Encyclopaedia Britannica [16, 11 ed.]

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THE

ENCYCLOPLEDIA BRITANNICA ELEVENTH

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH TENTH ELEVENTH

EDITION

edition, published in three

volumes,

ten eighteen twenty twenty

,

twenty twenty-one ,

twenty-two

, ,

twenty-five

r768-r77r. !777-!784. I]88-I797· r8or-r8ro. . r8rs-r8r7. r823-r824. r83o-r842. r853-r86o. r87s-r889.

ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, published in twenty-nine volumes,

I902-1903. I9IO-I9II•

COPYRIGHT in all countries subscribing to the

Bern Convention by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rtghts rmrved

THE

ENCYCLOPlED lA BRITANNICA A

DICTIONARY OF

ARTS,

SCIENCES,

LITERATURE

AND

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH

EDITION

VOLUME XVI

L to LORD ADVOCATE

New York

Encyclopcedia Britannica, Inc. 342

Madison Avenue

GENERAL

Copyright, in the United States of America, xgu, by

The Encyclopredia

Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,! WITH THE H EADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. Ch.

A. B . CHATwooD, B.Sc., A.M.INsT. C.E., M.lNST.ELEc.E.

A. B. R.

ALFRED

A. C. F.

ALEXANDER

A. C.

S.

BARTON RENDLE, M.A.,

D . Sc .,

F.R.S.,

F.L.S.

CA�IPBELL FRASER, LL.D. See the biographical article: FRASER,

A.

C.

See the biographical article: SWINB U RNE , A. C.

AUSTIN

DOBSON, LL.D.

A. Fi.

PIERRE

MARIE

AUGUSTE FILON.

A. F. P.

ALBERT FREDERICK PoLI.ARD, M.A., F.R.HrsT.Soc.

A.. Gl.

ARNOLD GLOVER, M.A., LL.B. (d. I905)

A. Go.*

REV. ALEXANDER GoRDON, M.A .

A. G. D.

ARTHUR GEORGE DoUGH'lY, C.M.G.,

A.

REv. ARCHIBALD HENRY

Sec the biographical article : Donso�. HENRY AusTIN.

See the biographical articie: FILON, P. M . A.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fe\lnw of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 18931901. Lothian Prizemau, Oxford, 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of England under the Protector Somerset ; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

L

Locke, John.

{ {

Locker-Lampson. Labiche. Lambert, Francis; Lambert, Nicholson.

s

r Laurentius, Paul; ·l Libertines. F.R. HIST.S., F.R.S.(Canada) . r

Lecturer in Church History in the University of Manchester. 1\f.A.,LITT.D.,

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of t he Geographical Beard of Canada ..J Lafontaine A u t hor of The Cradle of New France ; &c. Joint editor of Documents relating to the

S

AYe

E,

REv.

ALEXANDER JA:.IES GR!f;VE,

1\f.A.,

l

.

LITT.D., LL.D.

'

.f Laodicea.

See the biographical article: SA YCE, A. H.

L

r

B.D.

Professor of New Testament a nd Church H istory, Yorkshire Unit ed Independent "' ('m .J Loo-os College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, ancl J\Icmber of ) l Mysore Educational Service.

A. J. L.

ANDREW JACKSON

A. L.

ANDREW LANG.

A.M. C.

r {

Trinity College, Cambridge ; Joint-editor of Beaumont and Fletcher for the Cam- , Layard. bridge Univ;;rsity Press. l

Constitutional History of Canada.

A.M. An.

Lock.

r L Landor.

ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE. HENRY

A. J. G.

l

Keeper, Department of Botany, British 1\'Iuseum. Author of Text Book on Classifi- 1 Leaf.

cation of Flowering Plants, &c.

A. D.

H. S.

.

LA MOUREUX.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. (Rio de Janeiro), I879-I90I.

part)

•

f

Editor of the Rio News -1 Lima (Peru). L

lr La Cloch e