

000 (2,249,000,000). of

.

Peru).

Monetary

unit:

times: valuation (1 Jul

= 100 cen-

1 nuevo sol (S/.) 2011) US$1 = S/. 2.76.

Selected balance

payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000):

tourism (2007) 1,938: remittances (2008) 2,200: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 3,796: official development assistance (2007) 263. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,007: remittances (2008) 137: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 470. Population economically active (2006): total 13,762,000: activity rate of total population 49.9% rates: ages 15-64, 74.7%: female 44.7%: officially unemployed [metropolitan Lima August 2008-July 2009] 8.5%). Gross national income (2008): US$114,960,000,000 (US$3,990 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$19,669,000,000.

(participation

only:

Demography 496,218 sq

1,285,198 sq km. Population (2010): 29,244,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 58.9, persons per sq km 22.8. Urban (2007): 75.9%. Sex distribution (2007): male 49.68%: female 50.32%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

Area:

mi,

30.5%: 15-29, 27.5%: 30-44, 20.4%: 45-59, 12.5%: 60-74, 6.4%: 75-84, 2.0%: 85 and over, 0.7%. Ethnic composition (2000): Quechua 47.0%: mestizo 31.9%: white 12.0%: Aymara 5.4%: Japanese 0.5%: other 3.2%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 85%, of which practicing weekly 15%: Protestant 7%: independent Christian 4%: other 4%. Major cities (2007): Lima (urban agglomeration) 8,472,935: Arequipa 749,291: Trujillo 682,834: Chiclayo 524,442: Piura 377,496. Location: western South America, bordering Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the South Pacific Ocean.

Foreign trade Imports (2007: c.i.f.): US$20,494,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 23.0%: chemical products 14.6%: crude petroleum 13.4%: food products 8.4%: base and fabricated metals 8.3%). Major import sources: US 17.7%: China 12.1%: Brazil 9.2%: Ecuador 7.4%: Argentina 5.5%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.): US$27,800,000,000 (ores and concentrates 32.3%, of which copper 16.5%, zinc 8.3%, molybdenum 3.5%: gold 15.0%: food products 12.8%, of which fish meal 4.6%: crude petroleum 8.7%: refined copper 8.6%: wearing apparel and accessories 5.1%). Major export destinations: US 19.4%: China 10.9%: Switzerland 8.4%: Japan 7.8%: Canada 6.6%.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 20.2 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): Birth rate per

6.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2007): 2.46. Life expectancy at birth (2007):

male 68.3 years: female 72.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: S/. 68,352,000,000 (tax revenue 85.2%, of which VAT 46.2%, taxes on income and profits 35.3%: nontax revenue 14.8%). Expenditures: S/. 60,073,000,000 (current expenditures 76.9%: capital expenditures 14.6%: debt service 8.5%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): sugarcane 8,228,623,

potatoes 3,383,020, rice 2,793,980, quinoa 31,824 2008 Peru ranked second in the world in coca production: an estimated 302 metric tons of cocaine were produced): livestock (number of live animals) (in

14,580,200

sheep,

5,420,860

cattle,

(2007)

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 1,720 km: (2005) passenger-km 125,756,000: metric ton-km

cargo 1,164,378,000. Roads (2006): total length 78,986 km (paved 14%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 917,110: trucks and buses 525,277. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 6,472,300,000: metric ton-km cargo 148,600,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 2,878,000 (101): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 20,952,000 (734): personal

computers (2005): 2,800,000 (103): total Internet users (2008): 7,128,000 (250): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 726,000 (25).

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling II. 8%: less than complete primary education

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World— Philippines

24.3%: complete primary 11.5%; incomplete secondary 15.3%: complete secondary 19.0%: higher 18.1%. Literacy (2005); total population ages 15 and over literate 91.6%: males literate 95.6%: females literate 87.7%. Health (2007): physicians 41,788 (1 per 672 persons): hospital beds 44,195 (1 per 635 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 30.5: undernourished population

395

Philippines

(2002-04) 3,300,000 (12% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,820 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 114,000 (army 64.9%, navy 20.2%, air force 14.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.1%: per capita expenditure US$47.

Total

active

Official

name: Republika ng

Pilipinas (Filipino): Re-

public of the Philippines (English).

Background

ment: unitary republic with two

Peru was the center of the Inca empire, which was established about 1230 with its capital at Cuzco. In 1533 it was conquered by Francisco Pizarro, and it was dominated by Spain for almost 300 years as the Viceroyalty of Peru. It declared its independence in 1821, and freedom was achieved in 1824. Peru was defeated in the War of the Pacific with Chile (1879-83). A boundary dispute with Ecuador erupted into war in 1941 and gave Peru control over a larger part of the Amazon basin: further disputes ensued until the border was demarcated again in 1998. The government was overthrown by a military junta in 1968, and civilian rule was restored in 1980. The government of Alberto Fujimori dissolved the legislature in

1992 and promulgated

the following year.

It

new constitution combated the and Tupac Amaru

a

later successfully

Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) rebel movements. Fujimori won a second term in 1995 and a controversial third term in 2000, but he left office and the country late that year amid allegations of corruption. Fujimori was succeeded by Alejandro Toledo (2001-06), Peru’s first democratically elected president of

Quechuan

ethnicity.

Recent Developments Peru experienced a challenging year in 2010. The country was still feeling the aftereffects of the global economic downturn: however, it managed to emerge more quickly and robustly from the economic malaise than many other countries did. After annual GDP growth dropped from 9.8% in 2008 to 0.9% in 2009, it was estimated to climb to close to 8.0% in 2010,

thanks

in

large part to domestic

ering external

demand,

demand and

exports. Inflation remained low (less than 3.0%),

and

business confidence reportedly was climbing. Employment in Lima, which contained about one-third of the country’s labor force, expanded significantly (by about 6.0%), In short, Peru was recovering remarkably well from the 2008-09 recession. Some domestic as well as international agencies showed increasing concern over Peru’s ranking as the world’s largest producer of coca (from which cocaine is derived), however. Pres. Alan Garcia’s government also was plagued by accusations of corruption, and polling indicated growing anxiety over personal security, especially in

Peru’s larger cities.

Internet resource: .

of govern-

houses

(Senate [24]: House of Representatives [280]). Head of state and government: President Benigno Aquino (from 2010). Capital: Manila: other government of-

and ministries are located in Quezon City and other Manila suburbs. Official languages: Filipino: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Philippine piso (peso: P) = 100 sentimos: valuation (1

fices

Jul

2011) US$1 = P 43.18.

Demography Area: 115,831 sq mi, 300,000 sq km. Population (2010): 93,617,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi’80k2, persons per sq km 312.1. Urban (2007):

64.0%. Sex distribution (2005): male 50.38%: female 49.62%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 35.6%: 15-29, 28.4%: 30-44, 18.8%: 45-59, 11.2%: 60-74, 4.9%: 75-84, 1.0%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Tagalog 20.9%: Visayan (Cebu) 19.0%: llocano 11.1%: Hiligaynon (Visaya) 9.4%: Waray-Waray (Binisaya) 4.7%: Central Bikol (Naga) 4.6%: Filipino mestizo 3.5%: Pampango 3.1%: other 23.7%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 64.9%: independent Christian 17.7%: Muslim 5.1%: Protestant 5.0%: traditional beliefs 2.2%: other 5.1%. Major cities (2007): Manila 1,660,714 (National Capital Region 11,553,427): Quezon City 2,679,450: Caloocan 1,378,856: Davao 1,363,337: Cebu City 798,809. Location: southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam.

Vital statistics

recov-

especially for nontraditional

Form

legislative

1,000 population (2005): 24.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2005): Birth rate per

5.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2005): 3.41. Life expectancy at birth

(2005): male 67.0 years: female 72.9 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: P 1,047,500,000,000 (tax revenue 89.1%, of which income tax 40.7%, taxes on international trade 20.0%: nontax revenues 10.9%). Expenditures: P 1,145,030,000,000 (debt service 24.2%: education 14.3%: transportation and communications 10.0%: public order 5.7%: social protection 4.8%: defense 4.7%: health 1.6%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture

and

fishing

Countries of the

396

(2007): sugarcane 25,300,000, rice 16,000,000, co-

conuts 15,580,000; livestock (number of live animals) 13,250,000 pigs, 3,365,000 buffalo, 136,000,000 chickens: fisheries production 3,209,349 (from aquaculture 22%); aquatic plants production 1,505,421 (from aquaculture 100%). Mining and quarrying (2007): nickel (metal content) 84,740; chromite 31,592; copper (metal content)

22,862; gold 38,792 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2003): refined petroleum products 1,980; electronic products 1,696; food products 1,338. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 56,818,000,000 2006) (3.600.000) coal (metric tons; 2006) 180,000 (56,818,000,000): (6.401.000) 182,000 lignite (metric tons; 2006) 3,072,000 crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) (78,262,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 9,823,000 (11,852,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) 2,969,000,000 (2,969,000,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 4,931; remittances (2008) 18,643; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 2,568. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,615; remittances (2008) 44; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 1,245. Gross national income (2008); US$170,410,000,000 (US$1,890 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: June 2008): US$35,019,000,000. Population economically active (2007): total 36,434,000; activity rate 41% (participation rates: ages 15 and over, 63.6%; female unemployed [April 39.4%; [2006] 2007-March 2008] 7.2%).

World — Philippines ing/unknown 6.1%: primary education 38.5%; incomplete secondary 12.5%; complete secondary 17.2%; technical 5.9%; incomplete undergraduate 11.8%; complete undergraduate 7.3%; graduate 0.7%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate 92.6%. Health (2007): physicians (2005) 98,210 (1 per 865 persons): hospital beds 92,561 (1 per 956 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births undernourished 21.9; population (2003-05) 13.300.000 (16% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,750 calories).

Military

:

:

Foreign trade

US$54,078,000,000 (eleccomponents 33.6%; crude petroleum 14.1%; chemical products 7.4%; parts for office machines and computers 6.6%; food products 5.9%). Major import sources: US 16.2%; Japan 14.2%; Singapore Imports (2006;

c.i.f.);

tronic

8.4%: Taiwan

7.9%; China

7.2%. Exports (2006;

US$47,410,000,000 (microcircuits and transistors 35.8%; office machines and computers and parts 17.2%: wearing apparel and accessories 5.5%; food products 3.8%). Major export destinations: US f.o.b.):

duty personnel (November 2008): 106.000 (army 62.3%, navy 22.6%, air force 15.1%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.7%; per capita expenditure US$12.

Total

active

Background Waves

of diverse

immigrants from the Asian main-

land occupied the Philippines in ancient times. Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521. The islands were colonized by the Spanish, who retained control until the islands were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War, The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 to prepare the country for political and economic independence, which was delayed by World War and the Japanese invasion. The islands were liberII

ated by US forces during 1944-45, and the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed in 1946, with a government patterned on that of the US. In 1965 Ferdinand Marcos was elected president. He declared martial law in 1972, and it lasted until 1981. After 20 years of dictatorial rule, he was driven from power in 1986. Corazon Aquino became president and instituted democratic rule. The gov-

ernment has tried to come to terms with Muslim independence fighters in the south by establishing the Muslim Mindanao autonomous region in Mindanao and nearby islands, but violent conflict continued into the 21st century.

18.3%: Japan 16.7%; Netherlands 10.1%; China 9.8%; Hong Kong 7.8%.

Recent Developments Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2004): route length 897 km; passenger-km 83,400,000; metric ton-km cargo

(2000) 660,000,000. Roads (2003): total length 200,037 km (paved 10%). Vehicles (2007); passenger cars 751,100; trucks and buses 311,400. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 17,868,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 265,380,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 3,905,000 (43); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 68,102,000 (754); personal computers (2005): 4,521,000 (54); total Internet users (2008): 5,618,000 (62); broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 968,000 (11).

Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III was inaugurated as the 15th president of the Philippines on 30 Jun 2010, having captured 42% of the vote in the field of nine candidates. A fourth-generation Filipino politician, Aquino— known as “Noynoy"— was the son of Benigno (“Ninoy") Simeon Aquino, Jr., who was assassinated in 1983 while opposing the dictatorship of Ferdinand E. Marcos. After Marcos was ousted by a public uprising in 1986, Ninoy's widow, Corazon C. Aquino, became president (1986-92) and enjoyed wide popularity. Noynoy built on promises to eradicate corruption and fight poverty and exploited his image to win the presidency. His reflected familial charisma was in marked contrast to the loss of public confidence that bedeviled outgoing family’s lustrous

Pres. Gloria

Education and health Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal school-

Macapagal

Arroyo,

who was blamed

for

widespread corruption. Noynoy was confronted with a raft of challenges, preeminently the economy. With good Jobs scarce at home, some 10% of Filipinos worked abroad, yet their remittances— which consti-

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

tuted

more than one-tenth

of the country’s

were significant enough to fuel a boom buying and housing construction.

in

World— Poland

397

economy— National

both house

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue:

zl

253,547,000,000

(VAT 40.1%: excise tax 19.9%; income tax 15.2%; corporate taxes 10.7%). Expenditures: zl 277,893,000,000 (social security and welfare 29.6%; public

Internet resource: .

debt 9.0%: national defense 5.0%; education 4.8%; public safety 4.5%). Gross national income (2008):

Poland

US$453,034,000,000 (US$11,880 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): potatoes 10,462,000, wheat 9.275.000, sugar beets 8,715,000, sour cherries 202.000, currants 197,000; livestock (number of live

animals: 2009) 14,279,000 pigs, 5,700,000 cattle, (2007) 1,450,000 beehives; fisheries production {2007) 187,448 (from aquaculture 19%). Mining and quarrying (2007): sulfur (2008-09) 494,800; copper ore (metal content) 505,900; silver (metal content) 1,250. Manufacturing (value of sales in zl '000,000; 2008): food products 127,127; transportation equipment 94,790; mineral fuels 59,077. Energy production (consumption): electricity (’000,000 kW-hr; 2008-09) 151,968 ([2007] 154,000); coal ('000 metric tons;

2008-09) 81,441 ([2007] 85,337); lig2008-09) 59,322 ([2007]

nite ('000 metric tons;

57,528): crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 5,593,000 148,538,000): petroleum products (metric ([2007] 16.549.000. 2008-09) 26,507,000 ([2007] 25,322,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008-09) 5,263,280,900 ([2007] 000). Public debt (external, outstanding: August 2009): US$53,287,900,000. Population economically active (2008): total 17,202,000; activity rate of total population 45.1% (participation rates: tons;

name: Rzeczpospolita Polska (Republic of Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; Sejm [460]). Head of state: President Bronislaw Komorowski (from 2010). Head of government: Prime

Official

Poland).

Minister Donald Tusk (from 2007). Capital: Warsaw. Official

language: Polish. Official religion: none

special recognition per 1997 concordat with Vatican City). Monetary unit: 1 zloty (zl) = 100 groszy: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = zl 2.73.

(Roman Catholicism has

ages 15-64, 64.4%; female 45.2%; unemployed [Oc2008-September 2009] 10.4%). Selected balof payments data. Receipts from ance (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 10,599; remittances (2008) 10,727; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 15,714. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 7,753; remittances (2008) 1,716; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 5,210.

tober

Demography

Foreign trade

Area: 120,726 sq mi, 312,679 sq km. Population (2010): 38,183,000. Density (2010): persons per sq

Imports (2008; c.i.f.): zl 497,028,300,000 (electrical equipment 13.2%; chemical products 13.0%; mineral fuels 11.2%; transportation equipment 11.2%; machinery and apparatus 11.0%; base and fabricated metals 10.9%). Major import sources: Germany 23.0%: Russia 9.7%; China 8.1%; Italy 6.5%; France 4.7%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): zl 405,383,100,000 (transportation equipment 17.4%; base and fabricated metals 12.9%; electrical equipment 12.4%; machinery and apparatus 12.3%; food products 10.1%; chemical products 5.9%; furniture 5.7%). Major export destinations: Germany 25.0%; France Italy 6.0%; UK 5.8%; Czech Republic 5.7%. 6.2%; 52.043.000.

mi 316.3, persons per sq km 122.1. Urban (2009): 61.1%. Sex distribution (2008); male 48.29%; female 51.71%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 15.2%; 15-29, 23.4%; 30-44, 20.7%; 45-59, 22.1%; 60-74, 12.4%: 75-84, 5.0%; 85 and over, 1.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): Polish 90.0%; Ukrainian 4.0%: German 4.0%; Belarusian 0.5%; Kashubian 0.4%: other 1.1%. Religious affiliation (2007): Roman Catholic 88.6%: other Catholic 0.1%; Polish Orthodox 1.3%: Protestant 0.4%; Jehovah's Witness 0.3%; other (mostly nonreligious) 9.3%. Major cities (2008): Warsaw 1,709,781; Krakow 754,624; Lodz 747,152; Wroclaw 632,162; Poznan 557,264. Location: central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia,

Czech Republic, and Germany.

106.000.Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008): length 20,196 km; passenger-km 20,389,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

000. Roads (2007; public roads only): 383,100 km (paved 68%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 16,080,000; trucks and buses 2,802,000. Air transport (2008); passengerkm ton-km cargo metric 9,438,000,000; 000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 8,690,000 (228); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 44,086,000 (1,156); personal computers

total

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 10.9 (world 80.1%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 10.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total

avg. 20.3): within marriage fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

2008): 1.39. Life expectancy at 71.3 years: female 80.0 years.

woman;

birth (2008):

male

length

Countries of the

398

(2004): 7,362,000 (191); total Internet users (2008): 18,679,000 (490): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 4,791,000(126).

World— Portugal Poland into shock. Institutional continuity was ensured, however, as Bronislaw Komorowski, speaker of the Sejm (the lower house of the parliament), took over as an interim president and

term

was elected

to a

full

in July.

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 13 and over having: no formal schooling/incomplete primary education 2.0%; complete primary 20.2%; lower secondary/vocational 27.9%; upper secondary and postsecondary 33.4%; university 16.5%. Literacy (2008): virtually 100%. Health (2007): physicians 78,229 (1 per 487 persons): hospital beds 227,845 (1 per 167 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 5.6: undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of

Internet resource: .

Portugal

total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 121,808 (army 51.5%, navy 8.9%, air force 19.2%, joint staff 20.4%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.8%: per capita expenditure Total

active

US$224.

Background Established as a kingdom in 922 under Mieszko I, Poland united with Lithuania in 1386 under the Jagiellon dynasty (1386-1572) to become the dominant power in east-central Europe. In 1466 it wrested western and eastern Prussia from the Teutonic Order, and its lands eventually stretched to the Black Sea. Wars with Sweden and Russia in the late 17th century led to the loss of considerable territory. In 1697 the electors of Saxony became kings of Poland, virtually ending Polish independence. In the late 18th century, Poland was divided among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. After 1815 the former Polish lands canne under Russian domination, and from 1863 Poland was a Russian province. After World War I, an independent Poland was established by the Allies. The invasion of Poland in 1939 by the USSR and Germany precipitated World War II, during which the Nazis sought to purge its culture and its large Jewish population. Reoccupied by Soviet forces in 1945, it was controlled by a Soviet-dominated government from 1947. In the 1980s the Solidarity labor movement led by Lech Walesa achieved major political reforms, and free elections were held in 1989. An economic austerity program instituted in 1990 sped the transition to a market economy. Poland became a member of NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004.

Recent Developments Poland was in mourning for much of 2010 after tragedy struck on 10 April when the plane carrying Pres. Lech Kaczynski and a high-level Polish delegation crashed near Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people aboard. The plane was en route to a commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Katyn

Massacre (the mass execution of Polish military officers by the Soviet Union during World War II). Along with the president and his wife, the head of the National Bank of Poland and a number of high-ranking military officers also perished. The event plunged

Official public). islative

name: Republica Portuguese (Portuguese ReForm of government: republic with one leghouse (Assembly of the Republic [230]). Head

Cavaco Silva (from 2006). government: Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho (from 2011). Capital: Lisbon. Official language: Portuguese. Official religion: none (a 2004 concordat with the Vatican acknowledges the special role of the Roman Catholic Church in Portugal). Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = €0.69. of state: President Am'bal

Head

of

Demography 35,558 sq

mi, 92,094 sq km. Population (2010): 10,643,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 299.3, persons per sq km 115.6. Urban (2005):

Area:

57.6%. Sex distribution (2008): male 48.40%: female 51.60%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 15.7%: 15-29, 20.4%: 30-44, 22.6%: 45-59, 19.2%: 60-74, 14.8%: 75-84, 5.9%: 85 and over, 1.4%. Ethnic composition (2000): Portuguese 91.9%: mixed race people from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde 1.6%: Brazilian 1.4%: Marrano 1.2%: other European 1.2%: Han Chinese 0.9%: other 1.8%. Religious affiliation (2000): Christian 92.4%, of which Roman Catholic 87.4%, independent Christian 2.7%, Protestant 1.3%, other Christian 1.0%: nonreligious/atheist 6.5%: Buddhist 0.6%: other 0.5%. Major cities (2001): Lisbon 564,657 (urban agglomeration [2005] 2,761,000): Porto 263,131 (urban agglomeration [2005] 1,309,000): Braga 164,192: Coimbra 148,443: Funchal 103,961. Location: southwestern Europe, bordering Spain and the North Atlantic Ocean.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 9.8 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 63.8%. Death rate per population (2008): 9.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total 1,000 Birth rate per

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

fertility

rate (avg.

births per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.37. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 75.5 years: female 81.7 years.

National

World

— Portugal

399

sonal computers (2007): 1,823,000 (172); total ternet users (2008): 4,451,000 (417); broadband ternet subscribers (2008): 1,692,000 (159).

economy

In-

In-

Education and health

Budget (2005). Revenue: €56,498,000,000 (tax revenue 56.2%, of which taxes of goods and services 33.7%, income tax 20.3%; social contributions

Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25-64 having: no formal schooling through complete primary 67%; complete lower sec-

32.9%). Expenditures: €65,096,000,000 (social pro35.6%: education 16.1%: health 15.9%: public order 4.5%: defense 3.2%). Public debt (2007): US$158,000,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): grapes 1.050.000, tomatoes 1,000,000, corn (maize) 646,500, olives 375,000, cork (2008) 165,000; livestock (number of live animals) 3,549,000 sheep, 2,295,450 pigs, 1,407,270 cattle; fisheries production 260,275 (from aquaculture 3%). Mining and quarrying (2007): marble (2006) 837,000; kaolin (2006) 167,792; copper (metal content) 90,247; tungsten (metal content) 1,067. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2003): food products 2,148; cement, tiles, and ceramics 1,611; fabricated metal products 1,536. Energy production (consump(5.467.000)

ondary 13%: complete upper secondary 11%; higher 9%. Literacy (2002): total population ages 15 and over literate 92.5%; males literate 95.2%; females literate 90.3%. Health (2007): physicians 37,904 (1 per 280 persons): hospital beds 36,178 (1 per 294 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 3.3; undernourished population (2002-04)

tection

tion):

electricity

(97.108.000)

(kW-hr;

less than

2.5%

of total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 42,910 (army 62.2%, navy 21.2%, air force 16.6%); US troops (November 2008): 792. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.5%; per capita expenditure US$319.

Total

active

2006) 49,041,000,000

(54,482,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) none petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 12,036,000 (10,851,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) none (4,339,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 5,587,300; activity rate of total population 52.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 73.9%: female 46.6%; unemployed [2008] Gross national income 7.6%). (2008): US$218,405,000,000 (US$20,560 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 10,162; remittances b008) 4,057; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 6,956. Disbursements for (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 3,922; remittances (2008) 1,410; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 5,100.

Background

:

;

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): €53,162,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 18.7%; chemical products 10.9%; motor vehicles 10.3%; crude petroleum 9.5%; food products 9.3%). Major import sources (2007): Spain 29.5%: Germany 12.9%; France 8.4%; Italy 5.2%; Netherlands 4.5%. Exports f.o.b.): (2006; €34,561,000,000 (machinery and apparatus and electronics 18.6%; textiles, wearing apparel, and footwear 14.2%; motor vehicles and parts 12.5%; base and fabricated metals 7.4%; chemical products 6.5%: food products 4.5%). Major export destinations (2007): Spain 27.1%; Germany 12.9%; France 2.586.000. 12.3%: UK 5.9%: US 4.8%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2007): length 2,838 km; pas-

senger-km 3,987,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 000. Roads (2005): total length 76,802 km (paved [2004] 86%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 5,234,477; trucks and buses 148,706. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 22,860,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 344,628,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 4,121,000 (386); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 14,910,000 (1,396); per-

peoples settled the Iberian Peninsula in the 1st millennium bc. They were conquered about 140 bc by the Romans, who ruled until the 5th century ad, when the area was invaded by Germanic tribes. A Muslim invasion in 711 left only the northern part of Portugal in Christian hands. In 1139 it became the kingdom of Portugal and expanded as it reconquered the Muslimheld sectors. The boundaries of modern continental Portugal were completed in 1270 under King Afonso 16th centuries, exploration took III. In the 15th and Portuguese navigators to Africa, India, Indonesia, China, the Middle East, and South America, where colonies were established. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar ruled Portugal as a dictator in the mid-20th century: he died in office in 1970, and his successor was ousted in a coup in 1974. A new constitution was adopted in 1976 (revised 1982), and civilian rule reCeltic

sumed. The government returned Macau, its last overseas territory, to Chinese rule in 1999. Portugal was a charter member of NATO and is a member of the EU.

Recent Developments Economic malaise swept through Portugal in 2010 as the government lost control of its budget deficit. Economic woes in Greece and Ireland sparked concerns of a widespread sovereign debt crisis, wherein fears of a sovereign state’s inability to pay off to escalating interest rates for

its

its

debt leads

future borrowing.

Unemployment rose above 11%, and the government announced an austerity budget for 2011. The government planned to cut public-sector wages by up to 5% and freeze hiring and promotions. Meanwhile, the top rate of the VAT would rise to 23%, matching the highest rates in Europe, and other taxes would also increase. The government hoped to cut its deficit to 4.6% of GDP by the end of 2011. Moreover, Portugal did not plan to meet the EU limit of a budget deficit of 3% of GDP until 2012. In May 2011, Portugal announced that the European Central Bank, the EU, and the IMF had offered a US$116 billion aid plan. Internet resource: .

Countries of the

400

World

—Qatar

education 5.1%: roads 3.2%: interest payments 2.2%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agricuiture and fishing (2007): dates 21,000, tomatoes 5,400, barley 5,000: livestock (number of live animals) 160,000 goats, 120,000 sheep, 14,000 camels: fisheries production 15,226 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): limestone 1,100,000: gypsum, sand and gravel, and clay are also produced. Manufacturing (value added in QR ’000,000: 2005): refined petroleum products 4,502: chemical products 2,168: base metals 1,959. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 15,325,000,000 (15,325,000,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2007) 308,600,000 ([2006] 41,797,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 4,723,000 (2,059,000): natural gas (cu m: 2006) 49,500,000,000 (19,092,000,000). Population economically active (2004): total 444,133: ac-

Qatar

tivity

rate of total

population

59.7%

(participation

ages 15 and over, 77.1%: female 15.1%: unemployed 1.5%). Gross national income (2008): rates:

Official

name: Dawlat Qatar

(State of Qatar).

Form

of

government: constitutional emirate with one advisory body (Advisory Council [35]). Head of state and government: Emir Sheikh Hamad ibn Khalifah alThani (from 1995), assisted by Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Jabr al-Thani (from 2007). Capital: Doha. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = QR

US$113,984,000,000 (US$88,990 per

Foreign trade

3.64.

Demography Area: 4,468 sq mi, 11,571 sq km. Population (2010): 1,697,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 379.8, persons per sq km 146.7. Urban (2007):

95.4%. Sex distribution (2007): male 75.60%: female 24.40%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 21.8%: 15-29, 25.5%: 30-44, 33.7%: 45-59, 16.3%: 60-74, 2.4%: 75 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): Arab 52.5%, of which Palestinian 13.4%, Qatari 13.3%, Lebanese 10.4%, Syrian 9.4%: Persian 16.5%: Indo-Pakistani 15.2%: black African 9.5%: other 6.3%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim 83%, of which Sunni 73%, Shi'i 10%: Christian 10%, of which Roman Catholic 6%: Hindu 3%: Buddhist 2%: nonreligious 2%. Major cities (2004): AlDawhah (Doha) 339,847: Al-Rayyan 258,193: AlWakrah 26,993: Umm Salal Muhammad 25,413: Al-Khawr 18,036. Location: the Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 11.9 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

1.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total

per childbearing

pectancy at 75.8 years.

fertility

rate (avg. births

woman: 2005):

birth (2005):

2.80.

Life

Transport and communications Transport.

Raiiroads:

(petroleum and natural gas revenue 60.1%: investment income 25.8%: corporate taxes 7.6%). Expenditures: QR 84,727,000,000 (public utilities 11.4%: defense 7.5%: communications 5.6%: health 5.2%:

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; cost, insurance,

none. Roads (2006): total

7,790 km. Vehicles (2004): passenger cars 265,609: trucks and buses 114,115. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 36,204,000,000: metric tonkm cargo 1,639,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 263,000 (206): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,683,000 (1,314): personal computers (2005): 145,000 (182): total Internet users (2008): 436,000 (340): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 103,000 (81). length

ex-

economy Budget (2007-08). Revenue: QR 117,790,000,000

c.i.f.:

Imports (2006: c.i.f.): US$16,440,000,000 (nonelectrical machinery and equipment 23.5%: iron and steel 13.7%: electrical machinery and apparatus [including parts] 8.6%: motor vehicles 6.8%: chemical products 5.1%: fabricated metal products 4.9%). Major import sources: Japan 12.0%: US 9.9%: Germany 9.3%: Italy 9.3%: UAE 6.0%. Exports (2006: f.o.b.): US$34,051,000,000 (crude petroleum 46.9%: liquefied natural gas 34.8%: refined petroleum products 4.6%: liquefied propane and butane 3.4%: polyethylene 3.3%: urea 2.0%). Major export destinations: Japan 41.5%: South Korea 13.9%: Singapore 9.5%: India 4.9%: UAE 4.3%.

male 74.4 years: female

National

ton-mi cargo;

capita). Se-

lected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 874: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 865. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 3,751: remittances (2006-07) 5,000: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 1,914.

Education and health Educational attainment (2004). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal education/unknown 34.9%, of which illiterate 10.2%: primary 13.0%: preparatory (lower secondary) 16.2%: secondary 20.0%: postsecondary 15.9%. Literacy (2006): total population ages 15 and over literate

88.6%. Health (2007): physicians (public sector only) 1,775

89.0%: males

literate

89.1%: females

literate

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kiiometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

^

!

i

| |

Countries of the

691

(1 per

401

Demography Area: 92,043 sq mi, 238,391 sq km. Population (2010): 21,444,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 233.0, persons per sq km 90.0. Urban (2008):

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 11,800 (army 72.0%, navy 15.3%, air force 12.7%): US troops (November 2008): 444. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.5%: per capita expenditure US$889. active

Total

— Romania

persons): hospital beds (public sector infant mortality rate

1,651 (1 per 743 persons): per 1,000 live births (2008) 7.7.

only)

World

Background Qatar was partly controlled by Bahrain in the 18th and 19th centuries and was part of the Ottoman Empire until World War In 1916 it became a British protectorate. Oil was discovered in 1939, and the country rapidly modernized. Qatar declared independence in 1971, when the British protectorate ended. In 1991 it served as a base for air strikes against Iraq in the Persian Gulf War. I.

55.1%. Sex distribution (2008): male 48.71%: female 51.29%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 15.2%: 15-29, 22.0%: 30-44, 23.3%: 45-59, 19.8%: 60-74, 13.5%: 75-84, 5.2%: 85 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic composition (2002): Romanian 89.5%: Hungarian 6.6%: Rom (Gypsy) 2.5%: Ukrainian 0.3%: German 0.3%: other 0.8%. Religious affiliation (2002): Romanian Orthodox 86.7%: Protestant 6.3%: Roman Catholic 4.7%: Greek Catholic 0.9%: Muslim 0.3%: other 1.1%. Major cities (2008): Bucharest 1,944,367: Tirpisoara 311,586: Iasi CluJ-Napoca Constanta 306,474: 308,843: 302,171. Location: southeastern Europe, bordering Ukraine, Moldova, the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Serbia,

and Hungary.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 10.3 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 72.6%. Death rate per 1.000 population (2008): 11.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

Recent Developments economy remained one

of the fastest-growing the world in 2010. The country also had one of the world’s highest per capita incomes. Qatar remained the Middle East’s second largest petrochemicals producer and also continued to be the world’s largest producer and exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Revenues from LNG exceeded those from oil for the second consecutive year. In an effort to attract foreign direct investment in the country, Qatar lowered

Qatar's in

its

tax rate on foreign businesses to

10%.

Internet resource: .

Romania

fertility

births

rate (avg.

per childbearing

2008): 1.35. Life expectancy at 69.5 years: female 76.7 years.

National

woman:

birth (2008):

male

economy

US$’000,000: 2009). Revenue: 50,780. Expenditures: 61,510. Public debt (external, outstanding: June 2009): US$13,768,100,000. Population economically active (2008): total 9,944,700: activity rate 46.2% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 62.9%: female 44.4%: unemployed [September 2008-August 2009] 5.2%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): corn (maize) 7,849,000, wheat 7,181,000, potatoes 3.649.000, sunflower seeds 1,170,000: livestock (number of live animals) 8,882,000 sheep, 6.174.000 pigs, 2,684,000 cattle: fisheries production (2007) 16,496 (from aquaculture 63%). Mining and quarrying (2006: metal content of mine output): copper 12,200: zinc 9,574: lead 7,500. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2006): food prodBudget

(in

ucts 1,333: wearing apparel 1,257: transportation

equipment 978. Energy production (consumption): electricity

(kW-hr:

2008-09)

58,424,000,000):

([2006]

61,415,000,000

coal

(metric

tons:

2008-09) 2,356,000 ([2006] 2,796,000): lignite 16.920.000. (metric tons: 2008-09) 32,251,000 (31,941,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008-09) 33,250,000 ([2006] 106,585,200): petroleum products (metric 2008-09) 12,985,000 ([2006] 8,904,000): natural gas (cu m: 2008-09) 9,594,400,000 ([2008] 000). Gross national income (2008): US$170,560,000,000 (US$7,930 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,467: remittances

tons:

Official

tary

name; Romania. Form

republic with

[137]:

Chamber

two

of

legislative

government: unihouses (Senate

Head of state: 2004). Head of gov-

of Deputies [334]).

President Traian Basescu (from ernment: Prime Minister Emil Boc (from 2008). Capital: Bucharest. Official language: Romanian. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Romanian (new) leu (RON: plural lei) = 100 bani: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = 2.93 (new) lei.

direct investment (FDI: for Disbursements 9,208. (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,535: remittances FDI (2005-07 avg.) 110. (2008) 436:

(2008)

9,395:

2005-07

foreign

avg.)

Foreign trade Imports (2006: ing

partners):

commodities and f.o.b. in tradUS$51,106,000,000 (mineral fuels c.i.f. in

Countries of the

402

13.5%, of which crude petroleum 7.7%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 11.1%; motor vehicles 10.6%: chemical products 10.6%; base and fabricated metals 9.7%; electrical machinery and electronics 7.5%). Major import sources: Germany 15.2%; Italy 14.6%: Russia 7.9%: France 6.5%: Turkey 5.0%. Exports (2006): US$32,336,000,000 (wearing apparel and accessories 13.7%: base and fabricated metals 12.6%: refined petroleum products 8.9%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 8.0%: motor vehicles and parts 6.2%: insulated wire and fiber-optic cables 6.0%: footwear 5.3%). Major export destinations: Italy 18.1%: Germany 15.7%: Turkey 7.7%: France 7.5%: Hungary 4.9%.

Transport and communications

10,788 km: passenger-km 6,958,000: metric ton-km cargo 15,000,000,000. Roads (2004: public roads only): length 79,454 km (paved 26%). Vehicles (2008): cars 4,027,000: trucks and buses 687,000. Air transport (2008-09): passenger-km 3,835,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 5,466,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 5,036,000 (236): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 24,467,000 (1,145): personal computers (2007): 4,137,000 (192): total Internet users (2008): 6,132,000 (287): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 2,510,000 (118). Transport. Railroads (2008): route length

World

— Russia

In 2004 Joined NATO, and member of the EU.

1990. a

it

in

2007

it

became

Recent Developments 2010 suggested that 49% of Romanians believed that life was better during the pre1989 dictatorial era. In July the EU published a report Polls released in

of the faltering struggle against corruption. Both the EU and the US ambassador, Mark Gitenstein, expressed concern about the record of the Judiciary. Romania was one of only two members of the EU whose Justice system continued to be closely monitored by the pan-European entity. In late December 2010, Romania was prevented by France and Germany from Joining the EU’s Schengen zone of countries with passport-free travel. Membership would increase trade and employment opportunities, as well as make travel easier. The country’s membership was blocked over continued fears about corruption and organized crime. critical

Internet resource: .

Russia

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal schooling 5.5%: primary education 20.1%: lower secondary 27.6%: upper secondary/vocational 36.7%: higher vocational 3.0%: university 7.1%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 97.6%: males literate 98.3%: females literate 96.9%. Health (2008): physicians 50,238 (1 per 428 persons): hospital beds 137,984 (1 per 156 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 11.0: undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

Official

name: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya (Russian FedForm of government: federal multiparty re-

eration). .

Military

public with two legislative

duty personnel (November 2008): 73,200 (army 58.8%, navy 8.9%, air force 13.9%, joint staff 18.4%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.9%: per capita expenditure Total

active

US$146.

Duma

houses (Federation Council

Head of state: President Dmitry Medvedev (from 2008). Head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (from 2008). Capital: Moscow. Official language: Russian. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 ruble (RUB) = 100 kopecks: valuation (1 Jul 2011) market rate, US$1 = RUB [178]: State

[450]).

27.85.

Background Romania was formed in 1862 by

the unification of the principalities Moldavia and Walachia, which had once been part of the ancient country of Dacia. During World War I, Romania sided with the Allies and doubled its territory in 1918 with the addition of Transylvania, Bukovina, and Bessarabia. Allied with Germany in World War II, it was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite country of the USSR in 1948. During the 1960s Romania’s foreign policy was frequently independent of the Soviet Union’s. The communist regime of Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown in 1989, and free elections were held in

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Demography Area: 6,601,700 sq mi, 17,098,200 sq km. Population (2010): 141,892,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 21.5, persons per sq km 8.3. Urban (2006):

73.0%. Sex distribution (2007): male 46.22%: female 53.78%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 14.6%: 15-29, 23.9%: 30-44, 21.3%: 45-59, 22.8%: 60-74, 11.9%: 75-84, 4.7%: 85 and over, 0.8%. Ethnic composition (2002): Russian 79.82%: Tatar 3.83%: Ukrainian 2.03%: Bashkir 1.15%: Chuvash 1.13%: Chechen 0.94%: Armenian 0.78%:

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World

— Russia

403

Christian 58.4%, of which Russian Orthodox 53.1%,

rank: 1), cabbages 4,054,000, corn (maize) 3,953,240, rye 3,910,290 (world rank: 1), tomatoes 2.393.000, apples 2,211,000, carrots and turnips 1.900.000, dry onions 1,770,000, currants 600.000 (world rank: 1), raspberries (2005) 175.000 (world rank: 1), sour cherries 153,000

Roman

(world rank:

Mordvin 0.58%; Belarusian 0.56%: Avar 0.52%; Kazakh 0.45%; Udmurt 0.44%; Azerbaijani 0.43%; Mari 0.42%; German 0.41%; Kabardinian 0.36%; Ossetian 0.35%; Dargin 0.35%; Buryat 0.31%; Sakha 0.31%; other 4.83%. Religious affiliation (2005); Ukrainian Orthodox 0.9%, Muslim 8.2%; traditional beliefs 0.8%: Jewish 0.6%; nonreligious 25.8%; atheist 5.0%; Major cities Moscow other 1.2%. (2007): 10,470,318; St. Petersburg 4,568,047; Novosibirsk 1,390,513; Yekaterinburg 1,322,954; Nizhny Novgorod 1,274,708; Samara 1,135,422; Omsk Kazan Chelyabinsk 1,131,100; 1,120,238; Rostov-na-Donu Ufa 1,092,495; 1,048,714; 1,021,458. Location: eastern Europe and northern Asia, bordering the Arctic Ocean, the North Pacific Ocean, North Korea, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Black Sea, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Norway: the exclave of Kaliningrad on the Baltic Sea borders Lithuania and Poland. Migration (2006): immigrants 186,380; emigrants 54,061. Refugees (2007): 159,500, of which from Afghanistan 84,500, Georgia 1,000 45,000. Catholic

1.0%,

Protestant 0.9%;

1); livestock (number of live animals) 21.466.000 cattle, 17,508,000 sheep, 15,793,000 pigs, camels (2008) 6,356; fisheries production 3,559,717 (from aquaculture 3%); aquatic plants production 28,594 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining

and quarrying (2006): nickel (metal content) 320.000 (world rank; 1); platinum-group metals 138,300 (world rank; 2), of which palladium 96,800 (world rank: 1); mica 100,000 (world rank: 2); gem diamonds 23,400,000 carats (world rank; 2); vanadium (metal content) 15,100 (world rank: 3); industrial diamonds 15,000,000 carats (world rank: 3); iron ore (metal content) 59,100,000 (world rank: 5); cobalt (metal content) 5,100 (world rank: 5); copper ore (metal content) 725,000 (world rank: 6); molybdenum (metal content) 3,100 (world rank: 6); gold 159,340 kg (world rank: 7). Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2005): refined petroleum products 28,950; food products 12,942; iron and 11,904; nonferrous base metals 9,981; base chemical products 8,524; cement, bricks, and ceramics 4,892; beverages 4,532; general purpose machinery 4,075; motor vehicles 3,423; fabricated metal products 2,831; special purpose machinery 2,802; rubber products 2,313; paints, soaps, and pharmaceuticals 2,155; professional and scientific 979.973.000. equipment 2,151; paper products 1,982; publishing 1,733. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1,015,872,000,000 2007) ([2006] 000): coal (metric tons; 2007) 242.100.000 ([2006] 145,771,000); lignite (metric tons: 2007) 72,200,000 ([2006] 73,929,000); petroleum (barrels; 2007) 3,568,000,000 crude 362.393.000. ([2006] 1,523,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 197,412,000 (101,794,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) 654,000,000,000 ([2006] 000). Population economically active (2006); total 74,146,000; activity rate of total popusteel

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 12.1 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 73.1%. Death rate per Birth rate per

population (2008): 14.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 1.51. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male

fertility

61.7 years: female 74.2 years.

Social indicators Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling 2.1%: primary education 7.7%; some secondary 18.1%: complete secondary/basic vocational 53.0%; incomplete higher 3.1%; complete higher 16.0%, of which advanced degrees 0.3%. Quality of working life (2006). Average workweek (2004): 40 hours. Annual rate per 100,000 workers of: injury or accident 290; industrial illness 16.0; death 11.8. Average working days lost to labor strikes per 1,000 employees 0.2. Social participation. Trade union membership in total workforce (2003) 45%. Social deviance. Offense rate per 100,000 population (2007) for: murder and attempted murder 15.6; rape and attempted rape 4.9; serious injury 33.3; burglary 207.6; drug abuse 162.6; robbery 31.9; theft 1,102.7. Incidence per 100,000 population of: suicide (2007) 29.0.

52.0% (participation rates; ages 15-64, 73.0%: female 49.4%; unemployed [October 2007] 6.1%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 9,607; remittances (2008) 6,033; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 32,583. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 22,258; remittances (2008) 26,145; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 27,190. lation

Foreign trade National

economy

March 2008): US$35,200,000,000. Budget (2007). Revenue: RUB 7,443,900,000,000 (VAT 30.0%; taxes on natural resources 15.0%; corporate taxes 8.5%; income tax 5.2%). Expenditures: RUB 6,531,400,000,000 (transfers 29.7%; social and cultural services 14.1%; Public debt (external,

outstanding;

defense 12.8%; national economy 11.2%; public security 10.3%). Gross national income (2008): US$1,364,500,000,000 (US$9,620 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); wheat 49,389,860, potatoes 36,784,200, sugar beets 29,000,000, barley 15,663,110 (world rank: 1), sunflower seeds

5,656,500 (world rank:

1),

oats 5,407,000 (world

Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$137,728,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 27.6%, of which telecommunications equipment and television receivers 6.3%, general industrial machinery 6.2%, specialized machinery 5.4%, electrical machinery and electronics 5.3%: motor vehicles and parts 13.4%; chemical products 12.2%, of which pharmaceuticals and medicine 4.6%: food products 11.9%; base an5 fabricated metals 6.9%, of which iron and steel 3.6%). Major import sources: Germany 13.4%; China 9.4%; Ukraine 6.7%; Japan 5.7%; Belarus 5.0%; South Korea 4.9%; US 4.7%; France 4.3%; Italy 4.2%; Finland 2.9%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$301,551,000,000 (crude petroleum 32.1%; refined petroleum products 14.7%; natural gas 14.2%; nonferrous base metals 6.2%, of which aluminum 2.5%, nickel 2.0%,

404

Countries of the

copper 1.5%: iron and steel 5.7%; chemical products 3.8%, of which fertilizers 1.4%; machinery and apparatus 2.4%; coal and coke 1.5%; food products 1.2%). Major export destinations: Netherlands 11.9%; Italy 8.3%: Germany 8.1%; China 5.2%; Ukraine 5.0%; Turkey 4.7%; Belarus 4.3%; Switzerland 4.0%; Poland 3.8%; UK 3.4%.

Transport and communications

World

— Russia

area was invaded by Napoleon in 1812; after his deRussia received most of the grand duchy of Warsaw (1815). Russia annexed Georgia, Armenia, and other Caucasian territories in the 19th century. The Russian southward advance against the Ottoman Empire was of key importance to Europe. Russia was defeated in the Crimean War. It sold Alaska to the US in 1867. Russia’s defeat in the RussoJapanese War led to an unsuccessful uprising in 1905. In World War it fought against the Central Powers. The Russian Revolution that overthrew the czarist regime in 1917 marked the beginning of a government of soviets (councils). The Bolsheviks brought the main part of the former empire under communist control and organized it as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR; coextensive with present-day Russia). The RSFSR Joined other soviet republics in 1922 to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Although it fought with the Allies in World War II, after the war tensions with the West led to the decades-long Cold War. Upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the RSFSR was renamed Russia and became the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. It adopted a new constitution in 1993. During the 1990s and into the 21st century, it struggled on several fronts, beset with economic diffifeat,

I

Transport.

Railroads

(2007):

length

(2007)

85.000 km; passenger-km 174,100,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 2,090,000,000,000. Roads (2006): total length 854,000 km (paved 85%). Vepassenger cars 29,249,000; trucks and buses 5,591,000. Air transport (2006-07): passenger-km 97,510,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 2,980,000,000. Communications, in total hicles (2007):

units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 44,200,000 (313); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 187,500,000 (1,326); personal computers (2005); 17,400,000 (121); total Internet users (2008): 45,400,000 (321); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 9,280,000 (66).

Education and health Health (2007): physicians 707,000 (1 per 201 persons): hospital beds 1,522,000 (1 per 93 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 8.5; undernourished population (2002-04) 3,900,000 (3% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,980 calories).

culties,

political

corruption,

and independence

movements.

Recent Developments beginning of 2010, Russian Pres. Dmitry Medvedev organized a new North Caucasus federal district, comprising six republics and one territory, and appointed Aleksandr Khloponin, a businessman and former governor in Siberia who had no links to the North Caucasus, as his special envoy there. The move reflected a new policy of using economic means to try to resolve the problems of the impoverished region, which remained racked by separatist violence. The violence moved beyond the North Caucasus in March when two suicide bombers from the region killed 40 people in explosions in two Moscow subway stations—the first such attacks in Moscow in six years. In January 2011, a suicide bomber from the Caucasus detonated his explosive device in DomodeAt the

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 1.027.000 (army 38.5%, navy 13.8%, air force 15.6%, strategic deterrent forces 7.8%, command and support 24.3%); troops abroad 31,713, of which in Ukraine 13,300, in Georgia 7,600, in Tajikistan 5,500, in Armenia 3,214 (an additional 449.000 personnel in paramilitary forces include railway troops, special construction troops, federal border guards, interior troops, and other federal guard units). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 2.5%; per capita expenditure

Total

active

US$256.

in Moscow, killing 36 people. The “reset” in US-Russian relations, which had begun after US Pres. Barack Obama took office, resulted in an increasingly cooperative relationship between the two countries. In January 2010, Russia resumed its military cooperation with NATO, which had been suspended after the 2008 war with Georgia. In April Presidents Medvedev and Obama signed a nuclear arms control treaty (“New START") which sought to cut each side’s nuclear arsenal to 1,550 deployed warheads and to introduce new verification procedures, and in February 2011, after the US Congress and the Russian parliament voted to ratify the treaty, it went into effect. In June 2010, Russia voted for new UN sanctions against Iran— a US priority. The previous month the magazine Russky Newsweek published what it described as the draft of a new foreign policy

dovo Airport

Background The region between the Dniester and Volga

rivers

was inhabited from ancient times by various peoples, including the Slavs. The area was overrun from the 8th century bc to the 6th century ad by successive nomadic peoples, including the Sythians, Sarmatians, Goths, Huns, and Avars. Kievan Rus, a confederation of principalities ruled from Kiev, emerged in the 10th century. It lost supremacy in the 11th and 12th centuries to independent principalities, including Novgorod and Vladimir. Novgorod ascended in the north and was the only Russian principality to escape the domination of the Mongol Golden Horde in the 13th century. In the 14th-15th centuries, the princes of Moscow gradually overthrew the Mongols. Under Ivan IV Russia began to expand. The Romanov dynasty arose in 1613. Expansion continued under Peter (the Great) and Catherine II (the Great). The I

doctrine, which called for Russia to shift

its

focus

to-

ward alliances with the United States and other Western countries in a bid to facilitate Russia’s economic

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the and technological modernization. In May troops from the US, Poland. France, and the UK commemorated the end of World War by marching for the first time in Russia’s annual Victory Day parade through Red Square, and Medvedev attended NATO’s November summit in Lisbon, where Russia was invited to join a missile-defense system. II

World

— Rwanda

405

11.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 5.25. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 54.6 years: female

57.1 years.

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: RF 660,800,000,000 (grants 42.3%; taxes on goods and services 24.4%: income tax 18.6%; nontax revenue 7.9%: import and export duties 6.6%). Expenditures: RF 649,700,000,000 (current expenditures 56.7%; capital expenditures 41.2%; net

Internet resource: .

Rwanda

lending 2.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding:

2008):

US$656,800,000.

Production

(metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): plantains 2,580,000, potatoes 1.200.000, sweet potatoes 940,000, tea 19.000, coffee 18,900, pyrethrum 15; livestock (number of live animals) 1,300,000 goats,

950,000 cattle, 470,000 sheep; fisheries production 13,088 (from aquaculture 31%). Mining and quarrying (2007): cassiterite (tin content) 3,100; tungsten (wolframite content) 1,534; niokg; tantalum 50,000 kg. Manufacadded in RF ’000,000; 2008): beverages and tobacco products 24,300; food products 16,200; furniture and unspecified products 13,200. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 194,000,000 ([2006] 220,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (190,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) none ([2006] 615,000). Population economically active (2006): total 4,325,000; activity rate of total population 45.7% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 81.5%; female 53.4%). Gross national income (2008): US$3,955,000,000 (US$410 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from

bium 80,000

turing (value

name: Repubulika y’u Rwanda (Rwanda); Republique Rwandaise (French): Republic of Rwanda (English). Form of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [26]; Chamber of Deputies [80]). Head of state and government: President MaJ. Gen. Paul Kagame (from 2000), assisted by Prime Minister Bernard Makuza (from 2000). Capital: Kigali. Official languages: Rwanda; French; English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Rwandan franc (RF); valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = RF 602.42. Official

(US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 65; remittances (2008) 51; foreign direct investment (FDI;

2005-07 avg.) 32; official development assisfor tance 713. Disbursements (2007) (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 69; remittances (2008) 68; FDI (2006-07 avg.) 13. Foreign trade

Demography 10,185 sq mi, 26,379 sq km. Population (2010): 10,277,000. Density (2010; based on area

Area:

excluding Rwandan part of Lake Kivu): persons per sq mi 1,051, persons per sq km 406. Urban (2007):

17.6%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.75%; female 50.25%. Age breakdown (2008); under 15, 42.4%; 15-29, 29.6%: 30-44, 16.0%; 45-59, 8.2%; 60-74, 3.0%: 75-84, 0.7%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2002): Hutu 85%; Tutsi 14%; Twa 1%. Religious

affiliation

(2005):

Roman

Catholic

44%: Protestant 25%; Muslim 13%; other 18%. Major cities (2002): Kigali (urban agglomeration; 2007) 860,000; Gitarama 84,669; Butare 77,449; Ruhen71,511; Gisenyi 67,766. Location: east-central Africa, bordering Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. geri

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 38.9 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$696,900,000 (machinery and apparatus 17.8%; motor vehicles 12.9%; food products 9.6%: refined petroleum products 8.5%; medicaments 6.8%). Major import sources: Kenya 17.8%; Uganda 14.0%; UAE 7.8%; Tanzania 6.8%; f.o.b.): Belgium 6.3%. Exports (2008; US$261,800,000 (coffee 17.9%; cassiterite [major ore of tin] 15.7%; tea 15.3%; columbite/tantalite 14.2%: tungsten 4.9%). Major export destinations (2007): Kenya 18.7%; UK 18.7%; Belgium 14.0%; Hong Kong 12.5%; Switzerland 7.2%.

Transport and communications Railroads: none. Roads (2004): total 14,008 km (paved 19%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 21,350; trucks and buses 16,470. Air transport (2006; Kigali airport only): passengers embarked and disembarked 180,000; cargo loaded and unloaded (2000) 4,300 metric tons. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 17,000 (1.7); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,323,000 (136);

Transport. length

Countries of the

406

World

— Saint Kitts and Nevis

personal computers (2007): 28,000 (3); total Internet users (2008): 300,000 (31); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 4,200 (0.4).

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of pop15-49 ulation ages having: no formal education/unknown 21.4%; primary education 68.2%: secondary 9.6%; higher 0.8%. Literacy (2007): percentage of total population ages 15 and over literate 74.7%; males literate 79.3%; females literate 70.2%. Health (2007): physicians 540 (1 per 17,509 persons): hospital beds 14,246 (1 per 664 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 55.9; undernourished population (2002-04) 2,800,000 (33% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

quirement of 1,750

calories).

Military active

Background Originally

inhabited

by the Twa, a

name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis is the alternate official long-form name). Form of government: federated constitutional monarchy with one legislative house (National Assembly [15]). Head of state; British Queen Elizabeth II (from 1952), represented by Governor-General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian (from 1996). Head of government: Prime Minister Denzil Douglas (from 1995). Capital: BasseOfficial

duty personnel (November 2008): 33,000 (army 97.0%, air force 3.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 2.1%; per capita expenditure US$7.

Total

Pygmy people,

Rwanda became home to the Hutu, who were v^^ell established there when the Tutsi appeared in the 14th The Tutsi conquered the Hutu and in the 15th century founded a kingdom near Kigali. The Belgians occupied Rwanda in 1916, and the League of Nations created Ruanda-Urundi as a Belgian mandate in 1923. The Tutsi retained their dominance until shortly before Rwanda reached independence in 1962, when the Hutu took control of the government and stripped the Tutsi of much of their land. Many Tutsi fled Rwanda, and the Hutu dominated the country’s political system, waging sporadic civil wars until mid-1994, when the death of the country’s leader in a plane crash—apparently shot down-led to massive violence. The Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front took over the country by force after the massacre of almost one million Tutsi and Tutsi sympathizers by the century.

Hutu. A transitional government was replaced in following the country’s first multiparty elec-

2003 tions.

language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Eastern Caribbean dollar = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = (ECS)

terre. Official

ECS2.70.

Demography Area: 104.0 sq mi, 269.0 sq km. Population (2010): 49,900. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 479.8, persons per sq km 185.5. Urban (2005): 33%. Sex distribution (2008):

male 49.70%; female 50.30%.

Age breakdown (2008): under *15, 26.7%; 15-29, 25.9%; 30-44, 19.8%; 45-59, 17.3%; 60-74, 6.3%: 75-84, 2.9%: 85 and over, 1.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): black 90.4%; mulatto 5.0%; IndoPakistani 3.0%: white 1.0%: other 0.6%. Religious affiliation (2005): Protestant 75%, of which Anglican 24%, Methodist 23%; Roman Catholic 11%;

other 14%. Major towns (2006): Basseterre 12,900; Charlestown 1,500; St. Paul’s 1,200. Location: islands in the Caribbean Sea, between the US Virgin Islands and Antigua and Barbuda,

Recent Developments According to the anticorruption monitor Transparency International, Rwanda was one of the least-corrupt countries in East Africa in 2010. Not only had it attained almost 100% food security internally, but the country also exported food fo Burundi, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In August a leaked draft of a UN report alleged that Rwandan forces killed tens of

thousands of Hutu, including civilians, in the DRC in 1996-97, which Rwandan officials angrily denied. The UN agreed to delay the final release of the report to allow Rwanda to include its response to the allegations.

Internet resource: .

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 17.7 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

8.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008); 2.28. Life, expectancy at birth (2008): male 70.1 years; female

78.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: EC$641,200,000 (tax revenue 64.9%, of which taxes on international trade 30.3%, taxes on income and profits 20.5%, taxes on domestic goods and services 13.1%; nontax revenue

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

ColINTRIKS OF THK

WORLD

SaINT LdCIA

407

18.4%: grants 8.4%). Expenditures: EC$634,400,000 (current expenditures 87.8%, of which interest payments 20.6%; development expenditures

5,000 (10% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,910 calories).

12.2%). Production (metric tons except as noted). and fishing (2007): sugarcane (2005) 100,000, coconuts 1,000, pineapples (2006) 55; livestock (number of live animals) 16,000 goats, 12,600 sheep, 4,850 cattle; fisheries production 450 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying: excavation of sand and crushed stone for local

Total active duty personnel (2006); the defense force

Agriculture

Military includes coast guard and police units.

use. Manufacturing (2003); raw sugar 22,000; car-

bonated beverages (2002) 32,000 hectoliters: beer (2002) 20,000 hectoliters: other manufactures include electronic components, garments, and cement. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 135,000,000 (135,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (77,000). Gross national income US$539,000,000 (2008); (US$10,960 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007); US$272,000,000. Population economically active (1995): total 18,170; activity rate of total

population

41.7%

(participation rates [1991]:

ages 15-64, 70.5%; female 44.4%; unemployed [2006] 5.1%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 106; remittances (2008) 37; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 115; official development assistance (2007) 3. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 15; remittances (2008) 6.

Background became the first British colony

in the West 1623. Anglo-French rivalry grew in the 17th century and lasted more than a century. In 1783, by

Saint Kitts Indies

in

the Treaty of Versailles, the islands became wholly British possessions. They were united with Anguilla from 1882 to 1980 but became an independent federation within the British Commonwealth in 1983.

Recent Developments Saint Kitts and Nevis’s historic leap into geothermal power generation was postponed until the end of 2011 because of financial challenges faced by the company behind the project. The generation of 10 of power was initially planned, to be followed eventually by a further 30 MW.

MW

Internet resource: .

Foreign trade

Saint Lucia

Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$249,500,000 (machinery and apparatus 23.1%, of which electrical machinery and parts 10.6%; food products 15.5%; base and fabricated metals 9.2%; refined petroleum products 6.6%: motor vehicles 6.5%). Major import sources: US 58.3%: Trinidad and Tobago 12.5%; UK 5.3%; Japan 4.3%; Canada 2.6%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$39,700,000 (electrical switches 43.8%; telecommunications equipment and parts 25.4%; generators 9.8%: beverages [primarily bottled water and beer] 5.5%). Major export destinations: US 89.3%; UK 2.3%; Trinidad and Tobago 1.5%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2003); length 58 km. Roads (2002): total length 383 km (paved [2001] 44%). Ve-

(2002): passenger cars 6,900; trucks and buses 2,500. Air transport (2001; Saint Kitts airport only): passenger arrivals 135,237, passenger departures 134,937; cargo handled 1,802. Communications. in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telehicles

phone landlines (2008): 20,000 (400); cellular telephone subscribers (2008); 80,000 (1,567); personal computers (200^); 11,000 (226); total Internet users (2008): 16,000 (313); broadband Internet subscribers (2008);

11,000 (217).

Education and health Educational attainment (1991). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 6.8%; primary education 45.9%; secondary 38.4%; higher 8.9%. Literacy (2004); total population ages 15 and over literate 97.8%. Health (2008); physicians (2005) 62 (1 per 796 persons): hospital beds 208 (1 per 247 persons): infant mortality rate per

14.3;

undernourished

1,000

population

live

births

(2002-04)

name; Saint Lucia. Form of government: conmonarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [11]: House of Assembly [18]). Head of state: British Queen Elizabeth (from 1952), represented Official

stitutional

II

by Governor-General

Dame

Pearlette Louisy (from

1997). Head of government: Prime Minister Stephenson King (from 2007). Capital: Castries. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Eastern Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = EC$2.70.

Demography 238 sq

617 sq km. Population (2010): 174,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 731.1, persons per sq km 282.0. Urban (2008): 27.8%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.01%; female 50.99%. Age breakdown (2008); under 15, 26.4%; 15-29, 28.9%; 30-44, 21.6%: 45-59, 13.7%; 60-74, 6.6%; 75 and

Area:

mi,

408

ColiNTRIKS OF THE

WORED — SaFNT ViNCENT AND THE GRENADINES

2.8%. Ethnic composition (2000): black 50%; mu44%: East Indian 3%; white 1%; other 2%. Religious affiliation (2001): Roman Catholic 67.5%; Protestant 22.0%, of which Seventh-day Adventist 8.4%, Pentecostal 5.6%; Rastafarian 2.1%: nonreligious 4.5%: other 3.9%. Major towns (2006): Castries 65,000: Vieux Fort 4,600: Micoud 3,400. Location: island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. over, latto

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 13.7 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 14.0%. Death rate per population (2008): 7.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total 1.000 Birth rate per

fertility

rate (avg.

births per childbearing

2008): 2.2. Life expectancy at 72.0 years: female 75.8 years.

woman:

birth (2008):

male

UK 26.0%: Trinidad and Tobago 22.4%: US 14.0%: Barbados 10.1%: Grenada 5.1%.

nations (2005):

Transport and communications Transport.

Railroads:

none. Roads (2002): total

1,210 km (paved 5%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 38,504: trucks and buses 11,577. Air transport (2008: Castries and Vieux Fort airports only): passenger arrivals and departures 872,032: cargo unloaded and loaded 3,363 metric tons. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 49,000 (240): cellular length

telephone subscribers (2008): 170,000 (995): personal computers (2004): 26,000 (173): total Internet users (2008): 100,000 (587): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 14,000 (82).

Education and health National

economy

Budget (2008-09). Revenue: EC$815,950,000 (tax revenue 90.3%, of which consumption taxes 17.5%, corporate taxes 13.9%, import duties 12.7%, income tax 9.3%: nontax revenue 6.4%: grants 3.3%). Expenditures: EC$959, 100,000 (current expenditures 67.8%, of which wages and salaries 31.8%, interest payments 9.5%: capital expenditures 32.2%). Public debt (external, outstanding: January 2009): US$372,950,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): bananas (2008) 38,359, coconuts 14,000, plantains 750, pepper 260, ginger 70, cacao beans 40: livestock (number of live animals) 15,000 pigs, 12,500 sheep, 12,500 cattle: fisheries production (2008) 1,695, of which tuna 492, dolphin 341 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying: excavation of sand for local construction and pumice. Manufacturing (value of production in ECS’OOO: 2008): food products, beverages (significantly alcoholic beverages), and tobacco products 73,638: electrical products 35,121: paper products and cardboard boxes 28,066. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2008) 352,337,000 (352,337,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (124,000). Population economically active (2007): total 85,260: activity rate of total population 49.8% (participation rates: ages 15 and over [2004] 68.6%: female 46.6%: unemployed 14.6%). Gross national income (2008): US$940,000,000 (US$5,530 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 296: remittances (2008) 31: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 191: official development assistance (2007) 24. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 41: remittances (2008) 4.

Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 8.8%: incomplete primary education 5.6%: complete primary 43.1%: secondary 32.0%: higher vocational 7.1%: university 3.4%. Literacy (2004): 94.8%. Health (2008): physicians (2005) 83 (1 per 1,983 persons): hospital beds 470 (1 per 374 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 25.2: undernourished population (2002-04) 8,000 (5% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,900 calories).

Military Total active duty personnel (2006): none: a

member

300-

includes a specially trained paramilitary unit and a coast guard unit. police force

Background Caribs replaced early Arawak inhabitants on the land about AD 800-1300. Settled by the French

was ceded to Great came one of the Windward 1650,

it

Britain in

Islands

in

1814 and 1871.

It

is-

in

bebe-

came fully independent as Saint Lucia in 1979. The economy is based on agriculture and tourism. Recent Developments struggling with energy deficiency, like almost every

Caribbean

2010 to

territory.

Saint Lucia

moved

firmly in July

start developing the geothermal resources

it

had long been known to possess for electricity generation. The American company Qualibou Energy signed a binding agreement for a 30-year contract to proceed toward generating 120 MW of geothermal energy.

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): US$592,300,000 (food products 15.9%: machinery and apparatus 15.3%: motor vehicles 10.2%: chemical products 6.9%: base and fabricated metals 6.2%: refined petroleum products 5.7%). Major import sources: US 39.2%: Trinidad and Tobago 16.8%: UK 6.9%: Japan 6.3%: Barbados 4.4%. Exports (2005: f.o.b.): US$64,200,000 (bananas 24.1%: beer 16.2%: refined petroleum products 15.4%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 6.7%: paperboard cartons 5.1%). Major export desti1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Internet resource: .

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines name: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Form of government: constitutional monarchy with one legislative house (House of Assembly [23]). Head (from 1952), repof state: British Queen Elizabeth Official

II

resented by Governor-General Sir Frederick Ballan-

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World— Saint Vincent and the Grenadines none). Mining local

use.

and

409

quarrying: sand and gravel for (value added in

Manufacturing

ECS’OOO.OOO; 2000): beverages and tobacco products 17.4: food products 15.6: paper products and publishing 3.6. Energy production (consumption): electricity

2008) 139,000,000 ([2006]

(kW-hr;

127,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (64,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 90; remittances (2007) 31; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 80; official development assistance (2007) 66. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 17; remittances (2007) 7. Gross national income (2008): US$561,000,000 (US$5,140 per capita). Population economically active (2006): total 58,000; activity

of total

rate

rates:

debt

population

48.3%

(participation

ages 15-64, 75.3%: female 41.4%). Public outstanding: December 2008):

(external,

US$210,600,000.

Head of government: Prime MinisGonsalves (from 2001). Capital:

tyne (from 2002). ter

Ralph

Kingstown. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Eastern Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

ECS2.70.

Demography Area: 150.3 sq mi, 389.3 sq km. Population (2010): 101,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 673.3, persons per sq km 259.6. Urban (2006): 46.3%. Sex

male 50.61%: female 49.39%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 27.3%; 15-29, 30-44, 26.2%: 21.6%: 45-59, 14.6%; 60-74, 7.1%: 75-84, 2.6%: 85 and over, 0.6%. Ethnic comdistribution (2007):

(2000): black 65.1%: mixed black-white 19.9%: Indo-Pakistani 5.5%: British 3.0%: blackAmerindian 2.0%: other 4.5%. Religious affiliation (2000): Protestant 47.0%: unaffiliated Christian .20.3%: independent Christian 11.7%: Roman Catholic 8.8%: Hindu 3.4%: Spiritist 1.8%: Muslim 1.5%: nonreligious 2.3%: other 3.2%. Major cities (2006): Kingstown 18,200: Georgetown 1,700: Byera 1,400. Location: islands in the Caribbean Sea, north of Trinidad and Tobago.

Foreign trade Imports (2008; c.i.f.): US$373,200,000 (machinery and apparatus 23.1%: food products and beverages 22.6%: refined petroleum products 12.5%). Major import sources (2006): US 32.7%: Trinidad and Tobago 25.9%: UK 7.1%; Japan 3.9%: Canada 3.6%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): US$52,200,000 (food products 61.7%, of which bananas 15.9%, wheat flour 15.1%, rice 12.1%, roots and tubers 7.1%; machinery and apparatus 23.0%, of which telecommunications equipment 10.7%). Major export destinations (2008): Grenada 18.2%; Trinidad and Tobago 17.4%: St. Lucia 14.8%; Barbados 10.7%: UK 9.0%.

position

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 16.0 (world avg. 20.3): (2003) within marriage 15.6%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): 6.9 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

Total

fertility

woman: 2007):

(avg. births per childbearing 2.06. Life expectancy at birth (2007):

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2004): total length 829 km (paved 70%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 9,247; trucks and buses 13,019. Air transport (2003): passenger arrivals 133,769; pas-

senger departures 137,899. Communications, in 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 23,000 (217); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 130,000 (1,239); personal computers (2005): 16,000 (152); total Internet users (2008): 66,000 (629); broadband Internet sub-

total units (units per

scribers (2008):

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: EC$525,000,000 (tax revenue 84.2%, of which VAT 28.7%, tax on international trade 19.0%, income tax 10.7%, corporate taxes 8.9%: nontax revenue 7.9%: grants 7.6%). Ex-

EC$558,500,000 (current expenditures 78.2%: development expenditures 21.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): bananas 51,000, sugarcane 20,000, roots and tubers (significantly eddoes and dasheens [varieties of taro roots]) 15,320, nutmegs 160, soursops and papayas are also grown: livestock (number of live animals) 12,000 sheep, 9,150 pigs, 7,200

penditures:

goats: fisheries production

5,250 (from aquaculture.

(90).

Education and health

rate

male 71.4 years: female 75.0 years.

9,400

Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of employed population having: no formal schooling/unknown 1.7%: primary education 55.6%: secondary 27.3%: higher vocational 15.1%: university 0.3%. Literacy (2004): total population ages 15 and over literate 88.1%. Health: physicians (2005) 72 (1 per 1,458 persons): hospital beds (2008) 280 (1 per 375 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 16.1; undernourished population (2002-04) 10,000 (10% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,900 calories).

Military active duty personnei (November 2007): none: a paramilitary includes coast guard and po-

Total

lice units.

Countries of the

410

World

—Samoa

Roman

Background The French and the British contested for control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines until 1763, when it was ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris. The original inhabitants,

the Caribs, recognized British soverin 1795. Most of the Caribs were

eignty but revolted

deported: many who remained were killed in volcanic eruptions in 1812 and 1902. In 1969 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became a self-governing state in association with the United Kingdom, and in 1979 it achieved full independence.

Recent Developments In May 2010 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines signed a ship-boarding agreement with the US to combat the trafficking in weapons of mass destrucThe agreement allowed law-enforcement authorities from either country to board each other’s vessels if they were suspected of carrying shipments of such weapons.

tion.

Internet resource: .

Samoa

Catholic 19.6%: Methodist 14.3%: Mormon 13.3%: Assemblies of God 6.9%: other Christian 9.8%: other 2.3%. Major towns (2006): Apia 37,237 (urban agglomeration 60,702): Vaitele 6,294: Faleasi’u 3,548. Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii (US) and New Zealand.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2006): 27.3 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2006):

Birth rate per

avg.

4.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2006): 4.2. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 71.5 years: female 74.2 years.

National

economy

Budget (2005-06). Revenue: SAT 387,200,000 (tax revenue 70.5%, of which VAT 28.0%, excise taxes 17.8%, income tax 12.2%: grants 18.6%: nontax revenue 10.9%). Expenditures: SAT 391,700,000 (current expenditures 72.0%, of which general services 22.9%, economic services 14.4%, education 14.1%, health 12.1%: development expenditures 22.0%). Public debt (external, outstanding: March 2008): US$192,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): coconuts 146,000, bananas 23,000, taro 17,600, noni (fruit known locally as nonu; also known as Indian mulberry), n.a.: livestock (number of live animals) 202.000 pigs, 29,000 cattle: fisheries production 4,609 (from aquaculture, negligible). Manufacturing (value of manufactured exports in SAT ’000: 2006-07): beer 3,520: noni Juice 3,130: coconut cream 2,130. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 113,000,000 (90,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (51,000).

Population economically active (2003): total 64,000: population 35% (participation

activity rate of total

ages 15-64, 63%: female 32%: unemployed [2006] 1.1%). Gross national income (2008): rates:

US$504,000,000 (US$2,780 per capita). Selected payments data. Receipts from of (US$’000,000): tourism (2007-08) 110: remittances balance

name: Malo Sa’oloto Tuto’atasi o Samoa (Samoan): Independent State of Samoa (English). Form of government: mix of parliamentary democOfficial

and Samoan customs with one legislative house Assembly [49]). Head of state: Head of State Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi (from 2007). Head of government: Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele racy

(Legislative

Malielegaoi (from 1998). Capital: Apia. Official languages: Samoan: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 tala (SAT) = 100 sene: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = SAT 2.22.

Demography Area: 1,075 sq mi, 2,785 sq km. Population (2010): 183,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 170.2, persons per sq km 65.7. Urban (2007): 23.0%. Sex distribution (2006):

male 51.83%: female 48.17%.

Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 39.3%: 15-29, 24.6%: 30-44, 18.2%: 45-59, 11.0%: 60-74, 5.2%: 75 and over, 1.7%. Ethnic composition (2006):

Samoan and

(Polynesian) 92.6%: Euronesian (European Polynesian) 7.0%: European and US white 0.4%.

Religious affiliation (2006): Congregational 33.8%:

(2008) 135: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 8: official development assistance (2007) -31. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 5: remittances (2008) 13: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 1.

Foreign trade Imports (2007): SAT 593,000,000 (refined petroleum products 20.6%: products for government 5.1%). Major import sources (2005-06): New Zealand 29.3%: Australia 18.8%: US 10.6%: Fiji 7.0%: China 5.3%. Exports (2007): SAT 36,000,000 (fresh fish 55.3%: noni Juice 10.6%: beer 8.6%: coconut cream 6.5%: noni fruit 1.9%). Major export destinations (2005-06): American Samoa 49.1%: US 32.6%: New Zealand 9.4%: Australia 3.4%: Japan 3.1%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2001): total length 2,337 km (paved 14%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 4,638: trucks and buses 4,894. Air

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World

— San Marino

411

transport (2004; Polynesian Airlines only): passenger-, km 326,090,000: metric ton-km cargo 2,709,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008):

29,000

(161); cel-

telephone subscribers (2008): 124,000 (493): personal computers (2005): 4,000 (22): total Internet users (2008): 9,000 (50): broadband Internet lular

100

subscribers (2005):

(0.5).

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling 1.8%: primary education 32.4%; secondary 55.4%; higher 10.4%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 16 and over literate 99.7%. Health (2005): physicians 50 (1 per 3,570 persons): hospital beds 229 (1 per 780 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 20.4; undernourished population (2002-04) 7,000 (4% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of I,

870

distribution (2008):

calories).

military forces are maintained; informal

ties exist with

New

defense

Zealand, and Australia assists

with maritime surveillance training.

position (2006): Sammarinesi 87.0%: Italian 11.4%; other 1.6%. Religious affiliation (2000): Roman Catholic 88.7%: other Christian 3.5%; nonreligious 5.1%: other 2.7%. Major municipalities (2008): Serravalle 10,051; Borgo Maggiore 6,198; San Marino 4,376. Location: southern Europe, surrounded by

Background Polynesians inhabited the islands of the Samoan archipelago for thousands of years before they were visited by Europeans in the 18th century. Control of the islands was contested by the US, Britain, and Germany until 1899, when they were divided between the US and Germany. In 1914 Western Samoa was occupied by New Zealand, which received it as a League of Nations mandate in 1920. After World War II, it became a UN trust territory administered by New Zealand, and it achieved independence in 1962. In 1997 the word Western was dropped from the country's

male 49.07%; female 50.93%.

Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 15.0%: 15-29, 14.9%: 30-44, 26.4%: 45-59, 21.5%; 60-74, 14.1%: 75-84, 5.8%: 85 and over, 2.3%. Ethnic com-

Military

No

Area: 23.63 sq mi, 61.20 sq km. Population (2010): 31,800. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 1,325.0, persons per sq km 521.3. Urban (2005): 96%. Sex

Italy.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 11.2 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 77.9%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 6.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.50. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 80.1 years: fema[e 85.7 years.

name. National

Recent Developments Events in Samoa in 2010 centered on the economy. Repairs of the damage caused by the 2009 tsunami continued apace, and tourism, aided by significant tax incentives, recovered quickly. The government actively promoted agriculture and fisheries to increase export earnings, reduce import costs, and improve Samoans’ health. In September the UN agreed to extend Samoa’s least-developed-country status through 2013.

San Marino Official name: Repubblica di San Marino (Republic of San Marino). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Great and General Council [60]). Heads of state and government:

two captains-regent who serve six-month terms beginning in April and October. Capital: San Marino. Oflanguage:

Italian. Official religion:

tary unit: 1 euro (€) =

100

none. Mone-

cents: valuation (1 Jul

2011) US$1 = €0.69 (San Marino uses the euro as its official

the EU).

currency, even though

it

is

not a

salaries 35.4%; social benefits 30.5%). Public debt (2003): US$52,900,000. Tourism; number of visitor

(2008) 2,111,736. Population economi22,708; activity rate of total population 73.2% (participation rates: ages 15-64 [2002] 72.1%: female 42.0%: unemployed 3.1%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing: small amounts of wheat, arrivals

cally active (2008): total

grapes, and barley: livestock (number of live animals: 2005) 991 cattle, 91 sheep, 32 pigs. Quarrying: building stone is an important export product.

Internet resource; . i

ficial

economy

Budget (2005). Revenue: €504,800,000 (VAT 23.6%: social contributions 21.3%; income tax 20.2%). Expenditures: €433,100,000 (wages and

member of

Manufacturing (2005); processed meats 283,674 kg, of which beef 270,616 kg, veal 8,549 kg, pork 3,615 kg; cheese 56,610 kg; butter 8,110 kg; other major products include electrical appliances, musical instruments, printing ink, paint, cosmetics, furniture, floor tiles, gold and silver Jewelry, clothing, and postage stamps. Energy production (consumption): all electrical power is imported via electrical grid from Italy (kW-hr; consumption [2007] 239,983,250): crude petroleum, none (none); natural gas (cu m; 2007) none (52,785,000). Gross

national income (2008): (US$60,925 per capita).

US$1,899,900,000

Countries of the

412

World

— Sap Tome and Principe formance, already hindered by high public debt and

Foreign trade

declining tax revenues.

Imports (2005): US$2,582,000,000 (manufactured goods of all kinds, refined petroleum products, natural gas, electricity, and gold). Major import source (2004): significantly Italy (a customs union with Italy has existed since 1862). Exports (2005): US$2,531,000,000 (electronics, postage stamps, leather products, ceramics, wine, wood products, and building stone). Major export destinations (2004): Italy 90% (a customs union with Italy has existed since 1862).

Internet resource:

.

Sao Tome and Principe 1

’

1

a

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2001): total length 252 km. Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 34,025; trucks and buses 6,370. Air transport: a heliport provides passenger and cargo service between San Marino and Rimini, Italy, during the summer months. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 21,000 (683); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 24,000 (797); personal computers (2003): 23,000 (819); total Internet users (2008): 21,000 (545); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 4,900 (157).

X

y

..

Atia ntic Oct ian

[ i

V \

1,000

live

births

(2008) 2.9.

Military Total active duty personnel; none; defense

is the rea small voluntary military force performs ceremonial duties and provides limited assistance to police.

sponsibility of

^(J

name: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e (Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe). Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [55]). Head of state: President Manuel Pinto da Costa (from 2011). Head of government: Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada (from 2010). Capital: Sao Tome. Official language: Portuguese. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = Db 16,990.00. Official

Principe

Italy;

Demography

Background According to tradition, San Marino was founded in the early 4th century ad by St. Marinus. By the 12th century it had developed into a commune and remained independent despite challenges from neighboring rulers, including the Malatesta family in nearby Rimini, Italy. San Marino survived the Renaissance as a relic of the self-governing Italian citystate and remained an independent republic after the unification of Italy in 1861. It is one of the smallest republics in the world, and it may be the oldest one in Europe.

Recent Developments 2010 San Marino stressed the transparency

of

ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 31.8 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

7.4 (world avg'. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 5.62. Life expectancy at birth (2006):

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

freight;

mi,

6,228. Location: islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator west of Gabon.

its

banking system in response to the Italian government’s continuing charges that San Marinese banks hosted illegal financial operations, conducted by Italians. Some San Marinese voiced concern that Italy’s criticism would further harm domestic economic per-

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

386 sq

1,001 sq km. Population (2010): 176,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 456.0, persons per sq km 175.8. Urban (2008): 60.8%. Sex distribution (2006): male 48.63%, female 51.37%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15, 41.2%; 15-29, 30.8%; 30-44, 14.6%; 45-59, 7.8%; 60-74, 4.1%; 75 and over, 1.5%. Ethnic composition (2000): blackwhite admixture 79.5%; Fang 10.0%; Angolares (descendants of former Angolan slaves) 7.6%; Portuguese 1.9%; other 1.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 80%; Protestant 15%; Muslim 3%; other 2%. Major urban agglomerations (2001): Sao Tome 49,957; Neves 6,635; Santana Area:

In

A/'’

^J

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: basic literacy or primary education 55.3%; secondary or vocational 34.5%; higher degree 10.2%. Literacy (2001): total population ages 15 and over literate 98.7%; males literate 98.9%; females literate 98.4%. Health (2002): physicians 117 (1 per 230 persons); hospital beds 134 (1 per 191 persons); infant mortality rate per

,

*

f.o.b.:

free

male 63.5 years; female 68.5 years.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short

on board

Countries of the

World

— Saudi Arabia

sumption of a minimum National

economy

Db 780,000,000,000

requirement of 1,770

calories).

Budget (2007). Revenue: Db 3,144,000,000,000 (grants 75.0%: petroleum exploration bonuses 13.1%: tax revenue 10.2%: nontax revenue 1.7%). Expenditures:

daily

413

(current expen-

ditures 64.9%: capital expenditures 28.6%). Public

outstanding: October 2008): (external, US$109,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): oil palm fruit 40,000, coconuts 28,000, taro 27,000, cacao beans 3,500, cinnamon 30, coffee 20: livestock (number of live animals) 5,000 goats, 4,600 cattle, 350.000 chickens: fisheries production 4,150 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying: limited quarrying of clay and volcanic rock. Manufacturing

debt

(2007): small processing plants produce beer, soft drinks, soap, and textiles. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 19,000,000 (19,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (34,000). Population economically active (2006); total 53,266; activity rate of total

Military

460 (army and coast guard 65.2%: presidential guard 34.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2005); 1.2%; per capita expenditure US$4.

Total active duty personnel (2005):

Background by European navigators in the 1470s, the islands of Sao Tome and Principe were colonized by First visited

the Portuguese in the 16th century and were used in the trade and transshipment of slaves. Sugarcane and cacao were the main cash crops. The islands became an overseas province of Portugal in 1951 and achieved independence in 1975. Principe became autonomous in 1995. During recent decades the country’s economy has been heavily dependent on international assistance.

population 35.1% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 59.5%; female 41.6%). Gross national in-

come

(2008):

US$164,000,000 (US$1,020 per balance of payments data. Re-

capita). Selected

ceipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 3.4; remittances (2008) 2; foreign direct investment (FDI;

2005-07 avg.) 30; official development assistance (2007) 36. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 0.1; remittances (2008) 1; FDI (2005-07

avg.) 7.

Recent Developments 2010 Sao Tome and Principe continued

to rely on cocoa production, fishing, and agriculture, but its oil deposits were estimated at 10 billion bbl. The country was delisted in April, however, from the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative after having failed to meet the requirement of full publication of government revenues and payments from oil and gas comIn

panies.

Foreign trade

Internet resource: .

Imports (2008): US$114,094,000 (mineral fuels 23.3%: food products 19.7%: machinery and apparatus 14.1%: transportation equipment 7.9%: construction materials 7.2%). Major import sources: Portugal 61.3%: Angola 22.9%; Gabon 3.0%: Nigeria 2.3%. Exports (2008): US$5,631,000 (cacao beans 89.4%; coconuts 0.6%: coffee 0.2%). Major export destinations: Portugal 49.2%: Netherlands 28.2%: Belgium 7.9%: France 6.8%.

Saudi Arabia

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2000): total length 320 km (paved 68%). Vehicles (1996): passenger cars 4,040; trucks and buses 1,540. Air transport (2004): passenger-km 8,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons).

Telephone landlines (2008): 7,700

(48): cellular tele-

phone subscribers (2008); 49,000 (306): personal computers (2005): 6,000 (38); total Internet users (2008): 25,000 (155); broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 2,500 (16).

Education and health Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 22.9%: primary education 41.4%; lower secondary 25.0%: upper secondary/vocational 8.8%: higher 1.9%. Literacy (2006): total population ages 15 and over literate 85%: males literate 92%: females literate 78%. Health (2006): physicians 58 (1 per 2,621 persons): hospital beds (2003) 474 (1 per 313 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 43.9; undernourished population (2002-04) 15.000 (10% of total population based on the con-

Official name: Al-Mamlakah al-*Arabiyah al-Su'udiyah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Form of government:

monarchy, assisted by the Consultative Council con-

150 appointed members. Head of state and government: King ‘Abd Allah (from 2005). Capi-

sisting of

Riyadh. Official language: Arabic. Official Monetary unit: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = halala; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = SR 3.75.

tal:

reli-

gion: Islam.

100

Demography 830,000 sq

2,149,690 sq km. Population (2010): 25,732,000. Density (2010): persons persq mi

Area:

mi,

414

Countries of the

31.0, persons per sq

World— Saudi Arabia

km

12.0. Urban (2007): 82.6%. male 55.20%; female 44.80%. Age breakdown (2008); under 15, 32.3%; 15-29, 27.1%: 30-44, 25.5%: 45-59, 10.8%; 60-74, 3.3%; 75 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic composition (2005): Saudi Arab 74%; expatriates 26%, of which indian 5%, Bangladeshi 3.5%, Pakistani 3.5%, Filipino 3%, Egyptian 3%, Palestinian 1%, other 7%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim 94%, of which Sunni 84%, Shi‘i 10%; Christian 3.5%, of which Roman Catholic 3%; Hindu 1%;

Sex

distribution (2008):

products 12.3%). Major import sources: US 13.7%; China 11.0%; Japan 8.2%; Germany 7.4%; South Korea 4.5%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): SR 1,175,354,000,000 (crude petroleum 78.8%; refined petroleum products 10.8%; other mineral fuels [mostly natural gas] 5.3%). Major export destinations: US 16.3%; Japan 15.2%; China 8.9%; South Korea 8.6%: India 7.3%.

Transport and communications

nonreligious/other 1.5%. Major urban agglomerations

(2007): Riyadh 4,465,000; Jiddah 3,012,000;

1,385,000; Medina 1,010,000;

Mecca

Al-Dammam 822,000.

Transport.

Railroads (2007): route length (2008) 1,423 km; passenger-km 343,000,000; metric toncargo 1,257,000,000. Roads (2008): total length

Location: the Middle East, bordering Iraq, Kuwait, the

km

Persian Gulf, Qatar, the UAE, Oman, Yemen, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, and Jordan.

183,925 km (paved 29%). Vehicles (2001): passenger cars 4,452,793; trucks and buses 4,110,271. Air transport (2008; scheduled flights on Saudi Arabian passenger-km 27,736,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,391,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 4,100,000 (163); cellular telephone Airlines only):

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 24.1 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

3.9 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 3.10. Life expectancy at birth

(2007): male 70.9 years; female 75.3 years.

National economy 520.069.000. Budget (2008). Revenue: SR 1,100,993,000,000 (petroleum revenues 89.3%). Expenditures: SR 000 (current expenditures 74.8%; cap7.000. ital expenditures 25.2%). National debt (public only; January 2009): US$62,649,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): wheat 2,700,000, alfalfa (2006) 1,644,661, dates 970,000; livestock (number of live animals) 000 sheep, 2,200,000 goats, 372,000 cattle, 260.000 camels: fisheries production 88,410 (from aquaculture 21%). Mining and quarrying (2008): gypsum 2,300,000; silver 7,513 kg; gold 4,139 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2006): industrial chemical products 6,207; food products 4,447; glass products 2,078; refined petroleum products (1998) 1,806. Energy production (consump-

electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 181,097,000,000 (179,272,185,000): crude petroleum (barrels; 2008-09) 3,210,100,000 ([2008] 838,400,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 114.437.000 (68,194,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) 80,440,000,000 (80,440,000,000). Population economically active (2007); total 8,229,665, of which 4,029,966 Saudi workers and 4,199,699 for-

subscribers (2008): 36,000,000 (1,429); personal computers (2005): 8,184,000 (354); total Internet users (2008); 7,762,000 (308); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,048,000 (42).

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of Saudi ([2000] non-Saudi) population ages 10 and over who: are illiterate 13.7% (12.1%); are literate/have primary education 34.0% (40.6%); have some/completed

secondary 42.1% (36.0%); have at least begun university 10.2% (11.3%). Literacy (2007): percentage of population ages 15 and over literate 85.0%; males literate 89.1%; females literate 79.4%. Health

total

(2007): physicians 47,919 (1 per 506 persons): hospital beds 53,519 (1 per 453 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 17.9; undernourished population (2002-04) 1,000,000 (4% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily

requirement of 1,860

calories).

tion):

eign nationals: activity rate of total population

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 221,500 (army 33.9%, navy 6.1%, air force 9.0%, air defense forces 1.8%, industrial security force 4.1%, national guard 45.1%); US troops (November 2008): 287. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 8.6%: per capita expenditure US$1,540.

Total

active

34.0%

ages 15-64, 51.8%; female 15.4%: unemployed [2008] 5.0%). Gross national In-

(participation

rates:

come

(2008): US$471,692,446,000 (US$18,718 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 9,756; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 18,236. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 5,891; remittances (2008) 16,068; FDI

(2005-07

avg.)

4,816.

Foreign trade Imports (2008; c.i.f.); SR 431,753,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 27.2%; transportation equipment 18.0%; base and fabricated metals 15.3%; food products and live animals 14.4%; chemical

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Saudi Arabia by

is

Muhammad

Background home

the historical in

Medina

in

of Islam, founded 622. During medieval

times, local and foreign rulers fought for control of the

Arabian Peninsula: in 1517 the Ottomans prevailed. In the 18th- 19th centuries Islamic leaders supporting religious reform struggled to regain Saudi territory, all of which was restored by 1904. The British held Saudi lands as a protectorate from 1915 to 1927; then they acknowledged the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Hejaz and Najd. The two kingdoms were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Since World War II, it has supported the Palestinian cause in the Middle East and maintained close ties with the US.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

0. 68

short

Countries of the

Recent Developments The most important development in

2010 was

ification

the

announcement

in

Saudi Arabia

that Shari*ah cod-

would proceed, after having been ap-

proved privately by the Council of Senior ‘Ulama. would prevent arbitrary decision making in the courts or by ill-trained judges by making interpretation of Shari'ah law more predictable and providing the current legal system with reference to a body of written legislation. In early 2011, Saudi Arabia was affected by the wave of pro-democracy protests that was sweeping the Middle East. In February the government announced the release of more than US$35 billion in unemployment and housing aid, a move largely viewed by outside commentators as an attempt to assuage the public with financial incentives. In March Saudi Arabia led the 1,500-strong Peninsula Shield force of the Gulf Cooperation Council into neighboring Bahrain to help to suppress rising

'This codification

World— Senegal

0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Wolof 34.6%; PeuI (Fulani) and Tukulor 27.1%; Serer 12.0%; Malinke (Mandingo) 9.7%; other 16.6%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 94%; Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) 4%: other 2%. Major cities (2007): Dakar (urban agglomeration) 2,243,400; Touba 529,200; Thies 263,500: Kaolack 186,000; Mbour 181,800. Location: western Africa, bordering Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, the North Atlantic Ocean,

and The Gambia.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 34.5 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg.

8.9 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 5.13. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 55.0 years; female 57.7 years.

National

protests there. Internet resource: .

Senegal

415

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: CFAF 1,350,900,000,000 (tax revenue 86.0%; grants 10.5%; nontax revenue 3.5%). Expenditures: CFAF 1,678,561,000,000 (current expenditures 67.1%; development expenditures 32.9%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$2,029,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008):

cassava 918,117, sugarcane 836,000, peanuts (groundnuts) 646,964, seed cotton 45,000; livestock (number of live animals) 5,241,352 sheep, 4,470,562 goats, 3,207,697 cattle, 4,634 camels; fisheries production (2007) 421,517 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): calcium phosphate (crude rock) 691,000. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2002): food products 108; industrial chemical products 70; cement, bricks, and ceramics 31. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006)

2,433,000,000 (2,433,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none (167,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) none (2,419,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 336,000 (775,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) 12,380,000 (12,380,000). Population economically active (2003); ity

rate

rates:

of total

population

total

4,383,000;

39.4%

activ-

(participation

ages 15-64, 71.5%; female 42.0%; unem-

ployed [2005] 40%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 250; remittances (2008) 1,288; foreign direct inOfficial name: Republique du Senegal (Republic of Senegal). Form of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; National Assembly [150]). Head of state and government: President Abdoulaye Wade (from 2000), assisted by Prime Minister Souleymane Ndene Ndiaye (from

2009). Capital: Dakar. Official language: French. Ofreligion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CFAF 452.93. ficial

Demography Area: 75,955 sq mi, 196,722 sq km. Population (2010): 12,323,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 162.2, persons per sq km 62.6. Urban (2008): 42.4%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.99%; female 50.01%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15,

42.2%: 15-29, 28.4%: 30-44, 16.0%; 45-59, 8.7%: 60-74, 3.9%: 75-84, 0.7%; 85 and over.

vestment (2005-07 avg.) 114; official development assistance (2007) 843. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2006) 54; remittances (2008) 143. Gross national income (2008):

US$11,825,000,000 (US$970 per

capita).

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$3,671,000,000 (mineral fuels 25.9%, of which refined petroleum products 18.4%: food products 19.0%, of which cereals 8.8%: chemical products 9.4%; nonelectrical machinery 9.0%). Major import sources: France 24.4%: UK 6.0%: China 4.3%; Thailand 4.0%; Spain 3.8%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$1,492,000,000 (food products 27.8%, of which fish 10.7%, crustaceans and mollusks 6.9%; refined petroleum products 24.3%: Portland cement 5.3%; phosphoric acid and related products 5.2%). Major export destinations: Mali 20.2%; bunker and ships’

COUTSTRIES OF THE

416

WORLD

—SERBIA

16.2%; France 7.6%; The Gambia 5.6%;

stores

Recent Developments

India 5.3%.

June 2010, France officially closed its remaining military bases in Senegal and began the withdrawal of most of its soldiers. The following month France announced that from 2011, the pensions of surviving African war veterans who served with French forces would be on par with those paid to French veterans. In

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2004): route length (2005) 906 km; passenger-km 122,000,000; metric tonkm cargo 358,000,000. Roads (2006): total length 14,805 km (paved 29%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 187,998; trucks and buses 64,537. Air transport (2006; Air Senegal International only): passenger-km 937,000,000; metric. ton-km cargo, none. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008):

238.000

Internet resource: .

Serbia

telephone subscribers (2008): 5,389,000 (441); personal computers (19):

cellular

(2005): 250,000 (21); total Internet users (2008): 1.020.000 (84): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 47,000 (3.9).

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 70.0%: incomplete primary education 13.0%: complete primary 3.7%; incomplete secondary 9.5%: complete secondary 1.4%; higher 2.4%. Literacy (2007): percentage of total population ages 15 and over literate 44.0%; males literate 53.4%; females literate 34.9%. Health; physicians (2005) 693 (1 per 17,115 persons): hospital beds (1998) 3,582 (1 per 2,500 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 61.4; undernourished population (2003-05) 3,000,000 (26% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

quirement of 1,770

calories).

Some

of these statistics include Kosovo, which de-

its independence in February 2008. Official name: Republika Srbija (Republic of Serbia). Form of government: republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [250]). Head of state: President Boris Tadic (from 2004). Head of government: Prime Min-

clared

Mirko Cvetkovic (from 2008). Capital: Belgrade. language: Serbian. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Serbian dinar (CSD) = 100 paras; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CSD 69.51. ister

Official

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 13,620 (army 87.4%, navy 7.0%, air force 5.6%); French troops (November 2008): 841. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007); 1.6%; per capita expenditure US$16.

Total

active

Background Links between the peoples of Senegal and North Africa were established in the 10th century ad. Islam was introduced in the 11th century, though animism retained a hold on the country into the 19th century. The Portuguese explored the coast in 1445, and in 1638 the French established a trading post— the Europeans exported slaves, ivory, and gold from Senegal. The French gained control over the coast in the early 19th century, checking the expansion of the Tukulor empire: in 1895 Senegal became part of French West Africa. Its Inhabitants were made French citizens in it became an overseas territory of became an autonomous republic in 1958 and was federated with Mali in 1959-60. It became an independent state in 1960. In 1982 it

1946, and

France.

It

Demography mi, 77,498 sq km. Population (2010): 7,293,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 243.7, persons persq km 94,1, Urban (2002): 56.4%. Sex distribution (2007): male 48.62%; female 51.38%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 15.8%;

Area:

29,922 sq

15-29, 19.7%: 30-44, 20.4%; 45-59, 22.4%; 60-74, 14.9%: 75-84, 5.9%; 85 and over, 0.9%. Ethnic composition (2002): Serb 82.9%; Hungarian 3.9%: Bosniak 1.8%; Rom (Gypsy) 1.4%; Yugoslav 1.1%: Croat 0.9%: Montenegrin 0.9%; other 7.1%. Religious affiliation (2002): Orthodox 85.0%; Roman Catholic 5.5%: Muslim 3.2%: Protestant 1.1%: other 5.2%. Major cities (2002): Belgrade (urban agglomer-

1,120,092; Novi Sad 191,405; Nis 173,724; Kragujevac 146,373; Subotica 99,981. Location: southeastern Europe, bordering Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Hungary. ation)

Vital statistics

entered a confederation with The Gambia, called Senegambia, which was dissolved in 1989. Separatists fighting in the south since the early 1980s signed a peace accord with the government in

1,000 population (2008): 9.4 (world avg. 20.3): (2007) within marriage 77.7%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 14.0 (world avg. 8.5).

2004.

Total

Birth rate per

fertility

rate

(avg.

births

per childbearing

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

womah; 2007):

1.40. Life expectancy at birth (2008):

male 71.1 years: female 76.3 years.

National

economy

World

Foreign trade

Transport and communications Transport.

Railroads

(2006);

route

451,000

length

Education and health

quirement of 2,000

3,809 km; passenger-km 684,000,000; metric tonkm cargo 4,232,000,000. Roads (2007): total length 39,184 km (paved [2006] 62%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 1,491,216; trucks and buses 164,566. Air transport (2008; Jat Airways only): passenger-km 1,434,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 3.492.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008):

calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 24,257 (army 46.1%, air force/air defense 17.1%, training/ministry of defense 36.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008) 2.1%; per capita expenditure US$128.

Total

active

Background The Kingdom

of the Serbs, Croats,

and Slovenes was

created after the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. The country signed treaties with Czechoslovakia and Romania in 1920-21, marking the beginning of the Little Entente. In 1929 an absolute monarchy was established, the country’s name was changed to Yugoslavia, and it was divided into regions without regard to ethnic boundaries. Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, and German, Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian troops occupied it for the rest of World War II. In 1945 the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established: it included the republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Sloveindependent form of communism under Josip

Croatia,

Broz Tito’s leadership provoked the USSR. Internal ethnic tensions flared up in the 1980s, causing the country’s ultimate collapse. In 1991-92 independence was declared by Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina: the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (containing roughly 45% of the population and 40% of the area of its predecessor) was proclaimed by Serbia and Montenegro. Fueled by long-standing ethnic tensions, hostilities continued into the 1990s. Despite the approval of the Dayton Peace Agreement (1995), sporadic fighting continued and was followed in 1998-99 by Serbian repression and expulsion of ethnic populations in the province of Kosovo. In September-October 2000, the battered nation of Yugoslavia ended the autocratic

Slobodan Milosevic. In April 2001 he in June extradited to The Hague to stand trial for war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity committed during the fighting in Kosovo. In February 2003 the government accepted a new state charter and changed the name of the country from Yugoslavia to Serbia and Montenegro. Henceforth, defense, international political and economic relations, and human rights matters would be handled centrally, while all other functions would be rule of Pres.

(2004'

(61).

Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal education/unknown 7.8%: incomplete primary education 16.2%; complete primary 23.9%; secondary 41.1%; higher 11.0%. Health (2007): physicians (public health institutions only) 20,066 (1 per 368 persons); hospital beds (public health institutions only) 41,100 (1 per 180 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 6.7; undernourished population (2002-04; includes Kosovo and Montenegro) 900,000 (9% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily re-

nia. Its

Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$18,554,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 20.3%; mineral fuels 17.2%; chemical products 14.0%: base metals 9.0%; motor vehicles 8.2%). Major import sources: Russia 14.2%; Germany 11.8%; Italy 9.7%; China 7.4%; Hungary 3.9%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$8,825,000,000 (food products 15.4%, of which fruits and vegetables 5.3%: iron and steel 12.4%; machinery and apparatus 11.3%: nonferrous metals 7.9%). Major export destinations: Italy 12.4%: Bosnia and Herzegovina 11.8%; Montenegro 10.8%; Germany 10.6%; Russia 5.1%.

417

3.085.000 (420): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 9,619,000 (1,309); personal computers (2007): 1,801,000 (244); total Internet users (2008): 2.361.000 (321); broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

Budget (2007). Revenue: CSD 913,488,000,000 (tax revenue 58.8%; social contributions 34.3%; nontax revenue 6.9%). Expenditures: CSD 935,573,000,000 (social protection 38.2%; health 15.5%; economic affairs 11.3%: general public services 9.7%; education 8.1%: public order 6.1%; defense 6.1%). Public debt outstanding: August (external, 2009): US$9,803,000,000. Population economically active rate of total popula(2008): total 3,267,100; activity tion 43.4% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 62.7%; female 44.0%: unemployed [September 2008-August 2009] 29.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007; includes Kosovo): corn (maize) 3,904,825, sugar beets 3,206,380, wheat 1,863,811, sunflower seeds 294,502; livestock (number of live animals) 3,998,927 pigs, 1,106,000 cattle; fisheries production (includes Kosovo) 9,159 (from aquaculture 71%). Mining and quarrying (2007): copper (metal content) 32,000; silver (metal content) 4,150; selenium 7,500 kg. Manufacturing (value added in CSD '000,000 in constant prices of 2002; 2006): food products and beverages 52,302; chemical products 23,813; ce37.392.000. ment, bricks, and ceramics 11,532. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 23.000. 000 ([2006] 35,671,000,000); coal (metric tons: 2008) 72,000 ([2006] 160,000); lignite (met271.000. ric tons; 2008) 38,520,000 ([2006] 37,367,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 4,660,000 ([2006] 000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 2.488.000 (3,588,000): natural gas (cu m; 2007) 000 ([2006] 2,374,000,000). Gross national Income (2008): US$41,929,000,000 (US$5,710 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 866; remittances (2008) 5,538; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 3,073; official development assistance (2007) 834. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,042; remittances (2008) 254; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 361.

—Serbia

was arrested and

Countries of the

418

World

—Seychelles

run from the republican capitals, Belgrade and Podgorica, respectively.

A

provision

was included

after

Montenegro severed its federal union with Ser2008 Kosovo formally seceded, but Serbia reit as an independent country.

bia. In

fused to recognize

Recent Developments Serbia continued to improve relations with other former members of federated Yugoslavia in 2010. In March Serbia’s parliament apologized for the massacre of thousands of Bosniaks by Bosnian Serb forces in Srebrenica in 1995. In July Belgrade agreed to negotiate with Kosovo following the International Court of Justice’s issue of an advisory opinion that Kosovo’s declaration of independence had not violated international law. Though Serbia iterated that it would never recognize Kosovo as a sovereign state. Pres. Boris Tadic pledged to reach a "peaceful solution of compromise.” Tadic met with Croatian Pres. Ivo Josipovic in Belgrade to discuss the return of refugees, border issues, and economic cooperation. Tadic also issued an official apology in Vukovar for Serbia’s role in the destruction of that city and the killing of 260 civilians by Serb forces during Croatia’s struggle for independence

in

Demography

for both

states to vote on independence after three years; Serbia declared its independence in June 2006, shortly

174 sq

452 sq km. Population (2010): 87,600. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 503.4, persons per sq km 193.8. Urban (2008): 53.8%. Sex distribution (2008): male 51.75%: female 48.25%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 22.7%: 15-29, 26.0%: 30-44, 24.5%: 45-59, 16.2%: 60-74, 7.3%: 75 and over, 3.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): SeyArea:

mi,

chellois Creole (mixture of Asian, African,

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 17.6 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 20.8%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2007): 7.4 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

fertility

rate (avg.

births

National .

Seychelles

Official name: Repiblik Sesel (Creole): Republique des Seychelles (French): Republic of Seychelles (English). Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [34]). Head of state and government: President James Michel

(from 2004). Capital: Victoria. Official languages: none (Creole, French, and English are national lan-

guages per the constitution). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Seychelles rupee (roupi: SR) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = SR 12.24.

per childbearing

2007): 2.24. Life expectancy at 68.9 years: female 77.7 years.

1991.

Internet resource:

and Euro-

pean) 93.2%: British 3.0%: French 1.8%: Chinese 0.5%: Indian 0.3%: other 1.2%. Religious affiliation (2002): Roman Catholic 82.3%: Anglican 6.4%; other Christian 4.5%: Hindu 2.1%: Muslim 1.1%; other 3.6%. Major towns (2006): Victoria 22,600; Anse Royale (2004) 3,800. Location: group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar.

woman;

birth (2007):

male

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: SR 2,487,300,000 (tax revenue 64.7%, of which taxes on goods and services 37.2%, taxes on international trade 13.0%: social contributions 18.1%). Expendi-

SR 2,854,900,000 (social protection 21.5%: public debt interest charges 14.5%; education 9.9%: health 7.0%: public order 4.8%; defense 3.9%). Public debt (2008); US$254,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$889,000,000 (US$10,290 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): coconuts 3,200, bananas 2,000, cinnamon 315; livestock (number of live animals) 18,700 pigs, 5,200 goats, 575,000 chickens; fisheries production 66,239 (from aquaculture 6%). Mining and quarrying (2007): granite 149,000. Manufacturing (2006): canned tuna 40,222; fish tures:

meal 14,821; copra 253. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 251,000,000 (227,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (243,000). Population economically active (2002): total 43,859; activity rate of total population 53.6% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 80.1%: female [1997] 47.6%; unemployed [2006] 2.6%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 278; remittances (2008) 12; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 160; official development assistance (2007) 3. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 40; remittances (2008) 21; FDI

(2005-07

avg.) 8.

Foreign trade

Imports (2007; c.i.f.): SR 5,728,000,000 (mineral fuels 25.1%: machinery and apparatus 22.4%; food products 19.5%, of which marine products 11.9%: transportation equipment 4.1%: iron and steel 3.4%). Major import

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; ton-mi cargo;

Countries of the

World

— Sierra Leone

sources: Saudi Arabia 24.8%: Germany 9.5%; Singapore 8.5%; France 7.8%; Spain 6.6%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): SR 2,435,000,000 (domestic exports 55.3%, of which canned tuna 50.6%, fish meal 1.2%, medicine and medical appliances 1.2%: reexports 44.7%, of which refined petroleum products to ships and aircraft 43.1%). Major export destinations (domestic exports only): UK 40.1%: France 34.7%: Italy 10.0%: Germany 3.2%.

419

Sierra Leone

Transport and communications Transport. Raiiroads: none. Roads (2006): total length 502 km (paved 96%). Vehicies (2006): passenger cars 7,070: trucks and buses 2,796. Air transport (2006-07: Air Seychelles only): passen-

ger-km 1,593,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 31,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 22.000 (266): cellular telephone subscribers (200^): 94,000 (1,115): personal computers (2005): 16,000 (193): total Internet users (2008): 68.000 (382): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 3,400 (41). Official

name: Republic

of Sierra Leone.

government: republic with one

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of population ages 12 and over having: less than primary or primary education 23.2%: secondary 73.4%: higher 3.4%. Literacy (2006): total population ages 15 and over literate 91.8%: males literate 91.4%: females literate 92.3%. Health (2007): physicians 91 (1 per 934 persons): hospital beds 401 (1 per 212 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 10.7: undernourished population (2002-04) 7,000 (9% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,810 calories).

Military

(November 2008); 200 (army 100%); there is also a 450-member paramilitary, which includes both a coast guard and a national guard. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.9%: per capita expenditure

Form

legislative

of

house

(Parliament [124]). Head of state and government: President Ernest Bai Koroma (from 2007). Capital: Freetown. Official language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = Le

4,354.50.

Demography Area: 27,699 sq

mi, 71,740 sq km. Population (2010): 5,836,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 210.7, persons per sq km 81.3. Urban (2008); 37.7%. Sex distribution (2005): male 49.23%: female 50.77%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 42.8%: 15-29, 26.1%: 30-44, 16.0%: 45-59, 9.6%;

Total active duty personnel

60-74, 4.7%: 75-84^0.7%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Mende 26.0%: Temne 24.6%: Limba 7.1%; Kuranko 5.5%: Kono 4.2%; Fu-

US$129.

traditional beliefs/other

Background The

recorded landing on the uninhabited Seychelles was made in 1609 by an expedition of the British East India Co. The archipelago was claimed by the French in 1756 and surrendered to the British in 1810. Seychelles became a British crown colony in 1903 and a republic within the Commonwealth in 1976. A one-party socialist state since 1979, Seychelles returned to democracy with the return of multiparty politics and the promulgation of a new constitution in 1993. The country also privatized most parastatal companies and focused efforts on marketing Seychelles as an offshore financial center. first

lani 3.8%: Bullom-Sherbro 3.5%; other 25.3%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 65%: Christian 25%: 10%. Major towns (2006): Freetown 818,700; Bo 181,800; Kenema 148,800; Makeni 90,400; Koidu 87,300. Location: western Africa, bordering Guinea, Liberia, and the North At-

lantic

Ocean.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 45.8 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg.

21.8 (world avg.

8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births

per childbearing woman; 2005): 6.49. Life expectancy at birth (2005): male 40.1 years; female

43.5 years.

National

Recent Developments The IMF commended Seychelles on having made significant improvements to its economy in 2010. Real GDP grew an estimated 16.2%. Internet resource: .

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: Le 1,179,000,000,000 (grants 42.7%: import duties 21.8%: corporate taxes 7.7%: income tax 7.1%: excise duties on refined petroleum Expenditures: Le products 6.6%). 1,222,000,000,000 (current expenditures 63.4%: capital expenditures 36.6%). Gross national income (2008): US$1,785,000,000

(US$320 per

capita).

Countries of the

420

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture fishing (2007): rice 650,000, cassava 370,000, palm fruit 195,000, cacao beans 12,000; livestock (number of live animals) 300,000 cattle, 7,500,000 chickens: fisheries production 144,535 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2008): bauxite 954,370; rutile 78,910; ilmenite 17,260; diamonds 371,290 carats; gold (2007) 212 kg. Manufacturing (2006): soap 467,360; cement 234,440; paint 142,730 gallons. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 99,000,000 (99,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) none (1,980,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 166,000 (200,000). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007): US$308,000,000. Population economically active (2003-04): total 2,005,900; activity rate of total population 40.0% (participation

World— Singapore

Military

and oil

ages 15-64, 68.2%; female 53.6%; unoffiunemployed [2007] 65%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000):

(November 2008): c. 10,500 (army 98%, navy 2%, air force, none). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.7%; per capita expenditure US$5.

Total

active duty personnel

Background The

Leone were probathe Buloms; the Mende and Temne peoples arrived in the 15th century. The coastal region was visited by the Portuguese in the 15th century, and by 1495 there was a Portuguese fort on the site of modern Freetown. European ships visited the coast regularly to trade for slaves and ivory, and the English built trading posts on offshore islands in the 17th century. earliest inhabitants of Sierra

bly

abolitionists

and philanthropists founded

rates:

British

cially

1787 as a private venture for freed and runaway slaves. In 1808 the coastal settlement became a British colony. The region became a British

tourism (2007) 22; remittances (2008) 150; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 74; official development assistance (2007) 535. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 14; remittances (2008) 136.

Freetown

in

achieved independence in in 1971. Since independence Sierra Leone experienced a series of military coups. An 11-year civil war, which was marked by horrific atrocities and further devastated the country, protectorate

1896.

in

1961 and became

ended

in

It

a republic

2002.

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): Le 1,333,189,000,000 (minfuels 37.7%: machinery and transportation equipment 16.8%; food products 15.2%, of which rice 5.4%). Major import sources (2005): Germany 19%; Cote d’Ivoire 11%; UK 8%; US 7%; China 6%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): Le 733,407,000,000 (diamonds 57.8%: rutile 15.'5%: bauxite 13.3%; cocoa 4.6%: gold 1.2%). Major export destinations: Belgium 49.5%: US 20.6%: Netherlands 4.6%; Canada 4.0%.

Recent Developments

eral

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2002; Marampa Mineral Railway: there are no passenger railways): length 84 km.

Leone made steady progress toward establishing effective democratic governance and reducing poverty. The 30-year Bumbuna hydroDuring

2010

Sierra

electric project

restora-

Freetown and to administrative headquarters throughout the country. Free education had resulted in near parity of girls’ and boys’ enrollment in primary school, and in April the government launched free health care for children and women. In September the UN lifted sanctions that had been imposed during the civil war. Internet resource: .

11,300 km (paved 8%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 16,396; trucks and Air transport buses 14,444. (2004): passenger-km 85,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 8,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 32,000 (5.7); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,009,000 (181); personal computers (1999): 100; total Internet users (2008): 14,000 (2.5).

Roads (2002):

was completed, leading to the

tion of electricity to

total length

Singapore

Education and health Educational attainment (2004). Percentage of total population having: no formal schooling 62.2%; primary education 24.6%; lower secondary 6.4%; upper secondary 4.2%; vocational 2.0%; higher 0.6%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate

38.1%: males literate 50.0%; females literate 26.8%. Health: physicians (2004) 168 (1 per 32,083 persons): hospital beds (2001) 2,770 (1 per 1,698 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

(2005) 163.0; undernourished population

(2003-05) 2,500,000 (47%

of total

population

based on the consumption of a minimum quirement of 1,750 calories).

daily re-

Official

name:

Xinjiapo

Gongheguo (Mandarin

Chi-

nese): Republik Singapura (Malay): Cingkappur Kudiyarasu (Tamil): Republic of Singapore (English). Form of

government: unitary multiparty republic with one house (Parliament [99]). Head of state:

legislative

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; ton-mi cargo;

Countries of the President Sellapan Rama (S.R.) Nathan (from 1999). Head of state government: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong (from 2004). Capital: Singapore. Official languages: Mandarin Chinese: Malay; Tamil; English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

SS1.23.

Demography Area: 274.2 sq mi, 710.2 sq km. Population (2010): 5,093,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 18,588, persons per sq km 7,173. Urban: 100%. Sex

male 49.41%; female 50.59%. Age breakdown (2009): under 15, 17.9%; 15-29, 20.9%: 30-44, 24.8%: 45-59, 23.0%; 60-74, 10.0%: 75-84, 2.6%: 85 and over, 0.8%. Ethnic comdistribution (2009):

position (2009): Chinese 74.2%; Malay 13.4%; Indian 9.2%: other 3.2%. Religious affiliation (2000): Buddhist/Taoist/Chinese folk-religionist 51.0%; Muslim 14.9%: Christian 14.6%; Hindu 4.0%; traditional beliefs 0.6%: nonreligious 14.9%. Location: southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 10.2 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg.

4.4 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 1.28. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 78.4 years; female 83.2 years.

National

i

(kW-hr; 2008-09) 40,964,000,000 ([2008] 37,940,300,000): crude petroleum (barrels;

2008) 3,121,845 (327,040,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 36,501,000 (7,781,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) none (8,270,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$168,227,000,000 (US$34,760 per capita). Population economically active (2008): total 1,928,300; activity rate of total population 52.9% (participation rates:

ages 15-64, 71.7%; female 43.3%; unemployed [October 2008-September 2009] 3.1%). Public debt (2006): US$122,000,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 8,680; foreign direct investment (FDI;

2005-07

avg.)

(2005-07

avg.)

20,937.

tourism 10,495.

Disbursements (2007) 11,844;

421

Foreign trade Imports (2008; c.i.f.): S$450,892,600,000 (crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 27.4%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 16.1%; integrated circuits 13.4%; other electronics 10.2%; chemical products 5.3%; base metals 4.2%). Major import sources: Malaysia 11.9%; US 11.7%; China 10.6%; Japan 8.1%; South Korea 5.6%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): S$476,762, 100,000 (crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 24.1%; integrated circuits 16.8%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 14.3%: other electronics 13.2%; chemical products 10.2%). Major export destinations: Malaysia 12.1%; Indonesia 10.6%; Hong Kong 10.4%; China 9.2%: US 7.0%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): length 39 km. Roads (2008; public roads only): total length 3,325 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2009): passenger cars

566,520; trucks and buses 173,178. Air transport (2008-09): passenger-km 92,249,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 6,845,262,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,857,000 (402); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 6,376,000 (1,382); personal computers (2007): 3,409,000 (743); total Internet users (2008): 3,370,000 (730); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,003,000 (217).

Education and health

electricity

(US$’000,000):

—Singapore

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: S$41,376,700,000 (income tax 44.9%: goods and services tax 16.0%; fees and charges 9,0%; assets taxes 7.0%; customs and excise duties 5.0%). Expenditures: S$37,470,200,000 (security and external relations 36.3%; education 19.5%: health 6.1%; community development 3.1%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): vegetables 18,967, orchids (roughly 15% of the world market) and other ornamental plants are cultivated for export; livestock (number of live animals) 260,000 pigs, 2,000,000 chickens: fisheries production (2007) 8,025 (from aquaculture 56%); aquarium fish farming is also an important economic pursuit-Singapore produces roughly 30% of the world’s ornamental fish. Quarrying: limestone, n.a. Manufacturing (value added in S$’000,000; 2008): pharmaceuticals 9,443; professional and scientific equipment 7,898; semiconductors 7,894; refined petroleum products and petrochemicals 2,639. Energy production (consumption):

I

I

World

for

FDI

Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no schooling 16.4%; primary education 22.0%; lower secondary 21.3%; upper secondary 15.1%; technical 8.2%; university 17.0%. Literacy (2008): total population ages 15 and over literate 96.0%. Health (2008): physicians 7,841 (1 per 617 persons): hospital beds 11,457 (1 per 422 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 2.1.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 72,500 (army 69.0%, navy 12.4%, air force 18.6%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 4.1%; per capita expenditure US$1,517.

Total

active

Background Long inhabited by fishermen and pirates, Singapore was an outpost of the Sumatran empire of Srivijaya until the 14th century, when it passed to Java and then to Siam. It became part of the Malacca empire in the 15th century. In the 16th century the Portuguese controlled the area, followed by the Dutch. In 1819 Singapore was ceded to the British East India Co., becoming part of the Straits Settlements and the center of British colonial activity in Southeast Asia. The Japanese occupied the islands in 1942-45. In 1946 it became a crown colony. It achieved full internal self-government in 1959, became a part of Malaysia in 1963, and gained independence in 1965. It is influential in the affairs of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and has become a regional economic powerhouse. The country’s dominant voice in politics for 30 years after independence was Lee Kuan Yew.

Countries of the

422

Recent Developments In

2010, Singapore’s economy emerged strongly

from the previous year’s recession, with GDP 'growth of 14.7%, the second highest in the world behind that of Qatar. Tourism revenues grew by over 49.0%, buoyed in large part by the lifting of a 40-year ban on gambling in the country. Two huge casinos opened in Singapore in February and April 2010. Costing a reported US$10 billion to build, the casinos created more than 20,000 jobs and helped to lead the country’s economy away from manufacturing and toward tourism and other services.

World

— Slovakia

2.0%; Greek Catholic 4.1%; Eastern Orthodox 0.9%; nonreligious 13.0%; other 3.9%. Major cities (2007): Bratislava 426,927; Kosice 234,237; Presov 91,498; Zilina 85,370; Nitra 84,444. Location: central Europe, bordering Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, Austria, and the Czech Republic.

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 10.6 (world avg. 20.3); within marriage 69.9%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 9.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

2008): 1.33. Life expectancy at 70.9 years; female 78.7 years.

woman;

birth (2008):

male

Internet resource: .

National

Slovakia

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: Sk 546,660,000,000 (tax revenue 47.9%, of which taxes on goods and services 580.610.000. social security contributions 39.8%; nontax 35.6%; revenue 10.9%; grants 1.4%). Expenditures: Sk 000 (social protection 33.0%; health 20.0%; general administration 18.9%; economic affairs 11.8%; police 5.9%; defense 4.5%; education 3.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): wheat 1,440,637, sugar beets 855,343, barley 695,042, sunflower seeds

name: Slovenska republika (Slovak RepubForm of government: unitary multiparty repubone legislative house (National Council [150]).. Head of state: President Ivan Gasparovic (from 2004). Head of government: Prime Minister Official lic).

lic

with

Radicova (from 2010). Capital: Bratislava. Oflanguage: Slovak. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = €0.69 (the euro replaced the Slovak koruna [Sk] on 1 Jan 2009, at the rate of €1 = Sk Iveta

ficial

30.126).

Demography mi, 49,034 sq km. Population (2010): 5,431,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 286.9, persons per sq km 110.8. Urban (2006): 55.4%. Sex distribution (2008): male 48.52%; female 51.48%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15,

Area:

18,932 sq

16.3%; 15-29, 24.0%; 30-44, 22.2%; 45-59, 21.1%; 60-74, 11.4%; 75-84, 4.0%; 85 and over, 1.0%. Ethnic composition (2001): Slovak 85.8%; Hungarian 9.7%; Rom (Gypsy) 1.7%; Czech 0.8%; Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.7%; other 1.3%. Religious affiliation (2001): Roman Catholic 68.9%; Protestant 9.2%, of which Lutheran 6.9%, Reformed Christian

135,376; livestock (number of live animals) 1,104,830 pigs, 507,820 cattle; fisheries production 4,071 (from aquaculture 29%). Mining and quarrying (2007): magnesite 457,763; kaolin 30,000; barite Manufacturing (value in 13.000. added US$’000,000; 2006): fabricated metal products 28.908.000. 1,200; nonelectrical machinery and apparatus 1,165; motor vehicles and parts 1,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 000 ([2006] 29,087,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none (5,148,000); lignite (metric tons; 2008) 2,412,000 ([2006] 3,168,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2007) 170,000 ([2006] 41,400,000); petroleum products (metric tons; natural gas (cu m; 2006) 5,330,000 (2,953,000); 2007) 142,000,000 ([2006] 6,411,000,000). Popeconomically active total ulation (2008): 2,691,200; activity rate of total population 49.8% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 68.9%; female 44.7%; unemployed [July 2008-June 2009] 9.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding; December 2008): US$10,313,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$78,607,000,000 (US$14,540 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 2,026; remittances (2008) 1,500; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 3,179. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,533; remittances (2008) 73; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 303.

Foreign trade

Imports (2007): US$57,754,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 29.6%, of which telecommunications equipment and parts 9.6%; motor vehicles and parts 13.8%; mineral fuels 11.0%; base and fabricated metals 10.3%; chemical products 8.7%). Major import sources: Germany 19.9%; Czech Republic 11.5%; Russia 9.4%; Hungary 5.4%; China 5.2%. Exports (2008):

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

US$57,802,000,000 (machinery and 28.7%, of which color television 10.3%: motor vehicles and parts which passenger cars 17.9%; base cated metals 12.9%, of which iron

World

—Slovenia

423

apparatus

Recent Developments

receivers

24.3%, of and fabriand steel 7.5%: refined petroleum products 4.5%). Major export destiriations: Germany 21.5%: Czech Republic 12.4%: France 6.8%: Italy 6.4%: Poland 6.2%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006); length 3,658 km; passenger-km 2,213,000,000; metric ton-km

9,988,000,000. Roads (2006): total 43,770 km (paved 87%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 1,468,616; trucks and buses 255,089. Air transport (2008; SkyEurope airlines only): passenger-km 3,733,000,000; metric ton-km cargo, none. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,098,000 (203); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 5,520,000 (1,021); personal computers (2007): 2,774,000 (514); total Internet users (2008): 2,771,000 (513); broadband Internet subscribers (2008); 619.000 (114). cargo

On the economic

front, Slovakia experienced one of the fastest growth rates in the European Union in 2010. Still, the global crisis had increased the country's budget gap to approximately 8% of GDP in 2009-10. As a euro zone member, Slovakia was required to reduce the deficit to below 3% of GDP by 2013, and the government backed a package of austerity measures that took effect in January 2011. The package, which combined spending cuts with modest tax hikes, sparked protests from trade unions. The government also caused consternation among other euro zone members when it refused to help fund a bailout package for Greece.

length

Internet resource: .

Slovenia

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 25-64 having: primary education 1%; lower secondary 12%; upper secondary 73%; higher vocational 1%; university 13%. Literacy (2007); total population ages 15 and over literate nearly 100%.

17,031 (1 per 317 perbeds (2007) 36,426 (1 per 148 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 5.9; undernourished population (2002-04) 400.000 (7% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 2,030 Health: physicians (2006)

sons): hospital

calories).

name: Republika Slovenija (Republic of SloveForm of government: unitary multiparty republic

Official nia).

with two legislative houses (National Council [40]; NaAssembly [90]). Head of state: President Danilo

tional

Turk (from 2007). Head of government: Prime MinisPahor (from 2008). Capital: Ljubljana. Official language: Slovene. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 euro (€) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul

ter Borut

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 17,445 (army 41.8%, air force 24.0%, headquarters staff 13.3%, support/training 20.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.5%; per capita

Total

active

2011) US$1 = €0.69.

Demography

expenditure US$255.

7,827 sq mi, 20,273 sq km. Population (2010): 2,051,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 262.0, persons per sq km 101.2. Urban (2005): 51.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.64%; female 50.36%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 13.9%: 15-29, 20.0%: 30-44, 22.6%; 45-59, 22.4%: 60-74, 14.1%: 75-84, 5.7%; 85 and over, 1.3%. Ethnic composition (2002): Slovene 91.2%:

Area:

Background was inhabited in the first centuries ad by Illyrian, Celtic, and Germanic tribes. Slovaks settled there around the 6th century. It became part of Great Moravia in the 9th century but was conSlovakia

quered by the Magyars c. 907. It remained in the kingdom of Hungary until the end of World War I, when the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form the new state of Czechoslovakia in 1918. Slovakia was nominally independent under German protection in

1939-45. After the expulsion of the Germans, Slovakia Joined a reconstituted Czechoslovakia, which came under Soviet domination in 1948. In 1969 a partnership between the Czechs and the Slovaks established the Slovak Socialist Republic. The fall of the communist regime in 1989 led to a revival of interest in autonomy, and Slovakia became an independent nation in 1993. It joined both NATO and the EU in 2004.

Serb 2.2%: Croat 2.0%; Bosniak (Muslim) 1.8%; other 2.8%. Religious affiliation (2002); Roman Catholic 57.8%: Muslim 2.4%; Orthodox 2.3%; Protestant 0.8%: nonreligious/atheist 10.2%; other 26.5%. Major cities (2008): Ljubljana 268,423; Maribor 96,408; Celje 38,047; Kranj 36,357; Velenje 25,935. Location: southeastern Europe, bordering Austria, Hungary, Croatia, the Adriatic Sea,

and

Italy.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008); 10.8 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 47.1%. Death rate per Birth rate per

Countries of the

424

1.000 population (2008): 9.1 (world avg. fertility

rate (avg.

8.5). Total

births per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.53. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 75.0 years; female 82.3 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: €13,658,091,000 (tax revenue 59.7%, of which taxes on goods and services 32.9%, income tax 13.2%; social security contributions 33.7%; nontax revenue 5.2%; other [including grants] 1.4%). Expenditures: €13,092,376,000 (current expenditures 88.8%, of which social protection 46.9%, wages and salaries 21.5%; capital expenditures 11.2%). Public debt (2007): US$10,875,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): corn (maize) 308,259, sugar beets 260.000, wheat 133,339, hops 2,157; livestock (number of live animals) 575,120 pigs, 451,293 cattle,

212,000 beehives;

fisheries

production

2,463 (from aquaculture 55%). Mining and quarrying (2007): sand and gravel 11,008,600; salt (2005) 125,000. Manufacturing (value added in €’000,000; 2007): chemical products 971; fabricated metal products 961; nonelectrical machinery (46.000) and equipment 776. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 15,357,000,000 (4.161.000) (12,945,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none lignite (metric tons; 2008) 4,032,000 crude petroleum (barrels; 2007) 2,199 (negligible); petroleum products (metric tons; 2007) none (2,296,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) 3,400,000 (1,124,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$48,973,000,000 (US$24,010 per capita). Population economically active ;

;

(2007): total 1,041,600; activity rate

51.8%

(par-

rates: ages 15-64, 71.7%; female 46.0%; unemployed [2008] 7.0%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 2,218; remittances (2008) 331; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 883. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,103; remittances (2008) 371; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 1,038.

ticipation

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): €21,487,000,000 (base and fabricated metals 14.1%; motor vehicles 13.2%; chemical products 12.1%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 10.6%; mineral fuels 9.4%; food products 5.6%). Major import sources: Germany 19.4%; Italy 18.3%; Austria 12.5%; France 5.4%; Croatia 4.0%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): €19,385,000,000 (motor vehicles and parts 15.9%; base and fabricated metals 13.6%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 12.5%; electrical machinery, electronics, and parts 9.6%; medicine and pharmaceuticals 7.2%; furniture 4.3%). Major export destinations: Germany 18.9%; Italy 13.2%; Croatia 8.1%; Austria 7.8%; 3.520.000. France 6.5%.

—Slovenia

World km

(paved 100%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 1,045,183; trucks and buses 83,909. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 1,008,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,944,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,010,000 (501); cellular telephone subscribers (2008); 2,055,000 (1,020); personal computers (2007): 850,000 (425); total Internet users (2008): 1,126,000 (559); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 427,000 (212).

Education and health Educational attainment (2006). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling through complete primary education 27.7%; secondary 6.0%; vocational 55.1%; some higher 2.9%; undergraduate 7.1%; advanced degree 1.2%. Literacy (2007); total population ages 15 and over liter60,000 ate, virtually 100%. Health (2007); physicians 4,441 (1 per 453 persons); hospital beds 9,414 (1 per 214 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 2.4; undernourished population (2002-04) (3% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,990 calories).

Military

(November 2008): 7,200 (army 100%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNI (2007): 1.7%; per capita expenditure US$373.

Total active duty personnel

Background The Slovenes settled the region

in

the 6th century ad.

was incorporated into the Frankish empire of Charlemagne, and in the 10th century it came under Germany as part of the Holy Roman Empire. Except for 1809-14, when Napoleon ruled the area, most of the lands belonged to Austria until the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. It became a constituent republic of In

the 8th century

it

Yugoslavia in 1946. In 1990 Slovenia held the first contested multiparty elections in Yugoslavia since before World War II. In 1991 it seceded from Yugoslavia. Subsequently it sought to privatize the economy and build ties with Western Europe, joining both the EU

and NATO

in

2004.

Recent Developments Slovenia’s economy emerged from its deepest recession since independence as the EU demand for Slovenian manufactured goods accelerated beginning in April 2010. In an attempt to reduce a pro-

4.9% of GDP, an austerity budget September, along with a bill that froze public-sector pensions and salaries. Meanwhile, unemployment reached 10.9%, and annual inflation was estimated at 1.9%. Nevertheless, Slovenia continued to enjoy the highest GDP per capita (about US$24,000) in the Balkans, and in

jected deficit of

was adopted

in

ascended to membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Devel-

July Slovenia

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008); length 1,228 km; pas-

senger-km

834,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 000. Roads (2006): total length 38,562

opment. Internet resource: .

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World

—Solomon Islands

tive (2006): total

Solomon Islands

pigs,

name: Solomon

Form

Islands.

201,000;

activity rate of total

popu-

ages 15 and over 68.8%: female 38.3%: unemployed [2003] 15.2%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): coconuts 276,000, oil palm fruit 155.000, sweet potatoes 86,000, cacao beans 5,300; livestock (number of live animals) 54,000 lation

Official

41.0%

425

of govern-

ment: constitutional monarchy with one legislative house (National Parliament [50]). Head of state:

13,600

(participation rates:

cattle,

235,000 chickens:

fisheries pro-

duction 31,272 (from aquaculture, negligible): aquatic plants production 120 (from aquaculture 100%). Mining and quarrying (2005): gold 10 kg. Manufacturing (2006): coconut oil 59,000; vegetable 78.000. oils and fats (2002) 50,000; copra 21,214. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 000 (57,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (58,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 4; remittances (2008) 20; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 26; official development assistance (2007) 248. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 8; remittances

(2008)

3.

Queen Elizabeth II (from 1952), represented by Governor-General Sir Frank Kabui (from 2009). Head of government: Prime Minister Danny Philip

Imports (2006;

(from 2010). Capital: Honiara. Official language: Eng-

and transportation equipment 24.7%; petroleum

none. Monetary unit: 1 Solomon Islands dollar (Sl$) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul = 2011) US$1 SIS7.36.

forms] 21.7%: food products 14.1%; construction materials 10.0%: chemical products 5.2%). Major import sources: Australia 25.3%; Singapore 23.4%; Japan 7.8%: New Zealand 5.0%; Fiji 4.2%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$156,008,000 (logs 63.7%; palm oil 8.6%; frozen fish 7.2%; cacao beans 5.8%; copra 3.7%: sawn wood 3.2%). Major export destinations (2006):

British

lish. Official religion:

Demography Area: 10,954 sq mi, 28,370 sq km. Population (2010): 536,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 48.9, persons per sq km 18.9. Urban (2005-06): 16.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.63%: female 49.37%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 40.1%: 15-29, 29.4%; 30-44, 17.4%; 45-59, 8.0%: 60-74, 4.0%; 75-84, 1.0%; 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2002): Melanesian 93.0%: Polynesian 4.0%: Micronesian 1.5%: other 1.5%. Religious affiliation (2005): Protestant 70%, of which Anglican 32%, Adventist 10%: Roman Catholic 18%: traditional beliefs 5%: other 7%. Major towns (2006): Honiara 57,400; Gizo 6,300; Auki 4,400. Location: Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea.

I

I

Foreign trade c.i.f.):

US$250,613,000 (machinery [all

China 45.7%: South Korea 14.0%; Japan 8.5%; Thailand 4.4%; Philippines 4.0%.

Transport and communications Railroads: none. Roads (2007): total km (paved 2.7%). Vehicles (1993): passenger cars 2,052; trucks and buses 2,574. Air transport (2006; Solomon Airlines only): passengerkm 74,870,000; metric ton-km cargo 648,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons).

Transport.

length 1,500

Telephone landlines (2008): 8,000

(16); cellular tele-

phone subscribers (2008): 14,000 (27); personal computers (2005): 22,000 (47); total Internet users (2008): 10,000 (20); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,500 (2.9).

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 28.5 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Education and health

Birth rate per

r

3.8 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 3.65. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 70.9 years; female 76.1 years.

;

1

j

National 13

1

:

I

j

:

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: Sl$946,200,000 (tax rev enue 73.0%, of which VAT 17.9%, logging duties 13.6%, import duties 9.3%, corporate taxes 8.2%: nontax revenue 13.9%; grants 13.1%). Expenditures: Sl$911,100,000 (current expenditures 90.5%, of which wages and salaries 27.3%, debt service 13.9%: capital expenditures 9.5%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$147,300,000. Gross national

income

(US$1,180 per

(2008):

US$598,000,000

capita). Population

economically ac-

Educational attainment (2005-06). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no schooling/unknown 15.6%: primary education 46.7%; secondary 32.8%: vocational 4.0%; higher 0.9%. Literacy (2004): total population ages 15 and over literate 76.6%. Health (2005): physicians 89 (1 per 5,293 persons): hospital beds 691 (1 per 682 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 19.7; undernourished population (2002-04) 90,000 (21% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,780 calories).

Military Total active duty personnel (2008): none; 200-300 military troops and police in an Australian-led multi-

national regional intervention force (from mid-2003)

maintain

civil

and

political order.

Countries of the

426

Background The Solomon Islands were

settled

c.

2000

tronesian people. Visited by the Spanish

in

bc by Aus-

ad 1568, the

and 1893.

islands were subsequently explored by the French

the British. They came under British protection in During World War II, the Japanese invasion of 1942 ignited three years of the most bitter fighting in the Pacific, particularly on Guadalcanal. The protectorate be-

came

self-governing

in

1976 and

fully

independent

in

World

— Somalia

government: President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed (from 2009), assisted by Prime Minister Abdeweli Mohamed Ali (from 2011). Capital; Mogadishu. Offilanguages: Somali: Arabic. Official religion: Monetary unit: 1 Somali shilling (Shilin Soomaali: So.Sh.) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = So.Sh. 1,575.00 (the So.Sh. had limited availability and circulation in 2009: US$1 = cial

Islam.

34.000 So.Sh.

at the “black market” rate of

1978. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, ethnic tensions led to political instability: a multinational force led by Australia helped restore order.

Demography

It

30% of the Solomon Isincome in 2000, its last year of operation, would resume production in 2011 under a new owner. Allied Gold. The mine began production of gold in March 2011 and the following month exported its first consignment of gold, worth more than US$775,000. Mine, which had provided lands’

Internet resource: .

246,201 sq

mi, 637,657 sq km. Population (2010); 9,359,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 38.0, persons per sq km 14.7. Urban (2006): 36.5%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.57%: female 50.43%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15,

Area:

Recent Developments was announced in June 2010 that the Gold Ridge

May

2008).

44.6%: 15-29, 26.3%: 30-44, 16.1%: 45-59, 8.6%: 60-74, 3.6%: 75-84, 0.7%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Somali 92.4%: Arab 2.2%: Afar 1.3%: other 4.1%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim (nearly all Sunni) 99%: other 1%. Major cities (2008): Mogadishu (2007) 1,100,000: Hargeysa 436,232: Burao 151,451: Belet Weyne 108,125: Boosaaso 108,016. Location: the Horn of Africa, bordering Djibouti, the Gulf of Aden, the Indian Ocean, Kenya, and Ethiopia.

Somalia Vital statistics

1,000 population (2005): 45.0 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2005):

Birth rate per

avg.

16.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2005): 6.45. Life expectancy at birth (2005): male 48.0 years: female

51.0 years.

National

Proclamation of the “Republic of Somaliland'' in May 1991 on territory corresponding to the former British Somaliland (which unified with the former Italian Trust Territory of Somalia to form Somalia in 1960) had not received international recognition as of 2010. This entity represented about a quarter of Somalia's territory. Official name: Soomaaliya (Somali): Al-Sumal (Arabic) (Somalia). Form of government: transitional regime (the “new transitional government” from October 2004 lacked effective control in mid-2011) with one legislative house (Transitional Federal Parliament [550]). At present Somalia is divided into three autonomous regions: Somaliland in the northwest, Puntland in the northeast, and Somalia in the south. Head of state and

economy

Budget; n.a. UN assistance (2007); US$175,000,of which food aid US$50,000,000. Public debt 000, 7.000. (external, outstanding: 2007): US$1,979,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 215,000, corn (maize) 99,000, cassava 82,000, sesame seed 30,000: other tree/bush products include khat, frankincense, and myrrh: livestock (number of live animals) 13,100,000 sheep, 12,700,000 goats, 000 camels, 5,350,000 cattle: fisheries pro295.000. duction 30,000 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): small quantities of gemstones (including garnet and opal) and salt. Manufacturing: small manufacturers produce textiles, handicrafts, and processed meat. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2006)

000 (295,000,000): crude petroleum 2006) none (425,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 176,000 (174,000). Popu-

(barrels:

lation

economically active (2006):

activity rate of total population

total

39.6%

3,343,000:

(participation

rates: ages 15 and over, 72.1%: female 38.8%). Gross national income (2008): US$2,570,000,000 (US$288 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000); remittances (2008) 1,000: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 87; official development assistance (2007) 384.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

World — South Africa

Foreign trade Imports (2007); US$793,000,000 (agricultural products 48.1%, of which sugar [all forms] 12.3%, cereals 12.0%, vegetable and animal oils 6.6%). Major import sources (2008): Djibouti 29%; India 12%; Kenya 8%: US 6%: Oman 6%. Exports (2007): US$299,000,000 (goats 12.0%; sheep 6.4%; cattle 5.5%: other agricultural products 1.4%). Major export destinations (2008): UAE 56%; Yemen 21%; Saudi Arabia 4%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2003): total length 22,000 km (paved 12%). Air transport (2003; four Somaliland airports only): passenger arrivals 50,096, passenger departures 41,979; cargo unloaded 3,817 metric tons, cargo loaded 152 metric tons. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 100,000 (11); cellular telephone subscribers ^008); 627,000 (70); personal computers (2007): 79,000 (9); total Internet users (2008): 102,000 (11).

427

government was approved in 2004, but the country subsequently remained in turmoil. Incidents of piracy increased along the country’s coast in the early

21st century and were the focus of interna-

tional concern.

Recent Developments

2010

the battle continued in Somalia between the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and alShabaab, an extremist Islamic youth movement with ties to al-Qaeda. Al-Shabaab continued to use insurgent tactics, including suicide bombings, to attack TFG forces during the year. The US government became increasingly concerned about the terrorist threat posed by al-Shabaab, particularly after an FBI investigation revealed that a young American, Abu Mansoor al-Amriki, had risen to occupy a leadership position in al-Shabaab, for which he starred in recruitment videos to persuade young Western Somalis to Join the group. In

Internet resource: .

South Africa

Education and health Literacy (2002): percentage of total population ages

15 and over literate 19.2%; males literate 25.1%; females literate 13.1%. Health; physicians, n.a. (in 2008, 18 doctors graduated from a Somali medical institution for the first tality rate

per 1,000

time since 1990); infant morbirths (2005) 110.1.

live

Military Total active duty personnel; none; Ethiopian forces

backing the transitional government fought Islamic extremists from December 2006 to December 2008

and from June 2009 onward: AU peacekeeping troops (September 2009); 4,300.

'

Background Muslim Arabs and Persians first established trading posts along the coasts of Somalia in the 7th- 10th centuries. By the 10th century Somali nomads occupied the area inland from the Gulf of Aden, and the south and west were inhabited by various groups of pastoral Oromo peoples. Intensive European exploration began after the British occupation of Aden in 1839, and in the late 19th century Britain and Italy set up protectorates in the region. During World War the Italians invaded British Somaliland (1940); a year later British troops retook the area, and Britain administered the region until 1950, when Italian So-

i!

r

II

I

I

il

:

i!

i ' i

)

I

maliland became a UN trust territory. In 1960 it was united with the former British Somaliland, and the two became the independent Republic of Somalia, Since then it has suffered political and civil strife, including military dictatorship, civil war, drought, and famine. No effective central government has existed since the early 1990s. In 1991 a Republic of Somaliland was proclaimed by a breakaway group on territory corresponding to the former British Somaliland, and in 1998 the autonomous region of Puntland in the northeast was self-proclaimed; neither received international recognition, but both were more stable than the rest of Somalia. Several attempts have been made to end the conflict and create a new central government: Somalia’s most recent transitional

name: Republic of South Africa. Form of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (National Council of Provinces [90]; National Assembly [400]). Head of state and government: President Jacob Zuma (from 2009). Capitals (de Bloemfacto): Pretoria/Tshwane (executive); fontein/Mangaung (Judicial); Cape Town (legislative). Official languages; Afrikaans: English; Ndebele; Pedi; Sotho; Swazi; Tsonga; Tswana; Venda; Xhosa; Zulu. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 rand (R) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = R 6.75. Official

Demography 471,359 sq

1,220,813 sq km. Population (2010): 49,991,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 106.1, persons per sq km 40.9. Urban (2005): 59.28%. Sex distribution (2009): male 48.40%; female 51.60%. Age breakdown (2009): under 15, Area:

mi,

31.4%; 15-29, 29.5%; 30-44, 19.5%; 45-59,

Countries of the

428

12.0%: 60-74, 6.0%: 75 and

over, 1.6%. Ethnic

position (2009): black 79.3%, of which Zulu

World

com24%,

— South Africa

(2007) 3,927:

(2005-07

avg.)

remittances 3,794.

(2008)

1,133:

FDI

Xhosa 18%, Pedi' 9%, Tswana 8%, Sotho 8%, Tsonga 4%, Swazi 3%, other black 5%: white 9.1%: mixed white/black 9.0%: Asian/other 2.6%. Religious affiliation (2005): independent Christian 37.1%, of which Zion Christian 9.5%: Protestant 26.1%: traditional beliefs 8.9%: Roman Catholic 6.7%: Muslim 2.5%: Hindu 2.4%: nonreligious 3.0%: other 13.3%. Major urban agglomerations (2007): Johannesburg 3,435,000: Cape Town 3,215,000: Ekurhuleni (East Rand) 2,986,000: eThekwini (Durban) 2,729,000: Tshwane (Pretoria) 1,338,000. Location: southern Africa, bordering Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland, and the Indian and South Atlantic oceans: wholly contained within South Africa is the country of Lesotho.

Foreign trade Imports (2006): US$69,185,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 26.5%: crude petroleum 13.9%: motor vehicles 9.6%: chemical products 8.9%). Major import sources: Germany 12.5%: China 10.0%: US 7.6%: Japan 6.5%: Saudi Arabia 5.3%. Exports (2006): US$53,170,000,000 (excluding gold export earnings estimated at US$5,400,000,000) (plat-

inum-group metals 15.3%: iron and steel 10.8%: motor vehicles 9.0%: metal ores 7.4%: coal 6.0%: pumps and compressors 4.7%: diamonds 4.6%). Major export destinations: Japan 11.9%: US 11.5%: UK 8.8%: Germany 7.5%: Netherlands 5.2%.

Vital statistics

Transport and communications

1,000 population (2005): 23.2 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2005):

Transport. Railroads (2001): route length (2005) 20,872 km: passenger-km 3,930,000,000: met-

Birth rate per

14.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2009): 2.38. Life expectancy at birth (2009): male 53.5 years: female

57.2 years.

National

economy

36.0%

ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

106,786,000,000.

Roads

Communications, in total units 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 4,425,000 (89): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 45,000,000 (906): personal computers (2005): 3,966,000 (85): total Internet users (2008): 4,187,000 (84): broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 378,000 (7.8). #

Education and health Educational attainment (2006). Percentage of population ages 20 and over having: no formal schooling 10.4%: some primary education 21.1%: complete pri-

mary/some secondary 34.0%: complete secondary 24.9%: higher 9.1%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 87.8%. Health; physicians (2006) 33,220 (1 per 1,427 persons): hospital beds (2004) 153,465 (1 per 303 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2009) 45.7: undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 62,082 (army 59.8%, navy 10.1%, air force 17.2%, military health service 12.9%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.4%: per capita expenditure US$78.

Total

active

Background

(participation rates:

ages 15-64, 56.7%: female 46.1%: unemployed 21.0%). Gross national income (2008): US$283,000 (US$5,820 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007); US$13,868,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 8,443: remittances (2008) 823: foreign direct investment (EDI: 2005-07 avg.) 3,936: official development assistance (2006) 718. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism I metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

cargo

(units per

Budget (2005-06). Revenue: R 411,085,100,000 (income tax 30.6%: VAT 28.0%: corporate taxes 23.5%). Expenditures: R 417,819,200,000 (transfers to provinces 36.0%: debt payments 12.7%: po25.000. lice and prisons 9.0%: defense 5.4%: education 3.0%: health 2.4%). Production (in metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 20.500.000, corn (maize) 7,338,738, potatoes 1,900,000: livestock (number of live animals) 000 sheep, 13,500,000 cattle: fisheries production 673,360 (from aquaculture, negligible): aquatic plants production 9,600 (from aquaculture 31%). Mining and quarrying (value of sales in R '000,000,000: 2007): platinum-group metals 79.9: coal 43.1: gold 39.0: iron ore 13.4: rough diamond production 15,249,000 carats. Manufacturing (value of sales in R '000,000: 2005): food products and beverages 153,496: transportation equipment 137,870: chemical products 81,240: refined petroleum products 57,697. Energy production (consumption) (data include Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland): 1.936.000. electricity (kW-hr: 2006) 256,882,000,000 (257,454,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2006) 246,236,000 (178,336,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) 10,198,000 (180,640,000): petroleum 310.000. (metric tons: products 27,024,000 2006) natural gas (cu m: 2006) (21,042,000): 000 (4,551,000,000). Population economically active (2007): total 17,232,000: activity rate of total population

ton-km

ric

(2002): length 362,099 km (paved 20%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 4,574,972: trucks and 935,600,000. buses 2,112,601. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 27,576,000,000: metric ton-km cargo

San and Khoikhoi peoples roamed southern Africa as hunters and gatherers in the Stone Age, and the latter had developed a pastoralist culture by the time of European contact. By the 14th century ad, Bantu-speaking peoples had settled in the area and developed gold and copper mining and an active East African trade. In 1652 the Dutch established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope: the Dutch settlers became known as Boers and later as Afrikaners, after their Afrikaans lan1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

Countries of the

guage. In 1795 British forces captured the Cape, and in the 1830s, to escape British rule, Dutch settlers began the Great Trek northward and established the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (later the Transvaal region), which the British annexed as colonies by 1902 as a result of the 30-month-long Boer War. In 1910 the British colonies of Cape Colony, Transvaal, Natal, and Orange River were unified into the new Union of South Africa. It became independent and withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1961. Throughout the 20th century. South African politics were dominated by the issue of maintaining white supremacy over the country’s black majority, and in 1948 apartheid was formally instituted. Faced by increasing worldwide condemnation, it began dismantling the apartheid laws in 1990. In free elections in 1994, Nelson Mandela became the country’s first black president. The country also rejoined the Commonwealth in 1994. A permanent nonracial constitution was promulgated in 1997.

The

|\|||

y vU

^

baobab

tree,

one

world’s broadest and oldest-

hollows out over the cenOne of the largest in South Africa is located on Sunland Farm Limpopo province. Thought to be some 6,000

knowB in

inside of the

years old,

it

now

Form

name: Reino de Espaha (Kingdom of Spain). government: constitutional monarchy with

of

two legislative houses (Senate [264]; Congress of Deputies [350]). Head of state: King Juan Carlos (from 1975). Head of government: Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero (from 2004). Capital: Madrid. Official language: Castilian Spanish (per constitution, Euskera [Basque], Catalan, Galician, and all other Spanish languages are also official in their auI

tonomous communities).

Official religion:

etary unit: 1 euro (€) =

100

none. Mon-

cents; valuation (1 Jul

2011) US$1 = €0.69.

Demography Area: 195,364 sq mi, 505,991 sq km. Population (2010): 46,506,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 238.0, persons per sq km 91.9. Urban (2005):

76.7%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.38%; female 50.62%. Age breakdown (2008); under 15, 14.7%: 15-29, 18.9%: 30-44, 25.4%; 45-59, 19.2%: 60-74, 13.4%: 75-84, 6.3%; 85 and over, 2.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Spaniard 44.9%; Catalonian 28.0%: Galician 8.2%; Basque 5.5%; Aragonese 5.0%; Rom (Gypsy) 2.0%; other 6.4%. Re-

Roman

Catholic

77%,

of

ligious affiliation (2006):

turies.

which practicing weekly 19%; Muslim 2.5%; Protestant 1%: other (mostly nonreligious) 19.5%. Major cities (2008): Madrid 3,213,271 (urban agglomeration [2007] 5,764,000): Barcelona 1,615,908 (urban Valencia agglomeration 5,057,000): [2007] 807,200; Sevilla 699,759; Zaragoza 666,129. Location: southwestern Europe, bordering France, Andorra, the Mediterranean Sea, the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, the Atlantic Ocean, and Portugal; the North African exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla border Morocco.

contains a pub and a wine cellar.

Recent Developments

one

of his strongest supporters, Julius Malema, the president of the African National Congress Youth

League. Malema had continued to publicly sing a South African liberation song whose words included "shoot the Boer" after he had been censured for doing so because of its potential to incite racial violence (Irish singer Bono faced similar controversy after having seemed to defend the song in early 2011). Moreover, on a visit to Zimbabwe, Malema indicated support for Pres. Robert Mugabe’s party and

Morgan

Official

429

lived,

South African Pres. Jacob Zuma faced a quandary in 2010 over how to respond to controversial actions of

criticized

World— Spain

Tsvangirai’s

Movement

for

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 11.4 (world avg. 20.3); within marriage 67.9%. Death rate per

000

population (2008): 8.5 (world avg. 8.5). Total rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 1.46. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male I,

fertility

79.1 years; female 85.2 years.

Demo-

Change, thereby threatening to jeopardize Zuma’s attempts at mediation between the two parcratic

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: €297,701,000,000 (tax revenue 49.1%; social contributions 45.6%). Expen-

ties.

Internet resource: .

Spain

ditures:

€270,293,000,000

(social

protection

45.3%; debt service 4.9%; public safety 4.1%; defense 4.0%: health 1.6%; education 0.6%). Public debt (2007); US$520,918,000,000. Gross nationai income US$1,456,488,000,000 (2008): (US$31,960 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): barley II, 684,000, wheat 6,376,900, grapes 6,013,000, olives 5,787,600, oranges 2,691,400, sunflower

seeds 743,400, almonds 201,100, garlic 142,400; livestock (number of live animals) 26,034,000 pigs, 21,847,050 sheep, 6,456,350 cattle, 2,500,000 beehives: fisheries production 1,089,922 (from aquaculture 26%). Mining and quarrying (2007):

1,200,000; sepiolite 800,000; fluorite 132,753; gold 3,100 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$'000,000; 2004): food products

slate

15,786; fabricated metal products 15,717; transequipment 14,508. Energy production 2007-08) (kW-hr; (consumption): electricity portation

Countries of the

430

303,278,000,000 (279,709,000,000); coal (metric 2007) 10,995,000 (36,281,000); lignite (metric tons; 2007) 6,016,000 (6,016,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2007-08) 1,133,400 (453,309,900);

tons:

petroleum

products

(metric

tons;

economically active (2007):

activity rate of total

population

— Spain

4.3%, civil guard 32.7%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.7%; per capita expendi-

Joint

ture

US$241.

2007-08)

55,886,000 ([2006] 60,308,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007-08) 15,447,500 (39,414,926,000). Population

World

total

22,189,900;

49.7%

(participation

ages 16-64, 72.6%; female 42.3%; unemployed [October 2007-September 2008] 10.0%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts froiji (US$’000,000): tourism (2007-08) 62,905; remittances (2008) 11,772; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 35,098. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007-08) 21,277; remittances (2008) 14,656; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 87,228. rates:

Background Remains of Stone Age populations dating back some 35,000 years have been found in Spain. Celtic peoples arrived

in

the 9th century

bc,

followed by the Ro-

mans, who dominated Spain from about 200 bc

until

the Visigoth invasion in the early 5th century ad. In the early 8th century, most of the peninsula fell to Muslims (Moors) from North Africa, and it remained until it was gradually reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Spain was reunited in 1479 following the

under their control

(of Aragon) and Isabella (of The last Muslim kingdom, Granada, was reconquered in 1492, and around this time Spain also

marriage of Ferdinand

II

I

Castile).

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): €263,024,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 19.7%; mineral fuels 15.7%; motor vehicles and parts 14.6%; chemical products 11.0%: base and fabricated metals 7.6%). Major import sources (2007): Germany 15.2%; France 12.2%; Italy 8.7%: China 6.7%; UK 4.7%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): €170,628,000,000 (motor vehicles and parts 20.7%: machinery and apparatus 15.2%; food products 10.9%, of which fruits and vegetables 5.8%; base and fabricated metals 8.9%). Major export destinations (2007): France 18.6%; Germany 10.8%; Portugal 8.6%; Italy 8.5%; UK 7.5%.

established a colonial empire in the Americas. In 1516 the throne passed to the Habsburgs, whose

ended in 1700 when Philip V became the first Bourbon king of Spain. His ascendancy caused the War of the Spanish Succession, which resulted in the loss of numerous European possessions and sparked revolution in most of Spain’s American rule

colonies. Spain lost its remaining overseas possessions to the US in the Spanish-American War (1898). It became a republic in 1931. The Spanish Civil War (1936-39) ended in victory for the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco, who ruled as dictator until his

death in 1975. His successor as head of restored the monarchy: a Juan Carlos

state. King

new

Transport and communications

ton-km cargo 10,839,100,000. Roads (2006): length 681,224 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2008): cars 21,440,700; trucks, vans, and buses 5,273,000. Air transport (2007-08): passenger-km 81,252,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,169,204,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telecellular

telephone subscribers (2008): 49,678,000 (1,117); personal computers (2007): 17,646,000 (393); total Internet users (2008): 25,240,000 (567); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 8,995,000 (202).

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 16 and over having: no formal schooling through incomplete primary education 11.6%; complete primary 20.9%; secondary 44.4%; undergraduate degree 14.2%; graduate degree 8.9%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate

97.9%: males

literate

98.7%; females

literate

97.2%.

Health (2008): physicians 213,977 (1 per 214 perbeds (2007) 160,292 (1 per 283 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 3.5; undernourished population (2002-04) less than sons); hospital

2.5%

1978

established a parliamenNATO in 1982 and the European Community in 1986. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Basque separatists continued to resort to violence as they pressed for independence, but it was Islamic militants who were responsible for the 11 Mar 2004 bombings in Madrid that killed 191 people— the worst terrorist incident in Europe since World War II. in

tary monarchy. Spain joined

Transport. Railroads (2007-08): route length (2006) 15,212 km; passenger-km 22,794,600,000; metric

phone landlines (2008): 20,200,000 (454);

I,

constitution

of total population.

Recent Developments The ongoing economic crisis dominated the national mood in Spain in 2010. While the estimated 0.3% drop in GDP compared favorably with the 4% plunge in 2009, unemployment topped 20% in the summer and scarcely budged thereafter, having left more than 4.5 million people unemployed. Public finances were hit hard, with the budget deficit estimated to approach 10% of GDP. In a bid to calm both the markets and its European partners— who were worried that Spain might require a bailout like the one extended to Greece—the government responded in

May with a tough austerity plan designed to slash the deficit and promote growth. The plan included an average pay cut of 5% for more than 2.5 million civil servants (to be followed by a pay freeze in 2011), budget cuts intended to save a further €15 billion (about US$19 million) by 2011, labor-market reforms meant to make it easier and less costly to hire and fire, and a proposal to raise the retirement age from 65 to 67.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 221,750 (army 43.1%, navy 10.5%, air force 9.4%,

Total

active

Internet resource:

.

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short I metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

Sri

World

—Sri Lanka

431

2,947; foreign direct investment (FDI; avg.) 427; official development assistance (2007) 589. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 393; remittances (2008) 385; FDI

(2008)

Lanka

2005-07

(2005-07

avg.) 54. Production (metric tons except

as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): rice 3,875,000, coconuts (2007) 954,000, sugarcane 799,447, tea 318,470, natural rubber 129,240, peppercorns 22,870, cinnamon 13,430, ginger 10,053; livestock (number of live animals) 1,196,000 cattle, 319,000 buffalo; fisheries production (2007) 317,988 (from aquaculture 3%). Mining and quarrying (2008): kaolin 11,000; graphite 10,000; sapphires

Official

,

name:

Sri

Lanka Prajatantrika Samajavadi

Janarajaya (Sinhala); llangai Jananayaka Socialisa Kudiarasu (Tamil) (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Parliament [225]). Head of state and government: President Mahinda Rajapakse (from 2005), assisted by Prime Minister D.M. Jayaratne (from 2010). Capitals: Colombo (executive and judicial): Sri .Jayewardenepura Kotte (Colombo suburb; legislative). Official languages: Sinhala: Tamil (English has official status as "the link language” between Sinhala and

I

Tamil). Official religion:

none (Buddhism has special unit: 1 Sri Lankan rupee 2011) US$1 =

recognition).

Monetary

(LKR) =

cents: valuation (1 Jul

100 LKR 109.50.

770,000

Demography

persons per sq

km

311.1. Urban (2008): 15.1%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.36%: female 50.64%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 26.3%: 15-29, 27.0%; 30-44, 22.0%: 45-59, 15.4%; 60-74, 7.1%; 75 and over, 2.2%. Ethnic composition (2001): Sinhalese 81.9%; Tamil 9.4%; Sri Lankan Moor 8.0%; other 0.7%. Religious affiliation (2005): Buddhist 70%; Hindu 15%; Christian (mostly

'

Roman

Catholic)

8%; Muslim (nearly

Sunni) 7%. Major cities (2007): Colombo 672,743 (greater Colombo [2004] 2,490,300); Dehiwalaall

;i'

carats; dia-

US$35,854,000,000 (US$1,790 per capita). Public outstanding: June debt (external, 2009): US$12,737,600,000. Population economically active (2008): total 7,568,700; activity rate 37.7% (participation rates: ages 15-59 [2000] 60.6%; female 36.1%: unemployed [May 2008-April 2009] 5.2%).

Foreign trade

Area: 25,332 sq mi, 65,610 sq km. Population (2010); 20,410,000. Density (2010); persons per sq mi 805.7,

i

23,000

n.a.

Imports (2007;

'

carats; rubies

Manufacturing (value added in LKR ’000,000; 2008): food products, beverages, and tobacco products 348,358; textiles and wearing apparel 147,822; rubber and plastic products 60,680; coal and refined petroleum products 42,666. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008-09) 9,727,000,000 ([2006] 9,389,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none (95,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) none (15,766,800); petroleum products (metric tons; 1,875,000 2006) (3,409,000). Gross national income (2008):

monds,

c.i.f.):

LKR 1,251,135,000,000

(cot-

ton yarn and textiles 14.4%; machinery and apparatus 13.9%: refined petroleum products 13.0%; crude petroleum 9.1%; food products and bever-

ages 7.3%: base metals 7.3%). Major import sources: India 22.3%; Singapore 9.6%; China 7.9%; Iran 7.2%; Hong Kong 6.2%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): LKR 856,808,000,000 (garments 40.6%; tea 13.3%, of which black 11.5%; gemstones 5.7%, of which diamonds 4.5%; rubber tires 4.5%; coconut products 1.8%: fish 1.6%; rubber products 1.4%; cinnamon 1.0%). Major export destinations: US 24.5%: UK 12.7%: India 6.4%; Germany 5.5%; Belgium 5.0%.

Mount

Lavinia 219,827; Moratuwa 185,668; Jaffna 151,612; Negombo 150,364. Location: island in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India.

ij

' i

i'

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 18.8 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

i

avg. 20.3).

'!

I

I

5.9 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 76.3 years.

birth

fertility rate (avg. births

2008): 1.88. Life ex(2008): male 68.8 years: female

I

National "

ditures:

1

j

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: LKR 775,477,000,000 (tax revenue 84.2%, of which VAT 32.5%, excises 15.8%; nontax revenue 12.1%; foreign grants 3.7%). Expen-

LKR 1,516,330,000,000 (debt

service 38.5%: transfers 15.9%; wages and salaries 11.1%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 320; remittances

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008-09): route length (2007) 1,449 km; passenger-km 4,515,916,000; metric ton-

km cargo 115,313,000. Roads (2003): total length 97,286 km (paved 81%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 381,448; trucks and buses 552,474. Air transport (2008-09): passenger-km 8,248,000,000; met-

ton-km cargo 300,611,000. Communications, in per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 3,446,000 (172); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 11,083,000 (552); personal computers (2005): 734,000 (35); total Internet users (2008): 1,164,000 (58); broadband Internet subric

total units (units

scribers (2008):

102,000

(5.1).

Education and health Literacy (2007): percentage of population ages 5 and over literate 91.5%; males literate 93.2%; females lit-

erate 89.9%. Health (2007): physicians 11,023 (1 per 1,804 persons): hospital beds 68,694 (1 per 289

Countries of the

432

World

—Sudan

persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 11.0; undernourished population (2002-04) 4,200,000 (22% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,860 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 150,900 (army 78.1%, navy 9.9%, air force 12.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 3.6%: per capita expenditure US$77.

Total

active

Background The Sinhalese people

of Sri

Lanka (Ceylon) probably

originated with the blending of aboriginal inhabitants

and migrating Indo-Aryans from India about the 5th century bc. The Tamils were later immigrants from Dravidian India, migrating over a period from the

about 1200. Buddhism was introduced during the 3rd century bc. As Buddhism spread, the Sinhalese kingdom extended its political control over Ceylon but lost it to invaders from southern India in the 10th century ad. Between 1200 and 1505 Sinhalese power gravitated to southwestern Ceylon, while a southern Indian dynasty seized power in the north and established the Tamil kingdom in the 14th century. Foreign invasions from India, China, and Malaya occurred in the 13th-15th centuries. In 1505 the Portuguese arrived, and by 1619 they controlled most of the island. The Sinhalese enlisted the Dutch to help oust the Portuguese and eventually came under the control of the Dutch East India Co., which relinquished power in 1796 to the British. In 1802 Ceylon became a crown colony, gaining independence in 1948. It became the Republic of Sri Lanka in 1972 and took its early centuries ad to

current

name

in

1978.

Civil strife

between Tamil and

Sinhalese groups has beset the country in recent years, with the Tamils demanding a separate autonomous state in northern Sri Lanka. A prolonged insurrection by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE: Tamil Tigers) guerrilla group was defeated by

government forces

in

2009.

Recent Developments 2010, the first full year since the bloody civil war had ended, Sri Lanka experienced the beginnings of postwar reconstruction and a revival of economic growth. The government had been criticized for havIn

ing acted too slowly in facilitating the return home of some 280,000 people who had been displaced by the war, but by October 2010 the government

claimed that 260,000 displaced people had been resettled. The end of the war increased economic confidence among businesses, consumers, and tourists, and the country’s GDP was estimated to grow by more than 6% in 2010. Internet resource: .

Sudan name: Jumhuriyat al-Sudan (Republic of the Sudan). Form of government: military-backed interim Official

c.i.f.:

cost,

[52]: National

.

legislative

Assembly

[450]).

.

Demography Area: 718,722 sq mi, 1,861,480 sq km. Population (2010): 34,966,393. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 48.7, persons per sq km 18.8. The statistics that foiiow may inciude data for South Sudan. Urban (2006): 37.6%. Sex distribution (2008): male

51.27%: female 48.73%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 42.6%: 15-29, 27.7%: 30-44, 16.8%: 45-59, 7.7%: 60-74, 3.8%: 75-84, 1.0%: 85 and over, 0.4%. Ethnic composition (2003): black 52%: Arab 39%: Beja 6%: foreigners 2%: other 1%. Religious affiliation (2005): Sunni Muslim 68.4%: traditional beliefs 10.8%: Roman Catholic 9.5%: Protestant 8.8%, of which Anglican 5.4%: other 2.5%. Major cities (2008): Khartoum 1,410,858 (urban agglomeration

[2008] 4,272,728):

Omdurman 1,849,659:

Khartoum North 1,012,211: Nyala 492,984: Port Sudan 394,561. Location: northeastern Africa, bordering Egypt, the Red Sea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, the Centrai African Republic, Chad, and Libya.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2006): 35.3 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2006); 15.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2006): 4.79. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 47.1 years: female 48.8 years. Birth rate per

National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: SDG 26,424,000,000 (nontax revenue 68.8%, of which export receipts for

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kiiometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board insurance, and freight;

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

houses (Council of States Head of state and government: President Omar Hassan Ahmad alBashir (from 1989). Capitals: Khartoum (executive): Omdurman (legislative). OfficiaManguages: Arabic: English. Official religion: Islamic law and custom are applicable to Muslims only. Monetary unit: Sudanese pound (SDG): valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = SDG 2 68 regime with two

Countries of the

crude petroleum 52.3%; tax revenue 29.0%, of which taxes on goods and services 18.0%; grants 2.2%). Expenditures: SDG 24,331,000,000 (federal government 52.5%: transfers to: Southern Sudan 25.3%: northern states 22.2%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$12,337,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$46,520,000,000 (US$1,130 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugar-

cane 7,500,000, sorghum 5,048,000, millet 792.000, dates 330,000, sesame seeds 260,000, 49.000. seed cotton 240,000, gum arable (2006-07) 11,242: livestock (number of live animals) 000 sheep, 42,000,000 goats, 39,500,000 cattle, 3,700,000 camels: fisheries production 67,459 (from aquaculture 3%). Mining and quarrying (2007): marble 26,000 cu m: gold 2,787 kg. Manu-

World— Sudan

433

persons): hospital beds

27,438

(1 per 1,474 perper 1,000 live births (2006) 96.8: undernourished population (2002-04) 8,700,000 (26% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

sons):

1,840

infant

mortality

rate

calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 109,300 (army 96.1%, navy 1.2%, airforce 2.7%): foreign troops (September 2009): Southern Sudan-UN peacekeeping force 8,800: Darfur— African Union/UN hybrid peacekeeping force 14,600. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2005): 1.8%: per capita expenditure US$13.

Total

active

facturing (2006): diesel 1,817,000: flour 1,200,000:

benzene 1,139,000. Energy production (consump-

Background

5,021,000,000 (3,836,000,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 174.400.000 ([2006] 35,500,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 4,943,000 (3,714,000).

From the end of the 4th millennium bc, Nubia (now northern Sudan) periodically came under Egyptian rule, and it was part of the kingdom of Cush from the

tion):

electricity

(kW-hr:

2007)

Population economically active (2006): total 11,504,000: activity rate of total population 30.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 52.0%: female 30.3%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 262: remittances (2008) 1,850: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 2,761: official development assistance Disbursements for 2,104. (2007) (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,477: remittances (2008) 2.

Foreign trade Imports (2008: c.i.f.): US$9,351,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 32.7%: transportation equipment 11.9%: wheat and wheat flour 7.6%: refined petroleum products 7.6%). Major import sources: China 23.1%: India 9.5%: Saudi Arabia 8.0%: UAE 6.7%: Italy 3.3%. Exports (2008: f.o.b.): US$11,670,000,000 (crude petroleum 92.9%: refined petroleum products 2.1%: sesame seeds 1.2%: gold 1.0%: cotton 0.5%: gum arable 0.5%: livestock [mainly sheep and camels] 0.4%). Major export destinations: China 75.0%: Japan 9.7%: 893.000. Arabia 0.9%.

UAE 4.1%: Saudi

Transport and communications

11th century bc to the 4th century ad. Christian missionaries converted the area’s three principal kingdoms during the 6th century: these black Christian their Muslim Arab neighbors Egypt for centuries, until the influx of Arab immigrants brought about their collapse in the 13th -15th centuries. Egypt had conquered all of the Sudan region by 1874 and encouraged British interference there: this aroused Muslim opposition and led to the revolt of al-Mahdi, who captured Khartoum in 1885 and established a Muslim theocracy in the Sudan that lasted until 1898, when Mahdist forces were defeated by the British. The British ruled, generally in partnership with Egypt, until the region achieved independence in 1956. Since then the country has fluctuated between ineffective parliamentary government and unstable military rule, with the distraction of long-running civil wars (1955-72: 1983-2005) between the northern-based government and nonMuslim southern rebels. This led to famines and the displacement of millions of people. Meanwhile, fighting broke out in 2003 between non-Arab Muslims in the Darfur region of western Sudan and governmentbacked Arab militias known as Janjaweed: tens of thousands of people were killed and hundreds of thousands more were displaced. In 2011, the southern Sudanese population voted overwhelmingly in favor of independence from the north and seceded

kingdoms coexisted with in

on 9

July.

100.000. Railroads (2006): route length 4,578 km: Transport. passenger-km 49,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 000. Roads (2000): total length 11,900 km (paved 36%). Vehicles (2002): passenger cars 47,300: trucks and buses 62,500. Air transport (2004): passenger-km 758,000,000: metric ton-km cargo (including the weight of passengers and mail) 000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 356.000 (8.6): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 11,186,000 (271): personal computers (2007): 4,528,000 (112): total Internet users (2008): 3.800.000 (92): broadband Internet subscribers (2007):

43,000

(1.1).

Education and health Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate 60.9%: males literate 71.6%: females literate

50.4%. Health (2007): physicians 9,573 (1 per 4,224

In April

Recent Developments 2010 Sudan held its first multiparty

elec-

in 24 years. They marked an important milestone on the road to the southern Sudanese referenda laid out in the 2005 US-backed peace treaty between the ruling National Congress Party (NCP) and the southern rebels that ended two decades of civil war. Those elected included presidents for the country and the semiautonomous south, members of the country’s 450-seat National Assembly and the south’s 171-seat legislature, and governors and legislative bodies for 25 states. The results were hardly surprising. Pres. Omar al-Bashir, the NCP leader, easily won reelection as the country’s president with 68% of the votes, while in the south Salva Kiir, the leader of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), won a landslide 93% of the vote. Both the NCP and the SPLM won almost all the gov-

tions

Count ries of the Wored

434

ernorships and contested legislative seats in their respective territories. In January 2011 a referendum held in southern Sudan set the stage for the south to secede, which it did in July. Heated military clashes in the small oil-rich region of Abyei occurred in the run-up to independence, and the countries lacked a pragmatic arrangement that would continue the existing mutually beneficial oil-revenuesharing agreement by which oil produced in the south was exported through northern pipelines and

— Sudan, Soitth

northeastern Africa, bordering Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central African Republic.

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population: n.a. (world avg. 19.2). Death rate per 1,000 population: n.a. (world avg. 8.2).

woman; 42 years.

Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing

2009): 6.79. Life expectancy at birth (2009):

terminals.

National

Internet resource: .

economy

Budget (2009). Revenue: SDG 6,276,000,000 (oilsharing revenue with Khartoum governmental authority [including arrears and Abyei oil share] 65.7%; grants 32.4%; personal income tax 1.4%; customs/VAT/other 0.5%). Public debt (external, outstanding): n.a. Gross national income (2007):

Sudan, South

US$718,000,000 (US$90 per

capita). Production

(metric tons except as noted). Agriculture

and

fish-

ing (2010): cereals (mostly sorghum [also corn (maize), millet, and rice]) 695,000; other crops in-

clude cassava, peanuts (groundnuts), sweet potaand onions; livestock (number of live animals) 14,000,000 goats, 13,000,000 sheep, 11,000,000 cattle; fisheries production, n.a. Mining and quarrying (2010): negligible excluding oil extraction (marble quarrying is historically an important activity). Manufacturing (2010): beer and soft drink production began in 2010; other limited production includes roofing tiles. Energy production (consumption): electricity, n.a. (n.a.); coal, none (none); crude petroleum (barrels: 2009) 147,000,000 (n.a.); petroleum products, n.a. (n.a.): natural gas, none (none). Population economically active: n.a. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism, n.a.; remittances, n.a.; foreign direct intoes, okra, cowpeas, tomatoes,

vestment

name: South Sudan. Form

Official

public with two legislative tive

of

government:

houses (National

re-

Legisla-

(FDI),

n.a.;

official

development

assis-

tance, n.a. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism, n.a.; remittances, n.a.; FDI, n.a.

Assembly [171]; Council of States [n.a.]). Head of and government: President Salva Kiir (from

state

2011). Capital: Juba. bic.

Official

languages: English; Aranone. Monetary unit: South

2011) US$1 = SSP 2.68 (the SSP was introduced 18 Jul 2011 and valued at 1 SSP = 1 Sudanese pound [SDG]; the US

Sudan pound

dollar,

Foreign trade

Official

religion:

(SSP); valuation (18 Jul

Imports (2009):

along with the currencies of Kenya, Ethiopia, circulate in South Sudan.

Demography

17%. Sex distribution (2008): male 51.90%; female 48.10%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 44.4%; 15-29, 27.7%; 30-44, 16.5%; 45-59, 7.3%; 60-74, 3.1%; 75-84, 0.7%; 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2008): Dinka 38%; Nuer 17%; Zande 10%; Bari 10%; Shilluk/Anywa 10%; Arab 4%; other 11%. Religious affiliation (2010): Christian, roughly

60%

(significantly

Roman

Catholic, Anglican,

and Presbyterian): remainder, roughly 40%. Major towns (2008): Yei 111,268; Yambio 105,881; Juba 82,346; Aweil 59,217; Bentiu 41,328. Location: 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

Major import sources:

n.a. Ex-

ports (2009): nearly all crude petroleum. Major export destinations: n.a.

Transport and communications

and Uganda, also

Area: 248,777 sq mi, 644,330 sq km. Population (2011): 9,150,000. Density (2011): persons per sq mi 36.8, persons per sq km 14.2. Urban (2008):

n.a.

Transport. Railroads (2010): route length 243 km; passenger-km, none; metric ton-km cargo, n.a. Roads (paved only; 2010): total length 50 km. Vehicles: passenger cars, n.a.; trucks and buses, n.a. Air transport: n.a. Communications, in totai units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2010): cellular telephone subscribers (2010); n.a.; personal computers (2010): n.a.; total Internet users (2010): n.a.; broadband Internet subscribers (2010); n.a. n.a.;

Education and health

15 and over lit40%; females literate 16%.

Literacy (2009): total population ages

erate

27%; males

literate

Health (2010): physicians 34 ([foreign doctors are excluded from this total] 1 per 262,000 persons): hos-

1 metric ton-km cargo - about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

pital

beds,

n.a.; infant

mortality rate per

1,000

live

(2009) 1.2; undernourished population (2009) 4,090,000 (47% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,717 calories). births

Military Total active duty personnel:

UN peacekeeping

per-

sonnel (October 2010): troops 9,451; police 655. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP: n.a.

World

—Suriname

435

fought on the side of the south during the civil war. As well, the countries lacked a pragmatic arrangement that would continue the existing mutually beneficial oil-revenue-sharing agreement by which oil produced in the south was exported through northern pipelines and terminals. In June Sudanese Pres. Omar al-Bashir threatened to block the only oil pipeline leading from the south if a deal was not arranged. Internet resource: .

Background

Suriname

From the end of the 4th millennium bc, Nubia (now northern Sudan) periodically came under Egyptian rule, and it was part of the kingdom of Cush from the 11th century bc to the 4th century ad. Christian missionaries converted the area’s three principal kingdoms during the 6th century: these black Christian

kingdoms coexisted with

their

Muslim Arab neigh-

the influx of Arab immigrants brought about their collapse in the 13th -15th centuries. Settled by many of its current ethnic groups during the 15th-19th centuries, the country has long been associated with Sudan, its neighbor to the north, despite the fact that Islam and the Arabic language tended to dominate in the north while older African languages and cultures were predominant in the south. By the end of the 19th century, both the north and the south—collectively considered the Sudan— were under British-Egyptian colonial rule. The existing differences between the two regions, exacerbated by the disparate level of development that occurred under colonial administrabors

tion,

in

Egypt for centuries,

made

ruled as in

until

1956.

it difficult for Sudan to be effectively one country upon achieving independence

In fact,

fears of marginalization by the north

war that began in 1955, months prior to actual independence. The initial conflict and the fears that fueled it were inflamed by northern leaders who hoped to impose unity upon the nascent country by imposing Islamic law and culture throughout the south. Fighting subsided with the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement but resumed in 1983 and continued until 2005, when the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed. The agreement fostered a tenuous peace between the north and the south and led to a

civil

granted southern Sudan semiautonomous status and the promise of a referendum on independence to be held in six years. The vote took place in January 2011 and was almost unanimous in supporting independence: the country of South Sudan was declared on 9 July

2011.

name: Republiek Suriname (Republic of Suriname). Form of government: multiparty republic with

Official

one

house (National Assembly [51]). Head and government: President Desi Bouterse

legislative

of state

(from 2010). Capital: Paramaribo. Official language: Dutch. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Suriname dollar (SRD) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul

2011) US$1 = SRD 3.30.

^ youV

Did

knowH

Among tlers in

the first

what

European

were British 1651. The Dutch seized

A

set-

now Suriname who arrived in is

it

in

was reached that year whereby the British ceded Suriname to the Dutch in exchange for New Amsterdam, now

known

as

1667.

New York

settlement

City.

Recent Developments In July 2011 South Sudan declared its independence from Sudan. Although the leadership of Sudan pledged to accept the results of the January

referendum leading to this declaration, things did not go smoothly. Violent clashes took place sporadically leading up to independence, perhaps most heatedly in the oil-rich border region of Abyei, which had postponed indefinitely its own referendum aimed at deciding its future allegiance. Although a peace agreement was reached in late June with a UN force proposed to monitor the environment, the situation remained tenuous. So, too, was the peace existing in the Nuba Mountains just inside the borders of Sudan. Many inhabitants of the region had

Demography Area: 63,251 sq mi, 163,820 sq km. Population (2010): 524,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 8.3, persons per sq km 3.2. Urban (2005): 73.9%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.71%; female 50.29%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15,

28.5%: 15-29, 26.8%; 30-44, 24.3%; 45-59, 12.0%: 60-74, 6.2%: 75 and over, 2.2%. Ethnic composition (2004): Indo-Pakistani (“Hindustani”) 27.4%: Suriname Creole (“Afro-Surinamese”) 17.7%: Maroon (descendants of runaway slaves living in the interior) 14.7%; Javanese ("Indonesian”)

14.6%: mixed race 12.5%: Amerindian 1.5%: other 11.6%. Religious affiliation (2004); Christian (mostly Roman Catholic and Moravian) 40.7%: Hindu 19.9%; Muslim 13.5%; nonreligious 4.4%; traditional beliefs 3.3%: other 2.5%: unknown 15.7%. Major towns (2004); Paramaribo 242.946: Nieuw Nickerie 13.842: Nieuw Amsterdam 5.489. Location; northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean. French Guiana. Brazil, and Guyana.

Vital statistics

birth

rate (avg. births

(2001): 20,000 (45); total Internet users (2008): 50.000 (97): broadband Internet subscribers

fertility

(2008): 5,800 (11).

National

economy

Education and health

Budget (2007). Revenue: SRD 2.002.000.000 (tax revenue 79.1%. of which corporate taxes 22.0%, taxes on international trade 21.5%, income tax 15.4%: nontax revenue 16.0%; grants 4.9%). Expenditures: SRD 1.806,500,000 (current expenditures 87.5%, of which wages and salaries 37.6%, transfers 12.0%. debt interest 5.2%: capital expenditures 12.5%). Production (metric tons except as noted). 3.800.000 Agriculture and fishing (2007): rice 195,000, sugarcane 120,000, bananas 44,000; livestock (number live

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2003): total length 4,304 km (paved 26%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 81,778; trucks and buses 28,774. Air transport (2008; Surinam Airways only): passenger-km 958,323,000; metric ton-km cargo

2006): 2.05. Life ex(2006): male 70.3 years: female

5.5 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 75.8 years.

shrimp and fish 6.1%: crude petroleum 5.8%; rice 1.5%). Major export destinations (2007): Canada 23.0%: Norway 14.4%; US 12.1%: Trinidad and Tobago 7.2%: France 5.4%.

25,794,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 82.000 (158): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 416,000 (808); personal computers

1.000 population (2006): 17.6 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1.000 population (2006): Birth rate per

of

SURINAME

COl NTRIFS OK THK VVORKI)

436

animals)

137,000

cattle,

24,500

Literacy (2004): total population ages

lit-

persons): hospital beds (2005) 1,797 (1 per 278 perinfant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

sons):

(2006) 20.8: undernourished population (2002-04) 40.000 (8% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,910 calories).

pigs.

chickens: fisheries production 29,679 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining and quarrying (2007): bauxite 5,331.000: alumina 2,152,000; gold 9,362

kg (recorded production: unrecorded production may be as high as 30,000 kg). Manufacturing (value of production at factor cost in SRG; 1993): food products 992,000,000; beverages 558,000.000: tobacco products 369,000,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 1,618.000,000 (1.618.000.000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2006) 4.800.000 (3.478,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 401,000 (624,000). Population economically active (2004): total 173,130: activity rate of total population 35.1% rates; ages 15-64, 56.0%; female 36.7%: unemployed 9.5%). Gross national income (2008): US$2,570,000,000 (US$4,990 per capita). (external, debt Public outstanding: 2007): US$161,100,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from ;US$'000.000): tourism (2007) 67: remittances (2008) 140; foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 346: official development assistance ;2007) 151. Disbursements for (US$'000.000): tourism (2007) 22: remittances (2008) 65.

(participation

Military Total active duty personnel

Foreign trade

US$1,099,900,000 (machinery and transportation equipment 26.8%: mineral fuels 15.6%: food products 9.1%; chemical products c.i.f.):

Major import sources (2007): US 31.7%; Netherlands 20.4%: Trinidad and Tobago 17.9%; China 5.5%: Japan 3.6%. Exports (2005: f.o.b.); US$929,100,000 (alumina 48.1%: gold 36.4%;

(November 2008): 1,840

services are officially part of the army) (army 76.1%, navy 13.0%, air force 10.9%). Military expen-

(all

diture as percentage of

GDP (2007):

1.0%: per capita

expenditure US$43.

Background Suriname was inhabited by various native peoples prior to European settlement. Spanish explorers claimed it in 1593, but the Dutch began to settle there in 1602, followed by the English in 1651. It was ceded, to the Dutch in 1667, and in 1682 the Dutch West India Co. introduced coffee and sugarcane plantations and African slaves to cultivate them. Slavery was abolished in 1863, and indentured servants were brought from China, Java, and India to work the plantations, adding to the population mix. Except for brief interludes of British rule

(1799-1802, 1804-15), it remained a Dutch colony. It gained internal autonomy in 1954 and independence in 1975. A military coup in 1980 ended civilian control until the electorate approved a new constitution in 1987. Military control re-

sumed Imports (2005:

15 and over

erate 89.6%: males literate 92.0%: females literate 87.2%. Health: physicians (2001) 236 (1 per 2,000

•

,

i

j

1990. Elections were held in 1992, and democratic government returned. By the early 21st century, a vast criminal economy, including drug trafficking and gold smuggling, had after a

coup

in

developed. j

6.9^%j.

Recent Developments j Desi Bouterse was elected to a five-year term as I president of Suriname in 2010. A former dicta- I

1 metric ton - about 1.1 short tons: 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

tory-mi cargo:

Countries of the who took power in a military coup, Bouterse had admitted “political responsibility” for the execution of 15 prominent adversaries in 1982. After the election Bouterse's three-year murder trial was suspended. Nevertheless, an Interpol

World— Swaziland

437

tor

warrant for his arrest for drug trafficking mained.

re-

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008); 29.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

14.9 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 3.45. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 47.8 years: female

48.2 years. Internet resource: .

National

economy

Budget (2008-09). Revenue: E 9,208,400,000 (receipts from the Customs Union of Southern Africa 65.3%: income tax 10.9%: sales taxes 8.2%:

Swaziland

corporate taxes 5.8%). Expenditures: E 9,538,000,000 (general administration 31.5%: education 19.9%: transportation and communications

11.8%: police and defense 11.0%: agriculture 9.2%: health 8.8%). Public debt (external: March 2009): US$379,700,000. Gross national income US$2,945,000,000 (US$2,520 per (2008): capita). Population economically active (2006); total

337,200:

activity

rate

of total

population (metric

32.8% (unemployed, 30%). Production tons except as noted). Agriculture and

name: Umbuso weSwatini (Swati); KingForm of government: monarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [30]: House of Assembly [66]). Head of state and

Official

dom

of Swaziland (English).

government: King Mswati III (from 1986), assisted by Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso DIamini (from 2008). Capitals: Mbabane (administrative

and

judicial):

Lobamba

(legislative):

Lozitha and Ludzidzini are royal residences that have national symbolic significance. Official languages: Swati (Swazi): English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 lilangeni (plural emalangeni [E]) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = E 6.75.

Demography Area: 6,704 sq mi, 17,364 sq km. Population (2010): 1,354,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 202.0, persons per sq km 78.0. Urban (2007): 22.1%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.60%: female 50.40%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 38.9%: 15-29, 31.5%: 30-44, 15.8%:

45-59, 8.6%: 60-74, 4.2%: 75-84, 0.9%: 85 and

10,000. 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Swazi 82.3%: Zulu 9.6%: Tsonga 2.3%: Afrikaner 1.4%: mixed (black-white) 1.0%: other 3.4%. Religious afover,

(2006): Protestant 35%: syncretistic Chrisbeliefs 30%: Roman Catholic 25%: Muslim 1%: other (including Baha’i and Mormon) 9%. Major towns (2006): Manzini (urban ag-

fishing

(2007): sugarcane 5,000,000, corn (maize) 68.000, grapefruit and pomelos 37,000: livestock (number of live animals) 585,000 cattle, 276,000 goats, 3,200,000 chickens: fisheries production 70 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2008); ferrovanadium 500: crushed stone 300,000 cu m. Manufacturing (value of ex212.000. ports in US$’000: 2007): wearing apparel and accessories (2002) 173,500: sugar 159,821: unbleached wood pulp 97,099. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2008) 000 (1,001,700,000): coal (metric tons: 2008) 250,000 ([2007] 223,000). Selected balfrom ance of payments data. Receipts (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 32: remittances (2008) 100: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 8: official development assistance (2007) 63. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 51: remittances (2008) 8.

Foreign trade

Imports (2007: c.i.f.): US$1,164,200,000 (food products 18.2%, of which cereals and flour 7.6%: chemical products 13.6%: refined petroleum products 13.4%: machinery and apparatus 12.5%: motor vehicles and parts 6.5%). Major import sources: South Africa 92.9%: Namibia 2.2%: Lesotho 1.4%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.): US$1,082,300,000 (essential oils for food and beverage industries 29.4%: food products 21.0%, of which raw sugar 14.1%: silicates 19.9%: wearing apparel and accessories 4.4%: organic chemical products 4.3%: rough and sawn wood 4.2%). Major export destinations: South Africa 45.2%: Botswana 31.6%: UK 14.2%: US 3.2%.

filiation

tianity/traditional

glomeration) Mbabane 115,200: 78,700: Lobamba 11,000: Big Bend 10,400: Malkerns Location: southern Africa, bordering South Africa and Mozambique.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 301 km; passenger-km, n.a. (passenger service is for tourists and private charter only); metric ton-km cargo (2004) 710,000,000. Roads (2002); total length 3,594 km (paved 30%). Vehicles (2003):

passenger

cars

44,113;

trucks

and

buses

COIJNTRIKS OF THE

438

WORLD

—SWEDEN

47,761. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 44.000 (33): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 457,000 (346): personal computers

Sweden

(2006): 47,000 (37): total Internet users (2008):

48.000

(37).

Education and health Educational attainment (2006-07). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 23.5%: incomplete primary education 23.9%: complete primary 10.1%: incomplete/complete secondary 33.6%: higher 8.9%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 84.0%: males literate 84.7%: females literate 83.4%. Health: physicians (2004) 171 (1 per 7,240 persons): hospital beds (2006) 2,688 (1 per 476 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 72.4: undernourished population (2002-04) 250,000 (22% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,840 calories).

Military Total active duty personnel (2006): 3,000. Military

expenditure as percentage of capita expenditure US$39.

GDP

(2004): 1.8%: per

Background Stone tools and rock paintings indicate prehistoric habitation in the region, but it was not settled until the Bantu-speaking Swazi people migrated there in the 18th century. The British gained control in the 19th century after the Swazi king sought their aid against the Zulus. Following the South African War, the British governor of Transvaal administered Swaziland: his powers were transferred to the British high commissioner in 1906. In 1949 the British rejected the Union of South Africa’s request to control Swaziland. The country gained limited self-government in 1963 and achieved independence in 1968. In the 1970s new constitutions were framed based on the supreme authority of the king. During the 1990s forces demanding democracy arose, but the kingdom remained in place. In 2005 a new constitution was signed that contained a bill of rights, but it retained the ban on political parties. Swaziland has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world.

Official name: Konungariket Sverige (Kingdom of Sweden). Form of government: constitutional monar-

chy with one legislative house (Riksdag, or Parliament [349]). Head of state: King Carl XVI Gustaf (from 1973). Head of government: Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt (from 2006). Capital: Stockholm. Official language: Swedish. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Swedish krona (SEK: plural kronor) = 100 ore: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = SEK 6.29.

Area: 173,860 sq mi, 450,295 sq km. Population (2010): 9,381,000. Density (2010: based on land area only): persons per sq mi 59.2, persons per sq km 22.9. Urban (2008): 85.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.74%: female 50.26%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 16.7%: 15-29, 19.3%:

30-44, 20.4%: 45-59, 19.1%: 60-74, 15.9%: 75-89, 7.8%: 90 and over, 0.8%. Ethnic composition (2008): Swedish 86.2%: other European 7.9%, of which Finnish 1.9%: Asian 3.9%, of which Iraqi 1.2%: other 2.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Church of Sweden (including nonpracticing) 77%; other Protestant 4.5%: Muslim 4%: Roman Catholic 1.5%: Ortho-

dox 1%: other 12%. Major cities (2008): Stockholm 810,120: Goteborg 500,197: Malmo 286,535: Uppsala 190,668: Linkoping 141,863. Location: northern Europe, bordering Finland, the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, and Norway.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 11.8 (world avg. 20.3): (2008) within marriage 45.4%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 9.9 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

Recent Developments The year 2010 was characterized by economic uncertainty in Swaziland, owing to the global recession and diminished Southern African Customs Union dividends for the country. Food and energy prices steadily increased, and unemployment and poverty remained major challenges. The closure of the Sappi Usutu Pulp Co. also resulted in the loss of jobs. HIV/AIDS continued to be a significant problem, with a prevalence rate of

26%

in

the country

in

2010. Internet resource: .

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer =

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.;

cost, insurance,

freight;

0. 6

Total

fertility

rate

(avg.

births

per childbearing

woman: 2008);

1.91. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 79.1 years: female 83.2 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: SEK 857,200,000,000 (current revenue 95.2%, of which tax revenue 87.7%: capital revenue 2.1%). Expenditures: SEK 768,604,000,000 (social insurance 37.6%: defense 6.0%: health 5.9%: education 5.7%: debt service 5.4%). Public debt (October 2009):

mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short free on board

f.o.b.:

Countries of the

World— Switzerland

US$157,935,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): wheat barley sugar beets 1,975,000, 2,241,600, 1,671,600; livestock (number of live animals) 1,609,289 pigs, 1,558,381 cattle, 524,780 sheep, (2006) 254,893 reindeer; fisheries production (2007) 243,618 (from aquaculture 2%). Mining and content; iron ore quarrying (metal 2007): 16,100,000; zinc 214,576; copper 62,905; silver kg. Manufacturing (value added in SEK at constant prices of 2000; 2007): electrical machinery, telecommunications equipment, and

primary education 7.6%; lower secondary 15.0%; upper secondary 44.5%; vocational and higher 30.9%; unknown 2.0%. Health (2007): physicians 29,400 (1 per 311 persons): hospital beds 26,184 (1 per 349 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 2.5; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

Military

323,171

'000,000

electronics

equipment

243,346; transportation

nonelectrical machinery 70,506. Energy pro81,295; 136.553.000.

duction (consumption): electricity (kW-hr;

2008-09)

439

duty personnel (November 2008): 16,900 (army 60.4%, navy 18.3%, air force 21.3%); reserve 262,000. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008); 1.2%; per capita expenditure active

Total

US$570.

000

([2008] 159,114,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none (3,235,000); crude petro(barrels; 2008) none (128,417,950); petroleum (metric tons; products 17,682,000 2006) (11,390,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) none (913,000,000). Gross national income (2008): US$469,744,000,000 (US$50,940 per capita). Population economically active (2008): total 4,898,000;

Background Sweden were

leum

activity rate of total

population

53.2%

(participation

ages 15-74, 71.2%; female 47.4%; unemployed [October 2009] 8.1%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 12,004; remittances (2008) 822; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 18,094. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 13,972; remittances (2008) 912; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 28,747. rates:

The

first

who crossed the

hunters

9000

Imports (2006;

c.i.f.);

SEK 908,300,000,000 (motor

vehicles 10.9%; crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 10.8%; nonelectrical machinery and

equipment 10.1%; office machines and telecommunications equipment 9.9%; base metals 6.8%). Major import sources: Germany 17.9%; Denmark 9.4%; Norway 8.7%; Netherlands 6.3%; UK 6.2%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): SEK 1,067,600,000,000 (nonelectrical machinery and equipment 14.4%; motor vehicles 13.6%; telecommunications equipment 8.5%; paper products 6.8%; medicines and pharmaceuticals 6.0%; iron and steel 5.7%). Major export destinations: Germany 9.9%; US 9.4%; Norway 9.3%; UK 7.2%; Denmark 7.0%.

Transport and communications Transport. 4.721.000.Railroads (2006): length (2008) 11,633 km; passenger-km 9,642,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 22,271,000,000. Roads (2008): total length 425,440 km (paved 33%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 4,270,031; trucks and buses 522,313. Air transport (2008-09): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 1,603,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 5,323,000 (578); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 10,892,000 (1,183); personal computers (2005): 7.548.000 (836): total Internet users (2008): 8.086.000 (878); broadband Internet subscribers (2008); 3,791,000 (412).

Education and health Educational attainment (2008). Percentage of population ages 16-74 having: incomplete or complete

apparently

land bridge from Europe

c.

During the Viking era (9th- 10th centuries ad) the Swedes controlled river trade in eastern Europe between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea and also raided western European lands. Sweden was loosely united and Christianized in the 11th- 12th centuries. It conquered the Finns in the 12th century and in the 14th united with Norway and Denmark under a single monarchy. It broke away in 1523 under Gustav Vasa. In the 17th century it emerged as a great European power in the Baltic region, but its dominance declined after its defeat in the Second Northern War (1700-21). Sweden became a constiBC.

I

monarchy in 1809 and united with Norway acknowledged Norwegian independence

tutional

Foreign trade

inhabitants of

1814; 1905.

it

It

maintained

its

in in

neutrality during both world

wars. It was a charter member of the UN but abstained from membership in the European Union until 1995 and in NATO altogether. A new constitution in 1975 reduced the monarch’s role to that of ceremonial head of state. By the early 21st century, Sweden had emerged as a European center of telecommunications and information technology.

drafted

Recent Developments Although it had enacted a number of unpopular reforms, such as a reduction in unemployment benefits, the government of Sweden engineered a strong economic rebound in 2010. After an almost unparalleled decrease of 5% in 2009, the Swedish GDP grew by more than 4% in 2010. Unemployment-though high by Swedish standards at more than 8%— had not reached the 10-11% that had been predicted. Moreover, the World Economic Forum ranked Sweden as the world’s second most competitive economy, behind Switzerland. Internet resource: .

Switzerland Official name: Confederation Suisse (French): Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German); Confederazione Svizzera (Italian): Confederaziun Svizra (Romansh) (Swiss Confederation). Form of government: federal state with two legislative houses (Council of States [46]: National CounciT [200]). Head of state and government: President Micheline CalmyRey (from 2011). Capitals: Bern (administrative): Lausanne Cudicial). Official languages: French; German;

Countries of the

440

World

—Switzerland

beets 1,584,000, wheat 562,200, potatoes 490,000; livestock (number of live animals) 1,650,000 pigs, 1,565,000 cattle; fisheries production 2,594 (from aquaculture 47%). Mining and quarrying (2007): salt 560,000. Manufacturing (value added in CHF '000,000; 2006): chemical products and refined petroleum proctucts 18,260; professional and scientific equipment and watches 13,488; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 12,804. Energy production (consumption): elec66.741.000. tricity (kW-hr; 2007) 65,918,000,000 ([2006] (152.000) 000); coal (metric tons; 2006) none (39.800.000) crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) none :

:

petroleum products (metric tons;

2006) 5,418,000 (10,924,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) none (3,226,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 4,220,000; activity rate of total population 55.8% (participation rates:

ages 15-64, 81.2%; female 45.7%; unemployed [May 2007-April 2008] 2.6%). Gross national in-

come

US$498,534,000,000 (US$65,330 Public debt (December 2006): US$188,701,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 12,185; remittances (2008) per

Italian;

Romansh

Monetary

unit:

valuation (1 Jul

(locally).

Official

religion:

none.

1 Swiss franc (CHF) = 100 centimes: 2011) US$1 = CHF 0.85.

(2008):

capita).

2,358; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 21,708. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 10,265; remittances (2008) 18,954; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 57,429. avg.)

Demography Area: 15,940 sq mi, 41,285 sq km. Population (2010): 7,807,000. Density (2010); persons per sq mi 489.8, persons per sq km 189.1. Urban (2005): 75.2%. Sex distribution (2007): male 49.08%; female 50.92%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

15.5%: 15-29, 18.3%: 30-44, 23.0%; 45-59, 20.9%: 60-74, 14.4%: 75-84, 5.7%; 85 and over, 2.2%. National composition (2007): Swiss 78.9%; Italian 3.8%; German 2.1%] Serb/Montenegrin 2.5%: Portuguese 2.4%; Turkish 1.0%; other 8.7%. Religious affiliation (2000): Roman Catholic 41.8%: Protestant 33.0%; Muslim 4.3%; Orthodox 1.8%: Jewish 0.2%; other Christian 2.1%] nonreligious 11.1%: other 0.8%: unknown 4.3%. Major urban agglomerations (2007); ZOrich 1,132,200; Geneva 503,600; Basel 489,900; Bern 346,300; Lausanne 317,000. Location: central Europe, bordering Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Italy, and

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): CHF 177,287,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 18.8%; medicine and pharmaceuticals 10.5%: base and fabricated metals [excluding gold] 10.2%: mineral fuels 7.9%; motor 185.382.000. vehicles 6.5%). Major import sources (2008): Germany 34.7%: Italy 11.4%; France 9.7%; US 5.1%; Netherlands 4.8%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): CHF 000 (medicine and pharmaceuticals

21.1%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 15.1%: wrist watches 6.9%; organic chemical products 6.8%). Major export destinations (2008): Germany 20.3%: US 9.4%: Italy 8.8%; France 8.6%; UK 4.7%.

France.

Transport and communications Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008); 10.1 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 83.0%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 8.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

fertility

rate

(avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.48. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 79.7 years; female 84.4 years.

National

economy

Budget (combined federal, cantonal, and communal budgets: 2007). Revenue: CHF 165,097,000,000 (tax revenue 59.1%, of which taxes on income and wealth 39.6%: nontax revenue 22.2%; social security

obligations 18.7%). Expenditures:

000,000

CHF 170,738,-

security 19.0%; social welfare 16.2%; education 16.2%: health 11.3%: transporta(social

8.4%: defense 2.9%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugar

tion

Transport. Railroads (2005): length (2006) 5,062 km; passenger-km 16,144,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 10,149,000,000. Roads (2006): total length

71,353 km. Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 3,955,787; trucks and buses 324,153. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 28,140,000,000; metric tonkm cargo 1,142,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 4,835,000 (641); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 8,897,000 (1,180): personal computers (2007): 6,977,000 (918); total Internet users (2008): 5,739,000 (761); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 2,576,000 (342).

Education and health Educational attainment (2008). Percentage of resialien population ages dent Swiss and resident 25-64 having: compulsory education 13.2%; secondary 53.1%: higher 33.7%. Health: physicians

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World — Syria

441

(2005) 28,251 (1 per 263 persons): hospital beds (2006) 40,347 (1 per 185 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 4.0; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population^

Military Total

duty

active

personnel (November 2008);

22,823; additionally, there are 218,200 reservists civil defense force. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 0.9%; per

and an 85,000-member capita expenditure

US$515.

Background The

original inhabitants of Switzerland

vetians,

who were conquered

1st century bc.

Germanic

by the

were the Hel-

Romans

in

the

tribes penetrated the region

from the 3rd to the 6th century ad, and Muslim and Magyar raiders ventured in during the 10th century. It came under the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. In 1291 three cantons formed an anti-Habsburg league that became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederation. It was a center of the Reformation, which divided the confederation and led to a period of

and

religious

Demography

polit-

The French organized Switzerland as the Helvetic Republic in 1798. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna recognized Swiss independence and guaranteed its neutrality. A new federal state was formed in 1848 with Bern as the capital. It remained neutral in both world wars and thereafter. It joined the European Free Trade Association in 1960, but it has opted against Joining the European Union. It Joined the United Nations in 2002. ical

head of state and is the basis of the legal system). Monetary unit: 1 Syrian pound (S.P) = 100 piastres; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = S.P 47.40.

conflict.

Recent Developments of experts in 2010 recommended new laws to cover two Swiss banks that were considered “too big to fail." The commission, set up after the government bailed out UBS in October 2008, recommended that UBS and Credit Suisse embrace a "balanced" approach to risk taking and that they hold almost twice as much capital as required by new international banking standards. The Swiss cabinet welcomed the report and instructed the Finance Ministry to draft a consultation paper on the new regulations. Switzerland, which continued to cherish its banking secrecy, faced ongoing pressure to stop shielding tax evaders. It had agreed in August 2009 to surrender data on UBS clients to the US Internal Revenue Service, but a Swiss court ruled in January that the agreement could not be enforced. In order to avert the risk of a nationwide referendum on the matter, Swiss lawmakers in June approved the agreement and thus allowed UBS to hand over its data on suspected tax dodgers.

A commission

Area: 71,498 sq mi, 185,180 sq km. Population (2010): 22,198,000 (includes 1,200,000 Iraqi refugees and 470,000 long-term Palestinian refugees in early 2010). Density (2010): persons per sq mi 310.5, persons per sq km 119.9. Urban (2005): 50.6%. Sex distribution (2008): male

50.85%; female 49.15%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 37.0%; 15-29, 30.8%; 30-44, 17.8%; 45-59, 9.1%; 60-74, 4.0%; 75-84, 1.1%; 85 and over, 0.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): Syrian Arab 74.9%: Bedouin Arab 7.4%; Kurd 7.3%; Palestinian Arab 3.9%; Armenian 2.7%; other 3.8%. Religious affiliation (2000); Muslim 86%, of which Sunni 74%, ‘Alawite (ShiM) 11%; Christian 8%, of which Orthodox 5%, Roman Catholic 2%; Druze 3%; nonreligious/atheist 3%. Major cities (2004): Aleppo 2,181,061; Damascus 1,552,161; Hims (Homs) 750,501; Hamah 467,807; Latakia 424,392. Location:

the Middle East, bordering Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Mediterranean Sea.

Israel,

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 25.6 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

3.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 3.23. Life expectancy at birth (2008):

male 71.6 years; female 76.4

National

years.

economy

Syria

Budget (2007). Revenue: S.P 458,571,000,000 (nonpetroleum nontax revenues 30.0%; petroleum royalties and taxes 21.7%; nonpetroleum tax on income and profits 16.2%; taxes on international trade 7.3%). Expenditures: S.P 520,531,000,000 (current expenditures 62.6%; capital expenditures

name: Al-Jumhuriyah al-‘Arabiyah al-Suriyah (Syrian Arab Republic). Form of government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (People’s Assembly [250]). Head of state and govern-

37.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2008): US$5,678,000,000. Gross national income (2008): US$44,439,000,000 (US$2,090 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): wheat 4,041,100, sugar beets

Internet resource: .

Official

ment: President Basbar al-Assad (from 2000). Capi-

Damascus. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: none (Islam is the required religion of the

tal:

1,150,000, seed cotton 711,497, olives 495,310, alpistachios 52,066; livestock (number of live animals) 22,865,400 sheep, 1,561,260

monds 76,093,

442

C’OliNTRIF.S

OF

TIIF

1,168,330 cattle, 24,500 camels: fisheries production (2007) 17,881 (from aquaculture 47%). Mining and quarrying (2007): phosphate rock

goats,

3,678,000: gypsum 447,900. Manufacturing (value in S.P ’000,000: 2007): textiles and wearing apparel 35,953: food products, beverages, and tobacco products 28,975: fabricated metal products 20,003. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2007) 38,784,000,000 (38,784,000,000):

WORFI)

SYRIA

per 1,000 live births (2008) 17.3: undernourished population (2002-04) 600,000 (4% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,840 calories). tality rate

added

crude

petroleum

(barrels:

2008) 134,800,000

petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 11,229,000 (11,988,000): natural gas (cu m: 2006) 6,087,000,000 (6,087,000,000). Population economically active total (2007): 5,400,800: activity rate of total population 27.5% (participation rates: ages 15 and over 45.7%: female 15.7%: unemployed 8.4%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 3,199: remittances (2008) 850: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 662: official development assistance (2007) 75. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 719: remittances (2008) 235: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 57. ([2006] 95,700,000):

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): US$11,488,000,000 (refined petroleum products 24.4%: food products 10.7%: motor vehicles 8.6%: iron and steel 8.3%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 7.3%). Major import sources: Russia 10.2%: China 6.5%: Ukraine 5.3%: Egypt 5.2%: Saudi Arabia 5.1%. Exports (2006: f.o.b.); US$10,919,000,000 (crude petroleum 33.6%: food products and live animals 14.9%, of which vegetables and fruit 6.0%: wearing apparel and accessories 7.9%: textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles 7.5%: refined petroleum products 6.7%). Major export destinations (2007): Italy 23.7%: France 11.5%: Saudi Arabia 10.6%: Iraq 5.6%: Turkey 5.2%.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 292,600 (army 73.5%, navy 2.6%, air force 10.3%, air defense 13.6%): UN peacekeeping troops in Golan Heights (June 2009): 1,043. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007); 3.9%: per capita expendiactive

Total

ture

US$68.

Background has been inhabited for several thousand years. From the 3rd millennium bc it was under the control variously of Sumerians, Akkadians, Amorites, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians, and BabyloniSyria

ans. sian

the 6th century bc

In

Railroads (2007):

length 2,833 km: passenger-km 744,110,000: metric ton-km cargo 2.448.000.

2.550.742.000. Roads (2007): total length 55,041 km (paved 93%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 446,132: trucks and buses 566,976. Air transport (2008: SyrianAir only): passenger-km 000. metric ton-km cargo (2006) 000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 3.633.000 (170): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 7,056,000 (331): personal computers (2007): 1,844,000 (90): total Internet users (2008): 3.565.000 (167): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 11,000 (0.5).

in

became

part of the Per-

fell

to

Alexander

330 bc. Seleucid rulers governed it to c. 164 bc: Parthians and Nabataean

from 301 bc Arabs then divided the region. It flourished as a Roman province (64 bc-ad 300) and as part of the Byzantine Empire (300-634) until Muslims invaded and established control. It came under the Ottoman Empire in 1516, which held it, except for brief rules by Egypt, until the British invaded in World War I. After the war it became a French mandate: it achieved independence in 1945. It united with Egypt in the United Arab Republic (1958-61). During the Six-Day War (1967), it lost the Golan Heights to Israel. Syrian troops frequently clashed in Lebanon during the 1980s and ’90s. Hafez al-Assad’s long and harsh regime (1971-2000) was marked also by antagonism toward Syria’s neighbors Turkey and Iraq.

with Israeli troops

Transport and communications Transport. 16.000.

it

Achaemenian dynasty, which

the Great

Recent Developments charges in April 2010 that Syria had received a shipment of Scud missiles for delivery to Hezbollah in Lebanon were strenuously denied by Syrian officials but poisoned the atmosphere between Damascus and Washington. The US announced in May that comprehensive economic sanctions would be renewed for an additional year, though the US in early 2011- apIsraeli

its first new ambassador to Syria since 2005. mid-September 2010 the Russian Ministry of Defense announced that it would honor a 2007 contract to supply P-800 Yakhont antiship missiles to the Syrian armed forces. In early 2011, Syria was caught up in the wave of pro-democracy protests that swept the

pointed In

Middle East. Largely peaceful protests involving thouof Syrians took place in early 2011, many calling for the removal of Pres. Bashar al-Assad. As many as 173 people were killed when security forces fired upon the crowds in late March. In April al-Assad made

sands

Education and health Educational attainment (2003-04). Percentage of population having: no formal education (illiterate) 14.3%: no formal education (literate) 9.9%: primary education 45.8%: secondary 22.5%: incomplete higher 3.9%: higher 3.6%. Literacy (2005): percentage of population ages 15 and over literate 78.4%: males literate 90.6%: females literate 66.1%. Health (2007): physicians 29,506 (1 per 694 persons): hospital beds 28,750 (1 per 713 persons): infant mor-

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons: ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

a number of conciliatory gestures, including shuttering the country’s first and only casino, ending the country’s 48-year state of emergency, and rehiring schoolteachers who had been dismissed previously for wearing face veils. Protests continued, however, and by the

end

of

August as many as 2,200

civilians

had died.

Internet resource; .

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short cost, insurance, and freight: f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

Taiwan

World— Taiwan

National

443

economy

Budget (2006: general government). Revenue: NT$2, 172,436,000,000 (tax revenue 71.7%: income from public enterprises 14.3%: fees 4.2%). Expenditures: NT$2, 261, 958, 000, 000 (education, science, and culture 21.6%: economic development 17.0%: general administration 15.3%: social welfare 13.6%: defense 10.5%). Population economically active (2006): total 10,522,000: activity rate of total population

46.3%

(partici-

pation rates: ages 15-64, 57.9%: female 42.4%: unemployed [2007] 3.9%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): rice 1,363,458, pineapples 476,811, bamboo shoots 291,709, betel nuts 134,497: livestock (number of live animals: 2006) 7,068,621 pigs, 134,793 cattle: fisheries production 1,498,197 (from aquaculture 22%). Mining and quarrying (2008): marble 25,811,000. Manufacturing (value added in NT$’000,000,000: 2006): electronic parts and components 610:

name: Chung-hua Min-kuo (Republic of Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (Legislative Yuan [113]). Head of state: President Ma Ying-jeou (from 2008). Head of government: Premier Wu Den-yih Official

China).

base metals 288: base chemical products 230: refined petroleum products and coal 206. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr: 2005) 210,300,000,000 (201,580,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2006) none (66,000,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2007) 292,000 ([2006] 347,000,000): natural gas (cu m; 2007) 396,000,000 (11,298,000,000). Gross national Income (2008):

(from 2009). Seat of government: Taipei. Official

US$401,806,000,000 (US$17,542 per

language: Mandarin Chinese. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 =

Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 5,137: remittances (2006) 355: foreign- direct investment (FDI: 2005-07 avg.) 5,737. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 9,070: remittances (2006) 1,370: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 8,178.

NTS28.76.

Demography Area: 13,973 sq mi, 36,191 sq km. Population (2010): 23,138,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 1,655.9, persons per sq km 639.3. Urban (2005): 81%. Sex distribution (2007): male

50.57%: female 49.43%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 17.6%: 15-29, 23.2%: 30-44, 24.4%: 45-59, 21.2%: 60-74, 9.3%: 75-84, 3.5%: 85 and over, 0.8%. Ethnic composition (2003): Taiwanese 84%: mainland Chinese 14%: indigenous tribal peoples 2%, of which Ami 0.6%. Religious affiliation (2002): Buddhism 23.8%: Taoism 19.7%: Christian 4.5%, of which Protestant 2.6%, Roman Catholic 1.3%: l-kuan Tao 3 7 % (syncretistic religion): Muslim 0.6%: other (mostly Chinese folkreligionist or non-religious) 47.7%. Major cities (metropolitan areas) (2007): Taipei 2,629,269 (6,698,319): Kao-hsiung 1,520,555 (2,767,655): T’ai-chung 1,055,898 (2,218,527): T’ao-yuan .

391,822 (1,905,973):

T'ai-nan

764,658

(1,255,-

450). Location: island between the East China Sea, the Philippine Sea, and the South China Sea, north of the Philippines and southeast of mainland China.

Vital statistics

rate per 1,000 population (2008): 8.6 (world avg. 20.3): (2007) within marriage 95.6%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 6.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 1.05. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 75.1 years: female 81.9 years. Birth

capita).

Foreign trade Imports (2007: c.i.f.): US$219,252,000,000 (mineral fuels 20.9%: electronic parts and components 16.6%: base and fabricated metals 12.1%: chemical products 11.3%). Major import sources: Japan 21.0%: US 12.1%: China 11.3%: South Korea 6.9%: Saudi Arabia 4.5%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.): US$246,677,000,000 (nonelectrical machinery, electrical machinery, and electronic goods 47.8%: base and fabricated metals 11.3%: precision instruments, watches, and musical instruments 8.1%: plastics and rubber products 7.7%). Major export destinations: China 21.0%: Hong Kong 15.4%: US 13.0%: Japan 6.5%: Singapore 4.3%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008: Taiwan Railway Administration only): route length (2006) 1,118 km: passen-

ger-km 19,066,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 933,000,000. Roads (2006): total length 39,286 km. Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 5,674,000: trucks and buses 1,000,000. Air transport (2006: China Airlines, EVA, and Far Eastern Air transport only): passenger-km 59,108,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 11,470,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 14,273,000 (620): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 25,413,000 (1,103): personal computers (2005): 13,098,000 (575): total Internet users (2008): 15,143,000 (657): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 5,024,000 (218).

COIJNTRIKS OF THE WORI.D

444

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling 4.6%: primary 19.8%; vocational 23.7%; secondary 26.8%: some college 12.0%: higher 13.1%. Literacy (2007): population ages 15 and over literate 97.6%. Health (2007): physicians 35,849 (excludes 4,862 doctors of traditional Chinese medicine) (1 per 639 persons); hospital beds 150,628 (1 per 152 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000

—TAJIKISTAN

warming economic ties, not all Taiwanese sectors were open to Chinese investment. Taiwanese regulacompany in Taiwan by a Hong Kong-based investment consortium and also blocked the acquisition of a Chinese technology firm by Taiwan computer chip giant UMC. Less-sensitive sectors, though, were opening fast: Taiwan cafe chain 85 “C Cafe was listed on Taiwan’s stock exchange in November, intending to use capital raised there to challenge Starbucks for domtors blocked the purchase of a large insurance

inance

in

China.

live births 4.7.

Internet resource: .

Military active duty personnel (November 2008): 290,000 (army 69.0%, navy 15.5%, air force 15.5%);

Total

Tajikistan

reserve 1,657,000. Military expenditure as percent-

age of GDP (2008): 2.4%; per capita expenditure US$456.

Background

Known

Chinese as early as the 7th century, Taiwan was widely settled by them early in the 17th century. In 1646 the Dutch seized control of the island, only to be ousted in 1661 by a large influx of Chinese refugees from the Ming dynasty. Taiwan to the

to the Manchus in 1683 and was not open to Europeans again until 1858. In 1895 it was ceded to Japan following the Sino-Japanese War. A Japanese military center in World War II, It was frequently fell

bombed

by US planes. After Japan’s defeat it was returned to China, which was then governed by the Nationalists. When the Communists took over mainland China in 1949, the Nationalist government fled to Taiwan and made it their seat of government, with Gen. Chiang Kai-shek as president. In 1954 he and the US signed a mutual defense treaty, and Taiwan received US support for almost three decades, developing its economy in spectacular fashion. It was recognized by many noncommunist countries as the representative of all China until 1971, when it was replaced in the UN by the People’s Republic of China. Martial law was lifted in Taiwan in 1987 and travel restrictions with mainland China were removed in 1988. In 1989 opposition parties were legalized. The relationship with the mainland became increasingly close in the

Official

name: Jumhurii Tojikiston (Republic of Form of government: republic with two

Tajikistan).

legislative

sembly

houses (National Assembly

of Representatives [63]).

Head

[34]; Asof state:

President Imomalii Rakhmon (from 1994). Head of government: Prime Minister Akil Akilov (from 1999). Capital: Dushanbe. Official language: Tajik. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 somoni (TJS) = 100 dirams; valuation (1 Jul 2011)

US$1

= TJS 4.63.

1990s.

Demography Recent Developments

some 15% of its GDP based on exports to in 2010 at roughly US$100 billion annually— Taiwan’s economy was highly dependent on the mainland. The depth of that relationship was expected to grow after the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) was signed by Taiwan and China at the end of June. Under ECFA, China was to lower its tariffs to zero on some 539 exports from Taiwan over two years, while Taiwan would do the same for 267 Chinese exports to the island. AlWith

China-valued

though ECFA was essentially a free-trade agreement, its formal name reflected continued Chinese sensitivities about Taiwan’s sovereignty-i.e., that China signed free-trade agreements only with sovereign countries, Taiwan not being one. Despite these

Area: 55,300 sq mi, 143,100 sq km. Population (2010): 7,075,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 127.9, persons per sq km 49.4. Urban (2007): 26.3%. Sex distribution (2007): male 49.74%; female 50.26%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

35.0%: 15-29, 31.5%: 30-44, 18.8%; 45-59, 9.7%: 60-74, 3.8%; 75 and over, 1.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): Tajik 80.0%; Uzbek 15.3%: Russian 1.1%: Tatar 0.3%: other 3.3%. Religious affiliation (2005): Sunni Muslim 78%; Shi'i Muslim 6%; nonreligious 12%: other (mostly Christian) 4%. Major cities (2007): Dushanbe 679,400; Khujand 155,900; Kulyab 93,900; Kurgan-Tyube 71,000; Istaravshan (Ura-Tyube) 60,200. Location: central Asia, bordering Kyrgyzstan, China, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan.

1 metric ton - about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.; cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World

—Tanzania

445

passenger-km 1,030,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 7,031,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 360,000 (53); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 2,459,000 (360); personal computers (2007): 87,000 (13); total Internet users (2008); 600,000 (88). only);

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2007): 27.3 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2007):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

7.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007): 3.09. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 61.6 years; female

67.8 years.

Education and health National

economy

Literacy (2007): percentage of total population ages

Budget (2008). Revenue: TJS 3,436,000,000 (tax revenue 95.8%; nontax revenue 4.2%). Expenditures: TJS 5,058,000,000 (current expenditures 54.5%; capital expenditures 43.8%; net lending 1.7%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): potatoes 659,900, wheat 612,000, raw seed cotton 419,700; livestock

(number of 1.418.000

1,922,000 sheep, 1,250,000 goats, 42,000 camels; fisheries production 172 (from aquaculture 15%). Mining and quarrying (2006): antimony (metal content) 2,000; silver 5,000 kg; gold 3,000

15 and over literate, virtually 100%. Health (2007): physicians 13,400 (1 per 505 persons); hospital beds 38,800 (1 per 175 persons); infant mortality 1,000 live births 43.6; undernourished pop(2002-04) 3,500,000 (56% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,910 calories). rate per

ulation

animals)

live

cattle,

Manufacturing (value of production in TJS ’000,000 at constant prices of 1998; 2007): nonferrous metals (nearly all aluminum) 585,103; food products 301,156; textiles 209,375. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 16,127,000,000 ([2007] 17,600,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2008) 216,000 ([2006] 94,000); lignite (metric tons; 2006) 15,000 (15,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 185,000 ([2006] 117,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (1,542,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008) 12,000,000 (510,000,000). Population economically active (2007): total 2,201,000; activity rate of total population 30.5% (participation rates: ages 15-62 [male], 15-57 [female] 51.7%; female [2004] 41.7%; officially unemployed 2.3%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2004) 1.0; remittances (2008) 1,750; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 265; official development assistance (2007) 221. Disbursements for (US$’000,000); tourism (2004) 3.0; remittances (2008) 184. Gross national income (2008): US$4,074,000,000 (US$600 per kg.

capita). Public

Military

(November 2008): 8,800 (army 83%, air force 17%); Russian troops (November 2008): 5,500. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007); 2.4%; per capita expenditure

Total active duty personnel

US$13.

Background Settled by the Persians c. the 6th century bc, Tajikistan was part of the empires of the Persians and of Alexander the Great

and

his successors. In the

was conquered by the Arabs, who introduced Islam. The Uzbeks controlled the region in the 15th-18th centuries. In the 1860s Russia took over much of Tajikistan. In 1924 it became an autonomous republic under the 7th-8th centuries ad

it

administration of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, and it gained republic status in 1929. It achieved independence with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Civil war raged through much of the 1990s between government forces and an opposition of mostly Islamic forces. Peace was

achieved

in

1997.

Recent Developments

debt (external, outstanding; 2007):

September 2010 the IMF posited that Tajikistan was overcoming the effects of the global financial cri-

US$1,065,000,000.

In

thanks to a rise in remittances from labor migrants working abroad, but significant segments of the country’s economy suffered the effects all year of Uzbekistan’s slowdown in the delivery of rail freight to Tajikistan. Although never admitted officially by the Uzbek authorities, Tajik officials believed that the sis,

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$2,547,000,000 (refined petroleum products 10.8%; grain and flour 5.3%; electricity 2.6%; natural gas 2.6%; other [significantly alumina] 78.7%). Major import sources (2008): China 25.9%; Russia 24.8%; Kazakhstan 10.6%; Uzbekistan 6.8%; Turkey 5.4%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.); US$1,468,000,000 (cotton fiber 9.4%; electricity 4.1%; other [significantly aluminum] 86.5%). Major export destinations (2008): Israel 39.6%; Turkey 8.7%; Russia 7.6%; Italy 7.4%; Norway 7.2%.

slowdown, which affected primarily agriculture and construction work in the southern Khatlon Region,

was aimed

at stopping construction of a gigantic

dam

and power plant at Roghun. Many Uzbeks believed the dam’s completion would result in agriculture in southern Uzbekistan being deprived of water for years.

Internet resource: .

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2005): length (2006) 482 km; passenger-km 46,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 1,066,000,000. Roads (2000); total length 27,767 km (paved [1996] 83%). Vehicles (2007):

passenger cars 192,973; trucks and 64,324. Air transport (2005; Tajikistan

buses Airlines

Tanzania Official

name: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Republic of Tanzania (English). Form

(Swahili); United

of

government: unitary multiparty republic with one

— Countries of the

446

Worl d

T anzania

27.6%, income tax 19.4%; nontax revenue 5.7%). Expenditures: TZS 4,474,680,900,000 (current expenditures 70.1%, of which interest payments on debt 4.8%; capital expenditures 29.9%). Gross national income (2008; mainland Tanzania

only):

per capita).

•

US$18,350,000,000 (US$440.'

Public debt (external,

outstanding; 2007): US$3,684,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agricuiture and fishing (2007): cassava 6,600,000, corn (maize) 3,400,000, rice 1,240,000, cashew nuts 92,000, to18.000.leaves 53,000, coffee 52,000, cloves bacco 9,900; livestock (number of live animals)

000

cattle,

[

12,550,000 goats, 3,550,000

sheep; fisheries production 328,827 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): gold 40,193 kg: garnets 5,900 kg; tanzanites rubies 2,700 kg; diamonds 282,786 Manufacturing (2005): cement 1,281,000; wheat flour 347,296; sugar 202,200; konyagi (a Tanzanian liquor) 41,050 hectoliters. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kWhr; 2006) 2,776,000,000 (2,899,000,000); 374.000.

3,400

kg:

carats.

house (National Assembly [357]). Head of and government: President Jakaya Kikwete (from 2005). Capital: Dar es Salaam (Dodoma is the legislative

state

capital designate). Official languages: Swahili; English. Official religion:

nian shilling (TZS) =

none. Monetary

100 US$1 = TZS 1,620.50.

unit:

1 Tanza-

cents; valuation (1 Jul

2011)

Demography 364,901 sq mi, 945,090 sq km. Population (2010): 41,893,000. Density (2010; based on land area only): persons per sq mi 122.8, persons per sq km 47.4. Urban (2008): 25.6%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.46%; female 50.54%. Age break-

Area:

coal (metric tons;

2006) 80,000 (80,000);

43.1%

j

pe-

troleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (1,216,000): natural gas (cu m; 2006) 000 (374,000,000). Population economically active (2002): total 14,841,000; activity rate of total population




8.2%: India 6.3%.

Transport and communications Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 38.3 (world Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

12.6 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 4.93. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 48.5 years; female 50.9 years.

National

economy

ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

cargo 4,461,000,000. Roads (2008): length 78,892 km (paved 6%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars

80,913; trucks and buses 393,005. Air transport. (2008): passenger-km 156,000,000; metric ton-km^ cargo 1,452,000. Communications, in total units' (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines" (2008): 124,000 (2.9); cellular telephone sub-^

13,007,000 (306): personal com^ 356,000 (9.3): total Internet users^ M (2008): 520,000 (12). scribers (2008):

Budget (2006-07). Revenue: TZS 3,691,247,900,000 (tax revenue 68.5%, of which excise tax 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

Transport. Railroads (2003): length (2001) 3,690 km; passenger-km 1,305,000,000; metric ton-km

puters (2005):

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

I]

Countries of the

World— Thailand

447

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schoolin&/unknown 49.6%: primary education 44.0%; secondary 5.5%: postsecondary 0.9%. Literacy (2007): percentage of population ages 15 and over literate

72.3%: males literate 79.0%; females literate 65.9%. Health (2002): physicians 822 (1 per 42,085 persons): hospital beds 36,853 (1 per 939 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) undernourished population (2003-05) 73.0: 13,000,000 (35% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,730 calories).

Military Total active duty personnel (November 2008): 27,000 (army 85.2%, navy 3.7%, air force 11.1%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.1%: per capita expenditure US$4.

Background

Demography

Inhabited from the 1st millennium bc, Tanzania was occupied by Arab and Indian traders and Bantuspeaking peoples by the 10th century ad. The Por-

Area: 198,117 sq mi, 513,120 sq km. Population (2010): 67,090,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 33^6, persons per sq km 130.7. Urban (2008): 33.8%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.44%; female 50.56%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15,

tuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. German colonists entered the area in the 1880s, and in 1891 the Germans declared the region a protectorate as German East Africa. In World War Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika. Britain retained control of the region after World War when it became a UN trust territory (1947). Tanganyika gained independence in 1961 and became a republic in 1962. In 1964 it united with Zanzibar under the name Tanzania. The country subsequently experienced both political and economic struggles: it held its first multiparty elections in 1995. I,

!

II

:

i

King Bhumibol Adulyadej (from 1946). Head of government: Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra (from 2011). Capital: Bangkok. Official language: Thai. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 baht (THB) = 100 satang; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = THB 30.73.

21.2%: 15-29, 23.9%; 30-44, 24.5%; 45-59, 18.2%: 60-74, 9.2%: 75-89, 2.9%; 90 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Tai peoples 81.4%, of which Thai (Siamese) 34.9%, Lao 26.5%; Han Chinese 10.6%; Malay 3.7%; Khmer 1.9%; other 2.4%. Religious affiliation (2005): Buddhist 83%; Muslim (nearly all Sunni) 9%; traditional beliefs 2.5%; nonreligious 2%; other (significantly Christian) 3.5%. Major cities (2000): Bangkok (2007) 6,704,000; Samut Prakan 378,741; Nonthaburi 291,555; Udon Thani 222,425; Nakhon Ratchasima 204,641. Location: southeastern Asia, bordering Laos, Cambodia, the Gulf of Thailand, Malaysia, and

Myanmar

(Burma).

Recent Developments Although usually regarded as a strong supporter of worldwide conservation, the Tanzanian government was strongly criticized by wildlife groups and UNESCO in 2010 for its plan to construct a 50-km (31mi) two-lane commercial highway through Serengeti National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They warned that the proposed road would cut across the largest remaining mass-migration system on Earth, disrupting the annual migratory route of two million wildebeest, zebras, and gazelles. Despite the controversy, the government in February 2011 announced its intention to proceed with the project, claiming ithat it would benefit the poor communities ringing the park. In June, however, the government abandoned the controversial plan.

'

I

I

i

I

!

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 13.6 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

7.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 75.3 years.

birth

fertility

rate (avg. births

2008): 1.64. Life ex(2008): male 70.5 years; female

!

;

National

!

1

'

Internet resource: .

Thailand

capital expenditures 20.1%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): sugarcane 76,018,410, rice 32,119,350, cassava 23,809,670, natural rubber 3,166,840; livestock (number of live animals) 7,845,346 pigs,

6,699,999

name: Ratcha Anachak Thai (Kingdom of Thailand). Form of government: constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [150]: House of Representatives [500]). Head of state: Official

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: THB 1,839,600,000,000 (tax revenue 89.9%, of which VAT 27.4%, corporate taxes 25.0%, excise tax 15.1%, income tax 11.1%; nontax revenue 10.1%). Expenditures: THB 1,633,300,000,000 (current expenditures 79.9%;

cattle,

1,699,469

buffalo; fisheries pro-

duction (2007) 3,858,815 (from aquaculture 36%).

Mining and quarrying (2007): gypsum (2008) 8,500,401; dolomite 1,123,425; feldspar 684,668; zinc [metal content] 32,921; gemstones (signifi-

448

Countries of the

cantly rubies and sapphires) 102,000 carats: silver 7,400 kg: gold 3,000 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000: 2000): textiles and wearing apparel 1,905: electronics 1,817: food

products

1,311. Energy production (consump-

2007) 142,538,000,000 (138,609,000,000): coal (metric tons: 2006) none (6,252,000): lignite (metric tons: 2008) 18,171,950 ([2006] 18,852,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008-09) 79,899,830 ([2008] tion): electricity (kW-hr:

340,545,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) 43,459,000 (37,489,000): natural gas (cu m: 2008) 28,760,000,000 (37,310,000,000). Population economically active (2008: end of 3rd quarter): total 38,344,700: activity rate of total population 58.5% (participation rates: ages 15-59, 79.3%: female 46.0%: unemployed [April 2008March 2009] 1.5%). Gross national income (2008): US$191,650,000,000 (US$2,840 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$9,841,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 16,667: remittances (2008) 1.800: foreign direct investment (FDI: 2006-08 avg.) 10,258. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 5,143: FDI

(2005-07

avg.) 1.097.

Foreign trade Imports (2008: c.i.f.): THB 5,946,311.060,000 (mineral fuels 20.7%, of which crude petroleum 16.2%: chemical products 10.1%: electronic parts 8.5%: electrical machinery and equipment 8.3%: iron and steel 7.6%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 6.5%: fabricated metal products 5.7%). Major import sources: Japan 18.8%: China 11.3%: US 6.4%: UAE 6.2%: Malaysia 5.4%. Exports (2008: f.o.b.): THB 5,851.371.140.000 (computers and parts 9.4%: transportation equipment 9.4%: agricultural products 9.0%: integrated circuits and parts 8.7%: electrical machinery and equipment 6.8%: refined petroleum products 5.4%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 4.9%). Major export destinations: US 11.4%: Japan 11.3%: China 9.1%: Singapore 5.7%: Hong Kong 5.7%.

World

—Thailand

known 5.4%: incomplete primary education 32.4%: complete primary 21.2%: lower secondary 29.6%: upper secondary/higher 11.4%. Literacy (2007): population ages 15 and over literate 94.1%: males literate 95.9%: females literate 92.6%. Health (2005): physicians 19,546 (1 per 3,287 persons): hospital beds 134,016 (1 per 470 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 18.1: undernourished (2008) population (2002-04) 13,800,000 (22% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,870 calories). Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 306,600 (army 62.0%, navy 23.0%, air force 15.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.4%: per capita expenditure US$51.

Total

active

Background The region

of Thailand

has been occupied contin-

uously for 20,000 years. It was part of the Mon and Khmer kingdoms from the 9th century ad. Thai-speaking peoples emigrated from China in the 10th century. During the 13th century two Thai states emerged: the Sukhothai kingdom, founded about 1220 after a successful revolt against the Khmer, and Chiang Mai, founded in 1296 after the defeat of the Mon. In 1350 the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya succeeded Sukhothai. The Burmese were its most powerful rivals, occupying it briefly in the 16th century and destroying the kingdom in 1767. The Chakri dynasty came to power in 1782, moving the capital to Bangkok and extending the empire along the Malay Peninsula and into Laos and Cambodia. The country was named Siam in 1856. Though Western influence increased during the 19th century, Siam’s rulers avoided colonization by granting concessions to European countries: it was the only Southeast Asian nation able to do so. In 1917 it entered World War on the side of the Allies, It became a I

constitutional

monarchy following a

military

coup

1932 and was officially renamed Thailand in It 1939. It was occupied by Japan in World War participated in the Korean War as a UN forces member and was allied with South Vietnam in the Vietnam War. The country subsequently became a in

II.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008): route length 4,071 km: passenger-km 8,570,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 3,139,000,000. Roads (2007): total length 51,538 km (paved 99%). Vehicles (2007): pas-

senger cars 3,560,222: trucks and buses 3,615,153. Air transport (2008-09): passengerkm 51,852,000,000: metric ton-km cargo 2,050,901,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 7,024,000 (104): cellular telephone subscribers

(2008):

62,000,000 (920): personal

computers (2007): 4,039,000 (62): total Internet users (2008); 16,100,000 (239): broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

950,000

(14),

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of employed population having: no formal schooling/un-

economic powerhouse, though serious problems also emerged, including a growing gap between rich and poor and a major AIDS regional

social

epidemic.

Recent Developments of United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) protesters, popularly known as red shirts, occupied parts of central Bangkok, demanding that Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva dissolve the Thai National Assembly and call a general election. Consisting mainly of the poor from Thailand’s northern and northeastern regions, the red shirts were opposed to the coup of 2006 and subsequent, court rulings that ousted from power their populist hero, former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra. They were opposed by the In

2010, thousands

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the anti-Thaksin yellow-shirt movement. In mid-May UDD members ran amok, hurling Molotov cocktails and setting car tires and public buildings ablaze in retaliation after a UDD leader was shot and killed. More than 90 people were killed. The protests spread to several provinces, prompting Abhisit to declare a state of emergency, which was lifted only in late

World— Togo

449

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 36.7 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg.

9.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman: 2008): 4.85. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 57.0 years: female

61.6 years.

December.

Internet resource: .

National

Togo

tion):

name: Republique Togolaise (Togolese ReForm of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [81]). Head of state and government: President

Official

public).

Faure Gnassingbe (from 2005), assisted by Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo (from 2008). Capital: Lome. Official language: French. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes: valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = CFAF

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: CFAF 249,900,000,000 (tax revenue 84.5%, of which taxes on international trade 66.5%: grants 11.7%: nontax revenue 3.8%). Expenditures: CFAF 253,300,000,000 (current expenditures 80.2%: capital expenditures 19.8%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): cassava 881,011, yams 638,087, corn (maize) 595,311, cacao beans 80,000, seed cotton 32,500: livestock (number of live animals) 2.001.500 sheep, 1,508,100 goats, 582,400 pigs: fisheries production (2007) 24,905 (from aquaculture 20%). Mining and quarrying (2007): limestone 2,400,000: phosphate rock (2008: gross weight) 686,472: diamonds 17,362 carats. Manufacturing (value added in CFAF ’000,000: 2006): food products, beverages, and tobacco products 33,800: bricks, cement, and ceramics 19,300: base and fabricated metals 10,800. Energy production (consumpelectricity

(kW-hr:

2006)

221,000,000

(726,000,000): petroleum products (metric tons: 2006) none (268,000). Population economically active (2006): total 2,521,000: activity rate of total population 39.3% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 70.0%: female 38.4%: unemployed [2004] 32%). Gross national income (2008): US$2,607,000,000 (US$400 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$1,655,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 21: remittances (2008) 229: foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 74: official development assistance (2007) 121. Disburserrients for (US$’000,000): tourism (2006) 5: remittances (2008) 35.

Foreign trade

452.93.

Demography Area: 21,853 sq mi, 56,600 sq km. Population (2010): 6,587,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 301.4, persons per sq km 116.4. Urban (2007): 41.4%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.12%: female 50.88%. Age breakdown (2008):

under 15, 41.6%: 15-29, 30.0%: 30-44, 15.9%: 45-59, 8.1%: 60-74, 3.6%: 75-84, 0.7%: 85 and over, 0.1%. Ethnic composition (2000): Ewe 22.2%: Kabre 13.4%: Wachi 10.0%: Mina 5.6%: Kotokoli 5.6%: Bimoba 5.2%: Losso 4.0%: Gurma 3.4%: Lamba 3.2%: Adja 3.0%: other 24.4%. Religious affiiiation (2004): Christian 47.2%, of which Roman Catholic 27.8%, Protestant 9.5%, independent and other Christian 9.9%: traditional beliefs 33.0%: Muslim 13.7%: nonreligious 4.9%: other 1.2%. Major cities (2005): Lome 921,000 (urban

agglomeration Sokode 1,452,000): [2007] 106,300: Kara 100,400: Atakpame 72,700: Kpalime 71,400. Location: western Africa, bordering Burkina Faso, Benin, the Atlantic Ocean, and Ghana.

Imports (2007: c.i.f.): US$787,100,000 (refined petroleum products 26.7%: food products 10.6%, of which cereals 5.2%: machinery and apparatus 9.4%: cement clinker 7.9%: medicinal and pharmaceutical products 6.2%). Major import sources: France 19.2%: China 15.8%: Netherlands 11.1%: US 4.2%: Belgium 3.7%. Exports (2007: f.o.b.): US$280,000,000 (Portland cement 24.1%: cement clinker 19.6%: iron and steel 12.5%: crude fertilizer 11.2%: food products 9.5%: cotton 8.9%). Major export destinations: Niger 12.7%: Benin 10.9%: India 9.8%: Burkina Faso 9.8%: Mali 7.1%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 568 km: passenger-km, none: metric ton-km cargo (2001) 440,000,000. Roads (2001): total length 7.500 km (paved 24%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 10,611: trucks and buses 2,412. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 141,000 (24):

cellular

telephone subscribers (2008):

Countries of the

450

W orld— Tonga

1.547.000 (264); personal computers (2007);

171.000 350.000

Internet

total

(30); (60);

users

Tonga

(2008):

broadband Internet subscribers

(2008): 1,900 (0.3).

Education and health Educational attainment (1998). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal education/unknown 57.2%; primary education 24.5%; secondary and higher 18.3%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate 65.8%; males literate 79.1%; females literate 52.8%. Health: physicians (2004) 225 (1 per 23,364 persons): hospital beds (2005) 4,862 (1 per 1,111 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 58.2; undernourished population (2002-04) 1.200.000 (24% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

1,830

name:

Official

calories).

of

Tonga

.constitutional

Military

Total active duty personnel

Fakatu’i ’o Tonga (Tongan);

Form monarchy

(English).

Kingdom

government: hereditary with one legislative house of

Assembly [28]). Head of state: King Tupou V (from 2006). Head of government: Prime Minister Tu’ivakano (from 2010).

(Legislative

(November 2008):

8,550 (army 94,7%, navy 2.3%,

air force 3.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.6%: per capita expenditure

Siaosi (George)

Capital: Nuku’alofa. Official languages: Tongan: English. Official religion:

(T$) =

US$7.

100

none. Monetary unit: 1 pa’anga 2011) US$1 =

seniti; valuation (1 Jul

T$1.68.

Background now Togo was an intermediate zone between the black African military states of Asante and Dahomey, and its various Until

1884 what

is

general isolation from part of the Togoland German protectorate, which was occupied by British and French forces in 1914. In 1922 the League of Nations assigned eastern Togoland to France and the western portion to Britain. In 1946 the British and French governments placed the territories under UN trusteeship, Ten years later British Togoland was incorporated into the Gold Coast, and French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union. Togo gained indepenethnic groups lived

each other.

In

1884

in it

became

dence in 1960. It suspended its constitution in 1967-80. A multiparty constitution was approved in 1992, but the political situation remained unstable.

Area:

289 sq

mi,

Demography 748 sq km. Population

(2010):

103,000. Density (2010; based on land area): persons per sq mi 371.8, persons per sq km 143.5. Urban (2006): 23.2%. Sex distribution (2006): male 50.76%; female 49.24%. Age breakdown (2006): under 15. 38.2%; 15-29, 26.3%; 30-44, 17.2%: 45-59, 10.1%: 60-74, 6.1%; 75 and over, 2.1%. Ethnic composition (2006); Tongan 96.6%; Tongan/other 1.6%; white 0.6%; Chinese 0.4%; other 0.8%. Religious affiliation (2006): Protestant 64.9%, of which Methodist-related denominations 55.9%: Mormon 16.8%; Roman Catholic 15.6%: Baha’i 0.7%; unknown 1.4%; other 0.6%. Major towns (2006): Nuku’alofa 23,658 (Greater Nuku’alofa 34,311): Neiafu 4,123; Haveloloto 3.405. Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean between Hawaii (US) and New Zealand.

Recent Developments

Vital statistics

sports much of 2010 was dominated by the misfortunes of Togo’s national football team. On 8 January, as the team was traveling through the Angolan exclave of Cabinda en route to a match, Cabindan separatist guerrillas machine-gunned the team’s bus, killing three people and injuring several others. Goalkeeper Kodjovi Obilale was left unable to walk. Togo’s withdrawal from the tournament brought an immediate suspension from the Confederation of African Football (CAF). The CAF rescinded the ban only after international protests, demonstrations, and an official govern-

1,000 population (2008): 25.3 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

In

ment appeal.

Birth rate per

5.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 3.76. Life expectancy at birth (2008); male 72.4 years; female 74.4 years.

National

7.0%). Internet resource: .

economy

Budget (2005-06). Revenue; T$ 172,446.000 (tax revenue 72.9%; grants 15.1%; nontax revenue 12.0%). Expenditures; T$ 166,031,000 (current expenditures 93.0%: development expenditures Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007):

US$89,600,000. Gross national income (2008):

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; f.o.b.; free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

US$.265,000,000 (US$2,560 per

capita).

World

Produc-

tion (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture

and

(2007): coconuts 58,500, pumpkins, squash, and gourds 21,000, cassava 9,700, yams 4,700, plantains 3,300, vanilla 150; livestock (number of live animals) 81,200 pigs, 12,600 goats, 11,500 horses; fisheries production 2,549 (from aquaculture, negligible): aquatic plants production 107 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining fishing

and quarrying:

coral

and sand

for local use.

Manu-

T$’000; 2005): food products and beverages 19,722; bricks, ceproducts chemical ceramics ment, and 4,109; 2,044. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 55,000,000 (47,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (56,000). Population economically active (2003): total 36,450; activity rate 34.1% (participation rates: ages 15-64 (1996) 60.4%; female 41.9%; unemployed 5.2%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 15; remittances (2008) 100; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 17; official development assistance (2007) 30. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 10; remittances (2008) 12. facturing (value of production

in

Foreign trade

—Trinidad and Tobago

Tonga has defense cooperation agreements with both Australia and New Zealand. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2004): 1.0%; per capita expenditure US$23.

Background Tonga was inhabited at least 3,000 years ago by people of the Lapita culture. The Tongans developed a stratified social system headed by a paramount ruler whose dominion by the 13th century extended as far as the Hawaiian Islands. The Dutch visited the islands in the 17th century: in 1773 Capt. James Cook arrived and named the archipelago the Friendly Islands. The modern kingdom was established during the reign (1845-93) of King George Tupou I. It became a British protectorate in 1900. This was dissolved in 1970 when Tonga, the only ancient kingdom surviving from the pre-European period in Polynesia, achieved complete independence within the Commonwealth. King George Tupou V ceded much of the monarchy’s formerly absolute power in 2008 and agreed to make most governmental decisions in consultation with the prime minister.

Recent Developments members of the Tongan parliament were, for the first time, popularly elected in November 2010. Rather than naming a commoner as the new

The majority

Imports (2006-07; c.i.f.): T$245,200,000 (food products and beverages 31.4%; refined petroleum products 29.5%; machinery and transportation equipment 14.2%). Major import sources: New Zealand 33.5%; Fiji 27.3%; Australia 13.8%; US 10.3%. Exports (2006-07; f.o.b.): T$20,900,00G (fish 40.2%: squash 26.8%; root crops 13.9%; kava 6.7%). Major export destinations: Japan 35.2%: New Zealand 20.2%; US 12.2%; Australia 6.1%.

451

of

prime minister, however, the nine nobles and

five in-

dependents joined forces

one

the nobles. He then

members

to elect Tu’ivakano,

named

of

only two pro-democracy

to his cabinet.

Internet resource: .

Trinidad and Tobago Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2000): total length 680 km (paved 27%). Vehicles (2004): passenger cars 7,705; trucks and buses 5,297. Air transport (2002): passenger-km 14,000,000; metric

ton-km cargo 1,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 26,000 (247); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 51,000 (487); personal computers (2005): 5,000 (50); total Internet users (2008);

8,400

700

(81):

broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

(7).

Education and health Educational attainment (2006). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 1.8%; primary education 29.5%; lower secondary 46.7%; upper secondary 11.0%; higher 11.0%, of which university 3.6%. Literacy (2007): percentage of population ages 15 and over literate, virtually 100%. Health (2004): physicians 41 (1 per 2,447 persons); hospital beds 296 (1 per 332 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 20.0.

name: Republic

of Trinidad and Tobago. government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Senate [31]; House of Official

Form

of

Representatives

[42]).

Head

of state: President

George Maxwell Richards (from 2003). Head of government: Prime Minister Kamla PersadBissessar (from 2010). Capital: Port of Spain.

language: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = TT$6.42.

Official

Military Total active duty personnel (October 2007):

member force

450-

includes air and coast guard elements.

Countries of the

452

World

—Trinidad and Tobago

Demography

Foreign trade

Area; 1,990 sq mi, 5,155 sq km. Population (2010): 1,312,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 659.3, persons per sq km 254.5. Urban (2005); 12.2%. Sex distribution (2007): male 50.59%; female 49.41%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$7,663,000,000 (crude petroleum 31.0%: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 11.4%: base and fabricated metals 8.6%; food products 7.1%: iron ore agglomerates 5.8%; motor vehicles 5.5%). Major import sources: US 25.1%; Brazil 10.6%: Colombia 8.8%; Gabon 6.8%; Republic of the Congo 5.7%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$13,396,000,000 (liquefied natural gas 30.8%; refined petroleum products 16.2%: crude petroleum 12.8%; ammonia 8.9%: methanol 7.2%). Major export destinations: US 57.7%; Jamaica 4.6%; Spain 4.0%; Dominican Repubiic 2.6%; Germany 2.2%.

20.1%: 15-29, 28.3%: 30-44, 21.8%: 45-59, 18.7%: 60-74, 8.4%: 75-84, 2.2%: 85 and over, 0.5%. Ethnic composition (2000): black 39.2%: East Indian 38.6%: mixed 16.3%: Chinese 1.6%: white 1.0%: other 3.3%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 29%: Hindu 24%: Protestant 19%: independent and other Christian 7%: Muslim 7%: nonreligious 2%: other 12%. Major towns (2006): Port of Spain 49,800 (greater Port of Spain [2004] 264,000): Chaguanas 73,100: San Juan 57,100; San Fernando 56,600; Arima 35,600. Location: islands northeast of Venezuela, between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 14.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

7.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 73.5 years.

birth (2007):

fertility

rate (avg. births

2007): 1.73. Life ex-

male 67.6 years; female

Transport and communications 71,000. Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2000): total length 8,320 km (paved 51%). Vehicles (2005):

passenger

trucks and buses (2008; Caribbean Airlines only): passenger-km 2,285,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 19,696,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 307,000 (236); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,505,000 (1,155); personal com-

cars

320,000;

Air transport

172,000 (132); total 227,000 (174); broadband 36,000 (27).

puters (2007):

(2008):

Internet users

Internet sub-

scribers (2007):

Education and health National

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: TT$55, 584,400,000 (taxes on petroleum and natural gas corporations 47.5%; nonoil corporate taxes 12.1%; VAT 11.9%; income tax 7.5%: nontax revenue 4.8%; import duties 4.3%). Expenditures: TT$45, 767,000,000 (current expenditures 78.0%: development expenditures and net lending 22.0%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): sugarcane 358.000, bananas 7,000, oranges 5,250, cacao beans 639, coffee 250; livestock (number of live animals) 60,000 goats, 45,000 pigs, 28,500,000 chickens: fisheries production 8,406 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): lime7.760.000. stone 850,000; natural asphalt 16,200. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2003): refined

petroleum products and natural' gas 732; base chemical products 515; food products 129. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 000 ([2006] 6,901,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 41,800,000 ([2006] 56,500,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 8,093,000 (1,209,000): natural gas (cu m; 2008) 41,839,000,000 ([2006] 14,688,000,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 463; remittances (2008) 109; official development assistance (2007) 18; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 921. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 94; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 330. Gross national

Income (2008): US$22,123,000,000 (US$16,540 per capita). Population economically active (2008): 626,600; activity rate of total population 48%

total

rates: ages 15-64, 70.2%: female 41.5%: unemployed 4.6%). Public debt (external, outstanding: March 2009): US$1,494,000,000.

(participation

Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schoolin^unknown 8.0%; primary education 35.4%; secondary 52.0%: university 4.6%. Literacy (2002): total population«ages 15 and over literate 98.5%;

males

literate

99.0%; females

literate

97.9%.

Health (2008): physicians 1,735 (1 per 751 persons): hospital beds 3,499 (1 per 372 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) population (2002-04) 32.2; undernourished 130,000 (10% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,950 calories).

Military

(November 2008): 4,063 (army 73.8%, coast guard 26.2%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNI (2007): 0.3%; per capita expenditure US$42. Total active duty personnel

Background

When

Christopher Columbus visited Trinidad in 1498, it was inhabited by the Arawak Indians: Caribs inhabited Tobago. The islands were settled by the Spanish in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries African slaves were imported for plantation labor to replace the original Indian population, which had been worked to death by the Spanish. Trinidad was surrendered to the British in 1797. The British attempted to settle Tobago in 1721, but the French captured the island in 1781 and transformed it into a sugar-producing colony; the British acquired it in 1802. After slavery ended in the islands in 1834-38, immigrants from India were

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); f.o.b.: free on board ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight;

Countries of the

to work the plantations. The islands of and Tobago were administratively combined in 1889. Granted limited self-government in 1925, the islands became an independent state within the Commonwealth in 1962 and a republic in 1976. Political unrest was followed in 1990 by an attempted Muslim fundamentalist coup against the

brought

in

Trinidad

government. Since the beginning of the 21st cenand Tobago has continued its rapid pace of industrial development, which included building liquefied natural gas plants and steel

tury, Trinidad

World—Tunisia

453

13.2%: 60-74, 6.6%; 75-84, 1.8%; 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): Tunisian Arab 67.2%: Bedouin Arab 26.6%; Algerian Arab 2.4%; Amazigh (Berber) 1.4%; other 2.4%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 99%, of which Sunni 97%; other 1%. Major cities (2004): Tunis (2007) 745,000; Safaqis 265,131; Al-Arianah 240,749; Susah 173,047; Ettadhamen 118,487. Location: northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Libya, and Algeria.

smelters. Vital statistics

Recent Developments The government of Trinidad and Tobago pledged in 2010 to continue a gas-based industrial development program. It decided to abandon, however, the cherished aluminum smelter project, a long-planned industrial initiative that would have used Trinidad and Tobago’s gas-derived energy to process alumina from

Birth rate per 1,000 population (2008-09): 15.3 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008-09): 4.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2007): 2.03. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 72.4 years; female 76.3 years.

Jamaica and Guyana.

National Internet resource: .

Tunisia

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: TND 13,880,700,000 (tax revenue 68.6%, of which VAT 19.2%, income tax 9.8%; grants and loans 17.5%; nontax revenue 13.9%). Expenditures: TND 15,089,000,000 (social services 40.9%; debt service 26.0%; economic services 17.4%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008):

tomatoes 1,200,000, olives 1,000,000, wheat 918,800, chilies and peppers 291,000, dates 127.000, almonds (2007) 58,000; livestock (live animals: 2007) 7,618,350 sheep, 1,550,650

710,130 cattle, 230,000 camels; fisheries production 92,982 (from aquaculture [2007] 3%). Mining and quarrying (2008-09): phosphate rock 8,017,200; iron ore 178,900. Manufacturing (value added in TND '000,000; 2008): crude petroleum, refined petroleum products, and natural gas 4,033; electrical machinery and equipment 2,144; textiles, leather, and wearing apparel 2,133. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008-09) 13,854,200,000 2.789.000. goats,

(11,861,200,000): crude petroleum (barrels; 2008-09) 31,975,500 (12,739,100); petroleum products (metric tons; 2008-09) 1,710,800 (3,336,900): natural gas (cu m; 2008-09) 000 (4,256,900,000). Population economically active (2008): total 3,677,700; activity rate of total

name:

Al-Jumhuriyyah al-Tunisiyyah (Tunisian Republic). Form of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Chamber of Councillors [126, statutory number]; Chamber of Deputies [214]). Head of state: President Fouad Mebazaa (from 2011). Head of government: Prime Minister Beji Caid Essebsi (from 2011). Capital: Tunis. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 dinar (TND) = 1,000 millimes; valuation (1 Jul 2011) Official

US$1 = TND

1.37.

population

36.2%

(participation

ages 15 and over [2007] 46.8%; female [2007] 25.3%: unemployed 14.2%). Gross narates:

income (2008); US$33,998,000,000 (US$3,290 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: June 2009): US$14,673,200,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 2,658; remittional

tances (2008) 1,870; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 1,904; official development assistance (2007) 310. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 437; remittances (2008) 15; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 22.

Demography Area:

63,170 sq

mi,

163,610 sq km. Population

(2010): 10,374,000. Density (2010): persons persq mi 164.2, persons per sq km 63.4. Urban (2008): 66.5%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.30%; fe-

male 49.70%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 25.9%: 15-29, 30.1%: 30-44, 22.1%; 45-59,

Foreign trade Imports (2008; c.i.f.): TND 30,241,200,000 (mineral fuels 16.2%, of which refined petroleum products 10.2%; textiles and wearing apparel 13.5%, of which fabric 7.0%; food products 11.0%; chemical products 8.2%; base metals 6.8%; transportation

Countries of the

454

World

—Turkey

equipment 6.7%). Major import sources: France 18.5%: Italy 17.2%; Germany 7.0%; Libya 4.4%: Spain 3.9%. -Exports f.o.b.): TND (2008: 23.673.000. 000 (textiles and wearing apparel 25.8%, of which clothing 19.3%: mineral fuels 17.2%, of which crude petroleum 13.6%, refined petroleum products 3.6%: electrical machinery and equipment 16.3%: phosphate products [mostly fertilizers] 12.3%: food products 9.1%). Major export destinations: France 28.5%: Italy 20.6%: Germany 6.9%: Spain 4.9%: UK 4.6%.

Transport and communications Railroads (2008-09): route length (2008) 2,165 km: passenger-km 1,509,700,000: metric ton-km cargo 1,854,200,000. Roads (2004): total length 19,232 km (paved 66%). Vehicles (2004): passenger cars 825,990: trucks and buses 119,064. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 3,357,000,000: metric ton-km cargo

Transport.

15.380.000. Communications, in total units 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,239,000 (122): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 8,602,000 (846): personal computers (2008): 997,000 (98): total Internet users (2008): 2,800,000 (275): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 227,000 (22). (units per

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having: no formal schooling 22.0%: primary education 36.5%: secondary 33.1%: higher 8.4%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 10 and over literate 77.9%: males literate 87.0%: females literate 68.7%. Health (2008): physicians (2007) 10,554 (1 per 969 persons): hospital beds 18,851 (1 per 539 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 19.3: undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of

Recent Developments The “Jasmine Revolution,” a popular uprising that protested against corruption, poverty, and political repression, swept through Tunisia in 2011. Unrest began after Mohammed Bouazizi protested govern-

ment corruption by municipal office

in

setting fire to himself outside a central Tunisia in December

2010. Bouazizi, who had been supporting his family by selling fruit from a cart, was enraged when officials repeatedly demanded bribes and confiscated his merchandise. His plight, which came to symbolize the injustice and economic hardship afflicting many Tunisians under the regime of Pres. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, inspired street protests throughout the country. Dozens of protesters were killed in clashes with police. Amid accusations of use of excessive force, Ben Ali dismissed the minister of the interior and vowed to establish an investigative committee to examine the government’s response to the crisis. However, clashes between police and protesters continued and spread to t^e capital. On 13 January Ben Ali appeared on national television and made broader concessions to the opposition, promising not to seek another term as president when his term ended in 2014. He also promised to reduce food prices and loosen restrictions on Internet use. The protesters continued to clash with security forces, however, resulting in several deaths. On 14 January a state of emergency was declared, and Ben Ali stepped down as president, leaving the country. The apparent success of the “Jasmine Revolution" inspired similar movements in the following weeks in other Middle Eastern countries— including Egypt, Jordan, Algeria, Yemen, Iran, Bahrain, and Libya— casting doubt on the stability of some of the region’s longest-standing regimes. Internet resource: .

total population.

Turkey Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 35,800 (army 75.4%, navy 13.4%, air force 11.2%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): I. 3%: per capita expenditure US$47.

Total

active

Background From the 12th century bc the Phoenicians had a series of trading posts on the northern African coast. By the 6th century bc, the Carthaginian kingdom encompassed most of present-day Tunisia. The Romans ruled from 146 bc until the Muslim Arab invasions in the mid-7th century ad. The area was fought over, won, and lost by many, including the Abbasids, the Almohads, the Spanish, and the Ottoman Turks, who finally conquered it in 1574 and it until the late 19th century. For a time it maintained autonomy as the French, the British, and the Italians contended for the region. In 1881 Tunisia became a French protectorate. In World War II, US and British forces captured it (1943) to end a brief German occupation. In 1956 France granted it full independence.

held

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo;

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

name: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (Grand National Assembly of Turkey [550]). Head of state: President Abdullah Gul (from 2007). Head of government: Prime Minister Official

Turkey).

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

Countries of the

Capital: Ankara. language: Turkish. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 new Turkish lira (YTL) = 100 kurus; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = YTL 1.61.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan (from 2003).

Official

Demography Area:

303,224 sq

mi,

785,347 sq km. Population

(2010): 73,085,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 241.0, persons per sq km 93.1. Urban (2007): 70.5%. Sex distribution (2008): male

50.20%: female 49.80%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 26.3%: 15-29, 26.5%: 30-44, 22.2%: 45-59, 15.1%: 60-74, 7.2%: 75-84, 2.4%: 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): Turk 65.1%: Kurd 18.9%: Crimean Tatar 7.2%: Arab I. 8%: Azerbaijani 1.0%: Yoruk 1.0%: other 5.0%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 97.5%, of which Sunni 82.5%, Shi'i (mostly nonorthodox Alevi) 15.0%: nonreligious 2.0%: other (mostly Christian) 0.5%. Major cities (2007): Istanbul 10,757,327: Ankara 3,763,591; Izmir 2,606,294; Bursa 1,431,172; Adana 1,366,027. Location: southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, the Mediterranean Sea, Greece,

and Bulgaria.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 17.9 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008):

Birth rate per

avg.

6.4 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 75.8 years.

birth (2008):

National

fertility

rate (avg. births

2008): 2.14. Life exmale 71.4 years; female

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: YTL 218,858,000,000 206.965.000. (tax revenue 72.1%, of which taxes on goods and services 42.2%, income tax 16.2%; nontax revenue and grants 27.9%). Expenditures: YTL

000

debt

transactions 24.1%; other 75.9%). Production (in ’000 metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): wheat 17,782, sugar beets 15,488, tomatoes 10,985, barley 5,923, corn (maize) 4,274, potatoes 4,225, grapes 3,918, apples 2,504, seed cotton 1,820, olives 1,464, sunflower seeds 992, hazelnuts 801, chickpeas 518, cherries 338, walnuts 171, pistachios 120, tobacco 100; livestock (number of live animals) 23,974,600 sheep, II, 036,753 cattle, (2007) 191,066 angora goats, 1,057 camels: fisheries production (2007) 772 (from aquaculture 18%). Mining and quarrying (2007): magnesite 2,100; refined borates 1,093; chromite 466; copper ore (metal content) 49; marble 2,802,000 cu m; silver 198,000 kg. Manufac3,340,000 turing (value added in US$'000,000; 2005): food 174.636.000. products 8,800; telecommunications equipment, electronics 7,450; chemical products 7,400; base metals 7,000; motor vehicles and parts 6,500; textiles 6,100. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 198,600,000,000 ([2006] 000); coal (metric tons; 2008) ([2006] 22,800,000); lignite (metric tons; 2008) 86,100,000 ([2006] 60,800,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) 15,600,000 ([2006] 194,100,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 21,563,000 (24,383,000); natural (public

World

—Turkey

455

gas (cu m; 2007) 906,000,000 (36,586,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 24,775,000; activity rate of total population 34.2% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 51.1%; female 26.1%; unemployed [July 2008-June 2009] 706.000. 13.1%). Gross national income (2008): US$690,000 (US$9,340 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; December 2008): US$74,917,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 18,487; remittances (2008) 1,360; foreign direct investment (EDI; 2005-07 avg.) 17,350; official development assistance (2007) 797. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 3,260; remitt3 nces (2008) 111; EDI (2005-07 avg.) 1,365.

Foreign trade Imports (2007; c.i.f.): US$170,057,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 21.1%; mineral fuels 20.6%; base and fabricated metals 15.2%; transportation equipment 8.5%). Major import sources: Russia 13.8%; Germany 10.3%; China 7.8%; Italy 5.9%; US 4.8%. Exports (2007; f.o.b.): US$107,213,000,000 (textiles and wearing apparel 21.4%; transportation equipment 17.0%; machinery and apparatus 15.1%; base and fabricated metals 14.6%; vegetables, fruits, and nuts 4.1%). Major export destinations: Germany 11.2%: UK 8.1%; Italy 7.0%; Erance 5.6%; Russia 4.4%.

9.921.000. Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2007): length 8,697 km; passenger-km 5,553,000; metric ton-km cargo 000. Roads (2006): total length km (paved [2004] 45%). Vehicles (2007): 427,099 51.183.000. passenger cars 6,472,156; trucks and buses 3,181,390. Air transport (2008; Atlasjet, Turkish,

Pegasus, and Onur airlines only): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 533,-

501.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 17.502.000 (246): cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 65,824,000 (926); personal computers (2007): 4,207,000 (60); total Internet users (2008): 24,483,000 (345); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 5,750,000 (81).

Education and health Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 25-64 having: no formal schooling through primary education 61%; lower sec-

ondary 10%: upper secondary 18%; university 11%. Literacy (2006): total population ages 15 and over literate 88.1%; males literate 96.0%; females literate 80.4%. Health: physicians (2006) 114,583 (1 per 604 persons); hospital beds (2007) 184,983 (1 per 379 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 16.0; undernourished population (2002-04) 2,100,000 (3% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,970 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 510,600 (army 78.7%, navy 9.5%, air force 11.8%);

Total

active

456

('Ol NTHIKS

OF THK

WORU)

TURKMKNISTAN

Turkish troops in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (November 2008): 36,000: US troops in Turkey (November 2008): 1.570. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 2.1%; per capita ex-

penditure US$195.

Background Turkey’s early history corresponds to that of Asia Minor, the Byzantine Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. Byzantine rule emerged when Constantine the Great made Constantinople (now Istanbul) his capital. The Ottoman Empire, begun in the 12th century, dominated for more than 600 years; it ended in 1918 after the Young Turk revolt. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, a republic was proclaimed in 1923, and the caliphate was abolished in 1924. Turkey remained neutral throughout most of World War II, siding with the Allies in 1945. It has since alternated between civil and military governments and has had several conflicts with Greece over Cyprus. The early 21st century saw political and civic turmoil between fundamentalist Muslims and secularists and ongoing violent conflict with Kurdish separatists.

Recent Developments The Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) militants staged hit-and-run attacks on the Turkish security forces throughout 2010 despite PKK declarations that it would observe a unilateral cease-fire. In an attempt to neutralize the PKK who were based in northern Iraq, the Turkish government sought help from the Iraqi government and US forces in Iraq. Turkey also opened a consulate in Arbil, the site of the Kurdistan Regional Government, whose president, Mas’ud Barzani, visited Ankara in June. Nevertheless, in October the Turkish parliament approved a one-year extension of cross-border operations by the Turkish armed forces. In February 2011, the PKK ended the cease-fire, and in July, 13 Turkish soldiers and 7 Kurdish guerrillas died in a battle in southeastern Turkey. Tension between Turkey and Israel escalated in May

2010

Area; 189,657 sq mi, 491,210 sq km. Population (2010): 4,941,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 26.1, persons per sq km 10.1. Urban (2008): 48.2%. Sex distribution (2005): male 49.24%; female 50.76%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15,

31.8%: 15-29, 30.0%: 30-44, 20.6%; 45-59, 11.4%: 60-74, 4.6%: 75-84, 1.4%; 85 and over, 0.2%. Ethnic composition (2000): Turkmen 79.2%; Uzbek 9.0%: Russian 3.0%; Kazakh 2.5%: Tatar 1.1%; other 5.2%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim (mostly Sunni) 87.2%; Russian Orthodox 1.7%; nonreligious 9.0%: other 2.1%. Major cities (2004): Ashgabat (2007) 744,000; Turkmenabat 256,000; Dasoguz 210,000; Mary 159,000; Balkanabat 139.000. Location: central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea.

Vital statistics

after Israeli forces killed nine Turkish nationals

on board the Mavi Marmara, a cruise ship laden with relief supplies that had attempted to break the Israeli blockade of Gaza. In other foreign-relations developments. in June Turkey voted against further UN sanctions on Iran, having declared that it would still abide by any UN decisions but not honor sanctions imposed by the US and the EU. There was no progress in Turkey’s

1,000 population (2008): 21.8 (world avg. 20.3): (1998) within marriage 96.2%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 8.2 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

births per childbearing expectancy at birth (2008): male 59.1 years: female 67.4 years.

Total

fertility

rate

woman: 2008): 2.48.

(avg. Life

EU accession negotiations. National

Turkmenistan name: Turkmenistan. Form of government: one legislative house (Mejiis, or Assembly (125)). Head of state and government: Official

unitary republic with

President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov (from 2006). Capital: Ashgabat. Official language: Turkmen. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 (new) manat (TMT) * 100 tennesi; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 * TMT 2.85 (the (new) manat replaced the [old]

manat 1 Jan 2009,

TMM

at the rate of (new)

TMT

1 = (old)

5,000).

1 metric ton - at)out 1.1 short tons:

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

cost, insurance,

freight;

'

‘

Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$648,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): i wheat 2,700,000, seed cotton 946,000, tomatoes J 256,000: livestock (number of live animals) | 15,500,000 sheep, 1,948,000 cattle; fisheries pro| duction 15,016 (from aquaculture, negligible). J Mining and quarrying (2006); iodine 270,000, salt j' 215.000, gypsum 100,000. Manufacturing (2004): h distillate fuel (gas-diesel oil) 2,511,000; residual I

tures 5.8%).

tommi cargo;

c.I.f.:

economy

Budget (2006: excluding significant amounts of extra-budgetary funds). Revenue: TMM 22,474,000,000,000 (tax revenue 93.8%: nontax revenue 6.2%). Expenditures: TMM 16,631,000,000,000 (current expenditures 94.2%: development expend!-

Internet resource: .

f.o.b.: free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

.

'

Countries of the

oils 1,745,000; motor spirits (gasoline) 1.265.000. Energy production (consumption): 2006) 13,650,000,000 (12,310,crude petroleum (barrels: 2007) 000,000): 65.700.000 (40,200,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 7,702,000 (4,191,000); natural gas (cu m: 2006) 62,000,000,000 (14,677,000,000). Population economically active (2006): total 2,181,000; activity rate of total population 44.5% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 68.5%; female 46.9%: unofficially unemployed [2004] 60%). Gross national income (2008): US$14,260,000,000 (US$2,840 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 651; official development assistance (2007) 28.

fuel

electricity (kW-hr;

World

—Tuvalu

457

probably entered the area in the 11th century ad. They were conquered by the Russians in the early 1880s, and the region became part of Russian Turkistan. It was organized as the Turkmen Soviet Social-

1924 and became a constituent reUSSR in 1925. The country gained full independence from the USSR in 1991 under the name Turkmenistan. It experienced years of ecoist

Republic

in

public of the

nomic fully

In

difficulty until oil

and gas production was more

developed.

Recent Developments 2010 Turkmenistan continued its uneven

progress

toward reintegration into the world community following the isolation imposed by former president

Saparmurad Niyazov. High-level American and British officials met with Pres. Gurbanguly BerdyForeign trade ery

mukhammedov

US$2,450,000,000 (machinand transportation equipment 45.9%; chemical

Imports (2003;

c.i.f.):

products 11.1%: food products 5.3%). Major import sources (2007); UAE 15%; Turkey 11%; China 10%; Ukraine 9%; Russia 8%. Exports (2003; f.o.b.): US$3,720,000,000 (natural gas 49.7%; petrochemicals 18.3%: crude petroleum 8.9%; cotton fiber 3.2%; cotton yarn 2.2%). Major export destinations (2007): Ukraine 49%; Iran 18%; Azerbaijan 5%; Turkey 5%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): length 2,980 km; (1999) passenger-km 701,000,000; (2002) metric ton-km

cargo 7,476,000,000. Roads (2001): total length 1.913.000. 22.000 km (paved 82%). Vehicles (1995): passenger cars 220,000; trucks and buses 58,200. Airtransport

to discuss energy issues, as did European Commissioner for Energy Gunther Oettinger, who sought to ensure Turkmen participation in the Nabucco gas-pipeline project, which was to bypass Russia in supplying gas to Europe. He reported that the president had agreed on the necessity of including Turkmenistan in a working group on Nabucco. In January a gas pipeline to Iran was inaugurated. At the

end of

April,

Berdymukhammedov went to was the

stating during his visit that energy

China, priority

issue in Turkmen relations with Beijing, and in July the president announced that preparations for a second section of the gas pipeline to China were under way. Construction had started on the East-West pipeline that would deliver gas to the Caspian coast. Internet resource: .

(2005; Turkmenistan Airlines only): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 25,997,000.

Tuvalu

Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008); 478,000 (95); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 1,135,000 (225); personal computers (2005): 348,000 (72); total Internet users (2008): 75,000 (15).

Education and health Educational attainment (2000). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 3.2%: incomplete orimary to complete standard secondary education 60.1%; vocational secondary 23.5%; higher 13.2%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 15 and over literate, virtually 100%. 22,000Health (2006); physicians 12,210 (1 per 387 persons): hospital beds 20,296 (1 per 233 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 55.2; undernourished population (2003-05) 300,000 (6% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,880 calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008); (army 84.1%, navy 2.3%, air force 13.6%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.7%: per capita expenditure US$44.

Total

The

active

Background human settlement

earliest traces of

Asia, dating

found

in

back to

Paleolithic times,

Turkmenistan. The nomadic,

in

central

have been

tribal

Turkmen

name; Tuvalu. Form of government: constitumonarchy with one legislative house (Parliament [15]). Head of state: British Queen Elizabeth

Official

tional

II

(from 1952), represented by Governor-General lakoba Taeia Italeli (from 2010). Head of government: Prime Minister Willy Telavi (from 2010). Capital: government offices are at Vaiaku. Official language: none. Official religion: none., Monetary units: *1 Tuva-luan dollar ($T) = 1 Australian dollar ($A) =

100 Tuvaluan and Australian 2011) US$1 = $T 0.93.

cents; valuation (1 Jul

Demography Area; 9.90 sq mi, 25.63 sq km. Population (2010); 11,100. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 1,121.2,

Countries of the

458

km

433.6. Urban (2007): 49.0%. Sex male 49.73%; female 50.27%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15, 29.7%; 15-29, 27.9%: 30-44, 20.0%: 45-59, 14.9%: 60-74, 5.7%: 75 and over, 1.8%. Ethnic composition (2004-05): Tuvaluan (Polynesian) 95.1%: mixed (Tuvaluan/other) 3.4%: l-Kiribati 1.1%: other 0.4%. Religious affiliation (2002): Christian 97.0%, of which Church of Tuvalu (Congregational) 91.0%, Seventhday Adventist 2.0%, Roman Catholic 1.0%; Baha’i 1.9%: other 1.1%. Major villages (2002): Alapi 1,024; Fakaifou 1,007; Vaiaku 516. Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea.

persons per sq

distribution (2009):

Vital statistics Birth

rate

population (2008): 21.8

per 1,000

(world avg. 20.3); (2005) within marriage 92.7%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 9.5 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per

childbearing woman; 2008): 3.70. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 66.4 years; female 71.0 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: $A 19,126,000 (tax revenue 33.1%: nontax revenue [including remittances from phosphate miners in Nauru and seafarers on German ships, rentals of fishing resources to Japan, Taiwan, and the US, and the leasing of the country’s Internet domain “tv.”] grants $A 48.1%: Expenditures: 18.8%). 23.682.000 (current expenditures 91.6%; development expenditures 8.4%). Public debt (external; 2007): US$8,600,000. Gross national income (2008): US$31,800,000 (US$2,889 per capita).

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculand fishing (2007): coconuts 1,700, vegetables 540, bananas 280; other agricultural products include breadfruit, pulaka (taro), pandanus fruit,

World

Singapore

caliy active (2004): total

4,302;

activity

rate of

population 44.8% (participation rates: ages 15 and over [2002] 58.2%; female [2002] 43.4%; unemployed 16.3%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (1998) 0.2; remittances (2007) 1.5; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 2; official development assistance (2007) 12.

total

13.5%; New Zealand

7.7%. Exports (2007;

f.o.b.):

11.3%; China

$A 109,413 ([2005] and ap-

precision instruments 18.6%; machinery

paratus 17.4%: base and fabricated metals 15.4%: wood products 12.5%; transportation equipment 11.6%). Major export destinations: Fiji 93.1%: El Salvador 4.6%; New Zealand 2.2%; UK 0 1 %. .

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2002): total length 8 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 15; trucks and buses 2. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,500 (136); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 2,000 (182); total Internet users (2008): 4,200 (382); broadband Internet subscribers (2007):

400

(37).

Education and health Educational attainment (2004-05). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal education/unknown 8.8%; primary education 52.4%: secondary 29.8%; higher 9.0%. Literacy (2004): total population literate 95%. Health: physicians (2008) 7 (1 per 1,573 persons): hospital beds (2001) 56 (1 per 170 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 19.5.

Military Total active duty personnel: none; Tuvalu has nonfor-

mal security arrangements with Australia and New Zealand.

Background

ture

sweet potatoes, and pawpaws: livestock (number of live animals) 13,600 pigs, 45,000 chickens, 15.000 ducks: fisheries production 2,201 (from aquaculture, negligible). Manufacturing (value added in $A ’000; 2002): local cigarettes 755; cottage industries (including handicrafts and garments) 158. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) n.a. (4,235,100); petroleum products, none (none). Population economi-

—Tuvalu

The

original Polynesian settlers of Tuvalu proba-

came mainly from Samoa or Tonga. The islands were sighted by the Spanish in the 16th century. Europeans settled there in the 19th century and intermarried with Tuvaluans. During this period Peruvian slave traders, known as “blackbirders,” decimated the population. In 1856 the US claimed the four southern islands for guano mining. Missionaries from Europe arrived in 1865 and rapidly converted the islanders to Christianity. In 1892 Tuvalu joined the British Gilbert Islands, a protectorate that became the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony in 1916. Tuvaluans voted in 1974 for separation from the Gilberts (now Kiribati), whose people are Micronesian. Tuvalu gained independence in 1978, and in 1979 the US relinquished its claims. Elections were held in bly

1981, and a revised constitution was adopted in 1986. In recent decades, the government has tried to find overseas job opportunities for its citizens.

Foreign trade Imports (2007:

c.i.f.):

$A 18,386,120

(food prod-

animals] 30.2%; mineral fuels 16.1%, of which diesel fuel 9.1%; telecommunications equipment 4.4%; wearing apparel 4.1%; base and fabricated metals 3.9%: wood products 3.4%). Major import sources: Australia 24.9%; Fiji 24.6%; ucts [including

live

Recent Developments Climate change was a major concern in 2010 for Tuvalu, whose atolls were threatened by king tides, aquifer salinization, coastal degradation, and grinding sedimentation. The country sought

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

highlight its plight by developing “green tourism" to raise awareness of its cultural and environmental heritage. In February the EU agreed to help finance sanitation and cleanwater initiatives. In December the Asian Development Bank expressed concern over Tuvalu’s economy, which had worsened during the year, mostly because of poor management and decreased remittances.

World— Uganda

459

to

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 48.2 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

12.3 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2008): 6.81. Life expectancy at birth (2008): male 51.3 years; female

53.4 years.

National

Internet resource: .

economy

Budget (2006-07). Revenue: UGX 3,574,000,000,000 (tax revenue 63.3%, of which VAT and sales tax 21.7%, petroleum taxes 10.1%, income tax 6.9%;

Uganda

grants 25.4%; nontax revenue 11.3%). Expenditures: UGX 4,031,900,000,000 (current expenditures 60.6%, of which public administration 14.7%, defense 9.3%, public order 4.6%, education 3.9%, health 2.3%; capital expenditures 39.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding; January 2009): US$1,835,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): plantains

9.371.000, cassava 5,072,000, sweet potatoes 2.707.000, coffee 211,762, sesame 173,000, pigeon peas 90,000, cowpeas 79,000, tobacco 29,040; livestock (number of live animals) 8,523,000 goats, 7,398,000 cattle, 2,186,000 pigs; fisheries production (2007) 551,110 (from aquaculture 9%). Mining and quarrying (2007): cobalt 698; columbite-tantalite (ore and concentrate) 275 kg. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2002): food products 109; chemical products 59; beverages 53; tobacco products 15. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2007) 2,256,000,000 (2,068,000,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2008) none (4,745,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (766,000). Gross national income

name: Republic of Uganda. Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (Parliament [375]). Head of state and government: President Yoweri Museveni (from 1986), assisted by Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi (from 2011). Capital: Kampala. Official languages: English; Swahili. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 Ugandan shilling (UGX) =

Official

100

cents: valuation (1 Jul

2011) US$1 = UGX

2,530.00.

(2008): US$13,254,000,000 (US$420 per capita). Population economically active (2005-06): total 10,848,000; activity rate of total population 37.2%

ages 15 and older, 81.6%; feunemployed 1.9%). Selected payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 356; remittances (2008) 489; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 383; official development assistance (2007) 1,728. Disbursements for (US$’000,000); tourism (2007) 112; remittances (2008) 281. (participation rates:

male 51.4%: balance of

officially

Demography

Foreign trade

Area: 93,263 sq mi, 241,551 sq km. Population (2010): 33,796,000. Density (2010; based on land area only): persons per sq mi 438.1, persons per sq km 169.1. Urban (2009): 14.8%. Sex distribution (2009): male 48.71%: female 51.29%. Age breakdown (2009): under 15, 50.2%: 15-29,

Imports (2008: c.i.f.); US$4,525,859,000 (refined petroleum products 18.5%; chemical products 14.1%: food products 11.7%, of which cereals 3.8%; electrical machinery and equipment 11.4%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 8.5%; transportation equipment 7.8%; base metals 7.4%). Major import sources: UAE 11.4%; Kenya 11.3%; India 10.4%; China 8.1%; South Africa 6.7%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): US$1,724,300,000 (food products and beverages 49.6%, of which coffee 23.4%, fresh fish 7.2%; base metals 6.2%; electrical machinery and equipment 5.1%: cement, bricks, and ceramics 5.0%; tobacco products 4.0%). Major export destinations: Sudan 14.3%: Kenya 9.5%; Switzerland 9.0%; Rwanda 7.9%; UAE 7.4%.

27.2%: 30-44, 13.9%: 45-59, 6.3%: 60-74, 2.1%; 75 and over, 0.3%. Ethnolinguistic composition (2002): Ganda 17.3%; Nkole 9.8%; Soga 8.6%: Kiga 7.0%: Teso 6.6%; Lango 6.2%; Acholi 4.8%: Gisu 4.7%. Religious affiliation (2002): Christian 85.3%, of which Roman Catholic 41.9%, Anglican 35.9%, Pentecostal 4.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 1.5%; Muslim 12.1%; traditional beliefs 1.0%: nonreligious 0.9%: other 0.7%. Major cities (2009): Kampala 1,533,600; Kira 164,700; Gulu 146,600: Lira 102,200; Mbale 86,200. Location: eastern Africa, bordering South Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008): route length 1,244 km; metric ton-km cargo (2005) 185,559,000. Roads

Countries of the

460

(2008; national roads only): total length 10,965 km (paved 28%). Vehicles (2008): passenger cars 90,856: trucks and buses 137,290. Air transport (2004): passenger-km 272,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 27,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 169,000 (5.3); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 8,555,000 (270): personal computers (2005): 300,000 (10); total Internet users (2008): 2,500,000 (79): broadband scribers (2008): 4,800 (0.2).

Internet sub-

Education and health Educational attainment (2005-06). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling/unknown 20.0%: incomplete primary education 43.3%: complete primary 14.1%; incomplete

secondary 18.1%: complete secondary (some higher) 1.1%: complete higher (including vocational) 3.4%. Literacy (2007): population ages 15 and over literate 73.2%: males literate 81.7%: females literate 64.8%. Health: physicians (2004) 2,209 (1 per 11,947 persons): hospital beds (2006) 32,617 (1 per 909 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 66.0; undernourished population (2002-04) 4,800,000 (19% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,770 calories).

World

— Ukraine

mosexuality"—which included the act of engaging in same-sex relations by HIV-positive individuals or with minors or disabled individuals— and a requirement that citizens report anyone they suspected of having committed a homosexual act or any individuals or organizations they knew to have supported gay rights. The ensuing outrage of donor nations, mainstream Christian denominations, and international and local human rights organizations persuaded Pres. Yoweri Museveni to distance himself and his administration from the bill. It languished in committee, where it remained until the end of the parliamentary session, having never come up for a vote. Anti-homosexual sentiment continued, however, with Ugandan newspapers publishing lists of homosexuals. A prominent gay-rights activist was murdered in early 2011, and some feel that his inclusion on one of these published lists led to his death.

Internet resource: .

Ukraine

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 45,000 (army 100%); Ugandan peacekeeping troops in Somalia (November 2008): 1,700. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007); 2.2%; per capita expenditure US$8.

Total

active

Background By the 19th century the region around Uganda comprised several separate kingdoms inhabited by various peoples, including Bantu- and Nilotic-speaking tribes. Arab traders reached the area in the 1840s. The native kingdom of Buganda was visited by the first European explorers in 1862. Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in the 1870s, and the development of religious factions led to per-

1894 Buganda was forsecution and mally proclaimed a British protectorate. As Uganda, it civil strife. In

gained its independence in 1962, and in 1967 it adopted a republican constitution. The civilian government was overthrown in 1971 and replaced by a military regime under Idi Amin. His invasion of Tanzania in late 1978 resulted in the collapse of his regime. In 1985 the civilian government was again deposed by the military, which in turn was overthrown in 1986. A constituent assembly enacted a new constitution in

1995.

Recent Developments

2010. The bill proposed even more extreme punishments than those already existing for convicted hoin the bill included the death penalty for individuals convicted of “aggravated ho-

mosexuals. Provisions

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

name: Ukrayina

freight;

Form

of govern-

Demography mi, 603,628 sq km. Population (2010): 45,858,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 196.8, persons per sq km 76.0. Urban (2008): 68.3%. Sex distribution (2005): male 45.97%: female 54.03%. Age breakdown (2006); under 15,

233,062 sq

14.3%: 15-29, 23.0%: 30-44, 21.1%; 45-59, 21.2%: 60-74, 14.1%: 75-84, 5.5%; 85 and over, 0.8%. Ethnic composition (2001): Ukrainian 77.8%: Russian 17.3%: Belarusian 0.6%: Moldovan 0.5%: Crimean Tatar 0.5%: other 3.3%. Religious affiliation

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

and

(Ukraine).

ment: unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative house (Supreme Council [450]), Head of state: President Viktor Yanukovych (from 2010). Head of government: Prime Minister Mykola Azarov (from 2010). Capital: Kiev (Kyiv). Official language: Ukrainian. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 hryvnya (UAH) = 100 kopiykas; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = UAH 7.99.

Area:

Issues arising from the proposed Anti-Homosexuality Bill overshadowed other developments in Uganda in

ton-mi cargo;

Official

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

*

f

I

•:

Countries of the

(2004): Ukrainian Orthodox, of which “Kiev patriarchy" 19%, "no particular patriarchy” 16%, “Moscow patriarchy" 9%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 2%: Ukrainian Catholic 6%: Protestant 2%; Latin Catholic 2%; Muslim 1%; Jewish 0.5%; nonreligious/atheist/other 42.5%. Major cities (2008): Kiev

2,765,531; Kharkiv 1,455,964; Dnipropetrovsk 1,017,514; Odesa (Odessa) 1,008,627; Donetsk 974,598. Location: eastern Europe, bordering Belarus, Russia, the Black Sea, Romania, Moldova, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland.

World

— Ukraine

461

chemical products 12.1%; natural gas 10.6%; motor vehicles and parts 10.5%). Major import sources: Russia 30.6%; Germany 9.5%; Turkmenistan 7.8%; China 5.1%; Poland 4.7%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.); US$38,368,000,000 (iron and steel 38.5%, of which ingots 11.4%; machinery and apparatus 8.8%; crude petroleum 5.0%; cereals 3.9%; metal ore and scrap metal 3.9%). Major export destinations: Russia 22.5%; Italy 6.5%; Turkey 6.2%; Poland 3.5%; Germany 3.3%.

Transport and communications Vital statistics Birth rate per 1,000 population (2008); 11.1 (world avg. 20.3); within marriage 79.1%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008); 16.4 (world avg. 8.6). Total fertility rate (avg. births per child-

bearing woman; 2007): 1.30. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 62.5 years; female 74.2 years.

National

economy

Budget (2007). Revenue: UAH 165,942,000,000 (tax revenue 70.3%, of which VAT 35.8%, tax on profits of enterprises 20.5%, excise tax 6.3%; nontax rev-

enue 25.4%). Expenditures: UAH 174,236,000,000 (social security 16.8%; education and health 13.4%; transportation and communications 6.7%; energy and construction 4.7%; agriculture Public debt (external; April 2008): 4.6%). US$15,100,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): potatoes 19,102,300, sugar beets 16,978,000, wheat

13,800,000, sunflower seeds 4,173,700, sour 126,000; livestock (number of live ani-

cherries

pigs, 6,175,400 cattle, 8,055,000 145,600,000 chickens; fisheries production 241,349 (from aquaculture 12%). Mining and quarrying (2006): iron ore (2007) 77,952,000; man-

mals)

ganese (metal content) 550,000; ilmenite concentrate 470,000. Manufacturing (value of sales in UAH ’000,000,000; 2007): base and fabricated metals 157.5; food products, beverages, and tobacco products 110.0; coke and refined petroleum products 52.5. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2007) 195,230,000,000 ([2006] 182,944,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2007) 58,742,000 ([2006] 68,470,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2007) 31,700,000 ([2006] 100,960,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 13,941,000 (13,133,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) 20,200.000,000 ([2006] 69,445,600,000). Population economically active (2005): total 22,280,800; activity rate of total population 47% (participation rates [2003]: ages 15-64, 65.8%; female 48.9%; unemployed [2007] 6.9%). Gross national income (2008): US$148,643,000,000 (US$3,210 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 4,597; remittances (2008) 5,769; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 7,768; official development assistance (2007) 405. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 3,293; remittances (2008) 54.

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$45,022,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 17.7%; crude petroleum 15.2%;

Transport. Railroads (2008): length 21,700 km; passenger-km 53,100,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

Roads (2008): total length 169,500 km (paved 98%). Vehicles (2005): passenger cars 5,538,972; trucks and buses 490,495. Air transport (2008): passenger-km 6,528,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 63,360,000,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 13,177,000 (287); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 55,695,000 (1,211); total Internet users (2008): 10,354,000 (225); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,600,000 257, 000, 000, OOO.

(35).

Education and health Educational attainment (2001). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling 0.7%; incomplete primary education 2.8%; complete primary/incomplete secondary 22.7%; complete secondary 35.9%; incomplete higher 21.7%; complete higher 16.2%. Literacy (2004): total population ages 15 and over literate, virtually 100%. Health (2006): physicians 225,000 (1 per 208 persons); hospital beds 444,000 (1 per 105 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 9.9; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 129,925 (army 54.5%, air force/air defense 34.8%, navy 10.7%); reserve 1,000,000; Russian naval forces at Sevastopol (November 2008): 13,000. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 1.7%; per capita expenditure US$66. Total

active

Background The area around Ukraine was invaded and occupied in the 1st millennium bc by the Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians and in the 1st millennium ad by the Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Khazars, and Magyars. Slavic tribes settled there after the 4th was the chief town of Kievan Rus. The Mongol conquest in the mid-13th century decisively ended Kievan power. Ruled by Lithuania in the 14th century and Poland in the 16th century, it fell to Russian rule in the 18th century. The Ukrainian National" Republic, established in 1917, declared its independence from Soviet Russia in 1918 but was reconquered in 1919; it was made the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the USSR in 1922. The northwestern region was held by Poland from 1919 to 1939. Ukraine suffered a severe famine in 1932-33 under Soviet leader Joseph Stalin; over five million Ukrainians died of starvation. Overrun by century. Kiev

COUNTRIF.S OF IMF VVoRFD

462

1941 in World War II, it was further devastated before being retaken by the Soviets in 1944. It was the site of the 1986 accident in Chernobyl, at a Soviet-built nuclear power plant. Ukraine declared independence in 1991. The turmoil it experienced in the 1990s as it attempted to implement economic and political reforms culminated in the disputed presidential election of 2004; mass protests over the results came to be known- as the Axis armies in

UlSITFO

ARAB EMIRATF^

eral National Council [40]).

Recent Developments Russia was a Ukraine throughout 2010.

of relations with

source of contention

in

New Lfkrainian Pres. Viktor Yanukovych particularly angered his opponents by reversing previous efforts have the Great Famine of 1932-33 recognized as a Soviet-led act of genocide against the Ukrainian people. The discussion of the famine on the president's Web site was taken down immediately after Yanukovych’s inauguration in February, later reapto

pearing

in

a

much

of state: President

Demography

Orange Revolution.

The improvement

Head

Sheikh Khalifah ibn Zayid al-Nahyan (from 2004). Head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh Muhammad ibn Rashid al-Maktum (from 2006). Capital: Abu Dhabi. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 UAE dirham (AED) * 100 fils; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = AED 3.67.

abbreviated form. Moreover, at a

meeting in April in Strasbourg, France, Yanukovych opined that the famine had been a tragedy shared by Soviet citizens. The foiiowing week a group of communists in the city of Zaporizhzhya unveiled a new monument to Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin. In October the Constitutional Court announced the abandonment of reforms, in effect since 2006, that had shifted some powers from the president to the prime minister. The country thus reverted to its eariier system of government, which invested the president with

Area: 32,280 sq mi, 83,600 sq km. Population (2010): 5,188,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 160.7, persons per sq km 62.1, Urban (2008): 80.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 68.96%: female 31.04%, Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 19.1%; 15-29, 32.3%; 30-44, 36.6%; 45-59, 10.5%: 60-74, 1.2%: 75 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2000): Arab 48,1%, of which UAE Arab 12.2%, UAE Bedouin 9.4%, Egyptian

Arab 6.2%, Omani Arab 4.1%, Saudi Arab 4.0%: South Asian 35.7%, of which Pashtun 7.1%, Balochi 7.1%, Malayan 7.1%: Persian 5.0%: Filipino 3.4%: white 2.4%: other 5.4%. Religious affiliation (2005): Muslim 62% (mostly Sunni): Hindu 21%: Christian 9%: Buddhist 4%: other 4%, Major cities (2006): Dubai 1,354,980: Sharjah 685,000: Abu Dhabi 630,000: AI-‘Ayn 350,000: ‘Ajman 202,244. Location: the Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, Oman, and Saudi Arabia.

Vital statistics

strong executive authority. During the year the Ukrainian economy began to recover from the recession. Having risen by 5.9% in the second quarter of the year and 3.4% in the third, GDP finished the year with 4.1% growth overall. In July the IMF agreed to grant a US$14.9 billion loan to Ukraine, with a first tranche of US$1.89 billion provided immediately and the rest dispersed in quarterly installments.

1,000 population (2007): 16.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007):

Internet resource: .

Budget (2007). Revenue: AED 228,750,000,000 (royalties on hydrocarbons 77.1%: tax revenue 6.0%). Expenditures: AED 159,726,000,000 (current expenditures 76.0%: loans, net equity, and foreign grants 13.2%: development expenditures 10.8%). Gross national Income (2008):

Birth rate per

2.2 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman:

pectancy at 78.3 years.

birth (2007):

National

United Arab Emirates

fertility rate (avg. births

2007); 2.43. Life ex-

male 73.2 years; female

economy

US$272,053,000,000 (US$57,094 per capita). Pubdebt (2008); US$117,000,000,000. ProductiorT and fishing

lic

(metric tons except as noted). Agriculture

(2007): dates 755,000, tomatoes 215,000, alfalfa for forage and silage (2005) 210,000: livestock (number of live animals) 1,570,000 goats, 615,000 sheep, 260,000 camels; fisheries production 87,570 (from aquaculture 1%). Mining and quarrying (2007): gypsum 150,000: lime 60,000. Manufacturing (2007): cement 15,000,000: aluminum 890,000: 90,000; refined and unrefined gold (total for-

steel

eign trade value) US$19,000,000,000: worked and unworked diamonds (total foreign trade value)

Official

name:

Al-lmarat al-‘Arabiyah al-Muttahidah Form of government: federa-

(United Arab Emirates). tion of

seven emirates with one advisory body (Fed-

US$11,230,000,000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2007) 76,532,000,000 (74,717,000,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 978,600,000 ([2006] 135,100,000); petroleum 21,592,000 tons: (metric 2006) products (10,071,000): natural gas (cu m; 2008) 50,200,000,000 ([2007] 38,900,000,000). Population eco-

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons: c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; ton-mi cargo; f.o.b.: free on board

'i

1

ColINTRIKS OK THK WORI.D

nomically active (2005): total 2,559,668; activity rate of total population 54.6% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 78.1%; female 13.5%; unemployed [2008] 4%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 7,162; direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 12,320. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 13,288; remittances (2007) 5,000; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 7,089.

foreign

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$97,864,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 19.4%; base and fabricated metals 9.9%; motor vehicles 8.1%; gold 7.6%; food products 5.4%). Major import sources (2008); China 13.2%; India 10.4%; US 8.8%; Germany 6.5%; Japan 6.1%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$142,505,000,000 (crude petroleum 37.9%; refined petroleum products 11.4%; gold [not jewelry] 3.4%; motor vehicles and parts 2.5%; natural gas 1.7%; telecommunications equipment 1.4%; diamonds 1.3%). Major export destinations (2008): Japan 23.0%; South Korea 9.4%; India 7.9%; Iran 6.5%; Thailand 5.3%.

— UnITKI) KiNCDOM

463

tuguese entered the region in the early 16th century, and the British East India Company arrived about 100 years later. In 1820 the British exacted a peace treaty with local rulers along the coast of the eastern Arabian Peninsula. The area formerly called the Pirate Coast became known as the Trucial Coast. In 1892 the rulers agreed to entrust foreign relations to Britain. Though the British administered the region from 1853, they never assumed sovereignty; each state maintained full internal control. The states formed the Trucial States Council in 1960. In 1971 the sheikhs terminated defense treaties with Britain and established the six-member federation. Ras alKhaymah Joined it in 1972. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) aided coalition forces against Iraq sian Gulf

in

the Per-

War (1990-91).

yoy ^ /

At.mosphere, the highest eatery in

Did

the world,

opened

in

January 201

in the Buij Khalifa in

knows

The

Dubai,

restaurant, situated

UAE.

442 meters

above the ground, displaced the CN Tower.

previous record holder in Toronto’s

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2008); total 90.530.000. length (paved roads only) 4,080 km. Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 1,279,098; trucks and buses 48,205. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 000; metric ton-km cargo 5,497,-

149.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1.000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1.508.000 (317); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 9,358,000 (1,964); personal computers (2006): 1,396,000 (330); total Internet users (2008): 2.922.000 (613); broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

529,000

(111).

Recent Developments UAE

security concerns

in

2010

included the activities

such as al-Qaeda and the al-Huthi rebels in Yemen, as well as rising sectarian tensions in neighboring Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Iran’s strengthening nuclear capabilities were also concerning. Despite its strong economic ties with Iran, the of militant groups,

UAE started to enforce some of the UN-mandated sanctions imposed on Iran because of Tehran’s resistance to inspection of its nuclear facilities, and in August the UAE central bank demanded that hundreds of financial institutions that conducted business in the UAE freeze their Iranian accounts.

Education and health Educational attainment (2005). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having; no formal schooling (illiterate/unknown) 9.4%, (literate) 13.9%; pri-

Internet resource:

United Kingdom

mary education 14.6%; incomplete/complete secondary 43.7%; postsecondary 4.0%; undergraduate 12.8%; graduate 1.6%. Literacy (2007): total population ages 10 and over literate 90.4%; males literate 90.9%; females literate 89.2%. Health 51,000

I

1

i

/

j

ijk

/

Military

1

i

North

Sea

^’

^3i

duty personnel (November 2008): (army 86.3%, navy 4.9%, air force 8.8%); US troops (June 2009); 104; French military base for up active

/

500 troops officially opened in May 2009. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 5.5%; per capita expenditure US$2,246.

to

Background

r

/

lation.

The Persian Gulf was the location of important trading centers as early as Sumerian times. Its people converted to Islam in Muhammad’s lifetime. The Por-

vT^

1

(2007): physicians 8,662 (1 per 518 persons); hospital beds 8,348 (1 per 538 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 7.8; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total popu-

Total

.

/

Atlantic

Ocean

/

\

^

name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Form of government: constitutional

Official

464

COIJNTRIKS OF THF.

WORI

monarchy with two legislative houses (House of Lords House of Commons [650]). Head of state: Queen Elizabeth (from 1952). Head of government: [733]:

II

Prime Minister David Cameron (from 2010). Capital: London. Official languages: English (also Scots Gaelic in Scotland and Welsh m Wales). Official religion: none (the Church of England is “established" [protected by the state but not “official”]; the Church of Scotland is “national" [with exclusive jurisdiction in spiritual matters]; there is no established church in Northern Ireland or Wales). Monetary unit: 1 pound sterling (£) = 100 new pence; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = £0.62.

Demography Area: 93,851 sq mi, 243,073 sq km (England 50,302 sq mi, 130,281 sq km; Wales 8,005 sq mi, 20,732 sq km; Scotland 30,087 sq mi, 77,925 sq km; Northern Ireland 5,457 sq mi, 14,135 sq km). Population (2010): 62,227,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 663.0, persons per sq km 256.0. Urban (2008): 90.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 49.12%; female 50.88%. Age breakdown (2007): under 15,

17.6%: 15-29, 19.9%: 30-44, 21.6%; 45-59, 19.2%: 60-74, 14.0%: 75-84, 5.6%; 85 and over, 2.1%. Ethnic composition (2007): white 86.8%, of which British 81.6%: Asian 5.3%, of which Indian 2.0%, Pakistani 1.6%, Bangladeshi 0.6%, Chinese 0.4%; black 2.5%, of which from Africa 1.3%, from the Caribbean 1.1%; mixed race 1.1%; other 4.3%. Religious affiliation (2001): Christian 71.8%, of which Anglican-iden-

29%, other Protestant-identified (significantly Presbyterian) 14%, Roman Catholic-identi-

tified

10%: Muslim 2.8%: Hindu 1.0%: Sikh 0.6%; Jewish 0.5%: nonreligious 15.0%; other 8.3%. Major cities (urban agglomerations) (2008 [2007]): London 7,619,800 (8,567,000); Birmingham 1,010,400 (2,285,000); Manchester 465,900 (2,230,000): Leeds 477,600 (1,529,000): Glasgow 637,000 (1,160,000); Newcastle upon Tyne 200,200 (882,000); Liverpool 464,200 (811,000): Bristol 465,500; Sheffield 458,100; Edinburgh 452,200; Leicester 348,000: Kingston upon Hull 320,100; Bradford 315,100; Coventry 312,500; Cardiff 310,800; Nottingham 273,300; Belfast 268,400; Stoke-onTrent 258,600; Plymouth 256,000; Southampton 252,700, Location: western Europe, bordering fied

the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and Ireland. Mobility (2001). Population living in the same residence as 2000, 88.6%: different residence, same country/region (of the UK) 8.6%: different residence, different country/region (of the UK) 2.1%; from outside the UK 0.7%. Immigration (2007): permanent residents 527,000, from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka 16.9%; Australia 3.0%; US 2.8%; South Africa 2.5%; New Zealand 1.5%; Canada 0.8%: other 72.5%, of which EU 31.5%.

and

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 12.9 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage 54.6%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 9.4 (world avg. 8.5). Total Birth rate per

D

IJNITF.r)

fertility

KlNOOOM

rate (avg.

births

per childbearing

woman;

2008): 1.94. Life expectancy at birth (2007): male 77.6 years; female 81.7 years.

Social indicators Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of pof> ulation ages 25-64 having; unknown through lower secondary education 13%; upper secondary 55%; higher 32%, of which at least some university 22%. Quality of working life. Average full-time workweek (hours; 2008): male 39.0, female 33.8. Annual rate per 100,000 workers for (2007-08); injury or accident 474.1; death 0.8. Proportion of employed labor force insured for damages or income loss resulting from (2004); injury 100%; permanent disability 100%: death 100%. Average days lost to labor stoppages per 1,000 employee workdays (2008); 28. Social participation. Population ages 16 and over participating in voluntary work (2001; Great Britain [England, Scotland, and Wales] only): 39%. Trade union membership in total workforce (2007-08) 26%. Percentage of population attending weekly church services (2001) 8%. Social deviance (2008-09; England and Wales only). Offense rate per 100,000 population for: theft and handling stolen goods 2,714; criminal damage 1,520; violence against a person 1,467; burglary 1,207; drug offenses 394; fraud and forgery 265; robbery 130; sex offenses 84. Leisure (2008). Favorite leisure activities: watching television, videos, and DVDs, listening to the radio, watching sporting events, and attending the cinema: the common free-time activity outside of the home is a visit to the pub; favorite sporting activities: for men— walking, golf, snooker,

and

women-walking, swimming, fitness and yoga. Material well-being (2007).

billiards, for

classes,

Households possessing: automobile 75%, of which two cars 25%, three cars 6%; refrigerator/freezer 97%: washing machine 96%; central heating 95%; digital, cable, or satellite television receiver 77%; computer 70%; Internet connection 61%; dishwasher 37%.

National

economy

Budget (2007-08). Revenue: £548,000,000,000 (income tax 26.9%; production and import taxes 24.1%: social security contributions 18.3%). Expenditures: £557,800,000,000 (social protection 33.5%: health 18.4%; education 14.1%; defense 6.1%: public order 5.8%). Public debt (December 2008): US$1,155,620,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008): wheat 17,227,000, sugar beets 7,500,000, barley 6,144,000, potatoes 5,999,000, rapeseed 1,973,030, oats 784,000, carrots 732,400, onions 349,200, apples 242,900, cauliflower 118,500, mushrooms and truffles 43,752; livestock (number of live animals) 33,131,000 sheep, 10,107,000 cattle, 4,714,000 pigs; fisheries production (2007) 793,894 (from aquaculture 22%). Mining and quarrying (2007): sand and gravel 95,000,000; rock salt 2,000,000: china clay (kaolin) 1,671,000; slate 870,000; potash 716,000. Manufacturing (value added in US$’000,000; 2006): chemical products 42,400: food products and beverages 39,100; nonelectrical

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0. 68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.; cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.; free on board

Countries of the

Wored

machinery and equipment 26,000; printing and publishing 24,800; fabricated metal products 23,900; motor vehicles and parts 19,400; rubber and plastic products 13,300; bricks, cement, and ceramics 11,800; radio, television, and communications equipment 11,800. Gross national income (2008): US$2,787,159,000,000 (US$45,390 per capita). Energy production (consumption): electricity

(kW-hr;

2008-09) 347,214,000,000 ([2007]

345,800,000,000); coal (metric tons; 2008-09) 18,321,000 ([2008] 58,900,000); crude petroleum 568.909.000) (barrels; 2008-09) 481,183,700 ([2008] petroleum products (metric tons; 200.000) 2008) 80,435,000 (70,249,000); natural gas (cu m; 2008-09) 78,306,700,000 ([2008] 108,143,Population economically active (2008): total 31,118,000; activity rate of total population 50.7% (participation rates: ages 16 and over, 62.5%; female 45.8%; unemployed [April 2008March 2009] 6.2%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 37,690; remittances (2008) 8,234; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 183,352. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 72,436; remittances (2008) 5,048; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 144,188. ;

— United Kin(;doim

465

personal computers (2006): 48,591,000 (802); Internet users (2008): 46,684,000 (762); broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

total

17,276,000 (282). Education and health Literacy (2006): total population literate, about 99%. Health (2008): physicians (England and Scot-

land only)

138,878

(1 per

405

persons): hospital

beds (2007) 208,413 (1 per 293 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 4.7; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 160,280 (army 59.7%, navy 19.3%, air force 21.0%); reserve 199,280); UK troops deployed abroad (November 2008): 41,700; US troops in the UK (July 2009): 9,367. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 2.3%; per capita expendi-

Total

active

US$972.

ture

Background The early pre-Roman inhabitants Foreign trade Imports (2008;

c.i.f.):

£343,964,000,000 (mineral

fuels 13.9%, of which crude petroleum

and refined

petroleum products 10.8%; electrical machinery and equipment 13.8%; transportation equipment 12.9%; chemical products 11.0%, of which pharmaceuticals 3.2%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 8.4%; food products and live animals 7.4%; wearing apparel 3.8%; base metals 3.8%). Major import sources: Germany 13.0%; Netherlands 7.5%; US 7.5%; China 6.7%; France 6.7%; Norway 6.3%; Belgium and Luxembourg 5.0%; Italy 4.0%; Ireland 3.6%; Spain 3.1%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): £251,088,000,000 (chemical products 17.5%, of which pharmaceuticals 6.9%; mineral fuels 13.9%, of which crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 12.6%; nonelectrical machinery and equipment 12.8%; transportation equipment 12.6%; electrical machinery and equipment 10.1%; base metals 5.5%; food products and live animals 3.5%). Major export destinations: US 13.9%; Germany 11.2%; Netherlands 7.8%; Ireland 7.6%; France 7.2%; Belgium and Luxembourg 5.3%; Spain 4.1%; Italy 3.7%; Sweden 2.1%; China 2.0%.

of Britain

were

Celtic-speaking peoples, including the Brythonic people of Wales, the Piets of Scotland, and the Britons of Britain. Celts also settled in Ireland about 500 BC. Julius Caesar invaded and took control of the area in 55-54 bc. The Roman province of Britannia endured until the 5th century ad and included present-day England and Wales. Germanic tribes, including Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, invaded Britain in the 5th century. The invasions had little effect on the Celtic peoples of Wales and Scotland. Christianity began to flourish in the 6th century. During the 8th-9th centuries. Vikings, particularly Danes, raided the coasts of Britain. In the late 9th century Alfred the Great repelled a Danish invasion, which helped bring about the unification of England under Athelstan. The Scots attained dominance in Scotland, which was finally unified under Malcolm II

(1005-34). William of Normandy took England in 1066. The Norman kings established a strong central government and feudal state. The French language of the Norman rulers eventually merged with the Angloof the common people to form the English language. From the 11th century, Scotland came under conthe influence of the English throne. Henry quered Ireland in the late 12th century. His sons Richard and John had conflicts with the clergy and nobles, and eventually John was forced to grant the nobles concessions in the Magna Carta (1215). The concept of community of the realm developed during the 13th century, providing the foundation for parliamentary government. During the reign of Edward statute law developed to supplement English common law, and the first Parliament was convened. In 1314 Robert the Bruce won independence for Scot-

Saxon

II

I

Transport and communications Transport.

Raiiroads (2007-08): length (2008) 16,454 km; passenger-km (Great Britain [England, Scotland, and Wales] only) 49,007,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (Great Britain [England, Scotland, and Wales] only) 21,200,000,000. Roads (2008; Great Britain [England, Scotland, and Wales] only): total length 394,467 km (paved 100%). Vehicles (2008; Great Britain [England, Scotland, and Wales] only): passenger cars 30,324,000, trucks and buses (2004) 3,522,424. Air transport (2008-09): passenger-km 229,710,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 6,029,510,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 33,209,000 (542); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 77,361,000 (1,263);

I,

land.

The Tudors became the ruling family of England following the Wars of the Roses (1455-85). Henry VIII established the Church of England and made Wales part of his realm. The reign of Elizabeth began a period of colonial expansion: 1588 brought the defeat of the Spanish Armada. In 1603 James VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne, becoming I

Countries of the World

466

James

I,

and established a personal union

of the

two

kingdoms. The English

Civil Wars erupted in 1642 between and Parliamentarians, ending in the execution of Charles (1649). After 11 years of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell and his son (1649-60), the monarchy was restored with Charles II. In 1707 England and Scotland assented to the Act of Union, forming the kingdom of Great Britain. The Hanoverians ascended to the English throne in 1714, when George Louis, elector of Hanover, became George of Great Britain. During the reign of George III, Great Britain’s American colonies won independence (1783). This was followed by a period of war with revolutionary France and later with the empire of Napoleon (1789-1815). In 1801 legislation united Great' Britain with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Britain was the birthplace I

I

of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century,

and it remained the world’s foremost economic power until the late 19th century. During the reign of expansion reached though the older dominions, including Canada and Australia, were granted independence (1867 and 1901, respectively). The UK entered World War allied with France and Russia in 1914. Following the war, revolutionary disorder erupted in Ireland, and in 1921 the Irish Free State was granted dominion status. The six counties of Ulster, however, remained in the UK as Northern in 1939. FollowIreland. The UK entered World War ing the war the Irish Free State became the Irish Republic and left the Commonwealth. India gained independence from the UK in 1947. Throughout the postwar period and into the 1970s, the UK continued to grant independence to its overseas colonies and dependencies. With UN forces, it participated in the Korean War (1950-53). In 1956 it intervened militarily in Egypt duringthe Suez Crisis. It joined the European Economic Community, a forerunner of the European Union, in 1973. In 1982 it defeated Argentina in the Falkland Islands War. As a result of continuing its

Victoria, Britain’s colonial

zenith,

I

II

social strife in Northern Ireland,

it

enlisted support from 12 other EU leadincluding Merkel and French Pres. Nicolas Sarkozy, to keep the increase for the 2011 EU budget to 2.9%, rather than the 6% demanded by the European Parliament. In November he signed a 50-year

several peace initiatives, which eventually resulted

in

an agreement In

to establish

UK-France defense to

establish

The two countries agreed 5,000-member expeditionary

treaty.

a joint

force that could be deployed rapidly for peacekeep-

combat missions and to adapt so that they could be used by both countries. In a separate accord, they also decided to share nuclear-weapons research and testing facilities. Two weeks earlier the government had announced that UK defense spending would be cut by 5.0% in real terms over the next four years. Cameron said in June that he hoped the UK would be able by 2015 to withdraw troops from Afghanistan, where five days earlier the death toll among British forces had reached 300. Following almost two weeks of intense negotiations, agreement was reached in February regarding the devolution of police and justice powers from London to the Northern Ireland Executive. The Democratic Unionist Party had feared losing support within the Protestant community if it agreed to Sinn Fein’s demands to share control of the police and the courts system, while Sinn Fein said that it would withdraw from the power-sharing executive if talks collapsed. In June the report was published of the 12-year official inquiry by Lord Saville into the events of “Bloody Sunday” in 1972, when British troops killed 14 nationalist demonstrators in Londonderry. Lord Saville determined that the soldiers caused the deaths of 14 people and injury to a similar number, none of whom was posing a serious threat. Following publication of the report, Cameron told Parliament: “The government is ultimately responsible for the conduct of the armed forces, and for that, on behalf of the government— indeed, on behalf of our country— am deeply

ing, rescue efforts, or 'their aircraft carriers

I

sorry.”

Internet resource: .

joined with Ireland

in

ern Ireland.

Cameron had

ers,

Royalists

Queen

— United States

an assembly

1997 referenda approved

in

in

United States

North-

Scotiand

and Wales devolved power to both countries, though both remained part of the UK. In 1991 the UK joined an international coalition to reverse Iraq’s conquest of Kuwait. In 2003 the UK and the US attacked Iraq and overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. Terrorist bombings in London on 7 Jul 2005 killed more than 50 people.

Recent Developments For only the second time

in 30 years, the government Kingdom changed hands when in 2010 David Cameron took office as prime minister in May, at the head of a Conservative- Liberal Democrat

of the United

coalition, the first

World War

II.

He

peacetime coalition since before

quickly set about building alliances

10 days after behe visited German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin. They agreed on a common position on the EU’s future budget: to keep increases as low as possible. By late October, when the issue came before the EU’s monthly council meeting.

name: United States

of America.

Form

of gov-

with other European leaders. Just

Official

coming prime

ernment: federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; House of Representatives (435, excluding 5 nonvoting delegates from the District of Columbia, the US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam and a nonvot-

minister,

I metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short

on board

Countries of the

World — United

commissioner from Puerto Rico]). Head and government: President Barack Obama (from 2009). Capital: Washington DC. Official language: none. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 US dollar (US$) = 100 cents. ing resident

of state

Demography Area: 3,678,190 sq mi, 9,526,468 sq km; inland water area equals 86,409 sq mi (223,798 sq km), and Great Lakes water area equals 59,959 sq mi (155,293 sq km). Population (2010): 310,062,000. Density (2010; based on land area only): persons per sq mi 87.8, persons per sq km 33.9. Urban (2005): 80.8%. Sex distribution (2005): male

49.26%: female 50.74%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15, 20.5%; 15-29, 20.9%; 30-44, 21.6%; 45-59, 20.2%: 60-74, 10.7%: 75-84, 4.4%: 85 and over, 1.7%. Population by race and Hispanic origin (persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race) (2006): non-Hispanic white 66.4%: Hispanic 14.8%: non-Hispanic black 12.8%: Asian and Pacific Islander 4.6%: American Indian and Eskimo 1.0%; other 0.4%. Religious affiliation (2005): Christian 83.3%, of which independent Christian 23.2%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Protestant (including Anglican) 18.9%, unaffiliated Christian 16.5%, Orthodox 1.8%, other Christian (primarily Mormon and Jehovah’s Witness) 3.3%: Jewish 1.9%: Muslim 1.6%:

Buddhist 0.9%:

New

Religionists 0.5%: Hindu 0.4%:

Baha’i 0.3%: Sikh 0.1%: nonreligious 9.8%: atheist 0.5%: other 0.3%. Mobility (2005). Reported gross percentage of population

traditional

beliefs 0.4%:

living in the same residence as in 2004: 86%: different residence, same county 8%: different county, same state 3%: different state 3%: moved from

abroad 1%. Place of birth (2007): native-born

259,545,000 (87.4%): foreign-born 37,279,000 (12.6%), of which (2004) Mexico 10,011,000, the Philippines 1,222,000, China and Hong Kong 1,007,000, Cuba 952,000, VietEl Salvador 765,000, South Korea 701.000. Immigration (2007-08): permanent immigrants admitted 1,107,126, from Mexico 17.2%, China 7.3%, India 5.7%, Philippines 4.9%, Cuba 4.5%, Dominican Republic 2.9%, Vietnam 2.8%, Colombia 2.7%, South Korea 2.4%, Haiti 2.3%, Pakistan 1.8%, El Salvador 1.8%, Jamaica 1.7%, other 42.0%. Refugees (2005) 380,000. Location: North America, bordering Canada, the North Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, and the North Pacific Ocean: the outlying state of Alaska nearly touches eastern Russia and borders the Arctic Ocean, Canada, and the North Pacific Ocean: Hawaii is an island group in the North Pacific Ocean. 1.067.000, India

nam 863,000,

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 14.0 (world avg. 20.3): within marriage (2006) 64.2%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 8.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total

per childbearing woman: 2007): 2.09. Life expectancy at birth (2005): male 75.2 years, of which white male 78.3 years, black male 69.5 years: female 80.4 years, of which white female 80.8 years, black female 76.5 years. fertility

rate

(avg.

States

467

and incomplete secondary education 14.3%: secondary 31.6%: some postsecondary 25.3%: 4-year higher degree 18.9%: advanced degree 9.9%. Number of earned degrees (2006): associate’s degree 713,066: bachelor’s degree 1,485,242: master’s degree 594,065: doctor’s degree 56,067: first-professional degrees (in fields such as medicine, theology, and law) 87,655. Quality of working life (2006). Average workweek (2007): 41.3 hours. Annual death rate per 100,000 workers: 3.4: leading causes of occupational deaths: transportation incidents 42%, assaults and violent acts 13%, falls 14%, struck by object 10%. Annual occupational injury rate per 100,000 workers: 4.4. Average duration of Journey to work (2006): 25.0 minutes (private automobile* 86.7%, of which drive alone 76.0%, carpool 10.7%: take public transportation 4.8%: walk 2.5%: work at home 4.0%: other 2.0%). Rate per 1,000 employed workers of discouraged workers (unemployed no longer seeking work): 3.1. Access to services (2005). Proportion of occupied dwellings having access to: 100%: safe public water supply 100%: public sewage collection 79.8%: septic tanks 20.2%. Social participation (2007). Population ages 16 and over volunteering for an organization 26.2%: median electricity

annual hours 52. Trade union membership in total workforce 12.1%. Social deviance (2007). Offense rate per 100,000 population for: murder 5.6: rape 30.0: robbery 147.6: aggravated assault 283.8: motor-vehicle theft 363.3: burglary and housebreaking 722.5: larceny-theft 2,177.8: drug-abuse violation (2005) 560.1: drunkenness (2003) 149.1. Estimated drug and substance users (population ages 12 and over: 2005): cigarettes 24.9%: binge alcohol (drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least one day in the past 30 days) 22.7%: rnarijuana or hashish. >6.0%. Rate per 100,000 population of suicide (2005): 10.7. Leisure (2006). Favorite

leisure

activities

(percentage of total population

ages 18 and over that undertook activity at least once in the previous year): dining out 48.6%, entertaining friends or relatives at home 40.2%, reading books 38.7%, barbecuing 33.9%, going to the beach 22.9%. Material well-being (2005). Occupied dwellings with householder possessing: automobiles, trucks, or vans 91.5%, 1 car with or without trucks or vans 47.5%, 2 cars 23.9%, only trucks and vans 12.7%, no cars, trucks, or vans 8.5%, 3 or more cars 7.4%: telephone 97.1%: television receiver 98.2%: video 90.2%: washing machine 82.0%: clothes dryer 79.1%: air conditioner 89.5%: cable television 67.5%: personal computers (2003) 61.8%: Internet connections (2003) 54.6%: broadband Internet (2003) 19.9%. Recreational expenditures (2006): US$791,100,000,000 (television and radio receivers, computers, and video equipment 19.2%: golfing, bowling, and other participatory activities 14.6%: sports supplies 10.0%: nondurable toys and sports equipment 9.0%: magazines, newspapers, and sheet music 5.7%: books and maps 5.5%).

births

Social indicators Educational attainment (2007). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: unknown/primary

National

economy

Budget (2009). Revenue: US$2,699,900,000,000 (income tax 46.6%: social-insurance taxes and contributions 35.1%: corporate taxes 12.6%). Expenditures: US$3,107,400,000,000 (social security and medicare 37.4%: defense 21.7%: health 9.6%: interest on debt 8.4%). Total outstanding national debt (September 2009):

ColINTRIKS OK THK WORI-D

468

US$11,898,000,000,000.

UNITED STATES

of which debt held by the public US$7,552,000,000,000, intragovernment holdings US$4,346,000,000,000. Gross national Income (2008): US$14,466,112,000,000 (US$47,580 per capita). Production. Agriculture arid fishing (value of production in US$'000,000 except as noted: 2007): corn (maize) 52,090, soybeans 26,752, wheat 13,669, alfalfa hay 8,972, cotton 5,197, grapes 3,381, potatoes 3,198, lettuce 2,751, apples 2,398, almonds 2,325, rice 2,274, tomatoes 2,179, oranges 2,111, sorghum 1,951, strawberries 1,746, sugar beets (2006) 1,526, tobacco 1,310, cottonseed 1,061, mushrooms 956, sugarcane (2006) 897, barley 852, onions 840, broccoli 764, peanuts (groundnuts) 763, cherries 651, carrots 614, sunflowers 607, blueberries 589, peppers 588, walnuts (2006) 564, pistachios 549, peaches 499,

(499,724,000):

watermelons 476, cabbage 413, lemons 403, pecans 376, sweet potatoes 374, pears 346, cantaloupe 313; livestock (number of live animals; 2008) 96,669,000 cattle, 65,110,000 pigs, 9.500.000 horses, 6,100,000 sheep, 2,050,000,000 chickens: fisheries production 5,293,877

activity rate of total

metric tons (from aquaculture 10%); aquatic plants production 2,272 (from aquaculture, none). Metals

mining (metal content in metric tons unless otherwise noted: 2008): molybdenum 61,400 (world rank: 1): beryllium 155 (world rank: 1): copper 1,310,000 (world rank: 2): lead 440,000 (world rank: 3): gold 230.000 kg (world rank: 3): zinc 770,000 (world rank: 4): palladium 12,400 kg (world rank: 4): platinum 3,700 kg (world rank: 5): iron 54,000,000 7): silver 1,120,000 kg (world rank: 7). Nonmetals mining (metric tons: 2008): diatomite 653.000 (world rank: 1): bromine 235,000 (world rank: 1): boron (2006) 1,150,000 (world rank: 2): perlite 449,000 (world rank: 2): kyanite 90,000

lignite (metric tons; 2006) 543.931.000 (517,337,000): crude petroleum

2006) 1,857,000,000 (5,802,000,000): products (metric tons; 2006) 815.278.000 (834,999,000): natural gas (cu m; 2006) 525,481,000,000 (610,698,000,000). Do(barrels:

petroleum

mestic production of energy by source (2005): coal 33.3%, natural gas 27.2%, crude petroleum 15.7%, nuclear power 11.8%, renewable energy 8.8%, other 3.2%. Energy consumption by source (2007): crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 39.8%, natural gas 23.3%, coal 22.4%, nuclear electric power 8.3%, hydroelectric and thermal 3.2%, other renewable energy 3.0%: by end use: industrial 32.0%, residential and commercial 39.3%, transportation 28.7%. Population economically active (December 2009): total 153,059,000 (civilian population only); population

49.6%

(participation

ages 16-64, 64.6%: female [2007] 46.5%; unemployed 10.0%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 119,223: remittances (2008) 3,049; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 191,438. Disbursements for (US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 81,092; remittances (2008) 47,182; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 183,606. Number of foreign visitors (2007) 56,716,277 (17,735,000 from Canada, 15,089,000 from Mexico, 11,406,000 from Europe): number of nationals traveling abroad (2007) 64,052,000 (19,453,000 to Mexico, 13,371,000 to Canada, rates:

12.304.000

to Europe).

(world rank:

(world rank: 2): vermiculite 100,000 (world rank: 3): barite 615,000 (world rank: 3): silicon 166,000 (world rank: 5): feldspar 600,000 (world rank: 6). Quarrying (metric tons: 2008): gypsum 12,700,000

46,000,000 (world rank: 2): phos30,900,000 (world rank: 2): lime

(world rank: 2): salt

phate

rock

19.800.000 (world rank: 2). Manufacturing (value added in US$'000,000; 2005): chemical products 328,440. of which pharmaceuticals and medicine 124,586: transportation equipment 254,665, of which motor vehicle parts 81,600, motor vehicles 78,772, aerospace products and parts 71,221: food products 235,673: electronics 226,319, of which navigational, measuring, medical, and scientific equipment 68,730, computers and related components 36,407, communications equipment 32,413: fabricated metal products 154,928: nonelectrical machinery and equipment 142,488: refined petroleum products and coal 117,541; plastic and rubber products 96,348: beverages and tobacco products 80,716: base metals 77,179: paper products 75,889: cement, bricks, and ceramics 64,545; printing and publishing 58,930; electrical machinery and equipment 54,318: furniture 46,801; wood products 44.763: textiles 32,395. Construction (completed: 2006): private US$937,047,000,000. of which

Foreign trade Imports (2008): US$2,100,141,200,000 (crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 21.1%: motor vehicles 9.1%; chemical products 8.4%; telecommunications equipment 6.3%; electrical machinery and equipment 5.4%; computers and office equipment 4.6%; wearing apparel 3.8%; industrial machinery 3.2%; food products and beverages 3.2%). Major import sources: China 16.1%: Canada 16.0%: Mexico 10.3%: Japan 6.6^: Germany 4.6%; UK 2.8%: Saudi Arabia 2.6%: Venezuela 2.4%; South Korea 2.3%: France 2.1%: Nigeria 1.8%: Taiwan 1.7%: Italy 1.7%: Ireland 1.5%: Malaysia 1.5%. Exports (2008): US$1,300,135,700,000 (transportation equipment 14.2%, of which motor vehicles and parts 8.2%: chemical products 13.8%: electrical machinery and equipment 8.1%; agricultural commodities 6.6%: mineral fuels 5.9%; crude materials [inedible] 5.9%: power-generating machinery 4.5%: general industrial machinery 4.5%: specialized industrial machinery 4.3%: scientific and precision equipment 3.9%: computers and office equipment 3.5%: telecommunications equipment 3.2%). Major export destinations: Canada 20.1%: Mexico 11.7%: China 5.5%: Japan 5.1%: Germany 4.2%: UK 4.1%: Netherlands 3.1%: South Korea 2.7%: Brazil 2.5%: France 2.2%: Singapore 2.2%: Taiwan 1.9%: Australia 1.7%: Hong Kong 1.7%: Switzerland 1.7%.

US$641,332,000,000, nonresidential US$295,715,000,000; public US$255,191,000.residential

000. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 4.300,103.000.000 (4,318.523.000,000): coal (metric tons; 2006) 523,971,000

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

151,947

km, of which Amtrak operates 34,733 km; (2004) passenger-km 41,574,000,000: metric ton-km cargo

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short

on board

Countries of the

World— United

2.835.000.

000.000. Roads (2008): total length 6.531.276 km (paved 67%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 135,933,000; trucks and buses 111.331.000. Merchant marine (2006): vessels (1,000 gross tons and over) 625; total deadweight tonnage 10,172,000. Navigable channels (2004) 41,843 km. Oil pipeline length (2005) 210,824 km; gas pipeline length (2004; excluding service pipelines) 2,353,300 km. Air transport (2007): passenger-km 1,334,199,200,000; metric ton-km cargo 43.104.300.000. Certified route passenger/cargo carriers air (2005) 80; operating revenue (US$’000,000; 2007) 173,104; operating expenses (USS’OOO.OOO; 2007) 163,894. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 150,000,000 (481); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 270,500,000 (868); personal computers (2005): 223,810,000 (755); total Internet users (2008): 230,630,000 ^40); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 79,014,000 (254).

Education and health Literacy (2003): percentage of population ages 16 and over: "illiterate” (able to perform no more than the most simple literacy skills— 14% [30,000,000 people]); “basically literate" (able to perform simple and everyday literacy activities— 29% [63,000,000 people]); "intermediately and proficiently literate” (able to perform moderately challenging to complex literacy activities-57% [123,000,000 people]). An additional 6,500,000 people were not interviewed for this 2003 survey because they did not speak English or had cognitive or mental disabilities. Food (2005); daily per capita caloric intake 3,754 (vegetable products 72.2%, animal products 27.8%); 143% of FAO rec-

ommended minimum

requirement. Per capita con-

sumption of major food groups (kilograms annually: 2005): milk 256.4; fresh vegetables 125.5; cereal

products 177.2; fresh

fruits

122.7; red

meat 62.7; potatoes 54.7; poultry products 55.8; fats and oil 31.6; sugar 30.2; fish and shellfish 23.4; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population. Health (2006): doctors of medicine 921,900 (1 per 329 persons), of which office-based practice 560,400— male 72.2%; female 27.8% (including specialties in internal medicine 16.9%, general and family practice 10.1%, pediatrics 8.1%, obstetrics and gynecology 4.6%, psychiatry 4.5%, anesthesiology 4.5%, general surgery 4.1%, emergency medicine 3.3%, diagnostic radiology 2.7%, orthopedic surgery 2.6%, cardiovascular diseases 2.4%, pathology 2.1%, ophthalmology 2.0%); doctors of osteopathy (2008) 64,000; nurses 2,417,150 (1 per 123 persons): dentists (2007) 184,000 (1 per 1,639 persons); hospital beds 947,000 (1 per 315 persons), of which nonfederal 95.3% (community hospitals 84.7%, psychiatric 8.9%, long-term general and special 1.7%), federal 4.9%; infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 6.5.

Military

469

States

12.9%, air force 19.5%, marines 10.6%, coast guard 1.1%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2008): 4.2%; per capita expenditure US$1,994. Major overseas deployment (December 2008): 283,589, of which in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 63%, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (in Afghanistan) 11%. Foreign military sales deliveries (September 2004-September 2007): US$35,611,000,000, of which to Israel 11.5%, to Egypt 11.1%, to Taiwan 9.2%, to Saudi Arabia 8.6%, to Poland 5.6%, to Japan 5.2%, to South Korea 5.1%, to Australia 4.2%.

The

territory that is

Background now the United States was

orig-

thousand years by numerous American Indian peoples who had probably emigrated from Asia. European exploration and settlement from the 16th century began displacement of the Indians. The first permanent European inally inhabited for several

settlement, by the Spanish, was at St. Augustine FL in 1565; the British settled Jamestown VA (1607), Plymouth MA (1620), Maryland (1632), and Pennsylvania (1681). They took New York, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch in 1664, a year after the Carolinas had been granted to British noblemen. The British defeat of the French in 1763 ensured British political control over the 13 colonies. Political unrest caused by British colonial policy cuirninated in the American Revolution (1775-83) and the Declaration of Independence (1776). The US was first organized under the Articles of Confederation (1781) and then finally under the Constitution (1787) as a federal republic. Boundaries extended west to the Mississippi River, excluding Spanish Florida. Land acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase (1803) nearly doubled the country’s territory. The US fought the War of 1812 with the British and acquired Florida from Spain in

1819. In 1830 it legalized removal of American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. Settlement expanded to the West Coast in the mid19th century, especially after the discovery of gold in California in 1848. Victory in the MexicanAmerican War (1846-48) brought the territory of seven more future states (including California and Texas) into US hands. The northwestern boundary was established by treaty with Great Britain in 1846. The US acquired southern Arizona by the Gadsden Purchase (1853). It suffered disunity during the conflict between the slavery-based plantation economy in the South and the free industrial and agricultural economy in the North, culminating in the American Civil War (1861-65) and the abolition of slavery under the 13th

Amendment. After Reconstruction (1865-77), the US experienced rapid growth, urbanization, industrial development, and European immigration. In 1877 it au-

thorized allotment of Indian reservation land to individual tribesmen, resulting in widespread loss of land to whites. By the beginning of the 20th century, it had acquired outlying territories, including Alaska, the Midway Islands, the Hawaiian

duty personnel (November 2009): 1,417J47 (army 38.7%, navy 23.4%, air force 23.5%, marines 14.4%, coast guard [November 2008] 2.6%). Total reserve duty personnel (No-

Islands, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, the Panama Canal Zone, and part of the Virgin Islands. The US participated

vember 2008): 979,378 (army 55.9%,

frage to

Total

active

navy

in

World War

I

women

during 1917-18. in

1920 and

It

granted suf-

citizenship to Ameri-

CorM RIFS

470

OF

TIIF

W ORI D

1924. The stock market crash of The US entered World War after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor (7 Dec 1941). The explosion of the first atomic bomb (6 Aug 1945), on Hiroshima. Japan, brought about the end of the war and set the US apart as a military power. After the war the US was involved in the reconstruction of Europe and Japan and embroiled in a rivalry with the Soviet Union that became known as the Cold War. It participated in the Korean War (1950-53). In 1952 it can Indians

1929

in

led to the Great Depression. II

granted autonomous commonwealth status to Puerto Rico. Racial segregation in schools was declared unconstitutional in 1954. Alaska and Hawaii were made states in 1959, bringing the total to 50. In 1964 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and authorized fullscale intervention in the Vietnam War. The mid- to late 1960s were marked by widespread civil disorder, including race riots and antiwar demonstrations. The US accomplished the first manned lunar landing in 1969. All US troops were withdrawn from Vietnam by 1973. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the US assumed the status of sole world superpower, The US led a coalition of forces against Iraq in the Persian Gulf War (1990-91). Administration of the Panama Canal was turned over to Panama in 1999. After the September 11 attacks on the US in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and part of the Pentagon, the US attacked Afghanistan’s Taliban government for harboring and refusing to extradite the mastermind of the terrorist acts, Osama bin Laden. port,

In

2003 the US attacked

Iraq, with British

and overthrew the government

of

Saddam

supHus-

'sein.

UnITFI) STATFS

lower rates for all taxpayers for another two years, extended unemployment benefits, and lowered em-

ployee Social Security taxes by 2.0% for one year. In the days before adjournment of Congress late in the year, it gave final approval to six additional bills plus a major international treaty that had been stalled by partisan wrangling. One new law repealed the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” prohibition against openly gay people’s serving in the US armed forces. Another measure expanded the federal school-lunch

program for students from lower-income households and guaranteed higher-quality meals and increased attention to child-nutrition concerns. The legislature also passed a US$1.4 billion upgrade of federal food-safety regulations, which authorized stepped-up measures to prevent foodborne illnesses and to protect consumers. Congress also allocated compensation in two bills. One awarded US$1.15 billion to African American farmers who had encountered discrimination in their applications for federal loans and programs and US$3.4 billion to Native Americans adversely affected by US Interior Department mismanagement of oil, timber, and mineral leases on tribal land. New York’s senators pushed through the second bill, trimmed-back legislation that awarded US$4.3 billion in health care benefits and compensation to workers exposed to hazardous materials during cleanup operations after the September 11 attacks of 2001. The Health and Human Services Department announced a new policy that granted Medicare payments to doctors for providing end-of-life counseling: a similar idea

had been eliminated from the health reform bill amid charges that it would create "death panels.” The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used ex-

new rules designed emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The action prompted a blistering response from Republicans, who claimed that the EPA had evaded congressional intent and eroded isting clean-air laws to establish

to

Recent Developments in 2010 witnessed the most productive legislative year in recent memory. Democrats pronounced the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed into law in March after many months of acrimonious argument, a historic

The United States

achievement. They predicted that public support for the measure would increase dramatically as voters learned more about its benefits, including expanded private-insurance options for older children and a ban on the denial of private-insurance coverage because of preexisting conditions. Credit-card-reform

had passed in 2009 took effect in 2010; it limited or banned some fees, restricted the marketing of cards to young consumers, and prevented interest-rate increases as long as monthly bills were paid on time. Congress later passed a broad financial-industry-reform bill that gave shareholders a greater say in executive compensation, banned taxpayer bailouts of financial companies deemed "too big to fail," and set up a new consumer-protection agency. In the absence of congressional action, tax cuts enacted under Pres. George W. Bush were set to expire and thereby prompt an increase for every taxpayer during an economic slowdown. Having cited deficit concerns. Democrats moved to boost levies for individuals legislation that

limit

US economic

viability.

The Obama administration achieved one

of

its

top

December when the Senate, in lame-duck session, ratified a new Strategic Arms

foreign-policy goals in its

Reduction Talks (“New START”) treaty. Obama had signed the treaty with Russian Pres. Dmitry Medvedev in April, and in February 2011 it went into effect. As Iraqi officials moved slowly to form a coali-

government following national elections, Obama announced the end of US combat operations in Iraq in August 2010. Some 50,000 US troops remained in the country in 2011, but he pledged that all would be removed by the end of the year. The continued adtion

of democratic practices, plus a reduction in violence in the country, offered the hope of a successful conclusion to the controversial 2003 US-led invasion and overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi regime. As the US-led NATO force in 2010 completed its ninth year of hostilities in Afghanistan, however,

vance

who made more than US$250,000 annually. In a surprise conciliatory move in early December, how-

major progress became difficult to ascertain, and weariness with the war became evident across the alliance. During the year the conflict there became America’s longest military action. The situation was complicated by nonmilitary issues, including allegations of corruption among Afghan officials and suspicions that Pakistani intelligence personnel, even

Obama administration negotiated a compromise with Senate Republicans that maintained

while formally assisting the allies, had assisted both sides of the conflict. The administration reaffirmed

ever. the

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

COIM RIKS

OK THK

Obama's 2009 promise to begin US troop within July 2011, a vow widely criticized as discomfiting for US allies and as an encouragement of Taliban resistance. By August 2010, when the last of a military surge of 30,000 additional US troops had been deployed, US military forces exceeded 95,000, but Obama was largely unable to solicit additional troop deployments from NATO allies. He declared that US troops would remain through 2014, after which

WORU)— DrIKJDAV

471

Vital statistics

drawals

1,000 population (2008): 14.6 (world avg. 20.3); (2002) within marriage 42.9%. Death rate per 1,000 population (2008); 9.4 (world avg. 8.5). Birth rate per

Total

fertility

rate (avg.

woman; 2007): 2.02.

births

per childbearing

expectancy at male 72.4 years; female 79.7 years. Life

birth (2008):

security responsibility would be turned over to the

National

Afghan government.

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: UYU 111,321,000,000 (taxes on goods and services 59.1%; corporate taxes 12.3%; property taxes 7.1%; nontax revenue 6.7%; income tax 5.6%). Expenditures: UYU 117,225,000,000 (social security and welfare 27.6%; government transfers including debt servicing 20.7%; public administration 13.9%; education 12.3%; health 7.4%; defense 4.4%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): rice 11.000. 1.200.000, soybeans 800,000, wheat 620,000, sunflower seeds 60,000, honey 13,200; livestock (number of live animals) 12,000,000 cattle, 000 sheep; fisheries production 108,750 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying (2007): limestone 1,200,000; clays 82,200; gold 2,820 kg. Manufacturing (value added in UYU '000,000; 2005): food products and beverages 5.618.000. 17,390; refined petroleum products 5,945; textiles, hides, and leather goods 4,633. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006)

Internet resource: .

Uruguay

000 (8,437,000,000):

coal (metric tons;

2006) none (2,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) none (13,900,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 1,758,000 (1,889,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) none (110,000,000). Population economi(2006): total 1,580,400; activity rate (participation rates: ages 14-64, 72.7%;

cally active

47.7%

female 43.5%; unemployed [2007] 9.2%). Gross

name: Republica Oriental del Uruguay (Oriental Republic of Uruguay). Form of government: republic with two legislative houses (Senate [31]; Official

Chamber

of Representatives [99]).

Head

of state

and government: President Jose Alberto Mujica Cordano (from 2010). Capital: Montevideo. Offilanguage: Spanish. Official religion: none. unit: 1 peso uruguayo (UYU) = 100 centesimos; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = UYU 18.35. cial

Monetary

national income (2008); US$27,536,000,000 (US$8,260 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007); US$9,616,000,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from

(US$'000,000): tourism (2007) 809; remittances (2008) 104; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 1,042; official development assistance (2007) 34. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 239; remittances (2008) 5; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 13.

Foreign trade

Demography 68,679 sq mi, 177,879 sq km. Population (2010); 3,372,000. Density (2010); persons per sq mi 49.1, persons per sq km 19.0. Urban (2007): 93.7%. Sex distribution (2007): male Area:

48.30%: female 51.70%. Age breakdown (2007); under 15, 23.4%; 15-29, 22.8%; 30-44, 19.6%; 45-59, 16.5%: 60-74, 11.5%; 75-84, 4.7%; 85 and over, 1.5%. Ethnic composition (2006); white (mostly Spanish, Italian, or mixed Spanish-ltalian) 87.4%; black/part-black 8.4%; Amerindian/partAmerindian 3.0%; other 1.2%. Religious affiliation (2004): Roman Catholic 54%; Protestant 11%; Mormon 3%; Jewish 0.8%; nonreligious/atheist 26%: other 5.2%. Major cities (2004): Montevideo 1,269,552; Salto 99,072; Paysandu 73,272; Las Piedras 69,222; Rivera 64,426. Location: southern South America, bordering Brazil, the South Atlantic Ocean, and Argentina.

Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$4,775,000,000 (crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 27.5%; machinery and appliances 16.0%; chemical products 12.7%: food products, beverages, and tobacco products 8.7%; transportation equipment 7.4%). Major import sources: Argentina 22.6%; Brazil 22.6%; Venezuela 12.6%; China 7.3%; US 6.8%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$3,952,000,000 (beef 23.7%; hides and leather goods 8.6%; dairy products, eggs, and honey 6.9%; textiles and wearing apparel 6.8%; rice 5.5%: plastics and rubber products 5.1%). Major export destinations: Brazil 14.7%; US 13.2%; Argentina 7.6%: Russia 5.7%; Germany 4.2%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2006): route length 2,073 km; passenger-km (2004) 11,000,000; metric ton-km cargo (2005) 331,000,000. Roads (2007): length

I

Countries of the Wori d

472

16.398 km (paved 22%). Vehicles (2006): passenger cars 553.204; trucks and buses 91.007. Air transport (2008; PLUNA only): passenger-km 809.094.000; metric ton-km cargo, none. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 959,000 (286); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 3,308,000 (1,047): personal computers (2005): 450,000 (135): total Internet users (2008): 1,340,000 (400); broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 245,000

— Uzbekistan

create a binational scientific team to monitor water quality in the river. In March 2011, Uruguay Joined several other South American countries in officially recognizing Palestine. Internet resource: .

Uzbekistan

(73).

Education and health Educational attainment (2006). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal schooling 1.9%: incomplete primary education 15.1%; complete primary 25.8%; incomplete secondary 20.8%; complete secondary 17.6%; incomplete higher 7.2%; complete higher 11.6%. Literacy (2003): population ages 15 and over literate 98.0%; males literate 97.6%: females literate 98.4%. Health: physicians (2006) 13,603 (1 per 245 persons): hospital beds (2003) 6,661 (1 per 499 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2007) 12.0; undernourished population (2002-04) less than 2.5% of total population.

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 25,382 (army 66.6%, navy/coast guard 21.6%, air force 11.8%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.3%; per capita expenditure US$91.

Total

active

Background The Spanish navigator Juan Di'az de Solfs sailed into the Rio de la Plata in 1516. The Portuguese established Colonia in 1680. Subsequently, the Spanish established Montevideo in 1726, driving the Portuguese from their settlement: 50 years later Uruguay became part of the Viceroyalty of the Rfo de la Plata. It gained independence from Spain in 1811. The Portuguese regained it in 1821, incorporating it into Brazil as a province. A revolt against Brazil in 1825 led to its being recognized as an independent state in 1828. It battled Paraguay in 1865-70. For much of World War II, Uruguay remained neutral. The presi-

was abolished in 1951 but restored in military coup occurred in 1973, but the to civilian rule in 1985. The 1990s returned country brought a general upturn in the economy, largely the result of reform measures and membership in Mercosul, the Southern Common Market, from 1991. dential office

1966. A

Recent Developments Uruguay continued to enjoy economic growth in 2010. The economy grew by 8.5% for the year, and unemployment remained at its lowest levels since 1986, having fallen to 6.2% in August. Inflation was within the government target range of 6-8%. Agricultural exports continued to boom. With an International Court of Justice decision in April. Uruguay and Argentina finally resolved a conflict over a pulp mill in Fray Bentos. Uruguay, across the Uruguay River from Gualeguaychu, Argentina. The countries agreed to

name: Uzbekiston Respublikasi (Republic of Form of government: republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]: Legislative Chamber [150]). Head of state and government: Presi-

Official

Uzbekistan).

dent Islam Karimov (from 1990), assisted by Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyayev (from 2003). Capital: Tashkent (Tashkent). Official language: Uzbek. Official religion: none. Monetary unit: sum (UZS; plural sumy): valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = UZS 1,711.05.

Demography Area: 171,469 sq mi, 444,103 sq km. Population (2010): 27,866,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 162.5, persons per sq km 62.7. Urban (2006): 35.9%. Sex distribution (2006): male 49.56%: female 50.44%. Age breakdown (2006):

under 15. 32.9%: 15-29, 30.3%: 30-44, 19.6%: 45-59, 11.2%: 60-74, 4.3%; 75 and over, 1.7%. Ethnic composition (2000): Uzbek 78.3%; Tajik 4.7%: Kazakh 4.1%; Tatar 3.3%; Russian 2.5%; Karakalpak 2.1%: other 5.0%. Religious affiliation (2000): Muslim (mostly Sunni) 76.2%: Russian Orthodox 0.8%: Jewish 0.2%: nonreligious 18.1%: other 4.7%. Major cities (2007); Tashkent (Toshkent) 1,959,190; Namangan 446,237; Andijon 321,622; Samarkand 312,863; Bukhara 249,037. Location: central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan.

Vital statistics

1,000 population (2008): 23.6 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): Birth rate per

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons;

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute);

ton-mi cargo;

and

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

freight;

f.o.b.:

free

1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short on board

Cohn TR iF.s of thk W()ri.i>— Uzbkkistan 5.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 2006): 2.91. Life expectancy at birth (2006): male 61.2 years; female

68.1 years.

in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 1,850,000 (68); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 12,734,000 (468); total Internet users (2008): 2,469,000 (91): broadband Internet subscribers (2008):

tions,

66.000 National

473

(2.4).

economy

Budget (2006; general government consolidated budget). Revenue: UZS 6,406,000,000,000 (taxes on income and profits 20.2%; VAT 17.3%; taxes on property and resources 12.2%; excise taxes 10.2%). Expenditures: UZS 6,331,000,000,000 (health and education 34.4%; social security 27.0%; na-

economy 9.0%; centralized investments 8.1%). Public debt (external, outstanding; 2007): US$3,086,000,000. Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); wheat 5,900,000, seed cotton 3,300,000, toma-

tional

toes 1,327,000, raw silk 487; livestock (number of live animals) 10,450,000 sheep, 7,042,500 cattle, 1,974,300 goats, 16,500 camels; fisheries production 6,226 (from aquaculture 55%). Mining and quarrying (metal content; 2006): copper 115,000; uranium 2,260; gold (all forms) 85,000 kg. Manufacturing (value of production in UZS '000,000,000; 2006): nonferrous metals 2,705; mineral fuels 2,487; machinery and metalworking products 1,986. Energy production (consumption):

2008) 50,100,000,000 ([2006] 47,000,000,000); lignite (metric tons; 2006) 3.126.000 (3,050,000): crude petroleum (barrels; 2006) 39,465,000 (24,078,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 4,685,000 (4,461,000); natural gas (cu m; 2006) 62,500,000,000 (48,400,000,000). Population economically active (2004): total 9,945,500; activity rate of total population 38.7% (participation rates [2001]: ages 16-59 [male], 16-54 [female] 70.4%; female 44.0%; unemployed [official rate; 2007] 0.8%). Gross national income (2008): electricity (kW-hr;

US$24,738,000,000 (US$910 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 51; remittances (2005) 790; foreign direct investment (2005-07 avg.) 182; official development assistance (2007) 166.

Foreign trade Imports (2006; c.i.f.): US$4,395,900,000 (machinery and metalworking products 40.3%; chemical products 15.0%: base metals 10.4%; food products 8.1%). Major import sources: Russia 27.8%: South Korea 15.2%; China 10.4%; Kazakhstan 7.3%: Germany 7.1%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$6,389,800,000 (cotton fiber 17.2%; energy products [including natural gas and crude petroleum] 13.1%: base metals 12.9%; machinery and apparatus 10.1%: gold, n.a.; uranium, n.a.). Major export destinations: Russia 23.7%; Poland 11.7%; China 10.4%: Turkey 7.7%; Kazakhstan 5.9%.

Transport and communications

Education and health Educational attainment (2002). Percentage of population ages 25 and over having: no formal education/unknown 2.5%; incomplete primary education 9.0%: primary 7.3%; secondary 66.0%; higher 15.2%. Literacy (2003); percentage of total population ages 15 and over literate, virtually 100%. Health (2005): physicians 70,159 (1 per 371 persons): hospital beds 135,143 (1 per 193 persons); infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) undernourished population (2003-05) 12.6; 3.600.000 (14% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of

1,870

calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 67.000 (army 74.6%, air force 25.4%); German troops (November 2008): 163. Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 0.5%; per capita exTotal

active

penditure US$3.

Background Genghis Khan’s grandson Shibaqan received the territory of Uzbekistan as his inheritance in the 13th century ad. His Mongols ruled over nearly 100 mainly Turkic tribes, who would eventually intermarry with the Mongols to form the Uzbeks and other Turkic peoples of central Asia. In the early 16th century, a federation of Mongol-Uzbeks invaded and occupied settled regions, including an area called Transoxania that would become the Uzbeks’ permanent homeland. By the early 19th century the region was dominated by the khanates of Khiva, Bukhara, and Quqon, all of which eventually succumbed to Russian domination. The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was created in 1924. In June 1990 Uzbekistan became the first Central Asian republic to declare sovereignty. It achieved full independence from the USSR in 1991. During the 1990s its economy was considered the strongest in Central Asia, though its political system was deemed harsh.

Recent Developments Uzbekistan received the thanks of NATO and the US in 2010 for its contribution in transshipping supplies to the international coalition’s military actions in Afghanistan and for its generosity in having accepted thousands of ethnic Uzbek refugees in June from the violence in southern Kyrgyzstan. Uzbekistan’s reputation as a responsible member of the international

community was negatively

affected,

cargo

however, by its behavior toward Tajikistan, an eastern neighbor. Uzbekistan was determined to prevent the construction of a gigantic dam and power plant

length

at

transport (2008); passenger-km 5,600,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 83,300,000. Communica-

enormous

Transport. Railroads (2008): length (2006) 3,9.50 km; passenger-km 2,500,000,000; metric ton-*km

23,400,000,000. Roads (2005): total 84,400 km (paved 85%). Vehicles (1994): passenger cars 865,300; buses 14,500. Air

Roghun in central Tajikistan, which Tashkent argued would severely affect Uzbek agriculture by depriving crops of irrigation during the filling of an reservoir.

Early

in

2010 Uzbekistan

Col'NTRIFS OF TUF VVORI^D

474

Started delaying the transit of Tajikistan-bound railroad cars across its territory. The objective of the action was to delay construction at Roghun, but the action resulted in a major disruption to parts of the Tajik economy. The area that suffered the worst was the southern region, where supplies of fertilizer, seeds, and fuel for spring agricultural work failed to arrive. At the end of the year, the situation had not

been resolved. Internet resource; .

Vanuatu

— VANUATU

per childbearing

pectancy at 69.0 years.

woman; 2008): 4.40.

National

Life

ex-

male 65.6 years: female

birth (2008):

economy

Budget (2008). Revenue: Vt 16.997.000.000 (tax revenue 69.5%. of which VAT 26.9%. import duties 22.5%: grants 23.4%; nontax revenue 7.1%). Expenditures: Vt 15.121.000.000 (current expenditures 77.6%: development expenditures 22.4%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007): coconuts 322.000, copra 21,644, bananas 14,500, cacao beans 1,400, kava (2004) 825; livestock (number of live animals) 174,137 cattle, 88,694 pigs, 8,792 goats; fisheries production 85,387 (from aquaculture, negligible). Mining and quarrying: small quantities of coral-reef limestone, crushed stone, sand, and gravel. Manufacturing (value added in Vt ’000,000; 1995): food products, beverages, and tobacco products 645; wood products 423; fabricated metal products 377. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 55,000,000 (55,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) none (30,000). Population economically active (2006): total 112,000; activity rate of total population 50.7% (participation rates:

ages 15-64, 84.3%; female 46.4%; officially unemployed [1999] 1.7%). Gross national income (2008); Public

name: Ripablik blong Vanuatu (Bislama); Republique de Vanuatu (French): Republic of Vanuatu (English). Form of government: republic with a

Official

single legislative

house (Parliament

Head of Head of gov-

[52]).

state: President lolu Abil (from 2009).

US$539,000,000 (US$2,330 per debt

(2008)

3; FDI

(2005-07

ernment: Prime Minister Sato Kilman (from 2011). Capital: Port-Vila. Official languages; Bislama; French: English. Official religion: none. Monetary unit; vatu (Vt): valuation (1 Jul

2011) US$1 =

Vt

capita).

outstanding: 2007): US$71,600,000. Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 119; remittances (2008) 7; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 30; official development assistance 57. Disbursements for (2007) (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 11; remittances (external,

avg.) 1.

Foreign trade Imports (2008;

c.i.f.):

Vt

29,023.000,000 (machin-

ery and transportation equipment 30.7%; mineral fuels 16.6%: food products and live animals 15.3%;

91.04.

Demography mi. 12.190 sq km. Population (2010): 251.000. Density (2010); persons per sq mi 53.3. persons per sq km 20.6. Urban (2009): 24.3%. Sex distribution (2009): male 51.27%: female 48.73%. Age breakdown (2005): under 15. 40.1%:

Area: 4.707 sq

15-29. 27.7%: 30-44. 17.5%: 45-59. 9.7%; 60-74. 4.1%: 75 and over. 0.9%. Ethnic composition (1999): Ni-Vanuatu (Melanesian) 98.7%: European and other Pacific Islanders 1.3%. Religious affiliation (2005): Protestant 70%. of which Presbyterian 32%. Anglican 13%. Adventist 11%; Roman Catholic 13%: traditional beliefs (significantly the John Frum cargo cult) 5%: pther 12%. Major towns (2009): Port-Vila 45.694; Luganville 13.484; Norsup (2006) 3.000. Location; Oceania, island group between the South Pacific Ocean and the Coral Sea.

chemical products 7.0%). Major import sources (2007): Australia 31.1%; New Zealand 16.8%; Singapore 12.4%; Fiji 9.1%; China 6.6%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): Vt 4,249,000,000 (domestic exports 84.4%, of which copra 25.3%, coconut oil 17.1%, kava 11.5%, beef 9.1%, cocoa 5.6%; reexports 15.6%). Major export destinations (2007): Philippines 14.0%: New Caledonia 9.7%; Fiji 6.7%: Japan 5.4%; Singapore 5.4%.

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2000): total length 1,070 km (paved 24%). Vehicles (2001); passenger cars 2,600; trucks and buses 4,400. Air transport (2008; Air Vanuatu only): passenger-km 457,518,000; metric ton-km cargo

1,714,000. Communications,

in total

units (units

per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): Vital statistics

1.000 population (2008): 31.1 (world Death rate per 1.000 population (2008);

Birth rate per

avg. 20.3).

5.5 (world avg. 8.5). Total

fertility

rate (avg. births

10.000 (44); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 36,000 (154); personal computers (2005): 3,000 (14); total Internet users (2008): 17.000 (73); broadband Internet subscribers (2007): 100 (0.4).

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons: 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo: c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight: f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World — Vatican

475

Cit^ State

Education and health Educational attainment (1999). Percentage of population ages 15 and over having: no formal schooling 18.0%; incomplete primary education 20.6%; completed primary 35.5%; some secondary 12.2%: completed secondary 8.5%; higher 5.2%, of which university 1.3%. Literacy (2007); total population ages 15 and over literate, 74%. Health (2005): physicians (2008) 26 (1 per 9,000 persons): hospital beds 885 (1 per 244 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 55.2; undernourished population (2002-04) 20,000 (11% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,790 calories).

Military Total active duty personnel (2008): none; Australia

and New Zealand assist paramilitary forces through defense assistance programs.

US$1 = €0.69

(Vatican City uses the euro as

currency, even though

it

is

not a

its official

member of the

EU).

Background The islands of Vanuatu were inhabited for at least 3,000 years by Melanesian peoples before being discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese. They were rediscovered by French navigator Louis-Antoine de Bougainville in 1768 and then explored by English mariner Capt. James Cook in 1774 and named the New Hebrides. Sandalwood merchants and European missionaries arrived in the mid-19th century: they were followed by British and French cotton planters. Control of the islands was sought by both the French and the British, who agreed in 1906 to form a condominium government. During World War a major Allied naval base was on Espfritu Santo: the island group escaped Japanese invasion. The New Hebrides became the independent Republic of Vanuatu in 1980. Much of the nation’s housing was ravaged by a hurricane in 1987. II

Recent Developments Land was both a domestic and an international issue in 2010 as Vanuatu celebrated 30 years of independence. Indigenous landowners were concerned by the ongoing alienation of land to foreigners; this generated increasing public pressure for reform of both politics and land law. The long-running dispute with France over the possession of uninhabited Matthew and Hunter islands was reignited when it was reported in January that Moana Carcasses, Vanuatu’s minister of internal affairs, had proposed a shared-ownership arrangement to the French.

Demography Area: 0.17 sq mi, 0.44 sq km. Population (2010); 800. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 4,706, persons per sq km 1,818. Location: southern Europe, within the commune of Rome, Italy. Annual budget:

US$209,000,000.

Industries: banking

printing; production of a small

and finance; of mosaics

amount

and uniforms; tourism.

Background Vatican City, the independent papal state, is the smallest independent state in the world. Its medieval and Renaissance walls form its boundaries except on the southeast, at St. Peter’s Square. Within the walls is a miniature nation, with its own diplomatic missions, newspaper, post office, radio station, banking

system, army of more than 100 Swiss Guards, and publishing house. Extraterritoriality of the state extends to Castel Gandolfo, summer home of the Pope, and to several churches and palaces in Rome proper. Its independent sovereignty was recognized in the Lateran Treaty of 1929. The pope has absolute executive, legislative, and Judicial powers within the city. He appoints the members of the Vatican’s government organs, which are separate from those of the Holy See. The state’s many imposing buildings include St. Peter’s Basilica, the Vatican Palace, and the Vatican Museums. Frescoes by Michelangelo and Pinturicchio (in the Sistine Chapel) and Raphael’s Stanze are also there. The Vatican Library contains a priceless collection of manuscripts from the pre-Christian and Christian eras. Vatican City was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1984.

Internet resource: .

Recent Developments

Vatican City State name: State of the Vatican City (Holy See). Form of government: ecclesiastical. Head of state: Pope Benedict XVI (from 2005). Head of govern-

Official

ment: Secretary of State Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone (from 2006). Capital: Vatican City. Languages: Italian;

Latin.

unit:

1 euro (€) =

Religion:

100

Roman Catholic. Monetary cents; valuation (1 Jul 2011)

The EU undertook an investigation in 2010 into a bilateral agreement between the Holy See and the Italian state that granted extensive tax relief to an estimated 100,000 hotels, hospitals, and schools operated by the Vatican on Italian soil. These tax breaks amounted to roughly US$2.6 billion per year. Critics of the agreement claimed that it gave the Vatican an illegal trade advantage. In September the Holy See was embroiled in another financial contro-

Col'M RIFS OF TMF WORFD

476

versy after the Vatican

Bank

failed to disclose the

source of US$30 million that it transferred to two other banks. In December the Vatican announced that it would enforce new financial regulations to bring the bank in line with contemporary laws for financial transparency. In response, in June 2011, prosecutors in Rome released to the bank some €23

(US$33

they had seized at the be-

— VFNFZUELA

(1,116,000): Ciudad Guayana 789,500. Location: northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean, Guyana, Brazil, and Colombia,

Vital statistics

ginning of the investigation.

1,000 population (2007): 21.5 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2007):

Internet resource: .

5.1 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

billion

billion) that

Birth rate per

pectancy at 76.6 years.

birth

fertility

rate (avg. births

2007): 2.58, Life ex(2007): male 70.7 years: female

Venezuela National

economy

Budget (2006). Revenue: VEB 117,326,000,000,000 (petroleum income 52.9%, of which royalties taxes 13.0%: nonpetroleum income 47.1%, 37.5%, 117.255.000. of which VAT 22.4%). Expenditures: VEB 000.000 (current expenditures 75.0%: development expenditures 22.8%; other 2.2%). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2007); sugarcane 9.300.000, corn (maize) 2,104,000, rice 800,000; livestock (number of live animals) 16,700,000 cattle, 120,000,000 chickens: fisheries production 477,210 (from aquaculture 5%). Mining and quarrying (2008): iron ore (metal content) 15,200,000; bauxite 5,500,000; phosphate rock 400,000; gold

10,100

kg:

gem diamonds 45,000

carats.

Manu-

facturing (value added in VEB '000,000,000: 110.357.000. food products 8,122; iron and steel 3,022; 2004): refined petroleum products 2,890. Energy produc371.000. tion (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2006) 000 (109,815,000,000); coal (metric

tons;

leum name: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela). Form of government: federal multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [165]). Head of state and government: President Hugo Chavez Frias (from 2002). Capital: Caracas. Official language: Spanish (31 indigenous Indian languages are also official). Official religion: none. Monetary unit: 1 bolfvar fuerte (VEF) = 100 centimes; valuation (1 Jul 2011) US$1 = VEF 4.29 (the bolivar fuerte replaced the bolfvar [VEB] 1 Jan 2008, at the rate of 1 VEF = VEB

1 000 ). ,

Demography mi, 916,445 sq km. Population (2010): 29,044,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 82.1. persons per sq km 31.7, Urban (2005): 93.4%. Sex distribution (2007): male 50.19%; female 49.81%. Age breakdown (2006); under 15,

Area:

353,841 sq

32.1%: 15-29, 26.9%: 30-44. 20.5%; 45-59, 13.2%: 60-74, 5.5%: 75-84. 1.5%: 85 and over, 0.3%. Ethnic composition (2000); mestizo 63.7%; local white 20.0%: local black 10.0%: other white 3.3%: Amerindian 1.3%: other 1.7%. Religious affiliation (2005): Roman Catholic 84.5%: Protestant 4.0%: other 11.5%. Major cities (urban agglomerations) (2009 [2007]): Caracas 2,097,400 (2.985.000): Maracaibo 1,891,800 (2,072,000): Valencia 1,408,400 (1,770,000): Barquisimeto 1.018.900 1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; ton-mi cargo:

c.i.f.:

cost, insurance,

2006) 7,338,000 (52,000): crude petro2008) 874,000,000 ([2006]

(barrels:

000): petroleum products (metric tons;

Official

2006) 58,031,000 (26,320,000); natural gas (cu m: 2006) 24,530,000,000 (24,530,000,000). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 817; remittances (2008) 130; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 882; official development assistance (2007) 71. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 1,394; remittances (2008) 771: FDI (2005-07 avg.) 1,827. Gross na-

Income (2008): US$257,794,000,000 (US$9,230 per capita). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): US$27,494,000,000. Population economically active (2006): total 12,379,700; activity rate 45.9% (participation rates; ages 15-64, 68.7%: female 38.6%: unemployed [July 2006-June 2007] 9.4%). tional

Foreign trade Imports (2006): US$30,559,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 26.6%: motor vehicles 12.1%: chemical products 11.0%: food products 5.9%). Major import sources: US 30.6%; Colombia 10.2%: Brazil 10.1%: Mexico 5.9%; China 4.9%. Exports (2006): US$61,385,000,000 (crude petroleum 91.6%: iron and steel 2.8%; aluminum 1.7%; organic chemical products 0.6%). Major export destinations: US 46.2%: Netherlands Antilles 13.5%;. China 3.2%.

1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short I and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Countries of the

World— Vietnam

477

roughly 2.2 million bbl per day,

Transport and communications Transport. Railroads (2008): route length 806 km; metric ton-km cargo (2004) 22,000,000. Roads (2004): total length 96,200 km (paved 34%). Vehicles (2007): passenger cars 2,952,129; trucks and

buses 1,091,883. Air transport (2005): passengerkm 2,578,700,000; metric ton-km cargo 2,100,000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 6,304,000 (224); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 27.084.000 (963): personal computers (2005); 2.475.000 (98): total Internet users (2008): 7.167.000 (255): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 1,330,000 (47).

Education and health Educational attainment (2003). Percentage of head-of-household population having: no formal schooling 10.2%; primary education or less

38.5%: some secondary 36.9%; completed secondary/higher 14.4%. Literacy (2003): total population ages 15 and over literate, 93.0%. Health

lion

bbl

in

1998, and

economic downturn as "delayed and weak." On the other hand, Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chavez’s January currency devaluation doubled the value of government oil income in local currency. Venezuela was in no danger of a foreign-exchange crisis, however, as the official reserves at the central bank in November showed a sizable account surplus of US$19.8 billion, or about 6.3% of GDP. Venezuela continued to provide Cuba with roughly 100,000 bbl of petroleum a day and funded the expansion of Cuba’s refinery at Cienfuegos. In December the legislature granted Chavez the power to rule by decree in response to mudslides and flooding in the country. His critics pointed out that Chavez could easily abuse this authority, which was originally granted for 18 months. Internet resource;

.

(2003): physicians 35,756 (1 per 722 persons): hospital beds 74,866 (1 per 345 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2006) 23.0: undernourished population (2003-05) 3.200.000 (12% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily require-

ment

of

1,830

down from 3.5 mileconomy con-

overall the

tracted by roughly 3%. Consequently, the IMF characterized Venezuela's recovery from the global

Vietnam

calories).

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 115.000 (army 54.8%, navy 15.2%, air force 10.0%, national guard 20.0%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 1.2%; per capita expenditure

Total

active

US$101.

In in

Background 1498 Christopher Columbus sighted Venezuela; 1499 the navigators Alonso de Ojeda, Amerigo

Vespucci, and Juan de la Cosa traced the coast. A Spanish missionary established the first European settlement at Cumana in about 1520. In 1718 it was included in the Viceroyalty of New Granada and was made a captaincy general in 1731. Venezuelan Creoles led by Francisco de Miranda and Simon Bolivar spearheaded the South American independence movement, and though Venezuela declared independence from Spain in 1811, that status was not assured until 1821. Military dictators generally ruled the country from 1830 until the overthrow of Marcos Perez Jimenez in 1958. A new constitution adopted in 1961 marked the beginning of democracy. As a founding member of OPEC, Venezuela enjoyed relative economic prosperity from oil produc-

during the 1970s, and its economy has remained dependent on the world petroleum market. The leftist president Hugo Chavez promulgated a new constitution in 1999, and he was reelected in 2002. Despite an increase in oil prices in the early 21st century, the country experienced great political

tion

turmoil.

Recent Developments ,

Venezuela’s economy remained dependent on petroleum revenue in 2010. Oil production was

name; Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam Form of government; socialist republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [500]). Head of state; President Nguyen Minh Triet (from 2006). Head of government; Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung (from 2006). Capital; Official

(Socialist Republic of Vietnam).

Hanoi. Official language; Vietnamese. Official reliMonetary unit; 1 dong (VND) = 10 hao =

gion; none.

100

xu:

valuation

(1

Jul

2011) US$1 = VND

20,585.00.

Demography Area; 127,882 sq mi, 331,212 sq km. Population (2010); 87,117,000. Density (2010): persons per sq mi 681.2, persons per sq km 263.0. Urban (2009): 29.6%. Sex distribution (2009): male 49.52%; female 50.48%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15,

15-29, 29.8%; 30-44, 22.2%; 45-59, 60-74, 5.3%: 75-84, 1.9%: 85 and over, Ethnic composition (1999): Vietnamese Tho (Tay) 1.9%; Montagnards 1.7%; Thai 1.7%; Muong 1.5%; Khmer 1.4%; Nung 1.1%: Miao (Hmong) 1.0%: Dao 0.8%: other 2.7%. Reiigious affiliation (2005); Buddhist 48%; New-Religionist (mostly Cao Dai and Hoa Hao) 11%; traditional beliefs 10%; 26.6%: 13.8%: 0.4%. 86.2%:

Roman atheist

Catholic 7%;

Protestant 1%; non religious/ cities (urban agglom-

20%; other 3%. Major

COUNTRIKS OF THK

478

(2009

erations)

[2007]):

Ho

Chi

Minh

City

5.929,479: Hanoi 2,632,087 (4,723.000); Haiphong 847.058 (2,129,000): Da Nang 770,499. Location: southeastern Asia, bordering China, the Gulf of Tonkin, the South China Sea, the Gulf of Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.

WORFD— ViKTNAM ments and accessories 14.0%; footwear 9.2%; furniture 4.5%: electrical machinery and equipment 3.7%: crustaceans 3.3%; rice 3.2%; coffee 3.1%; natural rubber 2.9%). Major export destinations (2007): US 20.8%: Japan 12.5%; Australia 7.8%; China 7.5%; Singapore 4.6%.

Transport and communications

Vital statistics Birth rate per

1,000 population (2008): 18.1 (world avg. 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008): 6.0 (world avg. 8.5). Total fertility rate (avg. births per

woman; 2008): 2.02.

childbearing birth (2008):

Life expectancy male 69.0 years: female 74.2 years.

at

economy Revenue: VND 323,000,000,000,-

National

Budget (2008). (tax revenue 89.0%, of which petroleum related 20.3%: nontax revenue 9.9%; grants 1.1%). Expen-

000

VND 364,000,000,000,000 (current expenditures 72.6%; capital expenditures 27.4%). Public debt (external, outstanding: 2007): 16.000. Gross national income (2008): US$19,372,000,000. US$77,031,000,000 (US$890 per capita). Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture and fishing rice 35,566,800, sugarcane (2007): 000, cassava 8,900,000, coffee 1,060,000, cashews 961,000, natural rubber 550,000, tea 153.000, black pepper 82,000, cinnamon 9,500; livestock (number of live animals) 26,500,000 pigs, ditures:

Railroads (2007): route length (2005) 2,600 km; passenger-km 4,659,000,000; metric tonkm cargo 3,883,000,000. Roads (2007): total length 160,089 km (paved 48%). Vehicles (2007): passen-

Transport.

ger cars 1,146,312. Air transport (2008): passengerkm 15,768,000,000; metric ton-km cargo

295.764.000. Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008): 29.591.000 (338); cellular telephone subscribers (2008): 70,000,000 (799); personal computers (2007): 8,306,000 (96); total Internet users (2008): 20.834.000 (238): broadband Internet subscribers (2008): 2,049,000 (23).

Education and health

62,800,000

Educational attainment (1999). Percentage of population ages 18 and over having: no formal education 9.0%: primary education 29.2%; lower secondary 32.5%: upper secondary 24.9%; incomplete/complete higher 4.3%; advanced degree 0.1%. Literacy (2003): percentage of population ages 15 and over 13.000.94.0%: males literate 95.8%; females literate literate

ducks: fisheries production 4,277,900 (from aquaculture 50%); aquatic plants production 38,000 (from aquaculture 100%). Mining and quarrying (2007): phosphate rock 1,360,000; kaolin 650,000; barite 120,000; tin (metal content) 3,500. Manufacturing (value of production in VND ’000,000,000,000; food products and beverages 156.1; cement, 2004): 56.494.000.

92.3%. Health (2007): physicians 54,798 (1 per 1,579 persons): hospital beds 210,800 (1 per 410 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2008) 23.0; undernourished population (2002-04) 000 (16% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,840 calories).

6.840.000

cattle,

2,921,100

buffalo,

and pottery 46.2; paints, soaps, and pharmaceuticals 43.9. Energy production (consumption): bricks,

2007) 66,900,000,000 ([2006] coal (metric tons; 000): 2007) 41.200.000 ([2006] 15,700,000); crude petroleum (barrels: 2008) 100,800,000 ([2006] negligible): petroleum products (metric tons; 2006) 483,000,000 (11,743,000): natural gas (cu m; 2007) 000 ([2006] 5,953,000,000). Population economically active (2004): total 43,242,000; activity rate of total population 52.9% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 77.7%; female 49.0%; unemployed [2008] 4.7%). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$'000,000): tourism (2006) 3,200; remittances (2008) 7,200; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 3,707; official development assistance (2007) 2,497. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): FDI (2005-07 avg.) 100.

electricity

Military

(kW-hr;

6.834.000.

Foreign trade Imports (2006: c.i.f.): US$44,891,000,000 (machinery and apparatus 21.3%; chemical products 14.0%; refined petroleum products 13.9%; textile yarn, fabrics, and made-up articles 8.9%; iron and steel 7.7%). Major import sources: China 16.5%; Singapore 14.0%; Taiwan 10.7%; Japan 10.5%; South Korea 8.7%. Exports (2006; f.o.b.): US$39,826,000,000 (crude petroleum 20.9%; gar-

duty personnel (November 2008): 455.000 (army 90.5%, navy 2,9%, air force 6.6%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 5.3%: per capita expenditure US$43.

Total

active

|

Background Vietnamese group began to emerge c. 200 BC in the independent kingdom of Nam Viet, which was annexed to China in the 3,st century bc. The Vietnamese were under continuous Chinese control until the 10th century ad. The southern region was gradually overrun by Vietnamese from the north in the late 15th century. The area was divided into two parts in the early 17th century, with the northern part known as Tonkin and the southern part as Cochin China. In 1802 the northern and southern parts of Vietnam were unified under a single dynasty. Following several years of attempted A

distinct

French colonial expansion in the region, the French captured Saigon in 1859 and later the rest of the area, controlling it until World War II. The Japanese occupied Vietnam in 1940-45 and declared it independent at the end of World War II, a move the French opposed. The French and Vietnamese fought the First Indochina War until French forces with US

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 mi (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

j

j

|

i

|

Countries of the

World— Yemen

479

were defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954; evacuation of French troops ensued. Following an international conference at Geneva, Vietnam

financial backing

was

partitioned along the 17th parallel, with the northern part under Ho Chi Minh and the southern part under Bao Dai: the partition was to be temporary, but the reunification elections scheduled for 1956 were never held. Bao Dai declared the independence of South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam), while the Communists established North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). The activities of North Vietnamese guerrillas and pro-communist

rebels

in

South Vietnam led to US intervention and

the Vietnam War. A cease-fire agreement was signed in 1973, and US troops were withdrawn. The civil war soon resumed, and in 1975 North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam and the South Vietnamese government collapsed. In 1976 the two Vietnams were united as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. From the mid-1980s the government enacted a series of economic reforms and began to open up to Asian and Western nations. In 1995 the US officially normalized relations with Vietnam.

The

Did

7 knOW

first

expedition to begin ex-

Hang Son Doong cave system in central Vietnam comnienced its work in early 2009. I%ll VwY Thought by .some to be the largest cave system in the world. Hang Son Doong contains at least one cavern large enough to accommodate a city block of 40-story buildings. ploring the

203,891 sq mi, 528,076 sq km. Population (2010): 23,494,000. Density (2010); persons per sq mi 115.2, persons per sq km 44.5. Urban (2008): 31.0%. Sex distribution (2008): male 50.81%; female 49.19%. Age breakdown (2008): under 15, 44.3%: 15-29, 29.9%: 30-44, 14.0%; 45-59, 7.8%; 60-74, 3.1%: 75 and over, 0.9%. Ethnic composition (2000); Arab 92.8%: Somali 3.7%: black 1.1%; IndoPakistani 1.0%; other 1.4%, Religious affiliation Area:

(2005): Muslim nearly 100%, of which Sunni 58%, Shi'i 42%. Major cities (2004): Sanaa (2007)

2,006,619: Aden 588,938; Ta'izz 466,968; Al-Hudaydah 409,994; Ibb 212,992. Location: the Middle East, bordering Saudi Arabia, Oman, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and the Red Sea.

Recent Developments In

2010, Vietnam assumed the chair of the AssoSoutheast Asian Nations (ASEAN), host-

ciation of

ing several

events,

including the

16th

Vital statistics

ASEAN

summit and the 17th ASEAN regional forum, the

Birth rate per

meeting in which ASEAN defense ministers were joined by their counterparts from eight other Pacific Rim countries. In April, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung attended US Pres. Barack Obama's nuclear security summit in Washington DC. Vietnam and the US also observed the 15th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the

avg.

first

countries in July, with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton making an official visit to Hanoi

1,000 population (2008): 36.2 (world 20.3). Death rate per 1,000 population (2008);

7.7 (world avg. 8.5). Total per childbearing woman;

pectancy at 64.7 years.

birth

fertility

rate (avg. births

2008): 5.20. Life ex(2008): male 60.7 years; female

National

economy

riers in Virginia

Budget (2007). Revenue: YR 1,406,400,000,000 (petroleum revenue 69.1%; tax revenue 21.9%; nontax revenue and grants 9.0%). Expenditures: YR 1,748,300,000,000 (transfers and subsidies 29.7%: wages and salaries 27.9%; interest on

Internet resource: .

debt 5.7%). Public debt (external, outstanding: January 2009): US$5,977,000,000. Population economically active (2008): total 5,206,000; ac-

and Vietnamese

US aircraft carand in international waters off central Vietnam. The following month the two sides held their first defense dialogue. officials visiting

tivity rate of total

Yemen name: Al-Jumhuriyah al-Yamaniyah (Republic of Yemen). Form of government: multiparty republic with two legislative houses (Consultative

Official

Council [111]:

Head

House

of Representatives [301]).

Major General ‘Ali 'Abdallah Salih (from 1990). Head of government: Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar (from 2007). Capital: Sanaa. Official language: Arabic. Official religion: Islam. Monetary unit: 1 Yemeni rial (YR) = 100 fils: valuation (1 Jul 2011): US$1 = YR 213.80. of state: President

population 23.4% (participation

ages 15 and older, 42.7%; female 11.8%: unemployed 15.0%). Production (metric tons exrates:

cept as noted). Agriculture and fishing (2008):

mangoes 387,906, sorghum 376,728, alfalfa 290,370, khat (qat) 165,668 (khat [qat] contributes roughly 2.5% of total GDP; khat cultivation employs nearly 15% of the labor force), dates

55,204, chickpeas 54,000, sesame 23,895;

live-

stock (number of live animals) 8,889,000 sheep, 8,708,000 goats, 1,531,000 cattle, 373,000 camels: fisheries production 132,062 (from aquaculture, none). Mining and quarrying (2007): salt

100,000: gypsum 44,000. Manufacturing

480

ColiN TRFKS OF THE

(value added in YR ’000,000; 2008): food products and beverages 112,090; plastic products 60,299; paper products 46,850; refined petroleum products 10,509. Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2008) 6,545,-

830.000 (4,496,700,000): crude petroleum (barrels: 2008-09) 102,041,700 ([2006] 29,150,000): petroleum products (metric tons; 2008) 3,307,000 ([2006] 5,394,000); natural gas (cu m; 2007) 25,000,000,000 (25,000,000,000). Gross national income (2008);

US$21,901,000,000 (US$950 per capita). Selected balance of payments data. Receipts from (US$’000,000): tourism (2007) 425; remittances (2008) 1,420; foreign direct investment (FDI; 2005-07 avg.) 428; official development assistance (2007) 225. Disbursements for (US$’000,000): tourism (2008) 184; remittances (2008) 319; FDI (2005-07 avg.) 58.

Foreign trade

Imports (2008; c.i.f.): YR 2,087,876,317,000 (crude petroleum and refined petroleum products 29.1%: food products and live animals 22.3%, of which grains 13.2%; transportation equipment 7.0%: base and fabricated metals 6.5%; chemical products 6.4%). Major import sources: UAE 28.9%: China 7.0%; Saudi Arabia 6.7%; Kuwait 6.4%: India 3.9%. Exports (2008; f.o.b.): YR 1.519.162.467.000 (refined petroleum products 77.3%: crude petroleum 9.9%; food products and live animals 5.0%, of which fish 2.6%; transportation equipment 1.9%; chemical products 1.7%). Major export destinations: China 31.1%; Thailand 23.8%; UAE 9.5%; India 8.0%; South Korea 6.3%.

— ZAMBIA

WORED

Military

duty personnel (November 2008): 66,700 (army 90.0%, navy 2.5%, air force/air defense 7.5%). Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2007): 4.2%; per capita expenditure Total

active

US$42.

Background

Yemen was the home

of ancient Minaean, Sabaean, and Himyarite kingdoms. The Romans invaded the region in the 1st century ad. In the 6th century, it was conquered by Ethiopians and Persians. Following conversion to Islam in the 7th cen-

it was ruled nominally under a caliphate. The Egyptian Ayyubid dynasty ruled there from 1173 to 1229, after which the region passed to the Rasulids. From 1517 through 1918, the Ottoman Empire maintained varying degrees of control, especially in the northwestern section. A boundary agreement was reached in 1934 between the northwestern imam-controlled territory, which subsequently became the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen), and the southeastern British-controlled territory, which subsequently became the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen). Relations between the two Yemens remained tense and were marked by conflict throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Reaching an accord, the two officially united as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. Its 1993 elections were the first free, multiparty general elections held in the Arabian Peninsula, and they were the first in which women participated. In 1994, after a two-month civil war, a new constitution was approved.

tury,

Recent Developments Transport and communications Transport. Railroads: none. Roads (2007); total length 71,300 km (paved 9%). Vehicles (2004);

passenger cars 522,437; trucks and buses 506,766. Air transport (2007); passenger-km (2004) 2,473,000,000; metric ton-km cargo 41,000,000, Communications, in total units (units per 1,000 persons). Telephone landlines (2008); 1.117.000 (49): cellular telephone subscribers (2008); 3,700,000 (161); personal computers (2006); 587,000 (28); total Internet users (2008); 370.000 (16).

In

January 2011, thousands of protesters gathered

ees. In February he promised not to stand for reelecand he vowed that his son would not succeed

tion,

March he offered to draft a new conwould strengthen the parliament and the judiciary. On 18 March, however, Salih loyalists opened fire on protesters in Sanaa, killing at least 50 people. In response MaJ. Gen. Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, him

in office. In

stitution that

commander vowed Education and health Educational attainment (2005-06). Percentage of population ages 10 and over having; no formal schooling/unknown 42.3%; reading and writing ability 33.6%; primary education 13.1%; secondary 8.7%: higher 2.3%. Literacy (2007); percentage of total population ages 15 and over literate 58.9%: males literate 77.0%; females literate 40.5%. Health (2008); physicians 6,187 (1 per 3,592 persons): hospital beds 15,184 (1 per 1,464 persons): infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births 60.1: undernourished population

(2002-04) 7,600,000 (38% of total population based on the consumption of a minimum daily requirement of 1,770 calories).

in

Sanaa and other Yemeni cities to condemn poverty and official corruption and to call on Pres. ‘Ali ‘Abdallah Salih to step down. Salih reduced income taxes and increased the salaries for government employ-

of the army’s

1st

Armoured

Division,

use his troops to protect the protesters. Defected military units and those units still under Salih’s control both deployed tanks and armored vehicles around the city. to

Internet resource: .

Zambia of Zambia. Form of government: multiparty republic with one legislative house (National Assembly [158]). Head of state and government; President Rupiah Banda (from 2008). Capital: Lusaka. Official language: English. Official religion: none (Zambia is a Christian naOfficial

name: Republic

1 metric ton = about 1.1 short tons; 1 kilometer = 0.6 ml (statute); 1 metric ton-km cargo = about 0.68 short ton-mi cargo; c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight; f.o.b.: free on board

Ykar

in

Rkvikw

Plate 1

r

•

fm ftSrii

\

29 Apr 2011, London, England:

Britain’s Prince William, then 28, and his new brider thefoitn^f^ Middleton, respond to enthusiastic crowds that filled London’s streets following the 'couple's wedgfrij Westminster Abbey. The two were honored with new titles—the Duke and Duchess'^^^Oarphridg^y^:! preceding the long-anticipated nuptials. Middleton, 29, was born a commoner and flad met the prrni second in line to the throne after his father. Prince Charles, while the two were attending cotlege io;S

World Events

Plate 2

:VuI|b 1^ I

January-August 2011, Cairo, Egypt: Arab states in the Middle East and northern Africa were rocked throughout the year by popular uprisings that in some cases toppled regimes and in others led to civil war. The Arab Spring movement started

in Tunisia,

where large

demonstrations that began

in

late 2010 forced longtime Pres. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali to step down on 14 Jan 2011. In Egypt, a series of massive

public rallies in Cairo's Tahrir

Square

led to the resignation of

Pres. Hosni

Mubarak on 11 Feban ailing Mubarak

ruary. At right,

was put on

trial in August on charges of murdering protesters.

i

1

World Events

Plate 3

9 Mar 2011, Sanaa, Yemen: The Arab Spring protests spread to

Yemen

early in the year. At right, students and others rally outside the University of Sanaa in the nation’s capital. Pres. office for

32

‘Ali

‘Abdallah Salih,

in

years, ordered a

violent police

crackdown that fueled

further protests. Late in April he

agreed to step down, only to renege. On 3 June, rebels fired grenades into Salih’s compound, and he was badly burned. He left the country for medical treatment in Saudi Arabia, placing Vice Pres. Abd al-Rab in

Mansur

al-Hadi

charge of the troubled nation.

16 Feb 2011, Manama, Bahrain: left, a protester holds a photo of Fadhel Salman al-Matrook, hailed as a martyr by antigovernment rebels, two days after he was killed during a protest rally in the capital city of Manama. Boisterous demonstrations in the oil-rich Persian Gulf nation,

At

where protesters were

largely minority

Muslims, failed to dislodge the Sunni Muslim government of King Hamad. The monarch called on neighbor and ally Saudi Arabia, which sent troops to help quell the protests and quash the “Rose Revolution.” Shi’ite

29

Jui

2011, Hama, Syria:

Protests against the notoriously repressive regime of Pres. Bashar al-Assad, inset, began in January and in March. In June the government began sending troops and tanks against the demonstrators. The

escalated

was strongest in provincial Hama, right, where troops an estimated 100 people on 31

uprising capital killed

The regime’s violent response was condemned by the UN and the Arab League, and the protests continued to escalate. There was no

July.

resolution

in

sight as of late August.

14 Apr 2011, Adjabiya,

Libya: At

a missile against troops loyal to strongman ColonelMuammar al-Qaddafi>;as protdstsin far

left,

rebels

fire

.

w^^%|,

Libya sparked a longcM a poster of the leader wa|^fc^fediP

2 March protest in Beri^fi^z^^^;^ The revolt in Libya troversial foreign,

in^ryet^^^^^^^

and France, supportedly^^i^^^^ Barack Obama, led a

arm and aid the tibyah; included air strikes; On 21 rebel forces entered tbe Tripoli,^ promising to brihg q; lfei;N the strongman's 42-year to

AupOTH

World Evknts

Plate 4

22

Jul 2011, Oslo, Norway: Anders Behring Breivik, 32, in red at left, was arrested and charged with committing a deadly two-part terrorist attack. Breivik first set off a car bomb in downtown Oslo, killing eight people and wounding more than 10 others, some critically. He then went to a Labour Party youth camp on the island of Utpya and opened fire with a rifle, killing 69, most of them young people. Police described Breivik, who surrendered and confessed, as a militant right-wing extremist. At right is a memorial gathering.

8 Aug 2011, London, England: streets of

London

rampaged through the young man who was above, burning, and violence raged for Rioters

after police killed a

resisting arrest. Looting,

several nights and spread to other cities, as and police struggled to restore order.

PM

David Cameron

19

\

.-r-*

—

Jul 2011, London, England: Media mogul Rupert Murdoch and son James testify at the House of Commons after police arrested writers and editors from Murdoch's British

(

tabloid, the

RUPERT j

'--jJAMES

News

of the World,

and charged them with illegally hacking the phones of crime victims and celebrities.

Worm) Evknts

Plate 5

11 Mar 2011, Miyake, Japan: Tsunami waves flood the town of Miyako in Iwate prefecture after a magnitude 9.0 undersea earthquake struck some 43 miles east of Japan. Waters engulfed towns along the island nation’s northeast coast, killing at least 15,700 people and leaving thousands more missing or homeless. The waves battered a nuclear plant at Fukushima, releasing radiation and forcing the evacuation of more than 200,000 people. At bottom, a resident of northeastern Japan mourns after the disaster.

Plate 6

United States

11 May 2011, Sangin, Afghanistan: US

troops rush an injured colleague to a medical evacuation the volatile Helmand province in southern Afghanistan. On 6 August, 30 US Army soldiers and 8 Afghan troops died when Taliban forces shot down a US Chinook helicopter. A drawdown of US troop levels in Afghanistan was scheduled to begin in late fall 2011. helicopter outside the city of Sangin

in

May 2011, Washington DC:

In a realignment of the US national security team, Pres. Barack Obama named new leaders of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Department of Defense following the retirement of long-serving Robert Gates, shown at right in Afghanistan, as secretary of defense. The president named Leon Panetta, above right, a longtime White House and national security official, to replace Gates at the Department of Defense. Obama chose US Army General David Petraeus, above, a veteran of the US

in Iraq and AfghaniPanetta’s CIA post. The realignment was completed in May.

military

campaigns

stan, to

assume

United States

1 May 2011, Pakistan and US: At top, Pres. Barack Obama * and his national security team in the White House follow the course of a daring, secret helicopter raid by US special forces against a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, above'right, where al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was believed to be hiding. The US forces found and killed bin Laden, the mastermind behind the 9/11 terror attacks on the US, sparking celebrations around the nation, including at Ground Zero in New York City, right.

The mission culminated a manhunt for the proponent Islamic jihad, even as it called

long of

into

question the already tenu-

ous relations between the US and its ostensible ally, Pakistan.

Plate 7

Unu ki) S

i

A KS I

Jul 2011, Washington DC: A congressional vote to approve

23

raising the level of

US

federal

the past a routine matter, became a political hot potato that dominated national debate in the summer.

debt,

in

At right. Pres. Barack

Obama

and Speaker of the House John Boehner met in the White House as they sought a compromise on the issue. Republicans, who are the majority party

House, succeeded final

in

in

the

forcing a

deal that included large

spending cuts but no tax hikes. Polls

showed

voters’ views of

Congress at an

all-time low.

lone gunman shot Congresswoman the head as she met with voters, above left, then shot 18 other people, killing six. Jared L Loughner, 22, was arrested and charged with the murders. Giffords survived and returned to the House to vote on the debt-ceiling bill, above.

8 Jan 2011, Tucson AZ: A Gabrielle Giffords

in

6 Jun 2011, New York NY: New York Congressman Anthony Weiner, top, resigned after he confessed to sending lewd photps of himself via cell phone. In May, actor and former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, bottom, revealed he had fathered a child out of wedlock in 1997. Wife Maria Shriver, right, later filed for divorce.

10 Mar 2011, Madison Wl: Demonstrators

rallied in the state as legislators weighed a bill drafted by Governor Scott Walker that would reduce public unions’ right to collective bargaining. The bill passed but faced ongoing legal battles and sparked recall elections for several legislators from both parties.

capitol building

Uni'i KI) 1

S A KS i

I

Plate 9

22 May 2011, Joplin MO: The US was rocked by a series 25 to 28 April, leaving an estimated 346 people dead, with

of exceptionally strong tornadoes from the most powerful tornado touching down in Tuscaloosa AL A month later, on 22 May, a tornado measured at EF5, the highest rating, roared through the city of Joplin MO, close to the Oklahoma border. With winds reaching 200 mph, the mile-wide twister carved a long swath of destruction across the center of the town, killing 158 people and leaving thousands homeless. It was the deadliest US tornado since 1947 and the seventh deadliest in the nation’s history.

28 Aug 2011, Fairfield CT: An oceanfront home is swamped by the storm surge of HL^hcarre made landfall in North Carolina and swept north, across the populous East Coast, where';mffli^s hie^ orders to evacuate coastal areas. The storm was not as intense as officials fearedv butjt batte^^ and cut power to millions of people, flooded streets and homes, and created bitlions of

Plate 10

Science

30 May 2011, Newton

Crater, Mars: On 5 Aug 2011 NASA released the image below, accompanying an Science magazine that discussed the appearance of streaks on the surface of the Red Planet that wax and wane with the planet’s seasons, indicating that they may be caused by a form of salty water that is present on the planet. The image was taken by the US Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and enhanced by 3-D modeling. The brownish streaks appear at the bottom of the image, taken during Martian summer. article in

Jul 2011, Kennedy Space Center, Florida: When the space shuttle Atlantis landed successfully after a 13-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS), the US shuttle program ended after 30 years and 135 missions. Two shuttle missions ended in disaster: Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff in 1986, and Columbia broke up during reentry in 2003. The three remaining shuttles will be donated to US museums for display purposes, and for the next few years, US astronauts will travel to the ISS via Russia’s space program.

21

S

Business

24

Jul

2011,

New

York NY:

After

New York became the

sixth

US

5

US

military

its

to the Jury’s finding: not guilty.

“Don’t

Prosecutors lacked evidence

Ask, Don’t Tell" policy for gay

service i

members.

to present a credible case.

4 Aug 2011, New York NY: The US was shaken by massive

stock market

buy-and-sell swings

in

August, bottom right, as the nation’s economic woes continued. Ongoing high unemployment, sovereign debt crises in Europe, and a downgrading of US

agency were factors hampering the slow recovery of the economy. Above, a man seeks a Job in California: at top right, the Borders Books chain declared bankruptcy, liquidated its inventory, and closed all its stores.

federal credit by a major rating in

2011, Orlando FL: The

of

where polls showed that most Americans believed she was guilty. At left, Anthony reacts

moved ahead

end

Jul

Casey Anthony, 25, left, charged with killing daughter Caylee, almost 3, in 2008, was closely watched in the US,

state to legalize

with plans to

Plate 11

Society

trial

same-sex marriage, the couple above were wed in Manhattan. As polls reflected growing public approval of such unions, the

&

Plat* 12

Sl»()RT

Jul 2011, Wimbledon, England: Serbia’s Novak Djokovic celebrates after beating Spain's Rafael Nadal in the men's singles

3

final.

Czech player Petra Kvitova

defeated Russia's Mariya Sharapova in the women’s singles event.

24 Jul 2011, Paris, France: Veteran cyclist Cadel Evans. 34. is mobbed by photographers after his triumphant ride up the Champs Elysees to win the 2011 Tour de France. Evans became the first Australian ever to win cycling’s

2011 saw

most prestigious event, which

far fewer allegations of illegal

in

drug doping by participants.

Sport

Plate 13

19 Jun 2011, Bethesda MD: left, Northern Ireland's gifted Rory Mcliroy, only 22, left the rest of the field eight strokes behind as he scored 16 strokes under par to win the US Open Championship.

At top

17

Jul

2011, Sandwich, England:

Veteran golfer Darren Clarke, above, also of Northern Ireland, won the famed Claret Jug trophy at Britain's

140th Open Championship.

12 Jun 2011, Miami

MVP

of the

FL: Germa-

was named NBA championship

ny's Dirk Nowitzki,

left,

series after his Dallas Mavericks

beat the Miami Heat 4

games to

15 Jun 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada: Zdeno Chara of the Boston Bruins hoists the National Hockey League’s Stanley Cup after the Bruins defeated the Vancouver

Canucks

game

in

the seventh, deciding

of the

championship

series.

Jul 2011, New York NY: Veteran Newark Van Derek Jeter smashes a home run for his '3‘,O0Oth Kit; joinings other players in one of baseball's most, pii^,MjCARA"“*

COSTA RlCit

PAMAIIA

GUYANA

’

•

PALMYRA ATOUm.S.l

CaH, C,H

•

*

8ogo«

Hillary Clinton

Defense

Tim Geithner Robert M. Gates: Leon Panetta (1

Attorney General

Eric

Interior

Ken Salazar

Agriculture

Tom

Commerce

Gary Locke: Rebecca M. Blank

Health and

Vilsack (acting) (1

Aug

Services

Housing and Urban Development Energy Education Veterans Affairs Security





)

Kathleen Sebelius



Shaun Donovan Ray La Hood Steven Chu Arne Duncan



Eric Shinseki Janet Napolitano

Hilda Solis

Human

Transportation

Homeland

2011)

Holder

2011 Labor

Jul

White House lists the following as cabinet-rank members; Vice President Joe Biden, Chief of Staff William Daley, Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Lisa P. Jackson, US Trade Representative Ron Kirk, Office of Management and Budget Director Jacob Lew, Council of Economic Advisers Chair (vacant Additionally, the

at press time),

Did

and United States Ambassador

^

youV

known

According

to the

to the United Nations

Susan

Rice.

US Census Bureau, by 2010 there were more Hispanics of Puerto Rican US states and Washington DC than there were living in Puerto

origin living in the 50

Rico itself. The 2010 census results showed that there were some 4.6 million Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin in the US compared to 3.7 million on the island of Puerto Rico. Of those living in the US, almost one-third had been born in Puerto Rico.

United States

—Just ces of the Supreme Court

557

i

United States Supreme Court Justices of the Listed under presidents

NAME

TERM OF SERVICE^ George Washington

1789-95 1789-98 James Wilson John Rutledge 1790-91 William Cushing 1790-1810 1790-96 John Blair 1790-99 James Iredell 1792-93 Thomas Johnson William Paterson 1793-1806 John Rutledge^ 1795 Samuel Chase 1796-1811 Oliver Ellsworth 1796-1800 John Adams Bushrod Washington 1799-1829 Alfred Moore 1800-04 1801-35 John Marshall Thomas Jefferson William Johnson 1804-34 Brockholst Living1807-23 John Jay

*

ston

Thomas Todd 1807-26 James Madison Gabriel Duvall 1811-35 Joseph Story 1812-45 James Monroe Smith Thompson 1823-43 John Quincy Adams Robert Trimble 1826-28 Andrew Jackson John McLean 1830-61 Henry Baldwin 1830-44 James M. Wayne 1835-67 Roger Brooke Taney 1836-64 Philip P. Barbour 1836-41 Martin Van Buren John Catron 1837-65 John McKinley 1838-52 Peter

1842-60

Daniel

V.

John Tyler Samuel Nelson Levi

James Woodbury

Robert

K.

C. Grier

R. Curtis

1845-72

Polk

1845-51 1846-70 1851-57

Franklin Pierce

John Archibald Campbell Clifford

Abraham Noah H. Swayne Samuel Freeman

Lincoln

1862-81 1862-90

Miller

David Davis

Stephen Johnson

1862-77 1863-97

Salmon

1870-80 1870-92 1873-82 1874-88

Joseph P. Bradley Ward Hunt Morrison Remick Waite

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1911

John Marshall Harlan William B.

Woods James A.

1881-87 Garfield

P.

Chase

1864-73

1881-89

Stanley Matthews

Chester A. Arthur 1882-1902 Horace Gray

1882-93

Samuel Blatchford

Grover Cleveland 1888-93 Lucius Q.C. Lamar

Weston Fuller 1888-1910 Benjamin Harrison David J. Brewer 1890-1910 1891-1906 Henry B. Brown 1892-1903 George Shiras, Jr. Howell E. Jackson 1893-95 Melville

1894-1910

White Rufus Wheeler

1896-1909

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Hugo

William McKinley

1898-1925 Joseph McKenna Theodore Roosevelt Oliver Wendell Holmes 1902-32 1903-22 William R. Day .

Moody

1906-10

William Howard Taft

Horace H. Lurton Charles Evans

1910-14 1910-16

Hughes Van Devanter Joseph R. Lamar Edward Douglass White Mahlon Pitney

1911-37 1911-16 1910-21 1912-22

Woodrow Wilson McReynolds 1914-41 1916-39 Louis Brandeis 1916-22 John H. Clarke James

C.

Warren G. Harding 1921-30 Howard Taft

George Sutherland Pierce Butler

Edward

1937-71 1938-57 1939-62 1939-75 1940-49 1941-46 1941-42 1941-54 1943-49

Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William 0. Douglas Frank Murphy Harlan Fiske Stone L.

James

F. Byrnes Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harry S. Truman 1945-58 Harold H. Burton 1946-53 Fred M. Vinson

1949-67 1949-56

Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Earl

Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-69 Warren

John Marshall Harlan William

1955-71 1956-90

1

J.

Brennan, Jr. Charles E. Whittaker Potter Stewart

John

1957-62

1958-81 F.

Kennedy

1962-93 1962-65

Byron R. White Arthur J. Goldberg

Lyndon

B.

Johnson

1965-69

Abe Fortas

Peckham

William H.

italics.

TERM OF SERVICE'

Grover Cleveland

Edward Douglass

1922-38 1923-39 1923-30

Sanford Calvin Coolidge 1925-41 Harlan Fiske Stone Herbert Hoover 1930-41 Charles Evans T.

Benjamin N. Cardozo

1967-91 Thurgood Marshall Richard M. Nixon 1969-86 Warren E. Burger

1930-45 1932-38

1970-94 1972-87 1972-86

Harry A. Blackmun Lewis F. Powell, Jr. William H.

Rehnquist Gerald Ford 1975-2010 John Paul Stevens Ronald Reagan 1981-2006 Sandra Day O’Connor

1986-2005

William H.

Rehnquist Antonin Scalia Anthony M.

19861988-

Kennedy George H.W. Bush

1990-2009 1991-

David H. Souter Clarence Thomas Bill

Clinton

Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen G. Breyer

19931994-

George W. Bush John

20052006-

G. Roberts

Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.

Barack

Hughes

Owen Roberts

Field

names appear in

NAME

Ulysses S. Grant William Strong

William

1858-81

Chief justices'

TERM OF SERVICE'

1853-61

James Buchanan Nathan

NAME

of the United States

(bold).

Willis

Millard Fillmore

Benjamin

Supreme Court

who made appointments

Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan

Obama 20092010-

^The year the Justice took the judicial oath is here used as the beginning date of service, for until that oath is taken the justice is not vested with the prerogatives of the office. Justices, however, receive their commissions Vohn Rutledge was (“letters patent”)' before taking their oaths— in some instances, in the preceding year. acting chief justice; the US Senate refused to confirm him.

United States

558

— Milestones of Supreme Court Jurisprudence

Milestones of US Supreme Court Jurisprudence Information includes cases’ short names, citation, year of release, and a short description of the Court’s findings and importance for US law.

Marbury

v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803): the first instance in which the high court declared an act of Congress (the Judiciary Act of 1789) to be unconstitutional, thus establishing judicial review. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816): as-

serted the US Supreme Court’s power of appellate review of state Supreme Court decisions. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857): ruled that blacks, free or enslaved, were not citizens under the Constitution, and further determined that only states, and not Congress or territorial governments, had the power to prohibit slavery, thus overturning the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and legalizing slavery in all US territories. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896): permitted racial segregation in "separate but equal" public facilities.

New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905): found that a state labor law limiting the number of hours in the work week violated due process because the “right of contract between the employer and employees" is protected under the Fourteenth Amendment. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey et al. v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911): ruled that the activities of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, a holding company that through its subsidiaries controlled most of the US petroleum industry, constituted an -undue restraint of trade and ordered the company’s dissolution under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 (1954): ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment, overturning the doctrine of “separate but equal” facilities reached in Plessy v. Ferguson. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961): found that the Fourth Amendment prohibition of unreasonable Lochner v.

search and seizure, and the inadmissibility of evidence obtained in violation of it, applied to state as well as to federal government. New York Times Co. v. Suiiivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964): protected the press from the prospects of large damage awards in libel cases by requiring that “actual malice” be demonstrated: public officials who sue for damages must prove that a falsehood had been issued with knowledge that it was false or in reckless disregard of whether it was false or not. Heart of Atianta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241; Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964): upheld Title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (which II

prohibits segregation or discrimination

public

accommodation

involved

in

in

places of

interstate

com-

the cases of an Atlanta motel and a Birrestaurant, both of which discriminated against blacks. The court ruled that both engaged in transactions affecting interstate commerce, and thus were within the purview of congressional regulation, and that the Civil Rights Act

merce)

in

mingham AL

itself

was

to

remain

silent, that

may be used

them as evidence, and that they have the

against

right to the counsel of an attorney. Loving V. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967): declared that antimiscegenation laws (prohibitions of interracial marriage) have no legitimate purpose and thus violate the Fourteenth Amendment. New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971): in what was known as the “Pentagon Papers” case, the court vacated a US Justice Department injunction that restrained the New York Times and Washington Post from publishing excerpts of a top-secret report on the Vietnam War, ruling that such prior restraint of the press was subject to a “heavy burden of.. .justification,” which the government failed to meet. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973): held that overly re-

abortion is unconstitubalancing the “compelling state interest[sj” in protecting the health of pregnant women and the potential life of fetuses, the court ruled that regulation of abortion could begin no sooner than about the end of the first trimester, with increasing regulation permissible in the second and third trimesters; the state’s interest in protecting the fetus was found to increase with the fetus’s “capability for meaningful life outside the mother’s womb.” Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153; Proffitt v. Florida, 428 U.S. 242; Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262 (1976): ruled that the death penalty, in and of itself, does not violate the Eighth Amendment if applied under certain guidelines in first-degree murder cases. Cruzan by Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (1990): found that, in the absence of “clear and convincing evidence” of a person’s desire to refuse medical treatment or not to live on life support, a state could require that such treatstrictive state regulation of

tional. In

ment continue. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania V.

in

Casey,

Roe

v.

505 U.S. 833 (1992): softened the ruling Wade by finding that some state regula-

tion of abortion prior to fetal viability, including a

24-hour waiting period, mandatory counseling, and a parental-consent requirement for minors, is permissible as long as the regulations do not place an

“undue burden” on the woman.

Romer

v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996): invalidated a Colorado referendum passed by popular vote that prohibited conferral of protected status on the

basis of sexual orientation; the court ruled that the referendum was overbroad and violated the Four-

Amendment

of the US Constitution. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., et al., 523 U.S. 75 (1998): found that Title Vll’s prohibi-

teenth

Oncale tion

v.

of workplace sexual

equally of the

in

discrimination applied

cases when the harasser and victim are

same

sex.

Boy Scouts of America

constitutional.

anything they say

Supreme

v.

Dale,

530

U.S.

640

(2000):

384 U.S. 436 (1966): ruled that the prosecution may not use statements made by a person in police custody unless minimum proce-

ruled that the Boy Scouts, because it is a private organization, was within its rights when it dismissed a scoutmaster expressly because of his avowed ho-

and established

mosexuality. The court reasoned that a state statute banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in places of public accommodation was outweighed by the Scouts’ First Amendment

Miranda

v.

Arizona,

dural safeguards were followed

guidelines to guarantee arrested persons’ Fifth Amendment right not to be compelled to incriminate themselves. These guidelines included informing arrestees prior to questioning that they have the right

right to

freedom

of association.

United States

— Milestones of Supreme Court Jurisprudence

v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000): ruled that a state law criminalizing the performance of dilation and extraction— or "partial-birth"— abor-

Stenberg

tions violated the Constitution (following the

same

reasoning as in Roe v. Wade) because it allowed no consideration of the health of the woman in choosing the procedure. Bush V. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000): stopped the manual recounts, then under way in certain Florida counties at the demand of Al Gore, of disputed ballots from the November 2000 presidential election on the grounds that inconsistent votecounting standards among the several counties involved amounted to a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. Because George W. Bush at the time led Al Gore in the number of officially recognized Florida votes, the decision meant that he would win the state and thus the general election, despite having lost the popular vote. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002): ruled that the death penalty, when applied to mentally retarded individuals, constitutes a “cruel and unusual punish-

I

I

j

I

ment” prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63; Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11 (2003): upheld a "three-strikes" law that imposes long prison sentences for a third offense, even nonviolent crimes. State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003): placed limits on "irrational and arbitrary” punitive damages and established new guide-

:

I

I

j

lines that generally bar consideration of a defendant’s wealth or conduct outside the state’s borders and lower the ratio of punitive to compensatory damages. United States v. American Library Association, 539 U.S. 194 (2003): upheld the Children’s Internet Protection Act, which conditions access to federal grants and subsidies upon the installation of antipornography filters on all Internet-connected computers,

Lawrence j

]

ji

i;

i

I

539

U.S. 558 (2003): explicitly Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), the court declared that gay men and lesbians are “entitled to respect for their private lives” under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and rendered unconstitutional state statutes outlawing sex between adults of the same gender. Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004): held that the Washington state system permitting judges to make independent findings that increase a convicted defendant’s sentence beyond the ordinary range for the crime violated the Sixth Amendment guarantee of a right to trial by jury and to a higher standard of proof. v.

overruling

||

Texas,

Bowers

v.

Cheney

v. US District Court, 542 U.S. 367 (2004): sent the Sierra Club and Judicial Watch back to the lower court in a dispute over the level of executive privilege the vice president’s energy-policy task force exercised in the face of discovery orders. The court held that "[sjpecial considerations control when the Executive’s interests in maintaining its autonomy and safeguarding its communications’

confidentiality are implicated."

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507; Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004); ruled that while Congress may empower the executive branch to detain even US citizens as enemy combatants, any enemy combatant in US custody may challenge detention as illegal in

sel.

The

federal court with the assistance of councourt declared that “a state of war is not a

blank check for the president when rights of the nation’s citizens.”

it

comes

to the

559

Booker and United States v. Fanfan, (2005): ruled that mandatory federal sentencing guidelines violated defendants’ Sixth Amendment right to jury trials because they require judges to make decisions affecting prison time.

United States

543

U.S.

v.

220

V. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005): held that the execution of a felon who had committed a capital crime while a juvenile violates the Eighth Amendment prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, noting that “the State cannot extinguish [the juvenile defendant’s] life and his potential to attain a mature understanding of his own humanity." Ke/o V. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005): found that governmental entities may exercise the power of eminent domain over private property and cede the property to private developers to promote economic growth.

Roper

Hamdan

v.

Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006): ruled

that the government’s special military commissions

were not lawful courts. The commissions were to have tried some of the prisoners who had been captured in the “global war on terror.” Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007); held that a federal law banning “partial-birth” abortion was not unconstitutional.

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007): held that using a student’s race in determining the availability of a spot at a desired school, even for the purpose of preventing resegregation, violated the 14th Amendment. Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, 551 U.S. 587 (2007): ruled that taxpayers had no standing to challenge the use of federal money to support the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, despite questions about the separation of church and state. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 290 (2008): ruled that citizens have the right to bear arms without the need to be in service to a militia. This decision struck down a Washington DC handgun ban and threatened scores of other such bans nationwide.

Boumediene

553

723 (2008): ruled that Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, have the right to challenge their detention in US courts. v.

Bush,

U.S.

foreign prisoners held at

District Attorney’s Office for the Third Judiciai District

v.

Osborne, 557 U.S. (2009): ruled that persons convicted of crimes do not have the constitutionally protected right to order advanced post-conviction DNA testing of evidence, even in the face of technological

advances that may prove the innocence

of the corv

victed person.

Ricci VII

V.

DeStefano, 557 U.S.

of the Civil Rights Act of

(2009): held that

1964

Title

prohibiting inten-

employment discrimination based on, other factors, race, was violated by a ruling giving employment to minority candidates who had scored lower on employment tests than had white

tional acts of

among

candidates.

McDonald tended

v.

City of Chicago,

District of

Columbia

561 v.

U.S.

Heller

in

(2010): exholding that

the Second Amendment protection of the right to bear arms applies to state and local governments as well as to the federal government, calling into question the constitutionality of a Chicago handgun ban. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. (2010): struck down a provision of the Fed-

Campaign Act (1971) that prohibited corporate and union expenditures in connection with political elections and a provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) that banned direct corporate or union funding of political ads. eral Election

United States

560

Snyder

v.

First

Brown

protection extends to even inflamma-

564

Phelps.

Amendment

— Milestones of Supreme Court Jurisprudence

562

(2011): held that

U.S.

speech if that speech deals with a matter of public concern and does not interfere with the rights of assembled private citizens nearby. Wal-Mart Stores. Inc. v. Dukes. 564 U.S. (2011): ruled that plaintiffs could not join in a class-action suit in which the only commonality was their sex.

v.

U.S.

Entertainment Merchants Association, (2011): affirmed that the ban on the

rental or the sale of violent video

tory or hurtful

games

to mi-

nors violated the First Amendment. In so affirming the Justices avoided the necessity of creating a new kind of speech that is to be left unprotected under the Constitution— as obscenity currently

is.

United States Congress Parties:

Democratic

(D);

Republican

(R);

Independent

(1).

Senate, 112th Congress Party totals: Democrats: 51; Republicans: 47; Independents: 2. ccording to Article I, Section 3 of the US Constitua US senator must be at least 30 years old, must reside in the state he or she represents at the time of the election, and must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years. Voters elect two senators from each state; terms are for six years and begin

Senate leadership

on 3 January. Each current senator’s annual salary is US$174,000. The majority and minority leaders and the president pro tempore receive US$193,400 per year.

asst, minority leader (minority whip):

A

tion,

STATE

Alabama

NAME

(PARTY) Richard Shelby (R)

Sessions (R) Lisa Murkowski (R) Mark Begich (D) John McCain (R) Jon Kyi (R) Jeff

Alaska Arizona

Arkansas

Mark Pryor

California

John Boozman (R) Dianne Feinstein (D) Barbara Boxer (D)

Colorado

Mark

Connecticut

Delaware Florida

(D)

Udall (D)

Michael F. Bennet (D) Joe Lieberman (ID) Richard Blumenthal (D) Tom Carper (D) Christopher A. Coons (D) Bill Nelson (D) Marco Rubio (R)

Georgia

Saxby Chambliss (R) Johnny Isakson (R)

Hawaii

Daniel K. Inouye (D) Daniel K. Akaka (D)

Idaho

Mike Crapo

(R)

James Illinois

E. Risch (R) Dick Durbin (D)

Mark Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Jerry

Kentucky Louisiana

Maine

Kirk (R)

Richard G. Lugar (R) Daniel Coats (R) Chuck Grassley (R) Tom Harkin (D) Pat Roberts (R)

Moran

Olympia

Susan Maryland

(R)

Mitch McConnell (R) Rand Paul (R) Mary L. Landrieu (D) David Vitter (R) J.

Snowe

(R)

Collins (R)

Barbara Mikulski (D) Benjamin L. Cardin (D)

president:

Joe Biden

president pro tempore: majority leader: minority leader:

Daniel K. Inouye Harry Reid Mitch McConnell Dick Durbin Jon Kyi

asst, majority leader (majority whip):

US Senate Web

site:

.

SERVICE BEGAN

TERM ENDS

1987 1997 2002 2009 1987 1995 2003 2011 1992^ 1993 2009 20092 1989 2011 2001 20103 2001 2011 2003 2005 1963

2011 2015 2011 2015 2011 2013 2015 2017 2013 2011 2015 2011 2013 2017 2013 2015 2013 2017 2015 2011 2011 2013 2011 2015 2015 2017 2013 2017 2011 2015 2015 2017 2015 2017 2015 2011 2013 2015 2011 2013

1990'*

1999 2009 1997 20105 1977 19996

1981 1985 1997 2011 1985 2011 1997 2005 1995 1997 1987 2007

United States

—Senate

561

Senate, U2th Congress (continued) STATE

NAME

Massachusetts

John Kerry (D) Scott Brown (R)

Michigan

Carl Levin (D)

Minnesota

Amy Klobuchar

(PARTY)

Debbie Stabenow Al

Mississippi

Franken

(D)

(D)

(D)

Thad Cochran Roger Wicker

(R) (R)

Claire McCaskill (D)

Missouri

Roy Blunt

(R)

Montana

Max Baucus

Nebraska

Jon Tester (D) Ben Nelson (D)

(D)

Mike Johanns

(R)

Nevada

Harry Reid (D)

New Hampshire

Jeanne Shaheen

Dean

Heller (R) (D)

Jersey

New Mexico New

Frank R. Lautenberg (D) Robert Menendez (D) Jeff

Bingaman

Tom

Udall (D)

Charles

York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma Oregon

E.

1983 2009 1999

(D)

Kirsten Gillibrand (D)

2009^1

Richard Burr (R)

2005 2009 1987 2011 2007 2011

Kay Hagan (D) Kent Conrad (D) John Hoeven (R) Sherrod Brown (D) Rob Portman (R)

James M. Inhofe Tom Coburn (R) Ron Wyden (D)

199412

(R)

2005 199618

Pennsylvania

Merkley (D) Robert P. Casey (D)

Rhode

Toomey Jack Reed (D)

Jeff

Patrick

Island

Sheldon Whitehouse Lindsey Graham (R) Jim DeMint (R)

South Dakota

Tim Johnson (D) John Thune (R)

Tennessee

Lamar Alexander Bob Corker (R)

Texas

Kay Bailey Hutchison John Cornyn (R) Orrin G. Hatch (R) Mike Lee (R) Patrick Leahy (D) Bernie Sanders (1) Jim Webb (D)

Vermont Virginia

Mark

R.

Warner

(D)

Patty Murray (D)

West

Jay Rockefeller (D)

Maria Cantwell (D)

Wisconsin

Joe Manchin III (D) Herb Kohl (D)

Wyoming

Ron Johnson Mike Enzi (R)

(R)

John Barrasso

(D)

(R)

Washington Virginia

•

(R)

J.

South Carolina

Utah

2015 2013 2015 2013 2013 2015 2015 2015 2013 2017 2015 2013 2013 2015 2011 2013 2015 2017 2015 2013 2013 2015 2011 2011 2011 2015 2013 2017 2013 2017 2015 2011 2011 2015 2013 2017 2015 2013 2015 2011 2015 2011 2015 2013 2013 2015 2013 2017 2011 2013 2013 2015 2011 2013 2015 2013 2013 2017 2015 2015

2006^°

(D)

Schumer

TERM ENDS

1985 2010^ 1979 2001 2007 2009 1979 20078 2007 2011 1979 2007 2001 2009 1987 20118 2009

2011 2003

Kelly Ayotte (R)

New

SERVICE BEGAN

(R)

(R)

2009 2007 2011 1997 2007 2003 2005 1997 2005 2003 2007 1993i'»

2002 1977 2011 1975 2007 2007 2009 1993 2001 1985

-

201018

1989 2010 1997 200718

'

November 1992 to complete the term of Pete Wilson, who resigned in 1991 to ^Michael F. Bennet was appointed in January 2009 to complete the term of Ken Salazar, who resigned to become secretary of the interior. ^Christopher A. Coons was elected in November 2010 to replace Ted Kaufman, who was appointed in January 2009 to replace Joe Biden, who resigned to become vice president. ^Daniel K. Akaka was appointed in April 1990 and took office in May 1990 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Spark M. Matsunaga. ^Mark Kirk was elected in November 2010 to replace Roland W. Burris, who was appointed in December 2008 and took office in January 2009 to replace Barack Obama, who resigned ^Dianne Feinstein was elected

become

California’s governor.

in

United States

562

— Senate

Senate, 112th Congress (continued) to become president. ^Daniel Coats did not serve 3 Jan 1999-3 Jan 2011. ^Scott Brown was eiected in January 2010 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Edward M. Kennedy. ^Roger Wicker was appointed in December 2007 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Trent Lott. ^Dean Heller was appointed in May 2011 to replace John Ensign, who resigned. ^°Robert Menendez was appointed in January 2006 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Jon S. Corzine. ^^Kirsten Gillibrand was appointed in January 2009 to replace Hillary Rodham Clinton, who resigned to become secretary of state. ^Vames M. Inhofe was elected in November 1994 to complete the term of David Boren, who resigned to become president of the University of Oklahoma. ^^Ron Wyden was elected in January 1996 to complete the term of Bob Packwood, who resigned in 1995. ^'^Kay Bailey Hutchison was elected in June 1993 to complete the term of Lloyd Bentsen, Jr., who resigned to become secretary of the treasury. ^^Joe Manchin was elected in November 2010 to replace Carte Goodwin, who was appointed in July 2010 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Robert C. Byrd. ^^John Barrasso was appointed in June 2007 III

to

fill

the vacancy caused by the death of Craig Thomas.

Senate Standing Committees NUMBER OF MEMBERS

RANKING MINORITY

COMMITTEE Agriculture, Nutrition,

CHAIRMAN (PARTY-STATE) Debbie Stabenow (D-MI)

MEMBER

Daniel K. Inouye (D-HI) Carl Levin (D-MI)

Thad Cochran (R-MS) John McCain (R-AZ)

Tim Johnson (D-SD) Kent Conrad (D-ND) Jay Rockefeller (D-WV)

Jeff

Bingaman (D-NM)

Lisa

NUMBER OF SUBCOM-

MINORITY

MITTEES

11

10

5

Richard Shelby (R-AL)

16 14 12

14 12 10

12 6 5

Sessions (R-AL) Kay Bailey Hutchison

12 13

11 12

none

12

10

4

10

8

7

13 10 12

11 9 10

6

9

8

5

10 10 10

8 8 9

6 none none

8

7

none

MAJORITY^

(PARTY-STATE) Pat Roberts (R-KA)

and Forestry Appropriations Armed Services Banking, Housing, and

Urban Budget

Affairs

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Energy and Natural

Jeff

Resources Environment and Public

(R-TX)

Murkowski (R-AK)

Barbara Boxer (D-CA)

James M.

Finance

Max Baucus

Orrin G. Hatch (R-UT)

Foreign Relations

John Kerry (D-MA)

Health, Education,

Tom

Labor, and Pensions Homeland Security and

Joe Lieberman (ID-CT)

Susan

Patrick Leahy (D-VT)

Chuck Grassley (R-IA) Lamar Alexander (R-TN)

Inhofe (R-OK)

7

Works

Governmental

(D-MT)

Harkin (D-IA)

Richard G. Lugar (R-IN) Mike Enzi (R-WY) Collins (R-ME)

7

3

Affairs

Judiciary

Rules and Administration Charles E. Schumer (D-NY) Small Business and Mary L. Landrieu (D-LA) Entrepreneurship Veterans’ Affairs Patty Murray (D-WA)

Uoe Lieberman and

Olympia

J.

Snowe (R-ME)

Richard Burr(R-NC)

Bernie Sanders are Independents but caucus with the Democratic Party.

Senate Special, Select, and Other Committees NUMBER OF MEMBERS

RANKING MINORITY

MEMBER

COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN (PARTY-STATE) Special Committee on Aging Herb Kohl (D-WI) Select Committee on Ethics Barbara Boxer (D-CA) Committee on Indian Affairs Daniel K. Akaka (D-HI) Select Committee on Intelligence Dianne Feinstein (D-CA)

(PARTY-STATE) MAJORITY

MINORITY

11 3 8 10

10

Bob Corker

(R-TN)

Johnny Isakson (R-GA) John Barrasso (R-WY) Saxby Chambliss (R-GA) .

3 6 9

House of Representatives, 112th Congress Party totals: Republicans 240, Democrats 192; vacancies: 3.

ccording to Article I, Section 2 of the US Constitution. a US representative must be at least 25 years old, must reside in the state he or she represents at the time of the election, and must have been a citizen of the United States for at least seven years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, with additional seats apportioned based on population. Each congressperson originally represented 30,000 people: the range in 2010 was from

A

493,352 (Louisiana 2nd district) (Nevada 3nd district) persons per

to

1,043,855

representative.

two years and begin on 3 January (unThe current representative’s US$174,000 per year. The majority and mi-

Terms are

for

less otherwise noted).

salary

is

nority

leaders receive

US$193,400 per

year;

the

speaker of the House receives US$223,500 per year, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands

— United States

H ouse o f

Representatives

563

House of Representatives, U2th Congress (continued) elect delegates: Puerto Rico elects a resident

com-

House leadership

missioner. Their formal duties are the same, but the resident commissioner serves a four-year term. They

speaker of the House: majority leader:

John A. Boehner Eric Cantor

may

minority leader;

Nancy

majority whip:

Kevin McCarthy Steny H. Hoyer

participate

debate and serve on committees

in

but are not permitted to vote. Numbers preceding the names refer to districts. Certain states gained (+) or lost (-) districts by reapportionment since the 107th Congress. STATE

REPRESENTATIVES

Alabama

1.

Jo Bonner (R)

2.

Martha Roby (R) Mike Rogers (R)

3. 4.

;

Robert B. Aderholt Brooks (R)

5.

Mo

6.

Spencer Bachus Sewell (D)

7. Terri

Don Young

Alaska

(R)

(R)

Paul Gosar (R)

1.

(+2)

Franks (R) 3. Ben Quayle (R) 4. Ed Pastor (D) 5. David Schweikert (R) 6. Jeff Flake (R) 7. Raul M. Grijalva (D) 2. Trent

8. Gabrielle Giffords (D)

1.

Rick Crawford (R)

2.

Tim

3.

Steve

4.

Mike Ross

California

1.

Mike Thompson

(+1)

Wally Merger (R) 3. Daniel E. Lungren (R) 4. Tom McClintock (R) 5. Doris 0. Matsui (D)^

Griffin (R)

Womack

(R)

(D)

(D)

2.

6.

Lynn

C.

Woolsey

(D)

George Miller (D) Nancy Pelosi (D) 9. Barbara Lee (D) 10. John Garamendi (D)^ 7.

8.

11. Jerry

McNerney

(D)

12. Jackie Speier (D)^ 13. Fortney (“Pete”) Stark (D) 14. Anna G. Eshoo (D) 15. Michael M. Honda (D) 16. Zoe Lofgren (D) 17. Sam Farr (D) 18. Dennis A. Cardoza (D) 19. Jeff

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Denham

Capps

(D)

Elton Gallegly (R)

Howard

P.

McKeon 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

(R)

Jim Costa (D) Devin Nunes (R) Kevin McCarthy (R) Lois

(“Buck”)

L.

Jan Jan Jan Jan

2011 2003 2011 1991 2011 2001 2003 2007

Jan Jan Jan Jan

2011 2011 2011 2001

Jan Jan Jan

Sep

STATE California (cont.)

Berman

Adam

B. Schiff (D)

Henry

A.

Waxman

site:

.

REPRESENTATIVES SERVICE BEGAN 35. Maxine Waters (D) Jan 1991 36. Janice Hahn (D)^ Jul 2011 37. Laura Richardson (D)® Sep 2007 38. Grace F. Napolitano (D) Jan 1999 39. Linda T. Sanchez (D) Jan 2003 40. Edward R. Royce (R) Jan 1993 41. Jerry Lewis (R) Jan 1979 42. Gary G. Miller (R) Jan 1999 43. Joe Baca (D) Nov 1999 44. Ken Calvert (R) Jan 1993 45. Mary Bono Mack (R) Apr 1998 46. Dana Rohrabacher (R) Jan 1989 47. Loretta Sanchez (D) Jan 1997 Dec 2005 48. John Campbell (R)^ Jan 2001 49. Darrell E. Issa (R) Jan 1995 50. Brian P. Bilbray (R)« Jan 1993 51. Bob Filner(D) Jan 2009 52. Duncan Hunter (R) Jan 2001 53. Susan A. Davis (D) 1.

(+1)

Jared Polis (D) 3. Scott Tipton (R) 4. Cory Gardner (R) 2.

5.

Doug Lamborn

6.

Mike Coffman (R) Ed Perlmutter (D)

7.

Mar 2005

Connecticut

1.

Jan 1993 Jan 1975 Jun 1987 Apr 1998

(-1)

2.

(D)

Xavier Becerra (D)

Judy Chu (D)-* Karen Bass (D) Lucille Roybal-Allard (D)

(R)

3.

John B. Larson (D) Joe Courtney (D) Rosa L. DeLauro (D)

4.

James

A.

Himes (D) Murphy

5. Christopher S.

(D)

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

1999 2007 1991 2009 2007

Jan

2011

Nov 2009

2007 2008 1973 1993 2001 1995 1993 2003 2011 2005 2003 2007 Mar 1998 Jan 1987 Jan 1993 Jan Apr Jan Jan Jan Jan Jun Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

Delaware

John C. Carney,

Jr.

(D)

Steve Southerland

(R)

Florida

1. Jeff Miller (R)®

(+2)

2.

Brown (D) Ander Crenshaw (R) Richard Nugent (R)

3. Corrine

4. 5.

6. Cliff 7.

John

Stearns (R) L. Mica (R)

8. Daniel 9.

Gus M.

1981 1997 1983 2001 1975 1993 Jul 2009 Jan 2011 Jan 1993

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

Webster

(R)

Bilirakis (R)

10. C.W. Bill Young 11. Kathy Castor (D)

(R)

12. Dennis Ross (R) 13. Vern

Buchanan

14. Connie

(D)

Jan 1997 Jan 2009 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2007 Jan 2009 Jan 2007

Diana DeGette (D)

Colorado

Jan 1999 Jan 1987 Jan 2005 Jan 2009

(R)

David Dreier (R) Brad Sherman (D)

Howard

Jan 2003 Jan 2011 Jan 2003 Jan 1997 Jan 2011 Jan 1993 Jan 2011

US House Web

Mar 1973

(R)

Arizona

Arkansas

SERVICE BEGAN

minority whip:

Pelosi

Mack

Posey

15.

Bill

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Thomas

J.

(R)

(R)

(R)

Rooney

(R)

Frederica Wilson (D) Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R)

Theodore E. Deutch Debbie Wasserman

(D)^°

Schultz (D) 21. Mario Diaz-Balart (R) 22. Allen West (R)

2001 2011 1993 2001 2011 1989 1993 2011 2007 1971 2007 2011 2007 2005 2009 2009 2011 Aug 1989 Apr 2010 Jan 2005 Oct Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

Jan Jan

2003 2011

United States

564

— House of Representatives

House of Representatives, U2th Congress (continued) STATE Florida (cont.)

Georgia (+ 2 )

REPRESENTATIVES SERVICE BEGAN Jan 1993 23. Alcee L. Hastings (D) 24. Sandy Adams (R) Jan 2011 Jan 2011 25. David Rivera (R)

Jan 1993 Jan 1993 Jan 2005 Jan 2007

Jack Kingston (R) 2. Sanford D. Bishop, Jr. (D) 3. Lynn A. Westmoreland (R) 4. Henry C. ("Hank”) Johnson, Jr. (D) 5. John Lewis (D) 1.

6.

Tom

7.

Rob Woodall

4.

1.

1987 2005 2011 2011 2010 Jul 2007 Jan 2003 Jan 2005 Jan 2003

(R)

(R)^^

10. Paul C. Broun 11. Phil Gingrey (R)

12. John Barrow (D) 13. David Scott (D)

Steve Scalise

2. Cedric

Feb 2004

May 2008 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2009 Jan 2003 Jan 2009 Jan 2005

(R)^^

Richmond

(D)

M. Landry (R) John Fleming (R) Rodney Alexander (R) Bill Cassidy (R) Charles W. Boustany,

3. Jeffrey

Jan Feb Jan Jan Jun

Price (R)

Tom Graves

3.

Louisiana

SERVICE BEGAN Jan 2007 Jan 2005 Jan 1981

REPRESENTATIVES John A. Yarmuth (D) Geoff Davis (R) 5. Harold Rogers (R) 6. Ben Chandler (D)^®

Kentucky (cont.)

4.

8. Austin Scott (R)

9.

STATE

5.

6. 7.

Jr.

Maine

Maryland

(R)

1.

Chellie Pingree (D)

2.

Michael H. Michaud (D)

1.

Andy

Harris (R)

2. C.A. ("Dutch”)

Hawaii

1.

Colleen

2.

Mazie

Hanabusa

Jan Jan

(D)

K. Hirono (D)

2011 2007

3. 4.

Idaho

1.

2.

Jan 2011 Jan 1999

Raul Labrador (R) Michael K. Simpson (R)

5. 6.

Ruppersberger (D) John P. Sarbanes (D) Donna F. Edwards (D)^® Steny H. Hoyer (D) Roscoe G. Bartlett (R)

Cummings

7. Elijah E. Illinois

1.

Bobby

(- 1 )

2.

Jesse

L.

Rush

Jan

(D)

Jackson,

L.

1993

Jan 2005 Jan 1993 Mike Quigley (D)^^ Apr 2009 Peter J. Roskam (R) Jan 2007 Danny K. Davis (D) Jan 1997 Jan 2011 Joe Walsh (R) Janice D. Schakowsky (D) Jan 1999 Robert Dold (R) Jan 2011 Adam Kinzinger (R) Jan 2011

3. Daniel Lipinski (D)

4. Luis V. Gutierrez (D) 5.

6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

F. Costello (D) 13. Judy Biggert (R) 14. Randy Huitgren (R)

V.

Johnson

Massachusetts

•

(R)

16. Donald A. Manzullo (R) 17. Bobby Schilling (R) 18. Aaron Schock (R) 19. John Shimkus (R)

Jan 1999 Jan 2011 Jan 2001 Jan 1993 Jan 2011 Jan 2009 Jan 1997

1.

John W. Olver

2.

Richard

3.

James

1.

Peter

(- 1 )

2.

Joe Donnelly (D)

J.

3. Marlin

Visclosky (D)

Stutzman

(R)^^

4.

Todd Rokita

(R)

5.

Dan Burton

(R)

6.

Mike Pence (R) Andre Carson (D)^® Bucshon (R) Todd Young (R)

7.

8. Larry 9.

Michigan

1.

(-1)

2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

Jan Jan

Nov Jan Jan Jan

Mar Jan Jan

1985 2007 2010 2011 1983 2001 2008 2011 2011

8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Minnesota Iowa

1.

Bruce

2.

3.

David Loebsack (D) Leonard L. Boswell (D)

4.

Tom Latham

5.

Steve King (R)

L.

Braley (D)

(R)

1.

Tim Huelskamp

(R)

Lynn Jenkins (R) 3. Kevin Yoder (R) 2.

Jan 2007 Jan 2007 Jan 1997 Jan 1995 Jan 2003

4.

Mike Pompeo

(R)

Jan Jan Jan Jan

2011 2009 2011 2011

1.

2.

1.

Ed Whitfield

2. Brett

(R)

Guthrie (R)

Jan Jan

1995 2009

(D)

Neal (D)

McGovern

Jan Jan

2011 2003

Jan Jun

2007 2008 1981 1993 1996 2003

May Jan Apr Jan

(D)

3.

Bill

Huizenga

Mississippi

(-1)

Jan Oct Jan

(R)

Timothy J. Walz (D) John Kline (R) Erik Paulsen (R)

McCollum

(D)

Michele

Bachmann

(R)

Peterson (D)

8.

Chip Cravaack (R)

1.

Alan Nunnelee (R)

2.

Bennie G. Thompson Gregg Harper (R) Steven Palazzo (R)

4.

Nov

1991 1989 1997 1981 2007 1997 1976 1999 2001 2011

(R)

5. Keith Ellison (D)

6.

Jun Jan Jan Jan Oct Jan

Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Justin Amash (R) Jan 1991 Dave Camp (R) Jan 1977 Dale E. Kildee (D) Fred Upton (R) Jan 1987 Jan 2007 Tim Walberg (R)=i Jan 2001 Mike Rogers (R) Jan 2009 Gary C. Peters (D) Jan 2003 Candice S. Miller (R) Thaddeus G. McCotter (R) Jan 2003 Jan 1983 Sander M. Levin (D) Jan 2011 Hansen Clarke (D) Jan 1965 John Conyers, Jr. (D) Dec 1955 John D. Dingell (D)

Dan Benishek

4. Betty

3.

Kentucky

E.

P.

7. Collin C.

Kansas

(D)

Barney Frank (D) 5. Niki Tsongas (D)^® 6. John F. Tierney (D) 7. Edward J. Markey (D) 8. Michael E. Capuano (D) 9. Stephen F. Lynch (D)^® 10. William R. Keating (D)

7.

Indiana

Van Hollen

4.

Aug 1988

12. Jerry

15. Timothy

8. Chris

2009 2003

Dec 1995

(D)

Jr.

(D)

Jan Jan

(D)

Jan 2007 Jan 2003 Jan 2009 Jan 2001 Jan 2007 Jan 2007 Jan 1991 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Apr 1993 Jan 2009 Jan 2011

United States

— House of Representatives

565

House of Representatives, 112th Congress (continued) STATE Missouri

REPRESENTATIVES SERVICE BEGAN 1. William Lacy Clay (D) Jan 2001 2. W. Todd Akin (R) Jan 2001 3. Russ Carnahan (D) Jan 2005 4. Vicky Hartzler (R) Jan 2011 5. Emanuel Cleaver (D) Jan 2005 6. Sam Graves (R) Jan 2001 7. Billy Long(R) Jan 2011 8. Jo

Ann Emerson

9. Blaine

(cont.)

(R)

SERVICE BEGAN Jan 2005 Jan 1987

REPRESENTATIVES 27. Brian Higgins (D) 28. Louise McIntosh Slaughter (D) 29. Tom Reed (Rp

North

Nov 1996

(R)

Luetkemeyer

STATE New York

1.

G.K. Butterfield

Carolina

2.

Renee Ellmers

(+1)

3. Walter B.

Nov 2010

(Dp (R)

Jones

(R)

Jan

2009

4. David E. Price (D)

Jan

2001

6.

5. Virginia Foxx (R)

Montana

Denny Rehberg

(R)

7.

Nebraska

1. Jeff

Fortenberry (R)

3.

Lee Terry (R) Adrian Smith

Nevada

1.

Shelley Berkley (D)

(+1)

2. vacanf22

2.

3.

Joe Heck

(R)

Jan 2005 Jan 1999 Jan 2007 Jan

1999

Jan

2011

8. Larry Kissell (D)

9. Sue Wilkins Myrick (R) 10. Patrick T. McHenry (R) 11. Heath Shuler (D) 12. Melvin L Watt (D)

’

13. Brad Miller (D) (R)

North Dakota

New

1.

Hampshire

2.

Frank Guinta (R) Charles F. Bass (Rp

Jan 2011 Jan 1995

Ohio (-1)

New

Jersey

1.

Nov 1990

5. Scott Garrett (R)

Jan 1995 Jan 2011 Jan 1981 Jan 2003

Robert E. Andrews (D) 2. Frank A. LoBiondo (R) 3. Jon Runyan (R) 4. Christopher H. Smith (R)

7.

Frank Pallone, Jr. (D) Leonard Lance (R)

8.

Bill

6.

Pascrell,

Jr.

(D)

Steven R. Rothman (D) 10. Donald M. Payne (D) 9.

11. Rodney

P.

Freling-

huysen (R) 12. Rush D. Holt 13. Albio Sires

New Mexico

1.

Jan 1999

Nov 2006

Martin Heinrich (D)

(-2)

Timothy H. Bishop (D) 2. Steve Israel (D) 3. Peter T. King (R) 4. Carolyn McCarthy (D) 5. Gary L. Ackerman (D) 6. Gregory W. Meeks (D) 7. Joseph Crowley (D) 8. Jerrold Nadler (D) 1.

9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

2009 2003 2009

Edolphus Towns (D)

Lowey

(D)

Nan Hayworth

(R)

Nita M.

7.

Steve Austria (R)

12. Patrick J. Tiberi (R) 13. Betty Sutton (D) 14. Steven C. LaTourette (R) 15. Steve Stivers (R) 16. Jim Renacci (R) 17. Tim Ryan (D) 18.

Oklahoma

1.

(-1)

2. 3. 4. 5.

Oregon

Feb 1998 Jan 1999 Nov 1992

Bob Gibbs

Christopher Gibson (R) Paul Tonko (D)

Maurice D. Hinchey (D)

William Owens (Dp Richard Hanna (R) 25. Ann Marie Buerkle (R) 26. Kathy Hochul (Dp

Jan 1983 Jan 2007 Jan 1993 Jan 2011 Jan 1993 Jan 1971

Mar 1990 Jan 1989 Jan 1989 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2009 Jan 1993

Nov 2009 Jan Jan Jun

2011 2011 2011

(R)

John Sullivan (Rp Dan Boren (D) Frank D. Lucas (R)

Tom Cole (R) James Lankford

1.

vacant^^

2.

Greg Walden

3. Earl

Penn-

(R)

(D)

DeFazio (D) Schrader (D)

1.

Robert A. Brady (D)

sylvania

2.

Chaka Fattah

(-2)

3.

Mike Kelly (R) Jason Altmire (D) Glenn Thompson Jim Gerlach (R)

4. 5.

6.

7. Patrick

(D)

Meehan

Jan

2011

Jan 1995

Sep 2005 Jan Jan

Dec Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

Nov Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

2003 2007 2007 2011 2009 1991 1983 1997 2008 2001 2007 1995 2011 2011 2003 2011

Jan 2005 May 1994 Jan 2003 Jan 2011

(R)

Blumenauer

2004 2011 1995 1997 2005 1985 1997 2009 1995 2005 2007 1993 2003

Jul

Feb 2002

4. Peter A. 5. Kurt

Yvette D. Clarke (D)

(R)

Bill

John A. Boehner (R) Marcy Kaptur (D) 10. Dennis J. Kucinich (D) 11. Marcia L. Fudge (Dp

Jan 2003 Jan 2001 Jan 1993 Jan 1997

Mar 1983

Johnson

6.

9.

vacanP

Nydia M. Velazquez (D) Michael G. Grimm (R) Carolyn B. Maloney (D) 15. Charles B. Rangel (D) 16. Jose E. Serrano (D) 17. Eliot L. Engel (D) 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Jan Jan Jan

Rick Berg (R)

Steve Chabot (R)^^ 2. Jean Schmidt (R) 3. Michael R. Turner (R) 4. Jim Jordan (R) 5. Robert E. Latta (Rp 1.

8.

Jan 2009 Jan 1997 Jan 1997 Jan 1989 Jan 1995

(D)

Stevan Pearce (Rps 3. Ben Ray Lujan (D) York

Nov 1988

(D)2'‘

2.

New

Howard Coble (R) Mike McIntyre (D)

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

(R)

(R)

8.

Michael G. Fitzpatrick

9.

Bill

Jan 1999 May 1996 Jan 1987 Jan 2009

May 1998 Jan 1995 Jan 2011 Jan 2007 Jan 2009 Jan 2003 Jan 2011 Jan 2005

(RP 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Shuster

(R)

Tom Marino

(R)

Lou Barletta

Mark

S. Critz

Allyson

Y.

(R)

(Dp

Schwartz

Michael F. Doyle (D) Charles W. Dent (R)

(D)

May 2001 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 May 2010 Jan 2005 Jan 1995 Jan 2005

United States

566

— House of Representatives

House of Representatives, 112th Congress (continued) STATE

Pennsylvania (cont.)

Rhode Island

South Carolina

SERVICE BEGAN Jan 1997 Jan 1993 Jan 2003 19. Todd Russell Platts (R) Jan 2001

REPRESENTATIVES 16. Joseph R. Pitts (R) 17. Tim Holden (D) 18. Tim Murphy (R)

1.

David N.

2.

James

1.

Tim Scott

2.

Joe Wilson

Cicilline (D)

Langevin (D)

R.

(R)

Tennessee

Jan

2011

Dec 2001

Duncan (R) Trey Gowdy (R)

Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 2011 Jan 1993

5.

Mick Mulvaney

6.

James

South Dakota

2011 2001

(R)^®

3. Jeff 4.

Jan Jan

Noem

Kristi

(R)

Clyburn (D)

E.

Jan

(R)

2011

STATE

Texas (cont.)

REPRESENTATIVES SERVICE BEGAN 26. Michael C. Burgess (R) Jan 2003 27. Blake Farenthold (R) Jan 2011 28. Henry Cuellar (D) Jan 2005 29. Gene Green (D) Jan 1993 30. Eddie Bernice Jan 1993

Johnson

(D)

Jan 2003 Jan 1997

31. John R. Carter (R) 32. Pete Sessions (R)

Utah

Rob Bishop (R) Jim Matheson (D) 3. Jason Chaffetz (R)

Jan Jan Jan

2003 2001 2009

Peter Welch (D)

Jan

2007

1.

2.

Vermont Virginia

1.

Robert

J.

Wittman

(R)^^

Jan Jan

2. E. Scott Rigell (R)

1.

David

3.

P.

Roe

J.

4. Scott DesJarlais (R)

Jim Cooper (D)^® 6. Diane Black (R) 7. Marsha Blackburn (R) 8. Stephen Lee Fincher (R) 9. Steve Cohen (D) 5.

Texas

1.

Louie Gohmert (R)

(+2)

2.

Ted Poe

3.

Sam Johnson

4.

Ralph M. Hall (R) Jeb Hensarling (R) Joe Barton (R) John Abney Culberson Kevin Brady (R)

5.

6. 7.

8.

9. Al

Green

10. Michael

(R)

11. K. Michael

(R)

McCaul (R) Conaway (R)

12. Kay Granger (R) 13. Mac Thornberry (R) 14. Ron Paul (R)

15.

Ruben Hinojosa

(D)

16. Silvestre Reyes (D) 17. Bill Flores (R) 18. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D) 19. Randy Neugebauer (R)^° 20. Charles A. Gonzalez (D) 21. Lamar Smith (R)

22. Pete Olson (R) 23. Francisco (Quico)

Canseco

Nov 1988

4.

J.

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

2011 2011 1983 2011 2003 2011 2007

5.

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jun Jan Jan Jan Jan

2005 2005 1991 1981 2003 1985 2001 1997 2005 2005 2005 1997 1995 1997 1997 1997 2011 1995 2003 1999 1987 2009 2011

Jan Jan

2005 2005

May

(R)

(D) T.

Robert

Jan

(R)

Duncan, Jr. (R) Chuck Fleischmann (R)

John

3.

2009

C. ("Bobby”)

6. 7.

8.

James P. Moran (D) Morgan Griffith (R)

10. Frank R. Wolf (R) 11. Gerald E. Connolly (D)

Washington

1.

Jay Inslee

(D)'‘®

Larsen (D) 3. Jaime Herrera Beutler 4. Doc Hastings (R) 5. Cathy McMorris 2. Rick

Rodgers 6.

Norman

(R)

West

Adam Smith

Virginia 1. David 3. Nick

(D)

McKinley

J.

(R)

Moore Capito

2. Shelley

Rahall

II

(R)

(D)

Paul Ryan (R)

Wisconsin

1.

(-1)

2.

Tammy

4.

Gwen Moore

5.

F.

6.

Thomas

7.

Sean Duffy

Baldwin (D) 3. Ron Kind (D) (D)

James Sensenbrenner,

Jr.

REPRESENTATIVES (Delegate) Eni F.H. Faleomavaega (D)

Cynthia M.

Jan Jan Jan

2011 2001 1977

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

1999 1999 1997 2005 1979

(R)

Apr 1979 Jan 2011 Jan 2011

E. Petri (R)

(R)

8. Reid Ribble (R)

Wyoming

1993 2001 2011 1995 2005

Jan 1977 Jan 1989 Jan 2005 Jan 1997

Jim McDermott (D) 8. David G. Reichert (R) 9.

Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan

(R)

D. Dicks (D)

7.

American Samoa District of Columbia

Lummis

(R)

Jan

2009

SERVICE BEGAN

Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico

(Delegate) Eleanor Holmes Norton (D) (Delegate) Madeleine Z. Bordallo (D) (Delegate) Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan (D) (Resident Commissioner) Pedro R. Pierluisi

Jan 1989 Jan 1991 Jan 2003 Jan 2009 Jan 2009

US

(New Progressive) (Delegate) Donna M. Christensen (D)

Jan 1997

Virgin Islands

Jun 2001 Jan 2011 Jan 1993 Jan 2001 Jan 1991 Jan 2011 Jan 1981 Jan 2009

Randy Forbes (R)'*^ Robert Hurt (R) Bob Goodlatte (R) Eric Cantor (R)

9. H.

JURISDICTION

Guam

2011 1993

Scott (D)

(R)

24. Kenny Merchant (R) 25. Lloyd Doggett (D)

Dec 2007

^Doris 0. Matsui was elected 8 Mar 2005 following the death of Robert T. Matsui. ^John Garamendi was elected 3 Nov 2009 following the resignation of Ellen 0. Tauscher. Jackie Speier was elected 8 Apr 2008 following the death of Tom Lantos. ^Judy Chu was elected 14 Jul 2009 following the resignation of Hilda L Solis. Janice Hahn was elected 12 Jul 2011 following the resignation of Jane Harman. ^Laura Richard-

United States

—House of Representatives Standing and Select Committees

567

House of Representatives, 112th Congress (continued) son was elected 21 Aug 2007 following the death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. ^John Campbell was elected 6 Dec 2005 following the resignation of Christopher Cox. ^Brian P. Bilbray did not serve 3 Jan 2001-6 Jun 2005. He was elected 6 Jun 2005 following the resignation of Randall (“Duke") Cunningham. ^Jeff Miller was elected 16 Oct' 2001 following the resignation of Joe Scarborough. ^°Theodore Deutch was elected 13 Apr 2010 following the resignation of Robert Wexler. “Tom Graves was elected 8 Jun 2010 following the resignation of Nathan Deal. ^^Paul C. Broun was elected 17 Jul 2007 following the death of Charlie Norwood. ^^Mike Quigley was elected 7 Apr 2009 following the resignation of Rahm Emanuel. ^^Marlin Stutzman was elected 2 Nov 2010 following the resignation of Mark Souder. ^^Andre Carson was elected 11 Mar 2008 following the death of Julia Carson. ^^Ben Chandler was elected 17 Feb 2004 following the resignation of Ernie Fletcher. ^^Steve Scalise was elected 3 May 2008 following the resignation of Bobby Jindal. ^^Donna F. Edwards was elected 17 Jun 2007 following the resignation of Albert Russell Wynn. ^^Niki Tsongas was elected 16 Oct 2007 following the resignation of Martin T. Meehan. ^°Stephen F. Lynch was elected 16 Oct 2001 following the death of John Joseph Moakley. ^^Tim Walberg did not serve 3 Jan 2009-3 Jan 2011. ^^Vacant following the resignation of Dean Heller, 9 May 2011. ^Kharles F. Bass did not serve 3 Jan 2007-3 Jan 2011. ^^Alblo Sires was elected 7 Nov 2006 following the resignation of Robert Menendez. ^^Stevan Pearce did not serve 3 Jan 2009-3 Jan 2011. ^^Vacant following the resignation of Anthony D. Weiner, 21 Jun 2011. ^''William Owens was elected 3 Nov 2009 following the resignation of John McHugh. ^^Kathy Hochul was elected 24 May 2011 and sworn in 1 Jun 2011 following the resignation of Christopher John Lee. ^^Tom Reed was elected 2 Nov 2010 following the resignation of Eric J.J. Massa. ^°G.K. Butterfield was elected 20 Jul 2004 following the resignation of Frank Ballance. ^^Steve Chabot did not serve 3 Jan 2009-3 Jan 2011. ^^Robert E. Latta was elected 11 Dec 2007 following the death of Paul E. Gillmor. ^^Marcia L. Fudge was elected 18 Nov 2008 following the death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. ^Vohn Sullivan was elected 8 Jan 2002 following the resignation of Steve Largent. ^^Vacant following the resignation of David Wu, 3 Aug 2011. ^^Michael G. Fitzpatrick did not serve 3 Jan 2007-3 Jan 2011. ^’’Mark S. Critz was elected 18 May 2010 following the death of John P. Murtha. ^^Joe Wilson was elected 18 Dec 2001 following the death of Floyd Spence. ^Vim Cooper did not serve 3 Jan 1995-3 Jan 2003. '^°Randy Neugebauer was elected 3 Jun 2003 following the resignation of Larry Combest. ‘'^Robert J. Wittman was elected 11 Dec 2007 following the death of Jo Ann Davis. Randy Forbes was elected 19 Jun 2001 following the death of Norman Sisisky. *^Jay Inslee did not serve 3 Jan 1995-3 Jan 1999.

House of Representatives Standing and Select Committees NUMBER OF NUMBER OF MEMBERS SUBCOM-

CHAIRMAN

RANKING MINORITY

COMMITTEE

(PARTY-STATE)

MITTEES

Frank D. Lucas (R-OK) Harold Rogers (R-KY) Howard P. “Buck” McKeon

MAJORITY Peterson (D-MN) 26 29 Norman D. Dicks (D-WA) 35 Adam Smith (D-WA)

MINORITY

Agriculture

20 21 27

6 12

22 23

16 16

none 4

31

23

5

5

34 Berman (D-CA) 26 Thompson (D-MS) 19

27 20 14 3 16

6 none 6

Appropriations Armed Services

MEMBER

(PARTY-STATE)

Collin C.

7

(R-CA)

Budget Education and the Workforce Energy and Commerce

Van Hollen (D-MD) George Miller (D-CIA)

Paul Ryan (R-WI) John Kline (R-MN)

Chris

Waxman

Fred Upton (R-MI)

Henry

Ethics

Jo Bonner (R-AL)

Linda

Financial Services

Spencer Bachus (R-AL)

Barney Frank (D-MA)

Foreign Affairs

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL)

Howard

Homeland Security House Administration

Peter

King (R-NY) Daniel E. Lungren (R-CA) Lamar Smith (R-TX) Doc Hastings (R-WA)

Bennie G. Robert A. Brady (D-PA) John Conyers, Jr. (D-MI) Edward J. Markey (D-MA) Elijah E. Cummings (D-MD)

Judiciary

Natural Resources Oversight and

T.

Darrell E. Issa (R-CA)

A. T.

(D-CA)

Sanchez (D-CA) L.

7 6.

21

2 5 5

17

7

9

4

none

23

16

5

Nydia M. Velazquez (D-NY) Nick J. Rahall (D-WV)

15 33

11 26

6

Bob Filner (D-CA) Sander M. Levin (D-MI)

15 22 11

11 15 8

6

23 27 23

Government Reform Rules

David Dreier (R-CA)

Science, Space, and

Ralph M. Hall (R-TX)

Technology Small Business

Sam

Transportation and

John

Louise McIntosh Slaughter (D-NY) Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX)

Graves (R-MO) L. Mica (R-FL)

II

5

Infrastructure

Veterans’ Affairs

Jeff Miller (R-FL)

Ways and Means Dave Camp (R-MI) Permanent Select Com- Mike Rogers (R-MI) mittee on Intelligence

C.A. (“Dutch”) Ruppers-

berger (D-MD)

4 6 3

United States

568

—Joint Committees of Congress

Joint

Committees of Congress

joint committees of Congress include members "from both the Senate and the House of Representatives. They function as overseeing entities but do not have the power to approve appropriations or legislation. Chairmanship of the Joint Economic Committee is determined by seniority and alternates between the Senate and the House every Congress. The Joint Committee on the Library of Congress is evenly made up of members from the House

T

he

Administration Committee and the Senate Rules and Administration Committee. Chairmanship and vicechairmanship of the Joint Committee on Printing alternate between the House and the Senate every Congress. The Joint Committee on Taxation is com-

posed of five members from the Senate Committee on Finance and five members from the House Committee on Ways and Means (three majority and two minority members from each).

NUMBER OF MEMBERS

VICE-

COMMITTEE Economic

CHAIRMAN (PARTY-STATE) Sen. Robert P. Casey (D-PA)

Library

Sen. Charles E. Schumer (D-NY) Rep. Daniel E. Lungren (R-CA) Rep. Dave Camp (R-MI)

Printing

Taxation

The nonlethal

TASER

CHAIRMAN (PARTY-STATE)

DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLICAN

10

10

5 5 5

5 5 5

Rep. Kevin Brady (R-TX) Rep. Daniel E. Lungren (R-CA) Sen. Charles E. Schumer (D-NY) Sen. Max Baucus (D-MT)

stun gun uses compressed gas to send two electrodes connected by

Did

a wire toward a target. If these attach themselves to the skin or clothing of the target, a

knowB

charge of up to 50,000 volts is delivered, momentarily incapacitating the target. TASER stands for Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifle, named after the young protagonist in a series of science fiction novels from the early 20th century.

.you”

Electoral Votes by State

Each state receives one electoral vote for each of its representatives and one for each of its two senators, ensuring at least three votes for each state, as the Constitution guarantees at least one representative Total:

538; Majority needed

NUMBER OF VOTES

STATE

Alabama

9 3

Alaska Arizona

11

Arkansas

6

California

55 9

Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of

7

3 3

Columbia

29 16

Florida

Georgia Hawaii Idaho

4 4

Illinois

20

Indiana Iowa

11 6 6

Kansas

to elect

regardless of population. Allocations are based on the 2010 census and are applicable for subsequent elections.

president

and

vice president:

NUMBER OF VOTES Kentucky 8 Louisiana 8 4 Maine Maryland 10 Massachusetts 11 Michigan 16 Minnesota 10

STATE

6

Mississippi

10 3

Missouri

Montana

5

Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire

6 4 14

.

NUMBER OF VOTES 3

18

Ohio

Oklahoma

7 7

Oregon

20

Pennsylvania

Rhode

4 9 3

island

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont

11 38 6 3 13 12

Virginia

New Jersey New Mexico New York

29

Wisconsin

North Carolina

15

Wyoming

5

270

STATE North Dakota

Washington

West

5

Virginia

10 3

Congressional Apportionment The US Constitution requires a decennial census state in the

STATE

REPRESENTATIVES

Alabama

7

Alaska Arizona

Arkansas

1 9 4

California

53

Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida

7

5 1

27

to

determine the apportionment of representatives

for

each

House of Representatives.

STATE Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois

Indiana Iowa

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

REPRESENTATIVES

14 2 2

18 9 4 4 6 6

STATE

Maine

REPRESENTATIVES 2

Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi

Missouri

8 9 14 8 4 8

Montana

1

Nebraska

3

United States

— Unified Combatant Commands

569

Congressional Apportionment (continued) STATE

REPRESENTATIVES

4 2 12 3 27 13

Nevada New Hampshire

New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

1

16

STATE

REPRESENTATIVES 5 Oregon 5 Pennsylvania 18 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 South Dakota 1

STATE

Oklahoma

Utah

Tennessee

Wyoming

Vermont

11 10

Virginia

Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

9

36

Texas

REPRESENTATIVES 4 1

3

8 1

435

Total

United States Military Affairs US President,

Commander

Military Leadership

Barack Obama (20 Jan 2009) Leon E. Panetta (1 Jul 2011) Gen. Martin Dempsey (1 Oct 2011)

in Chief:

Secretary of Defense: Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff: Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff:

RANK/POSITION

NAME

(DATE

Adm. James

ASSUMED POST)

NAME

RANK/ POSITION

Army Chief of Staff

A. Winnefeld,

Gen. Raymond

T.

Odierno (7

Aug 2011)

ASSUMED POST)

Chief of Staff

Gen. Norton A. Schwartz (12

Vice Chief of Staff

Gen. Philip M. Breedlove (14 Jan 2011) James A. Roy (30 Jun 2009) Michael B. Donley (2 Oct 2008) Erin C. Conaton (4 Mar 2010)

Aug 2008)

Aug

Vice Chief of Staff

Gen. Peter W.

Sergeant Major

Raymond F. Chandler (1 Mar 2011 John M. McHugh (21 Sep 2009) Joseph W. Westphal (21 Sep

Chiarelli (4

2008) Chief Master Sgt. Sec. of the Air Force Under Sec. of the Air Force

III

)

Army

(4

Air Force

Sep 2011)

Sec. of the Army Under Sec. of the

(DATE

Jr.

2009) Marine Corps

Commandant

Navy

Gen. James

2010

Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert Operations (September 2011) Vice Chief of Naval Vice Adm. Mark Ferguson Operations (September 2011) Master Chief Petty Rick D. West (12 Dec 2008), Chief of Naval

Asst.

Sergeant Major

Adm. Robert J. Papp, Jr. (25 May 2010) Vice Adm. Sally Brice-O’Hara Vice Commandant (24 May 2010) Dep. Commandant Vice Adm. John P. Currier for Mission Control (August 2009) Master Chief Petty Michael P. Leavitt (21 May

2010

Officer

Unified

he Unified Combatant ational control of

Commands

US combat

chairman

provide oper-

Command Command Southern Command Central Command Northern Command Special Operations Command Transportation Command Strategic Command Africa Command

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

services. Information

Stuttgart-Vaihingen,

Pacific

Camp

is

current as of August 2011.

COMMANDER

HEADQUARTERS

European

Although the

number of commands may vary, each command must be composed of forces from at least two of the armed

forces and are or-

ganized geographically to a significant extent. Commanders receive orders through the

COMMAND

)

Combatant Commands

Unified

US US US US US US US US US

Gen. Joseph F. Dunford, Jr. (23 Oct 2010) Micheal P. Barrett (9 Jun 2011)

Commandant

Ray Mabus (19 May 2009) Robert 0. Work (19 May 2009)

Navy

T

Amos (22 Oct

Coast Guard

Officer

Sec. of the Navy Under Sec. of the

Commandant

F.

)

Germany

H.M. Smith, Hawaii Doral FL MacDill Air Force Base, Florida Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado MacDill Air Force Base, Florida Scott Air Force Base, Illinois Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska Stuttgart-Mohringen,

Germany

USN USN Gen. Douglas M. Fraser, USAF

Adm. James G. Adm. Robert F.

Stavridis,

Willard,

Gen. James N. Mattis, USMC Gen. Charles H. Jacoby, Jr., USA

Adm. William

H.

McRaven, USN

Gen. William M. Fraser III, USAF Gen. C. Robert Kehler, USAF Gen. Carter F. Ham, USA

— 570

NATO

United States

International Commands

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) International

Commands

command structure comprises two main strategic commands, Allied Command Operations and Allied Command Transformation (ACT), which works closely with the US Joint Forces

The NATO military (ACO)

Command.

Their subordinate centers, also listed,

COMMAND OPERATIONS (ACO) Headquarters; Casteau, Belgium Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR): ALLIED

Adm. James

G. Stavridis,

USN

(2 Jul

2009-

change as

ALLIED

their security

measures

COMMAND TRANSFORMATION

evolve.

(ACT)

Headquarters: Norfolk VA

Supreme

Allied

Commander, Transformation

Gen. Stephane Abrial (29 Jul 2009-

)

(Air Force,

(SACT):

France)

)

SUBORDINATE OPERATIONAL COMMANDS Allied Joint Force Command (JFC) Brunssum, JFC Headquarters: Brunssum, Netherlands Commander in Chief: Gen. Wolf Langheld (Army, Germany) (29 Sep 2010- ) Allied Joint Force

Command

JFC Headquarters: Naples,

Commander in (6 Oct 2010Allied Joint

Chief:

SUBORDINATE CENTERS AND SCHOOLS and Lessons Learned Centre (JALLC), Monsanto, Portugal Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC), Bydgoszcz, Poland Joint Warfare Centre (JWC), Stavanger, Norway NATO Communications and Information Systems School (NCISS), Latina, Italy NATO Defense College (NDC), Rome, Italy NATO Maritime Interdiction Operational Training Centre (NMIOTC), Chania, Greece Joint Analysis

(JFC) Naples, Italy

Adm. Sam

J.

Locklear

III

(USN)

)

Command

NATO School, Oberammergau, Germany NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC), La

(JC) Lisbon,

JC Headquarters: Oeiras, Portugal Commander in Chief: Gen. Philipe Stoltz (Army, France) (20 Jul 2009- )

Spezia,

Italy

Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The 1949 amendments of

1947 created the

service increased from two to three reappointments

to the National Security Act

position of

chairman of the Joint

(there

Chiefs of Staff, the principal military adviser to the president, the secretary of defense, and the National Security Council. The president appoints the chair-

man

for a two-year

of the Senate. In

no

limit

on reappointment during wartime). The

man, the chief of staff of the Army, the chief of staff of the the chief of naval operations, and the commandant of the Marine Corps. Acting chairmen are not

Air Force,

term with the advice and consent

1986 the chairman’s

is

Joint Chiefs of Staff consist of the chairman, a vice chair-

included

eligibility for

NAME

MILITARY

Gen. of the Army Omar N. Bradley Adm. Arthur W. Radford Gen. Nathan F. Twining Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor Gen. Earle G. Wheeler Adm. Thomas H. Moorer Gen. George S. Brown Gen. David C. Jones Gen. John W. Vessey, Jr. Adm. William J. Crowe, Jr. Gen. Colin L. Powell Gen. John M. Shalikashvili Gen. Harry Shelton Gen. Richard B. Myers Gen. Peter Pace Adm. Mike Mullen Gen. Martin Dempsey

US US US US US US US US US US US US US US US US US US

in this

table.

BRANCH

DATES OF SERVICE

16 Aug 1949-14 Aug 1953 15 Aug 1953-14 Aug 1957 15 Aug 1957-30 Sep 1960 1 Oct 1960-30 Sep 1962 lOct 1962-1 Jul 1964 3 Jul 1964-1 Jul 1970

Army Navy Air Force

Army Army Army

1970-30 Jun 1974 1974-20 Jun 1978 21 Jun 1978-17 Jun 1982 18 Jun 1982-30 Sep 1985 1 Oct 1985-30 Sep 1989 1 Oct 1989-30 Sep 1993 25 Oct 1993-30 Sep 1997 1 Oct 1997-30 Sep 2001 1 Oct 2001-29 Sep 2005 30 Sep 2005-30 Sep 2007 1 Oct 2007-30 Sep 2011 1 Oct 2011-

Navy

2 1

Air Force Air Force

Army Navy

Army Army Army Air

Force

Marine Corps Navy

Army

Jul Jul

Worldwide Deployment of the US Military Deployments of active duty

military

not shown

COUNTRY/REGIONAL AREA US and territories^ contiguous US Alaska

personnel as of 1 Jan 2011. Regional totals include countries and areas the table. Source: US Department of Defense.

in

TOTAL

ARMY

NAVY

940,372 20,510

450,983 12,815

104,081

40

MARINE CORPS

122,442 17

AIR FORCE

262,866 7,638

United States

—Worldwide Deployment of the US Miutary

571

Worldwide Deployment of the US Military (continued)

COUNTRY/REGIONAL AREA US and territories^ (continued) Hawaii

Guam

TOTAL

ARMY

NAVY

MARINE CORPS

38,892 3,030

22,511

5,461

6,194

41 122

909 58

43

8,869 0 495,341

8,079 83,880 202,508

29,037

681

97 218 247

226

Puerto Rico

50,801 83,880

transients afioat total

ashore and afioat

1,137,716

Europe Belgium

1,248 54,431

Germany^ Greece

305 153

Greenland

9,779

Italy^

435 704

Netherlands Portugal

Spain Turkey United Kingdom^

1,345 1,485 9,318

*

253

afloat total

ashore and afloat

79,940

38,972 9 0 3,418

207 21 90 57 385 0 43,940

0 2,155 14

20 754

AIR FORCE

157,756

4,726 2,037 24 4,816 0 282,111

33 379

14,862

1

0

9 0 57 17 8

136

4

17

292 253

81

4,063

938

0

437 40 153 4,149

197

655 365 1,407 8,560 0 30,999

East Asia and Pacific

127 35,329

Australia

Japan^

166 120

Philippines

Singapore

8,521 44,537

afloat total

ashore and afloat

Near East, and South Asia Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom)^ 103,700 Iraq (Operation New Dawn)^ 85,600 Bahrain 1,401 Diego Garcia 241

26 2,684 11 7

0 2,829

16 3,524 3 76 6,673 10,300

23

62

16,583

12,538 10 12 0 12,670

142 25 1,848 18,738

Africa,

1,373

Djibouti

267 146 602 239 119

Egypt Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates afloat total

ashore and afloat (excluding Iraq and

66,600 51,900 25 0 57

6,500 16,400 1,081

204

3 2 0

6

366 115

204 887

25 0

2,550

6 0

415

7,517

902

2,643

19,800 2,200

270 1

162 29 127 41 27 25 2,135 3,166

10,800 15,100 25

36 267 31 11 195 72

88 0 806

Afghanistan)

Western Hemisphere

Canada Cuba (Guantanamo Bay)

126 936 383

Honduras total ashore and afloat all

foreign countries (excluding Iraq

ashore afloat total

1,958 and Afghanistan) 274,063 17,588

291,651

ashore and afloat

worldwide (excluding Iraq and Afghanistan) ashore 1,327,899

101,468 1,429,367

afloat total

ashore and afloat

^Includes service members deployed deployed Reserve/National Guard.

to

Operation

91

559

10 139 10 371

162 324

69,585 0 69,585

111,334 13,605 124,939

40,694 3,983 44,677

52,450 0 52,450

564,926 0 564,926

229,962 97,485 327,447

198,450 3,983 202,433

334,561 0 334,561

6

19

338 210 704

459

New Dawn and

1

Operation Enduring Freedom.

0

^Includes

United States

572

—Number of Living Veterans

Number of Living US Veterans^ Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011. AGE IN YEARS under 35

KOREAN

— — — — — —

35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 and over female, total total® ®

Ms

VIETNAM ERA

CONFLICT

— — — 389,000

GULF

TOTAL WARTIMES'*

WAR2 1,953,000 1,049,000 919,000 643,000 436,000 285,000 156,000 65,000

2,621,000

1,689,000 3,250,000 2,325,000

64,000 2,621,000

253,000

881,000

7,653,000

5,507,000

TOTAL PEACETIME

TOTAL VETERANS^

—

1,953,000 1,049,000

3,292,000 6,703,000

2,490,000

1,953,000 1,109,000 1,480,000 1,846,000 1,938,000 2,135,000 3,411,000 9,195,000

1,276,000 17,175,000

548,000 5,892,000

1,824,000 23,067,000

919,000 643,000 785,000

60,000 560,000 1,203,000 1,153,000

307,000 118,000

•1,828,000

30 Sep 2009.

Includes those living outside of the US. Estimated. ^Service from 2 Aug 1990 to the who served in more than one wartime period are counted only once. ^Includes an estimated 2,272,000 veterans of World War II, all 75 or over, of which 110,000 are female. ^Total includes female veterans. ^Detail may not add to total given because of rounding. of

^Veterans

present.

US Casualties Data prior

to

ing in action.

World War

I

N/A means

Revolutionary

BRANCH Army

War

(1775-83)

Navy Marines total

War

of

1812

Army

(1812-15)

Navy Marines Coast Guard

Wars (about 1817-98) Indian

Mexican-^American

War

(1846-48)

total total

106,0002

Army Navy Marines Coast Guard

War (1861-65)

Army Navy Marines Coast Guard

Union

total

Confederate^ Spanish-American (1898)

total

War

Army

1

(1917-18)

Navy Marines Coast Guard Army® Navy Marines Coast Guard total

World War

II

(1941-46)

Army® Navy Marines Coast Guard total

Korean War

Army

(1950-53)

Navy Marines

WOUNDED^ 6,004 114 70 6,188 4,000

N/A N/A N/A 71 78,789 2,128,948 N/A 84,415

307.420 4,057,101 599,051 78,839 8,835 4,743,826 11,260,000 4,183,466 669,100 241,093 16.353.659 2,834,000 1,177,000 424,000

281,881® 137,0002 1,594

47 21 N/A .

4,044

N/A N/A N/A

N/A N/A N/A 24.435 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

342 49 4.435 1,950

0 2.260

131 N/A

660

DEATHS

N/A

4,102 3 47 N/A 4,152® 280,040 1,710

219 N/A

DEATHS

265 45

N/A

1.662®

193,663

819 9,520 N/A 204.002® 565,861 37,778 67,207 N/A 670.846® 77,596 1,576 23,744

TOTAL

DEATHS

439 66 4.505®

600,000-1,500,000 280,564 22,875 3,321

total

World War

CASUALTIES BATTLE OTHER

COMBATANTS N/A N/A N/A 184.000-250,0002 N/A N/A N/A

100 286,830

total Civil

War

NUMBER OF

SERVICE

WAR

of

are based on incomplete records. Casualty data exclude personnel captured or missnot available. Sources: US Department of Defense and US Coast Guard.

1,0002

1,721 1

11 N/A 1.733®

138,154 2,112

148 1

140,415 74,524

369 10 6 0

385 50,510

431

20.0002 N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A 11,550 N/A N/A N/A 11.550® 221,374 2,411

312

1

11 N/A 13,283 359,528 4,523

460

N/A N/A 224,097® 364,512® 124,0002 198.524 2,430 2,061 10 N/A N/A 6 N/A 0 2.061®

55,868 6,856

111

390 81

53.513 234,874 36,950 19,733

63,195 83,400 25,664 4,778

2,461

13,271

2.446®

106,378 7,287 2,851

192 116,708 318,274 62,614 24,511

574

1,343

292.131 27,731

115.185 2,125

1,917 407.316 29,856

503

154 242

4,509

4,267

657

United States

— Leading D epartment ok Defense Con US Casualties

of

i

rac tors

573

War (continued) CASUALTIES

NUMBER OF COMBATANTS

SERVICE

WAR

BRANCH

Korean War

(1950-53)

Air

Force

Coast Guard

(cont.)

total

Vietnam War (1964-73)

Army Navy Marines Air

Force

Coast Guard total

Persian Gulf War®

Army Navy

(1990-91)

Marines Air

Force

1,285,000 8,500® 5,764,143 4.368.000 1.842.000

794,000 1.740.000 8,000 8.752.000 338,636 152,419 97,878 76,543

total

Army

Terrorism^®

(2001-

Navy® Marines Air Force Coast Guard

)

Iraq

Navy® Marines Air Force Coast Guard

)

0 103,284 96,802 4,178 51,392

931 60 153,363^

47.441

224 N/A

638

TOTAL

DEATHS 1,552

0 36,574 38,224 2,566 14,844 2,586

N/A 10.786®

1.118 2,538

65 851

8,627

N/A

841

24 20 N/A 148 792 41 253 32 N/A

2,956

N/A 31,935

935 1,749

6®

196

449

2,835 7,261

98

6,595

22,221

314 0

7

92 9 N/A 467

9,971

OTHER DEATHS

33,739 30,963 1,631 13,095 1,745

12®

N/A N/A

total

DEATHS 1,238 0

354

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Army

War^^

368

665.876 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

total

(2003-

WOUNDED'

400

Coast Guard

War on

BAHLE

29 N/A 3,483

7

58,227

224

126 50®

56®

44

68 35 N/A 383

15 N/A

235 213

1,005

26 52 28 N/A

67 305 60

319 694 38 171 22 N/A 925

1,437 3,232

N/A

103 1,022

51 N/A 4_,408

other^ ^Data in this column account for the total number of wounds, except for Marine Corps data for World War II, the Spanish-American War, and earlier wars, which represent the number of combatants wounded. ^Estimate. ^Excluding unavailable data from one or more sprvice branches. '’L/S service members only. ^Includes air service. ^Number eligible for Korean Service Medal. ''Excludes 150,341 wounded who did not require hospital care. ®Data for military personnel serving in the theater of operation. ^Includes Coast Guard. ^°Operation Enduring Freedom; data for 7 Oct 2001-3 Jan 2011. ^^Operation Iraqi Freedom; data for 19 Mar 2003-3 Jan casualties of other recent military operations: in Grenada (1983) 119 wounded, 19 battle deaths; in Panama (1989) 324 wounded, 23 battle deaths; in Somalia (1992-94) 153 wounded, 43 battle deaths.

2011.

Leading Department of Defense Contractors Top

40 Department

of Defense contractors listed according to net value of prime contract awards, fiscal year 2009. Source: .

RANK CONTRACTOR 1 Lockheed Martin 3 4 5 6

Boeing Northrop Grumman General Dynamics Raytheon United Technologies

7

L-3

8 9 10 11

BAE Systems

2

Communications

AMOUNT (US$) 31,348,453,591 20,604,690,107 18,293,375,394 15,662,063,160 15,332,423,922 7,047,569,735 6,841,410,117

Holdings

Oshkosh Truck KBRi Science Applications

6,704,063,087 6,379,043,578 4,635,422,289 4,338,700,255

International

12 13 14 15 16 17

18

MacAndrews & Forbes

3,442,880,553 3,437,897,070 2,833,980,613 2,752,215,384 2,740,731,493 2,726,138,648

Holdings TriWest Healthcare Alliance

2,672,212,524

General Electric

Humana Health Net

Computer Sciences ITT

RANK 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33

AMOUNT (US$)

CONTRACTOR Bell

Boeing Joint Project Office 2,620,340,066

Bechtel Group Booz Allen Hamilton Agility

Royal Dutch Shell

DRS URS

Technologies

Honeyv^/ell International

Bahrain Petroleum Alliant

Techsystems

MIT

BP CACI International Veritas Capital

Management

Federal Express Charter

2,297,043,828 2,272,314,245 2,010,685,577 1,905,472,234 1,884,448,151 1,838,845,209 1,831,554,928 1,754,513,644 1,751,511,170 1,748,121,169 1,691,945,021 1,646,613,385 1,548,270,236 1,505,847,350

Program Team Arrangement

34 35 36 37

Harris

Hensel Phelps Construction General Atomic Technologies Evergreen International Airlines

1,442,080,726 1,371,398,205 1,346,105,622 1,322.675,791

United States

574

—Leading Department of Defense Contractors

Leading Department of Defense Contractors (continued) RANK CONTRACTOR International Military and 38 Government Wntil April

2007 KBR was a

AMOUNT (US$) 1.317,741,892

RANK CONTRACTOR

39 40

Electronic Data

Textron

AMOUNT (US$) Systems

1,297,572,492 1,275,116,557

subsidiary of Halliburton.

1

CIA Directors Jul 1947 established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on 18 Sep 1947. Acting and interim directors are not included in this table.

The National Security Act of 26

NAME

DATES OF SERVICE

23 Jan 1946-9 Jun 1946

Rear Adm. Sidney W. Souers, USNR Lt. Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg, USA Rear Adm. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter,

Vice

May 1947-6 Oct 1950

USN

A.

1950-9 Feb 1953

McCone F.

Raborn, Jr., USN Richard M. Helms James R. Schlesinger William E. Colby

26 Feb 1953-28 Nov 1961 29 Nov 1961-27 Apr 1965 28 Apr 1965-29 Jun 1966

Casey

William H. Webster

30 Jun 1966-1 Feb 1973 2 Feb 1973-2 Jul 1973 4 Sep 1973-29 Jan 1976

R. James Woolsey John M. Deutch George J. Tenet

Porter

J.

30 Jan 1976-20 Jan 1977 9 Mar 1977-20 Jan 1981

USN

J.

Robert M. Gates 7 Oct

USA

Adm. William

Turner,

William

Allen W. Dulles

John

DATES OF SERVICE

Adm. Stansfield

10 Jun 1946-30 Apr 1947

Gen. Walter Bedell Smith,

NAME George H.W. Bush

Goss

Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF Leon E. Panetta David Petraeus

28 Jan 1981-29 Jan 26 May 1987-31 Aug 6 Nov 1991-20 Jan 5 Feb 1993-10 Jan 10 May 1995-15 Dec 11 Jul 1997-11 Jul 24 Sep 2004-26 May 30 May 2006-12 Feb

1987 1991 1993 1995 1996 2004 2006 2009

13 Feb 2009-30 Jun 2011 September 2011-

National Security Council (NSC) The National Security Act of 1947 established the NSC to advise the president on issues relating to national security. chair

members

Barack Obama (president) Joe Biden (vice president) Hillary Clinton (secretary of state)

military adviser

intelligence adviser

additional participants^

In

1953

Pres. Dwight D.

Leon E. Panetta (secretary of defense) Steven Chu (secretary of energy) Tim Geithner (secretary of the treasury) Eric Holder (attorney general) Janet Napolitano (secretary of homeland security) Susan Rice (US ambassador to the United Nations) William Daley (chief of staff to the president) Thomas E. Donilon (assistant to the president for national security affairs) Martin Dempsey (chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) James Clapper (director of national intelligence) Robert F. Bauer (counsel to the president) Denis McDonough (deputy assistant to the president for national security affairs) Eisenhower established the

rity

affairs

(commonly

office of assistant to the president for national secu-

curity advisor).

NAME

NAME

DATES OF SERVICE

Robert Cutler Dillon

Anderson

Robert Cutler

Gordon Gray McGeorge Bundy Walt W. Rostow Henry A. Kissinger Brent Scowcroft Zbigniew Brzezinski Richard V. Allen William P. Clark

23 Mar 1953-1 Apr 1955 2 Apr 1955-1 Sep 1956 7 Jan 1957-23 Jun 1958 24 Jun 1958-13 Jan 1961 20 Jan 1961-28 Feb 1966 1 Apr 1966-1 Dec 1968 2 Dec 1968-2 Nov 19752 3 Nov 1975-19 Jan 1977 20 Jan 1977-20 Jan 1981 21 Jan 1981-4 Jan 1982 4 Jan 1982-16 Oct 1983

referred to as the national seHolders of this office are listed below.

DATES OF SERVICE

Robert C. McFarlane John M. Poindexter Frank C. Carlucci L. Powell Brent Scowcroft

Colin

W. Anthony Lake

Samuel

R.

Berger

Condoleezza Rice Stephen Hadley James L Jones

Thomas

E.

Donilon

17 Oct 1983-3 Dec 4 Dec 1985-25 Nov 2 Dec 1986-22 Nov 23 Nov 1987-19 Jan

1985 1986 1987 1989 20 Jan 1989-19 Jan 1993 20 Jan 1993-13 Mar 1997 14 Mar 1997-20 Jan 2001 22 Jan 2001-25 Jan 2005 26 Jan 2005-19 Jan 2009 20 Jan 2009-0ctober 2010 October 2010-

^Regular attendees include the secretary of commerce, the US trade representative, the assistant to the president for economic policy, the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, and the assistant to the president for homeland security and counterterrorism. ^Kissinger served concurrently as secretary of state from 21 Sep 1973.

United States

— Population by Race and Hispanic Origin

575

United States Population US Population by Race, Sex, Median Age, and Residence Numbers are

in

thousands (’000) except

N/A means not

for the

median age

avaiiabie. Source:

RACE

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

BLACK

3,172 4,306 5,862 7,867 10,537 14,196 19,553 26,923 34,337 43,403 55,101 66,809 81,732 94,821 110,287 118,215 134,942 158,832 178,098 194,713 199,686

757

211,461 223,553

MEDIAN

SEX

WHITE

YEAR

figures and the residency percentages. US Census Bureau.

1,002 1,378 1,772 2,329 2,874 3,639 4,442 5,392 6,581 7,489 8,834 9,828 10,463 11,891 12,866 15,042 18,872 22,581 26,683 29,986 34,658 38,929

OTHERS

MALE N/A N/A N/A 4,897 6,532 8,689 11,838 16,085 19,494 25,519 32,237 38,816 47,332 53,900 62,137 66,062 74,833 88,331 98,926 110,053 121,271 138,054 151,781

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 79 89 172

358 351 413 427 597 589 713 1,620 2,557 5,150 9,233 13,118 27,156

RESIDENCE^

FEMALE

AGE

N/A N/A N/A 4,742 6,334 8,381 11,354 15,358 19,065 24,637 30,711 37,178 44,640 51,810 60,638 65,608 75,864 90,992 104,309 116,493 127,494 143,368 156,964

N/A N/A N/A

URBAN

(%)

5.1 6.1 7.3 7.2 8.8

16.7 17.2 17.8 18.9 19.4 20.2 20.9 22.0 22.9 24.1 25.3 26.4 29.0 30.2 29.5 28.0 30.0 32.8 35.3 37.2

10.8 15.4 19.8 25.7 28.2 35.1 39.6 45.6 51.2 56.1 56.5 64.0 69.9 73.6 73.7 78.0 79.0 82.3

RURAL (%) 94.9 93.9 92.7 92.8 91.2 89.2 84.6 80.2 74.3 71.8 64.9 60.4 54.4 48.8 43.9 43.5 36.0 30.1 26.3 26.3 22.0 21.0 17.7

^“Other” refers to Asians, Native Hawaiians, other Pacific isianders, American indians, Aiaska Natives, and those beionging to two or more races. Data for Aiaska and Hawaii are not included until 1960, the first census after they became states in 1959. ^The census definitions for urban and rural areas have changed through the decades.

US Population by Race and Hispanic Census 2000 was the

first

US census

in

which

indi-

viduals could report themselves as being of more than one race. For the comparison between these

census results and the 2010 data,

this table

Origin

2000 census information that was revised in April 2000. Hispanic or Latino people may be of any race,

uses the

Source:

US Census Bureau.

% RACE white black or African American American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander some other race two or more races total population

NUMBER 211,460,626 34,658,190 2,475,956 10,242,998 398,835 15,359,073 6,826,228 281,421,906

DIFFERENCE

2010

2000 CENSUS

% 75.1 12.3 0.9 3.6 0.1 5.5 2.4

100.0^

NUMBER 223,553,265 38,929,319 2,932,248 14,674,252 540,013 19,107,368 9,009,073 308,745,538

% 72.4 12.6 0.9 4.8 0.2 6.2 2.9

100.0^

2000/2010 +5.7 +12.3 +18.4 +43.3 +35.4 +24.4 +32'.0

+9.7

% 2000 CENSUS HISPANIC OR LATINO POPULATION Hispanic or Latino (of any race) not Hispanic or Latino total population ^

Detail

may

NUMBER 35,305,818 246,116,088 281,421,906

not add to total given because of rounding.

DIFFERENCE

2010

% 12.5 87.5 100.0^

NUMBER 50,477,594 258,267,944 308,745,538

% 16.3 83.7 100.0^

2000/2010 +43.0 +4.9 +9.7

United States

576

—State Populations

State Populations, 1790-2010 Resident population of the states and the District of Columbia. Numbers are Source; US Census Bureau. STATE

1790

AL

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1

9

128

310

591

772

964

997

1,263

1,513

1,829

32 88

64 123

1,128 1,213

1,312 1,485

435 380

484 560

33 40 803 865

34 460 112 75 140

40 537 125 132 188

194 623 147 178 269

413 746 168 230 391

540 908 185 279 529

1,057

1,184

1,542

1,837

2,216

15 2,540 1,681

33

89

154 162

3,078 1,978

3,826 2,192

4,822 2,516

1,912 1,428 1,859 1,119

2,232 1,470 2,147 1,382

661

694 1,188 2,805 2,421 1,751 1,551

3,107

AZ

10

AR CA

1

14

30

98

210 93

251 64

262 73

275

298

8

15

73 23

77 30 35

310 78 34 54

371 92 52 87

517

691

.906

CO DE DC

238 59

FL

GA

83

thousands (’OOO)K

1800

AK

CT

in

163

252

341

HI

ID

12 25

IL

6

IN

55 147

157 343

lA

KS KY

74

221

MD MA

320 379

152

342 423

43

192

675 107

1,194

1,625

364

996

1,156

1,321

1,649

708 628

727 627

940 649

687

781

935

1,231

1,457 1,184

1,783 1,637

440 828

1,132

1,042 2,239 2,094 1,310 1,290

1,721

2,168

2,679

39 452 62 347

143

243

1,063

1,066

47 377

42 412 1,884

381 472

407 523

5

9

447 610 32

470 738 212

583 995 398

31

75

137

376

607

749 172 791

20

67

140

384

682

1,182

229

Ml

MN MS

1,712 1,350

688 216 399

77

97

851 988

564 153 298

407

LA

ME

476 686

780 352 502

982 518 583

6 8

MO MT

781

NE NV NH

142

184

214

244

269

285

318

326

21 123 42 318

NJ

184

211

246

278

321

373

490 62

672 94

906 92

1,131

1,445

120

160

195

4,383 1,071 2

5,083 1,400

6,003 1,618

7,269 1,894

37

191

319

3,672

4,158

29 7

NM NY

NC ND

340 394

589 478

959 556

1,373

1,919

2,429

3,097

3,881

639

738

753

869

993 5

OH OK OR

45

231

581

938

1,519

1,980

2,340

2,665

3,198

52

91

175

259 318

790 414

602 69

810

1,049

1,348

1,724

2,906

3,522

4,283

5,258

6,302

Rl

434 69

12 2,312

77

83

97

109

148

175

217

277

346

429

SC

249

346

415

503

581

594

669

704

706

996 98

1,151

1,340

349

402

1,768 2,236

2,021 3,049

211

277

PA

SD TN

12

36

106

262

423

682

829

TX UT

VT VA

WA WV

1,003

1,110

1,259

213

604 40

819

1,542 1,592

87

144

11

85 692 56

154 808

218 878

79

105

236 938 137

281

292

314

315

331

332

332

344

1,044

1,025

1,119

1,225

1,513 75

1,656

1,854

1

1,220 12

302 305

377 776

618

357 763

518 959

1,055 9

1,315

1,693

2,069

21

63

93

39,8183

50,156

62,948

75,995

177

Wl

225 31

WY US totaP 3,929 ^Detail

5,308

may not add to

7,240 total

9,638

12,866

17,069

23,192

31,443

given because of rounding. ^Data for Alaska

24 442

and Hawaii are not included

until

1960,

United States

—Statk Populations

577

State Populations, 1790-2010 (continued)

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2,138

2,348

2,646

3,267

3,444

3,894

4,040

4,447

55 334

59 436

2,833 73

3,062

64 204

226

300

402

550

627

710

499

129 750

1,574 2,378

1,752 3,427

1,854 5,677

1,949 6,907

1,910 10,586

1,302 1,786 15,717

1,771 1,923 19,953

2,718 2,286 23,668

3,665 2,351 29,811

5,131 2,673 33,872

6,392 2,916 37,254

1,036 1,607

2,890 3,108

3,294 3,287

4,301 3,406

5,029 3,574

2010

EST.

4,780

799

940

1,115

1,381

1,123 1,709

1,325 2,007

1,754 2,535

2,207 3,032

202 331 753

223 438 968

238 487

267 663

318 802

446 764

548 757

594 638

666 607

784 572

898 602

1,468

1,897

2,771

4,952

6,789

9,746

12,938

15,982

18,801

2,609

2,896

2,909

3,124

3,445

3,943

4,590

5,463

192

326

256 432

368 445

423 525

500 589

633 667

769 713

965 944

5,639 2,701

6,485 2,930

7,631 3,239

7,897 3,428

8,712 3,934

10,081 4,662

11,114 5,194

11,427 5,490

6,478 1,108 1,007 11,431 5,544

8,186 1,212 1,294 12,419 6,080

9,688 1,360 1,568 12,831 6,484

2,225 1,691 2,290 1.656

2,404 1,769 2,417 1,799

2,471 1,881 2,615 2,102

2,538 1,801 2,846 2,364

2,621 1,905 2,945 2,684

2,758 2,179 3,038 3,257

2,824 2,247 3,219 3,641

2,777 2,478 3,687 4,222 1,228

2,926 2,688 4,042 4,469 1,275

3,046 2,853 4,339 4,533 1,328

742

768

797

847

914

969

992

2,914 2,364 3,661 4,206 1,125

1,295 3,366 2,810 2,076 1,797

1,450 3,852 3,668 2,387 1,791

1,632 4,250 4,842 2,564 2,010

1,821 4,317 5,256 2,792 2,184

2,343 4,691 6,372 2,982 2,179

3,101 5,149 7,823 3,414 2,178

3,922 5,689 8,875 3,805 2,217

4,217 5,737 9,262 4,076 2,521

4,781 6,016 9,295 4,376 2,575

5,296 6,349 9,938 4,919 2,845

5,774 6,548 9,884 5,304 2,967

3,293

3,404

3,629

3,785

3,955

4,320

4,677

4,917

5,117

5,595

5,989

376

549

538

559

591

675

694

787

799

902

989

1,192

1,378

1,316

1,326

1,411

1,483

1,570

1,711 1,998 1,236

1,826 2,701 1,316

82

1,296 77

431

443

91 465

110 492

160 533

285 607

489 738

800 921

1,578 1,202 1,109

2,537

3,156

4,041

4,160

4,835

6,067

327

360

423

532

681

951

9,114 10,385 12,588 2,206 2,559 3,170

7,365 1,303 17,558 5,882

7,748 1,515 17,991 6,632

8,414 1,819 18,976 8,049

8,792 2,059 19,378 9,535

13,479 3,572

14,830 4,062

16,782 4,556

7,168 1,016 18,237 5,082

577

647

681

642

620

632

618

653

639

642

673

4,767 1.657

5,759 2,028

6,647 2,396

7,947 2,233 1,521 10,498

9,706 2,328 1,769 11,319

10,652 2,559 2,091 11,794

10,798 3,025 2,633 11,864

947

10,847 3,146 2,842 11,883 1,003

11,353 3,451 3,421 12,281 1,048

11,537 3,751 3,831 12,702 1,053 4,625

673

783

954

7,665

8,720

9,631

6,908 2,336 1,090 9,900

543

604

687

713

792

859

947

1,515

1,684

1,739

1,900

2,117

2,383

2,591

3,122

3,486

4,012

584

637

693

643

653

681

666

691

696

755

814

2,185 3,897

2,338 4,663

2,617 5,825

2,916 6,415

3,292 7,711

3,567 9,580

373

449

508

550

689

891

3,924 11,197 1,059

4,591 14,229 1,461

4,877 16,986 1,723

5,689 20,852 2,233

6,346 25,146 2,764

•

356

352

360

359

378

390

444

511

563

609

626

2,062 1,142 1,221 2,334

2,309 1,357 1,464 2,632

2,422 1,563 1,729 2,939

2,678 1,736 1,902 3,138

3,319 2,379 2,006 3,435

3,967 2,853 1,860 3,952

4,648 3,409 1,744 4,418

5,347 4,132 1,950 4,706

6,189 4,867 1,793 4,892

7,079 5,894 1,808 5,364

8,001 6,725 1,853 5,687

146

194

226

251

291

330

332

470

454

494

564

91,972 105,711 122,775

131,669

150,697

179,323

the

first

census after they became states

in

203,302^

226,5463

248,7913

281,4223

308,746

1959. ^Figures were revised by the Census Bureau after the census.

United States

578

Total

YEAR

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011

— Population of US Territories

Population of US Territories midyear population. Source: US Census Bureau.

GUAM 66,900 74,100 86,470 102,110 106,869 120,615 134,125 144,190 155,324 168,614 183,286

PUERTO RICO 2,358,000 2,596,774 2,721,754 2,935,124 3,209,648 3,382,106 3,536,910 3,683,103 3,814,413 3,910,707 3,989,133

32,500 43,500 63,476 94,484 99,636 100,760 103,963 107,817 108,639 109,600 109,666

Foreign-Born Population

in

The foreign-born population consists of persons born outside the United States to parents who were not US citizens. Populations of Alaska and Hawaii were in-

FOREIGN-BORN

23,191,876 31,443,321 38,558,371 50,155,783 62,622,250 75,994,575 91,972,266 105,710,620 122,775,046

2,244,602 4,138,697 5,567,229 6,679,943 9,249,547 10,341,276 13,515,886 13,920,692 14,204,149

YEAR

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930

Ms

24,600 27,267 29,640 32,418 38,633 47,199 53,906 57,771 62,399 67,242

the US, 1850-2009

eluded starting

TOTAL 9.7 13.2 14.4 13.3 14.8 13.6 14.7 13.2 11.6

in

In 1850 and 1860 data, the was considered native-born.

1960.

entire slave population

Source; Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011.

%OF

POPULATION TOTAL

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS 8,861 10,465 12,359 14,938 16,890 21,386 44,037 57,229 69,706 70,636 46,050

AMERICAN SAMOA 20,000

VIRGIN ISLANDS

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20081 20091

%

POPULATION TOTAL

FOREIGN-BORN

131,669,275 150,216,110 179,325,671 203,210,158 226,545,805 248,709,873 281,421,906 299,106,000 307,006,550

11,594,896 10,347,395 9,738,091 9,619,302 14,079,906 19,767,316 31,107,889 37,264,000 36,750,000

YEAR

OF

TOTAL 8.8 6.9 5.4 4.7 6.2 7.9

11.1 12.5 12.0

of March.

Total Immigrants Admitted to the US,

Numbers shown include only immigrant aliens admined for permanent residence and are for fiscal years. Currently the fiscal year begins 1 October

totals

YEAR NUMBER 1901 487,918 1902 648,743 1903 857,046 1904 812,870 1905 1,026,499 1906 1,100,735 1907 1,285,349 1908 782,870 1909 751,786 1910 1,041,570 1901-10 8,795,386

totals

1941 51,776 1942 28,781 1943 23,725 1944 28,551 1945 38,119 1946 108,721 1947 147,292 1948 170,570 1949 188,317 249,187 1950 1941-50 1,035,039

•

1901-2010

and ends 30 September.

NUMBER 805,228 309,556 522,919 706,896 294,314 304,488 335,175 307,255 279,678 241,700

NUMBER

YEAR

1911 878,587 1912 838,172 1913 1,197,892 1914 1,218,480 1915 326,700 1916 298,826 1917 295,403 1918 110,618 1919 141,132 1920 430,001 1911-20 5,735,811

1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1921-30

1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1951-60

.271,344 1961 283,763 1962 306,260 1963 292,248 1964 296,697 1965 323,040 1966 361,972 1967 454,448 1968 358,579 1969 373,326 1970 1961-70 3,321,677

YEAR

205,717 265,520 170,434 208,177 237,790 321,625 326,867 253,265 260,686 265,398 2,515,479

Prior to

year began 1 July and ended Source: .

4,107,209

1976, the

fiscal

30 June,

YEAR

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1931-40 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 19761

1977 1978 1979 1980 1971-80

NUMBER 97,139 35,576 23,068 29,470 34,956 36,329 50,244 67,895 82,998 70,756 528,431 370,478 384,685 398,515 393,919 385,378 499,093 458,755 589,810 394,244 524,295 4,399,172

United States

Total Immigrants

NUMBER 595,014 533,624 550,052 541,811 568,149 600,027 599,889 641,346

YEAR

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1981-90

totals

totals

— Immigrants Admitted to the US

Admitted to the US, 1901-2010 (continued)

YEAR NUMBER 1991 1,826,595 1992 973,445 1993 903,916 1994 803,993 1995 720,177 1996 915,560 1997 797,847 1998 653,206 1999 644,787 2000 841,002 1991-2000 9,080,528

1,090,172 1,535,872 7,255,956

579

YEAR

NUMBER

2001 1,058,902 2002 1,059,356 2003 703,542 2004 957,883 2005 1,122,257 2006 1,266,129 2007 1,052,415 2008 1,107,126 2009 1,130,818 2010 1,042,625 2001-10 10,501,053

1901-2010: 57,275,741

^Includes the

15 months from 1

Jul

1975 through 30 Sep 1976.

Immigrants Admitted to the US by State of Residence and Country of Birth Fiscal year 2010. Korea used to designate both North and South Korea. Source: . STATE OF

TOTAL

IMMIGRANTS

RESIDENCE

Alabama

3,740 1,703

Alaska

TOP FIVE COUNTRIES OF BIRTH (NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS) Mexico (369), India (361), China (315), Korea (259), Philippines (181) Philippines (607), Korea (86), Dominican Republic (67), Mexico (65),

Canada Arkansas

18,243 2,684

California

208,446

Arizona

Colorado Connecticut

12,489 12,222

Haiti

Delaware District of

Columbia

Florida

2,198 2,897

107,276

Georgia

24,833

Hawaii

7,037 2,556 37,909

Idaho Illinois

(54)

Mexico (7,690), Iraq (1,221), India (805), Philippines (779), China (542) Mexico (897), India (239), China (169), Philippines (164), El Salvador (141) Mexico (50,645), Philippines (24,082), China (18,680), India (15,099), Vietnam (11,501) Mexico (3,117), China (605), Ethiopia (601), Vietnam (442), India (413) India (1,007), Jamaica (976), Dominican Republic (830), China (648), (504)

India (346),

Mexico (166), Kenya (153), China (123), Haiti (105) El Salvador (256), Dominican Republic (152), China (115),

Ethiopia (568), Nigeria (79)

Haiti (11,865), Colombia (8,277), Jamaica (5,499), Venezuela (6,074) India (2,436), Mexico (2,422), China (1,063), Vietnam (993), Korea (940) Philippines (4,515), China (595), Japan (392), Korea (242), Vietnam (146) Mexico (727), Iraq (243), Bhutan (158), China (151), Philippines (114) Mexico (7,399), India (4,845), Poland (2,426), China (2,134), Philip-

Cuba (27,301),

pines (2,124) Indiana

8,539

Myanmar (Burma)

(1,284), Mexico (1,216), India (705), China (593),

Thailand (479)

Iowa

4,245

Mexico (845), India (262), Myanmar (Burma) (231), China (226),

Viet-

nam

Maryland

4,930 4,397 1,349 26,450

(212) Mexico (1,548), India (399), Vietnam (301), China (289), Myanmar (Burma) (213), Philippines (213) Cuba (522), Mexico (343), India (336), China (275), Iraq (261) Mexico (401), Vietnam (373), China (324), Honduras (303), India (259) Somalia (166), China (103), Canada (88), Iraq (88), Kenya (71) India (1,750), Nigeria (1,750), El Salvador (1,555), China (1,530),

Massachusetts

31,069

Dominican Republic (4,149), China (2,631), India (2,067),

Michigan

18,579

(1,838), Brazil (1,812) Iraq (3,591), India (1,697), China (1,040), Mexico (924), Bangladesh

Minnesota

12,408

Somalia (1,188), Ethiopia (1,026), Kenya (792), India (725), Liberia

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

Maine

5,501

Ethiopia (1,449) Haiti

(807)

(693) Mississippi

1,709

Mexico (217), India (199), Vietnam (130), China (129), Philippines

Missouri

7,151

(127) Mexico (652), China (561), India (544), Iraq (304), Philippines (276) Philippines (57), Canada (52), China (41), Ethiopia (25), Mexico (25)

Montana

457

United States

580

— Immigrants Admitted to the US

Immigrants Admitted to the US by State of Residence and Country of Birth (continued)

STATE OF

TOTAL

IMMIGRANTS 4,400

RESIDENCE

Nebraska

Nevada

TOP FIVE COUNTRIES OF BIRTH (NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS) Mexico (900), Myanmar (Burma) (472), Thailand (326), Vietnam (250), Somalia (208) Mexico (2,586), Philippines (2,109), Cuba (620), China (571), Ethiopia

10,803

(455)

New Hampshire New

Bhutan (271), India (226), Dominican Republic (190), Nepal (166), China (132) Dominican Republic (8,444), India (8,123), Colombia (2,465), Philippines (2,321), China (2,253) Mexico (1,840), Philippines (178), China (151), Vietnam (137), India

2,556

56,920

jersey

New Mexico

3,528

(107)

New

147,999

York

North Carolina

16,112

North Dakota Ohio

1,058 13,585

Dominican Republic (26,249), China (18,859), Bangladesh (7,597), Jamaica (6,844), India (5,116) Mexico (1,795), India (1,370), China (872), Vietnam (725), Myanmar (Burma) (570) Iraq (133), Bhutan (127), Canada (61), India (57), China (56) India (1,418), China (1,061), Philippines (512), Mexico (507), Ghana (458)

Oklahoma

4,627

Oregon

7,997

Mexico (1,307), Myanmar (Burma) (321), India (292), Vietnam (287), China ^40) Mexico (1,507), Vietnam (757), China (745), India (462), Philippines (457)

24,130

Pennsylvania

India (2,510),

Dominican Republic (2,077), China (2,027), Vietnam

(862), Liberia (818)

Rhode

Dominican Republic (1,204), Cape Verde (335), Guatemala (316), Colombia (238), Liberia (202) Mexico (435), India (356), Philippines (277), China (255), Colombia (251) Ethiopia (98), Myanmar (Burma) (83), China (58), Philippines (52), Iraq

4,027

Island

4,401

South Carolina South Dakota

987

(50)

Tennessee

Mexico (959), India (644), Egypt (563), China (557), Iraq (423) Mexico (32,811), India (5,777), Vietnam (3,700), China (3,280),

8,156 87,750

Texas

Philip-

pines (2,545)

Utah

Mexico (1,308), Peru (280), China (251), Iraq (193), Philippines (184) Bhutan (128), Canada (47), Nepal (46), Myanmar (Burma) (44), Thai-

6,085

867

Vermont

land (38) Virginia

28,607

India (2,613), El Salvador (1,561), Ethiopia (1,491), Philippines

Washington

22,283

(1,462), China (1,350) Mexico (2,181), India (1,957), Philippines (1,843), China (1,749),

nam West

6,189

452

Wyoming

Data

CENSUS YEAR

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950

China (83), Philippines (69), India (59), Canada (33), Pakistan (26) Mexico (1,117), India (624), China (494), Philippines (264), Canada (161) Mexico (93), China (50), Philippines (46), Canada (20), Peru (16)

729

Virginia’

Wisconsin

for

Viet-

(1,538)

Americans 65 and Older, 1900-2011 Hawaii and Aiaska are inciuded after 1950. Source: US Census Bureau.

% OF TOTAL POPULATION 4.1 4.3

NUMBER OF PEOPLE 65 AND OLDER 3,080,498 3,949,524 4,933,215 6,633,805 9,019,314 12,269,537

CENSUS YEAR

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011

4.7 5.4 6.8 8.1

% OF TOTAL POPULATION

NUMBER OF PEOPLE 65 AND OLDER 16,559,580 20,065,502 25,549,427 31,241,831 34,991,753 41,122,905

9.2 9.8 11.3 12.6 12.4 13.1

Poverty Level by State, 1980-2009 Source:

US Census Bureau.

% STATE

Alabama

1980 21.2

Alaska Arizona

9.6 12.8

Detaii

may

not

add

OF PEOPLE IN POVERTY 1990 2009 19.2 16.6 11.7 11.4 13.7 21.2

to totai

given because of rounding.

NUMBER OF PEOPLE

IN

POVERTY

(’000)

1980

1990

2009

810 36 354

779 57 484

770 81 1,381

United States

— Poverty Levei. by State

581

Poverty Level by State, 1980-2009 (continued)

% OF PEOPLE STATE

Arkansas California

Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Georgia Hawaii Idaho

8.6 8.3 11.8

13.7 6.0 6.9 21.1 14.4 15.8 11.0 14.9 13.7 13.0 10.4 10.3 17.3 23.6 13.1 9.9 10.7 14.3 12.0 25.7 13.4 16.3 10.3 9.8 6.3 9.2 20.9 14.3 13.0 13.7 11.5 15.6 9.2 11.0

12.3 8.4 12.3 17.9 14.6 18.4 12.5 13.7 13.2 16.1 10.7 13.7 17.0 14.3 11.4 9.6 10.8 14.0 11.1 23.1 15.5 13.5 9.9 13.0

Wyoming US

13.0

Indiana Iowa

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi

Missouri

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire

New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania

Rhode

Island

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah

Vermont Virginia

Washington

West

Virginia

Wisconsin

all

NUMBER OF 2009 18.9 15.3

8.5 14.7 12.3 11.8 10.8 9.4 19.3 20.3 14.6 9.5 9.5 12.9 8.7 24.3 13.0 13.2 13.0 8.3 7.0 9.0 20.6 13.8 15.0 15.5 9.8 13.9 11.5 9.8 10.7 16.8 18.8 19.6 15.7 10.0 12.0 12.4 12.7 15.2 8.5 10.4

Illinois

POVERTY

1990 19.6 13.9

20.9 16.7 13.9

Florida

IN

1980 21.5 11.0

.

1980

19.3 15.8 16.9 10.9 13.3 12.9 13.4 11.1 13.0 13.7 14.1 16.5 17.3

7.5

16.2 13.3 16.9 15.9

13.5

(

000)

2009

484

472

538

2,619

4,128

5,638

247 255 68 131

461 196 48 120

613 292 109

1,692

1,896 1,001

107 2,676 1,775

121 157

156 209

1,386

1,606

645 311 215 701 868 158 389 542

714 289 259 628 952 162 468 626

1,690 1,023

1,194

1,315

1,376

342 591 625 102 199

576 658 926

70 63 659 268

524 684 700 134 167 119 68 711 319

2,391

2,571

877 99

829

3,018 1,576

87

69

1,046

1,256

1,526

319 374 727 636 148 543 717

131 176 343 103

806 381

406 309

481 267

468 510

1,142

1,328

1,376

97

534 127 884

71 548 93 833

134 618 113

2,247

2,684

143 61 705

15.8 10.8 9.2

148 62 647 538 297 403 49

434 328 448 51

270 58 831 781 285 599 50

14.3

29,272

33,585

43,569

9.7 9.4 10.7 11.7

8.2

10.9 11.1 8.9 18.1 9.3 11.0

1990

727 81 138

7.8 9.3

PEO_PLE IN POVERTY

1,031 4,262

Poverty Level by Race, 2009 Source:

US Census Bureau.

Detail

may

NUMBER OF PEOPLE RACE White Black Asian Other^ Hispanic TOTAL

IN

not add to total given because of rounding and because Hispanic people may be of any race.

POVERTY

2009

29,830 9,944 1,746 2,049 12,350 43,569

includes Pacific Islanders and Native Americans.

(’000)

%

OF PEOPLE 2009 12.3 25.8 12.5 22.2 25.3 14.3

IN

POVERTY

Unit ed States

582

—Al aba ma, Alaska

States and Other Areas of the United States

Nickname: Heart of Dixie. CapMontgomery. Rank: population: 23rd; area: 30th. Motto: "Audemus jura nostra defendere" ("We dare defend our rights”). Song: "Alabama,” words by Julia S. Tutwiler and music by Edna Gockel Gussen. Amphibian: Red Hills salamander. Bird: yellowhammer. Fish: largemouth bass (freshwater): tarpon (saltwaing "thicket clearers."

Government

ital:

statehood: entered the Union on 14 Dec 1819 as the 22nd state. State constitution: adopted 1901. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators; 7 representatives. Electoral college:

67

9 votes.

Political divisions:

counties.

Flower: camellia. Fossil: Basilosaurus cetoides.

ter).

Gemstone: fly.

star blue quartz. Insect: monarch butterMineral: hematite. Reptile: Alabama red-bellied

Economy

Rock: marble. Tree: southern longleaf pine.

Employment (2008): services 30.6%; government

turtle.

Natural features

Land area: 51,701 sq

mi,

133,905 sq km. Moun-

tain ranges: Appalachian, Raccoon, Lookout. High-

15.6%: 13.8%: nance, 17.4%: 12.7%.

trade 14.4%; finance, insurance, real estate manufacturing 11.1%. Production (2009): fiinsurance, real estate 23.3%; government manufacturing 15.9%; services 15.8%; trade Chief agricultural products: Crops: cotton, corn

est point: Cheaha Mountain, 734 m (2,407 ft). Largest lake: Lake Guntersville. Major rivers: Mo-

(maize),

Alabama, Tombigbee, Tennessee, Chattahoochee. Natural regions: the Appalachian

stock: cattle

bile,

Plateau, extending across the north-central region; Interior Low Plateaus, far north; Valley and Ridge Province and small portion of the Piedmont Province, covering the east; Coastal Plain, covering the southern half of the state. Land use: forest,' 64.4%: agricultural, 7.5%; pasture, 0.2%; other,

soybeans, peanuts (groundnuts), potatoes, sweet potatoes, peaches, pecans, winter wheat. Live-

and

calves, poultry, hogs. Fish catch: cat-

shrimp, crab, mussels, oysters. Chief manufactured products: food products; textiles: wearing apparel; fish,

wood

products: mobile homes: refined petroleum prod-

ucts: plastics

Internet

and rubber products: base metals.

resources: ;

.

27.9%.

Alaska

People Population (2010): 4,779,736; persons per sq mi 92.4, persons per sq km 35.7. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population): birth rate, 13.3; death rate, 10.1; marriage rate, 7.9; divorce rate, 4.3. Major cities

(2010):

Birmingham 212,237; Montgomery

Alaska, from the Aleut words a/axsxa and meaning "mainland” or "great land.” Nickname: The Last Frontier. Capital: Juneau. Rank: population: 47th; area; 1st. Motto: “North to the future.” Song: "Alaska’s Flag,” words by Marie Drake and

Name:

a/axsx/x,

ll!Nn Ki)

Statks

— Alaska, Arizona

583

Fish: giant king

tion: 16th; area: 6th.

Mammuthus

Dusenbury. Bird: willow ptarmigan. salmon. Flower: forget-me-not. Fossil: primigenius (woolly mammoth). Gem-

riches").

stone: jade.

Insect:

music by

Elinor

four-spot

skimmer

dragonfly.

Mammal: moose. Marine mammal: bowhead

whale.

Mineral: gold. Tree: sitka spruce.

Grand Canyon

Motto: "Ditat Deus" (“God enSong: "Arizona March Song.” words by Mar-

garet Rowe Clifford and music by Maurice Blumenthal. Amphibian: Arizona treefrog. Bird: cactus wren. Fish: Arizona trout. Flower: saguaro blos-

som.

Fossil:

Mammal: Natural features

State. Capital: Phoenix. Rank: popula-

wood. Gemstone: turquoise.

petrified

ringtail.

Reptile:

Arizona

ridgenose

rat-

tlesnake. Tree: palo verde.

Land area: 590,693 sq mi, 1,529,888 sq km. Mountain ranges: Wrangell, Chugach, Alaska, Brooks, AleutBoundary. Highest point: Mt. McKinley (Denali), m (20,320 ft). Largest lake: lliamna Lake. Major rivers: Yukon, Porcupine, Tanana, Koyukuk, Noataks. Natural regions: panhandle, a narrow strip of land that includes portions of the Coast Mountains: coastal archipelago and the Gulf of Alaska islands: the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian island chain that separates the North Pacific from the Bering Sea: the Alaska Range, extending across the south-central region: the Interior Plateau, including the basin of the Yukon River, the central plains and tablelands of the interior, the Seward Peninsula to the west, and the Brooks Range, sometimes called the North Slope, to the north: the Arctic Coastal Plain, a treeless region of tundra lying at the northernmost edge of the state: tundra-covered islands of the Bering Sea. Land use: forest, 24.1%: pasture, 0.0%: other, 75.9%.

Natural features

ian,

6,194

Population (2010): 710,231: persons per sq mi 1.2, person per sq km 0.5. Vital statistics (2009: per I, 000 population): birth rate, 16.2: death rate, 5.2: marriage rate, 7.9: divorce rate, 4.8. Major cities (2010): Anchorage 291,826: Fairbanks 31,535: Juneau 31,275; Sitka 8,881: Ketchikan 8,050.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 3 Jan 1959 as the 49th state. State constitution: adopted 1956. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators; 1 representative. Electoral college:

3 votes.

Land area: 113,991 sq

mi, 295,235 sq km. Mountain ranges: Black, Gila Bend, Chuska, Hualapai, San Francisco, White. Highest point: Humphreys Peak, 3,851 (12,633 ft). Largest lake: Lake Roosevelt. Major

m

rivers:

Colorado,

Colorado, Verde, Salt, Gila. Nat-

Little

Colorado Plateaus, northeast third of the state, include the Grand Canyon and the Painted Desert: the Basin and Range Province, south, east, central, and northwest, includes the Sonoran Desert in the southwest corner and part of the Great Basin Desert to the northwest. Land use: pasture, 44.2%: forest, 5.7%; agricultural, 1.3%; other, 48.8%. ural regions: the

People Population (2010): 6,392,017; persons per sq mi 56.1, persons per sq km 21.7. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population); birth rate, 14.1; death rate, 6.9; marriage rate, 5.4; divorce rate, 3.5. Major cities (2010): Phoenix 1,445,632; Tucson 520,116; Mesa 439,041: Chandler 236,123; Glendale 226,721;

217,385;

Scottsdale

Gilbert

208,453;

Tempe

161,719.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 14 Feb 1912 as the 48th state. State constitution: adopted 1911. Representation in US Congress; 2 senators: 9 representatives. Electoral college:

11

votes. Political divisions:

15 counties.

Political divisions:

16 boroughs.

Economy Empioyment (2008): services 33.6%:

Economy Employment (2008); services 28.9%: government 23.5%: finance, insurance, real estate 12.0%: trade II. 9%: transportation, public utilities 7.7%. Production (2009): mining 21.9%; government 19.2%; finance, insurance, real estate 17.2%: transportation, public utilities 15.1%: services 12.2%. Chief agriculproducts: Crops: hay, milk, potatoes, timber. Livestock: cattle and calves, pigs. Fish catch: salmon, herring, groundfish, shellfish, crab, shrimp. Chief

tural

manufactured products: processed fish and seafood (fresh, frozen, canned, and cured): wood products; paper products; transportation products.

(maize),

.

Arizona Name: Arizona, derived from the Basque term for “place of oaks” or “the good oak tree." Nickname:

A youV

Did

knows

Oraibi, a

Hopi pueblo

(village)

in

thought by some to be the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United States. northern Arizona,

is

For details about state governments, see pages 608-613; for energy data, see pages 627-628.

United States

584

—Arkansas, California “Eureka” ("I have found Song: “I Love You, California,” words by F.B. Silverwood and music by A.F. Frankenstein. Bird: California quail. Fish: golden trout (freshwater); garibaldi

tion: 1st; area: 3rd. Motto:

Arkansas

it”).

Name: Arkansas, from akansea, an Illinois Indian word describing the Quapaw tribe (also known as the Arkansaw), meaning “people who live downstream.” Nickname: Natural State. Capital: Little Rock. Rank: population: 32nd; area: 27th. Motto: “Regnat populus” ("The people rule"). Songs: “Arkansas," words and music by Wayland Holyfield; "Oh, Arkansas," words and music by by Terry Rose and Gary Klaff. Bird: mockingbird. Flower: apple blossom. Gemstone: diamond. Insect: honeybee. Mammal: white-tailed deer.

(saltwater). Flower: California poppy. Fossil: sabertooth cat. Gemstone: benitoite. Insect: California dogface butterfly. Mammal: California grizzly bear. Ma-

rine

mammal:

California gray whale. Mineral; gold.

Reptile: desert tortoise. Rock: serpentine. Tree: California redwood.

Natural features

Mineral: quartz crystal. Rock: bauxite. Tree: pine tree.

Land area: 158,608 sq

mi,

410,793 sq km. Moun-

tain ranges: Coast, Sierra Nevada, Cascade, Santa

Natural features

Land area: 53,179 sq

mi,

tain ranges: Ozark, Ouachita. Highest point: Mt.

Magazine, 839 Major

m

(2,753 ft). Largest lake: Lake Arkansas, Red, Quachita, White. Natural regions: the Ozark Plateaus, including the Boston Mountains, north and northwest regions; the Ouachita Province, including the Arkansas valley and the Ouachita Mountains, central region; the Coastal Plain, extends from southwest to northeast. Land use: forest, 44.1%; agricultural, 22.1%; pasture, 0.1%; other, 33.7%. Chicot.

Klamath, Tehachapi, San Gabriel, San Bernardino. Highest point: Mt. Whitney, 4,418 m (14,494 ft). Largest lake: Lake Tahoe. Major rivers: Colorado, Sacramento, Pit, San Joaquin. Natural regions: Basin and Range Province, northeast corner, also eastern border with Arizona and southern Nevada; Cascade-Sierra Mountains, running from north to south along the east-central region; Pacific Border Province, west, including the Coast Ranges to the west, the Klamath Mountains to the north, the Los Angeles Ranges to the south, and the California Trough (commonly referred to as the Central Valley) to the east; Lower Californian Province, southwestern tip. Land use: pasture, 17.5%; forest, 13.7%; agricultural, 9.3%; other, 59.5%. Lucia,

137,733 sq km. Moun-

rivers:

People Population (2010): 2,915,918; persons per sq mi 54.8, persons per sq km 21.2. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population); birth rate, 13.8; death rate, 10.0; marriage rate, 10.9; divorce rate, 5.6. Major cities (2010): Little Rock 193,524; Fort Smith 86,209; Fayetteville 73,580; Springdale 69,797;

Jonesboro 67,263.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 15 Jun 1836 as the 25th state. State constitution: adopted 1874. Representation In US Congress: 2 senators; 4

People Population (2010): 37,253,956; persons per sq mi 234.9, persons per sq km 90.7. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population): birth rate, 14.4; death rate, 6.3; marriage rate, 5.8; divorce rate (2001), 6.6. Major cities (2010): Los Angeles

3,792,621; San Diego 1,307,402; San Jose 945,942; San Francisco 805,235; Fresno 494,665; Sacramento 466,488; Long Beach 462,257; Oakland 390,724.

representatives. Electoral college: 6 votes. Politi75 counties.

Government

Economy

statehood: entered the Union on 9 Sep 1850 as the 31st state. State constitution: adopted 1879. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators; 53 represen-

cal divisions:

Employment (2008): services 29.3%; government

tatives.

14.5%; trade 13.7%; finance, insurance, real estate 12.6%; manufacturing 11.7%. Production (2009); finance, insurance, real estate 21.8%; services 15.8%; government 14.6%; manufacturing 14.4%; trade 13.7%. Chief agricultural products: Crops: corn (maize), cotton, soybeans, wheat, apples, blueberries, grapes, peaches, pecans, strawberries. Livestock: cattle and calves, hogs and pigs, poultry. Fish catch: catfish. Chief manufactured products: food products; lumber and paper products; refined petroleum products; chemical products; plastic and rubber products; base metals; fabricated metal products; machinery and apparatus; transportation equipment.

sions:

Internet resources: ; arkansas.gov>.

4-f)6), stands on the grounds

and Clark Expedition

North Dakota

12-foot-tall

Sakakawea (.Sacagawea), the Shoshone wotnan who traveled

1

of the North Dakota Heritage Center

in

Bismarck.

Ohio Ohio, from an Iroquois Indian word meaning Nickname: Buckeye State. Capital: Columbus. Rank: population: 7th; area: 34th. Motto:

Name:

“great water.”

“With God.

all

things are possible.” Song: "Beautiful

Ohio," words by Ballard MacDonald and music by Mary Earl. Bird: cardinal. Flower: red carnation. Fossil: Trilobite isotelus. Gemstone: flint. Insect: ladybug.

Mammal:

white-tailed

deer.

Reptile:

black

racer

snake. Tree: Ohio buckeye.

Natural features I

Land area: 70,698 sq mi, 183,107 sq km. Highest point: White Butte, 1,069 m (3,506 ft). Largest lake: Devils Lake. Major rivers: Red, Souris, Missouri, Little Missouri, James. Natural regions: Central Lowland covers eastern half of the state, with the Western Lake Section lying in the east-central region: Great

;

t t

:

Plains Pro.vince covers western half of the state, including sections of the Missouri Plateau to the north and south. Land use: agricultural, 53.6%; pasture.

24.5%:

forest,

1.0%; other, 20.9%.

People

:

I

'

Population (2010): 672,591; persons per sq mi 9.5, persons per sq km 3.7. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population); birth rate, 13.8; death rate, 9.3; marriage rate, 6.7; divorce rate, 2.5. Major cities (2010): Fargo 105,549; Bismarck 61,272; Grand Forks 52,838; Minot 40,888; West Fargo 25,830.

Natural features

Land area: 44,825 sq mi, 116,096 sq km. Highest point: Campbell Hill. 472 m (1,549 ft). Largest lake: Grand Lake St. Marys. Major rivers: Ohio. Maumee, Cuyahoga, Miami, Scioto. Natural regions: the Appalachian Plateau, eastern half of the state, includes the Southern New York Section to the north and the Kanawha Section to the east: the Central Lowlands, western half of the state, includes the Eastern Lake Section in the northwest corner, the Till Plains in the central region, and the Lexington Plain in the southwest. Land use: agricultural,

42.5%;

forest,

27.3%; other, 30.2%.

People Population (2010): 11.536,504; persons per sq mi 257.4, persons per sq km 99.4. Vital statistics (2009: per 1,000 population): birth rate, 12.6; death

For details about state governments, see pages 608-613; for energy data, see pages 627-628.

)

Unui: d^Sta^t ks^(

600

'

ji i Oj, ( )ki .ahoivia,

marriage rate, 5.6; divorce rate, 3.2. Major (2010): Columbus 787,033; Cleveland 396,815: Cincinnati 296,943: Toledo 287,208; Akron 199,110: Dayton 141,527.

Oregon

Province, east-central

region,

includes the

rate, 9.3:

Chita

cities

Arkansas Valley in the center and the Ouachita Mountains to the south; Ozark Plateaus, northeast corner, include the Boston Mountains and Springfield-Salem Plateaus. Land use: pasture, 31.6%: agricultural, 20.1%: forest, 16.5%: other, 31.8%.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 1 Mar 1803 as the 17th state. State constitution: adopted 1851. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 16 represenElectoral college:

tatives.

88

sions:

18

votes.

Political

divi-

counties.

Economy Employment (2008): services 33.7%;

finance, insur-

ance, real estate 15.8%: trade 14.4%; government 12.4%: manufacturing 11.2%. Production (2009): finance, insurance, real estate 29.7%: services 18.3%: manufacturing 15.7%: trade 12.3%: government 11.9%. Chief agricultural products: Crops: corn (maize), soybeans, grapes, apples, tobacco, winter wheat, dairy products, eggs, greenhouse and nursery products. Livestock: cattle and calves, hogs, poultry, goats. Chief manufactured products: machinery and apparatus: nonelectrical machinery: food products; transportation equipment: fabricated metal products: base metals: chemical products: rubber products. resources; : .

|\|

J

___

you

know known

is

^

Cambridge, Ohio’s own John Glenn is famous for having been the first American astronaut to orbit Earth serving four terms as a

US

senator from Ohio. Less

the fact that in late

1998 Glenn returned

to

space on the space shuttle Discovery, at 77 becoming the oldest person ever to travel in space.

People Population (2010); 3,751,351; persons per sq mi 53.7, persons per sq km 20.7. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population); birth rate, 14.6; death rate, 9.6; marriage rate, 6.4; divorce rate, 4.6. Major cities (2010): Oklahoma City 579,999; Tulsa 391,906: Norman 110,925; Broken Arrow 98,850;

Lawton 96,867.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 16 Nov 1907 as the 46th state. State constitution: adopted 1907. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 5 representa7 votes. Political divisions:

tives. Electoral college:

77 counties.

Economy Employment (2008); services 30.2%; government 16.5%: finance, insurance, real estate 13.1%; trade 13.1%: manufacturing 7.2%. Production (2009): finance, insurance, real estate 18.6%; government 17.1%: services 14.7%: mining 14.9%; manufacturing 11.4%. Chief agricultural products; Crops: wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, dairy products. Livestock: cattle and calves, poultry, hogs and pigs. Chief manufactured products; electronics and electrical equi(> ment: telecommunications equipment: transportation equipment: food products; refined petroleum products. Internet

: .

Oklahoma Name:

Oklahoma, from two Choctaw Indian meaning “people,” and humma, meaning "red." Nickname: Sooner State. Capital: Oklahoma City. Rank; population; 28th; area: 19th. Motto: “Labor omnia vincit” (“Labor conquers all things"). Song: “Oklahoma," words by Oscar Hammerstein and music by Richard

words:

okla,

Rodgers.

Bird:

scissor-tailed flycatcher. Fish: bass. Flower; mistletoe. Insect: honeybee. Mammal: bison. Reptile: collared lizard (also known as the mountain boomer). ’ Rock: rose rock. Tree: redbud.

white,

or sand,

Oregon Name: Oregon, thought gin.

Nickname: Beaver

Land area: 69,899 sq

mi, 181,038 sq km. Mounranges: Ouachita, Arbuckle, Wichita, Sandstone Hills. Highest point: Black Mesa. 1,516 m (4.973 ft). Largest lake: Lake Eufaula. Major rivers: Arkansas. Red. Canadian. Natural regions: Great Plains Province, panhandle region, includes the High Plains to the west and the Plains Border to the east: Central Lowland, covering most of the state, includes the Osage Plains in the central region; West Gulf Coastal Plain, southeastern corner; Ouatain

be of Native American

ori-

;

j

population:

27th; area;

10th.

'

Motto: "Alis volat

own wings”). Song: “Oregon. My Oregon,” words by J.A. Buchanan and music propiis” (“She flies with her

|

j

by Henry B. Murtagh. Bird: western meadowlark. Fish: Chinook salmon. Flower: Oregon grape. Gemstone: Oregon sunstone. Insect: Oregon swallowtail. Mammal: beaver. Rock: thunder egg. Tree; Douglas fir.

Natural features

Land area: 97,048 sq Natural features

to

State. Capital: Salem. Rank:

mi,

251,353 sq km. Mountain

ranges: Coast, Klamath, Cascade, Blue, Wallowa. (11,239 ft). Largest Highest point; Mt. Hood, 3,425 lake: Upper Klamath Lake. Major rivers: Snake, Owyhee, Columbia, Coquille. Natural regions: northern Rocky Mountains, northeastern 'corner, include the

m

Blue Mountain Section; Columbia Plateau, north and north-central region, includes the Walla Walla Plateau in the central region, Harney Section to the south, and Payette Section to the southeast; Basin and Range Province, south-central border, includes the Great Basin: Cascade Sierra Mountains, west central region. include the Middle and Southern Cascades: Pacific

v

„ *

l

H

M

H w «

U U

ll

M m M

Ml Ml

United Statks

—Orfx;on, Pknnsvi.vama, Riiodk

Border Province, western coast, includes the Klamath Mountains to the south, the Oregon Coast Range in the center and north, and the Puget Trough to the east. Land use: forest, 20.5%: pasture, 15.1%; agricultural, 6.0%: other, 58.4%.

People Population (2010): 3,831,074: persons per sq mi 39.5, persons per sq km 15.2. Vital statistics (2009: per 1,000 population): birth rate, 12.3: death rate, 8.2: marriage rate, 6.2: divorce rate, 3.5. Major cities (2010): Portland 583,776: Eugene 156,185:

Salem 154,637; Gresham

105,594:

Hillsboro

91,611.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 14 Feb 1859 as the 33rd state. State constitution: adopted 1857. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 5 representatives. Electoral college: 7 votes. Political divisions;

36

counties.

ers.

Internet resources; : oregon.gov>.

.

Virginia

Name:

finance, insur-

ance, real estate 20.2%; government 17.7%; trade 12.9%; construction 6.7%. Production (2009): finance, insurance, real estate 36.6%; government 18.9%; services 14.8%; trade 9.0%; transportation, public utilities 8.5%. Chief agricultural products: Crops: tobacco, soybeans, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, apples, tomatoes, wheat, potatoes, honey.

sheep and lambs. Fish catch: clams,

Mar 862 between USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (formerly

votes. Politi-

Livestock: chickens, turkeys, pigs, cattle

Virginia, wit-

nessed a battle on 9

ships and ushered in the age of

j

13

trees,

608-613;

for

energy data, see pages 627-628.

United States

606

—WAvShington, West Virginia, Wisconsin

Home," words and music by Helen Davis. Bird: willow goldfinch. Fish: steelhead trout. Fiower: coast rhododendron.

Fossil:

Columbian mammoth. Gem-

37th: area: 41st. Motto: "Montani semper ("Mountaineers are always free”). Songs: "This Is My West Virginia," words and music by Iris

tion:

liberi”

stone: petrified wood. Insect: green darner dragonfly. Tree: western hemlock.

Bell: "West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home,” words and music by Julian G. Hearne, Jr.: "The West Virginia Hills,” words by Ellen King and music by H.E.

Natural features

rhododendron. Gemstone: West Virginia fossil coral. Insect; monarch butterfly. Mammal: black bear. Tree: sugar maple.

Engle.

Land area: 68,095 sq mi, 176,365 sq km. Mountain ranges: Olympic, Cascade, Blue. Highest point: Mt. Rainier, 4,392 m (14,410 ft). Largest iake: Moses Lake. Major rivers: Columbia, Pend Oreille, Snake, Yakima. Natural regions: Pacific Border Province, western quarter of

the state, includes the Olympic Mountains to the west and the Puget Trough to the east; CascadeSierra Mountains, running north to south down center of state, include the Northern and Middle Cascades: Northern Rocky Mountains, northeast corner: Columbia Plateau, eastern, central, and southern regions, includes the Walla Walla Plateau in the center and the Blue Mountain Section in the southeast corner. Land use: forest, 28.9%: agricultural, 14.7%: pasture, 13.3%: other,

43.1%.

Bird:

cardinal.

Fish:

brook

trout.

Flower:

Natural features

Land area: 24,230 sq

mi, 62,755 sq km. Mountain ranges: Appalachian, Allegheny. Highest point: Spruce Knob, 1,482 m (4,863 ft). Largest lake: Summersville Lake. Major rivers; Ohio, Big Sandy, Guyandotte, Great Kanawha, Little Kanawha. Natural regions: the Valley and Ridge Province, eastern edge of the state, includes portions of the Shenandoah Mountains: the remainder of the state consists of the Appalachian Plateau and includes the Kanawha Section to the south, and the Allegheny Mountains in the northeast. Land use: forest, 68.1%: agricultural, 5.3%: other, 26.6%.

People

People

Population (2010): 6,724,540: persons per sq mi 98.8, persons per sq km 38.1. Vital statistics (2009: per 1,000 population): birth rate, 13.4: death rate, 7.2: marriage rate, 6.1: divorce rate, 3,9, Major cities (2010): Seattle 608,660: Spokane 208,916: Tacoma 198,397: Vancouver 161,791: Bellevue 122,363: Olympia 46,478.

Population (2010): 1,852,994: persons per sq mi 76.5, persons per sq km 29.5. Vital statistics (2009: per 1,000 population): birth rate, 11.5: death rate, 11.7: marriage rate, 6.8: divorce rate, 5.1. Major cities (2010): Charleston 51,400; Huntington 49,138: Parkersburg 31,492: Morgantown 29,660:

Wheeling 28,486.

Government

Government

statehood: entered the Union on 11 Nov 1889 as the 42nd state. State constitution: adopted 1889. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 10 repre-

statehood: entered the Union on 20 Jun 1863 as the 35th state. State constitution: adopted 1872. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 3 representatives. Electoral college: 5 votes. Political divisions:

sentatives. Electoral college: sions:

39

12

votes. Political divi-

55

counties.

counties.

Economy

Economy Employment (2008); services 29,9%,

•

finance,

in-

surance, real estate 17.0%: government 15.6%: trade 13.8%: manufacturing 7.7%. Production (2009): finance, insurance, real estate 27.6%: services 15.4%: government 15.0%: transportation, public utilities 12.2%: trade 11.9%. Chief agricultural products: Crops: apples, peaches, pears, cherries, grapes, apricots, raspberries, asparagus,

sweet corn, mint. Livestock:

cattle

and calves,

chickens, turkeys, horses. Fish catch: oysters, clams, mussels, crab, shrimp, geoduck, sea cucumbers, salmon. Chief manufactured products: aerospace equipment: food products: forest products: advanced medical and technology products: aluminum products.

Employment (2008): services 33.1%: government 16.7%: trade 14.8%: finance, insurance, real es10.8%: manufacturing 6.3%. Production (2009): government 19.8%: finance, insurance, real estate 19.4%: services 17.9%: trade 11.5%: mining' 9.6%. Chief agricultural products: Crops: apples, tobacco, peaches, dairy products. Livestock: cattle and calves, sheep and lambs, poultry. Chief manufactured products: chemical products: automobile parts: base metals: fabricated metal products: glassware: computer software: wood products: electrical equipment: machinery and ap-

j

tate

j

,

'

paratus. Internet resources:

: .

Internet resources: : .

I

Wisconsin

West

I

anglicized version of a French! rendering of the Algonquian Indian name Meskous-J ing, said to mean "this stream of red stone.” Nick-T

Name: Wisconsin, an

Virginia

Name: West Virginia, named in honor of Elizabeth known as the Virgin Queen. Nickname: I

of England,

name: Badger

Mountain State. Capital: Charleston. Rank: popula-

lation:

State. Capital: Madison. Rank:

popu-J

20th: area: 22nd. Motto: "Forward.” Song:1

•

j

;

i

!

•

i

United States

—Wisconsin, Wvominc;

"On, Wisconsin," words and music by William T. Purdy. Bird: robin. Fish: muskellunge (muskie). Flower: wood violet.

honeybee. Mammal: Rock: red granite. Tree:

Fossil: trilobite. Insect:

Mineral: galena.

badger.

607

cutthroat trout. Flower: Indian paintbrush. Fossil: Knightia. Gemstone: jade. Mammal: bison. Reptile:

horned toad. Tree: plains cottonwood.

sugar maple.

Natural features

Land area: 97,812 sq

Natural features

Land area: 65,496 sq

mi,

169,634 sq km. Moun-

tain ranges: Baraboo, Rib, Gogebic. Highest point:

Timms

595

m

Largest lake: Lake Winnebago. Major rivers: Wisconsin, St. Croix, Rock, Mississippi, Namekagon. Natural regions: Superior Upland, northern half of the state, divided into highland and lowland sections: Central Lowland, southern half of the state, divided into the Wisconsin Driftless Section to the west and the Eastern Lake Section to the east, with a section of the Till Plains occupying a small area at the southern border. Land use: forest, 4C.4%; agricultural, Hill,

(1,952

ft).

28.7%: other, 30.9%.

mi, 253,332 sq km. Mountain ranges: Rocky, Big Horn, Grand Teton, Wind River, Continental Divide, Sierra Madre, Washakie. Highest point: Gannett Peak, 4,207 (13,804 ft). Largest lake: Yellowstone Lake. Major rivers: Snake, Colorado, Green, Columbia. Natural regions: Great Plains Province, eastern third of the state, includes the Black Hills in the northeast corner, the High Plains in the southwest corner, and the Missouri Plateau in the center; Wyoming Basin, central and southern regions; Southern Rocky Mountains, southern border; Middle Rocky Mountains, northwest third of the state, also cover a small area on the soutnern border; Northern Rocky Mountains, extreme northwestern tip of the state. Land use: pasture, 44.0%: agricultural, 3.5%; forest, 1.5%: other.

m

51.0%.

People Population (2010): 5,686,986: persons per sq mi 86.8, persons per sq km 33.5. Vital statistics (2009: per 1,000 population): birth rate, 12.6: death rate, 8.0: marriage rate, 5.4: divorce rate, 3.1. Major cities

Milwaukee 594,833: Madison 233,209; Green Bay 104,057; Kenosha 99,218; Racine

(2010);

78,860.

People Population (2010): 563,626; persons per sq mi 5.8, persons per sq km 2.2. Vital statistics (2009; per 1,000 population): birth rate, 14.3; death rate. 7.7; marriage rate, 8.7; divorce rate, 5.2. Major cities (2010): Cheyenne 59,466; Casper 55,316; Laramie 30,816; Gillette 29,087; Rock Springs

23,036.

Government statehood: entered the Union on 29 May 1848 as the 30th state. State constitution: adopted 1848. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 8 representatives. Eiectorai coliege; divisions:

10

votes. Poiitical

72 counties.

Government Statehood: entered the Union on 10 Jul 1890 as the 44th state. State constitution: adopted 1889. Representation in US Congress: 2 senators: 1 representative. Electoral

college:

3

votes. Political divisions:

23

counties.

Economy Employment (2008): services 31.3%; trade 14.6%: finance, insurance, real estate 14.4%; manufacturing 14.1%: government 11.9%. Production (2009): finance, insurance, real estate 28.5%: manufacturing 17.7%; services 17.7%; government 11.5%; trade 11.5%. Chief agricuitural products; Crops:

maple syrup, potatoes, strawberries, cherries, cranberries, Christmas trees, mint oil. Livestock: cattle and calves, hogs, mink. Fish catch: bass, trout, pike. Chief manufactured products; food products: beer; machinery and apparatus: paper products: fabricated metal products: transportation equipment: household ap-

dairy products, corn (maize), honey,

Economy Employment (2008): services 26.0%: government 17.8%: finance, insurance, real estate 13.1%: trade 12.8%; construction 9.5%. Production (2009): mining 34.0%: finance, insurance, real estate 13.8%; government 13.5%: services 10.1%: transportation, public utilities 8.7%. Chief agricultural products: Crops: wheat, barley, sugar beets, corn (maize). Livestock: cattle and calves, sheep and lambs. Chief manufactured products: refined petroleum products: lumber

and wood products: food products: fabricated metal products.

pliances.

Internet

resources: ; . Internet

A ,youv

Wyoming Name: Wyoming, from a Delaware Indian word meaning “land of vast plains.” Nicknames: Equality State: Cowboy State. Capital: Cheyenne. Rank: popMotto: “Equal rights." Song; “Wyoming,” words by Charles E. Winter and music by George E. Knapp. Bird: meadowlark. Fish: ulation:

50th;

area:

9th.

For details about state governments, see pages

resources:

;

.

Did

Yellowstone National Park, the oldest national park in the world and one of the largest, was estab-

knows

lished by Congress in 1 872 and lies mostly within the boundaries

Wyoming. In Yellowstone is Steamboat Geyser. The largest geyser in the world, it erupts and shoots a million gallons of water up to 300 feet into the air. of

608-613;

for

energy data, see pages 627-628.

United States

608

—Governors of States and Territories State Government

Governors of US States and Territories Governors of New Hampshire and Vermont serve two-year terms; all others serve four-year terms. Parties: Democratic (D); Republican (R); independent (I); New Progressive (NP); Covenant (C). Sources: Nationai Governors Association; Councii of State Governments.

STATE

GOVERNOR

Alabama

Robert Bentley

Alaska Arizona

Jan Brewer (Rp

Arkansas

Mike Beebe

Sean

R. Parnell (R)^

(D)

Edmund

Colorado Connecticut Delaware

John Hickenlooper

Florida

Rick Scott (R) Nathan Deal (R)

Brown

“Jerry"

Dan Malloy

Illinois

Neil Abercrombie (D) C.L “Butch" Otter (R) Pat Quinn (D)^

Indiana Iowa

Terry Branstad (R)

Kansas

Sam Brownback

Kentucky

Steve Beshear (D)

Louisiana

Bobby Jindal Paul LePage

Mitch Daniels (R)

Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota

(R)

(R)

(R)

Montana

Martin O’Malley (D) Deval Patrick (D) Rick Snyder (R) Mark Dayton (D) Haley Barbour (R) Jay Nixon (D) Brian Schweitzer (D)

Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire

Dave Heineman (R)'‘ Brian Sandoval (R) John Lynch (D)

New Jersey New Mexico New York

Susana Martinez (R) Andrew Cuomo (D)

North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

Jack Dalrymple (R)® John Kasich (R)

Mississippi

Missouri

Christopher

J.

Christie (R)

Beverly Perdue (D)

Oklahoma

Mary

Oregon

John Kitzhaber

Pennsylvania

Tom

Rhode

(D)

(D)

(D)

Jack Markell (D)

Georgia Hawaii Idaho

Fallin (R)

(D)

Corbett (R) Lincoln Chafee (1) Nikki Haley (R)

Island

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont

Dennis Daugaard Bill

Haslam

(R)

(R)

Rick Perry (R)®

Gary Herbert (R)^ Peter Shumlin (D) Robert McDonnell

Virginia

Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

Chris Gregoire (D)

Wyoming

Matt

TERRITORY

GOVERNOR

American

Earl

(R)

(D)®

Scott Walker (R)

Samoa

Mead

(R)

Togiola T.A. Tulafono (D)®

Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands

^Present governor

Ray Tomblin

is

Eddie Calvo (R) Benfgno Fitial (C) Luis G. Fortuho (R) (NP) John deJongh, Jr. (D)

eligibie for reeiection.

PRESENT TERM

2011 July 2009 January 2009 January 2007 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2009 January 2011 January 2011 December 2010 January 2007 January 2009 January 2005 January 2011 January 2011 December 2007 January 2008 January 2011 January 2007 January 2007 January 2011 January 2011 January 2004 January 2009 January 2005 January 2005 January 2011 January 2005 January 2010 January 2011 January 2011 January 2009 December 2010 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 January 2011 December 2000 August 2009 January 2011 January 2010 January 2005 November 2010 January 2011 January 2011

January 2015*

January

(R)

California

IN OFFICE SINCE

EXPIRES

December 2014*

2015 2015 2015* 2015* 2015* 2013* 2015* 2015* December 2014* January 2015* January 2015* January 2013 January 2015* January 2015* December 2011* January 2012* January 2015* January 2015 January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2012 January 2013* January 2013 January 2015 January 2015* January 2015* January 2014* January 2015* January 2015* January 2013* December 2012* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2015* January 2013* January 2013* January 2014 January 2013* January 2013* January 2015* January 2015* January January January January January January January January

IN OFFICE SINCE

PRESENT TERM

2003 January 2011 January 2006 January 2009 January 2007

January January January January January

April

EXPIRES

2013 2015* 2015 2013* 2015

United States

—State Officers and Legisi.atures

609

Governors of US States and Territories (continued) ^Lieut. Gov. Sean R. Parnell became governor on 26 Jul 2009 following Sarah Palin's resignation. ^Secretary of State Jan Brewer became governor on 21 Jan 2009 following Janet Napolitano’s appointment to the office ^Lieut. Gov. Patrick Quinn became governor on 29 Jan 2009 following of US secretary of homeland security.

Rod Blagojevich's removal from office. *Lieut. Gov. Dave Heineman became governor on 21 Jan 2005 following Mike Johanns’s appointment to the office of US secretary of agriculture. Gov. Heineman was elected to ^Lt. Gov. Dalrymple became governor on 21 Dec 2010 following John Hoeven’s a full term in November 2006. ^Lieut. Gov. Rick Perry became governor in December 2000 following George W. election to the US Senate. Bush’s election as president of the United States. Gov. Perry was elected to a full term in November 2002. ^ Lieut. Gov. Gary Herbert became governor on 10 Aug 2009 following the appointment of Jon M. Huntsman, ^Senate president Earl Ray Tomblin became governor on 15 Nov 2010 followJr., as ambassador to China. ^Lieut. Gov. Togiola T.A. Tulafono became governor in April ing Joe Machin Ill’s election to the US Senate. 2003 following the death of Gov. Tauese Sunia. Gov. Tulafono was elected to a full term in November 2004. State Officers and Legislatures Sources: Web sites of the Individual states; The Book of the States, vol. 43; and the CSG State Directory, published by the Council of State Governments. Legislature figures are as of March 2011. N/A means not available. * designates an office that is filled by an appointed officeholder, for whom no political affiliation is given.

STAT^OFFICE

OFFICEHOLDER

PAY^

Alabama Governor

Robert Bentley

Lieut. Gov.

Kay

Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

(R)

Ivey (R)

Beth Chapman Luther Strange

Young Boozer

(R) (R) (R)

III

US$119,950 US$72,000 US$82,237 US$178,503 US$74,845

Legislature

Senate

House

Dem; 12; Rep: 22; Ind: 1 Dem: 39; Rep: 65; vacant: 1

OFFICEHOLDER STATE/OFFICE California (continued) Legislature Dem: 25; Rep: 15 Senate Dem: 52; Rep: 27; vacant: 1 Assembly

Colorado Governor Lieut. Gov.

John Hickenlooper Joseph Garcia (D)

Sec. of State

Scott Gessler (R)

John W. Suthers (R) Walker Stapleton (R) Treasurer General Assembly Dem: 20; Rep: 15 Senate Atty.

Alaska Governor

Sean

R. Parnell (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Mead

Treadwell (R)

US$125,000 US$100,000

Atty.

Gen.*

Treasurer*^

John

J.

Burns

Jerry Burnett (Deputy

US$135,000 US$125,928

Revenue Commissioner)

House Arizona Governor

Jan Brewer

US$95,000

(R)

Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

US$70,000 US$90,000 US$70,000

Legislature

Senate

House

Gen.

House Ken Bennett (R) Tom Horne (R) Doug Ducey (R)

Dan Malloy (D) Nancy Wyman (D)

Denise Merrill (D) George Jepsen (D) Denise L. Nappier Treasurer General Assembly Dem: 22; Rep: 14 Senate Atty.

Dem: 9; Rep: 21 Dem: 20; Rep: 40

(D)

Jack Markell (D)

Lieut. Gov.

Matthew Denn

Sec. of State*

Jeffrey Bullock

(D)

Joseph Biden III (D) Chip Flowers (D) General Assembly Dem: 14; Rep: 7 Senate Gen.

Treasurer

Arkansas Governor

Mike Beebe

Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State

Mark Darr (R) Mark Martin (R)

(D)

US$86,890 US$41,896 US$54,305 US$72,408 US$54,305

Gen. Dustin McDaniel (D) Treasurer Martha A. Shoffner (D) General Assembly Senate Dem: 20; Rep: 15 House Dem: 54: Reo: 44; vacant: 2 Atty.

House Florida

Rick Scott (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Jennifer Carroll (R)

Sec. of State*

Kurt Browning

Atty.

Gen.

Edmund Brown

US$173,987

“Jerry”

Newsom

Gavin

Sec. of State

Debra Bowen (D) Kamala Harris (D)

Treasurer

Bondi

(R)

Bill

Lockyer (D)

Legislature

Senate

(D)

Lieut. Gov.

Gen.

Pam

Jeff Atwater (R) (Chief

US$130,273 US$124,851 US$140,000 US$128,972 US$128,972

Financial Officer)

California

Atty.

US$171,000 US$76,250 US$123,850 US$140,950 US$110,050

Dem: 26; Rep: 15

Governor

Treasurer^

Governor

US$150,000 US$110,000 US$110,000 US$110,000 US$110,000

Dem: 98; Rep: 52; vacant: 1

Delaware Governor

Atty.

US$90,000 US$68,500 US$68,500 US$80,000 US$68,500

Dem: 32; Rep: 33

Sec. of State

Dem: 10; Rep: 10 Dem: 16; Rep: 24

Lieut. Gov.*

Sec. of State

Connecticut Governor Lieut. Gov.

Legislature

Senate

Gen.

House

Sec. of Stated

(R)

PAY'

(D)

US$130,490 US$130,490 US$151,127 US$139,189

House Georgia Governor Lieut. Gov.

Dem: 12; Rep: 28 Dem: 38; Rep: 81; vacant: 1

Nathan Deal (R) Casey Cagle (R)

US$139,339 US$91,609

United States

610

—State Officers and Legislatures

State Officers and Legislatures (continued) STATE/OFFICE OFFICEHOLDER Georgia (continued) Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer*^

Kemp

Brian

Sam

Olens

Thomas

PAY^

(R)

(R)

Hills (Director,

Office of Treasury

US$123,636 US$137,791 US$130,308

Legislature

Senate

House Kentucky Governor

Dem: 20; Rep: 36 Dem: 63; Rep: 116;

Ind.:

1

Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State Atty.

Hawaii Governor

Neil

Lieut. Gov.

Brian Schatz (D)

Gen.*

Treasurer*^

Abercrombie

US$117,312 US$114,420

(D)

US$114,420 US$108,972

David Louie Kalbert Young

Senate

Dem: 24; Rep: 1 Dem: 43; Rep: 8

Lieut. Gov.

Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

Bobby Jindal(R) Jay Dardenne (R)

Sec. of State

Tom Schedler

Atty.

House

Lawrence Wasden Ron G. Crane (R)

(R)

US$110,734 US$29,184 US$90,006 US$99,825 US$90,006

Dem: Dem:

7; Rep: 28 13; Rep: 57

Gen.

Senate

House

Pat Quinn (D)

Lieut. Gov.

Sheila

Sec. of State

Jesse White (D)

Simon

US$182,100 US$139,200 US$160,700 US$160,700 US$139,200

(D)

Madigan (D) Dan Rutherford (R) Lisa

General Assembly

Senate

House

Dem: 34; Rep: 24; vacant: 1 Dem: 64; Rep: 54

Lieut. Gov.

Mitch Daniels (R) Becky Skillman (R)

Sec. of State

Charlie White (R)

Greg Zoeller (R) Richard E. Mourdock General Assembly Senate Dem: 13; Rep: 37

Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

House

Terry Branstad (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Kim Reynolds

Sec. of State

Gen.

Treasurer

(R)

US$95,000 US$79,172 US$68,772 US$82,734 US$68,772

Charles

Summers

William

J.

Gen.

House

(R)

Matt Schultz (R)

Tom

Miller (D)

Michael

L.

Fitzgerald (D)

US$130,000 US$103,212 US$103,212 US$123,669 US$103,212

Dem: 26; Rep: 24 Dem: 40; Rep: 60

2

US$69,264 US$92,248 US$69,264

Martin O’Malley (D)

unenrolled: 1 unenrolled: 1

Anthony G. Brown (D) Sec. of State* John McDonough Atty. Gen. Douglas F. Gansler (D) Treasurer Nancy K. Kopp (D) General Assembly Senate Dem: 35; Rep: 12

House

Dem: 98; Rep: 43

Massachusetts Deval Patrick (D) Governor Timothy Murray (D) Lieut. Gov. Gen.

US$150,000 US$125,000 US$87,500 US$125,000 US$125,000

William

F.

Galvin (D)

Martha Coakley

(D)

US$140,535 US$124,920 US$130,916 US$133,644 US$130,916

Steve Grossman (D) Treasurer General Court (legislature) Senate Dem: 36; Rep: 4 Dem: 128; Rep: 31; vacant: 1 House

Michigan Governor Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Rick Snyder (R) Brian Calley (R)

Ruth Johnson (R) Bill Schuette (R)

Andy

Dillon

US$159,300 US$123,900 US$124,900 US$124,900 US$174,204

Legislature

Governor

Sam Brownback

Lieut. Gov.

Jeff Colyer (R)

Sec. of State

Kris

Treasurer

(R)

Bruce Poliquin

Maryland Governor

Lieut. Gov.

Kansas

Gen.

Schneider

Dem: 14; Rep: 20; Dem: 72; Rep: 78;

Treasurer*

Atty,

(R)

House

Senate

Atty.

General Assembly

Senate

:

US$70,000

Paul LePage (R)

Lieut. Gov.5 Sec. of State

Sec. of State

Dem: 40; Rep: 60

Iowa Governor

Atty.

Ind 4; vacant:

Lieut. Gov.

Indiana

Governor

Dem: 19 Rep: 20 Dem: 47; Rep: 52;

Legislature

Governor

Gen.

(D)

Maine

Treasurer

Treasurer

US$130,000 US$115,000 US$115,000 US$115,000 US$115,000

(R)

James D. Caldwell John Kennedy (R)

Governor

Atty.

Illinois

Atty.

1

Ind.:

Legislature

"Butch" Otter (R) Brad Little (R) Ben Ysursa (R)

C.L.

Legislature

Senate

Dem: 15; Rep: 22; Dem: 58; Rep: 42

Lieut. Gov.

Treasurer

Idaho Governor

US$147,798 US$110,346 US$110,346 US$110,346 US$110,346

Steve Beshear (D) Daniel Mongiardo (D) Elaine Walker (D) Jack Conway (D) Todd Hollenbach (D)

Louisiana

Governor

Legislature

House

Dem: 8; Rep: 32 Dem: 33; Rep: 92

General Assembly

House

(Director of Finance)

Senate

Gen.

Treasurer

Sec. of Stated Atty.

PAY^

and

Fiscal Services)

House

OFFICEHOLDER

Kansas (continued)

General Assembly

Senate

STATE/OFFICE

Kobach

(R)

Derek Schmidt

Ron Estes

(R)

(R)

(R)

US$99,636 US$54,000 US$86,003 US$98,901 US$86,003

Senate

House Minnesota Governor Lieut. Gov.

Dem: 12; Rep: 26 Dem: 47; Rep: 63

Mark Dayton (D) Yvonne Prettner Solon

US$120,303 US$78,197

(D)

—

.

United States

State Officers and Lecisi.ait res

611

State Officers and Legislatures (continued) OFFICEHOLDER Minnesota (continued)

STATE/OFFICE

Gen,

Treasurer*^

US$90,227 US$114,288 US$108,388

(Commissioner of Management and

Dem: 30; Rep: 37 Dem: 62; Rep: 72

House

Haley Barbour (R) Phil Bryant (R) C. Delbert Jr.

Atty.

Hosemann,

US$122,160 US$61,714 US$85,500 US$103,512 US$85,500

Jersey Christopher J.Christie(R)

Lieut. Gov.

Kim Guadagno

Gen.*

Dem: 25; Rep: 27 Dem: 69; Rep: 53

House

Senate General Assembly

Sec. of State

Lieut. Gov.

Robin Carnahan (D) Chris Koster (D)

Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

Clint Zweifel (D)

US$133,821 US$86,484 US$107,746 US$116,437 US$107,746

General Assembly

Dem: 7; Rep: 26; vacant: 1 Dem: 57; Rep: 106

Senate

House

Gen.

Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State

John Bohlinger (R) Linda McCulloch (D) Steve Bullock (D)

Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer*^

Janet Kelly

(Dir.,

US$104,400 US$83,394 US$79,129 US$104,076 US$96,967

Dept, of Administration) Legislature

Senate

House

Dem: 22; Rep: 28 Dem: 32; Rep: 68

Lieut. Gov.

Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer Legislature

Atty.

Gen.

Dave Heineman Rick Sheehy (R) John A. Gale (R)

US$105,000 US$75,000 US$85,000 Jon Bruning (R) US$95,000 Don Stenberg (R) US$85,000 49 nonpartisan members (R)

Andrew M. Cuomo

Lieut. Gov.

Ross

Miller (D)

Catherine Cortez

Sec. of State

Gen.*

US$141,000 US$141,000

US$110,000 US$85,000 US$85,000 US$95,000 US$85,000

Schneiderman

(D)

US$179,000 US$151,500 US$120,800 US$151,500 US$127,000

Legislature

Dem: 30; Rep: 32 Dem: 98; Rep: 51; Independence: 1

Senate Assembly

North Carolina Beverly Perdue (D) Governor Walter Dalton (D) Elaine F. Marshall (D)

Roy Cooper (D) Jane Cowell (D) General Assembly Senate Dem: 19; Rep: 31 Gen.

House

Dem: 51: Rep: 67;

North Dakota Governor

Jack Dalrymple (R)

Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State

Alvin A. Jaeger (R)

Gen.

Drew Wrigley

US$97,000

Ohio Governor

John Kasich

Lieut. Gov.

Mary

Legislative

Senate

House

Kelly

Schmidt

Ind.: 1:

(R)

Wayne Stenehjem (R)

US$139,590 US$123,198 US$123,198 US$123,198 US$123,198

(R)

vacant: 1

US$110,283 US$85,614 US$87,728 US$113,266 US$82,849

Assembly

Dem: 12; Rep: 35 Dem: 25; Rep: 69

(D)

Kate Marshall (D)

Dem: 11; Rep: 10 Dem: 26; Rep: 16

John Lynch

(D)

US$113,834

Lieut. Gov.5

Atty.

Eric

Aida Brewer

Treasurer*

Treasurer

New Hampshire Governor

Gen.

(D)

Robert Duffy (D) Ruth Noemf Col6n

US$141,000 US$60,000 US$97,000 US$133,000

Legislature

Senate Assembly

Lewis (D)

New York Governor

Atty.

Brian Sandoval (R) Brian K. Krolicki (R)

Masto Treasurer

B.

Treasurer

Nevada Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State

(R)

Dem: 27; Rep: 15 Dem: 37; Rep; 33

Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State

(unicameral)

Governor

Susana Martinez John Sanchez (R) Dianna Duran (R) Gary K. King (D)

House

Senate

Atty.

Nebraska Governor

Sidamon-

P.

Legislature

Atty.

Brian Schweitzer (D)

Dow

T.

Dem: 24; Rep: 16 Dem: 47; Rep: 33

James

Treasurer

Sec. of State*

Montana Governor

US$175,000 US$141,000

Legislature

Atty.

Jay Nixon (D) Peter Kinder (R)

(R)

Eristoff

Lieut. Gov.

Missouri

Governor

Paula

Andrew

New Mexico Governor

Legislature

Senate

Ind: 1; vacant: 1

Sec. of Stated

(R)

Jim Hood (D) Tate Reeves (R)

Gen.

Treasurer

US$104,364

Governor

Treasurer*

Lieut. Gov. Sec. of State

PAY*

General Court (legislature) Senate Dem: 5; Rep: 19 House Dem: 102; Rep: 296;

Atty.

Mississippi

Governor

OFFICEHOLDER (continued) Catherine Provencher

Treasurer

New

Budget) Legislature

Senate

STATE/OFFICE

New Hampshire

Mark Ritchie (D) Lori Swanson (D) James Schowalter

Sec. of State Atty.

PAY*

William Gardner (D)

Michael Delaney

US$104,364 US$110,114

(R)

Taylor (R)

Sec. of State John Husted (R) Atty. Gen. Mike Dewine (R) Treasurer Josh Mandel (R) General Assembly Dem: 10; Rep: 23 Senate

House

Dem: 40; Rep: 59

US$144,269 US$142,501 US$109,554 US$109,554 US$109,554

United States

612

—State Officers and Legislatures

State Officers and Legislatures (continued) STATE/OFFICE

OFFICEHOLDER

PAY!

Oklahoma

-

Mary

Governor

US$147,000 US$114,713 US$94,500 US$132,850 US$114,713

Fallin (R)

Todd Lamb (R) Sec. of State* Glenn Coffee Atty. Gen. Scott Pruitt (R) Treasurer Ken Miller (R) Lieut. Gov.

Dem: 16; Rep: 32 Dem: 31; Rep: 70

House

Sec. of State*

Gen.

Atty.

(D)

US$93,600

Treasurer^

Kate Brown (D) John R. Kroger (D) Ted Wheeler (D)

US$72,000 US$77,200 US$72,000

Legislature ^

John Kitzhaber

Governor Lieut. Gov.'*

Gen.

Treasurer Legislative

Dem: 12; Rep: 19 Dem: 49; Rep: 101

Senate

House

Assembly

Senate

House

Dem: 16; Rep: 14 Dem: 30; Rep; 30

Utah Governor

Gary Herbert Greg Bell (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Pennsylvania Governor Lieut. Gov.

Sec. of State* Atty.

Esperanza Andrade Greg Abbott (R) Susan Combs

US$150,000 US$7,200 US$125,880 US$150,000 US$150,000

(R) (Comptroller)

Sec. of State Atty.

PAY‘

Rick Perry (R) David Dewhurst (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Oregon

OFFICEHOLDER

Rep; 1

Texas Governor

Legislature

Senate

STATE/OFFICE

Tennessee (continued) General Assembly Senate Dem; 13; Rep: 20 House Dem: 34; Rep: 64; Carter County

Gen.

Treasurer

US$109,470 US$104,000

(R)

Sec. of Stated

Tom

US$177,888 US$149,424 US$128,080 US$148,003 US$148,003

Corbett (R)

Jim Cawley (R) Carol Aichele William H. Ryan,

Jr.

(R)

Robert McCord (D)

Mark

Gen.

Atty.

Treasurer

Shurtleff (R)

Richard K.

Ellis (R)

US$98,509 US$104,000

Legislature

Dem: 7; Rep: 22 Dem: 17; Rep: 58

Senate

House

General Assembly

Senate

House

Rhode

Dem: 19; Rep: 30; vacant: 1 Dem: 91; Rep: 112

Vermont

Island

Governor

Lincoln Chafee

Lieut. Gov.

Elizabeth H. Roberts (D)

Sec. of State

A.

US$129,210 US$108,808 US$108,808

(1)

Ralph Mollis (D)

Gen.

Peter Kilmartin (D)

N/A

Treasurer

Gina Raimondo (D)

US$108,808

Atty.

Governor

Peter Shumlin (D)

Lieut. Gov.

Phil Scott (R)

Jim Condos (D) Sec. of State Gen. William H. Sorrell (D) Treasurer Elizabeth Pearce (D) General Assembly Senate Dem: 21; Rep: 8; Progressive: 1 House Dem: 94; Rep: 48; Ind: 3; Atty.

•

General Assembly

Senate

House

Progressive: 5

Dem: 29; Rep: 8 Ind.: 1 Dem: 65; Rep; 10

South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley Lieut. Gov.

Sec. of State

(R)

Ken Ard (R) Mark Hammond

Gen.

Alan Wilson (R)

Treasurer

Curtis Loftis (R)

Atty,

US$142,542 US$60,507 US$90,376 US$108,202 US$90,376

(R)

Virginia

US$106,078 US$100,000 US$92,007 US$92,007 US$92,007

Governor

Robert McDonnell (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Bill

Sec. of State*

Janet Polarek

Atty.

Gen.

Ken

Bolling (R) Cuccinelli (R)

US$175,000 US$36,321 US$152,793 US$150,000 US$149,761

Treasurer* Manju Ganeriwala General Assembly Dem: 22; Rep: 18 Senate House Dem; 39; Rep: 58; Ind: 2; vacant: 1

General Assembly

Senate

House South Dakota Governor Lieut. Gov.

Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

Dem: 19; Rep: 26; vacant: 1 Dem: 48; Rep: 76

Dennis Daugaard Matt Michels (R) -Jason Gant (R)

(R)

Martin Jackley (R) Richard Sattgast (R)

US$98,031 US$17,699 US$78,363 US$97,928 US$78,363

Washington Governor

Chris Gregoire (D)

Owen

Lieut. Gov.

Brad

Sec. of State

Sam Reed

Atty.

Gen.

Treasurer

(D) (R)

Rob McKenna (R) James L. Mclntire

(D)

US$166,891 US$93,948 US$116,950 US$151,718 US$116,950

Legislature

Senate

House

Dem; 27; Rep: 22 Dem: 56; Rep: 42

Legislature

Senate

House

Dem: Dem:

Rep: 30 19; Rep: 50; Ind.: 1

5;

West

Virginia

Governor Lieut. Gov.^

Tennessee Governor

Sec. of State Bill

Cooper,

US$170,340 US$57,027 US$180,000 US$165,336

Lillard, Jr.

US$180,000

Haslam

(R)

Lieut. Gov.®

Ron Ramsey

Sec. of State

Tre Hargett (R)

Atty.

Gen.*

Robert

E.

(R)

David H.

Gen.

McGraw,

John D. Perdue (D)

US$95,000

Darrell V. Jr.

Treasurer

(D)

Legislature

Senate

Jr.

Treasurer

Atty.

US$150,000 N/A US$95,000 US$95,000

Earl Ray Tomblin (D) vacant Natalie Tennant (D)

House

Dem; 28; Rep: 6 Dem: 65; Rep: 35

United States— Fiftee n Fastksi-Crowinc:

Ch ies

613

State Officers and Legislatures (continued) OFFICEHOLDER

STATE/OFFICE

PAY‘

Wisconsin Governor

Scott Walker (R)

Lieut. Gov.

Rebecca Kleefisch

OFFICEHOLDER

PAY*

Wyoming

Gen.

US$144,423 US$76,261 US$68,556 US$140,147 US$68,556

(R)

Douglas La Follette Van Hollen (R)

Sec. of State Atty.

STATE/OFFICE

(D)

J.B.

Treasurer

Kurt Schuller (R)

Legislature

Governor

Mead

Matt

US$105,000

(R)

Lieut. Gov.^

Max

Sec. of State Atty.

Gen.*

Maxfield (R)

Greg A. Joseph

Treasurer

Phillips B.

Meyer

(R)

US$92,000 US$137,150 US$92,000

Legislature

Dem: 14; Rep: 19 Dem: 38; Rep: 60;

Senate Assembly

Dem: Dem:

Senate Ind.:

1

House

4; Rep:

26 50

10; Rep:

^The salary rates are from April 2011. ^The lieutenarit governor serves as secretary of state. ^No official state treasurer; the official in charge of the general treasury performs duties. *The secretary of state assumes duties of lieutenant governor. ^No official lieutenant governor; the president of the Senate succeeds the governor. ^In Tennessee the speaker of the Senate and the lieutenant governor are one and the same.

West

^In

Virginia the president of the

Senate and the lieutenant governor are one and the same.

United States Cities us Urban Growth, 1850-2010 Source:

RANK 1 2

3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1850

CITY

New

York NY^

Los Angeles CA Chicago IL Houston TX Philadelphia PA^ Phoenix AZ San Antonio TX San Diego CA Dallas TX San Jose CA Indianapolis IN^ Jacksonville FL

San Francisco CA^

515,547

3,488

8,091 1,045 34,776

17,882

Worth TX

NC

17 18 19

Charlotte

20 21 22 23 24 25

Memphis TN

Detroit Ml El

42,638 21,500 169,164 28,429 342,782 22,258 125,560 26,688 18,091 285,704 15,906 102,320 80,865 508,957 560,892 80,671 133,859

629

Columbus OH Fort

102,479 1,698,575 44,633 1,293,697 5,544 53,321 17,700

1,610 29,963 2,396 121,376

Austin TX

1,065 21,019

Paso TX

Nashville TN^

Baltimore

Boston Seattle

MD

MA WA

US Census Bureau.

1900 3,437,202

8,841 10,165 169,054 136,881

Denver CO^

1950 7,891,957 1,970,358 3,620,962

596,163 2,071,605 106,818 408,442 334,387 434,462 95,280 427,173 204,517 775,357 132,459 375,901 278,778 134,042 1,849,568 130,485

396,000 174,307 949.708 801,444 467,591 415,786

1990 7,322,564 3,485,398 2,783,726 1,630,553 1,585,577

983,403 935,933 1,110,549 1,006,877

782,248 731,7262 635,230 723,959 465,622 632,910 447,619 395,934 1,027,974 515,342 610,337 488,3742 736,014

574,283 516,259 467,610

2000 8,008,278 3,694,820 2,896,016 1,953,631 1,517,550 1,321,045 1,144,646 1,223,400 1,188,580

894,943 781,8702 735,617 776,733 656,562 711,470 534,694 540.828 951,270 563,662 650,100 545,5242 651,154 589,141 563.374 554,636

2010 8,175,133 3,792,621 2,695,598 2.099.451 1,526,006 1,445,632 1,327,407 1,307,402 1,197,816 945.942 829,718 821,784 805,235 790,390 787,033 741,206 731,424 713,777 649,121 646.889 626,681 620,961 617,594 608,660 600,158

boundaries contiguous with their respective counties (year consolidated): New York (1683), ^FigPhiladelphia (1854), San Francisco (1856), Indianapolis (1970), Nashville (1963), and Denver (1902). ure represents the “balance," or the population of the consolidated city minus any semi-incorporated places lo^Cities with

cated within the consolidated

city.

Fifteen Fastest-Growing Cities in the

US

Based on a popuiation of 100,000 or more. Source: US Census Bureau. POPULATION CITY

Surprise

AZ

TX McKinney TX Frisco

Murrieta Gilbert

CA

AZ

1 APR 2000

1 APR 2010

30,848 33,714 54,369 44,282 109,697

117,517 116,989 131,117 103,466 208,453

CHANGE (%) +281.0 +247.0 +141.2 +133.7 +90.0

United States

614

— Fifteen Fastest-Growing Cities

Fifteen Fastest-Growing Cities in the 1 APR 2000

CITY

North Las Vegas Port St. Lucie FL Victorville

NV

CA

Temecula CA Miramar FL Fayetteville

1

115,488 88,769 64,029 57,716 72,739 121,015 68,816 128,929 68,336 102,286

NC

Murfreesboro TN Fontana CA West Jordan UT Cape Coral FL

APR 2010 216,961 164,603 115,903 100,097 122,041 200,564 108,755 196,069 103,712 154,305

US (continued)

CHANGE {%) +87.9 +85.4 +81.0 +73.4 +67.8 +65.7 +58.0 +52.1 +51.8 +50.9

Fifteen Cities with the Greatest Population Losses in the

US

Based on a population of 100,000 or more. Source: US Census Bureau. POPULATION CITY

1

New

Orleans LA Detroit Ml Flint Ml Cleveland OH Dayton OH

Birmingham AL Buffalo

NY

Cincinnati

OH

POPULATION

APR 2000 1 APR 2010 484,674 343,829 951,270 713,777 124,943 102,434 478,403 396,815 166,179 141,527 242,820 212,237 292,648 261,310 331,285 296,943

Makeup

Racial Information

is

given

in

CHANGE (%) -29.1 -25.0 -18.0 -17.1 -14.8 -12.6 -10.7 -10.4

1

Pittsburgh PA

Toledo OH St. Louis MO

Akron OH Chicago IL

Hampton VA South Bend

IN

US

of the Fifteen Largest percentages

percent of the total population.

The Hispanic or Latino category is listed for comparetive purposes even though Hispanic or Latino people may be of any race; thus, the rows of racial

APR 2000 1 APR 2010 334,563 305,704 313,619 287,208 348,189 319,294 217,074 199,110 2,896,016 2,695,598 146,437 137,436 107,789 101,168

CITY

will

CHANGE

(%)

-8.6 -8.4 -8.3 -8.3 -6.9 -6.1 -6.1

Cities

not add up to

100

if

the Hispanic or

Latino entries are included. Data are preliminary,

Source: US Census Bureau,

2009 American Com-

munity Survey. NATIVE

AMERICAN

HAWAIIAN

AND

INDIAN

WHITE 46.6 52.0 Los Angeles CA 46.6 Chicago IL 60.6 Houston TX 80.5 Phoenix AZ 44.1 Philadelphia PA 74.0 San Antonio TX 69.5 San Diego CA 53.4 Dallas TX 46.6 San Jose CA 16.7 Detroit Ml San Francisco CA 54.5 61.4 Jacksonville FL 65.6 Indianapolis IN Austin TX 69.1

CITY

New

York

— Less

NY

than 0.05 percent.

BLACK OR

AND

OTHER

SOME

AFRICAN

ALASKA

PACIFIC

AMERICAN 25.1

NATIVE

ASIAN

0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 2.0 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5

12.0 10.9

OTHER RACE 13.5 23.8 13.0

9.6

33.2 22.7 5.6

42.4 6.9 6.6

22.4 2.9

76.3 6.1 30.8 26.6 8.5 Detail

may

not

add

ISLANDER

— 0.2

—

5.3 5.9 2.8 5.6 2.1

0.1

— 0.1 0.7

14.5 2.8

_

31.8

0.3

1.7

—

30.9

'

0.5

— — -

4.0 1.8 5.4 to total given

Area and Zip Codes

us telephone area codes and postal codes change frequently to accommodate telecommunications user patterns and expansions and shifts in patterns of business and residential development. Check local listings to determine whether to dial “1" before

•

8.8 6.7 5.6 13.5 4.1

18.8 13.8 3.2 3.8 1.2 3.5 14.2

TWO OR MORE

1

HISPANIC

OR

RACES

LATINO

2.4 2.8 1.6 1.3 2.3 2.0 2.5 4.1 2.2 4.0 1.8 3.8 2.3 2.3 2.1

27.6 48.6 27.3 42.4 43.2 11.7 61.5 28.6 43.1 32.6 7.4

14.4 6.6 7.7

35.1

-

TOTAL POPULATION

8,391,881 3,831,880 2,850,502 2,260,918 1,593,660 1,547,297 1,373,677 1,306,228 1,299,590 964,679 910,848 815,358 813,518 807,640 790,593

because of rounding.

Web

Sites

dialing outside of the area

code as

code or

well as the telephone

to dial the area

number when

dialing

within the area code.

Area codes; . Zip codes; .

Unit ed States— Si

vi

f.

C rime

Rm es

615

United States Law and Crime State Crime Rates, Estimates of crimes reported

2002-09

to the poiice

per 100,000 population.

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2009

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

2007 TOTAL

2008

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

4,475 4,360 6,147 4,088 4,006 4,299 2,984 4,090 7,489 5,188 4,715 5,547 3,175 3,844 3,708 3,254 4,408 2,7592 4,948 2,559 4,503 3,036 3,790 3,376 4,031 4,575 3,461 4,046 4,903 2,203 2,914 4,756 2,715 4,725 2,190 3,984 4,818 5,061 2,828 3,281 5,328 2,177 5,080 5,153 4,505 2,343 3,000 5,102 2,594 ' 3,101 3,578

4,452 4,018 5,845 4,512 3,971 4,293 2,913 3,732 6,230 4,891 4,722 5,047 3,039 3,729 3,723 3,176 4,349 2,783 5,049 2,514 4,341 2,919 3,548 3,309 3,774 4,395 3,230 3,830 4,823 2,207 2,785 4,885 2,641 4,608 1,996 4,015 4,743 4,929 2,826 3,131 5,289 2,106 5,002 5,035 4,322 2,420 2,953 5,193 2,777 2,873 3,564

4,324 4,244 5,351 4,585 3,849 4,436 2,833 3,744 6,206 4,716 4,621 5,048 2,955 3,632

WY

4,465 4,310 6,386 4,158 3,944 4,348 2,997 3,939 8,022 5,421 4,507 6,044 3,173 4,016 3,750 3,448 4,087 2,9032 5,098 2,656 4,747 3,094 3,874 3,535 4,159 4,602 3,513 4,257 4,498 2,220 3,024 5,078 2,804 4,721 2,406 4,107 4,743 4,868 2,841 3,589 5,297 2,279 5,019 5,190 4,452 2,530 3,140 5,107 2,515 3,253 3,581

3,125 4,174 2,797 4,278 2,525 4,247 2,821 3,643 3,381 3,539 4,453 3,424 3,710 4,848 1,928 2,688 4,851 2,554 4,543 2,076 4,014 4,551 4,687 2,842 2,970 5,101 1,952 5,028 4,862 4,096 2,400 2,921 5,239 2,898 2,902 3,385

4,361 4,293 5,129 4,519 3,703 3,843 2,785 4,099 6,162 4,698 4,360 4,512 2,666 3,561 3,817 3,086 4,175 2,808 4,691 2,634 4,159 2,838 3,775 3,391 3,507 4,372 2,941 3,623 4,830 2,013 2,643 4,580 2,488 4,596 2,128 4,029 4,102 3,952 2,883 2,814 5,008 1,791 4,888 4,598 3,741 2,441 2,760 4,826 2,901 3,102 3,220

4,420 4,041 4,897 4,483 3,556 3,354 2,656 4,059 6,328 4,812 4,394 4,498 2,486 3,469 3,730 2,910 4,131 2,813 4,806 2,547 4,073 2,823 3,602 3,325 3,492 4,243 3,053 3,464 4,528 2,029 2,542 4,390 2,393 4,554 2,032 3,798 4,026 3,814 2,778 2,850 5,060 1,822 4,842 4,632 3,735 2,447 2,736 4,364 2,800 3,129 3,105

4,536 3,584 4,738 4,339 3,444 3,192 2,757 4,289 6,542 4,830 4,494 3,844 2,330 3,458 3,670 2,705 3,788 2,880 4,479 2,570 4,146 2,849 3,436 3,113 3,225 4,168 2,861 3,182 4,172 2,249 2,620 4,559 2,392 4,511 2,061 3,760 3,969 3,539 2,820 3,090 4,964 1,847 4,765 4,494 3,579 2,674 2,774 4,090 2,842 3,030 2,949

4,222 3,579 3,965 4.291 3,204 3,004 2,634 3,986 6,091 4.453 4,093 3,936 2,217 3,234 3,449 2,588 3,608 2,771 4.415 2,523 3,791 2,761 3.335 2,885 3,235 3,877 2,718 3,043 3,758 2,321 2,391 4.355 2,321 4,072 2,133 3,603 4.075 3.222 2,582 2,863 4,559 1,905 4,422 4,506 3.488 2.533 2,656 3,998 2,823 2,865 2,865

US

4,119

4,067

3,983

3,899

3,808

3,730

3,668

3.465

STATE

AL

AK AZ AR CA

CO CT

DE DC^ FL

GA HI

ID IL2

IN lA

KS KY LA

ME

MD MA Ml

MN2

MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ

NM NY

NO

ND OH OK OR PA Rl

SC

SD TN TX UT

VT VA

WA WV Wl

Did

^

youV

knows

3J80

‘

For the first time ever, the United States in 2010 was the world’s largest consumer of wine, accepting delivery of almost 330 million cases of wine in that year. France, which has historically been the world’s leading wine consumer as well as a major producer, consumed almost 10 million cases less. Wine from California constituted more than 60% of the American consumption.

United States

616

— State Crime Rates

State Crime Rates,

2002-09 (continued)

2009 CRIME RATES

IN

DETAIL

PROPERTY CRIME R ATES

VIOLENT CRIME RATES

MOTOR STATE

AL

AK AZ

AR CA

CO

.

CT

DE DCi

24.0

FL

GA

5.5 5.8

HI

1.7

ID

1.4

IL2

KS KY

6.0 4.8 1.1 4.2 4.1

LA

11.8

IN lA

ME

2.0 7.7 2.6 6.3 1.4 6.4 6.4 2.9 2.2 5.9 0.8 3.7 8.7 4.0 5.3

MD MA Ml »

FORCIBLE AGGRAVATED MURDERS RAPE ASSAULT 6.9 31.9 278 73.3 463 3.1 5.4 32.0 248 47.3 6.2 375 5.3 23.6 270 44.6 3.5 222 18.5 164 3.0 4.6 38.2 405

MN2

MS MO MT NE NV

NH NJ

NM NY

NC ND OH OK OR

1.5

4.5 6.2 2.2 5.2 2.9 6.3 2.6 7.3 5.4 1.3

PA Rl

SC

SD TN TX UT VT VA

1.1 4.4 2.7 4.6 2.5 2.4

WA VW Wl

WY Total

US

5.0

.

565 411 248 163

25.0 29.7 23.4 30.3 35.7 30.2 25.5 28.4 38.9 35.0 30.3 28.5 20.3 25.8 45.3 34.0 31.8 26.8 30.2 33.1 38.6 30.2 12.0 52.6 13.2 24.6 34.8 34.8 41.5 30.5 29.0 27.3 35.3 54.8 31.7 33.4 32.5 19.9 19.2 38.1 23.8 19.6 33.8

94.3

28.7

263

175 283 188 210 294 135 442 59 351 316 322 140 143 334 199 178 430 162 465 224 248 148 139 363 158 207 148 503 115 476 299 132 92.5

124 190 218 149 178

ROBBERY 132.9 93.8 122.8 89.4 173.4 67.4 113.4 188.8 731.9 166.7 148.6 79.8 15.8 177.6 114.5 39.7 63.4 84.1

136 30.3

211 113 124

TOTAL*

450 633 408 518 472 338 299 637

50.4 85.8 14.1

133

429

100 125 22.2 67.8

228 34.4

134 93.1

144 126 16.2

154 90.7 64.3

139 74.6

126 13.7

153 154 46.6 17.9 79.4

101

235 242 394 211 444 248 213 216 923 271 337 372 93 207 216 129 211 141 261

969 544 555 401 792 657 473 410

2,500 2,189 2,353 2,359 1,665 1,888 1,695 2,351 3,207 2,589 2,329 2,581 1,471 1,927 2,139 1,640 2,306 1,683 2,504 1,816 2,207 1,600 1,783 1,995 1,783 2,362 1,967 2,084 1,755 1,704 1,474 2,318 1,503 2,305 1,437 2,170 2,262 2,203 1,626 1,838 2,598 1,314 2,505 2,737 2,483 1,774 1,883 2,519 1,719 1,977 2,086

72 145 355 151 158 142

3,772 2,946 3,557 3,774 2,732 2,666 2,336 3,350 4,745 3,841 3,667 3,661 1,989 2,737 3,116 2,309 3,208 2,513 3,795 2,404 3,201 2,304 2,838 2,641 2,953 3,385 2,464 2,762 3,056 2,161 2,080 3,736 1,936 3,668 1,933 3,271 3,574 2,967 2,202 2,611 3,889 1,719 3,754 4,016 3,275 2,401 2,429 3,667 2,527 2,608 2,637

716

2,061

259

3,036

515 810 1,203

623 530 428 783 616 981 1,001

709 424 603 762 539 691 689 1,030

510 650 526 761 484 988 731 347 484 832 372 428

497'

244 281 492 254 282 702 160 312 619 385 404 201 332 501 255 381 253 671 186 668 491 213 131 227 331 297 257 228

68.7

VEHICLE THEFT

BURGLARY 1,037

1,346

613 426 275 228 497 333 279 400 259 620 120 590 457

LARCENY/ THEFT

1,096

322 1,150

364 903 1,030

507 435 546 993 305 1,011

77

344 178 295 162 183 292 149 194 468 85 178 322 112 214 132 198 282 258 141’ 227 298 100 238 309 248

TOTAL*

^Up until 2008 includes reported offenses at the National Zoo and, from 2002 to 2008, offenses reported ^Includes nonnegligent manslaughter. ^Data are estimated or incomplete. by the Metro Transit Police. '^Detail may not add to total given because of rounding. Source:

US Bureau

of Justice Statistics, .

UNITED States— Cities WITH Most and Fewest Vioi e.m Crimes

Crime

the US,

in

number of crimes reported in the seven categories that, with arson, are known as Part crimes and are used by the Federal Bureau of This table presents the

1990-2009 Investigation to assess trends in criminality in the

country.

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation.

I

PROPERTY CRIME

VIOLENT CRIME

FORCIBLE

YEAR

VIURDER^

RAPE

ROBBERY

23,438 24,703 23,760 24,526 23,326 21,606 19,645 18,208 16,974 15,522 15,586 16,037 16,204 16,528 16,148 16,740 17,318 17,157 16,442 15,241

102,555 106,593 109,062 106,014 102,216 97,470 96,252 96,153 93,144 89,411 90,178 90,863 95,136 93,883 95,089 94,347 94,782 91,874 90,479 88,097

639,271 687,732 672,478 659,870 618,949 580,509 535,594 498,534 447,186 409,371 408,016 423,557 420,637 414,235 401,470 417,438 449,803 447,155 443,574 408,217

1

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

MOTOR

ACCRAVATED ASSAULT 1,054,863 1,092,739 1,126,974 1,135,607 1,113,179 1,099,207 1,037,049 1,023,201

LARCENY/

BURCLARY 3,073,909 3,157,150 2,979,884 2,834,808 2,712,774 2,593,784 2,506,400 2,460,526 2,332,735 2,100,739 2,050,992 2,116,531 2,151,875 2,154,834 2,144,446 2,155,448 2,196,304 2,187,277 2,228,474 2,199,125

976,583 911,740 911,706 909,023 894,348 859,030 847,381 862,220 874,048 865,804 842,134 806,843

Crime trends: percent change VIOLENT CRIME

in

number

VEHICLE THEFT

THEFT

7,945,670 8,142,228 7,915,199 7,820,909 7,879,812 7,997,710 7,904,685 7,743,760 7,376,311 6,955,520 6,971,590 7,092,267 7,052,922 7,026,802 6,937,089 6,783,447 6,636,615 6,587,040 6,588,046 6,327,230

1,635,907 1,661,738 1,610,834 1,563,060 1,539,287 1,472,441 1,394,238 1,354,189 1,242,781 1,152,075 1,160,002 1,228,391 1,246,096 1,261,226 1,237,851 1,235,859 1,198,440 1,098,498

958,629 794,616

of offenses^

PROPERTY CRIME

MOTOR

ACCRA-

YEARS

FORCIBLE

COMPARED

MURDER*

2009/2008 2009/2005 2009/2000

-7.3 -9.0 -2.2

RAPE -2.6 -6.6 -2.3

ROBBERY -8.0 -2.2 +0.1

an

VATED ASSAULT -4.2 -6.4

BURCLARY -1.3 +2.0

-11.5

+7.2

LARCENY/ THEFT -4.0 -6.7 -9.2

minus sign indicates a decrease

^Includes the crime of nonr)egligent manslaughter.

cates

617

in

VEHICLE THEFT

-17.1 -35.7 -31.5

crime; a plus sign

indi-

increase.

US

Cities with

Most and Fewest

Violent Crimes

100,000 by the number of violent crimes reported during 2010. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Preliminary Annual Uniform Crime Report, January to December 2010.

This table ranks cities with populations greater than

RAPE ROBBERY

ASSAULT

BURCLARY

LARCENY/ THEFT

CAR THEFT

712 923 945 405 652 415 265 505

19,608 14,213 9,449 10,924 8,363 5,538 4,003 3,236 3,336 4,487

27.309 13,757 12,061 9,344 8,921 10,723 7,886 6,629 5.492 4,021

17,926 26,203 27,924 17,410 10,796 17,090 13,824 13,090 7,573 19,594

111,370 74,764 74.582 55,248 39,924 18,095 22,231 25,106 16,298 36,147

10,319 19,078 12,817 17,046 7,068 12,602 7,164 3,928 4,409 8,384

3 10 13 26 14 24

42 33 35 35 21 40

27 55 58 55 84 56

535 429 440 464 382 480

1,642

174 126 99 100 113 121

ACCRAVATED

FORCIBLE

VIOLENT

CRIMES^ MURDER

CITIES

Most Violent Crimes

New

NY

York

Chicago IL2 Houston TX Los Angeles CA Philadelphia PA Detroit Ml Las Vegas NV

i

1

J

j 1

Memphis TN Baltimore Dallas TX

MD

Fewest Violent Crimes Temecula CA !

Murrieta Surprise

CA AZ

s

Round Rock TX

1

Frisco

TX

Irvine

CA

i

48,489 28,402 22,491 21,484 18,535 16,976 12,648 10,369 9,316 9,161

536 432 269 293 306 310

74 99 106 116 119 120

2 1 0

107 89

223 148

0 0 0

1,036 2

852 1,438 2,452 1,800 2,197

618

United States

US

CITIES

—Cities with Most and Fewest Violent Crimes

Cities with

VIOLENT CRIMES'

Most and Fewest

Violent Crimes (continued)

AGGRAVATED

FORCIBLE

MURDER

LARCENY/

RAPE ROBBERY

ASSAULT

BURGLARY

THEFT

CAR THEFT

35 33 37 36

70 76 77 53

535 218 388 811

1,580 1,801 1,687 2,628

64 47 134 112

Fewest Violent Crimes (continued)

Cary

NC

Amherst NY

CA Norman OK

Simi Valley

120 121 129 138

14 10 14 47

1

2 1

2

^Data for overall mcidents of violent crimes are composites of data for murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Data are not available for Naperville IL, on the list for fewest violent crimes in recent years. ^Data for forcible rape in Chicago are not available.

Total Arrests in the US,

2009

Estimates for the year 2009. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2009.

NUMBER OF ARRESTS

TYPE OF CRIME violent crime aggravated assault robbery forcible rape murder and nonnegligent manslaughter violent crime total

421,215 126,725 21,407 12,418 581,765

property crime larceny/theft

1,334,933

burglary

299,351 81,797 12,204 1,728,285

motor vehicle theft arson property crime total

NUMBER OF

drunkenness vandalism fraud

weapons (carrying, possessing, etc.) curfew and loitering law violations offenses against the family and children. stolen property (buying. receiving, possessing)

runaways forgery

and counterfeiting

sex offenses (except forcible rape

and

and commercialized

vice

vagrancy

drug abuse violations driving under the influence

1,663,582 1,440,409 1,319,458

other assaults

655,322 570,333

disorderly conduct liquor laws

594,300 270,439 210,255 166,334 112,593 114,564 105,303 93,434 85,844 77,326

prostitution)

prostitution

other crime types

ARRESTS

TYPE OF CRIME Other crime types (continued)

embezzlement gambling suspicion (not included in total) all other offenses (except traffic) total arrests

71,355 33,388 17,920 10,360 1,975 3,764,672 13,687,241

US state and Federal Prison Population Source:

US Bureau of Justice

Statistics.

% CHANGE (31 DEC 2008 TO

NUMBER OF PRISONERS STATE

Alabama Alaska^ Arizona^

Arkansas California

Colorado Connecticut^ Delaware^ Florida

Georgia^ Hawaii^ Idaho Illinois

Indiana Iowa

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

Maine Maryland Massachusetts

31 DEC 1990

31 DEC 2000

31 DEC 2008

31 DEC 2009

15,665 2,622 14,261 7,322 97,309 7,671 10,500 3,471 44,387 22,411 2,533 1,961 27,516 12,736 3,967 5,775 9,023 18,599 1,523 17,848 8,345

26,332 4,173 26,510 11,915 163,001 16,833 18,355 6,921 71,319 44,232 5,053 5,535 45,281 20,125 7,955 8,344 14,919 35,207 1,679 23,538 10,722

30,508 5,014 39,589 14,716 173,670 23,274 20,661 7,075 102,388 52,719 5,955 7,290 45,474 28,322 8,766 8,539 21,706 38,381 2,195 23,324 11,408

31,874 5,285 40,627 15,208 171,275 22,795 19,716 6,794 103,915 53,371 5,891 7,400 45,161 28,808 8,813 8,641 21,638 39,780 2,206 22,255 11,316

31 DEC 2009) +4.5 +5.4 +2.6 +3.3 -1.4 -2.1 -4.6 -4.0 +1.5 +1.2 -1.1 +1.5 -0.7 +1.7 +0.5 +1.2 -0.3 +3.6 +0.5 -4.6 -0.8

— United States

Directors of the Federai, Bureau oe Investigation

619

US State and Federal Prison Population (continued)

% CHANGE NUMBER OF PRISONERS

(31

1

STATE

Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire

New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

31 DEC 2000

31 DEC 2008

31 DEC 2009

34,267 3,176 8,375 14,943 1,425 2,403 5,322 1,342 21,128 3,187 54,895 18,411

47,718 6,238 20,241 27,543 3,105 3,895 10,063 2,257 29,784 5,342 70,199 31,266 1,076 45,833 23,181 10,580 36,847 3,286 21,778 2,616 22,166 166,719 5,637

48,738 9,910 22,754 30,186 3,545 4,520 12,743 2,702 25,953 6,402 60,347 39,482

45,478 9,986 21,482 30,563 3,605 4,474 12,482 2,731 25,382 6,519 58,687 39,860

483 31,822 12,285 6,492 22,290 2,392 17,319 1,341 10,388 50,042 2,496 1,049 17,593 7,995 1,565 7,465 1,110

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania

Rhode

31 DEC 1990

Island^

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont^ Virginia

Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

Wyoming state

1,697

30,168 14,915 3,856 20,754 1,680

'

1,452 51,686 25,864 14,167 49,215 4,045 24,326 3,342 27,228 172,506 6,552 2,116 38,276 17,926 6,059 23,379 2,084

1,486 51,606 26,397 14,403 51,429 3,674 24,288 3,434 26,965 171,249 6,533 2,220 38,092 18,233 6,367 23,153 2,075

DEC 2008 TO 31 DEC 2009) -6.7 +0.8 -5.6 + 1.2 + 1.7

-1.0 -2.0 + 1.1

-2.2 + 1.8

-2.8 + 1.0

+2.3 -0.2 +2.1 + 1.7

+4.5 -9.2 -0.2 +2.8 -1.0 -0.7 -0.3 +4.9 -0.5 + 1.7

+5.1 -1.0 -0.4

708,393 65,526

1,245,845 145,416

1,408,479

1,405,622

federal

201,280

208,118

-0.2 +3.4

US

773,919

1,391,261

1,609,759

1,613,740

+0.2

total

and prisons are part of an integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. ^Population figures are based on custody counts. ^As of the end of 2001, when the transfer of responsibility for sentenced felons from the District of Columbia to the Federal Bureau of Prisons was completed, the District of Columbia no longer operates a prison system, and its prisoners are from that date forward included In federal data only. yails

Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The FBI evolved from an unnamed force appointed by Attorney General Charles J, Bonaparte on 26 Jul 1908. It is the unit of the Department of Justice responsible for investigating foreign

and

terrorist

activities

intelligence

and violations

of federal

criminal law. The president appoints the director of the FBI with confirmation from the Senate. Since J. Edgar Hoover's tenure, a director’s term may not exceed 10 years. Acting directors are not included in this table.

NAME

DATES OF SERVICE

NAME

Stanley Finch Alexander Bruce

26 Jul 1908-30 Apr 1912 30 Apr 1912-10 Feb 1919

Clarence M. Kelley

9

William H. Webster William S. Sessions Louis J. Freeh

2 Nov 1987-19 Jul 1993 1 Sep 1993-25 Jun 2001

Robert S. Mueller,

4 Sep 2001-

Bielaski

William

J.

Flynn

William J.

J. Burns Edgar Hoover

A youV

Did

knowB

1919-21 Aug 1921 22 Aug 1921-14 Jun 1924 10 Dec 1924-2 May 1972 lJul

III

DATES OF SERVICE Jul 1973-15 Feb 1978 23 Feb 1978-25 May 1987

According to the research firm eMarketer, in 2010 spending on online advertising in the United States eclipsed spending from print newspaper advertising for the first time. Online advertising reached an estimated US$25.8 billion, while advertising in print newspapers declined to roughly US$22.8 billion. When online and print newspaper advertising were combined, however, spending totalled roughly US$25.7 billion.

620

United States

— Average Family Size

United States Society Average US Family Size, 1950-2009 Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011.

NUMBER OF

PEOPLE PER

NUMBER OF

PEOPLE PER

NUMBER OF

PEOPLE PER

FAMILIES

FAMILIES

(000)

FAMILY (AVERAGE)

FAMILIES

(000)

FAMILY (AVERAGE)

(000)

FAMILY (AVERAGE)

39,303 41,951 45,111 47,956

3.54 3.59 3.67 3.70

51,586 55,712 59,550 62,706

3.58 3.42 3.29 3.23

66,090 69,305 72,025 78,850

3.17 3.19 3.17 3.15

YEAR

1950 1955 1960 1965

YEAR

1970 1975 1980 1985

YEAR

1990 1995 2000 2009

US Population by Age, 2011 Numbers are

in

thousands

US Census Bureau.

('000). Source:

Detail

may

POPULATION

10 15 20 25 35

to

45

to

to to

to to

14 19 24 34

44 54

years years years years years years

Living

Numbers

POPULATION

NUMBER 21,289,920 21,016,363 20,583,440 21,570,136 22,113,826 42,443,740 41,058,300 44,590,720

AGE under 5 years 5 to 9 years

not add to total given because

of rounding.

•

(%)

6.8 6.7 6.6 6.9 7.0

13.6 13.1 14.2

AGE

55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over total population under 20 years

20 years and over 65 years and over

Arrangements of Children Under 18

in

NUMBER 37,442,694 22,195,826 18,927,079 313,232,044

12.0 7.1 6.0

84,459,859 228,772,185 41,122,905

27.0 73.0 13.1

100

the US, 2010

thousands fOOO). Hispanics may be of any race. Detail may not add rounding. Source: US Census Bureau.

in

(%)

to total

given because of

RACE/ETHNICITY LIVING IN

HOUSEHOLD WITH

ALL RACES

WHITE

51,823 17,283 2,572 3,041 74,718

42,243 10,316

both parents

mother only father only

neither parent total

Children Under 18

Numbers are of

in

thousands

in

1,963 1,895 56,416

(’000). Hispanics

may be

available.

% OF CHILDREN BELOW THE

HISPANIC

405 843

462 677

11,272

16,941

11,345 4,457

the US Living Below the Poverty Level, 1985-2009

any race.

N/A means not

BLACK 4,424 5,601

POVERTY LEVEL

Source: US Census Bureau. For the definition of the poverty level, see .

NUMBER OF CHILDREN BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL ASIAN/

ASIAN/

PACIFIC

PACIFIC

YEAR

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

ALL^

20.7 20.5 20.3 19.5 19.6 20.6 21.8 22.3 22.7 21.8 20.8 20.5 19.9 18.9 16.9

WHITE*

12.8 13.0 11.8 11.0 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.2 13.6 12.5 11.2 11.1 11.4 10.6 9.4

BLACK 43.6 43.1 45.1 43.5 43.7 44.8 45.9 46.6 46.1 43.8 41.9 39.9 37.2 36.7 33.2

ISLANDER

HISPANIC

N/A N/A

40.3 37.7 39.3 37.6 36.2 38.4 40.4 40.0 40.9 41.5 40.0 40.3 36.8 34.4 30.3

23.5 24.1 19.8 17.6 17.5 16.4 18.2 18.3 19.5 19.5 20.3 18.0 11.9

ALL"

13,010 12,876 12,843 12,455 12,590 13,431 14,341 15,294 15,727 15,289 14,665 14,463 14,113 13,467 12,280

WHITE*

5,745 5,789 5,230 4,888 5,110 5,532 5,918 6,017 6,255 5,823 5,115 5,072 5,204 4,822 4,155

BLACK 4,157 4,148 4,385 4,296 4.375 4,550 4,755 5,106 5,125 4,906 4,761 4,519 4.225 4,151 3,813

ISLANDER

HISPANIC

N/A N/A

2,606 2,507 2,670 2,631 2,603 2,865 3,094 3,637 3,873 4,075 4,080 4,237 3,972 3,837 3,693

455 474 392 374 360 363 375 318 564 571 628 564 381

Unit^) .^ATi:s— ^ Children Under 18

%

in

HOMK

Pom

VI

ION

621

the US Living Below the Poverty Level, 1985-2009 (continued)

OF CHIL DREN BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL

NUMBER OF CHILDREN BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL

ASIAN/

ASIAN/

PACIFIC

YEAR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

16.2 16.3 16.7 17.6 17.8 17.6 17.4 18.0 19.0 20.7

^Includes other

BLACK 31.2 30.2 32.3 34.1 33.7 34.5 33.4 34.5 34.7 35.7

WHITE* 9.1 9.5 9.4 9.8 10.5 10.0

ALL^

10.0 10.1 10.6 11.9

and

ISLANDER 12.7 11.5 12.2 12.7 10.1 11.0 12.5 12.5 15.5 14.8

unclassified.

PACIFIC

HISPANIC

28.4 28.0 28.6 29.7 28.9 28.3 26.9 28.6 30.6 33.1

ALL‘

WHITE*

11,587 11,733 12,133 12,866 13,041 12,896 12,827 13,324 14,068 15,451

4,018 4,194 4,090 4,233 4,519 4,254 4,208 4,255 4,364 4,850

BLACK 3,581 3,492 3,645 3,877 3,788 3,841 3,777 3,904 3,878 4,033

ISLANDER

HISPANIC

420 369 351 377 305 333 391 398 514 526

3,522 3,570 3,782 4,077 4,098 4,143 4,072 4.482 5,010 5,610

^Excludes Hispanic population.

US Adoptions of Foreign-Born Children Adoptions of foreign children by US citizens are tracked by the number of immigrant visas issued entering the US. Source: US Department of State.

ADOPTIONS TOP 10 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN 1 China 2 Ethiopia 3 Russia 4 Rep. of Korea 5 Ukraine

ADOPTIONS

FISCAL YEAR

2009 3,001 2,277 1,586 1,080

TOP 10 COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN 6 Taiwan

2010 3,401 2,513 1,082

610

7

FISCAL YEAR

2009

2010

253 297 238 281 110

285 243 235 214 189

India

8 Colombia 9 Philippines 10 Nigeria

863 445

to

orphans

TOTAL FOREIGN ADOPTIONS FISCAL YEAR

ADOPTIONS

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

22,734 20,680 19,609 17,475 12,753 11,059

US Nursing Home Population The data in these tables were gathered through interviews conducted for the most recent National Nursing Home Survey (2004) and through the publication Health, United States, 2010. Only those residents who described themselves as being of one

AGE AT INTERVIEW

65-74 75-84 85 and

older

total

%

174,100 468,700 674,500

13.2 35.6 51.2

1,317,300

100.0

older

total

134,200 405,800 608,900 1,148,900

Source:

US National Center

for Health Statistics.

GENDER (2004)

TOTAL RESIDENTS

WHITE

65-74 75-84 85 and

race are included. Data on residents under the age 65 are not available. Detail may not add to total given because of rounding. of

MALE 75,400 140,900 120,600 336,900

%

FEMALE

%

22.4 41.8 35.8 100.0

98,800 327,800 553,900 980,400

10.1 33.4 56.5

RACE (2004) BLACK % 11.7 34,500 35.3 54,600 53.0 56,300 145,400 100.0

23.7 37.6 38.7 100.0

100.0

%

RESIDENT LOCATION (1999)

65-74 75-84 85 and

older

total

NORTHEAST 46,400 118,500 184,300

383,400

% 12.1 30.9 48.1 100.0

MIDWEST 58,900 153,200 241,100 498,200

%

SOUTH

%

11.8 30.8 48.4 100.0

63,400 179,100 237,700 531,500

11.9 33.7 44.7

100.0

%

WEST 26,100 66,800 94.000 215,200

100.0

WEST 188,815

13.5

12.1 31.1 43.7

RESIDENT LOCATION (2009) TOTAL RESIDENTS

NORTHEAST

%

330,143

23.6

MIDWEST 404,357

%

SOUTH

%

28.8

478,403

34.1

%

United States

622

— Marital Status of Population by Sex

Marital Status of

US Population by Sex, 1950-2010

The data in this tabie are taken from surveys of individuais 18 or over conducted by the US Census Bureau and exciude members of the armed forces except those iiving off post or with their famines on post. Data exciude Aiaska and Hawaii prior to 1960. Detaii may not add to totai given because of rounding. Source: US Census Bureau. TOTAL Total individuals surveyed in

1950 111.7

1960 125.5

1970 132.5

1980 159.5

1990 181.8

2000 201.8

2010 229.1

16.2 71.7 8.9

20.3 65.5

22.2 61.9

23.9 59.5

26.9 54.2

3.2

8.0 6.2

7.6 8.3

6.8 9.8

6.3 10.4

hundred thousands (’000,000) 22.8 67.0

22.0 67.3

widowed

8.3

of individuals divorced

1.9

8.4 2.3

26.2 68.0

25.3 69.1

18.9 75.3

23.8 68.4

25.8 64.3

27.0 61.5

30.4 55.9

widowed

4.2

divorced

1.7

3.7 1.9

3.3 2.5

2.6 5.2

2.7 7.2

2.7 8.8

2.7 9.0

11.1 37.6

12.3 42.6 8.3

17.1 63.0 12.8

18.9 59.7 12.1

1.7

3.9

7.1

9.3

21.1 57.6 10.5 10.8

23.6 52.5

7.0 1.2

13.7 68.5 13.9

Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

of individuals never married

Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

of

Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

of

of individuals married of individuals

males males of males of males of

never married married

females females of females of females of

never married married

widowed divorced

Unmarried-Couple Households

in

9.6 11.7

the US

Data based on Current Popuiation Survey or American Community Survey except for census years of 1960 and 1970. 2008 data shown separateiy. Numbers in thousands (’000). Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011.

UNMARRIEDCOUPLE

YEAR

1960 census 1970 census 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

NO

TOTAL US

HOUSEHOLDS

% OF TOTAL

HOUSEHOLDS 52,799 63,401 80,776 86,789 93,347 98,990 104,705

(OPPOSITE SEX)

HOUSEHOLDS

439 523

0.8 0.8 2.0 2.3 3.1 3.7 4.5

1,589 1,983 2,856 3,668 4,736

UNMARRIEI>COUPLE HOUSEHOLDS male householder/female partner male householder/male partner female householder/female -partner female householder/male partner unmarried-couple households total households

CHILDREN UNDER 15

WITH CHILDREN UNDER 15

242 327

197 196

1,159 1,380 1,966 2,349 3,061

431 603 891 1,319 1,675

2008 2,903

271 294 2,746 6,214 113,101

United States Education Educational Attainment For persons ages

in

old and older. Percentage and 1980 are based on sam-

25 years

rates for 1960, 1970,

pie data from the decennial censuses. Rates for

the US by Gender and Race 1990, 2000, and 2009 are based on the Current Population Survey. N/A means not available, Source: US Census Bureau.

Uni ted Statks

Educational Attainment

in

— National.

Bee

Spei.i.int;

623

the US by Gender and Race (continued)

Percentage who had graduated from high schooP ASIAN/ PACIFIC

ALL RACES*

MALE 39.5 51.9 67.3

YEAR

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009

MALE 41.6 54.0 69.6 79.1 84.8 86.5

FEMALE 42.5 52.8 65.8 77.5 84.0 87.1

77.7 84.2 86.2

WHITE FEMALE 44.7 55.0 68.1 79.0 85.0 87.7

MALE 18.2 30.1 50.8

65.8 78.7

84.0

BLACK FEMALE 21.8 32.5 51.5 66.5 78.3 84.1

ISLANDER FEMALE

MALE

HISPANIC’

MALE

FEMALE

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

61.3 78.8 84.0 88.2 90.4

63.1 71.4 77.2 83.4 86.2

37.9 45.4 50.3 56.6 60.6

34.2 42.7 51.3 57.5 63.3

Percentage who had graduated from college* ASIAN/PACIFIC

ALL RACES*

YEAR

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

9.7

5.8 8.1 12.8

10.3 14.4 21.3 25.3 28.5 30.6

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009

13.5 20.1 24.4 27.8 30.1

18.4 23.6 29.1

WHITE FEMALE 6.0 8.4 13.3 19.0 23.9 29.3

BLACK MALE FEMALE 2.8 4.2 8.4 11.9

3.3 4.6 8.3

10.8 16.7 20.6

16.3 17.8

ISLANDER FEMALE

MALE

N/A

N/A

23.5 39.8 44.9 47.6 55.7

17.3 27.0 35.4 40.7 49.3

HISPANIC’

MALE N/A

FEMALE

7.8

4.3 6.0

N/A

9.4 9.8 10.7 12.5

^Through 1990, finished four years or more of high school. ^Includes races not shown separately may be of any race. ^Through 1990, finished four years or more of college.

8.7

10.6 14.0

in

the table.

^Hispanics

National Spelling Bee A spelling bee

competitions continue to be held annually. The US National Spelling Bee was begun by the Louisville Courier-Journal newspaper in 1925, and it was taken over by Scripps Howard, Inc., in 1941. To qualify, spellers (who are sponsored by an organization, usually a newspaper) must meet 12 require-

which players attempt to spell correctly and aloud words assigned them by an impartial judge. Competition may be individual, with

is

a contest

tional

in

players eliminated

when they

misspell a

word and the last remaining player being the winner, or between teams, the winner being the team with the most players remaining at the close of the contest. The spelling bee is an old custom that was

ments, including that they have neither reached their 16th birthday nor

grade. National Spelling

schools in the United States in the late 19th century and enjoyed a great vogue there and in Great Britain. In the US, local, regional, and na-

revived

YEAR

in

site:

WINNING

CHAMPION

‘

Colquitt Dean, Atlanta Journal (Georgia) (tied) Irving Belz,

Bee Web

.

1925 Frank Neuhauser, Courier-Journal (Louisville KY) 1926 Pauline Bell, Courier-Journal (Louisville KY) 1927 Dean Lucas, Akron Beacon Journal (Ohio) 1928 Betty Robinson, South Bend News-Tribune (Indiana) 1929 Virginia Hogan, Omaha World-Herald (Nebraska) 1930 Helen Jensen, Des Moines Register & Tribune (Iowa) 1931 Ward Randall, White Hall Register-Republican (Illinois) 1932 Dorothy Greenwald, Des Moines Register & Tribune (Iowa) 1933 Alma Roach, Akron Beacon Journal (Ohio) 1934 Sarah Wilson, Portland Evening Express (Maine) 1935 Clara Mohler, Akron Beacon Journal (Ohio) 1936 Jean Trowbridge, Des Moines Register & Tribune (Iowa) 1937 Waneeta Beckley, Courier-Journal (Louisville KY) 1938 Marian Richardson, Louisville Times (Kentucky) 1939 Elizabeth Ann Rice, Worcester Telegram & Gazette (Massachusetts) 1940 Laurel Kuykendall, Knoxville News-Sentinel (Tennessee) 1941 Louis Edward Sissman, Detroit News (Michigan) 1942 Richard Earnhart, El Paso Herald-Post (Texas) 1943-45 1946 John McKinney, Des Moines Register & Tribune (Iowa) 1947 Mattie Lou Pollard, Atlanta Journal (Georgia) 1948 Jean Chappelear, Akron Beacon Journal (Ohio) 1949 Kim Calvin, Canton Repository (Ohio) 1950 Diana Reynard, Cleveland Press (Ohio);

1951

passed beyond the eighth

Memphis

Press-Scimitar (Tennessee)

WORD

gladiolus cerise

abrogate

knack luxuriance

albumen foulard

invulnerable' torsion

brethren intelligible

eczema promiscuous sanitarium canonical therapy' initials

sacrilegious

not held

semaphore chlorophyll

psychiatry

onerous

meerschaum meticulosity

insouciant

—National Spelling Bee

United States

624

National Spelling Bee (continued) YEAR

1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ^/t

CHAMPION Doris Ann

WINNING

Winston-Salem Journal (North Carolina) Elizabeth Hess, Arizona Republic (Phoenix AZ) William Cashore, Norristown Times Herald (Pennsylvania) Sandra Sloss, St. Louis Globe-Democrat (Missouri) Melody Sachko, Pittsburgh Press (Pennsylvania) Sandra Owen, Canton Repository (Ohio); Dana Bennett, Rocky Mountain News (Denver CO) (tied) Jolitta Schlehuber, Topeka Daily Capital (Kansas) Joel Montgomery, Rocky Mountain News (Denver CO) Henry Feldman, Knoxville News-Sentinel (Tennessee) John Capehart, Tulsa Tribune (Oklahoma)

soubrette transept crustaceology

condominium schappe^ syllepsis

catamaran eudaemonic smaragdine esquamulose^

Paso Herald-Post (Texas); Michael Day, St. Louis Democrat (Missouri) (tied) Glen Van Slyke III, Knoxville News-Sentinel (Tennessee) William Kerek, Akron Beacon Journal (Ohio) Michael Kerpan, Jr., Tulsa Tribune (Oklahoma) Robert A. Wake, Houston Chronicle (Texas) Jennifer Reinke, Omaha World-Herald (Nebraska) Robert L. Walters, Topeka Daily Capital (Kansas) Nettie Cra\A4ord, El

Susan Yoachum, Dallas Morning News

equipage sycophant

eczema ratoon

Chihuahua abalone

(Texas)

Libby Childress, Winston-Salem Journal

interlocutory

&

Sentinel (North Carolina) Jonathan Knisely, Philadelphia Bulletin (Pennsylvania) Robin Krai, Lubbock Avalanche-Journal (Texas) Barrie Trinkle, Fort Worth Press (Texas) Julie Ann Junkin, Birmingham Post-Herald (Alabama)

Hugh Tosteson, San Juan Star (Puerto

croissant

shalloon

macerate vouchsafe hydrophyte incisor

Rico)

Tim Kneale, Syracuse Herald Journal-American (New York) John Paola, Pittsburgh Press (Pennsylvania) Peg McCarthy, Topeka Capital-Journal (Kansas) Katie Kerwin, Rocky Mountain News (Denver CO) Jacques Bailly, Rocky Mountain News (Denver CO) Paige Pipkin, El Paso Herald-Post (Texas) Molly Dieveney, Rocky Mountain News (Denver CO) Blake Giddens, El Paso Herald-Post (Texas)

narcolepsy

cambist deification

maculature elucubrate

sarcophagus psoriasis

Purim

Daniel Greenblatt, Loudoun T/mes-M/rror (Virginia) Balu Natarajan, Chicago Tribune (Illinois)

luge milieu

Jon Pennington, Patriot News (Harrisburg PA) Stephanie Petit, Pittsburgh Press (Pennsylvania)

Rageshree Ramachandran, Sacramento Bee Scott Isaacs, Rocky Mountain

odontalgia staphylococci elegiacal

(California)

News (Denver CO)

spoliator

Amy

Marie Dimak. Seattle Times (Washington) Joanne Lagatta, Wisconsin State Journal (Madison Wl) Amanda Goad, Richmond News Leader (Virginia) Geoff Hooper, Commercial Appeal (Memphis TN) Ned G. Andrews, Knoxville News-Sentinel (Tennessee) Justin Tyler Carroll, Commercial Appeal (Memphis TN) Wendy Guey, Palm Beach Post (Florida) Rebecca Sealfon, Daily News (New York NY) Jody-Anne Maxwell, Phillips & Phillips Stationery Suppliers,

fibranne antipyretic

lyceum kamikaze antediluvian xanthosis vivisepulture

euonym Ltd. (Kingston,

Nupur Lala, Tampa Tribune (Florida) George Abraham Thampy, St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Missouri) Sean Conley, Aitkin Independent Age (Minnesota) Pratyush Buddiga, Rocky Mountain News (Denver CO) Sai R. Gunturi, Dallas Morning News (Texas) David Tidmarsh, South Bend Tribune (Indiana) Anurag Kashyap, San Diego Union-Tribune (California) Kerry Close, Asbury Park Press/Home News Tribune (New Jersey) Evan M. O’Dorney, Contra Costa Times (Walnut Creek CA) Mishra, Journal and Courier (Lafayette IN) Kavya Shivashankar, Olathe News (Kansas) Anamika Veeramani, Plain Dealer (Cleveland OH) Sukanya Roy, Times Leader (Wilkes-Barre PA)

Sameer

has not been independently verified that this was the winning, or final, word. word correctly, and the contest was declared a draw.

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WORD

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Jamaica)

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guerdon Laodicean stromuhr cymotrichous ^Neither winning contes-

Business Want to Make More than a Banker? Become a Farmer! by Stephen Gandel, TIME you want to become rich, Jim Rogers, investment whiz, best-selling author and one of Wall Street’s towering personalities, has this advice: Become a farmer. Food prices have been high recently. Some have questioned how long that can continue. Not Rogers. He predicts that farming incomes will rise dramatically in the next few decades, faster than those in most other industries-even Wall Street. The essence of Rogers’s argument is this: We don’t need more bankers. What we need are more farm-

Even housing has done well in the past few years. ReCrumrine says her office has sold 48 homes in Grand Island in 2011 and that prices are up slightly. Greg Baxter, a cattle rancher and real estate developer, says he has sold six lots so far this year in a development Just off Grand Island’s commercial strip. Local homebuilders are busy constructing custom homes on the properties. That’s one reason Nebraska's unemployment rate is 4.1%, the second lowest in the country behind that of mining-heavy North Dakota. Iowa's

The invisible hand will do its magic. "The world has got a serious food problem," says Rogers. “The only real way to solve it is to draw more people back

unemployment rate is a slightly higher 6%, still far lower than California’s 11.7%, New York’s 7.9%. or the

f

I

ers.

to agriculture." It’s been decades since the American heartland has been a money pump and longer since farming was a major source of employment. Old rural towns have emptied as families—and the US— have moved on. Technology, service Jobs, and finance have been the basis of the economy since at least the 1980s. Farming became the economic equivalent of a protected species—supported by a mix of government handouts, lax regulation (agriculture is one of the few industries shielded from certain child-labor laws), and

charity concerts.

But in the past few years, thanks to a wealthier (and hungrier) emerging-market middle class and a boom in

biofuels, the business of

growing has once again

become a growth business. At a time when the overall economy was limping along at an anemic growth rate of 1.9%, net farm income was up 27% in 2010 and was expected to Jump another 20% in 2011. Real estate prices in general were again falling in 2011. But according to the Federal Reserve, the average farm has doubled in value in the past six years. Farmland is quickly emerging as one of the hottest investments on Wall Street. “We’ve been doing this for a number of years, long before anyone thought this was sexy,” says Jeff Conrad, who heads Hancock Agricultural Investment Group.

of

calls,

There’s a

“Now we are

getting a

lot

and we are noticing more competition. lot of

interest in

New

York.”

These days, a trip to Grand Island NE, a city of 48,500 surrounded by farms, is a trip to an economic bizarro land. Business

dozen or so

come

local

is

banks

close to failing.

booming. None of the halftown have failed or even

in

are up. “A lot of local banks are sitting with a lot of cash,” says Colby Collins, Grand Island branch manager for Five Points Bank. The largest local manufacturing plant, which In fact, profits

makes combine harvesters, is at IH plant manager Bill Baasch has in

full

capacity.

hired

Case

130 workers

the past nine months. Sales at Global Industries, a

company based in Grand Island that makes grainstorage bins and other building materials, are up 130% since 2003. Tom Dinsdale, who owns the local General Motors car dealership, says 2010 was the best year he’s ever had. Customers who would normally buy a Chevy Suburban are buying a Cadillac Escalade. Dinsdale

is adding an infinity pool to his nearby riverfront second home. “Business is good,” he says.

altor Lisa

9.1% as of early summer 2011. Even with the recent uptick, however, agriculture accounts for only 1% of US GDP. Add in all those other things that are part of the farm economy-tractors, fertilizer, seeds— and you still get to only about 4%. That’s smaller than real estate-about 13%-and far smaller than the nation’s service sector, which makes up about 70% of the economy. As Jamie Dimon, head of JPMorgan Chase, tells TIME. “We don’t make up what we lose to the world in buying oil national average of

by selling

them

corn.”

But some experts believe agriculture can do more to fuel Job growth. Chuck Fluharty of the Rural Policy Research Institute at the University of Missouri sees a possible renaissance in farm towns. As money flows back into those areas, he predicts, farmers will need somewhere to invest. As they did with ethanol, he says, farmers will put their money in new industries that will create uses for their crops, like biodegradable plastics or other kinds of biofufels. The result will be more Jobs. “Agriculture is the most critical story in our economy today," says Fluharty. "It will affect the future of the world.” The main reason for US farmers’ unlikely recovery is as familiar as the outcome is foreign. Wealthier consumers in places like China and India are eating more, and in particular they are eating more meat. Half of US corn production goes to feed cattle, pigs, and poultry, which drives up demand for grain. Ethanol has increased the demand for corn as well. As a result of both trends, corn prices more than doubled from the spring of 2010 to the spring of 2011. Soybeans, which are the US’s largest farm export to China, are up too. Meanwhile, a number of innovations have made US farmers significantly more productive than they were

decades ago. Bioengineered seeds mean they can use smaller amounts of pesticides and water. And with GPS-aided, computer-monitored planting, some farmers are able to squeeze two rows in a space not much bigger than what used to fit only one. An average acre produced 91 bushels of corn in 1980; it now produces 152. That, along with higher prices, is boosting profits and making farmland dramatically more valuable—and farmers richer. “These

Just two

are

some

seen

in

of the best

my

have economic conditions Nebraska farmer Ken I

career,”

Woitaszewski told TIME. It’s a sentiment that’s welrarely heard these days beyond the Mid-

come— and west’s

amber waves

of grain.

— 626

Denominations of US Currency

Business

US Economy Denominations of US Currency PAPER MONEY VALUE

$1 $2 $2

PORTRAIT ON FRONT George Washington

DESIGN ON BACK Great Seal of US

Thomas Thomas

Jefferson

Monticello

Jefferson

John Trumbull’s Signing

WHEN CIRCULATED 19291929-75 1976-

of the Declaration of Independence

$51 $10^ $201 $501

Abraham

$1001

$500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 $100,0002

u u u u

1929 had same

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson

5$ 5^^rta inmen t,

&

Leisure

—Academy Awards

Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2010 (continued) ORIGINAL SCREENPLAY* (CONTINUED)

1960 Billy Wilder, I.A.L Diamond (The Apartment) 1961 William Inge (Splendor in the Grass) 1962 Ennio de Concini, Alfredo Giannetti, Pietro Germi (Divorce-ltalian

Style)

1963 James R. Webb (How the West Was Won) 1964 S.H. Barnett. Peter Stone, Frank Tarloff 1965 1966

(Father Goose) Frederic Raphael (Darling) Claude Lelouch, Pierre Uytterhoeven (A

CINEMATOGRAPHY (CONTINUED) 1932 Lee Garmes (Shanghai Express)

1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

Man

and a Woman)

1940

1967 William Rose (Guess Who's Coming to Dinner) 1968 Mel Brooks (The Producers) 1969 William Goldman (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid) 1970 Francis Ford Coppola, Edmund H. North

1941

1942

(Patton)

197 1 Paddy Chayefsky (The Hospital) 1972 Jeremy Lamer (The Candidate) 1973 David S. Ward (The Sting) 1974 Robert Towne (Chinatown) 1975 Frank Pierson (Dog Day Afternoon) 1976 Paddy Chayefsky (Network) 1977 Woody Allen, Marshall Brickman (Annie Hail) 1978 Nancy Dowd, Waldo Salt, Robert C. Jones (Coming Home) 1979 Steve Tesich (Breaking Away) 1980 Bo Goldman (Melvin and Howard) 1981 Colin Welland (Chariots of Fire) 1982 John Briley (Gandhi) 1983 Horton Foote (Tender Mercies) 1984 Robert Benton (Places in the Heart) 1985 Earl W. Wallace, William Kelley, Pamela

1943

1944

Woody

Allen

(Hannah and Her

Sisters)

John Patrick Shanley (Moonstruck) Ronald Bass, Barry Morrow (Rain Man) Tom Schulman (Dead Poets Society) Bruce Joel Rubin (Ghost) Callie Khouri (Thelma & Louise) Neil Jordan (The Crying Game) Jane Campion (The Piano) Quentin Tarantino, Roger Avary (Pulp Fiction) Christopher McQuarrie (The Usual Suspects) Joel Coen, Ethan Coen (Fargo) Ben Affleck, Matt Damon (Good Will Hunting) Marc Norman, Tom Stoppard (Shakespeare in

1946

1947

1948

1949 1950 1951 1952

1953 1954 1955

Karl Freund (The Good Earth) Joseph Ruttenberg (The Great Waltz) Gregg Toland (Wuthering Heights)^; Ernest Haller, Ray Rennahan (Gone with the Wind)^ George Barnes (Rebecca)^; Georges Perinal (The Thief of Bagdad)^ Arthur Miller (How Green Was My Valley)^; Ernest Palmer, Ray Rennahan (Blood and Sand)^ Joseph Ruttenberg (Mrs. Miniver)^; Leon Shamroy (The Black Swan)^

Arthur Miller (The Song of Bernadette)^-, Hal Mohr, W, Howard Greene (The Phantom of the Opera)^ Joseph LaShelle (Laura)^; Leon Shamroy Harry Stradling (The Picture of Dorian Gray)^; Leon Shamroy (Leave Her to Heaven)^ Arthur Miller (Anna and the King ofSiam)^; Charles Rosher, Leonard Smith, Arthur Arling (The Yearling)^ Guy Green (Great Expectations)^-, Jack Cardiff (Biack Narcissus)^ William Daniels (The Naked City)^; Joseph Valentine, William V. Skall, Winton Hoch (Joan of Arc)^ Paul C. Vogel (Battleground)^-, Winton Hoch (She Wore a Yellow Ribbon)^ Robert Krasker (The Third Man)®; Robert Surtees (King Solomon's Mines)^ William C. Mellor (A Place in the Sun)^; Alfred Gilks, John Alton (An American in Paris)^ Robert Surtees (The Bad and the Beautiful)^-, Winton C. Hoch, Archie Stout (The Quiet Man)® Burnett Guffey (From Here to Eternity)^-, Loyal Griggs (Shane)® Boris Kaufman (On the Waterfront)^-, Milton Krasner (Three Coins in the Fountain)^ James Wong Howe (The Rose Tattoo)^;

80 Days)® 1957 Jack Hildyard (The Bridge on the River Kwai) 1958 Sam Leavitt (The Defiant Ones)®; Joseph in

Ruttenberg

1959

1960

1962

1965

Seas) Rucker, Willard Van Der Veer (With

Metty (Spartacus)^ (The Hustler)^; Daniel L. Fapp (West Side Story)^ Jean Bourgoin, Walter Wottitz (The Longest Day)^-, Fred A. Young (Lawrence of Arabia)^

1963 James Wong Howe 1964

Byrd at the South Pole) Floyd Crosby (Tabu)

(G/g/)®

William C. Mellor (The Diary of Anne Frank)®; Robert L. Surtees (Ben-Hur)^ Freddie Francis (Sons and Lovers)^-, Russell

1961 Eugen Shuftan

1928 Charles Rosher, Karl Struss (Sunrise) 1929 Clyde De Vinna (White Shadows in the South

1931

Hal Mohr (A Midsummer Night's Dream) Gaetano Gaudio (Anthony Adverse)

Robert Burks (To Catch a Thief)^

CINEMATOGRAPHY

T.

Arms)

Likes Me)®: Lionel Lindon (Around the World

of the Spotless Mind) Paul Haggis, Bobby Moresco (Crash) Michael Arndt (Little Miss Sunshine) Diablo Cody (Juno) Dustin Lance Black (Milk) Mark Boal (The Hurt Locker) David Seidler (The King’s Speech)

1930 Joseph

(A Farewell to

1956 Joseph Ruttenberg (Somebody Up There

Love)

1999 Alan Ball (American Beauty) 2000 Cameron Crowe (Almost Famous) 2001 Julian Fellowes (Gosford Park) 2002 Pedro Almodovar (Talk to Her) 2003 Sofia Coppola (Lost in Translation) 2004 Charlie Kaufman (Eternal Sunshine

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Jr,

(Wilson)^

1945

Wallace (Witness)

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Charles Bryant Lang,

Victor Milner (Cleopatra)

1966 1967

(Hud)®;

Leon Shamroy

(Cleopatra)^ Walter Lassally (Zorba the Greek)^; Harry Stradling (My Fair Lady)^ Ernest Laszio (Ship of Foo/s)®; Freddie Young (Doctor Zhivago)^ Haskell Wexler (Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woo/f?)®; Ted Moore (A Man for All Seasons)® Burnett Guffey (Bonnie and Clyde)

— Arts, Entertainment,

&

Ac

Lkisukf.

r

\

\dkm

Au \

i

>s

653

Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2010 (continued) CINEMATOGRAPHY (CONTINUED)

VISUAL EFFECTS^ (CONTINUED)

1968 Pasqualino De Santis {Romeo and Juliet) 1969 Conrad Hall (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid) 1970 Freddie Young (Ryan's Daughter) 1971 Oswald Morris (Fiddler on the Roof) 1972 Geoffrey Unsworth (Cabaret) 1973 Sven Nykvist (Cries and Whispers) 1974 Fred Koenekamp, Joseph Biroc (The

1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959

Towering Inferno)

of the

Third Kind)

Nestor Almendros (Days of Heaven) (Apocalypse Now) Geoffrey Unsworth^, Ghislain Cloquet (Tess) Vittorio Storaro (Reds) Billy Williams, Ronnie Taylor (Gandhi) Sven Nykvist (Fanny & Alexander) Chris Menges (The Killing Fields) David Watkin (Out of Africa) Chris Menges (The Mission) Vittorio Storaro (The Last Emperor) Peter Biziou (Mississippi Burning) Freddie Francis (Glory) Dean Semler (Dances with Wolves) Robert Richardson (JFK) Philippe Rousselot (A River Runs Through It)

Janusz Kaminski (Schindler’s List) John Toll (Legends of the Fall) John Toll (Braveheart) John Seale (The English Patient) Russell Carpenter (Titanic) Janusz Kaminski (Saving Private Ryan) Conrad L Hall (American Beauty) Peter Pau (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) Andrew Lesnie (The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring)

2002 Conrad L. Hall (Road to Perdition)^ 2003 Russell Boyd (Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World) Robert Richardson (The Aviator) Dion Beebe (Memoirs of a Geisha) Guillermo Navarro (Pan’s Labyrinth) Robert Elswit (There Will Be Blood)

Lycett

Adventure)

1975

Hindenburg)

1976

1978

(Superman)

1979

H.R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Brian Johnson, Nick Allder, Denys Ayling (Alien)

1980

Brian Johnson. Richard Ediund, Dennis

1981 1982

Richard Ediund, Kit West, Bruce Nicholson, Joe Johnston (Raiders of the Lost Ark) Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Muren, Kenneth F.

Smith

Millionaire)

1983

1985 1986

Gordon Jennings, William

1987

Fred Sersen (Crash Dive)

Donald Jahraus, Warren Seconds Over Tokyo) Fulton (Wonder Man)

1988

(Thirty

1945 John P. 1946 Thomas Howard (Blithe Spirit) 1947 A. Arnold Gillespie, Warren Newcombe

(Green Dolphin Street) Paul Eagler, J. McMillan Johnson, Russell Shearman, Clarence Slifer (Portrait of Jennie) Mighty Joe Young

(E.T.:

The

Extra-Terrestrial)

Richard Ediund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, Phil Tippet (Return of the Jedi) Dennis Muren, Michael McAlister, Lome Peterson, George Gibbs (Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom) Ken Ralston, Ralph McQuarrie, Scott Farrar. David Berry (Cocoon) Robert Skotak, Stan Winston. John Richardson,

L.

A. Arnold Gillespie,

1949 1950 Destination Moon 1951 When Worlds Collide

Stears, John Dykstra, Richard Ediund, Grant McCune, Robert Blalack (Star Wars) Les BowieS Colin Chilvers, Denys Coop. Roy Field, Derek Meddings, Zoran Perisic

1977 John

.

Pereira (Reap the Wild Wind)

1948

Carlo Rambaldi, Glen Robinson, Frank Van der Veer (King Kong): L.B. Abbott. Glen Robinson, Matthew Yuricich (Logan's Run)

Muren, Bruce Nicholson (The Empire

Wings)

Newcombe

Brendel, Glen Robinson, Albert Whitlock (Earthquake) Albert Whitlock, Glen Robinson (The

Strikes Back)

1939 Fred Sersen (The Rains Came) 1940 Lawrence Butler (The Thief of Bagdad) 1941 Farciot Edouart, Gordon Jennings (/ Wanted

1943 1944

(Mary Poppins)

1974 Frank

1984

Farciot Edouart,

Robert MacDonald

1965 John Stears (Thunderball) 1966 Art Cruickshank (Fantastic Voyage) 1967 L.B. Abbott (Doctor Dolittle) 1968 Stanley Kubrick (2001: A Space Odyssey) 1969 Robbie Robertson (Marooned) 1970 A.D. Flowers, L.B. Abbott (Tora! Tora! Tora!) 1971 Alan Maley, Eustace Lycett, Danny Lee (Bedknobs and Broomsticks) 1972 L.B. Abbott, A.D. Flowers (The Poseidon

VISUAL EFFECTS^

1942

A. Arnold Gillespie,

1960 Gene Warren, Tim Baar (The Time Machine) 1961 Bill Warrington (The Guns of Navarone) 1962 Robert MacDonald (The Longest Day) 1963 Emil Kosa, Jr. (Cleopatra) 1964 Peter Ellenshaw, Hamilton Luske, Eustace

Vittorio Storaro

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Anthony Dod Mantle (Slumdog 2009 Mauro Fiore (Avatar) 2010 Wally Pfister (Inception)

10

Tom Howard (tom thumb) (Ben-Hur)

1975 John Alcott (Barry Lyndon) 1976 Haskell Wexler (Bound for Glory) 1977 Vilmos Zsigmond (Close Encounters 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Plymouth Adventure The War of the Worlds 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea The Bridges at Toko-Ri John Fulton (The Ten Commandments)

Suzanne Benson

(Aliens)

Dennis Muren, William George, Harley Jessup, Kenneth Smith (Innerspace) Ken Ralston, Richard Williams. Edward Jones, George Gibbs (Who Framed Roger Rabbit)

1989 John Bruno, Dehnis Muren. Hoyt Yeatman.

1990

Dennis Skotak (The Abyss) Rob Bottin, Tim McGovern. Alex

Eric Brevig,

Funke

(Total Recall)

1991 Robert Skotak (Terminator 2: Judgment Day) 1992 Ken Ralston, Doug Chiang. Doug Smythe, Tom Woodruff, Jr. (Death Becomes Her)

Arts, Entertainment,

654

&

Leisure

—Academy Awards

Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2010 (continued) MAKEUP (CONTINUED)

VISUAL EFFECTS^ (CONTINUED)

1993 Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, 1994

Michael Lantieri (Jurassic Park) Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen

Rosenbaum,

1995 1996 1997

1998 1999

Phil Tippett,

Allen Hall (Forrest

Gump)

Anderson, Charles Gibson, Neal Scanlan, John Cox (Babe) Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney, Joseph Viskocil (Independence Day) Robert Legato, Mark Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher, Michael Kanfer (Titanic) Joel Hynek, Nicholas Brooks, Stuart Robertson, Kevin Mack (What Dreams May Come) John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, Jon Scott

2001

2002

2003

2004 2005 2006

2007

2008 2009

2010

Christine Blundell, Trefor Proud (Topsy-Turvy) Rick Baker, Gail Ryan (Dr. Seuss’ How the

2001

Peter Owen, Richard Taylor (The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring)

Grinch Stole Christmas)

E.

Thum

2000

1999 2000

(The Matrix) John Nelson, Neil Corbould, Tim Burke, Rob

Harvey (Gladiator) Jim Rygiel, Randall William Cook, Richard Taylor, Mark Stetson (The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) Jim Rygiel, Joe Letter!, Randall William Cook, Alex Funke (The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers) Jim Rygiel, Joe Letter!, Randall William Cook, Alex Funke (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara, John Frazier (Spider-Man 2) Joe Letteri, Brian Van’t Hul, Christian Rivers, Richard Taylor (King Kong) John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, Allen Hall (Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest) Michael Fink, Bill Westenhofer, Ben Morris, Trevor Wood (The Golden Compass) Eric Barba, Steve Preeg, Burt Dalton, Craig Barron (The Curious Case of Benjamin Button) Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, Andrew R, Jones (Avatar) Paul Franklin, Chris Corbould, Andrew Lockley, Peter

Bebb

(Inception)

MAKEUP 1981 Rick Baker (An American Werewolf in London) 1982 Sarah Monzani, Michele Burke (Quest for Fire) 1983 no award given 1984 Paul LeBlanc, Dick Smith (Amadeus) 1985 Michael Westmore, Zoltan Elek (Mask)

1986 Chris Walas, Stephan Dupuis (The Fly) 1987 Rick Baker (Harry and the Hendersons) 1988 Ve Neill, Steve La Porte, Robert Short (Beetlejuice)

1989 Manlio

Rocchetti, Lynn Barber, Kevin

Haney

2002 John Jackson, Beatrice Alba (Frida) 2003 Richard Taylor, Peter King (The Lord 2004

Valli O’Reilly, Bill

Corso (Lemony Snicket’s A

Series of Unfortunate Events)

2005

Howard

2006 2007 2008

David Marti, Montse Ribe (Pan’s Labyrinth) Didier Lavergne, Jan Archibald (La Vie en rose) Greg Cannom (The Curious Case of Benjamin

2009

Barney Burman, Mindy

Berger, Tami Lane (The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe)

Button) Hall, Joel

Harlow (Star

Trek)

2010

Rick Baker, Dave Elsey (The Wolfman)

ORIGINAL SCORE

1938 1939 1940

Wolfgang Korngold (The Adventures of Robin Hood) Herbert Stothart (The Wizard of Oz) Leigh Harline, Paul J. Smith, Ned Washington Erich

(Pinocchio)

1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Bernard Herrmann (All That Money Can Buy) Max Steiner (Now, Voyager) Alfred Newman (The Song of Bernadette) Max Steiner (Since You Went Away) Miklos R6zsa (Spellbound) Hugo Friedhofer (The Best Years of Our Lives) Miklos Rozsa (A Double Life) Brian Easdale (The Red Shoes) Aaron Copland (The Heiress) Franz Waxman (Sunset Blvd.) Franz Waxman (A Place in the Sun) Dimitri Tiomkin (High Noon) Bronislau Kaper (Lili) Dimitri Tiomkin (The High Alfred

Newman

(Love

Is

and Mighty)

a Many-Splendored

Thing)

1956 Victor Young (Around the World in 80 Days)^ 1957 Malcolm Arnold (The Bridge on the River Kwai)^^

1958 Dimitri Tiomkin (The Old Man and The Sea) 1959 Miklos Rozsa (Ben-Hur) 1960 Ernest Gold (Exodus) 1961 Henry Mancini (Breakfast at Tiffany’s) 1962 Maurice Jarre (Lawrence of Arabia) 1963 John Addison (Tom Jones) 1964 Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman (Mary Poppins)

(Driving Miss Daisy)

1990 John Caglione, Jr., Doug Drexler (Dick Tracy) 1991 Stan Winston, Jeff Dawn (Terminator 2:

of the

Rings: The Return of the King)

Judgment Day) 1992 Greg Cannom, Michele

1993

Burke, Matthew W. Mungle (Bram Stoker’s Dracula) Greg Cannom, Ve Neill, Yolanda Toussieng

1965 Maurice Jarre (Doctor Zhivago) 1966 John Barry (Born Free) 1967 Elmer Bernstein (Thoroughly Modern Millie) 1968 John Barry (The Lion in Winter)^^; John Green

1969

1994

(Mrs. Doubtfire) Rick Baker, Ve Neill, Yolanda Toussieng (Ed

Burt Bacharach (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid)^^; Lennie Hayton, Lionel

1970

Francis Lai (Love Story); The Beatles (Let

Wood)

1995

1996

Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison, Lois Burwell (Braveheart) Rick Baker, David L. Anderson (The Nutty Professor) Rick Baker, David L. Anderson (Men in Black)

1997 1998 Jenny

Shircore (Elizabeth)

(0//Ver.')“

Newman It

(Hello, Dolly! )^^

Be)^*

1971 Michel Legrand (Summer of ’42) 1972 Charles Chaplin, Raymond RaschS 1973

RusselP (Limelight) Marvin Hamlisch (The Way

We

Larry

Were)

'•

!

i

— Arts, Entertainment,

Academy Awards

&

1983 1984

Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman (Yentl)^* Maurice Jarre (A Passage to India); Prince

Mack Gordon, "You'll Never Know” (Hello. Frisco, Hello) 1944 James Van Heusen, Johnny Burke, "Swinging

1945 1946

1985 John Barry (Out of Africa) 1986 Herbie Hancock (’Round Midnight) 1987 Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Byrne, Cong Su (The Last Emperor) Dave Grusin (The Milagro Beanfield War) Alan Menken (The Little Mermaid) John Barry (Dances with Wolves)

Menken (Beauty and Menken (Aladdin)

John Williams (Schindler's

1948

1950 1951

(II

Ned Washington, “High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"

(High Noon)

1954

Anne Dudley (The

1955

1956

Monty)^^

Is Beautiful)^; Stephen Warbeck (Shakespeare in Love)^^ 1999 John Corigliano (The Red Violin) 2000 Tan Dun (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon) 2001 Howard Shore (The Lord of the Rings: The

2002 2003

the Groom)

Dimitri Tiomkin,

1953 Sammy

List)

Postino)^^;

(Titanic)^^;

Loesser, "Baby, It’s Cold Outside" (Neptune’s Daughter) Ray Evans, Jay Livingston, “Mona Lisa" (Captain Carey, U.S.A.) Hoagy Carmichael, Johnny Mercer, “In The Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" (Here

Comes 1952

the Beast)

Alan Menken, Stephen Schwartz (Pocahontas)^^ Gabriel Yared (The English Patient)^^; Rachel

Full

Girls)

Wrubel, Ray Gilbert, "Zip-a-dee-docKJah" (Song of the South) Jay Livingston, Ray Evans, "Buttons and Allie

Bows” (The Paleface)

Portman (Emma)^^

1998

on a Star” (Going My Way) Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, “It Might As Well Be Spring” (State Fair) Harry Warren, Johnny Mercer, “On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe" (The Harvey

Hans Zimmer (The Lion King)

1997 James Horner

Harry Warren,

1949 Frank

(Purple Rain)^*

1996

Inn)

1943

Conti (The Right Stuff); Michel Legrand,

Luis Enrique Bacalov

655

ORIGINAL SONG (CONTINUED) 1942 Irving Berlin, "White Christmas" (Holiday

1947

(Victor/Victoria)'^'^ Bill

Alan Alan

A c adkmv Awards

(Oscars), 1928-2010 (continued)

ORIGINAL SCORE (CONTINUED) 1974 Nino Rota, Carmine Coppola (The Godfather Part II) 1975 John Williams (Jaws) 1976 Jerry Goldsmith (The Omen) 1977 John Williams (Star Wars) 1978 Giorgio Moroder (Midnight Express) 1979 Georges Delerue (A Little Romance) 1980 Michael Gore (Fame) 1981 Vangelis (Chariots of Fire) 1982 John Williams (E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial); Henry Mancini, Leslie Bricusse

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Lklsurk

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 A.R. Rahman (Slumdog Millionaire) 2009 Michael Giacchino (Up) 2010 Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross (The Social

Splendored Thing) Jay Livingston, Ray Evans, "Whatever Will Be, Will Be (Que Sera, Sera)" (The Man Who

Knew

Nicola Piovani (Life

Fellowship of the Ring) Elliot Goldenthal (Frida) Howard Shore (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek (Finding Neverland) Gustavo Santaolalla (Brokeback Mountain) Gustavo Santaolalla (Babel) Dario Marianelli (Atonement)

Fain, Paul Francis Webster, “Secret Love” (Calamity Jane) Jule Styne, Sammy Cahn, “Three Coins in the Fountain" (Three Coins in the Fountain) Sammy Fain, Paul Francis Webster, “Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing" (Love Is a Many-

Too Much)

1957 James Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn, Way” (The Joker

1958

Is

“All

the

Wild)

Frederick Loewe, Alan Jay Lerner, “Gigi" (Gigi)

1959 James Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn, "High (A Hole in the Head) Hadjidakis, "Never on Sunday”

Hopes”

1960 Manos

(Never on Sunday) Mancini, Johnny Mercer, “Moon River" (Breakfast at Tiffany’s) Henry Mancini, Johnny Mercer, “Days of Wine and Roses” (Days of Wine and

1961 Henry 1962

Roses)

1963

James Van Heusen, Sammy Cahn,

“Call

Me

Ir-

responsible” (Papa’s Delicate Condition)

Network)

B. Sherman, “Chim Chim Cher-ee” (Mary Poppins) Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster, “The Shadow of Your Smile” (The Sandpiper) John Barry, Don Black, "Born Free” (Born

1964 Richard M. Sherman, Robert ORIGINAL SONG 1934 Con Conrad, Herb Magidson, "The Continental” (The Gay Divorcee) 1935 Harry Warren, Al Dubin, "Lullaby of Broadway" (Gold Diggers of 1935) 1936 Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields, "The Way You

Look Tonight” (Swing Time) 1937 Harry Owens, "Sweet Leilani” (Waikiki Wedding) 1938 Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin, "Thanks for the Memory” (The Big Broadcast of 1938) 1939 Harold Aden, E.Y. Harburg, "Over the Rainbow” (The Wizard of Oz) 1940 Leigh Harline, Ned Washington, "When You Wish Upon a Star” (Pinocchio) 1941 Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II, "The Last Time Saw Paris” (Lady Be Good) I

1965

1966

.

Free)

1967

Leslie Bricusse, "Talk to the Animals"

(Doctor Dolittle)

1968 Michel Legrand, Alan Bergman,

1969

Sundance

1970

1971

Marilyn

Bergman, “The Windmills of Your Mind" (The Thomas Crown Affair) Burt Bacharach, Hal David. "Raindrops Keep the Failin’ On My Head” (Butch Cassidy and Kid)

Robb Royer (as Robb Wilson), James Griffin (as Arthur James), “For All We Know” (Lovers and Other Strangers) Isaac Hayes, “Theme from Shaft" (Shaft)

Fred Karlin,

Arts, Entertainment,

&

Leisure

—Academy Awards

Academy Awards (Oscars), 1928-2010 (continued) ORIGINAL SONG (CONTINUED) 1972 A1 Kasha, Joel Hirschhorn, "The Morning After” {The Poseidon Adventure) 1973 Marvin Hamlisch, Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, “The Way We Were” (The Way We Were) 1974 Al Kasha, Joel Hirschhorn, "We May Never Love Like This Again” (The Towering

ORIGINAL SONG (CONTINUED) 1992 Alan Menken, Tim Rice, “A Whole New World” (Aladdin) 1993 Bruce Springsteen, “Streets of Philadelphia” (Philadelphia)

1994

1995 Alan Menken, Stephen Schwartz,

Born) Brooks, “You Light Up

1977 Joseph

Up My

My

(You

Life”

Prince of Egypt)

Paul Jabara, “Last Dance” (Thank

1979

David Shire,

God

1999 Phil Collins, “You’ll Be in My Heart" (Tarzan) 2000 Bob Dylan, “Things Have Changed” (Wonder

It’s

Friday)

Norman Gimbel,

“It

Goes

Like

2001 Randy Newman,

1980 Michael Gore, Dean Pitchford, “Fame” (Fame) 1981 Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross, Peter Allen, “Arthur’s Theme (Best That You

Can Do)”

2002 Eminem,

Officer

2004

Giorgio Moroder, Keith Forsey, Irene Cara,

"Flashdance..,What a Feeling” (Flashdance) Stevie Wonder, “I Just Called To Say Love You” (The Woman in Red) Lionel Richie, “Say You, Say Me” (White

1987

1988 1989

Tom Whitlock, “Take My Breath Away” (Top Gun) Franke Previte, John DeNicola, Donald Markowitz, “(I’ve Had) The Time of My Life” (Dirty Dancing) early Simon, “Let the River Run” (Working Girl) Alan Menken, Howard Ashman, “Under the Sea” (The Little Mermaid)

1990 Stephen Sondheim, “Sooner or Later Always Get My Man)” (Dick Tracy) 1991 Alan Menken, Howard Ashman\ “Beauty and the Beast” (Beauty and the Beast) (I

Didn’t

Have You”

Jeff Bass, Luis Resto,

“Lose Your-

Fran Walsh, Howard Shore, Annie Lennox, “Into the West” (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) Jorge Drexler, “Al otro lado del rio” (The

Motorcycle Diaries) Cedric Coleman, Paul Beauregard, “It’s Hard Out Here for a Pimp”

I

Giorgio Moroder,

I

2005 Jordan Houston,

2006

Nights)

1986

“If

Inc.)

self” (8 Mile)

2003

(Arthur)

Where We Belong” (An and a Gentleman)

1985

(Monsters,

Nitzsche, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Will Jen-

nings, “Up

1984

Boys)

It

Goes” (Norma Rae)

1983

1996 Andrew Lloyd Webber, Tim Rice, “You Must Love Me” (Evita) 1997 James Horner, Will Jennings, "My Heart Will Go On” (Titanic) 1998 Stephen Schwartz, “When You Believe” (The

Life)

1978

1982 Jack

“Colors of

the Wind” (Pocahantas)

1975 Keith Carradine, “I’m Easy” (Nashville) 1976 Barbra Streisand, Paul Williams, “Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" (A Star

Light

Tim Rice, “Can You Feel the Love

Tonight" (The Lion King)

Inferno)

Is

Elton John,

2007

2008

(Hustle & Flow) Melissa Etheridge, “I Need To Wake Up” (An Inconvenient Truth) Glen Hansard, Marketa Irglova, “Falling Slowly” (Once) A.R.

Rahman,

(3ulzar, “Jai

Ho” (Slumdog

Millionaire)

2009 Ryan Bingham, T Bone

2010

Burnett, “The Weary Kind (Theme from Crazy Heart)” (Crazy Heart) Randy Newman, “We Belong Together” (Toy Story 3)

^Posthumously. ^The current screenplay categories were adopted for the 1957 awards. Until then, various separate writing awards were given for silent-film title writing, screenplay, story and screenplay, and motion picture story. ^Screenplay (for script only). ‘'Actual winner was blacklisted at the time of the award and the' honored work was attributed to another name or person; pseudonym or nominal winner is listed in parentheses. ^Title writing. ''Story and screenplay (for ^Motion picture story (for narrative only; also called original story). ^°Until 1963, both visual Kolor. narrative and script; also called original screenplay). ^Black and white. and sound effects were honored as special effects. Only those recipients honored for visual effects are listed ^'^Scoring. ^Drama or not a musical. ^^Musihere. In 1957 only a sound-effects engineer was honored. cal. '^‘'Song score. ^^Musical or comedy.

Did

A

youV

knows

Singer Michael Jackson, who died 25 Jun 2009, was the top-earning dead celebrity in 2010, according to Forbes magazine. His estate earned more than US$275 million from licensing and sales of his music. In fact, Parade magazine noted that Jackson was the second highest earning celebrity, alive or dead, in 2010, trailing only Oprah Winfrey.

Golden Globe Awards, 2010 The Hollywood Foreign Press Association, a group of began awarding prizes for outstanding American motion pictures and acting in 1944 and created the Golden film critics for publications outside the US,

Globe Awards in 1945. Over the years the prizes have expanded from recognizing only motion pictures and acting to include directing, screenwriting, film music scoring, foreign-language films, and television, as well

Arts, Entertainment,

&

Leisurk— Sum)\n(

Film Fksi

k

657

inai

Golden Globe Awards, 2010 (continued) as a number of other categories of achievement. The on which each winning series appears is given in parentheses. Prize: globe encircled

by a strip of motion picture film,

television network

in gold.

Golden Globes/Hollywood Foreign Press Association

Web

site:

.

Film

Drama

The Social Network (US; director, David Fincher) The Kids Are All Right (US; director, Lisa Cholodenko)

Musical/comedy Director

musical/comedy Animated feature film

David Fincher (The Social Network. US) Natalie Portman (Black Swan, US) Colin Firth (The King's Speech, UK/Australia/US) Annette Bening (The Kids Are All Right, US) Paul Giamatti (Barney's Version, Canada/Italy) Toy Story 3 (US; director, Lee Unkrich)

Foreign-language film

Haevnen

drama drama

Actress, Actor,

Actress, musical/comedy Actor,

(In

Susanne Supporting actress Supporting actor Screenplay Original score Original

a Better World) (Denmark/Sweden:

director,

Bier)

Melissa Leo (The Fighter, US) Christian Bale (The Fighter, US) Aaron Sorkin (The Social Network, US) Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross (The Social Network. US) "You Haven’t Seen the Last of Me" (Burlesque, US); music

song

and

lyrics,

Diane Warren

Television

Drama

series

Boardwalk Empire (HBO)

drama series drama series

Actress, Actor,

Musical/comedy series Actress, musical/comedy series Actor, musical/comedy series Miniseries/movie

made

for

TV

made for TV made for TV

Actress, miniseries/movie Actor, miniseries/movie

Supporting actress, series/miniseries/movie Supporting actor, series/miniseries/movie

Katey Sagal (Sons of Anarchy) Steve Buscemi (Boardwalk Empire) Glee (FOX) Laura Linney (The Big C) Jim Parsons (The Big Bang Theory) Carlos (Sundance Channel) Claire Danes (Temple Grandin) Al Pacino (You Don't Know Jack) Jane Lynch (Glee) Chris Colfer (Glee)

Sundance Film

Festival, 2011

Founded as the Utah/US Film Festival in Salt Lake City in 1978, the exhibition has traditionally focused on documentary and dramatic works from outside the Hollywood mainstream.

It

came under

Grand Jury Prize, drama Grand Jury Prize, documentary World Cinema Jury Prize, drama World Cinema Jury Prize, documentary Audience Award, US drama Audience Award, US documentary World Cinema Audience Award, drama World Cinema Audience Award, documentary Directing Award,

US drama

Directing Award, US documentary World Cinema Directing Award, drama World Cinema Directing Award, documentary Editing Award, US documentary

of actor Robert Bedford’s

and

is

Sundance

the auspices

Sundance

held every January Institute

Web

in

Institute in

site:

.

Like Crazy (US; director, Drake Doremus) How to Die in Oregon (US; director, Peter Richardson)

Happy, Happy (Norway: director, Anne Sewitsky) Hell and Back Again (US/UK/ Afghanistan: director, Danfung Dennis) Circumstance (director, Maryam Keshavarz) Buck (director, Cindy Meehl) Kinyarwanda (France/US: director, Alrick Brown) Senna (UK/France/US: director, Asif Kapadia)

Sean Durkin (Martha Marcy May Marlene) Jon Foy (Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Paddy Considine (Tyrannosaur, UK) James Marsh (Project Nim, UK) Marshall Curry and

Sam

Cullman

(If

a Tree

Falls:

Tiles)

A Story of the Earth

Liberation Front)

World Cinema Editing Award,

Goran Olsson (The Black Power Mixtape 1967-1975, Sweden)

documentary Cinematography Award, US drama Cinematography Award, US

documentary World Cinema Cinematography Award,

drama World Cinema Cinematography Award, documentary Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award World Cinema Screenwriting Award

1985

Park City UT.

Bradford Young (Par/ah) Ryan Hill, Peter Hutchens, and Eric Strauss (The Redemption of

General Butt Naked) Diego F. Jimenez (All Your Dead Ones, Colombia)

Danfung Dennis

Sam

(He//

and Back Again, US/UK/ Afghanistan)

Levinson (Another Happy Day, US) Erez Kav-EI (Restoration, Israel)

Arts, Entertainment,

658

&

Sundance Film Special Jury Prize,

Special Jury Prize,

US drama US documentary

World Cinema Special Jury Prize, drama (for breakout performance) World Cinema Special Jury Prize,

Leisure

—Sundance Film Festival

Festival, 2011 (continued)

Another Earth (director, Mike Cahill) Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey (director, Constance Marks) Olivia Colman and Peter Mullan (Tyrannosaur) (UK; director, Paddy Considine) Position

Among

the Stars (Netherlands/Indonesia: director,

documentary

Leonard Retel Helmrich) Jury Prize, US short filmmaking Brick Novax’s Diary (director. Matt Piedmont) International Jury Prize, short filmmaking Deeper Than yesterday (Australia; director, Ariel Kleiman Best of NEXT!: Audience Award To.get.her (US; director. Erica Dunton) Alfred P. Sloan Prize Another Earth (US; director, Mike Cahill)

Toronto International Film Festival, 2010 Founded in 1976, the Toronto International Film Fesone of North America’s best-attended exhibitions and a frequent forum for the premieres of major feature films. The festival, held in September, awards tival is

prizes, three of which are for Canadian films. Toronto International Film Festival Web site:

seven

.

Canadian feature film Canadian first feature film Canadian short film FIPRESCI Prize for Discovery FIPRESCI Prize for Special

Incendies (director, Denis Villeneuve) The High Cost of Living (director, Deborah Chow) Les Fleurs de Tage (director, Vincent Biron) Beautiful Boy (US; director, Shawn Ku) L’Amour fou (France; director, Pierre Thoretton)

Presentations People’s Choice Award People’s Choice Award-Documentary

The King's Speech (UK/Australia; director, Tom Hooper) Force of Nature: The David Suzuki Movie (Canada;

Gunnarsson)

director, Sturla

People’s Choice Award-Midnight

Madness

Stake Land (US;

Cannes International Film Established in 1946, the Cannes Festival is among the best-known and most influential film exhibitions in the world. A nine-member feature-film Jury and a

five-member short-film and Cinefondation Jury give awards to the best film (Palme d’Or) and other outstanding films (special Jury prizes) in their respective categories. The Grand Prix goes to the feature film Judged the most original, and the feature Jury also

director,

Jim Mickle)

Festival, 2011

chooses the winners of the performance, direction, and screenplay awards. The Camera d’Or, for best first film, is awarded by a Jury comprising film industry professionals and members of the moviegoing public. The Cinefondation awards are for works of one hour or less by film-school students.

Cannes

Festival

Web

site:

.

Palme d’Or: The Tree of Life (US; director, Terrence Malick); Grand Prix: Bir zamanlar Anadolu’da (Once Upon a Time in Anatolia) (Turkey/Bosnia-Herzegovina; director, Nuri Bilge Ceylan); Le gamin au velo (The Kid with a Bike) (Belgium/France/ltaly; directors, Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne); best actress: Kirsten Dunst best di(Melancholia, Denmark/Sweden/France/Germany); best actor: Jean Dujardin (The Artist, France); rector: Nicolas Winding Refn (Drive, US); best screenplay: Joseph Cedar (Hearat shulayim [Footnote], Israel); jury prize: Polisse (Poliss) (France; director, Maiwenn); Camera d’Or: Las acacias (Argentina/Spain; director, feature films

Pablo

Giorgelli)

Palme d’Or: Cross (Cross-country) (France/Ukraine; director, Maryna Vroda); short films pakje 46 (Swimsuit 46) (Belgium; director, Wannes Destoop) Cln6fondatlon (France; director,

Jury prize: Bad-

2nd prize: Drari 1st prize: Der Brief (The Letter) (Germany; director, Doroteya Droumeva); Lazraq); 3rd prize: Ya-gan-bi-hang (Fly by Night) (Republic of Korea; director. Son Tae-

Kamal

gyum)

Berlin International Film Festival, 2011

annually since 1951, comprises more than 20 separate competitions and Juries emphasizing aspects of both worldwide and

made up of film-industry figures from across the globe, selects the winners of the Golden and Silver Bears, the festival’s top awards. Berlin International Film Festival Web site:

German cinema, each

.

The

Berlin International Film Festival (Internationale

Filmfestspiele

Golden Bear

Berlin),

held

with their

own

prizes.

The

In-

ternational Jury,

Jodaeiye Nader az Simin (Nader and Simin, A Separation)

Asghar Farhadi)

(Iran; director,

Arts, Entertainment,

&

Leisure

— US Top-Grossing Films

659

Berlin International Film Festival, 2011 (continued) Jury Grand Prix (Silver Bear)

A

torindi 16 {The Turin

Horse)

(Hungary/France/Germany/Switzerland/US;

director, Bela Tarr)

Germany/France/

Silver Bear, director

Ulrich Kohler {Schlafkrankheit [Sleeping Sickness],

Silver Bear, actress

Netherlands) actress ensemble {Jodaeiye Nader az Simin [Nader and Simln, A

Silver Bear, actor

actor

Separation], Iran)

ensemble {Jodaeiye Nader az Simin [Nader and Simin, A

Separation], Iran) Silver Bear, script

Silver Bear, artistic contribution

Alfred

Bauer

Prize (for a

work of

Joshua Marston and Andamion Murataj {The Forgiveness of Blood), US/Albania/Denmark/ltaly) Wojciech Staron (cinematography) and Barbara Enriquez (production design) {El premio [The Prize], Mexico/France/Poland/Germany) Wer wenn nicht v^ir {If Not Us, Who) (Germany; director Andres Veiel)

particular innovation)

and Simin, A Separation) Asghar Farhadi); Panorama: Lo roim alaich {Invisible) (Israel/Germany; director, Michal Aviad); Forum: En terrains connus {Familiar Grounds) (Canada; director, Stephane Lafleur Competition: A torindi 16 {The Turin Horse) (Hungary/France/Germany/ Switzerland/US; director, Bela Tarr); Panorama: Dernier dtage gauche gauche {Top Floor Left Wing) (France/Luxembourg: director, Angelo Cianci; Forum: Heaven's Story (Japan; director, Zeze Takahisa) On the Ice (US; director, Andrew Okpeaha MacLean)

Competition: Jodaeiye Nader az Simin {Nader

Ecumenical Jury prizes

(Iran; director,

FIPRESCI prizes

Best

First

Feature Award

Worldwide Top-Grossing Films (Actual US Dollars) As of 22 Aug 2011. Includes reissues. Source: . ACTUAL US DOLLARS 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

2,782,300,000 1,843,200,000 1,265,900,000 1,119,100,000 1,095,500,000 1,066,200,000 1,063,200,000 1,038,600,000 1,024,300,000 1,001,900,000 974,800,000 963,400,000 955,400,000 939,900,000 934,400,000 925,300,000 924,300.000 919,800,000 914,700.000 896,900.000

Avatar (2009) Titanic (1997) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part II (2011) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) Toy Story 3 (2010) Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011) Alice in Wonderland (2010) The Dark Knight (2008) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 1 (2010) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) Star Wars: Episode l-The Phantom Menace (1999) Shrek 2 (2004) Jurassic Park (1993) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)

US Top-Grossing Films (Constant US

Dollars, Estimated)

Admissions-the number of tickets sold to a movie— tell a different story from the raw dollars earned. While recent films have made hundreds of millions of dollars, only 2 of the top 10 films in terms of attendance were released after 1980. Includes' reissues. Source: . ADMISSIONS 1 2

3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10

Gone

202,044,600 Star Wars (1977) 178,119,600 The Sound of Music (1965) 142,415,400 E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982) 141,854,300 The Ten Commandments (1956) 131,000,000 Titanic (1997) 128,345,900 Jaws (1975) 128,078,800 Doctor Zhivago (1965) 124,135,500 The Exorcist (1973) 110,568,700 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) 109,000,000 with the

Wind (1939)

2011 US DOLLARS 1,588,070,800 1,400,020,000 1,119,384,900 1,114,975,100 1,029,660,000 1,008,798,700 1,006,699,500

975,704,700 869,069,700 856,740.000

ACTUAL us DOLLARS

198,676,459 460,998,007 158,671,368 435.110,554 65.500.000 600,788.188 260,000.000 111.721.910 232,671.011 184,925,486

Arts, Entertainment,

660

&

Leisure

—Top US DVD Sales

Top US DVD Sales, 2010 Source: .

11 12 13 14 15 16

Avatar Toy Story 3

1 2 3 4 5

The Twilight Saga: New Moon The Blind Side The Twilight Saga: Eclipse How to Train Your Dragon Despicable Me

6 7

8 9 10

Iron

Alice in

Inception

2012 The Karate Kid Michaei Jackson: This Is It Sherlock Holmes Shrek Forever After Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Tinker Beil and the Great Fairy Rescue

17

Man 2

18 19

The Princess and the Frog The Hangover

Wonderland the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel

and

Alvin

20

Television Emmy

Awards, 2010

he Academy of Television Arts and Sciences gave its first awards for excellence in television, named the Emmys after the nickname of an early television camera part, for the 1948 season. In the ensuing decades, categories have evolved to include

separate prime-time, daytime, and regional Emmy Awards. Award: statuette of a winged woman holding an atom.

Comedy: Modern Famiiy (ABC) Lead actor, comedy: Jim Parsons, The Big Bang

Supporting actor, drama: Aaron Paul, Breaking Bad (AMC) Supporting actress, drama: Archie Panjabi, The Good Wife (CBS) Miniseries: The Pacific (HBO) Lead actor, miniseries or movie: Al Pacino, You Don’t Know Jack (HBO) Lead actress, miniseries or movie: Claire Danes, Temple Grandin (HBO) Variety/music/comedy: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (Comedy Central) Nonfiction: The Nationai Parks: America’s Best Idea (PBS)

T

out

Theory (CBS)

Lead actress, comedy: Edie Falco, Nurse Jackie (Showtime) Supporting actor, comedy: Eric Stonestreet, Modern Family (ABC) Supporting actress, comedy: Jane Lynch, Glee (FOX)

Drama: Mad Men (AMC) Lead actor, drama: Bryan Cranston, Breaking Bad (AMC) Lead actress, drama: Kyra Sedgwick, The Closer (TNT)

Emmy

Emmy Awards Web

site:

.

Awards, 1949-2010^

1949

1953

Most popular program: Pantomime Quiz, KTLA TV film: Your Show Time: The Necklace

Variety:

1950

Mystery/action/adventure: Dragnet (NBC) Public affairs: See It Now (CBS) Audience participation/quiz/panel: What’s (CBS)

The Ed Wynn Show, KTTV Kinescope show: The Texaco Star Theater, KNBH (NBC) TV film: The Life of Riley, KNBH Public service/cultural/educational: Crusade in Live show:

Your

Show

of Shows (NBC)

Comedy: 7 Love Lucy (CBS) Drama: Robert Montgomery Presents (NBC)

Children’s:

Time

for

My Line?

Beany (syndicated)

1954

Europe, KECA-TV/KTTV (ABC) Time for Beany, KTLA

Omnibus (CBS) Comedy: Love Lucy (CBS) Drama: The U.S. Steel Hour (ABC)

Children’s:

Variety:

/

1951 Variety:

Drama:

The Alan Young Show, KTTV (CBS) Pulitzer Prize Playhouse, KECA-TV (ABC)

Game/audience

Mystery/action/adventure: Dragnet (NBC) Public affairs: Victory at Sea (NBC)

Audience participation/quiz/panel: This Life (NBC): What’s My Line? (CBS) Children’s: Kukla, Fran, and OHie (NBC)

participation: Truth or

Consequences, KTTV (CBS) Children’s: Time for Beany, KTLA

Is

Your

Educational: KFI-TV University, KFI-TV Cultural:

Campus Chorus and

Orchestra,

KTSL

1955 Variety:

1952 Variety:

Your

Show

of Shows (NBC)

Comedy: The Red Skelton Show (NBC) Drama: Studio One (CBS)

Disneyland (ABC)

Comedy: Make Room for Daddy (ABC) Drama: The U.S. Steel Hour (ABC) Mystery/intrigue: Dragnet (NBC) Western/adventure: Stories of the Century (syndicated)

1

I

I

A RTS,

Entertainment,

Emmy

&

— E m m y Awa rds

661

Awards, 1949-2010^ (continued)

1962 (continued) Educational/public affairs; David Brinkley’s Journal

1955 (continued) Cultural/religious/educational; Omnibus (CBS) Audience participation/quiz/panel: This Is Your Life

Leisure

(NBC)

New York Philharmonic Young People’s Concerts with Leonard Bernstein (CBS) Program of the year: Hallmark Hall of Fame: Victoria Regina (NBC)

(NBC)

Children’s:

Children’s: Lassie (CBS)

1956 The Ed Sullivan Show (CBS) Comedy: The Phil Silvers Show: You'll Never Get Rich Variety:

Variety:

Drama: Producers’ Showcase (NBC) Action/adventure: Disneyland (ABC) Music: Your Hit Parade (NBC) Documentary: Omnibus (CBS)

Audience participation: The $64,000 Question (CBS) Children's: Lassie (CBS)

1957 hr, or less): The Never Get Rich (CBS)

Series (V2 Series (1

New

1963 The Andy W////ams Show (NBC) Humor; The Dick Van Dyke Show (CBS) Drama: The Defenders (CBS) News: The Huntley-Brinkley Report (NBC) Commentary/public affairs: David Brinkley’s Journal

(CBS)

hr.

series:

Phil Silvers

Show:

You’ll

•

or more): Caesar’s Hour (NBC) Playhouse 90 (CBS)

(NBC) Documentary: The Tunnel (NBC) Panel/qui^aud. particip.: The G.E. College Bowl (CBS) Children’s: Wa/t Disney’s Wonderful World of Color (NBC) Program of the year: The Tunnel (NBC)

1964 The Danny Kaye Show (CBS) Comedy: The Dick Van Dyke Show (CBS) Drama: The Defenders (CBS) News reports: The Huntley-Brinkley Report (NBC) Commentary/public affairs: “Cuba— Part The Bay of Pigs” and “Cuba-Part II: The Missile Crisis,” NBC White Paper (NBC) Documentary: The Making of the President 1960

Variety:

1958 Musical/variety/audience participation/quiz: The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (NBC) Comedy: The Phil Silvers Show: You’ll Never Get Rich (CBS) Drama, continuing: Gunsmoke (CBS) Drama, anthology: Playhouse 90 (CBS) New series: The Seven Lively Arts (CBS) Public service:

Omnibus (ABC/NBC)

I:

(ABC) Children’s; Discovery ’63-’64 (ABC)

Program of the

1959

1960

Musical/variety: The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (NBC) Comedy: The Jack Benny Show (CBS)

Drama Drama

Alcoa-Goodyear Playhouse (NBC) (1 hr,+): Playhouse 90 (CBS) Western; Maverick (ABC) News reporting: The Huntley-Brinkley Report (NBC) Public service: Omnibus (NBC) Panel/quiz/audience participation: What's My Line? (ear period The committee

eet *c^'e^e^>#>r>t

TIAP

POTT

YEAR

1448 1449 1950 1951 1952

E/r« Pourx)

W«H«C€ Stpvpns John Crrvwe Rensom Merwtnne Moore

1963 1965 1967 1969

Archibek) MacLcish Wnliiem Certos Williams

1971

1953 1954

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961

WM

Web site: .

James

Theodore Roethke Deinnore Schwartz

1983

Yvof Winters Richard Eberhart

1985

Anthony Hecht John Hollander John Ashbery

Allen Tate

E

E.

Cummings

^ you"/

Did

knowH

A

Merrill

Ammons

David Ignatow W.S. Merwin

May Swenson Howard Nemerov

John Hall Wheelock

YEAR

POET

1987 1989 1991

Stanley Kunitz

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Mona Van Duyn 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981

A.R.

POETRY

Poetry

POET Robert Frost Horace Gregory Robert Penn Warren John Berryman Karl Shapiro Richard Wilbur

Auden

L^onie Adams Louise Bogan Conrad Aiken

IN

considers published work, particularly work published during that preceding two-year period. Former winners of the US$100,000 prize are not eligible.

awardetj btennially to

whoee wofM reptesonts the

in

PRIZE

Edgar Bowers Laura Riding Jackson Donald Justice Mark Strand Kenneth Koch Gary Snyder Robert Greeley Louise Gluck Adrienne Rich Jay Wright Frank Bidart

Grossman Susan Howe

Allen

Fred Chappell

time in history, sales of elecand all other formats, in the month of February. According to the Association of American Publishers, e-book sales totaled some US$90.3 million that month, a 202% increase from January sales. report released in April 201

1

claimed

that for the first

tronic books, or e-books, topped those of paperbacks,

Pritzker Architecture Prize

The Pnt/ker Architecture architect for built

YEAR

SAME

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Philip

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

awarded by the Hyatt Foundatior) since 1979, is given to an outstanding living work. Prize: US$100,000 and a bronze medallion. Web site: . Prize,

COUNTRY

Johnson Luis Barragdn

United States

James Stirling Kevin Roche

Great United United United

1

M

Pei

Richard Meier Hans HoHein

Gonfned Bdhm Keh/o Tange Gordon Bunshaft Oscar Niemeyer Frank 0. Gehry Aido Roaai Robert Venturi

Aharo S*za Fumihiko Maki Christian de Portzamparc Tadao Ando

Mexico Britain

States States States

YEAR

NAME

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Rafael

Austria

West Germany Japan United States Brazil

United States Italy

United States Portugal

Japan France

Japan

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2011

COUNTRY

Moneo

Sverre Fehn

Renzo Piano

Norman Foster

Rem Koolhaas Jacques Herzog Pierre de Meuron Glenn Murcutt J0rn Utzon Zaha Hadid

Thom Mayne Paulo Mendes da Rocha Richard Rogers Jean Nouvel Peter Zumthor

Kazuyo Sejima Ryue Nishizawa Eduardo Souto de Moura

Spain

Norway Italy

Great Britain Netherlands Switzerland,

Switzerland Australia

Denmark' Great Britain United States Brazil

Great Britain France Switzerland

Japan Japan Portugal

,

'

Sport Sport Coverage he tables that follow contain information about the top contests of ail the major sports that are international in character, as well as some professional and amateur sports that attract a huge national following-such as baseball in the United States and cricket in the United Kingdom, Australia,

T

India,

and the other Test match countries.

In

many

sports the Olympic Games held every four years constitute the world championships: they are included in

f|

the listings below. In some cases circumstances such as marriage or divorce have changed the name of a winning athlete. The following tables give the name by which the athlete was known for the given year, resulting in instances in which the athlete may appear under two or more names in the same table. Similarly, if the citizenship of an athlete or name of the athlete’s country changes, the tables reflect the accurate name for each given year.

Sporting Codes for Countries Codes of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) AFG

AHO

!

ALB ALG

AND ANG ANT ARG

ARM ARU ASA AUS

Afghanistan Netherlands Antilles Albania

CUB

Cuba

CYP CZE

Cyprus Czech Republic

KAZ KEN KGZ

Algeria

DEN

Denmark

KIR

Kiribati

Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda

DJI

KOR

Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

Argentina

Armenia Aruba American Samoa

DMA DOM ECU EGY

.Djibouti

Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

KOS KSA

Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan

Kosovo

Egypt

KUW

ERI

Eritrea

LAO

Saudi Arabia Kuwait Laos

Salvador Spain

LAT

Latvia

|AUT

Austria

AZE IBAH

Azerbaijan

ESA ESP EST ETH

Bahamas, The

FIJ

Fiji

LBA LBR LCA LES

BAN BAR

Bangladesh Barbados

FIN

Finland

LIB

Lebanon

FRA

France

LIE

Liechtenstein

BDI

Burundi Belgium Benin

FSM

Micronesia, Federated

LTU

Lithuania

LUX

GAB

Gabon

Bermuda

GAM

Gambia, The

Luxembourg Madagascar Morocco

Bhutan

Great Britain Guinea-Bissau Georgia

Bahrain Brunei

GBR GBS GEO GEQ GER GHA GRE GRN GUA

I

BEL

I

BEN BER BHU

’

!

iBIH BIZ

Australia

El

Estonia Ethiopia

States of

Bosnia and Herzegovina Belize

BLR jBOL BOT

Belarus

BRA [BRN ^BRU [BUL [bur

Brazil

Bulgaria

GUI

Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea

Burkina Faso

GUM

Guam

?CAF

Central African Republic

GUY

Guyana

[CAM

Cambodia Canada

HAI

'

1

1

Germany Ghana

MDA MDV MEX

MGL MHL

Lesotho

Malaysia

Malawi Moldova Maldives Mexico Mongolia Marshall Islands

Macedonia^

MLI

Mali

MLT

Malta

Montenegro

Haiti

MNE MON MOZ

Hong Kong

MRI

Honduras Hungary

Chad

INA

Indonesia

MTN MYA NAM

Mauritius Mauritania

Congo, Republic of the

HKG HON HUN

CHI

Chile

IND

India

CHN

China Cote d’Ivoire

IRI

Iran

CIV

IRL

CMR

Cameroon Congo, Democratic

CAY

fCGO fCHA '

Botswana

MAW

Saint Lucia

MKD

fCAN ’

Bolivia

Equatorial Guinea

MAD MAR MAS

Libya Liberia

Cayman

Islands

Monaco Mozambique

Myanmar (Burma) Namibia Nicaragua

Ireland

NCA NED NEP

Netherlands Nepal

IRQ

Iraq

NGR

Nigeria

ISL

Iceland

NIG

Niger

ISR ISV

Israel

Cook Islands

NOR NRU

Norway Nauru

COL

Colombia

ITA

Italy

NZL

COM

Comoros Cape Verde

IVB

British Virgin Islands

OMA

New Zealand Oman

JAM JOR

Jamaica

Costa Rica Croatia

JPN

Japan

PAK PAN PAR

[cod

Republic of the

IcOK

CPV

CRC CRO

US

Virgin Islands

Jordan

Pakistan

Panama Paraguay

N

7

-Sportinx; COdf.s for

Coun tries

Sporting Codes for Countries (continued) Codes

of the International Olympic

Committee (IOC) (continued) TOG

PtR

Ppru

SLE

Sierra

PMI

PbiliDpi r>cs

SLO

Slovenia

TPE

Togo Taiwan

PIT

Palestine

SMR

Trinidad

PLW PNG

Palau

SOL

San Marino Solomon Islands

TRI

Tunisia

Papua New Guinea

SOM

Somalia

POL

Polarid

SRB

Serbia

PO« PRK

Portugal

SRI

Sri

STP

SUD

Sao Tome and Sudan

SUI

Switzerland

PUR

Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of (North Korea) Puerto Rico

Suriname

OAT

Qatar

SUR SVK

ROU

Romania

Sweden

RSA RUS

South Africa

SWE SWZ

Swaziland

TUN TUR TUV UAE UGA UKR URU USA UZB VAN VEN

Syria

VIE

RWA SAM

Rwanda

Tanzania

VI

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Thailand

YEM ZAM

Yemen

Leone

Lanka Principe

Slovakia

SEN

Senegal

SYR TAN TGA THA

SEY

Seychelles

TJK

Tajikistan

SIN

Singapore

TKM

SKN

Saint Kitts

Turkmenistan East Timor (Timor-Leste)

Russia

Samoa

and Nevis

Tonga

TLS

Historical

ENG England FRG Germany. Federal Republic of (West

GDR German

Germany)

Republic (East Germany)

SCO

Turkey Tuvalu United Arab Emirates

Uganda Ukraine

Uruguay United States Uzbekistan

Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam

Zambia Zimbabwe

and Other Country Codes

GGY Guernsey IMN Isle of Man JEY NIR

Democratic

ZIM

and Tobago

Jersey

TCH Czechoslovakia UNT Unified Team^ URS USSR

Northern Ireland Scotland

YUG

WAL Wales Yugoslavia

^Macedonia is known by the IOC as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. vsted of athletes from the Commonwealth of Independent States plus Georgia.

Hhe

Unified

Team

con-' j

The Olympic Games

B

y the 6th century bc several sporting festivals had achieved cultural importance in the Greek wofkJ The most prominent among them were

the Otympc recorded in thereafter.

Games 776

at

the

city

of Olympia,

first

and held at four-year intervals Those games, comprising many of the bc

sports now iixluded in the Summer Games, were abolished in ad 393 by the Roman emperor Theodosius I. proOabfy because of their pagan associations. In 1887 the 24 year-old French aristocrat and educator Pierre, baron de Coubertin, conceived the K)ea of reviving the Oympic Games and spent seven years gathenng support for his plan. At an international corrgress in 1894. his plan was accepted and the In-

Oympe Commmee (IOC) was founded. The modem Ofympic Crimes were held in Athens in

ternational first

Apnl 1896. with some 300 representatives from 13 natior« competing. The revival led to the formation of international

amateur sports organizations and na-

Otympic comminees throughout the world. The KX »8 responsible for maintaining the regular celebration of the games, seeing that the games are carried out m a spirit of peace and intercultural borvil

communication,

and promoting amateur sport

throughout the world. IOC members may not accept from the government of their country, or from any other entity, instructions that compromise their inde-

penderKe. The Ofymptc

Games have come to be regarded as the world s forenxjst sports competition. Before the

1970s the Games were officially limited to amateurs^ but since that time many events have been opened to* professional athletes. In 1924 the Winter Games were created, and in 1986 the IOC voted to alternatethe Winter and Summer Games every two years, bej| ginning in 1994. The games were canceled during the two world warsU (1916, 1940, and 1944) and have frequently served = “ as venues for the expression of political dissent China refused to participate in the Summer Games from 1956 until 1984 because of Taiwan’s participation; 26 nations boycotted the games in 1976 over the participation of New Zealand, some of whose athletes had competed in apartheid-era South Africa: the United States and some 60 other countries boycotted the 1980 games in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the Communist bloc and Cuba in turn boycotted the 1984 Los Angeles games. In light of the IOC’s declared independence from political and financial interests, in 1998 the world

M

|

j

|

was shocked by

allegations of widespread corruption

committee members, it was found, had accepted bribes to approve the bid of Salt Lake City UT as the site for the 2002 Winter Games. Impropriety was also alleged for several within the committee. Several

previous bid committees. The IOC responded by expelling six members and in 1999 announced a

number IOC

of wide-ranging reforms.

Web

site:

.

’

^

Sport

Sites of the

—Oiampk

697

s

Modern Olympic Games

Summer Games YEAR

YEAR

LOCATION

1896 Athens. Greece 1900 Paris, France 1904 St. Louis MO 1908 London, England 1912 Stockholm, Sweden 1916 not held 1920 Antwerp, Belgium 1924 Paris, France 1928 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1932 Los Angeles CA 1936 Berlin, Germany 1940-44 not held

1948 1952 1956

Tokyo, Japan

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

Mexico City, Mexico Munich, West Germany Montreal, QC, Canada

2016

Australia

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

Rome,

Italy

YEAR

1928 1932 1936

:

LOCATION

YEAR

Chamonix, France

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998

St. Moritz,

Switzerland

Lake Placid NY Garmisch-Partenkirchen,

Germany

1940-44 not held 1948 St. Moritz, Switzerland 1952 Oslo, Norway 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo, Italy 1960 Squaw Valley CA

1

1

!

1

LOCATION Barcelona, Spain Atlanta

GA

Sydney, NSW, Australia Athens, Greece Beijing, China scheduled to be held 27

July- 12 August,

London, England scheduled to be held

5-21 August, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Moscow, USSR Los Angeles CA Seoul, Rep. of Korea

Winter

k924

YEAR

LOCATION London, England Helsinki, Finland Melbourne, VIC,

Games

LOCATION Innsbruck, Austria Grenoble, France Sapporo, Japan Innsbruck, Austria

YEAR

LOCATION

2002 2006 2010 2014

Salt Lake City

Vancouver, BC, Canada scheduled to be held

Lake Placid NY

7-23

Sarajevo, Yugoslavia

Russia

Calgary, AB,

2018

Canada

UT

Turin, Italy

February, Sochi,

scheduled

9-25

to

be held

February,

France Lillehammer, Norway

P'yongch'ang, Rep. of

Nagano, Japan

Korea

Albertville,

j

Summer Olympic Games ji

Gold-medal winners

summer events since 1896. Note: East and West Germany fielded a joint many team in 1956, 1960, and 1964, abbreviated here as GER.

in all

Archery MEN’S INDIVIDUAL 1972 John Williams (USA) 1976 Darrell Pace (USA)

1980 Torn! Poikolainen (FIN) 1984 Darrell Pace (USA) [1988 Jay Barrs (USA) 1992 Sebastian Flute (FRA) 1996 Justin Huish (USA) 2000 Simon Fairweather (AUS) !

1

Archery (continued)

DOUBLE AMERICAN ROUND 1904 George Philip Bryant (USA)

ROUND 1904 George Philip Bryant 1908 William Dod (GBR)

(DOUBLE) YORK

(USA)

1

'

CONTINENTAL STYLE

1908 Eugene

G. Grizot (FRA)

12004

Marco Galiazzo (ITA) 2008 Viktor Ruban (UKR)

FIXED BIRD TARGET (SMALL)

1920 Edmond van Moer AU CORDON DORE (50 METERS) 1900 Henri Herouin (FRA)

'

FIXED BIRD TARGET (LARGE)

1920 Edouard Cloetens

1

AU CORDON DORE (33 METERS) jjl900 Hubert van Innis (BEL)

(BEL)

(BEL)

'

|aU CHAPELET (50 METERS) n900 Eugene Mougin (FRA)

»SUR LA PERCHE A LA HERSE Emmanuel Foulon (FRA)

il900

MOVING BIRD TARGET (28 METERS) 1920 Hubert van Innis (BEL) MOVING BIRD TARGET (33 METERS) 1920 Hubert van Innis (BEL) MOVING BIRD TARGET (50 METERS)

1920 1

1

AU CHAPELET (33 METERS) 1900 Hubert van Innis (BEL)

>SUR LA PERCHE A LA PYRAMIDE 1900 Emile Grumiaux (FRA) 1

Julian Brule (FRA)

WOMEN’S INDIVIDUAL

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

Doreen Wilber (USA) Luann Ryon (USA) Ketevan Losaberidze (URS) Seo Hyang Soon (KOR) Kim Soo Nyung (KOR)

all-Ger-

SPOHI -«x>6 (KOR) 1996 Kifn Kyung Woofc (KOR)

MEN (CONTINUED) 2004 Argentina

(»U>R) 2000 YUn 2004 Part* Sung Kyun (W)R) 2008 Zhang Juan juan (CHN)

WOMEN

oouetc coiUMou poum>

1904

MatikJa Scott How«il (USA)

2008

1996 United States 2000 Norway 2004 United States 2008 United States

(OOUSa) NATIONAi POUND

1904 Matitoa Scott How«ll (USA) 1908 SyWI Fenton *0ueen»e‘ Newall (GBR) MEN S 1904 1988 1992 1996

2000 2004 2008

United States Republic of Korea

Spain Untted States Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Republic of Korea

1996 Republic

2008

Athletics (Track

and

Field)

60 METERS

1900 1904

Alvin Kraenziein (USA)

Archie

Hahn (USA)

of

Korea

Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Republic of Korea

nXEO TARCn

(2

EVENTS)

1920 Belgium MOVING TARGET (28 METERS) 1920 The Netherlands MOVING TARCn (33 METERS) 1920 Belgium MOVING TARGET (60 METERS) 1920 Belgium

100 METERS

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Thomas Burke (USA) Francis Jarvis (USA)

Hahn (USA) Reginald Walker (RSA) Ralph Craig (USA)

Archie

Charles Paddock (USA) Harold Abrahams (GBR) Percy Williams (CAN) Eddie Tolan (USA) Jesse Owens (USA) Harrison Dillard (USA) Lindy Remigino (USA) Robert Morrow (USA) Armin Hary (GER) Robert Hayes (USA) James Hines (USA) Valery Borzov (URS) Hasely Crawford (TRI) Allan Wells (GBR) Carl Lewis (USA) Carl Lewis (USA)2 Linford Christie (GBR)

Donovan

Bailey (CAN) Maurice Greene (USA) Justin Gatlin (USA)

Usain Bolt (JAM)

300 METERS Association Football (Soccer)*

MEN 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

(men) SEC 7 7

TEAM

WOMEN'S TEAM 1904 United States 1988 Republic of Korea 1992 Republic of Korea 20(X) 2CX)4

Argentina

Great Britain

Canada Great Britain Great Britain

Belgium Uruguay Uruguay Italy

Sweden Hungary

USSR Yugoslavia

Hungary Hungary Poland East Germany Czechoslovakia

France

USSR Spain Nigena

2000 Cameroon

1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Walter Tewksbury (USA) Archie Hahn (USA) Robert Kerr (CAN)

Ralph Craig (USA) Woodring (USA) Jackson Scholz (USA) Percy Williams (CAN) Eddie Tolan (USA) Jesse Owens (USA) MeNin Patton (USA) Andy Stanfield (USA) Robert Morrow (USA) Allen

Livk) Berruti (ITA)

Henry Carr (USA)

Tommie Smith (USA) Valery Borzov (URS) Donald Quarrie (JAM) Pietro

Mennea

(ITA)

Carl Lewis (USA)

Joe DeLoach (USA) Mike Marsh (USA) Michael Johnson (USA) Konstantinos Kenteris (GRE)

SEC 12.0 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.8 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.2 10.0 9.9

10.14 10.06 10.25 9.99 9.92 9.96 9.84 9.87 9.85 9.69 SEC 22.2 21.6 22.6 21.7 22.0 21.6 21.8 21.2 20.7 21.1 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.3 19.8

20.00 20.23 20.19 19.80 19.75 20.01 19.32 20.09

Sport

— Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Athletics (Track

and

Field)

(men) (continued)

200 METERS (CONTINUED)

2004 Shawn Crawford 2008 Usain Bolt (JAM)

SEC (USA)

400 METERS

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

SEC

Thomas Burke (USA) Maxwell Long (USA) Harry Hillman (USA)

Wyndham

Halswelle (GBR) Charles Reidpath (USA) Bevil Rudd (RSA) Eric Liddell

Raymond

(GBR)

Barbuti (USA)

William Carr (USA)

Archie Williams (USA)

Arthur Wint (JAM) Vincent George Rhoden (JAM) Charles Jenkins (USA) Otis Davis (USA) Michael Larrabee (USA) Lee Evans (USA) Vincent Matthews (USA) Alberto Juantorena (CUB) Viktor Markin (URS) Alonzo Babers (USA) Steven Lewis (USA) Quincy Watts (USA) Michael Johnson (USA) Michael Johnson (USA) Jeremy Wariner (USA) LaShawn Merritt (USA)

800 METERS 1896 Edwin Flack (AUS) 1900 Alfred Tysoe (GBR)

1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

James Lightbody (USA) Melvin Sheppard (USA)

James Edward Meredith (USA) Hill (GBR) Douglas Lowe (GBR) Douglas Lowe (GBR) Thomas Hampson (GBR) John Woodruff (USA)

Albert

Malvin Whitfield (USA) Malvin Whitfield (USA) Thomas Courtney (USA) Peter Snell (NZL) Peter Snell (NZL) Ralph Doubell (AUS) David Wottle (USA) Alberto Juantorena (CUB) Steven Ovett (GBR) Joaquim Cruz (BRA) Paul Ereng (KEN) William Tanui (KEN) Vebjoern Rodal (NOR) Nils Schumann (GER) Yury Borzakovsky (RUS) Wilfred Bungei (KEN)

1,500 METERS

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924

54.2 49.4 49.2 50.0 48.2 49.6 47.6 47.8 46.2 46.5 46.2 45.9 46.7 44.9 45.1 43.8 44.66 44.26 44.60 44.27 43.87 43.50 43.49 43.84 44.00 43.75 MIN:SEC

2:11.0 2:01.2 1:56.0 1:52.8 1:51.9 1:53.4 1:52.4 1:51.8 1:49.7 1:52.9 1:49.2 1:49.2 1:47.7 1:46.3 1:45.1 1:44.3 1:45.9 1:43.50 1:45.40 1:43.00 1:43.45 1:43.66 1:42.58 1:45.08 1:44.45 1:44.65 MIN:SEC

Edwin Flack (AUS) Charles Bennett (GBR) James Lightbody (USA) Melvin Sheppard (USA) Arnold Jackson (GBR) (GBR) Paavo Nurmi (FIN)

Albert

19.79 19.30

Hill

4:33.2 4:06.2 4:05.4 4:03.4 3:56.8 4:01.8 3:53.6

699

(continued)

Athletics (Track and Field) (men) (continued) 1,500 METERS (CONTINUED) MINrSEC 1928 Harry Larva (FIN) 3:53.2 1932 Luigi Beccali (ITA) 3:51.2 1936 John Lovelock (NZL) 3:47.8 1948 Henry Eriksson (SWE) 3:49.8 1952 Joseph Barthel (LUX) 3:45.1 1956 Ronald Delany (IRL) 3:41.2 1960 Herbert Elliott (AUS) 3:35.6 1964 Peter Snell (NZL) 3:38.1 1968 Hezekiah Kipchoge Keino (KEN) 3:34.9 1972 Pekka Vasala (FIN) 3:36.3 1976 John Walker (NZL) 3:39.17

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Sebastian Coe (GBR) Sebastian Coe (GBR) Peter Rono (KEN) Fermin Cacho Ruiz (ESP) Noureddine Morceli (ALG) Noah Ngeny (KEN) Hicham El GuerrouJ (MAR) Asbel Kipruto Kiprop.(KEN)

5,000 METERS

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MINtSEC

Hannes Kolehmainen

(FIN)

Joseph Guillemot (FRA) Paavo Nurmi (FIN) Vilho Ritola (FIN) Lauri Lehtinen (FIN)

Gunnar Hockert

(FIN)

Gaston Reiff (BEL) Emil Zatopek (TCH) Vladimir Kuts (URS) Murray Halberg (NZL) Robert Keyser Schul (USA) Mohamed Gammoudi (TUN)

Lasse Viren (FIN) Lasse Viren (FIN) Miruts Yifter (ETH) Said Aouita (MAR) John Ngugi (KEN) Dieter Baumann (GER)

Venuste Niyongabo (BDI)

Wolde (ETH) Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Millon

Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)

25:11.2

Emil Voigt (GBR)

MIN:SEC

10,000 METERS

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

14:36.6 14:55.6 14:31.2 14:38.0 14:30.0 14:22.2 14:17.6 14:06.6 13:39.6 13:43.4 13:48.8 14:05.0 13:26.4 13:24.76 13:21.00 13:05.59 13:11.70 13:12.52 13:07.97 13:35.49 13:14.39 12:57.82 MIN;SEC

5 MILES

1908

3:38.40 3:32.53 3:35.96 3:40.12 3:35.78 3:32.07 3:34.18 3:33.11

Hannes Kolehmainen Paavo Nurmi

(FIN)

(FIN)

Vilho Ritola (FIN)

Paavo Nurmi (FIN) Janusz Kusocinski (POL) llmari Salminen (FIN) Emil Zatopek (TCH) Emil Zatopek (TCH) Vladimir Kuts (URS) Pyotr Bolotnikov (URS) William Mills (USA)

Nabiba Temu (KEN) Lasse Viren (FIN) Lasse Viren (FIN) Miruts Yifter (ETH) Alberto Cova (ITA)

Brahim Boutaib (MAR) Khalid Skah (MAR) Haile Gebrselassie (ETH)

31:20.8 31:45.8 30:23.2 30:18.8 30:11.4 30:15.4 29:59.6 29:17.0 28:45.6 28:32.2 28:24.4 29:27.4 27:38.4 27:40.38 27:42.70 27:47.54 27:21.46 27:46.70 27:07.34

Summer Olympic Games Athletic* fTrach and Field) (men) (continued) MINSEC 10.000 METERS (COffTINUED) 27:18.20 2000 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 27:05.10 2004 Kenenisa Behele (ETH) 27:01.17 2008 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)

MARATHON 1896 Spihdon Louis (GRE) 1900 Michel Theato (FRA) 1904 Thomas Hicks (USA) 1908 John Hayes (USA) 1912 Kenneth McArthur (RSA) 1920 Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) 1924 Albin Stenroos (FIN) 1928 Boughdra El Ouafi (FRA) 1932 Juan Carlos Zabala (ARG) 1936 Kite! Son (JPN) 1948 Delfo (^brera (ARG) 1952 Emil Zatopek (TCH) 1956 Alain Mimoun-O-Kacha (FRA) 1960 Abebe Bikila (ETH) 1964 Abebe Bikila (ETH) 1968 Mamo Wolde (ETH) 1972 Frank Shorter (USA) 1976 Waldemar Cierpinski (GDR) 1980 Waldemar Cierpinski (GDR) 1984 Carlos Lopes (POR) 1988 Gelindo Bordin (ITA) 1992 Hwang Young-Cho (KOR) 1996 Josia Thugwane (RSA) 2000 Gezahgne Abera (ETH) 2004 Stefano Baldini (ITA) 2008 Samuel Kamau Wansiru (KEN) llO-METER HURDLES

1896^ Thomas

1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Curtis (USA)

AMn

Kraenziein (USA) Fredenck Schule (USA) Forrest Smithson (USA) Frederick Kelly (USA) Earl Thomson (CAN) Daniel Kinsey (USA) Sydney Atkinson (RSA) George Saling (USA) Forrest Towns (USA) William Porter (USA) Hamson Dillard (USA) Lee Calhoun (USA) Lee Calhoun (USA)

Hayes Wendell Jones (USA) Willie Davenport (USA) Rodney Milbum (USA)

Guy Dnrt (FRA;

Thomas Munkelt (GDR; Roger Kingdom (USA) Roger Kingdom (USA) Mark McKoy (CAN) Allen Johrtson (USA;

Anier C^rcta (CUB)

(CHN) Oayron Robles (CUB)

Liu Xiang

20O^ETER HURDLES

1900 Ahnn Kraenziein (USA) 1904 Harry Hillnran (USA) 40OMETER HURDLES

1900 Walter Tewksbury (USA) 1904* Harry

Hilln^an (USA)

HR:MIN:SEC

2:58:50.0 2:59:45.0 3:28:53.0 2:55:18.4 2:36:54.8 2:32:35.8 2:41:22.6 2:32:57.0 2:31:36.0 2:29:19.2 2:34:51.6 2:23:03.2 2:25:00.0 2:15:16.2 2:12:11.2 2:20:26.4 2:12:19.8 2:09:55.0 2:11:03.0 2:09:21.0 2:10:32.0 2:13:23.0 2:12:36.0 2:10:11.0 2:10:55.0 2:06:32.0

SEC 17.6 15.4 16.0 15.0 15.1 14.8 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.2 13.9 13.7 13.5 13.8 13.6 13.3 13.24 13.30 13.39 13.20 12.98 13.12 12.95 13.00 12.91 12.93 SEC 25.4 24.6 SEC 57.6 53.0

(continued)

and Field) (men) (continued) SEC 40aMETER HURDLES (CONTINUED) 55.0 1908 Charles Bacon (USA) 54.0 1920 Frank Loomis (USA) 52.6 1924 Frederick Morgan Taylor (USA) 53.4 1928 David George Burghley (GBR) 51.7 1932 Robert Tisdall (IRL) 52.4 1936 Glenn Hardin (USA) 51.1 1948 Roy Cochran (USA) 50.8 1952 Charles Moore (USA) 50.1 1956 Glenn Davis (USA) 49.3 1960 Glenn Davis (USA) 49.6 1964 Warren Cawley (USA) 48.1 1968 David Hemery (GBR) 47.82 (UGA) 1972 John Akii-Bua 47.64 1976 Edwin Moses (USA) 48.70 1980 Volker Beck (GDR) 47.75 1984 Edwin Moses (USA) 47.19 1988 Andre Phillips (USA) 46.78 1992 Kevin Young (USA) 47.54 1996 Derrick Adkins (USA) 47.50 2000 Angelo Taylor (USA) 47.63 2004 Felix Sanchez (DOM) 47.25 2008 Angelo Taylor (USA) Athletics (Track

2.500-METER STEEPLECHASE 1900 George Orton (USA)

MINiSEC 7:34.4

2.590-METER STEEPLECHASE 1904 James Lightbody (USA)

MINrSEC

3.000-METER STEEPLECHASE 1920 Percy Hodge (GBR)

MIN:SEC

1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

7:39.6

Vilho Ritola (FIN)

Toivo Loukola (FIN)

Volmari Iso-Hollo (FIN) Volmari Iso-Hollo (FIN) Thore Sjostrand (SWE) Horace Ashenfelter (USA) Christopher Brasher (GBR) Zdislaw Krzyszkowiak (POL)

Gaston Roelants (BEL) Biwott (KEN) Kipchoge Keino (KEN) Anders Garderud (SWE)

•

Amos

Bronislaw Malinowski (POL) Julius Korir (KEN) Julius Kariuki (KEN)

Mathew Birir (KEN) Joseph Keter (KEN) Reuben Kosgei (KEN) Ezekiel Kemboi (KEN) Brimin Kiprop Kipruto (KEN)

3.200-METER STEEPLECHASE 1908 Arthur Russell (GBR)

10:00.4 9:33.6 9:21.8 10:33.45 9:03.8 9:04.6 8:45.4 8:41.2 8:34.2 8:30.8 8:51.0 8:23.6 8:08.02 8:09.70 8:11.80 8:05.51 8:08.84 8:07.12 8:21.43 8:05.81 8:10.34

•

MIN:SEC

10:47.8

3.000 METERS (TEAM) (TEAM/INDIVIDUAL WINNER) MIN5EC 1912 United States/Tell Berna 8:44.6 1920 United States/Horace Brown 8:45.4 land/ 1924 Fin Paavo Nurmi 8:32 3 MILES (TEAM) (TEAM/INDIVIDUAL WINNER)

1908 Great

Britain/Joseph Deakin

MIN:SEC

14:39.6

5.000 METERS (TEAM) (TEAM/INDIVIDUAL WINNER) MIN:SEC 1900 Great Britain -Australia/Charles 15:20

Bennett

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Athletics (Track

and

Field)

(men) (continued)

4 MILES (TEAM) {TEAM/INDIVIDUAL WINNER)

1904

United States/Arthur Newton

SEC 42.4 42.2 41.0 41.0 40.0 39.8 40.6 40.1 39.5 39.5 39.0 38.2

100-METER RELAY 1912 Great Britain

4

X

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 4

X

United States United States

United United United United United United

States States States States States States

Germany United United United United

States States States States

38.19 38.33 38.26 37.83 38.19 37.40 37.69 37.61 38.07 37.10

USSR United States

USSR United States

Canada United States Great Britain

Jamaica

400-METER RELAY

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MINiSEC

•

3:16.6 3:22.2 3:16.0 3:14.2 3:08.2 3:09.0 3:10.4 3:03.9 3:04.8 3:02.2 3:00.7 2:56.1 2:59.8 2:58.65 3:01.08 2:57.91 2:56.16 2:55.74 2:55.99

United States Great Britain United States United States United States

Great Britain United States

Jamaica United States United States United States

United States

Kenya United States

USSR United States United States United States United States

(continued)

Athletics (Track

and

Field)

(men) (continued)

3,500-METER WALK

MINiSEC

1908 George Lamer (GBR)

14:55

10,000-METER WALK 1912 George Goulding (CAN)

1920 1924 1948 1952

Ugo Ugo

Frigerio (ITA) Frigerio (ITA)

John Mikaelsson (SWE) John Mikaelsson (SWE)

MINiSEC

46:28.4 48:06.2 47:49.0 45:13.2 45:02.8

WALK 1908 George Lamer (GBR)

HRiMINiSEC

20,000-METER WALK 1956 Leonid Spirin (URS) 1960 Vladimir Golubnichy (URS) 1964 Kenneth Matthews (GBR) 1968 Vladimir Golubnichy (URS)

HRiMINiSEC

10-MILE

1:15:57.4

1972 Peter Frenkel (GDR) 1976 Daniel Bautista (MEX) 1980 Maurizio Damilano (ITA) 1984 Ernesto Canto (MEX) 1988 Jozef Pribilinec (TCH) 1992 Daniel Plaza Montero (ESP) 1996 Jefferson Perez (ECU) 2000 Robert Korzeniowski (POL) 2004 Ivano Brugnetti (ITA) 2008 Valery Borchin (RUS)

HRiMINiSEC

50,000-METER WALK.

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Thomas Green (GBR) Harold Whitlock (GBR) John Ljunggren (SWE) Giuseppe Dordoni (ITA) Norman Read (NZL)

Donald Thompson (GBR) Abdon Pamich (ITA) Christophe Hohne (GDR) Bernd Kannenberg (FRG) Hartwig Gauder (GDR) Raul Gonzales (MEX) Vyacheslav Ivanenko Andrey Perlov (UNT) Robert Korzeniowski Robert Korzeniowski Robert Korzeniowski Alex

Schwazer

1:31:27.4 1:34:07.2 1:29:34.0 1:33:58.4 1:26:42.6 1:24:40.6 1:23:35.5 1:23:13.0 1:19:57.0’ 1:21:45.0 1:20:07.0 1:18:59.0 1:19:40.0 1:19:01.0

(URS) (POL) (POL) (POL)

(ITA)

4:50:10.0 4:30:41.4 4:41:52.0 4:28:07.8 4:30:42.8 4:25:30.0 4:11:12.4 4:20:13.6 3:56:11.6 3:49:24.0 3:47:26.0 3:38:29.0 3:50:13.0 3:43:03.0 3:42:22.0 3:38:46.0 3:37:09.0

winner stripped of medal

2:55.91 2:55.39

United States United States

1.600-METER RELAY (200 x 200 METERS) 1908 United States

X

400

1920 Paavo Nurmi

MIN:SEC

32:54.8

12,000-METER CROSS-COUNTRY

3,000-METER WALK

1920 Ugo

Frigerio (ITA)

'mIN:SEC

27:15

(FIN)

Hannes Kolehmainen

800

MIN:SEC

(FIN)

10,000-METER CROSS-COUNTRY

1924 Paavo Nurmi

X

3:29.4

8.000-METER CROSS-COUNTRY

1912

MIN:SEC

21:17.8

701

MINiSEC (FIN)

45:11.6 MIN:SEC

13:14.2

HIGH JUMP

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980

Ellery Clark (USA)

Irving Baxter (USA)

Samuel Jones (USA) Harry Porter (USA)

Alma Richards (USA) Richmond Landon (USA) Harold Osborn (USA) Robert King (USA)

Duncan McNaughton (CAN) Cornelius Johnson (USA) John Winter (AUS)

Walter Davis (USA) Charles Dumas (USA) Robert Shavlakadze (URS) Valery Brumel (URS) Richard Fosbury (USA) Yury Tarmak (URS) Jacek Wszola (POL)

Gerd Wessig (GDR)

METERS 1.81 1.90 1.80 1.90 1.93 1.93 1.98 1.94 1.97 2.03 1.98 2.04 2.12 2.16 2.18 2.24 2.23 2.25 2.36

?»P()RI— Ol.VMPKS

702

Summer Olympic Games

(continued) '

and FleW) (men) (continued) METERS HIGH lUMP (COmiNUED) 2.35 1984 Dietmar Mdgenburg (FRG) 2.38 1988 Gennacty Avdeyenko (URS) 2.34 1992 Javier Sotomayor (CUB) Athl«t»c* (TracH

1996 Charles

2.39 2.35 2.36 2.36

Austin (USA)

2000 Sergey Klyugln (RUS) 2004 Stefan Holm (SWE) 2008 Andrey Sllnov (RUS)

MCTERS

STANDING HIGH jUMP 1900 Ray Ewry (USA) 1904 Ray Ewry (USA) 1908 Ray Ewry (USA)

1912

Platt

Adams

1.65 1.60 1.57 1.63

(USA)

POLE VAULT

1896 William Welles Hoyt (USA) 1900 Irving Baxter (USA) 1904 Charles Dvorak (USA) 1908 Edward Cooke (USA): Alfred 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Gilbert

(USA) (tied) Harry Babcock (USA) Frank Foss (USA) Lee Barnes (USA) Sabin Carr (USA) William Miller (USA) Earle Meadows (USA) Oyven Guinn Smith (USA) Robert Richards (USA) Robert Richards (USA) Donald Bragg (USA) Fred Hansen (USA) Robert Seagren (USA)

Wolfgang Nordwig (GDR) Tadeusz Slusarski (POL) Wladyslaw Kozakiewicz (POL) Pierre Quinon (FRA) Sergey Bubka (URS)

Maksim Tarasov (UNT) Jean Galfione (FRA) Nick Hysong (USA) Timothy Mack (USA) Steve Hooker (AUS)

LONG JUMP

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Ellery Clark

(USA)

ANin Kraenziein (USA) Meyer Pnnstein (USA) Francis Irons (USA) Albert Gutterson (USA)

William Pettersson (SWE) William de Hart-Hubbard (USA)

Edward Hamm (USA) Edward Gordon (USA) Jesse

Owens (USA)

(USA) (USA) Gregory Bell (USAi Ralph Boston (USA) Lynn Davies iGBR) Robert Beanwi (USA) Randy WilliarrTs (USA) Amie Robmson (USA) Willie Steele

Jerome

Biffle

Lutz Dombrowski Carl Lewis (USA) Carl Lewis (USA)

Cad Lewis (USA) Carl Lewis (USA)

(GDR)

METERS 3.30 3.30 3.50 3.71 3.95 4.09 3.95 4.20 4.31 4.35 4.30 4.55 4.56 4.70 5.10 5.40 5.50 5.50 5.78 5.75 5.90 5.80 5.92 5.90 5.95 5.96

METERS 6.35 7.18 7.34 7.48 7.60 7.15 7.44 7.73 7.64 8.06 7.82 7.57 7.83 8.12 8.07 8.90 8.24 8.35 8.54 8.54 8.72 8.67 8.50

(men) (continued) METERS LONG JUMP (CONTINUED) 8.55 2000 Ivan Pedroso (CUB) 8.59 (USA) 2004 Dwight Phillips 8.34 2008 Irving Jahir Saladino Aranda (PAN) Athletics (Track

and

Field)

STANDING LONG JUMP 1900 Ray Ewry (USA) 1904 Ray Ewry (USA) 1908 Ray Ewry (USA) 1912 Constantines Tsiklitiras (GRE)

METERS 3.21

TRIPLE JUMP

METERS 13.71 14.47 14.35 14.91 14.76 14.50 15.53 15.21 15.72 16.00 15.40 16.22 16.35 16.81 16.85 17.39 17.35 17.29 17.35 17.26 17.61 17.63 18.09 17.71 17.79 17.67

’

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

James Connolly (USA) Myer Prinstein (USA) Myer Prinstein (USA) Timothy Ahearne (GBR) Gustaf Lindblom (SWE) Vilho Tuulos (FIN)

Anthony Winter (AUS) Mikio

Oda

(JPN)

Chuhei Nambu (.)PN) Naoto Tajima (JPN) Arne Ahman (SWE) Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (BRA) Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (BRA) Josef Szmidt (POL) Josef Szmidt (POL) Viktor Saneyev (URS) Viktor Saneyev (URS) Viktor Saneyev (URS) Jaak Uudmae (URS) Al

Joyner (USA)

Markov (BUL) Michael Conley (USA) Kenny Harrison (USA) Jonathan Edwards (GBR) Christian Olsson (SWE) Nelson ^vora (POR) Khristo

3.47 3.33 3.37

STANDING TRIPLE JUMP 1900 Ray Ewry (USA) 1904 Ray Ewry (USA)

METERS 10.58 10.54

SHOT PUT

METERS 11.22 14.10 14.81 14.21 15.34 14.81 14.99 15.87 16.00 16.20 17.12 17.41 18.57 19.68 20.33 20.54 21.18 21.05 21.35 21.26 22.47 21.70 21.62 21.29

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Robert Garrett (USA) Richard Sheldon (USA) Ralph Rose (USA) Ralph Rose (USA) Patrick McDonald (USA) Frans Porhola (FIN) Lemuel Clarence Houser (USA) John Kuck (USA) Leo Sexton (USA) Hans Woellke (GER) Wilbur Thompson (USA) William Parry O’Brien (USA) William Parry O’Brien (USA) William Nieder (USA) Dallas Long (USA) Randy Matson (USA) Wladislaw Komar (POL) Udo Beyer (GDR) Vladimir Kiselyov (URS) Alessandro Andrei (ITA) Ulf Timmermann (GDR) Michael Stulce (USA) Randy Barnes (USA) Arsi Harju (FIN)

Sport

—Oiampk

Summer Olympic Games Athletics (Track and Field) (men) (continued) METERS SHOT PUT (CONTINUED) 21.16 2004 Yury Bilonog(UKR) 21.51 2008 Tomasz Majewski (POL)

METERS 27.7

SHOT PUT (TWO HANDS) 1912 Ralph Rose (USA) DISCUS

THROW

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Robert Garrett (USA)

Alekna (LTU) Alekna (LTUP Gerd Kanter (EST)

METERS 29.15 36.04 39.28 40.89 45.21 44.68 46.15 47.32 49.49 50.48 52.78 55.03 56.36 59.18 61.00 64.78 64.40 67.50 66.64 66.60 68.82 65.12 69.40 69.30 69.89 68.82

DISCUS (GREEK STYLE) 1908 Martin Sheridan (USA)

METERS 37.99

DISCUS (TWO HANDS)

METERS 82.86

Rezso Bauer (HUN) Martin Sheridan (USA) Martin Sheridan (USA)

Armas

Taipale (FIN)

Elmer Niklander (FIN) Lemuel Clarence Houser (USA) Lemuel Clarence Houser (USA) John Anderson (USA) Kenneth Carpenter (USA) Adolfo Consolini (ITA)

Sim Iness (USA) Alfred Oerter (USA) Alfred Oerter (USA) Alfred Oerter (USA) Alfred Oerter (USA)

Ludvig Danek (TCH) Mac Wilkins (USA)

Rashchupkin (URS) Rolf Danneberg (FRG) Jurgen Schult (GDR) Romas Ubartas (LTU) Viktor

Lars Riedel (GER) Virgilijus Virgilijus

1912 Armas

Taipale (FIN)

HAMMER THROW 1900 John Flanagan (USA) 1904 John Flanagan (USA) 1908 John Flanagan (USA) 1912 Matthew McGrath (USA) 1920 Patrick Ryan (USA) 1924 Frederick Tootell (USA) 1928 Patrick O’Callaghan (IRL) 1932 Patrick O’Callaghan (IRL) 1936 Karl Hein (GER) 1948 Imre Nemeth (HUN) 1952 Jozsef Csermak (HUN) 1956 Harold Connolly (USA) 1960 Vasily Rudenkov (URS) 1964 Romuald Klim (URS) 1968 Gyula Zsivotzky (HUN) 1972 Anatoly Bondarchuk (URS) 1976 Yury Sedykh (URS) 1980 Yury Sedykh (URS) 1984 Juha Tiainen (FIN) 1988 Sergey Litvinov (URS) 1992 Andrey Abduvaliyev (UNT) 1996 Balazs Kiss (HUN) 2000 Szymon Ziolkowski (POL) 2004 Koji Murofushi (JPN)^ 2008 Primoz Kozmus (SLO)

>

METERS 49.73 51.23 51.92 54.74 52.87 53.30 51.39 53.92 56.49 56.07 60.34 63.19 67.10 69.74 73.36 75.50 77.52 81.80 78.08 84.80 82.53 81.24 80.02 82.91 82.02

703

s

(continued)

Athletics (Track

and

Field)

(men) (continued) METERS 54.83 60.64 65.78 62.96 66.60 72.71 71.84 69.77 73.78 85.71 84.64 82.66 90.10 90.48 94.58 91.20 86.76 84.28 89.66 88.16 90.17 86.50 90.57

THROW 1908 Eric Lemming (SWE) 1912 Eric Lemming (SWE) 1920 Jonni Myyra (FIN) 1924 Jonni Myyra (FIN) 1928 Erik Lundkvist (SWE) 1932 Matti Jarvinen (FIN) 1936 Gerhard Stock (GER) 1948 Kai Rautavaara (FIN) 1952 Cy Young (USA) 1956 Egil Danielson (NOR) 1960 Viktor Tsybulenko (URS) 1964 Pauli Nevala (FIN) 1968 Janis Lusis (URS) 1972 Klaus Wolfermann (FRG) 1976 Miklos Nemeth (HUN) 1980 Dainis Kula (URS) 1984 Arto Harkonen (FIN) 1988 Tapio Korjus (FIN) 1992 Jan Zelezny (TCH) 1996 Jan Zelezny (CZE) 2000 Jan Zelezny (CZE) 2004 Andreas Thorkildsen (NOR) 2008 Andreas Thorkildsen (NOR)

JAVELIN

METERS 54.45

JAVELIN (FREESTYLE)

1908

Eric

Lemming (SWE)

METERS 109.42

JAVELIN (TWO HANDS)

1912 Juho

Saaristo (FIN)

56-LB WEIGHT

THROW

1904 1920

Etienne Desmarteau (CAN) Patrick McDonald (USA)

METERS 10.46 11.26

.TUG-OF-WAR

1900 1904 1908 1912 1920

Sweden-Denmark United States Great Britain

Sweden Great Britain

TRIATHLON (LONG JUMP/SHOT PUT/lOO YARDS) 1904 Max Emmerich (USA)

PENTATHLON

1912 Jim Thorpe

(USA)®; Ferdinand Bie (NOR)

(cowinners)

1920 1924

Eero Lehtonen (FIN) Eero Lehtonen (FIN)

DECATHLON

1904 Thomas Kiely (IRL) 1912 Jim Thorpe (USA)®; Hugo Wieslander (SWE) (cowinners)

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976

Helge Lovland (NOR) Harold Osborn (USA)

Paavo

Yrjola (FIN)

James Bausch (USA) Glenn Morris (USA) Robert Mathias (USA) Robert Mathias (USA) Milton Campbell (USA) Rafer Johnson (USA) Willi Holdorf (GER) ’

William

Toomey (USA)

Nikolay Avilov (URS) Bruce Jenner (USA)

'.^PORT— Ol.YMPICS

704

Summer Olympic Games AthMks

(Trach

and

Fiald)

1980 Dalay Thompson (GBR) 1984 Daley Thompson (GBR) 1988 Christian Schenk (GDR) 1992 Robert Zmelik (TCH) 1996 Dan O Bnen (USA)

2000 ErVI Nool (EST) 2004 Roman Sebrie (CZE) 2008 Bryan Clay :USA) and

Field)

(women)

100 METTRS

1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Elizabeth Robinson (USA)

Stanislawa Walasiewicz (POL) Helen Stephens (USA) Francina Blankers-Koen (NED) Marjorie Jackson (AUS) Elizabeth Cuthbert (AUS) Wilma Rudolph (USA) Wyomia Tyus (USA) Wyomia Tyus (USA) Renate Stecher (GDR) Annegret Richter (FR(5) Lyudmila Kondratyeva (URS) Evelyn Ashford (USA) Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) Gail Devers (USA) Gail Devers (USA) winner stripped of medal Yuliya Nesterenko (BLR) Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM)

200 METERS

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Francina Blankers-Koen (NED) Marjone Jackson (AUS) Elizabeth Cuthbert (AUS) Wilma Rudolph (USA) Edith Marie McGuire (USA) Irena Szewinska (POL) Renate Stecher (GDR) Bdrbel Eckert (GDR) BArbel Eckert-Wdckel (GDR) Valerie Brtsco-Hooks (USA) Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) Gwen Torrer>ce (USA) Mane- Jose Perec (FRA) Pauline DovtsThompson (BAH)* Veronica Campbell (JAM) veronica Campbell Brown (JAM)

400 METERS

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

2000 2004 2008

I

and

Field)

(women) (continued) MIN:SEC 2:00.9 1:58.6

800 METERS (CONTINUED) 1968 Madeline Manning (USA)

DCCATHION (COWTINUIO)

Athletics (Track

(continued)

Athletics (Track

(man) (continued)

Elizabeth Cuthbert (AUS; Colette Besson (FRA)

Monika Zehrt (GDR) Irena Szewir»ka (POL)

Martja Koch (GDR)

Vaiene Bnsco-Hooks (USA) Olga Bryzgina (URS) Mane- Jose Perec (FRA; Mane- Jose Perec (FRA) Cathy Freeman (AUS) Tonique Williams-Oarling (BAH) Christine Ohuruogu (GBR)

800 METERS

1928 Una Radke-Batschauer (GER) 1960 Lyudmila Lysenko-Shevtsove (URS) 1964 Ann Packer (GBR)

SEC 12.2 11.9 11.5 11.9 11.5 11.5 11.0 11.4 11.0

11.07 11.08 11.06 10.97 10.54 10.82 10.94

10.93 10.78 SEC 24.4 23.7 23.4 24.0 23.0 22.5

22.40 22.37 22.03 21.81 21.34 21.81 22.12 22.27 22.05 21.74 SEC

52.0 52.0 51.08 49.29 48.88 48.83 48.65 48.83 48.25 49.11 49.41 49.62 MINiSEC

2:16.8 2.04.3 2:01.1

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Hildegard Faick (FRG) Tatyana Kazankina (URS) Nadezhda Olizarenko (URS) Doina Melinte (ROM) Sigrun Wodars (GDR) Ellen van Langen (NED) Svetlana Masterkova (RUS) Maria Mutola (MOZ) Kelly Holmes (GBR) Pamela Jelimo (KEN)

1:54.94 1:53.50 1:57.60 1:56.10 1:55.54 1:57.73 1:56.15 1:56.38 1:54.87

1.500 METERS 1972 Lyudmila Bragina (URS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MIN:SEC

4:01.4 4:05.48 3:56.56 4:03.25 3:53.96 3:55.30 4:00.83 4:05.10 3:57.90 4:00.23

Tatyana Kazankina (URS) Tatyana Kazankina (URS) Gabriella Dorio (ITA)

Paula Ivan (ROM) Hassiba Boulmerka (ALG) Svetlana Masterkova (RUS) Nouria Merah-Benida (ALG) Kelly Holmes (GBR) Nancy Jebet Langat (KEN)

3.000 METERS 1984 Maricica Puica (ROM)

MIN:SEC

1988 Tatyana Samolenko (URS) 1992 Yelena Romanova (UNT)

8:35.96 8:26.53 8:46.04

3.000-METER STEEPLECHASE 2008 Gulnara Samitova-Galkina (RUS)

8:58.81

MINiSEC

5.000 METERS

1996 Wang Jungxia (CHN) 2000 Gabriela Szabo (ROM) 2004 Meseret Defar (ETH) 2008 Tirunesh Dibaba (ETH) 10.000 METERS 1988 Olga Bondarenko (URS) 1992 Derartu Tulu (ETH)

1996 Fernanda Ribeiro (POR) 2000 Derartu Tulu (ETH) 2004 Xing Huina (CHN) 2008 Tirunesh Dibaba (ETH) MARATHON 1984 Joan Benoit (USA) 1988 Rosa Mota (POR) 1992 Valentina Yegorova (UNT) 1996 Fatuma Roba (ETH) 2000 Naoko Takahashi (JPN)

MIN:SEC

14:59.88 14:40.79 14:45.65 15:41.40 MINrSEC

31:05.21 31:06.02 31:01.63 30:17.49 30:24.36 29:54.66 HR:MIN:SEC

2004 Mizuki Noguchi (JPN) 2008 Constantina Tomescu (ROM) 100-METER HURDLES'

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980

Mildred “Babe" Didrikson (USA) Trebisonda Valla (ITA) Francina Blankers-Koen (NED) Shirley Strickland de La Hunty (AUS) Shirley Strickland de La Hunty (AUS) Irina Press (URS) Karin Balzer (GER) Maureen Caird (AUS) Annelie Ehrhardt (GDR)

Johanna Schaller (GDR) Vera Komisova (URS)

2:24:52 2:25:40 2:32:41 2:26:05 2:23:14 2:26:20 2:26:44 SEC 11.7 11.7 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.3

12.59 12.77 12.56

.

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Athletics (Track

and

lOOMETER HURDLES^

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Field)

(women) (continued)

(CONT.)

Benita Fitzgerald-Brown (USA) lordanka Donkova (BUL) Paraskevi Patoulidou (GRE) Ludmila Engquist (SWE) Olga Shishigina (KAZ) Joanna Hayes (USA) Dawn Harper (USA)

400-METER HURDLES 1984 Nawal el Moutawakel (MAR) 1988 Debra Flintoff-King (AUS) 1992 Sally Gunnell (GBR)

1996 Deon Hemmings (JAM) 2000 Irina Privalova (RUS) 2004 Fani Halkia (GRE) 2008 Melaine Walker (JAM) 4

X

100-METER RELAY

1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 4

X

Canada United States United States

The Netherlands United States Australia

United States

Poland United States

West Germany East Germany East Germany United States United States United States

United States

The Bahamas Jamaica Russia

400-METER RELAY

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

East East

Germany Germany

USSR United States

USSR Unified

Team

United States United States United States United States

10,000-METER WALK 1992 Chen Yueling (CHN) 1996 Yelena Nikolayeva (RUS)

20,000-METER WALK

2000 Wang Liping (CHN) 2004 Athanasia Tsoumeleka (GRE) 2008 Olga Kaniskina (RUS) HIGH JUMP

1928 Ethel Catherwood (CAN) 1932 Jean Shiley (USA) 1936 Ibolya Csak (HUN) 1948 Alice Coachman (USA) 1952 Esther Brand (RSA) 1956 Mildred Louise McDaniel (USA) 1960 lolanda Balas (ROM)

SEC

12.84 12.38 12.64 12.58 12.65 12.37 12.54 SEC

54.61 53.17 53.23 52.82 53.02 52.82 52.64 SEC 48.4 47.0 . 46.9 47.5 45.9 44.5 44.5 43.6 42.8 42.81 42.55 41.60 41.65 41.98 42.11 41.95 41.95 41.73 42.31 MIN:SEC

3:23.0 3:19.23 3:20.2 3:18.29 3:15.18 3:20.20 3:20.91 3:22:62 3:19.01 3:18.54 MIN:SEC

44:32 41:49 HR:MIN:SEC

1:29:05 1:29:12 1:26:31

705

(continued)

Athletics (Track

and

Field)

(women) (continued)

HIGH JUMP (CONTINUED) 1964 lolanda Balas (ROM) 1968 Miloslava Rezkova (TCH) 1972 Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Rosemarie Ackermann (GDR) Sara Simeoni (ITA) Ulrike Meyfarth (FRG) Louise Ritter (USA) Heike Henkel (GER) Stefka Kostadinova (BUL) Yelena Yelesina (RUS) Yelena Slesarenko (RUS) Tia Hellebaut (BEL)

METERS 1.90 1.82 1.92 1.93 1.97 2.02 2.03 2.02 2.05 2.01 2.06 2.05

POLE VAULT 2000 Stacy Dragila (USA) 2004 Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS) 2008 Yelena Isinbayeva (RUS)

METERS 4.60 4.91 5.05

LONG JUMP

METERS 5.69 6.24 6.35 6.37 6.76 6.82 6.78 6.72 7.06 6.96 7.40 7.14 7.12 6.99

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Olga Gyarmati (HUN) Yvette Williams (NZL) Elzbieta Krzesinska (POL) Vera Krepkina (URS) Mary Rand (GBR) Viorica Viscopoleanu (ROM) Heidemarie Rosendahl (FRG) Angela Voigt (GDR) Tatyana Kolpakova (URS) Anisoara Stanciu (ROM) Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) Heike Drechsler (GER)

Chioma Ajunwa (NGR) Heike Drechsler (GER) Tatyana Lebedeva (RUS) Maurren Higa Maggi (BRA)

TRIPLE JUMP

1996 2000 2004 2008

Inessa Kravets (UKR) Tereza Marinova (BUL) FranQoise Mbango Etone (CMR) Franpoise Mbango Etone (CMR)

7.07 7.04

METERS 15.33 15.20 15.30 15.39

Micheline Ostermeyer (FRA) Galina Zybina (URS) Tamara Tyshkevich (URS) Tamara Press (URS) Tamara Press (URS) Margitta Gummel (GDR) Nadezhda Chizhova (URS) Ivanka Khristova (BUL) Ilona Slupianek ((BDR) Claudia Losch (FRG) Natalya Lisovskaya (URS) Svetlana Krivalyova (UNT) Astrid Kumbernuss (GER) Yanina Korolchik (BLR) Yumileidi Cumba (CUB)^ Valerie Vili (NZL)

METERS 13.75 15.28 16.59 17.32 18.14 19.61 21.03 21.16 22.41 20.48 22.24 21.06 20.56 20.56 19.59 20.56

THROW 1928 Halina Konopacka (POL) 1932 Lillian Copeland (USA) 1936 Gisela Mauermayer (GER) 1948 Micheline Ostermeyer (FRA) 1952 Nina Romashkova (URS) 1956 Olga Fikotova (TCH)

METERS 39.62 40.58 47.63 41.92 51.42 53.69

SHOT PUT

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

METERS 1.59 1.66 1.60 1.68 1.67 1.76 1.85

DISCUS

Sport

706

—Oi.vmpics

Summer Olympic Games Athletics (Track

DISCUS

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

and

Field)

(continued)

Badminton (continued) WOMEN'S SINGLES 1992 Susi Susanti (INA) 1996 Bang Soo-Hyun (KOR) 2000 Gong Zhichao (CHN) 2004 Zhang Ning (CHN) 2008 Zhang Ning (CHN)

(women) (continued)

METERS Nina Ponomaryova-Romashkova (URS) 55.10 57.27 Tamara Press (URS) 58.28 Lia Manoliu (ROM) 66.62 Faina Melnik (URS) 69.00 Evelin Schlaak (GDR) 69.96 Evelin Schlaak Jahl (GDR) 65.36 Ria Stalman (NED) 72.30 Martina Hellmann (GDR) 70.06 Maritza Marten (CUB) 69.66 like Wyludda (GER) 68.40 Ellina Zvereva (BLR) 67.02 Natalya Sadova (RUS) 64.74 Stephanie Brown Trafton (USA)

THROW (CONTINUED)

WOMEN'S DOUBLES 1992 Republic of Korea

1996 2000 2004 2008

China China China China

MIXED DOUBLES

HAMMER THROW 2000 Kamila Skolimowska (POL) 2004 Olga Kuzenkova (RUS) 2008 Aksana Miankova (BLR) JAVELIN

THROW

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Mildred “Babe" Didrikson (USA) Tilly Fleischer (GER) Hermine Bauma (AUT) Dana Zatopkova (TCH) Inese Jaunzeme (URS) Elvira Ozolina (URS)

Mihaela Penes (ROM) Angela Nemeth (HUN) Ruth Fuchs (GDR) Ruth Fuchs (GDR) Marfa Colon (CUB) Tessa Sanderson (GBR) Petra Felke (GDR)

Renk (GER) Rantanen (FIN) (NOR)

Silke Heli

Trine Hattestad

Osleidys

Menendez (CUB)

Barbora Spotakova (CZE)

1996 Republic 2000 China 2004 China 2008 Republic

METERS 71.16 75.02 76.34 METERS 43.68 45.18 45.57 50.47 53.86 55.98 60.54 60.36 63.88 65.94 68.40 69.56 74.68 68.34 67.94 68.91 71.53 71.42

Press (URS) Ingrid Becker (FRG) Mary Peters (GBR) Siegrun Siegl (GDR)

United States

Cuba Republic of Korea

2000 2004 2008

Nadezhda Tkachenko (URS) Nunn (AUS)

United United United United United United United

States States States States States States States

USSR United States Yugoslavia United States

USSR United States United States United States Argentina United States

Glynis

WOMEN

Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) Jackie Joyner-Kersee (USA) Ghada Shouaa (SYR)

Denise Lewis (GBR) Carolina KlOft (SWE) Natalia Dobrynska (UKR)

SINGLES Allan Budi Kusuma (INA) PouFEnk Hoyer-Larsen (DEN)

1992 1996 2000 Ji Xinpeng (CHN) 2004 Taufik Hidayat (INA) 2008 Un Dan (CHN) MEN'S DOUBLES

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Cuba Cuba

Basketball

MEN 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Irina

Badminton

MENS

of Korea

Baseball

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

HEPTATHLON*

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

of Korea

Republic of Korea Indonesia Indonesia Republic of Korea Indonesia

*

1976 USSR 1980 USSR 1984 United States 1988 United States 1992 Unified Team 1996 United States 2000 United States 2004 United States 2008 •United States Boxings

48 KG (105.6 LB)

1968 Francisco Rodriguez (VEN) 1972 Gyorgy Gedo (HUN) 1976 Jorge Hernandez (CUB) 1980 Shamil Sabyrov (URS) 1984 Paul Gonzales (USA) 1988 Ivailo Khristov (BUL) 1992 Rogelio Marcelo (CUB) 1996 Daniel Petrov Bojilov (BUL)

Sport

— Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Boxing^ (continued) 48 KG (105.6 LB) (CONTINUED)

2000 Brahim Asloum (FRA) 2004 Yan Bhartelemy Varela (CUB) 2008 Zou Shinning (CHN) 51 KG (112 LB)

1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

George Finnegan (USA) Frank di Genaro (USA) Fidel La Barba (USA) Antal Kocsis (HUN) Istvan Enekes (HUN) Kaiser (GER) Pascual Perez (ARG) Nate Brooks (USA)

(continued)

Boxings (continued) 57 KG (125.4 LB) (CONTINUED) 1972 Boris Kuznetsov (URS) 1976 Angel Herrera (CUB)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Rudi Fink (GDR) Meldrick Taylor (USA) Giovanni Paris! (ITA) Andreas Tev/s (GER) Somiuck Kamsing (THA) Bekzat Sattarkhanov (KAZ) Aleksey Tishchenko (RUS)

Lomachenko (UKR)

Vasyl

Willi

60 KG (132

Terence Spinks (GBR) Gyula Torok (HUN)

Fernando Atzori (ITA) Ricardo Delgado (MEX) Georgi Kostadinov (BUL) Leo Randolph (USA) Petar Lesov (BUL) Steven McCrory (USA)

Kim Kwang Sun (KOR) Choi Choi Su (PRK) Maikro Romero (CUB) Wijan Ponlid (THA) Yuriorkis

Gamboa Toledano

(CUB)

Somjit Jongjohor (THA)

54 KG (118.8 LB)

1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

\

707

Oliver Kirk (USA)

Henry Thomas (GBR) Clarence Walker (RSA) William Smith (RSA) Vittorio Tamagnini (ITA) Horace Gwynne (CAN) UIderico Sergo (ITA) Tibor Csik (HUN) Pentti Hamalainen (FIN) Wolfgang Behrendt (GER) Oleg Grigoryev (URS) Takao Sakurai (JPN) Valery Sokolov (URS) Orlando Martinez (CUB)

Gu YongJo(PRK) Juan Hernandez (CUB) Maurizio Stecca (ITA)

Kennedy McKinney (USA) Joel Casamayor (CUB) Istvan

Kovacs (HUN)

Guillermo Rigondeaux Ortiz (CUB) Guillermo Rigondeaux Ortiz (CUB)

Badar-Uugan Enkhbat (MGL)

1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

LB)

Harry Spanger (USA) Frederick Grace (GBR)

Samuel Mosberg (USA) Hans Nielsen (DEN) Carlo Orlandi (ITA)

Lawrence Stevens (RSA) Imre Harangi (HUN) Gerald Dreyer (RSA) Aureliano Bolognesi (ITA) Richard McTaggart (GBR) Kazimierz Pazdzior (POL) Jozef Grudzien (POL) Ronnie Harris (USA) Jan Szczepanski (POL) Howard Davis (USA) Angel Herrera (CUB) Pernell Whitaker (USA)

Andreas Zuelow (GDR) Oscar De La Hoya (USA) Hocine Soltani (ALG) Mario Kindelan (CUB) Mario Cesar Kindelan Mesa (CUB) Aleksey Tishchenko (RUS)

64 KG (140.8

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

LB)

Charles Adkins (USA) Vladimir Engibaryan (URS) Bohumil Nemecek (TCH) Jerzy Kulej (POL) Jerzy Kulej (POL)

Ray Seales (USA) Ray Leonard (USA) Patrizio Oliva (ITA)

Page (USA) Vyacheslav Yanovsky (URS) Hector Vinent (CUB) Hector Vinent (CUB) Mahamadkadyz Abdullayev (UZB) Jerry

Manus Boonjumnong Felix Diaz

57 KG (125.4 LB)

69 KG (151.8 LB)

1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968

1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972

Oliver Kirk (USA)

Richard Gunn (GBR) Paul Fritsch (FRA) John Fields (USA) Lambertus van Kleveren (NED) Carmelo Robledo (ARG) Oscar Casanovas (ARG) Ernesto Formenti (ITA) Jan Zachara (TCH) Vladimir Safronov (URS)

Francesco Musso (ITA) Stanislav Stepashkin (URS) Antonio Roldan (MEX)

Albert

(THA)

(DOM)

Young (USA)

Schneider (CAN) Jean Delarge (BEL)

Julius

Edward Morgan (NZL) Edward Flynn (USA) Sten Suvio (FIN)

Torma (TCH) Zygmunt Chychia (POL) Nicolae Linca (ROM)

Julius

Giovanni Benvenuti (ITA) Marian Kasprzyk (POL)

Manfred Wolke (GDR) Emilio Correa (CUB)

Sport

706

— Oi.vmpics

Summer Olympic Games Boiinit* (continued)

69 KO (151 8 LB) (COmiNUED) 1976 Jochen Bachfekl (GDR) 1980 Andres AkJama (CUB) 1984 Marfc Breland (USA) 1988 Robert Wangila (KEN) 1992 Michael Carruth (IRL) 1996 Oleg Saytov (RUS) 2000 Oleg Sa^ov (RUS)

2004 BaHhtryar Artayev (KAZ) 2008 Bakhyt SarseKbayev (KAZ) 71 KG (156 2 LB)

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Las/io

Papp (HUN)

Las/lo Papp (HUN) Wilbert McClure (USA)

Bons Lagutin (URS) Boris Lagutin (URS) Dieter Kottysch (FRG)

Jerzy RybicKi (POL)

Armando Martinez (CUB) Frank Tate (USA) Park Si Hun (KOR) Juan Lemus (CUB) David Reid (USA) Yermakhan Ibraimov (KAZ)

75 KG (165 LB) 1904 Charles Mayer (USA)

1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

John Douglas (GBR) Harry Mallin ((3BR) Harry Mallin (GBR) Piero Toscani (ITA) Carmen Barth (USA) Jean Despeaux (FRA) Laszio Papp (HUN) Floyd Patterson (USA)

Gennady Shatkov (URS) Edward Crook (USA) Valery Popenchenko (URS) Chnstopher Finnegan (GBR) Vyatcheslav Lemeshev (URS) Michael Spinks (USA) Jose Gbmez (CUB) Shin Joon Sup (KOR) Henry Maske (GDR) Anei HemBndez (CUB) Artel Herr>8ndez (CUB) Jorge Gutierrez ((XIB)

Gaydarbek Gaydarbekov (RUS) James Degale (GBR)

81 KG (178.2 LB)

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

(continued)

Boxings (continued) 81 KG (178.2 LB) (CONTINUED) 1992 Torsten May (GER) 1996 Vasily Zhirov (KAZ) 2000 Aleksandr Lebzyak (RUS) 2004 Andre Ward (USA) 2008 Zhang Xiaoping (CHN)

91 KG (200.2 LB)

1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Samuel Berger (USA) Albert Oldman (GBR) Ronald Rawson (GBR) Otto Von Porat (NOR) Arturo Rodriguez (ARG) Alberto Santiago Lovell (ARG)

Herbert Runge (GER) Rafael Iglesias (ARG) Edward Sanders (USA) Peter Rademacher (USA) Franco de Piccoli (ITA) Joseph Frazier (USA) George Foreman (USA) Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) Henry Tillman (USA) Ray Mercer (USA) F6lix Savon (CUB) F6lix Savon (CUB) F6lix Savon (CUB) Odianier Solis Fonte (CUB) Rakhim Chakhkiyev (RUS)

OVER 91 KG (200.2

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Tyrell

LB)

Biggs (USA)

Lennox Lewis (CAN) Roberto Balado (CUB) Vladimir Klichko (UKR) Audley Harrison (GBR) Aleksandr Povetkin (RUS) Roberto Cammarelle (ITA)

Canoeing (men) KAYAK SINGLES (500 METERS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Vasile Diba

(ROM)

Vladimir Parfenovich (URS) Ian Ferguson (NZL) Zsolt Gyulay

(HUN) Mikko Kolehmainen

Antonio Rossi

(FIN)

(ITA)

Knut Holmann (NOR) Adam van Koeverden (CAN) Ken Wallace (AUS)

MIN:SEC

1:46.41 1:43.43 1:47.84 1:44.82 1:40.34 1:37.423 1:57.847 1:37.919 1:37.252

Edward Eagan (USA) Harry Mitchell (GBR) Viktor

Avendano (ARG)

David Carstens (RSA) Roger Michelot (FRA) George Hunter (RSA) Norvel Lee (USA) James Boyd (USA) Cassius Clay (L>SA)

Cosimo Pinto (ITA) Dan Poznyak (URS) Mate Partov (YUG) Leon Spinks (USA) Slobodan Kacar (YUG) Anton Josipovic (YUG)

Andrew Maynard (USA)

KAYAK PAIRS (500 METERS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Germany USSR East

New Zealand New Zealand Germany Germany Hungary

Germany Spain

KAYAK SINGLES (1.000 METERS) 1936 Gregor Hradetzky (AUT) 1948 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) 1952 Gert Fredriksson (SWE)

MIN:SEC

1:35.87 1:32.38 1:34.21 1:33.98 1:29.84 1:28.697 1:47.050 1:27.040 1:28.736 MIN:SEC

4:22.90 4:33.20 4:07.90

— S PORI

O LY M P

Summer Olympic Games

I

CS

(continued)

Canoeing (men) (continued) KAYAK SINGLES (1,000 METERS) (CONTINUED) 1956 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) 1960 Erik Hansen (DEN) 1964 Rolf Peterson (SWE) 1968 Mihaly Hesz (HUN) 1972 Aleksandr Shaparenko (URS) 1976 Rudiger Helm (GDR) 1980 Rudiger Helm (GDR)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Alan Thompson (NZL) Gregory Barton (USA) Clint Robinson (AUS)

Knut Holmann (NOR) Knut Holmann (NOR) Eirik Veraas Larsen (NOR) Tim Brabants (GBR)

KAYAK PAIRS (1,000 METERS)

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Austria

Sweden Finland

Germany Sweden Sweden USSR USSR USSR USSR Canada United States

Germany Italy Italy

Sweden Germany

KAYAK FOURS (1,000 METERS)

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR Norway

USSR USSR East

Germany

New Zealand Hungary

Germany Germany Hungary Hungary Belarus

KAYAK SINGLES (10,000 METERS) 1936 Ernst Krebs (GER) 1948 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) 1952 Thorvald Stromberg (FIN) 1956 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) KAYAK PAIRS (10,000 METERS)

1936 Germany 1948 Sweden 1952 Finland 1956 Hungary

Canoeing (men) (continued) MIN:SEC

4:12.80 3:53.00 3:57.13 4:03.58 3:48.06 3:48.20 3:48.77 3:45.73 3:55.27 3:37.26 3:25.785 3:33.269 3:25.897 3:26.323 MIN:SEC

4:03.80 4:07.30 3:51.10 3:49.60 3:34.70 3:38.54 3:37.54 3:31.23 3:29.01 3:26.72 3:24.22 3:32.42 3:16.10 3:09.190 3:14.461 3:18.420 3:11.809 MINiSEC

3:14.67 3:14.38 3:14.02 3:08.69 3:13.76 3:02.28 3:00.20 2:54.18 2:51.528 2:55.188 2:56.919 2:55.714 MIN;SEC

46:01.6 50:47.7 47:22.8 47:43.4 MINiSEC

41:45.0 46:09.4 44:21.3 43:37.0

COLLAPSIBLE KAYAK SINGLES (10,000 METERS) MINiSEC 1936 Gregor Hradetzky (AUT) 50:01.2 COLLAPSIBLE KAYAK PAIRS (10,000 METERS)

1936 Sweden

709

MlNiSEC

45:48.9

KAYAK SINGLES RELAY (1,500 METERS)

1960 Germany

MIN;SEC

7:39.43

SLALOM KAYAK SINGLES

1972 Siegbert Horn (GDR) 1992 Pierpaolo Ferrazzi (ITA) 1996 Oliver Fix (GER) 2000 Thomas Schmidt (GER) 2004 Benoit Peschier (FRA) 2008 Alexander Grimm (GER) CANADIAN SINGLES (500 METERS) 1976 Aleksandr Rogov (URS) 1980 Sergey Postrekin (URS)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Larry Cain (CAN)

Olaf Heukrodt (GDR)

Nikolay Bukhalov (BUL)

Martin Doktor (CZE) Gyorgy Kolonics (HUN) Andreas Dittmer (GER) Maksim Opalev (RUS)

CANADIAN PAIRS (500 METERS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR Hungary

USSR Team

Hungary Hungary China China

CANADIAN SINGLES (1,000 METERS) 1936 Francis Amyot (CAN) 1948 Josef Holecek (TCH) 1952 Josef Holecek (TCH) 1956 Leon Rottman (ROM) 1960 Janos Parti (HUN)

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Jurgen Eschert (GER) Tibor Tatai (HUN) Ivan Patzaichin

(ROM)

Matija Ljubek (YUG)

Lyubomir Lyubenov (BUL) Ulrich Eicke (FRG) Ivans Klementyev (URS) Nikolay Bukhalov (BUL) Martin Doktor (CZE) Andreas Dittmer (GER) David Cal (ESP) Sandor Vajda (HUN)

Attila

CANADIAN PAIRS (1,000 METERS)

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

Denmark Romania USSR USSR Romania USSR USSR Romania Romania USSR Germany Germany Romania

2:24.813 1:46.383 1:47.140 MIN:SEC

1:45.81 1:43.39 1:43.67 1:41.77 1:41.54 1:40.420 1:51.284 1:40.278 1:41.025

Yugoslavia Unified

MIN:SEC

1:59.23 1:53.37 1:57.01 1:56.42 1:51.15 1:49.934

MIN:SEC

5:32.10 5:42.00 4:56.30 5:05.30 4:33.03 4:35.14 4:36.14 4:08.94 4:09.51 4:12.38 4:06.32 4:12.78 4:05.92 3:54.418 3:54.379 3:46.201 3:50.467 MINiSEC

4:50.10 5:07.10 4:38.30 4:47.40 4:17.04 4:04.65 4:07.18 3:52.60 3:52.76 3:47.65 3:40.60 3:48.36 3:37.42 3:31.870 3:37.355

Sport

708

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Boxing® (continued)

69 KG (151.8 LB) (CONTINUED) 1976 Jochen Bachfeld (GDR) 1980 Andres Aldama (CUB)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Mark Breland (USA) Robert Wangila (KEN) Michael Carruth (IRL) Oleg Saytov (RUS) Oleg Saytov (RUS) Bakhtiyar Artayev (KAZ) Bakhyt Sarsekbayev (KAZ)

71 KG (156.2 LB) 1952 Laszio Papp (HUN)

1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Laszio

Papp (HUN)

Wilbert McClure (USA) Boris Lagutin (URS) Boris Lagutin (URS)

Dieter Kottysch (FRG) Jerzy Rybicki (POL)

Armando Martinez (CUB) Frank Tate (USA) Park Si Hun (KOR) Juan Lemus (CUB) David Reid (USA) Yermakhan Ibraimov (KAZ)

75 KG (165 LB) 1904 Charles Mayer (USA) 1908 John Douglas (GBR) 1920 Harry Mallin (GBR) 1924 Harry Mallin (GBR) 1928 Piero Toscani (ITA) 1932 Carmen Barth (USA) 1936 Jean Despeaux (FRA) 1948 Laszio Papp (HUN) 1952 Floyd Patterson (USA) 1956 Gennady Shatkov (URS) 1960 Edward Crook (USA) 1964 Valery Popenchenko (URS) 1968 Christopher Finnegan (GBR) 1972 Vyatcheslav Lemeshev (URS) 1976 Michael Spinks (USA) 1980 Jose Gomez (CUB) 1984 Shin Joon Sup (KOR) 1988 Henry Maske (GDR) 1992 Ariel Hernandez (CUB) 1996 Ariel Hernandez (CUB) 2000 Jorge Gutierrez (CUB) 2004 Gaydarbek Gaydarbekov (RUS) 2008 James Degale (GBR) 81 KG (178.2 LB)

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

(continued)

Boxing® (continued) 81 KG (178.2 LB) (CONTINUED) 1992 Torsten May (GER)

1996 Vasily Zhirov (KAZ) 2000 Aleksandr Lebzyak (RUS) 2004 Andre Ward (USA) 2008 Zhang Xiaoping (CHN) 91 KG (200.2 LB)

1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Samuel Berger (USA) Albert Oldman (GBR) Ronald Rawson (GBR) Otto Von Porat (NOR) Arturo Rodriguez (ARG) Alberto Santiago Lovell (ARG)

Herbert Runge (GER) Rafael Iglesias (ARG) Edward Sanders (USA) Peter Rademacher (USA) Franco de Piccoli (ITA) Joseph Frazier (USA) George Foreman (USA) Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) Teofilo Stevenson (CUB) Henry Tillman (USA) Ray Mercer (USA) Felix Savon (CUB) Felix Savon (CUB) Felix Savon (CUB) Odianier Solis Fonte (CUB) Rakhim Chakhkiyev (RUS)

OVER 91 KG (200.2

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

LB)

Biggs (USA) Lennox Lewis (CAN) Roberto Balado (CUB) Vladimir Klichko (UKR) Audley Harrison (GBR) Aleksandr Povetkin (RUS) Roberto Cammarelle (ITA) Tyrell

Canoeing (men) MINrSEC

KAYAK SINGLES (500 METERS) 1976 Vasile Diba (ROM)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Vladimir Parfenovich (URS) Ian Ferguson (NZL) Zsolt Gyulay (HUN)

Mikko Kolehmainen Antonio Rossi

(FIN)

(ITA)

Knut Holmann (NOR)

Adam van Koeverden

(CAN)

Ken Wallace (AUS)

1:46.41 1:43.43 1:47.84 1:44.82 1:40.34 1:37.423 1:57.847 1:37.919 1:37.252

Edward Eagan (USA) Harry Mitchell (GBR) Avendano (ARG) David Carstens (RSA) Roger Michelot (FRA) George Hunter (RSA) Norvel Lee (USA) James Boyd (USA) Cassius Clay (USA) Viktor

Cosimo Pinto (ITA) Dan Poznyak (URS) Mate Parlov (YUG) Leon Spinks (USA) Slobodan Kacar (YUG) Anton Josipovic (YUG)

Andrew Maynard (USA)

KAYAK PAIRS (500 METERS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

East

Germany

USSR New Zealand New Zealand Germany Germany Hungary

Germany Spain

KAYAK SINGLES (1,000 METERS) 1936 Gregor Hradetzky (AUT) 1948 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) 1952 Gert Fredriksson (SWE)

MINiSEC

1:35.87 1:32.38 1:34.21 1:33.98 1:29.84 1:28.697 1:47.050 1:27.040 1:28.736 MINrSEC

4:22.90 4:33.20 4:07.90

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Canoeing (men) (continued) KAYAK SINGLES (1,000 METERS) (CONTINUED) 1956 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) 1960 Erik Hansen (DEN) 1964 Rolf Peterson (SWE) 1968 Mihaly Hesz (HUN) 1972 Aleksandr Shaparenko (URS) 1976 Rudiger Helm (GDR) 1980 Rudiger Helm (GDR)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Alan Thompson (NZL) Gregory Barton (USA) Clint Robinson (AUS)

Knut Holmann (NOR) Knut Holmann (NOR) Eirik Veraas Larsen (NOR) Tim Brabants (GBR)

KAYAK PAIRS (1,000 METERS)

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Austria

Sweden Finland

Germany Sweden Sweden

USSR USSR USSR USSR Canada United States

Germany Italy

Italy

Sweden Germany

KAYAK FOURS (1,000 METERS)

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR Norway

USSR USSR East Germany New Zealand Hungary

Germany Germany Hungary Hungary Belarus

KAYAK SINGLES (10,000 METERS) 1936 Ernst Krebs (GER) 1948 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) 1952 Thorvald Stromberg (FIN) 1956 Gert Fredriksson (SWE) KAYAK PAIRS (10,000 METERS)

1936 Germany 1948 Sweden 1952 Finland 1956 Hungary

Canoeing (men) (continued) MINrSEC

4:12.80 3:53.00 3:57.13 4:03.58 3:48.06 3:48.20 3:48.77 3:45.73 3:55.27 3:37.26 3:25.785 3:33.269 3:25.897 3:26.323 MIN:SEC

4:03.80 4:07.30 3:51.10 3:49.60 3:34.70 3:38.54 3:37.54 3:31.23 3:29.01 3:26.72 3:24.22 3:32.42 3:16.10 3:09.190 3:14.461 3:18.420 3:11.809 MIN:SEC

3:14.67 3:14.38 3:14.02 3:08.69 3:13.76 3:02.28 3:00.20 2:54.18 2:51.528 2:55.188 2:56.919 2:55.714 MIN:SEC

46:01.6 50:47.7 47:22.8 47:43.4 MIN:SEC

41:45.0 46:09.4 44:21.3 43:37.0

COLLAPSIBLE KAYAK SINGLES (10,000 METERS) MINiSEC 1936 Gregor Hradetzky (AUT) 50:01.2 COLLAPSIBLE KAYAK PAIRS (10,000 METERS)

1936 Sweden

709

MIN:SEC

45:48.9

KAYAK SINGLES RELAY (1,500 METERS)

1960 Germany

MIN;SEC

7:39.43

SLALOM KAYAK SINGLES

1972 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Siegbert Horn (GDR) Pierpaolo Ferrazzi (ITA) Oliver Fix (GER) Thomas Schmidt (GER) Benoit Peschier (FRA) Alexander Grimm (GER)

CANADIAN SINGLES (500 METERS) 1976 Aleksandr Rogov (URS) 1980 Sergey Postrekin (URS)

1984 Larry Cain (CAN) 1988 Olaf Heukrodt (GDR) 1992 Nikolay Bukhalov (BUL) 1996 Martin Doktor (CZE) 2000 Gyorgy Kolonics (HUN) 2004 Andreas Dittmer (GER) 2008 Maksim Opalev (RUS) CANADIAN PAIRS (500 METERS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR Hungary

USSR Team

Hungary Hungary China China

CANADIAN SINGLES (1,000 METERS)

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Francis

Amyot (CAN)

Josef Holecek (TCH) Josef Holecek (TCH)

Leon Rottman (ROM) Janos Parti (HUN) Jurgen Eschert (GER) Tibor Tatai (HUN) Ivan Patzaichin

(ROM)

Matija Ljubek (YUG)

Lyubomir Lyubenov (BUL) Ulrich Eicke (FRG)

Ivans Klementyev (URS) Nikolay Bukhalov (BUL)

Martin Doktor (CZE)

Andreas Dittmer (GER) David Cal (ESP) Sandor Vajda (HUN)

Attila

CANADIAN PAIRS (1,000 METERS)

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

Denmark Romania USSR USSR Romania USSR USSR Romania Romania USSR Germany Germany Romania

2:24.813 1:46.383 1:47.140 MIN:SEC

1:45.81 1:43.39 1:43.67 1:41.77 1:41.54 1:40.420 1:51.284 1:40.278 1:41.025

Yugoslavia Unified

MIN;SEC

1:59.23 1:53.37 1:57.01 1:56.42 1:51.15 1:49.934

MIN:SEC

5:32.10 5:42.00 4:56.30 5:05.30 4:33.03 4:35.14 4:36.14 4:08.94 4:09.51 4:12.38 4:06.32 4:12.78 4:05.92 3:54.418 3:54.379 3:46.201 3:50.467 MIN:SEC

4:50.10 5:07.10 4:38.30 4:47.40 4:17.04 4:04.65 4:07.18 3:52.60 3:52.76 3:47.65 3:40.60 3:48.36 3:37.42 3:31.870 3:37.355

Sport

710

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Canoeing (men) (continued) CANADIAN PAIRS (1,000 METERS) (CONTINUED)

2004 Germany 2008 Belarus CANADIAN SINGLES (10,000 METERS)

1948 Frantisek Capek (TCH) 1952 Frank Havens (USA) 1956 Leon Rottman (ROM) CANADIAN PAIRS (10,000 METERS)

1936 Czechoslovakia 1948 United States 1952 France 1956 USSR

(continued) Canoeing (women) (continued)

MIN:SEC

3:41.802 3:36.365 MIN:SEC

62:05.2 57:41.1 56:41.0 MIN:SEC

50:35.5 55:55.4 54:08.3 54:02.4

KAYAK FOURS (500 METERS) (CONTINUED) 1992 Hungary

1996 2000 2004 2008

Germany Germany Germany Germany

SLALOM KAYAK SINGLES

1972 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Angelika Bahmann (GDR) Elisabeth Micheler (GER) Stepanka Hilgertova (CZE) Stepanka Hilgertova (CZE) Elena Kaliska (SVK) Elena Kaliska (SVK)

SLALOM CANADIAN SINGLES

1972 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Cricket

1900 Great

Reinhard Eiben (GDR) Lukas Pollert (TCH) Michal Martikan (SVK) Tony Estanguet (FRA) Tony Estanguet (FRA) Michal Martikan (SVK)

Croquet

SINGLES (TWO BALLS) 1900 Waydelick (FRA)

1972 East Germany 1992 United States 1996 France 2000 Slovakia 2004 Slovakia 2008 Slovakia

DOUBLES

1900 France Cycling (men)

MINrSEC

2:31.90 1952 Sylvi Saimo (FIN) 2:18.40 1956 Yelizaveta Dementyeva (URS) 2:18.90 1960 Antonina Seredina (URS) 2:08.08 1964 Lyudmila Khvedosyuk (URS) 2:12.87 1968 Lyudmila Pinayeva-Khvedosyuk(URS) 2:11.09 1972 Yuliya Ryabchinskaya (URS) 2:03.17 1976 Carola Zirzow (GDR) 2:01.05 1980 Birgit Fischer (GDR) 1:57.96 1984 Agneta Andersson (SWE) 1:58.72 1988 Vanya Gecheva (BUL) 1:55.19 Birgit Fischer 1992 Schmidt (GER) 1:51.60 1996 Rita Koban (HUN) 1:47.655 2000 Josefa Idem Guerrini (ITA) 2:13.848 2004 Natasa Janies (HUN) 1:47.741 2008 Inna Osypenko-Radomska (UKR) 1:50.673 KAYAK PAIRS (500 METERS)

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR Germany West Germany USSR USSR East Germany Sweden East Germany Germany Sweden Germany Hungary Hungary

KAYAK FOURS (500 METERS)

1984 Romania 1988 East Germany

Britain

SINGLES (ONE BALL) 1900 Aumoitte (FRA)

SLALOM CANADIAN PAIRS

Canoeing (women) KAYAK SINGLES (500 METERS) 1948 Karen Hoff (DEN)

MIN:SEC

1:38.32 1:31.077 1:34.532 1:34.340 1:32.231

MIN:SEC

1:54.76 1:56.95 1:56.44 1:53.50 1:51.15 1:43.88 1:45.25 1:43.46 1:40.29 1:39.329 1:56.996 1:38.101 1:41.308 MIN:SEC

1:38.34 1:40.78

1,000-METER INDIVIDUAL SPRINT 1896^° Paul Masson (FRA) 1900i°Georges Taillandier (FRA) 1920 Mauritius Peeters (NED) 1924 Lucien Michard (FRA) 1928 Roger Beaufrand (FRA) 1932 Jacobus Van Egmond (NED) 1936 Toni Merkens (GER) 1948 Mario Ghella (ITA) 1952 Enzo Sacchi (ITA) 1956 Michel Rousseau (FRA) 1960 Sante Gaiardoni (ITA) 1964 Giovanni Pettenella (ITA) 1968 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1972 Daniel Morelon (FRA) 1976 Anton Tkac (TCH)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Lutz Hesslich (GDR)

Mark Gorski (USA) Lutz Hesslich (GDR) Jens Fiedler (GER) Jens Fiedler (GER) Marty Nothstein (USA) Ryan Bayley (AUS) Chris Hoy (GBR)

1,000-METER TIME TRIAL 189611 Paul Masson (FRA) 1928 Willy Faick-Hansen (DEN) 1932 Edgar Gray (AUS) 1936 Arie van Vliet (NED) 1948 Jacques Dupont (FRA) 1952 Russell Mockridge (AUS) 1956 Leandro Faggin (ITA) 1960 Sante Gaiardoni (ITA) 1964 Patrick Sercu (BEL) 1968 Pierre Trentin (FRA) 1972 Niels Fredborg (DEN) 1976 Klaus-Jurgen Grunke (GDR) 1980 Lothar Thoms (GDR)

MINrSEC

24.0 1:14.4 1:13.0 1:12.0 1:13.5 1:11.1 1:09.8 1:07.27 1:09.59 1:03.91 1:06.44

1:05.927 1:02.955

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Cycling (men) (continued) 1.000-METER TIME TRIAL (CONTINUED) Fredy Schmidtke (FRG) 1984 1988 Aleksandr Kirichenko (URS) 1992 Jose Moreno (ESP) 1996 Florian Rousseau (FRA) 2000 Jason Queally (GBR) 2004 Chris Hoy (GBR)

711

(continued) Cycling (men) (continued)

MIN:SEC

1:06.104 1:04.499 1:03.342 1:02.712 1:01.609 1:00.711

5,000 METERS

MIN:SEC

1908 Benjamin Jones (GBR)

8:36.2

10,000 METERS 1896 Paul Masson (FRA)

17:54.2

20,000 METERS 1908 Charles Kingsbury (GBR)

34:13.6

MINiSEC

MIN:SEC

1,500-METER TEAM PURSUIT 1900 United States

50,000 METERS

2,000 METERS

1920 Henry George (BEL) 1924 Jacobus Willems (NED)

HR:MIN:SEC 1:16:43.2 1:18:24.0

100,000 METERS

HR;MIN:SEC

1896 Leon Flameng (FRA) 1908 Charles Bartlett (GBR)

3:08:19.2 2:41:48.6

ONE-QUARTER MILE (440 YARDS) Hurley (USA)

SEC 31.8

ONE-THIRD MILE (586% YARDS) 1904 Marcus Hurley (USA)

SEC 43.8

ONE-LAP TIME TRIAL (660 YARDS) 1908 Victor Johnson (GBR)

SEC 51.2

j

I

1904

Marcus Hurley (USA)

2.000-METER TANDEM 1908 France 1920 Great Britain 1924 France 1928 The Netherlands 1932 France

1936 Germany 1948 Italy 1952 Australia 1956 Australia 1960 Italy 1964 Italy 1968 France 1972 USSR

1904 Marcus

1904 Marcus

Hurley (USA)

MIN:SEC

INDIVIDUAL PURSUIT

1 MILE

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Daler (TCH) Daniel Rebillard (FRA)

1904 Marcus

Knut Knudsen (NOR) Gregor Braun (FRG) Robert Dill-Bondi (SUI) Steve Hegg (USA) Gintautas Umaras (URS) Christopher Boardman (GBR) Andrea Collinelli (ITA) Robert Bartko (GER) Bradley Wiggins (GBR) Bradley Wiggins (GBR)

l-MILE 1-FURLONG (1,980-YARD)

Jiri

MIN:SEC 1:09.0

ONE-HALF MILE (880 YARDS)

1908 Great

2:41.6

Hurley (USA)

TEAM PURSUIT

Britain

MIN:SEC

2 MILES

1904 Burton Downing

(USA)

4:58.0 MIN:SEC

5 MILES

1904 Charles Schlee

(USA)

13:08.2

25 MILES 1904 Burton Downing (USA)

TEAM PURSUIT

1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Great Britain

12 HOURS

Italy

1896

Adolf Schmal (AUT)

Italy Italy

INDIVIDUAL POINTS RACE

Italy

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

France France Italy Italy Italy

Germany Denmark West Germany West Germany USSR Australia

Roger llegems (BEL) Dan Frost (DEN) Giovanni Lombardi (ITA) Silvio Martinello (ITA)

Juan Llaneras (ESP) Mikhail Ignatyev (RUS) Joan Llaneras (ESP) SEC

KEIRIN

2000 Florian Rousseau (FRA) 2004 Ryan Bayley (AUS) 2008 Chris Hoy (GBR)

USSR Germany

MADISON

France

2000 2004 2008

Germany Australia

Great Britain

Australia Australia

Argentina

11.020 10.601 10.450

712

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Cycling (men) (continued)

TEAM SPRINT

2000 France 2004 Germany 2008 Great Britain

44.233 43.980 43.128

ROAD RACE {INDIVIDUAL)^

1896 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

HR:MIN:SEC

Aristidis Konstantinidis

(GRE)

Rudolph Lewis (RSA) Harry Stenqvist (SWE) Armand Blanchonnet (FRA) Henry Hansen (DEN) Attilio

Pavesi

(ITA)

Robert Charpentier (FRA) Jose Beyaert (FRA) Andre Noyelle (BEL) Ercole Baldini (ITA) Viktor Kapitonov (URS)

Mario Zanin

(ITA)

Pierfranco Vianelli

(ITA)

Hennie Kuiper (NED) Bernt Johansson (SWE) Sergey Sukhoruchenkov (URS) Alexei Grewal (USA) Olaf Ludwig (GDR) Fabio Casartelli (ITA) Pascal Richard (SUI) Jan Ullrich (GER) Paolo Bettini (ITA) Samuel Sanchez (ESP)

ROAD RACE (TEAM)

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956

Sweden France France

Denmark Italy

France Belgium Belgium France

ROAD TIME TRIAL (INDIVIDUAL)

1996 2000 2004 2008

Italy

The Netherlands The Netherlands

USSR USSR USSR Italy

East Germany Germany

Miguel Martinez (FRA) Julien Absalon (FRA) Julien Absalon (FRA)

MOTOCROSS/BMX

2008

HR:MIN:SEC

Maris Strombergs (LAT)

(women)

500-METER TIME TRIAL

SEC

2000 Felicia Ballanger (FRA) 2004 Anna Meares (AUS)

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Erika

Salumae

(EST)

Felicia Ballanger (FRA) Felicia Ballanger (FRA)

Lori-Ann

Muenzer (CAN)

Victoria Pendleton

(GBR)

INDIVIDUAL PURSUIT

1992 Petra Rossner (GER) 1996 Antonella Bellutti (ITA) 2000 Leontien Zijiaard-van Moorsel (NED) 2004 Sarah Ulmer (NZL) 2008 Rebecca Romero (GBR) INDIVIDUAL POINTS RACE

1996 Nathalie Lancien (FRA) 2000 Antonella Bellutti (ITA) 2004 Olga Slyusareva (RUS) 2008 Marianne Vos (NED) ROAD RACE

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

(INDIVIDUAL)

Connie Carpenter-Phinney (USA) Monique Knol (NED) Kathryn Watt (AUS) Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli (FRA) Leontien ZijIaard-van Moorsel (NED) Sara Carrigan (AUS) Nicole Cooke (GBR)

1996 2000

Zulfiya Zabirova (RUS)

2004

HR:MIN:SEC

2008

Leontien Zijiaard-van Moorsel (NED) Kristin Armstrong (USA)

HR:MIN:SEC

2:14:33.53 2:26:31.19 2:07:49.06 2:11:17.8 2:08:53 2:01:21.7 1:58:28 1:57:47.7 2:01:39 HR:MIN:SEC

2:17:38 2:09:2.50 2:15:02 1:55:59 SEC

36.190

34.140 53.016

1,000-METER INDIVIDUAL SPRINT 1988 Erika Salumae (URS)

44:35:33.6 19:16:43.2 19:30:14 15:09:14 7:27:15.2 7:39:16.2 15:58:17.4 15:20:46.6 5:21:17

1:04:05 57:40.42 winner stripped; undecided by press time Fabian Cancellara (SUI) 1:02:11.43

MOUNTAIN BIKE 1996 Bart Jan Brentjens (NED)

2000 2004 2008

3:22:31.0 10:42:39.0 4:40:01.8 6:20:48.0 4:47:18.0 2:28:05.6 2:33:05.0 5:18:12.6 5:06:03.4 5:21:17.0 4:20:37.0 4:39:51.63 4:41:25.24 4:14:37.0 4:46:52.0 4:48:28.90 4:59:57.0 4:32:22.0 4:35:21.0 4:53:56.0 5:29:08.0 5:41:44.0 6:23:49.0

Miguel Indurain (ESP) Vyacheslav Yekimov (RUS)

ROAD TIME TRIAL (TEAM)

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992

Cycling

SEC

2004 2008

ROAD TIME TRIAL (INDIVIDUAL) Leontien Zijiaard-van Moorsel

HR:MIN:SEC

2:11:14.0 2:00:52.0 2:04:42.0 2:36:13.0 3:06:31

3:24:24 3:32:24 MINrSEC

36:40 42:00.781

(NED)

MOUNTAIN BIKE 1996 Paola Pezzo (ITA) 2000 Paola Pezzo (ITA) 2004 Gunn-Rita Dahle (NOR) 2008 Sabine Spitz (GER)

34:51.72 HR:MIN:SEC

1:50:51 1:49:24.38 1:56:51 1:45:11 SEC

MOTOCROSS/BMX

2008

31:11.53

Anne-Caroline Chausson (FRA) Diving (men)

3-METER SPRINGBOARD DIVING 1908 Albert Zurner (GER) 1912 Paul Gunther (GER) 1920 Louis Kuehn (USA) 1924 Albert White (USA) 1928 Peter Desjardins (USA) 1932 Michael Galitzen (USA) 1936 Richard Degener (USA) 1948 Bruce Harlan (USA) 1952 David Browning (USA) 1956 Robert Clotworthy (USA) 1960 Gary Tobian (USA) 1964 Kenneth Sitzberger (USA) 1968 Bernie Wrightson (USA) 1972 Vladimir Vasin (URS)

35.976

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Diving (men) (continued) lj

i|

'

i

i

1

3-METER SPRINGBOARD DIVING (CONTINUED) 1976 Philip Boggs (USA) 1980 Aleksandr Portnov (URS) 1984 Greg Louganis (USA) 1988 Greg Louganis (USA) 1992 Mark Edward Lenzi (USA) 1996 Xiong Ni (CHN) 2000 Xiong Ni (CHN) 2004 Peng Bo (CHN) 2008 He Chong (CHN)

10-METER PLATFORM (HIGH) DIVING 1904 George Sheldon (USA) 1908 Hjalmar Johansson (SWE) 1912 Erik Adlerz (SWE) 1920 Clarence Pinkston (USA) 1924 Albert White (USA) 1928 Peter Desjardins (USA) 1932 Harold Smith (USA) 1936 Marshall Wayne (USA) 1948 Samuel Lee (USA) 1952 Samuel Lee (USA) 1956 Joaquin Capilla Perez (MEX) 1960 Robert Webster (USA) 1964 Robert Webster (USA) 1968 Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1972 Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1976 Klaus Dibiasi (ITA) 1980 Falk Hoffman (GDR) 1984 Greg Louganis (USA) 1988 Greg Louganis (USA) 1992 Sun Shuwei (CHN) 1996 Dmitry Sautin (RUS) 2000 Tian Liang (CHN) 2004 Hu Jia (CHN) 2008 Matt Mitcham (AUS)

3-METER SYNCHRONIZED SPRINGBOARD DIVING 2000 China

2004 Greece 2008 China

713

(continued)

Diving (women) (continued) 3-METER SPRINGBOARD DIVING (CONTINUED) 1972 Micki King (USA) 1976 Jennifer Chandler (USA) 1980 Irina Kalinina (URS) 1984 Sylvie Bernier (CAN)

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

GaoMin(CHN) GaoMin(CHN) Fu Mingxia (CHN) Fu Mingxia (CHN)

Guo Guo

Jingjing jingjing

(CHN) (CHN)

10-METER PLATFORM (HIGH) DIVING 1912 Greta Johansson (SWE) 1920 Stefani Fryland Clausen (DEN) 1924 Caroline Smith (USA) 1928 Elizabeth Anna Becker-Pinkston (USA) 1932 Dorothy Poynton (USA) 1936 Dorothy Poynton-Hill (USA) 1948 Victoria Draves (USA) 1952 Patricia McCormick (USA)

1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Patricia

McCormick (USA)

Ingrid Kramer-Engel-Gulbin

(GER)

Lesley Leigh Bush (USA) Milena Duchkova (TCH) Ulrika

Knape (SWE)

Yelena Vaytsekhovskaya (URS) Martina Jaschke (GDR) Zhou Ji-Hong (CHN) Xu Yan-Mei (CHN) Fu Mingxia (CHN) Fu Mingxia (CHN) Laura Wilkinson (USA) Chantelle Newbery (AUS)

Chen Ruolin (CHN)

3-METER SYNCHRONIZED SPRINGBOARD DIVING 2000 Russia 2004 China 2008 China

10-METER SYNCHRONIZED PLATFORM (HIGH) DIVING

IOMETER SYNCHRONIZED PLATFORM

(HIGH) DIVING

2000 Russia 2004 China 2008 China

2000 China 2004 China 2008 China Equestrian Sports

PLUNGE FOR DISTANCE

1904

William Paul Dickey (USA)

PLAIN HIGH DIVING 1912 Erik Adlerz (SWE)

1920 Arvid Wallman (SWE) 1924 Richmond Eve (AUS) Diving

GRAND PRIX (DRESSAGE) INDIVIDUAL 1912 Carl Bonde (SWE) 1920 Janne Lundblad (SWE) 1924 Ernst Linder (SWE) 1928 Carl Friedrich Freiherr von

‘

(women)

3-METER SPRINGBOARD DIVING 1920 Aileen Riggin (USA) 1924 Elizabeth Becker-Pinkton (USA) 1928 Helen Meany (USA) 1932 Georgia Coleman (USA) 1936 Marjorie Gestring (USA) 1948 Victoria Draves (USA) 1952 Patricia McCormick (USA) 1956 Patricia McCormick (USA) 1960 Ingrid Kramer-Engel-Gulbin (GER) 1964 Ingrid Kramer-Engel-Gulbin (GER) 1968 Sue Gossick (USA)

,

MOUNT Emperor

Uno Piccolomini

Draufganger

Langen-Parow (GER)

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Xavier Lesage (FRA)

Hans Moser

Hummer

(SUI)

Master Rufus

Henri St. Cyr (SWE) Henri St. Cyr (SWE)

Juli

Sergey Filatov (URS) Henri

Chammartin

Ivan Kizimov (URS)

Taine

Kronos

Heinz Pollay (GER)

(SUI)

Absent

Woermann Ikhor

Piaff (FRG) Granat Christine Stuckelberger (SUI) Mon Cherie Elisabeth Theurer (AUT) Ahlerich Reiner Klimke (FRG) 24 Rembrandt Nicole Uphoff (FRG) Rembrandt 24 Nicole Uphoff (GER) ' Gigolo Isabell Werth (GER)

Liselott Linsenhoff

Sport

714

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Equestrian Sports (continued) GRAND PRIX (DRESSAGE) INDIVIDUAL (CONTINUED) MOUNT 2000 Anky van Grunsven (NED) Bonfire 2004 Anky van Grunsven (NED) Salinero 2008 Anky van Grunsven (NED) Keltec Salinero

(continued) Equestrian Sports (continued)

GRAND PRIX (JUMPING) TEAM 1996 Germany 2000 Germany 2004 United States^

2008

GRAND PRIX (DRESSAGE) TEAM 1928 Germany 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

THREE-DAY EVENT (INDIVIDUAL) MOUNT 1912 Axel Nordlander (SWE) Lady Artist 1920 Helmer Morner (SWE) Germania 1924 Adolph van der Voort van Zijp Silver Piece (NED) 1928 Charles Pahud de Mortanges (NED) Marcroix 1932 Charles Pahud de Mortanges (NED) Marcroix 1936 Ludwig Stubbendorff (GER) Nurmi 1948 Bernard Chevallier (FRA) Aiglonne 1952 Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Jr. (SWE) Jubal

France

Germany France

Sweden Sweden Germany West Germany USSR West Germany USSR West Germany West Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany

GRAND 1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

PRIX (JUMPING) INDIVIDUAL

GRAND 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992

PRIX (JUMPING) TEAM

MOUNT

Aime Haegeman (BEL) Jean Cariou (FRA) Tommaso Lequio di Assaba Alphonse Gemuseus (SUI) Frantisek Ventura (TCH)

Benton Mignon Trebecco II

(iTA)

Takeichi Nishi (JPN)

Kurt Masse (GER) Humberto Mariles Cortes (MEX) Pierre Jonqueres d’Oriola (FRA)

Hans-Gunter Winkler (GER)

Lucette

Uranus Tora

Arete Ali

Baba Halla

Durand (FRA)

Jappeloup Ludger Beerbaum (GER) Classic Touch Ulrich Kirchhoff (GER) Jus des Pommes Jeroen Dubbeldam (NED) Sjiem Rodrigo Pessoa (BRA)^ Baloubet du Rouet^ Eric

Lamaze (CAN)

Sweden Sweden Sweden

1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Kastenman (SWE) Lawrence Morgan (AUS) Petrus

Mauro Checcoli

lluster

Salad Days

Surbean

(ITA)

Jean-Jacques Goyon (FRA) Richard Meade (GBR)

Pitou

Laurieston

Edmund

Coffin (USA) Federico Euro Roman (ITA) Mark Todd (NZL) Mark Todd (NZL) Matthew Ryan (AUS) Robert Blyth Tait (NZL) David O’Connor (USA)

Bally-Cor

Rossi nan

Charisma Charisma Kibah Tic Toe Ready Teddy

Custom Made Shear L’Eau

Law (GBR) Hinrich Romeike (GER) Leslie

Marius

Eliot

Raimondo d’Inzeo (ITA) Posillipo Pierre Jonqueres d’Oriola (FRA) Lutteur William Steinkraus (USA) Snowbound Graziano Mancinelli (ITA) Ambassador Alwin Schockemohle (FRG) Warwick Rex Jan Kowaiczyk (POL) Artemor Joe Fargis (USA) Touch of Class Pierre

United States

Hickstead

THREE-DAY EVENT (TEAM)

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Sweden Sweden The Netherlands The Netherlands United States

Germany United States

Sweden Great Britain Australia Italy

Great Britain Great Britain United States

USSR United States

West Germany Australia

Australia Australia

France

Germany

Spain

Germany

HIGH JUMP

Mexico Great Britain

1900 Dominique Maximien

Germany Germany Germany Canada West Germany France

USSR

Garderes (FRA); Gian Giorgio Trissino (ITA) (tied)

MOUNT LONG JUMP 1900 Constant van Langhendonck (BEL) Extra Dry FIGURE RIDING (INDIVIDUAL) 1920 T. Bouckaert (BEL) -

United States

West Germany The Netherlands

MOUNT Canela; Oreste

FIGURE RIDING (TEAM)

1920 Belgium

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Fencing (men) Eugene-Henri Gravelotte (FRA) Emile Coste (FRA) Ramon Fonst (CUB) Nedo Nadi (ITA) Nedo Nadi (ITA) Roger Ducret (FRA) Lucien Gaudin (FRA) Gustavo Marzi (ITA) Giulio Gaudini (ITA)

Jehan Buhan (FRA) Christian d’Oriola (FRA) Christian d’Oriola (FRA) Viktor Zhdanovich (URS)

Egon Franke (POL) Drimba (ROM)

Ion

Woyda (POL) Fabio dal Zotto (ITA) Vladimir Smirnov (URS)

Edoardo Mangiarotti

(ITA)

Carlo Pavesi (ITA)

Giuseppe Delfino

(ITA)

Grigory Kriss (URS)

Gyoso Kulcsar (HUN) Csaba Fenyvesi (HUN) Alexander Pusch (FR(i) Johan Harmenberg (SWE) Philippe Boisse (FRA) Arnd Schmitt (FRG) Eric Srecki (FRA)

Aleksandr Beketov (RUS) Pavel Kolobkov (RUS) Marcel Fischer (SUI) Matteo Tagliariol (ITA)

Mauro Numa

^PEE (TEAM) 1908 France 1912 Belgium

(ITA)

Stefano Cerioni

(ITA)

Omnes

(FRA) Alessandro Puccini (ITA) Philippe

Kim Young Ho (KOR) Brice Guyart (FRA)

Benjamin

Philip Kleibrink

(GER)

Cuba Italy

France Italy

France Italy

France France Italy

USSR USSR France Poland

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Italy

France Italy

France Italy

France Italy Italy Italy

Hungary Hungary Hungary

Sweden France

West Germany France

Germany Italy

Italy

France France

West Germany INDIVIDUAL EPEE, PROFESSIONAL (MASTERS) 1900 Albert Ayat (FRA)

France Italy

USSR Germany

INDIVIDUAL EPtE, OPEN (AMATEUR

Russia France

1900

Italy

SABRE

INDIVIDUAL FOIL, PROFESSIONAL (MASTERS)

1896 Leon Pyrgos (GRE) 1900 Lucien Merignac (FRA) INDIVIDUAL FOIL, JUNIOR 1904 Arthur Fox (USA)

EPEE (INDIVIDUAL) 1900 Ramon Fonst (CUB) 1904 Ramon Fonst (CUB) 1908 Gaston Alibert (FRA) 1912 Paul Anspach (BEL) 1920 Armand Massard (FRA) 1924 Charles Delporte (BEL) 1928 Lucien Gaudin (FRA) 1932 Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici 1936 Franco Riccardi (ITA)

1948

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Witold

FOIL (TEAM)

1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004

(continued)

Fencing (men) (continued) tPEE (INDIVIDUAL) (CONTINUED)

FOIL (INDIVIDUAL)

1896 1900 1904 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

715

Luigi

Cantone

(ITA)

(ITA)

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980

AND MASTERS)

Albert Ayat (FRA) (INDIVIDUAL)

loannis Georgiadis (GRE)

Georges de la Falaise (FRA) Manuel Dfaz (CUB) Jeno Fuchs (HUN) Jeno Fuchs (HUN)

Nedo Nadi

(ITA)

Sandor Posta (HUN)

Odon

Vitez Tersztyanszky

Gyorgy Piller (HUN) Endre Kabos (HUN) Aladar Gerevich (HUN) Pal Kovacs (HUN) Rudolph Karpati (HUN) Rudolph Karpati (HUN) Tibor Pezsa (HUN) Jerzy Pawlowski (POL) Viktor Sidyak (URS) Viktor Krovopuskov (URS) Viktor Krovopuskov (URS)

(HUN)

Sport

716

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued) Fencing (women) (continued)

Fencing (men) (continued)

SABRE

(INDIVIDUAL) (CONTINUED)

FOIL (TEAM) (CONTINUED)

1984 Jean-Frangois Lamour (FRA) 1988 Jean-Frangois Lamour (FRA) 1992 Bence Szabo (HUN) 1996 Stanislav Pozdnyakov (RUS) 2000 Mihai Claudiu Covaliu (ROM) 2004 Aldo Montano (ITA) 2008 Zhong Man (CHN) SABRE (TEAM) 1908 Hungary 1912 Hungary

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

France

West Germany West Germany Italy Italy

Italy

Russia

2000 Timea Nagy (HUN) 2004 Timea Nagy (HUN) 2008 Britta Heidemann (GER)

Italy

ePEE (TEAM) 1996 France 2000 Russia 2004 Russia ‘

USSR USSR

SABRE

(INDIVIDUAL)

Italy

2004 2008

USSR USSR

SABRE (TEAM)

Italy

2008

Mariel Zagunis (USA) Mariel Zagunis (USA)

Ukraine

Hungary Unified

Team

Field

Russia Russia France France

INDIVIDUAL SABRE, PROFESSIONAL (MASTERS)

1900 Antonio Conte

(ITA)

SINGLE STICK 1904 Albertson Van Zo Post (CUB)

Fencing (women) FOIL (INDIVIDUAL)

1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR

EPEE (INDIVIDUAL) 1996 Laura Flessel (FRA)

Italy

Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary Hungary

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2008

Ellen Osiier (DEN)

Helene Mayer (GER) Ellen Preis (AUT) 'Ilona

Schacherer-Elek (HUN)

Ilona Elek

(HUN)

Camber (ITA) Gillian Sheen (GBR) Adelheid Schmid (GER) lldiko Ujiaki-Rejto

lldiko

(HUN) (ITA)

Schwarczenberger (HUN)

Pascale Trinquet (FRA) Luan (CHN) Anja Fichtel (FRG)

Jujie

Giovanna

Hockey

Great Britain Great Britain India India India India India India

Pakistan India

Pakistan

West Germany

New Zealand India

Pakistan Great Britain

Germany

The Netherlands 2000 The Netherlands

Irene

Yelena Novikova (URS) Antonella Ragno Lonzi

MEN 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Trillini (ITA)

Laura Gabriela Badea (ROM) Valentina Vezzali (ITA) Valentina Vezzali (ITA) Valentina Vezzali (ITA)

2004 Australia 2008 Germany

WOMEN 1980 Zimbabwe 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

The Netherlands Australia

Spain Australia Australia

Germany The Netherlands Golf

FOIL (TEAM)

1960 1964 1968 1972

USSR Hungary

USSR USSR

MEN, INDIVIDUAL 1900 Charles Sands (USA) 1904 George Lyon (CAN)

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Golf (continued)

MEN. TEAM 1904 United States

WOMEN 1900 Margaret

Abbott (USA)

Gymnastics (men) COMBINED, OR ALL-AROUND (INDIVIDUAL) (FRA) Sandras 1900 Gustave

1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Gymnastics (men) (continued) FLOOR EXERCISE (CONTINUED) 1980 Roland Bruckner (GDR) 1984 LiNing(CHN) 1988 Sergey Kharikov (URS) 1992 Li Xiaosahuang (CHN)

1996 loannis Melissanidis (GRE) 2000 Igors Vihrovs (LAT) 2004 Kyle Shewfelt (CAN) 2008 Zou Kai (CHN)

G. Alberto Braglia (ITA)

HORIZONTAL BAR

G. Alberto Braglia (ITA)

1896 Hermann Weingartner (GER) 1904 Anton Heida (USA); Edward Henning

Giorgio Zampori (ITA)

Leon Stukelj (YUG) Georges Miez (SUI)

Romeo

Neri (ITA)

Karl-Alfred

Schwarzmann (GER)

Veikko Huhtanen (FIN) Viktor Chukarin (URS) Viktor Chukarin (URS) Boris Shakhlin (URS) Yukio Endo (JPN) Sawao Kato (JPN) Sawao Kato (JPN) Nikolay Andrianov (URS) Aleksandr Dityatin (URS)

Gushiken (JPN) Vladimir Artyomov (URS) Vitaly Shcherbo (UNT) Li Xiaosahuang (CHN) Koji

Aleksey Nemov (RUS) Paul Hamm (USA)

Yang Wei (CHN)

Italy

1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968

Leon Stukelj (YUG) Georges Miez (SUI) Dallas Bixler (USA) Aleksanteri Saarvala (FIN)

Josef Stalder (SUI) Jack Gunthard (SUI) Takashi Ono (JPN) Takashi Ono (JPN) Boris Shakhlin (URS) Mikhail Voronin (URS): Akinori

1972 Mitsuo Tsukahara (JPN) 1976 Mitsuo Tsukahara (JPN) 1980 Stoyan Delchev (BUL) 1984 Shinji Morisue (JPN) 1988 Vladimir Artyomov (URS):

Valery Lyukin (URS)

(tied)

1992 Trent Dimas (USA) 1996 Andreas Wecker (GER) 2000 Aleksey Nemov (RUS) 2004 Igor Cassina (ITA) 2008 Zou Kai (CHN) PARALLEL BARS

Italy

1896 1904 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Finland

USSR USSR Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan

USSR United States

USSR Unified

Team

Russia China

Japan China

Istvan Pelle (HUN)

Georges Miez

(SUI)

Ferenc Pataki (HUN) William Thoresson (SWE) Valentin Muratov (URS) Nobuyuki Aihara (JPN) Franco Menichelli (ITA) Sawao Kato (JPN) Nikolay Andrianov (URS) Nikolay Andrianov (URS)

Nakayama

(JPN) (tied)

Italy

Germany

(USA)

(tied)

Switzerland

FLOOR EXERCISE

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976

(continued)

Julius Lenhardt (USA)

COMBINED, OR ALL-AROUND (TEAM)

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

717

SIDE,

Alfred Flatow (GER)

George Eyser (USA) August Guttinger (SUI) Ladislav Vacha (TCH)

Romeo

Neri (ITA)

Konrad Frey (GER) Michael Reusch (SUI)

Hans Eugster

(SUI)

Viktor Chukarin (URS)

Boris Shakhlin (URS) Yukio Endo (JPN)

Nakayama Sawao Kato (JPN) Sawao Kato (JPN) Akinori

(JPN)

Aleksandr Tkachyov (URS) Bart Conner (USA) Vladimir Artyomov (URS) Vitaly

Shcherbo (UNT)

Rustam Sharipov (UKR) Li

Xiaopeng (CHN)

Valery Goncharov (UKR) Li

Xiaopeng (CHN)

OR POMMEL. HORSE

1896 Louis Zutter (SUI) 1904 Anton Heida (USA) 1924 Josef Wilhelm (SUI) 1928 Hermann Hanggi (SUI) 1932 Istvan Pelle (HUN) 1936 Konrad Frey (GER)

718

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games SIDE,

Gymnastics (men) (continued) OR POMMEL, HORSE (CONTINUED) (FIN); Veikko Huhtanen

1948 Paavo Aaltonen

Gymnastics (men) (continued) RINGS (CONTINUED) (FIN);

Heikki Savolainen (FIN) (tied)

1952 1956 1960

(continued)

Viktor Chukarin (URS)

2000 Szilveszter Csollany (HUN) 2004 Dimosthenis Tampakos ((3RE) 2008 Chen Yibing (CHN)

Boris Shakhlin (URS) Boris Shakhlin (URS);

Eugen Ekman

(FIN)

(tied)

1964 Miroslav Cerar (YUG) 1968 Miroslav Cerar (YUG) 1972 Viktor Klimenko (URS) 1976 Zoltan Magyar (HUN) 1980 Zoltan Magyar (HUN) 1984 Li Ning (CHN); Peter Vidmar (USA) (tied) 1988 Lyubomir Geraskov (BUL); Zsolt Borkai (HUN); Dmitry Bilozerchev'(URS)

1992 Vitaly Shcherbo (UNT); Pae 1996 Li Donghua (SUI) 2000 Marius Urzica (ROM) 2004 Teng Haibin (CHN) 2008 Xiao Qin (CHN)

(tied)

Gil-su

(PRK)

TRAMPOLINE 2000 Aleksandr Moskalenko (RUS) 2004 Yury Nikitin (UKR) 2008 Lu Chunlong (CHN)

ROPE CLIMBING

1896 Nicolaos Andriakopoulos (GRE) 1904 George Eyser (USA) 1924 Bedrich Supcik (TCH) 1932 Raymond Bass (USA)

(tied)

SWEDISH EXERCISES (TEAM)

1912 Sweden 1920 Sweden OPTIONAL EXERCISES (TEAM)

LONG, OR VAULTING, HORSE

1896 1904 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956

Karl

Schuhmann (GER)

Anton Heida (USA); George Eyser (USA) Frank Khz (USA)

Eugen Mack

(tied)

PARALLEL BARS (TEAM)

(SUI)

Savino Guglielmetti

(ITA)

HORIZONTAL BARS (TEAM)

Viktor Chukarin (URS)

1896 Germany

Valentin Muratov (URS); Helmut Bantz (GER)

CLUB SWINGING

(tied)

(JPN); Boris Shakhlin (URS)

(tied)

Haruhiro Yamashita (JPN) Mikhail Voronin (URS) Klaus Koste (GDR) Nikolay Andrianov (URS) Nikolay Andrianov (URS)

LouYun(CHN) LouYun(CHN) Shcherbo (UNT) Aleksey Nemov (RUS) Gervasio Deferr (ESP) Gervasio Deferr (ESP) Leszek Blanik (POL)

Vitaly

RINGS

1896 1904 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

1896 Germany

Schnorzmann (GER) Paavo Johannes Aaltonen (FIN)

Karl-Alfred

1960 Takashi Ono 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

1912 Norway 1920 Denmark 1932 United States

loannis Mitropoulos (GRE)

Hermann Glass (USA) Francesco Martino (ITA) Leon StukelJ (YUG) George Gulack (USA) Alois

1904 Edward Hennig (USA) 1932 George Roth (USA) TUMBLING 1932 Rowland Wolfe (USA)

COMBINED COMPETITION (7 APPARATUS) 1904 Anton Heida (USA) COMBINED COMPETITION

1904

(9

EVENTS)

Adolf Spinnier (SUI)

PRESCRIBED APPARATUS (TEAM)

1904 United States 1908 Sweden 1912 Italy 1952 Sweden 1956 Hungary MASS EXERCISES (TEAM)

1952

Finland

Hudec (TCH)

Karl Frei (SUI)

Grant Shaginyan (URS) Albert Azaryan (URS) Albert Azaryan (URS) Takuji Hayata (JPN) Akinori Akinori

Nakayama Nakayama

(JPN) (JPN)

Nikolay Andrianov (URS) Aleksandr Dityatin (URS) Li Ning (CHN); Koji Gushiken (JPN) (tied) Holger Behrendt (GDR); Dmitry Bilozerchev (URS) (tied) Vitaly Shcherbo (UNT) Yury Chechi (ITA)

SIDE HORSE (VAULTS) 1924 Albert Seguin (FRA)

Gymnastics (women) COMBINED, OR ALL-AROUND (INDIVIDUAL) 1952 Mariya Gorokhovskaya (URS) 1956 Larisa Latynina (URS) 1960 Larisa Latynina (URS) 1964 Vera Caslavska (TCH) 1968 Vera Caslavska (TCH) 1972 Lyudmila Turishcheva (URS) 1976 Nadia Comaneci (ROM) 1980 Yelena Davydova (URS) 1984 Mary Lou Retton (USA)

Spori

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Gymnastics (women) (continued) COMBINED, OR ALL-AROUND (INDIVIDUAL) (CONTINUED) 1988 Yelena Shushunova (URS) 1992 Tatyana Gutsu (UNT) 1996 Liliya Podkopayeva (UKR) 2000 Simona Amanar (ROM)^

2004 2008

Carly Patterson (USA)

Nastia Liukin (USA)

COMBINED, OR ALL-AROUND (TEAM) 1928 The Netherlands

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Czechoslovakia

USSR USSR USSR USSR USSR USSR USSR USSR

Monica Rosu (ROM) Hong Un Jong (PRK)

Keleti

(HUN)

Latynina (URS): Agnes Keleti (HUN)

(tied)

1960 Larisa Latynina 1964 Larisa Latynina 1968 Vera Caslavska

Romania

USSR Team

Unified

(URS) (URS) (TCH); Larissa Petrik (URS)

(tied)

1972 Olga Korbut (URS) 1976 Nelli Kim (URS) 1980 Nadia Comaneci (ROM);

United States

Romania Romania China

Nelli

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Daniela Silivas (ROM) Tatyana Lysenko (UNT) Shannon Miller (USA)

(ROM)

(tied)

LiuXuan(CHN)

1984 Ecaterina Szabo (ROM) 1988 Daniela Silivas (ROM) 1992 Lavinia Milosovici (ROM) 1996 Liliya Podkopayeva (UKR) 2000 Yelena Zamolodchikova (RUS) 2004 Catalina Ponor (ROM) 2008 Sandra Izbasa (ROM) RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS (INDIVIDUAL) 1984 Lori Fung (CAN) 1988 Marina Lobatch (URS) 1992 Aleksandra Timoshenko (UNT) 1996 Yekaterina Serebryanskaya (UKR) 2000 Yuliya Barsukova (RUS) 2004 Alina Kabayeva (RUS) 2008 Yevgeniya Kanayeva (RUS)

Catalina Ponor (ROM)

Shawn Johnson (USA)

RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS (TEAM)

1996 Spain 2000 Russia 2004 Russia 2008 Russia

UNEVEN PARALLEL BARS Margit Korondi (HUN)

Agnes

Kim (URS)

(tied)

Vera Caslavska (TCH) Natalya Kuchinskaya (URS) Olga Korbut (URS) Nadia Comaneci (ROM) Nadia Comaneci (ROM) Ecaterina Szabo (ROM); Simona Pauca

Keleti

(HUN)

Polina Astakhova (URS)

TRAMPOLINE

Polina Astakhova (URS) Vera Caslavska (TCH) Karin Janz (GDR)

2000 Irina Karavayeva (RUS) 2004 Anna Dogonadze (GER) 2008 HeWenna(CHN)

Nadia Comaneci (ROM) Maxi Gnauck (GDR) Julianne

(CHN)

McNamara

(USA);

(tied)

Daniela Silivas (ROM)

Ma Yanhong

HAND APPARATUS (TEAM) 1952 Sweden

1956 Hungary

LiLu(CHN) Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) Svetlana Khorkina (RUS) Emilie Lepennec (FRA)

HeKexin(CHN)

VAULT

1952 1956 1960

Yelena Zamolodchikova (RUS)

1952 Agnes 1956 Larisa

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

(ROM) (tied) Simona Amanar (ROM)

FLOOR EXERCISE

BALANCE BEAM 1952 Nina Bocharova (URS) 1956 Agnes Keleti (HUN) 1960 Eva Bosakova (TCH)

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

(continued)

Gymnastics (women) (continued) VAULT (CONTINUED) 1964 Vera Caslavska (TCH) 1968 Vera Caslavska (TCH) 1972 Karin Janz (GDR) 1976 Nelli Kim (URS) 1980 Natalya Shaposhnikova (URS) 1984 Ecaterina Szabo (ROM) 1988 Svetlana Boginskaya (URS) 1992 Henrietta Onodi (HUN); Lavinia Milosovici

1996 2000 2004 2008

Germany

719

Yekaterina Kalinchuk (URS) Larisa Latynina (URS) Margarita Nikolayeva (URS)

Handball (team)

MEN

1936^Germany 1972 Yugoslavia 1976 USSR 1980 East Germany 1984 Yugoslavia 1988 USSR 1992 Unified Team

Sport

720

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued) Judo (men)i^ (continued)

Handball (team) (continued)

MEN (CONTINUED) 1996 Croatia

90 KG (198

1964 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

2000 Russia 2004 Croatia 2008 France

WOMEN 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 JEU DE

1908

USSR USSR Yugoslavia Republic of Korea Republic of Korea

Denmark Denmark Denmark Norway

PAUME (ROYAL TENNIS) Jay Gould (USA)

Judo (men)i^ 60 KG (132 LB) 1964 Takehide Nakatani (JPN) 1972 Takao Kawaguchi (JPN)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Shinji

Hosokawa

(JPN)

Kim Jae-Yup (KOR) Nazim Guseynov (UNT) Tadahiro Nomura (JPN) Tadahiro Nomura (JPN) Tadahiro Nomura (JPN) Choi Min Ho (KOR)

Nikolay Solodukhin (URS)

Yoshiyuki

Matsuoka (JPN)

Lee Kyung Ken (KOR) Rogerio Sampaio Cardoso (BRA) Udo Quellmalz (GER) Huseyin Ozkan (TUR)

Masato Uchishiba (JPN) Masato Uchishiba (JPN)

73 KG (160.6 LB) 1972 Takao Kawaguchi (JPN) 1976 Hector Rodriguez Torres (CUB)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Okano

(JPN)

Jurg Rothlisberger (SUI) Peter Seisenbacher (AUT) Peter Seisenbacher (AUT) Waldemar Legien (POL) Jeon Ki-Young (KOR) Mark Huizinga (NED) Zurab Zviadauri (GEO) Irakli Tsirekidze (GEO)

100 KG (220 LB) 1972 Shota Chochoshvili (URS) 1976 Kazuhiro Ninomiya (JPN) 1980 Robert van de Walle (BEL) 1984 Ha Young Zoo (KOR) 1988 Aurelio Miguel (BRA) 1992 Antal Kovacs (HUN) 1996 Pawel Nastula (POL) 2000 Kosei Inoue (JPN) -

2004 lhar Makarau (BLR) 2008 Tuvshinbayar Naidan (MGL)

Gamba

OVER 100 KG (220+ LB) 1964 Isao Inokuma (JPN) 1972 Willem Ruska (NED)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Sergey Novikov (URS) Angelo Paris! (FRA) Hitoshi Saito (JPN) Hitoshi Saito (JPN)

David Khakhaleishvili (UNT) David Douillet (FRA) David Douillet (FRA) Keiji Suzuki (JPN) Satoshi Ishii (JPN)

OPEN (NO WEIGHT

LIMIT)

1964 Antonius Johannes Geesink (NED) 1972 Willem Ruska (NED) 1976 Haruki Uemura (JPN) 1980 Dietmar Lorenz (GDR) 1984 Yasuhiro Yamashita (JPN) Judo (women)“ 48 KG (105.6

LB)

Ahn Byeong Keun (KOR) Marc Alexandre (FRA) Toshihiko Koga (JPN) Kenzo Nakamura (JPN)

1992 Cecile Nowak (FRA) 1996 Kye Sun-Hi (PRK) 2000 Ryoko Tamura (JPN) 2004 Ryoko Tani (JPN) 2008 Alina Alexandra Dumitru (ROM)

Giuseppe Maddaloni Lee Won Hee (KOR)

52 KG (114.4 LB)

Ezio

Elnur

81 KG (178.2

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Isao

Shinobu Sekine (JPN) Isamu Sonoda (JPN)

Hector Rodriguez (CUB) Thierry Rey (FRA)

66 KG (145.2 LB)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

LB)

(ITA)

Mammadli

(ITA)

(AZE)

LB)

Toyojazu Nomura (JPN) Vladimir Nevzorov (URS) Shota Khabareli (URS) Frank Wieneke (FRG) Waldemar Legien (POL) Hidehiko Yoshida (JPN) Djamel Bouras (FRA)

Makoto Takimoto (JPN) llias lliadis

(GRE)

Ole Bischof (GER)

1992 Almudena Munoz Martinez 1996 Marie-Claire Restoux (FRA) 2000 Legna Verdecia (CUB) 2004 Xian Dongmei (CHN) 2008 Xian Dongmei (CHN)

(ESP)

57 KG (125.4 LB) 1992 Miriam Blasco Soto (ESP) 1996 Driulis Gonzalez Morales (CUB)

2000 Isabel Fernandez (ESP) 2004 Yvonne Bonisch (GER) 2008 Giulia Quintavalle (ITA)

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Judo (women)“ (continued) 63 KG (138.6 LB) 1992 Catherine Fleury-Vachon (FRA)

1996 Yuko Emoto (JPN) 2000 Severine Vandenhende 2004 Ayumi Tanimoto (JPN) 2008 Ayumi Tanimoto (JPN)

(FRA)

721

(continued)

Modern Pentathlon (continued) TEAM (MEN) (CONTINUED)

USSR

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992

Great Britain

USSR Italy

Hungary Poland

70 KG (154 LB)

1992 Odalis Reve Jimenez (CUB) 1996 Cho Min-Sun (KOR) 2000 Sibelis Veranes (CUB) 2004 Masae Ueno (JPN) 2008 Masae Ueno (JPN) 78 KG (171.6 LB) 1992 Kim Mi-Jung (KOR)

Motorboat Racing OPEN CLASS, 40 NAUTICAL MILES 1908 Emile Thubron (FRA)

BOAT Camille

8-METER CLASS, 40 NAUTICAL MILES 1908 Thomas Thornycroft, Bernard Redwood (GBR)

1996 Ulla Werbrouck (BEL) 2000 Tang Lin (CHN) 2004 Noriko Anno (JPN) 2008 Yang Xiuli (CHN)

UNDER 60-F00T CLASS, 40 NAUTICAL MILES

OVER 78 KG (171.6+

1900 Great Britain-United 1908 Great Britain 1920 Great Britain 1924 Argentina 1936 Argentina

Cyrinus

1908 Thomas Thornycroft, Bernard Redwood (GBR)

Cyrinus

Polo

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

LB)

Zhuang Xiaoyan (CHN) Sun Fuming (CHN) Yuan Hua (CHN) Maki Tsukada (JPN) Tong Wen (CHN)

States

Rackets Lacrosse

1904 Canada 1908 Canada

SINGLES

1908 Evan

Modern Pentathlon

Noel (GBR)

DOUBLES 1908 Vane Pennell, John Jacob Astor (GBR)

INDIVIDUAL (MEN)

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

;

I

I

Gosta Lilliehook (SWE) Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) Bo Lindman (SWE) Sven Thcfelt (SWE) Johan Oxenstierna (SWE) Gotthardt Handrick (GER) William Grut (SWE) Lars-Goran Hall (SWE) Lars-Goran Hall (SWE) Ferenc Nemeth (HUN) Ferenc Torok (HUN) Bj5rn Ferm (SWE) Andras Baiczo (HUN) Janusz Pyciak-Peciak (POL) Anatoly Starostin (URS) Daniele Masala (ITA) Janos Martinek (HUN) Arkadiusz Skrzypaszek (POL) Aleksandr Parygin (KAZ) Dmitry Svatkovsky (RUS) Andrey Moiseyev (RUS) Andrey Moiseyev (RUS)

INDIVIDUAL (WOMEN)

2000 Stephanie Cook (GBR) 2004 Zsuzsanna Voros (HUN) 2008 Lena Schoneborn (GER)

il

I

.

,

!

\

i

TEAM (MEN) 1952 Hungary

1956 I960 1964 1968

USSR Hungary

USSR Hungary

Roque 1904 Charles Jacobus (USA) Rowing (men)“ SINGLE SCULLS 1900 Henri Barrelet (FRA) 1904 Frank Greer (USA) 1908 Harry Blackstaffe (GBR) 1912 William Kinnear (GBR) 1920 John Kelly, Sr. (USA) 1924 Jack Beresford (GBR) 1928 Henry Pearce (AUS) 1932 Henry Pearce (AUS) 1936 Gustav Schafer (GER) 1948 Mervyn Wood (AUS) 1952 Yury Tyukalov (URS) 1956 Vyacheslav Ivanov (URS) 1960 Vyacheslav Ivanov (URS) 1964 Vyacheslav Ivanov (URS)

1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Henri-Jan

Wienese (NED)

Yury Malyshev (URS)

Karppinen (FIN) Pertti Karppinen (FIN) Pertti Karppinen (FIN) Thomas Lange (GDR) Thomas Lange (GER) Pertti

Xeno Mueller

(SUI)

Robert Waddell (NZL) Olaf Tufte (NOR) Olaf Tufte (NOR)

MIN;SEC

7:35.6 10:08.5 9:26.0 7:47.6 7:35.0 7:49.2 7:11.0 7:44.4 8:21.5 7:24.4 8:12.8 8:02.5 7:13.96 8:22.51 7:47.80 7:10.12 7:29.03 7:09.61 7:00.24 6:49.86 6:51.40 6:44.85 6:48.90 6:49.30 6:59.83

Sport

722

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Rowing (men)“ (continued) DOUBLE SCULLS

1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

United States United States United States United States United States

Great Britain Great Britain Argentina

USSR Czechoslovakia

USSR USSR USSR Norway East Germany United States The Netherlands Australia Italy

Slovenia

France Australia

FOUR SCULLS

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Germany Germany West Germany East East Italy

Germany Germany Italy

Russia Poland

LIGHTWEIGHT DOUBLE SCULLS

1996 Switzerland 2000 Poland 2004 Poland 2008 Great Britain PAIRS (WITHOUT COXSWAIN) 1904 United States 1908 Great Britain 1924 The Netherlands

1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Germany Great Britain

Germany Great Britain United States United States

USSR Canada East Germany East Germany East Germany East Germany Romania Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain France Australia Australia

PAIRS (WITH COXSWAIN)

1900 The Netherlands- France 1920 Italy

MIN:SEC

10:03.2 7:09.0 6:34.0 6:41.4 7:17.4 7:20.8 6:51.3 7:32.2 7:24.0 6:47.50 7:10.66 6:51.82 7:01.77 7:13.20 6:24.33 6:36.87 6:21.13 6:17.32 6:16.98 6:16.63 6:29.00 6:27.77 MIN:SEC

6:18.65 5:49.81 5:57.55 5:53.37 5:45.17 5:56.93 5:45.56 5:56.85 5:41.33 MIN:SEC

6:23.47 6:21.75 6:20.93 6:10.99 MIN:SEC

10:57.0 9:41.0 8:19.4 7:06.4 8:00.0 8:16.1 7:21.1 8:20.7 7:55.4 7:02.01 7:32.94 7:26.56 6:53.16 7:23.31 6:48.01 6:45.39 6:36.84 6:27.72 6:20.09 6:32.97 6:30.76 6:37.44 MINiSEC 7:34.2 7:56.0

(continued)

Rowing (men)“ (continued) PAIRS (WITH COXSWAIN) (CONTINUED) 1924 Switzerland 1928 Switzerland 1932 United States

1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992

Germany Denmark France United States

7:29.14’

United States

8:21.23 8:04.81 7:17.25 7:58.99 7:02.54 7:05.99 6:58.79 6:49.83

Italy

East Germany East Germany East Germany Italy Italy

Great Britain

Denmark France

Denmark Denmark

FOURS (WITHOUT COXSWAIN)

1900 1904 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

France

’

United States

Great Great Great Great

Britain Britain Britain Britain

Germany Italy

Yugoslavia

Canada United States

Denmark East Germany East Germany East Germany East Germany

New Zealand East

Germany

Australia Australia

Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain

FOURS (WITH COXSWAIN)

1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

8:39.0 7:42.6 8:25.8 8:36.9 8:00.5 8:28.6 8:26.1

Germany

LIGHTWEIGHT FOURS (WITHOUT COXSWAIN)

1996 2000 2004 2008

MIN:SEC

Germany Germany Switzerland Switzerland Italy

Germany Germany United States Czechoslovakia Italy

Germany Germany

New Zealand West Germany

USSR East Germany Great Britain

MIN:SEC

6:09.58 6:01.68 6:01.39 5:47.76 MIN:SEC 7:11.0

9:53.8 8:34.0 7:08.6 6:36.0 6:58.2 7:01.8 6:39.0 7:16.0 7:08.8 6:26.26 6:59.30 6:39.18 6:24.27 6:37.42 6:08.17 6:03.48 6:03.11 5:55.04 6:06.37 5:56.24 6:06.98 6:06.57 MIN:SEC

5:59.0 6:59.4 6:54.0 7:18.4 6:47.8 7:19.0 7:16.2 6:50.3 7:33.4 7:19.4 6:39.12 7:00.44 6:45.62 6:31.85 6:40.22 6:14.51 6:18.64

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Rowing (men)“ (continued) FOURS (WITH COXSWAIN) (CONTINUED)

1988 East Germany 1992 Romania FOURS, INRIGGERS (WITH COXSWAIN)

1912

Denmark

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Rowing (women)^^ (continued) MIN:SEC

6:10.74 5:59.37 MIN:SEC

7:47.0

EIGHTS (WITH COXSWAIN) 1900 United States 1904 United States 1908 Great Britain 1912 Great Britain 1920 United States 1924 United States 1928 United States 1932 United States 1936 United States 1948 United States 1952 United States 1956 United States

Germany United States

West Germany

New Zealand East Germany East Germany Canada West Germany Canada

The Netherlands Great Britain United States

Canada

MINrSEC 6:09.8 7:50.0 7:52.0

6:15.0 6:02.6 6:33.4 6:03.2 6:37.6 6:25.4 5:56.7 6:25.9 6:35.2 5:57.18 6:18.23 6:07.00 6:08.94 5:58.29 5:49.05 5:41.32 5:46.05 5:29.53 5:42.74 5:33.08 5:42.48 5:23.89

Rowing (women)^^ SINGLE SCULLS

1976 Christine Scheiblich (GDR) 1980 Sanda Toma (ROM) 1984 Valeria Racila (ROM) 1988 Jutta Behrendt (GDR) 1992 Elisabeta Lipa (ROM) 1996 Yekaterina Khodotovich (BLR) 2000 Yekaterina Khodotovich Karsten

MIN:SEC

4:05.56 3:40.69 3:40.68 7:47.19 7:25.54 7:32.21 7:28.14

(BLR)

2004

Katrin Rutschow-

7:18.12

2008

Stomporowski (GER) Rumyana Neykova (BUL)

7:22.34

DOUBLE SCULLS

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MIN:SEC

New Zealand New Zealand

3:44.36 3:16.27 3:26.75 7:00.48 6:49.00 6:56.84 6:55.44 7:01.79 7:07.32

LIGHTWEIGHT DOUBLE SCULLS

MINiSEC

1996 2000 2004 2008

Bulgaria

USSR Romania East Germany Germany Canada Germany

Romania Romania Romania The Netherlands

723

7:12.78 7:02.64 6:56.05 6:54.74

FOUR SCULLS

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MIN:SEC

Germany Germany Romania East Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany East East

China

PAIRS (WITHOUT COXSWAIN) 1976 Bulgaria 1980 East Germany

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Romania Romania Canada Australia

Romania Romania Romania

FOURS (WITH COXSWAIN)

1976 1980 1984 1988

East Germany East Germany

Romania East Germany 1992i8Canada EIGHTS (WITH COXSWAIN) 1976 East Germany 1980 East Germany 1984 United States 1988 East Germany

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Canada Romania Romania Romania United States

Rugby Football

1900 France 1908 Australia 1920 United States 1924 United States Sailing (Yachting)

BOARDSAILING (WINDGLIDER/DIVISION It) (OPEN) 1984 Stephan van den Berg (NED) 1988 Anthony Bruce Kendall (NZL) BOARDSAILING (RS:X«) (MEN) 1992 Franck David (FRA)

1996 Nikolaos Kaklamanakis (GRE) 2000 Christoph Sieber (AUT) 2004 Gal Fridman (ISR) 2008 Tom Ashley (NZL) BOARDSAILING (RS:X^») (WOMEN) 1992 Barbara Anne Kendall (NZL) 1996 Lee Lai Shan (HKG) 2000 Alessandra Sensini (ITA)

3:29.99 3:15.32 3:14.11 6:21.06 6:20.18 6:27.44 6:19.58 6:29.29 6:16.06 MIN;SEC

4:01.22 3:30.49 3:32.60 7:28.13 7:06.22 7:01.39 7:11.00 7:06.55 7:20.60 MIN;SEC

3:45.08 3:19.27 3:19.3 6:56.0 6:30.85 MINrSEC

3:33.32 3:03.32 2:59.80 6:15.17 6:02.62 6:19.73 6:06.44 6:17.70 6:05.34

Sport

724

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Sailing (Yachting) (continued)

Sailing (Yachting) (continued)

BOARDSAILING (RS:X«) (WOMEN) (CONTINUED) 2004 Faustine Merret (FRA)

MULTIHULL (TORNADO) (OPEN) 1976 Great Britain

2008 YinJian(CHN)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

SINGLE-HANDED DINGHY (LASER RADIAL) (WOMEN) 1992 Linda Andersen (NOR) 1996 Kristine Roug (DEN) 2000 Shirley Anne Robertson (GBR) 2004 Siren Sundby (NOR)

2008 Anna

Tunnicliffe (USA)

SINGLE-HANDED DINGHY (LASER) (MEN^o) 1996 Robert Scheidt (BRA) 2000 Ben Ainslie (GBR) 2004 Robert Scheidt (BRA) 2008 Paul Goodison (GBR)

SINGLE-HANDED DINGHY (FINN^^) (OPEN«) 1924 Leon Huybrechts (BEL) 1928 Sven Thorell (SWE) 1932 Jacques Lebrun (FRA) 1936 Daniel Kagchelland (NED) 1948 Paul EIvstrom (DEN) 1952 Paul EIvstrom (DEN) 1956 Paul EIvstrom (DEN) 1960 Paul EIvstrom (DEN) 1964 Wilhelm Kuhweide (GER) 1968 Valentin Mankin (URS) 1972 Serge Maury (FRA) 1976 Jochen Schumann (GDR) 1980 Esko Rechardt (FIN)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Russell Courts (NZL) Jose Luis Doreste (ESP) Jose van der Ploeg (ESP) Mateusz Kusznierewicz (POL) lain Percy (GBR) Ben Ainslie (GBR) Ben Ainslie (GBR)

DOUBLE-HANDED DINGHY 1976 West Germany

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Brazil

New Zealand France France Spain Austria Austria

Spain

FLEET/MATCH RACE KEELBOAT (SOLING) (OPEN)

'

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

United States

Denmark Denmark United States East Germany

Denmark Germany Denmark

TWO-PERSON KEELBOAT (STAR) (MEN«)

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

United States

Germany United States Italy

United States

USSR The Bahamas United States Australia

USSR United States Great Britain United States Brazil

United States Brazil

Great Britain

(470) (MEN)

40-METER CLASS

1920 Sweden

Brazil

Spain France Spain Ukraine

30-METER CLASS

1920 Sweden

Australia

12-METER CLASS

United States

1920 1920

Australia

DOUBLE-HANDED DINGHY

(470)

(WOMEN)

1988 United States 1992 Spain 1996 Spain 2000 Australia 2004 Greece 2008 Australia YNGLING (WOMEN) 2004 Great Britain 2008 Great Britain

HIGH-PERFORMANCE DINGHY (49ER) (OPEN)

2000 Finland 2004 Spain 2008 Denmark

(old)

(new)

Norway Norway

OVER-IO-METER CLASS 1900 France 1908 Great Britain

1912 Norway 10-METER CLASS

1900 Germany 1912 Sweden 1920 (old) Norway 1920 (new) Norway 8-METER CLASS 1900 Great Britain 1908 Great Britain

1912 Norway 1920 (old) Norway 1920 (new) Norway 1924 Norway

*

i

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Sailing (Yachting) (continued)

Sailing (Yachting) (continued)

S^ETER CLASS (CONTINUED) 1928 France 1932 United States 1936 Italy

TEMPEST

1972 USSR 1976 Sweden FLYING

7-METER CLASS 1908 Great Britain 1920 (old) Great Britain 6.5-METER CLASS 1920 (new) The Netherlands

6-METER CLASS

1900 1908 1912 1920 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952

i

;

I

Switzerland Great Britain

France Belgium (new) Norway

(old)

Norway Norway

Sweden

i

I

I

I

,

West Germany Spain United States

Denmark Spain

Shooting (men) individual

TRAP (CLAY PIGEON)2« 1900 Roger de Barbarin (FRA) 1908 Walter Ewing (CAN)

James Graham (USA) Mark Arie (USA)

DOUBLE TRAP

1996 Russell Andrew Mark (AUS) 2000 Richard Faulds (GBR) 2004 Ahmed Almaktoum (UAE) 2008 Walton Eller (USA)

Britain

12-FOOT CENTERBOARD BOAT 1920 The Netherlands

I

j

New Zealand Great Britain Great Britain

1928 Sweden

1920 Great

i

DUTCHMAN Norway

12-FOOT DINGHY

ISTOOT CENTERBOARD BOAT i

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992

1924 Belgium

CLASS

1952 United States 1956 Sweden 1960 United States 1964 Australia 1968 Sweden

I

,

1912 1920 1924 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Great Britain United States United States

S.S^VIETER

!

725

j

MONOTYPE CLASS

1932 France MONOTYPE CLASS “NURNBERG" 1936 The Netherlands

SWALLOW 1948 Great

Britain

FIREFLY

1948 Denmark SHARPIE

1956 New Zealand

Gyula Halasy (HUN) George Genereux (CAN) Galliano Rossini

(ITA)

Ion Dumitrescu

(ROM)

Ennio Mattarelli (ITA) John Braithwaite (GBR) Angelo Scaizone (ITA) Donald Haldeman (USA) Luciano Giovannetti (ITA) Luciano Giovannetti (ITA) Donald Monakov (URS) Petr Hrdlicka (TCH)

Michael Constantine Diamond (AUS) Michael Constantine Diamond (AUS) Aleksey Alipov (RUS) David Kostelecky (CZE)

'

SKEEPS

1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Yevgeny Petrov (URS) Konrad Wirnhier (FRG) Josef Panacek (TCH)

Hans Kjeld Rasmussen (DEN) Matthew Dryke (USA) Axel Wegner (GDR) Zhang Shan (CHN) Ennio Falco (ITA) Mykola Milchev (UKR)

Andrea Benelli (ITA) Vincent Hancock (USA)

DRAGON

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972

Norway Norway

Sweden Greece

Denmark United States Australia

FREE PISTOL

1896 1900 1912 1920 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960

Sumner Paine

(USA)

Konrad Roderer Alfred Lane (USA) Karl

(SUI)

Carl Frederick (USA)

Torsten Ullmann (SWE) Edwin Vasquez Cam (PER)

Huelet Benner (USA) Pentti Tapio Linnosvuo (FIN) Aleksey Gushchin (URS)

Sport

726

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Shooting (men) (continued)

Shooting (men) (continued)

Individual (continued)

Individual (continued)

FREE PISTOL (CONTINUED) 1964 Vaino Johannes Markkanen (FIN) 1968 Grigory Kosykh (URS) 1976 U\A/e Potteck (GDR) 1980 Aleksandr Melentev (URS) 1984 Xu Haifeng (CHN)

SMALL-BORE RIFLE (3 POSITIONS) (CONTINUED) 1964 Lones Wesley Wigger (USA) 1968 Bernd Klingner (FRG) 1972 John Writer (USA) 1976 Lanny Bassham (USA) 1980 Viktor Vlasov (URS) 1984 Malcolm Cooper (GBR) 1988 Malcolm Cooper (GBR)

1988 Sorin Babii (ROM) 1992 Konstantin Lukachik (UNT) 1996 Boris Kokorev (RUS) 2000 Tanyu Kiryakov (BUL) 2004 Mikhail Nestruyev (RUS) 2008 Jin Jong Oh (KOR)

1992 Gratchia Petikian (UNT) 1996 Jean-Pierre Amat (FRA) 2000 Rajmond Debevec (SLO) 2004 Jia Zhanbo (CHN) 2008 Qiu Jian (CHN)

RAPID-FIRE PISTOL

1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

10-METER RUNNING (GAME) TARGET 1900 Louis Debray (FRA) 1972 Yakov Zheleznyak (URS) 1976 Aleksandr Gazov (URS) 1980 Igor Sokolov (URS) 1984 Li Yuwei (CHN) 1988 Tor Heiestad (NOR) 1992 Michael Jakosits (GER) 1996 Yang Ling (CHN) 2000 Yang Ling (CHN) 2004 Manfred Kurzer (GER)

Joannis Phrangudis (GRE) Maurice Larrouy (FRA) Paul van Asbrock (BEL) Alfred Lane (USA) Guilherme Paraense (BRA) Henry Bailey (USA)

Renzo Morigi (ITA) Cornelius van Oyen (GER) Karoly Takacs (HUN) Karoly Takacs (HUN) Stefan Petrescu (ROM) William McMillan (USA) Pentti Tapio Linnosvuo (FIN) Jozef Zapedzki (POL) Jozef Zapedzki (POL) Norbert Klaar (GDR)

AIR RIFLE

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Corneliu Ion (ROM)

Takeo Kamachi (JPN) Afanasy Kuzmin (URS)

Schumann (GER) Ralf Schumann (GER) Sergey Alifirenko (RUS) Ralf Schumann (GER) Oleksandr Petriv (UKR) Ralf

Artyom Khadzhibekov (RUS) Cai Yalin (CHN) Zhu Quinan (CHN) Abhinav Bindra (IND)

Frederick Hird (USA)

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Lawrence Nuesslein (USA) Pierre Coquelin de Lisle (FRA) Bertil Ronnmark (SWE) Willy Rdgeberg (NOR) Arthur Cook (USA) Iosif Sarbu (ROM)

FREE RIFLE (300 METERS, 3 POSITIONS) 1908 Albert Helgerud (NOR) 1912 Paul Rene Colas (FRA) 1920 Morris Fisher (USA) 1924 Morris Fisher (USA)

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972

Gerald Ouellette (CAN) Peter Kohnke (GER) Laszio

Hammerl (HUN)

Jan Kurka (TCH) Ho Jun Li (PRK) Karlheinz Smieszek (FRG) Karoly Varga (HUN)

Tanyu Kiryakov (BUL) Wang Yifu (CHN) Roberto di Donna (ITA) Franck Dumoulin (FRA) Wang Yifu (CHN) Pang Wei (CHN)

Emil Griinig (SUI) Anatoly Bogdanov (URS) Vasily Borisov (URS)

Hubert Hammerer (AUT) Gary Lee Anderson (USA) Gary Lee Anderson (USA) Lones Wesley Wigger (USA)

Edward

Etzel (USA) Miroslav Varga (TCH) Lee Eun Chul (KOR)

ARMY RIFLE (300 METERS, 3 POSITIONS) 1896 Georgios Orphanidis (GRE) 1900 Emil Kellenberger (SUI) 1912 Sandor Prokop (HUN)

Christian Klees (GER)

Jonas Edman (SWE)

Matthew Emmons (USA) Artur Ayvazian (UKR) .

SMALL-BORE RIFLE

1952 1956 1960

Yury Fedkin (UNT)

AIR PISTOL

SMALL-BORE RIFLE (PRONE) 1908 Arthur Ashton Carnell (GBR)

1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Philippe Heberle (FRA)

Goran Maksimovic (YUG)

Erling

(3

ARMY RIFLE (200 METERS) 1896 Pantelis Karasevdas (GRE)

POSITIONS)

Kongshaug (NOR)

Anatoly Bogdanov (URS) Viktor Shamburkin (URS)

FREE RIFLE (1,000 YARDS PRONE) 1908 Joshua Millner (GBR)

O Sport

—

727

i.vMPirs

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Shooting (men) (continued)

Shooting (men) (continued)

individuai (continued)

individual (continued)

FULL-BORE RIFLE (300 METERS STANDING) 1900 Lars Madsen (DEN)

DUELING PISTOL

FULL-BORE RIFLE (300 METERS KNEELING) 1900 Konrad Staeheli (SUI)

team

1912

1908 Norway 1912 Sweden ARMY RIFLE (300 METERS) 1900 Norway

FULL-BORE RIFLE (300 METERS) 1900 Emil Kellenberger (SUI)

ARMY RIFLE (ALL-AROUND) 1900 United States 1908 United States 1912 United States

RIFLE (300 METERS, 2 POSITIONS)

Morris Fisher (USA)

RIFLE (300

1920

1920

METERS STAND'NG) Osburn (USA)

FULL-BORE RIFLE (300 METERS) 1900 Switzerland

Carl

RIFLE (300

METERS PRONE)

Otto Olsen (NOR)

SMALL-BORE RIFLE

METERS PRONE) Hugo Johansson (SWE)

1900 Great Britain 1908 Great Britain 1920 United States 1924 France

RIFLE (600

1920

.

Lane (USA)

FREE RIFLE (300 METERS)

FULL-BORE RIFLE (300 METERS PRONE) 1900 Achille Paroche (FRA)

1920

Alfred

6-MILLIMETER SMALL GUN (OPEN REAR SIGHT) 1900 C. Grosett (FRA)

SMALL-BORE RIFLE (VANISHING TARGET)

1912 Sweden SMALL-BORE RIFLE (VANISHING TARGET) 1908 William Styles (GBR) 1912 Wilhelm Carlberg (SWE)

RIFLE (600

1920

METERS PRONE)

United States

SMALL-BORE RIFLE (MOVING TARGET) 1908 John Francis Fleming (GBR)

RIFLE (300 METERS, 2 POSITIONS)

RUNNING DEER (100 METERS SINGLE SHOT) 1908 Oscar Swahn (SWE) 1912 Alfred Swahn (SWE) 1920 Otto Olsen (NOR) 1924 John Boles (USA)

RIFLE (300

RUNNING DEER (100 METERS DOUBLE SHOT) 1908 Walter Winans (USA) 1912 Ake Lundeberg (SWE) 1920 Ole Andreas Lilloe-Olsen (NOR) 1924 Ole Andreas Lilloe-Olsen (NOR)

RIFLE (ALL-AROUND)

RUNNING DEER (100 METERS SINGLE AND DC 1952 John Larsen (NOR)

1956 LIVE

Vitaly

Romanenko (URS)

PIGEON

1900 Leon de Lunden

(BEL)

1920

United States

METERS STANDING)

1920 Denmark RIFLE (300

1920

1920 1924

METERS PRONE)

United States

United States United States

RUNNING DEER (SINGLE SHOT) SHOT)

1908 1912 1920 1924

Sweden Sweden Norway Norway

RUNNING DEER (DOUBLE SHOT) 1920 Norway

1924 Great GAME SHOOTING 1900 Donald Mackintosh (AUS) MILITARY REVOLVER (25 METERS) 1896 John Paine (USA)

REVOLVER AND PISTOL 1900 Paul van Asbrock (BEL) 1908 Paul van Asbrock (BEL) 1912 Alfred Lane (USA)

Britain

CLAY PIGEON 1900 Great Britain 1908 Great Britain

1912 1920 1924

United States United States United States

REVOLVER

1900

Switzerland

728

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Shooting (men) (continued) PISTOL

1920 1924

United States United States

United United United United

States

Swimming (men) 50-METER FREESTYLE 1988 Matt Biondi (USA) 1992 Aleksandr Popov (UNT) 1996 Aleksandr Popov (RUS) 2000 Anthony Ervin (USA); Gary (USA) (tied) 2004 Gary Hall, Jr. (USA) 2008 Cesar Cielo Filho (BRA)

REVOLVER AND PISTOL

1900 1908 1912 1920

Softball (continued)

2004 United 2008 Japan

team (continued)

States States States States

DUELING PISTOL

SEC

Hall,

22.14 21.91 22.13 21.98

Jr.

21.93 21.30

1912 Sweden Shooting (women)

TRAP (CLAY PIGEON) 2000 Daina Gudzineviciute (LTU) 2004 Suzanne Balogh (AUS)

2008 Satu Makela-Nummela

(FIN)

DOUBLE TRAP

1996 2000 2004

Kimberiy Rhode (USA) Pia

Hansen (SWE)

Kimberly Rhode (USA)

SKEET

2000 Zemfira Meftakhetdinova 2004 Diana Igaly (HUN) 2008 Chiara Cainero (ITA)

(AZE)

PISTOL

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Linda Thom (CAN) Nino Salukvadze (URS) Marina Logvinenko (UNT) Li

Duihong(CHN)

Mariya Zdravkova Grozdeva (BUL) Mariya Zdravkova Grozdeva (BUL) Chen Ying (CHN)

SMALL-BORE RIFLE

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Xiao-Xuan (CHN) Silvia Sperber (FRG) Launi Meili (USA) Aleksandra Ivosev (YUG) Renata Mauer (POL) Lyubov Galkina (RUS) Li

(CHN)

AIR RIFLE

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Pat Spurgin (USA) Irina Chilova (URS) Yeo Kab Soon (KOR) Renata Mauer (POL) Nancy Johnson (USA)

Du

Li

(CHN)

Katerina

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MIN:SEC 1:22.2 1:02.8 1:05.6 1:03.4 1:00.4

Duke Paoa Kahanamoku (USA) Duke Paoa Kahanamoku (USA) Johnny Weissmuller (USA) Johnny Weissmuller (USA) Yasuji Miyazaki (JPN)

Ferenc Csik (HUN) Walter Ris (USA) Clark Scholes (USA) Jon Henricks (AUS) John Devitt (AUS) Donald Schollander (USA) Michael Wenden (AUS) Mark Spitz (USA) Jim Montgomery (USA) Jorg Woithe (GDR) Ambrose Gaines (USA) Matt Biondi (USA) Aleksandr Popov (UNT) Aleksandr Popov (RUS)

van den Hoogenband (NED) van den Hoogenband (NED) Alain Bernard (FRA) Pieter Pieter

,

59.0 58.6 58.2 57.6 57.3 57.4 55.4 55.2 53.4 52.2 51.22 49.99 50.40

49.80 48.63 49.02 48.74 48.30 48.17 47.21

(3 POSITIONS)

Wu

Du

100-METER FREESTYLE 1896 Alfred Hajos (HUN) 190426Zoltan Halmay (HUN) 1908 Charles Daniels (USA)

Emmons

(CZE)

100 METER FREESTYLE FOR SAILORS 1896 loannis Malokinis (GRE)

MINiSEC

200-METER FREESTYLE 1900 Fred Lane (AUS) 190427 Charles Daniels (USA) 1968 Michael Wenden (AUS)

MIN:SEC 2:25.2 2:44.2 1:55.2

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

2:20.4

Mark

1:52.78 Spitz (USA) 1:50.29 Bruce Furniss (USA) 1:49.81 Sergey Koplyakov (URS) 1:47.44 Michael Gross (FRG) 1:47.25 Duncan Armstrong (AUS) 1:46.70 Yevgeny Sadovy (UNT) 1:47.63 Danyon Loader (NZL) Pieter van den Hoogenband (NED) 1:45.35 1:44.71 Ian Thorpe (AUS) 1:42.96 Michael Phelps (USA)

AIR PISTOL

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Jasna Sekaric (YUG) Marina Logvinenko (UNT) Olga Klochneva (RUS) Tao Luna (CHN) Olena Kostevych (UKR) Guo Wenjun (CHN)

1996 2000

United States United States

Softball

400-METER FREESTYLE 189628 Paul Neumann (AUT) 190429Charles Daniels (USA) 1908 Henry Taylor (GBR) 1912 George Hodgson (CAN) 1920 Norman Ross (USA) 1924 Johnny Weissmuller (USA) 1928 Victoriano Zorilla (ARG) 1932 Clarence Crabbe (USA) 1936 Jack Medica (USA)

MIN:SEC

8:12.6 6:16.2 5:36.8 5:24.4 5:26.8 5:04.2 5:01.6 4:48.4 4:44.5

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Swimming (men)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Bradford Cooper (AUS)2 Brian Goodell (USA) Vladimir Salnikov (URS) George DiCarlo (USA) Uwe Dassler (GDR) Yevgeny Sadovy (UNT) Danyon Loader (NZL) Ian Thorpe (AUS) Ian Thorpe (AUS) Park Tae Hwan (KOR)

1.500-METER FREESTYLE 18963°Alfred Hajos (HUN) 190031 Johnny Arthur Jarvis (GBR) 190432 Emil Rausch (GER)

1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Swimming (men)

Henry Taylor (GBR) George Hodgson (CAN) Norman Ross (USA) Andrew Charlton (AUS) Arne Borg (SWE) Kusuo Kitamura (JPN) Noburu Terada (JPN)

James McLane (USA) Ford Konno (USA) Murray Rose (AUS) John Konrads (AUS) Robert Windle (AUS) Michael Burton (USA) Michael Burton (USA) Brian Goodell (USA) Vladimir Salnikov (URS)

Michael O’Brien (USA) Vladimir Salnikov (URS) Kieren Perkins (AUS) Kieren Perkins (AUS) Grant Hackett (AUS) Grant Hackett (AUS) Oussama Mellouli (TUN)

880-YARD FREESTYLE

MINiSEC

1-MILE FREESTYLE

1904

Emil Rausch (GER)

13:11.4 MINrSEC

27:18.2

Spitz (USA)

SEC 55.9 54.27

Matt Vogel (USA) Par Arvidsson (SWE) Michael Gross (FRG) Anthony Nesty (SUR) Pablo Morales (USA) Denis Pankratov (RUS) Lars Frolander (SWE) Michael Phelps (USA) Michael Phelps (USA)

54.35 54.92 53.08 53.00 53.32 52.27 52.00 51.25 50.58

100-METER BUTTERFLY 1968 Douglas Russell (USA)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

58:24

Mark

William Yorzyk (USA) Michael Troy (USA)

Kevin Berry (AUS) Carl Robie (USA) Mark Spitz (USA) Mike Bruner (USA) Sergey Fesenko (URS) Jonathan Sieben (AUS) Michael Gross (FRG) Mel Stewart (USA) Denis Pankratov (RUS) Tom Malchow (USA) Michael Phelps (USA) Michael Phelps (USA)

100-METER BACKSTROKE 190433Walter Brack (GER) 1908 Arno Bieberstein (GER)

MIN-.SEC

MIN:SEC

Emil Rausch (GER)

1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

4:41.0 4:30.7 4:27.3 4:18.3 4:12.2 4:09.0 4:00.27 3:51.93 3:51.31 3:51.23 3:46.95 3:45.00 3:47.97 3:40.59 3:43.10 3:41.86

18:22.2 13:40.2 27:18.2 22:48.4 22:00.0 22:23.2 20:06.6 19:51.8 19:12.4 19:13.7 19:18.5 18:30:0 17:58.9 17:19.6 17:01.7 16:38.9 15:52.58 15:02.40 14:58.27 15:05.20 15:00.40 14:43.48 14:56.40 14:48.33 14:43.40 14:40.84

(continued)

200-METER BUTTERFLY

MIN:SEC

4,000-METER FREESTYLE 1900 Johnny Arthur Jarvis (GBR)

1904

(continued)

(continued)

400-METER FREESTYLE (CONTINUED) 1948 William Smith (USA) 1952 Jean Boiteux (FRA) 1956 Murray Rose (AUS) 1960 Murray Rose (AUS) 1964 Donald Schollander (USA) 1968 Michael Burton (USA)

729

.

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Harry Hebner (USA) Warren Paoa Kealoha (USA) Warren Paoa Kealoha (USA) George Kojac (USA) Masaji Kiyokawa (JPN) Adolph Kiefer (USA) Allen Stack (USA)

Yoshinobu Oyakawa (JPN) David Theile (AUS) David Theile (AUS) Roland Matthes (GDR) Roland Matthes (GDR) John Naber (USA)

Bengt Baron (SWE) Richard Carey (USA) Daichi Suzuki (JPN) Mark Tewksbury (CAN) Jeff

Rouse (USA)

Lenny Krayzelburg (USA) Aaron Peirsol (USA) Aaron Peirsol (USA)

200-METER BACKSTROKE

1900 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Ernst

Hoppenberg (GER)

Jed Graef (USA) Roland Matthes (GDR) Roland Matthes (GDR) John Naber (USA)

Sandor Wladar (HUN) Richard Carey (USA) Igor Polyansky (URS) Martin Lopez-Zubero (ESP) Brad Bridgewater (USA) Lenny Krayzelburg (USA) Aaron Peirsol (USA) Ryan Lochte (USA)

100-METER BREASTSTROKE 1968 Donald McKenzie (USA) 1972 Nobutaka Tagushi (JPN) 1976 John Hencken (USA) 1980 Duncan Goodhew (GBR) 1984 Steve Lundquist (USA) 1988 Adrian Moorhouse (GBR) 1992 Nelson Diebel (USA) 1996 Frederick Deburghgraeve (BEL)

2000 Domenico Fioravanti (ITA) 2004 Kosuke Kitajima (JPN) 2008 Kosuke Kitajima (JPN)

MIN.SEC

2:19.3 2:12.8 2:06.6 2:08.7 2:00.70 1:59.23 1:59.76 1:57.04 1:56.94 1:56.26 1:56.51 1:55.35 1:54.04 1:52.03 MIN;SEC

1:16.8 1:24.6 1:21.2 1:15.2 1:13.2 1:08.2 1:08.6 1:05.9 1:06.4 1:05.4 1:02.2 1:01.9 58.7

56.58 55.49 56.53 55.79 55.05 53.98 54.10 53.72 54.06 52.54 MIN:SEC

2:47.0 2:10.3 2:09.6 2:02.82 1:59.19 2:01.93 2:00.23 1:59.37 1:58.47 1:58.54 1:56.76 1:54.95 1:53.94 MIN;SEC

1:07.7

1:04.94 1:03.11 1:03.34 1:01.65 1:02.04 1:01.50 1:00.65 1:00.46 1:00.08 0:58.91

730

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Swimming (men) 200-METER BREASTSTROKE

1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Frederick

Holman (GBR)

Hakan Malmroth (SWE) Robert Skelton (USA) Yoshiyuki Tsuruta (JPN)

Yoshiyukl Tsuruta (JPN)

Hamuro

Swimming (men) MIN:SEC

Walter Bathe (GER)

Tetsuo

(JPN)

Joseph Verdeur (USA) John Davies (AUS) Maseru Furukawa (JPN) William Mulliken (USA) Ian O’Brien (AUS)

Felipe Munoz (MEX) John Hencken (USA) David Wilkie (GBR) Roberta^ Zulpa (URS) Victor Davis (CAN)

Jozsef Szabo (HUN) Mike Barrowman (USA) Norbert Rozsa (HUN)

Domenico Fioravanti (ITA) Kosuke Kitajima (JPN) Kosuke Kitajima (JPN)

3:09.2 3:01.8 3:04.4 2:56.6 2:48.8 2:45.4 2:42.5 2:39.3 2:34.4 2:34.7 2:37.4 2:27.8 2:28.7 2:21.55 2:15.11 2:15.85 2:13.34 2:13.52 2:10.16 2:12.57 2:10.87 2:09.44 2:07.64

400-METER BREASTSTROKE 19043'* Georg Zacharias (GER) 1912 Walter Bathe (GER) 1920 Hakan Malmroth (SWE)

MINrSEC 7:23.6

200-YARD RELAY 1904 United States

MIN:SEC 2:04.6

200-METER INDIVIDUAL MEDLEY 1968 Charles Hickcox (USA) 1972 Gunnar Larsson (SWE) 1984 Alex Baumann (CAN) 1988 Tamas Darnyi (HUN) 1992 Tamas Darnyi (HUN) 1996 Attila Czene (HUN) 2000 Massimiliano Rosolino 2004 Michael Phelps (USA) 2008 Michael Phelps (USA)

MINrSEC

6:29.6 6:31.8

(ITA)

400-METER INDIVIDUAL MEDLEY 1964 Richard William Roth (USA) 1968 Charles Hickcox (USA) 1972 Gunnar Larsson (SWE) 1976 Rod Strachan (USA) 1980 Aleksandr Sidorenko (URS) 1984 Alex Baumann (CAN) 1988 Tamas Darnyi (HUN) 1992 Tamas Darnyi (HUN) 1996 Tom Dolan (USA) 2000 Tom Dolan (USA) 2004 Michael Phelps (USA) 2008 Michael Phelps (USA) 4

X

100-METER MEDLEY RELAY

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992

United United United United United

States States States States States

Australia

United States United States United States

(continued)

(continued)

2:12.0 2:07.17 2:01.42 2:00.17 2:00.76 1:59.91 1:58.98 1:57.14 1:54.23 MINrSEC

4:45.4 4:48.4 4:31.98 4:23.68 4:22.89 4:17.41 4:14.75 4:14.23 4:14.90 4:11.76 4:08.26 4:03.84 MINrSEC

4:05.4 3:58.4 3:54.9 3:48.16 3:42.22 3:45.70 3:39.30 3:36.93 3:36.93

4

X

1996 2000 2004 2008 4

X

(continued)

100-METER MEDLEY RELAY (CONTINUED) United United United United

States States States States

100-METER FREESTYLE RELAY

1964 United States 1968 United States 1972 United States 1984 United States 1988 United States 1992 United States 1996 United States 2000 Australia 2004 South Africa 2008 United States 4 X 200-METER FREESTYLE RELAY 1908 Great Britain

1912 Australia 1920 United States 1924 United States 1928 United States 1932 Japan 1936 Japan 1948 United States 1952 United States 1956 Australia 1960 United States 1964 United States 1968 United States 1972 United States 1976 United States 1980 USSR 1984 United States 1988 United States 1992 Unified Team 1996 United States 2000 Australia 2004 United States 2008 United States

MINrSEC

3:34.84 3:33.73 3:30.68 3:29.34 MINrSEC

3:33.2 3:31.7 3:26.42 3:19.03 3:16.53 3:16.74 3:15.41 3:13.67 3:13.17 3:08.24 MINrSEC

10:55.6 10:11.2 10:04.4 9:53.4 9:36.2 8:58.4 8:51.5 8:46.0 8:31.1 8:23.6 8:10.2 7:52.1 7:52.3 7:35.78 7:23.22 7:23.50 7:15.69 7:12.51 7:11.95 7:14.84 7:07.05 7:07.33 6:58.56

MINrSEC (UNDERWATER) 60-METER UNDERWATER 1:08.4 1900 Charles de Vendeville (FRA)

200-METER OBSTACLE

1900

Frederick Lane (AUS)

10-KM OPEN-WATER MARATHON 2008 Maarten van der Weijden (NED)

MINrSEC

2:38.4 HRrMINrSEC

1:51:51.6

Swimming (women) 50-METER FREESTYLE

1988 Kristin Otto (GDR) 1992 Yang Wenyi (CHN) 1996 Amy Van Dyken (USA) 2000 Inge de Bruijn (NED) 2004 Inge de Bruijn (NED) 2008 Britta Steffen (GER) 100-METER FREESTYLE 1912 Fanny Durack (AUS)

1920 1924 Ethel Lackie (USA) 1928 Albina Osipowich (USA) 1932 Helene Madison (USA) 1936 Hendrika Mastenbroek (NED) Ethelda Bleibtrey (USA)

SEC

25.49 24.79 24.87 24.32 24.58 24.06 MINrSEC 1:22.2 1:13.6 1:12.4 1:11.0 1:06.8 1:05.9

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Swimming (women)

Swimming (women)

(continued) MIN:SEC 100-METER FREESTYLE (CONTINUED) 1:06.3 1948 Greta Andersen (DEN) 1:06.8 1952 Kataiin Szoke (HUN) 1:02.0 1956 Dawn Fraser (AUS) 1:01.2 1960 Dawn Fraser (AUS)

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

Dawn Fraser (AUS) Jan Henne (USA)

59.5 1:00.0

Sandra Neiison (USA) Kornelia Ender (GDR) Barbara Krause (GDR)

58.59 55.65 54.79 55.92

Carrie Steinseifer (USA);

Hogshead (USA)

Nancy

(tied)

1988 Kristin Otto (GDR) 1992 Zhuang Yong (CHN) 1996 Le Jingyi (CHN) 2000 inge de Bruijn (NED) 2004 Jodie Henry (AUS) 2008 Britta Steffen (GER) 200-METER FREESTYLE 1968 Debbie Meyer (USA) 1972 Shane Gouid (AUS) 1976 Korneiia Ender (GDR) 1980 Barbara Krause (GDR)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Mary Wayte (USA) Heike Friedrich

(GDR)

Nicole Haislett (USA) Claudia Poll (CRC) Susie O’Neill (AUS) Camelia Potec (ROM) Federica Pellegrini (ITA)

400-METER FREESTYLE 192035 Ethelda Bleibtrey (USA) 1924 Martha Norelius (USA) 1928 Martha Norelius (USA) 1932 Helene Madison (USA) 1936 Hendrika Mastenbroek (NED)

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Ann

Curtis (USA)

Valeria

Gyenge (HUN)

Lorraine Crapp (AUS)

Susan Christina von Saltza (USA) Duenkel (USA) Debbie Meyer (USA) Shane Gould (AUS) Petra Thumer (GDR) Ines Diers (GDR)

Virginia

Tiffany

Cohen (USA)

Janet Evans (USA) Dagmar Hase (GER) Michelle Smith (IRL) Brooke Bennett (USA) Laure Manaudou (FRA) Rebecca Adlington (GBR)

800-METER FREESTYLE 1968 Debbie Meyer (USA)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Keena Rothhammer (USA) Petra Thumer (GDR) Michelle Ford (AUS)

Cohen (USA) Janet Evans (USA) Janet Evans (USA) Brooke Bennett (USA) Brooke Bennett (USA) Ai Shibata (JPN) Rebecca Adlington (GBR)

Tiffany

54.93 54.64 54.50 53.83 53.84 53.12 MIN:SEC 2:10.5

2:03.56 1:59.26 1:58.33 1:59.23 1:57.65 1:57.90 1:58.16 1:58.24 1:58.03 1:54.82 MIN:SEC

4:34.0 6:02.2 5:42.8 5:28.5 5:26.4 5:17.8 5:12.1 4:54.6 4:50.6 4:43.3 4:31.8 4:19.04 4:09.89 4:08.76 4:07.10 4:03.85 4:07.18 4:07.25 4:05.80 4:05.34 4:03.22 MIN:SEC

9:24.0 8:53.68 8:37.14 8:28.90 8:24.95 8:20.20 8:25.52 8:27.89 8:19.67 8:24.54 8:14.10

731

(continued)

100-METER BUTTERFLY

1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

MINiSEC

Shelley Mann (USA) Carolyn Schuler (USA)

Sharon Stouder (USA) Lynette

Mayumi

McClements (AUS) Aoki (JPN)

Kornelia Ender (GDR)

Caren Metschuck (GDR)

Mary Meagher (USA) Kristin Otto (GDR) Qian Hong (CHN) Amy Van Dyken (USA) Inge de Bruijn (NED) Petria

Thomas

(AUS)

Lisbeth Lenton Trickett (AUS)

200-METER BUTTERFLY 1968 Aagje Kok (NED) 1972 Karen Moe (USA) 1976 Andrea Pollack (GDR) 1980 Ines Geissler (GDR)

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Mary Meagher (USA) Kathleen Nord (GDR)

Summer Sanders

(USA) Susie O’Neill (AUS) Hyman (USA) Misty Otylia Jedrzejczak (POL) Liu Zige (CHN)

100-METER BACKSTROKE 1924 Sybil Bauer (USA) 1928 Maria Braun (NED) 1932 Eleanor Holm (USA) 1936 Dina Senff (NED) 1948 Karen-Margrete Harup (DEN) 1952 Joan Harrison (RSA) 1956 Judith Grinham (GBR) 1960 Lynn Burke (USA) 1964 Cathy Ferguson (USA) 1968 Kaye Hall (USA)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Melissa Belote (USA)

(GDR) Rica Reinisch (GDR) Theresa Andrews (USA) Kristin Otto (GDR) Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) Ulrike Richter

Beth Botsford (USA) Diana Mocanu (ROM) Natalie Coughlin (USA) Natalie Coughlin (USA)

200-METER BACKSTROKE 1968 Pokey Watson (USA)

1972 Melissa Belote (USA) 1976 Ulrike Richter (GDR) 1980 Rica Reinisch (GDR) 1984 Jolanda De Rover (NED) 1988 Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) 1992 Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) 1996 Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) 2000 Diana Mocanu (ROM) 2004 Kirsty Coventry (ZIM) 2008 Kirsty Coventry (ZIM) 100-METER BREASTSTROKE 1968 DJurdJica BJedov (YUG) 1972 Cathy Carr (USA) 1976 Hannelore Anke (GDR)

1:11.0 1:09.5 1:04.7 1:05.5 1:03.34 1:00.13 1:00.42

59.26 59.00 58.62 59.13 56.61 57.72 56.73 MIN:SEC

2:24.7 2:15.57 2:11.41 2:10.44 2:06.90 2:09.51 2:08.67 2:07.76 2:05.88 2:06.05 2:04.18 MIN:SEC 1:23.2 1:22.0 1:19.4 1:18.9 1:14.4 1:14.3 1:12.9 1:09.3 1:07.7 1:06.2

1:05.78 1:01.83 1:00.86 1:02.55 1:00.89 1:00.68 1:01.19 1:00.21 1:00.37 0:58.96 MIN:SEC

2:24.8 2:19.19 2:13.43 2:11.77 2:12.38 2:09.29 2:07.06 2:07.83 2:08.16 2:09.19 2:05.24 MIN:SEC 1:15.8

1:13.58 1:11.16

Sport

732

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Swimming (women)

(continued) 100-METER BREASTSTROKE (CONTINUED)

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Ute Geveniger (GDR) Petra van Staveren (NED) Tanya Dangalakova (BUL) Yelena Rudkovskaya (UNT) Penelope Heyns (RSA) Megan Quann (USA)

Luo Xuejuan (CHN) Leisel Jones (AUS)

200-METER BREASTSTROKE 1924 Lucy Morton (GBR) 1928 Hilde Schrader (GER) 1932 Claire Dennis (AUS) 1936 Hideko Maehata (JPN) 1948 Petronella van Vliet (NED) 1952 Eva Szekely (HUN) 1956 Ursula Happe (GER) 1960 Anita Lonsbrough (GBR) 1964 Galina ProzumenshchikovaStepanova (URS) 1968 Sharon Wichman (USA)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Beverley Whitfield (AUS)

Marina Koshevaya (URS) Lina Kachushite (URS) Anne Ottenbrite (CAN) Silke Horner (GDR) Kyoko Iwasaki (JPN) Penelope Heyns (RSA) Agnes Kovacs (HUN) Amanda Beard (USA)

Rebecca Soni (USA)

200-METER INDIVIDUAL MEDLEY 1968 Claudia Kolb (USA) 1972 Shane Gould (AUS)

1984 Tracy Caulkins (USA) 1988 Daniela Hunger (GDR) 1992 Lin Li (CHN) 1996 Michelle Smith (IRL) 2000 Yana Klochkova (UKR) 2004 Yana Klochkova (UKR) 2008 Stephanie Rice (AUS) 400-METER INDIVIDUAL MEDLEY 1964 Donna De Varona (USA) 1968 Claudia Kolb (USA)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 4

*

Gail Neall (AUS)

Tauber (GDR) Petra Schneider (GDR)

Ulrike

Tracy Caulkins (USA) Janet Evans (USA) Krisztina Egerszegi (HUN) Michelle Smith (IRL)

Yana Klochkova (UKR) Yana Klochkova (UKR) Stephanie Rice (AUS)

100-METER MEDLEY RELAY

1960 United States 1964 United States 1968 United States 1972 United States 1976 East Germany 1980 East Germany 1984 United States 1988 East Germany 1992 United States

Swimming (women) MIN:SEC

1:10.22 1:09.88 1:07.95 1:08.00 1:07.73 1:07.05 1:06.64 1:05.17 MINrSEC 3:33.2

3:12.6 3:06.3 3:03.6 2:57.2 2:51.7 2:53.1 2:49.5 2:46.4 2:44.4 2:41.71 2:33.35 2:29.54 2:30.38 2:26.71 2:26.65 2:25.41 2:24.35 2:23.37 2:20.22 MIN:SEC

2:24.7 2:23.07 2:12.64 2:12.59 2:11.65 2:13.93 2:10.68 2:11.14 2:08.45 MIN:SEC 5:18.7 5:08.5

5:02.97 4:42.77 4:36.29 4:39.24 4:37.76 4:36.54 4:39.18 4:33.59 4:34.83 4:29.45 MINiSEC

4:41.1 4:33.9 4:28.3 4:20.75 4:07.95 4:06.67 4:08.34 4:03.74 4:02.54

4

X

1996 2000 2004 2008 4

X

Australia Australia

100-METER FREESTYLE RELAY Great Britain

4

United United United United

States States States States

The Netherlands United States

Hungary Australia

United States United States United States United States United States East Germany United States

East Germany United States United States United States Australia

The Netherlands

200-METER FREESTYLE RELAY

1996 2000 2004 2008

Australia

10-KM OPEN-WATER MARATHON 2008 Larisa Ilchenko (RUS)

Swimming

1984 Trade Ruiz (USA) 1988 Carolyn Waldo (CAN) 1992 Kristen Babb-Sprague

(USA);

Sylvie Frechette (CAN)36

DUET United States

Canada United States Russia Russia Russia

TEAM

1996 2000 2004 2008

United States Russia Russia Russia

Table Tennis (men)

SINGLES

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

5:52.8 5:11.6 4:58.8 4:47.6 4:38.0 4:36.0 4:29.2 4:24.4 4:17.1 4:08.9 4:03.8 4:02.5 3:55.19 3:44.82 3:42.71 3:43.43 3:40.63 3:39.46 3:39.29 3:36.61 3:35.94 3:33.76 MIN:SEC

HR:MIN:SEC 1:59:27.7

INDIVIDUAL

1984 1988 1992 2000 2004 2008

MIN:SEC

7:59.87 7:57.80 7:53.42 7:44.31

United States United States United States

Synchronized

MIN:SEC

4:02.88 3:58.30 3:57.32 3:52.69

United States United States

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 X

(continued)

100-METER MEDLEY RELAY (CONTINUED)

Yoo Nam Kyu (KOR) Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) Liu Guoliang (CHN) Kong Linghui (CHN) Ryu Seung Min (KOR) Ma Lin (CHN)

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games

(continued)

Table Tennis (men) (continued)

TEAM

Tennis (men)

SINGLES

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

China China China China China China

'

Table Tennis (women)

SINGLES

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Chen Jing(CHN) DengYaping(CHN) Deng Taping (CHN) Wang Nan (CHN) Zhang Yining (CHN) Zhang Yining (CHN)

1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

John Pius Boland (GBR) Laurie Doherty (GBR) Beals Wright (USA) Josiah Ritchie (GBR) Charles Winslow (RSA) Louis Raymond (RSA) Vincent Richards (USA) Miloslav Mecir (TCH)

Marc Rosset (SUI) Andre Agassi (USA) Yevgeny Kafelnikov (RUS) Nicolas Massu (CHI) Rafael Nadal (ESP)

DOUBLES 1896 John Pius Boland (GBR),

TEAM

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

733

Friedrich

Thraun

(GER) Republic of Korea China China China China China

Taekwondo (men) 58 KG (127.6 LB)

2000 Michail Mouroutsos (GRE) 2004 Chu Mu Yen (TPE) 2008 Guillermo Perez (MEX) 68 KG (149.6 LB) 2000 Steven Lopez (USA) 2004 Hadi Saei Bonehkohal 2008 Son Tae Jin (KOR)

1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Laurie Doherty, Reggie Doherty (GBR)

Edgar Leonard, Beals Wright (USA) George Hillyard, Reggie Doherty (GBR) Harold Kitson, Charles Winslow (RSA) Oswald Noel Turnbull, Max Woosnam (GBR) Frank Hunter, Vincent Richards (USA) Kenneth Flach, Robert Seguso (USA) Boris Becker, Michael Stich (GER) Todd Woodbridge, Mark Woodforde (AUS) Sebastian Lareau, Daniel Nestor (CAN) Fernando Gonzalez, Nicolas Massu (CHI) Roger Federer, Stanislas Wawrinka (SUI)

MIXED DOUBLES (IRI)

80 KG (176 LB) 2000 Angel Valodia Matos (CUB) 2004 Steven Lopez (USA) 2008 Hadi Saei (IRI)

OVER 80 KG (176+ LB) 2000 Kim Kyong-Hun (KOR) 2004 Moon Sung Dae (KOR) 2008 Cha Dong Min (KOR)

Taekwondo (women) 49 KG (107.8 LB) 2000 Lauren Burns (AUS)

2004 Chen Shih Hsin (TPE) 2008 Wu Jingyu (CHN)

1900 Charlotte Cooper, Reggie Doherty (GBR) 1912 Dora Koring, Heinrich Schomburgk (GER) 1920 Suzanne Lenglen, Max Decugis (FRA) 1924 Hazel Wightman, R. Norris Williams (USA) Tennis (women)

SINGLES

1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Charlotte Cooper (GBR)

Dorothea Lambert Chambers (GBR) Marguerite Broquedis (FRA) Suzanne Lenglen (FRA) Helen Wills Moody (USA) Steffi Graf (FRG) Jennifer Capriati (USA)

Lindsay Davenport (USA)

Venus Williams (USA) Justine Henin-Hardenne (BEL) Yelena Dementyeva (RUS)

DOUBLES 57 KG (125.4 LB) 2000 Jung Jae-Eun (KOR)

2004 Jang Ji Won (KOR) 2008 Urn Su Jeong (KOR) 67 KG (147.4 LB)

2000 Lee Sun-Hee (KOR) 2004 Luo Wei (CHN) 2008 Hwang Kyung Seon (KOR)

1920 Winifred McNair, Kathleen McKane (GBR) 1924 Helen Wills Moody, Hazel Wightman (USA) 1988 Zina Garrison, Pam Shriver (USA) 1992 Gigi Fernandez, Mary Joe Fernandez (USA) 1996 Gigi Fernandez, Mary Joe Fernandez (USA) 2000 Serena Williams, Venus Williams (USA) 2004 Li ting. Sun Tian Tian (CHN) 2008 Serena Williams, Venus Williams (USA) Tennis—Covered Courts (Indoor Tennis)

OVER 67 KG (147.4+

LB)

2000 Chen Zhong (CHN) 2004 Chen Zhong (CHN) 2008 Marfa del Rosario Espinoza (MEX)

MEN'S SINGLES

1908 Arthur Gore (GBR) 1912 Andre Gobert (FRA)

Sport

734

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Tennis—Covered Courts (Indoor Tennis) (continued) MEN’S DOUBLES 1908 Arthur Gore, Herbert Roper Barrett (GBR) 1912 Maurice Germot, Andre Gobert (FRA)

WOMEN’S SINGLES

1908 Gladys Eastlake-Smith (GBR) 1912 Edith Hannam (GBR) MIXED DOUBLES

1912

Edith

Hannam, Charles Dixon (GBR)

Triathlon (swim/bike/run)

(men)

2000 Simon Whitfield (CAN) 2004 Hamish Carter (NZL) 2008 Jan Frodeno (GER) Triathlon (swim/bike/run)

(women)

2000 Brigitte McMahon (SUI) 2004 Kate Allen (AUT) 2008 Emma Snowsill (ADS) Volleyball

(continued)

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Water Polo (men) (continued) Great Britain France

Germany Hungary Hungary Italy

Hungary Hungary Italy

Hungary Yugoslavia

USSR Hungary

USSR Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Italy

Spain

Hungary Hungary Hungary

(men)

Water Polo (women)

INDOOR

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

USSR USSR

2000 Australia 2004 Italy 2008 The Netherlands

Japan Poland

USSR

Weight

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Brazil

The Netherlands Yugoslavia Brazil

United States

BEACH

1996 2000 2004 2008

United States United States

KG

Zygmunt Smalcerz (POL) Aleksandr Varonin (URS) Kanybek Osmanaliyev (URS) Zeng Guoqiang (CHN) Sevdalin Marinov (BUL) Ivan Ivanov (BUL)

Mutlu (TUR) Mutlu (TUR) Halil Mutlu (TUR) Long Qingquan (CHN) Halil Halil

337.5 242.5 245.0 235.0 270.0 265.0 287.5 305.0 295.0 292.0

'

Brazil

United States Volleybair

(women)

INDOOR

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Lifting (men)37.3s

56 KG (123.2 LB)

United States United States

Japan

USSR USSR

62 KG (136.4 LB) 1948 Joseph de Pietro (USA) 1952 Ivan Udodov (URS) 1956 Charles Vinci (USA) 1960 Charles Vinci (USA) 1964 Aleksey Vakhonin (URS)

1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Japan

USSR China

USSR Cuba Cuba Cuba China Brazil

Mohammad

Nassiri (IRI)

Imre Foldi (HUN) Norair Nurikian (BUL) Daniel Nunez (CUB)

Wu Shude

(CHN)

Oksen Mirzoyan (URS)^ Chun Byung Kwan (KOR) Tang Ningsheng (CHN) Nikolay Pechalov (CRO) Shi Zhiyong (CHN)

Zhang Xiangxiang (CHN)

KG 307.5 315.0 342.5 345.0 357.5 367.5 377.5 262.5 275.0 267.5 292.5 287.5 307.5 325.0 325.0 319.0

BEACH

1996 2000 2004 2008

Brazil

Australia

United States United States

Water Polo (men)

1900 Great Britain 1904 United States 1908 Great Britain 1912 Great Britain

69 KG (151.8 LB) 1920 Frans de Haes (BEL)

KG 220.0

1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960

Pierino Gabetti (ITA)

402.539

Franz Andrysek (AUT) Raymond Suvigny (FRA) Anthony Terlazzo (USA) Mahmoud Fayad (EGY) Rafael Chimishkyan (URS) Isaac Berger (USA) Yevgeny Minayev (URS)

287.5 287.5 312.5 332.5 337.5 352.5 372.5

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Weight Lifting (menp. 69 KG ;151.8 LB) (CONTINUED) 1964 Yoshinobu Miyake (JPN) 1968 Yoshinobu Miyake (JPN)

38

KG 397.5 392.5 402.5 285.0 290.0 282.5 342.5 320.0 335.0 357.5 347.5 348.0

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Norair Nurikian (BUL)

Nikolay Kolesnikov (URS) Viktor

Chen Naim Naim Naim

Mazin (URS) Weiqiang (CHN) Suleymanoglu (TUR) Suleymanoglu (TUR) Suleymanoglu (TUR)

Galabin Boevski (BUL)

Zhang Guozheng (CHN) Liao Hui (CHN)

70 KG :i54 LB)

KG 257.5

1

1920 Alfred Neyland (EST) 1924 Edmond Decottignies (FRA) 1928 Kurt Helbig (GER); Hans Haas

440.039 (AUT)

322.5

(tied)

1932 1936

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Rene Duverger (FRA)

Mohamed Ahmed Mesbah

(EGY);

Robert Fein (AUT) (tied) Ibrahim Shams (EGY) Tommy Kono (USA) igor Rybak (URS) Viktor Bushuyev (URS)

Waldemar Baszanov\/ski (POL) Waldemar Baszanowski (POL) Mukharbi Kirzhinov (URS) Pyotr Korol (URS)^

Yanko Rusev (BUL) Yao Jingyuan (CHN) Joachim Kunz (GDR)^ Israil

Militosyan (UNT)

Zhan Xugang (CHN)

77 KG (169.4 LB) 1920 Henri Gance (FRA) 1924 Carlo Galimberti (ITA) 1928 Frangois Roger (FRA) 1932 Rudolf Ismayr (GER) 1936 Khadrel Thouni (EGY) 1948 Frank Spellman (USA) 1952 Peter George (USA) 1956 Fyodor Bogdanovsky (URS) 1960 Aleksandr Kurynov (URS) 1964 Hans Zdrazila (TCH) 1968 Viktor Kurentsov (URS) 1972 Iordan Bikov (BUL) 1976 Iordan Mitkov (BUL) 1980 Asen Zlatev (BUL) 1984 Karl-Heinz Radschinsky (FRG) 1988 Borislav Gidikov (BUL) 1992 Fyodor Kassapu (UNT) 1996 Pablo Lara (CUB)

2000 Zhan Xugang (CHN) 2004 Taner Sagir (TUR) 2008 Sa Jae Hyouk (KOR) 85KG(:i87

LB)

1920 Ernest Cadine (FRA) 1924 Charles Rigoulot (FRA) 1928 El Sayed Nosseir (EGY) 1932 Louis Hostin (FRA) 1936 Louis Hostin (FRA) 1948 Stanley Stanczyk (USA) 1952 Trofim Lomakin (URS) 1956 Tommy Kono (USA)

325.0 342.5 360.0 362.5 380.0 397.5 432.5 437.5 460.0 305.0 342.5 320.0 340.0 337.5 357.5 KG 245.0

(continued)

Weight Lifting (men)^^' 38 (continued) 85 KG (187 LB) (CONTINUED)

(continued)

1

735

.

1960 Ireneusz Palinski (POL) 1964 Rudolph Plyukfelder (URS) 1968 Boris Selitsky (URS) 1972 Leif Jenssen (NOR) 1976 Valery Shary (URS) 1980 Yury Vardanyan (URS) 1984 Petre Becheru (ROM) 1988 Israil Arsamakov (URS) 1992 Pyrros Dimas (GRE) 1996 Pyrros Dimas (GRE) 2000 Pyrros Dimas (GRE) 2004 George Asanidze (GEO) 2008 LuYong(CHN) 94 KG (206.8 LB) 1952 Norbert Schemansky (USA) 1956 Arkady Vorobyev (URS) 1960 Arkady Vorobyev (URS) 1964 Vladimir Golovanov (URS) 1968 Kaarlo Kangasniemi (FIN)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Andon Nikolov (BUL) David Rigert (URS) Peter Baczako (HUN)

Nicu Vlad (ROM) Anatoly Khrapaty (URS) Kakhi Kakhiashvili (UNT) Aleksey Petrov (RUS) Akakios Kakhiashvilis (GRE) Milen Dobrev (BUL) Ilya Ilin (KAZ)

99 KG (217.8 LB) 1980 Ota Zaremba (TCH)

1984 Rolf Milser (FRG) 1988 Pavel Kuznetsov (URS) 1992 Viktor Tregubov (UNT) 1996 Akakios Kakhiashvilis (GRE)

KG 442.5 475.0 485.0 507.5 365.0 400.0 355.0 377.5 370.0 392.5 390.0 382.5 394.0 KG

445.0 462.5 472.5 487.5 517.5 525.0 382.5 377.5 392.5 412.5 412.5 402.5 405.0 407.5 406.0 KG 395.0 385.0 425.0 410.0 420.0

492.539

335.0 345.0 387.5 390.0 400.0 420.0 437.5 445.0 475.0 485.0 335.0 360.0 340.0 375.0 357.5 367.5 367.5 375.0 366.0 KG

290.0 502.539

355.0 365.0 372.5 417.5 417.5 447.5

105 KG (231 LB) 1972 Jan Talts (URS)

1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Yury Zaytsev (URS)2 Leonid Taranenko (URS) Norberto Oberburger (ITA) Yury Zakharevitch (URS) Ronny Weller (GER)

Timur Taymazov (UKR) Hossein Tavakoli (IRI) Dmitry Berestov (RUS) Andrei Aramnau (BLR)

OVER 105 KG (231+

1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

LB)

Filippo Bottino (ITA)

Giuseppe Tonani (ITA) Josef Strassberger (GER) Jaroslav Skobia (TCH) Josef Manger (GER) John Davis (USA) John Davis (USA) Paul Anderson (USA) Yury Vlasov (URS) Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS) Leonid Zhabotinsky (URS) Vasily Alekseyev (URS) Vasily Alekseyev (URS) Sultan Rakhmanov (URS) Dinko Lukin (AUS) Aleksandr Kurlovich (URS)

KG

580.0 385.0 422.5 390.0 455.0 432.5 430.0 425.0 425.0 436.0 KG 265.5 517.539

372.5 380.0 410.0 452.5 460.0 500.0 537.5 572.5 572.5 640.0 440.0 440.0 412.5 462.5

736

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Weight Lifting (menP (continued) OVER 105 KG (231+ LB) (CONTINUED)

1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Aleksandr Kurlovich (UNT) Andrey Chemerkin (RUS) Hossein Reza Zadeh (IRI) Hossein Reza Zadeh (IRI) Matthias Steiner (GER)

ONE-HAND LIFT (UNLIMITED CLASS) 1896 Launceston Elliot (GBR)

TWO-HAND

1896 1904

CLASS) Viggo Jensen (DEN) Perikles Kakousis (GRE) LIFT (UNLIMITED

KG

450.0 457.5 472.5 472.5 461.0 KG 71.0 KG 111.5 111.7

ALL-AROUND DUMBBELLS (UNLIMITED CLASS) 1904 Oscar Osthoff (USA)

Weight 48 KG (105.6 LB)

Lifting

(women) 185.0 210.0 212.0

53 KG (116.6 LB)

KG 225.0 222.5 221.0

(THA)

Jaroenrattanatarakoon (THA)

58 KG (127.6 LB) 2000 Soraya Jimenez Mendivil (MEX) 2004 Chen Yanqing (CHN) 2008 Chen Yanqing (CHN)

KG 222.5 237.5 244.0

63 KG (138.6

2000 Chen Xiaomin (CHN) 2004 Natalya Skakun (UKR) 2008 Pak Hyon Suk (PRK)

KG 242.5 242.5 241.0

69 KG (151.8 LB) 2000 Lin Weining (CHN) 2004 Liu Chunhong (CHN) 2008 Liu Chunhong (CHN)

KG 242.5 275.0 286.0

LB)

75 KG (165 LB) 2000 Maria Isabel Urrutia (COL) 2004 Pawina Thongsuk (THA) 2008 Cao Lei (CHN)

245.0 272.5 282.0

OVER 75 KG (165+ LB) 2000 Ding Meiyuan (CHN) 2004 Tang Gonghong (CHN) 2008 Jang Mi Ran (KOR)

300.0 305.0 326.0

Wrestling— Freestyle (men)^^ 48 KG (105.6 LB) Curry (USA) Robert 1904

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Roman

Wrestiing— Freestyie (men)^’ (continued) 55 KG (121 LB) 1904 George Mehnert (USA) 1948 Lennart Viitala (FIN) 1952 Hasan Gemici (TUR) 1956 Mirian Tsalkalamanidze (URS)

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Ahmet

Bilek (TUR) Yoshikatsu Yoshida (JPN) Shigeo Nakata (JPN) Kiyomi Kato (JPN) Yuji

Takada (JPN)

Anatoly Beloglazov (URS) Saban Trstena (YUG) Mitsuru Sato (JPN) Li Hak-son (PRK) Valentin lordanov (BUL) Namig Amdullayev (AZE) Mavlet Batirov (RUS) Henry Cejudo (USA)

KG

2000 Tara Nott (USA)2 2004 Nurcan Taylan (TUR) 2008 Chen Xiexia (CHN)

2000 Yang Xia (CHN) 2004 Udomporn Polsak 2008 Prapawadee

(continued)

Dmitriyev (URS)

Khassan Issaev (BUL) Claudio Pollio (ITA) Robert Weaver (USA) Takashi Kobayashi (JPN) Kim II (PRK) Kim II (PRK)

KG

KG

60 KG (132

1904 1908 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

LB)

Isidor “Jack” Niflot (USA)

George Mehnert (USA) Kustaa Pihlajamaki (FIN) Kaarlo Maakinen (FIN) Robert Pearce (USA)

Odon Zombory (HUN) Nasuh Akar (TUR) Shohachi Ishii (JPN) Mustafa Dagistanli (TUR) Terence McCann (USA) Yojiro Uetake (JPN) Yojiro Uetake (JPN) Hideaki Yanagida (JPN) Vladimir Yumin (URS) Sergey Beloglazov (URS) Hideaki Tomiyama (JPN)

Sergey Beloglazov (URS) Alejandro Puerto Diaz (CUB) Kendall Cross (USA) Alireza Dabir (IRI)

Yandro Miguel Quintana (CUB) Mavlet Batirov (RUS)

63 KG (138.6 LB) 1904 Benjamin Bradshaw (USA) 1908 George Dole (USA) 1920 Charles Ackerly (USA) 1924 Robin Reed (USA) 1928 Allie Morrison (USA)

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Hermanni Pihlajamaki

(FIN)

Kustaa Pihlajamaki (FIN) Gazanfer Bilge (TUR)

Bayram Sit (TUR) Shozo Sasahara (JPN) Mustafa Dagistanli (TUR)

Osamu Watanabe

(JPN)

Masaaki Kaneko (JPN) Zagalav Abdulbekov (URS) Yang Jung Mo (KOR) Magomedgasan Abushev (URS) Randy Lewis (USA) John Smith (USA) John Smith (USA) Tom Brands (USA)

Murad Umakhanov (RUS)

]

;

J

i

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Wrestling— Freestyle (men)^^ (continued) 66 KG (145.2 LB)

1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Roehm

Otto

(USA)

George de Relwyskow (GBR) Kaarlo “Kalle" Anttila (FIN) Russell Vis (USA) Osvald Kapp (EST) Charles Pacome (FRA) Karoly Karpati (HUN) Celal Atik (TUR)

one Anderberg (SWE) Emamali Habibi (IRI) Shelby Wilson (USA) Enio Valchev Dimov (BUL) Abdollah Movahed (IRI) Dan Gable (USA) Pavel Pinigin (URS) Saipulla Absaldov (URS) You In Tak (KOR) Arsen Fadzayev (URS) Arsen Fadzayev (UNT) Vadim Bogiyev (RUS) Daniel Igali (CAN) Elbrus Tedeyev (UKR) Ramazan Sahin (TUR)

74 KG (162.8 LB) 1904 Charles Eriksen (USA) 1924 Hermann Gehri (SUI)

1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Arvo Haavisto (FIN) Jack van Bebber (USA) Frank Lewis (USA) Yasar Dogu (TUR) William Smith (USA) Mitsuo Ikeda (JPN) Douglas Blubaugh (USA) Ismail Ogan (TUR) Mahmut Atalay (TUR) Wayne Wells (USA) Jiichiro Date (JPN) Valentin Raychev (BUL) David Schultz (USA) Kenneth Monday (USA) Park Jang Soon (KOR) Buvayasa Saytiyev (RUS)

Brandon Slay (USA)^ Buvayasa Saytiyev (RUS) Buvayasa Saytiyev (RUS)

84 KG (184.8

;

'

i

1

1

f

1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

LB)

Stanley Bacon (GBR) Eino Leino (FIN) Fritz

Haggmann

(SUI)

Ernst Kyburz (SUI) lyar

Johansson (SWE)

Emile Poilve (FRA) Glen Brand (USA) David Tsimakurdze (URS) Nikola Stanchev (BUL) Hasan Gungor (TUR) Prodan Stoyanov Gardchev (BUL) Boris Gurevich (URS) Levan Tediashvili (URS) John Peterson (USA) Ismail Abilov (BUL) Mark Schultz (USA) Han Myung Woo (KOR) Kevin Jackson (USA) Khadshimurad Magomedov (RUS)

•

(continued)

Wrestling— Freestyle (men)^^ (continued) 84 KG (184.8 LB) (CONTINUED) 2000 Adam Saytev (RUS)

2004 2008

Gael Sanderson (USA) Revazi Mindorashvili (GEO)

90 KG (198.5 LB) 1920 Anders Larsson (SWE) 1924 John Franklin Spellman (USA) 1928 Thure Sjostedt (SWE) 1932 Peter Mehringer (USA) 1936 Knut Fridell (SWE) 1948 Henry Wittenberg (USA) 1952 Bror Wiking Palm (SWE) 1956 Gholam-Reza Takhti (IRI)

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Ismet Atli (TUR) Aleksandr Medved (URS) Ahmet Ayuk (TUR) Ben Peterson (USA) Levan Tediashvili (URS) Sanasar Oganesyan (URS) Ed Banach (USA) Macharbek Khadartsev (URS) Macharbek Khadartsev (UNT) Rasul Khadem Azghadi (IRI)

96 KG (211.2 LB)

1896 1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Schumann (GER) Bernhuff Hansen (USA) George O’Kelly (GBR) Robert Rothe (SUI) Harry Steele (USA) Johan Richthoff (SWE) Johan Richthoff (SWE) Karl

Kristjan Palusalu (EST) Gyula Bobis (HUN) Arsen Mekokishvili (URS) Hamit Kaplan (TUR) Wilfried Dietrich (GER) Aleksandr Ivanitsky (URS) Aleksandr Medved (URS) Ivan Yarygin (URS) Ivan Yarygin (URS) Ilya Mate (URS) Lou Banach (USA)

Puscasu (ROM) Khabelov (UNT) Kurt Angle (USA)

Vasile Leri

Sagid Murtasaliyev (RUS) Khajimurat Gatsalov (RUS) Shirvani Muradov (RUS)

120 KG (264 LB) 1972 Aleksandr Medved (URS) 1976 Soslan Andiyev (URS) 1980 Soslan Andiyev (URS) 1984 Bruce Baumgartner (USA)

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

David Gobedishvili (URS) Bruce Baumgartner (USA) Mahmut Demir (TUR) David Musulbes (RUS) Artur Taymazov (UZB) Artur Taymazov (UZB)

Wrestling— Freestyle (women) 48 KG (105.6 LB) 2004 Irini Merleni (UKR) 2008 Carol Huynh (CAN)

737

738

Sport

—Oi.ympics

Summer Olympic Games Wrestling— Freestyle (women) (continued) 55 KG (121 LB) 2004 Saori Yoshida (JPN) 2008 Saori Yoshida (JPN)

63 KG (138.6

2004 2008

LB)

Kaori Icho (JPN) Kaori Icho (JPN)

72 KG (158 LB)

2004 WangXu(CHN) 2008 Wang Jiao (CHN) Wrestling—Greco-Roman37 48 KG (105.6 LB)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Gheorghe Berceanu (ROM) Aleksey Shumakov (URS) Zhaksylyk Ushkempirov (URS) Vincenzo Maenza (ITA) Vincenzo Maenza (ITA) Oleg Kucherenko (UNT) Sim Kwon-Ho (KOR)

55 KG (121 LB)

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Pietro

Lombardi

(ITA)

Boris Gurevich (URS)

Nikolay Solovyev (URS)

Dumitru Pirvulescu (ROM)

Tsutomu Hanahara (JPN) Petar Kirov (BUL) Petar Kirov (BUL) Vitaly Konstantinov (URS) Vakhtang Blagidze (URS) Atsuji Miyahara (JPN) Jon Ronningen (NOR) Jon Ronningen (NOR)

Armen Nazaryan (ARM) Sim Kwon-Ho (KOR) Istvan Majoros (HUN)

Nazyr Mankiyev (RUS)

60 KG (132 LB) 1924 Eduard Putsep (EST) 1928 Kurt Leucht (GER) 1932 Jakob Brendel (GER) 1936 Marton Lorincz (HUN) 1948 Kurt Pettersen (SWE) 1952 Imre Hodos (HUN) 1956 Konstantin Vyrupayev (URS) 1960 Oleg Karavayev (URS)

(continued)

Wrestling—Greco-Roman37 (continued) 63 KG (138.6 LB) (CONTINUED) 1936 Yasar Erkan (TUR) 1948 Mehmet Oktav (TUR) 1952 Yakov Punkin (URS) 1956 Rauno Leonard Makinen (FIN) 1960 MuzahirSille(TUR) 1964 Imre Polyak (HUN) 1968 Roman Rurua (URS)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000

Georgi Markov (BUL) Kazimierz Lipien (POL) Stilianos Migiakis (GRE)

Kim Weon Kee (KOR) Kamandar Madzhidov (URS) Akif Pirim (TUR)

Wlodzimierz Zawadzki (POL) Varteres Samurgashev (RUS)

66 KG (145.2

1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Eemil Vare (FIN) Eemil Vare (FIN) Oskar Friman (FIN) Lajos Keresztes (HUN) Erik Malmberg (SWE) Lauri Koskela (FIN) Karl Freij

Shazam

Kyosti Emil Lehtonen (FIN)

Kazim Ayvaz (TUR) Munji

Farid

1912 1920 1924 1928 1932

LB)

Kaarlo Koskelo (FIN)

Oskar Friman

(FIN)

Kalle Anttila (FIN)

Voldemar

Vali (EST)

Giovanni Gozzi

(ITA)

Mansurov (AZE)

Steeve Guenot (FRA)

74 KG (162.8 LB)

84 KG (184.8

AndrasSike(HUN) 1992' An Han Bong (KOR) 1996 Yury Melnichenko (KAZ)

(JPN)

Stefan Rusu (ROM) Vlado Lisjak (YUG) Levon Dzhulfalakyan (URS) Attila Repka (HUN) Ryszard Wolny (POL) Filiberto Ascuy Aguilera (CUB)

63 KG (138.6

Ichiguchi (JPN)

Mumemura

Shamil Khisamutdinov (URS) Suren Nalbandyan (URS)

2000 Armen Nazarian (BUL) 2004 Jung Ji Hyun (KOR) 2008 Islam-Beka Albiyev (RUS)

Masamitsu

Janos Varga (HUN) Rustem Kazakov (URS) Pertti Ukkola (FIN) Shamil Serikov (URS) Pasquale Passarelli (FRG)

(SWE) Safin (URS)

Avtandil Koridze (URS)

1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

LB)

Enrico Porro (ITA)

Ivar

Johansson (SWE)

Rudolf Svedberg (SWE) Erik

Gosta Andersson (SWE)

Miklos Szilvasi (HUN) Mithat Bayrak (TUR) Mithat Bayrak (TUR) Anatoly Kolesov (URS) Rudolf Vesper (GDR) Viteslav Macha (TCH) Anatoly Bykov (URS) Ferenc Kocsis (HUN)

Jouko Salomaki

(FIN)

Kim Young Nam (KOR) Mnatsakan Iskandaryan (UNT) Ascuy Aguilera (CUB) Murat Kardanov (URS) Aleksandr Dokturishivili (UZB) Manuchar Kvirkelia (GEO) Filiberto

LB)

1908 Frithiof Martenson (SWE) 1912 Claes Johansson (SWE) 1920 Carl Westergren (SWE) 1924 Edward Westerlund (FIN) 1928 Vaino Kokkinen (FIN)

Sport

—Olympics

Summer Olympic Games Wrestling—Greco-Roman^^ (continued) 84 KG (184.8 LB) (CONTINUED) 1932 Vaino Kokkinen (FIN) 1936 Ivar Johansson (SWE) 1948 Axel Gronberg (SWE) 1952 Axel Gronberg (SWE) 1956 Givi Kartoziya (URS) 1960 Dimitar Dobrev (BUL) 1964 Branislav Simic (YUG) 1968 Lothar Metz (GDR) 1972 Csaba Hegedus (HUN) 1976 Momir Petkovic (YUG) 1980 Gennady Korban (URS)

j

I

'

I

!

!

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

I

I

Ion Draica

Mikhail Mamiashvili (URS)

Peter Farkas (HUN)

Hamza Hamza

'

j

;•

Yerlikaya (TUR) Yerlikaya (TUR)

Aleksey Mishin (RUS) Andrea Minguzzi (ITA)

90 KG (198.5

1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988

(ROM)

LB)

Verner

Weckman

(FIN)

Anders Ahlgren (SWE) Claes Johansson (SWE) Carl Westergren (SWE) Ibrahim Moustafa (EGY) Rudolf Svensson (SWE) Axel Cadier (SWE) Karl-Erik Nilsson (SWE) Kelpo Olavi Grondahl (FIN)

(continued)

Wrestling—Greco-Roman^^ (continued) 90 KG (198.5 LB) (CONTINUED) 1992 Maik Bullmann (GER) 1996 Vyacheslav Oleynyk (UKR) 96 KG (211.2 LB)

1896 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Schumann (GER) Richard Weisz (HUN) Yrjo Saarela (FIN) Adolf Lindfors (FIN) Henri Deglane (FRA) Rudolf Svensson (SWE) Karl

Carl

Ahmet

Kirecci (TUR)

Johannes Kotkas (URS) Anatoly Parfenov (URS) Ivan Bogdan (URS) Istvan Istvan

Kozma (HUN) Kozma (HUN)

Nicolae Martinescu (ROM) Nikolay Balboshin (URS) Georgi Raikov-Petkov (BUL) Vasile Andrei (ROM) Andrzej Wronski (POL) Hector Milian (CUB) Andrzej Wronski (POL) Mikael LJungberg (SWE) Karam Ibrahim (EGY) Aslanbek Khushtov (RUS)

120 KG (264

Tevfik Kis (TUR)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Steven Fraser (USA) Atanas Komchev (BUL)

Westergren (SWE)

Kristjan Palusalu (EST)

Valentin Nikolayev (URS)

Boyan Radev (BUL) Boyan Radev (BUL) Valery Rezantsev (URS) Valery Rezantsev (URS) Norbert Nottny (HUN)

739

LB)

Anatoly Roshchin (URS) Aleksandr Kolchinsky (URS) Aleksandr Kolchinsky (URS) Jeffrey Blatnick (USA) Aleksandr Karelin (URS) Aleksandr Karelin (UNT) Aleksandr Karelin (RUS) Rulon Gardner (USA) Khasan Baroyev (RUS) Mijain Lopez (CUB)

^The competitions in 1900 and 1904 are said to be unofficial. ^Winner after disqualification of top finisher drug use. ^An extra lap of 460 meters was run ^100-meter event. *Hurdles were 2' 6" high, not 3'. in error. ^Jim Thorpe was stripped of his gold medals in 1913 when it was discovered he had briefly competed as a professional athlete; in 1982 his gold medals were restored, and he was declared “cowinner” of ^80 meters from 1932 to 1968. the events. ^Pentathlon from 1964 to 1980. ^Weight classifications have been revised numerous times. ^^333.3-meter event. ^^Distance has varied ^°2,000-meter event. from 87 to 320 km. ^^Held outdoors. ^^Weight classifications were changed in 1980 and 1996. ^^Weight classifications were changed in 2000. ^^The distances in men’s rowing events have varied from time to time. In 1904 it was 2 miles; in 1908, 1.5 miles; from 1912 to 1936, 2,000 meters; in 1948, 1 mile 350 yards; and since 1952, 2,000 meters (1 mile 427 yards). ^'^The distance In women’s rowing events was 1,000 meters until 1988, at which time it became 2,000 meters. ^^From 2004. ^^Without coxswain. ^°0pen from 1996 to 2004. ^^From 1952. ^men-only from 1924 to 2004. ^^Open from 1932 to 2004. ^’’220 yards. ^^500 meters. ^^Open from 1968 to 1992. ^^100 yards. ^^Open from 1968 to 1992. 29440 yards. ^^300 meters. ^^100 yards. ^*440 yards. ^^1,000 meters. ^^Imile. 1,200 meters. for

medal awarded in 1993 on basis of error in scoring. ^’’Weight classifications have been numerous times, most recently after the 1996 Games. ^^In 1976 the press lift was removed, weights given thereafter being the total for the clean and jerk and the snatch. ^^Total of five lifts.

^^Fr^chette’s gold

revised

Did

^

youV

knows

in October 2010, held on which a messenger for the victorious Athenians is said to have run from the battlefield to Athens to relay news of the battle, a distance of some 40 km (25 mi). He reportedly died of exhaustion thereafter, and the modem marathon’s distance was based on the distance that he ran. The participants in the Athens race in 2010 followed the same route that the messenger is thought to have run.

Roughly 12,500 runners participated

in the

28th Athens Marathon

the 2,500th anniversary of the Battle of Marathon, after

Sport

740

—Olympics

Winter Olympic

Games

Gold medalists in all winter events since 1908; winter sports were not included in the three Olympic Games before 1908, and separate Winter Games were not held until 1924. Note: East and West Germany fielded a joint all-Germany team in 1956, 1960, and 1964, abbreviated here as GER. Biathlon (men)

KM 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 10

MIN:SEC

Frank Ullrich (GDR) Eirik Kvalfoss (NOR) Frank-Peter Rotsch (GDR) Mark Kirchner (GER) Sergey Chepikov (RUS) Ole Einar Bjprndalen (NOR) Ole Einar Bjprndalen (NOR) Sven Fischer (GER) Vincent Jay (FRA)

32:10.69 30:53.8 25:08.1 26:02.3 28:07.0 27:16.2 24:51.3 26:11.6 24:07.8

12.5-KM PURSUIT 2002 Ole Einar Bjorndalen (NOR) 2006 Vincent Defrasne (FRA) 2010 Bjorn Ferry (SWE)

32:34.6 35:20.2 33:38.4

15-KM MASS START 2006 Michael Greis (GER) 2010 Yevgeny Ustyugov (RUS)

47:20.0 35:35.7

20 KM

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 4

Magnar Solberg (NOR) Magnar Solberg (NOR) Nikolay Kruglov (URS) Anatoly Alyabyev (URS) Peter Angerer (FRG) Frank-Peter Rotsch (GDR) Yevgeny Redkin (UNT) Sergey Tarasov (RUS) Halvard Hanevold (NOR) Ole Einar BJprndalen (NOR) Michael Greis (GER) Emil Regie Svendsen (NOR)

RELAY

1:33:21.6 1:20:26.8 1:13:45.9 1:15:55.50 1:14:12.26 1:08:16.31 1:11:52.70 56:33.3 57:34.4 57:25.3 56:16.4 51:03.3 54:23.0 48:22.5 HR;MIN:SEC

USSR USSR USSR USSR USSR USSR Germany Germany Germany

2:13:02.4 1:51:44.92 1:57:55.64 1:34:03.27 1:38:51.70 1:22:30.00 1:24:43.5 1:30:22.1 1:19:43.3 1:23:42.3 1:21:51.5 1:21:38.1

Norway

Germany Norway

MILITARY SKI PATROL

1924 Switzerland 1928 Norway 1936 Italy 1948 Switzerland

lO-KM PURSUIT 2002 Olga Pyleva (RUS) 2006 Kati Wilhelm (GER)

2010 Magdalena Neuner (GER) 12.5-KM

ICE

(AUT)

SHOOTING (TEAM)

1936

Austria

TARGET SHOOTING

1936

Ignaz Reiterer (AUT)

MIN.-SEC

40:36.5 35:19.6

KM 1992 Antje Misersky (GER) 1994 Myriam Bedard (CAN) 1998 Ekaterina Dafovska (BUL) 2002 Andrea Henkel (GER) 2006 Svetlana Ishmuratova (RUS) 2010 Tora Berger (NOR)

51:47.2 52:06.6 54:52.0 47:29.1 49:24.1 40:52.8

15

4

X

6-KM RELAY^ France Russia

1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MIN:SEC

HR:MIN;SEC

1:15:55.6 1:47:19.5 1:40:13.6 1:27:55.0 1:16:12.5 1:09:36.3

Germany Germany Russia Russia

Bobsled

TWO-MAN BOBSLED 1932 United States

1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

United States Switzerland

West Germany Italy

Great Britain Italy

West Germany East Germany Switzerland East Germany

USSR Switzerland Switzerland

Canada:

Italy (tied)

Germany Germany Germany

FOUR-MAN BOBSLED

DISTANCE SHOOTING

MIN;SEC

31:07.7 36:43.6 30:16.0

2006 Anna Carin Olofsson (SWE) 2010 Magdalena Neuner (GER)

1924 1936 Georg Edenhauser

MASS START

MIN:SEC

24:29.2 26:08.8 23:08.0 20:41.4 22:31.4 19:55.6

MIN:SEC

HR:MIN:SEC

Klas Lestander (SWE) Vladimir Meianin (URS)

X 7.5-KM

1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MIN:SEC

Biathlon (women) KM 1992 Anfisa Restsova (UNT) 1994 Myriam Bedard (CAN) 1998 Galina Kukleva (RUS) 2002 Kati Wilhelm (GER) 2006 Florence Baverel-Robert (FRA) 2010 Anastazia Kuzmina (SVK) 7.5

19282 1932

Switzerland United States United States Switzerland United States

1936 1948 1952 West Germany 1956 Switzerland 1964 Canada 1968 Italy

MINiSEC

8:14.74 5:29.29 5:29.2 5:24.54 5:30.14 4:21.90 4:41.54 4:57.07 3:44.42 4:09.36 3:25.56 3:53.48 4:03.26 3:30.81 3:37.24 3:10.11 3:43.38 3:26.65 MINiSEC

5:45.54 3:20.5 7:53.68 5:19.85 5:20.1 5:07.84 5:10.44 4:14.46 2:17.39

Sport

—Olympics

Winter Olympic Bobsled (continued) FOUR-MAN BOBSLED (CONTINUED)

1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

United States

4:43.07 3:40.43 3:59.92 3:20.22 3:47.51 3:53.90 3:27.78 2:39.41 3:07.51 3:40.42 3:24.46

TWO-WOMAN BOBSLED 2002 United States 2006 Germany 2010 Canada

1:37.76 3:49.98 3:32.28

East Germany East Germany East Germany Switzerland Austria

Germany Germany Germany Germany

MINiSEC

.

MEN 1924 Great Britain 1998 Switzerland 2002 Norway 2006 Canada 2010 Canada

WOMEN 1998 Canada 2002 Great Britain 2006 Sweden 2010 Sweden Figure Skating

MEN’S SINGLES

1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

Salchow (SWE) Grafstrom (SWE) Gillis GrMstrom (SWE) Gillis Grafstrom (SWE) Karl Schafer (AUT) Karl Schafer (AUT) Richard Button (USA) Richard Button (USA) Hayes Alan Jenkins (USA) David Jenkins (USA) Manfred Schnelldorfer (GER) Wolfgang Schwarz (AUT) Ondrej Nepela (TCH) John Curry (GBR) Robin Cousins (GBR) Scott Hamilton (USA) Brian Boitano (USA) Viktor Petrenko (UNT) Aleksey Urmanov (RUS) Ilia Kulik (RUS) Aleksey Yagudin (RUS) Yevgeny Plushchenko (RUS) Evan Lysacek (USA) Ulrich

Gillis

Games (continued) Figure Skating (continued)

MIN:SEC

Switzerland

Curling

741

WOMEN’S SINGLES (CONTINUED) 1960 Carol Heiss (USA) 1964 SJoukje Dijkstra (NED) 1968 Peggy Fleming (USA) 1972 Beatrix Schuba (AUT) 1976 Dorothy Hamill (USA) 1980 Annett Potzsch (GDR) 1984 Katarina Witt (GDR) 1988 Katarina Witt (GDR) 1992 Kristi Yamaguchi (USA) 1994 Oksana Bayul (UKR)

1998 Tara Lipinski (USA) 2002 Sarah Hughes (USA) 2006 Shizuka Arakawa (JPN) 2010 Kim Yu-Na (KOR) PAIRS

1908 Anna HCibler, Heinrich Burger (GER) 1920 Ludoviga Jakobsson-Eilers, Walter Jakobsson (FIN)

1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002

2006 2010 ICE

Helene Engelmann, Alfred Berger (AUT) Andree Joly, Pierre Brunet (FRA) Andree Brunet-Joly, Pierre Brunet (FRA) Maxi Herber, Ernst Baier (GER) Micheline Lannoy, Pierre Baugniet (BEL) Ria Falk, Paul Falk (FRG) Elisabeth Schwarz, Kurt Oppelt (AUT) Barbara Wagner, Robert Paul (CAN) Lyudmila Belousova, Oleg Protopopov (URS) Lyudmila Belousova, Oleg Protopopov (URS) Irina Rodnina, Aleksey Ulanov (URS) Irina Rodnina, Aleksandr Zaytsev (URS) Irina Rodnina, Aleksandr Zaytsev (URS) Yelena Valova, Oleg Vasilyev (URS) Yekaterina Gordeyeva, Sergey Grinkov (URS) Natalya Mishkutyonok, Artur Dmitriyev (UNT) Yekaterina Gordeyeva, Sergey Grinkov (RUS) Oksana Kazakova, Artur Dmitriyev (RUS) Yelena Berezhnaya, Anton Sikharulidze (RUS): Jamie Sale, David Pelletier (CAN) (shared) Tatyana Totmyanina, Maksim Marinin (RUS) Shen Xue, Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

DANCING

1976 Lyudmila Pakhomova, Aleksandr Gorshkov 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

(URS) Natalya Linichuk, Gennady Karponosov (URS) Jayne Torvill, Christopher Dean (GBR) Natalya Bestemyanova, Andrey Bukin (URS) Marina Klimova, Sergey Ponomarenko (UNT)

Oksana Grishchuk, Yevgeny Platov (RUS) Oksana Grishchuk, Yevgeny Platov (RUS) Marina Anissina, Gwendal Peizerat (FRA) Tatyana Navka, Roman Kostomarov (RUS) Tessa Virtue, Scott Moir (CAN) Ice

WOMEN’S SINGLES

1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956

Madge Syers (GBR) Magda Julin-Mauroy (SWE) Herma Planck-Szabo (AUT) Sonja Henie (NOR) Sonja Henie (NOR) Sonja Henie (NOR) Barbara Ann Scott (CAN) Jeannette Altwegg (GBR) Tenley Albright (USA)

MEN 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960

Canada Canada Canada Canada Great Britain

Canada Canada

USSR United States

Hockey

Sport

742

—Olympics

Winter Olympic Games (continued) Ice

Hockey (continued)

Skeleton

MEN (CONTINUED) 1964 USSR 1968 USSR 1972 USSR 1976 USSR 1980 United States 1984 USSR 1988 USSR 1992 Unified Team 1994 Sweden 1998 Czech Republic 2002 Canada 2006 Sweden 2010 Canada

MEN 1928 Jennison Heaton (USA) 1948 Nino Bibbia (ITA) 2002 Jim Shea (USA)

WOMEN

1:45.11 1:59.83 3:35.64

Alpine Skiing (men)

DOWNHILL

Luge MEN’S SINGLES

MINrSEC

Thomas Kohler (GER) Manfred Schmid (AUT) Wolfgang Schneidel (GDR) Detlef Guenther (GDR) Bernhard Glass (GDR) (ITA)

Jens Muller (GDR) Georg HackI (GER) Georg HackI (GER) Georg HackI (GER) Armin Zoggeler (ITA) Armin Zoggeler (ITA) Felix Loch (GER)

•

MEN’S DOUBLES

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MIN:SEC

2002 Tristan Gale (USA) 2006 Maya Pedersen (SUI) 2010 Amy Williams (GBR)

1998 United States 2002 Canada 2006 Canada 2010 Canada

Paul Hildgartner

3:01.8 5:23.2 1:41.96 1:55.88 3:29.73

2006 Duff Gibson (CAN) 2010 Jon Montgomery (CAN)

WOMEN

1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MIN:SEC

MIN:SEC

Austria

East Germany Italy; East Germany East Germany East Germany

3:26.77 2:52.48 3:27.58 3:27.688 2:54.796 3:04.258 3:05.548 3:02.363 3:21.571 3:18.436 2:57.941 3:26.088 3:13.085

(tied)

West Germany East Germany Germany Italy

Germany Germany Austria Austria

1:41.62 1:35.85 1:28.35 1:25.604 1:19.331 1:23.620 1:31.940 1:32.053 1:36.720 1:41.105 1:26.082 1:34.497 1:22.705

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MINiSEC

Henri Oreiller (FRA)

Zeno Colo

(ITA)

Toni Sailer (AUT)

Jean Vuarnet (FRA) Egon Zimmermann (AUT) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Bernhard Russi (SUI) Franz

Klammer

(AUT)

Leonhard Stock (AUT) Bill Johnson (USA)

•

Pirmin Zurbriggen (SUI) Patrick Ortlieb (AUT)

Tommy Moe

(USA) Jean-Luc Cretier (FRA) Fritz

StrobI (AUT)

Antoine Deneriaz (FRA) Didier Defago (SUI)

SLALOM

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MIN:SEC

Edy Reinalter (SUI) Othmar Schneider (AUT) Toni Sailer (AUT)

Ernst Hinterseer (AUT) Josef Stiegler (AUT) Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Francisco Ochoa (ESP) Piero Gros (ITA)

Ingemar Stenmark (SWE) Phil

Mahre (USA)

Alberto

Tomba

(ITA)

Finn Christian Jagge (NOR)

Thomas Stangassinger Hans

(AUT)

Petter Buraas (NOR)

Jean-Pierre Vidal (FRA)

Benjamin Raich (AUT) Giuliano Razzoli

(ITA)

GIANT SLALOM

WOMEN’S SINGLES

1964 Ortrun Enderlein (GER) 1968 Erica Lechner (ITA) 1972 Anna-Maria MQIIer(GDR) 1976 Margit Schumann (GDR) 1980 Vera Zozulya (URS) 1984 Steffi Martin (GDR) 1988 Steffi Waiter-Martin (GDR) 1992 Doris Neuner (AUT) 1994 Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) 1998 Silke Kraushaar (GER) 2002 Sylke Otto (GER) 2006 Sylke Otto (GER) 2010 Tatjana Hufner (GER)

MINtSEC

3:24.67 2:29.37 2:59.18 2:50.621 2:36.537 2:46.570 3:03.973 3:06.696 3:15.517 3:23.779 2:52.464 3:07.979 2:46.524

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

2:55.0 2:30.8 2:52.2 2:06.0 2:18.16 1:59.85 1:51.43 1:45.73 1:45.50 1:45.59 1:59.63 1:50.37 1:45.75 1:50.11 1:39.13 1:48.80 1:54.31

MIN:SEC

Stein Eriksen (NOR) Toni Sailer (AUT)

Roger Staub (SUI) Francois Bonlieu (FRA)

Jean-Claude Killy (FRA) Gustavo Thoni (ITA) Heini

Hemmi

(SUI)

Ingemar Stenmark (SWE)

Max

2:10.3 2:00.0 3:14.7 2:08.9 2:21.13 1:39.73 1:49.27 2:03.29 1:44.26 1:39.41 1:39.47 1:44.39 2:02.02 1:49.31 1:41.06 1:43.14 1:39.32

Julen (SUI)

Alberto Alberto

Tomba Tomba

(ITA) (ITA)

Markus Wasmeier (GER)

Hermann Maier

(AUT)

Stephan Eberharter (AUT) Benjamin Raich (AUT) Carlo Janka (SUI)

2:25.0 3:00.1 1:48.3 1:46.71 3:29.28 3:09.62 3:26.97 2:40.74 2:41.18 2:06.37 2:06.98 2:52.46 2:38.51 2:23.28 2:35.00 2:37.83

Sport

—Olympics

Winter Olympic Alpine Skiing (men) (continued)

SUPERGIANT SLALOM 1988 Franck Piccard (FRA) 1992 Kjetil Andre Aamodt (NOR) 1994 Markus Wasmeier (GER) 1998 Hermann Maier (AUT) 2002 Kjetil Andre Aamodt (NOR) 2006 Kjetil Andre Aamodt (NOR) 2010 Aksel Lund Svindal (NOR) ALPINE COMBINED^ 1936 Franz Pfnur (GER) 1948 Henri Oreiller (FRA) 1972 Gustavo Thoni (ITA) 1976 Gustavo Thoni (ITA) 1988 Hubert Strolz (AUT) 1992 Josef Polig (ITA) 1994 Lasse KJus (NOR) 1998 Mario Reiter (AUT)

Alpine Skiing

1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

MIN:SEC (SUI)

Haas (AUT)

Olga Pall (AUT) Marie-Therese Nadig (SUI) Rosi Mittermaier (FRG)

Annemarie Moser-Proll (AUT) Michael Figini (SUI) Marina Kiehl (FRG) Kerrin Lee-Gartner (CAN) Katja Seizinger (GER) Katja Seizinger (GER) Carole Montillet (FRA) Michaela Dorfmeister (AUT) Lindsey Vonn (USA)

SLALOM

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

3:17.53 3:08.06 3:17.56 3:09.35 2:44.92

Games (continued) Alpine Skiing (women) (continued) GIANT SLALOM (CONTINUED) MIN;SEC 1968 Nancy Greene (CAN) 1:51.97 1972 Marie-Therese Nadig (SUI) 1:29.90 1976 Kathy Kreiner (CAN) 1:29.13 1980 Hanni Wenzel (LIE) 2:41.66 1984 Debbie Armstrong (USA) 2:20.98 1988 Vreni Schneider (SUI) 2:06.49 1992 Pernilla Wiberg (SWE) 2:12.74 1994 Deborah Compagnoni (ITA) 2:30.97 1998 Deborah Compagnoni (ITA) 2:50.59 2002 Janica Kostelic (CRO) 2:30.01 2006 Julia Mancuso (USA) 2:09.19 2:27.11 2010 Viktoria Rebensburg (GER)

SUPERGIANT SLALOM 1988 Sigrid Wolf (AUT) 1992 Deborah Compagnoni (ITA) 1994 Diann Roffe- Stein rotter (USA) 1998 Picabo Street (USA)

2002 Daniela Ceccarelli (ITA) 2006 Michaela Dorfmeister (AUT) 2010 Andrea Fischbacher (AUT)

MIN:SEC

1:19.03 1:21.22 1:22.15 1:18.02 1:13.59 1:32.47 1:20.14

(women)

Trude Jochom-Beiser (AUT) Madeleine Berthod (SUI) Heidi BeibI (GER) ChristI

1:39.66 1:13.04 1:32.53 1:34.82 1:21.58 1:30.65 1:30.34 MIN:SEC

2002 Kjetil Andre Aamodt (NOR) 2006 Ted Ligety (USA) 2010 Bode Miller (USA)

DOWNHILL 1948 Hedy Schlunegger

MIN:SEC

743

Gretchen Fraser (USA) Andrea Lawrence-Mead (USA)

Renee Colliard (SUI) Anne Heggtveit (CAN) Christine Goitschel (FRA) Marielle Goitschel (FRA)

Barbara Cochran (USA) Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) Hanni Wenzel (LIE) Paoletta Magoni (ITA) Vreni Schneider (SUI) Petra Kronberger (AUT) Vreni Schneider (SUI)

HildeGerg(GER) Janica Kostelic (CRO) Anja Parson (SWE) Maria Riesch (GER)

GIANT SLALOM

1952 Andrea Lawrence-Mead (USA) 1956 Ossi Reichert (GER) 1960 Yvonne Ruegg (SUI) 1964 Marielle Goitschel (FRA)

2:28.3 1:47.1 1:40.7 1:37.6 1:55.39 1:40.87 1:36.68 1:46.16 1:37.52 1:13.36 1:25.86 1:52.55 1:35.93 1:28.29 1:39.56 1:56.49 1:44.19 MIN:SEC 1:57.2

2:10.6 1:52.3 1:49.6 1:29.86 1:59.85 1:31.24 1:30.54 1:25.09 1:36.47 1:36.69 1:32.68 1:56.01 1:32.40 1:46.10 1:29.04 1:42.89 MIN:SEC

2:06.8 1:56.5 1:39.9 1:52.24

MIN;SEC

ALPINE COMBINED^

1936 Chrisit Cranz (GER) 1948 Trude Beiser (AUT) 1972 Annemarie Proll (AUT) 1976 Rosi Mittermaier (FRG) 1988 Anita Wachter (AUT) 1992 Petra Kronberger (AUT) 1994 Pernilla Wiberg (SWE) 1998 Katja Seizinger (GER) 2002 Janica Kostelic (CRO) 2006 Janica Kostelic (CRO) 2010 Maria Riesch (GER)

3:05.16 2:40.74 2:43.28 2:51.08 2:09.14

Freestyle Skiing

MEN'S MOGULS 1992 Edgar Grospiron (FRA) 1994 Jean-Luc Brassard (CAN) 1998 Jonny Moseley (USA)

2002 Janne Lahtela (FIN) 2006 Dale Begg-Smith (AUS) 2010 Alexandre Bilodeau (CAN) MEN'S AERIALS

1994 Andreas Schonbachler 1998 Eric Bergoust (USA) 2002 Ales Valenta (CZE) 2006 Han Xiaopeng(CHN) 2010 Alexey Grishin (BLR)

(SUI)

MEN'S SKI CROSS Michael Schmid (SUI)

2010

WOMEN'S MOGULS 1992 Donna Weinbrecht (USA)

1994 Stine Lise Hattestad (NOR) 1998 Tae Satoya (JPN) 2002 Kari Traa (NOR) 2006 Jennifer Heil (CAN) 2010 Hannah Kearney (USA) WOMEN'S AERIALS

1994 1998

Lina Cheryazova (UZB) Nikki

Stone (USA)

Sport

744

—Olympics

Winter Olympic Freestyle Skiing (continued)

WOMEN'S AERIALS (CONTINUED)

2002 2006 2010

2010

Lydia Lassila (ADS) SKI

CROSS

Ashleigh Mclvor (CAN)

Nordic Skiing (men) 1.5-KM CROSS-COUNTRY SPRINT

2002 2006 2010

Tor Arne Hetland (NOR) Bjorn Lind (SWE) Nikita Kriyukov (RUS)

TEAM SPRINT

Nordic Skiing (men) (continued) 50-KM CROSS-COUNTRY HR:MIN:SEC 1924 Thorleif Haug (NOR) 3:44:32.0 1928 Per Erik Hedlund (SWE) 4:52:03.3 1932 Veli Saarinen (FIN) 4:28:00.0 1936 Elis Viklund (SWE) 3:30:11.0 1948 Nils Karlsson (SWE) 3:47:48.0 1952 Veikko Hakulinen (FIN) 3:33:33.0 1956 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 2:50:27.0 1960 Kalevi Hamalainen (FIN) 2:59:06.3 1964 Sixten Jernberg (SWE) 2:43:52.6 1968 one Ellefsater (NOR) 2:28:45.8 1972 P^l Tyidum (NOR) 2:43:14.75 1976 Ivar Formo (NOR) 2:37:30.05 1980 Nikolay Zimyatov (URS) 2:27:24.60 1984 Thomas Wassberg (SWE) 2:15:55.80 1988 Gunde Svan (SWE) 2:04:30.9 1992 Bjorn Daehlie (NOR) 2:03:41.5 1994 Vladimir Smirnov (KAZ) 2:07:20.3 1998 Bjorn Daehlie (NOR) 2:05:08.2 2002 Mikhail Ivanov (RUS)® 2:06:20.8 2006 Giorgio Di Centa (ITA) 2:06:11.8 2010 Petter Northug (NOR) 2:05:35.5 1

Camplin (ADS) Evelyne Leu (SUI)

Alisa

WOMEN’S

Games (continued)

MIN:SEC

2:56.9 2:26.5 3:36.3 MIN:SEC

2006 Sweden 2010 Norway

17:02.9 19:1.0

10-KM CROSS-COUNTRY 1992 Vegard Ulvang (NOR) 1994 Bj 0 rn Daehlie (NOR) 1998 Bjorn Daehlie (NOR)

27:36.0 24:20.1 27:24.5

MIN:SEC

15-KM CROSS-COUNTRY^ 1924 Thorleif Haug (NOR) 1928 Johan Grottumsbraten (NOR) 1932 Sven Utterstrom (SWE) 1936 Erik-August Larsson (SWE) 1948 Martin Lundstrom (SWE) 1952 Hallgeir Brenden (NOR) 1956 Hallgeir Brenden (NOR) 1960 Hakkon Brusveen (NOR) 1964 Eero Mantyranta (FIN) 1968 Harald Gronningen (NOR) 1972 Sven-Ake Lundback (SWE) 1976 Nikolay Bazhukov (URS) 1980 Thomas Wassberg (SWE) 1984 Gunde Svan (SWE) 1988 Mikhail Devyatyarov (URS) 1998 Thomas Alsgaard (NOR) 2002 Andrus Veerpalu (EST) 2006 Andrus Veerpalu (EST) 2010 Dario Cologna (SUI)

HR:MIN:SEC

COMBINED PURSUIT®

HR:MIN:SEC

1992 Bjorn Daehlie (NOR) 1994 Bjorn Daehlie (NOR) 1998 Thomas Alsgaard (NOR) 2002 Thomas Alsgaard (NOR);

1:05:37.9 1:00:08.8 1:07:01.7 49:48.9

1:14:31.0 1:37:01.0 1:23:07.0 1:14:38.0 1:13:50.0 1:01:34.0 49:39.0 51:55.5 50:54.1 47:54.2

45:28.24 43:58.47 41:57.63 41:25.60 41:18.9 39:13.7 37:07.4 38:01.3 33:36.3

4 X 10-KM RELAY 1936 Finland

1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 SKI

Frode

Estil

(NOR)

(tied)®

2006 Yevgeny Dementyev (RUS) 2010 Marcus Hellner (SWE)

1:17:00.8 1:15:11.4

304—Men YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

1930 1934 1938 1950

Uruguay Italy

Argentina Czechoslovakia

Italy

Hungary

Uruguay

Brazil

SCORE

4-2 2-1 4-2 2-1

YEAR

1954 1958 1962 1966

WINNER West Germany

RUNNER-UP Hungary

Brazil

Sweden

Brazil

Czechoslovakia

England

West Germany

SCORE

3-2 5-2 3-1 4-2

Sport

FIFA World

YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990

Brazil

Italy

West Germany

Netherlands Netherlands

Argentina

^Won

in

—

Cup

SCORE

Argentina

West Germany West Germany

West Germany

Argentina

Italy

— Fooibail

4-1 2-1 3-1 3-1 3-2 1-0

YEAR

WINNER

1991 1995 1999

United States

RUNNER-UP Norway

Norway

Germany

United States

China

in

basis until

SEASON

i

i

1

j

1

2-1 2-0 0-0(5-41)

until

in

italy

France

Brazil

Brazil

Germany

Italy

France Netherlands

Spain

SCORE 0-0(3-21)

3-0 2-0

YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

2003 2007 2011

Germany Germany

Sweden

japan

United States

UEFA Champions League 1992-93 as the European Champion

1992-93 and as a combination shows

of group

1-1(5-31)

1-0

SCORE

2-1 2-0

Brazil

2-2

(3-1^)

Clubs’ Cup; played on a knockout

and knockout rounds since

results for the past

WINNER (COUNTRY) FC Barcelona (ESP) Olympique de Marseille (FRA) AC Milan (ITA) AFC Ajax (NED) Juventus FC (ITA) BV Borussia Dortmund (GER) Real Madrid CF (ESP) Manchester United (ENG) Real Madrid CF (ESP) FC Bayern Munchen (GER) Real Madrid CF (ESP) AC Milan (ITA) FC Porto (POR) Liverpool FC (ENG) FC Barcelona (ESP) AC Milan (ITA) Manchester United (ENG) FC Barcelona (ESP) FC Internazionale Milano (ITA) FC Barcelona (ESP)

1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 ^Won

RUNNER-UP

Brazil

Cup—Women

SCORE

Table

i

WINNER

1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

a penalty kick shootout.

Held since 1955 and known

1

(continued)

YEAR

a penalty kick shootout.

FIFA World

^Won

Men

785

then.

20 years.

RUNNER-UP (COUNTRY) Sampdoria UC (ITA)

SCORE

AC Milan

1-0 4-0 1-0

1-0

(ITA)

FC Barcelona (ESP)

AC Milan (ITA) AFC Ajax (NED)

1-1(4-21)

3-1 1-0 2-1 3-0

Juventus FC (ITA) Juventus FC (ITA) FC Bayern MOnchen (GER) Valencia CF (ESP) Valencia CF (ESP) Bayer 04 Leverkusen (GER)

Juventus FC

1-1(5-41)

2-1 0-0(3-21)

(ITA)

3-0

AS Monaco (FRA) AC Milan (ITA)

3-3(3-21)

Arsenal FC (ENG)

FC (ENG) Chelsea FC (ENG) Manchester United (ENG) FC Bayern Munchen (GER) Manchester United (ENG) Liverpool

.

2-1 2-1 1-1(6-51)

2-0 2-0 3-1

a penalty kick shootout.

UEFA European Championship YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

SCORE

1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

USSR

Yugoslavia

Spain

USSR

2-1 2-1 2-0 3-0 2-2 2-1 2-0

Italy

Yugoslavia

West Germany

USSR

Czechoslovakia

West Germany

West Germany

Belgium Spain

France

YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Netherlands

USSR

Denmark Germany

Germany

France

Italy

Greece Spain

Germany

SCORE

Czech Republic Portugal

2-0 2-0 2-1 2-1 1-0 1-0

UEFA Europa League The UEFA Europa League is considered Europe’s second most important football competition. Established tion

in

the

1971-72 season,

the competi-

was restructured when the UEFA Cup Win-

ners’

Cup was abolished

after the

1998-99

sea-

son and was named the UEFA Cup. Originally played on an entirely two-legged basis, since 1998 the competition has concluded with a single

Sport

786

— Footbau>

UEFA Europa League (continued) match. The competition is open to top- and second-ranked teams in each country’s league as

SEASON

1971-72 1972-73 1973-74 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 1980-81 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84

well

as to the winners of domestic cups. The com-

petition

WINNER (COUNTRY) Tottenham Hotspur FC (ENG) Liverpool FC (ENG)

was renamed

in

2010.

RUNNER-UP (COUNTRY) Wolverhampton Wanderers FC (ENG) VfL Borussia Monchengladbach (FRG)

Feyenoord (NED) VfL Borussia Monchengladbach (FRG) Liverpool FC (ENG) Juventus FC (ITA) PSV Eindhoven (NED) VfL Borussia Monchengladbach (FRG) Eintracht Frankfurt (FRG) Ipswich Town FC (ENG) IFK Goteborg (SWE) RSC Anderlecht (BEL) Tottenham Hotspur FC (ENG)

Tottenham Hotspur FC (ENG) FC Twente (NED) Club Brugge KV (BEL) Athletic Club Bilbao (ESP)

SC

Bastia (FRA)

FK Crvena Zvezda Beograd (YUG) VfL Borussia Monchengladbach (FRG) AZ Alkmaar (NED) Hamburger SV (FRG) SL Benfica (POR)

RSC Anderlecht

(BEL)

SCORES 2-1, 1-1 3-0, 0-2 2-2, 2-0 0-0, 5-1 3-2, 1-1 1-0, 0-0, 1-1, 2-3, 3-0, 1-0, 1-0, 1-1,

1-2 3-0 1-0 1-0 2-4 3-0 1-1 1-1

(4-31)

1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88

Real Madrid CF (ESP) Real Madrid CF (ESP) IFK Goteborg (SWE)

1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97

SSC

Bayer

04 Leverkusen (FRG)

Videoton FCF (HUN) 1. FC Koln (FRG) Dundee United FC (SCO) RCD Espanyol (ESP)

3-0, 5-1, 1-0, 0-3,

VfB Stuttgart (FRG)

2-1, 3-1, 2-0, 2-2, 3-1, 1-0, 1-0, 2-0, 1-0,

0-1 0-2 1-1 3-0

(3-21) Napoli (ITA)

Internazionale FC (ITA)

AC Fiorentina (ITA) AS Roma (ITA)

AFC

Torino Calcio (ITA)

Internazionale FC (ITA)

BV Borussia Dortmund (GER) SV Austria Salzburg (AUT)

Juventus FC

(ITA)

Ajax (NED) Juventus FC (ITA)

Parma AC

Juventus FC (ITA) FC Girondins de Bordeaux (FRA)

(ITA)

FC Bayern MOnchen (GER) FC Schalke 04 (GER)

Internazionale FC (ITA)

3-3 0-0 0-1 0-0 3-0 1-0 1-1 3-1 0-1

(4-11)

1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 ^Won

in

Ihternazionale FC (ITA)

SS

Parma AC

Olympique de Marseille (FRA) Arsenal FC (ENG)

(ITA)

Galatasaray Liverpool

SK

(TUR)

FC (ENG)

Deportivo Alaves (ESP) BV Borussia Dortmund (GER) Celtic FC (SCO) Olympique de Marseille (FRA) Sporting (POR) Middlesbrough FC (ENG) RCD Espanyol (ESP) Rangers FC (SCO) Werder Bremen (GER)

Feyenoord (NED) FC Porto (POR) Valencia CF (ESP) CSKA Moscow (RUS) Sevilla FC (ESP) Sevilla FC (ESP) FC Zenit St. Petersburg (RUS;

I

Shakhtar Donetsk (UKR) Club Atletico de Madrid (ESP; FC Porto (POR)

a penalty kick shoot-out.

^Won on

SC Braga (POR)

“silver

goal"

in

overtime.

Copa Libertadores de America Held since 1960. Table shows results for the past

YEAR

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

WINNER (COUNTRY) Sao Paulo (BRA) Sao Paulo (BRA)

RUNNER-UP (COUNTRY) Newell’S Old Boys (ARG)

Velez Sarsfield (ARG) Gremio (BRA) River Plate (ARG) Cruzeiro (BRA) Vasco da Gama (BRA) Palmeiras (BRA) Boca Juniors (ARG) Boca Juniors (ARG) Olfmpia (PAR) Boca Juniors (ARG) Once Caldas (COL)

Sao Paulo (BRA)

Universidad Catolica (CHI) Atletico Nacional (COL)

America de

Cali (COL) Sporting Cristal (PER) Barcelona (ECU) Deportiva Cali (COL) Palmeiras (BRA) Cruz Azul (MEX) Sao Caetano (BRA) Santos (BRA) Boca Juniors (ARG)

0-0(4-11)

5-4 3-2 3-22

2-0 3-1 4-0 2-2

(3-11)

2-0 2-12

2-1 1-0

Fulham FC (ENG)

)

3-0 3-0

Lazio (ITA)

20 years. SCORES 0-1, 1-0 (3-2i) 5-1, 0-2

1-0,0-1(5-41) 1-1

3-1, 0-1, 0-0, 2-0, 0-1, 2-2,

2-0 1-0 2-1 2-1 (4-3^) 0-0 (4-2i>

1-0,0-1(3-11) 0-1,2-1(4-21) 2-0, 3-1 0-0, 1-1 (2-0i)

Sport

—Football

787 -

Copa Libertadores de America (continued) 1YEAR

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 iWon

WINNER (COUNTRY) sao Paulo (BRA)

RUNNER-UP (COUNTRY) Atl6tico Paranaense (BRA)

Internacional (BRA)

S§o Paulo (BRA)

Boca Juniors (ARC) Liga de Quito (ECU) Estudiantes de la Plata (ARG)

Grgmio (BRA) Fluminense (BRA)

Internacional (BRA)

Guadalajara (MEX) Penarol (URU)

1,

4-0

2 1 2-2 ,

0,

2-0

1-3(3-11) 0-0, 2-1 2-1, 3-2 0-0, 2-1 2,

Cruzeiro (BRA)

Santos (BRA) in

34SCORES

a penalty kick shoot-out.

Copa America Held since 1916. Table shows results for past 20 years. The cup was contested by rounds 1991 and by a final championship match from 1993. YEAR

WINNER

1993 1995 1997 1999

Argentina

RUNNER-UP Mexico

Uruguay

Brazil

Brazil

Bolivia

Brazil

Uruguay

SCORE

2-1 1-1(4-21)

3-1 3-0

YEAR

WINNER

2001 2004 2007 2011

Colombia Brazi

1

Brazi

1

in

1989 and

SCORE

RUNNER-UP Mexico Argentina Argentina

Uruguay

1-0 2--2 (2-01)

3-0 3-0

Paraguay

iVVon in a penalty kick shoot-out.

Asian Cup Scored on a points (percentage of wins) system YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984

Rep. of Korea Rep. of Korea

Israel

Israel

India

Iran

Burma

Iran

Rep. of Korea Kuwait Rep. of Korea China

^Won

Iran

Kuwait Saudi Arabia in

SCORE 83.3

Israel

100 100 100 2-1 1-0 3-0 2-0

WINNER

1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2007 2011

Saudi Arabia Japan Saudi Arabia Japan

1972.

Iraq

RUNNER-UP Rep. of Korea Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia China Saudi Arabia

Japan

Australia

Japan

SCORE 0-0(4-31)

1-0 0-0(4-21)

1-0 3-1 1-0 1-0

a penalty kick shoot-out.

Africa

YEAR

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

1957 1959 1962 1963 1965 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984

Egypt Egypt

4-0 2-1 4-2 Egypt The Sudan 3-0 3-2 Tunisia

iGame

YEAR

until

Cup of Nations

SCORE

Ethiopia

The Sudan

Ethiopia

Ghana Ghana

1-0 1-0

Dem. Rep. of the Congo Ghana The Sudan Ghana Rep. of the Congo Mali Zaire Zambia Morocco Guinea Ghana Uganda

3-2 2-2, 2-01

1-12

2-0 3-0

Nigeria

Algeria

Ghana Cameroon

Libya

1-1(7-63)

Nigeria

3-1

replayed.

^Won

via

group format.

YEAR

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

WINNER

RUNNER-UP

SCORE 0-0(5-43)

Egypt

Cameroon

Cameroon

Nigeria

Algeria

Nigeria

1-0 1-0

Cote d’Ivoire

Ghana

0-0(11-103)

Nigeria

Zambia

South Africa

Tunisia

Egypt

South Africa

Cameroon Cameroon

Nigeria

2-1 2-0 2-0 2-2

Senegal

0-0(3-23)

Tunisia

Morocco

Egypt Egypt Egypt

Cote d’Ivoire

2-1 0-0 1-0 1-0

Cameroon Ghana

(4-33)

(4-23)

3yVon in a penalty kick shoot-out.

Major League Soccer Cup YEAR

WINNER

1996 DC United 1997 DC United 1998 Chicago Fire

RUNNER-UP SCORE Los Angeles Galaxy 3-2 (OT) 2-1 Colorado Rapids

DC

United

2-0

YEAR

WINNER

1999 DC United 2000 Kansas City Wizards

RUNNER-UP Los Angeles Galaxy Chicago Fire

SCORE

2-0 1-0

.

Sport

788

— Footuaij.

Major League Soccer Cup (continued) WINNER 2001 San Jose

YEAR

RUNNER-UP SCORE Los Angeles Galaxy 2-1 (OT)

Earthquakes

2002 Los Angeles Galaxy San Jose Earthquakes

2003

2004 DC

2005 Los Angeles Galaxy

^Won

in

Revolution

Chicago

Kansas

United

1-0

New England

4-2

Fire

YEAR

WINNER

2006 Houston Dynamo 2007 Houston Dynamo 2008 Columbus Crew 2009 Real Salt Lake

RUNNER-UP New England

SCORE 1- 1(4-31)

Revolution

New England Revolution New York Red Bulls

Los Angeles Galaxy

3-2

City

1-0

3-1 1-1 (5-41)

2010 Colorado

Wizards New England

2-1

FC Dallas

2-1

Rapids

(OT)

Revolution

a penalty kick shoot-out.

Golf n individual events, three of the four major men’s golf I

championships, the US and British Open tour-

naments and the Professional

Golfers’ Associa-

Championship, are played annually at a variety of golf courses over 72 holes, and each is preceded by qualifying rounds. The fourth major, the invitational Masters Tournament, is held annually at the Augusta [GA] National Golf Course. Events for amateurs include the US and British Amateur champition

onships. In 2007 the Professional Golf Association (PGA) inaugurated the FedExCup, a season-long competition in which players accumulate points based on their performances in various PGA events (including the more heavily weighted majors) and participate in a four-week play-off and a final Tour Championship. Women’s golf has been around nearly as long as men’s golf, but until the late 1940s, it was limited to amateurs, with the US and British Amateur championships being the major tournaments. The US

Women’s Open Championship was

started

in

1946,

and the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), which inaugurated the LPGA Championship, was formed in 1950. Since that time women’s professional golf has flourished. In 1976 the Women’s British Open Championship was added to the golf calendar, and in 1983 the Nabisco Dinah Shore (played since 1972 and renamed the Kraft Nabisco Championship in 2002) was designated the fourth women’s major. In team events, the Ryder Cup was originally a biennial match between male golfers from the US and Great Britain, but beginning in 1979 it was expanded into a biennial match between the United States and Europe. The Solheim Cup, the women’s professional team tournament between the US and Europe, was played in even-numbered years from 1990 to 2002 and in odd-numbered years since 2003. Related Web sites: United States Golf Associa: Professional Golf Association: ; Ladies Professional Golf

tion:

Association: .

FedExCup

PGA inaugurated the FedExCup, a season-long competition in which players accumulate points based on their performances in various PGA events throughout the year. In a standard (non-major) tournament, for instance, 3,513 points are awarded, with the winner receiving 500 points, a runner-up receiving 300 points, and so on. The four major tournaments and the Players Championship award 3,776 points, with 600 going to the winner. The cumulative total of points each player has received during the regular season In

2007

the

determines that player’s seed going into a four-tournament play-off at the end of the year, for which the top 125 players are eligible. A progressive cut through the first three of these play-off events determines the players who qualify for the final competition, the Tour Championship, which determines the FedExCup champion. The winner of each of the play-offs receives 2,500 points, the second-place finisher 1,500, and so on. The points are reset for the Tour Championship, with the leader at the end of the first three play-offs starting with 2,500 points, the player in second place receiving 2,250, and so on. The player with the most points

Championship becomes the FedExCup champion and is awarded US$10 million, US$1 deferred into a retirement fund, making this the largest single bonus payout in profesentire US$10 million awarded to the winner was deferred.) Tiger Woods was the inaugural FedExCup champion. Vijay Singh of Fiji won the cup in 2008, and Woods repeated as champion in 2009. Jim Furyk won in 2010.

at the

end

million of

of the Tour

which

sional sports. (In

is

2007 the

Masters Tournament

Won by an American

golfer except as indicated.

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

1934 1935 1936 1937

Horton Smith Gene Sarazen Horton Smith Byron Nelson

1938 1939 1940 1941

Henry Picard Ralph Guldahl

1942

Byron Nelson

Jimmy Demaret Craig

Wood

1943--45 not held 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret

Sport

—Golf

789

Masters Tournament (continued) YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

Claude Harmon

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Sam Snead Jimmy Demaret Ben Hogan Sam Snead Ben Hogan Sam Snead Cary Middlecoff Jack Burke

Doug Ford Arnold Palmer Art Wall Arnold Palmer Gary Player (RSA) Arnold Palmer Jack Nicklaus Arnold Palmer Jack Nicklaus Jack Nicklaus

Gay Brewer Bob Goalby George Archer

WINNER Billy Casper Charles Coody Jack Nicklaus Tommy Aaron Gary Player (RSA) Jack Nicklaus

Raymond Floyd Tom Watson Gary Player (RSA) Fuzzy Zoeller Seve Ballesteros (ESP)

Tom Watson Craig Stadler

Seve Ballesteros (ESP) Ben Crenshaw Bernhard Langer (FRG) Jack Nicklaus Larry Mize Sandy Lyle (SCO) Nick Faldo (ENG) Nick Faldo (ENG) Ian Woosnam (WAL)

.

YEAR

WINNER

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Fred Couples

Bernhard Langer (GER) Jose Marfa Olaz^bal (ESP)

Ben Crenshaw Nick Faldo (ENG)

Woods

Tiger

Mark O'Meara Jose Marfa Olazabal (ESP) Vijay Singh (FIJ)

Woods Woods

Tiger Tiger

Mike Weir (CAN) Phil

Mickelson

Woods

Tiger Phil

Mickelson

Zach Johnson

Immelman (RSA) Angel Cabrera (ARG) Phil Mickelson Chari Schwartzel (RSA) Trevor

United States Open Championship-—Men Won by an American golfer except as indicated. YEAR

1

'

:

i

i

i

'

i

WINNER

1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon (ENG) 1901 Willie Anderson 1902 Laurence Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alex Ross 1908 Fred McLeod 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith 1911 John J. McDermott 1912 John J. McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet 1914 Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome D. Travers 1916 Chick Evans 1917-18 not held 1919 Walter Hagen 1920 Edward Ray (ENG) 1921 James M. Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie MacFarlane, Jr. 1926 Bobby Jones 1927 Tommy Armour 1928 Johnny Farrell 1929 Bobby Jones 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Billy Burke 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 John Goodman

YEAR

WINNER

1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks, Jr. 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson 1940 Lawson Little 1941 Craig Wood 1942-45 not held 1946 Lloyd Mangrum 1947 Lew Worsham 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player (RSA) 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Tony Jacklin (ENG) 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin

YEAR

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

WINNER Lou Graham Jerry Pate

Hubert Green Andy North Hale Irwin Jack Nicklaus David Graham (AUS)

Tom Watson Larry Nelson

Fuzzy Zoeller

Andy North

Raymond Scott

Floyd

Simpson

Curtis Strange Curtis Strange

Hale Irwin Payne Stewart

Tom

Kite

Lee Janzen Ernie Els (RSA) Corey Pavin Steve Jones Ernie Els (RSA) Lee Janzen Payne Stewart Tiger

Woods

Retief

Tiger

Goosen (RSA)

Woods

Jim Furyk Retief

Goosen (RSA)

Michael Campbell (NZL) Geoff Ogiivy (AUS) Angel Cabrera (ARG) Tiger

Woods

Lucas Glover Graeme McDowell (NIR) Rory MclIroy (NIR)

Sport

792

—Golf

\

United States Women’s Open Championship Won by an American golfer except as indicated. YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

1946 1947 1948

Patty Berg

1967

Catherine Lacoste (FRA) Susie Berning

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Betsy King Meg Mallon

1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966

Betty

Jameson

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989

Babe Didrikson Zaharias Louise Suggs Babe Didrikson Zaharias Betsy Rawls Louise Suggs Betsy Rawls Babe Didrikson Zaharias Fay Crocker Kathy Cornelius Betsy Rawls Mickey Wright Mickey Wright Betsy Rawls Mickey Wright Murle Breer

Mary

Mills

Mickey Wright Carol

Mann

Sandra Spuzich

Donna Caponi Donna Caponi JoAnne earner Susie Berning Susie Berning Sandra Haynie

Sandra Palmer JoAnne Carner Stacy Hollis Stacy Hollis

Jerilyn Britz

Amy

Alcott

Pat Bradley Janet Anderson Jan Stephenson (AUS) Hollis Stacy Kathy Baker 'Jane

Geddes

Laura Davies (ENG) Liselotte Neumann (SWE) Betsy King

Patty

Sheehan

Lauri

Merten

Sheehan Annika Sorenstam (SWE) Annika Sorenstam (SWE) Patty

Alison Nicholas (ENG)

Pak Se Juli

(KOR)

Webb Webb

Karrie Karrie Juli

Ri

Inkster

(AUS) (AUS)

Inkster

Hilary

Lunke

Meg

Mallon Birdie Kim (KOR) Annika Sorenstam (SWE) Cristie Kerr

Inbee Park (KOR) Eun-Hee (KOR) Paula Creamer Ryu So-Yeon (KOR)

Ji

Women’s British Open Championship Won by an English golfer unless otherwise indicated. YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

Jenny Lee-Smith

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Corinne Dibnah (AUS) Jane Geddes (USA) Helen Alfredsson (SWE) Penny Grice-Whittaker Patty Sheehan (USA) Mardi Lunn (AUS) Liselotte Neumann (SWE) Karrie Webb (AUS) Emilee Klein (USA) Karrie Webb (AUS) Sherri Steinhauer (USA) Sherri Steinhauer (USA)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Sophie Gustafson (SWE)

Vivien

Saunders

Janet Melville Alison Sheard (RSA)

Debbie Massey (USA) Debbie Massey (USA) Marta Figueras-Dotti (ESP) not held

Okamoto Ayako

(JPN)

Betsy King (USA) Laura Davies Alison Nicholas

PakSeRi(KOR) Karrie

Webb

(AUS)

Annika Sorenstam (SWE) Karen Stupples Jang Jeong (KOR) Sherri Steinhauer (USA) Lorena Ochoa (MEX) Ji Yai Shin (KOR) Catriona Matthew (SCO) Yani Tseng (TPE) Yani Tseng (TPE)

Ryder Cup YEAR

RESULT

United States 9V2, Britain 2V2 1927 Britain 7, United States 5 1929 United States 9, Britain 3 1931 Britain 6V2, United States 5V2 1933 United States 9, Britain 3 1935 1937 United States 8, Britain 4 1939-45 not held 1947 United States 11, Britain 1 1949 United States 7, Britain 5 United States 9V2, Britain 2V2 1951 United States 6V2, Britain 5V2 1953 United States 8, Britain 4 1955 Britain 7V2, United States 4V2 1957 United States 8V2, Britain 3V2 1959 1961 United States 14y2, Britain 9V2 1963 United States 23, Britain 9 1965 United States I9V2, Britain 12V2 1967 United States 23V2, Britain 8V2 1969 United States 16, Britain 16 United States I8V2, Britain 13 V2 1971

YEAR

RESULT

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

States 19, Britain 13 States 21, Britain 11 States I2V2, Britain 7V2 States 17, Europe 11 States I8V2, Europe 9V2 States 14V2, Europe 13V2 Europe I6V2, United States liy2 Europe 15, United States 13 Europe 14, United States 14 United States 14y2, Europe 13V2 United States 15> Europe 13 Europe 14y2, United States 13y2 Europe 14y2, United States 13V2 United States 14y2, Europe 13y2 United United United United United United

postponed until 2002 Europe 15y2, United States Europe I8V2, United States Europe I8V2, United States United States I6V2, Europe Europe 14y2, United States

I2V2 9V2 9V2 IIV2 13y2

Sport— Golf

793

Solheim Cup YEAR

RESULT United States Europe llVi, United States United States United States Europe 14V2,

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

YEAR

13, Europe 7 17. Europe

RESULT United States Europe 17V2, United States United States United States

2002 2003 2005 2007 2009

llVi, Europe 4V2 United States 6 V2

11

16, Europe 12 United States IIV2

ISVb, Europe 12 V2 United States IOV2 ISVb, Europe 12V2 16, Europe 12 16, Europe 12

—

United States Amateur Championship Men golfer except as indicated. Table shows results for the past 20 years.

Won by an American YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Justin Leonard

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

David Gossett

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

John Harris Tiger Tiger Tiger

Woods Woods Woods

Matt Kuchar

Hank Kuehne

British

Quinney Ben Dickerson

Jeff

Ricky Barnes Nick Flanagan (AUS)

Ryan Moore Edoardo Mciinari

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

WINNER Stephen Dundas (SCO) Ian

Pyman

Lee James Gordon Sherry (SCO) Warren Bledon Craig Watson (SCO) Sergio Garcia (ESP)

Colt Knost

Danny Lee (NZL) Byeong-Hun An (KOR) Peter Uihlein Kelly Kraft

(ITA)

—

Amateur Championship Men 20 years: Won by an English

Held since 1885. Table shows results for the past

YEAR

WINNER Richie Ramsay (SCO)

golfer except as indicated.

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Graeme Storm

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Julien Guerrier (FRA)

Mikko llonen (FIN) Michael Hoey (NIR) Alejandro Larrazabal (ESP)

Gary Wolstenholme Stuart Wilson (SCO) Brian McElhinney (IRL)

Drew Weaver (USA) Reinier Saxton (NED)

Matteo Manassero (ITA) Jeong (KOR) Bryden Macpherson (AUS)

Jin

United States Women’s Amateur Championship 20 years. Won by an American golfer except as indicated.

Held since 1895. Table shows results for the past

YEAR

WINNER

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Vicki Jill

Goetze

McGill

Wendy Ward Kelli Kuehne Kelli

Kuehne

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Dorothy Delasin

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Silvia Cavalleri (ITA)

2004

Grace Park

Ladies’ British

Marcy Newton Meredith Duncan

Becky

Lucidi

Virada Nirapathpongporn (THA)

Jane Park

Open Amateur Championship Won by an English

Held since 1893. Table shows results for the past 20 years.

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

WINNER

YEAR

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Bemille Pedersen (DEN) Catriona Lambert (SCO)

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Marine Monnet (FRA)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Emma Julie

Duggleby

Wade

Hall

Kuehne (USA) Alison Rose (SCO) Kim Rostron Kelli

A youV

Did

knowa

Rebecca Hudson Marta Prieto (ESP) Rebecca Hudson Serramia (ESP) Louise Stable (SWE) Louise Stable (SWE) Elisa

The University of Connecticut

set a

Marfa Jose Uribe (COL)

Amanda Blumenherst Song Kang Danielle Kang

Jennifer

Danielle

golfer except as indicated.

WINNER Belen Mozo (ESP) Carlota Ciganda (ESP) Anna Nordqvist (SWE) Azahara Munoz (ESP) Kelly Tidy

Lauren Taylor

when they deThe accomplishment bet-

major-college record on 21 Dec 2010

feated Florida State’s team to capture their 89th straight victory. tered the

WINNER Morgan Pressel Kimberly Kim

famous streak by the John Wooden-coached men’s UCLA basketball team from later, on 30 December, Connecticut’s streak came to an end at 90

1971 to 1974. Days

straight victories after a defeat at the

hands of Stanford University.

Sport

794

— Horse Racing

Horse Racing n the oldest type of horse racing, the rider sits

astride the horse;

the other type of race, best I known as harness racing, the driver sits in a sulky— a two-wheeled vehicle attached by shafts and traces to the horse. In the former type, a Thoroughbred horse is raced over either a track or a course of jumps and turns (steeplechase). Harness horses can be trotters or pacers and are Standardbred horses raced in

on a track. The English Thoroughbred classics. The races are run by 3-year-old colts and fillies. The Derby, first run in 1780, is run at Epsom Downs, Surrey, over 1V2 miles. The Oaks (for fillies only), also run at Epsom Downs, was first run in 1779; the oldest of the English races, however, is the St. Leger (1776). It is run over 1 mile 6V2 furlongs at Doncaster, South Yorkshire. The 2,000 Guineas (1809) is run over 1 mile at Newmarket, Suffolk. A horse that wins the Derby, the St. Leger, and the 2,000 Guineas all in one year is said to have won the British Triple Crown. The American Thoroughbred classics. The Kentucky Derby, a Triple Crown event first run in 1875 and perhaps the best known of American horse races, is raced at Churchill Downs in Louisville KY, over a 10-furlong (lV4-mile) track. Another of the Triple Crown classics, the Preakness Stakes, was instituted in 1873; it is run over 9V2 furlongs (l^/ie miles) at Pimlico Race Track in Baltimore MD. The third Triple Crown event is the 12-furlong (lV2 -mile)

Belmont Stakes, established in 1867. It is run at Belmont Park Race Track, Long Island NY. All three events are for 3-year-old horses. Australian Thoroughbred racing. The Victoria Racing Club’s Melbourne Cup, first run in 1861, is one of the world’s great handicap races. The day on which it is held (the first Tuesday in November) is a public holiday in Melbourne, VIC. Dubai World Cup, first run in 1996, is the world’s richest horse race (US$10 million in 2011). The 2,000-m (about IVi-mi) race is held at the Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is open to four-year-old and older Thoroughbred horses. The Grand National, the world’s most significant and widely followed steeplechase race, has been run annually at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, since 1839. The race, which includes 30 Jumps, is run over a traditional distance of 4 miles 4 furlongs. Harness racing. In the United States, the Hambletonian Trot is probably the most prestigious of harness races. It was established in 1926, was raced in New York, Kentucky, and Illinois, and is now run at the Meadowlands in New Jersey. Related Web sites; US National Thoroughbred Racing Association: ; Federation Equestre Internationale: ; Thoroughbred Times: ; and Racing Post: .

Major Thoroughbred Race Winners, 2010-11 United States

DATE 1 Aug

2010 1 Aug 2010 1 Aug 2010 7 Aug 2010 7 Aug 2010 7 Aug 2010 14 Aug 2010 15 Aug 2010 21 Aug 2010 21 Aug 2010 21 Aug 2010 21 Aug 2010 21 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2010 28 Aug 2010 29 Aug 2010 4 Sep 2010 4 Sep 2010 4 Sep 2010 5 Sep 2010 8 Sep 2010 18 Sep 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010 2 Oct 2010

RACE

WINNER

Bing Crosby Stakes

Smiling Tiger Lookin At Lucky Malibu Prayer Zenyatta Champagne D'Oro

Haskell Invitational Stakes Ruffian Handicap

Clement

L.

Hirsch Stakes

Test Stakes

Whitney Handicap Sword Dancer Invitational Stakes John C. Mabee Handicap Alabama Stakes Arlington Million Stakes Beverly D. Stakes

Blame

JOCKEY Victor Espinoza Martin Garcia

John Velazquez Mike Smith

Mena Gomez Garrett Gomez Miguel

Garrett

Telling

Maragh

Wasted Tears

Rajiv

Blind Luck

Joel Rosario

Debussy de Lune

William Buick Junior Alvarado

Evening Jewel Paddy O’Prado

Victor Espinoza

Secretariat Stakes Ballerina Stakes

Rightly

King’s Bishop Stakes

Discreetly

Stakes Pat O’Brien Stakes Travers Stakes Personal Ensign Stakes Darley Debutante Stakes Forego Stakes Woodward Stakes Spinaway Stakes

Richard’s Kid

Del

Mar Oaks

Pacific Classic

Del

Mar

Futurity

Garden City Stakes Beldame Stakes

Eclair

El

So

Kent Desormeaux Cornelio Velasquez

Mine

Brujo

John Velazquez Mike Smith Joel Rosario

Afleet Express

Javier Castellano

Persistently

Alan Garcia Alonso Quinonez

Tell

A

Here

Kelly

Comes Ben

Quality

Road

R Heat Lightning J P’s Gusto Check the Label Life At

Ten

Alex Solis

John Velazquez Garrett

Gomez

Pat Valenzuela

Ramon Dominguez John Velazquez

Flower Bowl Invitational Stakes

Ave

Javier Castellano

Goodwood Stakes Jockey Club Gold Cup Stakes

Richard’s Kid Haynesfield

Alonso Quinonez

Joe Hirsch Turf Classic Invitational Stakes Lady’s Secret Stakes Norfolk Stakes Vosburgh Stakes Yellow Ribbon Stakes

Winchester Zenyatta

Cornelio Velasquez

Ramon Dominguez

Jaycito

Mike Smith Mike Smith

Girolamo Hibaayeb

Alan Garcia Rafael Bejarano

Sport

— Horse Rac

795

in(;

Major Thoroughbred Race Winners, 2010-11 (continued) United States (continued)

DATE 3 Oct

2010

3 Oct 2010 8 Oct 2010 9 Oct 2010 9 Oct 2010 9 Oct 2010 9 Oct 2010 9 Oct 2010 9 Oct 2010 10 Oct 2010 16 Oct 2010 5 Nov 2010 5 Nov 2010 5 Nov 2010 5 Nov 2010 5 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 6 Nov 2010 26 Nov 2010 27 Nov 2010 27 Nov 2010 27 Nov 2010 28 Nov 2010 11 Dec 2010 18 Dec 2010 26 Dec 2010 5 Feb 2011 5 Feb 2011 5 Mar 2011 3 Apr 2011 9 Apr 2011 9 Apr 2011 9 Apr 2011 14 Apr 2011 15 Apr 2011 15 Apr 2011

16 Apr 2011 16 Apr 2011 6 May 2011 7 May 2011 7 May 2011 7 May 2011 21 May 2011 30 May 2011 llJun 2011 llJun 2011 llJun 2011 llJun 2011 18Jun 2011 2 Jui 9 Jui 9Jul 9 Jui

23 Jui 30 Jui 31 Jui 31 Jui 31 Jui

2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2010 2011 2011

RACE Clement L Hirsch Memorial Turf Championship Stakes Oak Leaf Stakes Darley Alcibiades Stakes Champagne Stakes

WINNER

JOCKEY

Champ Pegasus

Joel Rosario

Rigoletta

David Romero Flores Rafael Bejarano John Velazquez

Dixiana Breeders' Futurity

J.B.'s

Lady Stakes Frizette Stakes Jamaica Handicap Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes Juddmonte Spinster Stakes Queen Elizabeth Challenge Cup Stakes

Proviso

Mike Smith

A Z Warrior

Alan Garcia Jose Lezcano

First

II

Breeders’ Cup Filly and Mare Sprint Breeders’ Cup Filly and Mare Turf Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Fillies Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf Breeders’ Cup Ladies’ Classic Breeders’ Cup Classic Breeders’ Cup Dirt Mile Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Breeders’ Cup Juvenile Turf Breeders’ Cup Marathon Breeders’ Cup Mile Breeders’ Cup Sprint Breeders’ Cup Turf Breeders’ Cup Turf Sprint Matriarch Stakes Cigar Mile Handicap

Handicap Gazelle Stakes Hollywood Derby Citation

Hollywood Starlet Stakes CashCall Futurity La Brea Stakes

Donn Handicap Gulfstream Park Turf Handicap

Santa Anita Handicap Florida Derby Ashland Stakes Santa Anita Derby Wood Memorial Stakes Vinery Madison Stakes Apple Blossom Handicap Maker’s Mark Mile Arkansas Derby Blue Grass Stakes Kentucky Oaks

Humana

Distaff

Kentucky Derby^ Woodford Reserve Turf Classic Stakes Preakness Stakes^ Metropolitan Mile Handicap Acorn Stakes Belmont Stakes^ Just a Game Handicap Manhattan Handicap Stephen Foster Handicap United Nations Stakes Hollywood Gold Cup Handicap Man o’ War Stakes Princess Rooney Handicap Eddie Read Stakes Diana Stakes Bing Crosby Stakes Haskell Invitational Ruffian Handicap

Wickedly Perfect Uncle Mo

Thunder

Prince Will Gio Ponti

1

Am

Ramon Dominguez

Acoma Harmonious Dubai Majesty Shared Account

Awesome

Shaun Bridgmohan

Feather

Alan Garcia Joel Rosario

Jamie Theriot Edgar Prado Jeffrey Sanchez

Gomez

More Than Real

Garrett

Unrivaled Belle

Kent Desormeaux

Gomez

Blame

Garrett

Dakota Phone

Joel Rosario

Mo

John Velazquez

Eldaafer Goldikova

John Velazquez

Uncle Pluck

Garrett

Drama

Big

Dangerous Midge Chamberlain Bridge Gypsy's Warning Jersey Town

Gomez

Olivier Peslier

Eibar

Coa

Frankie Dettori Jamie Theriot Joel Rosario

Cornelio Velasquez

Victor's Cry

Victor Espinoza

No Such Word

Terry

Haimish Hy Turbulent Descent Comma to the Top

Garrett

Switch Giant Oak Teaks North

Game On Dude Dialed Lilacs

In

And Lace

Midnight Interlude Toby's Corner

Shotgun Gulch Havre de Grace Get Stormy Archarcharch Brilliant

Speed

Thompson

Gomez

David Romero Flores Corey Nakatani Joel Rosario

Shaun Bridgmohan Jose Valdivia, Jr. Chantal Sutherland Julien Leparoux Javier Castellano Victor Espinoza Eddie Castro

Gomez Ramon Dominguez

Garrett

Javier Castellano

Jon Court Joel Rosario

Plum Pretty Sassy Image Animal Kingdom Get Stormy

Martin Garcia Robby Albarado John Velazquez

Shackleford Tizway

Jesus Castanon

It's

Tricky

Ruler

On

Ice

C. S. Silk

Mission Approved Pool Play

Teaks North First Dude Cape Blanco

Sassy Image Acclamation Zagora Euroears Coil

Ask The Moon

Ramon Dominguez Rajiv

Maragh

Eddie Castro Jose Valdivia, Jr. Javier Castellano Jose Espinoza Miguel Mena Eddie Castro Martin Garcia

Jamie Spencer Mike Smith Joel Rosario

Javier Castellano

Rafael Bejarano Martin Garcia Javier Castellano

Sport

796

— Horse Racing

Major Thoroughbred Race Winners, 2010-11 (continued) Canada RACE

DATE

2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 26 Jun 2011 17 Jul 2011

15 Aug 19 Sep 16 Oct 16 Oct 16 Oct

Breeders’ Stakes Woodbine Mile Stakes

Canadian International Stakes E.P. Taylor Stakes Nearctic Stakes Queen’s Plate Stakes Prince of Wales Stakes

WINNER Miami Deco

JOCKEY

Court Vision

Joshua Tree

Robby Albarado Colm O’Donoghue

Richard Dos

Ramos

Reganne

Christophe Soumillon

Serious Attitude

Garrett

Inglorious

Luis Contreras

Pender Harbour

Luis Contreras

Rip Van Winkle Sole Power

Johnny Murtagh Wayne Lordan

Gomez

England

17 Aug 20 Aug 11 Sep 25 Sep

30 Apr 1 May 4 Jun 16 Jun 2

Jul

23 27

Jul Jul

2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011

Juddmonte

International Stakes

Nunthorpe Stakes St.

Leger Stakes^

Queen

Elizabeth

Arctic II

Stakes

2,000 Guineas^ 1,000 Guineas The Derby2 Ascot Gold Cup Coral-Eclipse Stakes

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes Sussex Stakes

Cosmos

William Buick

Poet’s Voice

Frankie Dettori

Frankel

Tom

Blue Bunting Pour Moi Fame and Glory So You Think Nathaniel Frankel

Queally Frankie Dettori Mickael Barzalona

Jamie Spencer

Seamie Heffernan William Buick

Tom

Queally

Ireland

4 Sep 2010

11 Sep 2010 21 May 2011 22 May 2011 26 Jun 2011 17 Jul 2011

irish

Champion Stakes

Irish St.

Leger

Irish

2,000 Guineas 1,000 Guineas

Irish

Derby

Irish

Oaks

Irish

Cape Blanco Sans Frontieres

Seamie Heffernan

Roderic O’Connor Misty For Me Treasure Beach Blue Bunting

Joseph O’Brien

Makfi Workforce Wootton Bassett

Christophe Soumillon

Olivier Peslier

Seamie Heffernan Colm O’Donoghue Frankie Dettori

France

15 Aug 2010 3 Oct 2010

Prix

3 Oct 2010

Prix

24 Oct 2010 30 Apr 2011 15 May 2011 15 May 2011 22 May 2011 12 Jun 2011 26 Jun 2011 14 Jul 2011

Prix

Jacques le Marois de I’Arc de Triomphe

Jean-Luc Lagardere (Grand Criterium) Prix Royal-Oak Prix

Ganay

Gentoo Planteur

Horse Golden Lilac Wavering Golden Lilac

Poule d’Essai des Poulains Poule d’Essai des Pouliches

Tin

Prix Saint-Alary

de Diane Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud Grand Prix de Paris Prix

Ryan Moore Paul Hanagan Christophe Lemaire Christophe Soumillon Thierry Jarnet Olivier Peslier

Mickael Barzalona

Maxima Guyon

Sarafina

Christophe Lemaire

Meandre

Maxima Guyon

Germany 5 Sep 2010 26 Sep 2010

*

3

Jul

2011

Grosser Preis von Baden Preis von Europe Deutsches Derby

Night Magic

Filip

Scalo

Olivier Peslier

Waldpark

Jozef Bojko

Crackerjack King

Fabio Branca

Minarik

Italy

7

May 2011

Derby Italiano Australia

16 Oct 2010 23 Oct 2010 2 Nov 2010

Caulfield

Cup

Descarado So You Think

Cox Plate Melbourne Cup

Americain

Chris

Munce

Steven Arnold Gerald Mosse

United Arab Emirates

26 26 26 26 26 26

Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar

2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011

Dubai Duty Free Dubai Golden Shaheen Dubai Sheema Classic Dubai World Cup Godolphin Mile UAE Derby

Presvis

Rocket

Man

Ryan Moore Felix Coetzee

Khawlah

Frankie Dettori Mirco Demuro Frankie Dettori Mickael Barzalona

Rose Kingdom^

Yutaka Take

Rewilding Victoire Pisa

Skysurfers

Japan

28 Nov 2010

Japan Cup

Sport

— Hoksk Rac

797

in(;

Major Thoroughbred Race Winners, 2010-11 (continued) WINNER

RACE

DATE

JOCKEY

Hong Kong 12 Dec 2010 27 Feb 2011 1

Snow

Hong Kong Cup Hong Kong Gold Cup Queen Elizabeth Cup

May 2011

Ambitious Dragon

Ryan Moore Matthew Chadwick Douglas Whyte

Gitano Hernando

Glyn Schofield

Fairy

Memory

California

II

Singapore

22 May 2011 ^American

International

Crown

Triple

race.

Cup ^British Triple

Crown

race.

^Original winner

demoted.

Kentucky Derby YEAR

HORSE

1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927

Aristides

JOCKEY Oliver Lewis

YEAR '1928

Vagrant

Bobby Swim

Baden-Baden Day Star Lord Murphy Fonso

Jimmy Carter Charlie Shauer

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

William Walker

Apollo

George Garret Lewis James McLaughlin Babe Hurd

Leonatus

William

Buchanan

Isaac Murphy Erskine Henderson

Hindoo

Joe Cotton

Ben Ali Montrose Macbeth Spokane

II

Donohue

Paul Duffy Isaac Lewis George Covington

Thomas

Kiley

Isaac Murphy

Riley

Kingman

Isaac Murphy

Azra

Alonzo Clayton Eddie Kunze Frank Goodale James Perkins

Lookout Chant

Halma Ben Brush Typhoon

II

Willie

Simms

Fred Garner

Simms

Plaudit

Willie

Manuel

Fred Taral

Lieut.

Gibson

Eminence

His

Alan-a-Dale

Judge Himes Elwood Agile Sir

Huon

Pink Star

Stone Street Wintergreen

Donau Meridian

Worth Donerail

Old Rosebud Regret

George Smith

Omar Khayyam Exterminator Sir Barton Paul Jones Behave Yourself Morvich

Zev

Harold Booker Frank Prior Jack Martin

Roscoe Troxler Andy Minder Arthur Pickens Vincent Powers Fred Herbert George Archibald Carroll Hugh Shilling Roscoe Goose

John McCabe Joe Notter John Loftus Charles Borel William Knapp John Loftus Ted Rice Charles Thompson Albert Johnson Earl

Black Gold Flying

Jimmy Boland James Winkfield James Winkfield

Ebony

Bubbling Over Whiskery

Sande

John D. Mooney Earl

Sande

Albert Johnson

Linus McAtee

HORSE

JOCKEY

Reigh Count Clyde Van Dusen Gallant Fox

Charles Lang Linus McAtee

Twenty Grand Burgoo King Brokers Tip Cavalcade

Charles Kurtsinger

Omaha

William Saunders

Bold Venture

Ira Hanford Charles Kurtsinger Eddie Arcaro James Stout

War Admiral Lawrin

Johnstown Gallahadion Whirlaway

Earl

Sande

Eugene James Don Meade

Mack Garner

Carroll

Bierman

Shut Out Count Fleet

Eddie Arcaro Wayne D. Wright John Longden

Pensive

Conn McCreary

Hoop

Eddie Arcaro

Jr.

Assault

Warren Mehrtens

Jet Pilot

Guerin Eddie Arcaro Steve Brooks William Boland Eric

Citation

Ponder Middleground Count Turf Hill

Conn McCreary Eddie Arcaro

Gail

Dark Star Determine

Henry Moreno

Swaps

William Shoemaker David Erb

Raymond York

Needles

William Hartack Ismael Valenzuela

Iron Liege

Tim Tam Tomy Lee

William

Venetian Way Carry Back Decidedly

Chateaugay Northern Dancer Lucky Debonair Kauai King Proud Clarion Forward Pass Majestic Prince

Dust

Commander

Canonero

II

Shoemaker

William Hartack

John Sellers William Hartack Braulio Baeza William Hartack William Shoemaker Don Brumfield

Robert Ussery Ismael Valenzuela William Hartack Mike Manganello Gustavo Avila

Secretariat^

Ron Turcotte Ron Turcotte

Cannonade

Angel Cordero,

Foolish Pleasure

Jacinto Vasquez Angel Cordero, Jr.

Riva Ridge

Bold Forbes Seattle Slew

Affirmed Spectacular Bid Genuine Risk

Jr.

Jean Cruguet Steve Cauthen Ronnie Franklin Jacinto Vasquez

Sport

798

— Horse Racing

Kentucky Derby (continued) YEAR

HORSE

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Pleasant Colony

^Fastest

Gato del Sol Sunny’s Halo

JOCKEY Jorge Velasquez Eddie Delahoussaye Eddie Delahoussaye

Swale

Laffit Pincay, Jr.

Spend a Buck

Angel Cordero,

Ferdinand Alysheba

William

Winning Colors

Gary Stevens

Sunday Silence

Patrick Valenzuela Craig Perret Chris Antley

YEAR

HORSE Silver

Chris McCarron

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Thunder Gulch

Gary Stevens

2011

Grindstone

Jerry Bailey

Shoemaker

Chris McCarron

Unbridled Strike the Gold

Pat Day

Tee Sea Hero

Jerry Bailey

Go

Lil

Jr.

E.

for Gin

time-1 min 59 Vs

'

Charm

Real Quiet Charismatic

JOCKEY Gary Stevens Kent Desormeaux Chris Antley

Fusaichi Pegasus

Kent Desormeaux

Monarches

Jorge Chavez Victor Espinoza Jose Santos Stewart Elliott

War Emblem Funny Cide Smarty Jones

Giacomo Barbaro

Sense

Street

Mike Smith Edgar Prado Calvin Borel

Big Brown

Kent Desormeaux

Mine That Bird Super Saver Animal Kingdom

Calvin Borel Calvin Borel

John Velazquez

sec.

Preakness Stakes HORSE

YEAR

Survivor 1873 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree Shirley 1876 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1891-93 not held 1894 Assignee Belmar 1895 Margrave 1896 Paul Kauvar 1897 Sly Fox 1898 Half Time 1899 Hindus 1900 The Parader 1901 Old England 1902 Flocarline 1903 Bryn Mawr 1904 Cairngorm 1905 Whimsical 1906 Don Enrique 1907 Royal Tourist 1908 Effendi 1909 Layminster 1910 Watervale 1911 Holloway Colonel 1912 Buskin 1913 Holiday 1914 Rhine Maiden 1915 Dam rose h 1916 Kalitan 1917 19181 War Cloud;

JOCKEY George Barbee

Donohue Hughes

William Lloyd

George Barbee Cyrus Holloway Cyrus Holloway

Hughes Hughes

Lloyd Lloyd T.

Costello

T.

Costello

George Barbee S. Fisher

James McLaughlin S. Fisher

William

Fred

Donohue

Littlefield

George Anderson W. Martin Fred Taral Fred Taral

*

Jack Hare,

Jr.

Henry Griffin Thorpe

T.

Willie

Simms

Clawson H. Spencer Fred Landry L. Jackson W. Gannon Eugene Hildebrand W. Davis R.

Walter Miller G. Mountain

Eddie Dugan Doyle Roy Estep Eddie Dugan Clarence Turner

Willie

James Butwell Andy Schuttinger Douglas Hoffman Linus McAtee Everett

Haynes

John Loftus; Charles Peak

.

YEAR

HORSE

1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963

Sir

o’ War Broomspun

JOCKEY John Loftus Clarence Kummer Frank Coltiletti

Pillory

Louis Morris

Barton

Man

Benny

Vigil

Marinelli

Display

John Merimee Clarence Kummer John Maiben

Bostonian

Alf J.

Victorian

Raymond Workman

Nellie

Morse

Coventry

Dr.

Freeland

"Whitey" Abel

Louis Schaefer

Sande

Gallant Fox

Earl

Mate

George Ellis Eugene James

Burgoo King

Head

High Quest

Charles Kurtsinger Robert Jones

Omaha

Willie

Play

Bold Venture War Admiral

Dauber Challedon Bimelech Whirlaway Alsab Count Fleet Pensive Polynesian Assault Faultless Citation

Capot Prince Bold Blue Man Native Dancer Hasty Road Hill

Nashua

Saunders George Woolf Charles Kurtsinger Maurice Peters

George Sea bo Fred A. Smith Eddie Arcaro Basil

James

John Longden Conn McCreary

Wayne

D. Wright

Warren Mehrtens Doug Dodson Eddie Arcaro Ted Atkinson Eddie Arcaro Eddie Arcaro

Conn McCreary Eric

Guerin

Johnny Adams

Tim Tam

Eddie Arcaro William Hartack Eddie Arcaro Ismael Valenzuela

Royal Orbit

William Harmatz

Ache Carry Back Greek Money Candy Spots

Robert Ussery John Sellers John L. Rotz

Fabius Bold Ruler

Bally

William

Shoemaker

— Horsk Ra(

Spori

799

iin