Egyptian Watercraft Models from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods 9781407308340, 9781407338200

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BAR S2263 2011

Egyptian Watercraft Models from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods

MERRIMAN

Ann Merriman

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS

B A R

BAR International Series 2263 2011

Egyptian Watercraft Models from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods Ann Merriman

BAR International Series 2263 2011

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 2263 Egyptian Watercraft Models from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods © A Merriman and the Publisher 2011 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407308340 paperback ISBN 9781407338200 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407308340 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2011. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

BAR PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

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CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES

iii

PREFACE

xi

MODEL LOCATION ABBREVIATIONS

xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xv 1 1 3 4 7 7

I.

INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION REISNER’S TYPOLOGY JONES’S TUTANKHAMUN TYPOLOGY CONCLUSIONS

II.

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM MCGRAIL’S WATER TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC WATERCRAFT MODELS NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM CLASS M1 MODELS CLASS M2 MODELS MISSING AND UNAVAILABLE MODELS THE MERRIMAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

9 9 10 15 30 31 34 53 53

III.

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE WATERCRAFT MODELS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS WATERCRAFT MODEL PROVENANCE CONCLUSIONS

55 55 57 92

IV.

SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES WATERCRAFT OPERATIONS: MOVABLE NON-STRUCTURAL NAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES NON-NAUTICAL HULL AND DECK ATTRIBUTES COLOR AND ICONOGRAPHY SOLAR BARQUES EGYPTIAN MARITIME CULTURE: LIFE ON THE NILE RIVER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS CONCLUSIONS

93 93 96 100 102 104 114 115

V.

THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS: PAPYRUS RAFT MODELS ANALYSIS: WOODEN BOAT MODELS CONCLUSIONS : MERRIMAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM CONCLUSIONS : MERRIMAN SYSTEM AND OTHER MODEL STUDIES CONCLUSIONS : MERRIMAN SYSTEM AND OTHER TYPOLOGIES CONCLUSIONS : WATERCRAFT MODELS IN FUNERARY CONTEXTS CONCLUSIONS : WATERCRAFT MODELS AND EGYPTIAN MARITIME CULTURE

117 117 117 123 124 128 129 130

i

APPENDICES A

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CATALOGUE

131

B

QUESTIONABLE ARTIFACTS, PROBABLE FORGERIES, AND TOURIST SOUVENIRS

419

C

A SIGNIFICANT PTOLEMAIC PERIOD WOODEN MODEL BOAT FROM TEBTUNIS

453

D

SEAN MCGRAIL’S WATER TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

454

E

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY

455

BIBLIOGRAPHY

457

GLOSSARY

477

INDEX

479

ii

LIST OF FIGURES 2.1-2.2

Badarian and General Predynastic Period clay models representing wooden boats.

11

2.3-2.4

Badarian Period clay models representing wooden boats. AMO 1925.537 and BM EA 59632.

12

2.5-2.7

Models representing papyrus rafts. Top: PMEA UC16276. Middle: Helwan-1. Bottom: Abydos Y.T..

12

Naqada II Period clay models representing wooden boats. AMO 1895.609, AMO 1895.622, and UPMAA E. 1436.

13

2.11

A model representing a papyriform wooden boat. EM JE 86169.

14

2.12-2.15

Papyrus raft end (RE) variations. Top Left: c1. PMEA UC 16287. Top Right: c2. NCG ÆIN 1629. Bottom: c3. EM JE 46715

16

2.16

A model representing a papyrus raft with built-up sides (BUS). PMEA UC16288.

16

2.17

A model representing a papyrus raft with painted rope ties (RT). EM JE 46715.

16

2.18-2.19

A model representing a wooden boat with vertically flat ends (VFE). EM CG 4814.

17

2.20-2.21

Models representing wooden boats with deck beams (DB). Top: Actual DB. PMEA UC16167. Bottom: Painted DB. RMSR SED 44.

17

2.22

A model representing a wooden boat with a central plank (CP). ÄMUL 3004.

17

2.23-2.25

Models representing wooden boats with raised central shelves (RCS). Top: Actual RCS. RPM 1884.81.10. Middle: Actual RCS with notches to accept DB. SACOS E7287. Bottom: Painted RCS. MET S.8793.

18

Variations of outriggers (O). Top: m1, protruding rectangles at deck level. EM JE 63183. Middle: m2, roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships. EM JE 63188. Bottom: m3, raised rectangular projections. EM JE 63191.

18

Reinforced stern structure (RSS) variations. Top: q1, very small block. RMSR SED 44. q2, small block. EM JE 39127. q3, small block with indent. MFA 21.828. q4, block. MFA 21.871. Middle: q5, block with indent. REM RC 484. q6, big block with indent. MFA 11.150.10. q7, block curve with indent. PRM 1884.81.10. q8, big block curve with indent. EM JE 46718. Bottom: q9, small curl. RMO 1939/1.1, q10, curl. MMA 32.1.124a-c. q11, big block with indent curl. MM 4742.

19

Lower side shelf (LSS) depictions. Top: Painted LSS. PMEA UC38148. Bottom: Actual LSS. MMA 20.3.1 (from Winlock 1955, pl. 72).

20

Longitudinal stern reinforcement (LSR) variations. Top: u1. PRM 1884.81.10. u2. EM CG 4910. Bottom: u3. MMA 12.183.3.

20

Through-going deck beam (TDB) depictions. Top: Painted TDB. UPMAA E 14347. Bottom: Actual TDB. EM CG 4813.

20

2.47

A fork stern (FS) with stern reinforcements. EM CG 4951.

20

2.48

Deck knees (DK) used to add support to the DC and RCS. EM CG 4955.

20

2.8-2.10

2.26-2.28

2.29-2.39

2.40-2.41 2.42-2.44 2.45-2.46

iii

2.49-2.52

Athwartships stern reinforcement (ASR) variations. Top: v1. EM CG 4798. v2. ÄMB 12. Middle: v3. BM EA 25361. Bottom: v4. EM NN-3. 21

2.53-2.54

Top: A keel (K) at the bow of Amenhotep II’s Dynasty XVIII model boat. EM CG 4944. Bottom: Amenhotep boat model with decorative finials attached, K shown disappearing below the hull in order for the artifact to stand upright, and TDB near gunwale. EM CG 4946.

21

A stern cleft (SC) from one of Tutankhamun’s models. EM JE 61331 (from Jones 1990, Pl. XXXI top, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson).

22

A hogging truss (HT) providing strength to the bow and stern on a papyriform boat. EM CG 4929.

22

Top: d1. AMO 1895-609. d2. PMEA UC31848. Middle: d3. MM 6602. d4. HMG 21.87. Bottom: d5. EM JE 46718. d6. EM JE 61347.

24

A model with a steering platform (e1) and landing platform (e2), combining to make attribute e3. EM JE 63187.

24

Top: f1. MM 5883. Middle: f2. AMO E.97. f3. PMEA UC10805. f4. OIM 11492. f5. EM JE 63187. f6. NMMH 633. f7. MMA 12.183.4. Bottom: f8. BM EA 34274. f9. MMA 12.183.3.

25

2.73

Rowlocks (attribute g) along a gunwale of Dynasty VI. EM JE 63183.

25

2.74-2.75

Left: Single mast (attribute h1). RISD 14.491. Right: Bipod mast (attribute h2). NMMH 663.

25

2.76-2.81

Top: i1. IUAM 58.24. i2. MMA 11.150.10. i3. EM CG 4882. Bottom: i4. ÄMB 1232. i5. EM JE 61344. i6. EM JE 61331.

25

Mast partner variations. Top: j1, deck beam with a hole or holes bored through it. EM CG 4882. j2, two thin painted beams extending off a DB. MM 6602. j3, short painted deck beams running athwartships with longer stringers running fore and aft creating a rectangle. MET S.8793. j4, painted square-shaped U. AMO 1896-1908 E. 1991. j5, painted square-shaped U with two thin projections port and starboard forward that represents a pin for tightening the mast partner. OIM 11493. j6, on-deck wooden U-shape with a pin or hole for a pin; it is the three-dimensional representation of attribute state j4. EM CG 4914, this artifact is not associated with a specific boat hull. j7, square-bottomed wooden U with a tightening pin, the three-dimensional representation of attribute state j5. PMEA UC 16167. j8, two on-deck wooden knee-high boots with the aft portion hollowed out to accept the two poles of a bipod mast. NMMH 633. j9, three wooden knees carved of one piece with a hollowed-out center that encircles the mast. ÄMB 12. j10, wooden three-boot knee with a pin inserted through its aft end to tighten the boots around the mast as needed. MFA 21.406. j11, two painted knees extending port and starboard with an additional casing placed vertically around the mast or crutch with small black marks painted to emulate lashings attaching the partner to the deck and mast. EMCG 4910. j12, three wooden knees strapped around a mast fore with rope bindings. EM JE 46717. Bottom: j13, three wooden knees that utilize a pin inserted through two leather or rope loops attached to the knees and around the mast. MMA 20.3.4. j14, three knees located in a vessel’s bottom along the midline. BM EA 50695. j15, two wooden knees located port and starboard of the mast combined with a vertical stanchion set in the mast hole. EM JE 61360.

26

Rigging attachment variations. Top: l1. Kaemsenu 240-2. Middle: l2. EM CG 4808. Bottom: l4. EM CG 4918.

27

Steering gear supports variations. Top: n1. EM JE 63186. n2. MET S.8790. Middle: n3. EM CG 4882. n4. BM EA 34274. n5. MMA 20.3.6. Bottom: n6. BM EA 45088. n7. EM CG 4859.

28

2.107

Rigging (attribute o) and an unfurled sail (attribute p). SML 1935-201.

29

2.108-2.110

Representations of cleats. Top: r1. OIM 11492. Bottom: r1. EM CG 4952. r2. MMA 20.3.2.

29

2.55 2.56 2.57-2.62 2.63 2.64-2.72

2.82-2.96

2.97-2.99 2.100-2.106

iv

Bowsprit variations. Top: s1. HMG 21.86. Middle: s2. BM EA 25361. s3. BM EA 34274. s4. BM EA 35293. Bottom: s5. PMEA UC7221.

29

Deck reinforcement variations. Top and Middle: t1. EM CG 4801. t2. EM CG 4869. Bottom: t3. BM EA 9524.

30

2.119

Antique papyrus raft model from Lake Tsana.

31

2.120

Upturned raft end of model Saqqara 3503-F-1.

32

2.121

Bound and upturned RE, c3. SMÄKM A322.

33

2.122

h2, bipod mast from EM CG 4808.

35

2.123

Stern of clay model Ballas 335 representing a wooden boat.

36

2.124

ÄMB 13801 with VFE, DB,CP, RCS (k1), and i3.

37

2.125

Provenanced model AMO E.1895.609 with DB and CP.

37

2.126

HÄI 237, a model with provenance and a CP.

38

2.127

One of Niankh-Pepy-Kem’s models with wooden scow ends. EM CG 4882.

39

2.128

‘Modified’ VFE. AMO 1895.622.

39

2.129

Round-bottomed model from Niankh-Pepy-Kem’s flotilla. EM CG 4888.

39

2.130

Bipod masthead. EM CG 4882.

39

2.131

M2.5 model ÄMB 1232 with a removable deck.

40

2.132

Attribute state k8, a stanchion supporting the RCS.

42

2.133-2.134

Mastheads EM CG 4956, EM CG 4869.

44

2.135-2.136

The RSS (q8) and broad stern counter of EM CG 4918.

45

2.137

Attribute (g) with pegs.

45

2.138

Left: RSS (q4) of BCGM 13.137. Right: Bow. The decorative finials do not belong on this model.

46

2.139

Attribute state s1 of MFA 72.4.177, carved from the hull.

46

2.140

Slight RCS and DB. PMEA UC7221.

47

2.141

EM CG 4947 with a pronounced sheer line.

47

2.142

LSR (u3). EM CG 4951.

48

2.143-2.146

Top and Middle: Mid-Dynasty XII mastheads from EM CG 4913 and EM CG 4798. Middle: Late Dynasty XII masthead from BM EA 25361. Bottom: Dynasty XII masthead from VMEA.

49

2.147

Decorative and removable umbel end. EM CG 5046.

50

2.148

The Body in the Boat as discovered.

51

2.149

SC in BM EA 55071.

51

2.150

New Kingdom masthead.

52

2.111-2.115 2.116-2.118

v

2.151

New Kingdom LSR (u1). MLP 5539.

52

3.1

The tomb of steward Mentuhotep was the first intact Egyptian burial recorded ‘in situ’.

57

3.2

Map of Egypt depicting the archaeological sites and their nomes where Egyptian watercraft models, boat graves, brick boats, actual boats, or boat parts have been discovered.

58

3.3

Locations of Elephantine and Qubbet el-Hawa.

58

3.4

Bowsprits and mast partner (j12) on Dynasty XII boats in Sarenput I’s tomb.

59

3.5

M2.1 or M2.2 vessels on wall of Tomb 100.

59

3.6

Tomb 100 and Main Deposit at Hierakonpolis.

59

3.7

Theban Necropolis and related sites on the west side of the Nile River.

61

3.8

Warriors on M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (q3).

61

3.9

Procession of the portable Barque of Amun drawn on an ostraca.

61

3.10

The portable Barque of Amun on-board Amun Userhet, with towlines evident at the bow.

62

3.11

Dynasty XVIII vessels with SC, detailed mastheads and rigging, and steering gear.

62

3.12

A M2.25 boat with TDB that was used by the Egyptians against the ‘Sea People’.

63

3.13

Dynasty XIX boat-building scene.

64

3.14

King’s Valley.

65

3.15-3.16

Top: Thirty boats tow the obelisk barge of Hatshepsut, including M2.25 and M2.31 vessels with TDB, K, and HT. Bottom: Hatshepsut’s Punt ships depicted at her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari with Class M2.25 and M2.31 vessels with TDB and HT.

66

3.17

Anchors comprise the shrine of Ankhow at Mersa Gawasis.

67

3.18

A piece of wooden hull from Mersa Gawasis on the Red Sea coast.

67

3.19-3.20

Top: Dynasty XII ‘knife-shaped’ timber from Mersa Gawasis. Bottom: Dynasty XII deck beam from Mersa Gawasis.

67

3.21

Temples of Mentuhotep II and Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari with associated burials.

67

3.22

Tomb of Chancellor Meket-Re in the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari.

68

3.23

Dynasty XXVI copy of Dynasty VI Gabrâwi scene of wooden boat construction from Asasif.

68

3.24

Cemetery of Asasif and Tomb of Mentuhotep.

69

3.25

Cemetery of Dra Abu el-Naga, with Dynasty XVII and Early Dynasty XVIII tombs.

69

3.26

Map of the Tukh [Naqada] and el-Ballas areas.

70

3.27

Class M2.1 or M2.2 boats depicted on pottery.

70

3.28

Map of the area around Hu.

71

3.29

Naqada I Period raft depiction from el-Amrah.

71

3.30

Map of the temples and cemeteries of Abydos.

71

vi

3.31

Cross-section of a Dynasty I Abydos boat from a test excavation.

72

3.32

The Barque of Osiris depicted on Seti I’s temple wall at Abydos.

72

3.33

Map of Asyut and the surrounding area.

73

3.34

Location of the cemetery of Meir.

75

3.35

A bearded supervisor watching M1.3 raft construction at Meir.

75

3.36

A scene of mock combat on Class M1.3 rafts at Meir.

75

3.37

Sail and poling as a means of propulsion on a Class M2.6 boat with O at Meir.

75

3.38

Papyriform boat, at least a Class M2.0 vessel, carrying a sarcophagus and being punted at Meir.

75

3.39

Net Fishing from a Class M2.0 open boat at Meir.

76

3.40

Map of el-Amarna.

76

3.41

A flotilla of royal Class M2.26 and M2.28. boats with TDB and K at the quay at Akhetaten. Five of the six watercraft depicted on the wall of the tomb of May are shown here.

77

3.42

Location of Deir el-Bersheh and Antinoopolis.

77

3.43

Thuthotep’s ‘princely flotilla’ of Class M2.10 watercraft with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10) at elBersheh.

77

3.44

Location of Beni Hasan.

78

3.45

Class M1.3 papyrus rafts used for mock combat and lotus-picking in Beni Hasan.

79

3.46

The flotilla in Tomb 17 of Kheti at Beni Hasan including at least Class M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS

79

Top: Wooden boat construction in Dynasty XII at Beni Hasan. Middle: Class M2.10 watercraft with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10). Bottom: Khnumhotep’s papyriform funeral boat being towed by a Class M2.10 sailing boat with a detailed masthead.

79

3.50

Men using a small Class M2.0 open boat for cattle herding at Beni Hasan.

80

3.51-3.52

Top: Class M2.12 boats towing a papyriform funeral boat at Beni Hasan. Bottom: Detail of the LSR on the front boat.

80

Class M2.12 boats towing a harem at Beni Hasan with the middle vessel carrying a bowsprit. Note the LSR (u3) on the front boat as well as the LSR on the second vessel.

80

Middle Kingdom Necropolis of Beni Hasan depicting the 39 large cliff tombs of nomarchs documented by Blackman and the 888 middle class tombs excavated by Garstang below.

81

Map of the Faiyum area, Northern Upper Egypt, Southern Lower Egypt, and Nile River tributaries.

81

Top: Boat planks re-used as a causeway foundation at Lahun. Bottom: A portion of the Lahun planks ‘in situ’.

82

3.58

Papyriform boat construction at Meidum.

83

3.59

Men constructing a raft at Meidum.

83

3.60

The Tarkhan planks that are possibly re-used boat timbers.

83

3.47-3.49

3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56-3.57

vii

3.61

Map of the Memphite Necropolis and the location of Helwan.

84

3.62

An antique model of a Class M2.25 boat from Dahshur. SML 1915-59

85

3.63

Necropolis of Saqqara with sites significant to this study labeled.

85

3.64

Reconstruction of a wooden boat in a brick-built grave at Saqqara.

86

3.65

The top of a coffin with evidence of re-used timbers that reflect boat-building techniques at Saqqara.

86

` 3.66

Shipbuilding scene from the Tomb of Ti at Saqqara.

86

3.67

A Class M2.0 cargo boat depiction from the Tomb of Ti at Saqqara.

86

3.68

A Class M2.6 boat with a light deck structure at Saqqara.

87

3.69

Sea-going vessels with HT from the causeway of Unas at Saqqara; human figures have been removed.

87

New Kingdom cargo boats with TDB and SC with the human figures and cargo eliminated. Attributed to Saqqara.

87

3,71

New Kingdom cargo boats with TDB and probably SC. Attributed to Saqqara.

88

3.72

Sea-going ship with HT from Sahura’s Temple at Abusir.

89

3.73

The brick-built solar barque of Pharaoh Nyuserra at Abu Gurab.

89

3.74

The royal vessel Khufu I.

90

3.75

Cross-section of Khufu I indicating the DB, RCS, stanchion, and LSS.

90

3.76

Map of the Eastern Nile River Delta.

92

3.77

The remains of the Mataria hull.

92

4.1-4.2

Left: Dynasty VI oar blade from Gebelein. MET S.14047. Right: Dynasty IX oar blade from Sedment. RMS A.1921.1659.

94

4.3-4.4

Dynasty IX Sedment rudder oar blades. Left: VMEA VM 355. Right: OIM 11493.

94

4.5

Meket-Re’s model on exhibit with a complete set of oars and a teardrop shaped concave rudder oar blade. MMA 20.3.2.

94

4.6

Saqqara M1.3 raft with thin bladed paddles. NCG ÆIN 1629.

94

4.7-4.9

Oar blades from Meir.

95

4.10-4.11

Left: Quarter rudder oar of EM CG 5266). Right: Rudder oar of BM EA 55071.

95

4.12-4.13

Left: Lead. OIM 11492. Right: Fenders. EM CG 4878, EM CG 4879.

96

4.14

A mallet and two mooring stakes from one of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. MMA 20.3.4.

96

4.15

A gangplank from one of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. MMA 20.3.

96

4.16-4.23

Dynasty VI ends: MET S.14047, EM CG Kaemsenu 240-9, EM JE 56388. Theban Dynasty XI ends: PAHMA 6-15584, MRAHB E.785,19. All Egypt Dynasty XI ends: MET S.8793, MLP 11993-11994, ÄMUL Inv. 35.

97

3.70

viii

4.24

One of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. MMA 20.3.4.

98

4.25

Papyriform bundle end stem and finial stern. MFA 21.872.

98

4.26

Alternate finial ends. EM CG 4915.

98

4.27-4.28

Left: Finial from Antinoopolis. NMA RC. Right: Finial from Saqqara. EM CG 4917.

98

4.29-4.32

Top Left: Finial from Meir. EM CG 4803. Top Right: Finial from Meir. EM JE 42943. Bottom Left: Finial, reportedly from Thebes. BM EA 9524. Bottom Right: Downward angled finial from Meir. EM JE 42911.

99

4.33

Ram head finial. BM EA 9505.

99

4.34

Sea-going ship finial. EM JE 63184.

99

4.35

A decorated finial from one of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. EM JE 46717.

101

4.36

Udjat eye near the bow of a Class M2.8 boat. MET S.8793.

102

4.37

Decorated rudder oar. EM CG 4811.

102

4.38

Solar barque attributes on reconstructed hulls found outside the mastaba of Imhotep. MMA 14.3.21, MMA 14.3.22.

102

4.39

Solar barque altered with human figures and other attributes. REM RC 485.

102

4.40

Class M2.0 model of Imhotep with typical finials and no ‘solar’ attributes. MMA 14.3.23.

103

4.41

Boat captain conferring with Meket-Re. EM JE 46717.

105

4.42

Pilot with lead. OIM 11493.

105

4.43-4.44

Left: Sailors from Sedment. RMS A.1921.1658. Right: Sailors working lines. RISD 14.491.

106

4.45

Crouching and standing sailors on one of Meket-Re’s boats. EM JE 46720.

106

4.46-4.48

Top: Sedment rowers. HMG 21.87. Middle: Gebelein rowers. MET S.13273. Bottom: Saqqara rowers. MEN Eg.353.

106

4.49

Saqqara paddlers on a raft. NCG ÆIN 1629.

107

4.50

Meket-Re’s punter. MMA20.3.4.

107

4.51

Baler. MRAHB E.7518.

107

4.52

Nubian soldier with weapons. AMO 1896-1908 E.2301.

108

4.53

Warriors with missing shields? REM RC 1815.

108

4.54

Shields with animal hide coverings leaning on a quiver. BM EA 35293.

109

4.55

Spotted hide-covered quiver. OIM 11492.

109

4.56-4.57

Left: A boat owner and passenger playing a board game, possibly senet. AMO 1896-1908 E.2301. Right: Meket-Re smelling a lotus flower. MMA 20.3.2.

109

4.58 4.59

Mummy on a plain bier flanked by male mourners. AMO 1896-1908 E.2296. Sitting mummiform owner. MMA 12.183.4.

110 110

4.60

Decorated coffin. EM CG 4847.

110

ix

4.61

Sarcophagus with an attached altar or offering table. MEN Eg.357.

111

4.62

Vaulted sarcophagus painted with the ‘palace facade’ decoration. LMAG 40.1924.

111

4.63

Owner’s chair under a canopy. MET S.13273.

111

4.64-4.65

Left: Female servant taking birds to Meket-Re. MMA 20.3.6. Right: Meket-Re’s scribe. MMA 20.3.4.

112

4.66-4.67

Left: A cook tending an oven. MFA 21.494. Right: Fishing with harpoons. MMA 20.3.6.

112

4.68

Fishing net between Meket-Re’s papyrus rafts. EM JE 46715.

112

4.69

Carpenter’s tools under a canopy. AMO 1896-1908 2297.

113

4.70

An adze attached to a carpenter. AMO 1896-1908 2297.

113

4.71

Meket-Re’s singer and harpist flanking him. MMA 20.3.1.

113

4.72

Female mourners flanking a mummy. EM CG 4917.

113

4.73-4.74

Left: Priest. Right: Goddess. MMA 12.183.3

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5.1

Map of the geographic and chronological distribution of major nautical construction attributes VFE, DB, CP, RCS, RSS, O, LSS, LSR, TDB, FS, DK, ASR, K, SC, and HT incorporated into provenanced models representing wooden boats.

125

Map of the geographic and chronological distribution of RSS (q1-11) incorporated into the construction of provenanced models representing wooden boats.

126

Map of the geographical and chronological distribution of mast partners (j1-13,15) incorporated into the construction of provenanced models representing wooden boats. Note: The one model with attribute j14 is not included because it does not have provenance, but the author contends it is authentic.

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5.2 5.3

x

PREFACE At the age of four I found ‘Egypt’ in the World Book Encyclopedia that lived on our basement bookshelf in our house in Minnesota. I collected books, magazine articles, and pictures, anything related to ‘King Tut’, and in a cardboard Levi’s shirt box I kept my beloved ‘King Tut Collection’. And when, in 1977, my dad and mom arranged for us to visit Chicago for the King Tutankhamun traveling exhibit – dragging two of my brothers reluctantly along with us – I was never more excited. It was even better when a relative acquired VIP passes for us and we didn’t have to wait in the eight hour lines that wound around the Field Museum of Natural History. I had the time of my life that day, and Egyptology – and more broadly, archaeology – was my thing throughout school. My dad’s illness and death when I was in high school brought out my practical nature, however, and I didn’t actually pursue a degree in archaeology until I was a junior in college – after my strange forays into medicine and economics went completely awry. I decided to begin my study of Ancient Egyptian watercraft models – with the intention of pursuing a PhD on the topic – while I was working on my Master’s Degree in Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology at East Carolina University in 1995; my focus at that time was 19th Century North Carolina schooners. I discovered rather quickly that Ancient Egyptian watercraft models have been mostly misunderstood and under-appreciated by archaeologists and historians in published scholarship, excavation reports, theses, dissertations, and typological studies. In the following pages I put forth a new classification system for these artifacts based on the nautical construction attributes inherent in their structure. What I consider a bonus within this study, as a by-product of the documentation process, are studies of on-board life, social stratification of human figures depicted on-board (see Chapter 4), and most importantly, a full accounting of the known Ancient Egyptian watercraft models in existence. What is evident in this accounting as well, is the number of watercraft models that represent working boats as opposed to those that would be considered as having a religious function. Further, of the 586 models in this study, only 21 of them carry decorative finials associated with funerary watercraft, with an additional 10 models that likely carried them but that have been damaged. Therefore, at the most, only 31 of the known 586 Ancient Egyptian watercraft models carry the decorative finials that most people associate with Egyptian boats (this number does not include papyriform wooden boats that have imitation papyrus ends, see Chapter 4). The ‘common wisdom’ pertaining to Ancient Egyptian watercraft, beyond the inaccurate belief that the majority carry decorative finials and represent funerary boats, is that Egyptian boats, whether they are full-sized vessels or models, are ‘solar barques’ or ‘sun barques’ or ‘solar boats’ or ‘sun boats’. I hope this subject can be put to rest with this study. A watercraft with a solar connection carries the magical symbols of Ra on board. As far as models are concerned, only seven examples have survived (see Chapter 4), and the brick-built representation of a boat at Abu Gurab also ‘carries’ these attributes (see Chapter 3). Beyond these eight examples, no other known ‘solar barques’ exist. The known Egyptian boats (see Chapter 3), superbly and thoroughly documented by Cheryl Ward, are actual Nile River watercraft; they are not ‘solar barques ‘or ‘sun boats’. Therefore, beyond the establishment of the Merriman Egyptian Watercraft Model Classification System, I trust that these artifacts will now be recognized for what they are: representations of actual Egyptian watercraft from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods. Granted, they are not always to scale (particularly when considering the human figures on board), but I hope to separate these secular objects from the mystical status given them in the past. Of course I recognize that these artifacts, primarily found in tombs, have a religious connection simply because of their context, but I contend the information I have derived from them in the form of the nautical technology exhibited in their construction surpasses the sacred, and their secular significance is paramount. Ann Merriman Maritime Heritage Minnesota St Paul, Minnesota

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MODEL LOCATION ABBREVIATIONS Abydos AHL AIC ÄIUT Akoris ÄMB AMO el-Amrah ÄMUL ANM APMA el-Badari el-Ballas BAM BCGM Beni Hasan BLMJ BM BMA BMAG BNSS BOSM BSUMA CBMAG CCK CIWA CM CMA CMNH DB SIUE DIA DM DMM ECUWS EM EMNHSA FMC FMNH GAM GASU H-P/Hearst HÄI Helwan HM HMAGKUH HMG HMVV

Site of Abydos, Egypt Auction House, London, England Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Ägyptologisches Institut Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Site of Akoris, Egypt Äegyptisches Museum, Berlin, Germany Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Site of el-Amrah, Egypt Ägyptologisches Museum Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Antiquités Nationales Musée, St-Germain-en-Laye, France Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands Site of el-Badari, Egypt Site of el-Ballas, Egypt Bibliotheca Alexandrina Museum, Alexandria, Egypt Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Site of Beni Hasan, Egypt Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem, Israel British Museum, London, England Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY, USA Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham England Bournemouth Natural Science Society, Bournemouth, England Bexhill-on-Sea Museum, Bexhill-on-Sea, England Ball State University Museum of Art. Muncie, IN, USA City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol, England Chiddingstone Castle, Kent, England California Institute of World Archaeology-Senusret Collection, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Castle Museum, Norwich, Norfolk, England Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, USA Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Dallas Browne Web Site, Southern Illinois University, Evanston, IL, USA Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI, USA Discovery Museum, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England Dorman Museum, Middlesbrough, England Egypt Centre University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, Wales The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, PA, USA Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA Graves Archaeological Museum, Dania, FL, USA Griefswald Ärchäologische Sammlung der Universität, Griefswald, Germany Hilton-Price and Hearst Private Collections Heidelberg Äegyptisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany Site of Helwan, Egypt Hancock Museum, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England Hull Museums and Art Gallery, Kingston-Upon-Hull, England Horniman Museum and Gardens, Forest Hill, London, England Hamburg Museum für Volkerkunde und Vorgeschichte, Hamburg, Germany xii

IAGB IAGG IANSWA IAVA IEAA IMA IMS IUAM KMA KMW KMH KUL el-Lisht LMAG MACMU MAF MAG MAGAB MAHG Malter MAMM MANM Matmar MDM MEB MEN MET Meux MEV MFA MFAH MGL MH MIA MLP MM MMA MMEC MMEL MMUA MNAL Moll Mostagedda MRAHB MSS MTLM MU NAMA NCG NCMA NGV NMA NMI NMK NMMG NMMH NMP OIM PAHMA PCNY PCU

Internet Auction, Grimbergen, Belgium Internet Auction, Göttingen, Germany Internet Auction, New South Wales, Australia Internet Auction, Victoria, Australia Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN, USA Ipswich Museums Service, Ipswich, England Indiana University Art Museum, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Kelsey Museum of Art, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Kunsthistoriches Museum, Wien, Austria Kestner Museum, Hannover, Germany Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium Site of el-Lisht, Egypt Leicester Museum and Art Gallery, Leicester, England Museum of Ancient Cultures, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Museo Archeologico Firenze, Firenze, Italy Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Museum, Art Gallery and Aquarium, Bolton, England Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Genéve, Switzerland Malter Art Gallery, Encino, CA, USA Musée d’Archéologie Méditerranénne, Marseille, France Museo Arqueologico Nacional, Madrid, Spain Site of Matmar, Egypt Museu de Montserrat, Montserrat, Spain Museu Egipci de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Musée d’ethnographie Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Lady Meux Private Collection Museo Egizio Vaticano, Vatican City Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, USA Musée Georges-Labit, Toulouse, France Marine House, Clephan Private Collection, Tynemouth, England Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, MN, USA Musée du Louvre, Paris, France Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, Manchester, England Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Myers Museum, Eton College, Windsor, England Musee Municipal de l’Eveche Limoges, Limoges, France Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisboa, Portugal Moll publication. Site of Mostagedda, Egypt Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Musée de Tessé, Le Mans, France Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO, USA Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Denmark North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC, USA National Gallery Victoria International, Melbourne, Australia National Museum, Athens, Greece National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland National Museum, Kopenhagen, Denmark National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, England National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel Naprstek Museum, Praque, Czech Republic Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Art, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA Private Collection, New York, NY, USA (Owner wishes to remain anonymous) Private Collection, Unknown Owner

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PCU S PCU ZR Périchon-Bey PMEA PMNH PRM PSM REM RISDM RMMU RMO RMS RMSR ROM RPM RPMH Rustafjaell SACOS SAMA Saqqara SDMM SEC SHM SLAM SM SMÄKM SML SMMRLA SSÄKM THAGM TMA TNM ÜM UMFA UMUR UPMAA VMEA VMFA WAG WML WPM

Private Collection, Unknown Owner, Switzerland Private Collection, Unknown Owner, Zev Radovan (Photograph) Périchon-Bey Private Collection Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College London, London, England Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Port Said Museum, Port Said, Egypt Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, RI, USA Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden Netherlands Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, Scotland, Rochdale Museums Service, Rochdale, England Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Reading Public Museum, Reading, PA, USA Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Rustafjaell Private Collection School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, TX, USA Site of Saqqara, Egypt San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego, CA, USA Sutro Egyptian Collection, SFSU, San Francisco, CA, USA State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO, USA Semitic Museum , Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, München, Germany Science Museum, London, England St. Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Staatliche Sammlung Ägyptischer Kunst, München, Germany Townley Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Burnley, England Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH, USA Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan Übersee Museum, Bremen, Germany Utah Museum of Fine Arts, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Ure Museum, University of Reading, Reading, England University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA Victoria Museum for Egyptian Antiquities, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, VA, USA Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, MD, USA World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England West Park Museum, Macclesfield, England

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A study of this scope could not happen without the cooperation, good will, effort, and time of many people. Firstly, I thank Dr David Jeffreys for his flexibility, patience, suggestions, and support. Secondly, I must thank Dr Joe Flatman and Dr Alan B Lloyd for their meticulous reading of this study, for their suggestions, their guidance, and their encouragement. This effort is by far a better-written work for their perusal. Three Overseas Research Student Awards allowed me to attend University College London, and I offer thanks to the Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals of the Universities of the United Kingdom for this aid. Financial assistance for study travel in Europe, Israel, Egypt, and North America was provided through three grants from the Institute of Archaeology at UCL. Without this financial assistance, this study could not have taken place and I thank UCL and the IOA for their backing. People from dozens of museums, universities, and private collections accommodated my requests for artifact access, information, and permission to use copyrighted material. Many deserve special thanks for their extra effort in accommodating my requests: AIC (Mary Greuel); ÄIUT (Prof Dr K. Zibelius-Chen); Akoris (Prof Hiroyuki Kawanishi); ÄMB (Prof Dietrich Wildung, Margret Pohl, Ingeborg Müller, Jan Lohwasser, Karl-Heinz Priese); AMO (Dr Helen Whitehouse); ÄMUL (Dr Renate Krauspe); APMA (Willem van Haarlem); BCGM (Rosemary Watt, Jimmy Thompson); BM (Dr Richard Parkinson, Kristen Wenger); BMA (Dr Edward Bleiberg); BMAG (Phil Watson); BMSA (Jennifer Ring); BNSS (Mr. Adrian Murray); BOSM (Julian Porter); BSUMA (Peter Blume, Denise Neil-Binion); CBMAG (Sue Giles, Les Good); CCK (Mr and Mrs Burrows, Mrs Vernon); CIWA (Yann Ricard); CM (Alan E. West); CMA (Ken Brohoc); CMNH (Dr James B. Richardson, III); DIA (Dr William H. Peck, Beth Hemmila); DM (Graham Bradshaw, Steve McLean); DMM (Ian Stubbs); ECUWS (Carolyn Graves-Brown, Wendy Goodridge, David Gills); EM (Dr Yasmin el-Shazly, Dr Salima Ikram); EMNHSA (Nezka Pheifer); FMC (Dr Penny Wilson); FMNH (Dr Bennet Bronson, Jeremy Herrick); HÄI (Prof Erika Feucht, Dr Eckhard Eichler, Alexandra Sturm); HM (Clive Hart, Leslie Jessop, Lindsay Allason-Jones); HMAGKUH (Dennis Northmore, Martin Foreman); HMG (Lucy Norris); IEAA (Dr Lorelei Corcoran); IMA (Mr Celenko); IMSE (Dr Karin Sowada); IUAM (Adriana Calinescu); KMA (Janet Richards, Jason Sprague, Will Pestle); KMW (Prof Dr Helmut Satzinger); KMH (Prof Dr Anna-Marie Drenkhahn); LMAG (Bob Rutland); KUL (Dr Marleen De Meyer); MACMU (Rebecca Conway); MAF (Gloria Rosati); MAG (Dr Candace Adelson, Elizabeth Mazzuci, Monica Simpson, Kevin Gibson); MAGAB (Angela P Thomas); MAHG (JeanLuc Chappaz); MAMM (Gisèle Piérini); MANM (Esther Pons Mellado); MDM (Teresa Macià); MEB (Luis Manuel Gonzálvez); MEN (Roland Kaehr); MET (Dr Anna Maria Donadoni Roveri, Peara Cessarello, Donatella Spagnotto); MEV (Dr Paolo Liverani); MFA (Sue d’Auria, Diana Nickel, Marie Svoboda, Susanne Gaensicke, Rita Freed); MFAH (David Aylsworth); MGL (Françoise Collanges); MIA (Jennifer Komar Olivarez); MLP (Catherine Bridonneau); MM (Dr Christina Riggs, Dr Piotr Bienkowski, Dr Karen Exell); MMA (Dr Diana Craig Patch, Isidoro Salerno); MMEC (Mrs Hunkin); MMEL (Mrs Beltin, Veronique Notin); MMUA (Neil Curtis); MNAL (Maria José Albuquerque, Luis Raposo, Jose das Candeias Sales); MRAHB (Luc Limme, C Van Winkel); MSS (Dr Beate George); NAMA (Dr Robert Cohon); NCG (Mogens Jørgensen, Jonas Chr Ryborg); NCMA (Carrie Hasting Hedrick, Dr Mary Ellen Soles, William Holloman, Bill Gage); NGV (Amanda Dunsmore); NMI (Mary Cahill); NMK (Anne Haslund Hansen); NMML (Dr Hugh Murray); NMP (S Pavlasova, Miroslav Barta); OIM (Dr Emily Teeter, Ray Tindel); PAHMA (Dr Karin Kroenke, Joan Knudsen); PMEA (Stephen Quirke, Richard and Helena Jaeschke, Brenden Sheerin); PMNH (Maureen P DaRos); PRM (Jeremy Coote); PSM (Dr Miroslav Verner); REM (Lisa Schwappach [thanks again for the ride!]); RISDM (Florence Friedman); RMMU (Barbara Lawson); RMO (Dr Maarten J. Raven); RMS (Lesley-Ann Liddiard); RMSR (Andrew Moore); ROM (Gayle Gibson, Roberta Shaw); RPM (Vasti De Esch, Deborah Winkler); RPMH (Gabriele Pieke, Dr Bettina Schmitz); SACOS (Patricia A Winker); SAMA (Shannon L Huntington, Roy Gary); SEC (L Ellis); SLAM (Gina Koziatek); SM (James A Armstrong); SML (G Peter Fitzgerald); SMMRLA (Simon Eccles, Julian Spaulding); THAGM (Daniel O’Connor, Mike Townend); TMA (Sandra Knudsen [thanks again for the bed and breakfast!], Patricia Whitesides); TNM (Takeshi Gotoh); ÜM (Dr Peter Junge); UMUR (Dr Amy C Smith, Rhianedd Smith); UPMAA (Jennifer Houser-Wegner); VMEA (Dr Lana Troy, Geoffrey Metz); VMFA (Carol Burtner); WAG (Christianne Henry); WML (Dr Piotr Bienkowski); WPM (Louanne M Collins); Kathryn Bard; Millie Glimcher; Dr Jaromir Málek; Chris Naunton (Egypt Exploration Society); Paul Stuyven; and Dr Cheryl Ward. Numerous people have provided moral support and accommodations during my study travel over the years, often listening to me prattle on for much too long about how wonderful Egyptian watercraft models can be. Their contribution to the completion of this work cannot be measured, and they are listed alphabetically here: Wendy Coble (thanks for the bed and encouragement!), Martha Elmore, Jinky and Mike Gardner (thanks for the bed and encouragement!), Nancy and Larry Haggerty (thanks for the bed!), Deb and Bill Handschin (the many lunches, dinners, xv

and phone calls), Andrew Heafitz (thanks for the bed!), Don Lennon (my guru, role model, and such a gentleman), Susan Midgette, Edie Moran (thanks for the bed!), Joel Opulencia and family (thanks for the Canadian bed!), Drs Don and Jo Ann Parkerson (my sages, role models, and they are full of endless optimism and encouragement-thanks so much!), and Claudia Peer and family (thanks for the Swiss bed!). Special mention must be made of Dr Katia Margariti and her family, Kiki, Thanasis, and Hector Margariti, for their endless e-mails, encouragement, and great Greek dinner! My last trip to Athens would not have been the same without their support. Many family members have put up with my pursuit of Ancient Egyptian watercraft models wherever they were found, and their help has been in the form of moral and financial support: my mom Barb Merriman, my in-laws Judy and Ken Muller, my in-laws Dallas and Shanon Olson, and Ardy and Jack Becklin. I dedicate this work to my dad. He never even saw me graduate high school, but if he were here, he would think my models were really neat, and would probably re-order my artifact attribute lists in his spare time since that was his way – in between games of cribbage, solitaire, and backgammon. I will always miss him. Finally, and most importantly, I owe everything to my husband Christopher Olson. I could not have finished this work without his acceptance of my quirks, flights of fancy, obsessions, and quest to find just one more model. He knows more about Ancient Egyptian watercraft models than he ever knew he wanted to, and I am the luckiest person to have him in my life.

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I INTRODUCTION The primary goal of this study is the reclassification of Egyptian watercraft models from the standard 1898 George Reisner Typology. The Reisner Typology was based on hull shape, aesthetic attributes, age, and the function of the watercraft as if it were ‘real’. Further, the 1990 Dilwyn Jones Typology of the New Kingdom Tutankhamun flotilla that does not follow Reisner, was based on aesthetic attributes, practical or ‘magical’ function, steering mechanisms, and certain deck fittings. Neither Reisner’s nor Jones’s criteria take into account the actual structure of these artifacts as indicators of nautical technology and as such, the importance of these objects beyond their inclusion in funerary contexts has been virtually ignored. Therefore, this study will put forth a new classification scheme for Ancient Egyptian watercraft models that recognizes the major nautical structural attributes incorporated into the model hulls that in different combinations indicate the construction of these artifacts as if they were ‘real’. Out of this, other goals are also accomplished such as an analysis of certain nautical attributes, both major and minor structural components that through their development over time can be indicators of the evolution of certain Egyptian nautical technologies geographically and temporally. Further, another secondary objective includes the recognition of site specific or regional patterns in watercraft design that may reflect the conditions of a geographic area based upon hull forms, quality, color, iconography, and the equipment on-board. Additionally, the design and inclusion of non-nautical attributes such as human figures, objects of daily life, and implements of war can often suggest provenance to artifacts that lack context. Lastly, other identified factors can affect model outcome including the talent of the model builder, raw material availability, economic and political climates, and the requirements of the model watercraft’s owner.

METHODOLOGY Since there was no centralized list of Ancient Egyptian watercraft models in existence, my first method for locating these artifacts was basic: a bibliographic search. I began with Bjorn Landström’s Ships of the Pharaohs, the first study to examine Egyptian reliefs, paintings, images on pottery, and watercraft models from a strictly nautical perspective, constructing a broad bibliography in

the process. Landström used these sources, including 57 watercraft models from various archaeological sites and museums, to graphically illustrate the hypothetical appearance of actual Nile River and sea-going vessels from the Predynastic to Late Periods. Minute examinations of the few excavated ancient Nile boats gave Landström a basis for many of his reconstructions as they pertain to hull planking, fastening, and internal structure. Two dimensional riverine and maritime representations were analyzed to describe everything from hull profiles, deck plans illustrative of strength and construction, deck equipment, raising masts and sails, rudder oar and quarter rudder oar arrangements, mast partner configurations, and color. Landström’s illustrative expertise and his understanding of boat and ship construction combine into an informative compilation unencumbered by non-nautical information. With 57 watercraft models known through Landström, I created a simple Excel spreadsheet listing each model’s museum location (if known), accession number (if known), and any bibliographical references attached to it. Focusing on Landström’s bibliography and the models he examined led me to the published boat model catalogue of the ‘old’ Egyptian Museum at Giza. George Reisner’s Models of Ships and Boats, the first systematic study of Ancient Egyptian watercraft models, catalogued and described artifacts housed in the Egyptian Museum in 1898, although it was published in 1913. Reisner’s catalogue established a typology for Egyptian watercraft models, 57 of which fit this study’s criteria. Landström’s work and Reisner’s assemblage have a 20 artifact overlap, so my spreadsheet grew by 37 watercraft models with this additional resource of models now housed in the ‘new’ Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Landström also cited Herbert E Winlock’s Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt, a study that concerned a superb group of 23 models from the tomb of Meket-Re at Thebes. Included in this assemblage of artifacts are two house models with gardens, a cattle inspection scene, cattle stable, slaughter-house, granary, a bakery and brewery, a weaving scene, carpenter’s shop, two female offering bearers, offering bearers in procession, and 12 watercraft models. Winlock’s analysis and descriptions of the watercraft is excellent, especially his placement of the models into the wider context of daily life in Egypt. Further, the line drawings and photographic plates of

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Meket-Re’s watercraft models depict minute details often missed in other studies. Since Landström addressed five of Meket-Re’s models in his work, Winlock’s book added just seven boat models located in two museums, to my spreadsheet.

added to the spreadsheet from this catalogue, with 3 artifacts already accounted for in Garstang and Naville. The models unearthed during Garstang’s Beni Hasan excavations formed a significant corpus of artifacts used by Angela M J Tooley in her dissertation, “Middle Kingdom Burial Customs. A Study of Wooden Models and Related Material.” Tooley’s work covered a large number of Middle Kingdom burial goods including models of granaries, offering bearers, servant figures bringing supplies, offering trays, soul-houses, concubine figures, and 111 boat models; 98 of which were already accounted for the publications discussed above. I ascertained the current location of many artifacts from this dissertation and the inclusion of a number of rarely discussed boats assisted my research; and the spreadsheet increased by 13 artifacts. Further, Tooley’s bibliography pointed me to the work of Breasted, Göttlicher, and Werner.

Landström referenced three published site reports for Saqqara in his search for watercraft models to analyze. They were Colin M Firth’s and Battiscombe Gunn’s Teti Pyramid Cemeteries (13 boat models, four studied by Landström); Gustave Jéquier’s Les Pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit (12 watercraft models, five analyzed by Landström); and James E Quibell’s and Angelo G K Hayter’s Teti Pyramid, North Side (six watercraft models, one referenced by Landström). Although Landström cited two other site reports, Heinrich Schäfer’s Priestergräber und andere Grabfunde vom Ende des alten reiches bis zur griechischen Zeit vom Totentempel des Ne-user-re and Henri Édouard Naville’s The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari Parts I and III (co-authored by Hall and Ayrton, and Hall and Currelly, respectively), he did not study any of the 15 watercraft models (nine from Abusir and six from Deir el-Bahari) from these publications. However, two of the models from Deir el-Bahari are accounted for in Reisner’s catalogue. In aggregate, these site reports added 34 artifacts to the spreadsheet.

James Henry Breasted, Jr’s contribution to boat model studies, Egyptian Servant Statues, concerned the human figures found on-board them including crews, servants, musicians, and others meant to serve the model’s owner. Several models only published in site reports, usually without photographic documentation, appear in this effort. Boats fell under a broad section on transportation subcategorized into time periods and further divided by the boat’s funerary function, or whether they were rowed or sailed. Many of the models are dated incorrectly, but contemporaneous sources used by Breasted made most of these determinations. This survey was of a great help in locating watercraft models in collections around the world and while many of the boats cited in this book have been accounted for in the publications detailed above, an additional 38 artifacts were entered into the spreadsheet from Breasted’s work.

Landström’s study also pointed me to John Garstang’s Burial Customs of Ancient Egypt, a site report of his excavations of the primarily Middle Kingdom cemetery at Beni Hasan. The tombs at this site contained an extensive array of wooden models, often from unplundered tombs. Garstang presented model groups of agricultural, brewing, baking, building, cattle slaughtering, and weaving scenes, ka-figures, servants, offering bearers, and boat models. Garstang’s consistent use of photography and the number of micro-studies of particular tomb groups greatly assisted my research. Most importantly, a tomb inventory supplied a list of 38 boat models, their context, and tomb number, sometimes with references to the museum or private collection that acquired the model. With this register I located numerous artifacts in many museums, often tracing them from private collections to auctions and then to museums. Landström referred to five of these Beni Hasan boat models in his book, adding 33 artifacts to my spreadsheet. Garstang’s book also led me to the work of Glanville and Tooley.

Arvid Göttlicher and Walter Werner produced the catalogue Schiffsmodelle im Alten Agypten which briefly described Predynastic to New Kingdom watercraft models. Included are line drawings of particular models and minutely detailed illustrations of iconography, finials, canopies, deck equipment, steering gear, crews and owners, oars, paddles, sails, rigging, masts, and mast partners. All but three of the models included in their work have been included in the works already discussed. Göttlicher also wrote a multi-cultural watercraft model catalogue Materialien Für ein Corpus der Schiffsmodelle im altertum that added another four models to my spreadsheet.

S R K Glanville’s catalogue of Egyptian boat models housed in the British Museum in London, Wooden Model Boats: Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum II, thoroughly describes 26 models and includes line drawings and photographic plates. Specific information concerning artifact acquisition and provenance is listed, including models from Garstang’s work at Beni Hasan and Naville’s Deir el-Bahari excavations. I have found this catalogue essential, since many of the British Museum’s boat models have been inaccessible during this study. Twenty-three models were

Landström utilized several volumes of Bertha Porter’s and Rosalie Moss’s Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings. These works cited 133 Ancient Egyptian watercraft models in this study, many that overlap with artifacts accounted for above. Landström referenced another account, Jean Poujade’s catalogue-like narrative Trois Flottilles de la VI Dynastie des Pharaons, the only major work dedicated solely to Old Kingdom boat models. However, these models are accounted for in the 2

INTRODUCTION work of Firth and Gunn, Jéquier, and Quibell and Hayter. Another resource that augmented my spreadsheet was Dilwyn Jones’s Model Boats from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamun, the first full documentation of Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s flotilla of 35 boat models. The publication is a descriptive catalogue with supporting sections on sources, motifs, nautical terms, and commentary. Included are photographs of each boat and detailed line drawings, and Jones’s classification system for these models is outlined. Lastly, several articles recounting field work by various authors published in journals referenced in the works mentioned above, particularly Annales du Service des Antiquites de l’Egypte, added a significant number of models to the spreadsheet; fortunately the information in these site reports often included specific tomb references. Unfortunately, most often the articles did not record the museum or private collection location of the artifacts.

of its column. Within this variable, the site of Abusir was assigned the value of ‘1’ and the descriptive value label of ‘Abusir’, Abydos was assigned the value of ‘2’ and the descriptive value label of ‘Abydos’ and so on. Assigning these numerals to string values facilitated efficient data entry when a one or two digit number could be typed into a cell instead of whole words, particularly when a specific variable called for a value label of ‘yes’ (1) or ‘no’ (2), such as was used with the presence or absence of a major nautical construction attribute. Option-mouse click on cells that have dozens of string values and value labels assigned to a particular variable allowed for the display of all the value labels programmed into the Data Editor for that variable to facilitate choosing the correct information. Also, SPSS provided the option of showing the value or the descriptive value label for each variable in the Data Editor; for my purposes, the descriptive value labels exhibited the important information and I set them to be permanently displayed. Further, the number of values and value labels assigned to a variable was unlimited and could be augmented easily when new data was discovered.

The method of locating Ancient Egyptian watercraft models through bibliographies and published accounts, and tracking the basic information about them in spreadsheet form, relatively quickly produced a rudimentary database of nearly 300 models. However, regardless of a publication’s seemingly thorough accounting of any given model, only first-hand documentation of the artifacts could sufficiently recognize their attributes and the potential their nautical details hold and how they are depicted. Further, a more sophisticated database was required when in-the-field research was to be conducted; photographs, drawings, and minimal descriptions did not provide sufficient detail, and a simple spreadsheet was not conducive to efficient data collection.

The first variable (hereafter called attribute) programmed into the SPSS file was the string attribute model location, whether it was in a museum, a private collection, or an unknown locality. The location attribute for each case was assigned a value (hereafter called attribute state) that amounted to a workable acronym such as ‘EM’ for the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, or ‘PMEA’ for the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology in London. For those models that were found through site reports but had no known museum association, the site name or tomb owner’s name were used. The second attribute, the accession number for each case, was a numerical attribute that simply required its entry into the proper cell. If an accession number was unknown the acronym ‘NN’ representing ‘no number’ was used as a placeholder (numerical attributes can be letters also, just not pre-programmed) until the correct information could be determined. If a model was associated with a site or tomb but not a museum, the numbers 1, 2, and so on acted as placeholders when a tomb or site produced multiple watercraft models. The same programming took place for a model’s proposed or known provenance and its supposed age, two string attributes.

DATA COLLECTION To facilitate well-organized data collection and to keep the system flexible, on a laptop computer I developed an SPSS file whose function was to be a data manager that still resembled a simple spreadsheet. In SPSS, each row in the Data Editor represents a ‘case’, in this instance a watercraft model. Each vertical column in the file has a single ‘variable’ whose cells contain a ‘value’ that was defined by its row and column location. Some values were simple numerals, such as a model’s length or the number of deck beams present. The nature of a numerical value was defined by a set number of spaces and decimals programmed into the Data Editor, and they were merely entered into a cell. Non-numerical variables were similarly defined as ‘string’ variables with a defined number of characters used for data entry. Both numerical and string variables were given appropriate names that were placed at the top of each column such as: deck beams, number of deck beams, length, beam, depth of hold, age, rowers, number of rowers, and so on.

These four attributes formed the basis for the initial watercraft models database of nearly 300 cases. The programming of the values and value labels for these characteristics went swiftly while referencing the Excel spreadsheet; direct export was not possible because of the required designations of the string attributes. Also, with the descriptive catalogues from Reisner, Glanville, and Jones, other attributes and their attribute states were added to the SPSS file through the Data Editor when the information was clear and concise. However, many questions remained as to the nautical details present in the watercraft models that only in-person research could answer, particularly since only Landström was primarily

The various string values were assigned descriptive value labels and a label numerical value. For example, the archaeological site where a watercraft model was discovered was given the variable name ‘site’ at the top

3

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS concerned with maritime issues construction the models represented.

and

the

actual

[NY], New York, New Haven, Boston, Providence, Baltimore, Richmond, Raleigh) in the United States and Canada (Toronto) recording the details of watercraft models. I then flew to California (San Francisco, Berkeley, San Jose) and documented artifacts there; in North America I documented over 100 models in person. Upon returning to England, I studied additional artifacts in various locales (London, Oxford, Manchester, Bolton, Kingston-Upon-Hull, Devon). Throughout my study travel in Europe, Israel, Egypt, the United States, and Canada, most curators were very obliging, taking models off exhibit for me to examine, opening vitrines and cases for me to get a closer look, and allowing me unlimited access to artifacts in storage or in conservation labs. Language barriers were overcome with patience and hand signals, professional and personal relationships were created, and knowledge was freely shared between colleagues.

To further expand the number of known artifacts in the database, I acquired a list of museums around the world with Egyptian collections, inquiring through e-mail and post as to the presence or absence of watercraft models among their holdings. Most museums responded to my information requests, often sending me accession information including possible provenance. During this time, I scheduled research visits at many European institutions; but the first model I documented in person was in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during a holiday break. This complex artifact provided a solid basis for the length of time required for the documentation of one model, which minute details to expect, and the importance of having a printed data list on hand for reference. Thereafter I studied watercraft models in Wales (Swansea), Scotland (Edinburgh, Glasgow), and England (London, Oxford, Liverpool, Bournemouth, Windsor, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Rochdale, Leicester, Bristol, Cambridge, Norwich, Macclesfield, Birmingham, Bexhill-on-Sea, Kent) before setting off for the rest of Europe.

Unfortunately, prior to my travel I did not establish the location of every model in the areas where I conducted research, some models were in storage due to museum renovations or other reasons and therefore unavailable, and some boats were mislabeled and mistakenly not accessed. Further, I simply located some artifacts during internet searches after my study travel was completed, particularly in museums whose Egyptian collections were small and mostly unpublished. In these instances, images provided by cooperative curators and registrars greatly assisted my study, as did downloaded photographs from web sites. By this point, I had documented such a large number of models in person that I knew what details to look for and any ‘new’ attributes or attribute states were quickly seen. When photographs did not offer enough detail, e-mails to museums and private collectors produced answers to my questions and empty data fields filled up. In total, I finished this study with 252 string and 96 numerical variables in the database, and I documented 70% of the 586 Ancient Egyptian watercraft models in this study in person. All of this data is accounted for and described in Appendix A.

With a Eurail pass and laptop in hand, I set about documenting watercraft models in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Leiden), Germany (Bremen, Berlin, Cottbus, Heidelberg, Tübingen, Hannover, Leipzig), Denmark (Kopenhagen), Sweden (Uppsala, Stockholm), France (Paris, Limoges, Marseille), Belgium (Brussels), Austria (Vienna), Switzerland (Neuchâtel, Genéve), Spain (Barcelona, Montserrat, Madrid), Portugal (Lisboa), Italy (Torino), Vatican City, and Greece (Athens) by rail and ferry. During a two-month time span, I entered and re-entered different countries since I could not schedule research time for each country in discrete units, having to adjust my schedule to fit those of different museums. One or two glitches in scheduling occurred (especially in Prague, Czech Republic), but I was able to document hundreds of models in this time. From Athens I ferried to Israel (Haifa) and documented boat models, and then bused across the Sinai to Egypt to document artifacts in Cairo. I was not allowed to investigate The Egyptian Museum models outside of their cases, so research in Cairo amounted to taking dozens of photographs and creating hand-drawn maps of model locations, with accession information, in mostly over-crowded vitrines. Two models that I expected to find in Cairo were not found, 23 of Tutankhamun’s models were not on display (two were in Luxor), and prior to leaving the country I found one boat model at the Cairo Airport in a special museum exhibit and documented it there. In total, I accounted for 163 watercraft models held by The Egyptian Museum and studied 138 of them in person.

REISNER’S TYPOLOGY In order to develop a new classification system for Egyptian watercraft models, a brief synopsis of the standard typology in use is warranted. As previously mentioned, George Reisner’s Models of Ships and Boats was the first systematic study of the Ancient Egyptian watercraft models housed in the Egyptian Museum in 1898. Reisner’s catalogue focused on establishing a typology for watercraft model classification primarily based on the artifact’s representative function and its basic physical shape. Reisner developed four broad categories of Egyptian boat models: (1) practical boats for cargo transport, enjoyment, hunting, or travel, (2) ritualistic boats for funerals, (3) mystical solar boats, and (4) divine boats used in temple worship and ceremonies. Structurally speaking models were separated into two classes: (1) models that represent wooden vessels and (2)

In North America, I packed up my car and stopped in 21 cities (Chicago, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Bloomington, Indianapolis, Toledo, Cleveland, Kansas City [MO], Memphis, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Albany, Rochester 4

INTRODUCTION models that represent papyrus rafts. From these categories, Reisner classified eight boat model ‘types’ based on these artifacts. To establish these types in consideration of the boats in front of him, Reisner referenced tomb and temples scenes of boats and ships to match different vessel designs. In doing this, he determined that general variations in boats were present in two-dimensional boat representations, and that changes in vessel design over time were evident and reflected in the models (Reisner 1913, II-III). In the following sections, Reisner’s terminology is used to differentiate his language from the nautical labels used in the new classification developed in this study, his types will be described, and problems with his classification system will be revealed. I will refer to Reisner’s Typology as ‘R-I-I, R-II-I, R-V-II’ etc., reflecting his numbering system (I-VIII) and its forms (I, II, III).

505, 497, 527, 501, 495, 348, 534), and ten that are outfitted for sailing (EM CG 4802, 4841, 4861, 4910, 4912, 4918, 4947, 4951, 4952, 4955, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 486, 547, 502, 480, 466, 520, 529, 532, 553, 552). Reisner concluded that R-II models: all have the same general form of hull, marked by the curled-up stern and single steering oar. One slight variation is presented by nos 4859, 4947 and 4951, which have at the tip of the stern a projecting fork to hold the stem of the rudder….The skeleton of the deck was formed by cross beams which served partly as seats and partly as lateral braces….At the bow is a flat stick with broad concave end, - possibly some kind of fender….The mast found in most of the models was a plain tapering stick [and] the rudder-post is much thicker and more solid than the mast….The rudder consisted of a long round stem and a large ovoid blade [and] the hull is red or yellow, representing heavy planking (Reisner 1913, IX-XVI, 1-8, 11-12, 28-34, 42-43, 45, 4750, 63-66, 68-70, 74-80, 99-100, 103-106, 108, Pls. I-II, IV, VII-XII, XV-XVIII, XXI, XXIIIXXIV).

R-I R-I Egyptian boat models, exclusively found in the Old Kingdom, represent wooden traveling or cargo river vessels and has two designs designated Form I (EM CG 4882-4884, 4886) and Form II (EM CG 4887-4888). The two forms of R-I boat models (R-I-I, R-I-II) share the characteristics of being wide in the beam, with similar length to beam ratios (2.9:1-3.7:1), have shallow drafts, and carried no crewmen. According to Reisner, three RI-I boat models (EM CG 4882-4884, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 190-192) are “broad flat boats with bow and stern square cut. Stern has small projection on each side as rudder-rest. Hollowed from end to end. Three seats, broad and curving [with]…a two-legged mast….In the first seat from stern two slanting posts with slot in head.” The other R-I-I boat is a block model (EM CG 4886, Appendix A, Cat. No. 227) carved out of a solid piece of wood “with a rail projecting beyond side of boat and running out much beyond the stern” and a canopy (Reisner 1913, V-IX, 53-57, Pls. XIII-XIV, XXVII).

Using his terminology, Reisner mentioned several major and minor nautical construction attributes present in watercraft models: the curled-up stern, a projecting fork at the stern, deck cross beams, a flat stick at the bow, mast, rudder post, and rudder. However, the models he considers as R-II do not all have these attributes present and if they are incorporated into an artifact, do not all appear as he described. Further, not all R-II models date to the Middle Kingdom and many also have several other characteristics that he briefly mentioned throughout the catalogue without realizing their actual structural function or nautical technological importance. R-III

Reisner described one (EM CG 4887, Appendix A, Cat. No. 235) R-I-II model as having a “rounded stern and bow and rounded bottom. Rail does not project beyond the sides except at stern. No deck. Three seats. Hollowed from stern to within 0 m. 11 cent., of bow. Another R-III boat model (EM CG 4888, Appendix A, Cat. No. 193) is “like no 4887 except there is no raised projecting rail” (Reisner 1913, V-VIII, 57-59, Pls. XIV-XV). Reisner’s descriptions of R-I models are adequate for aesthetic purposes but he did not provide any analysis of their nautical characteristics.

Reisner acknowledged that although there were no threedimensional representations of papyrus rafts present in the Egyptian Museum’s collection of watercraft models, R-III must be recognized due to the great number of twodimensional tomb representations of this craft. He determined that papyrus rafts were “made of papyrus reeds bound together to form a narrow float on the top of which the owner or the crew appear to stand. The form is characterized by the heavy cylindrical ends lifting above the water” (Reisner 1913, XVII). Without having any models to study, Reisner effectively produced a basic description of a solid bundle papyrus raft.

R-II Reisner identified a group of models that represent wooden river traveling and cargo vessels that are different structurally and of a later date (Middle Kingdom) than R-I boat models. In his catalogue, Reisner identified 23 R-II model boats in the Egyptian Museum, 13 of which are rowed (EM CG 4798-4801, 4805, 4844-4846, 4859, 4869, 4872, 4909, 4913, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 541, 278, 542, 517, 469, 503,

R-IV Reisner believed that although some boat models and vessels depicted in two-dimensional reliefs and paintings resembled papyrus craft, they actually represent wooden boats. R-IV boat models have:

5

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS bow and stern pieces [that] are roughly cylindrical and end in buttons which are decorated to resemble papyrus flowers. Even the bands are shown with which the bundles of reed stems were bound….The deck of the models is, in some cases, painted white with red bars, like Type II, and in some cases plain white….All the models are later than the VIth Dynasty….The mast (in some cases a single stick, in others twolegged), the yards, the square sail, the stays and the mast-shoe, do not present essential differences from the similar parts of the boats of types I and II…the steering was done with a large paddle held in the hands of a steersman, or with two fixed rudders…in the latter case, the upper ends of the rudder were tied to two rudder-posts as in Type II; below, the shafts were tied to and rested on a cross-piece….The mast-rest is not found on these boats, and is, in fact, inconsistent with their special use for backwater navigation….The hull is yellow (or white); sometimes ornamented with a red stripe along the rails. The ends are usually painted in imitation of a bundle of flowers tied with cord in fulfillment of the conception of the structure. The deck is white, without red bars in most of the museum specimens, with red bars in no 4803 and in those from Abusir (Reisner 1913, XVIIIXXI).

papyrus-form boat, but one differing radically from Type IV….Many of the models show the same color scheme on the deck as the boats of Type II, - red bars with white spaces. the have the long beam (red bar) in the long axis of the boat….Owing to the form of the stern, the funerary boats were steered with two rudders tied to two rudder-posts and to a crosswise rudder-rest, as in Type IV….The hull is green, light green, or in on case yellow (Reisner 1913, XXI-XXIV). Reisner identified seven R-V boats (EM CG 4811, 4847, 4851, 4915-4917, 4948, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 277, 284, 290, 208-210, 282) in the Museum (17-18, 34-40, 70-74, Pls. V, IX-X, XVII-XVIII). Reisner used the representation of a dead person as the main trait for an RV model and recognized that many had R-II attributes such as red bars and what he termed a ‘long beam’ running fore and aft on the deck. R-VI Reisner described R-VI boat models that represent the: sun-bark from private tombs…without rigging or crew of any sort, bears only symbolical, or magical, objects. The characteristics mark, so far as the form is concerned, is the hanging cover on the bow, and the traces of a curtain adjoining it…The barks…being guided by magic or divine will, require no other means of propulsion or guidance…examples present the same series of symbolic or magical objects. These are five in number, taken from the bow backwards: - (1) a board with nine maat-feathers; (2) a box-like object lying on the side with four inter-like black post on each side and a hawk on the end, looping up; (3) a spool-shaped object on end with two hawks and three black sticks on the upper end; (4) a rectangular block with a semes sign on the front; and (5) a box-object on end with four black posts in the upper end…[and one] has a green hull like the funeral barks…[and two] have white hulls, [and] white decks with red bars (Reisner 1913, XXVXXVII).

Reisner documented seven R-IV boats (EM CG 4803, 4804, 4807, 4808, 4880, 4881, 4911, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 287, 81, 93, 84, 100, 101, 79) in the Egyptian Museum (Reisner 1913, 8-10, 12-16, 51-53, 67-68, Pls. III-IV, XII-XIII, XVI). Reisner used the non-nautical construction attribute papyriform ends as the main criteria to determine his R-IV classification but correlates several attributes such as ‘red bars’, masts, and fixed rudders with wooden vessel construction. R-V Reisner defined a group of boat models in that represent wooden papyriform watercraft used to transport the deceased on the Nile River to a cemetery for burial: The characteristic mark of the funeral bark is the presence of a mummy on a bier…a mummiform figure on a throne…or a coffin. The stern and the bow extend into slender projections similar in their suggestion of structural origin to those of Type IV, but do not extend out straight as in that type. There are several different forms representing apparently different local traditions. In Form I, the bow-piece turns up almost vertically (or at right angles to the bow), while the stern-piece curves forward and then up. In Form II, the bow-piece curves back and then forward, while the stern-piece curves forward, In Form III, both pieces are alike, curling back, bending to a horizontal line forwards, then turning straight up….All these forms suggest a

Two R-VI models existed unaltered in The Egyptian Museum for Reisner to study (EM CG 4949, 4953, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 207, 206), while a third (EM CG 4860, Appendix A, Cat. No. 150) appears to no longer be among the museum’s collection and had been altered before Reisner’s work (Reisner 1913, 43-44, 101-103, 106-107, Pls. XXII, XXIV). Reisner’s defining attributes on R-VI models are non-nautical characteristics that represent mythical objects. R-VII Reisner defined R-VII as divine barks and placed eight models into this category, encompassing one wood and 6

INTRODUCTION seven stone models. The stone models consist of two large granite and limestone temple boats and five small artifacts with a hippopotamus and cabins on deck. The wooden model (EM CG 4929, Appendix A, Cat. No. 586) represents a “papyrus-form boat…[that] has an empty wooden chapel on the deck, and is elaborately painted with ud[j]at-eyes on the bow, green and red stripes along the side, and a black keel, all on a yellow background.” Reisner connected this R-VII model with funerary and afterlife contexts (Reisner 1913, XXVII, 80-83, 88, 90-92, 113, Pls. XIX-XXI, XXIV). The models in this classification beyond EM CG 4929 do not exhibit any useful nautical details for this study and are not included within the new classification system. Reisner did not recognize two major nautical attributes exhibited in EM CG 4929’s construction.

he studied. The best evidence for this assertion is his terminology when referencing nautical attributes since they lack a level of expertise in riverine and maritime archaeology. Many of Reisner’s terms are illustrative, such as ‘square cut bow and stern,’ ‘flat bow stick,’ ‘red bars,’ and ‘rail,’ but this language is not as helpful as ‘scow bow and stern,’ ‘bowsprit,’ ‘deck beams,’ and ‘bulwark’ in a boat-building sense. Reisner did use labels such as ‘steering oar,’ and ‘mast shoe’ that nautical scholars have adopted, but this study proposes other terms such as ‘rudder oar’ and ‘mast partner’ that provide clarity to some debated terms used in association with watercraft model studies.

JONES’S TUTANKHAMUN TYPOLOGY As previously mentioned, another typology was developed to categorize New Kingdom watercraft models from the tomb of Tutankhamun. Dilwyn Jones developed his own classification system for these artifacts and labeled them A1-A3, B-F, with categories B and D-F corresponding to R-III, R-V-I, and R-VIII. From this point, if Jones’s system is discussed I will refer to it as ‘J-A1, J-A2, J-B, J-F’, etc. Jones recognized in 16 JA1-J-A3 models the development of a new stern construction not seen in Reisner’s New Kingdom examples and they also carry single masts. Beyond these two attributes, J-A2 models carry a cabin and J-A3 have cabins and a kiosk; these non-nautical attributes are the only details that differentiate categories J-A1-A3 from each other since their hulls are identically constructed. Two J-B models correspond to the R-VIII classification, although Jones did not acknowledge this similarity, while six others have no Reisner counterpart. Three J-C watercraft models have a unique stern design that does not reflect a nautical technological advancement and Jones likened this category to R-IV models. Two J-D models were labeled as papyrus floats and represent RIII watercraft, although Jones did not recognize this fact and referred to them in their catalogue descriptions as ‘model boats’. Jones correctly labeled two J-E models as R-VII that resemble EM CG 4929. Finally, four artifacts in Tutankhamun’s flotilla were designated as J-F and correspond to R-V-I, with an empty throne representing the dead king (Jones 1990, 16, 42-43).

R-VIII Reisner classified New Kingdom boat models in the Egyptian Museum, with the exception of EM CG 4929, as R-VIII. He determined that three models (EM CG 4944-4946, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 555, 557-558) “are all shown by their decorations to be more or less ceremonial in character but are scarcely to be called either funerary or solar barks. There were fitted with long lines of rowers, cabins, landing planks and other implements inconsistent with their identification as funerary or solar barks…The form is manifestly derived from that of Type IV and the function is no doubt the same – that of pleasure boats in this case for the use of the king” (Reisner 1913, XVII-XVIII, 96-99). The important aspects Reisner did not understand about RVIII models is that they incorporate two significant major nautical construction attributes in their construction and several minor ones as well, and actually resemble R-VII model EM CG 4929 closely. Further, his declaration that the models had lines of rowers is not correct since New Kingdom models do not carry human figures. OTHER BOAT MODELS IN REISNER’S CATALOGUE Three other boat models not yet considered were published in Reisner’s catalogue, but he did not include them in his typology. Reisner labeled EM CG 4814 (Appendix A, Cat No. 177) as a ‘canoe’ and two other models, (EM CG 4815, 4816, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 116, 49), simply as ‘boats’ (Reisner 1913, 161, Pl. VI). EM CG 4814 resembles the boats found on Naqada II Period pottery, the wall of the late Naqada II decorated Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis, and one of the Early Dynasty I boat grave vessels at Abydos (Figs. 3.5, 3.27, 3.31). These simple watercraft models are classified in this study and in particular, EM CG 4814 is categorized using a construction detail Reisner did not acknowledge as significant.

CONCLUSIONS The development of a rudimentary spreadsheet of nearly 300 Ancient Egyptian watercraft models created through an extensive literature search formed the basis of an SPSS database that contains 586 artifacts, 252 string variables, 96 numerical variables, and their associated values. From this database, a new classification system for Ancient Egyptian watercraft models was developed using the major nautical construction attributes analyzed through the in-person documentation of 70% of the artifacts, with the remaining watercraft model details acquired through photographs, publications, and accession information.

Beyond Reisner’s rudimentary description of some structural traits, his typology does not recognize in a meaningful way the great number of major nautical construction attributes exhibited in the watercraft models 7

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS This new classification scheme is required since the accepted typology developed by George Reisner falls short in realizing the potential these artifacts hold in depicting major and minor nautical structural attributes that indicate Ancient Egyptian watercraft construction from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods. Reisner’s typological criteria were basic hull shape, age, aesthetic considerations, the presence of particular ondeck objects, and ‘real-life’ use. While Reisner often described nautical details in general terms, he failed to grasp the significance of their depiction in threedimensional miniature in relation to ancient nautical technology and development. Also, Jones’s additional New Kingdom typology of Tutankhamun’s watercraft model flotilla, while in some cases corresponding with Reisner’s scheme, also fails to acknowledge nautical attributes as Class determiners and in four instances, simply re-names Reisner’s categories.

clarification. Then, secondary non-nautical attributes carried on-board watercraft models that depict activities of owners and their crews are explored, often with sitespecific and temporal implications. Next, certain major and minor nautical construction attributes recognized in this study’s watercraft models are examined geographically and chronologically as indicators of technological evolution. In Appendix B, I will address some authentic museum artifacts that have been mislabeled as boat models. Further, many other models in museums, for sale on the internet, and in private collections have questionable authenticity are examined in Appendix B as well. In Appendix C, a Ptolemaic Period wooden boat model from Tebtunis is examined, regardless of the fact that it falls outside the scope of this study, because of it’s nautical archaeological and maritime historical significance. Lastly, a comprehensive catalogue of the Ancient Egyptian watercraft models documented in this study is included (Appendix A) that accounts for all the attributes and attribute state data collected during my study travel and research. This compilation of information, a new classification system that recognizes the contribution that detailed study and analysis of the nautical construction attributes of these complex artifacts makes to the disciplines of nautical and riverine archaeology, maritime history, and Egyptology is realized.

With my new study, the greatest amount of data has been collected regarding the largest corpus of Egyptian watercraft models yet assembled. With the establishment of the new classification scheme in Chapter 2, the following chapter then connects these artifacts with their archaeological contexts, provenance, and natural environments, with comparisons to two and threedimensional depictions of watercraft for attribute

8

II NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM In order to develop a new Egyptian watercraft model classification system based on nautical technological attributes and construction, the scheme must be categorical and essentially chronological within these categories. Sean McGrail’s categorical system for the classification of actual water transport using outer hull construction will be briefly described, and its usefulness for my new model classification scheme determined. George Reisner’s categorical typology is dynastically chronological since he did not examine Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period artifacts. Watercraft models in these two early groups exhibit basic construction characteristics that lay the foundation for later, larger, more detailed dynastic artifacts. They are important to the study of Ancient Egyptian watercraft but to this point, have been virtually ignored in the classification process. Strictly speaking, this new classification cannot be precisely chronological since each model’s attributes dictate its category, and older models often reflect technological changes in their construction that newer ones do not. Therefore, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period models will be discussed and then classified into later groupings and dynastic models will be incorporated into earlier groupings as their attributes dictate. I will classify Egyptian watercraft models from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods into distinct classifications based on the major nautical construction attributes they exhibit.

MCGRAIL’S WATER TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The goal of this study is the establishment of a new classification system for Ancient Egyptian watercraft models that recognizes the incorporation of nautical technological attributes that are represented in their construction in various combinations. To this end, Sean McGrail’s work on water transport classification that created a scheme that utilized the recognition of construction methods as determiners of actual and theoretical boat classes is useful. McGrail’s process of classifying water transport according to “key, diagnostic attributes” would create “primary classes each composed of individual members with internal cohesion-relatively similar to other members of their class” that would also allow previously unknown watercraft examples to be

defined as they are discovered. In these terms, McGrail determined that “structural considerations take precedence over choice of raw materials, and in which attributes identify, whenever possible, choices which have cultural significance” (McGrail 1985, 289, 291). McGrail recognized that planked boats were built using the shell-first or skeleton-first (otherwise known as frame-first) techniques and that a boatwright conceptualized his creations as a watertight shell (shellfirst) or as a waterproofed frame (skeleton-first). McGrail also identified three principal methods for boat-building in general: reduction, construction, and transformation. Log boat manufacture is an example of reduction since the amount of material contained in a log is decreased until the desired cavity size is achieved. The standard concept of a boat is attained by construction where smaller components are combined to make a larger whole. Inflated skin boats are an example of transformation when the skin completely changes shape without the addition or subtraction of any materials. These two attributes, the builder’s concept (and its attribute states of shell or skeleton) and the choice of construction method (and its attribute states reduction, construction, and transformation), form the basis for McGrail’s 14 classes of water transport (McGrail 1985, 292-294, 298-299). These 14 classes, C1-C14 (seven shell-built and seven skeleton-built, see Appendix D), take into account the possibility that several combinations of construction method attribute states can exist for both of the builder’s concept attributes. For example, class C1 is a shell-built boat by reduction (C1-R) and class C7 is a shell-built vessel by reduction, transformation, and construction (C7-RTC). McGrail determined that one shell-built class has no members and another may not have any members, and three skeleton-built classes have no members while two others possibly have members. However, if examples of a class are discovered or developed, they will a have a place within his classification scheme. McGrail goes on to link the traditional vessel names to members of his developed classes, such as log, bark, hide, and basket boats (McGrail 1985, 294-300). The models documented here are either carved solid wooden blocks known as ‘block models’, block models

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS that have been hollowed out, solid clay models, hollowhulled ivory, mud, or clay artifacts, and formed silver and gold objects. Since these models are not constructed out of individual planks attached together in either the shellfirst or skeleton-first techniques, applying McGrail’s scheme to my new Egyptian watercraft model classification system in his own terms is not appropriate. However, Ancient Egyptian artisans used the processes of reduction, construction, and transformation to carve solid hulls, hollow out wooden blocks, add-on internal hull attributes to hollow models, mold clay or mud into boat shapes, and shape metal into miniature watercraft. Further, McGrail’s categorical system has both actual and theoretical classes since he believed that “a method of defining primary classes of boats which would undoubtedly be rigorous would be to record the many individual traits of a large representative sample and then to search for clusters of attributes” was impracticable. In a cross-cultural, broad, far-reaching sense this may be true, but with the 586 Egyptian watercraft models in this study, I have accomplished just that. The attributes that represent nautical construction characteristics in these three-dimensional miniatures are not hypothetical so the artifacts themselves dictated the attributes included in the system as they were documented. Therefore, while the basic structure of McGrail’s classification system is valuable for comparison to my study and supports my choice of using construction attributes to build a new scheme and the alphanumeric labeling is similar, it cannot be used as a guide to create a new Egyptian watercraft model classification system. Next, an examination of the early groups of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period models is necessary prior to laying out the new classification scheme to provide answers and clarity to research questions that have resurfaced repeatedly in scholarship.

some of the same models involved in the first question, that may represent craft constructed of papyrus, skin, or wood. Before a detailed analysis of the 586 watercraft models in this study is presented, this debate deserves attention. RAFT OR BOAT? Much of the debate concerning the representation of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period watercraft models surrounds the definitions of raft and boat, and the mud, clay, ivory, and wood models that have been defined as papyrus rafts, boats, or ‘papyriform’ wooden boats. The definition of ‘boat’ is basically a “small open craft without any decking and usually propelled by oars…exceptions to this general definition are fishing boats, sometimes decked or half-decked.” Although this definition is a more ‘modern’ explanation, it makes sense. The definition of raft is more restrictive and does not consider papyrus watercraft, since a raft is defined as being “a flat, floating framework of spars, planks, or other timber” (Kemp 1976, 92, 687). These definitions of boat and raft are viable but since ancient watercraft models are under consideration here, they must be expanded on and further refined. Landström strongly contended that any papyrus craft is a raft since “it floats only by virtue of the lightness of the material, and is not a shell construction like a boat proper.” Beyond this, Landström interpreted Predynastic Period rock drawings of flat craft with high upturned ends as rafts, with lines extending from the highly raised bows as cables that secured the end to the deck. Landström also points to dynastic representations of papyrus craft and they are solid with no built-up sides in these later periods, except for a small border that could be a rail (Landström 1970, 16, 18-19, 22, 96-97, nos. 30-43, 45, 61-62, 305).

PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC WATERCRAFT MODELS It seems the oldest watercraft model discovered in Egypt was excavated from the large Egyptian Delta Prehistoric Period settlement Merimda Beni Salama. The references I have found of this artifact are vague, but it was briefly described as “a Nile mud model of a boat, pointed at both ends and having a low freeboard...[found] loose in the settlement debris” (Hayes 1965, 10). However, the model may at some point have been associated with a grave since this site contained house burials (Kees 1961, 23). Given that this artifact was found in the Delta region where papyrus reeds were abundant, it likely represents a papyrus raft. However, since I have no image or accurate description of this craft, unfortunately I cannot include it in this study. However, many early watercraft models have survived and deserve analysis.

Lionel Casson observed that “along with rafts men created true boats, craft that would not only keep a user afloat but enable him to stay dry in the process.” Casson also stated that Egyptian raft-making had evolved to a point where “by the second half of the fourth millennium BC, they had learned to shape their rafts, making them long and slender and bringing them to a point at each end, had learned to propel them with paddles and to direct them with rudder oars slung on the quarters. In a word, the reed raft had been transformed into a reed boat.” A major problem with this assertion is that the depictions he cites as papyrus ‘boats’ are actually representations of wooden boats with cambered ends. In the end, Casson agreed with Landström as far as the definition of raft, since the “reed boat…is actually a kind of raft, a solid platform of bundles so lashed as to take the external form of a boat” (Casson 1971, 11-12).

Throughout the twentieth century, researchers have not agreed on whether certain hollow-hulled models represent papyrus rafts or papyrus boats. Secondly, significant questions of nautical technological advancements have been raised concerning models, even

Flinders Petrie determined that some hollow models, even with their boat-like appearance, represented reed floats since he believed that “so long as flotation was due to a raft bottom, and the sides were only fenders and had no hydraulic pressure,” they functioned as rafts (Petrie 10

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 1933a, 5). James Hornell believed that Egyptian reed craft evolved from a flat raft to become a “form of a canoe...[that] in turn became large and solid enough to admit of being rigged,” although he confessed there is little proof of this assertion because of the lack of information concerning large, rigged Egyptian vessels (Hornell 1946, 46).

beginning of the Naqada II Period that constructed wooden boats are possible as evidenced by the shaped plank construction of simple coffins or protective burial structures. He stated “there is no evidence that at this period [Badarian] carpentry skills were advanced enough to build planked boats.” Further, copper “axes, adzes and chisels” found in Naqada II Period graves attest to the ability of the Egyptian to shape good boat planks at that time (Vinson 1994, 11-12).

H H Brindley, after conducting a survey of contemporary reed craft on several continents, determined that Ancient Egyptian papyrus “craft were not boats but rafts of highly developed contour, for there is nothing in the vase and mural paintings or in the funerary models of either the Predynastic Period or the Old Kingdom to suggest that they had sides” (Brindley 1931, 17). It is obvious from this assertion that Brindley was not familiar with the corpus of models excavated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the majority of hollow watercraft models were discovered. PAPYRUS OR WOOD? Flinders Petrie believed two hollow undecorated clay watercraft models (PMEA UC9024, UC16290), one from el-Badari and the other unprovenanced, represent papyrus rafts even without any external markings (Figs. 2.1, 2.2; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 31, 43). These models do not have upturned ends, but have one end that culminates in what Petrie termed ‘a landing plank’ (Petrie 1933a, 4-5, Fig. 2). Landström believed that PMEA UC9024 represents a wooden boat and he firmly asserted that even as early as the Badarian Period, “boats...have already developed some way beyond the most primitive shape” (Landström 1970, 12, no. 2).

Figures 2.1 and 2.2. Badarian and General Predynastic Period clay models representing wooden boats. PMEA UC9024 and PMEA UC16290 (© The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

Hornell also contended that the ‘landing plank’ model shape suggests wooden boat construction, especially with the deep nature of the hulls. Further, he suggested that other scholars have exaggerated the shortage of useable timber in Egypt, citing Reisner’s assertion that “it is quite certain that the predynastic Egyptians, as early as the Middle Predynastic Period, made and used wooden planks, mortising and tying them together with cords.” Reisner even suggested that dugout canoes were possible choices for Egyptian Predynastic Period watercraft (Hornell 1946, 48; Reisner 1913, XVIII).

Vinson’s point concerning a society’s technical ability to construct wooden boats has merit, but the development of the coffin types he cites and the possible re-used boat timbers (Fig. 3.65) of the Early Dynastic Period reflect advanced woodworking abilities that took time to develop. These skills could not have simply appeared in the Naqada II Period. Since proper copper tools definitely existed in the early Naqada II Period and were used as burial goods, it is possible that these implements existed in the late Badarian Period but did not survive in the archaeological record. Or, an even more plausible argument is that the Egyptians used stone or other hard tools to hue wooden planks in order to construct wooden boats in the Badarian Period. Breasted contended “wooden boats, like other wood work, were certainly already produced on the Nile at a time when only stone tools were available” (Breasted 1918, 176). Johnstone also believed it was “possible to wedge and adze planks out of a tree-trunk with stone tools, bone or antler chisels, shells and even beechwood wedges, but it must have been an exceedingly laborious business” (Johnstone 1980, 67). These craft would not be large vessels, but small open boats that would enable the establishment of links between villages to trade larger quantities of goods than could be carried on a raft.

There are problems with these statements since there have always been a lack of appropriate indigenous trees for Egyptian dugout canoe production and there have been revisions in the Predynastic Period chronology since Reisner’s time. What Reisner called the ‘Middle Predynastic’ probably now corresponds to the Naqada II or Early Predynastic Periods, the date attributed to extensively worked timbers known as the Tarkhan Planks whose characteristics emulate boat-building techniques (Fig. 3.60). Steve Vinson agreed with Petrie and took the view that hollow clay models from the Badarian Period (specifically PMEA UC9024) likely represent craft constructed of papyrus, not wooden planks, and he asserted that they are true boats in the sense of being a small open craft. His rationale lay in the fact that it is the 11

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS I contend that PMEA UC9024, although it is dated to the Badarian Period, does represent a wooden boat model. The time between the end of the Badarian Period and the beginning of the Naqada II Period is approximately 500 years, a relatively short period of time for advanced woodworking skills to develop in order to create the aforementioned coffins. The presence of a port side quarter rudder cable hole (attribute d1 to be defined below) further strengthens my argument, since fixed steering gear evidence is only found on wooden boats (see below), as does the inclusion of a landing plank (attribute e1 to be defined below) on PMEA UC9024 and PMEA UC16290.

Petrie’s position on PMEA UC16276, putting forth that it depicts a papyriform wooden boat painstakingly carved to imitate bound papyrus stalks. He was adamant that if this craft existed in reality, it would be constructed of wood. Once again, Landström strongly contended that if PMEA UC16276, and a similar fragment of an Early Dynastic Period model Helwan 1 (Fig. 2.6; Appendix A, Cat. No. 18), are interpreted as representing papyrus craft they would be rafts and not boats regardless of the fabricated sides (Landström 1970, 22, nos. 61-62). I contend that PMEA UC16276 and Helwan 1 are papyrus rafts and will be discussed below.

Several other watercraft models discovered at el-Badari were either too fragile for excavation or not described adequately, so virtually no information is known about them. However, the sparse characteristics of two other Badarian Period pottery models, AMO 1925.537 and BM EA 59632 (Figs. 2.3, 2.4; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 29, 30), “found loose in the rubbish” of cemetery 5100 suggest wooden construction as well (Brunton and CatonThompson 1928, 6-7, 34, 39, Pl. XXIII.33). I assert that the watercraft construction industry would be the logical arena for early technological advancements to take place, for Egypt’s dependence on waterborne trade and commerce for its economic growth and development is clear.

Figures 2.5-2.7. Models representing papyrus rafts. Top: PMEA UC16276 (© The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL). Middle: Helwan-1 (after Saad 1969, Pl. 103). Bottom: Abydos Y.T. (from Petrie 1902, Pl. X.4, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Reisner criticized Petrie’s classification of a hollow travertine artifact, Abydos Y.T., as representing a papyrus craft. Reisner believed that the artifact “represents a hollow vessel of bound reeds; but the identification of the vessel as a copy of a boat, unsupported by analogy, is very doubtful” (Reisner 1913, XVII, n. 2). This object may not be a watercraft model (Fig. 2.7; Appendix A, Cat. No. 17), since it is labeled as a possible ‘rush tray’. It is flat bottomed with three rows of papyrus bundles stacked on top of each other, with thick round ends designed to look as if the bundles are tied into one bunch that is also referred to as a ‘closed raft’ (Petrie 1902, 7, Pl. IX.4; Petrie 1933a, 3-4, Fig. 5). Göttlicher and Werner categorized Abydos Y.T. as a papyrus raft (Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XLVII). Even though this artifact may have functioned as a tray and not a watercraft model, it is included in this study because of its great detail as a papyrus raft.

Figures 2.3 and 2.4. Badarian Period clay models representing wooden boats. AMO 1925.537 and BM EA 59632.

Hollow watercraft models that have characteristics suggesting they represent papyrus craft construction are problematic and have been the focus of much debate. Petrie identified a fragmentary hollow unprovenanced quartz model (PMEA UC16276) a papyrus craft. It is carved into a boat shape with upturned ends and the papyrus bundles clearly defined (Fig. 2.5; Appendix A, Cat. No. 16). Even with its ‘deep’ hull, Petrie asserted “the structure was essentially a long float on the water, with raised ends to stiffen the sides” (Petrie 1920, 42-43, Pl. XLVI.41; 1933a, 5-6, Fig.11). Landström disputed

Göttlicher and Werner also determined that artifacts, AMO 1895.609, AMO 1895.622, and UPMAA E. 1436,

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NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM were papyrus rafts (Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XLVII). These three thin clay fabric Naqada II Period models from Tukh [Naqada] and el-Ballas (Figs. 2.8, 2.9, 2.10; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 183, 186, 35) have been the most debated watercraft models in the corpus. They have raised thinner ends, lines on their outer hull, are hollow, and one has a raised line down its inner bottom hull. When first studying these models, Petrie believed they “do not seem to have been copied from wood-built vessels, as the frequent lines of construction run up and down. Such a type suggests rather a pliable, tough material, such as reeds, which could be lashed together by lines of rope from stem to stern” (Petrie and Quibell 1896, 25, Pl. XXXVI, 80-81a-b).

on their hulls suggest papyrus bundles (Vinson 1994, 11). Casson also agreed with Petrie and believed model AMO 1895.622 represents a papyrus, not wooden, craft (Casson 1971, 12, Fig. 7). SKIN? Allessandra Nibbi joined the debate about these hollow models, putting forth another theory about their construction. Since UPMAA E. 1436 has longitudinal lines along its hull that creates a checked pattern, Nibbi identified this model as a hide-covered framed boat. Nibbi also believed that AMO 1895.609 and AMO 1895.622 exhibit characteristics of skin boat construction as well (Nibbi 1993, 85, Fig. 5). Emma Brunner-Traut described another model, ECUWS W924, with an animal head bow and lines painted on the hull with a deceased person in a fetal position lying in the hold, as a papyrus ‘boat’ (Appendix B, Cat. No. B.8). Nibbi reported that this model was from Naqada, like the other models she believes are skin boats, as well. However, ECUWS W924 has no provenance and came to Swansea from the Wellcome Collection in 1971. Further, Brunner-Traut detailed two other models (RMO 1962/12.1, ECUWS W925, Appendix B, Cat. Nos. B.9, B.10) she labeled as funerary boats since they carry a mummy and a corpse in a fetal position. ECUWS W925 is also from the Wellcome Collection, without provenance, and since it carries a mummy, Brunner-Traut dated the model to Pharaonic times (Brunner-Traut 1975, 41-42, 46, Pls. 1-2; Nibbi 1993, 87-88, note 24). A major problem with Brunner-Traut’s analysis of the models in question and in Nibbi’s citation lies in the fact that these artifacts have questionable authenticity (see Appendix B).

Figures 2.8-2.10. Naqada II Period clay models representing wooden boats. AMO 1895.609, AMO 1895.622, and UPMAA E. 1436 (from Petrie 1920, Pl. XXXVI.80, 81a, 81b, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

Nibbi’s argument for the existence of skin boats in Egypt is based partly in her belief that papyrus availability has been misunderstood or misrepresented by some scholars. She contended that since reeds only grow in still water environments, it was not possible to construct “a papyrusbundle boat...easily anywhere along” the Nile River (Nibbi 1993, 85). However, despite Nibbi’s beliefs, papyrus likely grew in calm, wider areas of the southern Nile River in the Naqada II Period when the watercraft models in question were made. It has been noted that “the accumulation of silt [by the annual inundation of the Nile River] and the management of water by man have...led to a gradual increase in useful land as the swamps that used to lie at the desert edge have been reclaimed” (Baines and Málek 1980, 14). Therefore, swamps probably existed in the Nile Valley even during the development of agriculture in the Predynastic Period (Hoffman 1979, 17).

Years later Petrie dismissed the idea that these models were reed floats or even dugout canoes, and that lines painted on some hulls suggested ‘longitudinal ribs’ (Petrie 1920, 21). Petrie’s terminology is faulty here, for ribs, more accurately called frames, run athwartships across a hull and not longitudinally along the length of a vessel. Regardless of this mistake, Petrie later described these marks as lashings to hold papyrus bundles together and assessed that these three hollow models were papyrus rafts with sides (Petrie 1933a, 4-5, Figs. 6, 8-9), changing his mind once more. Landström discussed these models and Petrie’s most recent interpretation, but ultimately made no conclusions about them (Landström 1970, 15, nos. 24-25). Reisner deduced that since these models are hollow with flat ends and papyrus rafts consist of solid bunches of papyrus stalks and have round ends, it seemed “improbable...that the early clay boats are models of papyrus rafts” (Reisner 1913, XVII-XVIII).

Further, William C Hayes observed “that at the beginning of the historic period and, indeed, well down into dynastic times desert conditions in northeast Africa were not nearly so severe as at the present.” Therefore the late Predynastic Period boasted less arid conditions than today, and Hayes further claimed “in the valley itself, and to an even greater extend in the Delta, much of the terrain was swampland and jungle, covered over large areas by pools and vast papyrus thickets and infested by

Vinson agreed with Petrie’s reassessment and also contended that models dated to the Naqada I and II Periods are canoe-shaped papyrus craft, even though they are hollow, because the decorative lines or carved lines

13

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS hippopotami, crocodiles, and other aquatic life.” The great number of faience hippopotamus statues decorated with aquatic plants such as blue and white lotuses, excavated from Middle Kingdom tombs from Upper Egyptian sites such as el-Lisht, Meir, and Thebes (Hayes 1953, 4, 226-227, Fig. 142), suggests that these animals lived outside of the Delta at this late date, and their habitat was still water with papyrus growth. Breasted echoed Hayes’s contention concerning Egypt’s early ecology and geography since “in a timberless country like Egypt, and ages before the importation of cedar from Syria was possible, the natives who inhabited the vast marsh-land of the Nile, then little better than a tropical jungle, must have devised such floats as these with which to cross the river at need” (Breasted 1918, 175).

suggest papyrus construction. However, the other two models have major nautical construction attributes incorporated into their construction, indicators of wooden boat-building. PAPYRUS AND SKIN? Early Dynastic Period model EM JE 86169 has sparked considerable debate within the disciplines of Maritime History, Egyptology, and Nautical Archaeology. Nibbi contended that this model is a papyrus raft covered with a waterproof animal hide to prolong its life, and the crossed lines are stitching holding different hide pieces together. Her argument points out that although the ends are broken, the remaining bits confirm they represent bound papyrus stalks and could not possibly represent wood (Fig. 2.11; Appendix A, Cat. No. 189). Nibbi also presented Old Kingdom tomb reliefs showing what Nibbi believed are hide-covered Dynastic boats with lines or cross hatching that represent stitching. Landström explained these lines as a truss-girdle for stability on Old Kingdom cargo ships, but Nibbi dismissed this idea. Wall reliefs and paintings of New Kingdom boats have a central section that is painted differently than the ends, again suggesting to Nibbi that they are hide-covered, and she refers to the model boats of Tutankhamun as further proof. These models are generally painted solid yellow amidships, indicating to her that they are hide-covered, with the hides providing waterproofing instead of caulk (Nibbi 1993, 81-100).

Another argument against the skin boat theory lies in the undecorated nature of the inner hulls of these models. If these models are meant to represent hide covered frame boats, the frames should be painted on the inside of the model where the frames would actually be, instead of or included with the lines on the outer hull. Three Greek boat models exhibiting this characteristic, with transverse lines painted on their inner and outer hulls, have been described as hide covered or framed boats (Göttlicher 1978, 61, 63, tbls. 24.317, 25.332; Johnston 1985, 28, 3334, 39-40, BA 19, BA 26, Geom. 1). Further, there is no evidence of a hide boat tradition having developed in or migrating to Egypt. Paul Johnstone contended that the development of skin boats likely occurred in the cold climate of “central Eurasia” with its “fast moving rivers north of 40 degrees latitude.” He believed that inhabitants in an area like Egypt with a “warm climate” and “slow-moving waters or lakes, where reeds would be likely to grow and be an easier source of a usable craft” wouldn’t need to construct skin boats for transportation. Johnstone points to skin boat use in Mesopotamia, but not in neighbor Egypt, as a strong indication of this northern evolution, not to mention the use of this craft in southern Europe but not the nearby Mediterranean Islands or in any part of Africa (Johnstone 1980, 36, 39-40). Even Nibbi admitted that the “very lightness...[of skin boats] limits their use...[since] they cannot withstand the force of a contrary wind or current, which means that they would never have been very suitable vessels on the Nile, where the boatman would have had to face either a strong current flowing northwards, especially during the inundation, or else a strong wind blowing southwards.” Ironically, Nibbi further contended that light skin boats could be used on Egyptian lakes or “any expanse of inland water” (Nibbi 1993, 89) and this is true, but if she conceded that these bodies of water existed in antiquity, then papyrus would be growing in these still waters and contradict the need for skin boats.

Figure 2.11. A model representing a papyriform wooden boat. EM JE 86169 (after Landström 1970, no. 70-72).

Landström considered this artifact as his strongest argument supporting his belief that most early models represent papyriform wooden boats and not papyrus rafts. He believed the parallel lines with cross-hatching on the gunwale, down the sides, and along the chine represents the sewing together of the wooden planks. Again, Landström’s idea of the basic boat shape of a bottom with two sides is certainly reflected in this model. Although the ends are broken off, what remains exhibits the imitation papyrus raft lashings shown on other models Landström considered papyriform (Landström

Models UPMAA E. 1436, AMO 1895.609, and AMO 1895.622 are classified as wooden boats in this study. While UPMAA E. 1436 does not exhibit any major nautical construction attributes, its minor attributes do not 14

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 1970, 20, 23-24, nos. 70-72). For this new classification system, the broken ends are of no consequence.

to be papyrus rafts will meet specific criteria that would be common to the objects in question.

Ward [Haldane] also discussed EM JE 86169 and took Landström’s analysis of several early Dynastic models (Landström 1970, 23-24, nos. 64-72) including this one, into account. According to Ward, the cross-hatching or sewing on the bottom of EM JE 86169 corresponds to the junction of the central strake and the first strakes on both sides of an actual hull, and indicated that the sides and bottom were sewn together outside under the waterline. Ward discussed the aforementioned Tarkhan planks in relation to this artifact and deduced that two of these planks (PMEA UC17156, PMEA UC17162, Fig. 3.60), have the proper mortises and T-shaped lashing channels that would be needed if a boat builder constructed a craft by sewing the first strakes to the central strake (Haldane 1993, 61-67; Ward 2000, 35-37). Vinson did not believe the cross-hatching indicated sewing since they to not extend the entire length of the hull (Vinson 1987, 172).

Kemp’s basic definition of boat as a “small open craft without any decking and usually propelled by oars…exceptions to this general definition are fishing boats, sometimes decked or half-decked” (Kemp 1976, 92), is not exactly suitable for this study. I must change it because of the inclusion of the word ‘decking’, for many Egyptian boat models are depicted with deck hatches in place. The presence of a deck does not make a boat into a ship, which is “the generic name for sea-going vessels” and is defined as a “vessel of significant size that is capable of deep-water navigation...[or] any self-propelled vessel” (Kemp 1976, 780; Lenfestey 1994, 411). Some large Ancient Egyptian watercraft were capable of nonriverine travel attested to by ship depictions on the walls of tombs, temples, and pyramid causeways, and in pieces of literature (Figs. 3.69, 3.72). However, these ships were only self-propelled when masts could be stepped, sails raised, and the wind favorable. At other times, these vessels are shown being propelled by rowers. Since these ‘modern’ definitions do not precisely fit ancient watercraft, models in this study that represent wooden craft will be called boats. In spite of this, an exception will be made for one model whose non-nautical attributes strongly suggest it represents a sea-going ship when compared to Sahura’s causeway (Fig. 3.72). Whether a model represents a papyrus or wooden craft will be determined by criteria recorded about each artifact and will be explained completely. None of the models are categorized as a skin or hide craft, since the lack of evidence for this watercraft being used in Ancient Egypt is over-whelming, despite an attribute or two that may, to others, suggest otherwise.

This model may represent a hide-covered hull, but it is not a papyrus craft because of the presence of major and minor nautical attributes evident in its structure, indicators of wooden vessel construction. Nibbi insisted that the papyriform ends “confirm that this vessel cannot possibly represent a wooden one” (Nibbi 1993, 84). This statement does not hold up since Khufu I (Figs. 3.74, 3.75) is a papyriform wooden boat with ends that resemble papyrus stalks. Ward [Haldane] agreed with Landström (and me), since as “demonstrated by the Khufu I hull and many models, decorative finials could be attached to hull ends” (Haldane 1993, 66; Ward 2000, 36). Further, it must be noted that on later wooden boat models of the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom, objects that are made of hide or are hidecovered are shown as black and white spotted, brown and white spotted, or bright yellow with black or red dots to represent stitching, and not one solid color to indicate their construction. These include quivers that hold spears, warrior’s shields, shields painted on tunnel-shaped canopies, and leads held by boat pilots (see Chapter 4).

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESS Nautical three-dimensional representations of Ancient Egyptian watercraft that are not a decorative staff top or incorporated into a jar, statue, or box, and are not any other kind of model is considered an Ancient Egyptian watercraft model. These artifacts fall into two major divisions that reflect a watercraft model’s basic representative construction: papyrus raft (1) and wooden boat (2). Major nautical construction attributes combine to create categories that make them unique from other model types.

The definition of raft recognized here takes principles from three sources. I will use Kemp’s idea of a ‘floating framework’ (Kemp 1976, 687) and I agree with Landström’s contention that a raft “floats only by virtue of the lightness of the material, and is not a shell construction like a boat proper” (Landström 1970, 18). However, I also agree with Petrie, so I will use his conclusion that rafts can have sides “so long as flotation was due to a raft bottom, and the sides were only fenders and had no hydraulic pressure” (Petrie 1933a, 5). To defend my use of Petrie’s concept, I point to the numerous examples of canoe-shaped reed rafts used in Africa and other continents since antiquity (Breasted 1918, Plates XXXIII-XXXIV; Hornell 1946, Plates V, VII.A, VIIa.A). Therefore, models representing Ancient Egyptian papyrus rafts that existed in reality, would be of a specific ‘floating framework’ and float with or without sides because of the ‘lightness of the material’ (Landström 1970, 18; Kemp 1976, 687). Artifacts I deem

NAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES: MAJOR Within this new system, 18 major structural attributes are indicators of nautical construction: raft ends (RE), builtup sides (BUS), rope ties (RT), vertically flat ends (VFE), deck beams (DB), central plank (CP), raised central shelf (RCS), outrigger (O), reinforced stern structure (RSS), lower side shelves (LSS), longitudinal stern reinforcement (LSR), through-going deck beams (TDB), fork stern (FS), deck knees (DK), athwartships stern reinforcement (ASR), keel (K), stern cleft (SC), and hogging truss (HT). Six major structural attributes (RE,

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS RCS, O, RSS, LSR, ASR) are further defined through small case alphabetical attribute state descriptors with superscript numbers (c1-3 [RE], k1-8 [RCS], m1-3 [O], q1-11 [RSS], u1-3 [LSR], v1-4 [ASR]) since their representation often indicates differences or evolution in their construction. These primary technological attributes, singly and in combination, create Classes within the two main divisions and are numerically represented.

Built-Up Sides (BUS). Built-up sides are incorporated into one category of papyrus raft and simply add freeboard to such a watercraft. Bundles of reeds are bound together, sometimes differentiated, and stacked upon each other on port and starboard, creating the appearance of a boat (Fig. 2.16). However, a reed vessel is by construction a raft regardless of the presence of this attribute.

Major Nautical Attribute Definitions and Descriptions The 18 major nautical construction attributes and their clarifiers will be described and defined individually prior to their display in combinations that create the new Ancient Egyptian watercraft model classification. This way, when each attribute appears in a Class, it will be recognized. Figure 2.16. A model representing a papyrus raft with builtup sides (BUS). PMEA UC16288.

Raft Ends (RE). Raft ends are the distinctive thin appearance of the stem and stern of papyrus rafts and has three clarifiers: upturned ends (c1, Fig. 2.12); bound ends (c2, Fig. 2.13); and both upturned and bound ends (c3, Figs. 2.14, 2.15). Upturned ends (c1) curl inward toward the model’s deck but have no visible means of binding indicated. In reality, rope binding must exist to hold papyrus rafts together (Figs. 3.35, 3.59), but the model maker did not include this detail in the artifact’s construction. Bound ends (c2) extend relatively horizontally from the model’s hull and has either etched or painted bindings indicated fore and aft. A model with attribute (c3) has upturned ends that also curve inward toward its hull and has rope ties either painted or etched on the raft. Properly interpreting attribute (c1-3) is essential since many models often have decorative fore and aft finials or papyrus umbel-like ends that serve no structural purpose and represent wooden watercraft, not papyrus rafts.

Rope Ties (RT). Rope ties are painted on or carved into papyrus raft model hulls to indicate they are constructed of papyrus stalk bundles tied together (Fig. 2.17). These ties are not decorative as seen in some models representing wooden craft, but are integral to a papyrus raft’s structure. The binding together of these papyrus rafts would have taken much time and great care to insure craft stability (Figs. 3.35, 3.59).

Figure 2.17. A model representing a papyrus raft with painted rope ties (RT). EM JE 46715.

Vertically Flat Ends (VFE). Throughout the twentieth century, scholars have not found an accurate way to describe this attribute, especially as it was depicted on Naqada II Period pots and in Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis (Figs. 3.5, 3.27). The term ‘sickle-shape’ has appeared frequently, but the problem lies in describing how the port and starboard sides of a boat model are ‘pinched’ together to make a blade-like structure. Reisner labeled model EM CG 4814’s ends as “sharp and flattened vertically” (Reisner 1913, 20), a helpful description that I have modified into ‘vertically flat ends’ (Figs. 2.18, 2.19). Ward [Haldane] likened EM CG 4814, and therefore all models with VFE, to the partially excavated Abydos boat (Fig. 3.31). Further, Bjorn Landström described images of watercraft with VFE as vessels with “sharply curved hulls of even thickness.” These models represent simple vessels whose VFE construction resulted in the pushing outward of the craft’s sides that caused “the bottom and thus the entire boat to bend, acquiring what is still today the typical

Figures 2.12-2.15. Papyrus raft end (RE) variations. Top Left: c1. PMEA UC 16287. Top Right: c2. NCG ÆIN 1629 (from Jørgensen 1996, 139, no. 55, courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek). Bottom: c3. EM JE 46715.

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NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM appearance of a boat, with a sheer.” Landström contended that the Egyptians would have figured out early on that this design gives a vessel a wider beam for increased stability and higher carrying capacity, and the raised ends provided for easier steering and control (Landström 1970, 13, 20).

evident in their construction (Fig. 2.22). Central planks provide longitudinal reinforcement of a vessel’s bottom for strength and stability.

Figures 2.18 and 2.19. A model representing a wooden boat with vertically flat ends (VFE). EM CG 4814 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. VI.1 and Fig. 88, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Deck Beams (DB). Beams are defined as “the transverse members of a ship’s frames on which the decks are laid” (Kemp 1976, 69). In this study, I have labeled those athwartships beams at deck level as deck beams (DB) for specificity. Hollow hulled models constructed of wood have actual DB carved from the hull or separate pieces inserted or attached to the model athwartships (Fig. 2.20), while solid hulled models have DB represented by painted bars on a white deck (Fig. 2.21). Further, some models are solid fore and aft and hollow amidships, and therefore have actual and painted deck beams indicated in their construction. Clay, ivory, and mud models with deck beams are formed from their respective hull fabric. Deck beams not only deliver great transverse strength and stability to a hull by creating a more rigid framework and allowing for increased beam, they also provide a secure location for holding deck hatches in place, the stepping of masts and stanchions, and can serve as seats for crewmen. There is no clarifier attached to the DB attribute since they, of course, would not be painted on a deck but be actual wooden beams when incorporated into a Nile River watercraft (Figs. 3.20, 3.75).

Figure 2.22. A model representing a wooden boat with a central plank (CP). ÄMUL 3004 (courtesy of the Ägyptologisches Museum Universität Leipzig).

Raised Central Shelf (RCS). Raised Central Shelf is a term used by Landström to describe the deck level beam running longitudinally down the midline of an Egyptian hull. As indicated by Khufu I, the RCS is supported by stanchions and notched on its upper edge to receive deck beams (Fig. 3.75; Landström 1970, 28). S R K Glanville characterized this attribute as a possible “hogging-beam, serving much the same purpose as the keelson in a modern vessel, i.e. to give longitudinal rigidity to the hull” (Glanville 1972, 18). While Glanville had the right idea, his use of the term keelson is incorrect; he should have likened the RCS to a keel in terms of function. Further, hogging trusses are not incorporated into Egyptian vessels but are suspended above the deck by crutches and attached around fore and aft sections of the hull (Steffy 1994, 29, fig 3-6). The incorporation of a RCS into a boat would greatly improve hull strength by providing a rigid midline and stable placement for DB, increased capacity for cargo carrying due to the ability to construct larger vessels, and improved vessel control. Raised central shelves are depicted in several ways. Hollow hulled models have an actual RCS suspended above the artifact’s bottom or rising from it (Fig. 2.23), some with notches carved out to accept DB (Fig. 2.24). Solid hulled models have a painted bar extending down the object’s midline (Fig. 2.25), and models with partially hollowed-out hulls incorporate both depictions. Attribute RCS has eight clarifiers (k1-8) associated with it that define the appearance of the RCS on a given artifact: aft (k1); fore and aft (k2); fore (k3); stanchion support (k4); amidships (k5); aft and amidships (k6); fore and amidships (k7); fore, amidships, and aft (k8).

Figures 2.20 and 2.21. Models representing wooden boats with deck beams (DB). Top: Actual DB. PMEA UC16167. Bottom: Painted DB. RMSR SED 44.

Central Plank (CP). Very few Egyptian boat models have central planks indicated, which is a “hull plank that was substantially thicker than the rest of the bottom planking…used in lieu of a keel” (Steffy 1994, 273-274)

In the areas where the RCS is not shown, it is possible that the model maker intended to indicate that the white

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS deck hatches cover the RCS at that point. However, that section of the decking would be raised higher than the areas where the RCS is shown since the hatch would rest on top of it, unless the hatch has a mortise carved out of it to accommodate the RCS. Other explanations for the lack of a RCS in an area may indicate laziness on the part of the model maker, when the RCS might not be seen if it is ‘passing’ under a deck canopy or cabin, or it may simply indicate that the RCS does not extend the entire length of the hull. Further, as with the DB, the RCS in Egyptian watercraft were actual beams and not simply painted on deck. Lastly, if a model has a RCS that extends the entire length of the artifact, it does not have a clarifier attached to it since its presence is reflected in the numerical grouping (.1, etc.) to which it belongs.

attribute cannot be ‘reminiscent’ if it is a precursor to something that comes later. Outriggers appear in Egyptian boat models in three different ways: protruding rectangles at deck level m1 (Fig 2.26); roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships m2 (Fig 2.27); and raised rectangular projections m3 (Fig. 2.28). Beyond providing stability to a vessel by increasing its beam, outriggers also serve as a large railing, gunwales, and a place for rowlock holes.

Figures 2.26-2.28. Variations of outriggers (O). Top: m1, protruding rectangles at deck level. EM JE 63183. Middle: m2, roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships. EM JE 63188. Bottom: m3, raised rectangular projections. EM JE 63191( from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pls. 49.6, 49.4, 49.10).

Reinforced Stern Structure (RSS). The reinforced stern structure attribute is applied to artifacts with a built-up stern that indicates a construction change from simple scow or pointed sterns. These changes indicate the recognition of the advantages of a strong aft section as a rudder oar rest and pivot point for greater steering control, as well as the ability to construct larger, beamier vessels due to this increased strength. When a model has a RSS incorporated into its construction, a clarifier will be attached to the model’s designation. The RSS attribute has 11 clarifiers (q1-11) and the change in its depiction is indicative of technological improvements in actual watercraft construction as observed by model makers over time: very small block q1 (Fig. 2.29); small block q2 (Fig. 2.30); small block with indent q3 (Fig 2.31); block q4 (Fig. 2.32); block with indent q5 (Fig. 2.33); big block with indent q6 (Fig. 2.34); block curve with indent q7 (Fig. 2.35); big block curve with indent q8 (Fig. 2.36); small curl q9 (Fig. 2.37); curl q10 (Fig. 2.38); and big block curve with indent curl q11 (Fig. 2.39). Several tomb scenes show the variations in RSS throughout the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom (Figs. 3.4, 3.46, 3.48, 3.49, 3.51, 3.52).

Figures 2.23-2.25. Models representing wooden boats with raised central shelves (RCS). Top: Actual RCS. RPM 1884.81.10 (courtesy of Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford). Middle: Actual RCS with notches to accept DB. SACOS E7287. Bottom: Painted RCS. MET S.8793.

Outriggers (O). Since Landström was the only scholar who mentioned outriggers in relation to Egyptian boat models and ‘modern’ definitions simply do not fit the ancient use or construction of them, his ideas about this attribute are important. Landström labeled an outrigger as a ‘support for the oars’ fitted to narrow vessels and that hulls could be “given an extension to bear the oars...[and that] it is not difficult to imagine that the outriggers...were fitted with planking.” When he wrote these words, Landström was referring to Greek warships and Phoenician biremes. However, when describing two Egyptian boat models, he commented these artifacts have “hull[s] [that] suddenly broaden amidships into something reminiscent of the outriggers on later galleys” (Landström 1961, 28, 32; 1970, 54). I agree with his assessment but question his terminology since an

Lower Side Shelves (LSS). Landström labeled two longitudinally placed beams above deck level away from the gunwale toward the centerline on Khufu I on port and starboard as side shelves. These beams rest on a smaller beam under deck I am labeling a Lower Side Shelf (LSS, Fig. 3.75). This attribute was likely integral to actual

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NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Figures 2.29-2.39. Reinforced stern structure (RSS) variations. Top: q1, very small block. RMSR SED 44. q2, small block. EM JE 39127 (from Quibell 1908, Pl. XXVI bottom). q3, small block with indent. MFA 21.828. q4, block. MFA 21.871. Middle: q5, block with indent. REM RC 484. q6, big block with indent. MFA 11.150.10. q7, block curve with indent. PRM 1884.81.10 (courtesy of the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford). q8, big block curve with indent. EM JE 46718. Bottom: q9, small curl. RMO 1939/1.1, q10, curl. MMA 32.1.124a-c. q11, big block with indent curl. MM 4742.

Egyptian vessel design at least when a RCS is used in construction. The Dahshur boats do not have a RCS and do not have LSS or upper side shelves (Fig. 3.62). Unfortunately, only a few Egyptian watercraft models have LSS incorporated into their construction, possibly because ancient model makers did not readily observe this internal construction characteristic since it is located below deck. Ward referred to side shelves as stringers, which by definition is correct. However, I am choosing Landström’s label of side shelf since a stringer can refer to any longitudinal support in a hull, while I am referring to these two stringers specifically. In combination with the RCS, LSS “provided longitudinal stiffness to the hull,” would assist the upper side shelves to hold the DB in place, and support the deck hatch edges (Landström 1970, 28, no. 86:6; Ward 2000, 54, Figs. 16, 37).

This beam could be interpreted as a side shelf, but I contend this attribute likely represents a deck hatch frame. Lower Side Shelves are depicted in two ways, as a distinctively painted red bar representing a wooden beam on a hull’s inner surface (Fig. 2.40) or a beam carved from the model’s hull (Fig. 2.41). Longitudinal Stern Reinforcement (LSR). This attribute received little attention from Reisner, H E Winlock, and Landström, and Glanville simply described it as a “raised beam [that] runs along the centre of the after-deck, with black cross-bars” (Glanville 1972, 18). However, the addition of an above-deck longitudinal reinforcement timber in boat models at the stern in line with the RCS is significant. As a supplement to the RCS for additional mid-line strength, the presence of a LSR allows the construction of stronger and beamier sterns and the use of larger rudder oars. The LSR has three clarifiers indicating its basic appearance and often how they are attached to the hull: raised u1 (Fig. 2.42); painted

Many solid wooden boat models have a port and starboard red painted bar along the inner side of their gunwale and often serves as a gunwale on a flat deck.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS with stitching u2 (Fig. 2.43); and raised with painted stitching u3 (Fig. 2.44). These different portrayals are often dependent on the impulse or skill of the model maker and the quality of the artifact.

New Kingdom reliefs depict cargo vessels and warships with TDB (Figs. 3.12, 3.15, 3.16, 3.70, 3.71).

Figures 2.45 and 2.46. Through-going deck beam (TDB) depictions. Top: Painted TDB. UPMAA E 14347. Bottom: Actual TDB. EM CG 4813 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. V, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Fork Stern (FS). Instead of a built-up stern, a few boat models have fork sterns that rise up and terminate in a two-prong projection that acts as a rudder oar attachment, carved from the stern counter (Fig. 2.47). The FS serves as a rudder oar guide and the rounded nature of the counter that supports this attribute widens the hull, making it more stable; stern stitching was added for strength as well. Since the archaeological evidence for attribute FS is scant, I contend this stern configuration was not widespread or long lasting, since these models date only from Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, Early Dynasty XII, and generally to Dynasty XII. The obvious evolution of attribute RSS from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX to Late Dynasty XII indicates the RSS is a more desirable nautical construction characteristic for stern design during this time period.

Figures 2.40 and 2.41. Lower side shelf (LSS) depictions. Top: Painted LSS. PMEA UC38148. Bottom: Actual LSS. MMA 20.3.1 (from Winlock 1955, pl. 72).

Figure 2.47. A fork stern (FS) with stern reinforcements. EM CG 4951 (from Reisner 1913, Fig. 366, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Figures 2.42-2.44. Longitudinal stern reinforcement (LSR) variations. Top: u1. PRM 1884.81.10 (courtesy of the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford). u2. EM CG 4910 (from Reisner 1913, 65, Fig. 234, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Bottom: u3. MMA 12.183.3.

Through-going Deck Beams (TDB). Through-going deck beams add transverse strength to a hull as lateral extensions of the deck beams, allowing for beamier, larger, and sturdier watercraft that can carry greater cargoes and larger numbers of passengers. Throughgoing deck beams are represented as painted longitudinal rectangular marks under the gunwale (Fig. 2.45) or as actual protrusions from the outer hull (Fig. 2.46). Several

Figure 2.48. Deck knees (DK) used to add support to the DC and RCS. EM CG 4955 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XXIV, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Deck Knees (DK). Although this attribute is not depicted as a traditional knee, its function as a brace between DB and the RCS is the same as knees recognized through

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NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM hundreds of years of boat-building. Deck knees are represented as thin rectangular beams set at angles to the RCS and the DB (Fig. 2.48), providing additional strength and rigidity to the vessel’s hull.

Keel (K). A Keel is “the lowest and principal timber of a wooden ship...which extends the whole length of the vessel and to which the stem, sternpost, ribs or timbers of the vessel are attached. It could be called the backbone of the ship and is its strongest single member” (Kemp 1976, 443). Landström recognized “an entirely new type of vessel with long drawn-out stems and stern- posts, often with a sort of notch beneath...[and] these posts were really a direct extension of a keel” (Landström 1970, 107) appearing in the New Kingdom. Often decorative finials are attached to these ends. I assert that Landström should have put stronger language to his contention and label the ‘keel extension’ as a keel (Fig. 2.53). Since stem and sternposts are scarfed into the keel (Kemp 1976, 834) under the waterline, they carry some of the structural support of the vessel and are part of the K, not an ‘extension’ of it.

Figures 2.53-2.54. Top: A keel (K) at the bow of Amenhotep II’s Dynasty XVIII model boat. EM CG 4944 (courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Bottom: Amenhotep boat model with decorative finials attached, K shown disappearing below the hull in order for the artifact to stand upright, and TDB near gunwale. EM CG 4946 (after Landström 1970, 110, no. 340).

Figures 2.49-2.52. Athwartships stern reinforcement (ASR) variations. Top: v1. EM CG 4798 (from Reisner 1913, 3, Fig. 14, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). v2. ÄMB 12. Middle: v3. BM EA 25361 (from Glanville 1972, 21, Fig. 19, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum). Bottom: v4. EM NN-3.

Landström pointed out that New Kingdom models no longer have the RCS and DB painted on the deck, suggesting the K replaced the shelf in those examples that exhibit a K in their construction. He also concluded “the models are made to stand upright, so that the visible part of the keel is lacking beneath the central fifth of the hull” (Landström 1970, 107) so that they do not fall over (Fig. 2.54). I agree with Landström on both counts, since a K would not be seen in top view with a vessel’s deck hatches in place, and if the deck hatches were designed to lay on top of the DB they would not be seen either, so the model maker did not represent them on deck. While it is not until Dynasty XVIII that the use of K in the Egyptian boat-building tradition is seen in boat models, the development of this major nautical attribute was probable during the Second Intermediate Period with no surviving evidence. I contend the depiction of the K is the most important attribute evident in Ancient Egyptian watercraft model construction since this hull bottom

Athwartships Stern Reinforcement (ASR). The athwartships stern reinforcement attribute has received only brief mention by previous scholars, and most often in conjunction with the LSR. Like the LSR, the incorporation of an ASR into a model’s hull would increase the vessel’s aft hull strength, in this case port to starboard. Again, greater aft support provided for beamier vessels and the use of robust rudder oars. The ASR has four clarifiers that indicate its appearance and often its hull attachment method: painted with stitching (v1, Fig. 2.49); raised (v2, Fig. 2.50); painted (v3, Fig. 2.51); and raised with painted stitching (v4, Fig. 2.52). These different presentations, like the LSR, may be a choice of the model maker based on their skill level or the object’s quality, and as seen by the examples set forth here, the ASR most often appears in conjunction with a LSR.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS numbers attached to the small case letter (a1,2, b1,2, d1-6, etc).

structure increases the strength of and stabilizes the entire vessel, and is what Kemp called the ‘central member’ of any watercraft to this day.

Attribute Definitions and Descriptions: Minor Stern Cleft (SC). A stern cleft is a slot carved out of the stern counter to receive and stabilize the rudder oar (Figs. 2.55, 3.70). The deeper, or more forward the cleft is cut, the more stable the steering mechanism. The slot is carved to accept the rudder oar with a little give, providing a stable pivot point for effective steering.

As mentioned previously, there are 16 minor nautical attributes exhibited in Egyptian watercraft models that improve a vessel’s functionality but that are not major structural components or clarifiers of major attributes: a1,2, b1,2, d1-6, e1-3, f1-9, g, h1,2, i1-6, j1-15, l1-5, n1-7, o, p, r1,2, s1-5, and t1-6. Thirteen of these attributes are further defined as a series of attribute states when their appearance or construction changers over time. Attribute a. Attribute (a) is a descriptor that indicates the solid nature of a model’s hull and has two attribute states: flat bottom (a1) and round bottom (a2). Many watercraft models have flat bottoms as a model maker’s standard so that the artifact will sit level on a surface such as a coffin. Whether a model has an artificially flat bottom is determined by the hard or soft chine of the vessel fore, aft, and above this pedestal. If a solid model (with or without a pedestal) has a hard chine, it has a flat bottom (a1) and if the chine is soft, it is round bottomed (a2) emulating a watercraft’s hull below the waterline.

Figure 2.55. A stern cleft (SC) from one of Tutankhamun’s models. EM JE 61331 (from Jones 1990, Pl. XXXI top, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson).

Attribute b. Attribute (b) is a descriptor that indicates either a model’s hull is hollow because of BUS in papyrus rafts, it is an open wooden watercraft, or a wood vessel that has some or all of its deck hatches removed. Flat-bottomed hollow models (b1), as mentioned above, were often constructed in that fashion for stability when placed in a tomb while round-bottomed hollow (b2) artifacts accurately emulate a vessel’s hull below the waterline. The criteria for determining whether a hollow artifact has a flat or round bottom is the same as for solid models mentioned above.

Hogging Truss (HT). A hogging truss as seen “in ancient vessels…is a strong cable supported by forked posts attached to the ends of the hull” to prevent hogging, where “strain on the hull causes its ends to droop” (Steffy 1994, 273). Vessels with heavy ends, such as those with decorative papyriform umbel finials, would benefit from the installation of a hogging truss (Figs. 2.56, 3.69, 3.72) to provide longitudinal support in order to keep the vessel from sagging at its bow and stern.

Attribute d. The terminology used in reference to steering gear must be addressed prior to examining attribute (d) and its attribute states. Scholars use the terms steering oar, quarter rudder, and rudder differently and often interchangeably when describing Egyptian watercraft in two and three dimensions. Throughout this study, I use the terms ‘rudder oar’, ‘quarter rudder oar’, ‘rudder oar stanchion’, and ‘quarter rudder oar stanchion’ in reference to steering gear and my reasons for this must be explained. J Richard Steffy defined a steering oar as “an oar used to steer a small vessel, either from the side or the stern.” He believed a steering oar could be confused with a quarter rudder, “which is the device commonly used to steer ancient vessels and is permanently mounted and turns about a fixed axis...on one or both stern quarters.” Further, he defined rudder as “a timber, or assembly of timbers, that could be rotated about an axis to control the direction of a vessel underway” (Steffy 1994, 278, 280).

Figure 2.56. A hogging truss (HT) providing strength to the bow and stern on a papyriform boat. EM CG 4929 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIX bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

NAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES: MINOR Sixteen descriptors, or minor structural attributes (a-b, dj, l, n-p, r-t), augment the numerical Classes and are alphabetically represented. Thirteen of these 16 minor attributes (a-b, d-f, h-j, l, n, r-t) are further defined in a series of attribute states when their appearance or construction alters over time as indicated by superscript

Kemp defined a steering oar as “the forerunner of the vertical rudder hung on the sternpost. Originally a single oar projecting over the quarter of the boat...it was multiplied in the larger vessels to two or three oars. A 22

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM quarter gallery pierced for such steering oars gave the necessary pivotal support...seen in Egyptian bas-reliefs of 3000 BC. A somewhat later example from Egypt (2500 BC) shows a steering oar projecting over the stern of a vessel, lashed to the counter and secured to a vertical post...steering oars remained the only means of directing the course of a ship up to about the beginning of the 13th century AD [CE], when they were gradually replaced by the vertical rudder hinged to the after end of the sternpost” (Kemp 1976, 831-832).

When I began this study, intuitively I labeled the fixed steering gear on Egyptian boat models as steering oars and steer posts during artifact documentation. Kemp’s definitions of steering oar and post fit my initial impressions. However, upon examination of many artifacts and the configurations of steering gear found on them, I contend that Steffy’s definitions accurately reflect the use of large oars in aiding Egyptian vessels in navigation on the Nile River. In essence, these oars are rudders since the fixed gear attributes provide the pivot points critical to the definition of rudder. In spite of this, I am not satisfied with labeling Egyptian steering gear as rudders since, in reality, they are oars. Further, these oars are not attached to a sternpost by a pintle and gudgeon strap, the attributes associated with a rudder that are recognized by maritime and nautical scholars. Additionally, Steffy did not take into account those oars that do extend directly off the stern in his definition. Actually, the majority of Egyptian boat models that have steering gear are of the design with the oar set along the mid-line of the hull, not those on either or both stern quarters. Therefore, I am using Winlock’s label of ‘rudder oar’ since it connotes an oar turning on fixed steering points for steering gear that is set along the midline of the hull, and ‘quarter rudder oar’ for those oars that are located on the port or starboard stern sections of the hull. I am also using ‘rudder oar stanchion’ and ‘quarter rudder oar stanchion’ since the term ‘post’ is used in this work as a support for a cabin or canopy and ‘rudder oar stanchion and ‘quarter rudder oar stanchion’ implies a purpose for a stanchion in a specific location.

Noreen Doyle studied primarily two-dimensional representations of Egyptian steering configuration. Doyle cited Steffy’s definition of steering oar and put forth that “for the purposes of this paper, an oar mounted only to planking or a crosspiece, and therefore free to be levered against the hull, will be called a steering oar. An oar that has been mounted to a stanchion, and therefore fixed to rotate only on its axis, will be called a rudder. Throughout this paper, ‘steering oar’ will be used to refer to both rudder and steering oar, with distinction being made as necessary” (Doyle 1998, 80). Cheryl Ward [Haldane], in her extensive studies of Khufu I and the Dahshur Boats (Figs. 3.62, 3.74, 3.75), consistently referred to steering gear as steering oars. Khufu I had “two oars...lashed in place as the steering oars for the hull.” The Dahshur Boats “seem to have had the typical steering arrangement of Egyptian funerary vessels, one oar on either side of the stern. Two stanchions, connected by a crosspiece, supported the upper ends of the oars...each of the Cairo hulls has two steering oars; the boats in this country [the United States] have only one oar each” (Haldane 1993, 107, 224-225; Ward 2000, 55, 95-96).

Steering gear attachments on Egyptian watercraft models are labeled as attribute (d) and has six attribute states. Attribute (d) and other fixed steering gear attributes to be analyzed later are important indicators of wooden watercraft construction. Further, the presence of minor attribute (d) indicates that as early as the Badarian Period, Egyptians recognized the usefulness of fixed steering gear to improve their boat handling ability.

Dilwyn Jones also referred to steering gear as steeringoars in his work. He contended that “boats were steered by one or more hand-held steering-oars suspended over the quarters. The looms of the oars were either worked in rope or leather grommets, or supported in semi-circular grooves cut into the ends of a crossbeam inset into the deck immediately forward of them. The oars were operated either by turning them on their axes or by levering them against the boat’s side” with tillers and often a single oar extended over the stern of the boat by the Middle Kingdom. New Kingdom steering gear remained relatively unchanged from the earlier forms, but radical stern developments in some watercraft changed the efficiency of the gear (Jones 1990, 4; Jones 1995, 38, 43, 47, 51). Vinson referred to steering gear on vessels as steering oars (Vinson 1994, 30), as did Glanville throughout his catalogue (Glanville 1972).

Attribute state d1 (Fig. 2.57) is a simple hole bored through a vessel’s hull on one or both after quarters of a model to secure one or two quarter rudder oars (labeled quarter rudder oar cable holes), and attribute state d2 (Fig. 2.58) is comprised of two holes just fore of the stern for the attachment of a single rudder oar (labeled rudder oar cable holes). Lines would be inserted in the holes and tied around the quarter rudder oar or rudder oar shaft to provide a pivot point. Attribute state d3 (Fig. 2.59) is an indentation in the stern for the placement of a rudder oar. Attribute state d4 (Fig. 2.60) has rudder oar cable holes and an indentation for the rudder oar, a combination of attribute states d2 and d3. The small indent or wedge seen in attributes d3 and d4 is the precursor to the major structural attribute RSS that serves as a rudder oar rest in other Classes.

Landström and Angela M J Tooley referred to rudders when describing Egyptian oars used as steering gear (Landström 1970; Tooley 1989). Winlock described the fixed steering gear found on Meket-Re’s wooden boats as the rudder oar and its associated stanchion as the rudder post (Winlock 1955, 48), while Reisner used the terms rudder and rudder-post (Reisner 1913).

23

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS believe this is the case since it had to be attached to the shaft near the blade, which would be out of reach for an Egyptian sailor while underway. Therefore, preventer is an incorrect term for this line, and the combination of rudder oar cable holes and this loop attachment will be termed minor attribute state d5. Attribute state d6 (Fig. 2.62) is a quarter rudder oar guide from the New Kingdom that is comprised of a crossbeam with carved ends that accept the quarter rudder oar shaft, supplying an additional pivot point for steering control. Finally, evidence of steering gear attachments and other attributes beyond actual quarter rudder oars or rudder oars are used to determine a model’s mode of steering since these attributes can easily be separated from an artifact or exchanged with other oars. Attribute e. Attribute (e) is a platform incorporated on to the stern or bow of a model, and is defined by its location: steering (e1, stern); landing (e2, bow); both steering and landing (e3, Fig. 2.63). Platforms provide a stable area for a crewman to stand and securely hold a quarter rudder oar at the stern, to use a pole at the bow or stern, and for easy riverbank landings.

Figure 2.63. A model with a steering platform (e1) and landing platform (e2), combining to make attribute e3. EM JE 63187.

Attribute f. Attribute (f) and its nine states are the presence of an attached bulwark or gunwale evident on watercraft models. A gunwale is a “piece of timber going round the upper shear strake of a boat to bind in the top work” (Kemp 1976, 364). Relative to Egyptian models, a bulwark or gunwale can be represented by a flush deck with a painted bar, slashes indicating attachment stitching for a beam, and a painted or unpainted raised beam or papyrus bundle. Attribute state f1 (Fig. 2.64) is a simple raised bulwark while f2 (Fig. 2.65) is comprised of slashes indicating the actual sewing of the gunwale onto the vessel. The slashes and painted stripe of attribute state f3 (Fig. 2.66) represents the stitching and the wooden gunwale beam. Flush decks with a painted stripe or stripes that indicate wooden gunwales represent attribute state f4 (Fig. 2.67). Attribute state f5 (Fig. 2.68) is a sharp edged raised section that does not run the length of the vessel, good evidence for an attached above-deck bulwark plank. Even better evidence for this bulwark is the sharp edged section with a stripe, attribute state f6 (Fig. 2.69) that indicates a painted plank. Some models have a raised gunwale with a painted stripe or stripes f7 (Fig. 2.70) that run the length of the artifact. Attribute state f8 (Fig. 2.71) is a raised gunwale with black slash marks on the port and starboard sides of the stern indicating additional bindings to strengthen the seams between the vessel’s side planks and the rounded stern,

Figures 2.57-2.62. Top: d1. AMO 1895-609. d2. PMEA UC31848. Middle: d3. MM 6602 (© The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester). d4. HMG 21.87. Bottom: d5. EM JE 46718. d6. EM JE 61347 (from Jones 1990, Pl. XXXIV top, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson).

Attribute state d5 (Fig. 2.61) has rudder oar cable holes and a loop attached to the lower end of the rise of the RSS. Winlock described the loop and the line attached to it. He stated “there was a preventer line hitched twice around the rudder shaft and made fast to a loop in the deck. When the vessel was securely moored to the bank, the pin was withdrawn from the stern lashing, and the rudder blade popped up out of the water. The tiller was then pulled out and the top rope cast off, after which the preventer line was pulled in and the rudder was stowed on-board the vessel until it was to be set in its rest once more” (Winlock 1955, 50, Pl. 84). I agree with his assessment of this attribute’s function but his terminology is incorrect. A preventer is “any additional rope or wire rigged temporarily to back up any standing rigging in a ship in heavy wind and weather” (Kemp 1976, 669). While the so-called preventer line evident in attribute state d5 could be temporarily fastened, I do not

24

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM providing extra rigidity. Lastly, attribute state f9 (Fig. 2.72) is comprised of stern slashes and a painted stripe or stripes representing a gunwale plank combined with stern bindings for additional strength. Figure 2.73. Rowlocks (attribute g) along a gunwale of Dynasty VI. EM JE 63183.

Figures 2.74 and 2.75. Left: Single mast (h1). RISD 14.491. Right: Bipod mast (h2). NMMH 663.

Figures 2.64-2.72. Top: f1. MM 5883 (© The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester). Middle: f2. AMO E.97 (from Quibell 1900, Pl. V, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL). f3. PMEA UC10805. f4. OIM 11492. f5. EM JE 63187. f6. NMMH 633. f7. MMA 12.183.4. Bottom: f8. BM EA 34274. f9. MMA 12.183.3.

Attribute g. Holes through a boat’s gunwale, usually evenly spaced, are used to accommodate ropes employed as rowlocks (Fig. 2.73). Rowlocks exhibited in Ancient Egyptian watercraft models do not fit the modern definition of “a U-shaped space cut in a boat’s gunwale to take the oars...[and] are closed with shutters” (Kemp 1976, 726), but they serve the same purpose. This design advancement allowed rowers to improve propulsion of the boat by using a lever to pull the oar through the water. Attribute h. Evidence of masts on watercraft models can take two forms: single mast or hole (h1) (Fig. 2.74) and bipod mast or two holes (h2) (Fig. 2.75). If a mast is present, they can be stepped into a vessel’s DB or RCS, lying on the deck, or held in mast crutches. Single masts can appear as simple timbers with a tapered top, but can also include black marks indicating leather bindings. Bipod masts consist of two timbers attached at the top.

Figures 2.76-2.81. Top: i1. IUAM 58.24. i2. MMA 11.150.10. i3. EM CG 4882 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIII bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Bottom: i4. ÄMB 1232. i5. EM JE 61344. i6. EM JE 61331 (from Jones 1990, Pls. XXXV, XXXI, drawings by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson).

25

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 2.79); quarter rudder oar stanchions or holes in a crossbeam i5 (Fig. 2.80); and rudder oar stanchion or hole set in a crossbeam i6 (Fig. 2.81). Attribute (i) is another improvement in boat handling capability since the quarter rudder oar and rudder oar shafts and looms are tied to the stanchions with rope as another axis point from which to

Attribute i. Steering gear stanchion evidence on boat models is labeled as attribute (i) and has five attribute states: quarter rudder oar stanchion[s] or hole[s] i1 (Fig. 2.76); rudder oar stanchion or hole i2 (Fig. 2.77); quarter rudder oar stanchions or holes set in a deck beam i3 (Fig. 2.78); rudder oar stanchion or hole in a deck beam i4 (Fig.

Figures 2.82-2.96. Mast partner variations. Top: j1, deck beam with a hole or holes bored through it. EM CG 4882 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIII bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). j2, two thin painted beams extending off a DB. MM 6602 (© The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester). j3, short painted deck beams running athwartships with longer stringers running fore and aft creating a rectangle. MET S.8793. j4, painted square-shaped U. AMO 1896-1908 E. 1991. j5, painted square-shaped U with two thin projections port and starboard forward that represents a pin for tightening the mast partner. OIM 11493. j6, on-deck wooden U-shape with a pin or hole for a pin; it is the three-dimensional representation of attribute state j4. EM CG 4914, this artifact is not associated with a specific boat hull (from Reisner 1913, 70, Fig. 18, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). j7, square-bottomed wooden U with a tightening pin, the three-dimensional representation of attribute state j5. PMEA UC 16167. j8, two on-deck wooden knee-high boots with the aft portion hollowed out to accept the two poles of a bipod mast. NMMH 633. j9, three wooden knees carved of one piece with a hollowed-out center that encircles the mast. ÄMB 12 (after Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Taf. XXXVII.9). j10, wooden three-boot knee with a pin inserted through its aft end to tighten the boots around the mast as needed. MFA 21.406. j11, two painted knees extending port and starboard with an additional casing placed vertically around the mast or crutch with small black marks painted to emulate lashings attaching the partner to the deck and mast. EMCG 4910 (from Reisner 1913, 66, Fig. 239, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). j12, three wooden knees strapped around a mast fore with rope bindings. EM JE 46717 (from Winlock 1955, 85.V). Bottom: j13, three wooden knees that utilize a pin inserted through two leather or rope loops attached to the knees and around the mast. MMA 20.3.4 (from Winlock 1955, 85.T). j14, three knees located in a vessel’s bottom along the midline. BM EA 50695 (after Landström 1970, 89, no. 272). j15, two wooden knees located port and starboard of the mast combined with a vertical stanchion set in the mast hole. EM JE 61360 (from Jones 1990, Pl. XXX, drawings by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson).

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NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM steer. The DB and crossbeams in attribute states i4-6 greatly increases the stanchion’s strength and stability, providing a secure pivot point for the quarter rudder or rudder oar.

the partner to the deck and mast. Attribute state j12 (Figs. 2.93, 3.4) is a set of three wooden knees strapped around a mast fore with rope bindings, and j13 (Fig. 2.94) is comprised of three knees that utilizes a pin inserted through two leather or rope loops attached to the knees and around the mast to give it more or less rigidity, or drilled through the knees themselves. This attribute is a culmination of changes seen in attributes j9-12.

Attribute j. Mast partners are defined as “fore and aft beams that helped support a mast where it pierced a deck.” Also known as mast carlings (Steffy 1994, 275), attribute (j) varies from this definition since the changes documented in Egyptian mast partners indicate they can be on the deck, incorporated into the deck, or placed on the vessel’s bottom. Masts would be embedded into the hull of a papyrus raft or wooden boat in order for it to stand upright, and mast partners provided extra strength and stability when under sail. When a mast was not stepped, a mast crutch was placed in the mast hole and held up the mast and yards above the deck. Mast partners are constructed differently, represented by 16 attribute states indicating its technological evolution. Attribute state j1 (Fig. 2.82) is a deck beam with a hole or holes bored through it. Attribute state j2 (Fig. 2.83) is a painted mast partner comprised of two thin beams extending off a DB and attribute state j3 (Fig. 2.84) is also painted, but is comprised of short deck beams running athwartships with longer stringers running fore and aft creating a rectangle. Attribute state j4 (Fig. 2.85) is a painted square-shaped U and attribute state j5 (Fig. 2.86) is identical to j4 except it has two thin projections port and starboard forward that represents a pin for tightening the mast partner. Attribute state j6 (Fig. 2.87) is an on-deck wooden mast partner shaped like a U with a pin or hole for a pin; it is the three-dimensional representation of attribute state j4. Attribute state j7 (Fig. 2.88) is a squarebottomed wooden U with a tightening pin, the threedimensional representation of attribute state j5.

Attribute state j14 (Fig. 2.95) is also comprised of three knees but its location makes it unique since it is located in a vessel’s bottom along the midline, not on its deck. I contend attribute state j14 is a precursor to the mast step, which is “a square framework of timber…built-up and fixed to the keelson of a ship to take the heel of a mast” (Kemp 1976, 832). Finally, attribute state j15 (Fig. 2.96) is constructed from two knees located port and starboard of the mast combined with a vertical stanchion set in the mast hole. This mast partner configuration suggests a stronger design than those already discussed, since the vertical stanchion in the mast hole would enhance the mast strength through the deck and into the vessel’s hold. Further, this extra vertical support would increase the mast’s stability at deck level and enhance deck strength around the mast by absorbing stress that would otherwise be placed on the deck itself.

Attribute state j8 (Fig. 2.89) is an on-deck wooden mast partner resembling two knee-high boots with the aft portion hollowed out to accept the two poles of a bipod mast, and Reisner labeled them ‘shoes’ (Reisner 1913, 15, Figs. 70-72). Attribute state j9 (Fig. 2.90) is a mast partner constructed of three wooden knees carved of one piece with a hollowed-out center that encircles the mast. A knee is “a timber…fashioned into a right-angle to provide strengthening and support at the points of intersection of ship’s timbers in a wooden ship. There are various kinds such as a hanging knee...and a carling knee” (Kemp 1976, 452). The open back of attribute states j8-9 would be advantageous to provide some give for the mast, and it could also be adjusted by tightening or loosening ropes wrapped around the mast partner. It is probable that attribute state j9 evolved from j8, and progressed into attribute states j10-12.

Figures 2.97-2.99. Rigging attachment variations. Top: l1. Kaemsenu 240-2 (from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.2). Middle: l2. EM CG 4808 (from Reisner 1913, 14, Fig. 62, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Bottom: l4. EM CG 4918 (from Reisner 1913, 75, Fig. 281, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Attribute state j10 (Fig. 2.91) is a wooden three-boot knee with a pin inserted through its aft end to tighten the boots around the mast as needed. Attribute state j11 (Fig. 2.92) is painted onto an artifact’s deck and its mast or mast crutch. It is comprised of two knees extending port and starboard with an additional casing placed vertically around the mast or crutch. This attribute state also has small black marks painted to emulate lashings attaching

Attribute (l). Rigging attachments, attribute (l), has five attribute states. Small shroud or stay holes (l1) (Fig. 2.97) in a model’s gunwale can indicate that it carries or carried a mast and sail. These holes would enable shrouds that served as “the standing rigging of a sailing

27

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS vessel which give a mast its lateral support...[or] stays [which] give it fore-and-aft support” (Kemp 1976, 800) to be attached to the hull. A stable mast (although some flexibility is proper, too) is a necessity when under sail and the lines that would be attached through these shroud and stay holes provided some of this strength. Attribute state l2 (Fig. 2.98) is a bowed halyard and/or topping lift attachment set behind a mast (sometimes shaped like a ‘W’), and attribute state l3 is a combination of l1 and l2. Attribute state l4 (Fig. 2.99) is a rectangular bar with small channels carved out of its bottom surface where halyards or topping lifts could be attached, and attribute state l5 is combination of l1 and l4.

(o) may or may not be associated with a particular model on which it is found in some instances.

Attribute n. Steering gear supports, similar to stanchions, provide another pivot point for quarter rudder oars and rudder oars for improved steering and boat handling. Attribute (n) has seven attribute states that describe the steering gear support’s appearance and location. Attribute state n1 (Fig. 2.100) is represented as a crossbeam inserted through the artifact’s stern. Attribute state n2 (Fig. 2.101) is also an athwartships crossbeam support attached to a model at deck level. This attribute state is also seen as evidence in the form of a peg hole or holes located on a model’s deck or papyriform end where the beam was once present. A rectangular athwartships channel is further evidence of a missing crossbeam. Attribute states n1-2 are seen on models with quarter rudder oars. Attribute state n3 (Fig. 2.102) is an on-hull stern projection support for quarter rudder oars that are Lshaped or rectangular wooden pieces attached port and starboard to the stern gunwales. These pieces flare upward and outward to provide attachment points for ropes to hold the quarter rudder oars. It seems that the quarter rudder oars could be placed inside or outside of the projections, using them as pivot points. Wall paintings of these vessels depict them in both configurations, although no attachment ropes are evident (Landström 1970, 60-61, nos. 175, 179, 181). Attribute state n4 (Fig. 2.103) is a forked wooden piece attached to and projecting from the stern, providing a stable pivot point for the rudder oar and to secure it to the vessel. Attribute state n5 (Fig. 2.104) is an on-hull half-U shaped crutch quarter rudder oar support. Attribute state n6 (Fig. 2.105) is a rudder oar guide comprised of two short dowels inserted into the stern for a stable pivot point for the rudder oar and to keep it properly sitting at the stern. Attribute state n7 (Fig. 2.106) is comprised of a midline one-prong stern projection intended to act as a rudder oar guide.

Figures 2.100-2.106. Steering gear supports variations. Top: n1. EM JE 63186. n2. MET S.8790. Middle: n3. EM CG 4882. n4. BM EA 34274 (from Glanville 1972, Fig. 40, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum). n5. MMA 20.3.6 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 51). Bottom: n6. BM EA 45088 (from Glanville 1972, Fig. 35, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum). n7. EM CG 4859 (from Reisner 1913, 42, Fig. 150, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Attribute o. A watercraft model’s rigging, attribute (o) (Fig. 2.107), is a combination of yards, topping lifts, braces, halyards, and forestays accompanying any given model. Some sets of rigging are comprised of yards lying on deck or sitting in a mast crutch and sometimes a tangled bundle of lines (rope). However, since rigging is easily lost or destroyed, misplaced, and moved from model to model particularly after excavation, attribute

Attribute p. A watercraft model’s sail, attribute (p) (Fig. 2.107), is displayed in one of two ways: furled or unfurled. A furled sail is most often rolled together with rigging and is found set in a mast crutch or lying on deck, and sometimes it is presented attached to the mast being ‘worked’, or unfurled, by crewman. An unfurled sail, most often with partial or full rigging, will be either properly or improperly attached to a mast for sailing

28

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM north with the prevailing wind. All sails on Egyptian watercraft models are square sails, some with detailed stitching. Like rigging, sails are easily separated from their respective models.

of attribute (r) does not follow the modern version of cleat exactly, it serves the same purpose. Attribute s. Attribute (s) is located at the bow of many boat models. Reisner labeled attribute (s) as a ‘bowstick’ (Reisner 1913, 27), Winlock called it a ‘bow fender’ (Winlock 1955, 51), and Ward [Haldane] referred to it as a ‘bow bumper’ (Ward 2000, 42, n.17). Along with Landström, I am labeling attribute (s) as a bowsprit, which is “a large spar projecting over the stem of large sailing vessels to provide the means of staying a fore-topmast and from which the jibs are set” (Kemp 1976, 102-103). Landström’s illustrations of Middle Kingdom vessels based on models and tomb paintings depict the bowsprit as a forestay attachment, and this use is logical (Landström 1970, 76). Because of the transitory nature of rigging, most often lines are not attached to bowsprits when discovered in situ or when rigged for display.

Figure 2.107. Rigging (attribute o) and an unfurled sail (attribute p). SML 1935-201.

Figures 2.108-2.110. Representations of cleats. Top: r1. OIM 11492. Bottom: r1. EM CG 4952, (from Reisner 1913, 105, Fig. 369, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). r2. MMA 20.3.2 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 74).

Attribute r. Attribute (r) on Ancient Egyptian boat models represents cleats, and a modern cleat is “a piece of wood or metal with two arms placed at convenient stations on-board ship to which ropes…can be made fast by taking two or three turns under and over the arms” (Kemp 1976, 171) to secure a boat to a dock or riverbank and when needed, as rigging attachments. Most examples of attribute r1 are presented as simple painted black marks or rectangles (Fig. 2.108), and a few have four projections depicted out of each corner indicating attachments to the gunwale (Fig. 2.109). Simple painted black marks were an easy and inexpensive way to depict the presence of cleats by the model maker. Attribute state r2 is a more expensive and time-consuming cleat construction in that they are the tangible representations of painted cleats that are a broad convex U-shaped attachment on the gunwale (Fig. 2.110). While the form

Figures 2.111-2.115. Bowsprit variations. Top: s1. HMG 21.86. Middle: s2. BM EA 25361. s3. BM EA 34274. s4. BM EA 35293, (from Glanville 1972, Figs. 19, 49, 54, drawings by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum). Bottom: s5. PMEA UC7221 (© The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

Attribute (s) is depicted as a spar attached to the bow with a rounded end (s1) (Fig. 2.111), concave or indented end (s2) (Fig. 2.112), and a two-pronged fork-shaped end (s3) (Fig. 2.113). Attribute state s4 (Fig. 2.114) designates that there is on-deck evidence that a bowsprit was once present but its end shape is undeterminable, and attribute 29

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS s5 (Fig. 2.115) is a round bowsprit. Bowsprits also provide extra longitudinal strength the bow and attribute states s2,4 could also support an extra rudder oar for battling currents, although its primary function remained a rigging attachment. Bowsprits are evident on some tomb wall depictions of boats (Figs. 3.4, 3.51, 3.53).

would be used to increase deck strength at any point from port to starboard where a heavy load may be carried. Attribute state t3 could stabilize deck beams or hatches where they attach near the gunwale. Attribute states t4-7 indicate a need for greater strength or security throughout, suggesting a sturdy well-built boat capable of carrying heavy objects or many people on deck.

MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM To distinguish the new classification system from those of Riesner and Jones, the letter ‘M’ (Merriman) will precede the two major categorical divisions (M1 and M2). As stated previously, the categorical divisions within the new classification system reflect a watercraft model’s basic representative construction: papyrus raft (M1) and wooden boat (M2). Group M1 has four Classes and are labeled M1.0-M1.3, and group M2 has 32 Classes and are labeled M2.0-M2.31:

Figures 2.116-2.118. Deck reinforcement variations. Top and Middle: t1. EM CG 4801. t2 EM CG 4869 (from Reisner 1913, 6, 48, Figs. 23, 170, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Bottom: t3. BM EA 9524 (from Glanville 1972, Fig. 10, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum).

Attribute t. Deck reinforcements are indicated by black squares and rectangles representing rope or leather binding used to secure a vessel’s beams and deck hatches. Landström held nearly the same view, stating the marks are “bindings to reinforce a light and otherwise fragile hull” (Landström 1970, 84). I do not agree with Landström’s assertion that Egyptian hulls were fragile, but boatwrighs – and in this case model makers – recognized the advantage of having extra reinforcements when carrying heavy loads. The appearance of these reinforcement bindings, a small detail, is a clear indicator that model makers paid attention to the actual Nile boats around them and emulated their construction in their work. Attribute (t) has seven states: longitudinal binding (t1) (Fig. 2.116); athwartships binding (t2) (Fig. 2.117); around deck edge binding (t3) (Fig. 2.118); longitudinal and around deck edge binding (t4); athwartships and around deck edge binding (t5); longitudinal and athwartships binding (t6); and longitudinal, athwartships, and around deck edge binding (t7). In some instances, attribute state t1 is located forward where bowsprits were secured, or aft to represent reinforcements to the stern decking by increasing the plank attachments along the RCS. Attribute state t2

CLASS

LABEL

M1 M1 M1 M1 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2 M2

.0 .1 .2 .3 .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .31

MAJOR NAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES RE RE, BUS RE, BUS, RT RE, RT None VFE VFE, DB, CP, RCS DB, CP CP DB O DB, O DB, RCS DB, RSS DB, RCS, RSS DB, RCS, RSS, LSS DB, RCS, RSS, LSR DB, RCS, RSS, LSS, LSR DB, RCS, RSS, TDB DB, RCS, RSS, LSS, LSR, TDB RSS DB, FS DB, RCS, FS DB, RCS, DK DB, RCS, LSR, FS DB, RCS, RSS, DK DB, RCS, RSS, ASR DB, RCS, RSS, LSR, ASR DB, RCS, RSS, LSR, ASR, DK TDB TDB, K DB and SC K SC LSR, SC TDB, HT

Furthermore, numerous decorative and traditional nonfunctional attributes, although not used to create

30

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM structural classes, are often useful in providing provenance to unprovenanced artifacts. Other nonnautical attributes not associated with the hull, including human figures, mummies, shields, quivers, fishing gear, kitchen objects, and many other items can also provide provenance to unprovenanced watercraft models since many of these characteristics are site-specific (see Chapter 4). At this point it is necessary to recognize the extent of inclusion of each major nautical attribute and their associated attribute states into each watercraft model in the M1 and M2 categorical Classes, and the minor nautical attributes of each Class will be analyzed and discussed when appropriate.

Tsana, it was noted that “these craft get hopelessly waterlogged after 6 weeks and its last trips look miraculous, for the deck is flush with the water and on it the fares appear to stand without support” (Quibell and Hayter 1927, 39). The model carries a small bundle of planks bound by rope.

Figure 2.119. Antique papyrus raft model from Lake Tsana (courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

CLASS M1 MODELS

Twentieth century illustrations of papyrus craft from Lake Zwai in Ethiopia have major nautical structural attributes RE and BUS, but are referred to as boats or canoes by different scholars. Most notable are the “ambatch raft-canoe...used by Dinkas and Shilluks” on the Upper Nile, the “ambatch canoe of Njemps, Lake Baringo, Kenya,” and rafts with built-up sides on Lake Chad in Eastern Africa, Lake Tsana at the Nile’s source, and on Sardinia in the Mediterranean (Heyerdahl 1971, Pls. 2-5; Hornell 1946, Pl. VIIA, Pl. VIIAA). Other solid bundled reed craft cited by scholars include the “fishing balsa of Lake Titicaca” in South America (Brindley 1931, 8-9; Hornell 1946, Pl. V.A-C). Most of these ‘modern’ examples of reed floats are comparable to many M1.1 and M1.2 watercraft models, including MAG 28.361, PMEA UC16287, PMEA UC16288, ROM 910.92.6, AMO E.4663, and Helwan 1(Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 7, 9-11, 18-19). None of the ‘modern’ examples of actual watercraft, ancient models, or the antique model from Lake Tsana have evidence of steering gear, wooden bulwarks, or substantial rigging attachments.

M1 CONSTRUCTION ATTRIBUTE EXCLUSIONS Before a full accounting of M1.0-M1.3 models is presented, a brief examination of some minor nautical structural attributes whose presence or absence assist in the determination of whether a model represents an M1 papyrus raft or an M2 wooden boat. Beyond the issues already discussed concerning Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period watercraft models, there have also been questions as to the nature of dynastic wooden models with ends that resemble papyrus stalks. I contend that models with papyriform ends that exhibit fixed steering gear evidence (attributes d1-6, i1-6, n1-7), have wooden bulwarks (attribute f4-7,9), rowlocks (attribute g), or through hull rig-attachments (attribute l1,3,5), represent M2 wooden craft. Consequently, they are not present on models that represent M1 papyrus rafts and therefore are determiners of wooden boat construction despite their appearance. Landström contended that these minor structural attributes actually are incorporated into the papyrus structures of M1 craft and he created several artistic renditions of his perceptions of the probable detailed appearance of Egyptian papyrus vessels. However, his arguments in relation to steering gear present problems. For example, he interpreted several watercraft depictions on rock faces in Egypt and Nubia as representing papyrus craft. From these drawings he proposed graphically what he surmised their realistic appearance could be. In his depictions, Landström placed fixed steering gear on papyrus rafts in the form of starboard and port quarter rudder oars resting on a beam attached to the top of the raft’s deck (Landström 1970, nos. 3047). While some of the rock drawings may represent papyrus craft, only a few have obvious steering gear depicted, those representations are not very detailed, and surely do not definitively show fixed steering gear.

In terms of papyriform models in the Reisner Typology, my argument that the minor structural attributes d1-6, i1-6, and n1-7 are only found on wooden models is strengthened. Six models (EM CG 4804, 4807, 4808, 4880, 4881, and 4911, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 86, 100, 89, 78, 79, 84) resemble papyrus craft with raft ends and they lack all the major nautical structural attributes described above (particularly deck beams, raised central shelves, and reinforced stern structures), easily recognizable details that represent rigid structural components evident in a wooden hull. Importantly however, these models have fixed steering gear evidence (attributes i1-6, n1-7), the raised red-painted bulwark gunwales on four of the models have sharp corners fore and aft that indicate they are made of wood (attribute f47,9 ), and EM CG 4808 has holes drilled through its raised gunwale for the attachment of shrouds or stays (attribute l). If the gunwales were constructed of papyrus, they would not be painted red and holes of this nature could not be ‘drilled’ through them. Reisner recognized these attributes and determined, I believe correctly, that these six models represent wooden boats regardless of the exclusion of major structural attributes. Therefore,

Examining an antique model from Lake Tsana, housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and studied by the author, is interesting since it is an M1.1 craft constructed by ‘the ferryman on Lake Tsana’ as a gift to an inspector with the Sudanese antiquities inspection service (Fig. 2.119). When referring to contemporary reed floats on Lake

31

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS watercraft models with papyriform ends that exhibit one or all of the minor attributes d1-6, i1-6, and n1-7 but lack all major nautical structural attributes represent wooden boats.

Class M1.1 has nine models with major attributes RE (c1) and BUS, and minor attribute b1,2. All M1.1 papyrus rafts date to the Predynastic Period, with one specifically dated to the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 614).

CLASS M1.0 Analysis Class M1.0 is comprised of five artifacts that exhibit major attribute RE (c1), are solid (a1), have a raised gunwale (f1), and lack wooden boat minor nautical attributes. M1.0 models date from the Predynastic Period and Dynasty I of the Early Dynastic Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 1-5).

All M1.1 papyrus rafts are made of clay and suggest simple and inexpensive construction. Although three M1.1 artifacts are fragmentary (MM 10216, MM 10217, MM 10218, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 12-14) and two have damaged ends (Matmar 3079, PMEA UC16285, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 6, 8), enough of the hull shapes remain to determine their class.

Analysis

RE (c1). The appearance of raft ends on M1.1 models vary slightly, with Matmar 3079 having thicker upturned ends and the broken stern end turning inward. The complete M1.1 rafts have identical ends, with one curling up and inward, while the other curls upward and outward. Due to the thickness and substantial nature of c1 that curl up and inward, I suggest that these ends are the stern.

M1.0 papyrus rafts are similar in appearance, are comprised of simple clay, would be inexpensive and easy to construct, and all are damaged. RE (c1). The appearance of raft ends on M1.0 models vary slightly, four artifacts have simple upturned ends that flare outward and one, PMEA UC16289, whose ends curl inward toward the model’s deck. The fragmentary nature of M1.0 models does not allow for the determination of which end is the bow or stern. However, I suggest that if the width of a model’s end is evident, the wider end is likely to be the stern.

BUS. Built-up sides as part of M1.1 model construction show no papyrus bundle details, just simple smooth sides.

Attribute state a1. Basic papyrus rafts are solid because they are constructed of papyrus stalk bundles tied together vertically to create a hull. M1.0 models are flat bottomed, an indicator that they could have a wide beam when compared to their length, making them a stable craft.

Attribute states b1,2. By virtue of their BUS, all M1.1 models are hollow. Six of them are flat-bottomed (b1), three of them are round-bottomed (b2) and like M1.0 rafts, suggest craft with wider beams with increased stability. CLASS M1.2

Attribute state f1. The raised gunwales on M1.0 models are subtle, suggesting a simple railing of a small papyrus bundle attached to the raft edges.

Models representing papyrus rafts with RE (c2,3), BUS, and RT exhibited in their construction are categorized as M1.2. All five M1.2 watercraft models are hollow (b1,2), one artifact has minor attribute f2, and they lack minor wooden boat nautical attributes. One M1.2 model dates to the Naqada II Period, one to the general Predynastic Period, one to c2950 BCE of the Early Dynastic Period, and two to the general Early Dynastic Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 15-19). Analysis

Figure 2.120. Upturned raft end of model Saqqara 3503-F1 (from Emery 1954, Pl. LII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

M1.2 Models are carved from travertine, quartz, and ivory with extraordinary care. The choice of these hard fabrics and the attention to detail exhibited in M1.2 models suggests talented craftsmen spent significant amounts of time creating them for wealthier individuals.

Another Theory. Patricia Podzorski believed one M1.0 model, Saqqara 3503-F-1, has “one end decorated with the head of an animal with short, upstanding ears and large eyes” (Fig. 2.120). I do not believe this model has an animal head particularly since the ‘mouth’ line extends down the ‘neck’ and could simply be part of the model’s construction (Podzorski 1994, 354). CLASS M1.1

RE (c2,3). One M1.2 model, the aforementioned ‘rush tray’, exhibits individual papyrus stalks bound together (c2) but the raft ends to not curve upward as would be expected for a watercraft (Fig. 2.7). This detail possibly supports Petrie’s assertion that this artifact was intended to serve as a tray (Petrie 1902, 7; Petrie 1933a). The other M1.2 artifacts have bound and upturned ends (c3) 32

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM as shown on SMÄKM A322 (Fig. 2.121). I contend the thicker end of SMÄKM A322 is indicative of bundling together the papyrus stalk’s root ends.

Kingdom models in this class have not only RE that flare outward, but are flattened as well. The only M1.3 model with attribute c3 (Figs. 2.14, 2.15), EM JE 46715 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 25), has upturned and bound (painted) ends that also curve inward toward its hull.

BUS. The built-up sides exhibited in M1.2 rafts are clearly represented by carved individual bundles of papyrus stalks stacked to create freeboard.

EM JE 46715 is another model that has been analyzed in relation to the question of defining a model as a papyrus raft or a papyriform wooden boat. It is unique in the watercraft model corpus and deserves scrutiny in its own right. This M1.3 artifact is distinctive because it has two hulls that are attached to a wooden platform with fisherman extending a fishing net between the rafts. Landström considered this artifact to be two models and he believed that “these are the only models depicting real papyrus rafts” known to exist. His main reason for this assertion is that “the forward end is thicker than the after end which is a natural consequence of starting from the prow with the thick end of the papyrus stalks” (Figs. 2.14, 2.15). In reference to the other M1.3 models I have designated as papyrus rafts, Landström only discussed EM JE 46767 and he believed this model represented a papyriform wooden boat (Landström 1970, 92-93, 9697). However, EM JE 46768 is a sister to EM JE 46767, so it could be extrapolated that he would have believed it represented a wooden papyriform craft as well. As I asserted above, all M1.3 models lack the minor nautical attributes that are markers of wooden boat construction and are crewed by paddlers with the exception of the New Kingdom artifacts that do not carry human figures.

RT. The non-decorative rope ties represented on M1.2 models serve to hold the papyrus craft together, are depicted as running transversely around the hulls, and are integral to keeping the raft’s structure intact. In M1.2 artifacts, RT are depicted as raised double strands and flat wider double bindings secured around the papyrus stalks and PMEA UC16276 (Fig. 2.5), is carved to suggest the RT run diagonally along the BUS. Attribute state f2. M1.2 model AMO E.4663 has slashes carved into its gunwale (Fig. 2.65). The rope bindings are clearly differentiated on this model so these slashes are not ties. This model has a bulwark attached to its gunwale, and these marks represent the ‘sewing’ of the gunwale onto the vessel using thin rope.

RT. M1.3 models have carved or painted rope ties along their hulls. This attribute is presented as thin, brown, carefully painted lines (Fig. 2.17), yellow bindings with red details that represent twisted ropes, simple white or black lines around the hull, or carved lines representing RT. The binding together of these papyrus rafts would have taken much time and great care to insure craft stability with wide beams and to extend the vessel’s lifespan as long as possible.

Figure 2.121. Bound and upturned RE (c3). SMÄKM A322 (after Wildung 1981, 28, Abb. 21, 25).

CLASS M1.3 Models representing papyrus rafts with RE (c2,3) and RT exhibited in their construction are categorized as M1.3. All nine M1.3 models are solid with flat bottoms (a2), have minor attribute f1, and lack minor nautical attributes of wooden vessels. Some M1.3 models also exhibit minor attributes h1, j6, and (o) and date from Early All Egypt Dynasty XI to c1327 BCE of the New Kingdom (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 20-28).

Attribute state f1. All M1.3 models have a raised bulwark that acts as a small railing or gunwale. This construction would be accomplished by attaching an extra papyrus bundle onto the vessel’s edge, but no M1.3 model exhibits specific details concerning the attachment of this attribute state. The bulwarks on EM JE 61349 and EM JE 61350 are comparatively higher than those on the other models within this Class, possibly another indicator of stylized construction. Or, as Landström theorized, these New Kingdom models had decks covered with wooden planks as indicated by their yellow color (Landström 1970, 94, nos. 302, 310), and higher gunwales would be a consequence of this design.

Analysis M1.3 models are carved from wood, plastered, and painted, and their high quality suggests care and talent were used in their creation. Their known provenance indicates that people of higher status and wealth appreciated well-crafted watercraft models among their funerary equipment. RE (c2,3). Eight M1.3 models have bound raft ends (c2) (Fig. 2.13) as indicated by carved (EM JE 39128, EM JE 39144, Saqqara Nefer-Smedet, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 20-22) or painted (EM JE 46767, EM JE 46768, EM JE 61349, EM JE 61350, NCG ÆIN 1629, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 23, 24, 27, 28, 26) bindings around the RE with umbels that result in flared ends. The two New

Attribute state h1. Six M1.3 models have a single mast hole bored into their deck accompanied by a mast. Some masts are stepped while the others are unstepped and rest in a mast crutch. The placement of the mast is an indicator of whether the boat is being sailed upstream on the Nile River with the prevailing north wind or is being

33

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS paddled downstream with the current, north against the wind.

Analysis

Attribute state j6. Two M1.3 artifacts have a wooden ondeck U-shaped mast partner with a pin (Fig. 2.87) providing extra stability when their masts were stepped.

Predynastic Period and Early Dynastic Period models representing wooden construction are simple with few nautical attributes, and Landström’s statement “in its simplest form, a built wooden boat consists of three parts, namely the bottom and two sides. It is possible that the first wooden boat on the Nile was built of thin planks, sewn to a completely flat bottom” (Landström 1970, 20), is accurate. However, minor nautical attributes d1 and l1 are significant when depicted in M2.0 models and require discussion. The later models, dating from dynasties V-XVIII, have 14 minor attributes exhibited in their construction and merit discussion to establish a baseline for how these characteristics are illustrated in other M2 Classes where they may not require further examination. In the specific case of M2.0 artifacts, those attributes and attribute states that are clear indicators of nautical technological advancements require particular scrutiny. M2.0 boat models are fabricated from mud, clay, ivory, and wood. Attribute states a1,2. Seventy-eight M2.0 models have solid hulls with flat bottoms (a1) and 32 M2.0 artifacts have solid hulls with round bottoms (a2), suggesting that these vessels are traveling with their deck hatches in place. Within this group of 110 solid-hulled M2.0 boats, six Predynastic and Early Dynastic models have solid hulls, five with round bottoms and one fragmentary papyriform model has a flat bottom and hard chine. Two Dynasty VI flat-bottomed artifacts have scow ends, wide beams, and carry enclosed cabins on deck, suggesting their increased width allowed heavier cargo loads. Later dynastic models with solid hulls and flat bottoms have more complicated designs, often incorporating elongated papyriform ends, cargo areas, and enclosed cabins. Flat bottoms would allow wider beams, sturdier watercraft, and more carrying capacity. Attribute a1,2 may or may not be discussed during the analysis of upcoming M2 watercraft Classes depending on the significance of the solid nature and hull shape of the artifacts.

Attribute o. Six M1.3 models have different combinations of masts, yards, topping lifts, braces, halyards, and forestays, all worked by hand. Over the years since these models were excavated, much of the rigging has been lost or deteriorated.

M1.0-M1.3 PAPYRUS RAFTS While some earlier (PMEA UC16289, Saqqara 3503-F1, Saqqara 3503-F-2, Saqqara 3503-F-3, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 2-5) and later (EM JE 61349, EM JE 61350) M1 models are simple with few details, every All Egypt Dynasty XI M1.3 model depicts rafts as useful watercraft. For example, the four-post canopies carried on five M1.3 artifacts provided relief for the raft’s owner from the hot Egyptian sun. In order for these rafts to carry canopies and masts in addition to a number of crewmen, their structure must have been well constructed. Although EM JE 46715 does not carry a mast or canopy, the stability of these twin craft is evident since they successfully accommodate a large fishing net between them that would cause the raft much stress, with several fisherman and crew on-board. Further, minor nautical attributes documented in M1 models also define the usefulness, stability, and versatility of papyrus watercraft.

CLASS M2 MODELS CLASS M2.0 Class M2.0 contains 140 models represent wooden vessels that have one defining characteristic in that they have no major structural attributes included in their design. It must be noted that major nautical attributes, particularly DB and RCS are very often represented by paint, and evidence of their inclusion in an artifact’s construction can fade or wear off. It must be assumed that solid models have deck hatches in place and these hatches must be held up by deck beams and raised central shelves. However, since these attributes are not observed in solid M2.0 models, they cannot be used as classifiers for this numerical Class. Because of the possible non-permanent nature of painted DB and RCS, minor nautical attributes are particularly important as indicators of wooden boat design and construction. M2.0 artifacts have, in various combinations, 14 minor nautical attributes and their attribute states incorporated into their structure: a1,2, b1,2, d1,2,6, e1-3, f1-7, g, h1,2, i1,2,5, j8,9, l1-3, n13 , o, p) and s4. The earliest M2.0 boat models date from the Badarian Period and survive in the archaeological record into the New Kingdom generally and more specifically, Dynasty XIX (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 29168).

Attribute states b1,2. Twenty-six M2.0 models have hollow hulls. Hollow Predynastic and Early Dynastic M2.0 models represent small open boats with no decking evident, and 12 early boats have flat bottoms with hard chines (b1) and 11 have round bottoms (b2). There are three hollow dynastic M2.0 models, one with a flat bottom (b1) and two with round bottoms (b2), and like their earlier counterparts are simply designed. As with attribute a1,2, attribute b1,2 may or may not be considered during the analysis of forthcoming M2 Classes. Attribute states d1,2,6. Thirteen M2.0 artifacts have quarter rudder oar cable holes on either their port, starboard, or both sides near their sterns (d1) (Fig. 2.57), and date from the Badarian Period to All Egypt Dynasty XI. One M2.0 boat has rudder oar cable holes (d2) (Fig. 2.58) drilled into its stern to allow a stable attachment for a rudder oar. Eight M2.0 Dynasty XVIII models have crossbeam quarter rudder oar guides (d6) (Fig. 2.62) that provided increased steering ability. This fixed steering 34

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM gear attribute is indicative of wooden boat construction and its early appearance points to a long tradition of Egyptian wooden boat-building.

Vinson about the rationale behind the design of bipod masts, but disagree with both he and Landström about the last date for their use.

Attribute states e1-3. Two Predynastic Period M2.0 models have steering platforms that angle upward and outward from the hull (e1) (Fig. 2.1) to provide an area to allow stable steering of a vessel. Two dynastic models are constructed with bow landing platforms (e2) (Fig. 2.63) that extend from the hull and would protrude over the Nile River bank. This innovation may indicate that these models represent cargo vessels, and landing platforms would facilitate the efficient off-loading of goods, and provide an area for mooring lines and stakes. Two other M2.0 artifacts have both steering and landing platforms (e3) (Fig. 2.63). The dynastic artifacts with attribute e1-3 are from the Dynasty VI watercraft model flotillas of Priest Kaemsenu and Queen Neit.

Five M2.0 models from Gebelein in Upper Egypt, although provenance for four of the artifacts has been determined by me, date to Theban Dynasty XI of the First Intermediate Period, carry bipod masts (Fig. 2.75) or have two mast holes amidships (EM CG 4808, MET S.13272, NMK 5488, NMMH 633, NMMG AAE0030, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 89, 88, 98, 97, 103). The mast on EM CG 4808 is held together “by two cross pieces and a peg,” has four holes near the top, and has two more holes further down (Reisner 1913, 14; Fig. 61) to accommodate stays, halyards, and lifts (Fig. 2.122). Considering dating of boats with bipod masts, the amount of time from the end of the Old Kingdom and the end Theban Dynasty XI is approximately 126 years, a not unreasonable period of time for a nautical tradition to coexist with its successor before it is phased out. I believe the bipod mast tradition simply survived longer in Upper Egypt than Lower Egypt, or possibly only existed in the south.

Attribute states f1-7. Ninety-six M2.0 models have indications of a bulwark that acts as a gunwale on both their port and starboard sides depicted in seven of its nine attribute states. These models date from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom: 16 models have attribute f1 (Fig. 2.64); five have f2 (Fig. 2.65); one has f3 (Fig. 2.66); six have f4 (Fig. 2.67); 30 have f5 (Fig. 2.68); 26 have f6 (Fig. 2.69); and 12 have f7 (Fig. 2.70). Simpler gunwale construction (f1-4) is seen primarily in the Predynastic and Early Dynastic M2.0 watercraft models but is evident into Dynasty XVIII. The dynastic artifacts exhibit nearly all the attribute states f1,2,4-7 found in this Class and complex gunwale attachments are seen in the Old Kingdom (f5,6) and Theban Dynasty XI (f7). Attribute g. Eleven M2.0 models have rowlocks drilled through their gunwales (Fig. 2.73), dating from the Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom. Since this attribute is exhibited in two Predynastic Period models, the Egyptians recognized the improvement rowlocks would make for better propulsion early on, and attribute (g) is an indicator of wooden boat-building. Attribute states h1,2. Twenty-four M2.0 models dating from the Predynastic Period to the New Kingdom have masts either stepped into their decks, lying on the deck, held in mast crutches, or the artifacts have a mast hole or holes bored into the deck. Nineteen boats have a single mast or a single mast hole (h1) (Fig. 2.74), and five models have bipod masts or two mast holes (h2) (Fig. 2.75). Landström believed single masts appear in graphic representations and apparently models as well, only after Dynasty V. Vessels with single masts depicted in Predynastic Period drawings are labeled as ‘foreign’, not Egyptian (Landström 1970, 16, 36). However, two M2.0 models (BCGM 13.147, EM CG 4816, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 48, 49) have single mast holes. Vinson asserted that “the single-pole mast is the first type seen in Egypt” and the bipod mast was a “short-lived experiment in Egyptian nautical technology...[of the] Old Kingdom...designed to spread the weight of the sailing tackle over a larger area of the hull than a single pole mast would have” (Vinson 1994, 23). I agree with

Figure 2.122. h2. EM CG 4808 (from Reisner 1913, 14, Fig. 61, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Attribute i1,2,5. Fifty-seven M2.0 models have fixed steering gear evidence in their construction including 48 with attribute i1 (Fig. 2.76), one with attribute i2 (Fig. 2.77), and eight with attribute i5 (Fig. 2.80). These models date from Dynasties VI-XIX. Dynasty VI rudder oar stanchions with forked tops were often placed on either side of boats with cabins, and later dynastic stanchions are square, round, and octagonal in shape, some with ornamental falcon head tops (Fig. 2.76). Many quarter rudder oar and rudder oar shafts and looms are tied to stanchions with rope as a pivot point. Attribute states j8,9. Six M2.0 models dating to Theban Dynasty XI and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI carry mast partners, five with attribute j8 (Fig. 2.89), and one with

35

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS attribute j9 (Fig. 2.90). Examples of attribute j8 are only found on the M2.0 watercraft models from Gebelein.

Thirteen models are categorized as Class M2.1. They have hulls with major nautical attribute VFE incorporated into their construction, minor attribute b1 in common, and two other minor structural attributes d1 and f2 are also represented in this Class. M2.1 boat models date specifically to the Naqada II, Predynastic, and Early Dynastic Periods (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 169-181).

Attribute states l1-3. Twelve M2.0 models dating from the Naqada II Period to All Egypt Dynasty XI have rig attachments evident in their construction. Ten models have attribute l1 (Fig. 2.97), one has attribute l2 (Fig. 2.98), and one has attribute l3.

Analysis

Attribute states n1-3. Sixty-three M2.0 artifacts have steering oar supports evident in their construction and date from Dynasty VI to Dynasty XVIII. Seven of these models exhibit attribute n1 (Fig. 2.100), 54 models have attribute n2 (Fig. 2.101), and two artifacts have n3 (Fig. 2.102). In regards to models with decorative stern finials or imitation bound papyrus stalks, a rudder oar cannot be attached at a vessel’s mid-line and therefore the boat must carry quarter rudder oars. The M2.0 models carrying attribute n3 correspond to boats with scow sterns and date to Dynasty VI.

M2.1 models are canoe-like, but this term does not describe their represented construction. M2.1 models are simple, made of clay, mud, ivory, and wood. VFE. The importance of the vertically flat end design Figs. 2.18, 2.19) in M2.1 models cannot be overstated. Landström’s characterization of these craft is on the mark, that the simple raising of a vessel’s bow and stern out of the water to improve speed and handling (Landström 1970, 20) was an innovation begun with papyrus raft construction, as shown by attribute RE. However, the increased sheer of hulls and strength provided by more rigid wood construction made possible future nautical innovation and improvements. I contend models with VFE are among the most significant in the boat model corpus and have been largely overlooked. The recent documentation of Boat Grave 10 at Abydos and Ward’s comparison of that actual vessel to EM CG 4814 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 177) reinforces my assertion (Fig. 3.31; Ward 2006a, 120).

Attributes o, p. Seven M2.0 models carry some rigging (o) (Fig. 2.107) and five of these artifacts also have sails (p) (Fig. 2.107). M2.0 models with either attributes (o) and/or (p) date to the First Intermediate Period, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Rigging is often comprised of a few spars lying on deck or sitting in a mast crutch and sometimes a tangled bundle of lines (rope). However, a few models have complete sets of rigging that are properly attached to masts (i1) or to the shroud and stay holes (l1), the most complete of which belong to Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Dynasty XVIII.

Attribute state b1. While all M2.1 models are hollow, ‘hollowness’ is not a requirement for this Class. However, I believe the flat bottoms and hard chines particularly evident in M2.1 craft support Landström’s theories about the construction of built wooden boats.

Another Theory. Like Class M1.0 model Saqqara 3503F-1 (Fig. 2.120), Podzorski contended that “the animalheaded boat from el-Ballas tomb 335 [Fig 2.123] is the only one of its kind among the provenanced Predynastic boat models...the head...is very simply rendered, and it is difficult to determine what creature is intended; however, I fancy it to be that of a falcon” (Podzorski 1994, 354). As with Saqqara 3503-F-1, I do not agree with this theory. Even if el-Ballas 335 has two dots that may look like eyes, they are painted on the stern where attribute c1 is located. If a model had an animal head as a finial, I believe it would be at the bow. I have not studied this model personally and do not know where it is located. However, the simple drawing by Podzorski makes it clear this model has no animal head.

Attribute state d1. Two Naqada II boat models exhibit fixed steering gear evidence, attribute d1. Model PAHMA 6-4927 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 176) has holes at both bow and stern, possibly indicating it is a doubleended vessel. It must be mentioned that AMO E.98 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 181) has two holes drilled through its hull amidships. I believe that since this artifact was probably a votive offering as judged by its temple context, the holes likely attached the model to something using rope. Attribute state f2. AMO E.98 has slashes along the length of its gunwale indicating the attachment of a sewn-on bulwark. Other Theories. As stated above, Landström believed M2.1 craft are strong evidence for the existence of sewn planked boats and specifically cited EM CG 4814 as an example. I agree with this assertion and the subject of sewn boats will be discussed later. Nibbi’s theory concerning the slash marks on AMO E.98 must be mentioned, since she put forth that “these markings on the model boats may be intended to convey the idea of an abundant waterproof covering to present them as vessels with a long life before them” (Nibbi 1993, 94). I disagree

Figure 2.123. Stern of clay model Ballas 335 representing a wooden boat (after Podzorski 1994, Pl. 49).

CLASS M2.1

36

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM with the waterproof covering theory on these early models, especially those representing papyrus craft. However, waterproof coverings likely appear on certain sections of dynastic boats and definitely on some equipment carried on watercraft. Figure 2.124. ÄMB 13801 with VFE, DB,CP, RCS (k1), and i3 (after Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. VII.2).

CLASS M2.2 A single model is categorized as Class M2.2. It has major nautical attributes VFE, DB, CP, and RCS (k1), with two minor nautical attributes states, b1 and i3, evident in its construction. Model ÄMB 13801 has no context but is dated to the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. No. 182).

Other Theories. Ward [Haldane] briefly discussed ÄMB 13801 and the inclusion of attribute CP, which she calls a ‘central timber’, which is analogous to CP. She disagreed with Vinson, who labeled this bottom longitudinal beam in different models as a keelson. As Ward [Haldane] points out, “a keelson is an internal keel mounted over floor timbers and above the main keel” (Haldane 1993, 83, n. 21; Vinson 1987, 167, 172; Ward 2000, 42, n. 17). These early vessels did not have keels and therefore could not have had a keelson.

Analysis Like M2.1 artifacts, clay model ÄMB 13801 represents a step forward in Egyptian boat-building technology that has not been fully comprehended or appreciated to this point. The depiction of major attributes DB, CP, and RCS require discussion but VFE will not be additionally analyzed at this point. Further, minor attributes b1 and i3 deserve analysis as well. DB. Deck beams not only deliver great transverse strength to a hull by creating a more rigid framework, they also provide a stable location for holding deck hatches in place, the stepping of masts and stanchions, and even seats for crewmen when a boat’s deck hatches are not in place. ÄMB 13801 has three deck beams, one fore and two aft (Fig. 2.124).

Notes on ÄMB 13801. The damage evident in this artifact and the subsequent ‘repairs’ performed on it may have created holes near the stern and in the gunwale that suggest attributes (d and l) may be present. Further, the RCS has a hole in it as well. This hole could be labeled as attribute i3 but a steering stanchion in an RCS is uncommon, and the hole may be a defect in the model’s fabric, and a clear stanchion hole (i3) is found in the DB. CLASS M2.3 Class M2.3 contains one model with the major attributes DB and CP, and the three minor structural attributes b1, d1, and f4, evident in its construction. It is dated to the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. No. 183).

CP. The inclusion of a central plank in ÄMB 13801 located on the bottom of the inner hull would provide additional strength to the floor timbers. Notable in this model boat’s construction is the length of the CP since it is exactly the length of the flat portion of the hull’s bottom, not continuing past the waterline. This is an accurate depiction of a CP. The integration of this attribute into a Naqada II Period artifact indicates that the Egyptians recognized the benefits of longitudinal reinforcement of the hull for strength and stability early in the development of their boat-building traditions.

Analysis Clay boat model AMO E.1895.609 (Fig. 2.125) has been interpreted as representing a papyrus raft and boat, a skin boat, and a papyriform wooden boat. Researchers who considered this model focused on the outer hull’s decorative lines and the probable appearance of its damaged ends. However, no scholar who studied this model considered major attributes DB, CP, or attribute d1, and only Payne has represented the CP in drawings (Payne 1993, Fig. 17.88). The minor attributes, b1, d1, and f7, will not be discussed within Class M2.3.

RCS (k1). The raised central shelf in ÄMB 13801 is located only near the stern, clarifier k1, suggesting that at this early date the Egyptians recognized the importance of additional longitudinal reinforcement near the steering gear to strengthen and stabilize the hull. Attribute state b1. ÄMB 13801’s flat bottom is the result of side hull planks attached to bottom planks, resulting in its hard chine. Attribute state i3. A quarter rudder oar stanchion hole on ÄMB 13801 is bored into an aft deck beam and would assist the above attributes to allow effective steering. Whether a stanchion post was ever placed into this hole is unknown.

Figure 2.125. Provenanced model AMO E.1895.609 with DB and CP (after Payne 1993, Fig. 17.88).

DB. AMO E.1895.609 has two deck beams, one fore and one aft. The insertion of DB between this boat’s sides

37

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS supports Landström’s aforementioned view that this action would increase a vessel’s beam, thereby greatly improving its stability.

CLASS M2.5 Class M2.5 contains 37 boat models that have major structural attribute DB incorporated into their construction. Twelve minor attributes and their attribute states are also found in these artifacts: a1,2, b1,2, d1-4, e2, f1,2,4,6,7, g, h1,2, i1,4, j1,2,4,9,12, l1,4, n1-4, and o. M2.5 models date from the Naqada II Period to Dynasty XIX (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 186-222).

CP. Like ÄMO 13801, the central plank represented on the inner bottom of AMO E.1895.609’s hull extends the length of its flat portion. The inclusion of this major nautical attribute in this model, since it does have an exact context and provenance in el-Ballas grave 566, reinforces the addition of a CP in unprovenanced model ÄMO 13801 and strengthens its claim to authenticity.

Analysis CLASS M2.4 M2.5 artifacts are constructed of clay, ivory, mud, silver, gold, and wood. M2.5 model MFA 21.880 (Appendix A., Cat. No. 197) has a rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or toping lift attachment (l4), but it is not in its original position on the artifact and difficult to see. Further, MRAHB E.4994 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 217) also carries this attribute, but it is too large to be a part of this small boat’s equipment. Therefore, attribute l4 will be analyzed in a later Class when this rig attachment is depicted properly. Minor nautical attributes a1,2, d1, e2, f1,4,6,7, g, i1-3, j9, l1,4, n1-3, and o will not be addressed in Class M2.5. The other minor attributes and new attribute states mentioned above will be examined, and M2.5 model ÄMB 1232 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 205) that Tooley classified is also discussed.

Class M2.4 is another small grouping containing only two models, ÄMUL 3004 and HÄI 237 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 184, 185). The artifacts have major attribute CP exhibited in their construction, one minor attribute b1,2, and both are dated to the Predynastic Period. Analysis Since attributes CP and b1,2 have not changed in any significant way from Classes M2.2 and M2.3, they will not be discussed further here. However, I note again that the definite provenance of AMO 1895.609 and now of HÄI 237 from Abydos (Fig. 2.126) strengthens the probable authenticity of unprovenanced models with a CP. M2.4 artifacts are fabricated from clay.

DB. Fifteen solid hulled (a1,2) M2.5 artifacts have deck beams represented by red painted bars on a white deck, a convention that began in the First Intermediate Period and continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. In considering M2.5 models, DB hold up the white hatch covers and presumably conceal the RCS, since it is not shown down the mid-line of the hull in this Class. Attribute b1,2. Hollow Naqada II Period clay model AMO 1895.622 (Fig. 2.9) is flat-bottomed with a hard chine. Three M2.5 wooden models from the Mid Dynasty VI flotilla of Governor Niankh-Pepy-Kem are flat-bottomed hollow models with hard chines and scow ends that increase the vessel’s beam along the entire hull (Fig. 2.127). These artifacts signify Landström’s simple ‘flat bottom with two sides’ boat design. AMO 1895.622 has a ‘modified’ VFE bow that suggests it developed from M2.1-M2.2 models. To clarify, AMO 1895.622’s bow is not constructed of two sides of equal vertical height like M2.1-M2.2 models, but of two sides about one-quarter the vertical height of its mid-hull that come together into a ‘quarter-VFE’ shape (Fig. 2.128).

Figure 2.126. HÄI 237, a model with provenance and a CP.

Other Theories. As previously mentioned, Vinson believed that the two M2.4 models had keelsons, an improper term to use when a vessel has no keel (Vinson 1987, 167, 172). He had the correct idea, however, in that a keelson provides longitudinal strength like a CP. Podzorski believed one end of HÄI 237, like M2.0 model el-Ballas 335, is shaped like an animal head (Fig 2.123). Again, there is no reason to believe this is the case. I documented HÄI 237 in person and there are no distinguishing marks on this model to suggest its bow has an animal head. I believe during the construction of this clay model, the maker pinched the fabric forward into a slight curve that flattened its top and this is what Podzorski interpreted as a head. Regardless, an animal head is a decorative characteristic that is not used to as a major nautical attribute to define a Class.

Another hollow but round-bottom (b2) M2.5 model deserves mention since it is also from Governor NiankhPepy-Kem’s flotilla but has different hull and end shapes (Fig. 2.129). With a completely round bottom and rounded ends, Landström contended this artifact “constitute a link to the ships of the Middle Kingdom, which seem to have been mostly round-bottomed” (Landström 1970, 54). I agree with Landström on this point just like I contend AMO 1895.622 evolved from M2.1-M2.2 artifacts. Further, it is interesting that this 38

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM more advanced bottom hull shape existed in a flotilla with more ‘old-fashioned’ models. This circumstance also occurs in another flotilla and will be discussed later.

1970, 41). The bars inserted between the two sections of the bipod mast function as cross braces for strength, and not as attachments for standing rigging. The later dynastic M2.5 models have single masts or mast holes.

Figure 2.130. Bipod masthead. EM CG 4882 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIII, bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Figure 2.127. One of Niankh-Pepy-Kem’s models with wooden scow ends. EM CG 4882 (from Reisner 1913, 54, Fig. 193, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Attribute state i4. Twenty-six M2.5 boat models have steering stanchion evidence, with three having attribute i4 (Figs. 2.79, 2.129) dating from Dynasty VI, Theban Dynasty XI, and All Egypt Dynasty XI. The placement of a rudder oar stanchion in a deck beam provides an extra level of structural support for effective steering. Attribute states j1,2,4,12. Fourteen M2.5 models have evidence of five mast partner attribute states evident in their construction but only four will be addressed here. Seven M2.5 artifacts have attribute state j1 (Fig. 2.82) in their construction, where a deck beam would supply extra stability for a single or bipod mast. Two M2.5 boats have attribute state j2 (Fig. 2.83) and three have j4 (Fig. 2.85) that represent wooden mast partners painted on deck, helping to distribute the mast stress to a DB. One M2.5 artifact has attribute state j12 (Fig. 2.93), a mast partner of three knees tightened around a mast with rope that is the logical evolution from attributes j8-11; only two of these attributes (j8,9) have been analyzed thus far.

Figure 2.128. ‘Modified’ VFE. AMO 1895.622.

Figure 2.129. Round-bottomed model from Niankh-PepyKem’s flotilla. EM CG 4888 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XV top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Attribute states d2-4. Ten M2.5 models have steering gear attachments and at this point, attribute d2-4 deserves attention. Two M2.5 boats have rudder oar cable holes (d2) (Fig. 2.58), two have a rudder oar indent stern (d3) (Fig. 2.59), and one has rudder oar cable holes and a stern indent (d4) (Fig. 2.60). These models date from Dynasty VI to the Middle Kingdom and show successive improvements in steering gear construction for increased vessel control.

Attribute state n4. One M2.5 boat model has attribute n4 (Fig. 2.103) attached to its stern to provide a pivot point for the rudder oar and hold it in place. Notes on ÄMB 1232. M2.5 boat model ÄMB 1232 (Fig. 2.131; Appendix A, Cat. No. 205) from All Egypt Dynasty XI is unique in the M2 category since it has a removable deck, one piece shaped to fit inside the boat’s hull that acts as a platform for the crew. This deck could not, in reality, have been removed in one piece. Secondly, this artifact has attribute n4 (Fig. 2.103) at its stern, one of only a few models with this attribute. Tooley contended that the most important aspect concerning this artifact is the model’s hollow nature (b2) and its small scale, indicators to Tooley that this and other similar models from Class M2.17 were a new ‘type’ unclassified by Reisner (Tooley 1991, 71). However, Meux 57, this model, and other hollowhulled round-bottomed artifacts with DB in Classes M2.5 and M2.7 have the same hull profiles and relative scales as ÄMB 1232, but lack minor attribute n4. The M2.17 models have major nautical attribute FS integrated while ÄMB 1232 does not, nor are its round hollow hull or scale attributes for classification.

Attribute state f2. Twenty-two M2.5 models have indications of an attached gunwale (f1,2,4,6,7). The most interesting example is attribute f2 as exhibited in EM JE 86169 discussed above (Fig. 2.11). Attribute states h1,2. Fourteen M2.5 models have single and bipod mast holes located in deck beams, in decks, and in the bilge. One Early Dynastic Period model has a single mast hole (h1) while three Dynasty VI models have two holes (h2) for bipod masts, and masts on two of these models still exist. These masts emulate those seen in paintings. Landström interpreted a rectangular projection at the masthead as a forestay, with many holes drilled through the masthead as backstays (Fig. 2.130). He also points out that there is no lateral support for the masts since there are no shroud attachments (Landström

39

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS vessels with bipod masts to round bottomed beamier vessels with single masts that would be more stable and have increased cargo-carrying capacity. It is interesting when they appear together in flotillas from the same tomb. CLASS M2.8 Class M2.8 has 59 boat models with major nautical attributes DB and RCS (k1,3,5,7,8) represented in their construction. Also exhibited in these models are 16 minor attributes and attribute states: a1,2, b2, d1-4, f1,4-8, g, h1,2, i1-2, j2-5,7,12,13, l1, n2,4,5, o, p, r1, s1,3, and t1-5). M2.8 models date from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX to Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 236-294).

Figure 2.131. M2.5 model ÄMB 1232 with a removable deck.

CLASS M2.6 Class M2.6 contains 12 boat models that exhibit major structural attribute O (m1-3), and nine minor attributes and their states: a1, d1, e3, g, h2, i1, j8, l1, and n1,2. These artifacts date specifically to c2345 BCE, c2321-2287 BCE, c2278-2184 BCE, and Theban Dynasty XI. Eleven of these artifacts are members of the Dynasty VI flotillas of Priest Kaemsenu, Governor Niankh-Pepy-Kem, and Queen Neit, whose other members have been discussed above (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 223-234).

Analysis Only three M2.8 models are hollow (b2), an indication that the major structural attributes DB and RCS depicted in the other 57 artifacts in this Class are painted on solid hulls. Many of the attributes and attribute states exhibited in this Class have been sufficiently examined. However, the attribute state k3,5,7-8 of the RCS requires examination, as do six other attributes and attribute states: f8, j3,5,7,13, n5, r1, s1,3, and t1-5. One M2.8 model is fabricated from clay and the remaining 59 artifacts are wood.

Analysis At this point only major attribute O will be analyzed since the other features of these models have been sufficiently covered in previously discussed Classes. All Class M2.6 watercraft models are constructed of wood.

RCS (k3,5,7,8). Eight M2.8 artifacts have a raised central shelf clarifier, indicating 52 artifacts have a RCS that extends the entire length of their deck with the exception of the inclusion of a painted mast partner. Of the three hollow models in this Class, one artifact has a RCS that extends the hull’s length with square notches carved out to receive DB (Fig. 2.24). Three models have clarifier k3, one has k5, one has k7, and two have k8. The variations in the depiction of the RCS have been explained, and do not require further analysis here.

O (m1-3). All three attribute clarifiers expressed in outrigger construction (m1-3) (Figs. 2.26-2.28) are incorporated into M2.6 artifacts and even within the flotillas, such as Priest Kaemsenu’s. Members of Governor Niankh-Pepy-Kem’s and Queen Neit’s flotillas, as well as the lone model from Naga ed-Deir, have outriggers that could also serve as a large railing (Fig. 2.28). The increased beam supplied by O provided extra strength and stability at deck level. CLASS M2.7

Attribute state f8. Although six attached bulwark states f1,4-8 are present in M2.8 models, only f8 requires discussion. Black slash marks on the port and starboard sides (f8) of the stern gunwale (Fig. 2.71) indicates additional bindings to strengthen the seams between the vessel’s side planks, providing extra rigidity.

Class M2.7 contains one model that has major structural attributes DB, O (m3), and five minor attributes: b2, e3, h1, j1, and l1. EM CG 4887 is a member of Governor Niankh-Pepy-Kem’s flotilla and dates to Mid Dynasty VI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 235).

Attribute states j3,5,7,13. Thirty-eight M2.8 watercraft models have seven attribute mast partner states j2-5,7,12,13 exhibited in their construction, although attribute states j2 and j12 do not require further examination except to mention that j2 (Fig. 2.83) is a precursor to j3 (Fig. 2.84) and j12 (Fig. 2.93) is a precursor to j13 (Fig. 2.94). Twenty-four M2.8 models have attribute j3 that is an improvement over j2 because it utilizes two DB for attachments and strength instead of one. Attribute states j5 (Fig. 2.86) and j7 (Fig. 2.88) are found on two boats respectively. As stated previously, it is possible that attribute state j7 is possibly the three-dimensional physical manifestation of painted attribute state j5. One of two artifacts in this study that has a j13 mast partner carried on its deck is an M2.8 artifact. This attribute,

Analysis Wooden model EM CG 4887 is identical to M2.5 artifact EM CG 4888 except it has a steering platform in the stern that is also part of the O. The combination of minor attributes incorporated into this model indicate that in Dynasty VI, the Egyptians recognized the benefits of a shallow round-bottomed hull (b2) with a low freeboard, and landing and steering platforms (e3) combined with an O for extra beam that increased vessel stability. As with EM CG 4888, Landström linked EM CG 4887 to later round-bottomed Middle Kingdom vessels (Landström 1970, 54). I agree that these models represent advancements from primarily flat-bottomed narrower

40

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM with its strong knees and tightening pin attached with rope or leather loops, is the culmination of changes seen in attributes j8-12. Attribute state j11 has not been analyzed yet and will be examined later. Finally, the M2.8 boat models that carry attribute states j12,13 also have attribute state j3 painted mast partners on their decks as well.

CLASS M2.9 Class M2.9 contains five watercraft models that have major nautical attributes DB and RSS (q1,3,4). These models also exhibit 12 minor attributes and their attribute states: a2, b2, d2, f4,7, h1, i2, j2,7,14, l1, o, p, r1, and s2, and date to the Herakleopolitan Period Dynasty IX, Theban Dynasty XI, and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 295-299).

Attribute state n5. MMA 20.3.6 is the only watercraft model in this study that has attribute state n5 (Fig. 2.104; Appendix A, Cat. No. 274), an on-hull crutch quarter rudder oar support located on the artifact’s starboard side. An explanation for this attribute state is the nature of the model’s stern that is reminiscent of a papyrus raft that terminates in a round stylized umbel, and a conventional rudder oar could not be attached to the midline of the hull. The vessel was likely constructed in this fashion in deference to the historical and traditional papyrus raft used for fishing. Therefore, since this boat only used one quarter rudder oar, a crossbeam support (n1,2) (Figs. 2.100, 2.101) was not necessary and this onhull crutch that relied on the vessel’s rigid strength at the gunwale was used.

Analysis M2.9 artifacts display RSS attribute state clarifiers q1,3,5 and minor nautical attribute states j14 and s2 that require analysis. Four M2.9 boats are constructed of wood and one is made of clay. RSS (q1,3,4). M2.9 boats exhibit a built-up stern that allowed boat-builders to construct larger, sturdier watercraft with increased steering ability. During Herakleopolitan Period Dynasty IX and Theban Dynasty XI, separate political regions that overlap in time period, four M2.9 models incorporate attribute states q1 (Fig. 2.29) and q3 (Fig. 2.31) in their construction. A very small block stern (q1) is evident in a boat from Upper Egypt and small block with indent sterns (q3) are found in three models from Lower Egypt. Although M2.9 models are a small sample for comparison, the differences evident in attribute states q1 and q3 during relatively the same time period show the changes in RSS in different geographic areas. The fifth artifact in Class M2.9 has a block stern (q4) (Fig. 2.32) and dates to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. While this artifact is unprovenanced, its stern configuration fits into the progression of RSS development over time.

Attribute state r1. Eight M2.8 models have attribute state r1 (Figs. 2.108, 2.109) represented as black marks on their gunwale, either amidships or fore and aft, that act as cleats for lines. These marks are often painted rectangles but sometimes have an irregular shape or in one case, attachment appendages. Attribute states s1,3. Two boats in Class M2.8 have attribute s1 (Fig. 2.111) and s3 (Fig. 2.113) respectively. Attribute state s1 is common, while the M2.8 artifact with attribute state s3 is only one of two in the watercraft model corpus with a fork-shaped end. Landström asserted that a second rudder oar could be attached to the bowsprit and “the groove served as a sort of rowlock...when steering was complicated by the slow speed of the vessel through the water” (Landström 1970, 76, nos. 236, 238). This theory is entirely plausible and likely, considering the difficulties of currents, wind, and river travel. While I contend that a bowsprit’s function was primarily for the attachment of rigging, attribute state s3 could easily hold an extra rudder oar. However, the delicate nature of this wooden piece indicates it would not survive too long if used as a rudder oar support, and this may explain its rarity or ‘unpopularity’ as a minor nautical attribute.

Attribute state j14. One M2.9 boat is the only artifact in this study with attribute state j14 (Fig. 2.95) and as put forth previously, this j14 mast partner that is located attached to the model’s bottom along the midline may be the precursor to the mast step. This attribute would be more common later in Egyptian nautical history, since a true mast step would be associated with a vessel’s keelson. Attribute state s2. One M2.9 artifact’s bowsprit has an indent at its end (s2) (Fig. 2.112) for rigging attachments or for a second rudder oar.

Attribute states t1-5. Five M2.8 models have indications of deck reinforcements. In Class M2.8, attribute state t1 (Fig. 2.116) is located forward where a bowsprit would be secured to the deck, and attribute state t2 (Fig. 2.117) is seen aft to strengthen the quarter rudder oar area. Attribute state t3 (Fig. 2.118) is indicated on the port and starboard deck edges for amidships hull strength, possibly to carry heavy cargo (including mummies) or deck furniture (cabins, canopies). Another M2.8 model exhibits reinforcements around its deck and longitudinally aft (t4), and another artifact required stronger deck attachments fore, aft, port, and starboard (t5), indicating a need for a very sturdy deck throughout.

CLASS M2.10 Class M2.10 contains 173 boats, the largest group of watercraft models in this study. These models have major structural attributes DB, RCS, and RSS evident in their construction, with eight attribute states of RCS (k18 ) recorded, 11 attribute states of RSS (q1-11) documented, as well as 15 minor nautical construction attributes and their attribute states: a2, b2, d2,3,5, f1,4,7,9, g, h1, i2,4, j1-7,9,10,12,13, l1-3,5, n6, o, p, r1,2, s1,2,4, and t2,3,5. M2.10 models date from the Herakleopolitan Period Dynasty IX to Late Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 300-472). 41

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS surviving into Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and the other two into Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. Attribute state q6 is found in M2.10 artifacts from Mid to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. In general, the stern areas of these models with RSS are depicted as study and broad to support the heavy rudder oar and exhibit strength.

Analysis Although major structural attributes DB, RCS, and RSS have been analyzed previously, the RCS (k2,4,6) and RSS (q1-11) require further scrutiny. Further, minor attributes d5, j10, l5, n6, r2, and s4 also call for discussion. Two M2.10 artifacts are made of clay and 170 are constructed of wood.

I contend that the concurrent incorporation of five of these six attributes states q2-6 into M2.10 models during All Egypt Dynasty XI and particularly Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI, suggests explanations that are not mutually exclusive. Firstly, some differences could indicate that RSS evolution was slower in some parts of Egypt than others. This idea, however, does not explain the inclusion of attribute states q2-5 within the flotilla of Djehuty-Nakht and his family, dated to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI. A likely explanation for the variations within this fleet is the represented purpose of the boat such as kitchen tender, traveling boat, or a simple sailing or rowing boat. The ‘function’ of the vessel would call for certain attributes such as a wide beam for extra cargo, a cabin, a canopy, or passenger-carrying strength. Consequently, a wider beam results in a relatively wider stern and therefore, a larger RSS. The dating of these artifacts by stern configuration is not only dependent on the size and complexity of the RSS, but the vessel’s sheer line and height of the stern, and non-nautical attributes found onboard to be discussed in Chapter 4.

RCS (k2,4,6). Thirty-two M2.10 models have a fore and aft presentation of RCS (k2) and two models have aft and amidships k6 depictions. Two other models exhibit a noteworthy version of RCS (k4), a stanchion supported RCS (Fig. 2.132). The stanchion is depicted as attached to the hull’s bottom and the underside of the RCS. Many watercraft models have actual RCS and DB that are formed by hollowing out certain portions of the hull (Fig. 2.23), indicating the vessel’s hatch covers were removed. A carved RCS rises from the hull’s bottom as a solid piece, with no breaks in its support. In reality, the RCS would be held up by stanchions like attribute state k8. In the case of artifacts with a carved RCS, the lack of stanchion definition is a model maker’s convention but the depiction of an actual RCS in a hollow model is still an extremely helpful attribute. Further, six hollow M2.10 artifacts (and others in subsequent Classes) have mortises cut out of the sided (top) surface of the RCS to receive DB (Fig. 2.24). This depiction is accurate when compared to the construction of the RCS in Khufu I (Fig. 3.75; Landström 1970, 29, no. 86).

Figure 2.132. Attribute state k8, a stanchion supporting the RCS (from Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,61, © Roemer- und Pelizaeus- Museum Hildesheim).

By Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, significantly more developed block sterns appear, the culmination of the transitions seen in RSS attribute state clarifiers q1-6. In Class M2.10, seven models have a q7 RSS (Fig. 2.35) and one boat has a q8 stern (Fig. 2.36). These two attribute clarifiers are significant shifts in Egyptian vessel construction as exhibited by these particular boat models and represent vessels of considerable strength. I assert that the highly rising, curved, and square-shaped block reinforced stern structure is a hybrid of Late All Egypt Dynasty XI and Dynasty XII boat models since I believe the broad curved counters of models with attribute clarifiers q7,8 are direct precursors to the curled sterns q9-11 of very Late All Egypt Dynasty XI and Dynasty XII.

RSS (q2,5-11). All 11 reinforced stern structure clarifiers q1-11 are incorporated into the construction of M2.10 watercraft models, and although attributes q1,3,4 have been discussed, briefly analyzing them again with the other eight RSS clarifiers demonstrates the evolution of these attribute states from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX to Late Dynasty XII. Four M2.10 models have attribute state q1 (Fig. 2.29), 16 have q2 (Fig. 2.30), 74 have q3 (Fig. 2.31), 13 have q4 (Fig. 2.32), 23 artifacts have q5 (Fig. 2.33), and 12 have q6 (Fig. 2.34). Attribute states q16 are present in M2.10 boat models from Herakleopolitan Period Dynasty IX into Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. Attribute states q1 and q3 are incorporated into models from Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X and Theban Dynasty XI, while q3 continues until Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI. Attribute states q2, q4, and q5 first appear in Class M2.10 in Early All Egypt Dynasty XI, with q2

As represented in Class M2.10, 16 models have q9 RSS (Fig. 2.37) that I have dated to c2004 BCE and Early Dynasty XII. These models have Late All Egypt Dynasty XI and Dynasty XII traits beyond any major and minor nautical attributes I have identified, that secure their chronological position in this politically transitional period of the ‘early’ Middle Kingdom. At this time, the Egyptian capital moved from Thebes to the newly established royal residence of Itjtawy much further north (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 186). Five boats dated to Early and Mid Dynasty XII have q10 sterns (Fig. 2.38) that rise higher and more forward than attribute q9. Lastly, two M2.10 artifacts have highly curled sterns (q11) (Fig. 2.39) that arch much further upward and fore than their predecessors. Most scholars cite this highly curled stern attribute as the ‘typical’ design for Middle Kingdom Egyptian boat models but its construction is 42

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM limited to Late Dynasty XII. These curled RSS (q9-11), as they evolved throughout Dynasty XII with higher and wider counters, exhibit greater strength to secure the rudder oar and provide stable pivot points for increased vessel control.

that a skilled model-maker created it, and that the model’s owner could afford expensive funerary equipment. Landström defined these handles as “objects on each railing. It is possible that the mast was supported laterally when sailing with the wind abeam, one or more of the backstays being fastened to these objects” (Landström 1970, 79). I believe this attribute state would primarily be used to moor vessels at a dock or riverbank since attribute state l1 is used for standing rigging attachments.

Attribute state d5. One hundred twenty-one M2.10 models incorporate steering attachments in their construction, but at this point only attribute state d5 requires discussion. EM JE 46718 is the only M2.10 artifact that has, in addition to rudder oar cable holes drilled through its stern, a loop (d5) attached to the lower end of the rise of the RSS (Fig. 2.61, Appendix A, Cat. No. 450). This supplementary attachment provides security for the rudder oar and a stronger pivot point.

Attribute state s4. Twenty-four Class M2.10 boats carry bowsprits and 10 models carry an incomplete bowsprit or exhibit on-deck evidence that suggests a bowsprit was once attached to the bow, attribute state s4.

Attribute state f9. One hundred seventy M2.10 boats have attribute state f and although the four attribute states f1,4,7.9 of the attached bulwark are present in these models, only f9 requires discussion. Three models in this Class have attribute state f9 (Fig. 2.72) that indicates additional bindings to strengthen the seams between the vessel’s side planks and the curled stern (q10), while also providing extra rigidity.

CLASS M2.11 Class M2.11 is comprised of model PMEA UC31848 that exhibits major structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q5), and LSS, four minor attributes and attributes states b2, d2, f1, and i2, and dates to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 473). Analysis

Attribute state j10. One hundred-twenty one M2.10 artifacts carry nine mast partner attribute states j1-7,9,10.12 that are incorporated into their construction. One model has a wooden three-boot knee with a tightening pin (j10) (Fig. 2.91) that is the product of the progression from attribute states j8,9, with the pin securing the boots around the mast as needed for stability. Finally, ten artifacts in this Class with attribute states j6,10,12 also have attribute state j3 painted mast partners on their decks as well.

Wooden model PMEA UC31848 has an RCS with mortises cut out of its length to accept DB. Beyond this, the major structural attribute LSS requires examination. LSS. The depiction of lower side shelves on the lone M2.11 artifact is subtle but definite. This model’s LSS is depicted as a distinctively painted red stripe on the inner surface of the hull under the gunwale and the carved wooden DB are placed onto it, but not onto the gunwale or into the side of the hull (Fig. 2.40).

Attribute state l5. Two M2.10 watercraft models have attribute state l5 (Figs. 2.97 and 2.99), the combination of shroud or stay holes and a rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or topping lift attachment with small arches carved out of its bottom surface where lines would be attached for the halyard, topping lifts, and other lines. Reisner recognized its purpose in one artifact, and described it as “a bar with four grooves on underside for fastening of ropes of sail” (Reisner 1913, 75, Fig. 281).

CLASS M2.12 Class M2.12 contains 38 boat models that incorporate major structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q3-11), and LSR (u1-3) in their construction. M2.12 models also have 14 minor structural attributes and their attribute states a2, b2, d2,5, f1,4,7-9, g, h1, i2, j1-4,7,11,12, l1, o, p, r1,2, s1-4, and t2,3,5,6 in their design and date from Early All Egypt Dynasty XI to Late Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 474-511).

Attribute state n6. One M2.10 artifact is the only model in this study that has rudder oar guide attribute state n6 (Fig. 2.105), a steering attachment comprised of two short dowels inserted into the stern. Attribute state n6 cannot be considered a state of the attribute RSS since this model does have a small curl stern (q9) and the dowels are located below it. Instead, I believe the two dowels served as a pivot point for the rudder oar and kept it properly sitting at the stern. The rarity of this attribute state may indicate that it was not a sufficiently strong steering gear support and therefore not used in many vessels. 2

Analysis Within this grouping, major structural attribute LSR is an important addition in the development of Egyptian watercraft models and requires discussion. Three minor attributes states h1, i1, and j11 also deserve attention as they are represented in this Class. All M2.12 models are constructed of wood. LSR (u1-3). It could be suggested that the longitudinal stern reinforcement is an extension or evolution from the RCS and this assumption is not unreasonable, particularly since 16 models in this Class exhibit a wide range of representations of attribute state u1. These

2

Attribute state r . Attribute state r (Fig. 2.110) represents an actual cleat that is located on the gunwale of finely crafted M2.10 artifacts. This cleat form would be time-consuming to create and its presence suggests 43

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS depictions range from an enhanced RCS that rises only slightly from the deck, to a simple small ridge carved from the hull, to distinctive raised beams at the stern (Fig. 2.42). One M2.12 boat has a painted rectangle with black slashes (u2) (Fig. 2.43) representing a LSR that is definitely not a continuation of the creamy buff colored RCS found on this artifact. The remaining 19 M2.12 models have a raised LSR accentuated with black slashes painted across it (u3) (Fig. 2.44) representing the sewing of the LSR to the hull. The detail with which this attribute and its states are represented in watercraft models indicates that the Egyptians recognized the value of additional longitudinal strength in the stern area of a boat to allow more substantial RSS constructions and larger rudder oars.

Four boat models comprise Class M2.13, and three are from the flotilla of Meket-Re dating to c2016-1985 BCE. These models have major structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q7,8), LSS, and LSR (u1). Ten minor structural attributes and the attribute states b2, d2,5, f7, g, h1, i2, j3,12, o, r1,2, and s1,2 are seen in M2.13 artifacts that date to All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 512-515). Analysis All the major and minor structural attributes exhibited in these models have been discussed previously. However, LSS are depicted differently in these artifacts compared to Class M2.11 and require examination. M2.13 boats are made of wood.

Attribute state h1. At this point, single masts (h1) do not require any further discussion, but one interesting masthead (EM CG 4956) from el-Bersheh that has been separated from the model that carried it deserves mention (Fig. 2.133). While this artifact cannot be linked to any particular Class, it is logical to mention it here since it is similar to a masthead found on Late Dynasty XII M2.12 model EM CG 4869 (Fig. 2.134). EM CG 4956 is made of faience with three small half loops or eyelets on two of its sides and one at its tip. EM CG 4869’s masthead has five larger, more fully rounded loops, on two of its sides and on top. Both of these mastheads would support fore and backstays and are rarely found with such detail (Figs. 3.49, 3.51).

LSS. The depiction of lower side shelves on M2.13 watercraft models are more detailed than the painted version shown in the M2.11 model since they are formed by carving out the model’s side under the DB (Fig. 2.41). M2.13 models are presented with some or all of their deck hatches removed as illustrated by a hollowed-out hull on port and starboard (Winlock 1955, Pls. 72, 74, 76). CLASS M2.14 Class M2.14 is comprised of five artifacts dating to Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. They have four major structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q3,5,7,8) and TDB incorporated into their hulls and exhibit 13 minor structural attributes within the Class: a2, b2, d2, f7, g, h1, i2, j3,6,7,12, l5, o, p, r1,2, and t1 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 516520). Analysis Given that M2.14 watercraft models have provenance, the distribution of the major structural attribute TDB can be traced to Middle and Lower Egypt during All Egypt Dynasty XI. Although RSS attribute clarifiers q7,8 were discussed significantly in Classes M2.10 and M2.13, they deserve additional attention here to further clarify the stern configuration of M2.14 artifacts. Also, attribute TDB will be examined, as well as interesting representations of attribute (g). Class M2.14 boat models are made of wood.

Figures 2.133 and 2.134. Mastheads EM CG 4956, EM CG 4869 (after Landström 1970, nos. 240, 242).

Attribute state j11. Instead of wooden knees representing a mast partner, one M2.12 artifact has two wooden knees painted on its deck and onto a mast crutch stepped into the mast hole (j11) (Fig. 2.92), with black marks that represent stitching that attaches it to the deck. Attribute state j11 fits into mast partner evolution since it represents two true wooden knees and dates to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI, corresponding to the same time period as the incorporation of attribute states j9,10 into boat models. Further, the first appearance of the more complex and stronger attribute states j12,13 at approximately c20161985 BCE of Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, shows the logical culmination of this attribute’s technological evolution.

RSS (q7,8). One M2.14 model EM JE 46766 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 519) has a slightly rising block curve with indent reinforced stern structure (q7). EM JE 46766 is a sister to M2.10 model EM JE 45318 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 439) they have nearly identical stern hull configurations. However, EM JE 46766 has a slightly narrower counter, possibly due to the presence of TDB for added strength instead of the incorporation of a broader stern. Another M2.14 artifact, EM CG 4918 (Fig. 2.135), has a highly rising and curved squareshaped large block stern with a rudder oar indent and very rounded counter (q8). The RSS of EM CG 4918 is

CLASS M2.13

44

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM an exemplary example of this attribute, the strength it represents, and the wide vessel beam it allows.

warranted. Lastly, the model has a length to beam ratio of 2.9:1, indicating its beam is very high compared to its length, and wider boats need exceptional athwartships strength to prevent racking stress (Fig. 2.136). Also, EM CG 4918 could represent a vessel intended to ply rough waters and a sturdy boat was required. Attribute g. M2.14 model EM CG 46766 has a series of holes representing rowlocks (g) along its gunwale. The significance of this attribute’s representation on this artifact is not how it is depicted in The Egyptian Museum in Cairo when documented, but how the boat was set up after its excavation for publication. The excavation report says it had “10 pegs of dark wood and 4 little masts, all these for a tent or canopy.” However, the accompanying photograph has the pegs inserted into the rowlock holes and used as levers for the oars (Fig. 2.137). This configuration seems to make sense since there are ten rowers, ten pegs, and ten rowlocks. These sticks are not mooring pegs since two small red pegs for this purpose were on the deck. The exact nature of these objects cannot be determined, but I am comfortable with the original idea, that these pegs are stakes for a tent. The boat is equipped for traveling with “two pairs of yokes for carrying luggage” and two conical objects whose purpose was left undetermined (Quibell and Hayter, 1927, 39, Pl. XXII.1). I contend this model represents a traveling boat, where the vessel’s owner would require their luggage, a tent with stakes, and conical containers of beer or other sustenance. The representational ‘functions’ of boat models as exhibited in non-nautical attributes such as these will be discussed in Chapter 4 since they do not determine boat model Classes.

Figures 2.135 and 2.136. The RSS (q8) and broad stern counter of EM CG 4918.

TDB. M2.14 models have through-going deck beams indicated on their outer hulls and DB painted on their decks. TDB are represented as painted longitudinal rectangular marks under the gunwale (Fig. 2.45) on three models and actual beams projecting from the hulls on two boats (Fig. 2.46). The TDB are lined up laterally with the beams represented on deck, indicating they are extensions of them.

Figure 2.137. Attribute (g) with pegs (from Quibell and Hayter 1927, Pl. XXII.1).

Since TDB add transverse strength to a vessel’s hull, the nature of two M2.14 models (EM CG 4801, EM CG 4918, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 517, 520) indicates how desirable this attribute would be in their construction. Model EM CG 4801 is a very large vessel with 40 rowers. Often the number of human figures cannot be a viable attribute for reliable information since these little people often move around from model to model. However, since EM CG 4801 has definite provenance and a substantial enough hull to accommodate this large number of crewmen, I assert this configuration is relatively accurate. In relation to this artifact, I think the TDB are represented here because a vessel of this size would require additional athwartships strength to prevent racking stress. Further, I contend the TDB on EM CG 4918 were included in its construction because the model carries a large cabin and extra hull strength was

CLASS M2.15 Class M2.15 is comprised of one artifact (UPMAA E 14347) that has five major structural attributes, DB, RCS, RSS (q3), LSS, and TDB exhibited in its construction. In addition, ten minor nautical attributes and attribute states – b2, d2, f7, g, h1, i2, j7, o, p, r1 – are incorporated into the model that dates to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 521). Analysis The major and minor nautical structural attributes exhibited in this wooden artifact have been sufficiently discussed. However, it is worth noting that UPMAA E 14347 and its sister, M2.14 model UPMAA E 14260

45

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Attribute state (s1). The other model in this Class is a small sailing boat carved of a single piece of wood. The interesting aspect lies in the construction of the bowsprit (s1) (Fig. 2.139), since it is also carved from the same wood as the hull. This bowsprit depiction is unique.

(Appendix A, Cat. No. 521) from Sedment, are examples of technologically advanced watercraft. Sedment is known for its watercraft models from Herakleopolitan Period Dynasties IX-X that have site-specific, primarily non-nautical, attributes that are often crudely fashioned (see Chapter 4). Although other Sedment models from Early and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI from Classes M2.10-M2.11 exist, these two cases are particularly well crafted. CLASS M2.16 Class M2.16 contains two models of unknown origin. These artifacts are simply designed and have major structural attribute RSS (q4,5) incorporated into their hulls. Six minor attributes and their states – a2, b2, f1,7, h1, i2, s1 – are also reflected in models from this Class, dated to Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 522-523).

Figure 2.139. Attribute state s1 of MFA 72.4.177, carved from the hull.

CLASS M2.17 Class M2.17 is comprised of two models that have major structural attributes DB and FS. These artifacts also reflect seven minor structural attributes – b2, h1, i2,4, j1, l1, and s1 – in their construction, date from Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, and come from Beni Hasan (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 524-525).

Analysis All the attributes found in the M2.16 wooden boats have been previously examined. However, the interesting nature of both boats in this Class warrants further analysis of major structural attribute RSS (q4) and minor attribute s1.

Analysis

RSS (q4). The reinforced stern structure (q4) found on BCGM 13.137 causes some problems since this artifact has been altered at some point since antiquity, and the current bow and stern configurations raise questions (Fig. 2.138). Firstly, one end of this model has block construction that is large, flat, and long, while the other end has a block that is broader and flatter. Both ends have finials attached to them, but only one of them is ancient and I contend it is not original to this artifact. Either end of this boat could be the stern, and even though the broader, flatter end rises higher than the other, I assert that the end with the larger and longer block is the stern. Even with this decided the model poses problems because I think the model maker changed the design of the artifact while it was being carved, creating these anomalies.

The DB represented in these wooden artifacts are comparable to those in hollow round-bottomed Old Kingdom Class M2.5 artifacts. However, the DB are missing from model AMO 1896-1908 E.1993 but holes bored into the inner hull indicate their placement. At this point, FS merits discussion. FS. Few models incorporate a fork stern (Fig. 2.47) into their hull configuration and the scarcity of this attribute suggests it may be an anomaly in the development of Egyptian watercraft since it does not fit into the evolutionary process of the RSS. While the FS served as a useful rudder oar guide and the rounded nature of the counter that supported the FS widened the hull and increased its stability, it was rather fragile and I suspect, prone to breakage when pressure form a large rudder oar was applied to it. To illustrate, both fork sterns in this Class are damaged. CLASS M2.18 Class M2.18 is comprised of five watercraft models that have major nautical attributes DB, RCS, and FS. They also reflect eight minor attributes and the attribute states a2, f1,4,7,9, h1, i2, j3,4, n7, r1, and s2,5 in their construction. These models date to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI and Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 526-530). Analysis

Figure 2.138. Left: RSS (q4) of BCGM 13.137. Right: Bow. The decorative finials do not belong on this model.

Mud model PMEA UC7221 presents interesting challenges because of its uniqueness. This mud model has been labeled as a children’s toy on its PMEA Record

46

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Card. I normally challenge any characterization of an Egyptian watercraft model as a ‘toy’, but in consideration of this model’s construction, this designation is accurate. Consequently, the presentation of major and minor attributes on a toy would be expected to be somewhat different than on models constructed by craftsmen and intended for tomb internment. Therefore, while major attributes DB and RCS have been analyzed in several previous Classes, their depiction in PMEA UC7221 requires scrutiny, as does minor attribute s5. Lastly, major attribute FS was analyzed in relation to Class M2.17, but will be further discussed here, and minor attribute n7 requires examination since it has not appeared in this study to this point. The other four models in this Class are constructed from wood.

been drilled through the rudder oar to accommodate attribute state n7. However, I do not think the rudder oar would be able to move well in the rudder oar guide and even if it did rotate, the prong would likely break. It is indicated that the midline one-prong stern projection rudder oar guide was not a common construction trait, or at least did not survive in the archaeological record. Attribute state s5. PMEA UC7221 has a small round object attached to its bow. It could be argued that this object represents an anchor or a lead. Considering a child possibly created this model, I am simply labeling this object as a bowsprit since even with this shape it could serve as an attachment for lines (Fig. 2.115). CLASS M2.19

DB and RCS. The DB and RCS depictions on model PMEA UC7221 are subtle, with small athwartships ridges and a small ridge running longitudinally along the hull (Fig. 2.140). Since the model is not painted, these attributes are hard to distinguish, but they form a definite deck area when combined with the raised gunwale (f1).

Class M2.19 contains one model (LMAG 40.1924) that exhibits major structural attributes DB, RCS, and DK. This artifact also has eight minor attributes associated with its construction – a2, f4, h1, j3, n2, o, r1, and t1 – and is dated to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 531).

FS. While the two M2.17 models with FS have wide sterns, M2.18 boats have slightly wider and higher sterns that indicate stronger construction that enables this design. Even PMEA UC7221 with its minimalist design has a wider stern. Model EM CG 4947 has a pronounced sheer line (Fig. 2.141) and the depiction of attribute state f9 on this artifact with its extra stitching at the stern gunwale suggests reinforcement was possibly warranted with this construction.

Analysis As I surmised with M2.16 model BCGM 13.137, in antiquity it is possible that the model maker changed their ultimate goal during LMAG 40.1924’s construction resulting in a hybrid of sorts. The hull of this artifact strongly suggests a model that should have a pointed bow and an RSS, without the non-nautical bow and stern finials it now carries. The presence of these decorative appendages are not Class determiners and will not be discussed, but major structural attribute DK deserves discussion since this is the first appearance of this attribute. LMAG 40.1924 is constructed from wood. DK. Deck knees on LMAG 40.1924 are represented as thin rectangular beams set at angles to the RCS and the DB (Fig. 2.48). Like reinforcement stitching (t1-6), this structural attribute would provide additional strength and rigidity to the vessel’s hull. Evidence of knees is found further south in Nubia as early as the Naqada I Period. Wood-lined pit burials were covered with a lid, a type of rudimentary coffin, whose planks have fasteners cut to receive lashings suggesting those used in Egyptian boatbuilding, and a knee was fashioned to support the lid (Reisner 1935, 2, Figs. 7-8).

Figure 2.140. Slight RCS and DB. PMEA UC7221 (© The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

CLASS M2.20 One model, EM CG 4951, comprises Class M2.20 and has major structural attributes DB, RCS, LSR (u3), and FS incorporated into its construction, with the addition of the five minor attributes a2, f9, h1, i2, and t2, and dates to Early Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. No. 532).

Figure 2.141. EM CG 4947 with a pronounced sheer line (from Reisner 1913, 99, Fig. 355, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Attribute state n7. Only one model in this study has a midline one-prong stern projection intended to act as a rudder oar guide (Fig. 2.106). In order for this attribute to be effective, the prong must be strong enough to stabilize the rudder oar and not break. Further, a hole must have

Analysis The depiction of major attribute LSR (u3) as depicted in this wooden artifact requires analysis. 47

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS LSR (u3). The longitudinal stern reinforcement appearance of the M2.20 artifact would, if not for the raised section that runs longitudinally, be classified as attribute t1. Four black slashes run longitudinally from the fork stern to the most aft portion of the white painted deck down the midline (u3). However, the LSR is carved out of the hull itself and is not a separate piece of wood attached to the model. In profile, the stern area decking of EM CG 4951 is highly rounded, and is actually a convex shape with black slashes at its apex. The raised section at the stern is present (Fig. 2.142), and the black slashes indicate the sewing of the LSR to the deck. As previously described, this major structural attribute assists the RCS in providing the vessel’s rigidity along the midline and adds extra strength to the RSS for rudder oar support. The depiction of this attribute on EM CG 4951 is unique.

ASR (v1). In Dynasty XII many boat models with curled sterns (q9-11) have an athwartships stern reinforcement indicated aft of the rudder oar stanchion (i2). In Class M2.22, the attribute is represented as a painted broad U shape with black slashes (v1) that indicates it is sewn to the hull (Fig. 2.49). It is evident that the model maker chose to represent the ASR since it would increase the hull’s aft strength. Attribute state h1. Landström suggested the masthead on EM CG 4913 is a “halyard block...that point[s] forward to the New Kingdom,” that would work in concert with topping lifts to raise and lower the sails (Landström 1970, 87). Even though this attribute is damaged (Fig. 2.143), I agree with Landström that this masthead with the halyard block is an evolved form and its shape is comparable to two mastheads described in Class M2.23. CLASS M2.23 Class M2.23 contains 17 boat models that exhibit major nautical attributes DB, RCS (k5), RSS (q9-11), LSR (u1,3), and ASR (v1-4). These artifacts exhibit 14 minor attributes and the states a2, b2, d2,5, f7,9, g, h1, i2, j1,3,7,9, l1, o, p, r1, s1,2,4, and t1-3,6, and date to c1965 BCE of Early Dynasty XII to Late Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 535-551). Analysis At this point, it is helpful to analyze once more the LSR (u1,3) as they associate with ASR (v1-4) in these wooden models. Further, attribute state h1 contains some detailed mastheads that deserve analysis.

Figure 2.142. LSR (u3). EM CG 4951 (from Reisner 1913, 104, Fig. 365, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

CLASS M2.21

LSR (u1,3) and ASR (v1-4). The combination of longitudinal stern reinforcements and athwartships stern reinforcements in the same artifact has received little attention from other scholars, with Landström simply commenting on “the reinforcement like a bird’s foot in the stern, a detail to be found on numerous models” (Landström 1970, 84). These attributes are far more important to the longitudinal and athwartships strength of the stern area and the RSS of Dynasty XII boat models than his minimalist statement suggests. The LSR first appears in Early All Egypt Dynasty XI M2.12 models and the ASR first appears singularly in Mid Dynasty XII M2.22 model EM CG 4913. The two attributes first appear together c1965-1920 BCE, in Early to Mid Dynasty XII when the LSR is augmented by the ASR across its top, resembling a ‘T’ with a curved crossbar. In M2.23 boats the LSR and ASR are shown in five combinations of u1,3 and v1-4. When these attributes are simply painted onto the model, particularly the curved ASR, it suggests that the model maker used that representation since it would take less time or was less skill intensive to create, possibly both, while still exhibiting the strength of the attributes through their presence.

One model, BM EA 35292, comprises Class M2.21 and it exhibits major nautical structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q10), and DK in its construction. It also has 11 minor attributes and the attribute states a2, f7, g, h1, i2, j3, o, p, r1, s1, and t2 in its design, and dates to Early Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. No. 533). Analysis All of the major and minor attributes found in this wooden model have been sufficiently analyzed and require no further discussion. CLASS M2.22 Class M2.22 is comprised of model EM CG 4913 and its construction exhibits major structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q10), and ASR (v1). This Mid Dynasty XII artifact also reflects eight minor nautical attributes and the attribute states a2, f7, g, h1, i2, r1, s2, and t5 in its construction (Appendix A, Cat No. 534). Analysis Major attribute ASR (v1) of EM CG 4913 requires analysis, as does the masthead of minor attribute h1.

Attribute state h1. The previously analyzed masthead EM CG 4956 (Fig. 2.133) and the masthead on M2.12 48

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM model EM CG 4869 (Fig. 2.134) are similar to the one on M2.23 model EM CG 4798 (Fig. 2.144). It has five protruding grommets up each side of the mast to accept halyards that grow in size from top to bottom (Reisner 1913, 47). This attribute state dates to Mid and Late Dynasty XII from Middle Egypt. However, the Late Dynasty XII masthead carried on M2.23 artifact BM EA25361 represents stronger, wider halyard attachments (Fig. 2.145).

Analysis These wooden artifacts represent nearly the culmination of First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom vessel design since they incorporate all but one (TDB) of the successful major nautical structural attributes in their hull construction. The exclusion of TDB in M2.24 boats could simply mean these models were not constructed to carry cargo and have a narrow beam, were not intended for rough waters, and they did not require significant additional athwartships strength. As for ‘unsuccessful’ major attributes, only the FS qualifies in this regard since there are few models with this stern configuration, it did not persist long or evolve, and was limited to a small geographical area. At this point, only attribute r1 requires further discussion.

I documented another masthead, with no provenance but authentic, at the Victoria Museum in Uppsala, Sweden (Fig. 2.146). It appears to be the strongest of these Dynasty XII masthead configurations. Comprised of four large half circles protruding from two sides of the mast, the half circles are not perfectly round and suggest the slight squaring off of the arch. Each half circle has a hole drilled through it for halyard attachments that would act as fore and backstays. This masthead and others with the wide, strong halyard attachments appear to be the precursors to those found on Tutankhamun’s New Kingdom boat models in Class M2.29 as suggested by Landström.

Attribute state r1. While attribute state r1 is usually represented as simple rectangles, painted cleats are carefully depicted on model EM CG 4952. In top view, this attribute state is comprised of rectangles with four projections out of each corner, indicating four attachments to the gunwale (Fig. 2.109). I contend this depiction is the true shape of attribute r1 and it resembles the actual cleats (r2) incorporated into some M2.10, M2.12, and M2.13 models (Fig. 2.110). CLASS M2.25 Class M2.25 is comprised of one model (EM CG 4813) that has TDB and the five minor nautical attribute states b2, h1, i2, l1, and n7 incorporated into its construction. It dates to the Middle Kingdom (Appendix A, Cat. No. 554). Analysis I documented this wooden model in Cairo and could sufficiently examine the hull in plan view, but the vitrine containing the artifact hid the stern section. Reisner commented that the stern is damaged (Reisner 1913, 19, 161, Pl. V) and because of my inability to study the stern, I cannot claim that his artifact has an RSS. Lastly, while it does have TDB that extend through the model’s outer hull, it does not represent a substantially built vessel.

Figures 2.143-2.146. Top and Middle: Mid-Dynasty XII mastheads from EM CG 4913 and EM CG 4798 (from Reisner 1913, 69, 2, Figs. 255, 7, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Middle: Late Dynasty XII masthead from BM EA 25361 (from Glanville 1972, Fig. 19f, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum). Bottom: Dynasty XII masthead from VMEA.

CLASS M2.26 There are six models in Class M2.26 that exhibit major structural attributes TDB, K, and eight minor attributes and attribute states in various combinations – a2, d6, f1, g, h1, i5, l4, n2 – in their construction. M2.26 models date to c1400 and c1327 of Dynasty XVIII and are from the tombs of Pharaohs Amenhotep II and Tutankhamun (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 555-560).

CLASS M2.24 Class M2.24 is comprised of two models, both from Late Dynasty XII. These artifacts have major structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q10), LSR (u2), DK, and ASR (v1) exhibited in their construction. Further, M2.24 models have ten minor attribute states – a2, f4,9, h1, i2, j3, r1, and s2,4 – incorporated into their presentation (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 552-553).

Analysis New Kingdom boat models exhibit entirely new construction compared to Middle Kingdom artifacts. This is not surprising since the end of Dynasty XII to the 49

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS tumultuous end of the Second Intermediate Period was approximately 245 years. The politically weak pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom’s Dynasties XIII and XIV numbered approximately 70. Dynasties XV and XVI of the Second Intermediate Period saw the foreign Hyksos rulers established in the Delta of Lower Egypt. Dynasty XVII was comprised of many native Egyptian pharaohs who ruled from Thebes, the strongest of whom (with the assistance of the first Pharaoh of Dynasty XVIII) expelled the Hyksos from Egypt to usher in Dynasty XVIII (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 255, 310-311). Therefore, it would be expected that changes in Egyptian watercraft construction occurred during this period.

the waterline (Fig. 2.53). Landström suggested that stem and sternposts on boats were removable, and that for religious processions or for war, could be fitted with different ends (Landström 1970, 110). This suggestion has merit, since some watercraft were shown in reliefs as having one plain and one papyriform end, one blade-like end and one papyriform end, or blunt ends like seven of eight M2.26 artifacts. In support of this theory, M2.26 model (EM CG 4946, Appendix A, Cat. No. 558) had its papyrus flower ends (EM CG 5034, EM CG 5049) reattached for exhibit (Fig. 2.54) since they had come off during a robbery in antiquity. Many of these finials (Fig. 2.147) were found in the debris cleared from Amenhotep II’s tomb (Daressy 1902, 246-249; Reisner 1913, 113116), and from other New Kingdom tombs. However, I do not support the idea of calling these decorations stem and sternposts since those terms suggest they carried some of the structural weight of the vessel and provided strength. Stem and sternposts are scarfed into the keel (Kemp 1976, 834) under the waterline, not above it like these objects. Further, the removable nature of these finials supports my view that decorative bow and stern appendages are no basis for classification such as in Reisner’s system.

Unfortunately, no boat models survive from Dynasties XIII-XVII. However, we do have models dating to c1530 BC, within 20 years of the beginning of Dynasty XVIII. These two M2.5 models (EM CG 52666, EM CG 52667, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 220, 219) only reflect major structural attribute DB, but at least EM CG 52666 foreshadows somewhat the hull profiles of Amenhotep II’s and a number of Tutankhamun’s boats. For this Class, it is helpful to analyze both major attributes exhibited in M2.26 artifacts, TDB and K. Class M2.26 models are made of wood. TDB. Since other New Kingdom boat models are not constructed with TDB and very few from All Egypt Dynasty XI with TDB have survived in the archaeological record, this attribute was represented on artifacts for a specific purpose: to provide extra athwartships hull strength (Fig. 2.53). As previously mentioned, I believe this representation was used to depict cargo vessels and boats meant to travel long distances in rough waters. K. In Egyptian watercraft model construction beginning in the Predynastic Period, the CP seen in Classes M2.2M2.4 and the RCS in Class M2.2 served as internal supports. The RCS does not support the stem and sternposts in any of its depictions and in Dynasty IV’s Khufu I the RCS is incorporated throughout the vessel’s length, but it does not support stem or sternposts (Figs. 3.74, 3.75). In the Middle Kingdom, such structural additions as LSR and ASR were used in conjunction with the RCS to stabilize vessels and support the heavy rudder oar.

Figure 2.147. Decorative and removable umbel end. EM CG 5046 (from Daressy 1902, Pl. L).

Landström pointed out that New Kingdom models no longer have the RCS and DB painted on the deck, suggesting the K replaced the RCS, but did not explain the disappearance of painted DB. He also concluded “the models are made to stand upright, so that the visible part of the keel is lacking beneath the central fifth of the hull” (Landström 1970, 107). I agree with Landström on both counts, since a K would not be seen in top view with a vessel’s deck hatches in place and possibly the deck beams as well if the hatches were designed to cover them, so the model maker did not represent them on deck. As previously discussed, the flattening of hull bottoms beginning in the Old Kingdom and persisting into the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdoms were a model-maker’s convention to allow the stabilization of watercraft models on tomb floors and coffins. It is a pity this standard persisted in the construction of New Kingdom models, however understandable, since it would be helpful to see the K extend under the vessel properly. In profile, the keel is seen under the bow and stern as a rectangular beam as

Numerous New Kingdom temple and tomb reliefs and paintings depict watercraft constructed with mid-line timbers extending the length of the hull’s bottom. Physical evidence for the development of keels in Egypt is limited to Amenhotep II’s and Tutankhamun’s models. These artifacts, supported most strongly by the Deir elBahari reliefs of Hatshepsut’s Punt expedition (Fig. 3.16), provide what I contend is the most important evidence of nautical development in Egyptian vessel construction. The current configurations of seven M2.26 watercraft models do not conform exactly to the definition of a K, since the K itself simply terminates in a blunt end above 50

NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM would be expected. Reisner recognized this attribute in models EM CG 4944, EM CG 4945, and EM CG 4946 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 555, 557, 558) with his statements that they have “flattened tips run[ning] back under the bottom of the ship forming a sort of keel” and that the K is “projecting beyond bow and stern” (Reisner 1913, 96-97). I contend the depiction of a keel on Class M2.26 watercraft models represents the most significant development in wooden Egyptian watercraft construction, and can be dated to c1400 BCE with this physical evidence.

amidships section. The width of the platform and its forward protrusion, combined with the shallow draft and round wide bottom of the model would allow easy landing on a mud riverbank.

The Body in the Boat. Amenhotep II’s model that I have labeled ‘EM Boat Body’ remained in his tomb upon its discovery in 1898. This model had a mummy adhered to it (Fig. 2.148) that was thrown onto the boat by tomb plunderers in antiquity while its embalming fluids were still liquid (Loret 1899, 107; Reeves and Wilkinson 1996, 199; Romer 1981, 160). This model boat was stolen from the tomb in 1901 and the mummy discarded in a broken heap. A search for the model immediately after the theft was unsuccessful (Carter 1902, 117, 120). However, this model was recovered at some point because I have documented it exhibited with its sisters in Cairo.

Figure 2.149. SC in BM EA 55071 (from Glanville 1972, Fig. 62b, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum).

CLASS M2.28 Class M2.28 is comprised of six watercraft models that have major structural attribute K evident in their construction. Every model also exhibits the five minor attributes a2, d6, f1, i5, and n2 in their construction as well. These models date to c1327 BCE of Dynasty XVIII and are from Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s flotilla (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 562-567). Analysis The K is represented in Class M2.28 just as in Class M2.26 and the minor attributes within this Class above have been sufficiently discussed. M2.28 watercraft models are constructed of wood.

Figure 2.148. The Body in the Boat as discovered (from Loret 1899, Pl.9, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

CLASS M2.29

CLASS M2.27 One model, BM EA 55071, belongs to Class M2.27 and it incorporates a DB and a SC in its hull. It also exhibits the four minor attributes b2, e2, h1, and i2 in its construction and is dated to c1336 BCE of Dynasty XVIII (Appendix A, Cat. No. 561).

Class M2.29 is comprised of 16 boat models from Tutankhamun’s flotilla and one additional vessel. These models exhibit major nautical attribute SC and the six minor attributes a2, f1, h1, i2,6, j15, and o. Tutankhamun’s models date to c1327 BCE of Dynasty XVIII and the other to the general New Kingdom (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 568-584).

Analysis

Analysis

The SC is the last evolution of stern configurations shown in Egyptian watercraft models and although wooden model BM EA 55071’s bow suggests a papyriform end, I consider it a landing platform (e2).

At this point, the SC exhibited in M2.29 artifacts will be analyzed, as will the mastheads found on minor attribute state h1, and attribute states i6 and j15, the last evolution of mast partners exhibited in Egyptian watercraft models. Class M2.29 artifacts are made of wood.

SC. Although it is damaged, this model’s stern construction is the first appearance of a stern cleft that has survived in the archaeological record (Fig. 2.149). Instead of a RSS to support the rudder oar, this artifact has a slot carved out of the stern to receive and stabilize the steering gear. BM EA 55071’s cleft size is small when compared to slightly later models.

SC. The stern cleft incorporated into M2.29 hulls is much deeper (Fig. 2.55) and more substantial than the lone Class M2.27 model. The difference in this major nautical attribute within the same dynasty suggests that Tutankhamun’s watercraft models represent substantial vessels that required a sturdy stern section. A strong stern would accommodate large rudder oars with long, flat blades, and a secure rudder oar stanchion (i6) to provide efficient and controlled steering.

Attribute state e2. The landing platform constructed into BM EA 55071 is square in cross-section and extends roughly a quarter the length of the hull from the model’s

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Attribute state h1. While the single masts carried on M2.29 models are not noteworthy, the masthead (Fig. 2.150) found at their tops is worth examination. This masthead design is first seen on another of Tutankhamun’s models from Class M2.0. However, analysis here is logical since mastheads from Old and Middle Kingdom models appear in Classes M2.5, M2.12, M2.22 and M2.23 and have been discussed somewhat chronologically. According to Landström, the separately carved four-hole block seen on M2.29 models would hold halyards and topping lifts, while the ‘combs’ below on both sides of the mast would hold additional topping lifts (Landström 1970, 99). The rounded two-hole masthead from Saqqara (Fig. 2.143) and two-hole rounded versions from Meir (Fig. 2.145), and an unprovenanced artifact (Fig. 2.146) could be precursors of the four-hole block. The comb design of this New Kingdom masthead is similar to the ‘grommets’ seen in the simpler mastheads from el-Bersheh (Figs. 2.133, 2.134) and Meir (Fig. 2.144) that lack a strong attachment at their apex. Mastheads on Class M2.29 models combine versions of these earlier examples together to form strong and versatile halyard and topping lift attachments that is also seen on Hatshepsut’s Punt Expedition vessels (Fig. 3.16).

provenance but is dated to Dynasty XVIII (Appendix A, Cat. No. 585). Analysis Since the SC has been analyzed previously, it will not be treated here except to mention that MLP E 5539’s stern cleft is damaged, so its depth is unknown. The LSR (u1), as depicted in this wooden artifact, merits discussion. LSR (u1). The longitudinal stern reinforcement incorporated into this model is carved from the same wood as the hull. It rises from the edge of the carved stern cleft running forward into a sharp triangular point (Fig. 2.151). No other New Kingdom model has attribute clarifier u1 but it can be assumed it served the same purpose as in Middle Kingdom artifacts, providing extra strength to the stern and supporting the rudder oar.

Figure 2.151. New Kingdom LSR (u1). MLP 5539.

Figure 2.150. New Kingdom masthead (from Jones 1990, Pl. XXXI, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson).

CLASS M2.31

Attribute state i6. M2.29 models requires a rudder oar for steering since the SC design allows the insertion of the rudder oar in the cleft that serves as a stable pivot point. The rudder oar stanchion is stepped into a crossbeam, allowing the model’s gunwale to carry some of the stress caused by the steering action and providing another pivot point (Fig. 2.81).

The last Class in this study is comprised of one Dynasty XXI boat model (EM CG 4929) that exhibits major structural attributes TDB and HT, and the minor attributes a2, f4, i1, and n2 in its construction. It was found in a large cache tomb at Deir el-Bahari and dates to Dynasty XXI of the New Kingdom (Appendix A, Cat. No. 586).

Attribute state j15. Attribute state j15 (Fig. 2.96) is only visible on 12 of the 16 M2.29 boats since amidships cabins with masts protruding through their roofs hide this attribute if it is indeed present. It is probable that these four models carry attribute state j15 since a drawing by Howard Carter of EM JE 61337 shows the model in profile, with a mast partner stanchion in place but hidden by the cabin (Jones 1990, Pl. XV). This mast partner configuration is the culmination of centuries of refinement in mast supports utilizing knees on deck and in the hull (j9-14), with the addition of the stanchion for extra strength above, below, and at deck level.

Analysis The TDB painted on this wooden boat model present nothing new about this attribute except the slashes representing the beams are depicted low on the hull’s sides, when usually they are closer to the gunwale. This model is the only artifact in this study with a HT and this major attribute requires examination. HT. The posts set against the Class M2.31 model’s amidships cabin fore and aft act as hogging trusses to improve the boat’s stability (Fig. 2.56). This artifact has a rather high length to beam ratio (6.05:1) indicating it is very narrow. Because of the highly rising and curved ends, a vessel that is narrow but has weight at its ends may become unstable on the water. Including a HT into a watercraft’s design would provide longitudinal support in order to keep the vessel from sagging at its bow and

CLASS M2.30 Class M2.30 contains one model, MLP E 5539, exhibiting major structural attributes LSR (u1) and SC, with minor attribute states b2 and i2. The model has no

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NEW EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM stern that is augmented by heavy papyriform umbel finials.

Cairo (Kamal 1912, 101), but at least 18 watercraft models are missing. Perhaps some of these artifacts are smashed to bits on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.

MISSING AND UNAVAILABLE MODELS

One model described as “the greater part of a wooden model boat of uncommon design” was discovered in Corridor Tomb 24 in 1910 at Deir el-Bahari (Carter and the Earl of Carnarvon 1912, 51). This model may be part of this study as an artifact without provenance, but this cannot be determined since no other details were provided. Other boat models cannot be included in this study because of a lack of photographs or information about them, including a model in the Übersee Museum in Bremen, Germany. This boat was in storage when I documented another model there, and no photographs of the artifact are available. Further, information concerning six boat model fragments from the same Abusir excavation as M2.0 model PSM 1068/I/84 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 58) is lacking as well, and their storage location is unknown.

Five boat models in this study, ÄMB 14, ÄMB 13756, ÄMB 13757, GASU Impy II and WML M-11430, were destroyed during World War II bombing raids. However, sufficient information concerning these artifacts survived in publications to include them in the new classification system (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 283, 129, 130, 421, 312). Other models featured in auction catalogues, private collection catalogues, or site reports that do not provide disposition information are also ‘missing’, but photographs and text entries often provide enough information to minimally document an artifact and place it within a Class (see Meux 57, Appendix A, Cat. No. 416, as an example). Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for many watercraft models discovered in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century at Meir and elBersheh that were not sufficiently published or described.

THE MERRIMAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM As presented here, this new classification system for Ancient Egyptian watercraft models based on the major and minor nautical structural attributes that are represented in their construction results in 36 Classes of watercraft. Categorical division M1 has four Classes of models (M1.0-M1.3) that represent vessels constructed of papyrus and are defined as rafts. Category M2 has 32 Classes of models (M2.0-M2.31) that represent craft constructed of wood and are defined as boats. Regardless of the physical composition of these artifacts, whether they are made of wood, gold, silver, ivory, clay, mud, travertine, or quartz, they represent vessels constructed of either papyrus or wood.

These sites produced dozens of watercraft models and I have traced many artifacts to these excavations, providing provenance to unprovenanced artifacts. Twenty-eight boat models excavated by de Morgan at Meir in 1892-1893 were briefly described (Belger 1895). Most of these boats are housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and others such as model MIA 16.496 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 511) can be traced through documentation to this excavation. Kamal’s publication of excavations at el-Bersheh and Meir in 1900-1901, 19101911, and 1913 described dozens of watercraft models in varying degrees of detail. While many of these models have been traced to museums, many remain missing. However, there is a strong probability that unprovenanced models in this study are from these excavations, but published descriptions are too vague to apply them with certainty to known artifacts. Information about specific boat models belonging to this group is provided in Appendix A.

In classifying these artifacts, the objects themselves determined their Class dependent on which of the 18 major nautical attributes were shown in their construction. I determined these characteristics were the primary structural components of Egyptian watercraft building depicted in three-dimensional miniature through extensive research and documentation of 586 authentic Egyptian watercraft models. I contend that these 18 major nautical attributes were recognized by Egyptian model makers in actual Nile River watercraft and deemed significant enough to be utilized in their handiwork. These craftsmen also decided to augment and often further define these 18 attributes with 16 minor nautical attributes that provided considerably more detail in these artifacts; again, by observing their inclusion in actual Nile vessels.

Another possible reason for missing boat models excavated during 1910-1911 is the fact that Margaret Brown purchased “three crates of ancient models for [the] Denver Museum” (Eaton and Haas 1987, 122) in Egypt prior to her embarkation in Cherbourg, France on HMS Titanic in April 1912. Mrs Brown apparently insisted her ‘art objects’ and ‘antiquities’ receive special consideration in the cargo hold, and received receipts from White Star Line’s Titanic ticket agent (Garrison 1998, 137-138). I cannot be certain if these models were watercraft or other types. However, it seems likely that the abundance of boat models discovered during the 1910 and 1911 excavation seasons at Meir could have prompted their sale to an affluent foreign visitor in Cairo. It is difficult to determine the exact number of missing boat models from these excavations since it was published that ‘several’ boat models were found and sometimes notations state they were not transferred to

The detail exhibited in models representing papyrus rafts and wooden boats allows comparisons to twodimensional representations of watercraft on temple and tomb walls, pyramid causeways, rock cliff faces, ostraca, papyri, and pottery. Further, actual Egyptian watercraft, wooden boat parts, and symbolic mud brick craft are valuable three-dimensional sources. The great number of

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS these maritime archaeological resources found along the entirely of the Nile River Valley, Delta, on the Red Sea Coast allows the differentiation of these graphic depictions and the models by site and context. In Chapter 3 I will contrast these contemporary maritime artifacts and features to the models in this study. In doing so, the Merriman Classification scheme is supported, proposed dates and provenance of artifacts can be solidified, sitespecific attributes expanded upon, and contexts explained.

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III EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE The reliance of a society on watercraft is nowhere more apparent that in Ancient Egypt, where the Nile River provided the means for all but the most local transport. It is not surprising then, that the Ancient Egyptians would incorporate watercraft, an important object from their everyday lives, into their funerary furniture in the form of watercraft models, for use in the next world. The geography of Egypt, a fertile strip of land created and supported by the Nile River, molded the lives of the Ancient Egyptians in a very distinctive way. Because of this topography, Egyptians depended on rafts and boats as their primary means of transportation. Watercraft were required for the movement of cargo, the of ferrying people, goods, and livestock from bank to bank, to maintain communication, to provide maneuverable protection in times of conflict, and as support for military campaigns. Comprehending this dependence is essential to our understanding of the extent to which watercraft were fundamental components in the Egyptian daily routine. Watercraft models are the most numerous threedimensional representations of Ancient Egyptian vessels available for study and have been greatly underappreciated; my new classification scheme addresses this discrepancy.

provenance of these artifacts will be presented by their location within the Ancient Egyptian system of administrative districts, many founded early in its history.

However, other sources are also available for study and an overview of Egyptian riverine and maritime representations will serve to solidify the position of watercraft in this ancient society, and allow comparisons with watercraft models to affirm my classification system. An examination of the archaeological contexts, sites, and their geographical location on the river may explain why certain attributes were included in model design and others were omitted. In conjunction with this undertaking, comparisons with associated graphic maritime scenes found on tomb walls, temple reliefs, and artifacts, actual boats, and maritime features at these and other sites can be compared with the models in this study to correlate the attributes exhibited in them. Several texts also survive that provide insight into the maritime history of Egypt and life on the river, including ship’s logs, tales of shipwrecks, biographies, and shipyard statistics. I will briefly describe the archaeological contexts within which watercraft models have been discovered throughout Egyptian prehistory and history. Then, an overview of the

EGYPTIAN BURIALS AND TOMBS

WATERCRAFT MODELS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS The watercraft models in this study with known contexts were discovered in pit burials, in sand outside of pyramid enclosures, rock-cut tombs, temple areas, and houses. In addition to watercraft models, a variety of other model types were a part of Egyptian funerary traditions. Summary descriptions of the purposes of Egyptian tombs and burials, the different models and their arrangement within tombs, the variety of sites where watercraft models have been discovered, and the contemporary conditions near centers of model production that may affect artifact construction assist in the understanding of the importance of watercraft and watercraft models in Egyptian culture. Further, the quality and minute details of certain model assemblages that imitate daily life activities with accuracy serves to uphold my contention that watercraft models are facsimiles of actual Ancient Egyptian vessels.

An Egyptian’s earthly death was not a permanent condition and existence in the next world could be guaranteed through devotion to the gods, mummification to preserve the body, and the procurement of grave goods that included three-dimensional models and statues that represented the deceased. Therefore, the purpose of the Ancient Egyptian grave or tomb was to provide an underground burial place for the deceased’s body, their ka (essence), and funerary equipment such as models, pots, and objects for daily use. The simplest form of grave was a hole just deep and large enough to hold the deceased with a few burial offerings. Over time, burials for wealthy individuals evolved into subterranean tombs designed with one or more rooms that included stairways and roofs. Tombs with stone or mud brick superstructures (mastabas) were constructed over these underground structures in the early dynasties. Many tombs remained fully underground or were carved into rock cliffs, some

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS with porticoed galleries and elaborately decorated walls. Depending on when and where the grave or tomb was constructed and the wealth of the deceased, an offering place was included and was simply a groups of stones or a wooden wall surrounding a burial mound for protection, a separate room called a serdab, a funeral chapel, or mortuary temple (Garstang 1907, 3; Reisner 1935, 1-3; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 104, 172, 292).

cut tombs of this period near Beni Hasan had separate upper rooms and burial chambers that contained pottery coffins and simple interments (Garstang 1907, 26-28). By the end of Dynasty III, paintings and carved wall reliefs depicted funerary equipment in a tomb’s offering place that substituted for the actual artifacts and burial offerings. Other ordinary scenes from life showing farming, cattle rearing, hunting, and food preparation appear on tomb walls in Dynasties IV (c2613-2494 BCE) and V (c2494-2345 BCE), in addition to burial models and offerings (Reisner 1913, I). Models from these dynasties include a few wooden boats, and individual stone figures preparing food, brewing beer, and manufacturing pottery and metal implements. During Dynasty VI (c2345-2181 BCE), grave goods were placed in the serdab, and these included wooden servant statues, scenes of baking, cooking, brewing, agriculture, and animal husbandry, single statues of female porters (Tooley 1995, 16-17), and wooden boats in three flotillas from Saqqara (Firth and Gunn 1926, 33; Jéquier 1933, 33-40; Poujade 1948, 25-31, 33-40).

Predynastic Period Burials The regular appearance of funerary models began with Badarian Period (c5500-4000 BCE) pit burials. The deceased usually lay in a contracted position on their left side facing west, with their head oriented to the south. The body was covered with matting or animal hides, and a roof constructed of matting and sticks occasionally protected the burial (Baumgartel 1955, 21). The Badarian graves that contained clay watercraft models were associated with anthropomorphic statuettes of clay and ivory, decorative slate palettes, stone vessels, and flint tools excavated from el-Badari and the surrounding area (Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 51; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 47).

First Intermediate Period Burials First Intermediate Period Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX and X (c2160-2025 BCE) tombs at Sedment in Lower Egypt are good examples of this burial form since they contained a series of models in different combinations including two boats, one rigged for sailing south and one for rowing downstream, granaries, kitchens, butchering scenes, servant statues, porters, and model sandals (Petrie and Brunton 1924, 5-10). Also indicative of First Intermediate Period tombs are those excavated by Sciaparelli at Gebelein in Upper Egypt dating to Theban Dynasty XI (c2125-2055 BCE).

Naqada I Period (c4000-3500 BCE) graves are generally found between Abydos and Thebes, and simple pit burials excavated at el-Amrah contained the deceased in a fetal position, often lying on their right side facing east, with their head pointing southwards (Kees 1961, 23). Naqada I burials included clay watercraft models and various types of pottery vessels (Petrie 1939, Pl. XIV). The first use of brick in burial construction appears in the Naqada II Period (c3500-3100 BCE) (Baumgartel 1955, 27) and those that contained models were topped with wooden roofs and lined with wood, or the deceased was interred in a wooden or mud box. The funerary goods placed around the deceased included pottery and stone vessels, food and wine containers, tools, weapons, and other practical objects (Reisner 1935, 21, 74, 190). Decorated clay watercraft models from Naqada II graves were often associated with pottery (Fig. 3.27) decorated with images of Class M2.1 and M2.2 boats (Petrie and Quibell 1896, Pls. XXXVI.80-81b, LXVI-LXVII).

Middle Kingdom Burials The shaft burials of Beni Hasan are good examples of typical Middle Kingdom (c2055-1650 BCE) rock-cut tombs that held models. Shaft tombs dug out of solid rock were between three and ten meters deep. At the bottom, the shaft opened into a burial chamber or recess that contained the deceased’s coffin and grave goods. This part of the tomb was small, usually two meters long, .80 meters wide, and between .80 and 1.5 meters high. However, a few larger tombs were excavated as well, with chambers twice the size or more of the typical tomb, that contained multiple coffins and sets of grave goods (Garstang 1907, 45-46).

Early Dynastic Period Burials Dynasty I (c3100-2890 BCE) and Dynasty II (c28902686 BCE) pit burials often included a series of models consisting of clay and ivory brewers, porters, buildings such as houses and towns, beds, granaries, and boats (Tooley 1995, 16). Numerous Dynasty I burials associated with large mastaba tombs at Saqqara contained numerous pottery bowls and jars, and any of these graves also included artifacts that seemed to signify the occupation of the deceased (Emery 1954, 142).

The majority of watercraft models that have survived come from the Middle Kingdom and in many instances, full complements of models are found together. Usually these burials contain boats, granaries, kitchens, offering bearers, carpentry shops, and scenes of weaving, brick making, pottery manufacture, metalworking, farming, livestock management, and in some instances, groups of soldiers. Models are found at All Egypt Dynasty XI (c2055-1985) and Dynasty XII (c1985-1795) sites all along the Nile valley, particularly in tombs of local government officials or more wealthy burials near district

Old Kingdom Burials It is apparent that burials of early Dynasty III (c26862613 BCE) did not include models or a significant number of grave goods, at least that has survived. Rock56

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE capitals (Tooley 1989, 59; Tooley 1995, 17). A fine example of a Late Dynasty XII tomb is the first systematically recorded and excavated tomb in Egypt with its contents drawn in situ in 1823 (Fig. 3.1) of the steward Mentuhotep located in the cemetery of Asasif in Thebes, (d’Avennes 1868-1878, Pl. II.61).

Unfortunately the majority of these rock-cut tombs were widely plundered, severely damaged, and many have been lost (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 136, 287). No watercraft models from the Second Intermediate Period have been discovered. New Kingdom Burials New Kingdom (c1550-1069 BCE) burials consisted of rock-cut tombs, sometimes with above ground chapels. New Kingdom models are few, with the majority being shabti figures from numerous contexts, houses, chairs, beds, offering bearers holding cosmetic jars, and mourners. Tutankhamun’s tomb contained, besides his large flotilla of watercraft, a granary, numerous model tools, a quernstone, and 11 model oars (Jones 1990, 4850; Tooley 1989, 59; Tooley 1995, 16-18). New Kingdom model boats as components of funerary equipment appear to have been reserved for royalty and the priesthood, as the boats and boat parts discovered in the tombs of Thutmose III, Amenhotep II, Tutankhamun, Horemheb, and the Princes and Priests of Abydos attest (Daressy 1902, 239-277, 295-298; Davis 1912, 106, no. 31; Jones 1990, 17-50; Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902, 3, 77, 91, Pls. LI, LII; Reisner 1913, 96-99, 113-145). However, a few New Kingdom watercraft models have been discovered in museums without provenance, so their royal or non-royal contexts cannot be determined, one model was found in a temple (MLP AF 9756 Record Card), and one found in a house (Glanville 1972, 60-62, Pl. XIa; Peet and Woolley 1923, 74).

Figure 3.1. The tomb of steward Mentuhotep was the first intact Egyptian burial recorded ‘in situ’ (after Prisse d’Avennes 1868-1878, Pl. II.61, reprint 1997).

In contrast to the burial equipment of Beni Hasan and Thebes, the tombs at el-Lisht and Dahshur have simple coffins, plain pottery, and none of the typical models that have been found in other contemporary sites (Mace and Winlock 1916, 114-116). Support for this argument lay in the fact that Amenemhat I moved his residence northward to Amenemhatitjtawy (Itjtawy) near el-Lisht, where this new burial style appears first (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 27-28). Specific information concerning the burial customs of Dynasties XIII-XIV (c1795-1650 BCE) is scant because material from this time has not survived. Further, the political upheaval in both Upper and Lower Egypt, which were both governed by a number of different rulers simultaneously, has often made the interpretation of archaeological and textual information difficult (Quirke 1991, 123, 128) while the contemporaneous Dynasty XIV had about 76 rulers in power from Xois (Sakha) in the Delta (Winlock 1947, 95). No watercraft models from Dynasties XIII-XIV have been discovered.

Third Intermediate Period Burials Although the Third Intermediate Period was distinguished by political unrest, Dynasty XXI (c1069945 BCE) was somewhat secure even with two seats of power at Tanis in the Lower Egyptian Delta and Karnak in Thebes of Upper Egypt. At the beginning of Dynasty XXI, Pharaoh Smendes (c1069-1043 BCE) technically ruled all of Egypt from Tanis, but the Priests of Amun controlled Middle and Upper Egypt from their southern city. The only burial of this period of consequence is the cache tomb of the Priests of Amun, and the only boat model in this study from the Third Intermediate Period was discovered there (O’Connor 1983, 232-235; Reisner 1913, 88, 90-91, Pl. XIX Bottom).

Second Intermediate Period Burials The three dynasties of the Second Intermediate Period ruled simultaneously in separate areas of Upper and Lower Egypt. Dynasties XV-XVI (c1650-1550 BCE) were comprised of Canaanite migrants referred to as the Hyksos who gradually assumed control of Lower Egypt and established their main capital at Avaris in the Eastern Delta. The cemeteries and settlements at several Hyksos sites contained numerous artifacts of Syro-Palestinian design or origin, and some graves were associated with dwellings, an attribute of Syro-Palestinian Middle Bronze Age Cultures. Interestingly, the tombs in the Avaris area are of Egyptian-style construction (Bietak 1996, 7, 10). Dynasty XVII (c1650-1550 BCE) was centered at Thebes and consisted of a series of native Egyptian rulers. The rock-cut tombs of Dra Abu el-Naga at Thebes included the interments of this dynasty’s rulers and families.

WATERCRAFT MODEL PROVENANCE Egypt was divided into 42 administrative provinces or nomes, 22 located in Upper Egypt in the Nile valley and 20 in Lower Egypt in the Delta region (Fig. 3.2). First Mediterranean Sea distinguished in the Early Dynastic Period, by Dynasty V the nomes of Upper Egypt were solidly established. The Lower Egyptian nomes were not completely defined until later, during the Greek and Roman Periods. Each nome had a capital and was ruled by a governor or nomarch. During the intermediate periods of Egyptian history the power of the local nomarchs increased due to the weakening of the central government (Baines and Málek 1980, 15; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 15, 204). 57

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

Qubbet el-Hawa Rock-Cut Landing

Minshat Abu Omar (19) Memphite Necropolis Abu Roash (2) Giza (2) KEY Abu Gurab (1) Lower Egyptian Nomes Abusir (1) On/Mataria (13) Upper Egyptian Nomes Saqqara (1) Helwan (13) () Nome Number Dahshur (1) el-Lisht (1) Tarkhan (1) Riqqeh (1) Lahun/Kahun (20) Meidum (21) Gurob (20) Sedment (20)

Elephantine

Figure 3.3. Locations of Elephantine and Qubbet el-Hawa (after Baines and Málek 1981, 72).

Akoris (16) Beni Hasan (16) Antinoopolis (15)

Qubbet el-Hawa

el-Bersheh (15) el-Amarna (15)

Located across from Aswan and northeast of Elephantine on the Nile River’s west bank, Qubbet el-Hawa is the site of 30 Old to Middle Kingdom rock-cut tombs of commercial leaders and nomarchs, and New Kingdom tombs of local political administrators (Fig. 3.3). Most important are the Dynasty VI family burials that contain biographical information concerning their inhabitants (Baines and Málek 1980, 73; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 44). The tomb of Sarenput I from Dynasty XII of the Middle Kingdom contained an important riverine scene with detailed wooden boat depictions of Class M2.10 vessels with deck beams (DB), raised central shelves (RCS), and reinforced stern structures (RSS), although the presence of DB is assumed. The graphics are fragmentary but are instructive. Particularly important is the clear inclusion of bowsprits (attribute s) attached to the bows of two boats (Fig. 3.4). Further, the bottom boat illustration shows some standing rigging attached to the bowsprit that leads aft but then disappears because the relief is damaged. Another important detail shown on the lower vessel is the inclusion of attribute state j12 (Fig. 2.93), wooden knees with a tightening rope mast partner on the deck (Vandier 1969, 913, Fig. 342). Unfortunately the watercraft depictions are damaged, so the attribute state of reinforced stern structure (RSS) cannot be determined. This depiction of these sturdy, powerful watercraft, one of which is towing another vessel, are indicators of this area’s main economic focus, for Aswan means ‘trade’ (Baines and Málek 1980, 72).

Meir (14) Asyut (13) Deir Rifeh (11) el-Badari/Mostagedda/Matmar (9) Akhmim (9) Naga ed-Deir Mersa Gawasis Abydos (8) el-Amrah/Hu (7) Tukh [Naqada]/el-Ballas/el-Ahaiwah (5) Theban Necropolis King’s Valley 2nd Valley Deir el-Bahari Asasif Dra Abu el-Naga Deir el-Medina Birket Habu

Armant (4) el-Rizeqat (4) Gebelein (4) Hierakonpolis (3) el-Kab (3) Qubbet el-Hawa (1) Elephantine (1)

Figure 3.2. Map of Egypt depicting the archaeological sites and their nomes where Egyptian watercraft models, boat graves, brick boats, actual boats, or boat parts have been discovered.

FIRST UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Elephantine The island of Elephantine was the capital of the First Upper Egyptian nome and was a major trading center throughout Egypt’s history (Fig. 3.3). The first cataract of the Nile River ends just south of Elephantine and this difficult stretch of water was only navigable during times of high water, such as the inundation, and only by experienced navigators. Elephantine was mentioned in biographical literature and was central to obelisk production for Queen Hatshepsut. Archaeological sites on the island include an early dynastic temple and settlement, the Dynasty XVIII temple of Amenhotep III, a building associated with Thutmose III, and a large Roman town site (Baines and Málek 1981, 72; Kees 1961, 100-101; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 44).

Watercraft Models. Two Dynasty VIII M2.0 boat models from the Tomb 98 of Stekmet are the only artifacts in this study from Qubbet el-Hawa, and while they do not depict any major nautical structural attributes in their construction, their highly rising thin papyriform ends reflect the nature of the Nile River at Qubbet elHawa and its rocky cliff bank (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 73, 74). At this site, a rock-cut landing place was used to land boats, and the style of papyriform end reflected in these two watercraft models, where the bow or stern could easily extend above a hard and high riverbank, was appropriate for this geographic area.

Watercraft Model. The New Kingdom activity is reflected in the one Dynasty XIX M2.0 model in this study found in a temple context (Appendix A, Cat. No. 165), but unfortunately it is simply rendered with no major structural attributes.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE Nile boatwrights and boatmen to construct vessels that would be useful for this stretch of river. Longer distance transport from Hierkonpolis south to Wadi Abbad for trade, and less substantial rafts for local use around the calmer waters and islands found in the Nile near el-Kab.

Figure 3.4. Bowsprits and mast partner (j12) on Dynasty XII boats in Sarenput I’s tomb (after Vandier 1969, fig. 341).

THIRD UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME

Main Deposit

Hierakonpolis Hierakonpolis (ancient Nekhen, modern Kom el-Ahmar) is located on the west side of the Nile River. The area, located on both sides of Wadi Abu Suffron, contains Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period cemeteries and town sites. The earliest decorated tomb in Egypt, dating to Late Naqada II of the Predynastic Period, was discovered here. Five M2.1 or M2.2 vessels with vertically flat ends (VFE) were painted on the wall of Tomb 100 at Hierakonpolis (Fig. 3.5), along with another boat with a high bow and stern (Quibell and Green 1902, Pls. LXXV-LXXVIII). This scene may represent everyday Egyptian life of hunting or people engaged in battle, but interpretations differ (Vinson 1994, 13-14).

Tomb 100

Figure 3.6. Tomb 100 and Main Deposit at Hierakonpolis (after Baines and Málek 1980, 78).

Figure 3.5. M2.1 or M2.2 vessels on wall of Tomb 100 (after Quibell and Green 1902, Pls. LXXV-LXXVIII, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

el-Kab. While no watercraft models are attributed to elKab, the early New Kingdom tomb of watercraft Crew Commander Ahmose included his biography, describing his experiences during the expulsion of the Hyksos rulers in late Dynasty XVII and his service under Pharaohs Ahmose and Amenhotep I in Dynasty XVIII. Commander Ahmose spent the majority of his military career on the water, and early on was assigned to the war vessels Wild Bull, Northern, and Rising in Memphis. These watercraft were probably troop transports, since Ahmose fought on land while associated with them, but he also engaged in naval combat on-board Pjedku in Avaris. Ahmose then sailed southward with Pharaohs Amenhotep I and Thutmose I in their Nubian campaigns. During the second campaign, Ahmose bravely supervised the towing of Thutmose I’s vessel over the cataract, and for this he was promoted to crew commander. After they crushed the Nubians, Thutmose I traveled northward to Karnak in his ship Falcon (Lichtheim 1973, 12-15).

Artifacts of importance associated with Dynasty I rulers such as the Narmer palette and macehead, and the Scorpion macehead, were excavated from the ‘Main Deposit’ (Fig. 3.6). This artifact cache contained a mixture of religious objects from the temple of Horus that were collected and placed together in a cache, thus mixing artifacts from Dynasties I-II together (Baines and Málek 1980, 79; Quibell 1900, 6, 10, Pls. V, XXVI, XXIX; Quibell and Green 1902, 13, 20-21, Pls. LXXII, LXXV-LXXVII; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 127-128). Watercraft Models. Seven Early Dynastic Period (c3100-2686 BCE) watercraft models that include one M1.2 papyrus raft with raft ends (RE), built-up sides (BUS), and rope ties (RT), four M2.0 wooden boats with steering gear evidence, and two M2.1 wooden craft with VFE are from Hierakonpolis, with six of them coming from the Main Deposit (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 19, 50, 52, 53, 57, 180, 181). These early models that represent both papyrus rafts and wood boats indicate the ability of

FOURTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Armant (ancient Iunu-Montu and Iuny) was the capital of the Fourth Upper Egyptian Nome on the Nile’s west bank until Dynasty XVIII that included the areas around Thebes. For this study, the extensive and welldocumented excavations of the Predynastic Period necropolis are significant (Baines and Málek 1980, 83; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 37).

Gebelein Located on the west bank of the Nile, Gebelein (ancient Per-Hathor, classical Pathyris), or ‘The Two Hills’, served as the area’s provincial necropolis and is mostly comprised of First Intermediate Period tombs, with a few dating to the Predynastic Period. A Temple of Hathor, active from the Dynasty III to the Roman Period, was located on the east hill with the unexcavated town site lying at its base (Baines and Málek 1980, 71, 82-83; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 109). H G Fischer contended model boat crews from Gebelein (15 of them in this study) might represent Nubians (Fig. 4.47) who were employed as mercenaries during the First Intermediate Period (Fischer 1961, 44, 76-78).

Watercraft Models. Three fragmentary M1.1 papyrus rafts from the Predynastic Period cemeteries at Armant do not provide extensive details as to their appearance, but they were hollow vessels with BUS, indicating they may have carried light cargo as well as people (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 12-14). THEBAN NECROPOLIS

Watercraft Models. Eighteen boat models in this study are from Gebelein, six from the tombs of Ignoti, Tomb 2 of Ini, and Henuy, with ten of these artifacts obtaining their provenance by the author1 through comparison with provenanced boats. A Dynasty VIII M2.5 model with DB, and an M2.8 All Egypt Dynasty XI boat with DB and RCS are both attributed to Gebelein but their construction is atypical for this site, and their provenance is questionable2 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 194, 277). However, the remaining 16 M2.0 Gebelein models date from Dynasty VI (2), Theban Dynasty XI (11), Early All Egypt Dynasty XI (1), and generally to All Egypt Dynasty XI (2), and all have distinguishable traits that link them to Gebelein (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 70, 71, 80, 84, 85, 87-89, 91, 97-99, 103, 120, 129, 130). These boat models are substantially built, with strong gunwale bulwarks and thick papyriform ends. Their double quarter rudder oar steering gear is stable and sufficient for controlled steering, and most Gebelein watercraft with masts carry the bipod system with wooden boot shaped mast partners (attribute state j8), accompanied by halyard/topping lift attachments, for effective manipulation of the wind.

Thebes During the Old Kingdom, Thebes (ancient Waset, Fig. 3.7) was a simple rural community located on the Nile River’s east bank. After the disintegration of the centralized government at Memphis, First Intermediate Period leaders from Armant made Thebes their administrative center and contested the contemporaneous Lower Egyptian Herakleopolitan rulers of Dynasties IXX. The Theban ruler Mentuhotep II emerged as pharaoh of a reunified Egypt from Thebes and founded the Middle Kingdom (Baines and Málek 1980, 84; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 37, 286-287). While the broader area of ‘Thebes’ is comprised of several distinct areas that are referred to by distinct geographic labels, some tombs and artifacts are labeled as being in or coming from ‘Thebes’. Therefore, an examination of watercraft use and boatbuilding that are prominently mentioned in Middle and New Kingdom tombs, temples, stela, ostraca, and in texts that refer generally to Thebes will be discussed. An All Egypt Dynasty XI maritime scene of riverine warfare from the tomb of Intef at Thebes shows three Egyptian naval vessels carrying marines and rowers in battle with an unseen foe. The boats in the depiction are at least M2.10 vessels, with DB, RCS, RSS (q3) shown in their construction. All three boats also have cleats on their gunwales (attribute states r1 and r2), rowlocks (attribute g), and rudder oar stanchions (attribute state i1) with rudder oars. The top two boats also have a loop attachment for their rudder oars (part of attribute d5), the only wall relief or painted depiction of this attachment that I am aware of. One craft carries at least six archers, with three preparing to shoot their arrows. Seven men on the port side, who are sitting down and in stroke, row the boat. The second boat has a tunnel-shaped canopy toward its aft end, a helmsman sitting at the stern, and five rowers visible on the port side who are standing with their oars in the water. These crewmen seem to be maneuvering the boat in some specific way. Marines onboard include an archer just aft of amidships and three men that hold large shields and at least two battle-axes. Two of the shields are covered in animal hide that is shown by a spotted decoration and cross-stitching. The third war boat is similar to the first vessel, with five

el-Rizeiqat The site of el-Rizeiqat is located on the west bank of the Nile south of Thebes and the area contains settlement sites (Baines and Málek 1980, 43, 71). Watercraft Model. No archaeological site reports are available concerning the site of el-Rizeiqat, but one carefully crafted M2.5 model with DB and a single mast hole from Theban Dynasty XI was discovered at elRizeiqat, a sturdy little open craft that probably represents a fishing boat or ferry for river crossing (Appendix A, Cat. No. 196). Armant

1

Hereafter, when the author provides provenance when discussing a watercraft model, it will have a superscript . 2 Hereafter, when provenance is questionable when discussing a watercraft model it will have a superscript .

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE archers and nine visible rowers (Fig. 3.8; Jarôs-Deckert 1984, Taf. 14). Valley of the Queens

Ramses III Medinet Habu

el-Qurn

King’s Valley

Deir el-Medina 2nd Valley Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari Asasif

Figure 3.9. Procession of the portable Barque of Amun drawn on an ostraca (after Göttlicher 1978, tfl. 22, 281).

Dra Abu el-Naga Valley Temples

The biography of Ineni, written on his tomb (no. 82) wall at Thebes during the reign of Pharaoh Thutmose I (New Kingdom, c1504-1492), mentions the construction of a large boat that was 120 cubits (62.88 meters/206.30 feet) long and 40 cubits (20.95 meters/68.77 feet) in the beam. This vessel was purpose-built for the transport of obelisks from their quarry to Karnak, where they arrived safely. Ineni was the superintendent of Thutmose I’s building projects, and oversaw the vessel’s construction and the erection of the obelisks (Breasted 1906b, 40, 43, §99, §105). This portion of Ineni’s biography is extremely valuable in the determination of the size of an obelisk barge, that is was a long and wide vessel, and must have been substantially-built to successfully carry an obelisk on the Nile.

Nile River

Figure 3.7. Theban Necropolis and related sites on the west side of the Nile River (after Reeves and Wilkinson 1996, 16).

Outside the Theban Plain palace-city of Malkata is the site of Birket Habu, an artificial harbor constructed by Pharaoh Amenhotep III in Dynasty XVIII (c1390-1352 BCE). The harbor’s basin measured 2.4 km by 1 km and its rectangular shape is visible within the confines of large soil heaps that were produced during its excavation. On the southeast side of the harbor, a canal once led to the Nile. It is believed that Birket Habu served the practical, recreational, and ceremonial needs of Amenhotep III’s city (Engelbach and Macaldin 1938, 5254; Kemp and O’Connor 1974, 107-112). The site consists of four probable palaces, residential housing, magazines, kitchens, and a temple of Amun. The harbor was probably the site for Amenhotep’s Sed Festival where he would travel in processional barges with sacred images, emulating the solar barque’s voyage through the next world (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 168-169, 256). The immense amount of building material needed for the construction of the city justified the expense and time it must have taken to dig out the harbor.

Figure 3.8. Warriors on M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (q3) (after Jarôs-Deckert 1984, Taf. 14).

The Karnak Stela, erected by Pharaoh Ahmose in the Early New Kingdom (c1550 BCE), contains the earliest known reference to the sacred Barque of Amun, a vessel that is mentioned and depicted on monuments, ostraca, and in papyri throughout the New Kingdom. During his reign, Ahmose was set “to make monuments for AmunRe...a barge of the ‘Beginning-of-the-River’ called Userhetamon, of new cedar of the best of terraces, in order to make his voyage” (Fig. 3.9; Breasted 1906b, 14, §32). The reference to the best cedar wood of Lebanon points to a well-built vessel of great importance, and is an indicator of trade. This study contains an M2.0 model that is a possible portable Barque of Amun. This model has the only convincing rendering of ram head or animal finials of any model documented for this study (see Appendix B) and evidence of missing aegis (Appendix A, Cat. No. 167).

A stela from Pharaoh Amenhotep III’s Theban Dynasty XVIII (c1352 BCE) mortuary temple describes the construction of a new Barque of Amun: “I made another monument for my father Amun-Re...in making for him a great bark upon the river, Amun-Re-firm-of-brow, of new pine wood, cut by my majesty in the countries of god’s land, and dragged from the mountains of Retjenu by the chiefs of all foreign lands. It is very wide and great; the like has never been made. Its interior is made pure with silver; it is worked with gold throughout. A great shrine of fine gold fills the entire surface. Its projecting ends double [its] length and bear great atef-crowns. Their uraeus-serpents, coiled about their sides, provide their

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS protection. Before it stand flagpoles worked with fine gold, and two tall obelisks between them. It is beautiful on all sides” (Breasted 1906b, 359, §888; Lichtheim 1976, 45). The mention of the use of pine is valuable since this wood was not indigenous to Egypt and was imported from the north (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 306). Amenhotep III also memorialized the raising of a pylon at his mortuary temple, “it’s beautiful name which his majesty made was: Amun-Has-Received-His-DivineBarque, a place of rest for the lord of the gods at his ‘Feast of the Valley’ on the western voyage of Amun” (Breasted 1906b, 357, §885), where the portable Barque of Amun (Fig. 3.10) would be placed. This smaller boat would leave its shrine in the temple of Karnak during the yearly ‘Beautiful Festival of the Valley,’ along with the cult statues of Mut and Khons, and travel in a procession to Deir el-Bahari. During Amenhotep III’s reign, the celebration detoured to pass his mortuary temple and so the pylon would be used (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 99, 256).

rudder oar stanchions, single full-rigged sail and mast with a detailed masthead (Fig. 2.150), rowlocks (attribute g), and ornate rectangular cabins amidships (Fig. 3.11).

Figure 3.11. Dynasty XVIII vessels with SC, detailed mastheads and rigging, and steering gear (from Davies and Gardiner 1915, 46-48, Pl. XII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

A New Kingdom historical document fortunately has survived in the form of Papyrus Leiden I, a boat’s log that dates to year 52 of Pharaoh Ramses II’s reign (Dynasty XIX, c1227 BCE). This papyrus records the daily activities on-board a boat and it appears that every two days, the vessel was reporting to Ramses II’s son Khaemwese, then the high priest (sm) of Ptah in Memphis. The men in the log are called the “people of...prince Khaemwese” and are separated into four categories called “the people of the regiment (eight or nine men), the personnel of the temple (nine or 10 men), the sailors (always two men)...[and] the people of the house.” The papyrus is useful since it indicates the changing number of people on-board over a series of days, with the maximum number being 40, and it records the distribution of bread rations. It seems, by the regular arrivals and departures of the “people of the house,” that the other three groups were actually the ship’s crew and these people were passengers (Janssen 1961, 4-8). This log indicates the vessel was in active communication with an important agency of the state, and the high priest of Ptah was interested in the boat’s progression.

Figure 3.10. The portable Barque of Amun on-board Amun Userhet, with towlines evident at the bow (after Nelson 1981, Pl. 38).

Theban Tomb 82 of Amenemhet from Dynasty XVIII of the New Kingdom contains nautical scenes in two illustrated registers showing a pilgrimage to Abydos. The bottom depiction shows the deceased and his wife sitting under a canopy on a boat that is towed by a rowed vessel. On the rowboat, a crewman at the bow uses a sounding pole while five rowers are seen on the starboard side. An inscription reads “faring northward in peace to Abydos in order to ferry the god in his festivals and in his sailing of the beginning of the year; done by the overseer, reckoner of the grain Amenemhet, and his wife Baket.” The second and higher scene is nearly identical to the first, except the rowing boat is now rigged with its sail unfurled. Men are standing on the bottom yard, there are four rowers at rest while one works a brace to adjust the furled sail, and another crewman is gathering water from the Nile in a small jar. An inscription reads “coming in peace from Abydos, the god resting on the great seat, his journey having been successful and prosperous; done by the scribe Amenemhet.” These scenes are interesting since it shows Amenemhet on northward and southward journeys of his trip to Abydos. In reality, the actual trip probably did not occur during Amenemhet’s lifetime and this complete scene fulfilled his wishes to participate in a pilgrimage (Davies and Gardiner 1915, 46-48, Pl. XII). The rowing and sailing boats, obviously representing the same vessel on two voyages, are M2.29 watercraft with a stern cleft (SC), large rudder oars with long tillers, sturdy

Another New Kingdom (Dynasty XX, c1184-1153) written document, Papyrus Harris, chronicles Pharaoh Ramses III’s generosity to the estates of the gods Amun and Ra, including his bequest of several Nile River vessels to the deities. Included in Amun’s holdings were 71 tow and canal-boats, a cattle transport vessel, warships, and kara-boats all made of acacia. Another 11 boats made of cedar were included in the inventory as well. Ramses III contributed numerous watercraft to the estate of Ra at different times during his tenure as king, including one cedar ferry-boat, seven acacia transports and kara-boats, and miscellaneous transports and galleys of unknown number and construction. Later entries in the papyrus list Ra’s income as including 12 tow and ferryboats of cedar, 78 tow, kara, and canal boats, cattle transport vessels, and warships built of acacia, and an

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE additional group of cedar and acacia boats totaling nine (Breasted 1906c, 87-88, 128, 150-151, 194, §229, §280, §282-283, §387). These large flotillas of watercraft constructed for purposes of cargo transport, canal travel, tow work, river crossing, and war, with some vessel functions unknown (kara), exhibits the great variety of Egyptian watercraft constructed in the New Kingdom during the same time period. Further, some vessels were created with imported Lebanon cedar, while others incorporated local acacia wood into their hulls.

enemy contingent was comprised of five different groups of people, while mercenaries were employed to fight along with Egyptian marines in the naval forces and the army on land (Jones 1995, 59-60; Vinson 1994, 44, Fig. 32). The inclusion of TDB in the hulls of these warships indicates they have great athwartships strength, and the single quarter rudder oar suggests only a single helmsman was required for quick maneuvers of short distance and duration.

Ramses III also constructed a new Barque of Amun and recorded its description (Fig. 3.10): “I hewed for thee they august ship Userhet of 130 cubits upon the river, of great cedars of the [royal] domain, of remarkable size, overlaid with fine gold to the water line, like the barge of the Sun, when he comes from the east, and everyone lives at the sight of him. A great shrine is in the midst of it, of fine gold, with inlay of every costly stone like a palace; rams’ heads of gold from front to rear [fitted] with uraeus-serpents wearing atef-crowns” (Breasted 1906c, 120, §209). The amount of resources dedicated to the construction and ornamentation of the Userhet are an indication of the significance of boats to the support of these religious cults. In addition to his gifts to the estates of the gods, Ramses III supplied a number of commercial vessels equipped for sea travel. He declared “I made for thee transports, galleys, and barges, with archers equipped with their arms upon the sea. I gave to them captains of archers and captains of galleys, manned with numerous crews, without number, in order to transport the products of the land of Zahi (D’-h)” (Breasted 1906c, 120, §211). This important passage mentions Egyptianbuilt boats leaving the confines of the Nile River and being manned by marines for protection.

Figure 3.12. A M2.25 boat with TDB that was used by the Egyptians against the ‘Sea People’ (after The Epigraphic Survey 1930, Pl. 37).

Another New Kingdom boat’s log has survived in addition to Papyrus Leiden, Papyrus Turin I dates to the reign of Pharaoh Ramses VIII (Dynasty XX, c1129-1126 BCE) and illustrates the length of time taken to travel from Thebes to Memphis on the “ship of the first prophet of Amun.” Entries in this document include the date that counted as the number of months and days since the voyage began. After the boat arrived at Memphis, the log states that the date was “the second month and the first day since the departure from Thebes...and the third day in this place” (Janssen 1961, 56, 67, 82). Since the Egyptian month was comprised of 30 days (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 58), it took 58 days, with an unknown number of stops, to row this boat north from Thebes to Memphis against the prevailing north wind. The papyrus also contains a bill of lading that lists goods taken on-board ship during the nine-day stay at Memphis. This freight was transferred from the ship of several individuals including “the first prophet of Amun,” “the steward of the house of Amun,” and “the royal (?) cup-bearer (?).“ From these different sources, the boat’s new cargo included foodstuffs (sesame oil, wine, olives, gourds, salt, gutted waterfowl heads, gutted and ungutted fish), seed (emmer, ‘seed of Egypt’), papyrus bundles and rolls, bundles of sedge and rushes, large quantities of rope, garments, and large quantities of cloth. The ship traveled a short distance, presumably southward, and moored at the “Pylons of the House of Osiris” on the same day it left Memphis, and then moved to the “New Land of the Pylons of the House of Osiris.” While at these places, the log notes the arrival and departure of crewmen and passengers, with their name and job titles listed. These include sailors, guards, fishermen, a vineyard keeper, scribes, and a retainer. Notations taken during the voyage indicate that of the cargo taken on-board, 2000 gutted fish and 20 heads of gutted waterfowl were eaten, and 30 papyrus bundles were used. (Janssen 1961, 70-71, 75-76,

Another scene of riverine warfare, like that located on the tomb wall of Intef from All Egypt Dynasty XI, is an incredibly active battle. Found on the outer north wall of Pharaoh Ramses III’s mortuary temple at Medinet Habu at Thebes, this spectacular wall relief shows Ramses III’s navy in combat on the water against the ‘Sea People’ (Fig. 3.12). Nine ships are evident, with the Egyptians outnumbered by five to four. Three of the Egyptian watercraft depicted are Class M2.25 boats with throughgoing deck beams (TDB), single quarter rudder oars on the port side of the vessels, fore and after castles, lion figureheads that hold the head of the enemy in their jaws, and rowers are shown with numerous oars extending outward under high bulwarks (attribute f5). Enemy ships have what resemble bird’s head finials on each end, fore and after castles, and high bulwarks. Both types of vessel are rigged alike, with brailed loose-footed sails on a single mast and a manned crow’s nest on the topmast. Although the warriors depicted wear similar uniforms, the headgear worn by the two sides are different. The Egyptians wear plaited wigs while the Sea People don two different helmet designs. One style is tall and flared at the top, resembling a feather plume, and the other is low and rounded with two small horn-like projections. Further, Egyptian shields are flat bottomed and arched at the top while the Sea People’s shields are round. The 63

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 82-90). This glimpse into life on the Nile River and the variety of passengers, crew, and cargo on-board provides insight into how watercraft were entwined into the daily existence of the average Egyptian. The list of cargo is particularly illuminating since the boat was carrying seed for farmers southward from Memphis, as well as raw materials such as papyrus and sedge bundles, and manufactured goods such as rope, cloth, and clothing.

Deir el-Medina. No watercraft models have been discovered at Deir el-Medina, a town settlement and cemetery for the New Kingdom workmen who carved the rock-cut tombs of the King’s Valley (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 82). However, it is appropriate here to describe the Dynasty XIX boat-building scene (Fig. 3.13) from Tomb 360 of Kaha at Deir el-Medina. Kaha’s painting is fragmented, but the wooden planks are shown as small pieces built onto one another, some fastener marks are shown on the outer hull. According to Herodotus, this construction technique resembled bricklaying. A prop holds up the bow, and five men work on different parts of the hull with adzes and other tools. Herodotus also remarked that boats he actually saw had cross-pieces (deck beams) that provided transverse support, an oar that extended through the upturned sternpost, and were caulked with papyrus (Bruyère 1933, Pl. XXVI; How and Wells 1912, 213-214). Herodotus’s observation that Egyptian boats were made of short pieces of acacia connected with tenons is valuable, and his description is rather accurate and useful since it mentions major attribute DB, plank sizes, tenon use, and caulking.

The Report of Wenamun of the New Kingdom’s Dynasty XX retells the hardships experienced by an official of the temple of Amun at Thebes while on an excursion to Byblos. Wenamun set off on a ship with a Syrian captain and crew to purchase Lebanese cedar for the construction of a new Barque of Amun-Re. Wenamun faces a number of problems, including the theft of the money needed to purchase the required wood at his destination. Throughout the story, he remains in one harbor or another sleeping in a tent, and does not leave Byblos for over a year. The end of the story is missing and it is unknown whether Wenamun’s tale is fact or fiction. However, the story reflects the weak political situation of Egypt at this time, and that it seems this lone Egyptian set out on a non-Egyptian bottom with a non-Egyptian crew and met with grief (Lichtheim 1976, 224-230). Watercraft Models. Eight artifacts in this study are attributed to Thebes from four Classes. Two M2.0 models date to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and the New Kingdom, two M2.8 boats date to Dynasty XII, three M2.10 models date to Theban Dynasty XI (1) and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (2), and one M2.13 watercraft dates to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 127, 168, 291, 292, 311, 436, 442, 512). The M2.8, M2.10, and M2.13 artifacts all incorporate DB and RCS into their construction, while M2.10 and M2.13 also have RSS (q1,7). Two more major nautical construction attributes also appear in the one M2.13 model from Thebes, lower side shelves (LSS) and LSR. A question may arise in the more advanced nautical attributes (RSS, LSS, LSR) being found in earlier models when compared to the M2.0 New Kingdom boat and M2.8 Dynasty XII models. However, few New Kingdom models exhibit advanced technology and their numbers are small, and the M2.8 artifacts cannot have RSS since they have decorative finial ends. Also located on the Nile River’s west bank are numerous cemeteries and tombs that are part of the larger Theban necropolis. The five specific Theban sites important for this study are the King’s Valley, Deir el-Bahari, the 2nd of Deir el-Bahari, Asasif, and Dra Abu el-Naga.

Figure 3.13. Dynasty XIX boat-building scene (after Bruyère 1933, pl. XXVI).

Watercraft Models. This study contains 39 models found in Tomb KV35 of Pharaoh Amenhotep II (4 models, c1400 BCE) and in Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun (35 models, c1327 BCE) of Dynasty XVIII (Fig. 3.14) including Classes M1.3 (2), M2.0 (9), M2.26 (6), M2.28 (6), M2.29 (16) (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 27, 28, 155-163, 556-560, 562-583). The M1.3 models represent papyrus rafts with RE and RT but I doubt that Pharaoh Tutankhamun actually used rafts in his lifetime, and that these artifacts were represented in his tomb for ceremonial reasons, just to include this Class of vessel if needed in the afterlife. While nine King’s Valley models do not exhibit any major nautical attributes (M2.0), 12 models in Classes M2.26 and M2.28 exhibit the most advanced attribute found in Egyptian watercraft models, the keel (K). As stated in Chapter 2, the importance of the K in any boat-building tradition cannot be overstated, for it has been the central, strongest member of any watercraft since its inception. Keels allow for longer, wider, and stronger vessels since these large timbers provide stability to a boat’s internal structural members. In Class M2.26 the K is combined with TDB, a combination that allows for additional beam and the carrying of extremely heavy cargoes. Sixteen watercraft models in Class M2.29 have SC, and while they do not exhibit the strength of a model with a K, the SC provides greater steering control and more precise boat-handling.

King's Valley The King's Valley, also known as Wadi Biban el-Muluk (the Valley of the Gates of the Kings), was the New Kingdom royal necropolis and its two valleys (East and West) lie behind the bay of Deir el-Bahari. Combined, the East and West Valleys have 63 royal and non-royal tombs within their cliffs (Reeves and Wilkinson 1996, 17-19; Romer 1981, 14-15).

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE (Breasted 1906b, 137-138, §326-329). In the relief, the obelisks are laid end to end and are secured on an enormous barge. This barge has three rows of TDB for transverse strength and a hardy HT that consists of five cables supported by a series of double stanchions and crossbars. These major nautical attributes indicate these vessels are Class M2.31 boats. Thirty smaller boats arranged in three rows of ten craft tow the barge. The lead boat in each line has TDB (Class M2.25) but lacks a K, while the nine vessels behind have TDB and K, representing M2.26 watercraft. Each boat is propelled by at least 19 rowers on each side, and has a towrope attached to the bow and held up by a tall stanchion as it travels aft. How the towropes were actually arranged and attached is unknown because of the fragmentary nature of the relief. Four small accompanying boats, one Class M2.25 craft with TDB and three M2.0 vessels (although these boats likely have DB at least, but they cannot be seen in the relief). Questions regarding the arrangement of the obelisks have been raised, whether they were really transported end-to-end as depicted as opposed to side-byside. Also, a series of debates have been published concerning the towline arrangements, the positions of the obelisks, and the size of the barge (Anderson 1925-1927; Ballard 1920, 1926-1927; Clowes 1927; Dyer 1926-1927; Sølver 1940, 1947-1948). It is probable that the obelisks were set side-by-side on the barge, and the placement of the obelisks end-to-end is a convention of the artist to show that the barge carried two obelisks (Sølver 1940, 237). Regardless of these arguments, the relief and the text provide an informative representation of a specific event that required the use of well-constructed and strong watercraft for its successful completion.

Amenhotep II’s Tomb

Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Figure 3.14. King’s Valley (from Porter and Moss 1964, Pl. II, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).

Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari is a large bay lying at the base of the cliffs that separate the King’s Valley from the Theban plain. The mortuary temples of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II of All Egypt Dynasty XI, and Dynasty XVIII’s Pharaohs Thutmose III and Hatshepsut dominate the bay. Incorporated into Mentuhotep II’s temple are his kasanctuary that extends under the cliffs and 22 other tombs belonging to government officials and princesses (Baines and Málek 1980, 95, 103; David 1993, 95; Grimal 1988, 173, 291; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 80). Located on the walls of Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple, detailed nautical scenes of the transport of her obelisks from Aswan and her Punt Expedition remain the most detailed and significant New Kingdom riverine and maritime depictions.

Another Deir el-Bahari mortuary temple wall exhibits two panels of five ships on a voyage to Punt (Fig. 3.16), a region that may have been located in modern Sudan, Ethiopia, and less likely, Somalia (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 231). The bottom scene depicts two ships with sails furled receiving jars of provisions from a small boat that resembles an Egyptian craft, and three other ships have their sails unfurled. The top scene shows three ships heavily loaded with cargo from Punt that are turned around and heading back to Egypt, while the other two are still receiving freight. The incredible detail of these reliefs permits an examination of the construction and rigging configurations of the ships, as well as the types of cargo retrieved from Punt. Of interest are the baboons walking and sitting on the hogging trusses of the loaded ships. There are different interpretations of the action depicted in these scenes. Landström and SäveSöderbergh determined that the lower panel shows the expedition landing at Punt. Sølver suggested that the bottom register records the fleet leaving Egypt, with the last boat receiving “an offering to the goddess Hathor, the ruler of Punt, that she may give the Queen life, success and health and may give the ships wind.” It is usually agreed upon that the top register probably shows the fleet leaving Punt, since two of the ships are still being loaded and the other fully-laden ships are turned around with their sails unfurled seemingly in the action of leaving port (Landström 1970, 122; Säve-Söderbergh 1946, 14-15,

Located in the lower colonnade, the riverine transport scene depicts large cargo boats shown hauling two large obelisks from the granite quarries of Aswan to the temple of Karnak in Luxor (Fig. 3.15). This relief is accompanied by inscriptions that include commands given by the pharaoh to accumulate the raw materials and to construct the barge: “give ye...sycamores from the whole land...[for] the work of building a very great boat...[Hatshepsut] orders the whole army...to load the two obelisks in Elephantine...the young men were mustered...[and] sailed down-stream with gladness of heart...[and] took the tow-rope rejoicing...the marines and the crew...The king himself, he took the lead....Landing in peace at ‘Victorious Thebes,’ heaven is in festival”

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Fig. 1; Sølver 1936, 431-432, 436). However, since the ships would have to travel north up the Red Sea coast against the prevailing north wind, raised sails would be a hindrance. Another explanation for the top panel is that the ships are arriving back in Egypt with their cargo, and not leaving from Punt (Kees 1961, 113), but this would not explain why the ships are being loaded and not unloaded. I suggest another interpretation for the sails being unfurled on the three ships. The top panel might show the ships sailing upstream on the Nile after portage across the Wadi Hammamat. This would also explain why the other two ships are being loaded with cargo, since the ships were dismantled and the cargo transported across the wadi and then rebuilt and re-loaded at the Nile. My interpretation is unlikely, and I believe the most probable reason for the sails being unfurled on the top three ships is that the artist wanted to suggest the act of motion, thus putting the rowers and the sail to work, and they actually are leaving Punt. Regardless of which direction these vessels are traveling, these reliefs provide specific pictorial information concerning New Kingdom trading galleys that went to a foreign nation and brought back recognizable cargo such as plants, jars, packages, and baboons.

smaller vessel resembles an Egyptian craft and was possibly towed to Punt by one of the larger ships At this point, it is appropriate to focus on a Dynasty XII piece of literature, The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, since it is associated with Punt. This story is probably the oldest surviving sailor’s yarn. The plot includes a huge serpent that represents the ruler of Punt and his kindness toward the only survivor of a shipwreck. A sailor and his crew of 120 of the best mariners of Egypt set sail from the Sinai, here called the Mining Region, in a ship 120 cubits (62.88 meters/206.30 feet) long and 40 cubits (20.95 meters/68.77 feet) in the beam. An eight-cubit (4.20 meters/13.75 feet) wave overtook the vessel with the ship and all aboard perishing, with the exception of the narrator. Landing at Punt, the serpent shows the sailor great kindness and predicts an Egyptian ship will rescue him soon. The ship arrived, the ruler of Punt presents the sailor with a cargo of riches from Punt, and the vessel heads toward Egypt (Parkinson 1997, 92-97). This work of fiction provides some insight into the sea-going expeditions to Punt, and the mystery surrounding that distant land. Fortunately, the writer supplied the size of the ship, just less than 63 by 21 meters (roughly 206 by 69 feet). The length to beam ratio of this ship is a rather wide 3:1, a design necessary for the additional stability needed for sea travel. Mersa Gawasis. Another link to Punt is located at Mersa Gawasis on the Red Sea coast where portage through the Wadi Gawasis would facilitate voyages to this land to the south. Here at the Port of Sawu, a Dynasty XII (c19651920 BCE) site has the remains of limestone stelae with inscriptions, a series of anchors, and shrines that incorporated anchors in their design. The cartouches of Pharaoh Senusret I were found on some stelae pieces, and a stela with an anchor pedestal belonging to vizier Antefoker noted an order from the king to construct ships for travel to the area of Bia-Punt that were “ships of the Dockyards of Koptos.” This declaration indicates Egyptian craftsmen constructed these ships. One of the shrines, partially composed of anchors, was dedicated to Ankhow (Fig. 3.17), a chamberlain under Senusret I. Engravings on this shrine elude to sea travel as “he [Ankhow] is excellent in the heart of his majesty more than any of his friends who operated in the sea,” and the remarkable title of ‘Administrator of the Ocean’ was found on another stone fragment (Sayed 1978, 70-71). The mention of a dockyard at Koptos (Qift) is logical since this site is at located at the source of Wadi Gawasis on the Nile River. These vessels were dismantled for portage through the wadi and re-assembled on the Red Sea at Mersa Gawasis. Further, the bestowal of such a title as ‘Administrator of the Ocean’ on a person would seem to indicate that Red Sea voyages were commonplace for trade with foreign lands, if such a governmental position was needed.

Figures 3.15 and 3.16. Top: Thirty boats tow the obelisk barge of Hatshepsut, including M2.25 and M2.31 vessels with TDB, K, and HT (after Landström 1970, no. 383). Bottom: Hatshepsut’s Punt ships depicted at her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari with Class M2.25 and M2.31 vessels with TDB and HT (from Säve-Söderbergh 1946, fig. 1).

One of the Punt vessels has TDB indicated on its sides, although I suspect all of the watercraft actually had this major nautical structural attribute and represent M2.25 craft. All five ships also have hogging trusses (HT) upheld by crutches above the deck, although it is depicted differently than the one Class M2.31 model with HT (Appendix A, Cat. No. 586). The fully rigged masts and sails have typical New Kingdom mastheads (Fig. 2.150) and double rudder oar stanchions and quarter rudder oars (attribute d6). The small boat in the bottom register has a SC and rudder oar stanchion (attribute i2) and is apparently functioning as a lighter, bringing cargo out to Hatshepsut’s ships off-shore prior to their landing. This

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE damage is indicative of sea travel. Further, many uncategorized planks have evidence of red paint, as does some of the thousands of small wooden bits if detritus that was produced from the assembling and disassembling of ships for seafaring trips or portage to the Nile River. Ward points out that an Old Kingdom term ‘remove the red’ may correspond to this paint, and may have been used by boatwrights at Mersa Gawasis to mark hull areas that required repair. Ward also noted joint evidence in the form of mortise and tenon construction, copper bands used for plank fastening, marks carved into planks for use when re-assembling vessels, and the presence of a black substance that indicated waterproofing. No precise date is given for the timbers and they may be from more than one period, with the site occupation dating from the First Intermediate Period to the New Kingdom (Ward 2006b, 13-14).

Figure 3.17. Anchors comprise the shrine of Ankhow at Mersa Gawasis (after Sayed 1980, Fig. 1).

Figure 3.18. A piece of wooden hull from Mersa Gawasis on the Red Sea coast (after Sayed 1980, fig. 3).

More Dynasty XII nautical archaeological remains have been found at Mersa Gawasis including wood fragments that are likely ship parts. These artifacts have deep regular mortises cut into them (Fig. 3.18) and exhibit signs of burning when they were probably used as camp fuel in antiquity, having been discarded after repairs or for some other reason. The wood was discovered in relationship with marked sherds that depict the names of buildings and places associated with Dynasty XII pharaohs (Sayed 1980, 156). Recently, additional and significant ancient ship parts have been located at Mersa Gawasis, and fortunately these worked wooden pieces have been studied extensively.

Figures 3.19 and 3.20. Top: Dynasty XII ‘knife-shaped’ timber from Mersa Gawasis (photo courtesy of the Joint Expedition to Mersa/Wadi Gawasis of Boston University and the University of Naples 'l'Orientale'). Bottom: Dynasty XII deck beam from Mersa Gawasis (drawing courtesy of Cheryl Ward, Coastal Carolina University).

Twenty-one wooden cargo boxes, both complete and fragmentary, with an inscription on one of them dating to the Dynasty XII (c1855-1808 BCE) Pharaoh Amenemhat III have also been excavated. An inscribed stela contains a cartouche attributed to Amenemhat III and ostraca probably date to late Dynasty XII. Lastly, anchors found on site are part of structures, but one exhibits evidence of wear and use in salt water. The combination of shipworm damage on hull timbers and the used anchor indicates these archaeological finds are the remains of the oldest seafaring ships in the world that probably traveled to the trading center of Punt (Fattovich and Bard, et al, 2006, 3, 19; Mahfouz 2006; Mahfouz and Pirelli 2006, 18; Zazzaro 2006, 14-16). An additional 20 re-used ship timbers, detritus from wood re-working, and five anchors were recorded during the 2006-2007 field season. Many of these timbers exhibited mortise and tenon, dovetail, and peg construction, and outer hull planks were identified by shipworm damage (Calcagno and Zazzaro,

Also dated to Dynasty XII, ship timbers that were re-used as a ramp base and a possible living floor, as well as a quantity of ship’s rigging and other vessel plank fragments, some with construction joints, were found in 2004-2006. A significant component that Ward characterized as a ‘knife-shaped plank’ (Fig. 3.19) is comparable to those found in the Dahshur boats (Fig. 3.62) and the timbers from el-Lisht. Ward identified the most impressive of these timbers as a deck beam (Fig. 3.20) that was “rounded on its lower surface...[with] ledges on either side of a raised central section. Its ends are adzed into precise curvatures that will reflect hull shape, and square holes, probably for lashing, are in an area originally covered by the planks on the side of the hull.” Ward classified timbers that exhibited damage by shipworms as outer hull timbers and the presence of such

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 2007, 15-16; Zazzaro and Maguid 2007, 16).

important minor nautical attributes. The two M2.8 models and one M2.12 boat are from the same tomb and are sturdily-constructed vessels with substantial hulls. These three artifacts have finely carved DB and RCS that depict these structural components as being lower that the white spaces between them that represent deck hatches. The M2.31 model, as mentioned above, is of the same class as those depicted on Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple walls.

Ka Tomb of Mentuhotep II Pit 14 Treasurer Bau Pit 28

2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari Temple of Mentuhotep

The 2nd of Deir el-Bahari (Fig. 3.22) is situated between the Royal Cache tomb located in the cliffs southwest of Mentuhotep II’s mortuary and the Third Valley of Deir el-Bahari, the location of an unfinished royal temple (Porter and Moss 1972, Pls. V, X).

Tomb 509 of Estate Owner Mentuhotep

Temple of Hatshepsut Tomb DB B of the Priests of Amun

2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re

Figure 3.21. Temples of Mentuhotep II and Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari with associated burials (from Porter and Moss 1964, Pl. VIII, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).

Watercraft Models. Ten watercraft models have been excavated from Deir el-Bahari tombs (Fig. 3.21) including five artifacts that were found within the confines of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II’s mortuary temple. These include three artifacts from Pit 14 (the king’s Ka Tomb) in the peristyle court and two models belonging to Treasurer Buau (possibly) from Pit 28 located in the northern court. Three boats from Tomb 509 of Estate Owner Mentuhotep were discovered in Cemetery 500 to the northeast of Pharaoh Hatshepsut’s causeway and one model might have come from the tomb of Horhotpou, looted in the early 19th Century3. One model was found in the Tomb DB B of the Priests of Amun, the entrance of which was located just northeast of Hatshepsut’s temple causeway and lower court. Nine of the boats from Deir el-Bahari date to the Middle Kingdom and one from the New Kingdom, including three Class M2.0 boats from All Egypt Dynasty XI (c2004 BCE), two M2.8, one M2.10, and three (one) M2.12 models from Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI, and one M2.31 watercraft from Dynasty XXI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 133-135, 265, 266, 348, 476, 478, 480, 586). These models have, in various combinations the major nautical structural attributes DB, RCS, RSS (q4,6,7), LSR, TDB, and HT, along with several

Figure 3.22. Tomb of Chancellor Meket-Re in the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari (from Porter and Moss 1964, Pl. X, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).

Watercraft Models. Twelve watercraft models from Tomb 280 of Chancellor Meket-Re comprise the assemblage of artifacts in this study from Deir elBahari’s 2nd Valley. This finely crafted and impressive flotilla dates to Late All Egypt XI (c2016-1985 BCE) and is comprised of M1.3 (1), M2.8 (5), M2.10 (1), M2.12 (2), and M2.13 (3) artifacts (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 25, 270-274, 450, 484, 485, 513-515). In total, these models exhibit seven major nautical construction attributes (RE, RT, DB, RCS, RSS (q8), LSR, LSS) and provide details into the daily activities of a Middle Kingdom government official as he lived and traveled on the Nile River. The flotilla includes one model with two papyrus fishing rafts with a net suspended between them, four yachts with papyriform finials, a sporting boat with servants hunting birds and harpooning fish, two kitchen boats with servants preparing food, and four traveling vessels for carrying Meket-Re’s belongings and other necessities. This model group has been thoroughly discussed in scholarship, particularly concerning the dating of the

3

One model’s provenance is from the author since it was labeled generally to ‘Thebes’ but I believe it is from the tomb of Horhotpou at Deir el-Bahari. The location of the tomb is unknown. Hereafter, when the author provides a specific context when discussing a watercraft model, it will have a superscript .

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE models and the tomb. The dating issue and will be further examined in Chapter 5.

XII tomb of Steward Mentuhotep in Cemetery 600 (Fig. 3.24) are the only artifacts in this study discovered at Asasif (Appendix A, Cat. No. 283, 546). This burial was the first systematically recorded and excavated tomb in Egypt, with its contents drawn in situ in 1823 (Fig. 2.1). Mentuhotep’s finely crafted models are from Classes M2.8 and M2.23, with major nautical attributes DB, RCS, RSS, LSR, and an athwartships stern reinforcement (ASR). While the M2.8 model has decorative finials, the M2.23 artifact shows a powerful stern configuration with LSR, ASR, and a big curl LSS (q11), representing a wellbuilt vessel with great steering control and strength.

Figure 3.23. Dynasty XXVI copy of Dynasty VI Gabrâwi scene of wooden boat construction from Asasif (from Davies 1902, Pl. XVI, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Dra Abu el-Naga The rock-cut tombs of Dra Abu el-Naga, located at the edge of the Theban plain east of Deir el-Bahari, were the burial places of the Dynasty XVII Theban rulers and their relatives (Baines and Málek 1980, 99; Roth 1977-1978, 31-40; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 18; Winlock 1924, 252-254). Asasif

Watercraft Models. Two boat models have been excavated at Dra Abu el-Naga (Fig. 3.25), belonging either to Queen Ahhotep, mother of Pharaohs Kamose (Second Intermediate Period, Dynasty XVII, c1555-1550 BCE) and Ahmose (New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1550-1525 BCE) or Queen Ahhotep wife of Kamose. Several inscriptions and their differing translations could point to either Ahhotep being the owner of these models. Regardless, this boat model was buried with a Queen Ahhotep. These models are the only artifacts in this study made of gold and silver, and are interesting as transitional artifacts being constructed at the turn of the Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom, c1550-1525 BCE. They are both Class M2.5 boats with DB and carry human figures, a First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom trait (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 219, 220). Further, the gold boat is associated with a four wheeled cart, only one of two models in this study riding on a wheeled vehicle (see Gurob below).

Tomb of Mentuhotep

Figure 3.24. Cemetery of Asasif and Tomb of Mentuhotep (from Porter and Moss 1964, Pl. V, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).

Asasif The cemetery of Asasif is located on and around the causeways of the mortuary temples of Mentuhotep II and Hatshepsut and contains the private tombs of government officials, dating to the Middle and New Kingdoms (Baines and Málek 1980, 103; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 288; Steindorff 1896, 32-39, Pls. vii, ix, x). One Late Period Dynasty XXVI Asasif tomb incorporated a maritime scene in its design that is an emulation of a Dynasty VI depiction originally found in a mortuary chapel of two men named Aba at Deir el Gabrâwi (Fig. 3.23). Two propped-up boats are shown, with three men on each vessel cutting holes into different parts of the hull. Two other men shape the hulls with axes, three men shape planks away from the boats, and a group of four men carry a beam toward one of the vessels. The last figure in the scene is a supervisor who seems to be gesturing to the men shaping the planks (Davies 1902, 1, 36-39, Pls. XV-XVI). This illustration is not extremely detailed, but one of the boats does exhibit a distinctly Old Kingdom stern design with major nautical attribute outrigger (O) indicating they belong to Class M2.6 or M2.7, and it is fortunate that the Dynasty XXVI Aba chose to copy these scenes, for the nautical representations in the Dynasty VI chapel apparently did not survive intact.

Dra Abu el-Naga

Figure 3.25. Cemetery of Dra Abu el-Naga, with Dynasty XVII and Early Dynasty XVIII tombs (from Porter and Moss 1964, Pl. I, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford).

THEBAN AREA SUMMARY During the Old Kingdom, Thebes was a small town under the administrative control of Armant. Beginning in the

Watercraft Models. Two models from the Late Dynasty 69

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS First Intermediate Period and expanding in the Middle Kingdom, Thebes grew as a commercial center because of its Upper Egyptian proximity to Nubia, the trade routes of the eastern deserts such as the Wadi Hammamat and Wadi Gawasis with their links to the Red Sea, and the mineral deposits (greywacke, gold, jasper, granite, lead, galena, natrum) located in these wadis and along the river in this area. By the New Kingdom after the Late Dynasty XVII and Early Dynasty XVIII expulsion of the Hyksos, Thebes not only provided the major cemeteries and temples for New Kingdom royalty, but the city was Egypt’s capital (Baines and Málek 1980, 21, 84). The Nile River banks in the Theban area provided efficient and expedient landing sites for all classes of watercraft due to the lack of sheer cliff walls and the presence of a broad floodplain on either side. This geography permitted Thebes to develop into a bustling commercial, religious, and governmental center beginning in the First Intermediate Period and into the New Kingdom. Because of the importance of Thebes and the Nile River in the Egyptian economy, it is understandable that watercraft were depicted on tomb and temple walls (Classes M2.0, M2.7, M2.8, M2.12, M2.25, M2.26, M2.29, M2.31 are seen on select examples shown here) as the primary form of transportation. Further, the variety of watercraft models from the Theban sites (Classes M1.3, M2.0, M2.5, M2.8, M2.10, M2.12, M2.13, M2.23, M2.26, M2.28, M2.29, M2.31) range from papyrus rafts designed for calmer waters to robust, sturdy, technologically advanced boats with broad, strong, stern counters with RSS (q1,4,6-8,11), LSR, and ASR in the Middle Kingdom, and K in the New Kingdom.

with different emblems and ribbons are found just aft of amidships (Landström 1970, 12-13, nos. 7, 10, 14; Petrie 1920, 18, Pl. XIX; Petrie 1921, Pls. XXXIII-XXXIV).

el-Ballas

Tukh

Figure 3.26. Map of the Tukh [Naqada] and el-Ballas areas (after Baines and Málek 1980, 109).

Figure 3.27. Class M2.1 or M2.2 boats depicted on pottery (from Petrie 1920, XIX, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

Watercraft Models. Nine watercraft models from the sites of Tukh, North el-Ballas, el-Ballas, and el-Ahaiwah have been excavated. Four models from Tukh date to the Naqada II Period, with one boat from Class M2.0 and two watercraft from Class M2.1 with VFE. The site of North el-Ballas produced one Naqada I Period M2.0 model. Naqada II Period models from el-Ballas include artifacts from Classes M2.1 with VFE, M2.3 with DB and a central plank (CP), and M2.5 with DB. Lastly, one Class M2.1 model with VFE from el-Ahaiwah dates to the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 34, 35, 169, 170-172, 176, 183, 186). The proximity of these sites to the Wadi Hammamat and its mineral deposits, including gold (nub), probably supplied Naqada with its ancient name of Nubt (Baines and Málek 1980, 111). The presence of VFE, DB and CP in these Predynastic Period watercraft are indicators of the need for strong wooden boats with sufficient beam for cargo carrying. The navigability of the Nile River, the ease of landing watercraft on its grassy riverbanks, and the nearness of the Eastern Desert trade routes to Naqada likely enhanced this site’s rise as a commercial center and as a necessity, a place for advancements in boat-building.

FIFTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Tukh [Naqada], North el-Ballas, el-Ballas, el-Ahaiwah The cemetery of Tukh at Naqada (ancient Nubt, classical Ombos), North el-Ballas, el-Ballas, and el-Ahaiwah (Fig. 3.26) lie on the west bank of the Nile and encompass a number of Predynastic Period settlement and cemetery sites dating to the Naqada I and II Periods (c4000-3100 BCE). Originally, the finds at these sites were termed as belonging “to a people who where not Egyptian.” The sites exhibited an “entire absence of objects known to be Egyptian,” coming from a ‘New Race’ of people (Baines and Málek 1980, 110-111; Petrie and Quibell 1896, 1718; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 195-196). Owner status is difficult to determine with early models, but decoration can be an indicator of higher social rank. The el-Ahaiwah cemetery was the subject of a salvage excavation from May to August of 1900 after extensive looting of Predynastic Period graves was discovered (Podzorski 1994, Tbl. 20; Reisner in Mace 1909, VI). A series of decorated pottery jars from the early Naqada II Period have painted images of ‘sickle-shaped’ boats that represent either Class M2.1 or M2.2 vessels. The wooden watercraft depicted on these jars have long low hulls that are generally spooned-shaped with thin rising ends, and often have a fender or possibly an anchor hanging from the bow (Fig. 3.27). These boats also carry many oars, a tall palm branch stands near the bow, and a pole standard

SEVENTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Hu The area around Hu (ancient Hut-Sekhem [Hu], classical Diospolis Parva, modern Hiw) lies on the west bank of the Nile River and is comprised of Predynastic, Dynastic, Greek, and Roman sites (Fig. 3.28). Recent work at Hu indicates that the area, already known to have several Predynastic Period settlements and cemeteries, also produced of stone vessels from local raw materials 70

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE (Baines and Málek 1980, 109; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 131).

EIGHTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Abydos

Nile River Modern Village of Hu

canal

Early in dynastic history, Abydos (ancient Abedju, modern Umm el-Qa’ab) became the most significant burial site in Egypt, including the royal tombs of many Dynasty I and II pharaohs and possibly late Predynastic Period rulers. This west bank necropolis encompassed three cemeteries, those of Umm el-Qa’ab, Shunet elZebib, and Kom el-Sultan. By the Middle Kingdom, Abydos had become the focal point of Egyptian religion, drawing pilgrims from the entire country to witness the dramatization of the death and rebirth of Osiris. Numerous pharaohs from all periods of Egyptian history constructed temples, cenotaphs (secondary mortuary temples), or temple additions at Abydos, and the area remained sacred until into the seventh century CE. The best preserved of these cenotaphs are the New Kingdom temples of Pharaohs Ramses I, Seti I, Ramses II, and the Osireion (Fig. 3.30; Baines and Málek 1980, 114-117; David 1993, 74-78; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 13-14).

Predynastic and Old Kingdom Cemeteries and Settlements

Roman Fort, quarry, mastaba tomb, Predynastic Cemetery

Modern Aluminum Factory

Figure 3.28. Map of the area around Hu (after Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 131).

Watercraft Models. Two Class M2.0 models from Hu date to the Naqada II Period and the general Predynastic Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 37, 42). These models have a low length to beam ratio 2.57:1 and 2.59:1, indicating these boats have wide beams for stability and increased cargo carrying capacity. These traits would be desirable for an area known for stone vessel manufacture so that these heavy goods could be loaded onto local vessels for transport to other settlements on the Nile River, or for portage to the Red Sea.

Umm el-Qa’ab Early Dynastic Royal Tombs

el-Amrah The village and cemetery of el-Amrah are located on the west bank of the Nile River at the bottom of a valley that is characterized by shallow channels formed by torrential rainstorms that occurred between the desert cliffs and the Nile River (Baines and Málek 1980, 109; RandallMacIver and Mace 1902, 1). A watercraft illustration from el-Amrah dating to the Naqada I Period, found on a mud box, depicts a vessel with highly rising ends that may represent a papyrus raft (Class M1.0-M1.3) or a wooden boat; without more detail, it is difficult to determine the vessel’s category (Fig. 3.29).

Temples, Cenotaphs, and Settlements

Temple of Seti and Osireion

Kom el-Sultan Temple of OsirisKhentimentiu and environs Shunet el-Zebib

Figure 3.30. Map of the temples and cemeteries of Abydos (after Shaw and Nicholson, 1995, 14).

Fortunately for nautical archaeology, a fleet of 14 wooden boats are buried in mud-brick pits arranged in north-south orientations near Early Dynasty I temples. The pits range in size from 19 to 29 meters long (62.3495.14 feet), are about 3.25 meters (10.66 feet) wide, and have odd shaped stones near their bows that are ‘anchoring’ the boats in the desert. The partial excavation of one boat, Boat Grave 10 (Fig. 3.31), indicates that this wooden hull was lined with matting, filled with mud brick, and had coarse pottery topped with mud stoppers affiliated with it. Although many of the hull timbers have decayed, close examination of surviving hull planks indicates that the Abydos boats represent the earliest examples of sewn planked boats yet discovered. The boats average 22.87 meters (75 feet) in length (O’Connor 1991, 9-12, O’Connor and Adams 2001, 44; Ward 2000, 39-41; Ward 2001, 45). The rudimentary excavation of Boat Grave 10 also illustrates that the vessel had joggled plank edges that were held together with “lashing threaded through angled and L-shaped channels.” Ward contended this construction technique, with its lack of locking joints, allowed for ease of dismantling for portage to the Red Sea and back, and for expeditious reassemblage when needed for use. Lastly, Ward compared Abydos Boat Grave 10 with watercraft model EM CG

Figure 3.29. Naqada I Period raft depiction from el-Amrah (from Randall-McIver and Mace 1902, Pl. XII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Watercraft Model. One fragment of a Predynastic Period model from el-Amrah has survived and resembles the vessel depicted on the mud box. The artifact does represent a Class M2.0 wooden boat since it has a red painted strip on its gunwale representing a wooden bulwark (attribute f4) and might be a papyriform vessel (Appendix A, Cat. No. 38).

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS I furnished his great bark, the eternal everlasting one. I made for him the portable shrine that carries the beauty of the Foremost-of-the-Westerners, of gold, silver, lapis lazuli, bronze, ssndm-wood, and cedar wood. The gods who attend him were fashioned, their shrines were made anew....I made the work on the neshmet-bark, I fashioned the cabin. I decked the breast of the lord of Abydos with lapis lazuli and turquoise, fine gold, and all costly stones which are the ornaments of a god’s body. I clothed the god with his regalia in my rank of master of secrets....I repulsed the attackers of the neshmet-bark, I conducted the Great Procession, following the god in his steps. I made the god’s boat sail, Thoth steering the sailing. I equipped with a cabin the bark “Truly-risen-is-theLord-of-Abydos”....I felled all his foes on the shore of Nedyt....I made him enter into the Great Bark. It bore his beauty. I gave joy to the eastern deserts; I caused rejoicing in the western deserts: They saw the beauty of the neshmet-bark as it landed at Abydos. It brought [Osiris, Foremost-of-the-Westerners, Lord] of Abydos, to his palace (Breasted 1906a, 300, §669; Lichtheim 1973, 124-125).

4814 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 177), stating that it “is strikingly similar to the full sized boats found at Abydos” (Ward 2006a, 120, 124). EM CG 4184 is a Class M2.1 boat with VFE and by comparison, the craft in Boat Grave 10 may be an M2.1 vessel as well.

Figure 3.31. Cross-section of a Dynasty I Abydos boat from a test excavation (after O’Connor 1991, Fig. 15).

The detailed biography of Weni, an administrator under three pharaohs, is located on the wall of his Old Kingdom Dynasty VI tomb at Abydos. The biography is notable since it provides specifics concerning Weni’s efforts to acquire large, heavy stone building materials for pyramid construction. Weni traveled to Elephantine with at least six cargo boats or barges and three tow boats, and depending on which translation is correct, possibly three other boats of an unknown type, and a warship escort as well. Weni also supervised the construction of a cargo ship of acacia wood, 60 cubits (31.44 meters/103.15 feet) long, and 30 cubits (15.72 meters/51.57 feet) in the beam that took only 17 days to complete. This craft carried a large offering table or alter of travertine unscathed to the pyramid construction site, even in low water when sand banks were high. Weni again was sent southward to obtain granite, this time to Nubia, to be incorporated into the pharaoh’s pyramid. To accommodate these immense cargoes, Weni organized the digging of five canals and the assembling of three barges or cargo boats and four tow-boats, all made of acacia wood cut by foreign chiefs. Weni accomplished these tasks in only one year (Breasted 1906a, 148-150, §322-§324; Lichtheim 1973, 21-22). The length to beam ratio of the acacia wood cargo boat is 2:1, indicating the vessel was incredibly wide. It must have had substantial internal structural timbers and above-deck hogging trusses to facilitate proper movement through the water, and prevent bow and stern sagging. Further, since the biography indicates the Nile was at a low water level, the boat must have had a shallow draft/depth of hold and low freeboard.

This detailed retelling of the festivities once again displays the ingrained connection of boats with travel in Egyptian society as shown by the procession of Osiris and the other gods in boats, and not simply carried on a platform.

Figure 3.32. The Barque of Osiris depicted on Seti I’s temple wall at Abydos (after Landström 1970, no. 369).

Watercraft Models. Seven watercraft models have been excavated from Abydos tombs or the area around burials. This group is comprised of one Class M1.2 model dating to c2950 BCE of the Early Dynastic Period, four M2.0 boats from the Naqada II Period, Early Dynastic Period, the New Kingdom’s Dynasties XVIII and Dynasty XIX, one Class M2.4 boat with a CP from the Predynastic Period, and one M2.5 artifact of Dynasty XIX. The Class M2.4 with the CP has low length to beam ratio (2:1), indicating the vessel required additional internal longitudinal strength because of its wide beam (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 17, 36, 51, 164, 166, 185, 221). Four of these watercraft models were excavated from tombs with a specific person associated with them including one artifact each from Tomb Y.T. of Queen Merytneit/Pharaoh Den and Tomb 19B of Prince Ptah, and two boats from the Mastaba Tomb 4b of Priest of Amun Pa-ab-mer.

The annual Mysteries of Osiris celebration at Abydos entailed the progression of the god’s barque neshmet (Fig. 3.32) and other barques, around his tomb and temple. Actors portrayed Osiris defeating his enemies, and celebrated his sovereignty, murder, and rebirth (Lichtheim 1973, 123; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 214). A Middle Kingdom Dynasty XII stela from Abydos erected by Ikhernofret, an official under Pharaoh Senusret III (c1874-1855 BCE), describes the festival. Ikhernofret had a privileged knowledge of the program, since he organized the festival that is described:

Naga ed-Deir Located on the east bank of the Nile River, the Naga ed-

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE Deir cemetery was used from the Predynastic Period to the Middle Kingdom (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 194). An important feature for nautical archaeologists and maritime historians is the possible location of Thinis, thought to be on the western bank of the Nile River across from Naga ed-Deir. Papyrus Reisner II, discovered in Tomb 408 at Naga ed-Deir, records activities of the royal dockyard at Thinis pertaining mainly to boat construction. Dated to the Middle Kingdom’s Dynasty XII between years 15 and 18 of the reign of Pharaoh Senusret I (c1950-1947 BCE), this document noted transactions that indicated this workshop operated as a bureau of the royal palace. The papyrus is primarily concerned with the management of carpentry materials used in ship construction and the metal tools required in that activity. Daily workshop business was noted and consists of orders such as “each of you shall then take the dnhw-implements and the s3hw in the imwboat.” It seems that the dockyard was in charge of shipping agricultural products since “the overseer of the city...[sent] downstream 150 (?) hekat of wheat.” Also, the Vizier Inyotef-okre gave directives for the movement of boats and the on-loading of cargo. The papyrus also mentions the names of stewards who will take the imwboats and cargoes of white acacia wood made of shrplanks that was transported by h‘w-barges (Simpson 1965, 16-17, 20-22).

designed for rough waters or for carrying cargo, suggesting they were intended for simple river travel. el-Badari, Mostagedda, Matmar The Upper Egyptian region of el-Badari is located on the Nile’s east bank (Fig. 3.33). Excavations in the 1920s revealed sites with unique pottery and artifact types, representing the earliest stage of Egypt’s Predynastic history, now called the Badarian Period. The cemeteries of el-Badari and its neighboring sites of Mostagedda and Matmar are important, where archaeological excavations have indicated that the people of these areas did not construct sturdy structures, but instead lived in simple huts or tents (Baines and Málek 1980, 109; Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 1, 51, Pls. liv.18-.20, lviii.5; Brunton 1937, Pl. XLII.31; Brunton 1948, 15, 22, Pl. SIII.25; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 47; Trigger 1983, 27). Further, Egyptians in this region appreciated advanced nautical attributes in their watercraft construction as indicated by surviving model examples. el-Badari is to the south of Mostagedda

13th UE Nome Asyut

9th UE Nome Deir Rifeh

Watercraft Models. Six models have been excavated from Naga ed-Deir, five of them in Class M2.0 (three from Theban Dynasty XI and two from Late All Egypt Dynasty XI), and one in Class M2.6 from Theban Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 92, 108, 110, 131, 132, 234). Major nautical attribute O in the M2.6 model is probably incorporated into its hull to strengthen the vessel amidships where a large cabin rests underneath the remains of a four-post canopy.

11th UE Nome

Matmar Mostagedda

Figure 3.33. Map of Asyut and the surrounding area (after Baines and Málek 1980, 121).

Watercraft Models. Eleven models have been excavated from the el-Badari area, including eight from the cemetery of el-Badari. One of these models is a Class M1.0 raft with RE and dates to the general Predynastic Period, five artifacts are from Class M2.0, with four dating to the Badarian Period and one to the general Predynastic Period, and two M2.1 models with VFE date to the Naqada II Period. The el-Badari models are simply constructed out of clay or mud, but one Badarian Period M2.0 model is exemplary of the early recognition by the Egyptians that fixed steering gear (attribute d1) and a stable steering platform (attribute e1) facilitated improved boat handling on the Nile River. Two M2.0 models have been discovered at the site of Mostagedda, one from the Naqada II Period and one from the Early Dynastic Period and one Class M1.1 raft with RE and BUS has been excavated at Matmar from the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 1, 6, 29-33, 44, 55, 173, 175).

NINTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Akhmim Akhmim (ancient Ipu or Khent-min, classical Khemmis) refers to burial and town sites on the Nile River’s east bank, and was the provincial capital of the Ninth Upper Egyptian nome. The necropolis, much plundered in the 1880s, contains rock-cut tombs of the Old and Middle Kingdoms (Baines and Málek 1980, 118; Grimal 1988, 89; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 21-22). Akhmim was also the location of a New Kingdom pleasure lake constructed for Queen Tiy by Pharoah Amenhotep III (c1390-1352 BCE) and commemorated on a Dynasty XVIII scarab. The scarab inscription stated the lake’s construction took only 16 days, and lists its size as 700 by 700 cubits, and mentions Amenhotep III sailing the royal barge AtenGleams on the lake (Breasted 1906b, 328, 349, §869).

ELEVENTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Deir Rifeh Deir Rifeh served as the necropolis for the ancient town of Shas-hotep (classical Hypselis, modern Shutb) on the Nile River’s west bank. This cemetery contained rock-cut cliff tombs from Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X and Dynasty XII. Tomb inscriptions at Deir Rifeh tell the

Watercraft Models. Two (1) Class M2.0 models from Herakleopolitan Dynasty X were discovered in Akhmim (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 86, 90). These models have long hulls with narrow beams, indicating they were not

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS story of the ‘civil war’ between Upper and Lower Egypt that ushered in the First Intermediate Period, and where the dividing line between the northern and southern governments was set north of Thinis and by association, Naga ed-Deir, and south of Akhmim (Baines and Málek 1980, 33; David and Archbold 2000, 36; Kemp 1983, 114-115; Murray 1910, 9).

dates to Early Dynasty XII. Several M2.0, M2.5, and M2.8 Asyut watercraft dating primarily to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI have characteristic short blunt-ended round papyriform ends that are a site-specific trait. This decorative attribute has allowed the attribution of several unprovenanced models to Asyut in this study. Also, eight models with Asyut attributions but without excavation records likely have erroneous provenance (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 75, 112, 116, 118, 121-124, 126, 200-203, 211, 212, 255-264, 294, 326, 412, 418, 461, 520, 528).

Watercraft Models. Two Class M2.10 artifacts with DB, RCS, and RSS (q11) from the ‘Tomb of Two Brothers’ of the Middle Kingdom’s Late Dynasty XII are the only watercraft models excavated from Deir Rifeh (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 471, 472). Nekht-Ankh and his brother, the Priest of the Temple of Khnumu Khnum-Nekht, shared this tomb and their funerary models. These boats exhibit strong, sturdy, high, big curl reinforced stern structures but interestingly, are the only two artifacts with RSS (q11) in this study that do have a LSR, an ASR, or both. It is possible that the provincial location of Deir Rifeh did not facilitate the spread of the most recent and advanced construction details to the area, unlike Thebes, Meir, elBersheh, or Beni Hasan. Stronger sterns would be advantageous attributes for the Two Brother’s boats, especially since they both carry a substantial cabin in the aft portion of the boat.

Lastly, the most incredibly constructed boat model in this study in terms of sheer size (60.63 in/154.00 cm long, 20.94 in/53.20 cm in the beam, with a 9.37 in/23.80 cm depth of hold) and overt strength belonged to hereditary Prince Mesehti.4 This Class M2.14 artifact exhibits the strong nature and heft of well-constructed Egyptian watercraft. Although the model is from Asyut, its stern construction has the broad counter of the Theban All Egypt Dynasty XI boats already discussed, evidenced by its big block curve with indent RSS (q8) and TDB for athwartships strength. The incorporation of RSS (q8) and TDB in this model and its likeness to Theban models of the same period, may indicate regular trade and communication between these two commercial centers after the reunification of Egypt at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. Since Asyut served as the link between the Nile River and the caravan routes to the el-Kharga oasis and Thebes provided a staging ground for Wadi Hammamat and Wadi Gawasis travel and trade with the Red Sea, similar nautical technological innovations at both sites are logical outcomes of such commercial connections. In addition to Mesehti’s large boat, other models can be linked to specific people from Asyut including one vessel from Tomb 56 of Hetepnebi, three each from Tomb 2c of Shemes and Tomb 2b of Minhotep and Upuautemhat, two artifacts each from Tomb 14 of Wepwautemhet and Tomb 7 of Overseer of the Seal Nakhti, and one from the Tomb of Kemhotep.

THIRTEENTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Asyut Asyut (ancient Zawty, classical Lycopolis) was the capital of the 13th Upper Egyptian nome and its necropolis held tombs dating from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX to Middle Kingdom Dynasty XII, and New Kingdom Dynasty XIX (Fig. 3.33). These rock-cut tombs of the local nobility have provided useful details pertaining to the hostilities between the Herakleopolitan and Theban rulers of the First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom. Asyut played a strategic role in Egyptian commercial history since the western desert intruded onto agricultural areas at this point on the Nile River’s west bank and marked the beginning of the caravan route to the el-Kharga oasis and other southern habitations (Baines and Málek 1980, 122; David 1993, 73-74; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 44).

FOURTEENTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Meir The cemetery of Meir is the Fourteenth Upper Egyptian nome’s provincial necropolis, located west of ancient Qis (classical Cusae, modern el-Qusiya) on the Nile’s west bank (Fig. 3.34). The burial site contains the rock-cut tombs of the Dynasty VI and XII nomarchs and their families. Shaft-tombs separated from the rock-cut tombs by wadis were provided for their servants in nearby cliffs. The burials uncovered at Meir provide a chronology of these political offices as they passed from one generation to another since they contain a continuous sequence of successors to these hereditary positions for both

Watercraft Models. Thirty-two watercraft models in this study were excavated from Asyut tombs or attributed to the site. Nine models are Class M2.0 boats and date to Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX (1) and X (1), generally to the First Intermediate Period (1), and Early (3, two) and Mid (3, one) All Egypt Dynasty XI. Six Class M2.5 models with DB from Asyut date to Mid (3) and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (1), and Dynasty XII (2). Eleven Class M2.8 models with DB and RCS come from Asyut, dating to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (10, three ) and one generally to the Middle Kingdom. Four M2.10 Asyut boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (q3,5,9) date to Early (1) and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (2, one), and Early Dynasty XII (1). One M2.14 model dates to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI with DB, RCS, RSS (q8), and TDB, while one M2.18 boat with DB, RCS, and fork stern (FS)

4

This model, EM CG 4918, was a casualty of The Egyptian Museum burglary in January 2011. The one-of-a-kind cabin was smashed and the human figures knocked about. The museum conservators repaired the damage and the model was back on exhibit in February 2011. This watercraft model, a favorite of the author, is given special treatment in Appendix A.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE Dynasties VI and XII. Unfortunately, much of the site underwent extensive plundering in the nineteenth century (Baines and Málek 1980, 122-123; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 180). Detailed graphic depictions of papyrus rafts, sailing, fishing, and funerary boats on Meir tomb walls provide information about their construction and river use. Figure 3.35. A bearded supervisor watching M1.3 raft construction at Meir (from Blackman 1915, Pl. IV, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society). Meir

Qis

Figure 3.36. A scene of mock combat on Class M1.3 rafts at Meir (from Blackman 1915, Pl. IV, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Figure 3.34. Location of the cemetery of Meir (after Baines and Málek 1980, 121).

Several nautical scenes from Meir tombs provide insight into watercraft construction and use during the Old Kingdom. The construction of a Class M1.3 papyrus raft is depicted on the wall of the tomb of Ukh-hotep. A group of five animated men are shown pulling on RT to fasten papyrus bundles together and forming its RE. An elderly bearded man is shown supervising the job (Fig. 3.35). Another scene in Ukh-hotep’s tomb illustrates men on M1.3 papyrus rafts in mock combat and fishing (Fig. 3.36). The Dynasty VI tomb of Pepi‘onkh contains nautical scenes including an illustration of a Class M2.6 wooden towboat with an O. The vessel has a raised mast and an unfurled sail, and a crewman is depicted using a punt pole to test water depth or to push off the river bottom (Fig. 3.37). A few inscriptions interspersed with the boats consist of orders such as “Well to starboard...Keep well to starboard. It is a favouring wind. The load is great when the wind is high...Let this rope come down into the water carefully; it’s short.” A papyriform boat, at least a Class M2.0 vessel, carries Pepi‘onkh’s sarcophagus under a canopy and is attended by a number of people and the crew, one of whom holds a sounding or punting pole near the bow (Fig. 3.38). Towlines extend forward to a tow boat and continue onto a third boat that is being rowed with its sails furled and its mast stowed. The drawing of this boat is particularly helpful since it shows numerous construction details scattered around the outside of the hull. The next scene shows the sarcophagus boat being pulled by eight men on land and assisting with the vessel’s docking. Inscriptions celebrate the scene saying “What a successful voyage! We have completed the journey. See, the ships have arrived” (Blackman and Apted 1953, 31, 51-52, Pls. XXII, XLII). Not only are these tomb depictions graphically important for comparison to watercraft models in terms of construction and use, but the accompanying text concerning boat handling, wind reactions with sails, rigging, and cargo carrying provides insight into daily travel on the Nile River.

Figure 3.37. Sail and poling as a means of propulsion on a Class M2.6 boat with O at Meir (from Blackman and Apted 1953, pl. XXII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Figure 3.38. Papyriform boat, at least a Class M2.0 vessel, carrying a sarcophagus and being punted at Meir (from Blackman and Apted 1953, pl. XLII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Another maritime scene in Pepi‘onkh’s tomb shows servants using a small open wooden boat, at least an M2.0 vessel, catching fish with nets (Fig. 3.39). On an M1.3 papyrus raft with RT and RE, an overly tall Pepi‘onkh has speared two very large fish, and many others seem to be flying up to meet his spear. An inscription reads that Pepi‘onkh is “Spearing a very great catch of fish in the swamps of Upper and Lower Egypt.” A small human figure also on the raft is recognized as the “Sole Companion, Superintendent of the Tenants of the

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS models from the Tomb of Wah-Hotep, two boats each from the Tomb of Rehetepi and K3yt and the Tomb of K3y-Hnnt, and one each from the tombs of Chancellor Ukh-Hotep, Anti, and Sonbi.

Great House, Ship’s Scribe, Henenit” (Blackman and Apted 1953, 32, Pls. XXVIII, XXIV). Again, the text near this scene indicates that the ship’s scribe held an important position within Pepi‘onkh’s household since he is listed as a sole companion and is shown on a raft with him in the afterlife. Further, Pepi‘onkh’s success with fishing in the next life is also interesting, particularly since he likely did not spear his own food in this life.

FIFTEENTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME el-Amarna Pharaoh Akhenaten’s Dynasty XVIII capital of elAmarna (ancient Akhetaten) was located on the Nile River’s east bank. Much of the site has survived including the food production district, residential suburbs, and several royal residences, temples, and storage areas. The site also includes sculptor’s shops, outlying workman’s villages, several scattered stelae, numerous tombs, and the royal necropolis (Fig. 3.40; Grimal 1988, 234-236; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 6, 26). From a maritime perspective, the Tomb of May at elAmarna contains an incredibly detailed depiction of the pharaoh’s royal fleet moored at the quay at Akhetaten with boats that reflect New Kingdom nautical construction (Fig. 3.41).

Figure 3.39. Net Fishing from a Class M2.0 open boat at Meir (from Blackman and Apted 1953, Pl. XXVIII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Watercraft Models. Sixty-seven watercraft models representing ten Classes of wooden boats have been excavated from the Meir necropolis or attributed to this site. Ten Class M2.0 from Meir date to Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX (2), Late Dynasty XII (4, one), and generally to Dynasty XII (4). The six-boat flotilla of Governor Niankh-Pepy-Kem, dating to c2321-2287 BCE of Mid Dynasty VI during the reign of Pharaoh Pepi I, contains three Classes of watercraft models including four M2.5 boats with DB, one M2.6 with O, and one M2.7 with DB and O. Six Class M2.8 boats with DB and RCS from All Egypt Dynasty XI (1) and Dynasty XII (5) have been found at Meir, as have 18 M2.10 models with DB, RCS, and RSS (q2-6,10) from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX (1), Early (4, two), Mid (9, two), and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (2), and Mid Dynasty XII (2, one). Seventeen Class M2.12 artifacts with DB, RCS, RSS (q5,6,9-11), and LSR are dated to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (2, one), Early (1), Mid (3, one), and Late Dynasty XII (11, three). One Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Class M2.14 model with DB, RCS, RSS (q3) and TDB has been found at Meir, and a M2.18 with DB, RCS, and FS dates to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. Lastly, eight M2.23 watercraft models with DB, RCS, RSS (q10,11), LSR, and ASR dating to Mid (3) and Late Dynasty XII (5, one) have been excavated from the Meir necropolis (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 78, 79, 140-143, 146, 148, 150, 153, 190-193, 229, 235, 278, 284, 287-290, 303, 313, 345-347, 352, 410, 417, 420, 425, 427, 429-431, 434, 447, 468, 469, 477, 479, 486, 488, 493-497, 501-505, 509-511, 517, 527, 540-543, 547-549, 551). Several models from Meir are associated with specific personages or can be associated with them through comparison and research beyond Niankh-Pepy-Kem including five

Town

Worker’s Village

Figure 3.40. Map of el-Amarna (after Baines and Málek 1980, 123).

The scene in May’s tomb depicts four Class M2.28 watercraft with K moored (with mooring stakes) at the riverbank and into the river’s bottom, and next to them moored in the river are two Class M2.26 boats. These are royal vessels of the king and queen that have TDB. The M2.26 boats has carved tops for the quarter rudder oars in the shape of the sovereign’s head, fluttering banners, kiosks decorated with uraei, and decorated cabins that distinguish them from other boats at the quay. Watercraft gear is laid out on shore including a bundle of oars, a mast, sail, and rigging, and a skilled worker is making or repairing fishing nets. Other practical activities depicted include a craftsman carving the shaft of an oar with the help of a young boy. The surroundings are landscaped with palms, flowers, papyrus, and shrubs being tended by gardeners. This scene is a snapshot of life, a “detailed picture by a contemporary townsman, of a spot which we can definitely locate and visit, [and it] brings the far past up before us with rare vividness” (Davies 1908, 3-4, Pl. V).

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Antinoopolis

Deir el-Bersheh

Figure 3.41. A flotilla of royal Class M2.26 and M2.28. boats with TDB and K at the quay at Akhetaten. Five of the six watercraft depicted on the wall of the tomb of May are shown here (from Davies 1908, pl V, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Mallawi

Watercraft Model. The lone watercraft model excavated from the town site of el-Amarna/Akhetaten is the only model in Class M2.27 with DB and SC, dating to c1336 BCE (the death of Akhenaten). This watercraft model is particularly interesting since it is one of the few artifacts in this study found in a domestic context, specifically House 12 of Akhetaten’s Worker’s Village, and the only New Kingdom boat not discovered in a tomb or temple location. The existence of this boat model reinforces the design of Tutankhamun’s 17 Class M2.29 models with SC, since it indicates that the stern cleft construction was incorporated into mundane boats used by the average worker as well as in royal watercraft. Further, it has a landing platform (attribute e2) incorporated into its bow, a trait that would be advantageous for coming ashore on either a sandy riverbank or a built-up quay as depicted in May’s tomb. Lastly, the rudder oar blade on this M2.27 model is of an advanced design and will be discussed in Chapter 4 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 561).

Figure 3.42. Location of Deir el-Bersheh and Antinoopolis (after Baines and Málek 1980, 121).

Figure 3.43. Thuthotep’s ‘princely flotilla’ of Class M2.10 watercraft with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10) at el-Bersheh (from Newberry 1895, Pl. XVIII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Watercraft Models. Ninety-five boat models from the site of el-Bersheh are included in this study. Two Class M2.0 models date to Herakleopolitan Dynasty X and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI. Five M2.5 with DB date to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (3), and Early (1) and Mid Dynasty XII (1), while nine Class M2.8 models with DB and RCS date to Mid (4, one) and All Egypt Dynasty XI (1), and Early (2) and Mid Dynasty XII (2, one). One Herakleopolitan Dynasty X model attributed to elBersheh is a Class M2.9 craft with DB and RSS (q1). A group of 68 Class M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (q2-5,9-11) come from el-Bersheh dating to Early (4) and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (54, one), and Early (9, five) and Mid Dynasty XII (1). Four Class M2.12 watercraft with DB, RCS, RSS (q10,11), and LSR date to Mid (1) and Late Dynasty XII (3), while two M2.18 boats with DB, RCS, and FS date to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (1) and Mid Dynasty XII (1). The only Class M2.19 model with DB, RCS, and deck knees (DK) in this study comes from el-Bersheh and dates to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. Lastly, the only Class M2.20 boat with DB, RCS, LSR, and FS in this study comes from elBersheh and dates to Early Dynasty XII, while the only two Class M2.24 models with DB, RCS, RSS, LSR, ASR, and DK dating to Late Dynasty XII were excavated from this site as well (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 82, 125, 197-199, 206, 207, 251-254, 275, 279-282, 298, 314, 322, 324, 342, 355-407, 411, 451-453, 455, 458, 459, 462-464, 470, 490, 500, 506, 507, 526, 529, 531, 532, 552, 553).

el-Bersheh The valley of Wadi el-Nakhla on the east bank of the Nile River contains the cemetery of el-Bersheh (Fig. 3.42). Tombs located here date to the Second Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom, including tombs of Herakleopolitan Dynasty X princes of the nome capital, Khmun (classical Hermopolis Magna, modern elAshmunein), and the area’s All Egypt Dynasty XI-XII nomarchs (Baines and Málek 1980, 126; David 1993, 7071; Grimal 1988, 144; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 82). A detailed maritime scene is painted on the wall of the Dynasty XII Tomb of Prince Thuthotep at el-Bersheh. A flotilla of seven craft, at a minimum representing Class M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10), with their sails furled appear to be pulling into a quay, with at least four boats already moored at the riverbank (Fig. 3.43). Three of the moored boats are roughly the same size and construction, are equipped for rowing and sailing, and have un-stepped masts stowed on stanchions. The fourth moored boat is much smaller than the others but of similar design. The other three vessels are still approaching the quay, with one of the craft serving as a towboat for Thuthotep’s barge, which is differentiated by the others because it carries a throne. These last three boats have bow lookouts with sounding or punting poles and are signaling each other during the docking procedure (Newberry 1895, 29-30, Pl. XVIII).

The site of el-Bersheh produced the largest flotilla of watercraft models discovered in Egypt, dating to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI. Tomb 10A, belonging to DjehutyNakht, had 58 boat models from Classes M2.0 (1), M2.5 (3), M2.8 (3), and M2.10 (51) within it, found in a jumble. Djehuty-Nakht held the titles of Hereditary

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis, indicating he was a man of high stature in the government. With this known, the large number of watercraft in his tomb may indicate part of his duties might have been linked to the regulation of Nile River commercial traffic, as well as representing his authority over vessels belonging to the State in this area. Further, some models are clearly set up as kitchen boats, vessels for fowling, and boats meant for religious pilgrimages, likely indicating they were for the deceased’s use in the afterlife. Interestingly, Djehuty-Nakht’s 51 Class M2.10 boats exhibit four versions of RSS (q2-5) in their construction during the same time period, ranging from a small block stern, small block with indent stern, block stern, and block with indent stern. These differences can be accounted for in the determination of what the vessel would be used for and the stern strength required for it to perform its duties. It must be noted that during Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI, attribute states (q2-6,10) are found at numerous sites (see Chapter 5 for more discussion on RSS transitions), but it is noteworthy when these variations occur within the same tomb. Other tombs specifically associated with particular boat models from el-Bersheh include one model belonging to Director of the Domain and Sole Courtier Henu from the second shaft within the Tomb of Uky, two boats each from Tomb 3 of Nehri and Pit D of Commander of Troops Sepa I, three artifacts from each from Pit E of Sepa II and Pit E of Sepa III, and four watercraft from the first shaft of Amenemhat.

SIXTEENTH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Beni Hasan Located on the Nile River’s east bank (Fig. 3.44), Beni Hasan was the provincial necropolis of the 16th Upper Egyptian nome beginning in the Old Kingdom, had a significant number of First Intermediate tombs with detailed riverine scenes, and was one of the most important Middle Kingdom burial sites. Beginning in 1890, Percy E. Newberry conducted epigraphic studies in 39 ‘upper gallery’ rock-cut tombs and funeral chapels carved into cliffs running north to south. These finely carved and decorated tombs belonged to the area’s nomarchs and are fine examples of Middle Kingdom funerary architecture, with many tombs containing representations wooden boat-building and usage (Baines and Málek 1980, 128; David 1993, 68; Garstang 1907, 26-44; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 52). Below these tombs along the cliff’s western face lies the ‘Great Necropolis’ of undecorated shaft tombs that make up the north and south Beni Hasan cemeteries of Dynasties XI and XII. Digging seasons between 1902 and 1904 uncovered approximately 888 of these tombs that belonged to local authorities and the area’s middle class. Their contents create a broad picture of Middle Kingdom burial rites, especially as they pertain to wooden models as part of the funerary furniture (Garstang 1904, 215216; Garstang 1907, 15-18).

Antinoopolis

Beni Hasan

Although Hadrian founded Antinoopolis (modern elSheikh Ibada) in the second century CE, there are earlier archaeological remains at the site including a New Kingdom temple of Ramses II (Baines and Málek 1980, 14, 121, 128). It is apparent there were First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom tombs at Antinoopolis as well, since Herakleopolitan Dynasty X and All Egypt Dynasty XI artifacts from the site are included in this study (Fig. 3.42).

Town of Beni Hasan

Figure 3.44. Location of Beni Hasan (after Baines and Málek 1980, 121).

Watercraft Models. Seven watercraft models have been excavated at Antinoopolis, or have been attributed to that site, Class M2.0 models from Herakleopolitan Dynasty X (6, four) and one Class M2.5 with DB from All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 96, 101, 104, 107, 109, 111, 204). The models attributed to Antinoopolis by the author are placed there due to comparisons with known Antinoopolis examples in terms of papyriform end construction and decoration. The Class M2.5 model in this group likely underwent at attempt at ‘conservation’ post-antiquity that actually has harmed the model with unnecessary plaster, in addition to nonstandard painted decorations and hull color. The lack of burial sites and the few models from Antinoopolis during the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom might be explained because of the site’s position between the two large necropolis areas of el-Bersheh and Beni Hasan, two of the largest and most popular cemeteries in Middle Egypt during these time periods.

Figure 3.45. Class M1.3 papyrus rafts used for mock combat and lotus-picking in Beni Hasan (from Newberry 1893b, 47, pl. IV, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

The maritime depictions shown on the walls of some Beni Hasan tombs are informative and varied. The Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Tomb 15 of Baqt contains one painted wall with depictions of five Class M1.3 papyrus rafts with RE and RT on the north wall of the tomb’s main chamber. The men shown on four of these rafts are engaged in a fighting game where the figures are moving from raft to raft, and one man picks a lotus. The fifth float, positioned in the middle of the other four, is pictured with five small paddlers propelling the raft. On this middle float, Baqt is fowling while his wife and servants are picking lotus flowers (Fig. 3.45; Newberry 1893b, 47, Pl. IV). The scene of mock combat is similar to a scene in the Meir Tomb of Ukh-hotep (Fig. 3.36).

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Figure 3.46. The flotilla in Tomb 17 of Kheti at Beni Hasan including at least Class M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (from Newberry 1893b, pl. XII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

sailing boat with a high curling stern (RSS, q10) and detailed sail and rigging with masthead, towing a papyriform funeral boat that carries a mummy on a bier protected by a canopy. This funeral boat has high curving finials, the hull is painted with lines to imitate papyrus bindings, and it has an udjat eye toward the bow. A priest and other attendants perform religious rites over the mummy of Khnumhotep (Fig. 3.49) and the inscription reads “sailing up the river to perform the ceremonies at Abydos by the ha-prince [Khnu]mhotep, son of Nehera” (Newberry 1893a, 68, Pl. XXIX).

The wall of the Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Tomb 17 of Kheti shows a flotilla of eight wooden boats in two registers (Fig. 3.46). The top register contains two rowing boats that are towing two other boats. The front rowing boat has a crew of standing rowers in their stroke. This vessel is towing a boat that carries a canopy with a whitecloaked figure and two others sitting underneath it amidships. The other set of boats has sitting rowers at rest, with a towline that is attached to a vessel with a sort of bulwark and large canopy or cabin. The lower register of boats contains four sailing vessels and depicts a wonderful series of actions. The three boats furthest to the right have their sails raised and attached to two yards. The fourth vessel at the left has a group of men furling the sail after just lowering the top yard, and two crewmen pound a mooring stake into the riverbank. The two center boats are carrying cloaked figures in squatting positions (Newberry 1893b, Pl. XII). I think this group of boats is at least part of a funerary scene, since the cloaked figures represent mourners who accompany the deceased during the funeral, and the larger cloaked figures represent the deceased. These same figures are seen on boat models. Further, although it is difficult to ascertain the stern configurations with certainty, I suggest that these watercraft have RSS (q3) small block with indent sterns, since most of the rudder oars appear to lie in a small groove at the stern. These boat depictions represent at least Class M2.10 vessels with DB, RCS, and RSS. The Mid Dynasty XII Beni Hasan Tomb 3 of Khnumhotep has four separate nautical illustrations with significant detail. One scene depicts wooden boat construction (Fig. 3.47), with workmen fitting short pieces of wood together like a puzzle (Newberry 1893a, 68, Pl. XXIX), similar to that of the New Kingdom’s Tomb 360 of Kaha at Deir el-Medina (Fig. 3.13). Khnumhotep’s boat-building scene is instructional since it does show the short plank lengths, the types of tools used by the shipwrights, and the hierarchy of the work force, with a boat shop supervisor present. Another scene shows standing rowers propelling two, at a minimum, Class M2.10 watercraft with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10) high curled sterns that carry Khnumhotep’s harem and children “coming to perform the ceremonies at Abydos by the ha-prince [Khnu]mhotep, son of Nehera” (Fig. 3.48). The next group of two M2.10 boats represent a

Figures 3.47-3.49. Top: Wooden boat construction in Dynasty XII at Beni Hasan. Middle: Class M2.10 watercraft with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10). Bottom: Khnumhotep’s papyriform funeral boat being towed by a Class M2.10 sailing boat with a detailed masthead (from Newberry 1893a, Pl. XXIX, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

A more mundane scene in Khnumhotep’s tomb shows men herding cattle by directing the animals through the high water of the Nile River while in a small open Class M2.0 boat of simple design (Fig. 3.50; Newberry 1893a, 68, Pl. XXIX). Two other riverine scenes are found on Khnumhotep’s tomb walls in which he is shown fishing and fowling. In both illustrations a large Khnumhotep

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS stands on a Class M1.3 papyrus raft. In one scene he is about to let go of a throw stick at a flock of birds and in the other, he has just speared two large fish. Under this illustration are three M1.3 papyrus floats with crews in a variety of positions. The inscription “canoeing in the papyrus beds, the pools of wild-fowl, the marshes and the streams, by [Khnu]mhotep, the chief canoer in the papyrus beds and pools of wild-fowl, capturing birds and fish” (Newberry 1893a, 70, Pls. XXXII, XXXIV) accompanies these representations. I believe the use of the word canoe in this context is incorrect, since the craft presented are papyrus rafts. Newberry used the term to mean a small paddled vessel.

Amenemhat” (Newberry 1893a, 33, Pl. XVI). Amenemhat’s tomb also contains a small scene that shows two small craft being used to herd oxen through high water during the inundation (Newberry 1893a, 31, Pl. XII) similar to that of Khnumhotep (Fig. 3.50).

Figure 3.50. Men using a small Class M2.0 open boat for cattle herding at Beni Hasan (from Newberry 1893a, Pl. XXIX, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Figures 3.51 and 3.52. Top: Class M2.12 boats towing a papyriform funeral boat at Beni Hasan. Bottom: Detail of the LSR on the front boat (from Newberry 1893a, pl. XIV, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

The reliefs on the north side of the east wall of the main chamber of the Late Dynasty XII Beni Hasan Tomb 2 of Amenemhat contains two groups of scenes that are comprised of three boats each, accompanied by texts that describe the action. The first illustration is comprised of two towboats pulling a funerary barque carrying a mummy. The towboats represent at least Class M2.12 watercraft with DB, RCS, RSS (q11), and LSR having strong high curled sterns with additional longitudinal support. The scene is characterized as “voyaging against the stream to obtain the benefits of Abydos for the prince Amenemhat” (Figs. 3.51, 3.52; Newberry 1893a, 33, Pl. XIV). I contend what is also depicted in this scene is not only the upstream trip to Abydos, but the downstream voyage combined into the same illustration. This would explain why the rowing boat is shown with its sail raised and being propelled by rowers at the same time. Newberry, in a later publication, reasoned roughly the same thing when he wrote: “In this case we may take it that the second boat with the oarsmen is the tug proper, on which, aided by the current, they would depend for going down stream” (Newberry 1895, 29). In addition to the stern detail, these towboats both have bowsprits (attribute s) that are clearly being used as rigging attachments and the vessels have detailed rigging configurations through accurate mastheads. The south side of the east wall of Amenhemhet’s main chamber has another nautical scene that contains two rowed boats with a smaller vessel behind them. The small craft is a harem boat similar to that of Khnumhotep (Fig. 3.48) with five women looking through its cabin’s windows, and its propulsion is not shown (Fig. 3.53). Like the boats on the north side of this wall, the three boats represented here are Class M2.12 watercraft with DB, RCS, RSS (q11), and LSR, with the middle boat also carrying a bowsprit (attribute s). This group is “...voyaging down the river to obtain the benefits of Dadu (Busiris) for the prince

Figure 3.53. Class M2.12 boats towing a harem at Beni Hasan with the middle vessel carrying a bowsprit. Note the LSR (u3) on the front boat as well as the LSR on the second vessel (from Newberry 1893a, pl. XVI, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Watercraft Models. Forty-eight watercraft models excavated from Beni Hasan or attributed to the site (Fig. 3.54) are included in this study. Class M2.0 has one artifact dating to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI, while Class M2.8 with DB and RCS has two boats from Early All Egypt Dynasty XI. A large number of Beni Hasan models are Class M2.10 with DB, RCS, and RSS (q2-7,9) dating to Early (18, two), Mid (9, one), and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (6, one), and Early Dynasty XII (2). Four Beni Hasan models come from Class M2.12 with DB, RCS, RSS (q3,5,6) and LSR dating to Early (1) and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (3) and one M2.14 boat with DB, RCS, RSS (q3), and TDB dates to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI. Two Class M2.17 watercraft with DB and FS date to Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, and three M2.23 models with DB, RCS, RSS (q10,11), LSR, and ASR Mid (1) and Late Dynasty XII (2) (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 128, 247, 248, 316-321, 325, 327, 328, 330-332, 336338, 341, 343, 344, 351, 408, 409, 413, 414, 423, 424, 426, 432, 433, 437, 443-445, 454, 465, 475, 481-483, 518, 524, 525, 537, 544, 545). Class M2.10 and M2.12 watercraft are depicted on Beni Hasan tomb walls and in the watercraft model groups discovered there, along with less advanced boat classes.

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Figure 3.54. Middle Kingdom Necropolis of Beni Hasan depicting the 39 large cliff tombs of nomarchs documented by Blackman and the 888 middle class tombs excavated by Garstang below (from Garstang, 1907, Pls. III, IV).

Particularly significant is the depiction of LSR combined with RSS (q11) in the Late Dynasty XII Tomb 2 of Amenemhet because in profile, the LSR on a tomb while should be difficult to distinguish. However, the artists who created these maritime scenes made a point to include the LSR obviously, indicating they were knowledgeable of Nile River craft and their construction, and the same holds true with the inclusion of bowsprits (attribute s) on three of the tomb relief watercraft. Model makers were aware of actual Nile vessel construction as well, since LSR were included in their Class M2.23 artifacts, and bowsprits (attribute s) appear on some Beni Hasan models beginning in Late Dynasty XI. Several Beni Hasan models are associated with specific tombs or have been attributed to particular burials through research including boats from Tomb 287 of Senu-Atef and others (2), Tomb 1 of Court Official Antef (2), Tomb 186 of Superintendent in the Treasury Nefwa (4, three), Tomb 585 of Ruler of the Residence Khnem-Nekhta and Neter-Nekhta (5, four), Tomb 366 of Kheti (2), Tomb 275 of Courtier, Comptroller of the Household Jay (2), Tomb 834 of Hennu (1), Tomb 575 of Khetia (2), Tomb 116 of Physician Neferi (2), Tomb 723 of Sebek-Hetepa (2), Tomb 140 of Henem-Hotep (2), Tomb 264 of SetenEn-Hetepa (1), Tomb 707 of Master of the Household, Steward Apa (2), Tomb 412 of Baqta (1), and Tomb 500 of District Inspector Ma (2).

TWENTIETH UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Sedment The cemetery of Sedment served the capital of this nome, Herakleopolis Magna (ancient Henen-nesut, modern Ihnasya el-Medina), on the Nile River’s west bank (Fig. 3.55). Hundreds of pit tombs and simple graves located here date from Dynasties I-III, Dynasty VI, and primarily from Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX-X when Henen-nesut served as the center of power for the Herakleopolitan leaders. Other burials survive from the XVI to XVIII Dynasties, as well as the Greek and Roman Periods. Geographically, Herakleopolis is located at a gap in the ridge that separates the Faiyum and Nile Valley, allowing access to the resources of each region easily. It is this advantageous location that allowed Herakleopolis, and other rural sites, to remain strong during the First and Second Intermediate Periods when the larger economic centers declined, since it was vital for maintaining river and caravan transport (Baines and Málek 1980, 129; Grimal 1988, 83; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 1-7, 13-14; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 124). el-Lisht Birket Qarun

Akoris

Tarkhan

Faiyum

Riqqeh Meidum

Akoris (modern Tihna el-Gebel) is situated on the east bank of the Nile River. The majority of tombs are rockcut, some with chapels, and archaeological remains date from the Old Kingdom to the Roman Period. Akoris was at its height during the Middle Kingdom, but the area also includes New Kingdom monuments of Pharaohs Amenhotep III and Ramses III. The significance of the site as a transportation center may be evident from its Middle Kingdom name Mr-nfr, ‘a fine canal’ (Kawanishi et al 1995, 1-3, 446; Baines and Málek 1980, 14, 128).

Figure 3.55. Map of the Faiyum area, Northern Upper Egypt, Southern Lower Egypt, and Nile River tributaries (after Baines and Málek 1980, 121).

Watercraft Model. One watercraft model comes from Akoris, and it is an impressive Class M2.10 watercraft with DB, RCS, and RSS (q6). Although the model was partially burned in antiquity, excavators reconstructed the artifact with credible accuracy. The high length to beam ratio of this vessel (4.35:1) suggests that it may have been used on ‘the fine canal’ of Akoris, since it is narrow in consideration of its length (Appendix A, Cat. No. 446).

Petrie’s work at Sedment uncovered important artifacts that have helped fill in historical and archaeological gaps concerning First Intermediate Period burial customs. The cemetery of Sedment is important for this study since its tombs contained an array of wooden models. Groups of servant statues were common in all the graves, with complete sets of four model types: two model boats, a ka figure, a domestic scene, and granary. One detail

Lahun/Kahun Gurob Sedment Herakleopolis Magna

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS consistently found on the boat models is a quiver with spears and painted shields on canopies (Petrie and Brunton 1924, 1,13). These weapons and the protective gear may reflect this site’s important position in defending trade during a time of political upheaval.

produced a series of 40 boat timbers re-used as a causeway foundation outside the Dynasty XII Pyramid of Senusret II (c1880-1874 BCE). In antiquity the boat timbers were used to smooth a gangway to aid in movement of stones from a quarry (Figs. 3.56, 3.57). These timbers met a dreadful end since even though “the logs were all old timbers of ships; three of the best were selected and brought away, the others were used up in the removal of the granite coffin of Paramessu at Ghurob. They would in any case be used sooner or later for firewood by the natives.” A large colorful decorated rudder oar with a tiller discovered near-by, was kept (Petrie, Brunton, and Murray 1923, 12, Pls. XIII, XV).

Watercraft Models. Twenty-seven watercraft models from Sedment are included in this study. Classes M2.5 with DB contains one boat and M2.8 with DB and RCS has ten (one) artifacts from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX, while Class M2.9 with DB and RSS (q3) has three Sedment models from Herakleopolitan Dynasty X. Class M2.10 with DB, RCS, and RSS (q1,3,5) contains models from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX (3) and X (4, one), and from Early All Egypt Dynasty XI (3). One M2.11 boat with DB, RCS, RSS (q5), and LSS, one M2.14 with DB, RCS, RSS (q5), and TDB, and one M2.15 with DB, RCS, RSS (q3), LSS, LSR, and TDB date to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 195, 236-245, 295-297, 300-302, 304-307, 312, 315, 329, 473, 516, 521). Several watercraft models from Sedment have retained their relation to a specific person’s burial including Tomb 2112 of Mertetes (2), Tomb 2101 of Dudufi, Tomb 2127 of Nekht-Kauy (2), Tomb 2106 of Uazet-Hotep (2), Tomb 1580 of Nekhta (1), and Tomb 2111 of Khenty-Khety (2). The earliest models found at Sedment from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX have uncomplicated designs compared to artifacts from Herakleopolitan Dynasty X, possibly indicating improvements in the political and economical situation of the area as the northern rulers solidified their power base. Chapter 4 contains additional discussion on site-specific attributes of Sedment watercraft models. Gurob Gurob (ancient Mi-wer, modern Medinet el-Ghurob) encompasses a New Kingdom town site, harem-town, palace, and groups of shaft tombs in the southeastern Faiyum (Fig. 3.55). This community prospered during Late Dynasty XVIII and throughout Dynasty XIX (Baines and Málek 1980, 130; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 116-117).

Figures 3.56 and 3.57. Top: Boat planks re-used as a causeway foundation at Lahun. Bottom: A portion of the Lahun planks ‘in situ’ (from Petrie, Brunton, and Murray 1923, Pls. XIII, XV, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

Watercraft Models. Three boat models have been excavated from the site of Lahun/Kahun including an M2.0 artifact from Dynasty XII, and M2.10 boat with DB, RCS, and RSS (q1) from Herakleopolitan Dynasty X, and an M2.18 vessel with DB, RCS, and FS from Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 154, 310, 530). The most interesting model from Lahun/Kahun, MM 131, is a small clay craft with incredible detail that includes a supporting stanchion under the RCS (k4) and center DB. The construction of this model is comparable to another Faiyum area boat from nearby Sedment (PMEA UC16167, Appendix A, Cat. No. 297). Although they are in different classes, the basic construction of these open boats suggests they represent fishing vessels, particularly since PMEA UC16167 has nets associated with it.

Watercraft Model. Only one watercraft model has been excavated at Gurob, a Dynasty XIX Class M2.5 artifact with DB from Tomb 611. This model is unique since the boat has a non-standard bow finial on a platform and an odd projection under the waterline that has been interpreted as a ‘ram’ by some scholars (Appendix A, Cat. No. 222). This artifact was discovered riding on a four-wheeled cart like another M2.5 model from Dra Abu el-Naga dated to Early Dynasty XVIII (see above). Lahun and Kahun Lahun and Kahun are located in the southeastern Faiyum Region (Fig. 3.55). Pharaoh Senusret II’s Dynasty XII pyramid complex is located in the necropolis at Lahun. The settlement site of Kahun dates to the Old through Middle Kingdoms (Baines and Málek 1980, 121; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 156). The site of Lahun also

TWENTY-FIRST UPPER EGYPTIAN NOME Meidum. No watercraft models in this study were

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE discovered in the 21st Upper Egyptian Nome but some detailed maritime scenes from the Old Kingdom Dynasty IV Tomb of Rahotep at Meidum are significant (Fig. 3.55). One depiction is among a group of the earliest twodimensional representations of wooden boat-building known (Fig. 3.58). The scene is not very detailed, but it does show four men shaping a wooden papyriform boat, with two men using metal bladed tools to form the imitation lashings on the boat’s ends, while two other figures ‘tie’ the vessel’s planks together (Jones 1995, 73; Petrie 1892a, Pl. XII). Another image depicts an unfinished raft with a man bent under the craft’s end supporting it on his back while other workers bind the papyrus stalks together (Fig. 3.59; Petrie 1892a, Pl. XXIII).

archaeologists possible ways that early hulls were constructed (Haldane 1993, 61-67, Figs. 3.4-3.6, tbl. 3.2).

Figure 3.58. Papyriform boat construction at Meidum (from Petrie 1892a, Pl. XII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Figure 3.60. The Tarkhan planks that are possibly re-used boat timbers (from Petrie, Wainwright, and Gardiner 1913, Pl. IX, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL).

Watercraft Model.. One rare Class M2.0 boat model from the Middle Kingdom Dynasty XII Tomb 123 of Thent (Appendix A, Cat. No. 145) is one of eight models (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 137, 138, 144, 146, 150, 206, 207, in this study that represents a solar boat, and only one of three that has survived without changes to its form post-antiquity or whose hull did not survive (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 206, 207). From a nautical standpoint these artifacts are not informative (although two do have DB and RCS in their construction like actual river craft) since their deck fittings are symbols of the sun god and are by their nature, somewhat ‘mystical’. These models are usually associated with Dynasty XII pyramid complexes and solar boats will be discussed further below.

Figure 3.59. Men constructing a raft at Meidum (from Petrie 1892a, pl. XXIII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

FIRST LOWER EGYPTIAN NOME Riqqeh The site of Riqqeh, located north of Meidum (Fig. 3.55), consists of seven cemeteries designated A-G. The burials date to the Predynastic Period, and from Dynasty XII to the Roman Period. Cemetery A has been dated to Dynasty XII, to the reigns of Pharaohs Senusret I-III (c1965-1920 BCE; c1880-1855 BCE) (Engelbach 1915, 1, 4, 8).

el-Lisht

Tarkhan. Just north of Riqqeh (Fig. 3.55), wooden planks (PMEA UC17156, UC17157, UC17162, UC17166) uncovered at Tarkhan exhibit worked surfaces that emulate shipbuilding techniques in that they contain lashing channels that are reflected in later hull timbers (Fig. 3.60). Dating to Dynasty I, these planks have a variety of fastenings carved into them including through and edge mortises, and L, T, and V-shaped channels. The value of the Tarkhan planks is their variety of carved fastenings and early date, providing for nautical

The necropolis of el-Lisht is the only visible indication of the location of Itjtawy, the capitol of Egypt in Early Dynasty XII. The site is on the Nile River’s west side and includes the Pyramids of Pharaohs Amenemhat I (c19851955 BCE) and Senusret I (c1965-1920 BCE), subsidiary royal pyramids, mastaba tombs of government officials, and small grave cemeteries (Fig. 3.55; Baines and Málek 1980, 133; Grimal 1988, 177-178; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 28, 163). Like Lahun, a series of re-used boat timbers were used as bases for ramps and causeways 83

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Saqqara, Abusir, Abu Gurob, Giza, and Abu Roash5 (Fig. 3.61; Baines and Málek 1980, 134-135, 140-141; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 100, 180, 202). Beyond the importance of the Memphite Necropolis sites to this study, the significance of the city of Memphis as a commercial center, shipyard, and port to the maritime history of Egypt provides context to the watercraft models excavated from its sites.

outside Senusret I’s Dynasty XII pyramid. A series of 90 acacia and tamarisk boat timbers were unearthed during excavations in 1906-1934 and 19851988. These were re-used in antiquity as a base for ramps, causeways, and roadways around the funerary complex. The timbers have joggles and mortise and tenon joints like those seen in the Khufu I planks (see below), and even exhibit evidence of repairs. The disposition of the timbers suggests they originally came from a cargo ship, since they were recycled in a practical way. If they originally had been incorporated into a sacred ship, according to Ward [Haldane] the timbers would have had a ritualistic burial. Further, the timbers are much thicker than those used in ceremonial ships (Lansing 1924, 39, Fig. 8; Haldane 1992, 102-112; Haldane 1993, 158-194; Ward 2000, 107-128).

Abu Roash Pyramid of Radjedef

Old Cairo

Giza Pyramid of Khufu Pyramid of Khafra Pyramid of Menkaure

Watercraft Models. All of the maritime artifacts discovered at el-Lisht were clustered around the South Pyramid of Pharaoh Senusret I, from the causeway boat timbers to six watercraft models discovered there. However, this fact does not imply that the burials associated with these boats date to Senusret I’s reign since the necropolis was used throughout Dynasty XII. Three Class M2.0 models were found outside of the elLisht South Mastaba Tomb of Imhotep, High Priest of Ra at Heliopolis and date to c1920 BCE. Two M2.12 boats with DB, RCS, RSS (q10), and LSR from Mastaba B of Thuty at el-Lisht South date to Late Dynasty XII. One Class M2.23 watercraft model with DB, RCS, RSS (q10), LSR, and ASR from South Pit 6L.P13 dates to Early Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 137-139, 498, 499, 535). Two of Imhotep’s artifacts have reconstructed hulls that carry two series of attributes representing the sun god Ra. It makes sense that two sun boats would be included near Imhotep’s tomb considering his position as High Priest of Ra. The presence of three Class M2.23 models at el-Lisht indicate that the vessels in this area were designed with strong, sturdy sterns beginning in Early Dynasty XII, probably required for carrying heavy cargoes.

Khufu I Royal Vessel

Abu Gurab Abusir Pyramid of Sahure

Sun Temple of Nyuserra

Pyramids of Neferirkara and Raneferef

Saqqara Pyramids

Saqqara

Memphis

Helwan

Pyramid of Senusret III Dahshur Boats Dahshur Pyramids

Dahshur

Figure 3.61. Map of the Memphite Necropolis and the location of Helwan (after Baines and Málek 1980, 135).

Port of Memphis. During the Old Kingdom, administrators and shipwrights of the port of Memphis had their tombs constructed at Saqqara. By Dynasty XVIII, the port and shipyard was named Perunefer and was the center for the building and outfitting of war and support vessels during Asiatic military operations undertaken by Pharaoh Thutmose III (c1479-1425 BCE). Although the geographic position of the port is unknown, it probably lay south of Memphis. The wharf area was comprised of the shipyard, granary mills, woodworking shops, and lumberyards. In the Third Intermediate Period’s Dynasty XXIII, the harbor of Memphis was laid siege by sea and land, with “every ferry-boat, every cargo boat, every transport, and the ships, as many as there were, which had moored in the harbor of Memphis” used to repel the enemy. By Dynasty XXV in the Late Period it seems that Memphis had two ports called Mennefer and Ineb-hedj, with the second harbor possibly serving as a royal marina (Breasted 1906c, §863; Jeffreys 1985, 48; Säve-Söderbergh 1946, 36-38).

MEMPHITE NECROPOLIS The Memphite Necropolis lies south of the city of Memphis (ancient Men-nefer), the capital of the First Lower Egyptian Nome and where the seat of government was centered during the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom, and early First Intermediate Period. Even with the emergence of Herakleopolis Magna as the Lower Egyptian capital in Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX and Thebes as the Upper Egyptian capital in Theban Dynasty XI. The Memphite Necropolis remained a significant burial site throughout this transitional period. Several cemeteries comprise the Memphite Necropolis and monumental burial sites in the form of pyramids attest to the religious importance of the area, with dozens of pyramids being constructed near every major cemetery within its confines during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The cemeteries of importance for this study are Dahshur,

5

Although Giza and Abu Roash are included in the greater Memphite Necropolis, they are located in Lower Egyptian Nome 2 for governmental administrative purposes.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE A papyrus that pertains to the workings of the Memphis shipyard during the reign of Thutmose III, Papyrus British Museum 10056, is extremely useful since it refers to the import of wood for ship construction. A worker, who admired the wood’s ‘ready-for-use appearance’ compared to the inferior indigenous materials he usually handled, commented upon the quality of one unknown species of wood. This statement could also mean the wood arrived at the dockyard as an already trimmed log or as sawed planks. A previously unknown vessel called a skty-boat, which could have been in the yard for repairs when its differences were noted, is referred to in the same context as the more familiar, but still foreign, Kftiw- and Kpu.t-boats. Also mentioned is a large Cretan merchant ship, but unfortunately no description is provided (Glanville 1932, 9, 14-15, 21, 28).

Sneferu (c2613-2589 BCE), whose pyramid is believed to be the ‘Red Pyramid’ at Dahshur, ordered the “Building of 100-cubit dewatowe-ships (Dw’-t’wy) of meru (mr) wood, and of 60 sixteen-barges of the king.” In this passage, the ‘sixteen-barges’ may refer to the number rowers, probably on a side, or the number of frames in the hull. During the same year as the construction of the meru wood vessels, Sneferu ordered the “Bringing of 40 ships filled [with] cedar wood.... [for the] Building of 100-cubit dewatowe-ship of cedar wood, and two 100-cubit ships of meru wood.” Cedar was an expensive import from Lebanon, and its use was reserved for projects of great importance. This understood, the dewatowe-ship probably was a ship of state or a vessel used in religious ceremonies (Boreux 1925, 120; Breasted 1906a, 65-66, §146-147; Landström 1970, 35; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 218, 272, 306). Although the stone does not specify whether the large quantity of cedar mentioned was transported in Egyptian bottoms, an event of this magnitude, particularly this early in Egypt’s dynastic history, would definitely be memorable.

Dahshur. No boat models have been excavated from the site of Dahshur. However, five and possibly six boats were excavated outside Senusret III’s pyramid at Dahshur, dating to Dynasty XII (c1855 BCE), but only four of the hulls are known today (Fig. 3.62). These boats range in size from 9.25-9.92 meters (30.35-21-55 feet) long, 2.15-2.43 meters (7.05-7.97 feet) in the beam, and .72-.79 meters (2.36-2.59 feet) deep. The length to beam ratios of the vessels are 3.8:1, 4:1.1, 4.4:1, and 4.6:1. The hulls are made primarily of cedar, have open and dovetail mortise fasteners, lack frames, had quarter rudder oars, and retain bits of paint. The gunwales of each Dahshur boat have evidence of plaster, red, blue, and black stripes, and one of them seems to have had a red bottom. The rudder oars of two boats were colorfully decorated with udjat eyes, lotus leaves, and rosettes, and their stanchions had red and green stripes. Unfortunately, these decorations have faded considerably. The Dahshur boats coincide with Class M2.25 watercraft models simply because they have TDB, but the beams cut flush with side of their outer hulls. These four vessels also have stanchions supporting the TDB, suggesting attribute state k4 associated with RCS, although the Dahshur boats do not incorporate RCS in their construction (de Morgan 1895, Pl. I; Haldane 1984; Haldane 1993, 202-239; Ward 2000, 83-102, Fig. 37). I have seen all of the known Dahshur boats in Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Cairo, and the only paint easily visible was some bright blue paint on a quarter rudder oar associated with the hull housed in Chicago.

Saqqara Located on the west bank of the Nile River, the large necropolis of Saqqara includes fifteen pyramids, with the principal five belonging to the Old Kingdom pharaohs Djoser and Sekhemkhet of Mid Dynasty III, Userkaf and Unas of Early and Late Dynasty V, and Teti of Early Dynasty VI. The Pyramid of Unas contains the earliest inscription of the Pyramid Texts (see below). Important New Kingdom features include the Serapeum and the tomb of Tutankhamun’s treasurer Maya. Besides the main pyramids and their surrounding subsidiary pyramids, mastaba tombs, tomb chapels, and mortuary temples, the Saqqara cemetery is permeated with subterranean tomb chambers, shafts, and halls (Fig. 3.63). These structures above and below ground were usurped or re-built repeatedly and well pillaged throughout their histories (Baines and Málek 1980, 142-151; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 235, 250-252). Pyramid of Unas

Mastaba of Ti Old Kingdom Tombs

Boat Pit

Teti Pyramid Complex Causeway of Unas

Figure 3.62. An antique model of a Class M2.25 boat from Dahshur. SML 1915-59.

Figure 3.63. Necropolis of Saqqara with sites significant to this study labeled (after Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 251).

A fragmented basalt stela known as the Palermo Stone lists Egyptian kings and the important events of their reign, beginning with mythical rulers that stretch back through Egypt’s prehistory up to the Dynasty V pharaohs. An interesting early Dynasty IV commentary about shipbuilding is found on the stone when Pharaoh

The remains of at least four Early Dynastic Period Dynasty I boat pits or ‘graves’ have been excavated at Saqqara, with two pits below ground and two above, and all were surrounded by mud-brick coverings shaped like boats. At least one of the graves contained a wooden hull (Fig. 3.64), but its condition during excavation and its

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS fate is unknown (Emery 1954, 138, Fig. 203; Emery 1958, 49, Pls. 44, 66-67). Other Dynasty I nautical artifacts found at Saqqara include recycled boat timbers incorporated into coffins (Fig. 3.65) and used as roofing material in covered graves (Emery 1958, Pl. 122b; Vinson 1994, 18-20; 1987, 39-40, 70). It has been suggested that these timbers were re-used from hulls that were no longer seaworthy, and because they have holes in them, could not be used for decorative or other practical purposes (Frankfort 1941, 343).

phase where they still required support. Workers are depicted in diverse jobs that include the shaping of timbers from a tree trunk, the sawing in half what appears to be a deck beam (DB), and the cutting of holes in planks. Boatwrights are shown on-board these craft shaping the hull, including one man who is carving imitation papyrus lashings on a boat’s stern. One vessel seems to be undergoing several phases of construction at once. Four men work on the hull, a group of five workers shape and fit a bulwark (attribute f) or outrigger (O) onto the gunwale, and a foreman manages the activity. Two other boats already have these bulwarks fitted. Other figures in supervisory positions control the construction and hull curves of the ships. This scene is particularly helpful in showing the entire process of shipbuilding since the tools for each job is distinguished with clarity. The tools used by the workers include axes, adzes, chisels, saws, clubs, and stone hammers (Landström 1970, 38, no. 102; Shaw and Nicholson, 1995, 298; Steindorff 1913, Pl. 119).

Figure 3.64. Reconstruction of a wooden boat in a brick-built grave at Saqqara (from Emery 1958, Pl. 44, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Figure 3.66. Shipbuilding scene from the Tomb of Ti at Saqqara (from Steindorff 1913, pl.119).

Figure 3.67. A Class M2.0 cargo boat depiction from the Tomb of Ti at Saqqara (after Landström 1970, no. 175).

A wooden cargo boat (Fig. 3.67) heavily laden with goods and crew was colorfully painted on the wall of Ti’s tomb. It also carries an amidships cabin and a sewn-on bulwark, resembling Class M2.0 models from Saqqara. Baskets and jars are stacked on top of the cabin, while the crew row and steer the boat through the river. Another scene includes a rowing boat (Fig. 3.68) with a light deck frame that could be covered with an awning to act as a cabin or canopy, and O (Landström 1970, no. 175; Steindorff 1913, Pls. 21-22, 74-81) that represents a Class M2.6 watercraft. The inclusion of DB and an O into a nautical scene indicates the Old Kingdom watercraft models in this study are accurate depictions of vessels deemed important enough to be included in the reliefs and paintings of an important governmental official such as Overseer Ti. These images coincide with

Figure 3.65. The top of a coffin with evidence of re-used timbers that reflect boat-building techniques at Saqqara (from Emery 1958, Pl. 122b, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society).

Fine carvings and paintings of wooden boat-building and cargo boats are found in Dynasty V mastaba tombs at Saqqara. Some of the finest are found in the Tomb of Ti, Overseer of the Pyramid Complexes and Sun Temples at Saqqara, dating to the reign of Nyuserra (c2334-2421 BCE). A boat-building scene from this tomb is composed of three registers that are carved in relief, painted, and portray the finishing stages of several boats being built (Fig. 3.66). The hull bottoms are supported by stanchions underneath indicating these craft are in a construction 86

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE at least Class M2.0 models in most cases, and possibly M2.5, M2.6, or M2.7 in others.

99). Mentioned often in the texts are “reed-floats of the sky...in place for Ra. That he may cross on them to the horizon.” Later the king approaches the celestial ferryman, stating “I have come to you that you may ferry me across in this ferry-boat in which you ferry the gods” and puts forward a case to the ferryman of his pious nature to prove that he is worthy of transport. The king asks Ra to recommend him to “the ferryman of the Winding Waterway, so that he may bring me his ferryboat...in which he ferries the gods to yonder side of the Winding Waterway...to the eastern side of the sky.” The king continues to plead to the gods when he says “O sounding-poles of Horus, O wings of Thoth, ferry me across, do not leave me boatless.” Finally, “the ropes are tied, the ferry-boats are ready for the son of Atum, for the son of Atum is not boatless. This King is bound for the son of Atum, and the son of Atum is not boatless” (Faulkner 1969, 72, 78, 116, 190, 256, Utt. 263, 270, 359, 515, 615). These few examples illustrate the Egyptian tenet that watercraft were essential to proceed into the next world successfully and by doing so, the king’s goodness was confirmed. The collection of watercraft models in this study indicates that they became a symbol for success in the afterlife in Egyptian prehistory, but were then restricted as part of funerary furniture to the upper classes by the Old Kingdom. However, watercraft models again were provided to the middle class in the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom, and by the New Kingdom it is apparent that models were again restricted to nobility.

Figure 3.68. A Class M2.6 boat with a light deck structure at Saqqara (from Steindorff 1913, pl. 21).

Two other boat pits are located on the south side of the causeway leading to the Pyramid of Pharaoh Unas of late Dynasty V (c2375-2345 BCE) at Saqqara. The pit farthest north is 39 meters (127.95 feet) long and 6.6 meters (21.65 feet) wide, while the southern pit has been partially destroyed (Verner 1992, 599). The intact pit could hold a substantial watercraft and it is unfortunate the boat did not survive. A detailed seafaring scene is carved into the causeway of Unas’s pyramid (Fig. 3.69), comprised of two vessels with HT, blade-like finials, stepped and rigged masts, and large anchors on deck near the bow (Hassan 1955, 137-139, Fig. 2). The depiction of these ships is significant since they portray, in rather high detail, the design of Egyptian ships that sailed on the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The blade-like finial, although not a major nautical attribute, Class determiner, or important structural component, held importance in Egyptian watercraft construction in relation to travel outside Egypt’s borders in ships, not boats. Further, the illustration of hogging trusses in these Old Kingdom vessels indicates that shipwrights of the time recognized the need for longitudinal cohesion in ship design to prevent hogging and sagging, particularly on open waters outside of the confines of the Nile River valley.

Figure 3.70. New Kingdom cargo boats with TDB and SC with the human figures and cargo eliminated. Attributed to Saqqara (after Martin 1987, Pl. 10). Figure 3.69. Sea-going vessels with HT from the causeway of Unas at Saqqara; human figures have been removed (after Landström 1970, no. 192).

Six New Kingdom relief fragments attributed to Saqqara include a scene that contains a flotilla with parts of eight vessels that have TDB and SC or SC alone (Class M2.29), carry cabins, masts, rigging, and steering gear (Fig. 3.70). Two portions of the relief contain at least parts of three boats landing on the riverbank. Prominently featured in the scene is a high-ranking Egyptian controlling a leashed prisoner whose arms are bound behind him. Stevedores are pictured, under supervision, unloading baskets of food. Another fragment depicts the mast and part of the rigging and sail of a boat, with men climbing the standing rigging and on the top yard. A basket and other containers are hanging in the rigging, while stevedores unload cargo below. Two vessels have their masts and sails raised with crews on-board, while the other two are apparently moored with only one man on-board holding something. One of these boats has

As mentioned above, the Pyramid of Unas at Saqqara contains one of the earliest known examples of the Pyramid Texts, but these inscriptions are also found in First Intermediate Period pyramids as well. A number of the nearly 800 utterances from the Pyramid Texts contain nautical metaphors and references to watercraft and their often-mystical importance. The Pyramid Texts are brimming with spells that mention the watercraft necessary for the king to successfully navigate the sky and the waterways to arrive at the ‘Field of Offerings’ or ‘Field of Rushes’ in the afterlife. During the Old Kingdom, only pharaohs were allowed into the next world where they would become gods and associate for eternity with the gods (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 69,

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS streamers flying from the rudder oar stanchion and rudder oar. A singular relief fragment depicts parts of five boats with TDB and while the sterns have not survived, they were probably SC, carrying cargoes of cattle and large cabins (Fig. 3.71). It is not surprising that the New Kingdom vessels carved in these reliefs were constructed with TDB since they are cargo vessels that required a wide beam to accommodate their cattle and dry goods, and needed additional athwartships strength (Martin 1987, 16-17, Pl. 10.27-28, 10.30-31, 11.29).

Khennu), and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (3, from Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut), and Mid Dynasty XII (1, from the Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re). One Class M2.14 with DB, RCS, RSS (q7), and TDB from Late All Egypt Dynasty XI comes from Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, and another boat from the Mid Dynasty XII Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re comes from Class M2.22 with DB, RCS, RSS (q10), and ASR (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 35, 20-24, 26, 59-69, 76, 77, 81, 93, 136, 189, 205, 208210, 223-228, 230-233, 246, 309, 334, 335, 339, 340, 349, 353, 354, 416, 422, 439-441, 466, 519, 534). The six detailed Middle Kingdom models from Class M1.3 representing papyrus rafts found in the Saqqara Necropolis suggests that reeds may have been abundant in this northern region. The variety of wooden boat models from the area indicates a need for strong, sturdy, often beamy vessels with strong stern counters, as shown in the addition of O to some watercraft beginning in Dynasty VI and strong RSS (q6-7,10) and TDB in Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI to Mid Dynasty XII. The deck fittings on two of Queen Neit’s Class M2.0 Saqqara models (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 64, 65) indicate they represent cargo carriers and emulate images on the wall of Ti’s tomb (Fig. 3.67). Another illustration from Ti’s tomb (Fig. 3.68) is representative of four of Neit’s Class M2.6 models with O, two with a canopy frame and two without (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 230-233). One of Niankh-PepyKem's Dynasty VI M2.6 boat models from Meir (Appendix A, Cat. No. 229) is more demonstrative of Ti’s wall relief since it carries a similar light framework, but it obviously represents a smaller vessel than the boat depicted on the tomb wall. The significant geographical difference between Saqqara and Meir on the Nile River and the strong similarities between Niankh-Pepy-Kem’s and Neit’s models, and Ti’s tomb relief, suggests uniform nautical technological traditions and with that, communication between the sites by Dynasty VI.

Figure 3.71. New Kingdom cargo boats with TDB and probably SC. Attributed to Saqqara (after Martin 1987, Pl. 11).

Watercraft Models. Fifty-seven watercraft models in this study were excavated from the Saqqara necropolis. Three Class M1.0 papyrus rafts with RE date to Dynasty I and six M1.3 rafts with RE and RT date to Early (3), Late (2) and general All Egypt Dynasty XI (1); one from the tomb of Gemniehet. Sixteen Class M2.0 watercraft come from Saqqara, with five from the Old Kingdom Dynasty VI flotillas of Priest Kaemsenu from Mastaba Tomb 240 (c2345-2323 BCE) and six from Queen Neit (c2278-2185 BCE), four boats from Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX (2) and X (2, one), and one from the All Egypt Dynasty XI Tomb of Overseer of the Seal GemWsr. One Class M2.5 watercraft with DB dates to the Early Dynastic Period, another M2.5 model was discovered in the Tomb of Gem-Wsr (All Egypt Dynasty XI), and three Mid Dynasty XII M2.5 boats were found in the Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re. The remaining models from the flotillas of Kaemsenu (6) and Neit (4) are found in Class M2.6 with O and one M2.8 boat with DB and RCS dates to Herakleopolitan Dynasty X. Fourteen Class M2.10 watercraft models with DB, RCS, and RSS (q27,10 ) come from Saqqara and date to Herakleopolitan Dynasty X (1), Early (4, one, three from the Tomb of Nefer-Smedet and Karenen), Mid (5, one, one from Tomb HMK 159 of Mut-Hetepi, one from Tomb 289 of

Abusir Located on the west bank of the Nile River, Abusir is mainly comprised of four Dynasty V Pyramids of Pharaohs Sahura, Neferirkara, Raneferef, and Nyuserra, associated sun and mortuary temples, and the mastaba tombs of viziers (Baines and Málek 1980, 152-153; Grimal 1988, 124; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 12-13). A significant maritime scene of sea-going ships is seen at Sahura’s (c2475 BCE) mortuary temple, although it is no longer in situ. A flotilla of ships is depicted leaving for and returning from a sea-going trip (Fig. 3.72), with their destination probably being Syria since the vessel carries a number of Asian men on-board for the return voyage (Vandier 1969, Figs. 331-333). This scene shows ships with HT and truss girdles, un-stepped bipod masts, anchors on deck, and the blade-like finials of Egyptian watercraft that travel on open water. Large archives of papyri have shed light on the funerary traditions of the Old Kingdom because they contained lists of cult objects, directions for temple employees, and letters (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 13). These papyri 88

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE listed at least three different boats among the temple and pyramid complex holdings and served as instructions for the discovery of a mud-brick boat-shaped pit on the south side of Neferirkara’s pyramid (c2455 BCE) at Abusir. The pit once contained a wooden boat, whose remains were found in the bottom of the pit in the form of a dark powder. The pit itself was damaged when the southern enclosure wall of the pyramid collapsed onto it in antiquity, crushing the boat as well. Two other cedar boats were found in Raneferef’s mortuary temple (c2445 BCE), the subjects of a ritual burial inside a sealed room. These boats were damaged by fire and only one hull is nearly complete and is included in this study (Appendix A, Cat. No. 58).6 It measures 3.87 meters (12.70 feet) long and .65 meters (2.13 feet) in the beam, having a 5.96:1 length to beam ratio. Fragments in the papyrus archive mention that one boat had been placed on a pedestal in the temple, and the cross-section of the most complete boat indicates it has a solid hull (Verner 1980, 168-169, Fig. 11; Verner 1986, 155; Verner 1992, 587594, Figs. 5, 6) and is a block model. It has been suggested (Doyle 1998, 68, n. 20) that Raneferef’s boats are plank-built models, but this is incorrect. These boats are very large boat models used in ceremonies for the mortuary cult and not functional craft to be used on the Nile River.

Harshefhotep’s titles, Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra, also indicates that the management of the Abusir funerary complexes of Dynasty V was an ongoing concern in Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, approximately 425 years later.

Figure 3.72. Sea-going ship with HT from Sahura’s Temple at Abusir (after Borchardt 1913, Pl. 13).

Figure 3.73. The brick-built solar barque of Pharaoh Nyuserra at Abu Gurab (from Borchardt 1905, abb. 46).

Watercraft Models. Ten watercraft models have been excavated from Abusir tombs and mortuary temples. One Class M2.0 Dynasty V watercraft dates to c2445 BCE and came from the mortuary temple of Pharaoh Raneferef, while a Herakleopolitan Dynasty X M2.0 boat was found in Tomb mR 25 of Impy I. Two Class M2.8 models with DB and RCS date to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI and come from Tomb mR 6 of Harshefhotep, who was Regulator of the Phyle and Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra. Five Class M2.10 boats with DB, RCS, and RSS (q2,6,9) have been excavated at Abusir including artifacts from the Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Tomb mR 42 of Impy II (2), the Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Tomb of Harshefhotep (2), and Tomb mR 1 of Eu-MAchwet (1) dating to Mid Dynasty XII. Another model belonging to Eu-M-Achwet is a Class M2.12 vessel with DB, RCS, and RSS (q10), and LSR (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 58, 113, 267, 268, 418, 420, 434, 437, 466, 491). The context of the model of Raneferef and its probable listing in a mortuary temple inventory attests to the precise bookkeeping of the Egyptians in relation to the funerary industry in the Old Kingdom. One of

Giza. A complete wooden watercraft was discovered in a boat pit south of Pharaoh Khufu’s Dynasty IV (c2566 BCE) pyramid on the Giza Plateau. Dubbed Khufu I, this boat is the oldest completely excavated Egyptian hull in existence (Fig. 3.74). The vessel has been studied thoroughly (Haldane 1993; Lipke 1984; Nour et al 1960. Ward 2000), but a brief discussion of its construction is presented. The boat was found disassembled in an airtight rectangular pit in 1954. Its components include “30 planks, 16 floor timbers, 62 deck beams, 36 stanchions, a carling and two stringers, 22 sections of decking, 23 pre-assembled panels of the deckhouse, 58 papyrus-bud pillars, 5 doors, and 300 battens.” The outer hull plank edges were cut with joggles that were slanted at alternating angles, creating an interlocking system of pieces. This construction is unique to the Egyptian tradition of boat-building, and provided sufficient longitudinal support to endure the pressures of heavy cargoes such as stone architectural elements, and the external tensions exerted on the hull’s seams by water.

Abu Gurab. No watercraft models have been discovered at Abu Gurab. However, a sculptured brick boat (Fig. 3.73), dedicated to the sun god is ‘moored’ off the south side of the Dynasty V sun temple of Pharaoh Nyuserra (c2421 BCE) (Borchardt 1905, 52-54). Many boats, whether made of wood, brick, or carved of stone have been discussed and labeled as solar barques. This often happens because of their placement on a certain side of a pyramid, that they face a particular direction, or simply because they are present in a funerary context (Hassan 1946, 38, 46, 81-82; Haldane 1993, 145-150; Hawass 1988, 85; Hawass 1990, 27; Verner 1992, 593; Ward 2000, 77-80). However, the Abu Gurab boat is a solar barque because it incorporates the attributes of the sun god in its construction (Borchardt 1905, 53, Figs. 46-47).

Main fastening types holding the vessel together include free, coak, and open mortise and tenon joints, V-shaped transverse lashings, and ligatures. The raised central shelf, or carling, is made of two timbers scarfed together

6

The condition of the other model is unknown and the author has not see any photographs of the artifacts.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS and is mortised to fit deck beams. Two side shelves, or stringers, are comprised of two beams each scarfed together, and are notched to fit over deck beams. Now assembled, the vessel is decked, has a rectangular cabin with decorative support columns, 12 rudder oars, and measures 42.30 meters (138.78 feet) long, 5.66 meters (18.57 feet) in the beam, and has a 1.80 meters (5.91 feet) depth of hold. The length to beam ratio is 7.5:1. The majority of the ship is made of cedar (Haldane 1993, 8990, 94-102, 106-107, 158; Landström 1970, 28-39; Ward 2000, Landström 1970, 28-39, 54-55, 107), but a few wooden pieces of Khufu I were typed shortly after its discovery and have been identified. These samples indicate that the Egyptian boatwrights incorporated several species of wood in the boat’s construction including hornbeam, juniper, cedar, and possibly a species native to India, but this identification was not conclusive. Domestic woods evident in its construction are the fruit bearing tree balanites aegyptiaca and acacia (Lucas 1948, 383; Nour et al 1960, 45-46).

if it were incorporated into the hull of Khufu I. The distinctive stem and stern finials on Khufu I, the iconic appendages that have become what people expect to see on an Egyptian hull whether the vessel is an actual Nile River boat or a watercraft model, are in fact one of the most rare forms of hull end configurations in this study, numbering 19 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 66, 67, 139142,158-161, 211-213, 270-273, 281, 282). However, many models carried this finial configuration but the ends did not survive from antiquity, and derivations of these finials are numerous. Further, Khufu I is the only actual Egyptian watercraft whose finials have survived from antiquity; the Dahshur boats probably had similar finials but unfortunately, they were not unearthed with the hulls.

Figure 3.75. Cross-section of Khufu I indicating the DB, RCS, stanchion, and LSS (after Landström 1970, no. 86).

Other Old Kingdom boat pits are located in the Giza necropolis, including four around Khufu’s pyramid. A rectangular pit south of the pyramid still contains a disassembled wooden called Khufu II. Compared to Khufu’s assembled hull, this boat’s components are in poor condition due to oxygen damage over the years and the conservation efforts required to stabilize the thousands of organic pieces would be tremendous. Khufu’s other three boats are cut out of rock and lie west of the pyramid, and might have contained wooden ships in antiquity. Further, two smaller rock-cut boats lie between the queen’s pyramids nearby, and four large rock-cut boats and one boat pit are located around the pyramid of Khafra (c2532 BCE) of Mid Dynasty IV (Haldane 1993, 119-130, 132-144, 151-153; Ward 2000, 61-68, 69-76, 80-81). Abu Roash. The pyramid Dynasty IV Pharaoh Radjedef (c2558 BCE) was in the early phase of its construction when the king died, remaining unfinished. However, a boat pit was constructed outside the pyramid that measured 37 meters (121.39 feet) long, 9.6 meters (31.50 feet) wide, and 5.5 meters (18.04 feet) deep, but no evidence of the boat survived (Baines and Málek 1980, 165; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 11; Verner 1992, 596).

Figure 3.74. The royal vessel Khufu I (Creative Commons License, photograph by Alex Lbh).

For comparison to watercraft models in this study, Khufu I has DB, RCS, and LSS, but these major nautical construction attributes do not appear in this combination in any artifact Class (Fig. 3.75). Reasons for this may be that LSS does not appear in models until Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and major attribute RSS is not incorporated into Egyptian hulls until the First Intermediate Period, so any stern configuration would not be a Class determiner

MEMPHITE NECROPOLIS SUMMARY The city of Memphis was the capital of Egypt beginning in the Early Dynastic Period and into the First

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CONTEXT AND PROVENANCE Intermediate Period, with the easily navigable stretch of the Nile River at this point accommodating the establishment of the port of Memphis. Even with the shift of power to other locations, Memphis remained an important commercial site because of its established transportation infrastructure and its vast necropolis of pyramids, mastaba tombs, rock-cut and shaft tombs, and burial pits. The quantity of maritime sites in this large necropolis is significant, including actual wooden boats at Dahshur and Giza, boat pits (some with vessel remnants) at Saqqara, Giza, and Abu Roash, and a solar barque at Abu Gurab. The great number of tomb and temple reliefs, texts, stelae, and papyri with nautical themes contain images that correlate to Classes M2.0, M2.5, M2.6, and M2.7 of watercraft models. The variety of watercraft models excavated from the Memphite Necropolis sites (Classes M1.0, M1.3, M2.0. M2.5, M2.6, M2.8, M2.10, M2.12, M2.14, M2.22) with major nautical structural attributes RE, BUS, RT, DB, O, RCS, RSS (q2-7,9,10), LSR, TDB, and ASR incorporated into their construction in varying combinations, many with strong stern counters and landing platforms for effective river navigation and landing.

grave may indicate that the northern section of the Nile River may have been an amenable waterway for raft use, particularly since this area just south of the Delta Region between the Nile and the Sinai was undergoing a wet period that began around 5000 BCE (Trigger 1983, 18). An expansion in the acreage of wetlands would suggest that more papyrus plants would grow in this area and the production of papyrus rafts might occur as well. The Middle Kingdom M2.8 artifact, Helwan 132H from Grave 132H, is an enigma to a degree because Helwan is well known for its extensive Early Dynastic sites, not its Dynasty XII burials. Vinson referred to the RCS in this model as a keelson and its DB as floors. As Ward [Haldane] pointed out, the RCS (she referred to it as “a timber at deck level”) cannot be a keelson if it is represented in a vessel that does not have a keel and besides, it does not run along the vessel’s bottom where a keelson would be found. She further pointed to the presence of a bowsprit (attribute s, that she referred to as a ‘bow bumper’) and claims this attribute is first seen in Meket-Re’s Late All Egypt Dynasty XI (c2016-1985 BCE) models, suggesting a Middle Kingdom date. Ward also pointed out that later Dynastic burials would often overlay Predynastic and Early Dynastic sites, so she contended the dating of this artifact to the Early Dynastic Period might be incorrect (Haldane 1993, 83, n. 21; Vinson 1987, 172; Ward 2000, 42, n.17), and she correct in nearly all of her assertions. I contend that Helwan 132H is a Dynasty XII model representing a wooden boat with DB, RCS, and a bowsprit (attribute s1). I placed this model in Dynasty XII because the inclusion of this minor nautical attribute was commonplace by Early Dynasty XII, but it is first seen in Early All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 329 and not Late All Egypt Dynasty XI as Ward asserts), and is seen in many models by Mid Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 327, 352, 426, 476, 480, 522). The boat’s stern is missing, so the nature of its RSS cannot be determined, nor its exact chronological placement within Dynasty XII.

THIRTEENTH LOWER EGYPTIAN NOME Helwan Helwan is located on the east side of the Nile River across from the Saqqara necropolis. It is believed the ancient city of Iwnw or Heliopolis, the pre-unification capital of this region before it moved to Memphis in Dynasty I, was nearby. The old town of Heliopolis is not to be confused with a new town site further north, at the very southern tip of the Delta of the same name, where the great university was established. However, Helwan was probably near the original Iwnw, and was known as Her-Iwnw or ‘the City above Iwnw’. Over 10,000 Early Dynastic Period graves were excavated at Helwan, ranging from simple pit burials to burials associated with mastaba tombs of local nobility (Baines and Málek 1980, 18; Saad 1969, 9, 16; Trigger 1983, 55). Nineteen boat pits dating to Dynasties I and II were discovered at Helwan, some with decayed wood remains lining their bottoms, outside large and medium sized non-royal tombs at Helwan. All but one of the vessels were buried to the north of the tomb with which they were associated. Although these boats and their meaning have been discussed, no excavation details, hull diagrams, or analysis of wood fragments has been published (Saad 1947, 110-111, Pls. XL, LIX; Saad 1951, 41-42, Pls. LIX-LX; Saad 1969, 23, 70-71, 75, Pls. 105-108).

Mataria. Although no watercraft models come from the Cairo suburb of Mataria (ancient On; Fig. 3.76) a Late Period Dynasty XXVII boat was the subject of a salvage excavation during a construction project there in 1987. The hull was partially destroyed by earth-moving equipment, but much of the vessel’s outer planking was recovered (Fig. 3.77). The central, or what could be called a keel strake, extends below the hull by one or two centimeters, and there are two large mortises in this timber. The planking arrangement is similar to the earlier dynastic hulls, but the fasteners were of pegged mortiseand-tenon construction, a change from the earlier boats. These pegs seem to be thicker than the hull planks and may have been used to attach components to the hull (Haldane 1993, 240-249; Ward 2000, 129-135). The closest analogy for this watercraft model study and the Mataria hull would be a Class M2.28 boat with a K, even though the Mataria hull’s central timber is referred to as a central strake, since it protrudes below the bottom of the hull. Further, this vessel has what we recognize as a mast step, the final advancement seen in minor nautical

Watercraft Models. Three watercraft models have been excavated from Helwan including two Early Dynastic Period (c3100-2686 BCE) artifacts, one Class M1.2 papyrus raft with RE, BUS, and RT and one M2.0 wooden boat. The third model is a Class M2.8 boat with DB and RCS and dates to Dynasty XII (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 18, 56, 293). The Class M1.2 raft from Helwan is extremely detailed and unfortunately, only a fragment has survived. However, its quality and presence in a Helwan 91

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS attribute j1-15 (Figs. 2.82-2.96) and directly from attribute state j14 (Fig. 2.95).

NINETEENTH LOWER EGYPTIAN NOME Minshat Abu Omar

Minshat Abu Omar

Minshat Abu Omar is located in the northeastern corner of the Nile Delta and was a Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period trading center with southern Palestine and Upper Egypt (Fig. 3.76). The area contains hundreds of graves from the Naqada II Period into Dynasty I (Baines and Málek 1980, 167; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 188). Watercraft Model. One Predynastic Naqada II Period Class M1.2 papyrus raft with RE, BUS, and RT was excavated from Grave A322 at Minshat Abu Omar. This watercraft model is finely carved with incredible detail, and its existence attests to the usefulness of papyrus craft in the many arms of the Nile River in the Delta and the availability of the plant for raft construction (Appendix A, Cat. No. 15). CONCLUSIONS Summary descriptions of the purposes of Egyptian tombs and burials, the different models and their arrangement within tombs, the archaeological contexts and sites where watercraft models have been excavated, and the contemporary conditions near centers of model production that may affect model construction assist in the understanding of the importance of watercraft and watercraft models in Egyptian culture. This survey of the archaeological contexts and sites where Egyptian watercraft models have been discovered accounts for 505 of the 586 artifacts in this study. The remaining 81 watercraft models have not been assigned a specific provenance since a lack of reliable information did not allow this task. The number of artifacts whose provenance is provided by the author or changed by the author is 73 based on searches through site reports, comparative studies with watercraft models of definite provenance, and trustworthy museum accession information. Further, the examination of related maritime illustrations, structures, texts, and actual watercraft throughout the Nile River valley further reinforces the new Classification system developed in Chapter 2 by the comparisons made above. This abundance of watercraft images, textual references, and the surviving watercraft models examined in this study solidifies the significance of waterborne transportation for the success of the Egyptian civilization, culture, religion, and commerce.

Mataria

Figure 3.76. Map of the Eastern Nile River Delta (after Baines and Málek 1980, 167).

Figure 3.77. The remains of the Mataria hull (drawing courtesy of Cheryl Ward, Coastal Carolina University).

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IV SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES Beyond the nautical importance of Egyptian watercraft models in demonstrating ancient boat and raft building technology in three dimensions through the new classification scheme developed in Chapter 2, secondary non-nautical category formation can assist Egyptologists interested in daily life activities, social, political, religious, and economic conditions, and burial customs of the Ancient Egyptians. Certain attributes included in watercraft design relate information about the tomb owner, the artisan who constructed the artifact, and its context. These subsidiary components support aspects of my study including the possible provenance of unprovenanced artifacts and probable dates of particular boats or rafts. Further, art and social historians, religious scholars, or any researcher interested in iconography, material fabric use, or the subjects mentioned above can also benefit from this study. These other goals are possible without extra effort because of the efficiency with which data gathering has been made possible through the use of a laptop computer and organizational software as described in Chapter 1. The attributes concerned include those that affect watercraft operations, adornments affecting hull shape but not operations, objects indicative of security and political climate, items of everyday life, sustenance, entertainment, shelter, and symbolic iconography. As determined in Chapter 2, there are 16 minor or secondary nautical attributes incorporated into watercraft models. Associated with these attributes are the removable items that are often separated from the model in antiquity or post-excavation. For example, steering attachments (d1-6) and stanchions or stanchion holes (i1-6) are physical evidence of steering gear on watercraft models. These attributes are permanent to an undamaged model and are reliable indicators of propulsion. For this reason, this minor structural attribute was used in the new classification scheme. However, other attributes representing propulsion are easily lost from models or replaced with other similar, and in some cases, not so similar attributes. Therefore, quarter rudder oars, rudder oars, oars and paddles, and punt poles are considered secondary attributes. Like secondary attributes of propulsion, attributes such as anchors and landing equipment are frequently separated from the model that originally carried them, because often models are found jumbled and in disarray when a tomb is opened and the artifacts are not reassembled correctly. Further, pieces

such as extra rowers or sailors are placed on models where they do not belong, and therefore, secondary attributes cannot be used in classification building. Secondary attributes associated with each watercraft are catalogued in Appendix A. WATERCRAFT OPERATIONS: MOVABLE NONSTRUCTURAL NAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES Secondary nautical attributes observed on boat and raft models relay information concerning the vessel’s propulsion, anchorage, landing equipment, and use for fishing. While these attributes cannot be used as classification indicators because of their tendency to move from model to model or be lost, they are important in the overall scheme of this study since the model maker created them in emulation of actual vessel equipment. STEERING AND PROPULSION Quarter Rudder Oars, Rudder Oars, Oars, and Paddles Usually models with quarter rudders are designed to carry two, one on port and one on starboard. Artifacts with rudder oars can accommodate only one at the stern, but on two models an additional rudder oar is set against the bowsprit (Appendix A, Cat. No. 280, 488). I support this configuration for rudder oars and bowsprits with cleft and fork ends (attribute states s1-2), but this arrangement must be questioned since second rudder oars can be associated with models indiscriminately. Oars and paddles linked with boat models must also be studied carefully since an excavator, museum conservator, or curator can assign these small attributes to models arbitrarily. Therefore, only steering and propulsion gear associated with artifacts with definite provenance and accurate excavation reports will be used in this analysis. An oar is a “lever...used to pull a boat through the water” (Kemp 1976, 610), while a paddle is held by a person who raised it high and with a “strenuous stroke...leaned over the side to reach the water” (Casson 1971, 17-18). Both attributes are comprised of a blade and shaft, while oars also have looms. The obvious distinction between an oar and paddle is the fixed nature of the oar with a rowlock (attribute g), and the free, dynamic nature of the paddle in the hands of the paddler. However, the blade shape difference of quarter rudder oars, rudder oars, oars, and paddles is apparent, and the Egyptians certainly

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS made distinctions between them. The terms dpw and hmw meant rudder oar, wsr meant rowing oar, and mcwh or mywh meant paddle (Jones 1988, 197 [IV.2-3], 202 [IV.19]). The blade shape and shaft alignment of quarter rudder oars, rudder oars, and oars changed over time. Dynasty VI blades are trapezoidal shapes with sharp triangular points and the blade is centered at the end of the shaft as depicted on Class M2.0 models from Gebelein (Fig. 4.1). Herakleopolitan Period Dynasty IX oars have small pointed blades and are true triangles that angle sharply aft when held properly by the rowers, like Class M2.8 examples from Sedment (Fig. 4.2).

and rudder oars regain the pointed tip of earlier artifacts but the cross section of these attributes has changed since they are now a broad diamond shape, with sharp edges on both flat surfaces. The pointed blade tradition is seen in conjunction with rounded blade construction until the end of Dynasty XII. The oars associated with Meket-Re’s Class M2.13 boat models (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 513515) have larger teardrop shaped concave blades with sharp edges on their outer, forward edges that culminate in round knob tips. These concave blades would be efficient instruments to pull boats through the water. Interestingly the two models representing rowers in action, as exhibited in the museum when documented, have the oars facing the wrong direction (Fig. 4.5).

Figure 4.5. Meket-Re’s model on exhibit with a complete set of oars and a teardrop shaped concave rudder oar blade. MMA 20.3.2.

Figures 4.1 and 4.2. Left: Dynasty VI oar blade from Gebelein. MET S.14047. Right: Dynasty IX oar blade from Sedment. RMS A.1921.1659. Figure 4.6. Saqqara M1.3 raft with thin bladed paddles. NCG ÆIN 1629 (from Jørgensen 1996, no. 55, courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek).

Provenanced paddles are only found on Meket-Re’s Classes M1.3 and M2.8 models, and M1.3 rafts from Saqqara all dated to All Egypt Dynasty XI, and one of Ahhotep’s Early Dynasty XVIII Class M2.5 models (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 21, 24-26, 219, 272-274). The paddle blades associated with Egyptian watercraft models do not resemble the long, wide blades we are accustomed to today. Instead, All Egypt Dynasty XI blades are small, thin, sharply pointed, and resemble spear points (Fig. 4.6). The reasoning behind the small size of these attributes lies in Casson’s description of the paddlers’ stroke, since the paddle was raised overhead and plunged downward into the water without a supporting pivot point. If the shaft and blade were too big, the paddler would not be able to lift it. New Kingdom paddle blades are identical to New Kingdom oars and will be discussed below.

Figures 4.3 and 4.4. Dynasty IX Sedment rudder oar blades. Left: VMEA VM 355. Right: OIM 11493.

The rudder oars associated with Sedment models suggest hybrid construction in that some models carry rudder oars that are nearly trapezoidal with a soft triangular tip (Fig. 4.3) while others have oval blades with broad rounded tips (Fig. 4.4). A Herakleopolitan Dynasty X model from Asyut also depicts the broad rounded tip rudder oar and small triangular oar blade combination. The shafts of these attributes all center on the blade. These provenanced models, discovered in both Lower and Upper Egypt during roughly the same time period, support each other as evidence of the changes in rudder oar and oar design. The rounded rudder oar tradition persisted into Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and in some models, into Dynasty XII.

The shape of Dynasty XII oar blades are similar to Meket-Re’s except they are broader where they come off the shaft, thus being able to move more water. Good examples are carried on a provenanced M2.23 model (Fig. 4.7, Appendix A, Cat. No. 541). Several sets of oars, while having been discovered in controlled excavations, are not associated with specific models. Group accession number EM CG 4871 (Fig. 4.8) is comprised of five oars with much broader, slightly concave elongated oval blades with round knob tips.

By Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, Meket-Re’s models carry perfect examples of the next stage of quarter rudder oar, rudder oar, and paddle development. The quarter rudder

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES These artifacts are detailed beyond most other oars, since the convex sides of the blades are carved to show where the shaft is attached, even though it is carved of one piece of wood. Group accession number EM CG 4895 (Fig. 4.9) is a series of six oars and also show how the shafts are attached to the blade with two black slashes representing stitching. One slash is on the convex side of the blade and one is on the concave side, indicating the stitching wound around the shaft through holes in the blade. These blades are shaped a little differently than EM CG 4871, with thinner ends near the shafts with rounded trapezoidal shaped blades culminating in a rounded triangle and round knob tips.

Tutankhamun’s Class M2.29 watercraft (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 568-583) is similar to the rudder oar on BM EA 50771. The loom and shaft leads to an almost straightedged, sharp blade. From the angle of the rudder oar stanchion (attribute i6) and rudder oar as it sits in the SC, this steering gear could not be arranged as vertically as that on BM EA 50771.

Figures 4.10-4.11. Left: Quarter rudder oar of EM CG 52666 (courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo). Right: Rudder oar of BM EA 55071 (from Glanville 1972, Pl. XIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum).

Punt and Sounding Poles Punt poles are simply long, strong staffs used to propel a raft or boat through relatively shallow waters by pushing off the bottom. It is often difficult to ascertain whether punt poles are part of a model’s equipment since they could be interpreted as a yard or spar, or not recognized as anything interesting because they simply resemble sticks. The most reliable way to determine their presence is to examine the crew of provenanced artifacts. Punters are distinctively placed and shaped, and will be discussed below. Punt poles can double as sounding poles as indicators of water depth.

Figures 4.7-4.9. Oar blades from Meir (from Reisner 1913, Figs. 9, 172, 215, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Queen Ahhotep’s Early Dynasty XVIII model EM CG 52667 has oars and model EM CG 52666 has paddles associated with them. These attributes are identical on both models and they are labeled differently simply because they are held differently by the crew who face fore or aft depending upon whether they are rowers or paddlers. The blades on both the oars and paddles are shaped like wide concave teardrops. No other models from this period have oars or paddles since crews are no longer depicted on watercraft models after these examples. However, New Kingdom models do have quarter rudder and rudder oars to indicate steering. EM CG 52666 has a quarter rudder oar with a very long trapezoid shaped blade with rounded corners centered on its shaft (Fig. 4.10). The shaft is seen running the length of the blade on either side as well, suggesting the blade is composed of two pieces attached on opposite sides of the shaft.

DEPTH GAUGES AND LANDING GEAR Leads and Fenders Leads are objects heavy enough to be lowered to the river bottom to indicate water depth in order to prevent grounding. Pilots on Egyptian boat models often hold thin elongated trapezoidal objects hung on a rope, extending outward from the bow (Fig. 4.12). These attributes are either painted red or with white with black spots, both indicating a hide covering. Models from Sedment consistently carry bi-colored leads, and 31 models in this study have leads associated with them, although undoubtedly more models carried leads but their fragile nature (hanging on string from a pilot’s hand) endangered them. Landström described these objects as leads (Landström 1970, 79) and Breasted called them plummets (Breasted, Jr 1948, 79). While both of these terms describe this attribute’s purpose, lead is the correct nautical term. I suggest leads as represented on boat models are simply sewn closed sacks of stone that would be attached to a long line.

The shape of the rudder oar on Class M2.27 New Kingdom model BM EA 55071 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 561) suggests a rudder as we know them (Fig. 4.11). The loom and shaft of the oar leads to a sharp-edged blade with a flat end. If the rudder oar is set in the SC with the straight edge forward, the loom and shaft could be likened to a gudgeon strap. With an appropriate attachment to the stern that includes a rope through the hole in the blade, this rudder oar shape would be very effective in steering the boat, with the blade plying the water just under the stern counter in a more perpendicular fashion than earlier rudder oars. The steering gear on

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

Figure 4.14. A mallet and two mooring stakes from one of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. MMA 20.3.4 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 50 bottom).

Gangplanks Ten models in this study carry 11 gangplanks as part of their equipment, although I suspect many models were equipped with them that have survived. Examples of provenanced boats with gangplanks shaped like elongated stairs (Fig. 4.15) are found in Meket-Re’s flotilla, while other models have simple gangplanks with a notch at one end.

Figure 4.15. A gangplank from one of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. MMA 20.3.4 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 50 bottom).

Figures 4.12 and 4.13. Left: Lead. OIM 11492. Right: Fenders. EM CG 4878, EM CG 4879 (from Reisner 1913, Figs. 177, 178, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

NON-NAUTICAL HULL AND DECK ATTRIBUTES

Winlock incorrectly labeled a lead as a bumper (Winlock 1955, 56), which is another name for fender. A fender is used as a cushion between a boat and a dock or wharf, or between two boats when moored or anchored to prevent damage to the watercraft. Reisner labeled what I contend are fenders (Fig. 4.13) as buffers and bumpers (Reisner 1913, 32, 51). Landström referred to them correctly as fenders, but he did comment that objects of similar shape located on some model’s decks represent storage jars (Landström 1970, 87). Fenders have either a rope or loop for a rope attached to their tops, and were likely carved of wood or were sacks stuffed with straw or grass.

In addition to nautical non-structural attributes carried on-board watercraft models, a number of significant details are incorporated into hull construction and as ondeck fittings that often affect how a vessel may move in the water. While they are not Class determiners nor are they part of navigational operations used by the crew, these attributes have weight and take up space, thereby influencing watercraft performance. BOW AND STERN APPENDAGES Decorative bow and stern appendages formed the basis for much of the Reisner Typology. These attributes are not major or minor nautical attributes, attribute states, or clarifiers in this study since they do not affect a hull’s structure from a nautical perspective. Some scholars label these decorations as stem and sternposts but as previously discussed, these appendages are attached to the hull at deck level, and only some models belonging to Pharaohs Amenhotep II and Tutankhamun have finials scarfed to a keel. Papyrus umbels, papyriform, and finial ends are attached above the waterline and provide no structural support for the boat. However, these attributes are important to document and discuss since they can often provide provenance to unprovenanced artifacts, can provide probable dates for some models, and add stem and stern weight to a vessel that would affect its movement through water.

Mooring Stakes and Mallets Since it was necessary to land watercraft onto the Nile riverbank to off-load cargo and passengers, vessels would carry stakes to attach mooring lines to the ground and the mallets used to pound them in (Fig. 4.14). Twenty-nine models, including some of Meket-Re’s boats carry these attributes, as do some papyrus rafts from the tomb of Karenen and Nefer-Smedet from Saqqara, the Tomb of May at el-Amarna (Fig. 3.41) moored depicts boats secured at the Akhetaten quay using mooring stakes on the riverbank and in the river channel. Often vessels have multiple stakes for extra mooring strength, but not all models with stakes carry mallets, indicating they may have been separated from the boats since antiquity or even in a tomb since models were often found jumbled.

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES Papyriform Appendages Boat models with papyriform ends imitate papyrus rafts in structure but represent wooden craft. In documenting models for this study, it is apparent these papyriform ends are constructed in seven different forms, and it would be useful here to discuss a theory concerning the date of papyriform boat models. It has been suggested that the length and decoration of papyriform ends are an indicator of the model’s age. Tooley contended that hulls with long thin stems and sterns that are square in cross section, and have horizontally painted stripes, date to the Second Intermediate Period’s Dynasty VIII to Theban Dynasty XI. Papyriform boats with thick short ends date to All Egypt Dynasty XI of the Middle Kingdom (Tooley 1989, 170). Tooley was limited in the number of papyriform models she studied and did not consider any Old Kingdom boats. However, her dating technique is generally correct, but this study dates these artifacts more specifically and points out geographical differences in form. The earliest forms of papyriform models have ends that are square in cross section with a gently arched bow as seen in Class M2.0 Dynasty VI boats (Fig. 4.16; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 70, 71, Tomb of Ignoti) from Gebelein in Upper Egypt. Other Dynasty VI Class M2.6 models (c2345-2323 BCE) have round tubular ends with very deep grooves that represent lashings from Saqqara (Fig. 4.17; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 227, 228, Tomb of Priest Kaemsenu) in Lower Egypt. Since these models are from the same dynasty but are quite different, these early forms of papyriform vessels reflect geographical design differences. The next forms, also from Dynasty VI but dating later (c2278-2184 BCE), have very long papyriform ends that vary in thickness, with very high rising sterns as depicted on M2.0 models from Saqqara (Fig. 4.18; Appendix A, Cat. nos. 68, 69, Pit of Queen Neit). This form is more elegant that its rounded predecessor and relatively larger. The next papyriform version has long ends that are square in cross section and culminate in flat disks that run transversely across the ends. Class M2.0 artifacts dating to Theban Dynasty XI from southern Naga ed-Deir (Fig. 4.19; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 92, 108, 110) and models dating to the coinciding Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX from northern Saqqara (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 76, 77) have this form incorporated into their construction.

Figures 4.16-4.23. Dynasty VI ends: MET S.14047, EM CG Kaemsenu 240-9, EM JE 56388. Theban Dynasty XI ends: PAHMA 6-15584, MRAHB E.785,19. All Egypt Dynasty XI ends: MET S.8793, MLP 11993-11994, ÄMUL Inv. 35.

Other M2.5 and M2.8 models from Asyut have ends culminating in rounded rectangular shapes (Fig. 4.22; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 126, 203). Late All Egypt Dynasty XI M2.8 artifacts from Abusir resemble M1.3 papyrus rafts but the presence of major nautical attributes DB and RCS indicate they represent wooden boats. Their short papyriform bundle ends (Fig. 4.23; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 267, 268, Tomb of Harshefhotep I) culminate in discs that emerge from the stem and stern more smoothly than earlier Naga-ed Der and Saqqara examples, but more abruptly than the Antinoopolis and el-Bersheh models. It is interesting to note the existence of these different All Egypt Dynasty XI papyriform bundle end stem and stern configurations during the same time period, at sites that are geographically distant, with Abusir in the north and Asyut much further south. No papyriform models survive in the archaeological record past All Egypt Dynasty XI.

Next, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X papyriform bundle ends that apparently developed from the disk-like ends are found in Middle Egypt at Antinoopolis (Fig. 4.20; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 104, 107, 109, 111, Tomb of MerSenet) and near-by el-Bersheh and Beni Hasan are seen on M2.0 models. These long ends flare outward from the ‘stalk’ portion of the rounded papyriform ends in a gradual, smooth transition. Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Class M2.0, M2.5 and M2.8 Asyut models with short and stubby ends (Fig, 4.21) and bare little resemblance to actual papyrus bundle ends (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 123, 124, 200-202, 255-263).

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Funerary Barque Appendages Models representing wooden boats but have decorative finials resembling stylized papyrus umbel ends that are attached to the bow and stern in imitation of papyrus stalks are linked to Egyptian funerary rites. Unlike models with papyriform ends, there has been no question among scholars whether these models represent papyrus rafts or wooden craft. Like papyriform models, these finials do not affect the nautical construction of the vessels they represent because they are attached at deck level and are not load-bearing structures. However, they do add weight to a watercraft that affects its performance on the Nile River. This form of watercraft model tends to be the ideal that is thought of when scholars and laymen address Egyptian boats, likely because Khufu I carries these bow and stern finial attachments (Figs. 3.74, 3.75), but in fact this configuration is uncommon.

Figure 4.25. Papyriform bundle end stem and finial stern. MFA 21.872.

Figure 4.26. Alternate finial ends. EM CG 4915 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVII middle, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Thirteen boat models from Classes M2.2, M2.5, and M2.8 and date to Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and Dynasty XII carry a variation on the upright finial design that is a combination of upright stern finials that curve slightly inward as they rise and papyriform stems that project straight out from the hull (Fig. 4.25; Appendix A, Cat. No. 254, Tomb of Djehuty-Nakht). I suggest this form completely supplanted the stem and stern papyriform appendage discussed above by Dynasty XII. Another finial variation is represented by two M2.5 models from Saqqara that date to Mid Dynasty XII, with appendages that rise upward at a 90-degree angle and then outward at almost the same angle. The stern finials are U-shaped and curve forward (Fig. 4.26; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 208, 209, Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re).

Figure 4.24. One of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. MMA 20.3.4.

Twenty-one models in this study carry funerary barque finials, although at least ten additional models likely had these finials in antiquity but their ends have not survived. Boat models carrying finials that denote this form date to Dynasties VI-XVIII. The earliest provenanced models of this form date to c2278-2184 BCE from the flotilla of Queen Neit and are in Class M2.0. However, Early Dynastic Period M2.5 model EM JE 86169 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 189) may have had the proper finials to be similar to Khufu I, but its ends are missing. Other examples of this form include four M2.8 boats from the flotilla of Meket-Re, dating to c2016-1985 BCE (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 270-273). These models, with their high detail and representation of Meket-Re as vibrant and alive (Fig. 4.24), led Winlock to label these models as ‘yachts’ instead of funerary barques (Winlock 1955, 59-60). I agree with this assessment because Meket-Re is shown as a vibrant figure being attended to by servants and crewmen on several watercraft. These models are not part of a funerary scene or pilgrimage. Tutankhamun’s fleet also contains four Class M2.0 models with thin finials dating to c1327 BCE (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 158-161).

Figures 4.27 and 4.28. Left: Finial from Antinoopolis. NMA RC. Right: Finial from Saqqara. EM CG 4917 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVIII, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum Cairo).

Other finial end variations are found on watercraft models from Classes M2.0, M2.5, and M2.8 dating from

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES Herakleopolitan Dynasty X and Dynasty XII, from the sites of Antinoopolis, Saqqara, and Meir (Figs. 4.274.32). A singular form of funerary barque from Meir has finials that extend downward from the hull at approximately 15-degree angles (Fig. 4.32). This hull form could not have functioned on the Nile River with this finial configuration and I suggest its construction is the result of a model maker’s error or ignorance.

Animal Head Finials One Class M2.0 model (BM EA 9505, Appendix A, Cat. No. 167) is the only model with animal head finials that I suggest is authentic (Fig. 4.33). This artifact’s ‘plainness’ and size are the primary reasons for this deduction, since models I suggest are not authentic that also carry animal head appendages are elaborately decorated often to the point of garishness (see Appendix B). BM EA 9505’s bow and stern have ram head finials with holes for the attachment of divine insignia worn by the portable sacred Barque of Amun (Figs. 3.9, 3.10). Traces of blue paint exist where a sacred wig would be located over the ram’s head, and the aft ram has two carved wig plaits that still exist. There are four holes in the deck for the sacred shrine of Amun (Glanville 1972, 62-64, Pl. XIb; Landström 1970, 119-121, nos. 370-371). I have not examined this model personally because it was inaccessible to me, but I think the green paint is an addition not applied in antiquity.

Figure 4.33. Ram head finial. BM EA 9505 (from Glanville 1972, pl. XIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum).

Sea-Going Ship Finials

Figures 4.29-4.32. Middle Left: Finial from Meir. EM CG 4803 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XXX, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum Cairo). Middle Right: Finial from Meir. EM JE 42943. Bottom Left: Finial, reportedly from Thebes. BM EA 9524 (from Glanville 1972, Pl. IIIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum). Bottom Right: Downward angled finial from Meir. EM JE 42911.

One M2.0 boat model from the Dynasty VI flotilla of Kaemsenu of Saqqara dating to c2345 BCE carries ends that suggest it represents a wooden sea-going ship (Firth and Gunn 1926, 1, 33, Pl. 49.1; Landström 1970, 64-65, nos. 194-195; Poujade 1948, 40, Fig. 27bis). The boat has vertical ‘blade-like’ finials that are mortised onto the ends (Fig. 4.34) and like models with removable papyrus umbels, these appendages could likely be reconfigured into various combinations. In terms of hull profiles, this artifact mimics the vessels labeled as sea-going ships depicted on the causeway of Unas and Sahura’s Dynasty V mortuary temple (Figs. 3.69, 3.72) and Dynasty XVIII Punt Expedition ships (Fig. 3.16).

Papyriform Umbels These non-functional bow and stern appendages curve inward at a 180-degree angle, culminating in a papyrus umbel end (Fig. 2.147; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 162, 163, 558, 586). This stem and stern design as shown in a Class M2.26 boat model from the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep II (c1400 BCE) indicates the ends are attached to the K above deck level and are removable. Two Class M2.0 boats from the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun (c1327 BCE) has these umbels attached to the model’s ends at deck level, as are the appendages on the lone Class M2.31 boat from the tomb of the Priests of Amun of the Dynasty XXI. As with other decorative finials, these umbel ends do not provide any structural strength to the boat and are not load-bearing members. Quite the opposite is true with these finials because they add a significant amount of extra weight to the vessel’s ends and could cause hogging and sagging. The builders of the M2.31 model countered the weight of the umbels with a HT that would assist in keeping the vessel’s ends upright and out of the river.

Figure 4.34. Sea-going ship finial. EM JE 63184 (after Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.1).

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS probably does not belong on the model (Appendix A, Cat. No. 151). All artifacts outfitted with forecastles and aftercastles are New Kingdom models from the royal burials of Queen Ahhotep and Pharaohs Amenhotep II and Tutankhamun. Castles are platforms with built-up sides that simply function as lookout stands for pilots or other crewmembers. A human figure stands in the forecastle on Ahhotep’s boat. One M2.26 model carries only an aftercastle, and three M2.0, one M2.5, two M2.26, and six M2.28 models carry castles on both their foredeck and afterdeck (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 155-157, 220, 555, 559, 562-567). Castles are decorated with djed pillars, Isis knots, lions, bulls, human-headed sphinxes, hieroglyphs, and checkered patterns. Queen Ahhotep’s model is formed from gold and its castles are no exception, while some platforms in Tutankhamun’s castles are gilded.

DECK STRUCTURES Different forms of shelters are pegged or glued onto the decks of boat models from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period. Often these structures are not substantial constructions but simply a place to escape the sun. The ceremonial or utilitarian nature of the model, as indicated by other attributes such as owners, mummies, soldiers, sailors, and other equipment often determined deck structure shape and decoration. Canopies A canopy is a simple open shelter constructed of posts supporting a roof. The posts can be either simple thin dowels pegged into the deck or elaborately carved and painted objects with lotus bud tops. The number of posts number a minimum of four and a maximum of eight. Canopy tops are either rectangular flat roofs, sometimes with a decorative architrave, or curved to represent animal hide stretched over a framework. Both sides of flat roofs can be plain or decorated. Among the more elaborate designs include a painted leopard skin and a field of blue with gold stars. Earmarks of this animal hide construction include black and red dots or slashes around the edges and through its center, indicating stitching, and color including light solid yellow, and white with black spots. Rounded canopies are decorated with a checkered pattern representing woven papyrus reed matting or fabric. Often soldier’s shields, represented as being covered in animal hide, are painted onto canopies instead of supplying actual miniature examples.

The three M2.0 models that carry castles also have small canopies attached to the platforms to provide shade for the crewmen. These coverings are reminiscent of Middle Kingdom rectangular canopies supported by ornate posts. Lastly, three of Tutankhamun’s M2.29 models (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 568, 573, 574 [not shown in photograph]) carry ‘kiosks’ (Jones 1990, 16). Kiosks are a hybrid of a canopy and a cabin, with solid sides with windows, an open door in front, and an open back. The structure is constructed on a platform with a ramp extending forward and a flat roof with an additional curved decorative top that suggests Middle Kingdom canopy covers. The kiosk’s sides are decorated with human-headed sphinxes and feathered rishi designs. I suggest that Tutankhamun would travel in the ornate kiosk while on deck.

Cabins Stairs Cabins differ from canopies since they have solid sides and are mostly or entirely enclosed. In most cases their construction as represented suggests animal hide, cloth, or reed coverings instead of a wooden structure. Wood would not be used for wall construction on most boats simply because of its weight and value, as well as the ease with which a lighter wooden-framed and fabric covered cabin could be moved or collapsed when needed. An example of a well-constructed wooden frame is clearly seen on Mesehti’s M2.14 model (Appendix A, Cat. No. 520). This rectangular cabin frame with a slightly arched roof has a solid wood door incorporated into its construction and is also indicative of Khufu I’s cabin (Fig. 3.74). Since Khufu I belonged to royalty, it is not surprising that its cabin is constructed entirely of wood. This convention is also reflected in Tutankhamun’s M2.29 boat models (Appendix A, Ca. Nos. 568-583) that represent sturdy wood construction. Several of these models have the cabin roof acting as a second mast partner along with attribute state j15.

Only three M2.0 models from Tutankhamun’s flotilla carry stairs that allow crewmembers access to the vessel’s mast and rigging by climbing onto the cabin roof. One set of steps depicts Asiatic prisoners, the other is decorated with semi-circles and circles, and the other is undecorated (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 155-157). COLOR AND ICONOGRAPHY HULL COLOR The construction fabric of Prehistoric and Early Dynastic Period watercraft often determines their hull color. Mud models exhibit no paint but are black or red, ivory models are white by nature, travertine artifacts are yellow and white, limestone models are reddish, and clay models are shades of brown, red, or gray. Gold and silver model hull colors reflect their material construction. Wooden models exhibit a variety of colors depending on whether they represent papyrus rafts, traveling boats, or ceremonial barques, and require further analysis.

Shrines, Forecastles, Aftercastles, and Kiosks Only one Class M2.0 model dated to the Dynasty XII carries a shrine amidships. However, this model has no provenance and the shrine, that bears crude images of Horus, a human figure, and poorly executed hieroglyphs,

Wooden Model Color Class M1.3 papyrus raft models constructed of wood are green representing fresh papyrus stalks. The majority of

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES M2.0 wooden models are papyriform vessels suggesting ceremonial use. Some are unpainted, while others have creamy buff, brown, white, red, brownish yellow, yellow, green, greenish blue, and blue hulls. Brighter primary colors painted on hulls such as yellow, green, and blue suggest ceremonial vessels. Like M2.0 wooden boats, the Class M2.5 wooden models that represent papyriform vessels or vessels with finials have unpainted, brownish yellow, creamy buff, red, yellow, burnt orange, greenish blue, white, dark green, and black hulls. The lone burnt orange colored model has reliable provenance, but its hull may have been re-painted and detailed since antiquity. M2.6 wooden hulls represent primarily utilitarian Nile River vessels, and many are unpainted while others are creamy buff and white.

ICONOGRAPHY Models created with non-functional hull adornments usually represent papyriform craft and models considered to have a funerary or pleasure craft ‘function’. Decorative Rope Ties Unlike major nautical attribute RT, decorative rope ties depicted on boat models representing wooden craft are simply suggest the artifact is a papyriform boat or a vessel with decorative finials. Many configurations of colorful lines running fore and aft as well as around papyriform and finial ends comprise this attribute. Gunwale Stripes

Class M2.8 wooden hulls also represent primarily utilitarian boats but also include depictions of papyriform vessels and models with finals. Hull colors include creamy buff, brownish yellow, yellow, green, red, brown, and blue. M2.9 boats represent traveling or fishing boats and are either unpainted, brownish yellow or red. All M2.10 models represent traveling or utilitarian vessels and their hull colors, or lack thereof, reflect their ‘use’. Colors exhibited in these boats include red, creamy buff, brown, brownish yellow, white, and off-white. One M2.10 model is painted a rich green and carries a mummy although its originally intended ‘function’ apparently was a traveling boat.

Painted stripes on gunwales often represent attribute states f3-4,6-7,9, a sewn-on bulwark. However, many models have stripes painted longitudinally along their gunwale simply for adornment. The difference lies in the number of stripes depicted, their color, and the nature of the boat’s represented ‘function’ as a fishing boat, traveling boat, funerary barque, or kitchen tender. Stitching Most often zigzag or cross hatched lines painted onto hulls and finials represents stitching that secures waterproofing material to the boat. The best examples of this attribute are seen on the finials of the extremely detailed M2.8 boats of Meket-Re (Fig. 4.35; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 270-273). Decorative finials have a stripe of white along either side beginning at the gunwale and extending up to the papyriform ends. This white stripe has small black ‘x’ marks indicating stitching. The finials are painted light brown and black and may represent animal hide waterproofing.

Class M2.12 is comprised entirely of traveling boats with red, creamy buff, and white hulls, with one bluish green hull. M2.13 through M2.25 watercraft represent traveling and utilitarian vessels with creamy buff, brownish yellow, red, white, and off-white artifacts, with one greenish blue, two green, one blue boat, and some unpainted. Four M2.26 models are green while the other two have yellow and white hulls. The green boats in particular suggest ceremonial vessels, but all six members of this Class are vessels designed to carry heavy loads or to travel rough waters. The lone M2.27 model is unpainted, while M2.28 and M2.29 hulls are painted yellow or yellow and white, the design of some models suggesting utilitarian vessels and other traveling boats. Lastly, the single M2.30 hull is unpainted and the M2.31 model is a brownish-yellow vessel. Two issues concerning hull color must be mentioned. Many models have no paint left on their hulls, but it is probable that most of them were painted in antiquity. However, a few boats may never have had paint because of their utilitarian nature, for example models PMEA UC16167, MM 131, and WML 55.82.17 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 297, 310, 524). Other models have only a layer of plaster apparent on their hulls, for example MFA 21.822, MFA 21.824, and MFA 21.825 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 367, 376, 380). Plaster was used as an undercoat for these artifacts so it may be that other colored pigments have disintegrated, or model makers might have intended for these artifacts to be white initially. Therefore, models designated as white may indicate they are covered in white pigment or plaster.

Figure 4.35. A decorated finial from one of Meket-Re’s ‘yachts’. EM JE 46717.

Udjat Eyes Like other decorative attributes, an udjat eye or the ‘Eye of Horus’ served no practical function, but it was a hull adornment and provided those on-board with symbolic protection. This emblem is painted on a vessel’s forward sides, and is found primarily on papyriform models. The Eye of Horus “served as a metaphor for protection, strength, and perfection” (Shaw and Nicholson 1995,

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 133-134), elements a vessel’s crewmembers would appreciate when navigating Nile River waters. Most of the eyes are painted black, but some are green and blue with yellow, brownish yellow, green, bluish green, white, and even gilded backgrounds (Fig. 4.36). Six Classes contain models with udjat eyes painted on their bows, M2.2, M2.5, M2.8, M2.18, M2.26, and M2.31, including the majority of models discovered at Asyut.

(Appendix A, Cat. No. 546) from steward Mentuhotep’s tomb at Asasif does have provenance and carries an elaborately decorated rudder oar, even though it does not have decorative finials that suggest a funerary barque (Fig. 4.37). However, it does carry a small rounded cabin amidships with a mummiform statue of the deceased sitting inside, suggesting the vessel is on a Busiris or Abydos pilgrimage. SOLAR BARQUES Reisner accurately described and recognized the singular nature of solar barques with only two nearly complete artifacts, M2.5 boats EM CG 4949 and EM CG 4953 from el-Bersheh (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 206, 207), from which to draw conclusions. These boat models carry the symbols of the sun god Ra attached to specific places on the bow, stern, and deck area. Only one other solar barque exists without alteration, M2.0 model MM 5883 from grave 123 of Thent at Riqqeh (Appendix A, Cat. No. 145). Two other Class M2.0 solar barques (MMA 14.3.21, MMA 14.3.22, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 137-138), were discovered with disintegrated hulls inside the south enclosure wall of the mastaba tomb of Imhotep at elLisht. The well-preserved deck equipment and finials from these models have been placed onto reconstructed hulls (Fig. 4.38).

Figure 4.36. Udjat eye near the bow of a Class M2.8 boat. MET S.8793.

Figure 4.38. Solar barque attributes on reconstructed hulls found outside the mastaba of Imhotep. MMA 14.3.21, MMA 14.3.22.

Figure 4.37. Decorated rudder oar. EM CG 4811 (from Reisner 1913, 18, Fig. 84, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Steering Gear Decorations Figure 4.39. Solar barque altered with human figures and other attributes. REM RC 485.

Quarter rudder oars, rudder oars, and steering stanchions occasionally appear on boat models elaborately decorated with combinations of lotuses, udjat eyes, flowers, rosettes, and colored bands. Usually decorated quarter rudder oars and rudder oars are included with boat models that would serve a funerary ‘function’ in reality. However, many unadorned hulls carry steering gear and stanchions that are elaborately decorated. The ease with which these attributes can be separated from their artifact of origin brings into question any boat that is associated with a non-funerary real-life ‘function’, particularly those without documented provenance, that carries decorated quarter rudder or rudder oars. M2.23 model ÄMB 12

The presence of two solar barques near Imhotep’s tomb is significant, since one of Imhotep’s many titles included the High Priest of Ra at Heliopolis (Haldane 1993, 199; Hayes 1953, 271-272, Fig. 178; Lythgoe 1915, 145-147, Figs. 1-2). Many solar barque model attributes survive on their own, separated from their respective hulls, and are easily recognizable because of their distinct structures (Reisner 1913, XXV-XXVII, 43-44, 101-103, 106-111, Pls. XXI, XXIV, XXXII-XXXIII). When MM 5883 was unearthed, it “had a crew of hawk- and animal-headed gods, and fragments of oars were found, but these were

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES too much perished to be preserved. It is a model of the Boat of Ra” (Engelbach 1915, 8, Pl. viii.4). This interpretation is relatively accurate and very helpful. It seems the various sticks found on the model were mistaken for oar shafts and the falcons were still present. A brief description of Class M2.0 boat EM CG 4860 suggests this artifact is an altered solar barque, and it was characterized as being injured by an ‘attempt at restoration’. EM CG 4860 was fitted with a sail, mast, and crew, with two canopy posts serving as steering stanchions and double quarter rudder oars added to the hull. Further, a decorative finial was placed onto the stern and an undefined appendage was attached to the bow. These accessories were adhered to the model with modern glue and plaster. EM CG 4860 also has plasterfilled holes in its deck that correspond to the placement of the symbolic objects found on solar barques (Reisner 1913, 43, 44). This model’s condition is significant because another artifact, REM RC 485, has been altered from its original configuration to carry human figures and other attributes (Fig. 4.39; REM RC 485, Appendix A, Cat. No. 146). It is probable that REM RC 485 underwent the same ‘restoration’ prior to its purchase from the Giza Museum (Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1922, 79, Pl. XIX). The stern finial of REM RC 485 has been cut off square and the colorful hollow top usually applied to the bow of solar barques replaced it. The bow finial is completely missing and the rectangular box painted with alternate colors that usually rests toward the stern on these models is attached as a bow finial. The model also carries a crew and funerary attributes like EM CG 4860.

Figure 4.40. Class M2.0 model of Imhotep with typical finials and no ‘solar’ attributes. MMA 14.3.23.

Jones also connected solar boats with Khufu I’s form (Fig. 3.74) in relation to Tutankhamun’s flotilla, which he labeled as “celestial ferry-boat/solar-boat[s]” (Jones 1990, 5, 16). While these models represent vessels used in religious contexts, the label ‘solar barque’ is incorrect. Solar barques are represented in boat model form, on tomb walls and ceilings, and in the Book of the Dead in a specific way. Reisner recognized solar barques as something unique. Jones contended that since vessels like Khufu I had a ceremonial purpose, they might never have actually been used on the Nile River. Models or tomb illustrations would serve the purpose of an actual river vessel in the funerary process (Jones 1990, 60-61). I agree with the second part of his statement since for many ancient internments, graphic representations and papyriform model boats served the funerary purpose for the non-royal majority unable to afford an actual boat. However, I contend that the existence of Khufu I, the likely original appearance of the Dahshur Boats (Fig. 3.62) whose missing finials would probably emulate Khufu I’s ends, and specific construction characteristics of these ceremonial vessels as being consistent with reused boat planks described as probable cargo vessels (Haldane 1992, 102-112; Haldane 1993, 91, Fig. 5-1, 158-194, 225-226; Ward 2000, 107-128), suggests watercraft with decorative finials did exist and plied the Nile River when appropriate.

DEBATE The terms ‘solar boat’, ‘solar barque’, and ‘sun boat’ have often been associated with model funerary barques from Classes M2.0, M2.5, and M2.8 that have finials identical to Khufu I (Fig. 3.74). For example, Hayes placed a Class M2.0 model, MMA 14.3.23 (Fig. 4.40; Appendix A, Cat. No. 139), from the Dynasty XII mastaba of Imhotep and a sister to the solar barques MMA 14.3.21 and MMA 14.3.22 discussed above (Fig. 4.39), into the same grouping as the solar barques. He stated they are “mystic craft in which the dead Egyptian, like the gods, might traverse the waters of heaven and travel upon the river of the Underworld. These ships...developed in the days before the first historic dynasty, are without visible crews and sails, oars, or rudders; for they were thought of as peopled with divine spirits and drawn along by the gods of the hereafter” (Hayes 1953, 271-272). The earliest known representation in three dimensions of a solar barque is the Dynasty V (c2421 BCE) mud-brick boat at Pharaoh Nyuserra’s sun temple at Abu Gurab (Fig. 3.73), so the development of solar barques dates to the Old Kingdom at least. Hayes connected boat models with a funerary ‘function’ such as the pilgrimage to Busiris or Abydos, and the form represented by Khufu I to the attributes of Ra on solar barques. Hayes viewed these two different forms as synonymous when they are entirely different.

Further, Ward [Haldane] put forth a strong argument against the affiliation of funerary barques with solar boats. Ward considered the 1914 discovery of four boat models near Imhotep’s el-List mastaba tomb (see above). One model was a unique plank-built boat discovered near-by but was in a fragile state and was reburied in situ after it was photographed. In 1986 the plank-built model was uncovered again, recorded by Ward, and buried once more. Ward contended “the burial of two solar boat models [Fig. 4.38, MMA 14.3.21, MMA 14.3.22] with very different equipment [than MMA 14.3.23, Fig. 4.40, and the plank-built model] within the same funerary complex suggests that the funerary boat and solar boat existed as separate conceptual entities in Egyptian funerary practice. If the solar and funerary models were seen this way, and Middle Kingdom burial practices reflect Old Kingdom traditions, Khufu I cannot be a solar boat and must instead be a funerary craft” (Haldane 1993, 195, 199). I agree strongly with this assessment since solar barques carry the mystical objects associated with Ra and not attributes found on funerary barques such as mummies and coffins.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Several boat models with decorative finials such as those on Khufu I that do not carry funerary attributes, also support my assertions. These models are sailed, rowed, or paddled and function as ‘traveling boats’, carrying no mummies, mummiform figures, or coffins. As mentioned above, Winlock recognized this non-funerary affiliation with Meket-Re’s models and labeled them yachts (Figs. 4.24) since they appear to be used simply for Chancellor Meket-Re’s pleasure (Winlock 1955, 59-64, Pls. 45-48). Another model from Class M2.0, with the decorative finials carries two warriors with their shields (Appendix A, Cat. No. 153). If this model represents a celestial or solar boat, soldiers and their equipment would not be onboard. Therefore, the majority of models with decorative finials emulating those found on Khufu I or variations of these appendages have major and minor nautical structural attributes that indicate they represent actual Egyptian watercraft that cannot be labeled as celestial barques, sun boats, or solar barques.

CREW COMPLEMENT Crews depicted on boat models and rafts vary in their numbers and combinations depending on the model’s role as a rowing, sailing, towed, or paddled vessel, or whether it is a kitchen boat, fishing vessel, sporting boat, or funerary barque. The variety of crewmen on-board a particular watercraft model is often dependant on the wealth of the artifact’s ‘owner’, the person within whose tomb the model was discovered. Because of this fact, the large and detailed flotilla of Meket-Re is central to this discussion of Egyptian maritime culture for there are definite hierarchical relationships depicted on these artifacts in relation to the human figures portrayed. Captains The depiction of captains on boat models is only recognized in four Class M2.8, two Class M2.12, and two Class M2.13 boats from Meket-Re’s flotilla (Fig. 4.41; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 270-273, 484, 485, 513, 514). Winlock referred to the captains on Meket-Re’s boats as belonging to the effendi class, with shaved heads and dressed in long white kilts (Winlock 1955, 55-56). The rare inclusion of a captain on a boat model strongly suggests whomever ‘owned’ the boat was of a high rank. Meket-Re was a Chancellor at his death and the title ‘estate owner’ clearly indicates financial status, and therefore he could afford to pay a captain for his boats, where a less affluent person may only have a pilot to guide their vessel. Another theory as to the exact title as it would be understood by an Egyptian may be to call the captain on these vessels that actually represent the same person four times, mr-chc.w or ‘the overseer of ships’ (Vinson 1998, 9). I suggest this title because it may be assumed that several of Meket-Re’s boats would travel with him on the Nile River at any given time, particularly if he was on official business for a number of weeks or months. The flotilla’s sporting and fishing boats would provide fresh fish and fowl, the kitchen boat would prepare the food for owner and crew, the traveling boat would carry Meket-Re’s personal belongings and provide sleeping space for himself and his son, and his pleasure yachts provided comfortable daily travel.1 A group of watercraft of this size would benefit from an ‘overseer of ships’. Further, other nautical personnel’s titles suggest a position that oversaw boats in a harbor (c3-n-mry.t) and captains of a particular type of vessel such as a wsh-ship or mns-ship, for example (Vinson 1998, 9).

EGYPTIAN MARITIME CULTURE: LIFE ON THE NILE RIVER Details incorporated into the construction of Egyptian watercraft models allows the analysis and discussion of the secondary nautical attributes addressed above in terms of people at work and traveling on the Nile River. The three-dimensional miniature watercraft in this study carry a variety of human figures performing different tasks, using secondary nautical attributes, and interacting with other people. However, this avenue of inquiry is limited to models from the First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, and two models from Early Dynasty XVIII since these are the only artifacts that carry human figures. A study of this sort has different levels of consideration because human figures are included on watercraft models for different reasons. The nature of the first group of figures is clear given that a boat does not operate without a crew (rowers, paddlers, sailors, balers, helmsman, punters, pilots, captains). The second group consists of military personnel and their equipment, and what their specific duties as protectors of commerce and Egypt’s citizens would entail. Thirdly, the actual watercraft owner is often depicted using their vessel for business and commerce or during burial rites, sometimes with passengers accompanying them. The next group of human figures is comprised of the series of servants performing diverse tasks at the behest of their employers, ranging from personal attendants, scribes, cooks, fishermen, carpenters, musicians, and hunters. Lastly, human figures representing religion and sacred rites are carried on some models, although not as many artifacts have a religious purpose (if they were actual Nile River craft) as is the popular opinion. Included in this group are mourners, priests, and goddesses. The inclusion on watercraft models of these various forms of human figures and their associated attributes that accurately emulate daily life activities serves to uphold my contention that watercraft models are facsimiles of actual Ancient Egyptian vessels.

1 The typical number of watercraft models in the average burial was two, a sailing boat and a rowing boat. In the case of tombs that held flotillas, the actual number of watercraft that would be present in a real-life situation can be determined to a certain extent. In the case of Meket-Re’s fleet, his two kitchen boats represent the same boat being rowed and being sailed; the same rule applies to his traveling boats. His four yachts represent two boats, possibly a reflection of his wealth and his ability to have two pleasure boats with him at any time, or one of them may be for use by his son In-yotef. The sole sporting boat and double fishing raft models are self-propelled in any case, so only one of each was represented in the tomb assemblage.

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES Helmsmen I assert that after pilots, helmsmen are the next most skilled workers on-board watercraft. Like pilots, they must be knowledgeable of the Nile River channel when manipulating the rudder oar or quarter rudder oars in relation to currents and water hazards under direction from the pilot. Helmsmen are depicted on boat models either standing (Fig. 4.37), sitting, or squatting in front of the stern and behind the steering stanchion or stanchions (attribute states i1-6). Quarter rudder and rudder oars are fitted with tillers to improve steering capability, but this small attribute is often lost, fallen off the gear, or mistaken for a stick. In terms of vessel occupation hierarchy, Vinson stated “The bow lookout’s position…was not much less critical than that of the steersman. The two had to work as a team….” (Vinson 1998, 11).

Figure 4.41. Boat captain conferring with Meket-Re. EM JE 46717 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 47).

Pilots Except for the four models that carried either a captain or ‘overseer of ships’, I contend pilots are in charge of a vessel because they stand at the model’s bow insuring safe passage through the river’s water, particularly in shoal areas. The pilot would decide which route to take in the river channel based on their assessment of the water’s depth and the presence of underwater hazards. This type of knowledge would come with experience on the river, an indication of the skill level needed for a pilot. As mentioned above, most pilots are shown with their arm outstretched holding a lead from a rope (Fig. 4.42). Often the lead is missing, either lying on deck or gone from the model entirely, leaving the pilot with an empty outstretched arm. Other scholars refer to the pilot as a ‘bow lookout’, although pilot is a proper term for this position. Vinson suggested that the helmsman is a crewmember of higher status than the pilot (Vinson 1998, 11), but I do not agree with this assessment for First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom watercraft models.

I have deduced, from documenting the hundreds of watercraft models in this study, that the pilot is depicted as being in charge of a watercraft. The pilot guided the vessel safely on the Nile River by providing the necessary directions to the helmsman from his better vantage point at the bow. My contention is supported by the arrangement of helmsmen on four of Meket-Re’s Class M2.8 pleasure yachts (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 270273) that carry double quarter rudder oars. Three of these boats have two and one has three helmsmen steering the watercraft. In these cases, there cannot be two or three people in charge of the vessel and making decisions on where to travel. Further, I also assert that from his place at the stern behind one or two steering stanchions, possibly a canopy or cabin, rowers or sailors, a stepped or unstepped mast resting in a crutch, and deck cargo, the helmsman cannot possibly see the river ahead of the vessel. However, 14 New Kingdom boat models carry aftercastle platforms where the helmsman could stand and have a relatively unimpeded view of the river, notwithstanding the mast and sail (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 155-157, 220, 555, 557, 559, 560, 562-567). By the New Kingdom, helmsmen may have held a higher position that pilots on-board watercraft as Vinson suggested by citing Dynasty XX tomb paintings (Vinson 1998, 11). Therefore, a First Intermediate Period or Middle Kingdom helmsman was highly skilled professional crewman but he could not decide what route to take in shoal waters, around other watercraft, or when landing at a quay or the riverbank because of his poor vantage point. It must be noted that Meket-Re’s models represent unique situations due to their complexity, having a captain, pilot, two or three helmsmen, and what Winlock referred to as ‘vessel officers’ (Winlock 1955, 63). Sailors Next in the skilled crewman hierarchy, sailors as depicted on boat models performed the job of hoisting, trimming, and lowering the sail by working the running rigging. Although the skills of a sailor, a person who would have the knowledge necessary to effectively trim sails and adjust rigging, would be valued over those of a rower, it

Figure 4.42. Pilot with lead. OIM 11493.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS must be noted that a sailor would do the job of a rower (or a paddler on some Class M1.3 models) when traveling against the wind. The number of sailors onboard is dependent on the model’s size and quality. Sailors on M2.8 models from Dynasty IX tombs at Sedment are particularly distinguishable from figures discovered at other sites. They are very tall, thin, crudely carved, and stick-like. The painted kilts on the men are very long and cover nearly half their bodies (Fig. 4.43). Some sailors have the running rigging lines in their hands (Fig. 4.44), and the best use of sailors is seen on one of Meket-Re’s models simply because this model has so many crewmen and a full rig to work (Fig. 4.45).

construction and iconography exhibited in certain rowers are indicative of their provenance and age.

Figures 4.43 and 4.44. Left: Sailors from Sedment. RMS A.1921.1658. Right: Sailors working lines. RISD 14.491.

Figure 4.45. Crouching and standing sailors on one of Meket-Re’s boats. EM JE 46720. Figures 4.46-4.48. Top: Sedment rowers. HMG 21.87. Middle: Gebelein rowers. MET S.13273. Bottom: Saqqara rowers. MEN Eg.353.

Rowers A rower would require upper body strength, proper alignment of the oar blade with the water, and the ability to keep time and be in unison during the stroke with other rowers. As noted above, rowers would have the skills of sailors as well, because they would change jobs when the mast was raised and the sails unfurled. When attached properly to a model, rowers face aft. However, on many models the rowers have been re-arranged and replaced facing forward. This is a simple matter to determine, since rowers and paddlers are constructed differently, with the exception of figures on some models from Saqqara. Further, indicators that rowers are not original to an artifact are variations in their depiction such as size, painted features, method of construction, and quality. The

The best examples are rowers on Class M2.8 models from Dynasty IX Sedment tombs (Fig. 4.46; Appendix A, Cat. No. 244). The simple construction of these figures is consistently seen in early artifacts from this site. Many Sedment rowers have tall, thin torsos with painted arms that culminate in holes drilled into their side to accommodate oar looms. Other rowers from this site have arms that are simply sticks pegged onto the figure’s shoulder. Both forms of rower, with or without articulated arms, have long kilts painted on their legs and up to their shoulders. Other good examples of sitespecific rower construction are those from Gebelein (Fig. 4.47; Appendix A, Cat. No. 91) and Saqqara (Fig. 4.48;

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES Appendix A, Cat. No. 349). Rowers are attached to models with protruding pegs fitted into holes, often reinforced with plaster. Many rowers sit or kneel on deck or sit on DB. Figures attached to DB are found on hollow models, since the feet of the rower are below decks, indicating the vessel’s hatch covers were removed. Some models carry benches that raise the figures off the deck.

would act as a punter when needed, particularly when leaving a quay or riverbank or in shoal waters. In this way, the punter position was not a specialized job on the Nile River. Usually a punter is specifically carved in a lunging position with a foot forward, lowered torso, and bent arms to hold their punt pole properly in a stance to push off the Nile River bottom. One Class M2.10 watercraft has two figures leaning so far over that they are almost touching the deck to push off the river bottom (Appendix A, Cat. No. 331). One of Meket-Re’s M2.8 vessels carries a realistic punter and a distinctive punt pole with a forked end (Fig. 4.50; Appendix A, Cat. No. 271). As mentioned above, punt poles can be mistaken for spars or yards and in the same manner, punters can be mistaken for other crew members.

Paddlers The skill required of a paddler is the same as a rower, keeping time with other paddlers and holding the paddle with the proper alignment for a beneficial stroke. The physical requirements for a paddler are greater than those of a rower because in addition to upper arm strength, the paddler used his lower body as well, working from a flat surface of a raft or boat deck in a full-body crouch ready for forward and backward movement. When attached properly to a model, paddlers face forward. The most striking feature of paddlers is the position of their legs as they kneel or sit cross-legged on deck. The best examples of paddler construction are found on a Class M1.3 model from Saqqara (Fig. 4.49; Appendix A, Cat. No. 26) and Meket-Re’s M1.3 and M2.8 artifacts (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 25, 272-274). All these figures are finely carved and clearly depict men supporting themselves with one leg crossed in front of them and the other with knee up for leverage. Each paddler on these models holds a paddle with their arms raised as if in stroke.

Figure 4.50. Meket-Re’s punter. MMA20.3.4.

Figures 4.49. Saqqara paddlers on a raft. NCG ÆIN 1629 (from Jørgensen 1996, 139, no. 55, courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek)

Winlock raised a question concerning the configuration of figures on the Class M1.3 papyrus raft EM JE 46715 of Meket-Re’s flotilla (Appendix A, Cat. No. 25). When it was discovered, although many paddlers and fishermen had been dislodged from the model by falling rock from the tomb’s ceiling, the remaining figures faced the wider end of the raft. Winlock interpreted the wider end as the stern and contended that the model maker erred by attaching the figures on the model facing the wrong direction. The model is still configured this way and no other scholar has put forth that the wider end is the stern. Although this point is debatable, I contend the wider end is actually the bow since the thinner end is higher, a convention of raft model making. In the end, this model could be navigated with either end being used as the bow.

Figure 4.51. Baler. MRAHB E.7518.

Balers As with punters, a baler would not be a specialized job but a duty performed when needed by a sailor, rower, or paddler. Four models carry crewmen (or originally carried crewmen) that are bent over holding a rectangular concave bowl, baling water out of the vessel’s bilge or

Punters The job of punter is not a skilled position on-board a watercraft, and I suggest that a sailor, rower, or paddler

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS even off the deck, The only model with definite provenance that carries this attribute is Class M2.10 boat EM JE 37564a-186 from Beni Hasan. However, this figure is not currently with the model on exhibit in Cairo, however (Appendix A, Cat. No. 333). Another M2.10 boat (Appendix A, Cat. No. 328) carries a very similar figure holding an identical bowl (Fig. 4.51) and yet another model from M2.0 simply carries a figure in the same position, but the bowl is missing (Appendix A, Cat. No. 75). If not for the documentation of EM JE 37564a186 upon excavation as having this baling figure (Garstang 1907, 84, Fig.72), I would have suggested that this servant was added to the model from another model such as a kitchen or granary. However, this servant does belong to this model and the others could be original to the artifacts without definite provenance as well.

Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX and Theban Dynasty XI to early Dynasty XII.

SOLDIERS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT Soldiers The presence of military personnel on watercraft models is uncommon. By the First Intermediate Period armies were becoming organized locally by the two seats of government in the north and south (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 37). One Class M2.0 and six Class M2.10 models carry human figures representing soldiers or marines carrying shields or weapons, one of which carries a Nubian soldier who is armed and standing guard (Fig. 4.52; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 153, 314, 329, 343, 451, 453, 455). Ten men on two of the models have strange arm configurations where the arm is bent inward at the elbow with a solid mass between the bicep and forearm, creating a triangular shape (Fig. 4.53). Glanville surmised these triangles possibly represented shields (Glanville 1972, 54-55, Fig. 56). I disagree with this idea and put forth that the model makers simply created a deformed arm to create a wide base in order to more easily attach an actual shield to the figure. Either the shields were never attached or they have been lost or removed since antiquity. As mentioned in Chapter 3, Fischer contended crews on models from Gebelein might represent Nubians (Fig. 4.47) who were employed as mercenaries during the First Intermediate Period (Fischer 1961, 44, 76-78). If these figures from Gebelein are soldiers, they carry no overt evidence of their defensive or offensive capabilities, and act as rowers and sailors on the boat models in question.

Figure 4.52. Nubian soldier with weapons. AMO 1896-1908 E.2301.

Figure 4.53. Warriors with missing shields? REM RC 1815.

Military Equipment

Shields. Defensive shields are easily recognizable attributes because of their size and coloration. Shields are large, obvious attributes with squared bottoms, have rounded or pointed peaks, are painted white with black spots to represent animal hide, and often have black dots around their edges to represent stitching (Fig. 4.54). In non-model examples, I suspect shields were comprised of small pieces of wood (not one large piece because of the wood available in Egypt was limited) stitched and pegged together to form the actual shield and then were further supported by the animal hide covering. The covering would also act as a water-proofing material. On boat

Three distinct attributes, shields, quivers with spears, and javelins, represent one defensive and two offensive forms of military equipment found on boat models. Watercraft would require a military presence on-board during a time of political upheaval, such as the dual governments in power during the First Intermediate Period when regional officials created small armies to defend their respective areas (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 37). It is no surprise then, soldiers and much more often, military equipment is kept on-board watercraft plying the Nile River during

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES models, shields are usually represented in conjunction with quivers and throwing sticks, and always when soldiers are present.

objects placed amidships. Easily recognizable are two shields leaning against a vertical hide-covered pole creating a small temporary enclosure. Under this structure are a number of rectangular sticks protruding from a rounded pedestal with one flat edge (Fig. 4.54). Glanville had no viable explanation for these small sticks or the pedestal. However, he did record the color of the sticks as being red with black tips, with little color remaining (Glanville 1972, 52, no. 1). I suggest these small objects are either replacement spear tips, small weapons for hand-to-hand combat, or short javelins. OWNERS, SERVANTS, AND RELIGION Owners The ‘owner’ of a watercraft model is the person for whom the boat was constructed and whose tomb or grave the artifact was discovered. The majority of watercraft models do not have the owner on-board, but in those instances where the owner is present, they are depicted as a living person, a mummy, or represented by a coffin, sarcophagus, and even an empty chair. On rare occasions a relative of the boat owner or another passenger is traveling on-board, and these figures will be discussed as well. Concerning where the vessel’s owner would fit into the hierarchy of leadership, he or she would have no direct control over watercraft operations. However, they would have the final word on where the vessel went and where it would stop along the river to conduct business, visit a temple, or call on friends.

Figure 4.54. Shields with animal hide coverings leaning on a quiver. BM EA 35293.

Quivers with Spears. Quivers are also easily recognizable since they are long, thin, rounded objects painted to represent animal hide with one tapered end. The shaft length of these attributes indicates they were constructed to hold spears, not arrows, and often spearheads stick out of the end (Fig. 4.55). No bows have been discovered associated with these watercraft, reinforcing their identification as spears, and both boats and rafts were outfitted with quivers and spears for protection. I surmise that in reality, quivers were an animal hide sewn into a long bag shape and tanned to stiffen the leather and provide support to the weapons inside. The spears were probably comprised of stone blades attached to wooden shafts. By far, the archaeological site most associated with quivers is Sedment, with 11 Dynasty IX models from that site having at least one quiver surviving on-board. Early Middle Kingdom vessels from Saqqara also carry a significant number of quivers, while only a few boats from the sites of Beni Hasan, el-Bersheh, and Meir carry them. This type of site-specific attribute is significant and may suggest that the political condition of a geographic area was unstable or the government’s hold on power was tenuous, and the need for increased security on the Nile River to protect commerce and travel was paramount.

Figures 4.56 and 4.57. Left: A boat owner and passenger playing a board game, possibly senet. AMO 1896-1908 E.2301. Right: Meket-Re smelling a lotus flower. MMA 20.3.2.

Living Person. When the owner of the boat is represented as a live person, they most often sit under a canopy or are inside a cabin. Often a shelter’s closed construction does not allow the owner to be seen without its removal, so determination of the owner’s sex is sometimes difficult. On one Class M2.10 boat the owner plays a board game, possibly senet, with another passenger (Fig. 4.56; Appendix A, Cat. No. 343). MeketRe is portrayed on his boats in different positions such as sitting on a chair smelling a lotus flower (Fig. 4.57) or simply sitting in a cabin with his son. In many instances, the owner figure is carved of superior wood, with more

Figure 4.55. Spotted hide-covered quiver. OIM 11492.

Javelins. The aforementioned Nubian soldier holds two javelins, one in each hand, ready to defend his boat (Fig. 4.52), as other soldiers hold one javelin (Fig 4.53), and two M2.10 artifacts have peculiar combinations of

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Mummiform Figures. Thirty boat models carry the owner dressed as a figure wrapped in linen emulating a mummy and sitting on a chair, often under a canopy (Fig. 4.59; Appendix A, Cat. No. 141). The representation of the boat owner as a mummiform figure is uncommon and as with mummies, most often they are carried on funerary barques.

details, and more carefully than other people on-board, and this is particularly true of Meket-Re’s representations. Mummies and Biers. As represented on boat models, mummies lie on a bier or bed under a canopy, with the exception of a small mummy figure on one M2.0 model. Typically, mummies are painted white to depict linen wrappings and are sometimes adorned with hieroglyphs and jeweled collars. Some models carry mummies painted white with red, blue, green, or yellow collars and black wigs (Fig. 4.58). Thirty-three mummies are carried on models that usually, but not always, are constructed with iconography suggesting funerary barques.

Coffins. Coffins carried on boat models are sheltered by a canopy and are not anthropoid in shape. The best examples of rectangular coffins on models imitate the common decorated examples of the Middle Kingdom. While not as elaborately adorned as actual coffins, these small versions have registers of hieroglyphs on their four sides with two udjat eyes at their heads (Fig. 4.60). Reisner, when he documented models in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, suggested that decorated coffins on two Class M2.8 boats (Appendix A, Cat. No. 285, 291) do not belong on these specific models (Reisner 1913, 35, n. 3, 36-38, 39, n. 2). This is possible, but the coffins were registered as having come from the same excavations as the boats with which they are currently associated and their provenance is valid. Other model coffins are simply plain white rectangular boxes attached to the boat’s deck.

Figure 4.58. Mummy on a plain bier flanked by male mourners. AMO 1896-1908 E.2296.

Mummies lie on biers or beds that vary in quality and detail from model to model. Basic biers are carried on models from the flotilla of Djehuty-Nakht and his family from el-Bersheh. Three of this flotilla’s Class M2.5 models carry rather crude beds that are rectangular slabs painted white or represented as covered in white and black animal hides supported by thin dowels (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 197-199). An M2.0 model of Djehuty-Nakht carries a somewhat different bier, with decorative lion heads at one end, wider supports, and it is painted red (Appendix A, Cat. No. 125). Two Class M2.5 models from Saqqara carry biers with lion head decorations at one end and lion-shaped legs with paws (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 208, 210).

Figure 4.60. Decorated coffin. EM CG 4847 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. IX top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Sarcophagi. Sarcophagi differ from coffins as depicted on boat models in that they have rounded tops or other iconography to indicate they represent stone containers for coffins. Nine sarcophagi are carried on models in this study, including two Class M2.0 artifacts from Saqqara that are unique, with an altar or offering table constructed on top of their covers (Fig. 4.61; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 76, 77). Seven other models carry sarcophagi and while I cannot definitely prove their original configurations, the presence of this secondary attribute on these models deserves scrutiny. Particularly noteworthy are three sarcophagi on models, two of which are reported to be from el-Bersheh, but before their appearance in museums they were in private collections. One M2.10 boat (Appendix A, Cat. No. 458) carries a large sarcophagus whose bottom one-third is detailed to resemble “recessed or paneled walls reminiscent of the decoration found on Old Kingdom sarcophagi...the so-called ‘palace facade’...was also carved on the exterior walls of coffins” (Martin, G T, 1991, 95). The upper two-thirds of the sarcophagus on the port and starboard sides are painted

Figure 4.59. Sitting mummiform owner. MMA 12.183.4.

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES white with red stylized ‘X’ marks with a blue border. The rounded sarcophagus top is dark blue or black enhanced with a field of painted gold stars. This attribute detail is the true hint that this object is a sarcophagus since it emulates the funerary pall discovered over the sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. This pall, the only such textile to have survived from antiquity, was allowed to disintegrate during a political struggle between Howard Carter and the Egyptian government (Romer 1981, 266), an incredible loss to Egypt and archaeology. The front of the sarcophagus resembles the palace front and is decorated with a door and hieroglyphs.

from Gebelein carry an empty chair under a canopy, symbolizing the owner in the same manner as a mummy, coffin, or sarcophagus (Fig. 4.63; Appendix A, Cat. No. 91). Often when the owner is depicted as a mummiform figure, a block-like stool is differentiated from the human form and painted. Four of Tutankhamun’s M2.0 models have an empty throne amidships representing the pharaoh. This attribute is labeled as a throne since it is ornate and gilded, indicating the owner’s royal status (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 158-161).

Figure 4.63. Owner’s chair under a canopy. MET S.13273.

Relatives. Rarely does a family member of the deceased appear in human form on a boat model and it is difficult to discern these relationships. Meket-Re’s flotilla is an exception, for his son In-yotef is depicted on four of his models (Winlock 1955, 60, 65) sitting next to his father’s chair (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 271, 272, 274, 513).

Figure 4.61. Sarcophagus with an attached altar or offering table. MEN Eg.357.

The lone M2.19 model in this study carries a roundtopped sarcophagus also designed to imitate the palace facade (Fig. 4.62; Appendix A, Cat. No. 531). Many red lines create partitions of black and yellow on the bottom half of the object with small squares of white with red lines near the top and on the lid. The front of the sarcophagus is painted to resemble a palace entrance. I question some of the attributes associated with this boat model, but its authenticity is not in question and the sarcophagus is ancient, regardless of whether it is original equipment for this artifact.

Servants Often it is hard to determine if a boat model carries a human figure intended to represent a servant. Even in consideration of provenanced models, configurations of people and where they stand or sit can change after excavation. Therefore, sailors can be misinterpreted as servants, servants misinterpreted as rowers, priests misinterpreted as scribes, and so on. In this analysis, servant figures will only be considered if their placement is without question. Variations in figure configurations on specific artifacts are addressed in Appendix A.

Figure 4.62. Vaulted sarcophagus painted with the ‘palace facade’ decoration. LMAG 40.1924.

Attendants. Human figures tending to the needs of the boat owner or handling objects on-board are represented on watercraft models of seemingly wealthy people. Some servants on models assist priests or attend to a mummiform owner’s needs. For example, two of MeketRe’s M2.8 models have servants offering legs of beef to Meket-Re, female servants preparing to offer birds, and male servants ready to show fish to him (Fig. 4.64; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 271, 274). One depiction of a servant on Steward Mentuhotep’s boat shows a man tending to a dead bull that represents an offering for the on-board mummy (Appendix A, Cat. No. 284).

Chairs and Thrones. Models constructed for non-royals often carry a chair for the owner, usually located under a canopy. Class M2.0 and M2.8 Theban Dynasty XI boats

Scribes, Tablets, and Papyri. Models with a funerary connection carry scribes with a writing tablet or papyrus roll with them. One of Meket-Re’s Class M2.8 boats has

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS a scribe presenting an unrolled scroll for the Chancellor to read (Fig. 4.65; Appendix A, Cat. No. 271). Winlock calls this figure an officer of the boat (Winlock 1955, 63), but scribe describes him more accurately. The exact number of scribes found on watercraft models in this study is unknown simply because a scribe and a priest can be indistinguishable on some artifacts.

Figures 4.66-4.67. Left: A cook tending an oven. MFA 21.494. Right: Fishing with harpoons. MMA 20.3.6.

Fishermen, Fish, Nets, and Harpoons. Although fishermen could also be labeled as crewmen, in this context fishermen are considered as servants since they are not responsible for boat and raft operations. One of Meket-Re’s M2.8 models carries two men who are fishing with harpoons (Fig. 4.67; Appendix A, Cat. No. 274) while two other male servants tend to their catch away from the action. The detail applied to this simple action is extraordinary, with both figures having the retrieval line for the harpoon point tied around their left wrist. Two caught fish are on-board, and Winlock identified their respective species as the red Mormyrus and white Tilapia nilotica or bolti. Another model depicting fishermen and fishing are the Class M1.3 papyrus rafts working together with a trawling net slung between them from Meket-Re’s tomb (Fig. 4.68; Appendix A, Cat. No. 25). The net is especially detailed with floats and sinkers attached to it, and heavy lines running from the net edges to fishermen on-board the rafts that allow them to hold tightly to it while the rafts move through the water. Several fish lie in the net and on both of the raft decks, and Winlock identified them as “bolti, bynni, Mormyrus, and Nile perch” (Winlock 1955, 66-68). One other model carries a fish net, but no human figures were ever attached to this boat (Appendix A, Cat. No. 298).

Figures 4.64 and 4.65. Left: Female servant taking birds to Meket-Re. MMA 20.3.6. Right: Meket-Re’s scribe. MMA 20.3.4 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 50 top)

Cooks, Kitchen Equipment, and Food. Few boat models represent kitchen boats, but those that do have obvious attributes on-board that suggest food preparation such as four vessels that carry ovens on-board. Only models with definite provenance can be considered in this analysis, again because food preparation attributes could easily be placed on-board a boat from kitchen or abattoir models. One M2.10 model from Djehuty-Nakht’s flotilla has a round, open oven being tended by a cook who is allowing oxygen in to keep the fire burning by lifting the triangular shaped oven lid (Fig. 4.66; Appendix A, Cat. No. 390). This model also carries two covered food baskets and two large storage jars. MeketRe’s flotilla has two kitchen tenders from Classes M2.10 and M2.13 that depict cooks and servants making bread, drying meat, and possibly brewing beer (Appendix A, Cat. No. 450, 515). Other attributes representing sustenance include jars of beer ready for serving, ovens ready for use, large storage jars, and covered baskets of food carried on the Class M2.10 boat of Sonbi from Meir (Appendix A, Cat. No. 410). One M2.12 model, accurately attributed to Thebes and from my research, is from the tomb of Horhotpou, carries what seems to be the entire contents of a kitchen model on its deck in the form of large round platters, cooking pots, storage jars, and a servant grinding grain (Appendix A, Cat. No. 476). While I trust the provenance attributed to this model, I doubt all of these objects representing kitchen activities belong on-board. Lastly, numerous boat models carry food and water jars, storage containers, or slaughtered animals as part of their equipment as sustenance for the boat owner and crew on a Nile River journey.

Figure 4.68. Fishing net between Meket-Re’s papyrus rafts. EM JE 46715.

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES Carpenters and Tools. One provenanced boat model carries carpenter’s tools on its deck (Appendix A, Cat. No. 409). An axe with a large rounded blade attached to a long wooden handle is found underneath the canopy, along with a small saw and an extra blade (Fig. 4.69). A crewman also has an adze with a metal blade tied to his waist (Fig. 4.70). All the blades represented as part of these miniature tools are black, representing copper, and the handles are carved of wood.

group carry musicians for his amusement (Fig. 4.71). One carries a singer with his hand held in front of his mouth to ‘warble’ his voice, and the other model carries a similar singer and a harpist, whose closed eyes indicate he is blind. The musician’s harp is a detailed attribute represented as being covered in spotted cow’s hide and when found, had strings fashioned from gut (Winlock 1955, 56-57). Hunters and Prey. While not actually shown in action, a man on-board Meket-Re’s M2.8 ‘sporting boat’ has netted birds in a clap net that is shown stowed, hanging outside the vessel’s canopy. A female servant is depicted carrying a duck, identified by Winlock as a mallard. A man, presumably the hunter, holds a bundle of birds that Winlock calls coots. Both servants are ready to present the catch to Meket-Re and In-yotef who sit in front of the vessel’s canopy (Fig. 4.64; Winlock 1955, 64-67; Appendix A, Cat. No. 274).

Figure 4.69. Carpenter’s tools under a canopy. AMO 18961908 2297.

Religion Watercraft models were placed into tombs and burials for religious reasons, to satisfy the needs of the dead in the next life. It is understandable, then, that several boats have human figures on-board that represent participants in Egyptian funerary cult activities. Mourners. Male and female mourners are represented on 53 boat models, although many were probably not original to the artifacts. Women are usually depicted as wailing over the death of the boat’s owner with their arms raised or outstretched at either end of a mummy’s bier (Fig. 4.72). Male mourners are represented as cloaked figures sitting on deck (Fig. 4.58) and are often mislabeled as priests.

Figure 4.70. An adze attached to a carpenter. AMO 18961908 2297

Figure 4.72. Female mourners flanking a mummy. EM CG 4917 (from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVIII, top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo).

Priests. Priests are often easy to recognize on boat models since they are bald or wear a skull cap, and wear a long kilt that protrudes outward in a triangular fashion, sometimes adorned with leopard skin. Priests are portrayed in several positions, including reading prayers from a scroll over a sarcophagus, a decorated coffin, or a mummy (Fig. 4.73). Because of the presence of a scroll with some priest figures, they can be confused with scribes, particularly on models of less expensive

Figure 4.71. Meket-Re’s singer and harpist flanking him. MMA 20.3.1 (from Winlock 1955, Pl. 39, bottom).

Musicians and Instruments. Only three models carry what can demonstrably be called musicians. A model from Class M2.10, whose current location is unknown, has a female harpist on-board to entertain the model’s owner while on the river (Appendix A, Cat. No. 334). Two M2.12 and M2.13 boats from Meket-Re’s model

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS construction where the priest may be an unadorned figure.

particularly true of watercraft since waterborne transport was the only option for commerce, religious pilgrimages, and simple travel, and for any form of long-distance communication for administrative purposes. Several occupations, including those of different social classes, are accurately illustrated in three-dimensional miniature. Some of these workers are portrayed performing their daily duties even while on-board a boat or raft, and in this context, social stratification can be determined. There are few textual references to professions and by inference, a person’s social or economic status in Egypt, but notable among them is the Wilbour Papyrus dating to Mid Dynasty XX of the New Kingdom and the writings of Herodotus during the Late Period. Referencing these texts in this analysis of human figures of primarily First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom watercraft models is useful, but their significantly later dates must be kept in mind.

Goddesses. Some models carry two female figures representing the goddesses Isis and Nephthys, determined by the names written on their dresses in hieratic script (Steindorff 1896, 39), and are present to depict a “reenactment of the legend of Osiris” (Hayes 1953, 272). One figure stands at the foot of the mummy’s bier (Fig. 4.74) and the other at the head (Fig. 4.46, with a priest; Appendix A, Cat. No. 549). Other figures in mourning over a mummy may represent deities, but without written evidence this is often difficult to determine, and Appendix A entries reflect this ambiguity.

In regards to watercraft models, because of the nonspecialized nature of the jobs of baler and punter, if these positions were held by a singular or specific person onboard a boat or raft, they would be the least skilled and the lowest paid crewmen on-board. As arranged above, the skill level and leadership hierarchy of crewmembers would be paddler/rower/sailor, helmsman, pilot, and lastly captain, if one was present. This division of maritime labor can be further scrutinized within the framework of how these boatmen were viewed with in Egyptian society, and in comparison with other servants carried on-board these models. Egyptian social structure was arranged vertically with the pharaoh at its apex, with status based on land ownership and occupation. Those people considered as commoners or in the lower class professions on the socio-economic ladder found onboard models would be the fishermen, hunters, cooks, carpenters, and soldiers. Personal attendants would also be in this class, but their position within a bureaucrat’s or nobleman’s household would afford them more comfortable living conditions. According to Herodotus, ‘boatmen’ in the generic sense may be included in this group and within the context of this study, punter, baler, paddler/rower/sailor, helmsman, and pilot. This lower class of Egyptian citizen could own land, probably in the form of cultivable farmland or garden groves, and they most likely leased their assets out to farmers while they performed their occupational duties. The Wilbour Papyrus associates land size parcels for boatmen to be relatively equivalent to that of trades such as coppersmith, builder, bee keeper, and crocodile feeder, and slightly more land than that of a weaver or embalmer (Lloyd 1983, 310; Vinson 1998, 112-117).

Figures 4.73 and 4.74.Left: Priest. Right: Goddess. MMA 12.183.3

Hes Vase. Hes vases carried water used for purification rituals and four of Meket-Re’s M2.8 boats carry hes vases, two of which carry the inscription “A boon given by the king (and by) Osiris, Lord of Busiris, an invocation-offering (consisting of) bread, beer, beef, and fowl, for the one in honor, the Hereditary Prince, MeketRe” (Winlock 1955, 64; Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 270273). Two M2.5, two M2.8, and one M2.10 models carry hes vases as well, but without hieroglyphic offerings (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 208, 209, 277, 292, 422). Offering Tables. Small tables intended for holding offerings to the deceased boat’s owner are often found on models with other funerary attributes. Three M2.5 models, all from the tomb of Heper-Ka-Re, carry these tables that have food painted on their tops. This design would insure perpetual offerings for the boat’s owner, and two tables on these models also carry separate offerings of cow’s legs (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 208-210).

According to the Wilbour Papyrus, the middle class is represented on watercraft models in the form of warriors, priests, scribes, and artisans, under which I am placing musicians and singers. According to Herodotus, soldiers received special consideration from the pharaoh in the form of a tax-free land allotment, with ranking officers likely receiving additional land sections. As a group, military personnel apparently held more than one-half of

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS Tomb models provide a unique opportunity to examine Egyptian social and economic structures particularly since commoners are depicted alongside nobility. This is

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SECONDARY EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL ATTRIBUTES the rich farmland throughout Egypt. High-ranking priests controlled, through the religious infrastructure of temples, one-third of the cultivable land in the country, and through this system lesser priests had a stake in the land ownership as well. Beyond land holdings, priests received the tangible benefits of the devotional offerings to the temples in the form of “bread, mile, cake, herbs, emmer, oxen, geese and beer”, on a daily or monthly schedule. Females representing goddesses on-board boat and raft models would be priestesses playing a role, and like priests, had middle class status. No references have been found specifically concerning the role of mourners in Egyptian society and as depicted on watercraft models, these cloaked figures attend the deceased. Some models carry a large number of mourners, as many as nine and 11 human figures, although it is possible that not all these figures are original to these artifacts (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 289, 291). Mourners were probably lesser priests and therefore members of Egypt’s middle class. Specific information concerning the compensation for scribes is lacking, although the education level of a scribe and his literacy afforded him at least a middle class living. A musician, if considered as an artisan, would gain their income from their services as an entertainer or in a temple context, and might receive government rationed goods as payment (Lloyd 1983, 302, 309-310; O’Connor 1983, 192).

variety of titles indicates that he was definitely a member of Egypt’s upper class. As represented on watercraft models, it is not possible to identify other upper class nobility beyond Meket-Re. A figure of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II is carried on one of the Class M2.0 boat models from his ka tomb. The pharaoh is sitting on a throne facing the wrong direction on the boat, replaced incorrectly after being discovered in a jumble. Because the pharaoh was “a god incarnate” (Lloyd 1983, 288), the king was at the top of the societal ladder. This small figure of Mentuhotep II is the only representation of a pharaoh in human form included on a watercraft model in this study (Appendix A, Cat. No. 134). However, a decorated and gilded throne with hieroglyphic inscriptions represented Pharaoh Tutankhamun on four of his Class M2.0 boats (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 158-161). CONCLUSIONS The secondary non-structural nautical attributes found on watercraft models that represent steering (quarter rudder oars, rudder oars, oars, paddles), propulsion (punt poles), depth gauges (sounding poles, leads), and landing gear (fenders, mooring stakes, mallets, gangplanks) provide insight into their development and how they complement the major and minor nautical structural attributes that determine a model’s Class. Although these nautical attributes are not Class determiners because of the propensity for these items to be separated from models or moved from artifact to artifact, how they are depicted and the changes in their design over time are significant for the study of maritime development in Egypt.

Several models in this study were discovered in tombs where the profession of the deceased can be determined and most fall within the middle class of Egyptian society. However, in many instances, the owner of the tomb does not appear in miniature on the watercraft models or is only found on some of the boats or rafts in a flotilla depending on vessel function. In the instances presented here, owner figures appear on models where the titles bestowed on these individuals include Superintendent in the Treasury and Ruler of the Residence. Interestingly, the wife of the Ruler of the Residence is found in her closed cabin holding a mirror and being attended by a servant (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 318, 332, 343).

Bow and stern appendages, while they were crucial as type determiners for Reisner, have no importance in Class determination in this study. They do, however, affect a watercraft’s stability since they had weight to a hull’s ends and therefore affect a vessel’s performance. Also, in regards to papyriform appendages, their length, color, and iconography are indicators of an artifacts age and often their provenance. Further, heavy decorative finials may require the inclusion of HT in a boat’s construction to prevent hogging. Deck structures carried on-board watercraft models include canopies, cabins, shrines, forecastles, aftercastles, kiosks, and stairs. All of these attributes with the exception of the stairs provide respite from the Egyptian sun while traveling the Nile River, and their size can affect a vessel’s construction. Larger structures require a wider beam and possibly TDB for increased strength amidships.

The upper class of Egyptian society is represented onboard watercraft models in the form of the vessel’s owner, such as Chancellor Meket-Re, a nobleman of high status. The quality of Meket-Re’s funerary models alone is an indicator of his great wealth (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 25, 270-274, 450, 484, 485, 513-515). His social status is attested to in several Middle Kingdom inscriptions not only on the hes vases carried on his boat models where he is referred to as Chancellor, but also on a cliff face at Shatt er Rigal. Meket-Re is called Truly Beloved of his Lord, Meket-Re, Governor of the Six Great Tribunals. His name and various titles also appear in Mentuhotep II’s mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari, where he is identified as the Sole [Companion], the Chancellor Meket-Re and the Count, the Chancellor Meket-Re. At the time of his death, his tomb walls contained the titles of Hereditary Prince, the Count, the Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt, the Hereditary Prince at the Gateway of [Geb], and the Great Steward (Winlock 1947, 66-67). Throughout Meket-Re’s long life, his

Hull color and iconography are representations of construction materials and certain Egyptian religious beliefs, as are mystical objects carried on-board. Class M1.3 papyrus rafts that are painted green reflect their represented construction material, fresh papyrus stalks. Models representing wooden hulls are various colors that is often dependent on the vessel’s function would be if it were an actual boat, including fishing boats, ceremonial vessels, traveling boats, and yachts. Non-functional hull

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS adornments include carved and painted papyrus ties, gunwale stripes, stitching representing seams for hide waterproofing, udjat eyes for protection and safety, and decorated steering gear for funeral purposes. Solar boats or barques are unique in the watercraft model corpus because in their original form, they are examples of boats that never existed in reality, and are not represented by Khufu I as some scholars have suggested.

political conditions where increased security for Nile River travel was necessary. Other figures representing musicians, religious officials, bureaucrats, and middle and upper class boat owners are depicted in working situations with the lower class servants, boatmen, and soldiers. Objects of daily life and subsistence for extended voyages supply information about the Egyptian diet, professions, entertainment, and funerary customs. These secondary attributes, while not used as indicators of a watercraft model’s Class, add greatly to our understanding of Egyptian culture as represented by onboard activities and social stratification as shown in the different professions depicted on-board. Most importantly for this study, the variations in rudder oar, quarter rudder oar, oar, and paddle designs, stem and stern appendage shape, hull color, and iconography increase the significance of these artifacts as maritime objects in Ancient Egyptian society.

The human figures working and traveling on raft and boat models are significant indicators of provenance because of recognizable site-specific characteristics. The hierarchy of the maritime trades as represented on watercraft models range from the unskilled punter to the decision-making pilot or captain, if present. Several levels of servants appear on-board watercraft, and members of the military and military paraphernalia carried on artifacts from particular sites indicate unstable

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V THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Beginning with the development of a rudimentary spreadsheet of nearly 300 Ancient Egyptian watercraft models, this study expanded to contain 586 artifacts, 252 string variables, 96 numerical variables, and their associated values organized in a SPSS database for the purposes of creating a new classification system for Ancient Egyptian watercraft models. Through in-person documentation of 70% of the models in this study, with the remaining watercraft model details acquired through photographs, publications, and accession information, a classification scheme was developed based on the major nautical construction attributes represented in these threedimensional miniatures. The 18 major nautical structural attributes observed in Egyptian watercraft model construction that were recognized, analyzed, and described in Chapter 2 can be positioned temporally and geographically as they are documented in the archaeological record. With this task completed, the evolution of reinforced stern structures (RSS) and mast partners (j1-15) can also be mapped within these parameters as indicators of centers of nautical technological development, innovation, and stagnation. Changes in RSS and (j1-15) can therefore be traced to specific sites and time periods along the Nile River Valley and when nautical developments can be documented at this level, relatively simultaneous structural changes in watercraft construction can be seen at different cities, indicating the diffusion or exchange of technology between nomes and settlements. With my new study, the greatest amount of data has been collected regarding the largest corpus of Egyptian watercraft models yet assembled. The establishment of the new classification scheme in Chapter 2 is supported by the comprehensive catalogue of the 586 artifacts in this work (Appendix A) that accounts for all the attributes and attribute state data collected during my study travel and research. Further, the comparison of standard attribute depictions and model construction to those models exhibiting non-standard characteristics allowed for the identification of dozens of forgeries (Appendix B). Through this compilation of information, the Merriman classification system recognizes the contribution that detailed study and analysis of the nautical construction attributes of these complex artifacts makes to the disciplines of nautical and riverine archaeology, maritime history, and Egyptology.

ANALYSIS: PAPYRUS RAFT MODELS The earliest Predynastic Period Class M1 models were excavated from Matmar (Class M1.1) and Minshat Abu Omar (Class M1.2) dating to the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 6, 15), with other artifacts coming from el-Badari (Class M1.0), and Armant (Class M1.1) dating to the general Predynastic Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 1, 12-14). Six M1.0 and one M1.2 models dating to the general Predynastic Period have no provenance (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 2, 7-11, 16). Early Dynastic Period Class M1 models that have survived in the archaeological record were found at Saqqara (Class M1.0), and Class M1.2 models come from Abydos, Helwan, and Hierakonpolis (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 3-5, 17-19). Class M1.3 models survived in the archaeological record from All Egypt Dynasty XI at Saqqara and the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 20-26). The latest Class M1.3 models were discovered in Tutankhamun’s Dynasty XVIII King’s Valley tomb (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 27, 28). Class M1.0M1.3 models are found from the Delta region in Lower Egypt where Minshat Abu Omar is located to the tombs of Thebes in Upper Egypt. The small number of surviving M1 models suggests that the popularity of papyrus raft representations in model form was not high, possibly because they represent the easiest and least expensive form of watercraft construction. Most average Egyptians would not be able to afford a large assemblage of funerary models like those of Kaemsenu, Neit, Niankh-Pepy-Kem, Karenen and Nefer-Smedet, Anpuemhat and Usermut, Meket-Re, Djehuty-Nakht, and Tutankhamun. Therefore, the deceased person would benefit more from a model that represented longer-lasting wooden construction. Wooden boat ownership suggests wealth and prestige when compared with a craft that has a much shorter life span such as a raft constructed of vulnerable papyrus reeds. ANALYSIS: WOODEN BOAT MODELS Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods Class M2.0 watercraft, while not exhibiting any major structural attributes beyond their represented wooden construction, depict several minor attributes that can suggest the geographical diffusion of nautical technology

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS on the Nile River. The earliest Badarian Period Class M2.0 models are from el-Badari, including one boat that incorporates a quarter rudder cable hole (d1) into its hull indicating the Egyptians recognized at this early date the advantage of a steering gear pivot point for vessel control (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 29-32). Naqada II Period M2.0 artifacts come from Mostagedda, North el-Ballas, Tukh [Naqada], Abydos, and Hu, with attribute d1 appearing at Mostagedda and North el-Ballas, sites geographically close to el-Badari, as well as at Abydos and Hu (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 33-37). Predynastic Period boat models come from el-Amrah, Hu, and el-Badari (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 38, 42, 44), with several lacking provenance (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 39-41, 43, 45-49) but with some artifacts exhibiting attribute d1 and improved propulsion through the presence of rowlocks (g). Early Dynastic Period Class M2.0 watercraft were found at Hierakonpolis, Abydos, Mostagedda, and Helwan (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 50-53, 55-57), with one model having no provenance (Appendix A, Cat. No. 54).

Predynastic Period, Egyptian boat construction technology had advanced to the point of incorporating a stable sheered hull (VFE), longitudinal strength (CP and DB), athwartships strength (RCS), and fixed steering (i3) into one surviving watercraft model representation (ÄMB 13801). Similarly, a Naqada II Period Class M2.5 model with DB from el-Ballas also exhibits the first instance of quarter rudder oar stanchion evidence (i1). Further, its ‘modified’ VFE indicates it may have developed from Classes M2.1M2.2 artifacts (Appendix A, Cat No. 186). Two other Predynastic Period M2.5 artifacts are unprovenanced, with one of these models exhibiting the earliest instance of a single mast hole (h1) in its construction (Appendix A, Cat. No. 187-188). An Early Dynastic Period M2.5 model from Saqqara also has attribute i1 exhibited in its construction and it incorporates the first provenanced instance of a single mast hole (h1), located in a DB (Appendix A, Cat. No. 189). Since this artifact is from northern Saqqara, nautical technology appeared to be diffusing northward in the Early Dynastic Period as well.

Naqada II Period Class M2.1 boat models from Tukh, elAhaiwah, el-Badari, el-Ballas, one with unknown provenance, and three from the general Predynastic Period with unknown provenance exhibit the next level of wooden hull construction with the incorporation of vertically flat ends (VFE) in their manufacture (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 169-179). These models clearly exhibit the evolution of boat construction in the Late Predynastic Period with VFE that greatly increased the vessel’s steering control, handling through the water, and beam for stability and greater carrying capacity. The appearance of Early Dynastic Period M2.1 boats from Hierakonpolis suggests the diffusion of VFE construction southward from the cluster of settlements around elBadari (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 189-181).

Old Kingdom Since wooden boat models were not a regular component of middle class Egyptian burials and tombs until the First Intermediate Period, Old Kingdom Class M2.0, M2.5, M2.6, and M2.7 models from Mid Dynasty V and Dynasty VI from the northern Egyptian sites of Saqqara and Abusir and the middle Egyptian site of Meir were discovered in noble and royal contexts (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 58-69, 190-193, 223-233, 235) at these larger provincial sites. Other Dynasty VI Class M2.0 models found in a middle class context come from southern Gebelein (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 70, 71), and an unprovenanced Old Kingdom model is also found in Class M2.0 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 72).

The lone Class M2.2 model has no provenance, but the incorporation of VFE, deck beams (DB), a central plank (CP), and raised central shelf (RCS) into this artifact suggests it is authentic and exhibits significant nautical structural evolution by the Naqada II Period (Appendix A, Cat. No. 182). Its authenticity is supported by the incorporation of the somewhat rare VFE, which is seen in several M2.1 provenanced models mentioned above. The rare CP in the lone Naqada II Period Class M2.3 model from el-Ballas and one Predynastic Period Class M2.4 model from Abydos is further evidence that these advanced major attributes were recognized early in Egypt’s history (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 183-184). Similarly, this same reasoning supports the authenticity of an unprovenanced Class M2.4 model, that also has a CP (Appendix A, Cat. No. 185). The presence of DB in Classes M2.2 and M2.3 also strengthens my theory concerning the authenticity of the former. Lastly, the inclusion of RCS and attribute state i3 in Class M2.2 also supports its authenticity, since unauthentic models tend to exhibit traits leaning toward the fantastic and elaborate as opposed to those indicating nautical technological advances. From these inferences, the four major nautical structural attributes exhibited in the one Class M2.2 model supports my contention that in Naqada II of the

The next major structural attribute to survive in the archaeological record is the outrigger (O) from Classes M2.6 and M2.7 beginning in Dynasty VI. These models are first discovered in Saqqara in c.2345 BCE, and in Saqqara and Meir in c.2321-2184 BCE. The last outrigger is found further south at Naga ed-Der in Theban Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. No. 234). The outrigger appearing only at three sites and for a short period of time suggests that boatwrights simply began constructing wider vessels for cargo carrying and long-distance travel, and outriggers were no longer necessary in vessel construction. Since a partial RCS is seen in the Naqada II Period in Class M2.2 and Khufu I of Dynasty IV has an RCS incorporated in its construction (Figs. 3.74, 3.75), this major attribute must have been a regular feature of Egyptian vessel construction in the Old Kingdom. However, the relatively simplistic depiction of the majority of Old Kingdom boat models does not allow the documentation of this attribute, particularly because they are unpainted and rare. The regular representation of RCS into wooden model hulls began in Classes M2.8 and 118

THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM M2.10 in Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X and in Theban Dynasty XI. Therefore, while the nautical technological development of Egyptian watercraft is seen in Upper Egypt and appears to diffuse north and south in the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods, patterns are difficult to detect in the Old Kingdom because of the small number of boat models discovered from this period, and the obvious lack of detail such as an RCS that has survived.

ed-Deir in Theban Dynasty XI. This mast partner version is a precursor to attribute states j9-13 that developed at Upper Egyptian sites during the Middle Kingdom. Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Classes M2.0, M2.5, M2.8-M2.19 contain boat models dated to All Egypt Dynasty XI (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 117-136, 197-205, 247-279, 300, 313-450, 473-485, 512527, 531). Artifacts with DB constructed during this period are found in every Class mentioned above except M2.0 and M2.16. Similarly, RCS are also incorporated into artifacts during this period in Classes M2.8, M2.10M2.15, M2.18, and M2.19, and RSS are found in Classes M2.9-M2.16. All Egypt Dynasty XI watercraft models with DB are found at the sites, from south to north, of Gebelein, the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari, Deir elBahari, Thebes, Asyut, Meir, el-Bersheh, Antinoopolis, Beni Hasan, Akoris, Sedment, Saqqara, and Abusir. RCS and RSS are also found at these sites with the exception of Gebelein and Antinoopolis.

First Intermediate Period Two Class M2.0 models from Qubbet el-Hawa and one Class M2.5 artifact from Gebelein in southern Egypt date to Dynasty VIII of the First Intermediate Period (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 73, 74, 194). However, the remaining models from the First Intermediate Period date to Theban Dynasty XI and Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X. A significant number of them are found in Class M2.0 from Gebelein, Naga ed-Deir, Asyut, Akhmim, Antinoopolis, Meir, el-Bersheh, Saqqara, Abusir, generally to Lower Egypt, and some with unknown provenance (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 75-116). During Theban Dynasty XI in the south and Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X in the north, the three primary major nautical structural attributes, DB, RCS, and reinforced stern structures (RSS) comprised the main components of boat models from this period in Egyptian history. They appear in Classes M2.5, and M2.8-M2.10, with only M2.10 common to all three attributes. First Intermediate Period M2.5 models were discovered at el-Rizeiqat and Sedment (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 195, 196) while M2.8 boats come from Sedment and Saqqara (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 236-246). Class M2.9 watercraft were found in el-Bersheh and Sedment (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 296-299) and M2.10 models come from Thebes, Meir, Sedment, Lahun/Kahun, Saqqara, and an unknown provenance (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 301-312). The regular representation of RCS in wooden model hulls began in Classes M2.8 and M2.10 in Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X at northern Sedment, Lahun/Kahun, and Saqqara, and in Theban Dynasty XI at southern Thebes, Meir, and el-Bersheh. Attribute state clarifiers q1 and q3 of RSS are first documented at these sites in Classes M2.9 and M2.10 artifacts during the First Intermediate Period.

Attribute state clarifiers q2-9 of RSS depictions on boat models from Classes M2.9-M2.16 changed during the approximately 70 years comprising All Egypt Dynasty XI and their represented construction became increasingly robust over time. At southern Thebes, q7 sterns are found in Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI while models from Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI carry a variety of stern configurations in relative chronological order from the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari q8 and Deir el-Bahari q4,6,7,9. Mid and Late All Egypt Dynasty XI models from Asyut exhibit q5,8 attribute states, while at Meir attribute states q2-6 are seen incorporated into boat model sterns. Early and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI models from el-Bersheh have q2-5 sterns, while Beni Hasan artifacts have q2-7 sterns exhibited in their construction from Early to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. In Middle Egypt, the lone Akoris model from Late All Egypt Dynasty XI has attribute state q6, and near the Faiyum, Early and Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI models from Sedment have attribute states q3,5. Models from Saqqara have q2-7 sterns that appear in relative chronological succession and at northern Abusir, attribute state q2 is found in Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and q6 late in the dynasty. Models with unknown provenance but dating to All Egypt Dynasty XI, have attribute states q3-5.

The depiction of eight mast partners (j1-8) on models from Classes M2.0, M2.5, M2.6, and M2.8-M2.10 during the First Intermediate Period indicates the use of these different representations at relatively the same time and at the same sites where the incorporation of major structural attributes DB, RCS, and RSS into boat models took place. During this time period, mast partner attribute state j1 is found at southern el-Rizeiqat and northern Lahun/Kahun. The boats from Sedment carry attribute states j2-5 on models from Dynasty IX and j2-7 on artifacts from Dynasty X. Dynasty X boats from Saqqara carry attribute states j3,7. An entirely different First Intermediate Period mast partner than those already mentioned, attribute sate j8 is seen at Gebelein and Naga

Five additional major nautical construction attributes are first seen in the archaeological record in All Egypt Dynasty XI. Lower side shelves (LSS, Classes M2.11, M2.13, M2.15) are found at Thebes, the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari, and Sedment. Longitudinal stern reinforcements (LSR, Classes M2.12, M2.13, M2.15) are seen in models from the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari, Deir el-Bahari, Meir, and Beni Hasan. Through-going deck beams (TDB, Classes M2.14, M2.15) are incorporated into hulls from Asyut, Meir, Ben Hasan, Sedment, and Saqqara during this period. The fork stern design (FS, Class M2.17, M2.18) is only found at Meir, el-Bersheh, and Beni Hasan, and deck knees (DK, Class M2.19) are first seen in All Egypt Dynasty XI at el119

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS characteristic 12 dyn. curled stern was late appearing in the model repertoire in the provinces when it appeared during the reign of Senwosret I at Lisht (Tooley 1989, 169).

Bersheh. The geographic distribution of major nautical structural attributes during All Egypt Dynasty XI is relatively uniform along the Nile River in Upper and Lower Egypt with the exception of LSR, FS, and DK that are found only at southern sites.

Tooley was correct on these points, for watercraft models do exhibit site-specific attributes, their geographic position and associated artifacts must be considered, and ‘archaic’ hull forms may have persisted in out-lying areas. However, simply because boat models or tomb depictions of ‘characteristic’ Dynasty XII craft have not been discovered or survived does not preclude their existence in early Dynasty XII at provincial sites; it simply cannot be proven. Further, I contend Tooley’s perception of what exactly is a curled stern is limited to the pronounced and highly arched stern that projects far forward (q10,11) and dates to Late Dynasty XII. Many models in this study have very small curled sterns (q9) dated to c2004 BCE and Early Dynasty XII.

The structural changes in mast partners on artifacts are seen throughout All Egypt Dynasty XI in subsets M2.0, M2.5, M2.6, M2.8-M2.10, and M2.12-M2.15, and M2.17-M2.19. In the Theban area (Deir el-Bahari, 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari, general Thebes), Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI boat models carry j3,9,11 attribute states, while watercraft late in the dynasty exhibit j1,9 mast partner construction and j3,12 and j3,13 combinations. At Asyut, attribute states j3,4 are found on models from Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI and j12 is seen late in the dynasty. At Meir, Early (j1,3,6,7) and Mid (j1-3,6,7) All Egypt Dynasty XI models have several attribute states exhibited, and j3 persisted late into the dynasty. At el-Bersheh, early in the dynasty attribute state j3,7 is found, while by mid dynasty many states are seen j2-5,7-9,12, and by late in the dynasty only j3 mast partners are found. Early in the dynasty at Beni Hasan, attribute states j2-4,7 are found, only j1,3,4 is found by mid dynasty, and late in the dynasty only j3 is seen. In Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, attribute state j12 is seen at Akoris. Mast partner attribute states j2,3 are found at Sedment early in the dynasty and by Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI, attribute states j3,7 are incorporated into model construction. Attribute states j3,6,7 are found on boat models at Saqqara throughout the dynasty, while attribute states j3,7 are found at Abusir only in Late All Egypt Dynasty XI.

However, Meket-Re’s M2.10, M2.12, and M2.13 boats from the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari at Thebes have highly raised and curved square-shaped block sterns with a very rounded counter (q8) and wide, flat bow constructions. Mesehti’s M2.14 model’s stern configuration is identical to Meket-Re’s models, yet it comes from more northern Asyut. Ten other models in this study are constructed with attribute state q7 whose sterns rise upward less than Meket-Re’s boats, culminating in slightly different profiles, but also represent sturdy, stable boats with broad, flat bows. Two of these M2.10 and M2.12 models (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 436, 476) are attributed to Thebes, and an M2.13 model (Appendix A, Cat. No. 512) that I have attributed to Thebes because of its similarities to these boats and Meket-Re’s models, have slightly smaller blocks than the others, possibly indicating a slightly earlier construction date than Meket-Re’s artifacts. The seven other boats with q7 sterns, six from subset M2.10 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 432, 437, 439-442) and one from subset M2.14 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 519) are from northern Saqqara in Lower Egypt with the exception of one unprovenanced M2.10 model I have attributed to Thebes. Because of the geographical distance between the Saqqara models and boats found in Thebes, slight differences are expected so the Saqqara models are probably contemporaries of Meket-Re’s artifacts or constructed just previously. Lastly, one M2.10 model (Appendix A, Cat. No. 324) has a q5 stern with a less pronounced rounded counter than the boats discussed above. This artifact dates to Early All Egypt Dynasty XI and possibly represents the earliest version of this rounded counter and the beginning of this strong stern construction. Unfortunately, this model has no provenance and no obvious geographical markers, so comparisons should be conducted cautiously.

All Egypt Dynasty XI Dating Questions. The dating of some watercraft models have come under scholarly debate, particularly concerning the partially overlapping time covered by Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X (c2160-2025 BCE) and Theban Dynasty XI (c2125-2055 BCE), and All Egypt Dynasty XI (c2055-1985 BCE). Spanel contended that six of Meket-Re’s watercraft from Classes M2.10, M2.12, M2.13 and a M2.14 boat from the tomb of Mesehti (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 450, 484, 485, 513-515, 520) exhibit the ‘typical’ design of Theban Dynasty XI boats and therefore are from that period (Spanel 1985, 245). The dating of Meket-Re’s tomb group varies among other scholars to the reign of the first ruler of All Egypt Dynasty XI, Pharaoh Mentuhotep II (c2055-2004 BCE, Jones 1995, 30; Vinson 1994, 30), simply placed into All Egypt Dynasty XI (c2055-1985 BCE, Hayes 1953, 269; Landström 1970, 78), and to Late All Egypt Dynasty XI or early Dynasty XII (Tooley 1995, 14). Further, it has been suggested by Tooley that Spanel’s scheme is:

Spanel placed Meket-Re’s boat models into the prereunification Theban Dynasty XI that nearly coincides with Herakleopolitan Dynasties IX and X. Knowing this, Kheti’s Dynasty X tomb watercraft depictions (Fig. 3.46) and Meket-Re’s model boats should be similar, taking into consideration geographical differences reflected in

too limited in its date range. Consideration must be taken of where a boat comes from and what other objects were found with it, particularly ceramic evidence and the htp-di-nsw formula...[and some] Beni Hasan boats exhibit what might be termed ‘archaic’ hull forms well into the 12 dyn. The

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THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM forth above, LSR and bowsprits (attribute states s1-4) are primarily Dynasty XII attributes. These models also lack an ASR, seen in Classes M2.22-M2.24 beginning in Mid Dynasty XII. I assert that Meket-Re’s M2.10, M2.12, and M2.13 boats, and the other models with attribute states q7-8 are transitional vessels that reflect the characteristics of late All Egypt Dynasty XI and early Dynasty XII nautical construction, such as the inclusion of bowsprits (attribute s).

non-nautical attributes. Spanel claimed Meket-Re’s boats “and the paintings in Baqt III’s [Fig. 3.45] and Kheti’s tombs [Fig. 3.46], are identical in type to models from the burials of Mesehti of Assiut, Karenen of Saqqara, Herishefhotpe of Abusir; Wadjethotpe and another person from Sedment...the Djehutinakhte family from and Bersheh...Tjau...Khetia-aca...Neferi...Sobek-hotpe, Netjernakhte of Beni Hasan; and several others from these and/or different tombs” (Spanel 1985, 246). However, Neferi’s Class M2.10 boats and Mesehti’s M2.14 watercraft (Appendix A, Cat. No. 432, 437, 520) are the only artifacts belonging to the people named above that have attribute states q7-8, making them similar to Meket-Re’s vessels. Further, by Spanel’s standard of using hull profiles to determine vessel ‘type’, the boats shown on Kheti’s tomb walls are not similar to MeketRe’s, Mesehti’s, or Neferi’s models despite his claims. However, the tomb painting hull profiles are relatively comparable to the other models mentioned above, but other considerations and especially the RSS exhibited in these models, date them to All Egypt Dynasty XI and not Theban Dynasty XI.

Seven models from Classes M2.12 and M2.13 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 476, 484, 485, 512-515) in the above discussion have a LSR and five of these artifacts are from Meket-Re’s flotilla. The interesting point here is that M2.10 model EM JE 46718 from the same flotilla as Meket-Re’s M2.12 and M2.13 boats, does not have an LSR (Fig. 2.44). EM CG 4918 and the models from Saqqara also lack an LSR, making them similar to EM JE 46718 in this regard. Further, BMA 37.1483E, PRM 1884.81.10, and Meket-Re’s M2.10, M2.12, and M2.13 models have bowsprits, while the other models with attribute state clarifiers q7-8 do not. Also, Meket-Re’s M2.8 model with a papyriform stern (Appendix A, Cat. No. 274) lacks a bowsprit even though it does have the traditional pointed stem like Meket-Re’s Class M2.10, M2.12, and M2.13 artifacts. Beyond Meket-Re’s boats, PRM 1884.81.10, and BMA 37.1483E, only five boats dating to All Egypt Dynasty XI from four Classes M2.10, M2.12, M2.16, M2.17, (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 348, 413, 480, 522, 525) carry bowsprits.

Spanel also claimed that even though Meket-Re’s traveling, sporting, and kitchen boats “have different stern angles and stern-post configurations...they are fundamentally the same boat.” He further asserted that models resembling Meket-Re’s boats are not known from any Dynasty XII contexts (Spanel 1985, 245-246) and he is correct in this statement. Therefore, Spanel’s basis for dating these models is flawed, since the most important attribute available to determine the age of First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom Egyptian boat models is the RSS, not a hull profile. Hull sheer lines and bow width, while not major or minor nautical attributes, are indicators of age and provenance to a certain extent and are useful in individual cases Further, Spanel’s statement about the lack of models resembling MeketRe’s boats is inaccurate, since PRM 1884.81.19 (which Spanel did not study), EM CG 4918, EM 37564i-116, and EM 37564j-116 have comparable stern constructions. Lastly, while Spanel is correct in his observation that no boat models from Dynasty XII resemble any in Meket-Re’s flotilla and this is one of the reasons he dates them to Theban Dynasty XI, this fact does not preclude dating this flotilla to All Egypt Dynasty XI, a possibility Spanel apparently did not consider.

Further evidence for the later dating of Meket-Re’s models comes from a stela created during year 39 of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II’s 51 year reign, where ‘Governor of the Six Great Tribunals Meket-Re’ is mentioned. This inscription indicates that Meket-Re was alive well into All Egypt Dynasty XI. More evidence from the reign of Pharaoh Mentuhotep III, when Winlock believed MeketRe’s tomb was constructed, are the titles ‘The Hereditary Prince, the Count, the Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt, the Hereditary Prince at the Gateway of Geb, the Great Steward, the Sole Companion, the Chancellor Meket-Re’ (Winlock 1947, 33-34, 52-53, 63) inscribed on its walls. This evidence suggests Meket-Re lived into the reign of Mentuhotep III, having attained a higher status by that time. It must be pointed out that Mentuhotep III’s reign was rather short, lasting approximately 12 years, and his successor Mentuhotep IV’s reign was only seven years long. It is not inconceivable that Meket-Re could have lived during the reigns of Mentuhotep II-IV, the only pharaohs of a dynasty that lasted approximately 70 years.

I suggest that Kheti’s paintings depict boats whose stern configurations would be stern rudder oar indentations (attribute states d3-4), seen only in boat models from Herakleopolitan Period Dynasties IX and X and Theban Dynasty XI. This detail is impossible to define on a tomb wall since it is primarily evident in plan view and not in profile, but their existence in many Dynasty IX and X boat models is strong evidence for the later dating of Meket-Re’s models. The highly raised, curved, and square-shaped block stern structure is a hybrid of Late All Egypt Dynasty XI and Dynasty XII boat models. I contend the stern curvatures of models with attribute states q7-8 are direct precursors to the curled sterns (q9-11) of Dynasty XII. Additionally, based on the evidence put

Winlock contended that Meket-Re’s models could have been constructed over a number of years while Meket-Re was still alive. I agree with this assertion and suggest the model makers incorporated changes and improvements in watercraft construction that they observed around them on the Nile River into the models. This idea is supported by the presence of a LSR on Meket-Re’s M2.12 and M2.13 boats, but not on the M2.10 model. The boat that lacks the LSR would have been constructed earlier. 121

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Further evidence that upholds this theory comes from Winlock who described the condition of the models before and after they were cleaned:

same geographic area, they should be similar. These artifacts are comparable in the broad, flat bow design and rounded counter, although ROM 910.18.1’s stern is narrower, a trait indicative of curled stern construction. It does not carry a bowsprit or have a LSR. Since Mentuhotep II died c2004 BCE, I contend the Late All Egypt Dynasty XI construction date for this artifact is correct. Importantly, Mentuhotep II’s boat is the first precisely dated watercraft model in the archaeological record with attribute state q9. This fact upholds my hypotheses that small curl sterns first appear by c2004 BCE, LSR and bowsprits are primarily Dynasty XII attributes, and that several boat models are Late All Egypt Dynasty XI-Early Dynasty XII hybrids.

When all of the models were thus reassembled and restored we could feel confident that we had every model once more into the state in which it was placed in the little chamber four thousand years ago, and incidentally we thus discovered some very interesting facts about their history...there two figures which could not possibly belong to any of the models in the chamber...[one] had fallen through the crack in the rock which we first discovered...the other figure was too far back in the chamber to have fallen in and for some time we were puzzled as to how it had got there. When we came to take a final survey of all the models, however, we found that an arm was missing from one of the fisherman; the masts of several boats had been wrenched off and were piled up near the door; and some of them were broken with parts missing and one had been burnt in two; and on many of the models there were flyspecks, the gnawings and droppings of mice, and cobwebs with dead spiders still in them. Now there had never been any fire in the chamber and there was no trace of spiders, flies, or mice on the floor of the room. They were only on the models themselves. Taken all together, these facts could be explained only by supposing that [Meket-Re] had purchased his funerary models some time before his death and had stored them in an unused room in his house full of mice and spiders and flies, and that in this room was kept another set of models from which the stray figure was taken by mistake when this set was carried to the tombs. Possibly the models stayed in the house for several years, during which time not only did the flies and spiders and mice next in them but even children of the family may have sneaked in and played with them, and they were the ones who had broken and burnt the masts, and lost the arm of the fisherman (Winlock 1920, 24-25).

Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Boat models from Classes M2.0 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 137-154), M2.5 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 206-215), M2.8 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 280-294), M2.10 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 451-472), M2.12 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 486511), M2.18 (Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 528-530), and M2.20-M2.24, Appendix A, Cat. Nos. 532-553) are found in Dynasty XII from the sites of Asasif, Thebes, Deir Rifeh, Asyut, Meir, el-Bersheh, Beni Hasan, Lahun/Kahun, Riqqeh, el-Lisht South, Helwan, Saqqara, Abusir, and unknown provenance. Major nautical structural attribute DB is incorporated into all these Classes except M2.0. RCS are found in all these groupings except M2.5, while RSS are found in M2.10, M2.12, and M2.21-M2.24 models. Further, DK are found in Classes M2.21 and M2.24, LSR are seen in Classes M2.12, M2.20, M2.23, and M2.24, and ASR are incorporated into M2.22-M2.24 artifacts. The lone Dynasty XII Helwan model is missing its stern, so attributes RSS, LSR, ASR will not be evident. Similarly, LSR are found at the same sites as DB except Deir Rifeh, Helwan, and Saqqara. FS are only seen in models from Asyut, el-Bersheh, and Lahun/Kahun, while DK are found only at el-Bersheh. Lastly, ASR is seen in models from Thebes, Meir, el-Bersheh, Beni Hasan, el-Lisht South, and Saqqara.

While the suggestion that children played with the models is interesting, the real evidence noted by Winlock in the form of dead insects, mice droppings, and cobwebs supports the idea that these boats were constructed in advance of their inclusion in Meket-Re’s tomb. If this is true, then the possibility exists that the boats were built over a number of years and reflect changes in watercraft construction during those years. Therefore, I believe this tomb group dates to c2016-1985 BCE, the beginning date being year 39 of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II’s reign, when Meket-Re is mentioned on the stela, and the end date being the beginning of Dynasty XII. These Class M2.10, M2.12, and M2.13 models do not suggest the Theban Dynasty XI date preferred by Spanel, and the textual evidence does not support this date either.

RSS development in Dynasty XII is evident at different sites. In Late Dynasty XII, attribute state q11 is seen at Asasif and Deir Rifeh. At Asyut, attribute state q9 in found in Early Dynasty XII. Early in the dynasty, q9 sterns are found at Meir and by mid-dynasty, q10-11 are represented until the dynasty’s end. At el-Bersheh, sterns with attribute states q9-10 are found in Early Dynasty XII but by Mid and Late Dynasty XII, q10-11 are documented. However, in Early Dynasty XII, attribute state q9 is found on models from more northern Beni Hasan, by middynasty q10 is found, and in Late Dynasty XII q11 is seen. By Mid Dynasty XII in northern Egypt, attribute state q10 is found at el-Lisht South and Saqqara, while q9-10 are seen at Abusir.

Lastly, a Class M2.10 boat (Appendix A, Cat. No. 449) excavated from a ‘ka sanctuary’ incorporated into the Dynasty XI mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II at Deir elBahari (Naville, Hall, and Currelly 1913, 31) must be utilized in this analysis. This artifact has a small curl stern (q9), indicating a Late All Egypt Dynasty XI or Early Dynasty XII construction date. If Meket-Re’s boats and Mentuhotep II’s boat are from the same reign and

Dynasty XII mast partner depictions were varied. Attribute states j3,9 are seen at Asasif in Late Dynasty XII and at the same time, j13 is found at Deir Rifeh. Attribute states j3,4 are represented at Asyut early in the dynasty, 122

THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM while at Meir, j1 appears in Mid and Late Dynasty XII, j3 is found throughout the dynasty, and j7 is seen late. At elBersheh, mast partner j3 is found throughout the dynasty and in Early Dynasty XII, attribute state j3 is also documented at Beni Hasan with j3,9 presented in Mid and Late Dynasty XII. In northern Egypt, attribute state j3 is seen in Late Dynasty XII at el-Lisht South and in Mid Dynasty XII at Saqqara and Abusir. Throughout the dynasty, models with unknown provenance carry attribute states j1,3,12.

Dynasty XVIII Structural Debate. Jones recognized that eight Class M2.26 and M2.28 models from the flotilla of Tutankhamun (and by association, four M2.26 boats from the tomb of Amenhotep II) had what he called a ridge-like ‘keel’ extending from the vessel’s bottom into the elongated stem and stern appendages. Jones further believed: There is no evidence to corroborate the suggestion that Egyptian boats of the Eighteenth Dynasty had a true keel. The presence of elongated finials shown in pictures and on models protruding from the hulls at stem and stern does not ipso facto prove its existence in the New Kingdom. Representations and models cannot be taken as reliable evidence for such technical details. Indeed, the papyriform finials on the Cheops [Khufu I] boat are not extensions of a keel, but separate pieces of wood socketed onto projecting blades (Jones 1990, 16, 28 n.1, 54).

Dynasty XII Dating Question. Chronologically, Class M2.8 model Helwan 132H (Appendix A, Cat. No. 293) was dated to the Early Dynastic Period by its excavators (Saad 1969, 70). Vinson described the DB and RCS on Helwan 132H as “an internal structure that looks very much like floor timbers crossing a keelson. The ‘frames’ of this...model are not unexpected in light of the possible frames in the Tarkhan collection, but...models with ‘keelsons’ is remarkable” (Vinson 1987, 172). Like Class M2.4 models HÄI 237 and ÄMUL 3004, Vinson again incorrectly labeled a stringer as a keelson. In consideration of Helwan 132H’s DB, RCS, and bowsprit (s1), it definitely dates to Dynasty XII. Ward [Haldane] contended “I disagree with Vinson’s suggestion that the Helwan model shows a timber in the bottom of the hull. The Helwan model seems to show a timber at deck level with deck beams (referred to as floors by Vinson) and a bow bumper...its dating may be suspect, particularly since many Middle Kingdom burials have been found at Early Dynastic sites throughout Egypt” (Ward 2000, 42, n.17). The presence of the bowsprit, attribute state s1, is a determiner of age since this characteristic begins appearing on watercraft models in Late All Egypt Dynasty XI. I assert Helwan 132H dates to Dynasty XII as attested to the presence of attribute state s1 and its detailed appearance with the incorporation of DB and RCS in its construction.

I disagree with this assessment. Class M2.26 boats do not have finials attached to their bow and stern with the exception of EM CG 4946 from the tomb of Amenhotep II, and these finials are removable in any instance. Further, no scholar has ever characterized the papyriform ends of Khufu I (Fig. 3.74) as being extensions of a K. It is widely known that Khufu I has no K but a RCS, and the finials attached to its ends are decorative, could be replaced with other finials, or eliminated without changing the vessel’s nautical structural attributes. Further, it must be considered that Khufu I was constructed approximately 1150-1225 years before the models of Amenhotep II and Tutankhamun, and I contend Jones’s argument concerning the absence of a K in these New Kingdom artifacts cannot be supported. Lastly, his contention that models are not dependable sources of information relating to Egyptian nautical technology is faulty. I have shown in this study that watercraft models are highly detailed in regards to nautical structural attributes. The model makers, through observation of actual Nile River vessels they would see every day, emulated the watercraft around them in miniature and incorporated construction details into their models. The analysis of these attributes and their attribute states indicates these three-dimensional representations reflect in their construction Ancient Egyptian nautical technological developments and changes over time.

New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period New Kingdom boat models are found in Classes M2.0, M2.5, and M2.26-M2.30, and one Third Intermediate Period model is found in Class M2.31. All NK and TIP models except those in Class M2.0 have major structural attributes evident in their composition. M2.5 and M2.27 models have DB incorporated into their construction, while M2.26 and M2.31 have TDB. Further, a keel (K) is seen in Classes M2.26 and M2.28, a stern cleft (SC) is exhibited in M2.27, M2.29, and M2.30 boat models, and lastly, a hogging truss (HT) is found on the lone Class M2.31 watercraft. DB in the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period boat models are found at sites in Dra Abu el-Naga at Thebes, Abydos, el-Amarna, and northern Gurob. Models from the King’s Valley exhibit TDB and K in their construction, and TDB and HT are seen at Deir el-Bahari. Finally, SC is seen in the King’s Valley, at el-Amarna, and in an unprovenanced model. In considering mast partners, attribute state j15 is incorporated into the hulls of Class M2.29 models from Tutankhamun’s King’s Valley flotilla.

CONCLUSIONS: MERRIMAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The Merriman Egyptian Watercraft Model Classification System divides the representative construction material of the artifacts into two categories, papyrus raft (M1) and wooden boat (M2), regardless of the object’s actual fabric. From here, 18 major nautical construction attributes exhibited in the 586 artifacts in this study are recognized: raft ends (RE, c1-3), built-up sides (BUS), rope ties (RT), vertically flat ends (VFE), deck beams (DB), central plank (CP), raised central shelf (RCS, k1-8), outrigger (O, m1-3), reinforced stern structure (RSS, q1-11), lower side shelves (LSS), longitudinal stern reinforcement (LSR, u1-3), through-going deck beams (TDB), fork stern (FS), deck knees (DK), athwartships

123

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS stern reinforcement (ASR, v1-4), keel (K), stern cleft (SC), and hogging truss (HT). The new Merriman Classification scheme further defines 36 Classes within the two major categorical divisions of papyrus rafts (M1.0-1.3) and wooden boats (M2.0-M2.31) that reflect the major nautical construction attributes that are incorporated into each Class of artifacts. The Merriman Classification system also includes 16 minor nautical attributes (a-b, d-j, l, n-p, r-t) observed in watercraft model construction. Although not integral to the classification process, the addition of these characteristics to each model’s Class is justified in this system since these components are often significant indicators of maritime technological advancements, provenance, and vessel operations.

people who occupied the towns and villages along the Nile River. Further, a more effective construction attribute would have taken time to diffuse from one site to another, with some versions by-passing some sites altogether. The most obvious attribute in consideration of technological evolution and stagnation is the RSS. The appearance of major attributes K and SC at Thebes in the New Kingdom, often combined with TDB first seen in All Egypt Dynasty XI, indicates the persistence of TDB and the possible replacement of DB by TDB as depicted in some Dynasty XVIII and Dynasty XXI models that required increased athwartships strength. Unfortunately, by the New Kingdom, watercraft models apparently were only incorporated into the funerary equipment of royalty and some nobility as evidence by the two models of Ahhotep, four models of Amenhotep II, the flotilla of Tutankhamun, and the surviving boat of the Priests of Amun. With only another few models surviving from non-funerary contexts, the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period corpus of watercraft models is small.

This system and its alphanumeric nature established which major and minor attributes developed first and whether these traits appear initially on craft constructed of papyrus or wood. Later dynastic models that do not exhibit structural advances serve to show which clusters or individual attributes endured longer in Egyptian history, whether because of tradition or continued vessel use. Furthermore, numerous decorative and traditional non-functional attributes, although not used to create these structural Classes, are often useful in providing provenance to unprovenanced artifacts. Other nonnautical attributes not associated with the hull, including human figures, mummies, shields, quivers, fishing gear, kitchen objects, and many other items can also provide provenance to unprovenanced watercraft models since many of these characteristics are site-specific.

Minor nautical attribute states j1-15, the mast partner, is another characteristic found on Egyptian watercraft models that exhibits obvious development over time (Fig. 5.3). Early evidence of supplying a vessel’s mast with a secure attachment point to a deck is seen in the Early Dynastic Period at Saqqara and Old Kingdom at Meir, two sites geographically distant from each other. This is true into the First Intermediate Period, where mast partner development is seen at the southern sites of elRizeiqat and Gebelein, and in the north, Sedment, Lahun/Kahun, and Saqqara, with the more developed examples found at Gebelein, Sedment, and Saqqara. Throughout Egypt, from Thebes to Abusir, All Egypt Dynasty XI mast partners are found in various developed forms, with the most advanced examples found in the 2nd Valley of Deir el-Bahari, Deir el-Bahari, generally to Thebes, Asyut, el-Bersheh, and Akoris. Apparently during this period, mast partner development focused on Upper and Middle Egypt, with Lower Egypt retaining older versions of this attribute. By Dynasty XII, advanced forms of attribute (j) are found at southern Asasif and Deir Rifeh, and in Middle Egypt at Beni Hasan, with all other sites retaining the basic deck level stringers and square U-shaped mast partners of earlier dynasties. In the New Kingdom, attribute state j15 is only seen in Tutankhamun’s flotilla from the King’s Valley, not a surprising fact because of the small number of watercraft models discovered from this period, and the fact that models in funerary contexts were reserved for nobility. Lastly, it must be noted that attribute state j14 is only found on one unprovenanced model, but its depiction is important because it appears to be a direct precursor to the mast step.

In considering the new Merriman Classification for watercraft models, it must be recognized that evidence of major and minor nautical attributes did not always survive on artifacts since antiquity. Models were damaged in situ resulting in missing DB, RCS, RSS, other attributes designated in this study, and possibly some not recorded here. Therefore, models in a damaged state that have areas with missing paint where attributes such as RCS and DB are no long evident, suggest models in Classes where these attributes do not appear may, if they were in better condition, be placed into a different grouping. This fact is particularly significant for subset M2.0 whose members represent wooden boats as evidenced through the combinations of minor nautical attributes exhibited by them. As seen graphically (Figs. 5.1-5.3), patterns of nautical technological development are seen in both Upper and Lower Egypt through the distribution of major structural attributes over time. Of particular interest are the distribution of DB, RCS, and the development of RSS (q1-11) in boat models. At the principal sites of Saqqara, Beni Hasan, el-Bersheh, Meir, and the cemeteries at Thebes, boat models with the greatest number of major nautical attributes appearing in the Old Kingdom or First Intermediate Period and persisting throughout the Middle Kingdom are found. I contend nautical construction traditions developed at these sites, and others where boat models have survived, at their own pace as needed by the

CONCLUSIONS: MERRIMAN SYSTEM AND OTHER MODEL STUDIES The Merriman Classification system, with its focus on nautical construction attributes and technological 124

THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

(DB, RCS, RSS ) (LSR ) Abusir Helwan (DB, RCS ) (DB ) (O) (RCS, RSS ) (TDB ) (ASR ) Saqqara (DB, RCS, LSR, ASR ) el-Lisht South

Key Naqada II Period  Predynastic Period  Early Dynastic Period  Old Kingdom  First Intermediate Period  All Egypt Dynasty XI  Dynasty XII  General Middle Kingdom  New Kingdom  Third Intermediate Period 

(DB, RCS ) (RSS ) (FS ) Lahun/Kahun (DB ) Gurob (DB, RCS, RSS ) (LSS, TDB, LSR) Sedment

Akoris (DB, RCS, RSS )

Beni Hasan (DB, RCS, RSS, LSR )(

, FS )(ASR )

Antinoopolis (DB ) el-Bersheh (DB, RCS, RSS ) (FS, DK )(LSR, ASR ) el-Amarna (DB, SC ) (DB ) (O ) (RCS, RSS ) Meir (LSR ) (TDB, FS ) (ASR ) (DB, RCS ) (RSS ) (TDB ) (FS ) Asyut (DB, RCS, RSS ) Deir Rifeh

el-Badari (VFE ) Naga ed-Deir (O )

(CP ) (DB ) Abydos (VFE, DB, CP ) Tukh [Naqada]/el-Ballas/el-Ahaiwah (DB, RCS ) (RSS ) (LSS, LSR ) Thebes (TDB, SC, K) King’s Valley (DB, RCS, RSS, LSR ) (TDB, HT ) Deir el-Bahari (DB, RCS, RSS, LSR ,LSS ) 2nd Valley Deir el-Bahari (DB, RCS, RSS, LSR, ASR ) Asasif (DB ) Dra Abu el-Naga

(DB ) el-Rizeiqat (DB ) Gebelein (VFE ) Hierakonpolis

Figure 5.1. Map of the geographic and chronological distribution of major nautical construction attributes VFE, DB, CP, RCS, RSS, O, LSS, LSR, TDB, FS, DK, ASR, K, SC, and HT incorporated into provenanced models representing wooden boats.

125

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

Key HP Dynasty IX  HP Dynasty X  Theban Dynasty XI  Early AE Dynasty XI  Mid AE Dynasty XI  Late AE Dynasty XI  Early Dynasty XII  Mid Dynasty XII  Late Dynasty XII 

(q2 ) (q6 ) (q9,10 ) Abusir (q3 ) (q2,4 ) (q4-6 ) (q7 ) (q10 ) Saqqara

(q1 ) Lahun/Kahun (q1,3 ) (q1,3 ) (q3,5 ) (q3,5 ) Sedment

Akoris (q6 )

Beni Hasan (q2-4 ) (q2-6 ) (q4-7 ) (q9 ) (q10 ) (q11 )

el-Bersheh (q1,3 ) (q3,4 ) (q2-6 ) (q9-10 ) (q10 ) (q10-11 )

(q3 ) (q3-5 ) (q2-6 ) (q6 )( q9 ) (q10-11 ) Meir (q5 ) (q8 ) (q9 ) Asyut (q11 ) Deir Rifeh

(q1 ) (q7 ) Thebes (q4,6,7 ) Deir el-Bahari (q8 ) 2nd Valley Deir el-Bahari (q11 ) Asasif

KEY (q1) very small block (q2) small block (q3) small block w/indent (q4) block (q5) block w/indent (q6) big block w/indent (q7) block curve (q8) big block curve (q9) small curl (q10) curl (q11) big curl

Figure 5.2. Map of the geographic and chronological distribution of RSS (q1-11) incorporated into the construction of provenanced models representing wooden boats.

126

THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Key Early Dynastic Period  Old Kingdom  First Intermediate Period  All Egypt Dynasty XI  Dynasty XII  General Middle Kingdom  New Kingdom  (j3,6,7 ) (j3 ) Abusir (j1 ) (j3,6,7 ) (j3,6,7 ) (j3 ) Saqqara (j3 ) el-Lisht South

(j1 ) Lahun/Kahun (j2-7 ) (j2,3,7 ) Sedment

Akoris (j12 )

Beni Hasan (j1-4,7 ) (j3,9 )

el-Bersheh (j2-5,7,9,10,12 ) (j3,4 )

(j1 ) (j1-3,6,7 ) (j1,3,7 ) Meir (j3,4,12 ) (j3 ) Asyut (j13 ) Deir Rifeh

(j1,9 ) Thebes (j15 ) King’s Valley (j3,11 ) Deir el-Bahari (j3,12,13 ) 2nd Valley Deir el-Bahari (j3,9,12 ) Asasif

KEY (j1) in DB (j2) painted thin beams off DB (j3) painted DB and stringers in rectangle (j4) painted square-shaped U (j5) painted square-shaped U w/pin (j6) wooden U w/pin (j7) wooden square-shaped U w/pin (j8) two wooden boots w/hollow backs (j9) one-piece wooden three boot knee w/hollow back (j10) one-piece wooden three boot knee w/hollow back w/pin (j11) two painted knees w/vertical casing (j12) three wooden knees w/rope bindings (j13) three wooden knees w/pin (j15) two knees and w/vertical stanchion

(j1 ) el-Rizeiqat (j8 ) Gebelein

Figure 5.3. Map of the geographical and chronological distribution of mast partners (j1-13,15) incorporated into the construction of provenanced models representing wooden boats. Note: The one model with attribute j14 is not included because it does not have provenance, but the author contends it is authentic.

127

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS changes, is primarily comparable to Landström’s Ships of the Pharaohs and Göttlicher and Werner’s Schiffsmodelle im Alten Agypten, three authors who specialized in maritime themes. Both these studies provided minutely detailed drawings of watercraft models and in Landström’s case, he hypothesized as to the appearance of actual boats and rafts throughout Egyptian history through graphic reconstructions. However, the Merriman Classification goes further, defining the specific structural timbers and stern construction as expressed in the 18 major attributes and the combinations of them as shown in watercraft models, without speculation. Several other scholars completed Egyptian watercraft model catalogues or described models from specific excavations, often through site reports including Winlock, Firth and Gunn, Jéquier, Quibell and Hayter, Schäfer, Naville, Hall, Ayrton, and Currelly, Garstang, Tooley, Glanville, Poujade, Daressy, Kamal, Petrie, and Breasted. Most importantly, however, are the catalogues of Reisner, who created the standard Egyptian watercraft typology and Jones, who augmented that well-used system.

Johnston 1985, 2-3, 5, 13, 35, 45, 75, 85). Johnston’s study is important because it collects in one place the small number of Ancient Greek watercraft models that have survived. However, the vastly different construction of these models when compared to Egyptian examples does not allow useful comparisons. Beyond watercraft, the variety and number of models of daily life in threedimensional miniature in ancient cultures is again centered on Egypt, simply because of the large number of examples that have survived and their prominence in funerary rites, notably studied by Garstang (1907), Winlock (1955), and Tooley (1989). Considering ‘models of typology’, meaning the different systems of organizing artifacts that have been proposed or put forward as theoretical constructs during the 20th Century, none of them provide an appropriate roadmap to follow in regards to Egyptian watercraft models. The academic literature produced surrounding the topic of types is diverse, often contradictory, and not useful for this study. For example, Albert C Spaulding contended that attributes included in an artifact’s construction were chosen by the ancient manufacturer, but then the archaeologist determined which attributes an artifact maker ‘favored’ in creating an object and created a typology using those characteristics (Spaulding 1953, 305). J N Hill and R K Evans took the view that typology creation was dependent on the attributes that an investigator chose to record in order to answer questions that they posed, and that served their research interests (Hill and Evans 1972, 255, 257). Dwight W. Read favored categorical typologies based on an artifact’s material fabric in the first instance, and then by use (Read 1974, 216-217). F R Hodson held that since archaeologists have different goals and interests, agreement on any one typological classification system is difficult, particularly because a major hurdle in developing typologies lies in the misunderstanding of terminology, particularly the ambiguity lying behind the actual definitions of ‘attribute’ and ‘variable’ (Hodson 1982, 21-22). George L Cowgill believed in the use of mathematics to classify or group artifacts to create types by using ‘object clustering’ and ‘associations between variables’ (Cowgill 1982, 30-31). James A Brown concluded that because of “limitations in the data...no single method can hope to constitute the most suitable method always” as a way to build types. He came to this conclusion upon the determination “that the practice and the theory of typology exist on two very different conceptual planes,” and he ‘adopted’ the ‘theoretical position’ that there are ‘types of artifact types’ (Brown 1982, 178-180). Michael Shanks and Christopher Tilley believed hat there is no such thing as a ‘best’ typological classification and it was unimportant for the archaeologist to determine the artifact makers’ intentions in creating the object. They believed that in order for a typology to be viable, the researcher must base their types on theories developed from their interests (Shanks and Tilley 1987, 83-84). William Y Adams and Ernest W Adams put forward the concept of ‘typehood’, and they believed that an artifact’s ‘meaning’ is derived from its ‘known associations’ and context, traits that are not

As with Landström and Göttlicher and Werner’s work, the Merriman Classification system moves beyond Reisner and Jones in that the new scheme is strictly nautical in consideration of the major and minor attributes that comprise it, concentrating in its entirety on maritime technology from Egypt’s Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods. While his catalogue provided sufficient detail about each model’s construction, Reisner’s focus on hull shape, aesthetic considerations, age, and ‘real-life’ function of these artifacts overlooked the importance of the nautical structural components evident in their makeup and the combinations that they appeared together in the artifacts. In the end, Reisner produced a generic typology of watercraft models that collected artifacts into broad groupings of objects that did not always have much in common. In terms of Jones’s New Kingdom typology, he dismissed the importance that Tutankhamun’s artifacts held as three-dimensional sources of information reflecting significant indicators of nautical technological development, particularly in regards in the presentation of the keel. CONCLUSIONS: MERRIMAN SYSTEM AND OTHER TYPOLOGIES Excluding the Merriman Classification system, Reisner and Jones are the only scholars whose studies of watercraft models were conducted to produce a typology or classification scheme with the exception of one study. As Johnston points out, “the modern literature devoted to ancient watercraft models in scanty at best” but he cites the work of Reisner, Göttlicher and Werner, and then Göttlicher’s Materialien Für ein Corpus der Schiffsmodelle im altertum as examples. Johnston’s catalogue, Ship and Boat Models in Ancient Greece, is a chronicle of the 130 surviving watercraft models of Ancient Greece. Johnston separated the artifacts by age and excavation location, dating from the early Bronze Age to the late Hellenistic Period (c3000-31 BCE, 128

THE MERRIMAN EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM observable or measurable and ultimately, they stipulate that a “type can have more than one meaning” (Adams and Adams 1991, 29-32, 35).

present in an artifact to determine its Class, and to place it among the larger corpus of objects in question. CONCLUSIONS: WATERCRAFT MODELS IN FUNERARY CONTEXTS

The theoretical constructs of typology building suggested by the scholars mentioned above were centered on the categorization of ceramics, stone tools, or stone weapons, groups of artifacts that were simplistic in design and construction compared to Ancient Egyptian watercraft models. While some of the suggestions by these scholars appear to be valid research avenues to pursue, the overly complicated nature of the majority of these systems bogs down any straightforward attempts to simply document an artifact group and interpret the attributes present in those objects by the archaeologist. Beyond this consideration, attempts to define the ‘best’ way to create a classification system or typology would never be met with success for the variety of artifacts that have been created by human beings and that have survived in the archaeological record. Therefore, the Merriman Classification system considers the actual attributes that are incorporated into the objects in question, combined with knowledge of watercraft construction, to create suitable categories of artifacts in the non-theoretical sphere.

The archaeologist can look to the Pyramid Texts, Coffin Texts, and Book of the Dead to confirm the significance of watercraft to Ancient Egyptian cosmology and funerary rites. The Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts described the use of watercraft as the mode of transportation for the deceased pharaohs to arrive in the ‘Field of Offerings’, as the god Ra’s travel medium through the sky, as the means of transport for royalty on the Winding Waterway under the power of the celestial ferryman, and so important that the pharaoh laments the possibility that he may be left boatless in the afterlife (Faulkner 1969, 72, 78, 116, 190, 256, Utt. 263, 270, 359, 515, 615). By the Middle Kingdom, non-royal persons adopted many Pyramid Text spells and placed them with other newly composed spells onto the inside of their coffins. This ‘democratization of the afterlife’, the concept of adopting royal burial traditions by the general population, made the next life attainable for those who incorporated the spells into their coffins (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 83; Quirke 1992, 155-158). Spells related to watercraft depict the deceased as a physically strong presence, working rigging, rowing, and piloting the God’s Barque in the company of Ra. This passage requires that the deceased have the skills to work a boat. To continue on into the afterlife, the deceased must board the lotusbarque to ferry him across the river. He must implore the ferryman and the boat tender to assemble the boat, and name its parts. The parts are likened to the gods, comparing the bowsprit to the brow of Ra, the stern to Sobek, and the steering stanchions to the elder gods (Faulkner 1977, 20-41, 137-138, 229, 250, Sp. 159, 395398, 658, 684).

In this same way, McGrail’s research on water transport classification is unique in the fields of maritime history and nautical archaeology because it considered known watercraft manufacture as shown in the archaeological record combined with theoretical classifications based on his extensive knowledge of boat construction. While not expressly applicable to the Merriman Classification system because it deals with actual vessels instead of model watercraft, McGrail’s water transport classification scheme can be compared with this new system for Egyptian watercraft and known actual Ancient Egyptian vessels. It has been determined that Khufu I and the Dahshur vessels are sewn planked boats put together using the shell-first technique. Ward described their planks as having joggled edges (Ward 2000, 47-48, 5657, 84-87) that were obviously carved from larger pieces of wood. Therefore, these Ancient Egyptian planks were created by reduction from larger pieces but sewn to each other using the construction method and the shelf-first technique. To determine their McGrail Classifications, since these boats were not strictly created by reduction like a log boat but that method was used, they could fit into more than one classification depending on a researcher’s point of view. Looking at McGrail’s system (Appendix D), it seems that he would place these Egyptian hulls in Class C4, unstressed planked boats created by the reduction of the planks to a particular shape and constructed by sewing them together in the shell-first method (McGrail 1984, 295). By inference, every watercraft model in this study that represents a wooden boat (McGrail did not consider papyrus rafts in his system) would, if they were actual vessels, be a McGrail Class C4 boat. The Merriman Classification system for Egyptian watercraft models must be more specialized than McGrail’s scheme since it considers all of the major and minor nautical construction attributes

Now that the afterlife was accessible to all pious people, the addition of vignettes into the Book of the Dead graphically represents the deceased in the company of divinities, as well as the mention of the deceased’s name into the text. To extol their virtues toward the gods in relation to watercraft, the deceased boasted that he controlled the ferry boat to the East, dragged the sledge of Sokar, and joined the sun god Ra on his barque to navigate peacefully in the West. The deceased also joins gods on a papyriform boat in their dockyard where he pilots the vessel to Nut in the sky, carrying Ra. One spell derived from the Coffin Texts has been elaborated on in the Book of the Dead and more clearly chronicled the process of the deceased trying to convince the celestial ferryman to awaken the boat tender so that the deceased can cross the river. The ferryman puts many questions to the deceased to spoil his journey into the afterlife, but the deceased successfully names the boat’s parts to continue on his journey. Once the deceased gets past the ferryman, he must face the boat tender, who inflicted the same types of questions on the weary departed and once the 129

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS boat comes, he must name all the ship’s parts including the mooring-post, steering post (stanchion), mast-step (mast partner), mast, halyards, sail, oar-loops (rowlocks), oars, hogging-beam (hogging truss), and many others (Faulkner 1994, 110-112, 118, Sp. 99, 100, 131, 136A). The utterances and spells of these three forms of texts indicate that knowledge of navigation and watercraft use was vital to success in the afterlife, and the interrogations conducted by the celestial ferryman indicate how vital the knowledge of watercraft construction was to the Egyptian concept of living on after death according to Egyptian religious tenets.

other nautical characteristics, are the presence of often site-specific details carried on-board models. Artifacts from Sedment, for example, consistently carry quivers loaded with spears to be used for protection while traveling on the Nile River during a time of political instability. Other models, from Beni Hasan and elBersheh, carry what can be labeled soldiers or marines, often outfitted with offensive weapons and defensive shields. Other human figures representing laborers, people who made their living with their hands and through performing tasks for those in higher social classes, are also present on boats and rafts. These positions include fishermen, hunters, fowlers, cooks and bakers, and carpenters. Professions that exploit a person’s intellectual skills or talents are see on models alongside manual laborers, including scribes, priests, priestesses, mourners, singers, and musicians. Objects of daily life and subsistence for extended voyages that are appropriate for the different professions accompany these human figures and supply information about the Egyptian diet, labor force, entertainment, and funerary customs. At the top of the social stratification system on watercraft models, is the vessel’s owner. The owner, as represented as a living person, mummiform figure, mummy, coffin, sarcophagus, empty chair, or throne, is the most significant figure carried on-board a model. The artifact exists for the use of the owner, and the objects and people on-board are present to serve them, whether they are of the middle class, a government bureaucrat, a member of nobility, or a pharaoh.

As represented by watercraft models, Egyptian religion and cosmological beliefs are shown on artifacts that carry mummies, mummiform figures, goddesses, priests, religious offerings such as bovine legs, and hes vases on pilgrimages to Abydos. Further, certain hull colors, iconography, and papyriform finial ends are also often associated with ceremonial vessels. While not typological indicators, these secondary attributes can assist nonmaritime scholars in understanding the significance of watercraft in Egyptian religious ceremonies. Lastly, the few models that represent solar barques, where symbolic attributes of the sun god are carried on-board and whose decorative finials differ from ceremonial vessels that existed in reality, depict in three-dimensions the recognized differences between watercraft models that represent the construction of actual Nile River vessels and those that were purely theoretical constructs of a god’s barque. The watercraft models in this study that represent ceremonial vessels and solar barques are the most numerous sources of three-dimensional evidence that archaeologists, art historians, and religious scholars have to understand Egyptian funerary rites and associations with the celestial gods.

Secondary nautical attributes, those that cannot be used as Class determiners because of their transient nature and propensity for being separated from watercraft models, assist the interpretation of actual Nile River vessels such as Khufu I and the Dahshur boats. While the condition of Khufu I’s quarter rudder oars and other construction details such as finial ends are pristine, the same attributes associated with the Dahshur boats are in poor condition, with their iconography faded, and their finial ends disintegrated. These Dynasty XII boats can be compared to several watercraft models that carry these details and the original condition of these boats can be surmised. These attributes greatly enhance our understanding of Egyptian watercraft models and by inference, actual watercraft that plied the waters of the Nile River.

CONCLUSIONS: WATERCRAFT MODELS AND EGYPTIAN MARITIME CULTURE Secondary attributes documented on watercraft models, both nautical and non-nautical, provide significant information about Egyptian culture, varieties of Nile River transport, and specific activities on-board river vessels simply because their documentation was easily and quickly done during the data collection process. Beyond the primary goal of this study, the development of a new Egyptian watercraft model classification system based on major and minor nautical construction attributes, the secondary characteristics often provide cultural context, societal information, social class structure evidence, and often provenance through sitespecific characteristics. The presence of human figures going about their maritime-related jobs on-board the artifacts in this study during the First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, and early New Kingdom illustrates the hierarchy of boatmen from the low-skilled punter to the captain giving orders. An added benefit to the complete documentation of the 586 models in this study beyond the expected maritime-related attributes such as boatmen, rudder oars, quarter rudder oars, and

With the incorporation of the 18 major and 16 minor nautical structural attributes, and numerous secondary nautical and non-nautical details into Egyptian watercraft models dating from the Predynastic to Third Intermediate Periods, Ancient Egyptian craftsman employed in the funerary trade of model construction have provided Nautical Archaeology, Egyptology, and Maritime History with an inestimable amount of detailed information concerning watercraft construction and use. The accurate depiction of these attributes has allowed the creation of the Merriman Egyptian Watercraft Model Classification System comprised of four Classes of papyrus rafts (M1.0-M1.3) and 32 Classes of wooden boat (M2.0M2.31). 130

APPENDIX A EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODEL CATALOGUE Key:  Designation by author; location of the artifact is unknown  Designation by author; accession number unknown  Provenance by author  Provenance questionable  Model not on exhibit during research in Egypt  Specific tomb designation by author m Catalogue No./Museum & No. Classification 1. PMEA UC10559 2. PMEA UC16289 3. Saqqara 3503-F-1 4. Saqqara 3503-F-2 5. Saqqara 3503-F-3 6. Matmar 3079 7. MAG 28.361 8. PMEA UC16285 9. PMEA UC16287 10. PMEA UC16288 11. ROM 910.92.6 12. MM 10216 13. MM 10217 14. MM 10218 15. SMÄKM A322 16. PMEA UC16276 17. Abydos Y.T. 18. Helwan 1 19. AMO E.4663 20. EM JE 39128 21. EM JE 39144 22. Saqqara Nefer-Smedet 23. EM JE 46767 24. EM JE 46768 25. EM JE 46715 26. NCG ÆIN 1629 27. EM JE 61349 28. EM JE 61350 29. AMO 1925.537 30. BM EA 59632 31. PMEA UC9024 32. PMEA UC9322 33. Mostagedda 1835 34. el-Ballas 335 35. UPMAA E.1436 36. AMO E.2813 37. PMEA UC10805 38. el-Amrah a 56 39. PMEA UC16284 40. PMEA UC16286 41. PMEA UC16283 42. AMO E.2925 43. PMEA UC16290 44. el-Badari 3000/6 45. ÄMB 15093 46. PMEA UC15362 47. PMEA UC75615 48. BCGM 13.147 49. EM CG 4816 50. AMO E.86

M1.0.a1.c1.f1 M1.0.a1.c1.f1 M1.0.a1.c1.f1 M1.0.a1.c1.f1 M1.0.a1.c1.f1 M1.1.b1.c1 M1.1.b1.c1 M1.1.b1.c1 M1.1.b1.c1 M1.1.b1.c1 M1.1.b1.c1 M1.1.b2.c1 M1.1.b2.c1 M1.1.b2.c1 M1.2.b2.c3 M1.2.b1.c3 M1.2.b1.c2 M1.2.b2.c3 M1.2.b2.c3.f2 M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.j6.o M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o M1.3.a2.c3.f1 M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.j6.o M1.3.a2.c2.f1 M1.3.a2.c2.f1 M2.0.b1 M2.0.b1 M2.0.b1.d1.e1 M2.0.b2 M2.0.b1.d1 M2.0.b1.d1.l1 M2.0.b2 M2.0.b2.d1 M2.0.b2.d1.f3 M2.0.a1.f4 M2.0.b1 M2.0.b1 M2.0.b1.d1 M2.0.b1.d1.l1 M2.0.b1.e1 M2.0.b1.g M2.0.b2 M2.0.b2.d1.g M2.0.b2.d1.g M2.0.b2.h1 M2.0.b2.h1 M2.0.a2.d1.f2

Date PD Period PD Period DI DI DI Naqada II Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period Naqada II Period PD Period c2950 BCE ED Period ED Period Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI c2016-1985 BCE AE D XI c1327 BCE c1327 BCE Badarian Period Badarian Period Badarian Period Badarian Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period PD Period ED Period

Site el-Badari Unknown Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Matmar Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Armant Armant Armant Minshat Abu Omar Unknown Abydos Helwan Hierakonpolis Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara 2nd V Deir el-Bahari Saqqara King’s Valley King’s Valley el-Badari el-Badari el-Badari el-Badari Mostagedda North el-Ballas Tukh Abydos Hu el-Amrah Unknown Unknown Unknown Hu Unknown el-Badari Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Hierakonpolis

Page 139 139 139 139 140 141 141 141 141 142 142 142 142 143 144 144 144 144 145 146 146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 152 152 152 152 153 153 153 153 154 154 154 154 155 155

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 51. AMO E.79 52. AMO E.96 53. AMO E.97 54. EM JE 14701 55. Mostagedda 2800 56. Helwan 713H 57. AMO E.87 58. PSM 1068/I/84 59. EM JE 63187 60. EM Kaemsenu 240-2 61. EM JE 63192 62. EM JE 63184 63. EM JE 63193 64. EM JE 56392 65. EM JE 56393 66. EM JE 56386 67. EM JE 56387 68. EM JE 56388 69. EM JE 56389 70. MET S.14046 71. MET S.14047 72. SHM 5393 73. BNSS 1918.19 74. BM EA 21805 75. MLP E 32566 76. MEN Eg.356 77. MEN Eg.357 78. EM CG 4880 79. EM CG 4881 80. RMO F 1949/2.5 81. KMA 88804 82. KUL 3173/16 83. SEC 143 84. EM CG 4911 85. MMEC 2172 86. EM CG 4804 87. BSUMA 1981.035 88. MET S.13272 89. EM CG 4808 90. NCG ÆIN 26 91. MET S.13273 92. PAHMA 6-17156 93. Saqqara M.VIII 94. REM RC 2214 95. ÄIUT 368 96. SEC 145 97. NMMH 633 98. NMK 5488 99. NMMH 3 100. EM CG 4807 101. NMA RC 102. TNM TJ4871 103. NMMG AAE0030 104. MSS 19689 105. TNM TJ4873 106. BM EA 9509 107. MSS 30702 108. PAHMA 6-2064a-e 109. MRAHB E.785, 18 110. PAHMA 6-15584 111. MRAHB E.785, 19 112. SLAM 65:1928 113. ÜM B.941 114. MET S.14817 115. EM CG 4815 116. MET S.8158 117. BM EA 9510 118. EM SR 761, TR 12/2/23/1 119. MLP N 2457 120. MET S.14357 121. MET S.1208 122. BM EA 46605 123. MET S.14816 124. RMS A.1906.634 125. MFA 21.838 126. BM EA 45089 127. RMO AH 45

M2.0.a2.f1 M2.0.a2.f2 M2.0.a2.f2 M2.0.a2.f2 M2.0.b1 M2.0.b2 M2.0.b2.f2 M2.0.a1 M2.0.a1.d1.e3.f5.l1 M2.0.a1.e3.f5.l1.n1 M2.0.a1.f5 M2.0.a1.f5.l1.n1 M2.0.a2.f5.l1.n1 M2.0.a1.e2.i1.n3 M2.0.a1.e2.i1.n3 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.n2 M2.0.a2.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.h1.l1.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f1 M2.0.a1.f5.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f1.h1.i1 M2.0.a1.f1.i1 M2.0.a1.f4.n2 M2.0.a1.f5 M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.h1.i1 M2.0.a1.f5.h2.i1.l1 M2.0.a1.f5.h2.i1.j8.l2.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.h2.i1.j8.l3.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.i1 M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.n2 M2.0.a1.f6 M2.0.a1.f6 M2.0.a1.f6.g.h2.i1.j8 M2.0.a1.f6.g.h2.i1.j8.l1.n2.o M2.0.a1.f6.g.i1.n1 M2.0.a1.f6.g.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.h1.i1 M2.0.a1.f6.h1.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.h2.i1.j8.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f6.n2 M2.0.a1.f7.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f7.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.h1.n2 M2.0.a1.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.n2 M2.0.a2.f1 M2.0.a2.f6.i1n2 M2.0.a1.f4 M2.0.b2 M2.0.b2 M2.0.a1.d1.f5.i1.l1.n2 M2.0.a1.f4.h1.o M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.n2 M2.0.a1.f7.i1 M2.0.a2 M2.0.a1.f5 M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.i1.n2 M2.0.a2.f4.h1 M2.0.a2.f7.h1.i1.j9.l1.n1

ED Period ED Period ED Period ED Period ED Period ED Period ED Period c2445 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE D VI D VI OK D VIII D VIII HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX Theban D XI HP D X HP D X Theban D XI Theban D XI Theban D XI HP D X Theban D XI Theban D XI Theban D XI HP D X Theban D XI Theban D XI HP D X HP D X HP D X HP D X Theban D XI Theban D XI Theban D XI Theban D XI HP D X Theban D XI Theban D XI HP D X Theban D XI Theban D XI HP D X Theban D XI HP D X Theban D XI HP D X HP D X HP D X FIP FIP FIP Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI

132

Abydos Hierakonpolis Hierakonpolis Unknown Mostagedda Helwan Hierakonpolis Abusir Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Gebelein Gebelein Unknown Qubbet el-Hawa Qubbet el-Hawa Asyut Saqqara Saqqara Meir Meir Gebelein Saqqara el-Bersheh Unknown Gebelein Gebelein Akhmim Gebelein Gebelein Gebelein Akhmim Gebelein Naga ed-Deir Saqqara Asyut Lower Egypt Antinoopolis Gebelein Gebelein Gebelein Unknown Antinoopolis Unknown Gebelein Antinoopolis Unknown Unknown Antinoopolis Naga ed-Deir Antinoopolis Naga ed-Deir Antinoopolis Asyut Abusir Unknown Unknown Asyut Unknown Asyut Unknown Gebelein Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut el-Bersheh Asyut Thebes

155 155 156 156 156 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 158 159 159 159 160 160 160 161 161 161 162 162 162 163 163 164 164 165 165 166 166 166 167 167 168 168 169 169 169 170 170 171 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 175 175 176 176 176 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 180 180 181 181 182 182 183 183 184 184 185 185 186

APPENDIX A 128. Beni Hasan 287 129. ÄMB 13756 130. ÄMB 13757 131. PAHMA 6-13752a-c 132. PAHMA 6-2250 133. MAHG 4769 134. MAHG 4769bis 135. BM EA 47636 136. ÄMB 1289 137. MMA 14.3.21 138. MMA 14.3.22 139. MMA 14.3.23 140. RISDM 14.491 141. MMA 12.183.4 142. EM JE 42937 143. EM JE 42911 144. CIWA WOD.VL.00823 145. MM 5883 146. REM RC 485 147. RMS A.1906.637 148. EM JE 4793? 149. EM CG 4931 150. EM CG 4860 151. REM RC 493 152. THAGM eg 5 153. EM JE 47933 154. PMEA UC7220 155. EM JE 61330 156. EM JE 61328 157. EM JE 61329 158. EM JE 61343 159. EM JE 61344 160. EM JE 61345 161. EM JE 61346 162. EM JE 61347 163. EM JE 61348 164. Abydos 19B 165. MLP AF 9756 166. Abydos 14b-1 167. BM EA 9505 168. MET S.6828 169. AMO 1895.777 170. AMO 1895.778 171. AMO 1895.779 172. PAHMA 6-18862 173. PMEA UC9795 174. RPMH 6422 175. el-Badari 3800/Spur 16 176. PAHMA 6-4927 177. EM CG 4814 178. MET S.1187 179. MET S.289 180. MAN MAN 58220 181. AMO E.98 182. ÄMB 13801 183. AMO E.1895.609 184. ÄMUL 3004 185. HÄI 237 186. AMO 1895.622 187. MSS 11049 188. PMEA UC75614 189. EM JE 86169 190. EM CG 4882 191. EM CG 4883 192. EM CG 4884 193. EM CG 4888 194. MANM 16029 195. MM 6602 196. EM CG 4817 197. MFA 21.880 198. MFA 21.893 199. MFA 21.829 200. MET S.8659 201. MET S.8792 202. MET S.8790 203. MLP E 11993-E 11994 204. MRAHB E.785,31

M2.0.a2.i1 M2.0.a1.f1.i1.n1 M2.0.a1.f1.i1.n1 M2.0.b2.d1.l1 M2.0.b2.d2.s4 M2.0.a1.f7.i1 M2.0.a1.f7.i1 M2.0.a2.f1.i1 M2.0.a2.f6.h1.i1 M2.0.a1.f1 M2.0.a1.f1 M2.0.a1.f5 M2.0.a1.f5.h1.i1.n2.o.p M2.0.a1.f7.h1.i1.n2.o.p M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2 M2.0.a2.f1 M2.0.a1 M2.0.a1.f1 M2.0.a1.f1.h1.o.p M2.0.a1.f4.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2 M2.0.a1.f5.h1.n2 M2.0.a1.f7 M2.0.a2 M2.0.a2.f7 M2.0.a2.h1.i1.o.p M2.0.b1.i2 M2.0.a2.d6.f1.h1.i5.n2 M2.0.a2.d6.f1.h1.i5.n2.o.p M2.0.a2.d6.f1.h1.i5.n2.o.p M2.0.a2.d6.f6.i5.n2 M2.0.a2.d6.f6.i5.n2 M2.0.a2.d6.f6.i5.n2 M2.0.a2.d6.f7.i5.n2 M2.0.a2.d6.f7.i5.n2 M2.0.a2.f7 M2.0.a2 M2.0.a2.f1.i1 M2.0.a2 M2.0.a2 M2.0.a2.f7.i1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1.d1 M2.1.b1.d1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1 M2.1.b1.f2 M2.2.b1.i3.k1 M2.3.b1.d1.f7 M2.4.b1 M2.4.b M2.5.b1.i1.l1 M2.5.b1.d1.i1 M2.5.b1.h1.i1.j1.l1 M2.5.b1.f2.h1.i1.j1 M2.5.b1.d1.h2.i3.l1.j1.n3 M2.5.b1.d1.h2.i3.j1.l1.n3 M2.5.b1.d1.h2.i3.j1.l1.n3 M2.5.b2.d2.e2.h1.i4.j1 M2.5.a1.f4.n2 M2.5.a2.d3.h1.i2.j2 M2.5.b2.h1.i4.j1 M2.5.a1.f4.i1.j2.l4.n2 M2.5.a1.f4.h1.i1.j9.n2 M2.5.a1.f4.i1.n2 M2.5.a1.f6.g.i1.j4.n2 M2.5.a1.f6.h1.i1.j4.n2 M2.5.a1.f6.i1.j4.n2 M2.5.a1.f6.i1.n2 M2.5.a2.f7.i1n1

Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI c2004 BCE c2004 BCE c2004 BCE AE D XI c1920 BCE c1920 BCE c1920 BCE Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE D XVIII D XVIII D XIX NK NK Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period PD Period PD Period PD Period ED Period ED Period Naqada II Period Naqada II Period PD Period PD Period Naqada II Period PD Period PD Period ED Period c2321-2287 BCE c2321-2287 BCE c2321-2287 BCE c2321-2287 BCE D VIII HP D IX Theban D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI AE D XI

133

Beni Hasan Gebelein Gebelein Naga ed-Deir Naga ed-Deir Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari Saqqara el-Lisht South el-Lisht South el-Lisht South Meir Meir Meir Meir Unknown Riqqeh Meir Unknown Meir Unknown Meir Unknown Unknown Meir Lahun/Kahun King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley Abydos Elephantine Abydos Unknown Thebes Tukh Tukh Tukh el-Ahaiwah el-Badari Unknown el-Badari el-Ballas Unknown Unknown Unknown Hierakonpolis Hierakonpolis Unknown el-Ballas Unknown Abydos el-Ballas Unknown Unknown Saqqara Meir Meir Meir Meir Gebelein Sedment el-Rizeiqat el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Antinoopolis

186 187 187 187 188 188 189 189 190 190 190 191 191 192 192 193 193 193 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 197 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 201 201 202 202 202 203 203 204 204 204 205 205 205 206 206 206 206 207 207 207 208 209 210 210 211 211 211 212 212 212 213 213 214 214 214 215 215 216 216 217 217 218 218

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 205. ÄMB 1232 206. EM CG 4953 207. EM CG 4949 208. EM CG 4915 209. EM CG 4916 210. EM CG 4917 211. MLP E 12027 212. EM JE 36293 213. NCMA 82.12 214. MRAHB E.7321 215. PMEA UC75621 216. Malter 38 217. MRAHB E.4994 218. MAF N.Inv. 6967 219. EM CG 52667 220. EM CG 52666 221. Abydos 14b-2 222. PMEA UC16044 223. EM JE 63183 224. EM JE 63186 225. EM JE 63188 226. EM JE 63191 227. EM JE 63190 228. Kaemsenu 240-9 229. EM CG 4886 230. EM JE 56390 231. EM JE 56391 232. EM JE 56394 233. EM JE 56395 234. PAHMA 6-17160 235. EM CG 4887 236. RMS A.1921.1658 237. RMS A.1921.1659 238. DM 1593-1 239. HM 1593-2 240. VMEA VM 355 241. VMEA VM 356 242. OIM 11492 243. OIM 11493 244. HMG 21.87 245. PMEA UC31719 246. MLP E 284-N 1616 247. Beni Hasan Antef 1 248. WML 55.82.3 249. CIWA WOD.VL.00173 250. RPM 29.252.1 251. MH 531 252. MFA 21.872 253. MFA 21.885 254. MFA 21.889 255. SAMA 86.138.663 256. ÄMB Asyut 257. MET S.8793 258. MET S.8658 259. MET S.8657 260. MFA 04.1779a-c 261. MET S.8791 262. MET S.1210 263. MET S.14815 264. MET S.14818 265. IUAM 58.24 266. MMA 26.3.155 267. ÄMUL Inv. 37 268. ÄMUL Inv. 35 269. MAMM 469 270. EM JE 46717 271. MMA 20.3.4 272. EM JE 46716 273. MMA 20.3.5 274. MMA 20.3.6 275. RMO F 1939/1.2 276. RMO AH 187 277. EM CG 4811 278. EM CG 4799 279. MAF N.Inv. 6968 280. BM EA 34274 281. BM EA 35204

M2.5.b2.d2.i4.n4 M2.5.a1.f4 M2.5.a1 M2.5.a2.f1.i1.n2 M2.5.a2.f7.i1n2 M2.5.a2.f7.i1.n2 M2.5.a1.f6.g.h1.i1.n2 M2.5.a1.f6.h1.i1.n2 M2.5.a2.f1.g.h1.i1.j12.n2.o M2.5.a2.f6.i1.n2 M2.5.a2.f7.n2 M2.5.a2.f1 M2.5.a2.f1.l4 M2.5.b2.d4.h1 M2.5.b2.d1 M2.5.b2.g.n2 M2.5.b2 M2.5.b2.d3.f7.g M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m1.n1 M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m2.n1 M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m2.n1 M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m3.n1 M2.6.a1.g.h2.l1.m2.n1 M2.6.a1.g.h2.l1.m2.n1 M2.6.a1.d1.e3.m3 M2.6.a1.e3.m3 M2.6.a1.e3.m3 M2.6.a1.e3.m3 M2.6.a1.e3.m3 M2.6.a1.h2.i1.l1.j8.m3.n2 M2.7.b2.e3.h1.i4.j1.l1.m3 M2.8.a2.d3.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p M2.8.a2.d3.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2 M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p.r1 M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p.r1 M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.o.p.r1 M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.o.p.r1 M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j4.k3 M2.8.a2.f4.i2 M2.8.a2.d4.f7.g.h1.i2.j3 M2.8.a1f4.g.i1.n2 M2.8.a1f4.h2.i1.n2.o.p M2.8.a2.d1.f1.j3,7.r1.t4 M2.8.a2.f7.i2.l1 M2.8.a1.f4 M2.8.a1.f4.h1.i1.j4.k7.n2 M2.8.a1.f4.i1.j4.k8.n2 M2.8.a1.f4.i1.j4.k8.n2 M2.8.a1.f5.g.i1.n2 M2.8.a1.f5.h1.i1.j3.l1.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.g.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.g.i1.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.h1.j3,4.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a1.f6.i1.n2 M2.8.a2.d1.f4.g.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a2.f1.h1.i1.j3.l1.n2 M2.8.a2.f1.i1.n2 M2.8.a2.f7.h1.j3 M2.8.a2.f7.h1.j3.l1 M2.8.b2.h1.i4.k3 M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.l1.n2.o M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,13.l1.n2.o M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.n2 M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.n2 M2.8.a2.f7.i1.j3,12.l1.n5 M2.8.a2.d4.i2.l1 M2.8.a2.f7.h1.i2.k5 M2.8.a2.f7.i1.n2 M2.8.b2.d2.g.h1.i2.j7.r1.t1 M2.8.a2.g.h1.i4.k3.n4 M2.8.a2.f8.h1.j3.n4.r1.s3.t5 M2.8.a2.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2.o.p

AE D XI Early D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII MK MK MK c1530 BCE c1530 BCE D XIX D XIX c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2345-2323 BCE c2321-2287 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE c2278-2184 BCE Theban D XI c2321-2287 BCE HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D X Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE AE D XI AE D XI AE D XI AE D XI Early D XII Early D XII Mid D XII

134

Saqqara el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Asyut Asyut Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Dra Abu el-Naga Dra Abu el-Naga Abydos Gurob Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Meir Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Naga ed-Deir Meir Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Saqqara Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Unknown Unknown el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Asyut Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahari Abusir Abusir Unknown 2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari el-Bersheh Unknown Gebelein Meir el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh

219 219 220 220 221 221 222 222 223 223 224 224 224 225 225 225 226 226 227 227 228 228 228 229 229 230 230 230 231 231 232 233 233 234 234 235 235 236 236 237 237 238 238 239 239 240 240 241 241 242 242 243 243 244 244 245 245 246 246 247 247 248 248 249 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 255 256 256 257 257 258

APPENDIX A 282. EM CG 4948 283. ÄMB 14 284. EM CG 4847 285. ÄMUL Inv. 4415 286. BMA 08.480.21 287. EM CG 4803 288. EM JE 42943 289. REM RC 480 290. EM CG 4851 291. BM EA 9525 292. BM EA 9524 293. Helwan 132H 294. MET S.14819 295. MRAHB E.5798/a 296. MRAHB E.5798/b 297. PMEA UC16167 298. MMEL E.966 299. BM EA 50695 300. RMSR SED 44 301. NMK 7546 302. NMK 7547 303. FMNH 30100 304. VMEA VM B228 305. LMAG A54.10 306. IMS R.1921-89-65 307. CBMAG H.549 308. BM EA 66220 309. IMSE TNE 94:48C 310. MM 131 311. WML M-11430 312. NCG ÆIN 1570 313. MMA 11.150.11 314. MRAHB E.7517 315. NCG ÆIN 1569 316. EM JE 37564b-186 317. EM JE 37564e-585 318. WML 55.82.6 319. EM JE 37564g-585 320. FMC E. 71b.1903 321. EM JE 37564c-186 322. Périchon-Bey Asyut/el-Bersheh 323. MM 11266 324. MRAHB E.7519 325. PAHMA 5-11357 326. MMEL E.963 327. MRAHB E.7518 328. NMI 1920:270 329. HMG 21.86 330. FMC E. 71a.1903 331. EM JE 37564d-585 332. EM JE 37564a-186 333. BMSA 80.60.2 334. Saqqara Nefer-Smedet 16 335. Saqqara Nefer-Smedet 19 336. HMAGKUH 6.1989 337. CBMAG H.4595 338. AMO 1896-1908 E.1991 339. EM JE 39127 340. RPMH 1697 341. Beni Hasan 394 342. MRAHB E.7516 343. AMO 1896-1908 E.2301 344. EM JE 37564h-585 345. OIM11196 A 346. CM 1921.37.2 347. BM EA 59011 348. EM CG 4909 349. MEN Eg.353 350. APMA 9115 351. AMO 1896-1908 E.4158 352. WPM 1869.77 353. Saqqara HMK 2-1 354. Saqqara HMK 2-2 355. MFA 21.871 356. VMFA 53.30.3 357. MFA 21.818 358. MFA 21.497

M2.8.a2.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2.o.p M2.8.a2.f7.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a1.f7.i1.j3.n2 M2.8.a2.f1 M2.8.a2.f7.g.h1.i1.j3.o.p M2.8.a2.f7.h1.i1.j3 M2.8.a2.f7.i1 M2.8.a2.f7.i1 M2.8.a2.f7.i1.j3.n2.t2 M2.8.a2.f7.i1.n2 M2.8.a2.f7.i1.n2.r1.t3 M2.8.b2.g.s1 M2.8.a2 M2.9.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.l1.o.p.q3.r1 M2.9.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.l1.o.p.q3.r1 M2.9.b2.d2.h1.i2.j7.l1.o.p.q3 M2.9.a2.f7.i2.q1 M2.9.b2.h1.j14.q4.s2 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.k2.o.p.q1.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j6.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j6.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.l1.o.p.q1.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.q3.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.q3 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j7.q3 M2.10.b2.d2.h1.i4.j1.k4.q1 M2.10.b2.g.h1.i2.o.q1 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j2.o.p.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j3.q5.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j7.k5.q4 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j2.l1.o.p.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.g.h1.i2.o.p.q4 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.l1.o.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.o.p.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.q2 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.i4.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q3.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.q3.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.j3.q2.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.q3.s1 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.l2.o.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j7.o.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.l1.o.p.q3 M2.10.a2.d3.i2.q2 M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.o.q2 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q4 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3.k2.q2 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q2 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j4.q2 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.l1.j7.o.q2 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3,7.l5.o.p.q2.r2 M2.10.a2.h1.o.p.q2 M2.10.b2.d2.f1.g.i2.k1.q3.r1 M2.10.b2.d2.f4.g.h1.i2.j4.o.p.q3.r1 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q3 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.i2.j3.q3.r1 M2.10.b2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.o.q3.r1 M2.10.b2.f7.g.i2.j7.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j3.q4.r1.s2 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j7.o.p.q6.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.q4 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.q5.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j7.l1.o.p.q3.s4 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j7.q6 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.i2.q6 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.k2.l1.q4 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.k8.o.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.l1.q2 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.l1.q5

135

Mid D XII Late D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII D XII MK HP D X HP D X HP D X HP D X Late AE D XI HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D IX HP D X HP D X HP D X HP D X Theban D XI HP D X HP D X Theban D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI

el-Bersheh Asasif Meir Unknown Unknown Meir Meir Meir Meir Thebes Thebes Helwan Asyut Sedment Sedment Sedment Asyut/el-Bersheh Unknown Sedment Sedment Sedment Meir Sedment Sedment Sedment Sedment Unknown Saqqara Lahun/Kahun Thebes Sedment Meir el-Bersheh Sedment Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Asyut/el-Bersheh Unknown el-Bersheh Beni Hasan Asyut Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Sedment Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Unknown Saqqara Saqqara Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Saqqara Meir/Saqqara Beni Hasan el-Bersheh Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Meir Meir Meir Deir el-Bahari Saqqara Unknown Beni Hasan Meir Saqqara Saqqara el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh

258 259 259 260 260 261 261 262 262 263 263 264 264 265 265 266 266 267 268 268 269 269 270 270 271 271 272 272 273 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 277 277 278 278 279 279 280 280 281 281 282 282 283 283 284 284 285 285 286 286 287 287 288 288 289 289 290 290 291 291 292 292 293 293 294 294 295 295 295 296 296

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 359. MFA 21.895 360. MFA 21.877 361. MFA 21.406a-b 362. MFA 15:5.201 363. MFA 15:5.202 364. MFA 15:5.402 365. MFA 15:5.403 366. MFA 21.801 367. MFA 21.822 368. MFA 21.828 369. MFA 21.830 370. MFA 21.878 371. MFA 21.485 372. MFA 15:5.427a 373. MFA 21.827 374. MFA 15:5.203 375. MFA 21.487 376. MFA 21.824 377. MFA 21.491 378. MFA 15:5.427 379. MFA 21.495 380. MFA 21.825 381. MFA 21.826 382. MFA 15:5.615 383. MFA 15:5.426 384. SM 1902.16.3 385. MFA 21.820 386. MFA 21.489 387. MFA 21.879 388. MEV 55024 389. MNAL E.139 390. MFA 21.494 391. MFA 15:5.361 392. MFA 21.416 393. MFA 21.417 394. MFA 21.483 395. MFA 21.488 396. MFA 21.800 397. MFA 21.870 398. MFA 21.890 399. MFA 21.415 400. MFA 21.873 401. MFA 21.874 402. MFA 21.500 403. MFA 21.493 404. MFA 21.492 405. MFA 21.496 406. MFA 21.802 407. MFA 21.490 408. AMO 1896-1908 E.2302 409. AMO 1896-1908 E.2297 410. CMA 1914.604 411. MFA 21.407 412. MMEL E.965 413. BMAG R.106/1941 414. Beni Hasan 203 415. PMNH 235852 416. RPMH 1696 417. Meux 57 418. BM EA 45097 419. EM 17/3/23/2 420. EM NN-1 421. GASU Impy II 422. EM JE 39145 423. MMUA ABDUA:21817 424. MAGAB 1920.10.1 425. EM NN-2 426. WML 55.82.115 427. TMA 1972.15 428. MGL 82-1-1 429. BLMJ NN 430. REM RC 484 431. MMA 11.150.10 432. EM JE 37564j-116 433. BM EA 41574 434. PCU ZR1478 435. ÄMUL Inv. 38

M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,9.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,10.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k5.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k5.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k5.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k6.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k6.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k7.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3,4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3,4.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3.q6 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k5.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k8.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k8.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k8.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.k1.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.p.q2 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,4.o.p.q6.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,6.l5.o.q5.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j7.o.p.q5 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.l1.q2.r1.s4 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.q3 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.q5.r1 M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.j7.q5 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.j1.q4.r1 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.l1.q5 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q2 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q2 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q2 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q4 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.o.p.q4.r1 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.q4 M2.10.a2.f4.i2.q2 M2.10.a2.f4.i2.q3.s4 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.q5.r1 M2.10.b2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.k7.o.q5.s1 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.i2.q4.r1 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j1.l1.q5.r1 M2.10.b2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.o.p.q6.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.l3.o.q7 M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q5.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q6.r1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,7.q6

136

Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI

el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Thebes/el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Meir el-Bersheh Asyut Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Saqqara Meir Asyut Abusir Meir Abusir Saqqara Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Meir Beni Hasan Meir Unknown Meir Meir Meir Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Meir Abusir

297 297 298 298 299 299 300 300 301 301 302 302 303 303 304 304 305 305 306 306 307 307 308 308 309 309 310 310 311 311 312 312 313 313 314 314 314 315 315 316 316 317 317 318 318 319 319 320 320 321 321 322 322 323 323 324 324 325 325 326 326 326 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 330 331 331 332 332 333 333 334

APPENDIX A 436. RMO AH 63 437. EM JE 37564i-116 438. ÄMUL Inv. 36 439. EM JE 45318 440. EM Saqqara Anpuemhat 6 441. EM Saqqara Anpuemhat 5 442. DB SIUE NN 443. BM EA 41575 444. SACOS E7286 445. ÄIUT 369 446. Akoris 447. APMA 14.410 448. BMA 37.99E 449. ROM 910.18.1 450. EM JE 46718 451. REM RC 1815 452. BM EA 34273 453. BM EA 35293 454. AMO 1896-1908 E.1992 455. NMK 5489 456. RPMH 388 457. DIA T1984.199 458. RMO F 1939/1.3 459. EM JE 34292 460. CMNH 18,121 461. BM EA 45088 462. RMO F 1939/1.1 463. APMA 8876 464. PCU S 59 465. SACOS E7287 466. EM CG 4912 467. HÄI 934 468. CBMAG H.5359 469. EM CG 4805 470. MLP E 17111 471. MM 4741 472. MM 4742 473. PMEA UC31848 474. IAGB E 1410 475. SMMRLA 1923.33.bw 476. BMA 37.1483E 477. OIM 10742 478. MMA 26.3.157 479. MMA 11.150.9 480. EM CG 4910 481. Beni Hasan Apa 707 482. UMUR E.23.3 483. AHL 188 484. EM JE 46720 485. EM JE 46719 486. EM CG 4802 487. DMM MIDMM 1932.4 488. BM EA 25360 489. NMMH 1073 490. EMNHSA 0.376 491. PCU 67 492. HMVV 1126.05 493. MFA 19.162 494. AIC 1894.241 495. EM CG 4872 496. WAG 22.18 497. EM CG 4846 498. MMA 32.1.124A-C 499. el-Lisht Thuty B 500. AHL 69/7569 501. EM CG 4869 502. EM CG 4861 503. EM CG 4844 504. NAMA 41-4 505. EM CG 4845 506. NGV D90-1982 507. PCNY 508. MET S.1209 509. EM JE 42942 510. UPMAA E 1018 511. MIA 16.496 512. PRM 1884.81.19

M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j9.l1.q7 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q7 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.l1.j3,7.q6 M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.l1.j7.o.q7 M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.k3.o.p.q7 M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.k3.l1.o.q7 M2.10.a2.f1.i2.q7 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q5.r1 M2.10.a2.f4.i2.q4 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q6.s4 M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j12.o.q6.r2.t3 M2.10.b2.f4.g.i2.k2.q6.r1 M2.10.b2.f4.h1.i2.q4 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.k2.q9 M2.10.a2.d5.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.l1.o.q8.r1,2.s2 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q9.s4 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.i2.q9.s1 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q9.s4 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.q9 M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q9.s4 M2.10.a2.f1.i2.k4.q9 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q9.r1.s4 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.q10 M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.q9 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q9.s2 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3.n6.q9.r1.s2 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.l1.q9 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.q9.s4 M2.10.b2.f1.g.h1.i2.j1.q9.s2 M2.10.b2.f1.i2.q9 M2.10.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.t5 M2.10.a2.f7.g.i2.q9.s2 M2.10.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2 M2.10.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s4.t2 M2.10.a2.f9.i2.q10.s2 M2.10.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q11.s2 M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j13.o.q11.s2 M2.11.b2.d2.f1.i2.q5 M2.12.a2.d2.f1.i2.j3.q3 M2.12.a2.f4.h1.i2.j4.q3.u1 M2.12.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.q7.s1.u1 M2.12.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.k2.q5.u1 M2.12.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.l1.q6.u1 M2.12.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,7.q6.r1. t2.u3 M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j11.q4.r1.s2.u2 M2.12.a2.f1.h1.i2.q6.u1 M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.l1.q6.u1 M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.q5.s1.u1 M2.12.a2.d5.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.l1.o.p.q8.r2.s2.u1 M2.12.a2.d5.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.l1.q8.r2.s2.u1 M2.12.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q9.r1.s4.t2.u3 M2.12.a2.d2.f1.i2.q10.u1 M2.12.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q10.r1.s3.u3 M2.12.a2.d2.f8.h1.i2.l1.q10.r1.s2.u1 M2.12.a2.d2.f9.h1.i2.j4.q10.r1.s2.u3 M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s1.u1 M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s4.t3.u1 M2.12.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3 M2.12.b2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.j1,3.q10.r1.s2.u3 M2.12.a2.d2.f8.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3 M2.12.a2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.u3 M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.u3 M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3.o.q10.r1.s1.u3 M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.o.q10.s1.u3 M2.12.a2.f8.h1.i2.l1.o.p.q11.s2.t2.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q11.r1.s1.t5.u1 M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.t7.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.t2.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.t7.u1 M2.12.a2.f9.g.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.t6.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.g.i2.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.u3 M2.12.a2.f9.i2.q10.r1.s2.t5.u3 M2.12.b2.d2.f9.h1.i2.j1.q10.s2.u3 M2.12.b2.d2.f9.h1.i2.j1.q10.s4.u3 M2.13.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.q7.r1,2.s1.u1

137

Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI c2004 BCE c2016-1985 BCE Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Early D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Late D XII Late D XII Mid AE D XI Early AE D XI Early AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE Early D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late AE D XI

Thebes Beni Hasan Abusir Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Thebes Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Akoris Asyut/Meir Unknown Deir el Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Beni Hasan el-Bersheh Unknown Unknown el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Unknown Asyut el-Bersheh el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Beni Hasan Saqqara Abusir Meir Meir el-Bersheh Deir Rifeh Deir Rifeh Sedment Unknown Beni Hasan Deir el-Bahari Asyut/Meir Deir el-Bahari Meir Deir el-Bahari Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Beni Hasan 2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari Meir Unknown Meir Unknown el-Bersheh Unknown Abusir Meir Meir Meir Meir Meir el-Lisht South el-Lisht South el-Bersheh Meir Meir Meir Meir Meir el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Unknown Meir Meir Meir Thebes

334 335 335 336 336 337 337 337 338 338 339 339 340 340 341 341 342 342 343 343 344 344 345 345 346 346 347 347 348 348 348 349 349 350 350 351 351 352 353 353 354 354 355 355 356 356 357 357 358 359 359 360 360 361 361 362 362 363 363 364 364 365 365 366 366 367 367 368 368 369 369 370 370 371 371 372 373

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 513. MMA 20.3.2 514. MMA 20.3.1 515. MMA 20.3.3 516. UPMAA E 14260 517. EM CG 4801 518. WML 55.82.5 519. EM JE 46766 520. EM CG 4918 521. UPMAA E 14347 522. MFA 72.4.177 523. BCGM 13.137 524. WML 55.82.17 525. AMO 1896-1980 E.1993 526. BM EA 35291 527. EM CG 4859 528. BM EA 45087 529. EM CG 4947 530. PMEA UC7221 531. LMAG 40.1924 532. EM CG 4951 533. BM EA 35292 534. EM CG 4913 535. MMA 24.9 536. PMEA UC75868 537. SML Inv.1935-201 538. BM EA 36422 539. PMEA UC16402 540. IEAA 1981.1.10 541. EM CG 4798 542. EM CG 4800 543. BM EA 25361 544. EM 17/2/23/3 545. AMO1896-1908 E.2296 546. ÄMB 12 547. EM CG 4841 548. FMNH 30102 549. MMA 12.183.3 550. EM NN-3 551. H-P/Hearst 2069 552. EM CG 4955 553. EM CG 4952 554. EM CG 4813 555. EM CG 4944 556. EM Boat Body 557. EM CG 4945 558. EM CG 4946 559. EM JE 61334 560. EM JE 61338 561. BM EA 55071 562. EM JE 61335 563. EM JE 61336 564. EM JE 61339 565. EM JE 61340 566. EM JE 61341 567. EM JE 61342 568. EM JE 61337 569. EM JE 61358 570. EM JE 61360 571. EM JE 61362 572. EM JE 61331 573. EM JE 61332 574. EM JE 61333 575. EM JE 61351 576. EM JE 61352 577. EM JE 61353 578. EM JE 61354 579. EM JE 61355 580. EM JE 61356 581. EM JE 61357 582. EM JE 61359 583. EM JE 61361 584. REM RC 1173 585. MLP E 5539 586. EM CG 4929

M2.13.b2.d5.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,12.o.q8.r2.s2.u1 M2.13.b2.d5.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,12.q8.r2.s2.u1 M2.13.b2.d5.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,12.q8.r2.s2.u1 M2.14.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,7.q5.r2 M2.14.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q3.r1.t1 M2.14.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q3 M2.14.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j6.q7.r2 M2.14.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j12.l5.q8 M2.15.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j7.o.p.q3.r1 M2.16.b2.f1.h1.i2.q5.s1 M2.16.a2.f7.h1.i2.q4 M2.17.b2.h1.i4.j1 M2.17.b2.h1.i2.l1.s1 M2.18.a2.f4.i2.j3 M2.18.a2.f7.i2.j3.n7.r1 M2.18.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3,4.r1.s2 M2.18.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.s2 M2.18.a2.f1.i2.s5 M2.19.a2.f4.h1.j3.n2.o.r1.t1 M2.20.a2.f9.h1.i2.t2.u3 M2.21.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q10.r1.s1.t2 M2.22.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.q10.r1.s2.t5.v1 M2.23.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q10.r1.s2.t3.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q9.r1.s2.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j9.o.p.q10.r1.s4.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j1.q10.r1.s4.u3.v4 M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q10.r1.s2.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3.v4 M2.23.b2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.u3.v1 M2.23.b2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.q10.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.t2.u3.v3 M2.23.a2.d2.f9.g.i2.q11.r1.s2.t3.u3.v2 M2.23.a2.d5.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q11.r1.s2.t7.u3.v2 M2.23.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,9.o.q11.s2.u1.v2 M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q10.r1.s2.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.l1.q11.r1.s2.t1.u3.v1 M2.23.a2.f9.i2.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3.v1 M2.23.b2.d2.f9.h1.i2.l1.q11.s1.u3.v4 M2.23.b2.f9.g.h1.i2.j1,7.o.p.q10.r1.s2.u3.v4 M2.24.a2.f4.i2.j3.q10.r1.s4.u2.v1 M2.24.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.u2.v1 M2.25.b2.h1.i2.l1.n7 M2.26.a2.d6.f1.g.h1.i5.l4.n2 M2.26.a2.f1.g.i5.n2 M2.26.a2.f1.g.i5.n2 M2.26.a2.f1.g.i5.n2 M2.26.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.26.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.27.b2.e2.h1.i2 M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2 M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15 M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15 M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15 M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15 M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o M2.29.a2.h1.i2 M2.30.b2.i2.u1 M2.31.a2.f4.i1.n2

138

c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE c2016-1985 BCE Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Mid AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Mid AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Late AE D XI Early D XII Mid D XII D XII Late AE D XI Early D XII Early D XII Mid D XII Early D XII Early D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Mid D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII Late D XII MK c1400 BCE c1400 BCE c1400 BCE c1400 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1336 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE c1327 BCE NK D XVIII D XXI

2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari 2nd V Deir el-Bahari Sedment Meir Beni Hasan Saqqara Asyut Sedment Unknown Unknown Beni Hasan Beni Hasan el-Bersheh Meir Asyut el-Bersheh Lahun/Kahun el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Unknown Saqqara el-Lisht South Unknown Beni Hasan Unknown Unknown Meir Meir Meir Meir Beni Hasan Beni Hasan Asasif Meir Meir Meir Unknown Meir el-Bersheh el-Bersheh Unknown King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley el-Amarna King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley King’s Valley Unknown Unknown Deir el-Bahari

373 374 375 376 376 377 377 378 380 381 381 382 382 383 383 384 384 384 385 386 387 388 389 389 390 390 391 391 392 392 393 393 394 395 396 397 397 398 398 399 399 400 401 401 402 402 403 403 404 405 405 406 406 407 407 408 408 409 409 410 410 411 411 412 412 413 413 414 414 415 415 416 417 418

APPENDIX A

M1.0 WATERCRAFT MODELS PAPYRUS RAFT WITH RAFT ENDS (RE) 1. PMEA UC10559 (M1.0.a1.c1.f1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: el-Badari UE Nome 9 Beam: 1.50 in/3.81 cm Clay. Solid hull, flat bottom, bulwark/gunwale. Damaged.

upturned

raft

ends,

raised

Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of

Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

2. PMEA UC16289 (M1.0.a1.c1.f1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Beam: .75 in/1.90 cm Depth of Hold: .71 in/1.80 cm Clay. Solid hull, flat bottom, bulwark/gunwale. End damaged.

upturned

raft

ends,

raised

Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie

Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1921, Pl. XLVII.6; PMEA Record Card.

3. Saqqara 3503-F-1 (M1.0.a1.c1.f1) Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period, Dynasty I Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 3503 LE Nome 1 Clay. Subsidiary Burial F. Solid hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends, raised bulwark/gunwale. Damaged. Excavated by Walter B Emery, 1935-1939. Sister to Saqqara 3503-F-2, Saqqara 3503-F-3. Documented from photograph, photograph from Emery 1954, Pl. LII,

courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Emery 1954, 148, Pl. LII.

4. Saqqara 3503-F-2 (M1.0.a1.c1.f1) Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period, Dynasty I Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 3503 LE Nome 1 Clay. Subsidiary Burial F. Solid hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends, raised bulwark/gunwale. Damaged. Excavated by Walter B. Emery, 1935-1939. Sister to Saqqara 3503-F-1, Saqqara 3503-F-3. Documented from photograph, photograph from Emery 1954, Pl. LII,

courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Emery 1954, 148, Pl. LII.

139

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

5. Saqqara 3503-F-3 (M1.0.a1.c1.f1) Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period, Dynasty I Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 3503 LE Nome 1 Clay. Subsidiary Burial F. Solid hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends, raised bulwark/gunwale. Damaged. Excavated by Walter B. Emery, 1935-1939. Sister to Saqqara 3503-F-1, Saqqara 3503-F-2. Documented from photograph, photograph from Emery 1954, Pl. LII,

courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Emery 1954, 148, Pl. LII.

140

APPENDIX A

M1.1 WATERCRAFT MODELS PAPYRUS RAFT WITH RAFT ENDS (RE) AND BUILT-UP SIDES (BUS) 6. Matmar 3079 (M1.1.b1.c1) Location: Unknown Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Matmar, Grave 3079 (2 Children) UE Nome 10 Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends. Ends damaged. Excavated by Guy Brunton. Documented from drawing, drawing by author after Müller-Karpe 1968, Taf. 10.18. Bibliography: Brunton 1948, 15, 22, PL. SIII.25; Müller-Karpe 1968, Taf. 10.18; Podzorski 1994, Tab. 20).

7. MAG 28.361 (M1.1.b1.c1) Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 11.81 in/30.00 cm Beam: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.97 in/5.00 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends. Gift of C Herbert Ocumpaugh, The Herbert Ocumpaugh Collection. Acquired January 24, 1928. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MAG Record Card.

8. PMEA UC16285 (M1.1.b1.c1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Beam: .87 in/2.20 cm Depth of Hold: .94 in/2.40 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends. Damaged. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie

Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card.

9. PMEA UC16287 (M1.1.b1.c1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Beam: .98 in/2.50 cm Depth of Hold: .98 in/2.50 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends. Repaired. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie

Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1921, 42, Pl. XLVII.4; Petrie 1933a, 6, Fig. 16; PMEA Record Card.

141

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

10.PMEA UC16288 (M1.1.b1.c1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 9.09 in/23.10 cm Beam: 2.40 in/6.10 cm Depth of Hold: 1.85 in/4.70 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends. Damaged. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie

Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1921, 42, Pl. XLVII.5; Petrie 1933a, 6, Fig. 17; PMEA Record Card.

11. ROM 910.92.6 (M1.1.b1.c1) Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 7.50 in/19.05 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned raft ends. Collected by Dr Currelly in Egypt. Acquired prior to 1910. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: ROM Record Card.

12. MM 10216 (M1.1.b2.c1) Manchester Museum, UM, Manchester, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Armant, Cemetery 111/IIIN UE Nome 4 Beam: .96 in/2.45 cm Depth of Hold: 1.81 in/4.60 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, upturned raft ends (one missing and the other damaged), Most of model missing. Excavated by Oliver H Myers and Sir Robert Mond, 1930-1935. Acquired from Sir Robert Mond by way of O H Myers 1935. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Mond and Myers 1937, Pl. lvi,1); Riggs, C, pers comm, 2004.

13. MM 10217 (M1.1.b2.c1) Manchester Museum, UM, Manchester, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Armant, Cemetery 112/III.K.13 UE Nome 4 Beam: .60 in/1.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.10 in/2.80 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, upturned raft ends (both missing, but slight turn of model and association with MM 10216 and MM 10218 strongly suggests it has raft ends), Most of model missing. Excavated by Oliver H Myers and Sir Robert Mond, 1930-1935. Acquired from Sir Robert Mond by way of O H Myers 1935. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Mond and Myers 1937, Pl. lvi,1; Riggs, C, pers comm, 2004.

142

APPENDIX A

14. MM 10218 (M1.1.b2.c1) Manchester Museum, UM, Manchester, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Armant, Cemetery 113/II.J.12 UE Nome 4 Beam: 1.42 in/3.60 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, upturned raft ends (one missing), Most of model missing. Excavated by Oliver H Myers and Sir Robert Mond, 1930-1935. Acquired from Sir Robert Mond by way of O H Myers 1935. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Mond and Myers 1937, Pl. lvi, 1; Riggs, C, pers comm, 2004.

143

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M1.2 WATERCRAFT MODELS PAPYRUS RAFT WITH RAFT ENDS (RE), BUILT-UP SIDES (BUS), AND ROPE TIES (RT) 15. SMÄKM A322 (M1.2.b2.c3) Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, München, Germany Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Minshat Abu Omar, Grave A322 LE Nome 19 Travertine. Hollow hull, round bottom, upturned and bound raft ends, differentiated papyrus bundle built-up sides carved double stranded rope ties with knots. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Wildung 1981, 28, Abb. 25. Bibliography: Podzorski 1994, 354, 357-358, Tbl. 20; Vinson 1987, 164, Fig. 75C; Wildung 1981, 28, Abb. 21, 25. 16. PMEA UC16276 (M1.2.b1.c3) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 11.22 in/28.50 cm Beam: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.50 in/3.80 cm Quartz. Hollow hull, flat bottom, upturned and bound raft ends, differentiated papyrus bundle built-up sides, rope ties. Sections missing. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie

Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Göttlicher 1978, 57, no. 290, Pl. 22; Landström 1970, 22, no. 61; Petrie 1920, 42-43, Pl. XLVI.24, .41; Petrie 1921, 42, Pl. XLVI.25; Petrie 1933a, 5, Fig. 11; PMEA Record Card; Vinson 1987, Fig. 75.A. 17. Abydos Y.T. (M1.2.b1.c2) Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period, c2950 BCE Provenance: Abydos, Tomb Y.T. of Queen Merytneit or Pharaoh Den, Between Tombs UE Nome 8 Travertine. Hollow hull, flat bottom, bound raft ends, differentiated papyrus bundle built-up sides, carved double stranded rope ties with knots. Repaired. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1899-1902. Documented from drawing, drawing from Petrie 1902, Pl. X.4, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Taf. VI, top; Petrie 1902, 7, Pl. IX.4; Petrie 1933a, 2, 4 Fig. 5; Reisner 1913, XVII, n. 2; Vinson 1987, 163, Fig. 75.A. 18. Helwan 1 (M1.2.b2.c3) Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Helwan LE Nome 13 Travertine. Hollow hull, round bottom, upturned and bound ends, differentiated papyrus bundle built-up sides, carved double stranded rope ties with knots, Damaged. Excavated by Zaki Saad, 1942-1954. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Saad 1969, Pl. 103. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 22, no. 62; Saad 1969, 70, 182, Pl. 103.

144

APPENDIX A

19. AMO E.4663 (M1.2.b2.c3.f2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis, Main Deposit LE Nome 3 Ivory. Hollow hull, round bottom, upturned and bound ends, differentiated papyrus bundle built-up sides, carved double stranded rope ties, stitching on bulwark/gunwale. Excavated by James E. Quibell and Frederick W Green 1897-1899. From the Egyptian Research Account. Damaged. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Nibbi 1993, Pl. IV, top. Bibliography: Nibbi 1993, 84, Pl. IV, top.

145

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M1.3 WATERCRAFT MODELS PAPYRUS RAFT WITH RAFT ENDS (RE) AND ROPE TIES (RT) 20. EM JE 39128 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.j6.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt D XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Karenen and NeferSmedet, East of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. South chamber, on ledge. Solid green hull, round bottom, carved rope ties, bound raft ends, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, wooden U with pin mast partner, rigging, mast crutch. Square canopy with four posts aft, male owner stands underneath. Standing pilot, cross-legged helmsman (with paddle), sailors (7). Trunk, mooring stake, mallet, gangplank. Excavated by James E. Quibell, 1906-1907. Acquired 1907. Sister to EM JE 39144. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case G, Top Left), drawing from Quibell 1908, Pl. XXVI, top. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 78.D.2; Porter and Moss 1981, 560; Quibell 1908, 6-15, 76, Pls. XII, XXVI, top; Tooley 1989, 159. 21. EM JE 39144 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Karenen and NeferSmedet, East of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. South chamber, on granary. Solid green hull, round bottom, bound raft ends, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rigging, mast crutch. Square canopy with four posts aft, male owner stands underneath. Standing pilot (may be from another model), cross-legged helmsman (with paddle), paddlers (8, with paddles). Mooring stake, mallet, gangplank. Excavated by James E. Quibell, 1906-1907. Acquired 1907. Sister to EM JE 39128. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case G, Top Right), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1981, 560; Quibell 1908, 6-15, no. 6 76, Pls. XXII XXVIII.5; Weigall 1924, 77. 22. Saqqara Nefer-Smedet (M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Length: 27.56 in/70.00 cm Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Nefer-Smedet and Karenen, East of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. South chamber, on west coffin with full model assemblage. Solid green hull, round bottom, bound raft ends, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rigging. Square decorated canopy with four posts aft, female owner (Nefer-Smedet) on chair. Excavated by James E. Quibell, 1906-1907. Damaged, eaten by white ants. Documented from photograph, Quibell 1908, Pl. XVII, no. 1.

photograph

from

Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1981, 560; Quibell 1908, 6-15, 75, Pl. XVII.1.

146

APPENDIX A

23. EM JE 46767 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, North of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 29.92 in/76.00 cm Wood. In north recess below granary, overturned with other watercraft. Solid green hull, round bottom, bound ends, painted yellow and red twisted rope ties, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rigging, mast crutch, mooring stakes (2), mallet, gangplank, quivers (2, black and white animal hide). Square canopy with four posts aft, male owner Anpuemhat sits underneath. Standing pilot (with punting/sounding pole), cross-legged helmsman (with paddle), sailors (4). Excavated by James E Quibell and Angelo G K Hayter, 1912-1914. Acquired 1914. Sister to EM JE 46768. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom Middle), photograph by author. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 92-93, no. 284; Quibell and Hayter 1927, 11-14, 39, no. 17, Pl. XXII.1.

24. EM JE 46768 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, North of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 28.35 in/72.00 cm Wood. In north recess below granary. Solid green hull, round bottom, bound ends painted yellow and red twisted rope ties, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rigging (2 yards), mast crutch, mooring stakes (2), mallet. Square canopy with four posts aft (missing), male owner Anpuemhat sits underneath. Standing pilot (with punting/sounding pole), cross-legged helmsman (with paddle), paddlers (8, with paddles). Model carries a quiver that may not belong, or was placed on EM JE 46767 by mistake. Excavated by James E Quibell and Angelo G K Hayter, 1912-1914. Acquired 1914. Sister to EM JE 46767. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom Right), photograph by author. Bibliography: Quibell and Hayter 1927, 11-14, 39, no. 16, Pl. XXII.2.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

25. EM JE 46715 (M1.3.a2.c3.f1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c20161985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 35.43 and 37.40//90.00 and 95.00 cm Beam: 6.10 and 7.09 in/15.50 and 18.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 and 4.72 in/10.00 and 12.00 cm Wood. In sirdab on top of carpenter shop. Solid green hulls (2) on platform, round bottoms, upturned and bound ends, thin brown rope ties, differentiated papyrus stalks on deck (black lines), raised bulwark/gunwales. Paddlers (4), two on each hull. Fishermen (7). Wooden and rope net strung between hulls. Fish on deck and in net. Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Fishing Canoes Y. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum , Cairo. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 78.C.1, Pl. 68a; Daressy 1925, 42; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 126; Jones 1995, 30-31, Fig. 26; Landström 1970, 96-97, no. 305; Moll 1929, A IVb.161 Saleh and Sourouzian 1987, Pl. 75; Tooley 1989, 32; Tooley 1995, 34, Pl. 29; Winlock 1920, 12-32, Fig 24; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Pl. 29 (middle); Winlock 1955, 67-68, 102-103, Pls. 52-53, 55.

26. NCG ÆIN 1629 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1.h1.j6.o) Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Denmark Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb HMK 30 of Gemniehet, Regulator of the Phyle of the Pyramids of Teti and Merykare LE Nome 1 Length: 28.35 in/72.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Depth of Hold: Unknown Wood. On coffin. Solid green hull, round bottom, bound ends, thin white rope ties, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, wooden U with pin mast partner, rigging, mast crutch. Square canopy with four posts aft, male owner stands underneath. Standing pilot, cross-legged helmsman (with paddle), paddlers (8). Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn. Acquired 1923 from the Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Jørgensen 1996, no. 55, courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 75.A.2; Firth and Gunn 1926, 52-53, Pls. 22B, 29A; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XVI.1; Jørgensen 1996, 138-139, no. 55; Mogensen 1930, 68, 216, Pl. LXVI; Porter and Moss 1981, 538-539; Tooley 1989, 57, 158-159.

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27. EM JE 61349 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 48.82 in/124.00 cm Beam: 8.86 in/22.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. Annex, under boats EM JE 61352 and EM JE 61361. Solid green hull, round bottom, bound ends, yellow and red rope ties, wide longitudinal blue papyrus stalk stripes, raised bulwark/gunwale. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 464. Sister to EM JE 61350. Documented from drawing and photograph, from Jones 1990, Pl. XXVII bottom, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 43, Pls. XI, XXVII bottom.

28. EM JE 61350 (M1.3.a2.c2.f1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 62.60 in/159.00 cm Beam: 9.69 in/24.60 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on chest. Solid green hull, round bottom bound ends, yellow and red rope ties, wide longitudinal blue papyrus stalk stripes, raised bulwark/gunwale. Excavated by Howard Carter, 19221928, Obj. no. 313. Sister to EM JE 61349. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XXVI, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 471; Jones 1990, 42, Pls. XI, XXVI.

149

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.0 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT

29. AMO 1925.537 (M2.0.b1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Badarian Period Provenance: el-Badari, Cemetery 5100 UE Nome 10 Length: 3.23 in/8.20 cm Beam: 1.57 in/4.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.10 in/2.80 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Excavated by Guy Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson, 1922-1925. Gift of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1925. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 7, 34. 30. BM EA 59632 (M2.0.b1) British Museum, London, England Badarian Period Provenance: el-Badari, Cemetery 5100 UE Nome 10 Length: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Excavated by Excavated by Guy Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson, 1922-1925. Gift of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1929. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 7, 34; Parkinson, R, pers comm, 2004. 31. PMEA UC9024 (M2.0.b1.d1.e1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Badarian Period Provenance: el-Badari Grave 5452, Cemetery 5100 UE Nome 10 Length: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Beam: 1.38 in/3.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.30 in/3.30 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, soft chine, quarter rudder cable hole, landing platform. Excavated by Excavated by Guy Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson, 1922-1925. Gift of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1929. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 7, 34, Pl. XXIII.33; Landström 1970, 12, no. 2; PMEA Record Card; Vinson 1994, 11, Pl. 2. 32. PMEA UC9322 (M2.0.b2) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Badarian Period Provenance: el-Badari UE Nome 10 Beam: 3.00 in/7.62 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom. Damaged. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

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33. Mostagedda 1835 (M2.0.b1.d1) Location: Unknown Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Mostagedda, Grave 1835 UE Nome 9 Unbaked mud. Hollow hull, soft chine, quarter rudder cable holes. Excavated by Guy Brunton for the British Museum Expedition to Middle Egypt, 1928-1929. Documented from drawing, drawing from Brunton 1937, XLII.31, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Brunton 1937, 89, Pl. XLII.31; Müller-Karpe 1968, Taf. 5.24; Podzorski 1994, 355, n. 10, 358, n. 17, Tab. 20.

34. North el-Ballas 335 (M2.0.b1.d1.l1) Location: Unknown Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: North el-Ballas, Grave 335, Child UE Nome 9 Clay. Behind body, capsized. Hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable holes. Probably from Petrie’s and Quibell’s excavations Documented from drawig, drawing by author after Podzorski 1994, Pl. 49. Bibliography: Podzorski 1994, 356, Tab. 20, Pl. 49.

35. UPMAA E.1436 (M2.0.b2) University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenience: Tukh, Naqada, Grave 1570, Adult Grave UE Nome 5 Clay. In fill. Hollow hull, round bottom. Decorative rope ties on outer hull. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and James E. Quibell, 1895. Documented from drawing, drawing from Petrie 1920, 21, Pl. XXXVI.81b, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Pl. VI.3-4; Nibbi 1993, Fig. 5, bottom; Petrie 1920, 21, Pl. XXXVI.81b; Petrie 1921, Pl. XXXVII.81b; Petrie 1933a, 4-5, Fig. 9; Petrie and Quibell 1896, 41, Pl. XXXVI.81b; Quibell and Petrie 1896, 25, Pl. XXXVI.81b; Vinson 1987, Fig. 15.D.

36. AMO E.2813 (M2.0.b2.d1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Abydos UE Nome 8 Length: 7.01 in/17.80 cm Beam: 3.98 in/10.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Fired clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable hole. Decorative rope ties on outer hull. Damaged. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1899-1903. Documented from drawing, drawing by author after Payne 1993, Fig. 18.90). Bibliography: Payne 1993, 24, no. 90, Fig. 18.90.

151

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

37. PMEA UC10805 (M2.0.b2.d1.f3) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Hu, Grave B182 UE Nome 7 Length: 13.94 in/35.40 cm Beam: 5.43 in/13.80 cm Depth of Hold: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable hole, bulwark/gunwale with slashes and stripe. Decorative rope ties. Repaired. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1898-1899. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

38. el-Amrah a 56 (M2.0.a1.f4) Location: Unknown Predynastic Period Provenance: el-Amrah, Grave a 56 UE Nome 7 Length: 18.00-24.00 in/45.72-60.96 cm (estimated intact) Beam: 7.00 in/17.78 cm Clay. In front of knees. Solid hull, flat bottom, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe representing wood (red). Damaged, fragmentary. Excavated by David Randall-MacIver and Arthur Cruttenden Mace for the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1899-1901. Documented from photograph, photograph from Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902, Pl. IX.8, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Podzorski 1994, 355, 357, Tbl. 20; Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902, 41, Pl. IX.8. Tab. 20.

39. PMEA UC16284 (M2.0.b1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 5.20 in/13.20 cm Beam: .91 in/2.30 cm Depth of Hold: .75 in/1.90 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Damaged. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1920, 42, Pl. XLVII.2; PMEA Record Card.

40. PMEA UC16286 (M2.0.b1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 5.43 in/13.80 cm Beam: 1.18 in/3.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.14 in/2.90 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom. Damaged. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1920, 42, Pl. XLVII.3; PMEA Record Card.

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41. PMEA UC16283 (M2.0.b1.d1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 4.65 in/11.80 cm Beam: 1.22 in/3.10 cm Depth of Hold: .98 in/2.50 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, quarter rudder oar cable hole. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1920, 42, Pl. XLVII.1; Petrie 1933a, 4-5, Fig. 7; PMEA Record Card. 42. AMO E.2925 (M2.0.b1.d1.l1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Hu, Grave U(2)57 UE Nome 7 Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 8.66 in/22.00 cm Depth of Hold: 6.42 in/16.30 cm Fired clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, quarter rudder oar cable holes, shroud or stay holes. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1898-1899. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Payne 1993, Fig. 19.91. Bibliography: Payne 1993, 24, no. 91, Fig. 19.91; Petrie and Mace 1901, Pl. XVI.82; Petrie 1921, Pl. XXXVII.82; Podzorski 1994, Tbl. 20. 43. PMEA UC16290 (M2.0.b1.e1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 7.56 in/19.20 cm Beam: 1.77 in/4.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.14 in/2.90 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, steering platform. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1933a, 2, 4, Fig. 2; PMEA Record Card.

44. el-Badari 3000/6 (M2.0.b1.g) Location: Unknown Predynastic Period Provenance: el-Badari, Area 300, Village UE Nome 9 Mud. Hollow hull, flat bottom, gunwale with rowlocks. Damaged. Excavated by Guy Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson. Documented from drawing, drawing from Brunton and CatonThompson 1928, 61, Pl. LIV.19, Pl. LVII.5, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Brunton 1937, 89; Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 61, Pl. LIV.19.

153

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

45. ÄMB 15093 (M2.0.b2) Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 14.96 in/38.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, decorative rope ties. Repaired. Documented from drawing, drawing by author after Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Pl. VII.5-6. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Pl. VII.5-6.

46. PMEA UC15362 (M2.0.b2.d1.g) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, quarter rudder cable holes, gunwale with rowlocks. Damaged. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1920, Pl. XXIV.16; PMEA Record Card.

47. PMEA UC75615 (M2.0.b2.g) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable hole, gunwale with rowlocks. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

48. BCGM 13.147 (M2.0.b2.h1) Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 6.65 in/16.90 cm Beam: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.54 in/3.90 cm Clay. Hollow hull, round bottom, blunt bow, rounded stern, mast hole. Acquired by Sir William Burrell, purchased from G F Williams, 1948. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: BCGM Record Card.

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49. EM CG 4816 (M2.0.b2.h1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 21.06 in/53.50 cm Wood. Hollow hull, round bottom, mast hole. Egyptian Museum inventory described the model as having hieratic inscriptions port and starboard. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 22), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. VI, middle, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1890, IV; Reisner 1913, 21, Pl. VI, middle. 50. AMO E.86 (M2.0.a2.d1.f2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis, Main Deposit UE Nome 3 Length: 8.66 in/22.00 cm Ivory. Solid hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar cable hole, bulwark/gunwale with raised slashes indicating sewing. Damaged, tip of stern missing. Excavated by James E. Quibell and Frederick W Green, 1897-1899. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Landström 1970, no. 69. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 23, no. 69. 51. AMO E.79 (M2.0.a2.f1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period, Dynasty I Provenance: Abydos, Temple UE Nome 8 Length: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Ivory. Solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale. Damaged, amidships and tip of stem missing. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1899-1903. Documented from photographs, photographs from Petrie 1902, Pl. III.20, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 23, no. 66; Petrie 1902, 24, Pl. III.20. 52. AMO E.96 (M2.0.a2.f2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis, Main Deposit UE Nome 3 Length: 2.48 in/6.30 cm Ivory. Solid hull, round bottom, bulwark/gunwale with raised slashes indicating sewing. Excavated by James E Quibell and Frederick W Green, 1897-1899. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Landström 1970, no. 68. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 23, no. 68.

155

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

53. AMO E.97 (M2.0.a2.f2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis, Main Deposit UE Nome 3 Length: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Ivory. Solid hull, round bottom, bulwark/gunwale with raised slashes indicating sewing. Excavated by James E Quibell and Frederick W Green, 1897-1899. Documented from drawing, drawing from Quibell 1900, Pl. V). Bibliography: Landström 1970, 23, no. 65; Quibell 1900, 6, Pl. V. 54. EM JE 14701 (M2.0.a2.f2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Ivory. Solid hull, round bottom, bulwark/gunwale with raised slashes indicating sewing, portion of cabin amidships. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Landström 1970, no. 67. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 23, no. 67. 55. Mostagedda 2800 (M2.0.b1 Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Mostagedda, Grave 2800 UE Nome 9 Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom. Excavated by Guy Brunton for the British Museum Expedition to Middle Egypt, 1928-1929. Documented from drawing, drawing from Brunton 1937, Pl. XLIV.9, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Brunton 1937, Pl. XLIV.9. 56. Helwan 713H (M2.0.b2) Location: Unknown Early Dynastic Period Provenience: Helwan, Grave 713H LE Nome 13 Ivory. Hollow hull. Damaged, bow missing. Excavator believed stern missing. Excavated by Zaki Saad, 1942. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Saad 1969, Pl. 102. Bibliography: Saad 1947, 27, Pl. XIV.a; Saad 1969, 70, Pl. 102. 57. AMO E.87 (M2.0.b2.f2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis, Main Deposit UE Nome 3 Length: 7.20 in/18.30 cm Ivory. Hollow hull, bulwark/gunwale with slash marks indicating sewing. Damaged, bow missing. Excavated by James E Quibell and Frederick W Green, 1897-1899. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Landström 1970, no. 64. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 23, no. 64; Nibbi 1993, Pl. IV, bottom.

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APPENDIX A

58. PSM 1068/I/84 (M2.0.a1) Port Said Museum, Port Said, Egypt Old Kingdom, Dynasty V, c2445 BCE Provenance: Abusir, Temple of Pharaoh Raneferef LE Nome 1 Length: 152.36 in/387.00 cm Beam: 12.01 in/30.50 cm Wood. Burned in antiquity, buried in a closed temple room with sister boat model (1069/I/84, appearance and location unknown; five other boat model fragments discovered in temple complex of Pharaoh Neferirkara, appearance and location unknown). Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Damaged, decorative papyriform finial ends missing. Excavated by Miroslav Verner, 1984. Documented from photograph, courtesy of Miroslav Verner. Bibliography: Verner 1986, 155; Verner 1992, 592-594, Fig. 6, Pl. XXXIX; Verner, M, pers comm, 2000.

59. EM JE 63187 (M2.0.a1.d1.e3.f5.l1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder oar cable holes, landing platform, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, shroud or stay hole attachments. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Sister to Saqqara 240-2. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Middle Right, Number 3), photograph by author. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33-34, Pl. 49.5; Jones 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 38, Figs. 25, 25bis; Tooley 1989, 135. 60. EM Kaemsenu 240-2 (M2.0.a1.e3.f5.l1.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing platform, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Sister to EM JE 63187. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Far Right, Number 5), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.2. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33-34, Pl. 49.2; Jones 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 37-38, Figs. 24, No. 2; Tooley 1989, 135.

157

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

61. EM JE 63192 (M2.0.a1.f5) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 13.98 in/35.50 cm Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, decorative papyriform bundle ends with ties. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Sister to EM JE 63193. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Middle Right, Number 6), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.7. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33-34, Pl. 49.7; Jones 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 34-35, Fig. 21; Tooley 1989, 135. 62. EM JE 63184 (M2.0.a1.f5.l1.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative ‘blade-like’ sea-going vessel finials. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Middle Right, Number 1), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, 33, Pl. 49.1. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33, Pl. 49.1; Göttlicher 1978, 53:272; Jones 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21; Landström 1970, 64-65, nos. 194, 195; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 40, Fig. 27bis; Tooley 1989, 135.

63. EM JE 63193 (M2.0.a2.f5.l1.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Solid hull, round bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative papyriform bundle ends. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926.. Sister to EM JE 63192. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Middle Right, Number 2), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, 33, Pl. 49.3. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33, Pl. 49.3; Göttlicher 1978, 53:272; Jones 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21; Landström 1970, 57 no. 170; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 34-35, Fig. 20; Tooley 1989, 135.

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64. EM JE 56392 (M2.0.a1.e2.i1.n3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit LE Nome 1 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Wood. Dirt pit. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing platform, quarter rudder oar stanchions with forked tops, on-hull stern projection quarter rudder oar supports, scow ends, cabin amidships with three doors and arched canvas covering at stern. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56393. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Right, Top), drawings from Jéquier 1933, Fig. 21. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 38-40, Fig. 21, Pl. XXXV top left, bottom; Landström 1970, 60-61, no. 183; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 20-22; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

65. EM JE 56393 (M2.0.a1.e2.i1.n3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit LE Nome 1 Wood. Dirt pit. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing platform, quarter rudder oar stanchions with forked tops, on-hull stern projection quarter rudder oar supports, scow ends, cabin amidships with five doors and arched canvas covering at stern. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56392. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Right, Middle), photograph by author. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 38-40, Pl. XXXV top right; Jones 1995 28, Fig. 19 bottom; Landström 1970, 60-61, no. 184; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 20-22, Pl. IV; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

66. EM JE 56386 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit LE Nome 1 Length: 45.28 in/115.00 cm Wood. Dirt pit. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted red stripe representing wood, ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative finial ends. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56387. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Middle, Top), drawing by author after Jéquier 1933, Fig. 18. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 34-36, Fig. 18, Pl. XXXIII.a top; Jones 1995, 28, Fig. 19.2; Landström 1970, 58-59, no. 172; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 11-14, Fig. 3, Pl. 1; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

67. EM JE 56387 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit LE Nome 1 Length: 38.58 in/98.00 cm Wood. Dirt pit. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted red stripe representing wood, ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative papyriform finial ends. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56386. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Middle, 3rd Down), photograph by author. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 34-36; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 11-14, Fig. 3; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

68. EM JE 56388 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit LE Nome 1 Length: 35.83 in/91.00 cm Wood. Dirt pit. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted red stripe representing wood, ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative papyriform finial ends. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56386. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Middle, 3rd Down), photograph by author. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 34-36; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 11-14, Fig. 3; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

69. EM JE 56389 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit LE Nome 1 Length: 37.01 in/94.00 cm Wood. Dirt pit. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted red stripe representing wood, ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, thin decorative papyriform bundle ends. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56388. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Middle, Second Down), photograph by author. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 34-36; Jones 1995, 28, Fig. 19.1; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 11-14; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

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70. MET S.14046 (M2.0.a1.f5.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Old Kingdom, Dynasty VI Provenance: Gebelein, Tomb of Ignoti UE Nome 4 Length: 31.50 in/80.00 cm Wood. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1, 1 missing), oars (5), decorative papyriform bundle ends with etched decorative rope ties. Port side damage. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1911. Sister to MET S.14047. Documented in person, on exhibit, drawing by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 393, Tav. X.2; MET Record Card.

71. MET S.14047 (M2.0.a1.f5.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Old Kingdom, Dynasty VI Provenance: Gebelein, Tomb of Ignoti UE Nome 4 Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Wood. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), oars (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends with etched decorative rope ties. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1911. Sister to MET S.14046. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Curto 1984, 75, top photograph; Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 393; MET Record Card.

72. SHM 5393 (M2.0.a2.f6.n2) State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia Old Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 6.10 in/15.5 cm Wood. Solid hull, round bottom, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform finial ends (stern finial may have been altered). Documented from photograph, drawing by author.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 73. BNSS 1918.19 (M2.0.a1.f6.h1.l1.n2) Bournemouth Natural Science Society, Bournemouth, England First Intermediate Period, Dynasty VIII Provenance: Qubbet el-Hawa, Tomb 98 of Stekmet UE Nome 1 Length: 45.79 in/116.30 cm Beam: 3.50 in/8.80 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raise bulwark/gunwale with black painted stripe, single mast, rigging (2 spars with black marks representing leather attachments), shroud or stay holes, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), thin decorative papyriform bundle ends with longitudinal stripes (black, red, white) attached with mortise and tenon joints, multicolored decorative rope ties (black, red, white, blue) forward and aft, black zigzag lines on gunwale fore and aft representing waterproofing material stitching. Rectangular canopy amidships, decorated with stripes (white, red, blue), with black crosses and stars on its underside, canopy posts (4) with black bands. Stekmet sits on a white chair underneath. Standing pilot holds an oblong lead, sitting helmsman holds a short paddle, sailors (4) working lines. Crew has been moved around since an 1890 photograph. Excavated by Col. Sir Charles Holled Smith for Field Marshall Lord Grenfell, 1887. Sold at Sotheby’s auction, 1917. Acquired from Miss Henderson, 1918. Sister to BM EA 21805. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Budge 1887, 38; Hall 1981, 122, Fig. 1; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1917; Tooley 1989, 17, 147. 74. BM EA 21805 (M2.0.a1.f6.i1.n2) British Museum, London, England First Intermediate Period, Dynasty VIII Provenance: Qubbet el-Hawa, Tomb 98 of Stekmet UE Nome 1 Length: 41.00 in/104.20 cm Beam: 4.25 in/10.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raise bulwark/gunwale with black painted stripe, octagon-shaped with square bottoms quarter rudder stanchions (2) painted white and black, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, thin decorative papyriform bundle ends with longitudinal stripes (black, red, white) attached with mortise and tenon joints, multicolored decorative rope ties (black, red, white, blue) forward and aft, black zigzag lines on gunwale fore and aft representing waterproofing material stitching. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (4), two rowers missing. Lower hull damaged. Excavated by Col. Sir Charles Holled Smith for Field Marshall Lord Grenfell, 1887. Acquired: 1888, from Lord Grenfell. Sister to BNSS 1918.19. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Ia, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Budge 1887, 38; Göttlicher 1978, 53, 272C; Hall 1981, 127, Fig. 12; Glanville 1972, 1-2, Fig. 1, Pl. Ia.; Tooley 1989, 17, 147. 75. MLP E 32566 (M2.0.a1.f1) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale, thin decorative papyriform bundle ends. Square canopy aft (top missing), lotus bud posts (4, red, white, black stripes), sitting owner (on white chair) underneath. Paddlers (28), baler (without pail), helmsman and pilot missing. Acquired 1998. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples of human figures from Asyut, assuming the figures are original to the model. Documented from photograph, drawing by author.

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76. MEN Eg.356 (M2.0.a1.f5.n2) Musée d’ethnographie Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Saqqara, Shaft Serdab, Pyramid Complex of Unas LE Nome 1 Length: 30.71 in/78.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (white), decorative papyriform bundle ends (brownish-yellow and red ropes around hull) with flared umbels (brownish-yellow and red lines radiating out from a black circle in the middle), quarter rudder oar (1, missing blade or it is a punting pole). Rectangular canopy (white with brownish-yellow and red striped architrave), lotus bud posts (4, black), sarcophagus (white) with alter (with brownish-yellow and red stripes) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (8, six oars, kneeling and resting on their feet with their shins under them), servants (2). Finely carved figures, detailed, distinctive facial features, defined legs and feet, formed hands. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn 1925-1926. Acquired 1927 from the Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Sister to MEN Eg. 357. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Firth 1926, 101; Lagneau 1995, 29, no. 2 and 3; Porter and Moss 1981, 653.

77. MEN Eg.357 (M2.0.a1.f5.n2) Musée d’ethnographie Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Saqqara, Shaft Serdab, Pyramid Complex of Unas LE Nome 1 Length: 32.09 in/81.50 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (white), papyriform bundle ends (brownish-yellow and red ropes around hull) with flared umbels (brownish-yellow and red lines radiating out from a black circle in the middle), quarter rudder oars (2). Rectangular canopy (white with brownishyellow and red striped architrave), lotus bud posts (4, black), sarcophagus (white) with alter (with brownishyellow and red stripes) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, eight oars, kneeling and resting on their feet with their shins under them), priest (among rowers), scribe (reading papyrus or tablet over coffin). Finely carved figures, detailed, distinctive facial features, defined legs and feet, formed hands. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn 1925-1926. Acquired 1927 from the Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Sister to MEN Eg. 356. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Firth 1926, 101; Lagneau 1995, 29; Porter and Moss 1981, 653.

163

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

78. EM CG 4880 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Meir, UE Nome 14 Length: 64.96 in/165.00 cm Beam: 6.14 in/15.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.23 in/8.20 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp raised edge bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), thin decorative papyriform bundle ends. Square canopy (white) aft, lotus bud posts (4, red), empty chair (white) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, paddlers (10, some paddles). Acquired 1894; mistakenly linked to the Dynasty VI flotilla of Niankh-Pepy-Kem. Sister to EM CG 4881. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K, Top Middle), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XII bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. References: Breasted, Jr 1948, 74.A.1, 74.B.1; Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 441; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Reisner 1913, 51-53, note 1, Pl. XII, bottom; Tooley 1989, 11, 146; Tooley 1995, 10, Fig. 2.

79. EM CG 4881 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 31.50 in/80.00 cm Beam: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.56 in/6.50 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp raised edge bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2). decorative thin papyriform bundle ends. Square canopy (white) aft, lotus bud posts (4, red), empty chair (white) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, paddlers (8, some paddles). Acquired 1894; mistakenly linked to the Dynasty VI flotilla of Niankh-Pepy-Kem. Sister to EM CG 4880. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K, Top Right), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIII top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 441; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Reisner 1913, 51 note 1, 53, Pl. XIII, top; Tooley 1989, 11, 146; Tooley 1995, 10, Fig. 2.

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80. RMO F 1949/2.5 (M2.0.a1.f1.h1.i1) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 34.25 in/87.00 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (existing thick dowel-like mast does not belong on model), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2, one has a canopy lotus bud top post in it), decorative papyriform bundle ends (missing) attached with mortise and tenon joints (a quarter rudder oar stanchion protrudes from the stern where the papyriform ends should be), small mummy representing owner (male, white with a black and red collar) lying on a small flat bier (white) sunken into the deck. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), standing helmsman, rowers (10). Pastiche. Other secondary attributes: small bull or calf (drinking from a brownishyellow water bucket), trunk or small cabin (yellow decorated with red lines that represent its wooden frame). Collected prior to 1900 by Octave Borelli Bey and auctioned in Paris, France, 1913. Acquired 1949.  Suggested provenance based on comparison with known Gebelein examples. Documented in person, on special exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hôtel Drouet 1913, 18, No. 186, Pl. XIV bottom; RMO Record Card.

81. KMA 88804 (M2.0.a1.f1.i1) Kelsey Museum of Art, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Saqqara LE Nome 1 Length: 25.20 in/64.00 cm Beam: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Solid yellow hull, flat bottom, raised bulwark /gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2, with small pegs, possibly mallets currently in holes), decorative papyriform bundle ends (white with red and blue longitudinal stripes with red, white, and blue rosette on end) attached with mortise and tenon joints (stern end re-attached, possibly incorrectly), Possible sitting owner (facing forward). Standing pilot (facing wrong way), helmsman (missing), rowers (4, kneeling). Red container with lid. Acquired from antiquities dealer Georges Tano in Cairo 1952. Suggested provenance based on carving of rowers when compared to provenanced examples (ÄMB 1289, MEN Eg.353, SIS TNE 94:48C), however these figures may not belong on this model. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, 1948, 84.E.3; Göttlicher 1985, 24, Abb. 8; KMA Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 82. KUL 3173/16 (M2.0.a1.f4.n2) Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium First Intermediate Period, Herakleoolitan Dynasty X Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb of Uky, Second Shaft of Henu, Director of the Domain and Sole Courtier UE Nome 15 Length: 43.70 in/111.00 cm Width: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. On floor, eastern side of coffin. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom (black), hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), thin decorative papyriform bundle ends (white with longitudinal red and black stripes, red and black stripes around hull with imitation black stitching at gunwale). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, lookouts (2), rowers (10), oars (10). Excavated by Dr Marleen De Meyer, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Deir al-Barsha Archaeological Project, May 2007. Documented from photograph, photograph not available for publication. Bibliography: De Meyer 2007, 20-24; De Meyer 2008, Henu boat model entry; Merriman 2010, 337, Cat. No. 82. 83. SEC 143 (M2.0.a1.f5) Sutro Egyptian Collection, Department of Classics and Classical Archaeology, SFSU, San Francisco, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 28.15 in/71.50 cm Beam: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.62 in/9.20 cm Wood, Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with bright creamy buff stripe, decorative papyriform bundle ends with black rope ties. Owner sits on yellow chair, pilot, paddlers (2) with holes drilled into hands for paddles. Crew probably does not belong on this artifact; they are too large and have been altered to fit. Carving and hairstyles on crew suggest Aswan construction (see BNSS 1918.19, BM EA 21805). One canopy post with card lotus buds and three post holes. Collected by Adolph Sutro in Egypt before 1885. Acquired 1972. Crew probably from Aswan. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Bassett et. al., 1998, V-VI, 9. 84. EM CG 4911 (M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 56.70 in/144 cm Beam: 6.89 in/17.50 cm Depth of hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative octagonal decorative papyriform bundle ends (black, yellow stripes). Square canopy (white, black, red stripes on front) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (six, with oars). Purchased in Luxor, 1889. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Possible sister to NMK 5488 based on one-piece hull construction, size, coloring, and configuration. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Top, Middle, Back), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVI bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1890, XV; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Taf. X.2; Leibovitch19671968, 12; Reisner 1913, 67-68, Pl. XVI, bottom; Tooley 1989, 147-148.

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APPENDIX A

85. MMEC 2172 (M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2) Myers Museum, Eton College, Eton, England First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 42.91 in/109.00 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (missing, broken areas show clearly the mortise and tenon construction, wire nails have been pounded into what is left of the ends seemingly to keep the rest of the ends together). Square canopy aft, lotus bud posts (4, posts have been nailed to the canopy with small wire nails and re-attached backwards), empty chair underneath representing the owner. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (six, with oars). Acquired pre-1899. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Possible sister to EM CG 4808 based on mortise and tenon hull construction, size, coloring, and configuration. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Tooley 1989, 17, 148.

86. EM CG 4804 (M2.0.a1.f5.h1.i1) Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Akhmim UE Nome 9 Length: 46.46 in/118.00 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.77 in/4.50 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, single mast, quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends attached with mortise and tenon joints. Square canopy (missing) aft, sitting owner on block chair. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, paddlers (4), priests (2, one with tablet fore, one facing owner. Acquired 1889. Possible sister to NCG ÆIN 26, whose provenance is suggested by comparison to this model, and its mortise and tenon hull construction, size, coloring, figure design, configuration, and a reference to two boat models from Akhmim are mentioned by Maspero (Maspero 1915, 320) but only one was catalogued by the Egyptian Museum Cairo in 1889 (Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1890, XXXII). Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Top, Middle, Front), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. III bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1890, XXXII; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Taf. X.2; Maspero 1915, 320; Reisner 1913, 9-10, Pl. III bottom.

167

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

87. BSUMA 1981.035 (M2.0.a1.f5.h2.i1.l1) Ball State University Museum of Art, Muncie, IN, USA First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole (tall rudder oar stanchion [red] is stepped into mast hole, not original to model; if this model did carry a mast originally, it probably would have been of bipod configuration), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2, large canopy post with flared top near stern; not original to model), shroud or stay holes, quarter rudder oars (3, 2 smaller ones have red blades and may be original to model; larger one is red with black stitching, not original to model) currently at bow, decorative papyriform bundle ends (missing, broken areas indicate the mortise and tenon construction. All human figures (standing pilot [facing wrong way], standing helmsman, standing sailors [5], rowers [10], mummiform owner or mourner) pastiche and not original to model. From the Mrs Daniel Guggenheim Collection, offered for auction 28 May, 1940. Purchased at Christie’s auction 26 June 1981, by Edmund and Francis Petty; gifted to BSUMA in November 1981. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known Gebelein examples. Documented from photograph, courtesy of Denise NeilBinion. Bibliography: Christie’s 1981, lot 189; Neil-Binion, D R, pers comm, 2007; Parke-Bernet Galleries, 1940, 393.

88. MET S.13272 (M2.0.a1.f5.h2.i1.j8.l2.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy First Intermediate Period, Theban D XI Provenance: Gebelein, Tomb 2 of Ini UE Nome 4 Length: 53.74 in/136.50 cm Beam: 8.07 in/20.50 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, bipod mast holes, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes, wooden boot shaped mast partners with hollow back (2, red), halyard/topping lift attachment, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative octagonal papyriform bundle ends (black, brownish-yellow stripes). Square canopy (brownish-yellow, black, red stripes on front) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair (brownish-yellow with black stripes) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, crouching sailors (2) working lines. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1910. Sister to MET S.13273. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo 1988, 100, no. 131; Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 394, Tav, X.3; MET Record Card; Tooley 1989, Pl. 29.1.

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APPENDIX A 89. EM CG 4808 (M2.0.a1.f5.h2.i1.j8.l3.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 59.84 in/152 cm Beam: 6.81 in/17.30 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.5 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, bipod mast (not shown), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), wooden boot mast partners with hollow back (2, red), halyard/topping lift attachment, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative octagonal papyriform bundle ends (black, brownish-yellow stripes) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Square canopy (brownish-yellow with black border) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair underneath representing the owner. Standing owner, sitting helmsman, crouching sailors (2) working lines (in incorrect positions). Acquired 1891, provenance listed simply as ‘Haute-Égypte’ (Upper Egypt). Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Possible sister to MMEC 2172 based on mortise and tenon hull construction, size, coloring, and configuration. Documented by photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. IV bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Leibovitch1967-1968, 12, Fig. 2; Reisner 1913, 14-16, Pl. IV, bottom. 90. NCG ÆIN 26 (M2.0.a1.f5.i1) Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Denmark First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Akhmim UE Nome 9 Length: 46.46 in/118.00 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), thin decorative papyriform bundle ends with painted ties (black) attached with mortise and tenon joints, Square white canopy (white, blue, and black striped border) aft, posts (4, white and blue bands outlined in thin black), male owner on a chair (white) underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (in wrong place behind pilot), paddlers (3, one missing), priests (3, one in front of owner with papyrus, one aft, one amidships), female mourners (2, wearing long dresses that reveal their right shoulder) sit behind owner. Acquired 1892 in Cairo. Suggested provenance based on comparison with possible sister EM CG 4804, mortise and tenon hull construction, size, coloring, figure design, configuration, and a reference to two boat models from Akhmim is mentioned by Maspero (Maspero 1915, 320) but only one was catalouged by the Egyptian Museum Cairo in 1889 (Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1890, XXXII). Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Jørgensen 1996, no. 60, courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Bibliography: Breasted, 1948, 77.A.11, Pl. 69b; Jørgensen 1996, 152-153, no. 60; Leibovitch1967-1968, 12-13, Fig. 3; Mogensen 1930, 67, Pl. LXIII; Schmidt, 1908, E 50. 91. MET S.13273 (M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein, Tomb 2 of Ini UE Nome 4 Length: 53.54 in/136.00 cm Beam: 8.07 in/20.50 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, bipod mast holes, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative octagonal papyriform bundle ends (black, brownishyellow stripes). Square canopy (brownish-yellow, black, red stripes on front) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair (brownish-yellow with black stripes) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (6). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1910. Sister to MET S.13272. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo 1988, 100, no. 131; Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 394, Tav, X.3; MET Record Card; Tooley 1989, Pl. 29.2.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

92. PAHMA 6-17156 (M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Naga ed-Deir, Cemetery 100, Tomb 202 UE Nome 8 Length: 35.43 in/90.00 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.70 in/9.40 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative square papyriform bundle ends (black, red stripes) with disk umbels (painted pinwheel design) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (white with black and red stripes on front and sides) aft, lotus bud posts (4, white with black and red stripes; starboard aft possibly modern), coffin (white) underneath representing the owner. Pilot (missing), standing helmsman, rowers (6, with rowlocks drilled into their bodies), standing priest (light skin color) amidships, scribe (holding a box) stands before the coffin. Excavated by George Reisner 1902-1903. Donated by Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Sister to PAHMA 6-15584. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card; Reisner 1904, 108, Pl. IV.I front (the photographs on this page are placed in the wrong positions and the captions do not match); Tooley 1989, 136; University of California Berkeley 1966, 35.

93. Saqqara M.VIII (M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2 Location: Unknown First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba M.VIII (woman’s tomb) LE Nome 1 Wood. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder stanchion hole (1), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (lines around hull). Excavated by Gustave Jéquier 1924-1929. Documented from drawing, from Jéquier 1929, Fig. 63. Bibliography: Jéquier 1929, 55-57, Fig. 63 bottom.

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94. REM RC 2214 (M2.0.a1.f5.n2) Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Asyut Length: 46.85 in/119.00 cm Beam: 5.75 in/14.60 cm Depth of Hold: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwales, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1, on deck), thick decorative papyriform bundle ends with umbels (blue outlined in black, blue rosette designs outlined in black on the ends) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Square canopy (missing), lotus bud posts (4, white with black stripes), coffin (between posts), male owner on chair (yellow, block-like); one or both may not belong. Standing helmsman that may be the pilot, paddlers (2). Hieroglyphs on stern papyriform end, particularly the cartouche, are recent additions. Acquired May 29, 1987 from Sotheby’s, New York.  Provenance questionable. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: REM Record Card.

95. ÄIUT 368 (M2.0.a1.f6) Ägyptologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Lower Egypt Length: 29.72 in/75.50 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), decorative papyriform bundle ends with aroundhull stripes (red, black, white) and flared umbels (rosette designs colored red, black and white). Square canopy with lotus bud posts (replicas) aft, owner underneath. Sitting pilot (probably rower), sitting helmsman, rowers (2), servant (all figures may not belong on this model). Mooring stakes (in holes for missing figure). Suggested provenance based on papyrus umbel comparison with other Lower Egypt examples, but a specific site attrbution is not possible. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Brunner-Traut and Brunner 1981, 53.

171

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

96. SEC 145 (M2.0.a1.f6) Sutro Egyptian Collection, Department. of Classics and Classical Archaeology, SFSU, San Francisco, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Antinoopolis UE Nome 15 Length: 42.13 in/107.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: Unknown Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), decorative papyriform finial ends (white, with yellow, black, red stripes) attached with mortise and tenon joints, thick round finials with thin stripes (white, red, black, yellow) topped with disk umbels (yellow, red, black circles). Canopy (missing), lotus bud post (4, three missing, white with red, creamy buff, black bands), male owner on chair (yellow bordered in black). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (facing the wrong way), rowers (4), standing sailors (4). Collected by Adolph Sutro in Egypt before 1885. Acquired 1972. Suggested provenance based on mortise and tenon hull construction and coloring compared to MRAHB E.785,18 and MRAHB E.785,19 from Antinoopolis. Possible sister to NMA RC. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Bassett et. al. 1998, V-VI, 8.

97. NMMH 633 (M2.0.a1.f6.g.h2.i1.j8.n1) National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel Fist Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 57.48 in/146.00 cm Beam: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red) with rowlocks, bipod mast, wooden boot shaped mast partners with hollow back (2, red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative octagonal papyriform bundle ends (black stripes, black circle on end) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Square canopy (white with yellow border underneath and on top, white, black, red stripes on front) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair (red, black stripes) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot (holding a small paddle), sitting helmsman (holding thin mallets (2), crouching sailors (4, holding bladeless oars/paddles), mooring stakes (4) pegged into rowlocks. Acquired before 1968 through Spink and Son, Ltd, London. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Sister to NMMH 3. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leibovitch1967-1968, 9, 11, Pl. I.A.

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APPENDIX A

98. NMK 5488 (M2.0.b1.f6.g.h2.j8.l1.n2.o) National Museum, Kopenhagen, Denmark First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 57.09 in/145.00 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (black, remnants on port), bipod mast (disconnected at top) quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), shroud or stay holes, wooden boot shaped mast partners with hollow back (2, red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, rigging (spars, ropes, furled sail), decorative octagonal papyriform bundle ends (black, yellow stripes). Square canopy (white, black, red stripes on front) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair (yellow, white border) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot (holding spar or punt pole), sitting helmsman, crouching sailors (2) working lines, oars on deck. Acquired 1903 from antiquities dealer Giovanni Dattani in Egypt, provenance stated incorrectly as elBersheh. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Possible sister to EM CG 4911 based on one-piece hull construction, size, coloring, and configuration. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Buhl 1974, 39, 41, no. 26; Göttlicher 1978, 54:273, Tfl. 21.273; Leibovitch 1967-1968, 12, Pl. I.B; Tooley 1989, 148, Pl. 29.

99. NMMH 3 (M2.0.a1.f6.g.i1.n1) National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 57.09 in/145.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative octagonal papyriform bundle ends (black stripes, black circle on end) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Square canopy (white with yellow border underneath and on top, white, black, red stripes on front) aft, lotus bud posts (4), empty chair (red, black stripes) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot (holding a small paddle), sitting helmsman (holding a small paddle), paddlers (4, probably should be rowers, holding small oars/paddles), other crew (2, may not belong on model, holding mooring stakes), mooring stakes (4) pegged into rowlocks. Acquired before 1968 through Spink and Son, Ltd, London. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Sister to NMMH 633. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leibovitch1967-1968, 9, 13-14, Pl. IIA.

173

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

100. EM CG 4807 (M2.0.a1.f6.g.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 55.12 in/140.00 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends (around hull black stripes) with umbels (black X, circle, red border) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Square canopy (white with green and black stripes), lotus bud posts (3, mismatched, two with black, green, yellow stripes; one with black stripes). This canopy and posts do not belong on this model but deck has holes for canopy. Small coffin representing owner (Reisner calls this a bier). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (6). Purchased at Luxor. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Bottom Middle, Back), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. IV, middle, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 12-13, 16, Pl. IV, middle).

101. NMA RC (M2.0.a1.f6.h1.i1) National Museum, Athens, Greece First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Antinoopolis UE Nome 15 Length: 53.15 in/135.00 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), single mast hole (with yard or stick in two places, not masts), decorative papyriform finial ends (white, with yellow, black, red stripes) attached with mortise and tenon joints, thick round finials with thin stripes (white, red, black, yellow) topped with disk umbels (yellow, red, black circles). Canopy (missing), male owner (facing wrong way) on chair (yellow bordered in black). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (facing wrong way), paddlers (4), standing servants (2). Acquired from the Rostovitz Collection. Suggested provenance based on mortise and tenon hull construction and coloring compared to MRAHB E.785,18 and MRAHB E.785,19 from Antinoopolis. Possible sister to SEC 145. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author.

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APPENDIX A

102. TNM TJ4871 (M2.0.a1.f6.h1.i1.n2) Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 40.55 in/103.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. Solid, creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised sharp edged bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole (small replacement mast), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, possible replacements), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (possible replacement with another toward bow), quarter rudder oar (1, in wrong position), decorative papyriform bundle ends with thin rope ties (black, red). Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, sailors (3) working lines, punter. Acquired 1979 from a Japanese antiquities dealer with sister TNM TJ4873, granary, butcher shop, workshop, woman. Documented from photograph, from Tokyo National Museum. Bibliography: Gotoh, T, pers comm, 1999.

103. NMMG AAE0030 (M2.0.a1.f6.h2.i1.j8.n2) National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, England First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Beam: 5.98 in/15.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (paint remnants, unknown color), bipod mast holes, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), wooden boot shaped mast partners with hollow back (2, turned on their ends where they would support the mast), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), quarter rudder oar (1), decorative papyriform finial ends attached with mortise and tenon joints (these finials, while possibly ancient, probably do not belong on this model and were added recently; this model should resemble the Gebelein models and the mortised ends to not match the carved mortises at the model’s ends). Canopy missing, coffin representing owner (Old Kingdom design, probably does not belong on this model). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (8, two sets of four, smaller figures probably added). Acquired 1977 from the Barton Family, provenance stated incorrectly as Thebes from an old label affixed to the artifact. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Gebelein. Documented from photograph, from Denford 1981, Pl. 1, image reproduced by kind permission of the Hon Editor of The Mariner’s Mirror – the international quarterly journal of the Society for Nautical Research. Bibliography: Brazil, M, pers comm, 2009; Denford 1981, 251-258, Pls. 1-7.

175

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

104. MSS 19689 (M2.0.a1.f6.i1.n2) Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Antinoopolis UE Nome 15 Length: 39.37 in/100.00 in Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oar, decorative papyriform bundle ends (red, white, black longitudinal stripes with black and white around hull stripes). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), paddlers (2, two missing). Suggested provenance based on coloring and papyriform end construction compared to MRAHB E.785,18 and MRAHB E.785,19 from Antinoopolis; probably not a sister to MS MM 30702. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MSS Record Card.

105. TNM TJ4873 (M2.0.a1.f6.i1.n2) Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 40.63 in/103.20 cm Beam: 5.53 in/13.80 cm Wood. Solid, creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised sharp edged bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), stanchion (1), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), quarter rudder oar (1, in Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (4, with oars). Acquired 1979 from a Japanese antiquities dealer with sister TNM TJ4871, granary, butcher shop, workshop, woman. Documented from photograph, from Tokyo National Museum. Bibliography: Gotoh, T, pers comm, 1999.

106. BM EA 9509 (M2.0.a1.f6.n2) British Museum, London, England First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 34.00 in/86.40 cm Beam: 3.60 in/9.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.31 in/8.40 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised gunwale with stripe (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar supports (2, missing, carved notches in hull suggest double-ended vessel), decorative papyriform bundle ends with rope ties (black). Crew missing. Acquired from Julius Michael Millingen, 1847. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, from Glanville 1972, Pl. Ib, middle, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 4, Fig. 3, Pl. Ib.

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APPENDIX A

107. MSS 30702 (M2.0.a1.f7.i1.n2) Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Antinoopolis UE Nome 15 Length: 36.81 in/93.50 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (creamy buff), quarter rudder oars (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends (red, white, black longitudinal stripes with black and white around hull stripes and black and white bullseye), decorative rope ties around hull (red, black). Sitting owner (round red stool). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (4). Figures are mismatched. Small jar (black and red).  Suggested provenance based on coloring and papyriform end construction compared to MRAHB E.785,18 and MRAHB E.785,19 from Antinoopolis; probably not a sister to MS 19689. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MSS Record Card.

108. PAHMA 6-2064a-e (M2.0.a1.f7.i1.n2) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Naga ed-Deir, Cemetery 3500, Tomb 503 UE Nome 8 Length: 17.32 in/44.00 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (black, yellow checkered pattern), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, broken), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (damaged, yellow with black zigzag lines representing stitching) with disk umbels (rosette, black and yellow lines; second rosette relocated and united with model (Kroenke, K, pers comm, 2009), a finial end associated with this boat may not belong). Pilot and helmsman and missing, paddlers or rowers (6) missing. Excavated by George Reisner 1901. Donated by Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card.

177

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

109. MRAHB E.785,18 (M2.0.a1.h1.n2) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Antinoopolis, Tomb of Mer-Senet UE Nome 15 Length: 44.49 in/113.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, single mast hole, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), thin decorative papyriform bundle ends (white with longitudinal red and black stripes, red stripe around hull) attached by mortise and tenon joints. Lotus bud posts (4, black, one missing, one misplaced in mast hole; may not belong on model). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (6, 4 work sails), feet painted (red) on deck (probably modern addition). Excavated by Albert Jean Gayet before 1903. Acquired 3 May 1905. Sister to MRAHB E. 785,19. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 78.D.2; Tooley 1989, 24.

110. PAHMA 6-15584 (M2.0.a1.i1.n2) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Naga ed-Deir, Cemetery 100, Tomb 202 UE Nome 8 Length: 35.04 in/89.00 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.80 in/7.10 cm Wood. Solid white hull, square bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions holes (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1), decorative square papyriform bundle ends (black, red, yellow stripes longitudinal and around hull) with disk umbels (painted pinwheel design) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (white with black, red, and yellow stripes on front and sides) aft, lotus bud posts (4, white with black and red stripes; two aft modern), coffin (white) underneath representing the owner. Standing pilot, standing helmsman, rowers (5, with rowlocks drilled into their bodies), standing priest (light skin color) amidships, scribe (scroll or box missing) stands before the coffin. Excavated by George Reisner 1902-1903. Donated by Phoebe Apperson Hearst. Sister to PAHMA 6-17156. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher 1978, 57, no. 288, tbl. 22; PAHMA Record Card; Reisner 1904, 108, Pl. IV.I back (the photographs on this page are placed in the wrong positions and the captions do not match); Tooley 1989, 136.

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APPENDIX A

111. MRAHB E.785,19 (M2.0.a1.n2) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Antinoopolis, Tomb of Mer-Senet UE Nome 15 Length: 45.28 in/115.00 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.39 in/8.60 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, single mast hole, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), thin decorative papyriform ends (white with longitudinal red and black stripes, red stripe around hull) attached by mortise and tenon joints. Standing pilot (feet painted on deck; probably modern addition), helmsman (in wrong position fore), paddlers (9, 8 with rowlocks drilled into their bodies), feet painted (red) on deck (probably modern addition). Excavated by Albert Jean Gayet before 1903. Acquired 3 May 1905. Sister to MRAHB E. 785,19. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Tooley 1989, 24.

112. SLAM 65:1928 (M2.0.a2.f1) Location: Unknown (Sold to Japan after February 1988 by the Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO, USA) First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 65.00 in/165.10 cm Wood. Solid white hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, thick decorative papyriform bundle ends (brown and black stripes), square canopy, lotus bud posts (4), owner (on chair) underneath. Standing pilot (holding mallet or mooring stake), sitting helmsman (at bow, facing wrong direction), two standing crew (holding mallets or mooring stakes), rowers (paddlers), servants (3, under canopy). From Azeez Khayat of New York, apparently through the Egyptian Museum in Cairo during Lacau’s tenure (1912-1915). Acquired April 13, 1928. Provenance provided by Khayat and Asyut is probable based on style of figures. Documented from photograph, courtesy of SLAM. Bibliography: SLAM Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

113. ÜM B.941 (M2.0.a2.f6.i1.n2) Übersee Museum, Bremen, Germany First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 25 of Impy I LE Nome 1 Length: 30.31 in/77.00 cm Beam: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Solid yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (one missing, with red and green lines around hull) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Name of owner in hieroglyphs, starboard fore (inset). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (2). Extensive stern and amidships hull damage; model propped up by small dowels. Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl XLVIII.4; Martin, K 1991, 37-42; Porter and Moss 1974, 347; Schäfer 1908, 96-98, Abb. 154-155b; Tooley 1989, 27, 148. 114. MET S.14817 (M2.0.a1.f4) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy First Intermediate Period Provenance: Unknown Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), decorative papyriform bundle ends missing (were attached with mortise and tenon joints. Possible canopy (missing) aft. Crew missing. Damaged. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MET Record Card. 115. EM CG 4815 (M2.0.b2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 17.52 in/44.50 cm Wood. Hollow hull, round bottom. Damaged at bow and stern. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C Flat, Second from Left), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. VI, second down, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, Pl. VI, second down. 116. MET S.8158 (M2.0.b2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy First Intermediate Period Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 8.86 in/22.50 cm Beam: 2.56 in/6.50 in Depth of Hold: .79 in/2.00 cm Wood. Hollow hull, round bottom. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author.

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117. BM EA 9510 (M2.0.a1.d1.f5.i1.l1.n2) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 42.50 in/108.00 cm Beam: 7.60 in/19.40 cm Depth of Hold: 5.50 in/14.00 cm Wood. Solid white (probably was originally light yellow) hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable holes, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder stanchion holes, shroud or stay holes, ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, thick decorative papyriform bundle ends with wide longitudinal stripes (red, brownish-yellow, white, and black), canopy (missing, four post holes and architrave survive). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (2, 1 facing wrong way), priest (mislabeled as owner by Glanville). Acquired from Julius Michael Millingen 1847. Probable sister to MLP N 2457; if seated figures aft are original to this artifact, an Asyut provenance is suggested but the papyriform ends do not support this hypothesis. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Ic, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 4-8, Pl. Ic.

118. EM SR 761, TR 12/2/23/1 (M2.0.a1.f4.h1.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (short red, white, black bars), single mast (unstepped), rigging (spars), decorative papyriform bundle ends with longitudinal (red, white, black) and around hull (red, black) stripes, rectangular canopy (white with red border), lotus bud posts (4, black stripes), owner (on red block chair) underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, sailors (5), servant (holding tablet), unknown object on deck. Suggested provenance based on shape and painting of blunt ends when compared to known examples from Asyut. Compare to model MET S.1208. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Bottom Left, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

119. MLP N 2457 (M2.0.a1.f5.i1.n2) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 42.60 in/108.20 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Depth of Hold: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. Solid light yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder stanchion holes, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, thick decorative papyriform bundle ends with wide longitudinal stripes (red, brownish-yellow, white, and black), canopy (missing, four post holes and architrave survive). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (8, missing; 4 survive but not with the model), priest (missing; not with the model during study but by photographic comparison the figure is identical to the priest on BM EA 9510). Probable sister to BM EA 9510. Documented from in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 76.A.10; MLP Record Card.

120. MET S.14357 (M2.0.a1.f5.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (stern missing). Square canopy (red, black, white stripes), lotus bud posts (4, red, black, white stripes), coffin (white) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), paddlers (3), servant or punter (1, may be in wrong position), goddesses or female mourners (2, at coffin). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli 1911-1913. Acquired 1913. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 394, Tav. X.5), MET Record Card.

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121. MET S.1208 (M2.0.a1.f7.i1) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 56.70 in/144.00 cm Wood. Solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends apparently never attached, bow and stern decorated with longitudinal and around hull thin stripes (black, red, white). Rectangular canopy (white with red border, black zigzag decoration on front) aft, lotus bud posts (6, red, black), sarcophagus (brownish-yellow with red stripes) with alter representing owner underneath. Standing pilots (2), sitting helmsman, rowers (33, rowlocks in body), priests (2, one at bow, one at sarcophagus), servant (at sarcophagus). Lower hull damaged; layer of wood missing. Acquired 19001901 by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Egypt. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known examples from Asyut Compare to model EM SR 761, TR 12/2/23/1. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo 1988, Tav. 174 (mislabeled; provenance listed as excavated from Gebelein by Schiaparelli but this information is erroneous); Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 394, Tav. X.4.

122. BM EA 46605 (M2.0.a2) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 45A Length: 29.00 in/73.60 cm Beam: 7.00 in/17.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.50 in/8.90 cm UE Nome 13 Wood. On top of partially collapsed coffin. Solid red (mostly gone) hull, round bottom, thin decorative papyriform bundle ends (white, bow missing). Canopy (missing), lotus bud post (1), owner (block chair). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (in wrong position forward), paddlers (8, two paddles). Excavated by D G Hogarth. Acquired 1907. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph Glanville 1972, Pl. VIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 30-33, Pl. VIb.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

123. MET S.14816 (M2.0.a1.f5) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends Very damaged, but this artifact probably resembled M2.5 and M2.8 Asyut blunt end models when in original condition. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author.

124. RMS A.1906.634 (M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2) Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 28.74 in/73.00 cm Beam: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. Solid white (plaster; paint not survive) hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, replaced), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), quarter rudder oar (replaced, in wrong position), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends. Square canopy amidships (white, with red and black dots, black zigzag line), posts (4, 3 replaced), owner underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (six, oars replaced). From the Robert De Rustafjaell Collection. Sold at Sotheby’s in London 19-21 December 1906. Many more human figures on-board when acquired and appropriately removed. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known Asyut examples. This artifact probably resembled M2.5 and M2.8 Asyut blunt end models when in original condition. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 256; RMS Record Card; RMS 1906; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1906, 11, No. 140, Pl. XVII.1.

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125. MFA 21.838 (M2.0.a1.i1.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 34.06 in/86.50 cm Beam: 4.96 in/12.60 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Solid creamy buff and white (alternating wide bands) hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, missing), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (creamy buff, detached), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends (creamy buff and white bands), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black), bier (red with white top, 2 lion heads) representing owner. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

126. BM EA 45089 (M2.0.a2.f4.h1) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 56 of Hetepnebi UE Nome 13 Length: 33.25 in/84.50 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.00 in/7.60 cm Wood. Solid red (mostly gone) hull, round bottom, flush bulwark/gunwale with wide painted stripe (black), single mast hole, thick decorative papyriform bundle ends (black). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), paddlers (13, one missing). Excavated by D G Hogarth. Acquired 1907. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. VIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 28-30, Pl. VIa.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

127. RMO AH 45 (M2.0.a2.f7.h1.i1.j9.l1.n1) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Length: 61.81 in/157.00 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with thin stripes (green, white, red), single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), wooden 3 boot knee with hollow back carved of 1 piece mast partner (brownish-yellow), shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, mismatched, one decorated with red, white, and green lotus flowers), decorative papyriform final ends attached with mortise and tenon joints, cabin (creamy buff, curved roof, door cut out fore), sitting owner in front. Pilot (missing), standing helmsman, eight standing figures (possibly one priest, others possibly sailors). Many secondary attributes may or may not belong on this artifact: sieve for straining beer mash, two pieces of a butchered bull a jagged gangplank or staircase, farmer’s hoe or carpenter’s tool, tall red and black storage jars (2). From the Giovanni Anastasi Collection. Anastasi purchased antiquities in Thebes and Saqqara. Acquired by the Dutch government, 1828. Suggested provenance based on hull configuration and similarities to known Theban examples. Documented in person, on special exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 78.D.1; Boeser 19051932, III, Pl. X, Text 4, No. 11; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 8.

128. Beni Hasan 287 (M2.0.a2.i1) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 287 of Senu-Atef and others UE Nome 16 Wood. Solid hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar stanchion, quarter rudder oar, decorative papyriform bundle ends (carved rope ties, stern missing). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), paddlers (8, with paddles). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Damaged. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Tooley 1989, Pl. 31.1. Bibliography: Garstang 1907, 222, No. 287.i; Tooley 1989, 164, Pl. 31.1.

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129. ÄMB 13756 (M2.0.a1.f1.i1.n1) Destroyed in World War II Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein, Tomb of Henuy UE Nome 4 Length: 39.37 in/100.00 cm Wood. Solid white (formerly yellow) hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends (white), rectangular canopy amidships, posts (4), coffin or canopic box representing owner underneath. Sitting pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (4), servants (2). Discovered by peasants before 1896. Acquired through antiquities dealer Idris Auad at Thebes by Ludwig Borchardt with a complete set of funerary equipment. Destroyed. Documented from photograph, from Moll 1929, Pl. A IVe.176. Bibliography: Breasted 1945, Fig. 81; Breasted, Jr 1948, 69.5; Moll 1929, Pl. A IVe.176; Priese, K-H, pers comm 1998; Steindorff 1901, 11, 26-27, Fig. B.

130. ÄMB 13757 (M2.0.a1.f1.i1.n1) Destroyed in World War II Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein, Tomb of Henuy Length: 33.07 in/84.00 cm Wood. Solid yellow) hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends (white). Sitting pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (8). Discovered by peasants before 1896. Acquired through antiquities dealer Idris Auad at Thebes by Ludwig Borchardt with a complete set of funerary equipment. Destroyed. Documented from photograph, photograph from Moll 1929, Pl. A IVe.175. Bibliography: Breasted 1945, Fig. 81; Breasted, Jr 1948, 78.D.2; Moll 1929, Pl. A IVe.175; Priese, K-H, pers comm 1998; Steindorff 1901, 11, 26-27, Fig. A.

131. PAHMA 6-13752a-c (M2.0.b2.d1.l1) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Naga ed-Deir, Cemetery 100, Tomb 449 UE Nome 8 Wood. Hollow hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar cable holes, shroud or stay holes, quarter rudder oars (2). Excavated by George Reisner, 1901-1903. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph by and courtesy of Dr Karin Kroenke. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card.

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132. PAHMA 6-2250 (M2.0.b2.d2.s4) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Naga ed-Deir, Cemetery 3500, Tomb 901 UE Nome 8 Wood. Hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, bowsprit (missing). Excavated by George Reisner, 1901. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph by and courtesy of Dr Karin Kroenke. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card.

133. MAHG 4769 (M2.0.a1.f7.i1) Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Genéve, Switzerland Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2004 BCE Provenance: Mentuhotep II’s Mortuary Temple, Deir elBahari, Peristyle Court, Pit 14 (Ka Tomb) of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 58.66 in/149.00 cm Beam: 12.76 in/32.40 cm Depth of Hold: 7.56 in/19.20 cm Wood. Solid green hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), quarter rudder oar (1, red, shaft broken), decorative papyriform finial ends (both damaged with attempted repair) attached with mortise and tenon joints, mast crutch (white). Four human figures (boat found in a jumble of other models but crew appear to be a helmsman, punter, rower, or paddler, small servant or mourner, two very finely carved). Excavated by Henri Édouard Naville and Henry Hall 1905-1906. Sister to MAHG 4769bis. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Arnold 1981, 14, Abb 2, Tbl. 3b, Pl. 64a; Castioni et. al. 1977, 25-26, No 7; Maystre 1969, 12; Naville, Hall, and Curelly 1913, 31; Porter and Moss 1972, 390-391; Tooley 1989, 160-161.

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134. MAHG 4769bis (M2.0.a1.f7.i1) Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Genéve, Switzerland Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2004 BCE Provenance: Mentuhotep II’s Mortuary Temple, Deir elBahari, Peristyle Court, Pit 14 (Ka Tomb) of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 58.66 in/149.00 cm Beam: 13.31 in/33.80 cm Depth of Hold: 8.11 in/20.60 cm Wood. Solid green hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), quarter rudder oar (1, red, shaft broken), decorative papyriform finial ends (both damaged with attempted repair) attached with mortise and tenon joints, mast crutch (white). King Mentuhotep (on throne facing the wrong way), mourners or priests (4, with arms crossed). Standing pilot (placed aft facing the wrong way), helmsman (placed amidships), rower/paddler. Figures very finely carved (questionable which figures belong). Fitted wooden block set into starboard aft gunwale; construction seen in other models. Excavated by Henri Édouard Naville and Henry Hall 1905-1906. Sister to MAHG 4769. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Arnold 1981, 14, Abb. 2, Tbl 3a,c, 64b; Maystre 1969, 12; Naville, Hall, and Currelly 1913, 31; Porter and Moss 1972, 390-391; Tooley 1989, 161.

135. BM EA 47636 (M2.0.a2.f1.i1) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2004 BCE Provenance: Mentuhotep II’s Mortuary Temple, Deir elBahari, Peristyle Court, Pit 14 (Ka Tomb) of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 30.50 in/77.50 cm Beam: 4.25 in/10.80cm Depth of Hold: 1.89 in/4.80 cm Wood. Solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion hole. Crew missing, carved foot on deck starboard fore. Excavated by Henri Édouard Naville and Henry Hall 1905-1906. Acquired 1907. Sister to ROM 910.18.1. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Arnold 1981, Tbl. 65a; Glanville 1972, 89, Pl. IIb; Naville, Hall, and Currelly 1913, 31, n. 1).

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

136. ÄMB 1289 (M2.0.a2.f6.h1.i1) Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 10 of Gem-Wsr, Overseer of the Seal LE Nome 1 Length: 28.74 in/73.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Chamber 3. Solid green hull, round bottom, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (yellow and white), single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), decorative papyriform bundle ends (yellow with black stitching and red and green ties, missing, one present and detached when found) attached with mortise and tenon joints, decorative stitching (black) to imitate sewing of waterproofing material or papyrus stalks on gunwale, decorative udjat eyes (black bordered on white on yellow). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, depicted as kneeling). Excavated by K Richard Lepsius 1843. Documented in person, in storage, drawing from Lepsius 1897, Pl. XLV top. Bibliography: ÄMB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Lepsius 1897, 154, Pl. XLV top; Porter and Moss 1981, 517.

137. MMA 14.3.21 (M2.0.a1.f1) 138. MMA 14.3.22 (M2.0.a1.f1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII, c1920 BCE Provenance: el-Lisht South, Outside of Mastaba of Imhotep, High Priest of Ra at Heliopolis, near the south Pyramid of Pharaoh Senusret I LE Nome 1 Wood. Reconstructed hulls. Sycamore fittings of the sun god, upright bow finial covered with a painted square box (blue, black, and red), stern finial extends straight upward and then curves away from the hull at nearly a 90 degree angle painted with thick stripes (black and white), textured beaded curtains (both sides, near bow, remnants of red, green, and black paint), maat feathers (between curtains), rectangular box (creamy buff) with six sticks (black) surrounding it (object has been called the coffin of the sun god; in other examples, a falcon is resting on the box and eight sticks surround it), cylindrical object amidships (creamy buff with white top) with four sticks (3 black, 1 white; tallest with curved end) rising out of it (object should have two falcons attached), rectangular object amidships on end (creamy buff on bottom, white on top) with a semes sign attached (cylindrical and rectangular objects are the Upper and Lower Egyptian symbols of Horus), rectangular smaller “coffin” (creamy buff with white top) with thin stripes (white) and sticks (4, black) attached to each corner (object has been called the canopic chest of the Sun God. Excavated by Albert M Lythgoe for the Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition 1913-1914. Acquired 1914, contribution of Edward S Harkness. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Cards.

Hayes 1953, 272-273, MMA Record

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139. MMA 14.3.23 (M2.0.a1.f5) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII, c1920 BCE Provenance: el-Lisht South, Outside of Mastaba of Imhotep, High Priest of Ra at Heliopolis, near the south Pyramid of Pharaoh Senusret I LE Nome 1 Length: 105.00 in/266.70 cm Beam: 12.20 in/31.00 cm Depth of Hold: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Wood (sycamore). Solid (blue paint evident) hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale (pegged on, bits of red paint evident), decorative papyriform finial ends attached with mortise and tenon joints. Excavated by Albert M Lythgoe for the Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition 1913-1914. Acquired 1914, contribution of Edward S Harkness. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hayes 1953, 272; Lythgoe 1915, 147, Fig. 2; MMA Record Card.

140. RISDM 14.491 (M2.0.a1.f5.h1.i1.n2.o.p) Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, RI, USA Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Wah-Hotep UE Nome 14 Length: 49.61 in/126.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.65 in/11.80 cm Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, one missing, white with red bands), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, rigging (topping lifts, yard), furled sail, quarter rudder oar (red, 1 missing), decorative papyriform finial ends (white) with longitudinal (yellow, red, blue) and around-hull stripes (red, green, yellow, blue), udjat eye (faint blue) forward, rectangular canopy with architrave (white with thick yellow and blue stripes on border), posts (4, red), male owner and servant (underneath). Standing pilot (with sounding pole), sitting helmsman, sailors (6, four working lines), oars/paddles (4, red blades, red, white, and blue shafts) on deck. Acquired from Mrs Gustav Radeken, 1914. I contend this model was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal in November, 1910 (excavation report is vague, so the model published by Kamal may be EM JE 42937). Suggested provenance based on publication. Probable sister to EM JE 42937. If this model and EM JE 42937 are not sisters, they were constructed by the same person or shop. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1912, 113; Rhode Island School of Design 1939, 26; RISDM Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 141. MMA 12.183.4 (M2.0.a1.f7.h1.i1.n2.o.p) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Chancellor Ukh-Hotep UE Nome 14 Length: 38.58 in/98.00 cm Beam: 6.89 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. Solid green hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (two blue with red between), single mast with painted stripes (blue, white, red, and green horizontal and vertical stripes divided by black), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, white with black and red bands near the top and capped with blue falcon heads with black facial details), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (light blue with white, black, and blue falcon heads on ends), rigging (2 yards, held to the mast by 5 topping lifts inserted through two holes in the masthead), sail (unfurled, attached by its head and foot to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), quarter rudder oars (2, red shaft bordered on both ends with two sets of blue, white, and green bands, topped with white, red, and black falcon heads, blades decorated with blue lotus flowers covered with a thin green wash outlined in thin black and flowers with reddishorange petals and lines, and a set of udjat black eyes on a thin white background with blue details), decorative papyriform finial ends (white, with blue near bow) with thin painted ties (black), on-deck decorative ties (white, light blue, and red bordered in very thin black), udjat eyes (blue and black on square white backgrounds bordered in black) port and starboard fore). Rectangular canopy (white on top with a blue border and decorated with a brownishyellow, black, and white leopard skin, possibly representing Ukh-Hotep’s position as a priest, blue with white stars underneath), lotus bud posts (4, red, white, blue, and green bands outlined in with thin black). Very small helmsman, two representations of Ukh-Hotep under canopy (as mummies) and another mummiform representation on block-like throne with foot rest (black with blue hieroglyphs) behind canopy, very large likeness of Ukh-Hotep or a priest (amidships, at the figure’s location the deck is unpainted as if it once stood on a rectangular platform that is now missing). Probably excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910. Acquired from J Pierpont Morgan, 1912. From the same tomb as MMA 12.183.3. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 70.8; Hayes 1953, 273, Fig. 179; Moll 1929, Pl. A IVb.187; Tooley 1989, 163.

142. EM JE 42937 (M2.0.a1.g5.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Wah-Hotep UE Nome 14 Wood. Solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), quarter rudder oars (2 missing), decorative papyriform finial ends (white) with longitudinal (yellow, red, blue) and around-hull (red) stripes, udjat eye (faint, nearly gone) forward. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (facing wrong way), rowers (8). I contend this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal in November 1910 (excavation report is vague, so the model published by Kamal may be RISDM 14.491).  Specific tomb attribution based on publication. Probable sister to RISDM 14.491; oars/paddles on RISDM 14.491 probably belong on this model. If this model and RISDM 14.491 are not sisters, they were constructed by the same person or shop. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Bottom Middle, Back), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1912, 113.

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143. EM JE 42911 (M2.0.a2.f1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Wah-Hotep LE Nome 14 Length: 15.35 in/39.00 cm Wood. On coffin. Solid green hull, round bottom, raised gunwale (red on inside), decorative papyriform bundle ends (yellow with blue ends, red stripe) attached at an odd downward angle, yellow deck, black udjat eye. Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, November 1910.  Specific tomb attribution based on publication. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A Flat, Left), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1912, 113.4; Poujade 1948, Pl. XI.

144. CIWA WOD.VL.00823 (M2.0.a1.f1.h1) California Institute of World Archaeology-Senusret Collection, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Location Unknown Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 35.25 in/89.53 cm Wood. Altered Solar Boat. Pastiche. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, un god attribute finials (bow finial has black and white stripes with a box painted blue, red, green white; stern finial is a white, red, and black box with falcon), single mast (not original to the model), rowers (2, not belong), sailors (10, not belong). Acquired from a 19th century European collection 19651975. Documented from photograph, courtesy of The Virtual Egyptian Museum, www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org. Bibliography: California Archaeology 2003b.

Institute

of

World

145. MM 5883 (M2.0.a1.f1) Manchester Museum, Manchester, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Riqqeh, Tomb 123 of Thent LE Nome 1 Wood. Three inches below surface above coffin. Solar Boat. Solid (formerly white) hull, raised gunwale, bow and stern sun god attribute finials (no longer attached). Evidence fittings on deck. When MM 5883 was unearthed, it “had a crew of falcon- and animal-headed gods, and fragments of oars were found, but these were too much perished to be preserved. It is a model of the Boat of Ra” (Engelbach 1915, 8). This description and the remnants of bow and stern finials clearly indicated this model represents a solar barque. The model’s current condition provides an opportunity to examine how the deck fittings were attached and their exact placement. Excavated by Reginald Engelbach, 19121913. Documented from photographs, photographs © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Engelbach 1915, 8, Pl. VIII.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

146. REM RC 485 (M2.0.a1.f1.h1.o.p) Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 25.47 in/90.10 cm Beam: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Altered Solar Boat. Pastiche. Solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale, sun god attribute finials (bow finial has black and white stripes with a box painted blue, green, white and red outlined in black; stern finial is a rectangular box with a light yellow bottom with upper half white and light yellow stripes outlined in black) white, red, and black box with falcon). Only these objects belong on the model. Other attributes on the artifact: single mast with rigging and sail do not belong on the model (sail is wrapped around the yards and the rigging consists of two lines running from the upper to the lower yard with lines [braces] running aft), rectangular canopy (white bordered by purple, orange, and red bands) amidships with architrave, lotus bud posts (red and black bands), vaulted sarcophagus representing the owner (white with two wide black stripes outlined in thin red encircling its center, its end facing aft has three horizontal and three vertical stripes in a checked pattern) underneath. Standing pilot (facing wrong way, and his stance suggests he is a priest), standing helmsman, sailors (3, two hold braces extending from the lower yardarms) aft, punters (3) forward, servants (2, carrying bags of grain, probably from a granary model) fore, mourners (4, at the four corners of the canopy). Originally in the Giza Museum in Giza, Egypt. Sold to Reverend William MacGregor for his collection in Tamworth, England, before 1898. Sold at MacGregor Collection auction in 1922 in London, England. Acquired from Spink and Son, London, May 1, 1940. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: REM Record Card; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1922, 80, No. 625, Pl. XIX.

147. RMS A.1906.637 (M2.0.a1.f4.i1.n2) Destroyed Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Wood. Solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1 in wrong place), decorative papyriform final ends, sitting owner (with royal crown). Sitting pilot, sitting helmsman, sailor (working non-existent lines), priest, second “royal” figure. It cannot be determined if any of the figures shown, particularly those with royal regalia, belong on this model. From the Robert De Rustafjaell Collection. Sold at Sotheby’s in London 19-21 December 1906. Destroyed when thought to be a forgery in the 1960s. Documented from photograph, photograph from Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1906, Pl. XVII.3. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 256; RMS Record Card; RMS 1906; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1906, 11, No. 143, Pl. XVII.3.

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148. EM JE 4793? (M2.0.a1.f5.g.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Rehetepi and K3yt UE Nome 14 Length: 35.43 in/90.00 cm Beam: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Wood. Between coffins and wall. Solid yellow hull, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red, one dislodged and hanging off quarter rudder oar), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, red, in wrong positions), decorative papyriform finial ends (white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsmen, standing rowers (8). Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, September 1910. Exact accession number unknown. Specific tomb attirubtion from description in publication. Sister to EM JE 47933, slight dissimilarity in hull carving suggests different makers. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Top Middle), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1912, 100, No. 10.

149. EM CG 4931 (M2.0.a1.f5.h1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 10.24 in/26.00 cm Beam: 1.77/4.50 cm Wood, Solid yellow hull, Sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (missing). Damaged starboard bulwark. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C Flat, Bottom), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. VI, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 93, Pl. VI, bottom.

150. EM CG 4860 (M2.0.a1.f7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Wood. Probable Solar boat. Solid green hull, flat bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (white, red, and yellow outlined in red), decorative stern finial with 17 colored bands (alternating green, white, yellow). Model had a crew, mast, rig, and sail when documented by Reisner (Reisner 1913, 43, n.1). Documented from drawing (unable to locate model in museum; may no longer be there or is possibly REM RC 484), drawing from Reisner 1913, Fig. 152, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 43-44, Fig. 152.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

151. REM RC 493 (M2.0.a2) Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 12.99 in/33.00 cm Beam: 1.97 in/5.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.65 in/4.20 cm Wood. Solid greenish blue hull with creamy buff ends, round bottom, papyriform finial ends (missing), rectangular shrine (slanted roof with crudely drawn figures of Horus, a human form, and djed pillars) amidships, udjat eyes starboard and port (black). Damaged, nearly entire port side missing. Acquired from the New York Botanical Garden, New York, September 5, 1940. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: REM Record Card.

152. THAGM eg 5 (M2.0.a2.f7) Townley Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Burnley, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 23.00 in/58.42 cm Wood. Altered Solar Boat. Pastiche. Solid white hull with stripes (yellow amidships band, red border with blue, yellow, and white rectangles). round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), duck and human head finials (modern attachments). Mummiform owners (2), attendant (standing), rowers (4), sailors (4); human figures do not belong on the model. Rectangular canopy (white and blue), posts (4, mismatched, blue). Collected by Col. Holden in Egypt; donated by his sister Miss Holden of Reedley, October 1904. This altered model and another similar boat from the Frederick George Hilton-Price Collection are nearly identical. However, the history of ‘Hilton-Price 2068’ is clear, since was auctioned at Sotheby’s London, 12-21 July, 1911, possibly purchased by William Randolph Hearst. Hilton-Price 2068 was sold at Sotheby’s auction by Hearst, July 1939. Documented from photographs, photograph by and courtesy of Mike Townend; for comparison, drawing of Hilton-Price 2068 from Hilton-Price 1897, no. 2068). Bibliography: Burnley Council, 1904; Hilton-Price 1897, 228, no. 2068; O’Connor, D, pers comm, 2007; Sotheby and Company 1939, 28, Lot 151; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1911, 102, Lot 806; Townend, M, pers comm, 2007.

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153. EM JE 47933 (M2.0.a2.h1.i1.o.p) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Rehetepi and K3yt UE Nome 14 Length: 41.34 in/105.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Wood. Between coffins and wall. Solid yellow hull, round bottom, single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), rigging (spars, yards), square sail (furled), quarter rudder oars (2, red), decorative papyriform finial ends (white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (6, working lines), another figure (possibly servant) near helmsman, soldiers (2, with black and white hide shield, possibly spears (obscured). Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, September 1910.  Specific tomb attirubtion from description in publication. Sister to EM JE 4793?, slight dissimilarity in hull carving suggests different makers. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Top Right), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1912, 100, No. 11. 154. PMEA UC7220 (M2.0.b1.i2) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Lahun/Kahun UE Nome 12 Length: 2.87 in/7.3 cm Clay. Hollow hull, flat bottom, rudder oar stanchion hole. Probably excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

155. EM JE 61330 (M2.0.a2.d6.f1.h1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 45.28 in/115.00 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Depth of Hold; 2.83 in/7.20 cm Wood. Treasury, northeast corner, on small coffin. Solid yellow hull (feather and checker decorations of red, green, blue yellow), round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide (missing), raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (stepped when found), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2) in crossbeam (missing), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), quarter rudder oars (2, missing), decorative stylized papyriform bundle stern with flat umbel (white) and pointed bow). Rectangular cabin (checker and band decorations of red, blue, green, white) with mast hole through roof with doors (2, white and blue), steps leading to cabin roof (red, with circle and semi-circle decorations colored blue), forecastle (gilded, human headed sphinx and falcon decoration with hieroglyphic inscription) on platform (yellow), aftercastle (gilded, bull decoration). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 321. Mast and steering gear present when discovered, detached later. Sister to EM JE 61328 and EM JE 61329. Documented from photograph, photograph Jones 1990, Pl. XI.5, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 450; Jones 1990, 39-40, Pls. IX, XI.5, XXIV; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 156. EM JE 61328 (M2.0.a2.d6.f1.h1.i5.n2.o.p) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 45.47 in/115.50 cm Beam: 8.27 in/21.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.46 in/8.80 cm Wood. Treasury, northwest corner, on floor, leaning against wall. Solid yellow hull (lotus and bands of red, green, blue, yellow), round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2) in crossbeam (white, red, blue bands), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (white), rigging (topping lifts through grommets, 2 yards with attached topping lifts), square sail (furled), quarter rudder oars (2, with tillers, yellow shafts with white and black blades, topped with gilded human heads wearing atef crowns and royal black beards), decorative stylized papyriform bundle stern with flat umbel (white), pointed bow. Rectangular cabin (checker and band decorations of red, blue, green, white) with mast hole through roof with windows (6, white and red), steps leading to cabin roof (white and green, Asiatic prisoner decoration colored green, red, blue), forecastle (gilded, human headed sphinx and falcon decoration) on platform (yellow), aftercastle (gilded, bull decoration). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 336. Sister to EM JE 61329 and EM JE 61330. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), drawing from Jones 1990, Pl. XXXIII, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 459; Jones 1990, 40-42, Pls. IV, XXV, XXXIII, XXXVI; Jones 1995, 3233, Fig. 28; Landström 1970, 102, no. 322; Porter and Moss 1964, 584. 157. EM JE 61329 (M2.0.a2.d6.f1.h1.i5.n2.o.p) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 46.46 in/118.00 cm Beam: 8.70 in/22.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Treasury, south side, on granary model. Solid yellow hull (lotus and bands of red, green, blue, yellow), round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, (double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2) in crossbeam (white, red bands), rigging (top-ping lifts through grommets, 2 yards with attached topping lifts), square sail (furled), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (green), quarter rudder oars (2 originally, one now missing, with tillers, yellow shafts with white and black blades, topped with gilded human heads wearing atef crowns and royal black beards), decorative stylized papyriform bundle stern with flat umbel (white) and pointed bow). Rectangular cabin (checker and band decorations of red, blue, green, white) with mast hole through roof, steps leading to cabin roof (white and green), forecastle (gilded, human headed sphinx and falcon decoration) on platform (yellow), aftercastle (gilded, bull decoration). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 276. Sister to EM JE 61328 and EM JE 61330. Documented from photograph, from Jones 1990, Pl. XXIII, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 37-39, Pls. V, XXIII; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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158. EM JE 61343 (M2.0.a2.d6.f6.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 95.28 in/242.00 cm Beam: 13.19 in/33.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southwest corner, on chests. Solid green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide, raised sharp edged bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, gilded) set in crossbeam, on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, tillers currently missing but present when found, gilded, etched with udjat eyes and lotus flowers), decorative papyriform finial ends (gilded, with hieroglyphic inscription), udjat eyes forward (black). Throne (gilded, with feather and band pattern with intertwined lotus and papyrus symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt) representing Tutankhamun. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 285. Sister to EM JE 61344, EM JE 61345, EM JE 61346. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph by author. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 460; Jones 44-46, Pls. VI, VII, XI.7; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

159. EM JE 61344 (M2.0.a2.d6.f6.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 58.66 in/149.00 Beam: 10.75 in/27.30 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on chest. Solid green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide, raised sharp edged bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe), quarter rudder oar stanchions in crossbeam (2, gilded), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, gilded, etched with udjat eyes and lotus flowers), decorative papyriform finial ends (gilded, with hieroglyphic inscription), udjat eyes forward (black). Throne (gilded, with feather and band pattern with intertwined lotus and papyrus symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt) representing Tutankhamun. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 311. Sister to EM JE 61343, EM JE 61345, EM JE 61346. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), drawing from Jones 1990, Pl. XXXV, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 481; Jones 1990, 47-48, Pls. VIII, XXIX, XXXV; Jones 1995, 32-33, Fig. 29 top; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

160. EM JE 61345 (M2.0.a2.d6.f6.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 95.28 in/242.00 cm Beam: 13.19 in/33.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. Treasury, south side, on chests. Solid green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide, raised sharp edged bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe), quarter rudder oar stanchions in crossbeam (2, gilded), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, gilded, etched with udjat eyes and lotus flowers), decorative papyriform finial ends (gilded, with hieroglyphic inscription), udjat eyes forward (black). Throne (gilded, with feather and band pattern with intertwined lotus and papyrus symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt) representing Tutankhamun. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 286. Sister to EM JE 61343, EM JE 61344, EM JE 61346. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XI.8, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 461; Jones 1990, 46, Pls. VI, VII, XI.8; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

161. EM JE 61346 (M2.0.a2.d6.f7.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 58.27 in/148.00 cm Beam: 10.83 in/27.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.57 in/11.60 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on chests. Solid green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe), quarter rudder oar stanchions in crossbeam (2, gilded), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, gilded, etched with udjat eyes and lotus flowers), decorative papyriform finial ends (gilded, with hieroglyphic inscription), udjat eyes forward (black). Throne (gilded, with feather and band pattern with intertwined lotus and papyrus symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt) representing Tutankhamun. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 307. Sister to EM JE 61343, EM JE 61344, EM JE 61345. Documented from photograph, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XI.9, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 46-47, Pls. VIII, XI.9; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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APPENDIX A

162. EM JE 61347 (M2.0.a2.d6.f7.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 53.94 in/137.00 cm Beam: 9.25 in/23.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Treasury, south-east corner, on chest. Solid light green hull, quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2) in crossbeam (white smeared with yellow, blue-wigged falcon head tops), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2; starboard shaft white, black-tipped blade; port shaft yellow, white blade with yellow tip), decorative papyriform curved bundle ends (white smeared with yellow), udjat eye toward bow (black). Excavated by Carter 1922-1932, Obj. no. 308. Sister to EM JE 61347. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 308. Sister to EM JE 61348. Documented in person, Room 15, photograph and drawing from Jones 1990, Pls. XXVIII top, XXXIV top. Photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 482; Jones 1990, 43-44, Pls. VIII, XXVIII top, XXXIV; Jones 1995, 32-33, Fig. 29 bottom; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

163. EM JE 61348 (M2.0.a2.f7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 52.36 in/133.00 cm Beam: 9.06 in/23.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on chest. Solid light green hull, raised bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe), decorative papyriform curved bundle ends (white smeared with yellow). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 312; Carter believed this model was never finished due to its lack of steering gear. Sister to EM JE 61347. Documented in person, Room 45, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XXVIII bottom, © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 44, Pls. VIII, XXVIII bottom; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

201

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

164. Abydos 19B (M2.0.a2) Location: Unknown New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII Provenance: Abydos, Eastern Cemetery, Tomb 19B of Prince Ptah.... UE Nome 8 Clay. Found with inscribed tablet. Solid hull, round bottom. Stern damaged. Excavated by David RandallMacIver and Arthur Cruttenden Mace 1901. Documented from photograph, from Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902. Pl. LII, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: MacIver and Mace 1902, 3, 77, 91, Pl. LII.

165. MLP AF 9756 (M2.0.a2.f1.i1) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France New Kingdom, Dynasty XIX Provenance: Elephantine, la cache UE Nome 1 Length: 78.74 in/200.00 cm Beam: 10.63 in/27.00 cm Depth of Hold: Approximately 9.45 in/24.00 cm Wood. Solid hull, round bottom, raised gunwale/bulwark, quarterrudder oar stanchion holes (2), decorative papyriform finial ends (missing, bow attached with mortise and tenon joint), two rectangular slots carved into the deck amidships set apart (possibly to receive the bottom of a rectangular shrine of Anuket, Khnum, or Satet [the triad of Aswan] that is now missing), canopy post holes (set further apart than the grooves for the shrine located aft. Excavated by Clermont-Ganneau and Clédat, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. The Anuket statue currently on the model is not original to the artifact (Christianne Bridoneau pers. comm.) Bibliography: MLP Record Card; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 35.

166. Abydos 14b-1 (M2.0.a2) Location: Unknown New Kingdom, Dynasty XIX Provenance: Abydos, Mastaba Tomb 4b of Pa-ab-mer, Priest of Amun UE Nome 8 Clay. Solid hull, round bottom, painted deity figures on deck (Thoth, Isis, Khepera, Shu). Excavated by David Randall-MacIver and Arthur Cruttenden Mace, 18991901. Documented from photograph, photograph from Randall-MacIver and Mace, 1902, Pl. LI, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902, 77, 91, PL. LI.

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APPENDIX A

167. BM EA 9505 (M2.0.a2) British Museum, London, England New Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 34.00 in/86.40 cm Beam: 4.60 in/11.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.31 in/8.40 cm Wood. Solid green on yellow hull, round bottom, bulwark/gunwale (green on yellow), deck (yellow on blue), decorative finials (ram heads with 2 missing aegis), green on yellow with black details). Acquired from Somerset Lowry-Curry, Earl of Belmore, 1842. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. XIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 62-64, Pl. XIb.

168. MET S.6828 (M2.0.a2.f7.i1) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy New Kingdom Provenience: Thebes Length: 65.34 in/166.00 cm Beam: 11.81 in/30.00 cm Wood. Solid bluish-green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale (white) with striped decoration (long blue rectangle with red stripe and green lotus bud), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), decorative papyriform ends (2, missing, brownish-yellow with around hull decorations (2, blue rectangle with red stripe and green lotus bud) on either side of udjat eyes (2, black with blue, white). Acquired by Bernardino Drovetti in Egypt prior to 1824, sold to the King of Sardinia 1824. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known New Kingdom examples from Thebes, and Drovetti concentrated his efforts there. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 90; MET Record Card.

203

APPENDIX A

M2.1 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH VERTICALLY FLAT ENDS (VFE)

169. AMO 1895.777 (M2.1.b1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Tukh, Naqada, Grave 1360 UE Nome 5 Length: 6.18 in/15.70 cm Beam: 1.73 in/4.40 cm Depth of Hold: 1.26 in/3.20 cm Fired clay. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and James E Quibell, 1895. From the Egyptian Research Account. Acquired 1895. Sister to AMO 1895.778, AMO 1895.779. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Payne 1993, 24, no. 92, Fig. 19.92; Podzorski 1994, Tab. 20.

170. AMO 1895.778 (M2.1.b1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Tukh, Naqada, Grave 1360 UE Nome 5 Length: 5.39 in/13.70 cm Beam: 1.14 in/2.90 cm Depth of Hold: 1.14 in/2.90 cm Fired clay. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Repaired. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and James E Quibell, 1895. From the Egyptian Research Account. Acquired 1895. Sister to AMO 1895.777, AMO 1895.779. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Payne 1993, 25, no. 93.

171. AMO 1895.779 (M2.1.b1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Tukh, Naqada, Grave 1360 UE Nome 5 Length: 3.03 in/7.70 cm Beam: .94 in/2.40 cm Depth of Hold: .71 in/1.80 cm Fired clay. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and James E Quibell, 1895. From the Egyptian Research Account. Acquired 1895. Sister to AMO 1895.777, AMO 1895.778. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Payne 1993, 25, no. 94.

204

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

172. PAHMA 6-18862 (M2.1.b1) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: el-Ahaiwah, Grave 132 UE Nome 5 Clay. Before knees. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom. Excavated by George Reisner, May-August, 1900, in a salvage excavation after extensive looting. Documented from drawing, drawing by author after Podzorski 1994, Pl. 48b. Bibliography: Hoffman 1979, 251; Reisner in Mace 1909, VI; PAHMA Record Card; Podzorski 1994, 357, Tab. 20.

173. PMEA UC9795 (M2.1.b1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: el-Badari, Cemetery 3700, Spur 15 UE Nome 10 Length: 3.75 in/9.53 cm Depth of Hold: 2.40 in/6.10 Mud. Found loose in cemetery. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom. Excavated by Guy Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson, 1924. Documented from photograph and drawing, drawing from Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, Pl. LIV.20. Photograph and drawing © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 39, 61, Pl. LIV.20.

174. RPMH 6422 (M2.1.b1) Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Unknown Length: 8.66 in/22 cm Beam: 1.89 in/4.80 cm Depth of Hold: 1.38 in/3.50 cm Fired clay. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph ©

Roemer- und Pelizaeus- Museum Hildesheim. Bibliography: RPMH Record Card; Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 1999, 1

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APPENDIX A

175. el-Badari 3800/Spur 16 (M2.1.b1.d1) Location: Unknown Predynastic Period, Naqada II Period Provenance: el-Badari, Cemetery 3800, Spur 16 UE Nome 10 Mud. Found loose in cemetery. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, quarter rudder cable hole. Excavated by Guy Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson, 1924. Documented from drawing, drawing from Brunton and CatonThompson 1928, Pl. LIV.18, © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Brunton and Caton-Thompson 1928, 39, 61, Pl. LIV.18.

176. PAHMA 6-4927 (M2.1.b1.d1) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: el-Ballas, Grave 42 UE Nome 5 Fired mud. Above head, south end of burial. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, quarter rudder cable hole, painted red and blue/black. Excavated by George Reisner and Albert M Lythgoe, 19001901. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph by and courtesy of Karin Kroenke. Bibliography: Hoffman 1979, 250-251; Reisner in Mace 1909, VI; PAHMA Record Card; Podzorski 1994, 355-356, Tab. 20.

177. EM CG 4814 (M2.1.b1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 20.47 in/52.00 cm Wood. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Documented in person (Room 32, Case C Flat, Far Left), photograph from Reisner 1913, Fig. 88, Pl. VI, top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Haldane 1993, 82, Fig. 4-4; Landström 1970, 14-15, no. 20; Reisner 1913, 20, Fig. 88, Pl. VI top; Ward 2000, 42, Fig. 14; Ward 2006a, 120, Fig. 2b.

178. MET S.1187 (M2.1.b1) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Clay. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Ends damaged. Possibly from Reisner’s work at Naqada/el-Ballas or the looting of el-Ahaiwah. Acquired by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Egypt, 1900-1901. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, drawing by author after Donadoni et. al. 1988, Tbl. 29. Bibliography: Donadoni et. al. 1988, 34, Tbl. 29; MET Record Card.

206

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

179. MET S.289 (M2.1.b1) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 10.63 in/27.00 cm Beam: 1.38 in/3.50 cm Wood. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. Possibly from Reisner’s work at Naqada/el-Ballas or the looting of elAhaiwah, reportedly from an infant’s burial. Acquired by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Egypt, 1900-1901. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, drawing by author after Leospo and Fozzati 1992, Tav. X.1. Bibliography: Curto 1984, 47; Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 393, Tav. X.1; MET Record Card.

180. MAN MAN58220 (M2.1.b1) Musées d'Archéologie Nationale, St-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, France Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis UE Nome 3 Clay. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine. End damaged. Documented from photograph, drawing by author. Bibliography: Réunion des Museés Nationaux 1999.

181. AMO E.98 (M2.1.b1.f2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Hierakonpolis, Main Deposit UE Nome 3 Ivory. Vertically flat ends, hollow hull with deck, flat bottom, hard chine, attached bulwark/gunwale with stitching. End damaged. Excavated by James E Quibell and Frederick W Green 1897-1899. From the Egyptian Research Account. Documented from photograph, drawing by aughor after Nibbi 1993, Pl. IV, bottom). Bibliography: Nibbi 1993, 93, Pl. IV, bottom.

207

APPENDIX A

M2.2 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH VERTICALLY FLAT ENDS (VFE), DECK BEAMS (DB), CENTRAL PLANK (CP), AND RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS)

182. ÄMB 13801 (M2.2.b1.i3.k1) Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: Unknown Length: 24.02 in/61.00 cm Beam: 9.06 in/23.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Clay. Vertically flat ends, deck beams (actual, 3), central plank, raised central shelf (aft, small hole, unknown use or a flaw in the model’s material fabric), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam. Damaged; hull held together by cord; the holes used for repair seem to be shroud holes and quarter rudder oar attachments, but this cannot be assumed. Small hole bored through CP amidships, use unknown. Documented in person, on exhibit, drawing by author after Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. VII. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. VII.14; Landström 1970, 14-15, no. 19; Moll 1929, A IVa.72; Staatliche Museum zu Berlin 1967, 12, no. 63.

208

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.3 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB) AND CENTRAL PLANK (CP)

183. AMO E.1895.609 (M2.3.b1.d1.f4) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: el-Ballas, Grave 566 UE Nome 5 Length: 8.98 in/22.80 cm Beam: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.05 in/5.20 cm Clay. Deck beams (2, actual, red), central plank (actual, red), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable hole (port side), flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), decorative papyriform bundle ends (damaged), decorative rope ties (along hull, crisscross pattern), rowers/paddlers (8, painted on sides. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and James E Quibell, 1895. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, drawings from publication (Payne 1993, Fig. 17.88), photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, VI.2; Jones 1995, 26-27, Fig. 17, bottom; Landström 1970, 15, no. 25; Moll 1929, AIV A.87; Nibbi 1993, 88, Fig. 5 top; Payne 1993, 24.88, Fig. 17.88; Petrie 1921, Pl. XXXVII.80; Petrie 1933a, 4-5, Fig. 6; Petrie and Quibell 1896, 41, 48, Pl. XXXVI.80; Quibell and Petrie 1896, 25, Pl. XXXVI.80.

209

APPENDIX A

M2.4 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH CENTRAL PLANK (CP)

184. ÄMUL 3004 (M2.4.b1) Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Clay. Central plank (actual), hollow hull, flat bottom, decorative papyriform bundle ends (one damaged). Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig. Bibliography: Vinson 1987, 167, Fig. 82.

185. HÄI 237 (M2.4.b2) Heidelberg Äegyptisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany Predynastic Period Provenance: Abydos UE Nome 8 Length: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Beam: 3.70 in/9.40 cm Depth of Hold: 1.46 in/3.70 cm Clay. Central plank (actual), hollow red hull, round bottom, decorative papyriform bundle ends. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Vinson 1987, 167, Fig. 79.

210

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.5 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB)

186. AMO 1895.622 (M2.5.b1.i1.l1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Predynastic Period, Naqada II Provenance: el-Ballas, Grave 619 UE Nome 5 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Beam: 7.50 in/19.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.86 in/9.80 cm Clay. Deck beam (actual), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder oar stanchion hole (in deck beam), shroud or stay hole, pointed bow, broken raised stern, decorative lines (red) on outer hull. Restored. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and James E Quibell, 1895. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, VI.5-6; Nibbi 1993, 88, Fig. 5, middle; Payne 1993, 24.89, Fig. 18.89; Petrie 1921, Pl. XXXVII.81a; Petrie 1933a, 4-5, Fig. 68; Petrie 1939, Pl. XIV.71; Petrie and Quibell 1896, Pl. XXXVI.81a; Quibell and Petrie 1896, 25, Pl. XXXVI.81a; Vinson 1987, 164.E.

187. MSS 11049 (M2.5.b1.d1.i1) Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 15.76 in/40.04 cm Clay. Deck beams (actual, 4), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable hole(s), quarter rudder oar stanchion hole (in deck beam), decorative papyriform curved bundle ends, bottom painted (black). Documented from drawing, drawing by author after Landström 1970, no. 23. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, IX.3; Landström 1970, 15, no. 23; MSS Record Card.

188. PMEA UC75614 (M2.5.b1.h1.i1.j1.l1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Predynastic Period Provenance: Unknown Length: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Beam: .98 in/2.50 cm Depth of Hold: .63 in/1.60 cm Clay. Deck beam (actual), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchion hole (in square transom stern), deck beam mast partner, shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

211

APPENDIX A

189. EM JE 86169 (M2.5.b1.f2.h1.i1.j1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Early Dynastic Period Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 175 LE Nome 1 Ivory. Deck beams (actual, 2), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, bulwark/gunwale with stitching (indicating sewn planks or waterproofing material attachment), single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchion hole, deck beam mast partner, decorative papyriform finial ends (broken), etched decorative rope ties. Restored. Excavated by Rizkallah Macramallah, pre-1936. Documented from photographs, drawings by author after Landström 1970, nos. 70-72. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 24, nos. 70-72; Nibbi 1993, 81-101, Pl. 1.

190. EM CG 4882 (M2.5.b1.d1.h2.i3.j1.l1.n3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Mid Dynasty VI, c2321-2287 BCE, Reign of Pepi I Provenance: Meir, Tomb A1 of Governor Niankh-PepyKem UE Nome 14 Length: 16.90 in/42.80 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Wood. Floor niche. Deck beams (actual, 3), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable holes, bipod mast with deck beam mast partner, quarter rudder oar stanchions (with forked tops) in deck beam, rectangular stern projection quarter rudder oar supports, scow ends. Acquired 1894. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Top Right), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIII bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 442; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Pls. XXIV.1, XXXI; Landström 1970, 40-41, nos. 106-107; Petrie 1933b, 70, Fig. 73; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Reisner 1913, 5354, Pl. XIII bottom; Tooley 1989, 11.

191. EM CG 4883 (M2.5.b1.d1.h2.i3.j1.l1.n3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Mid Dynasty VI, c2321-2287 BCE, Reign of Pepi I Provenance: Meir, Tomb A1 of Governor Niankh-PepyKem UE Nome 14 Length: 15.94 in/40.50 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Wood. Floor niche. Deck beams (actual, 3), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable holes, bipod mast, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2) in deck beam, deck beam mast partner, shroud or stay holes, rectangular stern projections quarter rudder oar supports, scow ends. Acquired 1894. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Top Left), photograph by author. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 442; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Reisner 1913, 54-55; Tooley 1989, 11.

212

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

192. EM CG 4884 (M2.5.b1.d1.h2.i3.j1.l1.n3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Mid Dynasty VI, c2321-2287 BCE, Reign of Pepi I Provenance: Meir, Tomb A1 of Governor Niankh-PepyKem UE Nome 14 Length: 16.26 in/41.30 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Wood. Floor niche. Deck beams (actual, 3), hollow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable holes, bipod mast, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2) in deck beam, deck beam mast partner, shroud or stay holes, rectangular stern projections quarter rudder oar supports, scow ends. Acquired 1894. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Second from Left), drawing by author after Poujade 1948, Fig. 13. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 442; Jones 1995, 27-28, Fig. 18 top; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Poujade 1948, 25-28, Fig. 13-14, Pl. V; Reisner 1913, 54-55; Tooley 1989, 11.

193. EM CG 4888 (M2.5.b2.d2.e2.h1.i4.j1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Mid Dynasty VI, c2321-2287 BCE, Reign of Pepyi I Provenance: Meir, Tomb A1 of Governor Niankh-PepyKem UE Nome 14 Length: 18.74 in/47.60 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Floor niche. Deck beams (actual, 3), hollow hull, round bottom, rudder cable holes (rope present), landing platform, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam, deck beam mast partner, mast crutch (round top) stepped in stanchion hole, round bow and stern. Acquired 1894. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Second from Right), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XV top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 442; Landström 1970, 54, no. 151; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Poujade 1948, 30-31, Fig. 19; Reisner 1913, 58-59, Pl. XV top; Tooley 1989, 11.

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APPENDIX A

194. MANM 16029 (M2.5.a1.f4.n2) Museo Arqueologico Nacional, Madrid, Spain First Intermediate Period, Dynasty VIII Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 29.92 in/76.00 cm Beam: 3.19 in/8.10 cm Depth of Hold: 2.09 in/5.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 2, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends (bow with thick black and red stripes, stern with thick red stripes, cross and dot decoration at ends, red and black around-hull ties). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (missing), paddlers (6), very tall figure, lamb or small bovine with stick legs. Figures probably are not original to the artifact. Acquired from Eduardo Toda Collection, January 15, 1887. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Basch, Gorbea, and Pérez Die 1976, 101-103, no. 43; MANM Record Card; Perez Die 1985, 32, no. 26. 195. MM 6602 (M2.5.a2.d3.h1.i2.j2) Manchester Museum, Manchester, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 1525 UE Nome 20 Length: 19.88 in/50.50 cm Beam: 4.17 in/10.60 cm Depth of Hold: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, stern rudder oar indent, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (detached), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rudder oar (missing; present when excavated). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), sitting punter or rower (facing wrong way, 1 missing), sailors (4). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Riggs, C, pers comm, 2004; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 7, Pl. XVII.6. 196. EM CG 4817 (M2.5.b2.h1.i4.j1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Rizeiqat UE Nome 4 Length: 17.52 in/44.50 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Unbaked mud. Deck beams (actual, 2, red), hollow red hull, round bottom, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam, deck beam mast partner, rounded bow, scow stern. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C Flat, Middle Top), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. VI, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Moll 1929, A IV b.134; Reisner 1913, 21-22, Pl. VI, fourth from top; Tooley 1989, 86.

214

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

197. MFA 21.880 (M2.5.a1.f4.i1.j2.l4.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 38.58 in/98.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, detached), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or topping lift attachment (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (creamy buff), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends (detached stern attached with mortise and tenon joint) udjat eyes (2 pairs, both sides, black), decorative stitching (red rectangles around black zigzag lines) representing rope ties or attachments for waterproofing. Rectangular canopy (detached), lotus bud posts (4), bier (black and white spotted representing hide) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (detached), priest, servant (tending owner). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168-169, 175-176, Fig. 135.

198. MFA 21.893 (M2.5.a1.f4.h1.i1.j9.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 35.83 in/91.00 cm Beam: 6.81 in/17.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with painted stripe (red), single mast (unstepped), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), wooden three boot knee with hollow back carved of 1 piece mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (detached), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends (bow detached, stern attached with mortise and tenon joint), udjat eyes (2 pairs, both sides, black), decorative stitching (red rectangles around black zigzag lines) representing rope ties or attachments for waterproofing. Rectangular canopy (detached), lotus bud posts (4, white), bier (black and white spotted representing hide) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (6, plus 2 detached, oar locks in hands), priest, servant (tending owner). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921. 43-46.

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199. MFA 21.829 (M2.5.a1.f4.i1.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 27.76 in/70.50 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with painted stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (white), quarter rudder oars (2, detached), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends (stern attached with mortise and tenon joint) with umbel (red, white, blue rosettes), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white). Rectangular canopy (white), posts (4), bier (white) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (6, oar locks in hands, 4 oars detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 68.1, Pl. 64a; D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988, 114-115, Fig. 65; Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 169, 174, Fig. 134; Spanel 1985, 246, 250-251, n. 24; Tooley 1989, 137.

200. MET S.8659 (M2.5.a1.f6.g.i1.j4.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 2c of Shemes UE Nome 13 Length: 27.95 in/71.00 cm Beam: 5.43 in/13.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), solid brownishyellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends with thick painted stripes (red, white), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black and white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (7, one missing). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395, Tav. X.7; MET Record Card; Tooley 1989, 146.

216

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

201. MET S.8792 (M2.5.a1.f6.h1.i1.j4.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 2b of Minhotep and Upuautemhat UE Nome 13 Length: 33.66 in/85.50 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), solid brownishyellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), painted squareshaped U mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends with thick stripes (red, black, white), around hull decorative ties (black, red), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), sailor (1, four missing). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MET Record Card.

202. MET S.8790 (M2.5.a1.f6.i1.j4.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 2b of Minhotep and Upuautemhat UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends with thick stripes (red, black) and rosettes on ends (red, black, white), around hull decorative ties (black, red), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (8). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395; MET Record Card; Tooley 1989, 146.

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203. MLP E 11993-E 11994 (M2.5.a1.f6.i1.n2) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 14 of Wepwautemhet UE Nome 13 Length: 34.65 in/88.00 c Beam: 6.02 in/15.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.90 in/9.90 cm Wood. In the tomb's hallway, next to a statue of Wepwautemhet. Deck beams (6, red), solid yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale (white) with stripes (thick red, thin white), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), ongunwale quarter rudder oar support (now missing, present when found), thick decorative papyriform bundle ends (white over yellow), black udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (8, oar locks in hands, two oars). Excavated by Émile Gaston Chassinat and Charles Palanque, 1903. Acquired 1903. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Boreux 1932, 180; Breasted, Jr 1948, 76.A.7; Chassinat and Palanque 1911, 164, Pls. XXXIV.1, XXXV.2; Porter and Moss 1934, 267; Tooley 1989, 35.

204. MRAHB E.785,31 (M2.5.a2.f7.i1.n1) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Antinoopolis UE Nome 15 Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Beam: 4.37 in/11.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), solid burnt orange hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red, with red zigzag line representing decorative stitching), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, red, with a cross support inserted in their tiller holes), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends (with deck beams, thick red longitudinal stripes and around-hull stripes, stern damaged and attached with a mortise and tenon joint). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (4), sailor or servant (standing). Model possibly re-painted post-antiquity; formation of crewmen’s feet in plaster is a failed attempt at “conservation” similar to models MMEL E.963, MMEL E.965, and MMEL E.966. Excavated by Albert Jean Gayet. Acquired 3 May 1905. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Tooley 1989, 24.

218

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

205. ÄMB 1232 (M2.5.b2.d2.i4.n4) Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 10 of Gem-Wsr, Overseer of the Seal LE Nome 1 Length: 19.29 in/49.00 cm Wood. Chamber 2. Deck beam (actual, 1 arched thwart is pegged into the vessel’s gunwales near the stern), hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion in deck beam (with slotted top), stern fork attachment rudder oar support, rudder oar, movable deck is slotted into the gunwale, scow stem, rounded stern. Canopy holes (4, canopy and posts missing; present when excavated), Gmn-Wasr (mummiform, on black block-like chair), Standing pilot, rowers (4, kneeling with rowlocks in body, a Saqqara attribute), oars (4). Excavated by K Richard Lepsius, 1843. Documented in person, on exhibit at Schloß-Branitz in Cottbus, Germany, drawing from Lepsius 1897, Pl. XLV bottom. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Lepsius 1897, 154, Pl. XLV bottom; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XXXVI.2; Landström 1970, 70-71, no. 205; Porter and Moss 1981, 517; Tooley 1986, 189-192; Tooley 1989, 25, 149, Pl. 28.2.

206. EM CG 4953 (M2.5.a1.f4) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit E of Sepa II, North Chamber UE Nome 15 Length: 29.33 in/75.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Solar Boat. On floor between coffin and wall with boats EM CG 4951 and BM EA 34274. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), solid creamy buff hull, flush bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), attributes of the sun god. Excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December, 1897. Acquired 1898. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 26-32, Fig. 1 on 32; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 68; Reisner 1913, 106107, Pl. XXIV, top.

219

APPENDIX A

207. EM CG 4949 (M2.5.a1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit E of Sepa III, South Chamber UE Nome 15 Length: 34.45 in/87.50 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.56 in/6.50 cm Wood. Solar Boat. On coffin with boats EM CG 4947, EM CG 4948, and other models. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, attributes of the sun god. Excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December, 1897. Acquired 1898. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 32-37, Fig. 1 on 37; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 68; Reisner 1913, 101102, Pl. XXII, bottom.

208. EM CG 4915 (M2.5.a2.f1.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re LE Nome 1 Length: 18.31 in/46.50 cm Beam: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Depth of Hold: 1.97 in/5.00 cm Wood. West chamber. Deck beams (painted, 2, red), solid blue hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, decorative stylized papyriform finial ends. Square canopy (white with yellow border), posts (4, blue), Heper-Ka-Re (as mummy, white with blue, red, black details, collar) on bier (yellow) with lion heads (yellow, red) underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, (facing wrong way), mourners (2, female, possibly representing goddesses), priest (with scroll or tablet). Table (food painted on top, white, yellow, green, black), hes vase (greenish-blue), jar (red, black yellow). Excavated and acquired, 1884. Sister to EM CG 4916. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Top, Middle, Right), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVII, middle, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Maspero 1915, 310-312; Reisner 1913, 70-72, Pl. XVII, middle.

220

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

209. EM CG 4916 (M2.5.a2.f7.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re LE Nome 1 Length: 19.30 in/49.00 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. West chamber. Deck beams (painted, 2, red), solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1, one missing), decorative stylized papyriform finial ends. Square canopy (white, detached), posts (4, blue), Heper-Ka-Re (sitting on black block-like chair) underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (with tillers in hands, priest (with scroll or tablet). Table (food painted on top, white, yellow, green, black), hes vase (greenish-blue), jar (red, black yellow), animal leg. Excavated and acquired, 1884. Sister EM CG 4915. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Top, Middle, Left), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVII, bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Maspero 1915, 310-312; Reisner 1913, 72-73, Pl. XVII bottom.

210. EM CG 4917 (M2.5.a2.f7.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re LE Nome 1 Length: 26.00 in/66.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. West chamber. Deck beams (painted, 4, red), solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, red), decorative stylized papyriform finial ends. Square canopy (yellow), posts (4, blue), Heper-Ka-Re (as mummy, white with blue, red, black details, collar) on bier (yellow) with lion heads (yellow, red) underneath. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, mourners (2, female, possibly representing goddesses), priest (with scroll or tablet). Table (food painted on top, white, yellow, green, black), animal leg. Excavated and acquired, 1884. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom, Right, Front), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVIII, top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Maspero 1915, 310-312; Reisner 1913, 73-74, Pl. XVIII, top.

221

APPENDIX A

211. MLP E 12027 (M2.5.a1.f6.g.h1.i1.n2) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 7, Chamber 1 of Nakhti, Overseer of the Seal UE Nome 13 Length: 37.40 in/95.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.08 in/12.90 cm Wood. On floor, next to coffin. Deck beams (painted, 6, brownish-yellow), solid dark green hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (brownish-yellow) and rowlocks, single mast (not shown but with model when excavated), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oars (2, red, 2 tillers, modern replacements), decorative papyriform finial ends (white) attached with mortise and tenon joints, udjat eyes (2, both sides, black with blue details, on white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (8). Excavated by Émile Gaston Chassinat and Charles Palanque, 1903. Acquired 1903. Sister to EM JE 36293. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Boreux 1932, 181, Pl. XXIII, bottom; Breasted, Jr 1948, 76.A.6, Pl. 69a; Chassinat and Palanque 1911, 47, 51, Pl. XIV.2; Noblecourt and Vercoutter 1981, 103, 118-119, no. 112; Porter and Moss 1934, 266; Tooley 1989, 35, 163.

212. EM JE 36293 (M2.5.a1.f6.h1.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 7, Chamber 1 of Nakhti, Overseer of the Seal UE Nome 13 Length: 38.78 in/98.50 cm Wood, On floor, next to coffin. Deck beams (painted, 68, brownish-yellow), solid dark green hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (brownish-yellow), single mast (broken off with end in hole), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support (red), decorative papyriform finial ends (white) attached with mortise and tenon joints, udjat eyes (2, both sides, black with blue details, on white). Rectangular canopy (white, red border, red, white, and blue striped architrave), posts (4, red and blue bands), Nakhti underneath (light skull cap). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (holding tiller), standing sailors (5, 3 working lines), servant (under canopy). Excavated by Émile Gaston Chassinat and Charles Palanque, 1903. Acquired 1903. Sister to MLP E 12027. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case E, Top Middle), photograph by author, Bibliography: Adam 1981, 14, no. 7, Pl. 7; Breasted, Jr 1948, 77.B.4-78; Chassinat and Palanque 1911, 47, 51, Pl. XIV.1; Porter and Moss 1934, 266; Tooley 1989, 162-163.

222

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

213. NCMA 82.12 (M2.5.a2.f1.g.h1.i1.j12.n2.o) North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, NC, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 36.61 in/93.00 cm Beam: 5.94 in/15.10 cm Depth of Hold: 4.06 in/10.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 2, white), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (creamy buff with black and red bands), 3 wooden knees with rope mast partner, on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support (white), rigging (2 yards, 1 clew line on each side of the mast from the junction of the upper yard and mast to the yardarms, two sets of lifts inside the clew lines, 8 stays attached to the topmast and yardarms extending aft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, creamy buff shafts, looms have wide white bands bordered in red, blades have light greenish blue and blue lotus flowers with red details outlined in black with a creamy buff band), decorative papyriform finial ends (creamy buff) with flared umbels (blue, green, and yellow petals, black and white bindings) attached with mortise and tenon joints, white ends with zigzag lashings (black) representing stitching bordered with didos (blue, black, red, and white), udjat eye (black, port side only). Square canopy (white, underside painted with a red grid pattern, blue border, architrave with red, white, and blue stripes), lotus bud posts (4, creamy buff with red bands bordered with thin white and black stripes, lotus flowers with blue and yellow petals), sitting mummiform owner underneath (creamy buff block-like chair). Standing pilot, standing helmsman (holding stays and tillers), sailors (2, working rigging), rowers (4, 4 oars decorated like quarter rudder oars, sit on deck beams in partially hollowed out section of hull). Port side gunwale damaged; model may have been augmented since antiquity since it is both rowed and sailed. Acquired from Mr and Mrs Gordon Hanes in 1982, who purchased the model from The Merrin Gallery, NY, NY. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of the North Carolina Museum of Art. Bibliography: Kozloff, A P, pers comm 1998; NCMA Record Card. 214. MRAHB E.7321 (M2.5.a2.f6.i1n2) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 37.01 in/94.00 cm Beam: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 2, red, with thin red longitudinal beams between them), solid white hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oars (2, red, with replaced tillers), decorative papyriform bundle ends (light creamy buff) with umbels (red rosettes and red bindings) with diagonal lashings on gunwale (creamy buff, white, red, outlined in black) attached with mortise and tenon joints, hieroglyphic inscription (starboard side aft). Rectangular canopy (roof is linen) with architrave and bordered with stripes (red, black, and white), lotus bud posts (mismatched, 4, 3 with white, black, and red bands, 1 with red stripes). Square cabin (yellow, under canopy) with square opening (outlined in black, yellow, and red). Standing pilot (remnants of plaster feet), sitting helmsman, rowers (4, 4 oars). Hull probably re-painted since antiquity with drips of painted evidence on hull port side aft. Neither the cabin or canopy are original; two starboard canopy post holes inside and outside the cabin indicate where a smaller canopy was located, or these holes had rowers pegged into them. Collected by Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing (probably 1897-1905). Acquired from the Scheurleer Museum (H.159), 10 January 1938. A modern attempt at “conservation” or “restoration” created plaster feet for the crew. Plaster has caused great damage. Similar plaster feet additions are found on boat models MRAHB E.7519, MMEL E.963, MMEL E.965, MMEL E.966, and Périchon-Bey Asyut/el-Bersheh all from the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 76.A.9; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 28.

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APPENDIX A

215. PMEA UC75621 (M2.5.a2.f7.n2) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 32.48 in/82.50 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 4, red; actual, 2), solid green hull with creamy buff ends (outlined in thin red), round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripe (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform finial ends (both missing, current end attached to model probably not original). Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (2), punter. Pastiche, probably none of the figures are original. Unidentified odd secondary attribute under punter. From the Wellcome Collection. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card.

216. Malter 38 (M2.5.a2.f1) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 20.00 in/50.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 2 surviving, red), solid black hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale bordered with didos (green, red, white, yellow, black), blunt bow, rounded stern, forward under hull damage. Pastiche. Three rowers, stern kneeling figure is a bread maker model or part of a baking scene (dough is missing), object amidships is likely part of an animal carcass, cone-shaped object may be from a kitchen model. Blunt bow suggests el-Bersheh provenance. Documented from photographs photograph courtesy of Malter Galleries Inc. Bibliography: Malter Gallery, 2006. One bid of $5000 at auction but the artifact did not sell.

217. MRAHB E.4994 (M2.5.a2.f1.l4) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 11.10 in/28.20 cm Beam: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.46 in/3.70 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 2), solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or topping lift attachment (red), decorative papyriform ends (missing). Sitting male owner (yellow chair), rower or servant, jar (red, black top). Acquired from antiquities dealer Maurice Nahman in Cairo, 26 February 1914. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card.

224

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

218. MAF N.Inv. 6967 (M2.5.b2.d4.h1) Museo Archeologico Firenze, Firenze, Italy Middle Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Wood. Deck beam (actual, 1), hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, single mast hole. Documented from photograph, photograph by and courtesy of Dan Diffendale. Bibliography: Rosati, G, pers comm, 2004. 219. EM CG 52667 (M2.5.b2.d1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Early Dynasty XVIII, c1550-1525 BCE, Reign of Pharaoh Ahmose Provenance: Dra Abu el-Naga, Tomb of Queen Ahhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 15.16 in/38.50 cm Beam: 2.64 in/6.70 cm Silver. In coffin. Deck beams (actual, 6), hollow hull, round bottom. quarter rudder oar cable holes, pointed bow, pointed papyriform stern, loops on hull amidships (purpose unknown). Standing pilot (with punt pole, facing wrong way), paddlers (10, 10 paddles). Excavated by François Mariette, February-March 1859. Acquired 1859. Documented from photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. There has been some debate, synthesized by Roth, as to which Ahhotep (Pharaohs Kamose’s and Ahmose's mother Ahhotep or Kamose’s wife Ahhotep) this model belonged. Several inscriptions and their differing translations could support either theory. Regardless, this boat model was buried with a Queen Ahhotep and the inclusion of human figures on this artifact may be a hold-over from the Middle Kingdom (no Second Intermediate Period watercraft models have survived for comparison). Bibliography: Daressy 1920, 131, no. 9; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1934, 86; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 91; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1964, 79; Landström 1970, 98, no. 312; Porter and Moss 1964, 602; Roth 1977-1978, 31-40; Vernier 1907, 217-218. 220. EM CG 52666 (M2.5.b2.g.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Early Dynasty XVIII, c1550-1525 BCE, Reign of Pharaoh Ahmose Provenance: Dra Abu el-Naga, Tomb of Queen Ahhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 17.05 in/43.30 cm Beam: 2.56 in/6.50 cm Gold. In coffin. Deck beams (actual, 6), hollow hull, round bottom, rowlocks, on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1, 1 missing), decorative papyriform curved bundle ends (raised decorative rope ties), forecastle (Isis knot decorations) on platform, aftercastle (lion decoration), sitting male owner (gold, block-like chair, probably representing Pharaoh Ahmose). Standing pilot (gold, facing wrong way, hand to mouth), standing helmsman (gold), rowers (silver, 12, 12 silver oars). Loops on hull amidships (purpose unknown), on four wheeled cart (silver and wood). Excavated by François Mariette, February-March 1859. Acquired 1859. Documented from photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo.. There has been some debate, synthesized by Roth, as to which Ahhotep (Pharaohs Kamose’s and Ahmose's mother Ahhotep or Kamose’s wife Ahhotep) this model belonged. Several inscriptions and their differing translations could support either theory. Regardless, this boat model was buried with a Queen Ahhotep and the inclusion of human figures on this artifact may be a hold over from the Middle Kingdom (no Second Intermediate Period watercraft models have survived for comparison). This model also carries the first instance of decorative papyriform curving umbel ends found in the archaeological record. Bibliography: Daressy 1920, 129, 133, no. 1, 136; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1934, 86; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 92; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1964, 80; Jones 1995, 30, 32, Fig. 27; Landström 1970, 98, no. 311; Porter and Moss 1964, 602; Roth 1977-1978, 31-40; Saleh and Sourouzian 1987, Pl. 123; Vernier 1907, 216-217, Pl. XLIX.

225

APPENDIX A

221. Abydos 14b-2 (M2.5.b2) Location: Unknown; possibly in Chicago, IL, USA New Kingdom, Dynasty XIX Provenance: Abydos, Tomb 14b of Priest of Amun Pa-ab-mer UE Nome 8 Clay. Deck beam (actual, 1), solid hull, round bottom, papyriform ends (damaged and bow missing). Excavated by David Randall-MacIver and Arthur Cruttenden Mace for the Egypt Exploration Fund, 18991901. Documented from photograph, photograph from Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902, Pl. LI, courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902, 77, 91. Pl. LI.

222. PMEA UC16044 (M2.5.b2.d3.f7.g) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England New Kingdom, Dynasty XIX Provenance: Gurob, Tomb 611 UE Nome 20 Length: 15.67 in/39.80 cm Beam: 1.97 in/5.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.57 in/4.00 cm Wood. Shallow shaft. Deck beams (actual, 4, white), hollow black hull, round bottom, stern rudder oar indent, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red and yellow on white) and rowlocks, rudder oar (red, blue, yellow striped shaft, black blade), bow projection below waterline (characterized as a ram by some scholars), bow platform with finial. Rectangular canopies (2, white with blue and red stripe decorations on top), posts (14). On four wheeled cart (white, red, blue pinwheel decorations on wheels). Excavated by Guy Brunton and Reginald Engelbach for the British School of Archaeology in Egypt, January-April 1920. Documented in person at the Richard and Helena Jaeschke conservation lab at Bydown Cottages in Devon, England, photographs by author. Bibliography: Brunton and Engelbach 1927, 17, Pl. LII; Göttlicher 1978, 57, no. 290; Petrie 1933b, 74, Fig. 85; PMEA Record Card; Thomas 1981, Pl. 56.747.

226

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.6 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH OUTRIGGERS (O)

223. EM JE 63183 (M2.5.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m1.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Outriggers (protruding rectangles that are even with the bow and stern), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, rowlocks, bipod mast holes, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, flat scow ends. Port stern damaged. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Middle, Number 5), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.6. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.6; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 37-38, Fig. 24, no. 6; Tooley 1989, 135; Tooley 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21.

224. EM JE 63186 (M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m2.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Outriggers (roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and platforms, rowlocks, bipod mast, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, flat and slightly raised scow ends. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Middle, Number 4), photograph by author. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33-34, Pl. 49.11; Landström 1970, 54, nos. 149-150; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 36-37, Fig. 23, Pl. X; Tooley 1989, 135; Tooley 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21.

227

APPENDIX A

225. EM JE 63188 (M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m2.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Outriggers (roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, rowlocks, bipod mast holes, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, flat scow ends. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Far Right, Number 4), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.4. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.4.; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 37-38, Fig. 24, no. 4; Tooley 1989, 135; Tooley 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21. 226. EM JE 63191 (M2.6.a1.e3.g.h2.l1.m3.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Outriggers (raised rectangular projections), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, rowlocks, bipod mast, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, flat scow ends. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Far Right, Number 2), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.10. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 33-34, Pl. 49.10; Landström 1970, 54, no. 148; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 35-38, Fig. 22, Pl. IX; Tooley 1989, 135; Tooley 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21. 227. EM JE 63190 (M2.6.a1.g.h2.l1.m2.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Outriggers (roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, rowlocks, bipod mast, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative papyriform ends (deeply carved bindings). Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Far Right, Number 5), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.8. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.8; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Poujade 1948, 35-36, Fig. 22, Pl. IX; Tooley 1989, 135; Tooley 1995, 28-29, Fig. 21.

228

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

228. EM Kaemsenu 240-9 (M2.6.a1.g.h2.l1.m2.n1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Early Dynasty VI, c2345-2323 BCE, Reign of Teti Provenance: Saqqara, Mastaba Tomb 240 of Kaemsenu, Priest of the Pyramids of Abusir, near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. At mouth of 11 meter shaft. Outriggers (roughly triangular shapes that are thicker amidships), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, rowlocks, bipod mast, shroud or stay holes, under gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, decorative papyriform ends (deeply carved bindings), mooring stake. Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1924-1926. Exact accession number unknown. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Flat, Far Right, Number 1), drawing from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.9. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 49.9; Porter and Moss 1981, 541; Tooley 1989, 135; Tooley 1995, 2829, Fig. 21.

229. EM CG 4886 (M2.6.a1.d1.e3.m3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Mid Dynasty VI, c2321-2287 BCE, Reign of Pepi I Provenance: Meir, Tomb A1 of Governor Niankh-PepyKem UE Nome 14 Length: 17.52 in/44.50 cm Beam: 5.75 in/14.60 cm Wood. Floor niche. Outriggers (raised rectangular projections), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, quarter rudder cable holes, landing and steering platforms, scow ends, light framed cabin (no top), posts (8, 1 lying on deck). Acquired 1894. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Far Left), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 442; Jones 1995, 27-28, Fig. 18 middle; Landström 1970, 55, no. 160; Moll 1929, AIV B.122; Petrie 1933b, 70, Fig. 74; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Poujade 1948, 28-30, Figs. 16-17, Pl. VI; Reisner 1913, 56-57, Pl. XIV, top; Tooley 1989, 11.

229

APPENDIX A

230. EM JE 56390 (M2.6.a1.e3.m3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit UE Nome 1 Wood. Dirt pit. Outrigger (raised rectangular projections), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, scow ends, quarter rudder oar, punt pole. Low cabin (slatted wooden roof), posts (6). Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56391, EM JE 56394, EMJE 56395. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Left, Top), drawings from Jéquier 1933, Fig. 20. Bibliography: Göttlicher 1978, 53, no. 272a; Jéquier 1933, 33-39, Fig. 20; Jones 1995, 28, Fig. 19; Landström 1970, 50, nos. 140-142; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 14-18, Fig. 7, 9, 10, Pl. II; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

231. EM JE 56391 (M2.6.a1.e3.m3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit UE Nome 1 Wood. Dirt pit. Outrigger (raised rectangular projections), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, scow ends, quarter rudder oar. Low cabin (slatted wooden roof), posts (12, red). Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 1931-1933. Sister to EM JE 56390, EM JE 56394, EMJE 56395. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Left Middle), photograph by author. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 33-39; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 14-18, Fig. 8; Tooley 1989, 7, 135; Tooley 1995, 54, Fig. 54, bottom.

232. EM JE 56394 (M2.6.a1.e3.m3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit UE Nome 1 Wood. Dirt pit. Outrigger (raised rectangular projections), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, scow ends, quarter rudder oar, oars (4), punt poles (2), mooring stake, mallets (2), extra shorter poles. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 19311933. Sister to EM JE 56390, EM JE 56391, EMJE 56395. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Right Bottom), photograph from Jéquier 1933, Pl. XXXIV bottom. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 33-39, Pl. XXXIV bottom; Jones 1995, 28, Fig. 19; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 18-20, Fig. 11, Pl. III; Tooley 1989, 7, 135.

230

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

233. EM JE 56395 (M2.6.a1.e3.m3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Late Dynasty VI, c2278-2184 BCE, Reign of Pepi II Provenance: Saqqara, Outside Pyramid of Queen Neit UE Nome 1 Wood. Dirt pit. Outrigger (raised rectangular projections), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, landing and steering platforms, scow ends, quarter rudder oar, oars (5), punt poles (2), mooring stake, mallets (2), extra shorter poles. Excavated by Gustave Jéquier, 19311933. Sister to EM JE 56390, EM JE 56391, EMJE 56394. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case A, Left Bottom), drawings from Jéquier 1933, Fig. 19. Bibliography: Jéquier 1933, 33-39, Fig. 19; Landström 1970, 47, nos. 127-128; Porter and Moss 1981, 432; Poujade 1948, 18-20, Fig. 11; Tooley 1989, 7, 135; Tooley 1995, 54, Fig. 54, top.

234. PAHMA 6-17160 (M2.6.a1.h2.i1.j8.l1.m3.n2) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Naga ed-Deir, Cemetery 3500, Tomb 672 UE Nome 8 Length: 49.21 in/125.00 cm Beam: 6.89 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.27 in/8.30 cm Wood. Outrigger (raised rectangular projections), solid white hull, hard chine, bipod mast evidence, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), wooden boot shaped mast partners with hollow back (2, red, partial, portions on deck with vertical parts missing), shroud or stay holes, on-gunwale quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1 cream, 1 missing), decorative papyriform bundle ends attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (top missing), lotus bud posts (6, 1 missing, 1 broken, black on bottom, cream on top), rectangular cabin (white) with two open doors toward bow (resembles coffin). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (4, 4 oars), servants (2, behind coffin). Excavated by George Reisner, 1903. Acquired 1903. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card; Tooley 1989, 136.

231

APPENDIX A

M2.7 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB) AND OUTRIGGERS (O)

235. EM CG 4887 (M2.7.b2.e3.h1.i4.j1.l1.m3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Old Kingdom, Mid Dynasty VI, c2321-2287 BCE, Reign of Pepi I Provenance: Meir, Tomb A1 of Governor Niankh-PepyKem UE Nome 14 Length: 18.70 in/47.50 cm Beam: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Wood. Floor niche. Deck beams (actual, 3), outrigger (raised rectangular projections), hollow hull, round bottom, landing and steering platforms, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam, deck beam mast partner, shroud or stay holes, mast crutch (round top stepped in stanchion hole), round bow and stern. Acquired 1894. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Far Right, partially obscured), drawings from Reisner 1913, Figs. 204, 205, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1895, 442; Jones 1995, 27-28, Fig. 18 Bottom; Landström 1970, 54, no. 147; Moll 1929, AIV B.123; Porter and Moss 1934, 247; Poujade 1948, 30-31, Fig. 18, Pl. VII; Reisner 1913, 57-58, Figs. 204, 205; Tooley 1989, 11.

232

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.8 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB) AND RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS)

236. RMS A.1921.1658 (M2.8.a2.d3.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p) Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2112 of Mertetes UE Nome 20 Length: 20.08 in/51.00 cm Beam: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Wood. East wall recess with full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rigging (yards, lines), sail (furled, rigging and sail are possible replacements), rudder oar (red), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details). Round canopy (yellow, white border, black and white animal hide shields), posts (4, creamy buff). Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, working lines), sitting punters or sailors (2). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to RMS A. 1921.1659. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 82.B.3; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 12; RMS Record Card; RMS 1921.

237. RMS A.1921.1659 (M2.8.a2.d3.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p) Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2112 of Mertetes UE Nome 20 Length: 21.02 in/53.40 cm Beam: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. East wall recess with full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two-beam mast partner (red), rigging (yards, lines), sail (furled), rudder oar (red), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details). Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, 8 oars, red with creamy buff blades). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to RMS A. 1921.1658. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 79.A.3; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 12; RMS Record Card; RMS 1921.

233

APPENDIX A

238. DM 1593-1 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2) Discovery Museum, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 1593 UE Nome 20 Length: 21.10 in/53.60 cm Beam: 3.31 in/8.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.20 in/5.60 cm Wood. With granary, bakery, and porter models. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (red), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details), pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Canopy (missing), posts (2 partial, 2 missing). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, one holding 2 black and white spotted hide leads that should be the hands of the pilot of this boat and its sister), sitting punters or sailors (2). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Originally in the Sunderland Museum. Sister to HM 1593-2. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Petrie and Brunton 1924, Pl. XXVIII; Tyne and Wear County Council 1976, 9.

239. HM 1593-2 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p) Hancock Museum, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 1593 UE Nome 20 Length: 20.87 in/53.00 cm Beam: 3.11 in/7.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.09 in/5.30 cm Wood. With granary, bakery, and porter models. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards), sail (unfurled), rudder oar (red), quiver (in quarter rudder stanchion hole, black and white spotted animal hide, red details), pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (8, rowlocks in body), Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. On loan from the Sunderland Museum. Sister to DM 1593-1. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Petrie and Brunton 1924, Pl. XXVIII.

234

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

240. VMEA VM 355 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p.r1) Victoria Museum for Egyptian Antiquities, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2107 UE Nome 20 Length: 21.26 in/54.00 cm Beam: 3.98 in/10.10 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Next to the coffin with full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rigging (lines, yards), sail (furled), cleats (4, painted, black), rudder oar (creamy buff), crutch (white), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details), mast pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Round canopy (yellow, black border, black and white animal hide shields), posts (6, red). Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (4, working lines), sitting punters or sailors (2). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt through Petrie. Acquired in the early 1920s. Sister to VMEA VM 356. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher 1978, 54, no. 276, Tbl. 21; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 11, Pl. XXXIX; Spanel 1985, 252, note 29; Troy, L, pers comm, 1997; VMEA Record Card.

241. VMEA VM 356 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p.r1) Victoria Museum for Egyptian Antiquities, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2107 UE Nome 20 Length: 19.29 in/49.00 cm Beam: 3.23 in/8.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.32 in/5.90 cm Wood. Next to the coffin with full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rigging (yards, lines), sail (furled), cleats (4, painted, black), rudder oar (creamy buff), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details), pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (8, 8 oars, creamy buff blades). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt through Petrie. Acquired in the early 1920s. Sister to VMEA VM 355. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Petrie and Brunton 11, Pl. XXXIX; Troy, L, pers comm, 1997; VMEA Record Card.

235

APPENDIX A 242. OIM 11492 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.o.p.r1) Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2105 UE Nome 20 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Beam: 3.39 in/8.60 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Niche on east side with kitchen, granary, porters, sister boat. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square shaped U with pin mast partners (red), rigging (top yard is connected to the mast by 8 topping lifts, a stay extends from the topmast to the bow, 3 backstays stretch from the yardarms and topmast aft, 2 braces are attached to the lower yardarms and several braces run from the topmast that serve no purpose), sail (unfurled, attached by its head and foot to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), cleats (6, painted, black), rudder oar (red), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details), slightly blunt pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Round canopy (yellow, white border, black and white animal hide shields), posts (4, red). Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (4, working lines), sitting punters or sailors (2, holding lines). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to OIM 11493. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 82.B.2, Pl. 74b; OIM Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 10, Pl. XXXIX. 243. OIM 11493 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.o.p.r1) Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2105 UE Nome 20 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Beam: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Wood. Niche on east side with kitchen, granary, porters, sister boat. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red with black bands), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square shaped U with pin mast partners (red), rigging (yards, lines), sail (furled), cleats (6, painted, black), rudder oar (red), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details), mast crutch (creamy buff), slightly blunt pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, 5 oars, red looms/shafts with creamy buff blades). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to OIM 11492. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 79.A.2, Pl. 71b; OIM Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 10, Pl. XXXIX.

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244. HMG 21.87 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.j4.k3) Horniman Museum and Gardens, Forest Hill, London, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2101 of Dudufi UE Nome 20 Length: 24.02 in/61.00 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. West side of coffin with full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow (red). Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), helmsman (missing), rowers (8). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Originally outfitted with a quiver and shields; sister’s location unknown. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: HMG Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 10.

245. PMEA UC31719 (M2.8.a2.f4) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment UE Nome 20 Length: 19.92 in/50.60 cm Beam: 3.76 in/9.55 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red). Crew missing but evidence suggests a minimum of three sailors onboard. Artifact badly damaged by white ants. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL.

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246. MLP E 284-N 1616 (M2.8.a2.d4.f7.g.h1.i2.j3) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Saqqara (human figures are from Saqqara) LE Nome 1 Length: 26.38 in/67.00 cm Beam: 6.26 in/15.90 cm Depth of Hold: 4.29 in/10.90 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), mooring stake at bow, pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Round canopy (white, checked and zigzag pattern that is colored off-white and green indicating woven fabric or reeds, with tubular pieces on sides representing rolled up woven shades with four white painted straps "holding" the shades up), posts (10, with 6 crossbraces), kneeling owner (on right knee with left raised, holding sensor) underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (facing wrong way), kneeling rowers (4, 4 oars), punter (with punt pole, in pilot position), sailor (facing wrong way, probably does not belong on model). Suggested provenance based on the design of the finely carved human figures and hull form by comparison to other models from Saqqara. Acquired from the Antoine Barthelmi Clot-Bey Collection, 1852. Documented in person, on exhibit, photographs by author. Bibliography: Boreux 1932, 178-179, Pl. XXIII, top; Breasted, Jr 1948, 80.A.11, Pl. 72a; MLP Record Card; Spanel 1985, 252, note 29.

247. Beni Hasan Antef 1 (M2.8.a1f4.g.i1.n2) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 1 of Court Official Antef UE Nome 16 Length: 42.00 in/106.68 cm Beam: 42.91 in/109.00 Wood. On coffin with complete tomb assemblage on coffin and floor. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf, solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oars (2, with tillers), thick decorative papyriform ends (creamy buff with thick painted black longitudinal and thick red around hull rope ties). Sitting helmsman (holding tillers), rowers (8, 8 oars). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. Acquired by Rev. William MacGregor after excavation. Sold at Sotheby’s, JuneJuly 1922. Sister to WML 55.82.3. Documented from photograph, Garstang 1907, Fig. 45.

photograph

from

Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 76.A.5; Garstang 1904, 220, 1a; Garstang 1907, 55, 58-60, 211.1.ii, Figs. 42, 45; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1922, 79, no. 623, Pl. XVIII; Tooley 1989, 44, Pl. 13.2.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

248. WML 55.82.3 (M2.8.a1f4.h2.i1.n2.o.p) World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 1 of Court Official Antef UE Nome 16 Length: 42.91 in/109.00 cm Wood. On coffin with complete tomb assemblage on coffin and floor. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf, solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, bipod mast (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, rigging (yards, 2, stay attached to the masthead), sail (unfurled), quarter rudder oars (2, with tillers), thick decorative papyriform ends (creamy buff with thick painted black longitudinal and thick red around hull rope ties). Square canopy (creamy buff, red border, open top covered with linen), lotus bud posts (4, creamy buff with wide light red bands). Standing pilot, sailors (3, raising sail), sitting helmsman (holding tillers), punters (2, with punt poles). The positions of the punters indicates the vessel is just leaving port and they are pushing off the bottom to get underway, while the sailors begin to raise the sail to head south on the Nile River, traveling upstream with the prevailing north wind. Excavated in 1902-1904 by John Garstang. From the School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies, UL, Liverpool, England. Acquired 1955. Sister to Beni Hasan Antef 1 . Similar canopy found on MRAHB E.7321. Documented in person, on exhibit,, photograph by author. Bibliography: Bienkowski and Southworth 1986, 38, cover and Pl.4; Bienkowski and Tooley 1995, 10, no. 11; Breasted, Jr 1948, 78.D.2; Garstang 1904: 220, 1b; Garstang 1907, 59-60, Fig 46, 211, 1i, frontispiece; Landström 1970, 92-92, no. 283; WML Record Card; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Tooley 1989, 44, 157, Pl. 13.2.

249. CIWA WOD.XL.00173 (M2.8.a2.d2.f1.j3,7.r1.t4) California Institute of World Archaeology-Senusret Collection, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, painted short beams with stringers (red) and wooden square U with pin (red) mast partners, cleats (painted, black), longitudinal and around deck bindings (black). Sailors (2) do no belong on the model. Repainted, original appearance of this model is impossible to determine. Documented from photograph, courtesy of The Virtual Egyptian Museum, ww.virtual-egyptian-museum.org. Bibliography: California Archaeology 2003a.

Institute

of

World

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250. RPM 29.252.1 (M2.8.a2.f7.i2.l1) Reading Public Museum, Reading, PA, USA Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 27.00 in/68.58 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.00 in/7.62 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff (mostly plaster surviving) hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (on deck), chest (yellow with black stripes), pointed bow. Mummiform owner with mummiform mourners (2). Standing pilot (in wrong place at stern, facing wrong way), sitting helmsman (in wrong place at bow, facing wrong way), rowers (2). Purchased from the American Art Association - Burnett Collection through the Wyomissing Foundation, 25 November 1929. Pastiche. Human figures are mismatched and from different models; bow and stern are being mistaken for each other. Zigzag line on hull (black) is a post-antiquity addition. Documented from photographs, photograph by Deborah Winkler of the Reading Public Museum. Bibliography: Amante, Reed, and Carlson (eds) 1986, 9; De Esch, V, pers comm, 2001; RPM Record Card.

251. MH 531 (M2.8.a1.f4) Marine House, Clephan Private Collection, Tynemouth, England Current Location Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush deck with stripe (red), decorative zigzag line at stern representing stitching (suggests elBersheh provenance), decorative papyriform bundle ends (missing, modern replacement on stern) with painted stitching. Pastiche human figures (6, comprised of an owner on chair, 1 helmsman, 1 paddler, 3 other figures). Suggested provenance based on comparisons with known el-Bersheh examples. Documented from photograph, Clephan 1907, no. 531.

photograph

from

Bibliography: Clephan 1907, 128-129, no. 531.

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252. MFA 21.872 (M2.8.a1.f4.h1.i1.j4.k7.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 25.00 in/63.50 cm Beam: 4.29 in/10.90 cm Depth of Hold: 3.11 in/7.90 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (fore and amidships with breaks, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), painted squareshaped U mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (creamy buff), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends with umbels (bordered in red with red rosettes), stern attached with mortise and tenon joint (corners edged in red), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white bordered with black, black zigzag line underneath). Rectangular canopy (white), lotus bud posts (4, red, white, black bands), bier (white) underneath representing owner. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), standing sailors (2), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

253. MFA 21.885 (M2.8.a1.f4.i1.k8.j4.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.56 in/57.30 cm Beam: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.39 in/8.30 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (fore, amidships, and aft with breaks, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), painted squareshaped U with pin mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends with painted stitching (red) and umbels (black and red rosettes), stern attached with mortise and tenon joint (currently detached), udjat eyes (2 pairs, both sides, black on white bordered with black and red zigzag lines). Rectangular canopy (white with red and blue lines), posts (4, missing). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), punter (detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

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254. MFA 21.889 (M2.8.a1.f4.i1.j4.k8.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.82 in/60.50 cm Beam: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.48 in/6.30 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (fore, amidships, and aft with breaks, red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, flush gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), painted squareshaped U with pin mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative papyriform bundle and finial ends with painted stitching (red) and umbels (black and red rosettes), stern attached with mortise and tenon joint, udjat eyes (2 pairs, both sides, black on white bordered with black and red zigzag lines). Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (5, 1 detached, 1 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

255. SAMA 86.138.663 (M2.8.a1.f5.g.i1.n2) San Antonio Museum of Art, San Antonio, TX, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (unknown number, red), raised central shelf, solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale and rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends (white) with thick stripes (red, black) and rosettes on ends (red, black, white), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white). Standing pilot (in wrong place at stern), helmsman (missing), rowers (8, facing wrong way; oars, 6 minimum). Acquired by a private collector from a New York or Syrian gallery. Acquired from a private Texas collection in the 1980s. Suggested provenance based on hull construction compared to other models from Asyut; human figures are not uniform but suggest an Asyut provenance. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of Roy Gary, San Antonio Museum of Art. Bibliography: Gary, R, pers comm, 2004.

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256. ÄMB Asyut (M2.8.a1.f5.h1.i1.j3.l1.n2) Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 38.19 in/97.00 cm Beam: 7.20 in/18.30 cm Depth of Hold: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (probably not original), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red, may not be original), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red, attached with wire nails, may not be original), shroud or stay holes, decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends (white) with stripes (light blue, brownish-yellow, red), around hull painted rope ties (blue, white, red), pinwheels (blue outlined in black) on ends, udjat eye (light blue and black on yellow outlined in black). Rectangular canopy (white with a light blue and yellow striped architrave), posts (4), sitting owner underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (5, 3 working lines), servant (under canopy). Formerly in Post Museum. Suggested provenance based on hull construction compared to other models from Asyut. Documented in person, on closed exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: ÄMB Record Card; Priese, K-H, pers comm 1998; Staatliche Museum zu Berlin, 1961, 50, Pl. 17.

257. MET S.8793 (M2.8.a1.f6.g.i1.j3.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb of Kemhotep UE Nome 13 Length: 24.80 in/63.00 cm Beam: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (red), solid bright creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, 1 detached, 1 missing), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), quarter rudder oars (2, red), oars (6), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black, white, and blue bordered in black), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends (white with blue and red lines). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (8, missing). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MET Record Card.

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258. MET S.8658 (M2.8.a1.f6.g.i1.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 2c of Shemes UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes (2), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends (white) with thick stripes (red, black) and rosettes on ends (red, black), around hull decorative ties (black, red). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (4, 4 missing). The artifact probably has a mast partner, but limited visibility prevents this determination. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author, artifact partially obscured. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395; Tooley 1989, 17, 146.

259. MET S.8657 (M2.8.a1.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 2c of Shemes UE Nome 13 Length: 25.98 in/66.00 cm Beam: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oar (1, 1 missing, red), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends. Square canopy (white bordered with cream, white architrave with red and black stripes), posts (4), owner and servant underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (holding tillers), standing sailors (5, 3 working lines). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395; MET Record Card;; Tooley 1989, 146.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

260. MFA 04.1779a-c (M2.8.a1.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 32.99in/83.80 cm Beam: 6.38 in/16.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 13, red), raised central shelf, solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (unstepped), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), quarter rudder oars (2, red, detached), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends. Rectangular canopy (white with red border) and striped (red) architrave, posts (4), mummiform male owner (underneath). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, working lines), servant (under canopy). Excavated by Émile Gaston Chassinat and Charles Palanque, 1903. Purchased by Albert M Lythgoe in Egypt through the Emily Esther Sears Fund, 1904. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Chassinat and Palanque 1911, 32; D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988, 101, Fig. 34; MFA Record Card.

261. MET S.8791 (M2.8.a1.f6.h1.j3,4.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 2b of Minhotep and Upuautemhat UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (red), solid creamy buff hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends (white) with thick stripes (red, black) and rosettes on ends (red, black), around hull decorative ties (black, red). Square canopy (broken, white with red border, architrave; posts are not ancient; canopy may not be original; two aft canopy holes may be quarter rudder stanchion holes), owner (missing). Sitting helmsman (in wrong place under canopy), standing pilot, standing sailors (4). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1908. Acquired 1908. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395; Tooley 1989, 17, 146.

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262. MET S.1210 (M2.8.a1.f6.i1.j3.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (red), solid creamy-buff hull, flat bottom, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends (white) with thick lines (blue, red) and rosettes on ends (red, black), decorative around hull rope ties (blue, red). Sitting helmsman, standing pilot, rowers (8). Acquired by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Egypt, 1900-1901.  Suggested provenance based on hull construction compared to other models from Asyut. Documented from photographs, model in Corsica and unavailable for study, drawing by author after Leospo and Fozzati 1992, Tav. X.6. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395, Tav. X.6; MET Record Card.

263. MET S.14815 (M2.8.a1.f6.i1.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6 survive, red), raised central shelf (red), solid brownish-yellow hull, flat bottom, hard chine, sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black on white, partially destroyed), decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends with stripes (trace of red, blue). Sitting helmsman, pilot missing, rowers (5, possibly 3 missing). Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1911-1913. Acquired 1913. Model probably had a painted mast partner that is no longer extant. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395; MET Record Card; Tooley 1989, 146.

246

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

264. MET S.14818 (M2.8.a2.d1.f4.g.i1.j3.n2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 18.50 in/47.00 cm Beam: 4.80 in/12.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf, solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable holes, quarter rudder stanchion holes (2), flush gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), ongunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black), blunt bow, rounded and blunt stern. Square canopy (detached, with architrave), post holes (4). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), crewmen (4, missing). The model builder appears to have begun creating decorative short blunt papyriform bundle ends but then changed his plan. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1911-1913. Acquired 1913. No crew survives. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MET Record Card.

265. IUAM 58.24 (M2.8.a2.f1.h1.i1.j3.l1.n2) Indiana University Art Museum, IU, Bloomington, IN, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Tomb 509 of Estate Owner Mentuhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 34.25 in/87.00 cm Beam: 6.81 in/17.30 cm Depth of Hold: 4.61 in/11.70 cm Wood (sycamore). In a jumble on the floor inside the tomb entrance. Deck beams (painted, 16, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (red with black bands near tip), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oars (2, damaged blades), decorative papyriform bundle with finial ends (dark green with carved rope ties; bow damaged, dark green; stern with bulb-like umbel, carved rope ties, creamy buff), fitted wooden block set into port forward gunwale; construction seen in other models. Sitting owner Mentuhotep (yellow chair). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), sailors (4), female mourner (in pilot’s position). Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Excavations, 1922-1923. Formerly MMA 26.3.156. Acquired by the MMA, 1926. Acquired as an Adams Gift from the MMA, 1958. Sister to MMA 26.3.155. Since these two sister models and a third (MMA 26.3.157) were found jumbled together, they may not have been re-assembled with the correct crew arrangements. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hayes 1953, 270-271; IUAM Record Card; Porter and Moss 1964, 651.

247

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266. MMA 26.3.155 (M2.8.a2.f1.i1.n2) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Tomb 509 of Estate Owner Mentuhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 45.28 in/115.00 cm Beam: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.16 in/13.10 cm Wood (sycamore). In a jumble on the floor inside the tomb entrance. Deck beams (painted, 16, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oars (2, port side has damaged blade), decorative papyriform bundle ends (white, carved green rope ties). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), sitting rowers (7), standing servants (male), owner as mummy (decorated with a broad collar colored yellow, red, blue, and black, blue hair, black facial features on coffin-like bier, white, with four small feet). Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Excavations, 1922-1923. Acquired 1926. Sister to IUAM 58.24. Since these two sister models and a third (MMA 26.3.157) were found jumbled together, they may not have been re-assembled with the correct crew arrangements. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hayes 1953, 270-271; MMA Record Card; Porter and Moss 1964, 651.

267. ÄMUL Inv. 37 (M2.8.a2.f7.h1.j3) Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 6 of Regulator of the Phyle and Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra, Harshefhotep I LE Nome 1 Length: 25.20 in/64.00 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Wood. On floor with 3 boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid dark brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with inner stripe (red), single mast, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), decorative papyriform bundle ends with umbels. Rectangular canopy (brownish-yellow top and white underneath), lotus bud posts (4), Harshefhotep sitting underneath (block-like red chair). Standing pilot, kneeling helmsman (with steering paddle), kneeling paddlers (8, hands carved to receive paddle shafts, some paddles). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer. Acquired 1902. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, drawing from Schäfer 1908, Abb. 117. Bibliography: ÄMUL Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 75.A.3; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl L.1; Krauspe 1976, 30, no. 42/2; Leibovitch 1967-1968, 14, Pl. II.B; Porter and Moss 1974, 346; Schäfer 1908, d, 73-74, Abb. 115-117; Tooley 1989, 58, 157-158.

248

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

268. ÄMUL Inv. 35 (M2.8.a2.f7.h1.j3.l1) Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 6 of Regulator of the Phyle and Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra, Harshefhotep I LE Nome 1 Length: 21.26 in/54.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Wood. On floor with 3 boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid dark brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, decorative papyriform bundle ends with umbels. Rectangular canopy (brownish-yellow top and white underneath), posts (3, 2 replacements, 1 original lotus bud), Harshefhotep sitting underneath (block-like red chair). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (5, 3 standing working lines, 2 sitting who may be punters). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer. Acquired 1902. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author, drawing from Schäfer 1908, Abb. 123. Bibliography: ÄMUL Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 77.B.2; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl XLIX.1; Krauspe 1976, 30, no. 43/1; Porter and Moss 1974, 346; Schäfer 1908, f, 76-78, Abb. 121-123; Tooley 1989, 58, 158 (misidentified as ÄMUL INV. 36 in this publication).

269. MAMM 469 (M2.8.b2.h1.i4.k3) Musée d’Archéologie Méditerranénne, Marseilles, France Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 5.47 in/13.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Deck beam (actual, 2, plastered white), raised central shelf (actual, fore, plastered white), hollow green hull, round bottom, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam, round bow and stern. Acquired from the Musée du Louvre, Paris, France. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XV.1; MAMM Record Card.

249

APPENDIX A

270. EM JE 46717 (M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.l1.n2.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c20161985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 51.97 in/132.00 cm Beam: 12.01 in/30.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.69 in/17.00 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor next to boat MMA 20.3.5. Deck beams (painted, 13, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (blue, white, red, brownish-yellow), single mast (broken), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, light green, falcon head tops painted black and red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, shroud or stay holes, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (brownish-yellow), rigging (yard, line) quarter rudder oars (2, light green and white loom (and shaft, light green blade, 2 tillers), mast crutch (white), hes vase (brownish-yellow representing animal hide, black zigzag lines on white background representing stitching) with hieroglyphs, decorative papyriform finial ends (brownish-yellow with black stitching on white representing attachments for waterproof leather) with umbels (decorative rope ties, blue, white, black, red) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (white with brownish-yellow top), lotus bud posts (4, light green with brownish-yellow bands), sitting Meket-Re (blue, red, white, brownish-yellow chair) underneath. Standing pilot, standing helmsmen (2), standing captain (both arms crossed over chest awaiting Meket-Re’s orders), sailors (9, working lines, 5 standing, 4 kneeling), vessel officers (2). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Yacht V. Sister to EM JE 46716, MMA 20.3.4, and MMA 20.3.5. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph and drawing from Winlock 1955, Pls. 47 and 80. Bibliography: Daressy 1925, 42; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 126; Jones 1995, 30-31, Fig. 22; Saleh and Sourouzian 1987, Pl. 75; Tooley 1989, 32, 162; Winlock 1920, 12-32; Winlock 1942, 22-29; Winlock 1955, 59-64, 99-100, Pls. 47, 55, 80.

250

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

271. MMA 20.3.4 (M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,13.l1.n2.o) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c20161985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 57.09 in/145.00 cm Beam: 11.22 in/28.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.30/16.00 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor under cattle inspection model and boat MMA 20.3.6, next to boat MMA 20.3.3. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red, blue, brownishyellow, white), single mast (green bands thin black and white lines near top), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, light green), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with pin mast partners, shroud or stay holes, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), rigging (2 spars, topping lifts, forestay, halyards), quarter rudder oars (2, light green and white loom and shaft, light green blade, 2 tillers), mast crutch (white), shroud or stay holes, mooring stakes (2, creamy buff), gangplank (creamy buff), hes vase (brownish-yellow representing animal hide, black zigzag lines on white background representing stitching) with hieroglyphs (including Meket-Re’s name), decorative papyriform finial ends (brownish-yellow with blue stitching on white representing attachments for waterproof leather) with umbels (decorative rope ties, blue, white, black) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (white with brownish-yellow top, architrave), lotus bud posts (4, light green with brownish-yellow bands), sitting Meket-Re (blue, red, white, brownish-yellow chair) with son In-yotef sitting at side underneath. Standing pilot (behind officers on starboard), standing helmsmen (3), standing captain (both arms crossed over chest at bow), sailors (10, 7 standing, 3 kneeling [probably 1 missing], working lines), punter (using punt pole), servants (2, male, offering bearers with bovine legs), vessel officers (3, 2 with sensors), scribe (with papyrus). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Yacht T. Sister to EM JE 46716, EM JE 46717, and MMA 20.3.5. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 77.B.3, Pl. 68b; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbls. XII, XXX; Hayes 1953, 270, Fig. 177; Hibbard 1980, 31, no. 44; Landström 1970, 92-93, no. 287; MMA Record Card; Tooley 1989, 32, 161-162; Tooley 1995, 14.4; Winlock 1920, 12-32; Winlock 1955, 59-64, 97-99, Pls. 45, 55, 78.

251

APPENDIX A

272. EM JE 46716 (M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c20161985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 54.73 in/139.00 cm Beam: 9.84 in/25.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor between boats EM JE 46719 and MMA 20.3.5. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red, blue, brownishyellow, white), single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, light green), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oars (2, light green and white loom and shaft, light green blade, 2 tillers), mast crutch (white), mooring stakes (2, creamy buff), mallet (red), gangplank (creamy buff), hes vase (brownish-yellow representing animal hide, black zigzag lines on white background representing stitching) with hieroglyphs (including Meket-Re’s name), decorative papyriform finial ends (brownish-yellow with black stitching on white representing attachments for waterproof leather) with umbels (decorative rope ties, blue and white) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (white with brownish-yellow top, architrave), lotus bud posts (4, light green with brownish-yellow bands), sitting Meket-Re (blue, red, white, brownish-yellow chair) with son In-yotef sitting at side underneath. Standing pilot (with sensor that may not belong in his hand), standing helmsmen (2), standing captain (both arms crossed over chest behind pilot), kneeling paddlers (16, holding black paddles with red band representing rope attachments), vessel officers (3, 1 with one arm crossed over chest with sensor, 1 with both arms crossed over chest). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Yacht U. Sister to EM JE 46717, MMA 20.3.4, and MMA 20.3.5. Documented in person (Room 27), photograph by author, drawing from Winlock 1955, Pl. 79, Bibliography: Daressy 1925, 42; Landström 1970, 9293, no. 287; Saleh and Sourouzian 1987, Pl. 75; Tooley 1989, 32, 161; Tooley 1995, 55, Pl. 56; Vinson 1994, 30-31, Fig. 19; Winlock 1920, 12-32; Winlock 1942, 22-29; Winlock 1955, 59-64, Pls. 46, 55, 79.

252

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

273. MMA 20.3.5 (M2.8.a2.d1.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.n2) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c20161985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 52.17 in/132.50 cm Beam: 12.01 in/30.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.70 in/17.00 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor between boats EM JE 46716 and EM JE 46717. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light green hull, round bottom, quarter rudder cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red, blue, white, brownish-yellow), single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, light green, falcon head tops painted black and red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), quarter rudder oars (2, light green and white loom and shaft, light green blade, 2 tillers), mast crutch (white), hes vase (brownish-yellow representing animal hide, black zigzag lines on white background representing stitching) with hieroglyphs, decorative papyriform ends (brownish-yellow with black stitching on white representing attachments for waterproof leather) with umbels (decorative rope ties, blue, white, black, red) attached with mortise and tenon joints. Rectangular canopy (white with brownish-yellow top, architrave), lotus bud posts (4, light green with brownish-yellow bands), sitting Meket-Re (blue, red, white, brownish-yellow chair) underneath. Standing pilot, standing helmsmen (2), standing captain (both arms crossed over chest awaiting Meket-Re’s orders), kneeling paddlers (16, holding black paddles with red band representing rope attachments), vessel officer (with sensor). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Yacht W. Sister to EM JE 46716, EM JE 46717, and MMA 20.3.4. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 76.A.4, Pl. 66b; Casson 1971, no. 10; MMA Record Card; Moll 1929, A IVd.179; Tooley 1989, 32, 162; Winlock 1920, 12-32, Fig. 21; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Pl. 28, Bottom; Winlock 1955, 59-64, Pls. 48, 55, 81.

253

APPENDIX A

274. MMA 20.3.6 (M2.8.a2.f7.h1.i1.j3,12.l1.n5) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c20161985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 45.08 in/114.50 cm Beam: 9.25 in/23.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on its side on top of boats MMA 20.3.1 and MMA 20.3.4, under cattle inspection model. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid black hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (short and mast hole never cut), quarter rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, shroud or stay holes, on-hull crutch quarter rudder oar support (red), mast crutch (white), quarter rudder oar (red and white loom and shaft, red blade), clap net poles (8, black, sharpened at one end to stick in the Nile River mud, attached to both sides of canopy), clap net pegs (9, black), gently rounded bow, round knob-like stern. Round canopy (white, red border, green cross-hatching representing woven fabric or reeds, black and white spotted shields with red details indicating stitching attachments), posts (10, with 8 cross-braces, red). Sitting Meket-Re (brownish-yellow block-like chair on blue and red platform) with son In-yotef sitting at side in front of canopy. Standing pilot (was holding a forked punt pole when found), sitting helmsman, paddlers (6, holding black paddles with white band representing rope attachments), vessel officer (with sensor), male servants (5, 2 throwing harpoons for fishing, 2 processing fish, 1 carrying birds), female servant (dressed colorfully, wearing jewelry, presenting birds to Meket-Re). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Sporting Boat X. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Winlock 1955, Pl. 51. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.D.1, Pl. 78a; Ceram 1958, 157, photographic negative flipped; Götlicher 1978, 53, no. 272B; Hayes 1953, 269, Fig. 176; Jones 1995, 30-31, Fig. 23; Landström 1970, 88-89, no. 271; MMA Record Card; Moll 1929, A IVd.150; Tooley 1989, 32; Winlock 1920: 12-32, Fig. 23; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Pl. 29 Middle; Winlock 1955, 64-67, Pls. 51, 55, 82.

254

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

275. RMO F 1939/1.2 (M2.8.a2.d4.f4.h1.i2.l1) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 29.72 in/75.50 cm Beam: 4.96 in/12.60 cm Depth of Hold: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light brownish-yellow hull, rudder oar cable holes and stern rudder oar indent, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole (currently containing a mast), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Round canopy (white with white and black spotted shields), posts (6, red), sitting male owner underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (in wrong place in front of canopy), standing sailors (4, 2 that are actually priests or of a high social rank based on their light skin and clothing). Pastiche; standing figures probably originated from Sedment based on their design and the presence of two priests acting as sailors. From the Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection, number H.130. Acquired 1939. ElBersheh provenance not definite but there is no evidence to suggest that this attribution is incorrect, at least pertaining to the hull. This boat may be from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s 1900 excavations since von Bissing was in Egypt from 1897-1901. Documented in person, on special exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 28; RMO Record Card.

276. RMO AH 187 (M2.8.a2.f7.h1.i2.k5) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, only 1 clearly evident, red), raised central shelf (painted, amidships, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole (currently stepped with a red quarter rudder oar stanchion with falcon top), rudder oar stanchion (light brown), hes vase (red), pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering), rounded stern. Round canopy (yellow, with white and black hide spotted shields outlined with red), posts (4, very short and broken off; may originally have been 6), sitting male mummiform owner (red chair, in front of canopy). Standing pilot (misplaced at the stern), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (2), sitting rowers (2, on red benches), standing servant or scribe, priest (in the pilot position). From the Giovanni Anastasi Collection. Anastasi purchased antiquities in Thebes and Saqqara. Acquired by the Dutch government, 1828. Documented in person, on special exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 80.A.13-81; Boeser 1905-1932, III, Pl. IX, text 4, no. 10; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 8; RMO Record Card.

255

APPENDIX A

277. EM JE 4811 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Gebelein UE Nome 4 Length: 24.02 in/61.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (green, white, red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, white, green, red bands, with falcon heads), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support, quarter rudder oar (1, 1 missing, white, black, and green falcon head top, red and green shaft with small bands of white and black; red, green, yellow, white, and black blade decorated with udjat eyes, lotus flowers), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black), decorative papyriform ends (yellow, with carved raised rope ties. Rectangular canopy (green), lotus bud posts (4, white, red, green bands), bier (white with green border, 2 lion heads) supporting the male owner as a mummy (white, green, black) underneath. Wailing woman, priests or mourners (4, indicated by kilt), male servant. Figure on chair not original to model. Discovered by peasants. Acquired 1885. Reisner questioned Gebelein provenance with good reason, since it is unlike any other Gebelein model known and was discovered in uncontrolled conditions. In the Egyptian Museum inventory this model is dated to the Roman Period. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Top Left), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. V, Top; woman not depicted in photograph, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1886, XI; Reisner 1913, 17-18, Pl. V, top). 278. EM CG 4799 (M2.8.b2.d2.g.h1.i2.j7.r1.t1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 69.29 in/176 cm Beam: 8.27 in/21.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 14, red; painted fore and aft, 5, red), raised central shelf (actual, with notches carved out for deck beams, red; painted fore and aft, red), hollow red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, wooden square U with pin mast partner, cleats (painted, 10, black), longitudinal bindings (black, fore, along midline), gently pointed bow with (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering), rounded stern. Originally carried helmsman, pilot, and rowers (30). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Documented from photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. I, Middle, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 75, no. 224; Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 784; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 287 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 4-5, Pl. I, Middle.

256

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

279. MAF N.Inv. 6968 (M2.8.a2.f4.g.h1.i4.k3.n4) Museo Archeologico Firenze, Firenze, Italy Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Wood. Deck beams (actual, 1; painted, 1, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, red), hollow red hull (decking at bow), round hull, flush gunwale with stripe (red, forward), rowlocks, single mast (in wrong place aft), rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam (stanchion in wrong place forward), stern fork attachment rudder oar support (missing), blunt bow (black, probably representing a water-proof leather covering), slightly blunt stern. Crew missing, paddles or oars (2). Central portion of the model is very rough-hewn and uneven, possibly partially eaten out and damaged by white ants or some other insect. Provenance based on bow configuration and color when compared to models from el-Bersheh like BM EA 35291 and EM CG 4951. Documented from photograph, photograph by and courtesy of Dan Diffendale. Bibliography: Rosati, G, pers comm, 2004.

280. BM EA 34274 (M2.8.a2.f8.h1.j3.n4.r1.s3.t5) Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit E of Sepa II, North Chamber UE Nome 15 Length: 34.75 in/88.20 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.00 in/10.20 cm Wood. On floor between coffin and wall with boats EM CG 4951 and EM CG 4953. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid red hull, round bottom (plinth stand), raised bulwark/gunwale with stern slashes, single mast (red, black bands), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), stern fork attachment rudder oar support (red with black stripes), cleats (painted, 8, black), fork end bowsprit (red with white tip), athwartships and around deck bindings (fore, port, starboard, black), rudder oar (placed at bow, white loom and near blade, red shaft, red blade), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering), round stern. Sitting mummiform male owner (in helmsman position). Standing pilot (tending rudder oar at bow), sitting helmsman (in wrong place amidships), standing rowers (12, 2 mismatched oars), cloaked male mourner (amidships). Acquired 1901. Probably excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December 1897, or Ahmed Bey Kamal, April-May 1900. Provenance based on comparison to a drawing from Daressy’s 1897 elBersheh excavations, but the model was “augmented” with additional rowers and the removal of the canopy before its purchase by the British Museum. This type of augmentation resembles additions to models excavated by Kamal. Rudder oar stanchion or hole is noticeably lacking; the hole may be under the owner figure. Documented from photograph, model not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. VIIIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 29, Fig. 2; Glanville 1972, 41-43, Pl. VIIIa; Kamal 1901, 17-20, 37-42; Tooley 1989, 154.

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281. BM EA 35204 (M2.8.a2.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2.o.p) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb near Sepa III UE Nome 15 Length: 29.50 in/75.80 cm Beam: 8.75 in/22.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid dark green hull with yellow ends, round bottom (plinth stand), sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red, green), single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, replacements, red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), rigging (2 yards, top yard is connected to the mast by 8 topping lifts inserted through the masthead, 1 forestay and 1 backstay tied to finials, 2 braces stretch from the lower yardarms to the quarter rudder oar stanchions, 10 clew lines held by 10 crew), sail (unfurled, attached by its head and foot to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), quarter rudder oars (2, replacements, dark brown shafts, dark brown and light blue blades), oars (2), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black), decorative papyriform finial ends (yellow, carved and raised rope ties; attached incorrectly since the stern finial is at the bow and the bow finial is at the stern). Standing helmsman, pilot (missing, but likely is one of the sailors), standing sailors (10, working lines). Acquired 1901. This artifact is the sailing version of EM CG 4948 and I consider it a sister. Georges Daressy (1901) did not publish this model when he documented EM CG 4948 in situ. While apparently BM EA 35204 is not from Sepa III’s tomb, it could have been made by the same person or shop and excavated by Daressy (or clandestinely removed from a tomb without his knowledge and sold) in November-December 1897. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. VIIIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 43-46, Pl. VIIIb.

282. EM CG 4948 (M2.8.a2.f6.h1.i1.j3.n2.o.p) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit E of Sepa III, South Chamber UE Nome 15 Length: 31.50 in/80.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. On coffin with boats EM CG 4947, EM CG 4949, and other models. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid dark green hull with yellow ends, round bottom (plinth stand), sharp edged raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (white, red, green), single mast, quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, yellow), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red), rigging (bits of line), sail (much damaged), quarter rudder oars (2, red shaft with white loom and band; flower decorated red and white blade), oars (2), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black), decorative papyriform finial ends (yellow, carved and raised rope ties). Rectangular canopy (yellow), lotus bud posts (4, yellow), bier (yellow, 2 lion heads with green hair, lion legs) and Sepa III as mummy (white, green, black) underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (7, working lines), priest (with sensor over mummy), male mourner (cloaked). Excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December 1897. Acquired 1898. EM CG 4948’s similarity to BM EA 35204 and date of acquisition strongly suggests a close relationship between these boats. Documented in person, on exhibit near royal mummy room, photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XXII top, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo.. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 70.2.12; Daressy 1900, 36-37, h, Fig. 1; Landström 1970, 92, no. 276; Reisner 1913, 100-101, Pl. XXII top; Tooley 1989, 64, 139.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

283. ÄMB 14 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1.j3.n2) Destroyed in World War II Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Asasif, Cemetery 600, Tomb of Steward Mentuhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 34.25 in/87.00 cm Beam: 6.69 in/17.00 cm Wood. On floor next to coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid green hull with blue ends, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with painted stripes (blue, white, red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, originally blue, falcon head tops), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (green, red, falcon heads on ends), quarter rudder oars (2, 2 tillers, green shafts, black bands near blade connection possibly representing leather; blades decorated with lotus flowers, rosettes, udjat eyes, blue, green, white, red, black), udjat eyes (2, both sides, blue, red, white, black on yellow, yellow squares fore and aft), decorative papyriform finial ends (yellow). Rectangular canopy (white with yellow border, small architrave), lotus bud posts (6, green, red, black, white bands and lines supported by bier) bier (white, with lion legs), owner Mentuhotep as mummy (white, blue, red, yellow, black, with pharaonic beard). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (holding cross bar connecting tillers), servant (tending dead bull offering), female mourners (2, Isis and Nephthys as labeled by hieroglyphs), male mourners (4), priest or more probably a scribe (with tablet) because the figure has hair and red skin as indicators of a lower class. Excavated by Giuseppe Passalacqua, 1823. Acquired by Prussia’s Friedrich Wilhelm IV for the Königslichen Museum Berlin, 1828. Acquired 1899. Destroyed. From the same tomb as ÄMB 12. Documented from drawing, drawing from Steindorff 1896, Taf. IX. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 69.2.6, Pl. 64b; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 222-223; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XIII.3, XXIX; Porter and Moss 1964, 623; Priese, K-H, pers comm 1998; Prisse d’Avennes 1868-1878, Pl. II.61; Ranke 1936, no. 90; Reeves 2000, 28; Steindorff 1896, 32, 34, 37-39, Taf. IX-X; Tooley 1989, 63, 138; Tooley 1995, 15, Fig. 5.

284. EM CG 4847 (M2.8.a1.f7.i1.j3.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Anti UE Nome 14 Length: 22.64 in/57.50 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light green hull, flat bottom, hard chine, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder stanchions (2, white and red, falcon head tops, green, white, red; too tall for this model; probably replacements), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (blue), decorative papyriform finial ends (greenish-blue). Rectangular canopy (white with black and blue leopard decoration), lotus bud posts (4, red, green black, white bands), coffin (yellow, green, white, black with hieroglyphs) with four feet representing owner Anti underneath. Helmsman (missing), pilot (missing), male servants (5, figure with arms outstretched may be pilot). Canopy and posts are not original to the model. Documented in person, on special exhibit at Cairo Airport, photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. IX top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1934, 258; Reisner 1913, 34-37, Pl. IX, top; Tooley 1989, 137.

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285. ÄMUL Inv. 4415 (M2.8.a2.f1) Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Clay. Deck beams (actual, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, red), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale. Broken in two, repaired. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author.

286. BMA 08.480.21 (M2.8.2.f7.g.h1.i1.j3.o.p) Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 33.07 in/84.00 cm Beam: 7.17 in/18.20 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 13, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rowlocks, single mast (black bands), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red, too large for this model, not original), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (yards and lines, lines not ancient), sail (replacement), large falcon heads (bow and stern, black and white, not original, facing wrong way), gently pointed bow and stern (brownish yellow). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (facing wrong way), rowers (6, 2 detached, 6 oars), cloaked mourner or mummiform owner. Pastiche. Acquired from Mrs Aimee S de Potter, Asheville, NC, USA, in 1908. BMA Record Card recognized the model’s uniqueness and questioned its authenticity. Correspondence with the Royal Ontario Museum (8 September, 1943) pertains to that institution’s concern over the authenticity of boat model ROM 910.18.2 that is considered a forgery in this study. An ultraviolet light test on BMA 08.480.21 (September 1962) determined that the model “seemed” ancient (correct), the falcon heads are ancient but do not belong on the model (correct), the human figures are ancient but have been plastered on recently (correct) and may or may not be original to the boat, and that the mast, sail, oars, and quarter rudder oar stanchions are additions (but all are ancient except the sail). I suggest the ancient model maker’s original intent was to create a funerary barque with decorative papyriform finial ends. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Anonymous 1943; BMA Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

287. EM CG 4803 (M2.8.a2.f7.h1.i1.j3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 30.71 in/78.00 cm Beam: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid deep bluish-green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (creamy buff), single mast hole (mast in place when cataloged), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red, black lines), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), decorative papyriform bundle ends (short, round, knoblike nearly horizontal projections). Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (5), scribe (tablet under arm). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Bottom Left, Back), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. III Top), courtesy of The Egyptian Msuem, Cairo. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XXXII.8, XXXIII.4; Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 783; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 286 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 8-9, Pl. III Top; Tooley 1989, 160.

288. EM JE 42943 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 39.76 in/101.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid blue hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red, white, blue, black stitching), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, blue, one replaced with no paint), stylized decorative papyriform ends (upward and outward at a 90-degree angle). Mummiform owner, male mourners (11). Sitting helmsman. Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Bottom Middle, Back), photograph by author. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 92-93, no. 290; Kamal 1914, 57-58.

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APPENDIX A

289. REM RC 480 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1) Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 21.10 in/53.60 cm Beam: 5.43 in/13.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid green hull with white ends and decorative rope ties (red, blue, white), round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwales with stripes (red, white), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red, too large for this model and not original), quarter rudder oar (red shaft with black bands, red blade tipped in black), decorative papyriform finial ends (brown and black stern finial on bow, bow finial missing). Rectangular canopy (brown top, light blue architrave and underneath), lotus bud posts (4, mismatched, 3 with white, black, and red bands with black buds, 1 with white and red bands with a light blue bud), coffin (cream with black hieroglyphs) representing owner underneath. Standing pilot (at the stern), sitting helmsman (in wrong place at bow), female mourner or goddess, male servants (2, one standing, one sitting), cloaked male mourner. Pastiche figures, possibly canopy. Collected by Frederick George HiltonPrice prior to 1897. Meir attribution by Hilton-Price. Purchased from the Hilton-Price Collection, July 12-21, 1911, by William Randolph Hearst. Hearst offered this artifact at a Sotheby’s auction, July 1939. Acquired May 1940 from Spink and Son, London. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 137-138, 237; Hilton-Price 1897, 227, no. 2067; REM Record Card; Sotheby and Company 1939; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1911, 102, no. 805

290. EM CG 4851 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1.j3.n2.t2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Wah-Hotep UE Nome 14 Length: 33.27 in/84.50 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid green hull with blue ends, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (red, blue, yellow, green), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, blue and white with red and black lines at bottom, one on deck), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (missing), athwartships deck reinforcement bindings (aft, black), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black, blue, and white on yellow), decorative papyriform ends (missing). Rectangular canopy (white with yellow border), posts (4, mismatched, 3 with white, black, and red bands, 1 with green, black, and red bands with white lines with a white bud), coffin representing Wah-hotep (yellow with green and white border, black hieroglyphic inscription including Wah-hotep’s name, fastened with nails) underneath. Helmsman (missing), pilot (missing), priest, male mourners (9). Pastiche, coffin, parts of canopy and posts, and some mourners probably not original to the model; placed on boat at Egyptian Museum prior to exhibit. Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1893. Acquired 1893. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Bottom Middle, Front), photograph by author. Bibliography: Legrain 1900, 65; Reisner 1913, 37-40, Pl. X top; Tooley 1989, 137.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

291. BM EA 9525 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1.n1) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Length: 30.50 in/77.50 cm Beam: 5.25 in/13.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Reportedly found in the same tomb as BM EA 9524 and a granary. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf, solid light green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (blue, red, white outlined in black, black stitching fore and aft), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, green with blue and yellow falcon head tops), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (red with white bands bordered in black with green ends and blue and yellow falcon heads), quarter rudder oars (2, green looms, white and green shafts and blade, blade decorated with flowers, blue and yellow falcon head tops), udjat eyes (2, black and white, black border, yellow squares), hes vase (white, red), jars (2, red and black), decorative papyriform finial ends (yellow). Rectangular canopy (yellow top with blue border, white underneath with yellow longitudinal and athwartships bars representing fabric supports, blue, red, and green architrave), papyrus bud posts (4, green), bier (yellow, blue border with blue, red, green, and white striped decoration underneath, lion legs), mummy (white, blue, red, green, black) representing owner underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (holding tiller), priest (with scroll), female mourners (2, possibly Isis and Nephthys). From the Henry Salt Collection, sold at Sotheby’s, 1835. Acquired 1835. Thebes attribution from publication; I agree with this attribution based on comparison with other known Theban examples, particularly the models of Steward Mentuhotep (ÄMB 12, ÄMB 14). Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IIIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 70.2.10, Pl. 66a; British Museum 1922, 117, no. 62; British Museum 1930, 151, Pl. 79; Ceram 1958, 156; Glanville 1972, frontispiece, 11, n. 2, 13-16, Pl. IIIb; Jones 1995, cover, 48; Landström 1970, 92-93, nos. 288-289; Sotheby and Son 1835, Lot 514; Tooley 1989, 137-138.

292. BM EA 9524 (M2.8.a2.f7.i1.n2.r1.t3) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Length: 26.25 in/66.70 cm Beam: 5.75 in/14.60 cm Depth of Hold: 4.00 in/10.20 cm Wood. Reportedly found in the same tomb as BM EA 9525 and a granary. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid light green hull with blue ends, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, red, green, blue feather “rishi” design, yellow, blue, black falcon head tops), on-gunwale crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (green, with blue and yellow falcon heads), cleats (10, painted, black), around deck reinforcement bindings (black), quarter rudder oars (2, 2 tillers, white looms, green and white shafts, green, white, yellow, and black blade decorated with flowers and udjat eyes, blue and yellow falcon head tops), udjat eyes (2, both sides, black and white, black border on yellow), table (white), jars (3 originally, 1 missing, red and black, on table), stylized decorative papyriform finial ends (yellow). Rectangular canopy (white with yellow border, blue, red, green, white, and yellow architrave), lotus bud posts (4, yellow, green, blue, red bands with white lines bordered in black with blue buds), bier (blue on top with black leather supports underside, lion legs), mummy (white, blue, yellow) representing owner underneath. Sitting helmsman (holding tillers), female mourners (2, possibly Isis and Nephthys). From the Henry Salt Collection, sold at Sotheby’s, 1835. Acquired 1835. Theban attribution from publication; I agree with this attribution based on comparison with other known Theban examples, particularly the models of Steward Mentuhotep (ÄMB 12, ÄMB 14). Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IIIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 70.2.9, Pl. 65a; British Museum 1922, 117, no. 61; Glanville 1972, 10-13, Pl. IIIa; Jones 1995, 48, Pl. VII; Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 269; Sotheby and Son 1835; Tooley 1989, 137-138.

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293. Helwan 132H (M2.8.b2.g.s1) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Helwan, Grave 132H LE Nome 13 Clay. Deck beams (actual, 4), raised central shelf (actual), hollow hull, round bottom, rowlocks, round end bowsprit, gently pointed bow. Stern missing, bottom damaged. Excavated by Zaki Saad, 1943-1944. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Saad 1969, Pl. 104. Bibliography: Saad 1947, 112; Saad 1969, 70, Pl. 104; Vinson 1987, 172.

294. MET S.14819 (M2.8.a2) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Wood. Deck beams (actual 1; painted, unknown number, very faint red), raised central shelf (painted, very faint red), solid hull, round bottom, decorative papyriform finial ends (missing, evidence of broken finials). Possibly had 12 rowers or paddlers. Excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1911-1913. Acquired 1913. Damaged ends, some damage to deck; unable to ascertain if the model had steering gear. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MET Record Card.

264

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.9 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB) AND REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS)

295. MRAHB E.5798/a (M2.9.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.l1.o.p.q3.r1) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 374 UE Nome 20 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 5.20 in/13.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.72 in/6.90 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes (with rope), flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, rigging (yards), sail (unfurled), cleats (painted, 4, black), rudder oar (creamy buff, sitting on deck), shields (white with black spotted animal hide), quiver (white with black spotted animal hide), pointed bow. Square canopy (brownish-yellow), posts (4, red). Standing pilot (holding lead, black and white spotted hide), sitting helmsman (facing starboard), sailors (4 standing with feet painted on deck; 2 sitting). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to MRAHB E.5798/b. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Göttlicher 1978, 54, no. 277, Tbl. 21; Petrie and Brunton 1924, Distribution List; Spanel 1985, 252, note 29; Tooley 1989, 50.

296. MRAHB E.5798/b (M2.9.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.l1.o.p.q3.r1) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 374 UE Nome 20 Length: 24.61 in/62.50 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes (with rope), flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (black bands), rudder oar stanchion (red), shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (creamy buff), rigging (2 yards), sail (furled), cleats (painted, 4, black), quiver (white with black and red slashes indicated sewing, red at top, red blades), pointed bow. Sitting helmsman (facing starboard), standing pilot, rowers (8, rowlocks in body for oars, possibly 2 rowers missing). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to MRAHB E.5798/a. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. Acquired 1921. Sister to MRAHB E.5798/a. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, Distribution List; Tooley 1989, 50.

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APPENDIX A

297. PMEA UC16167 (M2.9.b2.d2.h1.i2.j7.l1.o.p.q3) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 1729 UE Nome 20 Length: 24.61 in/62.50 cm Beam: 8.07 in/20.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 7), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red, unattached), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, rigging (yard and line), sail (furled), rudder oar (attached to rudder oar stanchion with rope, red), fishing nets, pointed bow. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Documented in person at the Richard and Helena Jaeschke conservation lab at Bydown Cottages in Devon, England, photograph by author. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 70, no. 204; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 7, Pls. XXVI, XXIX; Petrie 1933a, 8-9, Fig. 27; PMEA Record Card.

298. MMEL E.966 (M2.9.a2.f7.i2.q1) Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Asyut/el-Bersheh UE Nome 13/UE Nome 14 Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Beam: 4.41 in/11.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red outlined in black), reinforced stern structure (very small block stern), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, dead bird (apparently used as a bowsprit), pointed bow. Cabin (yellow, black and red border around peaked roof, attached with wire nails), sitting owner and servant inside. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (4, 3 standing, 1 sitting). Pastiche figures. From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection. Acquired 1931. A modern attempt at “conservation” or “restoration” created plaster feet for the crew. Plaster has caused great damage. Similar plaster feet additions are found on boat models MRAHB E.7321, MRAHB E.7519, MMEL E.963, MMEL E.965, and Périchon-Bey Asyut/elBersheh , also from the Périchon-Bey Collection.  Suggested provenance based on hull construction. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 82.B.8; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, XV.3; MMEL Record Card.

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299. BM EA 50695 (M2.9.b2.h1.j14.q4.s2) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 11.42 in/29.00 cm Width: 15.51 in/4.00 cm Clay. Deck beams (actual, 2), hollow hull, round bottom, single mast hole, wooden knees in hull bottom on the midline mast partner, bowsprit with cleft end (sewn attachments), pointed bow, raised stern, individual outer hull planks evident. Acquired from antiquities dealer Mohamed Mohassib, 1912. Documented from photograph, drawings by author after Landström 1970, no. 272. Bibliography: BM Record Card; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 204; Landström 1970, 88-89, no. 272; Moll 1929, no. 91; Parkinson, R, pers comm, 2005.

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M2.10 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), AND REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS)

300. RMSR SED 44 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.k2.o.p.q1.r1) Rochdale Museums Service, Rochdale, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2100 UE Nome 20 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.29 in/10.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.72 in/6.90 cm Wood. Broken, scattered, with servant statues. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (fore and aft, painted, red), reinforced stern structure (very small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red; in photograph it is leaning against the stern), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), yards with lines, furled sail, cleats (6, painted, black), mast crutch (white), pointed bow (black, possibly representing leather water-proofing). Sitting helmsman (not attached), standing pilot, rowers (2, facing wrong way), sailors (2). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton for the British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1920-1921. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Petrie and Brunton 1924, 10, Pl. XXXIX; RMSR Record Card.

301. NMK 7546 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j6.k2.q3) National Museum, Kopenhagen, Denmark First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2127 of Nekht-Kauy UE Nome 20 Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Wood. On top of coffin with complete model group. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid dark creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion (red), flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, wooden U with pin mast partner (red), rudder oar (tiller, dark creamy buff), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, sailors (6, 4 standing, 2 sitting). An extra quiver on NMK 7547 belongs on this boat. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. Acquired 1921. Sister to NMK 7547. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 82.B.4; NMK Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, Pl. XXXIX.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

302. NMK 7547 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j6.k2.q3) National Museum, Kopenhagen, Denmark First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2127 of Nekht-Kauy UE Nome 20 Length: 25.20 in/64.00 cm Wood. On top of coffin with complete model group. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid dark creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion hole, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, wooden U with pin mast partner (red), mast crutch (white, stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole), quiver (white with black spots and red and black stitching), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (dark creamy buff), posts (4). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (8, 5 oars minimum, rowlocks in bodies). An extra quiver on this boat belongs on NMK 7546. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. Acquired 1921. Sister to NMK 7546. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 79.A.4 (wrong accession number cited); Göttlicher 1978, 54, no. 274, tbl. 21 (incorrect provenance cited); Göttlicher 1985, 25, Abb .9; NMK Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, Pl. XXXIX; Spanel 1985, 252, n. 29.

303. FMNH 30100 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.k2.q3) Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty IX Provenance: Meir, UE Nome 14 Wood. Deck Beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion hole (currently a yard or short mast with black, red, and white bands is stepped into the hole), flush gunwale with stripe (red), pointed bow. Bier (brownish-yellow with lion legs) with mummy (white, brownish-yellow, black) representing the owner. Sitting pilot, sitting helmsman, male mourners or priests (4). Human figures, mummy, and bier pastiche. Acquired by Edward Ayer from Émile Brugsch Bey in Egypt, 1895.  Suggested provenance not strong; simply based on date of acquisition and proliferation of boat models from Meir at that time. Documented in person, on exhibit (in Dahshur boat display), photograph by author. Bibliography: Bronson, B, pers comm, 1999.

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304. VMEA VM B228 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.l1.q3) Victoria Museum for Egyptian Antiquities, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment UE Nome 20 Length: 25.20 in/64.00 cm Beam: 4.37 in/11.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, red, 6), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid brownish-yellow hull, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, shroud or stay holes, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), mast crutch (white), chair (white), pointed bow (black, probably representing water-proof leather). Sitting helmsman, standing pilot, rowers (facing wrong way) or sitting sailors. Acquired by Torgny Säve-Söderbergh from the Beöthy Collection in Budapest, Hungary, in the late 1930s. Provenance because of hull color and design, although the stern is a bit high and raked as compared to Sedment examples; human figures strongly suggest Sedment. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Troy, L, pers comm, 1997; VMEA Record Card.

305. LMAG A54.10 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q3) Leicester Museum and Art Gallery, Leicester, England Housed at the Jewry Wall Museum First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan, Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment UE Nome 20 Length: 20.79 in/52.80 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.90 in/4.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (detached, red), rudder oar (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square shaped U mast partner (red), punt pole, pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Sitting helmsman (detached), pilot (detached, holding lead, black), sailors, rowers, or punters (detached, 3 standing, 3 sitting). One human figure attached to model; does not belong with the model. Acquired from the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1910. Petrie’s and Brunton’s Sedment excavations took place in 19201921; this model and CBMAG H.549 are the only Sedment models (in CBMAG and LMAG records spelled Sidment and Sidmant) associated with a discovery date of 1910. It is possible Petrie or others associated with the EEF purchased the models from natives, but I agree with the Sedment provenance. Documented in person, in storage, photograph courtesy of the Leicester Museum and Art Gallery. Bibliography: BLAGC 1912, 38; CBMAG Record Card; LMAG Record Card.

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306. IMS R.1921-89-65 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.l1.o.p.q1.r1) Ipswich Museum Service, Ipswich, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment UE Nome 20 Length: 23.62 in/60.00 cm Beam: 4.25 in/10.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes (mooring stake or extraneous wooden piece in starboard cable hole), flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (modern replacement), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square shaped U with pin mast partners (red), rigging (modern replacements, 2 yards, top yard is connected to the mast by 8 topping lifts, a stay extends from the topmast to the bow, two backstays stretch from the topmast aft, two braces are attached to the upper yardarm and two to the lower yardarms and attached to gunwale shroud holes), sail (modern replacement, unfurled, its head and foot are connected to the yards by horse and stirrup laces), cleats (4, painted, black), rudder oar (red), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, red details), pointed bow (black, probably representing a waterproof leather covering). Round canopy (yellow representing animal hide, black stitching), posts (4, red). Sitting helmsman, standing pilot (holding black and white spotted hide lead), standing sailors (4), sitting punters or sailors (2), oars (8). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. Acquired 1921. Documented from photograph, photograph of the Ipswich Museum Service. Bibliography: Ipswich Museum Service 2006a.

307. CBMAG H.549 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.q3.r1) City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Sedment UE Nome 20 Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 4.10 in/10.30 cm Depth of Hold: 1.81 in/4.60 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid light yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (black band), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 4, black), short punt pole (fork end), broken stick at bow, pointed bow. Helmsman missing, standing pilot, rowers (6, possibly 2 missing). Acquired from the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1910. Petrie and Brunton’s Sedment excavations took place in 19201921; this model and LMAG A54.10 are the only Sedment models (in CBMAG and LMAG records spelled Sidment and Sidmant) associated with a discovery date of 1910. It is possible Petrie or others associated with the EEF purchased the models from natives, but I strongly agree with the Sedment provenance. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: CBMAG Record Card; LMAG Record Card.

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308. BM EA 66220 (a2.d2.f4.i2.k2.q3) British Museum, London, England First intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 36.50 in/92.70 cm Beam: 6.25 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 7.50 in/19.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, traces, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent)., solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (traces, red), pointed bow. Round canopy (traces of painted shields, sitting on deck; no posts survive). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (5). Model likely has a rudder oar stanchion but a figure lies on the deck where it cannot be seen. Hull, canopy, and human figures damaged; figures may be pastiche. Provenance is possibly el-Bersheh, from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s 1900 excavations. Documented from photograph, model not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 8, Pl. IIa.

309. IMSE 94:48C (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j7.q3) Imhotep Museum, Saqqara, Egypt First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Saqqara, Burial 10 LE Nome 1 Length: 21.26 in/54.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion, wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), mast crutch (broken, in mast hole), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Square canopy (yellow with red, blue, black, and yellow stripes, architrave), lotus bud posts (4, red, blue, black, and yellow stripes, one half broken), standing owner underneath. Sitting helmsman (in wrong place near starboard bow acting as rower), standing pilot (facing wrong way, not originally intended for a boat since he is holding a round object that is not a lead), kneeling rowers (7, with rowlocks drilled in body, 1 missing). Excavated by Macquarie University, 1994. Accession number from Macquarie University excavation. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of Karin Sowada. Bibliography: Sowada, K, pers comm, 1997; Sowada, Callaghan, and Bentley 1999.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

310. MM 131 (M2.10.b2.d2.h1.i4.j1.k4.q1) Manchester Museum, Manchester, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Dynasty X Provenance: Lahun/Kahun UE Nome 20 Length: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Clay. Deck beams (actual, 3), raised central shelf (probably originally extended entire length of hull, now only aft and under middle deck beam supported by stanchion), reinforced stern structure (very small block), hollow hull, rudder oar cable holes, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam, deck beam mast partner, bow missing. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1889-1890. Gift of H Martyn Kennard. Documented from photographs, not available for study, photographs © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Maspero 1902, 279, Fig. 257; Petrie 1892b, 121, Fig. 93.

311. WML M-11430 (M2.10.b2.g.h1.i2.o.q1) Destroyed in World War II World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England First Intermediate Period, Theban Dynasty XI Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Length: 32.00 in/81.28 cm Wood. Deck breams (actual, at least 7), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (very small block), hollow hull, round bottom, rowlocks, single mast (possibly a tall canopy post, it has a bird perched on top), rudder oar stanchion hole, yardarm, rudder oar, mast crutch (stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole), pointed bow. Sitting owner (raised chair or pedestal). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (12, some oars), paddlers (2, 2 paddles). Pastiche human figures, owner does not belong on model, an oar or paddle near stern rising in air. Provenance questionable. Acquired from the Mayer Collection, 1867. Destroyed 1940. Documented from drawing, drawing from Gatty 1877, no. 466. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 199; Gatty 1877, 63, no. 466; Porter and Moss 1964, 845.

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312. NCG ÆIN 1570 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j2.o.p.q5) Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Denmark Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2106 of Uazet-Hotep UE Nome 20 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Wood. East side of coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent stern), solid dark creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast, rigging (yards, line), sail (furled), rudder oar stanchion (creamy buff), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), rudder oar (tiller, creamy buff), mast crutch (red, stepped in mast hole), mooring stakes (2, creamy buff, in rudder oar cable holes), mallets (2, creamy buff, 1 belongs on NCG ÆIN 1569), gangplanks (2, creamy buff, 1 belongs on NCG ÆIN 1569), group of copper tipped spears, pointed bow. Standing pilot (holding lead, black and white animal hide), sitting helmsman, rowers (7, 1 missing, 8 oars). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to NCG ÆIN 1569. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Jørgensen 1996, no. 43, courtesy of Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 79.A.1, Pl. 71a; Jørgensen 1996, 114-115, no. 43; Mogensen 1930, 66, Pl. LXIII; Petrie 1933b, 68-69, Fig. 67; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 7, 11, Pl. XX.2, Tbl. XXXIX; Porter and Moss 1934, 116; Tooley 1989, 20.

313. MMA 11.150.11 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j3.q5.r1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY USA Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 48.82 in/124.00 cm Beam: 5.63 in/14.30 cm Depth of Hold: 5.04 in/12.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 10 on deck and gunwale, 1 red, 9 white; painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), hollow dark yellow hull, rudder oar cable holes, highly raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, probably a replacement), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (2, painted, black), rudder oar (red), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), shields (2, white and black spotted animal hide), quiver (white and black spotted animal hide with red stitching), pointed bow (black, probably waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, standing rowers (14, 7 oars, 2 rowers may be missing), sitting male servant, sitting soldiers (2, muscular build). Acquired from Sai'd Bey, 1911. Possibly excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal in 1910 (Kamal 1911, 39). Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 103.2.5, n. 75, Pl. 97b; Hayes 1953, 272; MMA Record Card; Moll 1929, A IVc.151.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

314. MRAHB E.7517 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j7.k5.q4) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom, Early AE D XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 14 Length: 29.92 in/76.00 cm Beam: 5.04 in/12.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.03 in/7.70 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 5; painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, trace amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (block stern), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, highly raised bulwark/gunwale (allowing the fashioning of actual deck beams in a solid hull) with rowlocks, single mast hole (with broken black stick), rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red, on deck beam), rudder oars (2, red, 1 redundant), curved “seats” (actually bowed halyard/topping lift attachments from other models), pointed bow. Sitting pilot (facing wrong way, not a pilot, not original), sitting helmsman, standing rowers (11, not original). From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired by the Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France, 1931. Acquired from the MMEL in September 1939. Probable sister to MRAHB E.7516.  Suggested provenance based on hull construction. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Göttlicher 1978, 54, no. 278, Tbl. 21; Göttlicher 1985, 25, Abb. 9; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XV; Spanel 1985, 252, n. 29.

315. NCG ÆIN 1569 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j2.l1.o.p.q5) Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Denmark Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2106 of Uazet-Hotep UE Nome 20 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Wood. East side of coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent stern), solid dark creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (red), rudder oar stanchion (creamy buff), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, top yard is connected to the mast by 4 topping lifts, a forestay extends from the topmast to the bow, a backstays stretches from the topmast aft to the rudder oar stanchion, 2 braces extend from the lower yardarms to stay holes [modern string], 4 clew lines from the masthead are in the hands of 6 crewman), sail (unfurled, its head and foot of the sail attached to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings, rudder oar (tiller, creamy buff), large mooring stakes (2, creamy buff, in rudder oar cable holes), pointed bow. Sitting helmsman, standing pilot (holding lead, black and white animal hide), sailors (8, 5 standing, 3 sitting). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to NCG ÆIN 1570. Forward hull damaged. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from publication (Jørgensen 1996, no. 42). Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 81-82.B.1, Pl. 74a; Jørgensen 1996, 112-113, no. 42; Mogensen 1930, 66, Pl. LXIII; Petrie 1933b, 68-69, Fig. 66; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 7, 11, Pl. XX.4, Tbl. XXXIX; Porter and Moss 1934, 116; Tooley 1989, 20.

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316. EM JE 37564b-186 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.g.h1.i2.o.p.q4) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan Tomb 186 of Superintendent in the Treasury Nefwa UE Nome 16 Length: 26.00 in/66.04 Wood. On coffin with three boats and full model assemblage. Deck Beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block). Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rigging (yards), sail (furled), mast crutch, rudder oar stanchion (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (holding black and white spotted animal hide shied), sitting helmsman, rowers (8). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.2301, EM JE 37564a-186, and EM JE 37564c-186. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Top Right), photograph from Garstang 1907, Fig. 73. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 103.2.2; Garstang 1904, 220, 186.b; Garstang 1907, 79-85, 219, 186.vii, Fig. 73; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Tooley 1989, Pl. 12.2.

317. EM JE 37564e-585 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.l1.o.q3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 585 of Neter-Nekhta and Ruler of the Residence Khnem-Nekhta UE Nome 16 Length: 28.00 in/71.12 cm Wood. On coffin, with boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, rigging (yard), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round cabin (yellow top, black stitching, red bars on white representing fabric sides, doors front and back), female owner NeterNekhta (holding mirror) and female servant inside. Sitting helmsman, standing pilot (facing starboard), sailors (3, working lines). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sister to EM JE 37564d-585, EM JE 37564g-585, and EM JE 37564h-585. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 223, 585b; Garstang 1907, 89-98, 232, 585.vii, Fig. 89; Landström 1970, 74, no. 220; Porter and Moss 1934, 162; Tooley 1989, 153.

276

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

318. WML 55.82.6 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.o.p.q3) World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 203 UE Nome 16 Length: 26.57 in/67.50 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.5 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale painted with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted thin two-beam mast partner (red), rigging (spars, lines), sail (furled, attached to a yard by horse and stirrup lacings), rudder oar (red), pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (creamy buff with a yellow border with black dots indicating stitching), posts (8, 2 cross braces on both sides). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (raising mast and working lines). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Acquired from the John Rankin Collection in 1915. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of the World Museum Liverpool. Bibliography: Bienkowski and Southworth 1986, 37; Bienkowski and Tooley 1995, 81, no. 130; Garstang 1907, 219, 203vii; WML Record Card.

319. EM JE 37564g-585 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.o.p.q3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 585 of Ruler of the Residence Khnem-Nekhta and Neter-Nekhta UE Nome 16 Length: 31.00 in/78.74 cm Wood. On coffin, with boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (lying on deck), rudder oar stanchion hole (stanchion present when excavated), rigging (yards), sail (furled), rudder oar (creamy buff, lying on deck), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (facing port), sitting helmsman, rowers (10, many oars), Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. This model very likely has a mast partner but it cannot be seen. Sister to EM JE 37564d-585, EM JE 37564e585, EM JE 37564h-585, and NMI 1920:270. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 222, 585a; Garstang 1907, 89-96, 232, 585.v, Fig. 87; Porter and Moss 1934, 162.

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320. FMC E. 71b.1903 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3.q3) Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 366 of Kheti UE Nome 16 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. On coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid light creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar (tiller, red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (7, 1 missing, 4 oars). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 1903. Sister to FMC E. 71a.1903. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Fitzwilliam Museum. Bibliography: FMC Record Card; Bourriau 1988, 107, no. 94; Garstang 1904, 221, 366a; Garstang 1907, 224, 366v; Porter and Moss 1934, 162.

321. EM JE 37564c-186 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.q2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan Tomb 186 of Superintendent in the Treasury Nefwa UE Nome 16 Length: 25.00 in/63.50 cm Wood. On coffin with three boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff (most of hull is darkened with color gone) hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (tiller, red, resting on crew), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (10, minimum 5 oars). Excavated by John Garstang, 19021904. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.2301, EM JE 37564a-186, and EM JE 37564b-186. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Bottom Left, Back), photograph from Garstang 1907, Fig. 74, Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 220, 186a; Garstang 1907, 79-85, 219, 186.vi, Fig. 74; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Tooley 1989, Pl. 12.2.

278

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

322. Périchon-Bey Asyut/el-Bersheh (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q3) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut/el-Bersheh UE Nome 13/UE Nome 14 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). Solid (probably creamy buff) hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole (broken mast or short rudder oar stanchion in hole), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar stanchion, rudder oar (in wrong place, held by pilot), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (facing wrong way), rowers (10, 4 oars minimum). From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired by the Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France, 1931. This artifact is no longer at MMEL. A modern attempt at “conservation” or “restoration” created plaster feet for the pilot. Similar plaster feet additions are found on boat models MRAHB E.7321 (Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection), MRAHB E.7519, MMEL 963, MMEL E.965, and MMEL E.966, also from the Périchon-Bey Collection.  Suggested provenance based on hull construction, possibly from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s excavations. Documented from photograph, Breasted, Jr 1948, Pl. 72b.

photograph

from

Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 80.A.8; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 225.

323. MM 11266 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.i4.q5) Manchester Museum, Manchester, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 22.82 in/58.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 1; painted, 2 visible and unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, highly raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion in deck beam, rudder oar (lying on deck), pointed bow (black). Mummy and coffin representing owner. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), helmsman (missing), rowers (4), female mourners (4, attending mummy). Pastiche, figures, possibly coffin. Acquired by Max Robinow from a dealer in Egypt, 1895-1896. Robinow loaned the boat to the Manchester Museum, 1896; his family loaned it again in 1935, and then acquired by the museum from Robinow’s son, 1959. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: David 1993, 139; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 250; Riggs, C, pers comm, 2004.

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324. MRAHB E.7519 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q3.r1) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 14 Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.31 in/8.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (replacement), rudder oar stanchion hole, shroud or stay holes, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (lines, yards), sail (furled), cleats (painted, 8, black), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing;; sailor in his place), standing sailors (3, raising mast), rowers (6). From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired by the Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France, 1931. Acquired from the MMEL in September 1939. A modern attempt at “conservation” or “restoration” created plaster feet for the crew. Plaster has caused great damage. Similar plaster feet additions are found on boat models MRAHB E.7321 (Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection), MMEL E.963, MMEL E.965, MMEL E.966, and Périchon-Bey Asyut/el-Bersheh, also from the Périchon-Bey Collection. Figures possibly pastiche. Provenance based on hull construction. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 225.

325. PAHMA 5-11357 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q3) Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UC, Berkeley, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 31.89 in/81.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather. Canopy (missing), posts (4, missing). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), sailors (3, 2 missing). Collected by Phoebe Apperson Hearst around 1902. Probably acquired 1904. Might be from Garstang’s excavations. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card.

280

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

326. MMEL E.963 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.q3.r1) Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 29.65 in/75.30 cm Beam: 6.57 in/16.70 cm Depth of Hold: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (in wrong place at bow, red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), rudder oar (red), pointed bow (black, representing water-proof leather). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing, sailor in his place), standing sailors (3, working lines, 1 holding tiller), paddlers (8, facing wrong way; should be rowers). From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired 1931. A modern attempt at “conservation” or “restoration” created plaster feet for the crew. Plaster has caused great damage. Similar plaster feet additions are found on boat models MRAHB E.7321 (Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection), MRAHB E.7519, MMEL E.965, MMEL E.966, and Périchon-Bey Asyut/el-Bersheh, also from the Périchon-Bey Collection. Provenance questionable. Figures pastiche; cannot define which figures belong on this model. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 80.A.7; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 225; MMEL Record Card.

327. MRAHB E.7518 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.j3.q2.r1) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom, Early AE D XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 29.13 in/74.00cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid light brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 10, black), rudder oars (2, 1 redundant), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (movable, facing wrong way), helmsman (missing), rowers (10), baler. From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired by the Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France, 1931. Acquired from the MMEL in September, 1939. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and presence of baler. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 225.

281

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328. NMI 1920:270 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.q3) National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 585 of Ruler of the Residence Khnem-Nekhta and Neter-Nekhta UE Nome 16 Wood. On coffin, with boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing starboard), sitting helmsman, rowers (20, 20 oars), soldier (black and white animal hide shield; once held an axe). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sister to EM JE 37564d585, EM JE 37564e-585, EM JE 37564g-585, and EM JE 37564h-585. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the National Museum of Ireland. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 102.2.1; Garstang 1904, 222, 585c; Garstang 1907, 89-100, 160-161, Fig. 163, 232, 585viii; Porter and Moss 1934, 162.

329. HMG 21.86 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.q3.s1) Horniman Museum and Gardens, Forest Hill, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance; Sedment UE Nome 20 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.88 in/12.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.52 in/6.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red). raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid light creamy buff hull, round bottom rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, round end bowsprit (red, probably not original), pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing starboard), helmsman (missing), rowers (10, facing wrong way). Deck, deck beams, and bowsprit re-painted; deck beams much too wide. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: HMG Record Card.

282

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

330. FMC E. 71a.1903 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.l2.o.q3) Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 366 of Kheti UE Nome 16 Length: 24.41in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.88 in/12.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.83 in/7.20 cm Wood. On coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid light creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (too short), rudder oar stanchion (red), short beams with stringers mast partner (red), halyard/topping lift attachment, rudder oar (tiller, red), rigging (1 yard, attached to masthead by 2 stays), sail (unfurled, conserved, should be behind punters), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, working lines), punters (2, with 1 punting pole, in extreme stances). Excavated by John Garstang. 1902-1903. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 1903. Sister to FMC E.71b.1903.

Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Fitzwilliam Museum. Bibliography: Bourriau 1988, 107, no. 94; FMC Record Card; Garstang 1904, 221, 366b; Garstang 1907, 224, 366iv; Porter and Moss 1934, 162.

331. EM JE 37564d-585 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j7.o.q3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 585 of Ruler of the Residence Khnem-Nekhta and Neter-Nekhta UE Nome 16 Length: 24.00 in/60.96 cm Wood. On coffin, with boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, minimum 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red, pin missing), rigging (yards, 2, black bands), rudder oar (creamy buff, lying on deck), shields (2, black and white spotted hide), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (yellow with white border and black dots representing stitching), posts (8, 4 cross beams), owner Khnem-Nekhta underneath. Standing pilot (facing starboard), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (3, working lines), punters (2, had punt poles when discovered). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sister to EM JE 37564e-585, EM JE 37564g-585, EM JE 37564h-585, and NMI 1920:270. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 222, 585b; Garstang 1907, 89-98, 232, 585.iv, Fig. 88; Porter and Moss 1934, 162; Tooley 1989, 153.

283

APPENDIX A

332. EM JE 37564a-186 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.l1.o.p.q3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan Tomb 186 of Superintendent in the Treasury Nefwa UE Nome 16 Length: 28.00 in/71.12 cm Wood. Right side of coffin lid with 2 boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8 minimum, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (in place when excavated), shroud or stay holes, rigging (yards), sail (furled), rudder oar (tiller, creamy buff, on deck), quiver (white and black spotted animal hide), shields (2, white and black spotted animal hide), pointed bow. Round canopy (white with black stitching), posts (8, 4 cross braces). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, working lines), punters (originally 2 with punt poles, now only 1 with no pole), baler (now missing). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. This model very likely has a mast partner but it cannot be seen. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.2301, EM JE 37564b, and EM JE 37564c. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 220c; Garstang 1907, 7984, 218, no. 186.v, Figs. 68, 72; Landström 1970, 74, no. 216; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Tooley 1989, 152153, Pl. 12.2.

333. BMSA 80.60.2 (M2.8.a2.d3.i2.q2) Bowers Museum, Santa Anna, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Wood. Deck beams (painted, trace, red), raised central shelf (painted, trace, red), reinforced stern structure (small block, damaged), sold red hull, flush gunwale, rudder oar stanchion with falcon head top (yellow, blue, does not belong on this model). Human figures (pastiche, one knocked over, some may not be authentic), staff with flower top (does not belong on model). Deck painted over after antiquity (should not be red). Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Bowers Museum.

284

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

334. Saqqara Nefer-Smedet 16 (M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.o.q2) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Nefer-Smedet and Karenen, East of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. South chamber, on west coffin with full model assemblage. Deck beams, raised central shelf, reinforced stern structure (small bock), solid hull, raised gunwale/bulwark with rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, rigging (spars), mast crutch, pointed bow. Helmsman (missing), standing pilot, rowers (10, some oars), female servant (harpist). Excavated by James E Quibell, 1906-1907. Forward deck damaged. Documented from photograph, photograph from Quibell 1908, Pl. XVII.2. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1981, 560; Quibell 1908, 6-15, no. 16, 75, Pl. XVII.2; Tooley 1989, 159.

335. Saqqara Nefer-Smedet 19 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q4) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Nefer-Smedet and Karenen, East of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 33.07 in/84.00 cm Wood. South chamber, between coffin and wall. Deck beams, raised central shelf, reinforced stern structure (block). Solid hull, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rudder oar stanchion. Round cabin (nearly enclosed, woven fabric or reeds), female owner NeferSmedet (lotus bud in hair) and female servants (2, holding mirror and fan) inside. Sitting helmsman, standing pilot, sailors (7, standing and sitting, working lines). Excavated by James E Quibell, 1906-1907. Documented from photograph, photograph from Quibell 1908, Pl. XIII. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1981, 560; Quibell 1908, 6-15, no. 19, 74, Pl. XIII; Tooley 1989, 159-160.

285

APPENDIX A

336. HMAGKUH 6.1989 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3.k2.q2) Hull Museums and Art Gallery, Kingston-Upon-Hull, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 275 of Courtier, Comptroller of the Household Jay UE Nome 16 Length: 34.65 in/88.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. On coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 6 red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid light yellow hull, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, one at pilot position). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. H Martyn Kennard deposited this artifact in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, prior to 1907. Transferred to the Museum of Fisheries and Shipping in Hull prior to 1929. Sister to CBMAG H.4595. Damage starboard aft. Documented in person, on exhibit (“Hands on History”, South Church Side, Kingston-Upon-Hull), photograph by author. Bibliography: Fay 1948, 24, no. 272; Garstang 1904, 221, 275a; Garstang 1907, 221, 275ii; Porter and Moss 1934, 163; Tooley 1989, 45; Tooley 1995, 52, Fig. 52; Wilatt 1929, 350.

337. CBMAG H.4595 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q2) City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 275 of Courtier, Comptroller of the Household Jay UE Nome 16 Length: 34.45 in/87.50 cm Wood. On coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid light creamy buff hull, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole (broken lotus bud canopy post in hole), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (2, working lines), punters (2). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. Henry Martyn Kennard deposited this artifact in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, prior to 1907. Acquired from the VAAM, 1935. Sister to HMAGKUH 6.1989. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 83.B.10, Pl. 76b; CBMAG Record Card; Garstang 1904, 221, 275b; Garstang 1907, 221, 275i; Porter and Moss 1934, 163; Spanel 1985, 251, n. 25; Tooley 1995, 52, Fig. 52; Tooley 1989, 45, Pls. 12.1, 13.1.

286

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

338. AMO 1896-1908 E.1991 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j4.q2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 394 UE Nome 16 Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (3). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 19031904. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Garstang 1907, 224, 394iii.

339. EM JE 39127 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.l1.j7.o.q2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Karenen and NeferSmedet, East of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Wood. South chamber, on coffin with full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, minimum 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion, shroud or stay holes, wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), rigging (yards, 2), mast crutch, rudder oar, gangplank, mallet, mooring stake, marlinspikes (3), shield (black and white animal hide spots), quivers (2, black and white animal hide spots), trunk. Round cabin (yellow with green, red, black decoration representing woven fabric or reeds) with half sides, posts (2), male owner Karenen sitting underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (7, 4 standing working lines, 1 standing near bow, 2 kneeling that have moved since excavation), punter (currently facing wrong way), sitting scribe (with papyrus). Excavated by James E Quibell, 1906-1907. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Top Left), drawing from publication Quibell 1908, Pl. XXVI bottom. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 74, no. 219; Porter and Moss 1981, 560; Quibell 1908, 6-15, no. 7, 76, Pl. XXVI bottom; Tooley 1989, 159.

287

APPENDIX A

340. RPMH 1697 (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3,7.l5.o.p.q2.r1,2) Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir/Saqqara UE Nome 14/LE Nome 1 Length: 33.86 in/86.00 cm Beam: 12.60 in/32.00 cm Wood (sycamore). Reportedly discovered with a small boat and other models (granary, butchery. plowman). Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red) and wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes and rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or topping lift attachment (red), rigging (2 yards, lines), sail (possible replacement), cleats (actual, 5, 2 port, 2 starboard, 1 at bow, black; painted, 2, near stern, black), rudder oars (6, 1 tiller; 2 at stern, 3 along gunwale, 1 as punt pole; 5 redundant), (red), mallets (2), mooring stake, pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round cabin (yellow, woven fabric or reed top in a checkered pattern (yellow, green) and solid below (green bordered with yellow), owner in front with male servant. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, sailors (4, 3 standing, 1 sitting), punter (using rudder oar), male servants (3; 1 grinding grain, 1 was carving chest [chest now moved], 1 unknown action). Breasted described the figures differently than they are pictured here. Damage forward port. Reportedly excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, sponsored by Said Bay Khashaba, 1910. Acquired by Wilhelm Pelizaeus through an antiquities dealer in Egypt, 1911. Provenance questionable. This model could not be attributed to a particular tomb from Kamal’s Meir excavations. Further, the hull and cabin construction suggests a Saqqara provenance and the human figures have moved around over the years. Documented from photographs, not available for study, photographs from Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,97 bottom, 6,99 bottom, © Roemer- und Pelizaeus- Museum Hildesheim. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 83.B.9, Pl. 75b; 1; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Pl. LI.1; Kayser 1973, 55; Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,93-6,100a; Spanel 1985, 252, n. 29.

341. Beni Hasan 394 (M2.10.a2.i1.o.p.q2) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 394 UE Nome 16 Length: 24.50 in/62.23 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid (possibly red) hull, round bottom, single mast, rigging, sail, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (2, working lines), possibly an additional sailor (or other figure near bow). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. From the Reverend William MacGregor Collection of Tamworth, England. Sold at Sotheby’s auction of the MacGregor Collection 26 June-6 July 1922, Lot 622. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.1991 and possibly ÄIUT 369. Documented from description, no photograph or drawing available. Bibliography: Garstang 1907, 224, 394ii; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1922, 79, Lot 622.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

342. MRAHB E.7516 (M2.10.b2.d2.f1.g.i2.k1.q3.r1) Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 14 Length: 25.98 in/66.00 cm Beam: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 8, red; painted, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, white; painted, aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), hollow red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion (red), cleats (painted, 2, black, aft), pointed bow. Standing pilot (at stern, in wrong place), sitting helmsman (at bow, in wrong place), rowers (18, pastiche, from at least 5 different models). From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired by the Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France, 1931. Acquired from the MMEL in September, 1939. Probable sister to MRAHB E.7517.  Suggested provenance based on hull construction. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 225.

343. AMO 1896-1908 E.2301 (M2.10.b2.d2.f4.g.h1.i2.j4.o.p.q3.r1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan Tomb 186 of Superintendent in the Treasury Nefwa UE Nome 16 Length: 36.61 in/93.00 cm Beam: 5.67 in/14.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.66 in/9.30 cm Wood. On coffin with three boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 15, red), raised central shelf (painted, amidships), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), hollow (only near rowers) creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards, attached to masthead by 2 topping lifts, 1 useless clew line to 3 crewman), sail (unfurled, attached by its head and foot to the yards by unorganized lines), cleats (painted, 3 minimum, black), rudder oar (tiller, black band at loom; not original to model, its rudder oar is in storage), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide with black dots and red line representing stitching), shields (2, black and white spotted animal hide and stitching on red representing wood), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (creamy buff, black dots representing stitching), posts (8, white, cross brace, owner in front playing game (possibly senet) with companion (or these figures are military commanders, suggested by Garstang). Standing pilot (facing starboard), sitting helmsman, sitting rowers (6, on deck beams, legs into hull)), standing sailors (3, working lines), Nubian soldier (facing starboard, originally held a bow in his left hand and two arrows in his right; he currently holds the bow and a stick). Positions of sailors and rowers suggest they are ready to change direction at a moment’s notice. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. Gift of the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 1903. Sister to EM JE 37564a-186, EM JE 37564b-186, and EM JE 37564c-186. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photographs by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 103.2.3; Garstang 1904, 221, 186d, Pl. V.14; Garstang 1907, 79-83, 151, 157, 186iv, Figs. 149, 157-158; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Spanel 1985, 246, 251, n. 25, Tbl. 22.3; Tooley 1989, 46, 152.

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344. EM JE 37564h-585 (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 585 of Ruler of the Residence Khnem-Nekhta and Neter-Nekhta UE Nome 16 Length: 32.00 in/81.28 cm Wood. On coffin, with boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (actual), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). Hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion, rudder oar (with tiller), raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rigging (yards), sail (furled), shield (white and black spotted animal hide), pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing starboard), sitting helmsman, rowers (18, stack of oars amidships). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Gift of the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 1904. Sister to EM JE 37564d-585, EM JE 37564e-585, EM JE 37564g-585, and NMI 1920:270. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Bottom Middle), photograph from Garstang 1907, Fig. 86. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 223, 585a; Garstang 1907, 89-96, 232, 585.vi, Fig. 86.

345. OIM 11196 A (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.i2.j3.q3.r1) Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 40.16 in/102.00 cm Beam: 6.06 in/15.40 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood (acacia). Deck beams (actual, 4, red; painted, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, painted with red stripe and white on sides suggesting partial deck hatch removal), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, black), pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (12). Acquired from antiquities dealer André Bircher in Cairo, 1920. Suggested provenance based on hull construction, possibly from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s Meir excavations. Documented in person, in storage, photography by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 81.A.16; OIM Record Card.

290

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

346. CM 1921.37.2 (M2.10.b2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.o.q3.r1) Castle Museum, Norwich, Norfolk, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 24.80 in/63.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 3, red, painted, 4, red), raised central shelf (actual, notched for deck beams), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent, damaged), hollow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole (non-original thick short round object stepped into hole), deck beam mast partner, cleats (painted, 8, black), lead (with rope), bit of rope in hull starboard aft, small bull (probably from a butcher model), jar (red, probably from a granary model), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (at stern), sitting helmsman (in wrong place at bow, holding tiller), rowers (4, 4 mismatched oars), standing sailor, standing punter, male servants (2, 1 holding an extremely small oar), female servants (2, 1 using a tool). Human figures pastiche. Collected by F F Colman in Egypt, 1896-1897. Acquired from Helen Caroline and Ethel Mary Colman, May 1921. Known as the Alan Cozens-Hardy Memorial Gift. Meir attribution likely, considering its hull construction and date of discovery. Figures pastiche. Documented in person, on exhibit, top photograph by author, bottom photograph courtesy of the Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, with the bull, jar, tools, mast, punter, sailor, and pilot removed; the pilot should be placed at the bow, the helmsman should be moved to the stern, the punter and sailor probably are not original to the artifact but should be placed back on the boat, and the female servant figures should be removed. Bibliography: CM Record Card; Göttlicher 1978, 53, no. 272d, Tbl. 20.

347. BM EA 59011 (M2.10.b2.f7.g.i2.j7.q3) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 33.25 in/84.50 cm Beam: 4.94 in/12.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.75 in/7.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 11, black), raised central shelf (actual, notched for deck beams, stanchion support evident), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), hollow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red, under canopy), pointed bow. Round canopy (yellow and black checkered pattern indicating woven fabric or reeds with black dots representing stitching, not original to the model and is glued at the corners). Sitting helmsman (at bow), standing pilot (at stern), rowers (6), extra standing figure. Acquired from the Executors of the late Evelyn Lady McIlwraith, 1928.  Suggested provenance based on hull construction, possibly from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s Meir excavations. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Xc, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 58-60, Pl. Xc.

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348. EM CG 4909 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j3.q4.r1.s2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Mentuhotep’s Temple, Northern Court, Pit 28, Treasurer Buau UE Nome 4 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm, Depth of Hold: 3.70 in/9.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block stern), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (panted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red, black stitching), mast crutch (white), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (currently missing, but present when discovered), helmsman (missing), rowers (10). Excavated by Henri Édouard Naville, D G Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and Howard Carter, January 1896. Sister to EM CG 4910. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Bottom Right), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 213-214; Maspero 1915, 320; Naville, Hall, and Ayrton 1907, 44, n. 2; Porter and Moss 1964, 656; Reisner 1913, 63-64, Pl. XV Bottom; Tooley 1989, 33.

349. MEN Eg.353 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.j7.o.p.q6.r1) Musée d’ethnographie Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb HMK 159 of Mut-Hetepi, Near Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 25.98 in/66.00 cm Beam: 7.68 in/19.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Wood. In a recess, with another mode model (location unknown) south end of tomb. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid dark brownishyellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards with black bands, lines), sail (furled), cleats (painted, black), mast crutch (white), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (light yellow with black border), posts (6), mummiform owner lady MutHetepi underneath. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (6, kneeling in signature Saqqara fashion, 6 oars on deck). Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1926. From the Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte through Gustave Jéquier. Acquired 1926. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 57.HMK 159.2, Fig. 63; Lagneau 1995, 29; MEN Record Card; Porter and Moss 1981, 543; Tooley 1989, 57, 158.

292

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

350. APMA 9115 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.q4) Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 26.18 in/66.50 cm Beam: 5.35 in/13.60 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block), solid brownish-yellow hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast (red with a wide white band; may be a rudder oar shaft), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (facing port), helmsman (missing, standing sailor in his place), rowers (8, facing wrong way). Human figures pastiche. From the MacheCadbury Family. Acquired 1975. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: APMA Record Card.

351. AMO 1896-1908 E.4158 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.q5.r1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 834 of Hennu UE Nome 16 Length: 27.56 in/70.00 cm Beam: 6.61 in/16.80 cm Depth of Hold: 5.20 in/13.20 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, at least 7, traces), raised central shelf (painted, red, traces), reinforced stern structure, solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 4, black), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), sailors (probably 3, missing), punters (2, missing). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Garstang 1907, 241, 834i.

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APPENDIX A

352. WPM 1869.77 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j7.l1.o.p.q3.s4) West Park Museum, Macclesfield, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 26.89 in/68.30 cm Beam: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (red, black bands), rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, forestay attached to the bow, backstays attached to the stern, 2 braces attached to lower yardarms and held by crewman), sail (probable replacement, unfurled, attached by its head and foot to yards), bowsprit (missing), rudder oar (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), standing helmsman (too small), sailors (7, 5 standing, 2 sitting, [rowers]). Human figures pastiche; from at least 5 models. Excavated by Jacques De Morgan, possibly prior to 1891 but probably 1892-1893. Acquired by Mary Ann Brocklehurst in Egypt, either 1890-1891 but probably 1895-1896. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: David 1980, 52-53, no. 19; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 40.

353. Saqqara HMK 2-1 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j7.q6) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb HMK 2, On Top of Brick Mastaba A LE Nome 1 Wood. In soil under granary and kitchen models, next to coffin and boat. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion, wooden square U with pin mast partner, rudder oar, mast crutch (white), pointed bow. Rectangular canopy, posts (4). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, probably more missing). Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1926. Sister to HMK 22. Documented from photograph, bottom boat, photograph from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 33D. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 48, Pl. 33D.

294

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 354. Saqqara HMK 2-2 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.q6) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb HMK 2, On Top of Brick Mastaba A LE Nome 1 Wood. In soil under granary and kitchen models, next to coffin and boat. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion, rudder oar, pointed bow. Rectangular canopy, posts (4). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (10). Excavated by Cecil M Firth and Battiscombe Gunn, 1926. Sister to HMK 2-1. Documented from photograph, top boat, photograph from Firth and Gunn 1926, Pl. 33D. Bibliography: Firth and Gunn 1926, 48, Pl. 33D.

355. MFA 21.871 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.k2.l1.q4) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.82 in/60.50 cm Beam: 5.59 in/14.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable ,holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (4, 2 working lines). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

356. VMFA 53.30.3 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.k8.o.q3) Virginia Museum of Fine Art, Richmond, VA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 28.03 in/71.20 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), Raised central shelf (painted, fore, amidships, aft, red), Reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion (red), flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rigging (2 yards), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, 2 oars). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921 by the MFA. Acquired courtesy of the Adolph D and Wilkins C Williams Fund, 1953. Former MFA 21.486. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl XVI.2; Spanel 1985, 246, 250-251, n. 24, Tbl 21.2.

295

APPENDIX A

357. MFA 21.818 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.l1.q2) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.02 in/61.00 cm Beam: 4.76 in/12.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, punt poles (2), pointed bow. Helmsman (missing), standing pilot, standing sailors (4,1 detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

358. MFA 21.497 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.l1.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.39 in/59.40 cm Beam: 4.37 in/11.10 cm Depth of Hold: 2.56 in/6.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, detached), punters (2, detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

296

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

359. MFA 21.895 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.86 in/60.60 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure. (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square shaped U with pin mast partners (red), shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (red, detached), pointed bow. Round canopy (yellow with black, white, and red animal hide shields; does not belong on model, detached). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (4). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

360. MFA 21.877 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,5.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 38.19 in/97.00 cm Beam: 8.27 in/21.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, amidships, and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, detached), painted short beams with stringers and wooden three boot knee mast partners (red), quivers (2, black and white spotted animal hide), pointed bow. Canopy (yellow, white border with black stitching, black and white spotted animal hide shields, posts (missing). Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman (detached), sailors (3 standing, 3 sitting), punters (2, detached), oar (1, very small). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al, 2009, 169.

297

APPENDIX A

361. MFA 21.406a-b (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,10.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 41.73 in/106.00 cm Beam: 10.43 in/26.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and wooden three-boot knee with pin mast partners (red), shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (red), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), pointed bow. Round cabin (yellow top with white border and black dots representing stitching, straight sides), posts (6, square, holding up veranda, red). standing pilot (present when documented, see bottom photograph), sitting helmsman (small, on cabin), male servants (3), priest (crossed arms), mummiform owner or mourner. Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 83-84, Pl. 77a; D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988, 114-115, Fig. 66; Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 169, 177, Fig. 136; MFA Record Card.

362. MFA15:5.201 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.06 in/61.10 cm Beam: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.66 in/9.30 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (detached), standing sailors and/or punters (4, missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

298

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

363. MFA 15:5.202 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.31 in/59.20 cm Beam: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.87 in/7.30 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, detached), punters (2, detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

364. MFA 15:5.402 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.46 in/8.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (4, missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

299

APPENDIX A

365. MFA 15:5.403 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family, UE Nome 15 Length: 25.12 in/63.80 cm Beam: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Depth of Hold: 2.83 in/7.20 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), standing sailors (3). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

366. MFA 21.801 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.13 in/56.20 cm Beam: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (1, 1 missing), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

300

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

367. MFA 21.822 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.53 in/62.30 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams, (painted, 6 red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (4, 2 working lines). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168-169.

368. MFA 21.828 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.43 in/59.50 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (detached), standing sailors (2), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168.

301

APPENDIX A

369. MFA 21.830 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.17 in/10.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Round canopy (yellow with white border, black, white, red spotted animal hide shields), posts (4, broken, probably 6 originally). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (1, 1 missing), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168-169.

370. MFA 21.878 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 26.89 in/68.30 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red) painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, working lines), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

302

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

371. MFA 21.485 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 14.37 in/36.50 cm Beam: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.72 in/6.90 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (2, 2 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

372. MFA 15:5.427a (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k5.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 21.57 in/54.80 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Sitting helmsman (detached), standing pilot (detached), rowers (5, 1 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

303

APPENDIX A

373. MFA 21.827 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k5.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.50 in/59.70 cm Beam: 4.88 in/12.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), Reinforced Stern Structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red) painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (4, 2 working lines). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 169.

374. MFA 15:5.203 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k5.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.52 in/6.40 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7 red), raised central shelf (painted, amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Sitting helmsman (detached), standing pilot (detached), rowers (6, detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

304

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

375. MFA 21.487 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k6.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.46 in/8.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, aft and amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (detached), standing sailors (detached), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

376. MFA 21.824 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k6.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 21.54 in/54.70 cm Beam: 3.90 in/9.90 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, aft and amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (4, 2 working lines). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168.

305

APPENDIX A

377. MFA 21.491 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k7.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.57 in/11.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.39 in/8.60 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), standing sailors and/or punters (4 or 6, missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

378. MFA 15:5.427 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.83 in/58.00 cm Beam: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5-7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman, standing sailors (4, detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

306

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

379. MFA 21.495 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.13 in/56.20 cm Beam: 4.37 in/11.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.46 in/8.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, amidships, and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted squareshaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Sitting helmsman, standing pilot, standing sailors (4, 2 working lines), feet painted on deck for standing figures. Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

380. MFA 21.825 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.72 in/57.70 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.23 in/8.20 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid plaster (unpainted) hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), standing sailors (2, working lines), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

307

APPENDIX A

381. MFA 21.826 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k8.l1.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 25.00 in/63.50 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.99 in/7.60 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, working lines), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

382. MFA 15:5.615 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Depth of Hold; 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Round canopy (creamy buff, detached), posts (4, missing). Helmsman (missing), pilot (missing), sailors (2, missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

308

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

383. MFA 15:5.426 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.76 in/57.80 cm Beam: 3.90 in/9.90 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), helmsman (missing), rowers (5, 1 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; MFA Record Card.

384. SM 1902.16.3 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.q3) Semitic Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 39.17 in/99.50 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), sailors (6, 4 standing, 2 sitting), Human figures and possibly canopy are pastiche. Acquired from antiquities dealer N D Kyticas in Cairo, 1902. I support the el-Bersheh attribution by Kyticas based on hull comparison to other el-Bersheh models from the same period, and may be from Ahmed bey Kamal’s 1900 el-Bersheh excavations (possibly Tomb 3 of Nehri, Kamal 1901, 42). Documented from photograph, on loan to the Michael C Carlos Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, photograph courtesy of the Michael C Carlos Museum. Bibliography: Armstrong, J A, pers comm, 2001.

309

APPENDIX A

385. MFA 21.820 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Sitting helmsman, standing pilot, rowers (3, 3 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

386. MFA 21.489 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j4.k2.l1.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.02 in;61.00 cm Beam: 4.49 in/11.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Round canopy (yellow with white border and black stitching, black and white hide covered shields), posts (missing). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, working lines), punters (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

310

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

387. MFA 21.879 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3,4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 25.59 in/65.00 cm Beam: 5.08 in/12.90 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (6, 4 detached, bundle of oars). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168.

388. MEV 55024 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3.q3) Museo Egizio Vaticano, Vatican City Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Thebes/el-Bersheh UE Nome 4/UE Nome 15 Length: 27.95 in/71.00 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck Beams (painted, 5, red), Raised Central Shelf (painted, red), Reinforced Stern Structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar (red, detached), pointed bow (damaged on the starboard side). Pilot (sitting helmsman in pilot’s place), sitting helmsman (facing wrong way), rowers (6, 6 oars with tiny blades, possibly 2 rowers missing based on deck holes, facing wrong way), two oars in deck holes, shore punt pole (fork end), extra wooden piece. Acquired before 1899. Reportedly from Thebes, but with certainty I believe it is not Theban and most likely from el-Bersheh based on comparisons with known elBersheh models, particularly some from DjehutyNakht’s flotilla (see VMFA 53.30.3). Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Marucchi 1899, 359-361, no. 3.

311

APPENDIX A

389. MNAL E.139 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3,4.q3) Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Lisboa, Portugal Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 28.74 in/73.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent, solid unpainted hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), mast crutch (white, stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole), punt pole stepped forward in pilot’s foot hole, broken mast or other wooden piece, pointed bow. Standing pilot, standing helmsman, striding figures (6, 2 punters and 4 standing rowers or sailors). Human figures pastiche, but striding figures (seen on many el-Bersheh boat models). Suggested provenance based on comparison with known el-Bersheh examples. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Museu Nacional de Arqueologia. Bibliography: MNAL Record Card; Museu Nacional de Arqueologia Lisboa 1993, 321, no. 236.

390. MFA 21.494 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j3.q6) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red; 6 longitudinal reinforcement stringers amidships, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid white (plaster only) hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar (red), oven (red, black), jars (2, creamy buff, black), baskets (creamy buff, black, white), pointed bow. Round cabin (creamy buff, red door). Sitting helmsman (on cabin), male servant (tending oven). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84C.4, Pl. 76a; D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988, 114-115, Fig. 67; Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 169; MFA Record Card; Tooley 1995, 11, 54, Figs. 3, 55.

312

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

391. MFA 15:5.361 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.09 in/10.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). Solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion hole, flush gunwale with stripe (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (6, 1 missing, detached, inset). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

392. MFA 21.416 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 3.82 in/9.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (6). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

313

APPENDIX A

393. MFA 21.417 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 24.80 in/63.00 cm Beam: 4.41 in/11.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman, rowers (6, 1 detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 169. 394. MFA 21.483 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.52 in/57.20 cm Beam: 4.29 in/10.90 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (6, 1 detached). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168. 395. MFA 21.488 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 4.17 in/10.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted squareshaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (6, 4 oars). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, no photograph available because of technical difficulties. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

314

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

396. MFA 21.800 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.20 in/56.40 cm Beam: 5.28 in/13.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.39 in/8.60 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 4, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), quernstone (on platform), container (round top), pointed bow. Round canopy (no posts). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), male servants (2, 1 grinding grain, 1 possibly tending beer container). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

397. MFA 21.870 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.43 in/59.50 cm Beam: 4.65 in/11.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (6, 2 oars). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168.

315

APPENDIX A

398. MFA 21.890 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 15.75/40.00 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), rudder oar (red), birds (2, white), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, paddler. Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988, 114-115, Fig. 68; Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168, 173 Fig. 133.

399. MFA 21.415 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q5 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 23.15 in/58.80 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 4, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Solid canopy (representing a closed structure or simply designed, dark brown). Standing pilot (detached), helmsman (missing), mourners (2). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

316

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

400. MFA 21.873 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.87 in/58.10 cm Beam: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.03 in/7.70 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (detached), rowers (2, 1 detached, 4 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

401. MFA 21.874 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k2.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 21.26 in/54.00 cm Beam: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.99 in/7.60 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (1, detached, 5 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

317

APPENDIX A

402. MFA 21.500 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k5.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 18.90 in/48.00 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.99 in/7.60 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, amidships, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), helmsman (missing), rowers (4, detached, 2 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

403. MFA 21.493 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k8.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.98 in/10.10 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, amidships, and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman, rowers (6, 1 detached, 2 oars). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

318

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

404. MFA 21.492 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (3, detached, 3 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

405. MFA 21.496 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k8.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.13 in/56.20 cm Beam: 3.90 in/9.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, amidships, and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), helmsman (missing), rowers (6, missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

319

APPENDIX A

406. MFA 21.802 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.j4.k8.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 18.66 in/47.40 cm Beam: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.28 in/5.80 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, amidships, and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), birds (2, white), pointed bow. Helmsman (missing), paddlers (1, detached, 1 missing). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard UniversityMuseum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46.

407. MFA 21.490 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.i2.k1.q5) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 22.83 in/58.00 cm Beam: 5.24 in/13.30 cm Depth of Hold: 4.06 in/10.30 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 4, red), raised central shelf (painted, aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (creamy buff, detached), lead (black and white animal hide), pointed bow. Solid round canopy (representing a closed structure or simply designed, dark brown). Priest (folded arms, in usual place of pilot), mummiform mourners (2). Lack of crewman indicate the vessel was towed. Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunham 1921, 43-46; MFA Record Card.

320

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

408. AMO 1896-1908 E.2302 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.p.q2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 575 of Khetia UE Nome 16 Length: 25.98 in/66.00 cm Beam: 4.41 in/11.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Deck beams (actual, 7; painted, 2, red), raised central shelf (painted, red; raised, carved from deck), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing, a rower in his place), sitting helmsman, sitting rowers (14, 10 oars). Discovered with a sail. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Gift of the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.2297. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Garstang 1904, 222, 575a; Garstang 1907, 230, 575x; Porter and Moss 1934, 162; Spanel 1985, 246, 251, n. 25, Tbl. 23.4; Tooley 1989, 45, Pl.14.1.

409. AMO 1896-1908 E.2297 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,4.o.p.q6.r1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 575 of Khetia UE Nome 16 Length: 22.83 in/58.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.62 in/9.20 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), rigging and sail (2 yards), sail (unfurled, conserved, attached to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings, cleats (painted, 6, black), rudder oar (red shaft and tiller, black blade), punt pole (on deck), fishing net, finely model tools (an axe with a large oblong shaped blade, 2 knives, an adze [tied around the waist of a sailor]), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (yellow with black and red dots representing stitching, with four black and white spotted animal hide covered shields), posts (8, white, with 4 cross supports). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, working lines), punters (2, lunging). Excavated in 1902-1904 by John Garstang. Gift of the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.2302. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Garstang 1904, 222, 575b; Garstang 1907, 230, 575iv, 231, Fig. 229; Porter and Moss 1934, 162; Tooley 1989, 45, 151, Pl. 14.1.

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410. CMA 1914.604 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,6.l5.o.q5.r1) Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Sonbi UE Nome 14 Length: 27.95 in/71.00 cm Beam: 6.89 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted squareshaped U mast partners (red), shroud or stay holes and rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or topping lift attachment (red), rigging (yard with black bands), cleats (painted, 6, black), rudder oar (decorated, creamy buff shaft with wide black bands, white, blue, and black falcon head top, creamy buff tiller, blade has a lotus decorations of white, blue, and creamy buff with black outlines), large oblong water jars (2, creamy buff, red tops, detached), cone-shaped oven (yellow with thin red and black stripes, round red base), (orange, yellow top with a black smudge, basket (bright yellow with black grid lines) holding bulbous beer jars (red and black), pointed bow. Canopy (missing), sitting owner (on small white platform which is probably a small table). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (4, on white benches), sitting figures (6, 1 near bow, probably a sailor; others detached). Water jars originally hung over the stern gunwales, some human figures redundant. Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910. Acquired through the John Huntington Art & Polytechnic Trust, 1914. Specific tomb attribution by author based on exact description in publication, except that the canopy is missing. Documented in person, in conservation, photograph by author. Bibliography: Berman 1999, 202-205, nos. 151-154; CMA Record Card; Cleveland Museum of Art 1916, 208, no. 8; Kamal 1911, 17, no. 5.

411. MFA 21.407 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.q3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 10A of Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis Djehuty-Nakht and his Family UE Nome 15 Length: 50.00 in/127.00 cm Beam: 7.68 in/19.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin, in a jumble. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent). Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion (red), raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, painted rectangular and wooden knees with rope mast partners (red), mast crutch (white), quiver (black and white spotted animal hide), shields (black and white spotted animal hide), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (18). Excavated by H Lyman Story, 1915. From the Harvard University-Museum Expedition. Acquired 1921. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 103, Pl. 96a-b; D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988, 114-115, Fig. 69; Dunham 1921, 43-46; Freed et al 2009, 168-169; MFA Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

412. MMEL E.965 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j7.o.p.q5) Musee Municipal de l’Eveche, Limoges, France First Intermediate Period, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 25.20 in/64.00 cm Beam: 6.02 in/15.30 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards), sail (furled), pointed bow. Round canopy (white with bright green and light brown checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds), posts (4, broken, too short), owner underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (in wrong place at bow), standing sailors (3, 2 raising sail), punter, sitting male servant. From the Jean André Périchon-Bey Collection, collected prior to 1929. Acquired 1931. A modern attempt at “conservation” or “restoration” created plaster feet for the crew. Plaster has caused great damage. Similar plaster feet additions are found on boat models MRAHB E.7321 (Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection), MRAHB E.7519, MMEL E.963, MMEL E.966, and Périchon-Bey Asyut/el-Bersheh, also from the Périchon-Bey Collection. Human figures pastiche, punter attached with iron nails. Provenance questionable. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 82.B.7; MMEL Record Card. 413. BMAG R.106/1941 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.l1.q2.r1.s4) Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 287 of Senu-Atef and Others UE Nome 16 Length: 32.28 in/82.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, shroud or stay holes, cleats (painted, 6, black), bowsprit (broken, 2 pieces, no diagnostic end), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (5, facing wrong way), rowers (2, facing wrong way). Human figures pastiche, changed since excavation. Slightly damaged stern. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. From the Reverend William MacGregor Collection of Tamworth, England. Sold at Sotheby’s auction of the MacGregor Collection 26 June-6 July 1922, Lot 621 to Sir Henry Wellcome. This artifact was presented by Wellcome’s Trustees to the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, November 1964. Acquired after 1964. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: BMAG Record Card; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 189-190, 300-301; Garstang 1907, 222, 287ii; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1922, 79, Lot 621.

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414. Beni Hasan 203 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.q3) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 203 UE Nome 16 Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (probably a yard or stick), rudder oar stanchion, rudder oar, pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3, working lines). Documented from photograph, photograph from Tooley 1986, Pl. XVIII, 3, the small boat is WML 55.82.17, photograph courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Bibliography: Garstang 1907, 219, 203vii; Tooley 1986, 189, Pl.XVIII, 3.

415. PMNH 235852 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.q5.r1) Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 45.75 in/116.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.51 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, probable replacement), cleats (painted, 4, black), rudder oar (red. probable replacement), pointed bow. Helmsman (missing), standing pilot, sailors (5). From Mr and Mrs William H Moore. Acquired 1975. Probably had a painted mast partner but none discernable. Damaged bow.  Suggested provenance based on comparison with known Beni Hasan examples. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: PMNH Record Card; Scott 1986, 73, no. 38.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

416. RPMH 1696 (M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.j7.q5) Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara LE Nome 1 Length: 18.50 in/47.00 cm Beam: 4.61 in/11.70 cm Wood (sycamore). Deck beams (painted, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces. red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast (probably a replacement), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing starboard), helmsman (missing), rowers (6, facing wrong way, oars), mummiform owner or mourner (probably not original to the model). Acquired by Wilhelm Pelizaeus through an antiquities dealer in Egypt, 1899. Acquired 1911. Suggested provenance is based on human figure design; hull may be from another site. Documented from photograph, not available for study, Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,92, © Roemer- und PelizaeusMuseum Hildesheim. Bibliography: Kayser 1973, 55; Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,89-6,92.

417. Meux 57 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.j1.q4.r1) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rudder oar stanchion, cleats (painted, black), pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (20). Acquired by Lady Meux in Egypt, 1882 or 1895-1896. Stated Meir provenance likely. Documented from photograph, photograph from Budge 1896, Pl. XIII. Bibliography: Budge 1896, v, vii, no. 57, Pl. XIII.

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418. BM EA 45097 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.l1.q5) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut UE Nome 13 Length: 18.60 in/47.20 cm Beam: 3.75 in/9.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.50 in/3.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion, shroud or stay holes, pointed bow. Excavated by and acquired from D G Hogarth, 1907. No deck evidence of crew suggests the boat was unfinished. Documented from photograph, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Vc), © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 27-28, Pl.Vc. 419. EM 17/3/23/2 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 42 of Overseer of the Alter Impy II, Near the Mortuary Temple of Pharaoh Nyuserra LE Nome 1 Wood. On coffin, with granary and boat. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (2, working lines), priest (holding tablet). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer, prior to 1908. Stray sticks (2) placed in deck holes. Sister to GASU Impy II (destroyed in World War II). Documented from photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Borchardt 1904, 21-22, Abb. 6; Porter and Moss 1974, 347; Schäfer 1908, 103-107, Abb. 166. 420. EM NN-1 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir, Tomb of K3y-Hnnt UE Nome 14 Length: 19.69 in/50.00 cm Wood. With granary, plow, and other boats. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (white plaster), pointed bow. Standing pilot (in wrong place near stern), helmsman (missing), rowers (2), female mourner or goddess. Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910. Human figures in disarray when discovered; some missing and misplaced. Specific tomb attribution by author based on publication description. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Top Left) photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1911, 24, no. 14.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

421. GASU Impy II (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q2) Destroyed in World War II Griefswald Archäologische Sammlung der Universität Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 42 of Overseer of the Alter Impy II, Near the Mortuary Temple of Pharaoh Nyuserra LE Nome 1 Length: 19.29 in/49.00 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.56 in/6.50 cm Wood. On coffin, with granary and boat. Deck beams (painted), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion, pointed bow. Sitting helmsman, pilot (missing), rowers (6, kneeling like Saqqara figures). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer, prior to 1908. Sister to EM 17/3/23/2. Destroyed. Documented from photograph, Schäfer 1908, Abb. 170.

photograph

from

Bibliography: Borchardt 1904, 21-22, Abb. 6; Porter and Moss 1974, 347; Schäfer 1908, 103-107, Abb. 170171.

422. EM JE 39145 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.q4) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 289 of Khennu LE Nome 1 Length: 31.10 in/76.00 cm Wood. On west coffin with male figure, bowl, hes vase, cow, ovens, female offering bearer. Deck beams (painted), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (present when discovered), mast crutch (creamy buff), lead (on deck, black and white spotted animal hide), pointed bow. Cabin (creamy buff with bright green checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds), sitting owner inside (inscribed with name in hieroglyphs). Sitting helmsman, standing pilot (holding tiller or small stick, not in hand when discovered), rowers (10, kneeling in Saqqara fashion, 2 oars, rowlocks drilled into bodies). Excavated by James E Quibell, 1906-1907. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom Left, Back), photograph by author, Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1981, 561; Quibell 1908, 15-17, 77, Pls. XXVII, XXIX; Tooley 1989, 149.

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423. MMUA ABDUA:21817 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3,4.o.p.q4.r1) Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Wood. Deck beams (painted), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom flush bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red and white bands, probably repainted), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U mast partners (red), rigging (2 yards, replaced lines), sail (sail attached to yards by replaced horse and stirrup lacings), cleats (painted, 8, black), rudder oar (white with red band loom, red blade), partial oars or punt poles, pointed bow (black, probably representing leather waterproofing). Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman (missing), lunging punters (2 with crooked arm, 1 in place, 1 detached), standing sailors (2, 1 in place, 1 detached), extra standing human figures (4, one may be a priest). Excavated in 1902-1904 by John Garstang. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 1905 along with a granary. Documented from photographs, photographs by and courtesy of Neil Curtis, Marischal Museum. Bibliography: Curtis, N, pers comm, 2006.

424. MAGAB 1920.10.1 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.q4) Museum, Art Gallery and Aquarium Bolton, Bolton, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Pastiche: Hull (Tomb 865), Canopy (Tomb 700), Oar (Tomb 261), Kneeling Figure/Owner (Tomb 522), Standing Figure (Tomb 718) UE Nome 16 Length: 18.31 in/46.50 cm Beam: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block), solid creamy buff hull, flush deck with stripe (traces, red), single mast (in wrong place in rudder oar stanchion hole), rudder oar stanchion (in wrong place at bow), rudder oar (red, too large for boat), pointed bow. Canopy (yellow with white border and black dots representing stitching, and black and white spotted animal hide shields). Original helmsman, pilot, and other crew missing. Excavated by John Garstang, 19021904, Acquired from the Liverpool University Institute of Archaeology, 1920. Starboard amidships hull damaged, stern damaged but enough survives to determine RSS. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1907, 220, 228, 236, 242, 261i, 522ii, 700ii, 865iv; Thomas, A P, pers comm, 1999.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

425. EM NN-2 (M2.10.a2.f4.i2.q2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir, Tomb of K3y-Hnnt UE Nome 14 Length: 22.83 in/58.00 cm Wood. With granary, plow, and other boats. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, jar, pointed bow. Round canopy (yellow with white border and black dots representing stitching, and black and white spotted animal hide shields). Seated figures (2). Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910. Specific tomb attribution by author based on publication description. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Top Right), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1911, 24, no. 13.

426. WML 55.82.115 (M2.10.a2.f4.i2.q3.s4) World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 25.98 in/66.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (traces, red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, bowsprit (partial, diagnostic end missing), pointed bow. Standing pilot (detached), sitting helmsman (in wrong place or detached), rowers (5, 1 missing), two other sitting figures may not belong on this model. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Acquired 1955. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: WML Record Card.

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427. TMA 1972.15 (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.q5.r1) Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 30.24 in/76.80 cm Beam: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 7, red), raised central shelf (actual, notched for deck beams, painted with red stripe and white on sides suggesting partial deck hatch removal), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (creamy buff), rudder oar stanchion (creamy buff), deck beam mast partner, rudder oar (broken tiller set in rudder oar cable hole, red), cleats (painted, black), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (14, from at least 7 boats; 14 mismatched oars). Acquired at auction from Munzen und Medaillen, Basel, Switzerland, 28 April 1972, lot 36, from “an important collector in Egypt; a Geneva collection.” Acquired by Edward Drummond Libbey with funds from the Libbey Endowment, 1972. Suggested provenance based on hull construction, possibly from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s excavations. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Anonymous 1972, 434-435; Cahn 1972; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 1973, 100-101, no. 361; Toledo Museum of Art 1976a, 6; Toledo Museum of Art 1976b, 44; TMA Record Card.

428. MGL 82-1-1 (M2.10.b2.d2.f1.g.h1.i2.k7.o.q5.s1) Musée Georges-Labit, Toulouse, France Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 31.50 in/80.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual 2, painted 4, red), raised central shelf (actual and painted, red, fore and amidships), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), hollow (amidships) red hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale and rowlocks, single mast (red bottom), rudder oar stanchion, rigging (yard), round end bowsprit (red), rudder oar (red), rounded bow. Standing pilot, standing helmsman, rowers (6, 3 oars). Rudder oar, rudder oar stanchion, oars, mast, and yard not original to boat. Acquired 1982. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of Toulouse, Musée Georges-Labit, Photo STC, provided by Françoise Collanges. Bibliography: Collanges, F, pers comm, 2006..

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

429. BLMJ NN (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.i2.q4.r1) Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 35.43 in/90.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual 9, painted 2 minimum, red), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (block), hollow creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion (creamy buff), rudder oar (red and white loom, red blade), cleats (painted, 2, black), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (18, mismatched, oars). Formerly in the Said Bay Khashaba Collection; Formerly in the Dr E Borowski Collection. Suggested provenance based on hull construction, possibly from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s 1910 Meir excavations. Documented from photographs, drawing after Schlögl 1978, no. 150. Bibliography: Gleit 2006; Schlögl 1978, 46, no. 150.

430. REM RC 484 (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j1.l1.q5.r1) Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 34.65 in/88.00 cm Beam: 6.89 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.82 in/9.70 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 5, red; painted, fore and aft, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), hollow creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, deck beam mast partner, shroud or stay holes, cleats (painted with attachments, 2, black), rudder oar (red, detached), mast crutch (red), jar (white), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (in wrong place at stern), helmsman (missing), rowers (12, 12 oars). Acquired from the Giza Museum in Egypt by Reverend William MacGregor of Tamworth, England, before 1902. Sold at Sotheby’s auction of the MacGregor Collection 26 June-6 July 1922. Acquired from a Spink and Son auction, London, England, 1 May 1940. No evidence exists to contest the listed Meir provenance and this artifact’s construction is very similar to known Meir examples. Possibly from Jacques de Morgan’s 1892-1893 Meir excavations. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1964, 844; REM Record Card; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge 1922, 80, no. 626.

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APPENDIX A

431. MMA 11.150.10 (M2.10.b2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.o.p.q6.r1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 39.37 in/100.00 cm Beam: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.37 in/11.10 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 6, red), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), hollow red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripes (dark creamy buff with red on gunwale) and rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red), deck beam mast partner, rigging (2 yards, line), sail (furled), cleats (painted, 2, black), rudder oar (red), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (holding short staff), sitting helmsman, rowers (13, 1 missing, many oars not on-board). Mast and rigging stowed down vessel midline. Acquired from Said Bay Khashaba in Egypt, 1911. Possibly from Ahmed Bey Kamal’s 1910-1911 Meir excavations. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hayes 1953, 272; MMA Record Card.

432. EM JE 37564j-116 (M2.10.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.l3.o.q7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 116 of Physician Neferi UE Nome 16 Length: 32.00 in/81.28 cm Wood. On floor next to coffin. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent). Solid light yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion (red), raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, both shroud or stay holes and bowed halyard and/or topping lift attachment (white), rigging (2 yards, some line when discovered), punt poles (2), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (5 standing, working lines; 4 sitting), punters (2, in deep lunging positions). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sister to EM JE 37564i116. Specific tomb attribution by author based on publication description. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 220, 116b; Garstang 1907, 65-79, 216, 116iii, Figs. 54, 59; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Tooley 1989, Pl. 11.2.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

433. BM EA 41574 (M2.10.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q5.r1) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 723 of Sebek-Hetepa UE Nome 16 Length: 27.50 in/69.80 cm Beam: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Depth of Hold: 3.00 in/7.60 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent). Solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (tiller, red), flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rigging (2 yards, top yard attached to the masthead by 4 topping lifts, the bottom yard attached by 10 topping lifts, forestay extends from the masthead to the left arm of the pilot in the photograph but it is not on exhibit, a brace stretches from the lower yardarm to the rudder oar stanchion), sail (replacement, unfurled, attached it its head and foot to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, black), punt poles (on deck), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (yellow with black border and white dots representing stitching, black and white spotted shields), posts (8, 2 cross beams), sitting owner Sebek-Hetepa underneath with trunks (2, vaulted, red and yellow). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3 standing, working lines), punters (2, in lunged positions). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sister to BM EA 41575. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph and drawing from Glanville 1972, Pl. Va, Fig. 21 Bottom, drawing by Grace Huxtable, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 223, 723b; Garstang 1907, 237, 723ii; Glanville 1972, 22-25, Pls. IVb, Va; Tooley 1989, Pl. 10.2.

434. PCU ZR1478 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q6.r1) Private Collection, Unknown Owner Location: Unkown Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (not original to boat, has decorative falcon head top, belongs on funerary barque, red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), rudder oar (tiller, detached, red), mast crutch (white), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (holding lead), standing helmsman (probably replaced, holding tiller), rowers (18, 1 standing, 1 is a priest, 18 oars, probably replacements). Human figures pastiche; deck and figures appear to be repainted.  Suggested provenance based on hull configuration and comparison to known Meir examples. Documented from photograph, photograph from Zev Radovan, Jerusalem, Israel (Mr Radovan does not recall who owns the model).

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APPENDIX A 435. ÄMUL Inv. 38 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,7.q6) Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 6 of Regulator of the Phyle and Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra, Harshefhotep I LE Nome 1 Length: 24.80 in/63.00 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Wood. On floor with 3 boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and wooden square U with pin (red) mast partners, mast crutch (brownish-yellow), rudder oar (had tiller when discovered, white and black bands), pointed bow. Rounded canopy (brownish-yellow with red edge, black and white spotted animal hide shields), posts (6, 1 broken, 1 missing), Harshefhotep I underneath (sitting with one knee up and one crossed in front). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (8, 8 oars). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer prior to 1902. Acquired 1902. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, drawing from Schäfer 1908, Abb. 113; Bibliography: ÄMUL Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl XLIX.3; Krauspe 1976, 30, no. 42/1; Krauspe 1997, 62, Abb. 51; Porter and Moss 1974, 346; Schäfer 1908, 71-73, Abb. 111-113; Tooley 1989, 58, 149. 436. RMO AH 63 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j9.l1.q7) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Length: 34.25 in/87.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6 minimum, various widths, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (black, too tall), rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (red), wooden three boot knee with hollow back carved of 1 piece mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, table (yellow with 8 round indentations), red chair, lotus bud canopy posts (2, 1 broken, redundant), brewery sieve stand (red), tall container (yellowish-brown), gently pointed bow. Round concave roof cabin (yellow sides, white roof bordered in black with black and white spotted animal hide shields, red framed door). Sitting female mummiform owner (red block-like chair, white with blue, red, and yellow collar). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), kneeling punter (holding punt pole), sitting rower (holding oar), standing male servants (2). From the Giovanni Anastasi Collection. Anastasi purchased antiquities in Thebes and Saqqara. Acquired by the Dutch government, 1828. Suggested provenance based on hull configuration and similarities to known Theban examples. Documented in person, on special exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.2; Boeser 19051932, III, Pl. XI, Text 4, no. 12; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 8; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbls. XIII.2, XXVIII, XL.8; Ranke 1936, no. 89; RMO Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

437. EM JE 37564i-116 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 116 of Physician Neferi UE Nome 16 Length: 43.00 in/109.22 cm Wood. On coffin with granary, brewery, and bakery models. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), solid yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red), rigging (2 yards, lines), sail (furled), pointed bow. Sitting pilot, sitting helmsman, standing rowers (20). Sister to EM JE 37564j-116. Specific tomb attribution by author based on publication description. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 220, 116.a; Garstang 1907, 65-79, 216, 116ii, Figs. 54, 57-58; Porter and Moss 1934, 161; Tooley 1989, Pl. 11.1-2.

438. ÄMUL Inv. 36 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.l1.j3,7.q6) Ägyptologisches Museum, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 6 of Regulator of the Phyle and Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra, Harshefhotep I LE Nome 1 Length: 23.62 in/60.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Wood. On floor with 3 boats and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), shroud or stay holes, painted short beams with stringers (red) and wooden square U with pin (red) mast partners, rudder oar (had tiller when discovered, red), pointed bow. Rounded canopy (brownish-yellow with red edge, black and white spotted animal hide shields), posts (6, 2 missing), Harshefhotep I underneath (sitting with one knee up and one crossed in front). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (3 standing, working lines, 3 sitting). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer prior to 1902. Acquired in 1902. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author, drawing from Schäfer 1908, Abb. 120; Bibliography: ÄMUL Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl XLIX.1; Krauspe 1976, 30, no. 43/2; Porter and Moss 1974, 346; Schäfer 1908, 75-76, Abb. 118-120; Tooley 1989, 58, 149 (misidentified as Inv. 35).

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APPENDIX A

439. EM JE 45318 (M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.l1.j7.o.q7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, North of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 29.53 in/75.00 cm Wood. On floor next to other models. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), shroud or stay holes, wooden square U with pin mast partners (red), rigging (2 yards), gang plank, mallet, mooring stakes (2), lead (black and white animal hide, hanging from hull in publication, on deck in museum; should be in pilot’s hand), quivers (2, black and white spotted animal hide) trunk, pointed bow. Round canopy (creamy buff, green white, red, and black checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds with animal hide shields), posts (8, black), sitting male owner Anpuemhat underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (4 standing working lines, 3 sitting), male servant, stowed oars. Excavated by James E Quibell and Angelo G K Hayter, 1912-1914. Acquired 1914. Sister to EM JE 46766. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Top Right), photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Porter and Moss 1981, 550; Quibell and Hayter 1927, 11-14, no. 15, 39, Pl. XXIII bottom.

440. EM Saqqara Anpuemhat 6 (M2.10.a2.f1.g.h1.i2.k3.o.p.q7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, North of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 28.35/72.00 cm Wood. In north recess with boat and granary. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion, rigging (yards), sail (furled), rudder oar, mast crutch (white), quivers (3), pointed bow. Round canopy (white and green checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds), posts (8, black), sitting male owner Anpuemhat underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (8, some oars). Excavated by James E Quibell and Angelo G K Hayter, 1912-1914. Acquired 1914. Sister to EM Saqqara Anpuemhat 5. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom Middle Right), photograph by author. Bibliography: Quibell and Hayter 1927, 12-13, no. 6.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 441. EM Saqqara Anpuemhat 5 (M2.10.a2.f1.h1.i2.k3.l1.o.q7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, North of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 28.35/72.00 cm Wood. In north recess with boat and granary. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion hole, shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (on deck), gang plank, mallet, mooring stake, quiver (black and white spotted animal hide, set in rudder oar stanchion hole), pointed bow. Square canopy (yellow and blue), posts (4), sitting male owner Anpuemhat underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (2 standing, working lines; 2 sitting), male servant. Excavated by James E Quibell and Angelo G K Hayter, 1912-1914. Acquired 1914. Sister to EM Saqqara Anpuemhat 6. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom Left), photograph by author. Bibliography: Quibell and Hayter 1927, 11-13, no. 5; Tooley 1989, 158. 442. DB SIUE NN (M2.10.a2.f1.i2.q7) Dallas Browne Web Site, Southern Illinois University Evanston, Evanston, IL, USA Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion (creamy buff, probably replacement), rudder oar (red), mast crutch (creamy buff), pointed bow (missing). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (12, 12 oars, probable replacements). Bow damaged. Suggested provenance based on stern configuration and comparison to Theban examples. Attempts to determine this model’s location were unsuccessful through the web site administrator. The model is mistakenly identified as being from the New Kingdom. Documented from photograph, photograph from Browne 2006. 443. BM EA 41575 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q5.r1) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 723 of Sebek-Hetepa UE Nome 16 Length: 24.75 in/62.80 cm Beam: 4.00 in/10.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.50 in/6.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), solid brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar (present when discovered, tiller, red), rigging and furled sail (missing, present when discovered), cleats (painted, 6, black), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Sitting pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (8, 4 oars). Sister to BM EA 41574. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Vb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 223, 723a; Garstang 1907, 237, 723i; Glanville 1972, 22-25, Pls. IVb, Vb; Tooley 1989, Pl. 10.2.

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APPENDIX A

444. SACOS E7286 (M2.10.a2.f4.i2.q4) School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies, UL, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 19.33 in/49.10 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Length of Hold: 4.25 in/10.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (block), solid hull, flush gunwale with stripe, rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow. Very damaged, bow missing, human figures missing, blackened. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: SACOS Record Card.

445. ÄIUT 369 (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q6.s4) Ägyptologisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 30.51 in/77.50 cm Beam: 4.92 in/12.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, resting on gunwales, seats for rowers; painted 11, red), raised central shelf (actual, painted with red stripe and white on sides), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), hollow brownish-yellow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, highly raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (replacement), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red), rigging (2 yards, top yard attached to the mast by 8 topping lifts, forestay extends from the topmast to the bowsprit, backstay stretches from the topmast to the rudder oar stanchion, 2 attached to the lower yardarms are held by the helmsman, 2 stays extend aft and are tied to both gunwales), sail (replacement, unfurled, its head and foot attached to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), bowsprit (red, replaced), rudder oar (tiller, red), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, with lead (red), rowers (14, 14 oars), paddlers (2, 2 paddles). Probably excavated by John Garstang, 19021904. From the H Martyn Kennard Collection. Sold at Sotheby’s 16-19 July, 1912, Lot. 512. Acquired 1959.  Suggested provenance based on the similarity with the Beni Hasan boat model described as Lot 512; I contend they are the same artifact. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Brunner-Traut and Brunner 1981, 50-52, tbl 37; Garstang 1907; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1912, 52, Lot. 512; Spanel 1985, 252, n. 29.

338

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

446. Akoris (M2.10.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j12.o.q6.r2.t3) Last Known Location: Storage, Akoris, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Akoris, South Chamber, Chapel b UE Nome 16 Length: 39.37 in/100.00 cm Beam: 9.06 in/23.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. South chamber, Area A, Layer III-2, south of the north wall, in disarray. Deck beams (actual, 16 restored; painted, 9 restored, red), raised central shelf (actual aft, red; painted fore, restored, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent, restored), hollow (solid aft, restored) brownish-yellow hull, round bottom rudder oar cable holes (restored), raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (fragmentary, unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red, restored with three knee partner but no evidence for this construction), 3 wooden knees with rope mast partner, rigging (2, yards, red), cleats (actual, 5, some missing, red), around deck binding (black and white), rudder oar (tiller, red with wide black band, blade with thin black band), mast crutches (3, 2 taller, 1 short, white), gangplank (red), mallets (4, red), mooring stakes (4, red), pointed bow. Rectangular canopy (yellowish brown, half destroyed), lotus bud posts (4, 1 complete), mummy (with pharaonic beard, white, black, red, green, representing owner) on bier (lion legs, red with black stripe) on platform (yellow). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (24 survived, 18 oars), standing officers (4), standing sailors (3), priest, cloaked mourner (labeled as owner). Excavated by Dr Hiroyuki Kawanishi with the University of Tsukuba, Model partially destroyed by fire in antiquity. Documented from photograph and drawing, photograph courtesy of Hiroyuki Kawanishi, drawing from Kawanishi et al 1995, Fig. 287. Bibliography: Kawanishi, H, pers comm 1997; Kawanishi et al, 1995, 30-31, Appendix VII, 421-451, Pls. II-III, 62-66.

447. APMA 14.410 (M2.10.b2.f4.g.i2.k2.q6.r1) Allard Pierson Museum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut/Meir UE Nome 13/UE Nome 14 Length: 31.10 in/79.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 5; painted, 4, red), raised central shelf (actual amidships; painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), hollow red (traces) hull (solid aft), round bottom, flush gunwale (fore and aft) with stripe (red) and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion hole, cleats (painted, 10, black), bench (post-antiquity addition), pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (10, mismatched). From the Nawa Pasha Collection to the Ben Heller Collection, New York, NY. Sold at auction by Moeger, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1978. Acquired 2001. Human figures pastiche. Suggested provenance based on hull construction compared to known Meir examples. Documented from photographs, photograph courtesy of Allard Pierson Museum. Bibliography: van Haarlem, W, pers comm, 2001.

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APPENDIX A

448. BMA 37.99E (M2.10.b2.f4.h1.i2.q4) Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt D XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 22.44 in/57.00 cm Beam: 5.67 in/14.40 cm Depth of Hold: 4.45 in/11.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 6), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (block), hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (detached), rowers (9, 1 missing, detached). Acquired by Henry Abbott in Egypt, 1830-1850. Acquired by the New York Historical Society prior to 1874. Acquired September 1948, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund. Bow and stern damaged, but enough exists to determine RSS. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: Abbott 1854, 30, no. 398; Abbott 1874, 30, no. 398; Abbott 1915, 26, no. 403; BMA Record Card; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 1.

449. ROM 910.18.1 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.i2.k2.q9) Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2004 BCE Provenance: Deir el Bahari, Peristyle Court of the Temple of King Neb-Hepet-Re Mentuhotep III, Pit 14 of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 37.53 in/95.35 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (small block), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (tiller, red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing, replaced with mummiform figure), sitting helmsman, rowers (12, 12 oars). Damaged port bow. Excavated by Edouard Naville and Harold Reginald Holland Hall, 1906-1907. From the Egypt Exploration Fund. Acquired prior to 1910. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; Arnold 1981, Tbl. 4a-d, 65b; Naville, Hall, and Currelly 1913, 31, Pl. XIX; Porter and Moss 1964, 657; Porter and Moss 1972, 391; ROM Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 450. EM JE 46718 (M2.10.a2.d5.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.l1.o.q8.r1,2.s2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2016-1985 BCE nd Provenance: 2 Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 46.06 in/117.00 cm Beam: 12.13 in/30.80 cm Depth of Hold: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, bow on top of boat EM JE 46719 and stern sitting on 2 bricks. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and loop attachment, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, shroud or stay holes, rigging (lines), cleats (painted, 2, black; actual, 4, black), cleft end bowsprit, rudder oar (red), mast crutch (white), punt poles (2), oven (fore, brown, red, yellow), large container (amidships, yellow with black top), baskets (yellow, black), beer containers (9) on table (in cabin), drying meat (on 2 strings in cabin), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round concave roof cabin (yellow with white border and stripe down middle, black and white spotted animal hide shields). Standing pilot (holding lead, (black and white animal hide), sitting helmsman, sailors (8, 4 standing working lines; 4 sitting working lines), vessel officers (4), sitting male servant (tending oven, white, red, black). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Kitchen Tender R. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, drawing from Winlock 1955, Fig. 75 Top. Bibliography: Daressy 1925, 42; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 125; Tooley 1989, 32; Winlock 1920, 12-32; Winlock 1942, 22-29; Winlock 1955, 57-59, 96, Pls. 40, 42 left, 55, 75. 451. REM RC 1815 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q9.s4 Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 3 of Nehri UE Nome 15 Length: 47.64 in/121.00 cm Beam: 8.46 in/21.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. With 10 boats, only 3 in good shape. Deck beams (painted, 5 minimum, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red, too tall, probably not original), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), bowsprit (missing), shields (2, black and white spotted animal hide) leaning against a quiver (black and white spotted animal hide) with replacement spear tips or small weapons underneath, pointed bow. Sitting mummiform male owner Nehri. Pilot (facing starboard), helmsman (missing), rowers (6, facing wrong direction), soldiers (5, arms constructed to attach shield, 3 hold javelin). REM Record Card states this artifact was excavated in 1901; I contend it was published in 1901. Acquired from Sotheby’s, New York, May 1973. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, MarchApril 1900, described as depicted except for additional crewmen added and the elimination of a round canopy (Kamal 1901, 41, the first of three boats listed, formerly EM JE 34291; location of boat three unknown). While not a sister to APMA 8876, BM EA 34273, BM EA 34293, NMK 5489, and RMO F 1939/1.1, these models are so similar I suggest these artifacts were constructed in the same shop in antiquity. I contend this model is from the same tomb as EM JE 34292. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1901, 40-41, n. 7; REM Record Card.

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452. BM EA 34273 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.g.i2.q9.s1) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, First shaft of Amenemhat UE Nome 15 Length: 65.50 in/166.50 cm Beam: 8.75 in/22.20 cm Depth of Hold: 4.25 in/10.80 cm Wood. On coffin with 7 other boats. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl). solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion (red), round end bowsprit, rudder oar (tiller, wide red and white bands, red blade), pointed bow. Sitting male owner Amenemhat. Standing pilot, standing helmsman, rowers (14, standing and sitting, 14 block chairs, 6 oars). Acquired 1901. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. Figures are pastiche from several other models; standing rowers are sailors. Probable sister to APMA 8876, BM EA 34293, NMK 5489, and RMO F 1939/1.1; if they are not sisters, I suggest these artifacts were constructed in the same shop in antiquity, including REM RC 1815. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. VIIb, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Hodges 1970, 107, no. 117; Glanville 1972, 38-40, Pl. VIIb; Kamal 1901, 18-20, barque C, Fig. 4.

453. BM EA 35293 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q9.s4) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, First shaft of Amenemhat UE Nome 15 Length: 55.00 in/139.20 cm Beam: 8.75 in/22.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.00 in/7.60 cm Wood. On coffin with 7 other boats. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole (rudder oar stanchion stepped in hole, white with red end), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), bowsprit (missing), shroud or stay holes, shields (2, black and white spotted animal hide) leaning against a quiver (black and white spotted animal hide) with replacement spear tips or small weapons underneath, pointed bow (slightly damaged). Sitting mummiform male owner Amenemhat. Standing pilot (facing starboard), helmsman (missing), rowers (6, facing wrong direction), soldiers (5, arms constructed to attach shield, 1 holds javelin). Acquired 1901. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. Figures are pastiche from several models. Probable sister to APMA 8876, BM EA 34273, NMK 5489, and RMO F 1939/1.1; if they are not sisters, I suggest these artifacts were constructed in the same shop in antiquity, including REM RC 1815. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Xa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 52-55, Pl. Xa; Kamal 1901, 18-20, barque B, Fig. 4.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

454. AMO 1896-1908 E.1992 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.q9) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 140 of Henem-Hotep UE Nome 16 Length: 28.74 in/73.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red with black bands), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rudder oar (red with black tip of loom), pointed bow. Male mummy representing Henem-Hotep (white with black hair, royal beard, and decorative collar of green, red, black), on low bier (white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailor (working lines). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. An interesting detail suggests that this model’s makers did not simply add the mummy and bier to this boat after it was outfitted; it is evident that the bier was attached to the model before the deck was painted since the white paint and red thwarts go slightly up the bier’s sides. Sister to AMO 1896-1908 E.1993. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Garstang 1907, 217, 140iii; Tooley 1989, Pl. 28.1.

455. NMK 5489 (M2.10.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q9.s4) National Museum, Kopenhagen, Denmark Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, First shaft of Amenemhat UE Nome 15 Length: 56.69 in/144.00 cm Beam: 11.14 in/28.30 cm Depth of Hold: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Wood. On coffin with 7 other boats. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, bowsprit (missing), rudder oar (tiller, red), pointed bow. Vaulted coffin (black, representing owner). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), standing crewman (10, punters or soldiers), standing priest, sitting male mourners (2). Acquired from antiquities dealer Michel Casira in Cairo, Egypt, 1903. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. Figures are pastiche from several models. Probable sister to APMA 8876, BM EA 34273, BM EA 34293, and RMO F 1939/1.1; if they are not sisters, I suggest these artifacts were constructed in the same shop, including REM RC 1815. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 72.2.16; Buhl 1974, 40-41, no. 27; Kamal 1901, 18-20, barque F (length measurement in publication includes rudder oar), Fig. 4; NMK Record Card.

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456. RPMH 388 (M2.10.a2.f1.i2.k4.q9) Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 10.63 in/27.00 cm Beam: 8.27 in/21.00 cm Depth of Hold: 8.46 in/21.50 cm Clay. Deck beams (not differentiated), raised central shelf (actual, stanchion support), reinforced stern structure (small curl), hollow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion, rudder oar loom (attached to stanchion), amidships section and bow missing. Round cabin, owner inside with bowl. Helmsman. The unique nature of this artifact does suggest it may be questionable but thurmoluminescence dating provided a general date of more than 3000 years old but less than 7000. Acquired by Wilhelm Pelizaeus through an antiquities dealer in Egypt, prior to 1911. Acquired 1911. Documented from photographs, not available for study, photographs from Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,62, 6,63, © Roemer- und Pelizaeus- Museum Hildesheim. Bibliography: Martin-Pardey 1991, 6,60-6,63.

457. DIA T1984.199 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q9.r1.s4) Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI, USA Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 26.77 in/68.00 cm Beam: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.80 in/9.60 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (actual, not highly raised, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid white (plaster only, probably originally red) hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (white), rudder oar stanchion (red, too tall for model), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards, attached to the mast by 2 topping lifts, a forestay extends to a mooring stake [red] at the bow, 2 clew lines attached to the top yard are in the hands of a crewman), sail (unfurled, Coptic replacement), cleats (painted, black), bowsprit (missing), rudder oar (red and white, too large for model), pointed bow. Mummiform male owner or mourner. Standing pilot (facing port), helmsman (missing), rowers (8, placed on model as sitting sailors, 4 oars). Loaned 1917. Acquired 1984. Human figures pastiche, sail incorrectly hung. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Peck, W, pers comm, 1998.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

458. RMO F 1939/1.3 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.l1.q10 Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 27.05 in/68.70 cm Beam: 8.19/20.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), solid red hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (creamy buff), single mast (red with thin white stripes), rudder oar stanchion (red), shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (tiller, on deck), possibly a mallet, pointed bow. Solid rectangular vaulted cabin (dark blue roof with yellow stars, bordered in yellow, white sides with red and blue decorations, bottom section is dark blue with a yellow pattern resembling the side of a sarcophagus that is decorated with vertical pillar-like “house facades,” yellow front with blue hieroglyphs and red wooden frame door). Sitting owner (on block chair). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), standing sailors or punters (10). From the Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection, H.146, probably collected between 18971905. Acquired1939. Documented from photograph (unavailable for study, on loan to Australia), photograph courtesy of Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 28; RMO Record Card; Schneider and Raven 1981, 21, 70, no. 54.

459. EM JE 34292 (M2.10.a2.f4.h1.i2.q9) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Tomb 3 of Nehri UE Nome 15 Length: 27.56 in/70.00 cm Beam: 6.29 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. With 10 boats, only 3 in good shape. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow. Round canopy (yellow, white front, black and red spotted animal hide shields), posts (6, short). Standing pilot (loose on deck), sitting helmsman (loose on deck), standing sailors (2, working lines), punters (2). I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. I contend this model is from the same tomb as REM RC 1815. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case E, Top Left), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1901, 40-41, n. 8.

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460. CMNH 18,121 (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.q9.s2) Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 33.07 in/84.00 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Depth of Hold: 11.06 in/28.10 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl; reconstructed with plaster), solid red hull, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, too big for this model), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, cleft end bowsprit (red with black tip), rudder oar (red loom with wide with bands, missing tiller, too big for this model), pointed bow. Small solid vaulted cabin (yellow with black bands and red details on ends indicating wooden framework). Standing pilot (placed too far aft), helmsman (missing), standing sailor, rower (facing wrong direction), paddlers (3). Human figures pastiche. From M H Whyman. Acquired 1918. Paper tag on bottom reads “94-242;” this designation could suggest the model’s year of discovery was 1894. Provenance might be Meir, possibly from the excavations of Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: CMNH Record Card; Patch 1990, 26, Pl. 16.

461. BM EA 45088 (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3.n6.q9.r1.s2) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 35 UE Nome 13 Length: 20.00 in/50.80 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 2.75 in/7.00 cm Wood. Depression in corner of entrance hall with boat and other wooden artifacts. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid creamy buff (mostly gone) hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (white with black and red stripes), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), two pronged rudder oar guide (red), cleats (painted, 7, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stripes representing rope ties), mast crutch (red), blunt bow. Male owner (seated on block). Pilot (missing, mourner in his place), helmsman (missing), sailors (2), mourners (6). Excavated by D G Hogarth. Acquired 1907. Sister to BM EA 45087. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. VIIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 35-37, Pl. VIIa.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

462. RMO F 1939/1.1 (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.l1.q9) Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, First shaft of Amenemhat UE Nome 15 Length: 45.75 in/116.20 cm Beam: 7.28 in/18.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, too large for this model), shroud or stay holes, gently rounded bow. Coffin/sarcophagus (brownish-yellow, detachable raised edges on both ends) representing the owner, mummiform figures (3, mourners). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing, cloaked mourner in place), standing crewmen (7 punters, 3 sailors). From the Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing Collection, H.104, probably collected between 1897-1905. Acquired 1939. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. Figures are pastiche from several models. Probable sister to APMA 8876, BM EA 34273, BM EA 34293, and NMK 5489; if they are not sisters, I suggest these artifacts were constructed in the same shop, including REM RC 1815. Documented in person, on special exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 28; Kamal 1901, 18-20, barque E, Fig. 4; RMO Record Card; Tooley 1989, 139.

463. APMA 8876 (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.q9.s4) Allard Pierson Museum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, First shaft of Amenemhat UE Nome 15 Length: 49.61 in/126.00 cm Beam: 7.91 in/20.10 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood (acacia). Deck beams (painted, probably 10, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl, partially destroyed), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, bowsprit (missing), gently pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (probably 8, determined from deck holes). Acquired 25 November 1973. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. Probable sister to BM EA 34273, BM EA 34293, NMK 5489, and RMO F 1939/1.1; if they are not sisters, I suggest these artifacts were constructed in the same shop, including REM RC 1815. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: APMA Record Card.

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APPENDIX A 464. PCU S 59 (M2.10.b2.f1.g.h1.i2.j1.q9.s2) Private Collection, Unknown Owner, Switzerland. Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Early D XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 59.84/152.00 cm - with rudder oar Beam: 9.84 in/25.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 12), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (small curl stern), hollow red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast (white top with black details), rudder oar stanchion (red), deck beam mast partner, cleft end bowsprit (red with white tip), rudder oar (tiller, red with white bands), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (22, 24 oars), standing man (stern), sitting man (bow). Suggested provenance based on hull construction and comparison to known elBersheh examples. Documented from photograph, drawing after PageGasser and Wiese 1997, no. 59. Bibliography: Page-Gasser and Wiese 1997, 96-98, no. 59. 465. SACOS E7287 (M2.10.b2.f1.g.h1.i2.j1.q9.s2) School of Archaeology, Classics and Oriental Studies, UL, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 264 of Seten-En-Hetepa UE Nome 16 Length: 22.05 in/56.00 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 6. missing), raised central shelf (actual, notched for deck beams), reinforced stern structure (small curl, damaged), hollow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (8-10, missing). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1907, 220, 264ii; SACOS Record Card. 466. EM CG 4912 (M2.10.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.t5) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re LE Nome 1 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 5.35 in/13.7 cm Depth of Hold 2.56 in/6.50 cm Wood. West chamber. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleft end bowsprit (red with black tip), athwartships and around deck binding reinforcements (black), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), sailors (4 standing, 4 sitting). Acquired 1884. Sister to EM CG 4913. Documented from deck drawing and catalog description (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum and this artifact may not be there any longer), drawing from Reisner 1913, Fig. 251, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo.. Bibliography: Maspero 1915, 310-312; Reisner 1913, 68-69, Fig. 251.

348

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

467. HÄI 934 (M2.10.a2.f7.g.i2.q9.s2) Heidelberg Äegyptisches Institut, Heidelberg, Germany Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 1 of Eu-M-Achwet LE Nome 1 Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.96 in/12.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.11 in/7.90 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion hole, cleft end bowsprit (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (missing), very small figures (2, probably servants). Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer prior to 1908. Sister to HMVV 1126.05. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1974, 346; Schäfer 1908, 18-39, Abb. 42-43.

468. CBMAG H.5359 (M2.10.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2) City of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol, England Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 26.38 in/67.00 cm Beam: 5.60 in/14.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl stern), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe and stern slashes (red with black, representing stitching), single mast (red, detached), rudder oar stanchion (red, detached), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching representing leather attachments), lotus bud post (1, red with black bands, detached), pointed bow. Mummiform male owner (detached). Pilot (detached), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (9, detached, 1 missing), servant or mourner (cloaked). Acquired from C R Mapp. Suggested provenance based on comparisons with known Meir examples and I contend this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910 (Kamal 1914, 57, Fig. 3). Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: CBMAG Record Card; Kamal 1914, 57, Fig. 3.

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APPENDIX A

469. EM CG 4805 (M2.10.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s4.t2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome Length: 23.62 in/60.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark with stripe and stern slashes (red with black, representing stitching), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), bowsprit (missing), athwartships binding deck reinforcements, pointed bow. Standing pilot (in wrong place near bow facing aft), helmsman (missing), rowers (9, 1 missing, sitting on white block seats). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Bottom Left Front), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. IV Top), courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 781; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 286 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 1112, Pl. IV Top.

470. MLP E 17111 (M2.10.a2.f9.i2.q10.s2) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 30.51 in/77.50 cm Beam: 7.52 in/19.10 cm Depth of Hold: 4.17 in/10.60 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual 1; painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), solid green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black), rudder oar stanchion hole (mast stepped into hole), cleft end bowsprit (red, black lines representing stitching, black tip), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Rectangular canopy (front facing stern, white with red and green bands bordered in black, 2 white hawks), lotus bud posts (white, black red bands), mummy (white, black, red collar) on bier (white with red and black bands) representing owner. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), punters (3), mourners (5), priests (3, 1 near bow, 2 over mummy). Mast-like sticks stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole and forward with another mast or yard placed between them; not original and this configuration serves no function. From the Reverend William MacGregor Collection. Sold at Sotheby's, August 1922. Acquired 1944. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dunand and Lichtenberg 1994, 39; MLP Record Card; Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge, 1922, 7980, Lot 624.

350

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

471. MM 4741 (M2.10.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q11.s2) Manchester Museum, Manchester, England Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Deir Rifeh, ‘Tomb of the Two Brothers’, Nekht-Ankh and Priest of the Temple of Khnum, Khnum-Nekht UE Nome 11 Length: 25.98 in/66.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Wood. On floor between wall and coffin of Nekht-Ankh next to 2 female offering bearers. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), solid black hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red with black lines near base), rigging (2 yards, line), sail (furled), cleft end bowsprit (red, black lines representing stitching, black tip), rudder oar (tiller, decorated with yellow, green, white, and black lotus flowers, udjat eyes, rosettes; white loom, red and white shaft), mast crutch (white), pointed bow. Cabin (yellow, solid, red door aft). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (10, sitting on blocks. 10 oars), mourner (in pilot position. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1906-1907. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Sister of MM 4742. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; David and Archbold 2000, 35-39; Egypt Exploration Fund 1907, 21-22; Gottlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XVI.3; Murray 1910, 17-18, Pls. 3, 16 top; Petrie 1907, 12-13, Pl. X.C Bottom; Tooly 1989, 64, 156-157.

472. MM 4742 (M2.10.a2.f7.h1.i2.j13.o.q11.s2) Manchester Museum, Manchester, England Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Deir Rifeh, ‘Tomb of the Two Brothers’, Nekht-Ankh and Priest of the Temple of Khnum, Khnum-Nekht UE Nome 11 Length: 25.10 in/66.30 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Wood. On floor between wall and coffin of Nekht-Ankh next to 2 female offering bearers. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), solid black hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), 3 wooden knees (red) with pin mast partner, rigging (2 yards, line), cleft end bowsprit (red, black lines representing stitching, black tip), rudder oar (tiller [may be replacement], decorated with yellow, green, white, and black lotus flowers, udjat eyes, rosettes; white loom, red and white shaft), mallet (red), mooring stake (red), pointed bow. Cabin (yellow, solid, red door aft). Standing pilot, standing helmsman, standing sailors (4), mourners (4). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1906-1907. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Sister of MM 4741. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph © The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; David and Archbold 2000, 35-39; Egypt Exploration Fund 1907, 21-22; Murray 1910, 17-18, Pls. 3, 16 bottom; Petrie 1907, 12-13, Pl. X.C Top; Tooley 1989, 64, 157.

351

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.11 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS), AND LOWER SIDE SHELF (LSS)

473. PMEA UC31848 (M2.11.b2.d2.f1.i2.q5) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 1580 of Nekhta UE Nome 20 Length: 9.13 in/23.20 cm Beam: 5.35 in/13.60 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 2 surviving, red), raised central shelf (actual, red; painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), lower side shelves (red), hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow (missing). Model had a pilot, helmsman, and crew but they did not survive; approximately 75% of model is missing. Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: Petrie and Brunton 1924, Pl. XXXVIII.

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APPENDIX A

M2.12 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS), AND LONGITUDINAL STERN REINFORCEMENT (LSR)

474. IAGB E 1410 (M2.12.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.q3.u1) Internet Auction, Grimbergen, Belgium Location: Unknown, from a French collection Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 26.20 in/64.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red) reinforced stern structure (small block with indent stern), longitudinal stern reinforcement (slightly raised). solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, short beams with stringers mast partner, pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (probably 12, missing). Paddler (not original). Documented from photograph, Grimbergen, Belgium, 2006.

475. SMMRLA 1923.33.bw (M2.12.a2.f4.h1.i2.j4.q3.u1) St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Middle Kingdom, Early All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 14.96 in/38.00 cm Beam: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.2 in/12.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid dark yellowish-brown hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (stepped in mast hole), painted squareshaped U mast partner (red), rudder oar (red) forward, pointed bow (missing). Sitting owner (yellow block chair). Pilot (in wrong place near stern, facing aft), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (3). Acquired by Glasgow Museums, 1923. Transferred to the St Mungo Museum, 1993. Human figures pastiche (recognized by SMMRLA). This model is incorrectly displayed. Since the bow is missing it has been interpreted that the somewhat pointed end is the bow and the blunt end is the stern. Therefore, the pastiche figures face the wrong way in the wrong positions. The rudder oar is at the bow with a replacement tiller propping it up in a deck hole that used to be filled by a crewmember. A quernstone that has been interpreted as a boat is displayed in front of it. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: SMMRLA Record Card.

353

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

476. BMA 37.1483E M2.12.a2.d2.f1.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.q7.s1.u1) Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid AE D XI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Tomb of Horhotpou UE Nome 4 Length: 37.40 in/95.00 cm Beam: 9.29 in/23.60 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, red, 6, delineated with etched lines), raised central shelf (painted, red, delineated with etched lines), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner, shroud or stay holes, rigging (yard with black bands), round end bowsprit (inserted and flush with the deck), rudder oar (red and white loom and shaft, red blade, on deck), mast crutch (white plaster, originally red), small oar, large ceramic platters (4, two piles, red), rolled up fishing net, ceramic vessels (3, 2 red and 1 white), storage jars (3, 1 red, 1 black, 1 white, various sizes), gently pointed bow. Rectangular canopy or cabin (missing), posts (4, 3 broken and short, 1 on deck), sitting owner (underneath or inside if structure present). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, punter, standing sailors (4), male servants (2, 1 grinding grain, other job unknown), priest, very small female (on a low bench). Acquired by Henry Abbott in Egypt, with provenance stated as Thebes, 1830-1850. Acquired by the New York Historical Society, prior to 1874. Acquired September 1948, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund. Human figures pastiche, held on with modern glue. BMA Record Card recognizes this artifact’s pastiche nature. The boat model’s hull configuration strongly supports the stated Theban provenance and specifically Deir-el-Bahari, Tomb of Horhotpou, based on a report by Charles Wilbour of a tablet in Abbott’s Collection bearing Horhotpou’s name. This tomb was looted in the first half of the 19th century and officially cleared in April 1883, with boat parts and crewmen discovered. I contend Abbott purchased this model and the tablet from peasants prior to 1850. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author (poor photography, block curve with indent stern cut off). Bibliography: Abbott 1854 30, no. 403; Abbott 1874, 30, no. 403; Abbott 1915, 26, no. 409; BMA Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 83.B.11; Maspero 1883, 251-253; Porter and Moss 1964, 845.

477. OIM 10742 (M2.12.a2.d2.f4.h1.i2.j2.k2.q5.u1) Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut/Meir UE Nome 13/UE Nome 14 Length: 25.79 in/65.50 cm Beam: 3.98 in/10.10 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 5, red), Raised Central Shelf (painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid light creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, flush gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole (currently stepped with a red and black lotus bud canopy post), rudder oar stanchion (dark red, falcon head top, not original), painted thin two beam mast partner (red), pointed bow. Pilot (missing, mourner in his place), sitting helmsman (facing wrong direction), rowers (10). Acquired from antiquities dealer N D Kyticas in Cairo, Egypt, 22 November 1919. Human figures pastiche, with the figures coming from at least eight different models. Asyut provenance provided by Kyticas. Suggested provenance based on comparisons with known Meir examples. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 160; OIM Record Card.

354

APPENDIX A

478. MMA 26.3.157 (M2.12.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.l1.q6.u1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Tomb 509 of Estate Owner Mentuhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 41.34 in/105.00 cm Beam: 7.95 in/20.20 cm Depth of Hold: 8.39 in/21.30 cm Wood (sycamore). In a jumble on the floor inside the tomb entrance. Deck beams (painted, 10, slightly recessed, red), raised central shelf (painted, lightly recessed, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (red), pointed bow. Standing pilot (holding lead, black and white spotted animal hide), sitting helmsman (too far forward; could be misplaced rower), rowers (4, unknown number missing), standing sailors (4). Recessed deck beams and raised central shelves create significantly raised white hatch covers. Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Excavations, 1922-1923. Acquired 1926. Since this model and two others (IUAM 58.24, MMA 26.3.155) were jumbled together, they may not have been reassembled correctly. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hayes 1953, 270-271; MMA Record Card; Porter and Moss 1964, 651.

479. MMA 11.150.9 (M2.12.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,7.q6.r1.t2.u3) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir, Pit Burial of Sonbi UE Nome 14 Length: 31.30 in/79.50 cm Beam: 8.07 in/20.50 cm Depth of Hold: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching). Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and wooden square U with pin (red) mast partners, cleats (painted, 4, black), athwartships bindings (black, aft, behind rudder oar stanchion), rudder oar (red), pointed bow (black). Round canopy (yellow, bordered in white with red dots representing stitching), posts (missing; canopy resting on deck). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, sailors (3 standing, working lines; 2 sitti). Some crew missing. Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910. From Sai'd Bey Khashaba, 1911. Specific tomb attribution by author based on description in publication Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1911, 28, no. 6; Hayes 1953, 272; MMA Record Card; Moll 1929, A IVc.153.

355

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

480. EM CG 4910 (M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j11.q4.r1.s2.u2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Mentuhotep’s Temple, Northern Court, Pit 28, Treasurer Buau UE Nome 4 Length: 23.23 in/59.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block), longitudinal stern reinforcement (painted red with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted 2 knees extending port and starboard with vertical casing (red) and lashings (black) mast partner, cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit, mast crutch (white), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (creamy buff with black border and square red, black, and white decorations probably representing stylized animal hide shields), posts (8, 4 crossbeams), male owner Buau underneath. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (3), male mourners (2, 1 on white platform, formerly on starboard side in front of canopy). Excavated by Henri Édouard Naville, D G Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and Howard Carter, January 1896. Sister to EM CG 4909. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case F, Bottom Right, Back), photograph Reisner 1913, Pl. XVI Top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum,Cairo. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 213-214; Maspero 1915, 320; Naville, Hall, and Ayrton 1907, 44, n. 2; Porter and Moss 1964, 656; Reisner 1913, 65-66, Pl. XVI Top; Tooley 1989, 33, 150.

481. Beni Hasan Apa 707 (M2.12.a2.f1.h1.i2.q6.u1) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 707 of Master of the Household, Steward Apa UE Nome 16 Wood. Next to coffin with a boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised), solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast, rudder oar stanchion, rudder oar (tiller), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, sailors (5, standing; 1 sitting, probably punting). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sir John T Brunner deposited this artifact in the Liverpool Institute of Archaeology, prior to 1907; it is no longer there. Sister to UMUR E.23.3. Documented from photograph, Garstang 1907, Fig. 174.

photograph

from

Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 223, 707b; Garstang 1907, 236, 707i, Fig. 174; Porter and Moss 1934, 162.

356

APPENDIX A

482. UMUR E.23.3 (M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.l1.q6.u1) Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 707 of Master of the Household, Steward Apa UE Nome 16 Length: 25.00 in/63.50 cm Wood. Next to coffin with a boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 7 confirmed, probably 8 present, traces, red, aft most beam carved and raised), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole (in the raised deck beam under the helmsman), shroud or stay holes, rudder oar (red, placed incorrectly at the bow), pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman, rowers (6, facing wrong way, 4 oars), standing sailor (probably priest). Model probably has a mast partner but it cannot be detected properly. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Sir John T Brunner deposited this artifact in the Liverpool Institute of Archaeology, prior to 1907. Transferred to the Ure Museum, 1923. Human figures pastiche; at some point stray figures were added to the boat and incorrectly placed. Sister to Beni Hasan Apa 707. Documented from photographs, photograph courtesy of Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 223, 707a; Garstang 1907, 236, 707ii, Fig. 174; Porter and Moss 1934, 162; Smith, R, pers comm, 2004; UMUR Record Card.

483. AHL 188 (M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.q5.s1.u1) Auction House, London, Former Wyndham Collection Location Unknown Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 23.00 in/58.10 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number), raised central shelf (painted), reinforced stern structure (block with indent stern, damaged), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole (under standing figure), round end bowsprit, pointed bow. Square canopy (top facing wrong way, may be modern), owner underneath (facing wrong way, non-standard design and probably modern). Pilot (missing, priest in his place), helmsman (missing, priest in his place), rowers (8, sitting on benches, probably modern), punter (elBersheh style), priest. Offered for auction in London, 9 December 1992, from the property of Sir Sidney Nolan or G Wyndham, Esq., from a combined sale and exact ownership unknown. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and similarities with other known Beni Hasan examples. Human figures are pastiche, I suggest they are a combination of modern and ancient examples. Documented from photograph. Bibliography: Christie’s 1992, 86, no. 188.

357

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

484. EM JE 46720 (M2.12.a2.d5.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.l1.o.p.q8.r2.s2.u1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2016-1985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 48.03 in/122.00 cm Beam: 14.17 in/36.00 cm Depth of Hold: 6.89 in/17.50 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on top of granary model (somewhat toppled over) with bow between boats EM JE 46716 and MMA 20.3.5. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and loop attachment, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, a forestay extends from the topmast to the bowsprit, a backstay stretches from the topmast to the rudder oar stanchion (modem string), top yard attached to mast by 6 topping lifts, lower yard attached to topmast by 26 topping lifts, 2 braces extend from the lower yardarms to the rudder oar stanchion, 6 clew lines stretch from the mast to crewman port and starboard), sail (unfurled, its head and foot attached to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), cleats (actual, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red), rudder oar (tiller, red), mast crutch (white), punt poles (2), mooring stake (black, in hole near bow stabilizing mast crutch), bed (inside cabin), trunks (2, brown, under bed), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round concave roof cabin (green and yellow checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds with brown, black and white animal hide shields, red framed doors with white sides, veranda), sitting Meket-Re (on chair, smelling lotus flower) under veranda. Standing pilot (originally holding lead, black and white animal hide, now on deck), standing helmsman (holding tiller, tiller currently not attached to rudder oar), captain (with sensor), sailors (9, 5 standing working lines; 4 sitting working lines), vessel officers (4), sitting male servant (tending to belongings in cabin), male singer. Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Traveling Boat N. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 82.B.5, Pl. 75a; Daressy 1925, 42; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 125; Landström 1970, Tooley 1989, 32; Winlock 1920, 1232, Fig 20; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Pl. 28 middle; Winlock 1955, 45-57, 92-93, Pls. 33, 55, 70-71.

358

APPENDIX A 485. EM JE 46719 (M2.12.a2.d5.f7.h1.i2.j3,12.l1.q8.r2.s2.u1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2016-1985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 44.09 in/112.00 cm Beam: 11.61 in/29.50 cm Depth of Hold: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor partially under boat EM JE 46718 and next to boat EM JE 46716. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and loop attachment, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, shroud or stay holes, cleats (actual, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red), rudder oar (tiller, red), mast crutch (white), punt poles (5), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round cabin (green and yellow zigzag lines representing woven fabric or reeds, bordered in white), sitting Meket-Re (crosslegged on small stool, smelling lotus flower) inside. Standing pilot holding lead (black and white animal hide), standing helmsman (holding tiller), standing captain (both arms crossed over chest awaiting MeketRe’s orders), sailors (9, 5 standing working lines; 4 sitting working lines), vessel officers (4). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Traveling Boat P. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 27), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Daressy 1925, 42; Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 125; Tooley 1989, 32; Winlock 1920, 1232; Winlock 1942, 22-29; Winlock 1955, 45-57, 94-95, Pls. 36, 55, 73. 486. EM CG 4802 (M2.12.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q9.r1.s4.t2.u3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 33.46 in/85.00 cm Beam: 8.46 in/21.50 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), bowsprit (red with black stitching, end broken off), athwartships bindings (black), rudder oar (on deck), pointed bow (damaged). Sitting mummiform owner (on block-like chair). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), sailors (6, 4 standing, 2 sitting), priest (originally with tablet but now missing). Human figures have moved around. Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Right Bottom, Back), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. II Bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 780; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 286 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 7-8, Pl. II Bottom.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

487. DMM MIDMM 1932.4 (M2.12.a2.d2.f1.i2.q10.u1) Dorman Museum, Middlesbrough, England Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Wood. Deck beams (painted, red, much faded), raised central shelf (painted, red, much faded), reinforces stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion hole, gently pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (11, facing wrong direction; mismatched; pastiche). Originally in the possession of Smith’s Dock Shipbuilding Company and presented to Sir Hugh Bell, mayor of Middlesbrough. Acquired from Sir Maurice Bell. Suggested provenance based on similarity to known el-Bersheh examples. Documented from photographs, large photograph by Tony Robson Dyer, photographs courtesy of the Dorman Museum. Bibliography: Stubbs, I, pers comm, 2006.

488. BM EA 25360 (M2.12.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q10.r1.s3.u3) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 44.50 in/113.00 cm Beam: 8.00 in/20.30 cm Depth of Hold: 4.75 in/12.10 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red, with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red with thin black stripes at base), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, attached to topmast by 6 topping lifts, 1 brace extends from the lower yard arm to the rudder oar stanchion, 7 clew lines from masthead are held by crewman), sail (unfurled, replacement), cleats (painted, 12, black), fork end bowsprit (red with black stitching and black tip), rudder oars (2, at each end), jar (red and black), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Sitting mummiform owner (blocklike chair), mummy (white, black representing the owner) aft of the sailors. Standing pilot (facing port), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (10, working lines). Additional standing mummy figure is an anomaly. Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Acquired 1894. Documented from photographs, not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IIIc, photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 16-19, Pl. IIIc.

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489. NMMH 1073 (M2.12.a2.d2.f8.h1.i2.l1.q10.r1.s2.u1) National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel Middle Kingdom Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised). solid red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwales with stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), cleats (painted, 2 minimum, black), cleft end bowsprit (red), sensors (2, in rudder oar cable holes), jars (3, red and black), gently pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (very small in wrong place at bow holding tillers), rowers (9, sitting on deck and chairs), standing sailors (9), punter (leaning against RSS), priest (arms crossed over chest), small figure. Acquired from Mr and Mrs Isaac Eugen Kornberg, London, England, prior to 1967. Human figures pastiche, too many crewman. Partially reconstructed stern. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Göttlicher 1978, 54, no. 279, Tbl. 21; Leibovitch 1967-1968, Pl. IIIA,B.

490. EMNHSA 0.376 (M2.12.a2.d2.f9.h1.i2.j4.q10.r1.s2.u3) Everhart Museum of Natural History, Science and Art, Scranton, PA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 20.00 in/50.80 cm Beam: 6.00 in/15.24 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, traces, red), raised central shelf (painted, traces, red), reinforced stern structure (curl). longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (white with thin black lines, wider red bands, topped in red), painted square-shaped U mast partner (red), cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black white stripes representing stitching), on plinth, pointed bow. Standing pilot (facing wrong way), sitting helmsman (too far forward, facing wrong way), rowers (4). Acquired from Julius Carlebach, Carlebach Gallery, in 1954. Figures pastiche, gunwales damaged. Suggested provenanced based on comparison with known el-Bersheh examples and the presence of the plinth, an el-Bersheh characteristic. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Everhart Museum of Natural History. Bibliography: Pfeifer, N, pers comm, 2007.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

491. PCU 67 (M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s1.u1) Private Collection, Unknown Owner Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 41.73 in/106.00 cm Beam: 14.57 in/37.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (red with white bands and top, unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner, cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit (red, white tip with black lines), rudder oar (tiller, white loom, red and white shaft, decorated blade with yellow, green, white, and black lotus flowers), mast crutch (white), jars (3, fore and aft, red and black), pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (holding tiller), rowers (16, some on benches, deck carved to receive feet toward bow, 16 oars, probably replacements), standing figure amidships (beating what seems to be a drum, does not belong), sitting servant (near bow, does not belong). Human figures pastiche. Documented from photograph, photograph from Gubel et al 1991, no. 67, photograph by and courtesy of Paul Stuyven. Bibliography: Gubel et al 1991, Cover, 28, 77-79. no. 67.

492. HMVV 1126.05 (M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s4.t3.u1) Destroyed in World War II Hamburg Museum für Volkerkunde und Vorgeschichte, Hamburg, Germany Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Abusir, Tomb mR 1 of Eu-M-Achwet LE Nome 1 Length: 23.62 in/60.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), bowsprit (missing), around deck binding reinforcements (black, representing stitching), pointed bow. Excavated by Heinrich Schäfer prior to 1908. Sister to HÄI 934. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (10-12 missing). Destroyed. Documented from photograph and drawing, photograph and drawing from Schäfer 1908, Abb. 44-45. Bibliography: Porter and Moss 1974, 346; Schäfer 1908, 18-39, Abb. 44-45.

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493. MFA 19.162 (M2.12.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 34.65 in/88.00 cm Beam: 5.98 in/15.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards, both attached to the topmast by 2 topping lifts, 1 clew line to crewman), sail (replacement), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching and black tip), athwartships deck reinforcement bindings (black, aft), rudder oar (detached), small cabin (yellow with black bands and red door details, probably representing a trunk on this model), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), standing sailors (11). Lent by Mary C Wheelwright, 1912. Acquired 1919. Suggested provenance based on comparison with known Meir examples. I contend this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910 (Kamal 1914, 57, Figs. 1-2). Documented in person, in conservation, photograph by author. Bibliography: D’Auria, S, pers comm, 1999; Kamal 1914, 57, Figs. 1-2; Museum of Fine Arts Boston, 1913, 159; Museum of Fine Arts Boston, 1920, 13.

494. AIC 1894.241 (M2.12.b2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.j1,3.q10.r1.s2.u3) Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 38.98 in/99.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.53 in/11.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 6, red; painted, 4, red), raised central shelf (actual, and painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl, slightly damaged), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, painted red with black stitching), hollow red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), deck beam and painted short beams with stringers (red) mast partners, cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit (red, black, white stripes), rudder oar (tiller, white loom, red and white shaft, red blade), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather. Standing pilot (facing port), helmsman (missing), rowers (14, 14 stowed oars). Probably excavated by Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Acquired from Reverend Chauncey Murch of Luxor, Egypt, 1894. Gift of Henry H Getty, Charles L Hutchinson, Robert H Fleming, and Norman W Harris. One rower pastiche. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: AIC Record Card; Allen 1923, 48-50.

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495. EM CG 4872 (M2.12.a2.d2.f8.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 50.79 in/129.00 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 13, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red, with black stitching), solid red hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, mostly white plaster remaining), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), athwartships reinforcement bindings (black, aft), leads (2, hanging off port for and aft quarters), pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (20, on red benches, some stowed oars). Excavated 1891. Acquired 1892. Jar and lead may not belong on this model. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Bottom Middle Front), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XII Top), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 75, no. 223; Reisner 1913, 49-50, Pl. XII Top.

496. WAG 22.18 (M2.12.a2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.u3) Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, MD, USA Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 17.40 in/44.20 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid dark green hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (white with blue, red, and white stripes outlined in black), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red, black and white stripes representing attachments), rudder oar (red shaft with blue, red, and white stripes outlined in black, blade decorated with blue, green, white, and red udjat eyes and lotus blossoms outlined in black), gently pointed bow. Square canopy (blue, architrave), name WadjetHotep on inside back wall, male owner underneath. Standing pilot (rather far back, probably belongs on the port side next to the bowsprit according to on-deck evidence), sitting helmsman, rowers (12, on benches). Acquired by Henry Walters from antiquities dealer Dikran Kelekian in New York, 1916. Rudder oar stanchion and rudder oar acquired 1913 and are not original to this artifact. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and similarity to known Meir examples, particularly EM JE 42942 belonging to a Wah-Hotep. I contend this artifact was excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910, during the same excavations where EM JE 42942 was discovered. Canopy may not be original and name Wadjet-Hotep may be erroneously associated with this boat. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 157; Henry, C, pers comm 1998; Hill 1951, 3-4; Kamal 1912, 113; WAG Record Card; WAG Register 1916, 118.

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497. EM CG 4846 (M2.12.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.u3) Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir Length: 23.62 in/6.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 5 minimum red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red, with black stitching). solid hull, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion, painted short beams with stringers mast partner, cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), pointed bow. Pilot (missing), helmsman (detached, lying on deck), rowers (10, on benches). Documented from photograph (could not find the model in the Egyptian Museum), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. IX Bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 34, Pl. IX Bottom.

498. MMA 32.1.124A-C (M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3.o.q10.r1.s1.u3) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom. Late Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Lisht South, Mastaba B of Thuty near the South Enclosure Wall of the South Pyramid of Pharaoh Senusret I LE Nome 1 Length: 30.71 in/78.00 cm Beam: 8.58 in/21.80 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Niche with boat and granary models. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (black bands), rudder oar stanchion (white with red top), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards, black bands, detached), cleats (painted, black), round end bowsprit (red with white and red tip and black stitching), rudder oar (tiller, white loom, red and white shaft, red blade), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Rectangular canopy (white top, blue border, blue architrave), lotus bud posts (4, blue buds with red, green, and blue bands bordered in black), mummy (white with tan masked, black and white facial features, blue hair) representing male Thuty underneath, on bier (white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (missing), standing sailors (4), priest (reading papyrus scroll), female figures (possibly representing the goddesses Isis and Nephthys attend the mummy), male mourners (6, 1 in wrong place acting as helmsman). Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition, 1931-1932. Acquired 1932. Sister to elLisht Thuty B. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph at the right by author, in situ photo below from Lansing 1933, Fig. 17. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 68.2.2; Hayes 1953, 271; Lansing 1933, 19-21, Fig. 17; Tooley 1989, 140.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

499. el-Lisht Thuty B (M2.12.a2.f7.h1.i2.o.q10.s1.u3) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Lisht South, Mastaba B of Thuty near the South Enclosure Wall of the South Pyramid of Pharaoh Senusret I LE Nome 1 Wood. Niche with boat and granary models. Deck beams (painted, 8 minimum), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised with stitching), solid hull, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe, single mast, rudder oar stanchion, rigging (2 yards), round end bowsprit, gently pointed bow. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (12). Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition, 1931-1932. Acquired 1932. Sister to MMA 32.1.124A-C. Documented from photograph, model on left, MMA 32.1.124A-C on right, in situ photograph from Lansing 1933, Fig. 17. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 68.2.2; Hayes 1953, 271; Lansing 1933, 19-21, Fig. 17; Tooley 1989, 140.

500. AHL 69/7569 (M2.12.a2.f8.h1.i2.l1.o.p.q11.s2.t2.u3) Auction House, London, Former Dannett Collection, Melbourne, Australia Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 31.40 in/79.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast (red band), rudder oar stanchion hole (has standing figure’s foot in it), shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, attached to topmast by 2 topping lifts, 2 braces extend from the mast to an aft shroud hole and forward to the bowsprit, 4 clew lines (2 from the upper yard, 2 from the lower yard, are held by crewman), sail (unfurled, replacement), cleft end bowsprit (red), athwartships deck reinforcement bindings (black, fore), rudder oar (in wrong place, where quarter rudder oar would be), gently pointed bow. Pilot (missing, probably one of the other standing figures), helmsman (missing, probably one of the other crouching figures), paddlers (7, should be rowers, probably not belong on boat), sailors (7). Sold at a London auction, 13 October 2008, Sale 7659, Lot 69, from the Dannett Collection, Melbourne, Australia; sold by Leonard Joel Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, 20 July 1949, Lot 26. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and similarities with other known elBersheh examples. Human figures are pastiche, Documented from photograph. Bibliography: Christie’s 2008.

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501. EM CG 4869 (M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q11.r1.s1.t5.u1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 27.95 in/71.00 cm Beam: 7.40 in/18.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.43 in/8.70 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid white hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes representing reinforcement stitching (black) and rowlocks, single mast (detached, standing behind model), rudder oar stanchion (red and white with thin black lines near base), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards, black leather bands, both attached to topmast by 8 topping lifts), sail (unfurled), cleats (painted, 6, black), round end bowsprit (red with black stitching), athwartships and around deck binding reinforcements (black), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (at bow in wrong position), rowers (14, on yellow benches, many stowed oars). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Sail is not hoisted properly and hangs too low. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Bottom Right), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XI Bottom, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 47-48, Pl. XI Bottom.

502. EM CG 4861 (M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.t6.u3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 24.61 in/62.50 cm Beam: 6.06 in/15.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.83 in/7.20 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching). Solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes representing reinforcement stitching (black) with rowlocks, single mast hole, painted rectangular mast partner (red), rudder oar stanchion (red and white with thin black lines near base), cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red), longitudinal, athwartships, and around deck binding reinforcements (black), oars (stowed and on deck), bulbous fender (red, may not belong with this artifact), gently rounded bow. Helmsman (missing), pilot (missing), sailors (3 standing, 4 sitting). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Bottom Right Front), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XI Top, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 45, Pl. XI Top.

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503. EM CG 4844 (M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.t2.u3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 45.28 in/115.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8 minimum, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red, with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (stepped in mast hole), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), athwartships deck bindings (fore), mast crutch (white, stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole), pointed bow. Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (16, on benches, some stowed oars). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1893. Documented from photograph, (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. VIII Bottom, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 31-32, Pl. VIII Bottom.

504. NAMA 41-4 (M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q10.s2.u3) Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO, USA Middle Kingdom, Late D XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 37.80 in/96.00 cm Beam: 7.24 in/18.40 cm Depth of Hold: 5.08 in/12.90 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 11, red; painted, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, slightly raised, white; painted, down raised section, red), reinforced stern structure (curl, damaged), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red, detached), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching and tip), rudder oar (white loom, red and white shaft, red blade), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (holding a replacement red lead that resembles a mooring stake), helmsman (missing), rowers (16, facing wrong way, probably from at least five different models, 15 stowed). Acquired from the Brummer Collection, 1941. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and similarities with other known Meir examples. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. The author was consulted in 2009 during conservation of this model and it has been restored to a superb state. Bibliography: Cohon, R, pers comm, 1998; Taggart and McKenna 1973, 23.

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505. EM CG 4845 (M2.12.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.t6.u1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 23.62 in/60.00 cm Beam: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid white hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), longitudinal, athwartships, and around deck binding reinforcements (black), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (missing), rowers (10, on yellow benches, many stowed oars), large human figure amidships is not original. Probably excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Bottom Left), photograph by author. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 33-34, Pl. VIII Top.

506. NGV D90-1982 (M2.12.a2.f9.g.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.t6.u3) National Gallery Victoria International, Melbourne, Australia Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 31.61 in/80.30 cm Beam: 5.63 in/14.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid green hull, round bottom (plinth stand), raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 10, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching, tipped with white and black spots representing animal hide), longitudinal and athwartships deck reinforcement bindings (black, fore and aft), gently pointed bow (white with black spots representing animal hide). Sitting mummiform male owner (amidships). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), paddlers (2, should be rowers, probably not belong on boat), sailors (7, probably not belong on boat), priests (2, bald heads, incorrect placement). Acquired 1939, Felton Bequest. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and similarities with other known el-Bersheh examples. Human figures are pastiche, falcon head stanchions (3) are in the wrong places and do not belong on boat, and purpose/function of 2 painted squares (washed yellow) on deck fore unknown, probably not original. Documented from photographs, photograph courtesy of the National Gallery Victoria International. Bibliography: Dunsmore et al, 2004, 17.

369

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

507. PCNY (M2.12.a2.f9.g.i2.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3) Private Collection, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late D XII Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Wood. Deck beams (painted, unknown number, red), raised central shelf (actual, slightly raised, white; painted, down raised section, red), reinforced stern structure (curl, damaged), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion (red, detached), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), rudder oar (white loom, red and white shaft, red blade), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (12, some oars, mismatched. Acquired from an antiquities dealer in Paris in the late 1960s or early 1970s. Suggested provenance based on comparison to known el-Bersheh examples. Documented from photographs, photographs by and courtesy of the artifact owner. Bibliography: Artifact Owner, pers comm, 2006.

508. MET S.1209 (M2.12.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.u3) Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 33.86 in/86.00 cm Beam: 8.27 in/21.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 11, red; re-painted postantiquity forward), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red, too large for this model), painted short beams with stringers mast partner, cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (originally red, now painted over with white decking and red deck beams), rudder oar (tiller, red shaft, decorated blade, detached), pointed bow (black, slightly damaged). Male mummiform owner (on red block-like chair), Standing pilot (facing starboard), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (8, mostly facing the wrong direction). Acquired by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Egypt, 1900. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from postcard. Bibliography: Curto 1984, 96; Farina 1931, 44; Leospo and Fozzati 1992, 395-396, Pl. X.8; MET Record Card.

370

APPENDIX A

509. EM JE 42942 (M2.12.a2.f9.i2.q10.r1.s2.t5.u3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Wah-Hotep UE Nome 14 Length: 17.32 in/44.00 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. On coffin. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern structure (raised, red, with black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, rudder oar stanchion (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), athwartships and around deck binding reinforcements (black), gently pointed bow. Rectangular cabin (vaulted roof, yellow, black lines representing a frame for fabric), veranda (dark red, 2 posts). Sitting helmsman. Excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, November 1910. Tomb attribution based on description and drawing from publication. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case K Flat, Middle), photograph by author. Bibliography: Kamal 1912, 112-113, no. 3; Landström 1970, 82, nos. 247-248.

510. UPMAA E 1018 (M2.12.b2.d2.f9.h1.i2.j1.q10.s2.u3) University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 35.04 in/89.00 cm Beam: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.62 in/9.20 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 8, white; painted, 3, red), raised central shelf (actual, red on white raised section), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red, with black stitching), hollow red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, deck beam mast partner, cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), tiller lying on deck at bow, pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot, helmsman (missing), rowers (16, facing the wrong direction, 8 oars). Acquired by Mrs Thomas A Scott, 1895. Suggested provenance based on hull construction and similarity to known Meir examples. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 84.E.3; UPMAA Record Card.

371

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

511. MIA 16.496 (M2.12.b2.d2.f9.h1.i2.j1.q10.s4.u3) Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, MN, USA Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 37.50 in/95.25 cm Beam: 6.00 in/15.24 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 9, red), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, painted red with black stitching). hollow red hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and slashes (black) representing reinforcement stitching, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), deck beam mast partner, bowsprit (missing), pointed bow (missing). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (18). Acquired from the Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 1916. Through the William Hood Dunwoody Fund. Provenance by Emile Brugsch and this attribution is undoubtedly correct. Damaged along gunwale on both sides. Documented in person, photograph by author.

in

temporary

storage,

Bibliography: Gracza 1965, 42; MIA Record Card.

372

APPENDIX A

M2.13 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELVES (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURES (RSS), LOWER SIDE SHELVES (LSS), AND LONGITUDINAL STERN REINFORCEMENTS (LSR) 512. PRM 1884.81.10 (M2.13.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j1.q7.r1,2.s1.u1) Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Thebes UE Nome 4 Length: 44.09 in/112.00 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.31 n/13.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 9, red; painted 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, painted with red stripe and white on sides), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), lower side shelves (actual), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red), deck beam mast partner, cleats (actual, 4, black, painted 2, black), round end bowsprit, pointed bow. Sitting male mummiform owner on chair (red, probably not original). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (probably not original, is actually a paddler), standing lookouts (2, probably not original), rowers (14, 2 missing, mismatched, from different models), many oars (red, resting along the hull’s midline). Acquired by Augustus Henry Lane Fox Pitt Rivers prior to 1879 and part of the founding collection, First on display at the South Kensington Museum between 1879-1884; donated in 1884. Suggested provenance based on stern design and comparisons with known Theban examples. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Coote, J, pers comm, 2006; Cousins 2004, 6.; PRM Record Card. 513. MMA 20.3.2 (M2.13.b2.d5.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,12.o.q8.r2.s2.u1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2016-1985 BCE Provenance: 2ndValley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 46.06 in/117.00 cm Beam: 10.63 in/27.00 cm Depth of Hold: 5.39 in/13.70 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor and upended by a large rock and discovered balancing on its stern, between boats EM JE 46720 and MMA 20.3.1. Deck beams (actual, 10, red; painted 3, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), lower side shelves (actual), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), hollow (partially along gunwales) creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cale holes and loop attachment, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion with cable loop (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, rigging (2 yards with black bands), cleats (actual, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), rudder oar (tiller, red), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), trunk (white, inside cabin), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round cabin (yellow and green checkered decoration representing woven fabric or reeds, bordered with white, opening facing aft). Meket-Re (on black stool, smelling lotus flower), son In-yotef. Standing pilot holding lead (black and white animal hide), standing helmsman (holding tiller), standing captain (arms crossed over chest), standing rowers (18, one foot and leg in hull, other braced against deck beam, 18 oars), male servants (2, 1 steward, 1 singer). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Traveling Boat Q. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 79.A.5, Pl. 71c; Hibbard 1980, 31, no. 43; Jones 1995, 30-31, Fig. 25; Ranke 1936, no. 86; Tooley 1989, 32; Vinson 1994, 30-31, Fig. 18; Winlock 1920, 12-32, Fig. 19; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Fig. 28 Top; Winlock 1955, 45-57, 95-96, Pls. 37, 55, 74.

373

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

514. MMA 20.3.1 (M2.13.b2.d5.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,12.q8.r2.s2.u1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2016-1985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 50.39 in/128.00 cm Beam: 11.61 in/29.50 cm Depth of Hold: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor under cattle inspection model, boat EM JE 46715, and boat MMA 20.3.6, and next to boats EM JE 46717, MMA 20.3.2, and MMA 20.3.4. Deck beams (actual, 7, red; painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), lower side shelves (actual), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), hollow (partially along forward gunwales) creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and loop attachment, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion with cable loop (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, cleats (actual, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), rudder oar (tiller, red), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), harp (white, representing elephant tusk), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round slightly concave roof cabin (green and yellow checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds with reddish-brown, black and white animal hide shields, 2 windows with square red flat bars and rolled up flaps, 2 red framed doors with white sides, veranda), sitting Meket-Re (on chair, smelling lotus flower) under veranda with harpist and singer. Standing pilot holding lead (black and white animal hide), sitting helmsman (holding tiller), standing captain (both arms crossed over chest awaiting Meket-Re’s orders), standing rowers (12, one foot and leg in hull, other braced against deck beam, 12 oars). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Traveling Boat O. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 83.C.1, Pl. 77b right; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbls. XIV.2, XXVI; Hayes 1953, 268, Fig. 175; Landström 1970, 78, nos. 234-235; Metropolitan Museum of Art 1935, Pl. 20 Front; Moll 1929, A IVc.154 Right; Winlock 1920, 12-32, Fig. 25 Right; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Fig. 29, Top Right; Winlock 1955, 45-47, 94-95, Pls. 35, 43 Front, 55, 72.

374

APPENDIX A

515. MMA 20.3.3 (M2.13.b2.d5.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,12.q8.r2.s2.u1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, All Egypt Dynasty XI, c2016-1985 BCE Provenance: 2nd Valley, Deir el-Bahari, Tomb TT280 of Chancellor Meket-Re UE Nome 4 Length: 50.00 in/127.00 cm Beam: 12.99 in/33.00 cm Depth of Hold: 6.50/16.50 cm Wood (sycamore). In sirdab, on floor under cattle inspection model next to boat MMA 20.3.4. Deck beams (actual, 5, red; painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), lower side shelves (actual), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), hollow (partially along forward gunwales) creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and loop attachment), raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion with cable loop (red), painted short beams with stringers (red) and 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partners, cleats (actual, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), rudder oar (tiller, red), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), punt pole, mooring stake, quernstone tables (2, yellow with legs, stone unpainted), basin (to hold grain or dough), vats (2, red, for mixing mash), barrels (2, to hold dough), low table (for forming bread loaves), round topped tables (2, for forming loaves), oven (black), jar (black, on oven), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round cabin (yellow, bordered with white). Standing pilot holding lead (black and white animal hide), sitting helmsman (holding tiller), rowers (8, 8 stowed oars), female servants (2, grinding grain into flour), male servants (5, 1 tending oven; 4 mixing dough and shaping loaves [3 in cabin]; 1 standing in mash vat mixing with feet, with mash depicted as spilling over the sides). Excavated by Herbert E Winlock, 1920. Acquired 1920. Winlock labeled this model Kitchen Tender S. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 83.C.2, Pl. 77b Left; Hayes 1953, 268, Fig. 175; Metropolitan Museum of Art 1935, Pl. 20 Front; Moll 1929, A IVc.154 left; Tooley 1989, 32; Winlock 1920, 12-32, Fig. 25 Left; Winlock 1942, 22-29, Fig. 29, Top Left; Winlock 1955, 57-59, 97, Pls. 41,43 Back, 55, 76.

375

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.14 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELVES (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURES (RSS), AND THROUGH-GOING DECK BEAMS (TDB) 516. UPMAA E 14260 (M2.14.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j3,7.q5.r2) University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2111 of Khenty-Khety UE Nome 20 Length: 30.83 in/78.30 cm Beam: 6.46 in/16.40 cm Depth of Hold: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Wood. Found in disassembled state with parts lying outside the burial chamber, with boat, granary, porters, ka statue. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block with indent), through-going deck beams (painted, 8, red), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (red), rudder oar stanchion (red) with crutch (white, broken), painted short beams with stringers and painted square-shaped U with pin mast partners (red), cleats (actual, 6, black), rudder oar (creamy buff, repaired shaft), pointed bow (damaged, black, probably representing waterproof leather). Round canopy (yellow and green checkered pattern presenting woven reeds or fabric with a white border, black and white animal hide shields), posts (10, 4 cross braces). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailor (probably an additional 2 missing), sitting sailors or punters (2). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to UPMAA 14347. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Horne 1985, 19, no. 5; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 7, 11-12, Pls. XX.6, XXXIX. 517. EM CG 4801 (M2.14.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q3.r1.t1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 73.62 in/187.00 cm Beam: 8.27 in/21.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 21, red; painted, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, red stripe and white on sides suggesting partial deck hatch removal; painted only for and aft), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), through-going deck beams (painted, 19, red), hollow light creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark//gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast hole (red and white rudder oar stanchion with falcon head currently stepped in mast hole; this attribute formerly stepped in hole near bow as shown in photograph), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), longitudinal binding reinforcements (aft, representing stitching, black), mast crutch (stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole), rudder oar (yellow loom, red, and yellow shaft, red blade with black details, detached), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (currently on model, not shown in photograph), sitting helmsman (currently on model, not shown in photograph), rowers (40, mismatched from different models, many stowed oars). In its configuration when documented, it appears the aft standing figure shown in the photograph has been moved into the pilot’s position at the bow and a sitting figure has been moved into the helmsman’s position. Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C, Top Middle), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. II Top, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Pls. XI.2, XXII; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 286 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 5-7, Pl. II Top.

376

APPENDIX A

518. WML 55.82.5 (M2.14.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.o.p.q3) World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 412 of Baqta UE Nome 16 Length: 30.31 in/77.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted fore and aft, 4, red), raised central shelf (actual, red stripe and white on sides suggesting partial deck hatch removal; painted fore and aft), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), through-going deck beams (painted, 9, red), hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (red, unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (replacement), rigging (2 yards), sail (furled), rudder oar (red, tiller replaced), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (holding tiller), rowers (15, 3 missing, on white benches set on gunwale with 2 on white benches shaped like halyard or topping lift attachments, 11 oars). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Acquired 1915. Specific tomb attribution by author based on description in publication Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Bienkowski and Southworth 1986, 37; Garstang 1907, 225, 412i.

519. EM JE 46766 (M2.14.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j6.q7.r2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb 2757 of Anpuemhat and Usermut, North of Pharaoh Teti’s Pyramid LE Nome 1 Length: 35.43 in/90.00 cm Wood. In north recess below granary. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (block curve with indent), through-going deck beams (actual, 7, creamy buff), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (detached), rudder oar stanchion (black), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), cleats (actual, 6, black), rudder oar (detached), mast crutch (red, stepped in mast hole), mooring stakes (2), quivers (3, black and white animal hide), tent pegs (10), tent poles (4), trunk and headrest (under canopy), pointed bow. Round canopy (creamy buff and green checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds with a black border and black and white animal hide shields), posts (8, black), sitting male owner Anpuemhat underneath with servant. Standing pilot (lead on deck), Sitting helmsman, rowers (10, 10 oars). Excavated by James E Quibell and Angelo G K Hayter, 1912-1914. Acquired 1914. Sister to EM JE 45318. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Top Middle Back), photograph by author. Bibliography: Quibell and Hayter 1927, 11-14, 39, no. 18, Pl. XXIII Top.

377

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

520. EM CG 4918 (M2.14.a2.d2.f7.h1.i2.j12.l5.q8) Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Asyut, Tomb of Overseer of the Prophets of Wepwaut, Hereditary Prince Mesehti UE Nome 13 Length: 60.63 in/154.00 cm Beam: 20.94 in/53.20 cm Depth of Hold: 9.37 in/23.80 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 18, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big block curve with indent), through-going deck beams (actual, 11, red), solid red, hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast (detached), rudder oar stanchion (red), 3 wooden knees (red) with rope (missing) mast partner, both shroud or stay holes and rectangular bar with channels (red) halyard and/or topping lift attachment, rudder oar (red, detached), mast crutch (red, in mast hole), pointed bow. Cabin frame (red, hieroglyphic inscription and relief of man on rear door), mummiform male owner Mesehti inside. Standing pilot, sitting helmsman (in wrong place in cabin), sitting male servants (5), standing priest or vessel officer (arms across chest). During the evening of 25 January 2011, The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, was entered and many artifacts were damaged and stolen. Mesehti’s magnificent boat model was a casualty of these actions. The one-of-a-kind cabin was smashed to bits, all of but one of the human figures were dislodged, and the priest or vessel officer fell to the floor. The boat has been conserved and was placed back on exhibit in February 2011. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 37), top three photographs by author, bottom two photographs courtesy of Al Jazeera English through a Creative Commons license (www.english.aljazeera.net). Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, 70; Grébaut 1900, 35-36, Pl. XXXVII; Reisner 1913, 74-80, Pl. XVIII Bottom.

378

APPENDIX A

379

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.15 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELVES (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURES (RSS), LOWER SIDE SHELVES (LSS), AND THROUGH-GOING DECK BEAMS (TDB)

521. UPMAA E 14347 (M2.15.b2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j7.o.p.q3.r1) University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Sedment, Tomb 2111 of Khenty-Khety UE Nome 20 Length: 27.56 in/70.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.45 in/11.30 cm Wood. On floor, on the east side of coffin with boat (scattered), granary, porters, ka statue. Deck beams (actual, 8, red), raised central shelf (actual, painted with red stripe and white on sides), reinforced stern structure (small block with indent), lower side shelves (actual, red), through-going deck beams (painted, 8, red), hollow creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red, replacement) with crutch (white, replacement), rigging (2 yards), sail (furled), mast crutch (white), wooden square U with pin mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), rudder oar (tiller detached, red), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), pointed bow. Standing pilot holding lead (black and white animal hide), sitting helmsman (holding tiller), rowers (14, 2 on white benches shaped like halyard or topping lift attachments, deck beams underneath benches, 7 oars). Excavated Sir Flinders Petrie and Guy Brunton, 1920-1921. From the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Acquired 1921. Sister to UPMAA 14260. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Fleming et al 1980, 16, no. 16 (Note: This model is mislabeled in this publication as UPMAA 14260); UPMAA Record Card; Petrie and Brunton 1924, 7, 11-12, Pls. XX.6, XXXIX.

380

APPENDIX A

M2.16 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURES (RSS)

522. MFA 72.4.177 (M2.16.b2.f1.h1.i2.q5.s1) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 13.86 in/35.20 cm Beam: 2.13 in/5.40 cm Depth of Hold: 1.18 in/3.00 cm Wood. Reinforced stern structure (block with indent), hollow hull, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, round end bowsprit (carved from the hull), pointed bow. From the Robert Hay Collection, sold in 1865. Donated from the Way Collection. Acquired 1872. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: D’Auria, S, pers comm, 1999; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 135.

523. BCGM 13.137 (M2.16.a2.f7.h1.i2.q4) Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Unknown Length: 60.24 in/153.00 cm Beam: 7.95 in/20.20 cm Depth of Hold: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Wood. Reinforced stern structure (block, under decorative finial, replacement), solid hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, mooring stake (in rudder oar stanchion hole), rounded bow with block. Sitting male owner. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (10). Acquired by Sir William Burrell from Sydney Barney, 1948. Human figures pastiche. Decorative finials are additions, aft modern, and the intended appearance of this model may have changed during its construction. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: BCGM Record Card.

381

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.17 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB) AND FORK STERN (FS)

524. WML 55.82.17 (M2.17.b2.h1.i4.j1) World Museum Liverpool, Liverpool, England Middle Kingdom, Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan UE Nome 16 Length: 10.16 in/25.80 cm Beam: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Depth of Hold:0.79 in/2.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 2), fork stern (damaged), hollow red hull, round bottom, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole in deck beam, deck beam past partner, rudder oar (detached), scow-like bow. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: Garstang 1907, 219, 203vii; Tooley 1986, 189-192, Fig. 1, Pl. XVIII.3.

525. AMO 1896-1908 E.1993 (M2.17.b2.h1.i2.l1.s1) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 140 of Henem-Hotep UE Nome 16 Length: 21.18 in/53.80 cm Beam: 5.08 in/12.90 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 2, 1 missing; painted, 1, red), fork stern (damaged), hollow red hull, round bottom, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, shroud or stay holes, round end bowsprit (carved from the hull), pointed bow. Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1904. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. From the same tomb as 1896-1908 E.1992. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Garstang 1907, 217, 140iv.

382

APPENDIX A

M2.18 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELVES (RCS), AND FORK STERNS (FS)

526. BM EA 35291 (M2.18.a2.f4.i2.j3) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 24.50 in/62.20 cm Beam: 5.13 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.50 in/6.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), fork stern, solid hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), scow bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Sitting male mummiform owner or mourner. Standing pilot (facing port, holding punt pole), helmsman (missing; standing figure in his place), standing rowers (8, probably are punters, 4 mismatched oars), servants (2, 1 with back pack and papyrus). Acquired 1901.  Suggested provenance based on comparison to other el-Berhsheh examples with unique bow and stern attributes. I suggest this artifact was excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December 1897, when similar boats EM CG 4947 and EM CG 4951 were discovered and documented, or by Ahmed Bey Kamal, March-April 1900. Human figures on BM EA 35291 emulate figures placed on el-Bersheh models excavated by Kamal. Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, IXa, photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 25-35; Glanville 1972, 4649, Pl. IXa; Kamal 1901, 17-20, 37-42; Tooley 1986, 191.

527. EM CG 4859 (M2.18.a2.f7.i2.j3.n7.r1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 19.09 in/48.50 cm Beam: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 7 surviving, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), fork stern, solid greenish blue hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), single midline prong rudder oar guide, cleats (painted, 5 surviving, black), bow missing. Canopy missing, post holes (4). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), probably (8) rowers or other figures missing. Hull damaged. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 22), photograph Reisner 1913, Pl. X Bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Reisner 1913, 42-43, Pl. X Bottom.

383

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

528. BM EA 45087 (M2.18.a2.f7.h1.i2.j3,4.r1.s2) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Asyut, Tomb 35 UE Nome 13 Length: 21.50 in/54.50 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.00 in/7.60 cm Wood. Depression in corner of entrance hall with boat and other wooden artifacts. Deck beams (painted, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), fork stern, solid white hull, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red), single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (white, red, black bands), painted short beams with stringers and painted square shaped U mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red, black, and white stripes), gently pointed bow. Mummiform figures as helmsman and pilot, very small sailors (2), mummiform mourners (4). Excavated by D G Hogarth. Acquired 1907. Sister to BM EA 45088 Documented from photograph, unavailable for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. VIIc, photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 33-35, Pl. VIc. 529. EM CG 4947 (M2.18.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.s2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit E of Sepa III UE Nome 15 Length: 33.66 in/85.50 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. On coffin with boats EM CG 4948, EM CG 4949, and other models. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), fork stern, solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Male mummiform owner. Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (6, not placed well to work lines), deck hole indicates another figure missing. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case E, Top Right), photograph Reisner 1913, Pl. XXI Bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 32-37, Fig. 2 on 35, g; Reisner 1913, 99-100, Pl. XXI Bottom. 530. PMEA UC7221 (M2.18.a2.f1.i2.s5) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Middle Kingdom, Dynasty XII Provenance: Lahun UE Nome 20 Mud. Deck beams (actual, 4), raised central shelf (actual, subtle), fork stern (damaged), solid hull, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchion hole, round object bowsprit, rounded bow. Probably excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Reocrd Card.

384

APPENDIX A

M2.19 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), AND DECK KNEES (DK)

531. LMAG 40.1924 (M2.19.a2.f4.h1.j3.n2.o.r1.t1) Leicester Museum and Art Gallery, Leicester, England Middle Kingdom, Late All Egypt Dynasty XI Provenance: el-Bersheh UE Nome 15 Length: 35.43 in/90.00 cm Beam: 6.02 in/15.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), deck knees (painted, fore, black), solid white hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red, with black zigzag lines bordered by red), single mast (replacement), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), on-deck cross beam quarter rudder oar support (white with thin black and red stripes), rigging (yard, replacement), cleats (painted, black), longitudinal deck reinforcement bindings (fore, black and red bars; aft, black zigzag lines with red bars), quarter rudder oars (2, replacements), udjat eyes (black and red), decorative papyriform ends with decorative bindings (red and black stripes creating a cross-hatched decoration). Vaulted sarcophagus representing owner. Standing pilot (facing wrong direction), helmsman (missing, a standing figure is in its place), standing sailors (2), punters (2), cloaked mourners (6). From the MacGregor Collection. Acquired from Spink and Son’s Galleries, London, 1924. Human figures pastiche; hull re-decorated and painted post-antiquity. El-Bersheh provenance cannot be proven and changes in this artifact since antiquity does not allow true scrutiny of its original condition. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: BLAGC 1924, 27; BLAGC 1925, 9; Göttlicher 1978, 54, no. 280, Tbl. 22; Göttlicher 1985, 25, Abb. 10; LMAG Record Card; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1922, 80, Lot 627 (the model was offered for auction at this time but did not sell); Spink and Son’s Galleries 1924, 17 Top.

385

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.20 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), LONGITUDINAL STERN REINFORCEMENT (LSR), AND FORK STERN (FS)

532. EM CG 4951 (M2.20.a2.f9.h1.i2.t2.u3) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit E of Sepa II, North Chamber UE Nome 15 Length: 25.60 in/65.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. On floor between coffin and wall with boats EM CG 4953 and BM EA 34274. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), fork stern, longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, black stitching), solid light creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with wide stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast (black tip), rudder oar stanchion (red with white forked tip), athwartships bindings (fore, black), rudder oar (white loom, red and white shaft, blue blade), scow bow (white with black spots representing waterproof animal hide). Square canopy with walled port side (black and white stripes representing fabric), posts (2, holding up crossbeam roof support), mummiform male Sepa II underneath. Standing pilot (facing wrong direction holding up canopy post), helmsman (missing, mourner in his place), standing sailors (4, working lines), servant (with back pack). Excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December 1897. Acquired 1898. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case E, Bottom Left), photograph and drawing from Reisner 1913, Pl. XXIII Top, Fig. 366, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 28-31, Figs. 1-2 on 30-31, C; Reisner 1913, 103-104, Pl. XXIII Top.

386

APPENDIX A

M2.21 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS), AND DECK KNEES (DK)

533. BM EA 35292 (M2.21.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q10.r1.s1.t2) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 26.75 in/68.00 cm Beam: 6.88 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 5.25 in/13.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), deck knees (painted, amidships, black). Solid white hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (green near tip with thin black and white stripes below), rigging (2 yards, top yard attached to masthead by 8 topping lifts, a forestay extends from masthead to the bow, a backstay stretches from the mast head to the rudder oar stanchion, 6 clew lines extend from the masthead to crewmen), sail (unfurled, replacement, its head and foot attached to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), painted rectangular mast partner (red), rudder oar stanchion (red), rudder oar (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), round end bowsprit (white with black stitching), athwartships deck reinforcement bindings (aft, black), pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather). Mummiform owner, helmsman (missing), standing pilot (facing port), rowers (8, on yellow seats, holding lines), cloaked mourner. Acquired 1901. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IXb, photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 49-51, Pl. IXb.

387

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.22 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS), AND ATHWARTSHIPS STERN REINFORCEMENT (ASR)

534. EM CG 4913 (M2.22.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.q10.r1.s2.t5.v1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Saqqara, Tomb of Heper-Ka-Re LE Nome 1 Length: 28.54 in/72.50 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. West chamber. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, red with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (yellow, damaged halyard block, detached, on deck) rudder oar stanchion (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red and black), athwartships and around deck reinforcement bindings (black), gently pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather). Male mummiform owner. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, rowers (10, on yellow benches, some oars). Acquired 1884. The identity of a painted representation of an object around the mast hull that culminates in a thin point is unknown. It is not a mast partner. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case B, Bottom Middle Left Front, photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XVII Top, photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Maspero 1915, 310-312; Reisner 1913, Pl. XVII Top.

388

APPENDIX A

M2.23 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS), LONGITUDINAL STERN REINFORCEMENT (LSR), AND ATHWARTSHIPS STERN REINFORCEMENT (ASR) 535. MMA 24.9 (M2.23.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q10.r1.s2.t3.u3.v1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Lisht South, South Pit 6L.P13, Western Edge of the South Enclosure Wall of the South Pyramid of Pharaoh Senusret I LE Nome 1 Length: 30.31 in/77.00 cm Beam: 6.61 in/16.80 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. In corner, lying on starboard side. Deck beams (painted, 6, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black), solid red (nearly all paint gone) hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, and rowlocks, single mast (unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (red, nearly all paint gone), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards), sail (furled), cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching and tip, repainted or replaced), around deck bindings (black), rudder oar (black tiller [probably a replacement], white loom, red shaft and blade), mast crutch (red), pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather). Male mummiform owner at bow (in pilot’s position). Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman (dressed almost like a mourner), rowers (10, yellow seats, 9 stowed oars). Excavated by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Expedition, 1923-1924. Gift from Arthur Lehman. Acquired 1924. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Hayes 1953, 271; Metropolitan Museum of Art 1924, 40, Figs. 9-10; MMA Record Card. 536. PMEA UC75868 (M2.23.a2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q9.r1.s2.u3.v1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Middle Kingdom, Early Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 25.30 in/64.00 cm Beam: 5.71 in/14.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (small, curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted black stitching), solid light creamy buff hull, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion (red with black lines near base, detached), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stripes, repainted), rudder oar (detached), mast crutch (stepped in mast hole), round lead (red, detached), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (facing port), helmsman (missing), rowers (10, mismatched, oars stowed). From the Sir Henry Wellcome Collection, R.104/1941. Acquired November 1964 from the Wellcome Foundation. I contend this model came from the Reverend William MacGregor Collection, sold at Sotheby’s, London, 1922, based on the auction catalogue description. Sir Henry purchased many artifacts at this auction. Human figures pastiche. Documented in person, at the Richard and Helena Jaeschke conservation lab at Bydown Cottages in Devon, England, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 300-301; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1922, 80, Lot 628.

389

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

537. SML Inv.1935-201 (M2.23.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j9.o.p.q10.r1.s4.u3.v1) Science Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 868 UE Nome 16 Length: 27.09 in/68.80 cm Beam: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.10 in/10.40 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 8, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black stitching), solid white hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), wooden three boot knee with hollow back carved of 1 piece mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards with attached topping lifts inserted through the masthead, replacements), (2 yards, top yard is connected to the mast by 12 lifts, a forestay extends from the topmast to the bowsprit, 2 braces stretch from yardarms aft to the rudder oar stanchion), sail (unfurled, replacement, sail's head and foot are connected to the yards by horse and stirrup laces), cleats (painted, black), bowsprit (red, replaced), rudder oar (red), 8 stowed oars, pointed bow. Sitting mummiform owner (white with red and black broad collar). Standing pilot holding lead (red, replacement), helmsman (missing, mummiform figure with arm in his place), standing sailors (4, working lines), male mourners (6). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. Henry Martyn Kennard deposited this artifact in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, prior to 1907. Acquired from the VAAM, 1935. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Clowes 1932, 8, Pl. II; Garstang 1907, 242, 868ii; SML Record Card; Tooley 1989, 153, 170, Pl. 30.1.

538. BM EA 36422 (M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j1.q10.r1.s4.u3.v4) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 27.50 in/69.80 cm Beam: 6.00 in/15.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.25 in/8.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red, 1 partial black), raised central shelf (painted, red and black), reinforced stern structure (curl, damaged, presence of LSR and ASR supports this designation), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and thick stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, deck beam mast partner (painted, black), cleats (painted, 7 surviving, black), bowsprit (missing, on-deck evidence), mast crutch (white, stepped in rudder oar stanchion hole), pointed bow (damaged). Round cabin (white with red stripes (representing fabric). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (9). Acquired 1902. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. Xb, photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 55-58, Pl. Xb.

390

APPENDIX A

539. PMEA UC16402 (M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q10.r1.s2.u3.v1) Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Length: 27.76 in/70.50 cm Beam: 6.14 in/15.60 cm Depth of Hold: 4.37 in/11.10 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl, reconstructed improperly), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, single mast, painted short beams with stringers mast partner, rudder oar stanchion (red with thin black lines near base, most of paint gone), shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, line, not pictured), sail (furled, not pictured), cleats (painted, 8 black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching and tip), pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather. Acquired by Sir Flinders Petrie from the Cairo Museum prior to 1913. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Petrie 1933b, 69, Fig. 68; PMEA Record Card.

540. IEAA 1981.1.10 (M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3.v4) Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 44.29 in/112.50 cm Beam: 9.57 in/24.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl, damaged, presence of LSR and ASR supports this designation), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching, only traces remain), solid red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), athwartships reinforcement bindings (black, aft), rudder oar (white loom, red and white shaft, red blade, broken tiller, detached), pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather). Sitting male mummiform owner (red block-like chair). Standing pilot (facing wrong direction), helmsman (missing), standing sailors (9, working lines). Probably excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Acquired by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Otis Norcross Fund, from W Talbot Ready, 4 January, 1898, accession number 98.1. Acquired 1981. Meir provenance from a Egypt Exploration Society publication and I strongly agree with this attribution. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: IEAA Record Card; Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts 1899, 122.

391

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

541. EM CG 4798 (M2.23.b2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.u3.v1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 37.40 in/95.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 11, red; painted, 2, red), raised central shelf (actual, red on white raised section; painted, fore and aft, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black), hollow hull, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion (detached), raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing binding reinforcements and rowlocks, single mast (masthead with set of 5 grommets, unstepped), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 10, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (20, 8 on benches fore and aft, some oars). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Much of bottom exhibits ant damage. Documented from photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. I Bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 782; Landström 1970, 75, no. 222; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 286 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 1-3, Pl. I Bottom.

542. EM CG 4800 (M2.23.b2.d2.f9.g.h1.i2.q10.u3.v1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 34.10 in/86.50 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 11, red), raised central shelf (actual, notched to receive deck beams, red), reinforced stern structure (curl, damaged, presence of LSR and ASR supports this designation), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black stitching), hollow hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings and rowlocks, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow (damaged). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), rowers (13, 9 missing?). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Documented from photograph (could not locate the model in The Egyptian Museum), photograph from publication (Reisner 1913, Pl. 1 Top). Bibliography: Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 784; Reisner 1913, 5, Pl. 1 Top.

392

APPENDIX A

543. BM EA 25361 (M2.23.a2.d2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3.q11.r1.s2.t2.u3.v3) British Museum, London, England Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 34.00 in/86.40 cm Beam: 5.75 in/14.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.50 in/8.90 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 15, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (black tip, wide red halyard attachments, black and white stripes below), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner, cleats (painted, 7, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching and tip), athwartships binding reinforcements (fore and aft, black), rudder oar (white loom, red and white shaft, red falcon head top, red, green, and white blade decorated with lotus flowers outlined in black), gently pointed bow (black, representing waterproof leather). Standing pilot (facing port), helmsman (missing), rowers (14, 12 on red benches, oars stowed). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. Acquired 1894. Documented from photographs, not available for study, photograph from Glanville 1972, Pl. IVa, photograph © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 20-22, Pl. IVa.

544. EM 17/2/23/3 (M2.23.a2.d2.f9.g.i2.q11.r1.s2.t3.u3.v2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 500 of District Inspector Ma UE Nome 16 Length: 33.00 in/83.82 cm Wood. On coffin lid with boat and granary. Deck beams, raised central shelf, reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised), solid hull, rudder oar cable holes, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings and rowlocks, rudder oar stanchion (red), cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit, around deck bindings (black), rudder oar (with tiller, red), table, jars (2), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Rectangular canopy (white with red, green, and black lines), posts (4), mummy (white, black, green, red) representing Ma underneath lying on a lower bier (white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, rowers (10, on benches, stowed oars). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. Acquired 1903. Sister to 1896-1908 E.2296. This model carries other objects but their cannot be determined from the photograph, and it probably has a mast hole and partner. Documented from photograph, could not find in Egyptian Museum (may no longer be there), photograph from Garstang 1907, Fig. 91 Bottom. Bibliography: Garstang 1904, 222, 500a; Garstang 1907, 101-103, 226, 500ii, Fig. 91 Bottom; Porter and Moss

393

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 1934.

545. AMO1896-1908 E.2296 (M2.23.a2.d5.f9.g.h1.i2.j3.o.p.q11.r1.s2.t6.u3.v2) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Oxford, England Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Beni Hasan, Tomb 500 of District Inspector Ma UE Nome 16 Length: 29.00 in/71.50 cm Beam: 4.80 in/12.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.44 in/6.20 cm Wood. On coffin lid with boat and granary. Deck beams (painted, 12, red), raised central shelf, reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised), solid white hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes and loop attachment, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings and rowlocks, single mast (red with black tip), rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), rigging (2 yards with black bands representing leather attached by 2 topping lifts to the mast, 2 stays in hands of sailors), sail (unfurled, attached by its head and foot to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings and is comprised of 3 sections sewn together [conserved and encapsulated with mesh]), cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), longitudinal, athwartships, and around deck reinforcements (black), rudder oar (tiller [replacement], white and red shaft, red blade decorated with a large yellow and green flower and a blue lotus outlined in black), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Rectangular canopy (white with red, green, and black lines), posts (4), mummy (white, black, green, red) representing Ma underneath lying on a lower bier (white). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (4, working lines), male mourners (4). Excavated by John Garstang, 1902-1903. From the Beni Hasan Excavation Committee. Acquired 1903. Sister to EM 17/2/23/3 . Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: AMO Record Card; Baines and Málek 1980, 120; Breasted, Jr 1948, 69.2.3; Garstang 1904, 222, 500b; Garstang 1907, 101-103, 226, 500i, Fig. 91 top; Landström 1970, 83, no. 251; Porter and Moss 1934, 162; Spanel 1985, 247, 253, n. 43, Tbl. 24.5; Tooley 1989, 65, 141, 170, Pl. 9.1-2.

394

APPENDIX A

546. ÄMB 12 (M2.23.a2.f7.g.h1.i2.j3,9.o.q11.s2.u1.v2) Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Asasif, Cemetery 600, Tomb of Steward Mentuhotep UE Nome 4 Length: 38.19 in/97.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: Unknown Wood. On floor next to coffin with boat and full model assemblage. Deck beams (painted, 11, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised, red), solid green hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and rowlocks, single mast (green and white bands representing leather, unstepped), rudder oar stanchion (green), painted short beams with stringers (red) and wooden 3 boot knee with hollow back carved of 1 piece mast partners, yards (2, green bands), cleft end bowsprit (red), rudder oar (green tiller, white loom and green shaft, blade decorated with blue, green, red, and white flowers and lotuses), mast crutch (white, stepped in mast hole), mooring stake, mallet, gangplank, quernstone with legs, round topped table (for forming loaves), pointed bow. Round cabin (yellow, black lines representing seams for fabric or leather pieces, red, yellow, blue, and white animal hide shields), male mummiform owner Mentuhotep (white with hieroglyphs on body, sitting on a low black platform) inside. Standing pilot, standing helmsman (holding tiller), rowers (16, on yellow benches, holding oars), female servant (grinding grain on quernstone table), male servant (forming loaves for bread or beer). Excavated by Giuseppe Passalacqua, 1823. Acquired by Prussia’s Friedrich Wilhelm IV for the Königslichen Museum Berlin, 1828. Acquired 1899. From the same tomb as ÄMB 14. Documented in person, on special exhibit in the Geneimnis der mumien Ewiges Leben am Nil exhibit at the Neuer Nationalgalerie und Philharmonie Matthaikirchplatz in Berlin, photograph from postcard. Bibliography: ÄMB Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 81.A.14; Fay 1985, 133; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 222223; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbls. XII.2, XXVII; Prisse d’Avennes 1868-1878, Pl. II.61; Porter and Moss 1964, 623; Ranke 1936, no. 89; Reeves 2000, 28; Staatliche Museum zu Berlin 1967, 44, Pl. 443; Steindorff 1896, 32-37, Pls. VIII, X; Tooley 1989, 63, 156.

395

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

547. EM CG 4841 (M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.l1.o.p.q10.r1.s2.u3.v1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 35.83 in/91.00 cm Beam: 8.86 in/22.50 cm Depth of Hold: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 14, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted black stitching), solid creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red), painted short beams with stringers mast partner, shroud or stay holes, rigging (2 yards, top yard is attached to the mast by 8 topping lifts inserted through the masthead, bottom yard is attached to the mast by 14 topping lifts through the masthead, 2 stays hang free), sail (unfurled, attached by its head and foot to the yards by horse and stirrup lacings), cleats (painted, 10, black), cleft end bowsprit (detached in photograph, red with black stitching), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Square canopy (white with yellow border and inside, back wall), lotus bud posts (2, white with black and red stripes), male mummiform owner underneath. Pilot (missing), sitting helmsman, sailors (12, 6 standing, 6 sitting, with paddles or oars), Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892. Acquired 1892. Human figures pastiche or at least moved around; the sitting sailors are probably rowers from other models. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case D, Top Left), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. VII, phtograhp courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbls XI, XXIII, XXIV Bottom; Legrain 1900, 65-66, no. 790; Maspero 1915, 320-321, Fig. 104; Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891, 286 (publication date and excavation date conflict, but this model was excavated at Meir in 1892 and the publication itself claims it entered the Giza Museum in 1892); Reisner 1913, 2830, Pl. VII.

396

APPENDIX A

548. FMNH 30102 (M2.23.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.l1.q11.r1.s2.t1.u3.v1) Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA Middle Kingdom, Late D XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Wood. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (big curl, damaged, but can be determined by sturdiness of hull and presence of LSR and ASR), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted black stitching), solid light creamy buff hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast (thin black and white striped masthead), rudder oar stanchion (dark red with black lines, too large for this model), painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, 4, black), cleft end bowsprit (originally red, now painted over with white decking and red deck beams), gently pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather, damaged). Male mummiform owner and cloaked mourner (not original to model). Standing pilot (facing wrong way), helmsman (missing), rowers (12). Acquired by Edward Ayer from Émile Brugsch Bey in Egypt, 1895. I contend this artifact was excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893, suggested provenance based on this boat’s similarity to known Meir examples from these excavations. Human figures pastiche. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Bronson B, pers comm, 1999.

549. MMA 12.183.3 (M2.23.a2.f9.i2.q10.r1.s2.t2.u3.v1) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir, Tomb of Chancellor Ukh-Hotep UE Nome 14 Length: 33.07 in/84.00 cm Beam: 7.28 in/18.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.66 in/9.30 cm Wood. Deck beams (painted, 18, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, black stitching). solid strong blue hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, rudder oar stanchion (white base with red and blue stripes and thin bands), cleats (painted, 6, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching, white tip), athwartships bindings (aft, black), rudder oar (white loom, red and white shaft with blue and green stripes, blade with a green and dark blue lotus flower on a white background, 2 black udjat eyes on a red background, tipped in green, outlined in black), pointed bow. Rectangular canopy (light yellow on top with a blue border and decorated with a black, white, and red leopard skin, possibly representing Ukh-Hotep’s position as a priest, blue with white stars underneath), lotus bud posts (thin white wash), Ukh-Hotep as mummy (white with round reddish-brown decorations, bright blue and green broad collar, blue hair and face that may be a funeral mask), on a bier (thinly white wash, lion leg supports, two lion heads with blue manes and black facial features). Sitting helmsman, standing pilot, priests (2, 1 reads from a scroll, 1 holds an incense burner, dark yellow and black leopard skins kilts), female figures (2, representing the goddesses Nephthys and Isis, hieroglyphs on bodies). Probably excavated by Ahmed Bey Kamal, 1910, but excavation reports often omit artifacts and burials. Acquired from J Pierpont Morgan, 1912. From the same tomb as MMA 12.183.4. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 69.2.7; Gauthier 1930, 177-178; Hayes 1953, 272-273; Moll 1929, A IVc.152; Tooley 1989, 139-140.

397

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

550. EM NN-3 (M2.23.b2.d2.f9.h1.i2.l1.q11.s1.u3.v4) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Unknown Wood. Deck beams (actual, 3, white plaster), raised central shelf (actual, white), reinforced stern structure (big curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, white plaster with etched stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised, white plaster with etched stitching), hollow white (plaster) hull, round bottom, rudder oar cable holes, rudder oar stanchion hole, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (white plaster) and stern slashes (etched) representing reinforcement bindings, shroud or stay holes, round end bowsprit (white plaster), pointed bow. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C Flat, Second from Right), photograph by author.

551. H-P/Hearst 2069 (M2.23.b2.f9.g.h1.i2.j1,7.o.p.q10.r1.s2.u3.v4) Location: Unknown Middle Kingdom, Late Dynasty XII Provenance: Meir UE Nome 14 Length: 26.00 in/66.04 cm Wood. Deck beams (actual, 5; painted, 3, red), raised central shelf (actual), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (raised, red with black stitching), hollow red hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings and rowlocks, single mast, rudder oar stanchion (red with black lines near base), deck beam and wooden square U with pin (red) mast partners, rigging (2 yards, lines), sail (furled), cleats (painted, black), cleft end bowsprit (missing in photograph), rudder oar (red), pointed bow. Helmsman (missing), standing pilot (facing port), rowers (10, facing wrong direction, stowed oars). Excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1892-1893. From the Frederick George Hilton-Price Collection. Probably purchased by William Randolph Hearst, 12-21 July, 1911 at Sotheby’s Auction, London. Sold at Sotheby’s auction by Hearst, July 1939. Meir provenance and specific excavation date provided by Hilton-Price in his catalogue and I agree with these attributions. Documented from photograph, photograph Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1911, 806.

from

Bibliography: Hilton-Price 1897, 228-229, no. 2069; Sotheby and Company 1939, Lot 153; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1911, 102, Lot 806.

398

APPENDIX A

M2.24 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB), RAISED CENTRAL SHELF (RCS), REINFORCED STERN STRUCTURE (RSS), LONGITUDINAL STERN REINFORCEMENT (LSR), ATHWARTSHIPS STERN REINFORCEMENT (ASR), AND DECK KNEES (DK)

552. EM CG 4955 (M2.24.a2.f4.i2.j3.q10.r1.s4.u2.v1) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit D of Commander of Troops Sepa I UE Nome 15 Length: 27.95 in/71.00 cm Beam: 5.24 in/13.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.87 in/9.83 cm Wood. Between coffin and wall with boat EM CG 4952. Deck beams (painted, 10, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (painted, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, red with black stitching), deck knees (painted, black), solid white hull, round bottom, flush gunwale with stripe (red), rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner, cleats (painted, 10, black), bowsprit (missing, peg holes in deck), pointed bow (black, probably representing waterproof leather). Pilot (missing), helmsman (missing), pegs for human figures (possibly sailors, probably 8). Excavated by Georges Daressy, NovemberDecember, 1897. Acquired 1898. Specific tomb attribution by author based on exact description in publication. Sister to EM CG 4952. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 22), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XXIV, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 26-28, Fig. 1 on 26; Reisner 1913, 108, Pl. XXIV Second from Top.

553. EM CG 4952 (M2.24.a2.f9.h1.i2.j3.q10.r1.s2.u2.v1) Mummification Museum, Luxor, Egypt; Originally in The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom, Mid Dynasty XII Provenance: el-Bersheh, Pit D of Commander of Troops Sepa I UE Nome 15 Length: 29.30 in/74.30 cm Beam: 7.56 in/19.20 cm Depth of Hold: 4.92 in/9.83 cm Wood. Between coffin and wall with boat EM CG 4955. Deck beams (painted, 9, red), raised central shelf (painted, red), reinforced stern structure (curl), longitudinal stern reinforcement (painted, red with black stitching), athwartships stern reinforcement (painted, red with black stitching), deck knees (painted, black), solid white hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with stripe (red) and stern slashes (black) representing reinforcement bindings, single mast hole, rudder oar stanchion hole, painted short beams with stringers mast partner (red), cleats (painted, shaped with attachments, 8, black), cleft end bowsprit (red with black stitching), pointed bow. Square canopy (white with thin black zigzag line border on sides and top, black shields and black and white animal hide spotted shields on top, black stripes on architrave), lotus bud posts (4, red buds with black, red, and white stripes), male owner Sepa I as mummy (white, red, black) underneath on bier (yellow, red lion heads with black details, lion feet legs). Standing pilot, sitting helmsman, standing sailors (3, working lines), female figures (2, probably representing the goddesses Nephthys and Isis). Excavated by Georges Daressy, November-December, 1897. Acquired 1898. Specific tomb attribution by author based on exact description in publication. Sister to EM CG 4955. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 22), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XXIII Botttom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Daressy 1900, 26-28, Fig. 1 on 26: Reisner 1913, 105-106, Pl. XXIII Bottom.

399

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.25 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH THROUGH-GOING DECK BEAMS (TDB)

554. EM CG 4813 (M2.25.b2.h1.i2.l1.n7) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Middle Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Beam: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.05 in/5.20 cm Wood. Through-going deck beams (actual, 14), hollow hull, round bottom, single mast (broken in hole), rudder oar stanchion hole, shroud or stay holes (in deck beam), single prong rudder oar guide. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 32, Case C Flat, Right), top photograph by author, bottom photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. V, bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Moll 1929, AIV B.136; Reisner 1913, 19, Pl. V, bottom.

400

APPENDIX A

M2.26 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH THROUGH-GOING DECK BEAMS (TDB) AND KEEL (K)

555. EM CG 4944 (M2.26.a2.d6.f1.g.h1.i5.l4.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1400 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV35 of Pharaoh Amenhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 92.13 in/234.00 cm Beam: 14.96 in/38.00 cm Depth of Hold: 8.66 in/22.00 cm Wood. On floor, Room 1, Section 4. Through-going deck beams (actual, 20), keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft. canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid green hull with green, red, blue, white, and black falcon headed humans, falcon and human headed sphinxes, falcons, goddesses, trampling enemies, udjat eyes, and lined borders on yellow fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, single mast hole, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, with notches at top, green, red, yellow stripes), rectangular bar with channels halyard and/or topping lift attachment, on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oar (1, 1 missing, yellow and red shaft, decorated blade with lotus flowers, udjat eyes, and other designs painted green, blue, red, and white outlined in black). Rectangular cabin (fragments, yellow, red, blue, white, and green swirl and circle decorations on walls bordered with red, white, and blue lines), forecastle (flacon headed sphinx trampling an enemy carved decoration) on yellow platform, aftercastle (human headed winged sphinx with wings trampling an enemy carved decoration) on yellow platform. Excavated by Victor Loret, June 1898. Sister to EM Boat Body, EM CG 4945, and EM CG 4946. Many fragments of other boat models of Amenhotep’s large flotilla were found broken and scattered around the tomb. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 13), photograph courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Daressy 1902, 239-241, Pl. XLVIII Top; Hornung and Bryan 2002, 76-79, cat. no. 1; Landström 1970, 107-109, nos. 337, 339; Porter and Moss 1964, 556; Reisner 1913, 96-98. 556. EM Boat Body (M2.26.a2.f1.g.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1400 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV35 of Pharaoh Amenhotep II UE Nome 4 Wood. On floor, Room 1, mummy adhered to hull, possibly 20th Dynasty Pharaoh Sethnakhte. Throughgoing deck beams (actual, 20), keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid green hull with green, red, blue, white, and black falcon headed humans, falcon and human headed sphinxes, falcons, goddesses, trampling enemies, udjat eyes, and lined borders on yellow fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes set in crossbeam (2), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft). Discovered by Victor Loret, June 1898. Left in situ with mummy and reported stolen by Howard Carter. Carter investigated the theft between 24 November and 2 December, 1901, and through evidence concluded Mohamed Abd el-Rassul of the infamous elRassul family was responsible. The boat was not recovered at that time, but was retrieved at some point since it is on exhibit with her sisters in Cairo. Sister to EM CG 4944. EM CG 4945, and EM CG 4946. Many fragments of other boat models of Amenhotep’s large flotilla were found broken and scattered around the tomb. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 13), photograph from Loret 1899, Pl. 9. Bibliography: Carter 1901, 115-120; Clayton 1994, 160161; Loret 1899, 100-101, 107-108, Pl. 9; Reeves 2000, 103-104; Reeves and Wilkinson 1996, 199; Romer 1981, 160-161.

401

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

557. EM CG 4945 (M2.26.a2.f1.g.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1400 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV35 of Pharaoh Amenhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 74.80 in/190.00 cm Beam: 14.20 in/36.00 cm Depth of Hold: 7.87 in/20.00 Wood. On floor, Room 1, Section 5. Through-going Deck Beams (actual, 12), keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid green hull with green, red, blue, white, and black falcon headed humans, falcon and human headed sphinxes, falcons, goddesses, trampling enemies, udjat eyes, and lined borders on yellow fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchion set in crossbeam (2 holes, 1 stanchion, 1 missing, with notch at top, green, red, yellow stripes), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), fore and after castle platforms (yellow, both damaged). Rectangular cabin (missing). Excavated by Victor Loret, June 1898. Sister to EM CG 4944, EM Boat Body, and EM CG 4946. Many fragments of other boat models of Amenhotep’s large flotilla were found broken and scattered around the tomb. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 13), photograph from Daressy 1902, Pl. XLVIII Middle. Bibliography: Daressy 1902, 241-242, Pl. XLVIII Middle; Landström 1970, 107-108, no. 337; Porter and Moss 1964, 556; Reisner 1913, 98.

558. EM CG 4946 (M2.26.a2.f1.g.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1400 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV35 of Pharaoh Amenhotep II UE Nome 4 Length: 79.53 in/202.00 cm Beam: 15.35 in/39.00 cm Depth of Hold: 9.06 in/23.00 cm Wood. On floor, Room 1, Section 4, 6. Through-going deck beams (actual, 16), keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid green hull with green, red, blue, white, and black falcon headed humans, falcon and human headed sphinxes, falcons, goddesses, trampling enemies, udjat eyes, and lined borders on yellow fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale with rowlocks, quarter rudder oar stanchion holes set in crossbeam (2), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), decorative papyrus umbel ends attached. Rectangular cabin (missing). Excavated by Victor Loret, June 1898. Sister to EM CG 4944, EM Boat Body, and EM CG 4945. Many fragments of other boat models of Amenhotep’s large flotilla were found broken and scattered around the tomb. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 13), drawing after Landström 1970, no. 340. Bibliography: Daressy 1902, 242-243, Pl. XLVIII Bottom; Landström 1970, 107-109, no. 340; Porter and Moss 1964, 556; Reisner 1913, 98-99.

402

APPENDIX A

559. EM JE 61334 (M2.26.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 49.61 in/126.00 cm Beam: 8.54 in/21.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Treasury, southwest corner, on side, on top of boats EM JE 61343 and EM JE 61345. Through-going deck beams (actual, 16), keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid yellow hull with red, green, and blue dados, checkered patterns, falcons, rams, sphinxes, solar disks, and lotus flowers fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, with notched tops), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, mismatched colors; 1 has a red shaft with a white blade, 1 has a yellow shaft with a red band and a white blade tipped in black), Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 4 windows, 2 doors), fore and aft castles (red, blue, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms (green). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 284. Sister to EM JE 61338. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph and drawing from Jones 1990, Pls. XVI, XXXII Top, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 480; Jones 1990, 30-31, Pls. VI-VII, XVI, XXXII; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

560. EM JE 61338 (M2.26.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 47.76 in/121.30 cm Beam: 7.68 in/19.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on side, on top of shrine. Through-going deck beams (actual, 18), keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid yellow hull with green, red, and blue lotus flower, dados, feathered, and checkered patterns fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, with notched tops), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, yellow shafts with a red bands and white blades tipped in black). Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 6 windows, 2 doors), fore and aft castles (red, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 306. Sister to EM JE 61334. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XVII, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 485; Jones 1990, 32-33, Pls. VIII, XVII; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

403

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.27 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH DECK BEAMS (DB) AND STERN CLEFT (SC)

561. BM EA 55071 (M2.27.b2.e2.h1.i2) British Museum, London, England New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1336 BCE Provenance: el-Amarna, House 12 of the Worker’s Village UE Nome 15 Length: 13.50 in/34.30 cm Beam: 4.00 in/10.20 cm Depth of Hold: 2.50 in/6.40 cm Wood. On floor in living room. Deck beams (actual, 1), stern cleft (damaged), hollow hull, round bottom, landing platform, single mast (broken), rudder oar stanchion (notched top), rudder oar, rounded bow. Excavated by Thomas Eric Peet and C Leonard Whoolley, 1921. Acquired 1921. Documented from photograph, not available for study, photograph Glanville 1972, Pl. XIa, © The Trustees of the British Museum. Bibliography: Glanville 1972, 60-62, Pl. XIa; Peet and Woolley 1923, 74.

404

APPENDIX A

M2.28 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH KEEL (K)

562. EM JE 61335 (M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 43.70 in/111.00 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on chest. Keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, bow is canary yellow with white and green toward hull, stern is canary yellow with green toward hull), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, notched at top), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, yellow shafts with white blades tipped in black). Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 3 windows, 1 door), fore and aft castles (red, green, blue and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 309. Sister to EM JE 61336, and EM JE 61339-EM JE 61342. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XVIII, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 483; Jones 1990, 33-34, Pls. VIII, XVIII; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

563. EM JE 61336 (M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 45.87 in/116.50 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, fallen off chest standing vertically against a wall. Keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, notched at top), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, yellow shafts with white blades tipped in black, 1 shaft has red band). Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, and dados, fore and aft castles (red, green, blue and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 314. Sister to EM JE 61335, and EM JE 61339-EM JE 61342. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XX, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 486; Jones 1990 35-36, Pls. VIII, XX; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

405

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

564. EM JE 61339 (M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 45.47 in/115.50 cm Beam: 44.45 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Treasury, southeast corner, on chest. Keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, band of circles, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, notched at top, suspended crossbeam support), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, yellow shafts with white blades tipped in black). Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 3 windows, 1 door), fore and aft castles (red, green, blue and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 310. Sister to EM JE 61335, EM JE 61336, and EM JE 61340-EM JE 61342. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 15), photograph from postcard. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 484; Jones 1990, 34-35. Pls. VIII, XIX; Metropolitan Museum of Art 1976, 147, Color Pl. 20, Cat. No. 36; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

565. EM JE 61340 (M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 36.77 in/93.40 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.94 in/10.00 cm Wood. Treasury, south end, on chest. Keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, notched at top), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, yellow shafts with red blades tipped in black. Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 2 windows and 1 door painted white with red frames), fore and aft castles (red, green, blue and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 287. Sister to EM JE 61335, EM JE 61336, EM JE 61339, EM JE 61341, and EM JE 61342. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XI.4, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 31-32, Pls. V-VII, XI.4; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

406

APPENDIX A 566. EM JE 61341 (M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 43.31 in/110.00 cm Beam: 7.20 in/18.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.62 in/8.00 cm Wood. Treasury, southwest corner, on two strainers resting on chest. Keel (bow and stern extending fore and aft, canary yellow), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white dados, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, notched at top), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2 1 missing, tillers, yellow shafts with red blades tipped in black). Rectangular cabin with (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 4 windows, 2 doors), fore and aft castles (red, green, blue and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms. Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928. Obj. no. 273. Sister to EM JE 61335, EM JE 61336, EM JE 61339, EM JE 61340, and EM JE 61342. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XI.6, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 28-29, Pls. VI, XI.3; Porter and Moss 1964, 584. 567. EM JE 61342 (M2.28.a2.d6.f1.i5.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 30.12 in/76.50 cm Beam: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.87 in/7.30 cm Wood. Annex, south end, on floor among a jumble of artifacts. Keel (bow [terminus missing] and stern extending fore and aft , canary yellow, with green toward hull), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, carved ends crossbeam quarter rudder oar guide, raised bulwark/gunwale, quarter rudder oar stanchions set in crossbeam (2, notched at top), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (notched at each end for shaft), quarter rudder oars (2, tillers, white shafts and blades tipped in black). Rectangular cabin (2 levels, concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 1 door), fore and aft castles (red, green, blue and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, dados) on platforms (white with blue edge). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1928, Obj. no. 597. Sister to EM JE 61335, EM JE 61336, and EM JE 61339-EM JE 61341. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XXI.1, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 36-37, Pls. XXI-XXII; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

407

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.29 WATERCRAFT MODELS WOODEN BOAT WITH STERN CLEFT (SC) 568. EM JE 61337 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 45.28 in/115.00 cm Beam: 7.48 in/19.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Annex, south end, among a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white dados, bands, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, white double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets [red stripes] mast head), rudder oar stanchion set in crossbeam (white with red top), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner (hidden by cabin), rudder oar (black tiller, white shaft with red tip and blade with black tip), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Rectangular cabin (concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 4 windows, 2 doors), forward square kiosk (roof with architrave, with red, blue, green, and white feather, stripes, and dado decorations, human-headed sphinxes on sides). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 437. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, and EM JE 61351-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XI.2, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 26-28, Pls. II-III, XI.2, XIV bottom, XV; Porter and Moss 1964, 584. 569. EM JE 61358 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 28.74 in/73.00 cm Beam: 6.69 in/17.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.07 in/7.80 cm Wood. Annex, south end, under a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 610. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 61351-EM JE 61357, and EM JE 61359EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.10, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 21, Pl. X.10; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

408

APPENDIX A

570. EM JE 61360 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 29.53 in/75.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Annex, near entrance, among a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rudder oar (white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 375. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 61351-EM JE 61359, and EM JE 61361EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.1, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 20, Pls. II, X.1; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

571. EM JE 61362 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 31.50 iin/80.00 cm Beam: 44.45 in/17.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.91 in/7.40 cm Wood. Annex, middle of room among a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner (missing), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 481. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, and EM JE 61351-EM JE 61361. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.5, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 19, Pls. III, X.5; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

409

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 572. EM JE 61331 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 42.52 in/108.00 cm Beam: 7.68 in/19.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Treasury, northwest corner, on floor, partially obscured under fabric. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white dados, bands, bands of circles, feather, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped in photograph, red, white double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets [red stripes] mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner (hidden by cabin), rigging (3 yards, 1 from another boat, not shown in photograph or drawing), rudder oar (tiller, yellow shaft with red band, white blade tipped in black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Rectangular cabin (concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 3 doors). Excavated by Howard Carter, 19221932, Obj. no. 334. Sister to EM JE 61332-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, and EM JE 61351-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph, drawing, and description, not available for study, photograph and drawing from Jones 1990, Pls. XII, XXXI Top, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, drawing by Harold Parkinson, © Richard B. Parkinson. Bibliography: Egyptian Museum Cairo 1946, Tutankhamun Section, no. 1326; Jones 1990, 22-23, Pls. IV, XII, XXXI; Landström 1970, 99, nos. 313, 315; Porter and Moss 1964, 584. 573. EM JE 61332 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) Museum of Egyptian Art, Luxor, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 46.65 in/118.50 cm Beam: 7.68 in/19.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.62 in/9.20 cm Wood. Annex, south end, under a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, bands, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), two knees and stanchion mast partner, rudder oar stanchion set in crossbeam (white with red and green bands and notched top), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rigging (2 yards [red], upper yard attached to mast by 6 topping lifts through grommets, lower yard attached to upper yard), rudder oar (tiller, white shaft and blade tipped in black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Rectangular cabin (concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 2 windows, 1 door), forward square kiosk (roof with architrave, on pedestal with slight steps, with red, blue, green, and white feather, stripes, and dado decorations, human-headed sphinxes on sides, cartouches, hieroglyphs). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 352. Sister to EM JE 61331, EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, and EM JE 61351-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XIII, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 24-26, Pls. XIII-XIV; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

410

APPENDIX A

574. EM JE 61333 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) Museum of Egyptian Art, Luxor, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 43.50 in/110.50 cm Beam: 7.87 in/20.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.27 in/8.30 cm Wood. Annex, near west wall on top of a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull with green, red, blue, and white lotus flowers, dados, bands, and checkered decorations fore and aft, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rudder oar stanchion set in crossbeam (white), rigging (2 yards with topping lifts), rudder oars (2, 1 redundant, white shaft with red band and damaged white blade), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Rectangular cabin (concave white roof, yellow with red, blue, green, and white checkered pattern representing woven fabric or reeds, striped borders, dados, 4 windows, 2 doors), forward square kiosk (roof with architrave, on pedestal with slight steps, with red, blue, green, and white feather, stripes, and dado decorations, human-headed sphinxes on sides, cartouches, hieroglyphs, not attached in photograph). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 513. Sister to EM JE 61331, EM JE 61332, EM JE 61337, and EM JE 61351-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. XI.1, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 23-24, Pls. III, XI.1; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

575. EM JE 61351 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 32.09 in/81.50 cm Beam: 6.85 in/17.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Annex, south end against the west wall, among a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion set in crossbeam (white with red notched top), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 581. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, and EM JE 61352-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.8, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 20-21, Pls. II, X.8; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

411

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

576. EM JE 61352 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 31.26 in/79.40 cm Beam: 6.69 in/17.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.91 in/7.40 cm Wood. Annex, near west wall on top of a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (white loom and blade, red shaft), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 462. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351, and EM JE 61353-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.3, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 18, Pls. III, X.3; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

577. EM JE 61353 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 30.43 in/77.30 cm Beam: 5.67 in/14.40 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. Annex, south end, under a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (missing), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, (missing), rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 612. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351EM JE 51352, and EM JE 61354-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.11, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 21-21, Pl. X.11; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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578. EM JE 61354 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 32.87 in/83.50 cm Beam: 7.40 in/18.80 cm Depth of Hold: 3.19 in/8.10 cm Wood. Annex, middle of room among a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (missing), rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 491. Sister to EM JE 61331EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351-EM JE 51353, and EM JE 61355-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.6, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 19-20, Pls. III, X.6; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

579. EM JE 61355 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 31.81 in/80.80 cm Beam: 7.52 in/19.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.86 in/9.80 cm Wood. Annex, near west wall on top of a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (detached, broken, white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 460. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351-EM JE 51354, and EM JE 61356-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.2, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 18, Pls. III, X.2; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

580. EM JE 61356 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 30.71 in/78.00 cm Beam: 6.10 in/15.50 cm Depth of Hold: 3.03 in/7.70 cm Wood. Annex, south end, under a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion hole set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner (missing), rigging (2 yards), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 19221932, Obj. no. 609. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351-EM JE 51355, and EM JE 61357-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.9, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 21, Pl. X.9; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

581. EM JE 61357 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 29.13 in/74.00 cm Beam: 7.24 in/18.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Wood. Annex, south end, under a wooden chest and a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rigging (2 yards), r nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 617. Sister to Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.12, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 22, Pl. X.12; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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582. EM JE 61359 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 31.50 in/80.00 cm Beam: 6.06 in/15.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Annex, north end, on floor under baskets. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (missing), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, rigging (3 yards), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 1922-1932, Obj. no. 556. Sister to EM JE 61331EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351-EM JE 51358, and EM JE 61360-EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.7, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 20, Pl. X.7; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

583. EM JE 61361 (M2.29.a2.f1.h1.i6.j15.o) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII, c1327 BCE Provenance: King’s Valley, Tomb KV62 of Pharaoh Tutankhamun UE Nome 4 Length: 31.10 in/79.00 cm Beam: 7.52 in/19.10 cm Depth of Hold: 3.39 in/8.60 cm Wood. Annex, against west wall on top of a jumble of artifacts. Stern cleft (red, possibly representing waterproof leather), solid yellow hull, round bottom, raised bulwark/gunwale, single mast (unstepped, red, double halyard/topping lifts block with grommets mast head), rudder oar stanchion (white with red notched top) set in crossbeam (white), 2 knees and vertical stanchion in mast hole mast partner, (missing), rudder oar (tiller, white loom and blade, red shaft), nfr sign on fore deck (black), blunt scow-like bow (red, possibly representing waterproof leather). Excavated by Howard Carter, 19221932, Obj. no. 463. Sister to EM JE 61331-EM JE 61333, EM JE 61337, EM JE 51351-EM JE 61360, and EM JE 61362. Documented from photograph and description, not available for study, photograph from Jones 1990, Pl. X.4, photograph © Griffith Institute, University of Oxford. Bibliography: Jones 1990, 19, Pls. III, X.4; Porter and Moss 1964, 584.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

584. REM RC 1173 (M2.29.a2.h1.i2) Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA New Kingdom Provenance: Unknown Length: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Beam: .71 in/1.80 Depth of Hold: .98 in/2.50 cm Wood. Stern cleft, solid green (mostly gone with plaster left) hull, round bottom, single mast (broken), rudder oar stanchion hole, pointed bow. Acquired from the New York Botanical Garden, New York, 5 September 1940. New Kingdom date based on stern cleft construction and lack of human figure evidence. Much damaged. Documented in person, on exhibit, photography by author. Bibliography: REM Record Card.

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M2.30 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH LONGITUDINAL STERN REINFORCEMENT (LSR) AND STERN CLEFT (SC)

585. MLP E 5539 (M2.30.b2.i2.u1) Musée du Louvre, Paris, France New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII Provenance: Unknown Length: 19.80 in/50.30 cm Beam: 3.43 in/8.70 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Longitudinal stern reinforcement (raised), stern cleft, hollow white hull, round bottom, rudder oar stanchion hole, blunt scow-like bow, blunt scow-like stern. Acquired from the Rousset Bey Collection at auction in Paris, 15 July 1868. New Kingdom date based on stern cleft and blunt scow-like bow construction. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 255; MLP Record Card.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

M2.31 WATERCRAFT MODEL WOODEN BOAT WITH THROUGH-GOING DECK BEAMS (TDB) AND HOGGING TRUSS (HT)

586. EM CG 4929 (M2.31.a2.f4.i1.n2) The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Third Intermediate Period, Dynasty XXI Provenance: Deir el-Bahari, Northeast of Pharaoh Hatshepsut’s Temple Causeway and Lower Court, Tomb DB B of the Priests of Amun, “Bab el-Gasus,” UE Nome 4 Length: 22.64 in/57.50 cm Beam: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Depth of Hold: 1.97 in/5.00 cm Wood. Through-going deck beams (painted, 15, green), hogging truss, solid brownish-yellow hull, flush gunwale with stripes (long green rectangle around red line), quarter rudder oar stanchions (2, broken), on-deck crossbeam quarter rudder oar support (brownishyellow), hogging truss (red, attached fore and aft to cabin roof), quarter rudder oar (1, brownish-yellow shaft with red and green bands, brownish-yellow blade with black tip, 1 missing), udjat eye (green), decorative papyriform curving umbel ends (green decorative rope ties and red lotus flowers with solar ship, Osiris, and Isis in black on umbels). Square cabin (yellow with green edges, red lines, and green dots probably representing light wooden frame). Excavated by Eugène Grébaut and Georges Daressy, 5-13 February, 1891, after the infamous Abd el-Rassul (now working for the Egyptian Antiquities Service) alerted them to its discovery. A second boat model (EM JE 29269, Length: 59.84 in/152 cm) from the same tomb is listed in the 1891 Egyptian Museum inventory, but its location is unknown. Documented in person, on exhibit (Room 22), photograph from Reisner 1913, Pl. XIX Bottom, courtesy of The Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Bibliography: Bulletin de L’Institut Égyptien 1891, 332; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. XVII.1; Landström 1970, 118, no. 363; Petrie 1933a, 9, Fig. 34; Porter and Moss 1972, Pl. VIII; Reeves 2000, 81-82; Reisner 1913, 88, 90-91, Pl. XIX Bottom; Tooley 1995, 56, Fig. 58.

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APPENDIX B QUESTIONABLE ARTIFACTS, PROBABLE FORGERIES, AND TOURIST SOUVENIRS Key:  Designation by author; location of the object is unknown  Designation by author; accession number is unknown Several watercraft models or three-dimensional depictions do not fall within the scope of this study but deserve mention simply because they have definite provenance and are then comparable to other similar objects. Questionable artifacts include those objects labeled as boats that are actually elements of other funerary models. Further, many boat models are problematic since they exhibit attributes depicted in unconventional and nontraditional ways and are constructed lacking expected attributes, suggesting their authenticity must be questioned. It is probable that most suspect artifacts were constructed as intentional forgeries, while some models apparently were designed as tourist souvenirs. Many of these souvenirs are recognized as such, but some have been mistaken for antiquities.

QUESTIONABLE ARTIFACTS In this context, the term ‘questionable’ does not necessarily connote that an artifact is not authentic. Often artifacts that have ‘boat-like’ shapes are labeled as boats for want of a better identification. However, through experience I have determined that many objects do not represent boats and although I cannot with certainty identify every questionable artifact, many can be defined. Fish? B.1. PMEA UC33808 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England First Intermediate Period, HP Dynasty IX Provenance: Unknown; Probably Sedment Artifact PMEA UC33808 resembles a fish with a hole near its mouth. I am not sure if this object is a fish, but I am positive it is not a boat. One end is flat and is similar to a fin, and there is a ridge on one side toward the ‘mouth’ end possibly indicating a gill. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA \Record Card. Lamp? B.2. PMEA UC16607 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Roman Period Provenance: Sharufa near Heliopolis, House Ruins of Scenas Mandras LE Nome 13 PMEA UC16607 resembles a boat but its wide, open end suggests it is a lamp. It could be a lamp designed to emulate a boat; if this object represents a lamp or actually is a lamp, it was likely unused since it exhibits no blackened areas. The excavators also surmised it might be a lamp, but stipulated the openings were too large (Petrie and MacKay et al 1915, 45). Excavated by Sir Flinders Petrie, 1911-1912. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie and MacKay et. al 1915, 45, Pl. XXXIX.31; PMEA Record Card.

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Papyrus End? B.3. PMEA UC13207 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England New Kingdom, Dynasty XVIII Provenance: Unknown While this study includes many fragmentary models, faience artifact PMEA UC13207, labeled as a papyriform end, probably does not represent part of a watercraft model. I question this artifact’s identification as a papyriform end since its tip is rounded with no umbel and hardly rises upward. Further, it is dated to Dynasty XVIII and nothing comparable to this object has survived from this period. The artifact is simply too damaged to make a positive identification. Documented from photograph, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card.

MODEL QUERN AND GRINDING STONES Some small artifacts labeled as boats exhibit one rounded or blunted end and one pointed end. I studied four of these objects and initially accepted their identification as watercraft. However, I revised this identification upon examining a complete miller model. These objects represent quern stones from granary models or miller models that are comprised of a platform, a miller, and a quern stone (Breasted 1948, Pl. 15b). Each quern stone has a raised section in its center that has been mistaken for a DB. Taking into consideration this fact and the shape of these objects has resulted in the misidentification of these artifacts. This raised section represents the oblong stone used to grind grain into flour on the quern. A further indication that these objects are querns is the angle of the grinding surface. One end is higher than the other, indicating the grain would be pushed downward by the grinding stone as it was changed into flour. The definitive sources of evidence supporting my assertion concerning these artifacts are the dozens of miller models from First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom contexts. B.4. PMEA UC33797 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Period Provenance: Sedment PMEA UC33797 exhibits scrape marks on its upper end possibly indicating it has been ‘used’. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card. B.5. PMEA UC33806 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Period Provenance: Sedment Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card. B.6. PMEA UC33807 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England First Intermediate Period, Herakleopolitan Period Provenance: Sedment A small wooden peg protruding from the bottom of PMEA UC33807 further supports the identification of these artifacts as quern and grinding stones since the piece would require secure attachment to the granary model or platform. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card.

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B.7. SMMRLA NN St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Middle Kingdom Provenance: Unknown This quernstone was depicted on exhibit as a small boat being towed by a larger Egyptian boat model. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: SMMRLA Record Card.

PROBABLE FORGERIES AND TOURIST SOUVENIRS Models considered as probable forgeries and tourist souvenirs have a few characteristics in common. They are unprovenanced, many were purchased directly from antiquities dealers, others were ‘purchased in Egypt’, several were purchased through auction houses, and many were donated to museums from private collections. Often the transfer of models can be traced from an antiquities dealer, a private collector, and then to a museum, or even from an antiquities dealer, a private collector, an auction house, to another private collector, and then to a museum. It must be stated that the majority of Egyptian watercraft models acquired by museums from antiquities dealers, through auction house purchases, and private donations are authentic artifacts. More common recently, however, is the selling of forgeries on the internet that are presented as actual antiquities. The models discussed below exhibit questionable attributes, are unprovenanced, have suspect backgrounds, and many of them have the shared characteristic of symmetrical hull construction. Questionable watercraft models considered as probable forgeries in this study are formed and constructed from clay, stone, ‘reeds’, wood, and possibly plastic. Many of these objects exhibit attribute patterns that suggest organized production. It is useful to separate these objects into groups and examine them based on material fabric, unlike the classification of authentic artifacts, and similar attributes. Further, I will suggest possible explanations for the depictions of questionable models. QUESTIONABLE CLAY AND STONE MODELS Questionable clay and stone watercraft models with suspect hull forms and attributes come in a variety of shapes, designs, and with different attribute combinations. Some of these models, primarily those offered for auction on the internet, may be constructed of plastic or other synthetic material and represented by their sellers as faience. Questionable clay and stone objects are categorized by their hull ends particularly since they exhibit non-standard end configurations and also lack attributes found in authentic models. Five variations are found in this group and some objects are so similar in particular aspects of their construction that the same individual or ‘shop’ might have created them. These objects are defined by six small letter classifications (a-f) as a label for the person or shop that created it. However, some questionable models stand alone in their uniqueness and do not fall within the six classifications; these objects are incorporated into the list below when their ends are similar to those within the (a-f) groupings. Animal or Human Finials Questionable clay and stone models with animal head finials carry them fore, aft, and on both ends. Often the identification of these appendages is hard to determine, but animals represented include falcons (Horus), rams (Khnum), jackals (Anubis), crocodiles, a cat, what have been labeled as a rabbit and hedgehog, a round bulb with a spider or beetle carved onto it, and bulls. One questionable stone model with human head finials exists, representing a female. As discussed in Chapter 6, this study contains one watercraft model with ram head finials that may be authentic, but its context is most likely temple-related, not funerary. The large number of questionable models with animal or human head finials suggests that the ‘modern’ model maker observed the great number of watercraft depictions painted and etched into temple walls, on ostraca, or on papyri (Figs. 3.9, 3.10), and emulated these graphics. In any context, no provenanced watercraft model with an animal or human head finial has been excavated. This fact is not surprising, since watercraft models primarily represent ‘work or traveling boats’ that would benefit the deceased in the ‘every-day afterlife’. However, ‘modern’ model makers whose goal was to attract tourists to their wares would create more fanciful objects. This issue will be revisited below when questionable wooden models are discussed. Papyrus Flower or Papyriform Ends The variations shown in questionable clay and stone models in papyriform ends are not necessarily an indicator of an unauthentic model. However, the depictions of upright papyriform flower ends is somewhat unique, the exceptions being the papyrus rafts of Tutankhamun, New Kingdom models that have flat umbel ends. Rounded or Pointed Ends Some questionable models have somewhat indistinct bows and sterns that simply culminate in rounded or pointed ends. In considering suspect models, round or pointed ends are not indicative of whether an object is a forgery, therefore other questionable attributes associated with these objects determine its status. Canoe-like Ends Several models with questionable authenticity have a bow, stern, or both ends that are raised and pointed, suggesting the modern idea of a canoe. No watercraft models with known provenance that are considered authentic have this trait. Kayak-like Two suspect models are hollow constructions with holes in their decks resembling a kayak, but with raised canoe-like ends.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Animals The presence of animals on questionable models is not a determining factor as to the authenticity of an artifact. However, the presence of bulls carried on models and the probable bull’s head finials mentioned above, might suggest these objects were supposed to represent or take part in the worship of the Apis bull. The beginnings of the Apis bull cult may date to the Predynastic Period, but its inception has also been attributed to Dynasty II. Therefore, the questionable boat models that resemble Predynastic Period artifacts and carry bulls raise questions. However, many questionable models that are constructed to resemble First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom models also carry bulls, and the primary reason for their inclusion in this grouping are their unusual hull forms. Likewise, the representation of snakes in the construction of some models may suggest the god Apophis. Depictions of Apophis at New Kingdom sites excavated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as Deir el-Bahari, might have prompted the makers of questionable models to include snake figures in their creations. Since Apophis nightly threatened Ra’s sun boat as he traveled through the underworld (Shaw and Nicholson 1995, 35-36), the depiction of the snake in a boat might not be far fetched. However, these myths were predominant in the New Kingdom and the models in question strongly suggest Predynastic Period construction. Questionable models in this group appear to be from the Predynastic Period, First Intermediate Period, and the Middle Kingdom. To reinforce my argument that the objects listed above are questionable, the museum accession information associated with objects, BMA 37.322E, IMS R.193226-3, and PMEA UC15163, brings their authenticity into question. Lastly, one internet seller recognized that the object purchased in Egypt, eBay 8.1, was a tourist souvenir.

Classification a. Two objects listed as classification a carry representations of deceased people in questionable hollow models imitating the fetal position of naturally mummified people discovered in Predynastic Period pit graves. I believe ‘modern’ people observed the excavation of these graves in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and created watercraft forgeries based on these images, and these two models may have been created as forgeries by the same person or ‘shop’. B.8. ECUWS W924 Egypt Centre, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales Length: 8.82 in/22.40 cm Beam: 3.00 in/7.60 cm Depth of Hold: 1.60 in/4.10 cm Clay. Ram head. Corpse in fetal position. Acquired from the Wellcome Collection, 1971. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Brunner-Traut 1975, 41-42, Pl. 1a-d; Nibbi 1993, 87-88, note 24.

B.9. RMO 1962/12.1 Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, Netherlands Elongated ends. Corpse in fetal position. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden. Bibliography: Brunner-Traut 1975, 46, Pl. 2a-b.

Classification b. Four questionable clay models carry a deceased person, represented as mummies, but only three of them are considered to be ‘members’ of Classification b and possibly made by the same person or ‘shop’ in the early 20th Century. The first three models are formed from the same fabric and attached to the hulls with slip. If these models are supposed to date to the Predynastic Period as their construction suggests, then they should definitely not carry mummified human bodies on-board if they were authentic. B.10. ECUWS W925 Egypt Centre, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales Length: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Beam: 2.09 in/5.30 cm Depth of Hold: 1.14 in/2.90 cm Clay. Crocodile head and tail, mummy. Acquired from the Wellcome Collection, 1971. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author.

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B.11. MRAHB NN  Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Clay. Corpse in fetal position. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card.

B.12. PMEA UC15163 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Length: 8.94 in/22.70 cm Beam: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.17 in/5.50 cm Mummy. Female figure. Purchased by Sir Flinders Petrie in Egypt. PMEA Record Card notes the object may be a modern forgery. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1921, 8, 10, Pl. VII.15; PMEA Record Card.

No Classification B.13. eBay 1.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of clay. Anubis head and papyriform ends. Standing mummy. Bibliography: eBay 2007aa.

B.14. MSS 10986 Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Length: 8.35 in/21.20 cm Clay. Corpse in fetal position. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MSS Record Card. B.15. PMEA UC16612 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Length: 7.95 in/20.20 cm Beam: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.97/5.00 cm Clay. Snake/Apophis. Purchased by James E Quibell in Egypt. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph from Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. Bibliography: PMEA Record Card.

423

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.16. MRAHB E.7275 Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Length: 8.07 in/20.50 cm Beam: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.18 in/3.00 cm Limestone. Cat head. Acquired from the Schuerleer Museum (S.998.30), 1937. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card. B.17. MRAHB E.7690 Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels, Belgium Alabaster. Female human heads, Acquired from E Beer, November 1949. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MRAHB Record Card. B.18. MAG 28.363 Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Length: 15.75 in/40.00 cm Beam: 3.35 in/8.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.48 in/6.30 cm Clay. Spider or beetle on round ball. Acquired from C Herbert Ocumpaugh, 24 January 1928. Record Card describes the insect on the ball as a turtle. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MAG Record Card. B.19. IMS R.1932-26-3 Ipswich Museum Service, Ipswich, England Length: 46.06 in/117 cm Clay. Animal head ends (bird and ram according to reference). Mast? Recognized by IMS as being in the ‘predynastic style’ from the ‘Modern Period’. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Ipswich Museum Service. Bibliography: Ipswich Museum Service 2006b. B.20. MAG 28.364 Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Length: 18.90 in/48.00 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.97 in/5.00 cm Clay. Bull heads. Cabin. Acquired from C Herbert Ocumpaugh, 24 January 1928. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MAG Record Card; Memorial Art Gallery 1961, 8. B.21. Moll 75 Formerly in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA Deaccessioned Clay. Ram heads. Human figures. Documented from photograph, photograph from publication (Moll 1929, Pl. A IV.75). Bibliography: Moll 1929, Pl. A IV.75.

424

APPENDIX B

B.22. MET S.1186 Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Length: 14.37 in/36.00 cm Beam: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Clay. Bull head. Acquired by Ernesto Schiaparelli, 1900-1901. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Curto 1984, 50. Bibliography: Curto 1984, 50. B.23. BCGM 13.157 Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Length: 8.03 in/20.40 cm Beam: 2.64 in/6.70 cm Depth of Hold: 1.93 in/4.90 cm Clay. Bull head and tail. Carrying bull. Acquired by Sir William Burrell from G. F. Williams, 1949. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: BCGM Record Card.

Classification c. Eight models either carry a reed or rope cabin attached to the vessel’s gunwale, or the object’s sides have round holes bored through them to accept such a structure. The ends of these models vary, including papyriform, animals, canoe-like, pointed, and rounded. However, four models are very similar to each other and I strongly suggest that the same person or ‘shop’ constructed them. The authenticity of these objects is in question because of their lack of provenance, similar and non-standard construction, and their appearance in collections during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries through purchases from ‘locals’ in Egypt and antiquities dealers. B.24. MAG 28.362 Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Length: 16.14 in/41.00 cm Beam: 4.06 in/10.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Clay. Canoe-like. Human figure. Bull, snakes. Rope cabin probably missing. Acquired from C Herbert Ocumpaugh, 24 January 1928. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: MAG Record Card. B.25. SMÄKM ÄS 6759 Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, München, Germany Clay. Crocodile head and legs. Human figure. Missing rope cabin. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, München, Germany. B.26. MSS 1986:2 Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Length: 10.63 in/27.00 cm Clay. Bull head, possible tail. Rope cabin. Zig-zag gunwale design. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: MSS Record Card.

425

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS B.27. ROM 910.92.17 Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Length: 16.14 in/41.00 cm Beam: 3.66 in/9.30 cm Depth of Hold: 2.52 in/6.40 cm Clay. Bull head. Reed cabin. Probably acquired by Dr Currelly in Egypt. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: ROM Record Card. B.28. PMEA UC15165 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Length: 21.85 in/55.50 cm Beam: 4.72 in/12.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.21 in/10.70 cm Clay. Human figure. Rope cabin. Purchased by Sir Flinders Petrie in Egypt prior to 1921. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Petrie 1921, 8, 10, Pl. VII.17; Petrie 1933a, 12, Fig. 45; Petrie 1933b, 64; PMEA Record Card. B.29. Rustafjaell 420 Location: Unknown Length: 19.50 in/49.53 cm Clay. Canoe-like. Reed cabin. Zig-zag gunwale design. Acquired by Robert De Rustafjaell and sold at auction 20-24 January 1913. Documented from photograph, photograph from publication (Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1913, no. 420) Bibliography: Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1913, 37, no. 420. B.30. MSS 1970:5 Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Length: 10.71 in/27.20 cm Clay. Head at bow. Canoe-like stern. Purchased by Bjorn Landström in Luxor. Acquired 1970. Documented from photograph, drawing after Landström 1970, no. 410. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 141, no. 410. B.31. BCGM 13.204 Burrell Collection, Glasgow Museums, Glasgow, Scotland Length: 13.98 in/35.50 cm Beam: 3.78 in/9.60 cm Depth of Hold: 2.20 in/5.60 cm Clay. Canoe-like. Human figures. Acquired by Sir William Burrell from Partridge and Son, 1951. Cyril Aldred questioned authenticity. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: BCGM Record Card.

No Classification B.32. Moll 74 Formerly in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA MMA 07.228.79 Clay. Canoe-like. Cabin. This object was deaccessioned because it was deemed a forgery (Patch Craig, D, pers comm, 1998). Documented from photograph, photograph from publication (Moll 1929, A IVa.74). Bibliography: Göttlicher 1985, 21, Abb. 6; Landström 1970, 15, no. 29; Moll 1929, A IVa.74.

426

APPENDIX B

Classification d. As mentioned above, two suspect models are hollow constructions with holes in their decks resembling a kayak, but with raised canoe-like ends. These objects are similar to nothing in the archaeological record, have no provenance, and are so similar to each other that I suggest the same person or shop created them. B.33. MSS 19957 Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Length: 8.86 in/22.60 cm Clay. Kayak-like. Documented from drawing, drawing by author after Landström 1970, no. 28. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 15, no. 28. B.34. ROM 910.92.16 Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Length: 9.69 in/24.61 cm Beam: 2.63 in/6.68 cm Depth of Hold: 3.56 in/9.04 cm Clay. Kayak-like. Acquired by Dr. Currelly in Egypt. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: ROM Record Card. No Classification B.35. ÄMB 13834 Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Length: 21.65 in/55.00 cm Clay. Papyriform ends. Cabin. Humans. Documented from photograph, photograph and drawing, drawing from publication (Landström 1970, no. 26). Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 73.II.1, Pl. 70a Top; Göttlicher and Werner 1978, Pl. VIII.1-3; Landström 1970, 15, no. 26; Moll 1929, A IVa.73; Petrie 1933a, 6, Fig. 15; Staatliche Museum zu Berlin 1967, 11-12, no. 62. B.36. ROM 910.92.18 Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Length: 17.72 in/45.00cm Beam: 7.44 in/18.90 cm Depth of Hold : 4.45 in/11.30 cm Clay. Eyes. Tail? Human Figures. ROM Record Card refers to the object’s questionable nature. Probably acquired by Dr. Currelly in Egypt. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: ROM Record Card. B.37. BMA 37.322E Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn, NY, USA Length: 8.46 in/21.50 cm Beam: 2.28 in/5.80 cm Depth of Hold: 1.54 in/3.90 cm Glazed Steatite. Rabbit and Hedgehog Ends. Human Figures. Anubis. Acquired by Henry Abbot, 1832-1852. Acquired from the New York Historical Society through the Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, September 1948. BMA Record Card recognizes the object’s questionable nature, stating it is “probably a modern forgery.” Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Abbott 1854, 39, no. 562; Abbott 1874, 39, no. 562; Abbot 1915, 35, no. 569; BMA Record Card; Breasted, Jr 1948, 85.3.3, Pl. 78b; Porter and Moss 1964, 844.

427

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Classification e. Two models resembling faience are nearly identical, except for slight changes in finial design (Anubis and papyrus flower) and the skill with which their canopies, sarcophagi, and human figures are presented. However, these models are too similar and presented for sale on the internet within four months of each other (August-December 2006). The presence of Anubis and papyrus flower finials, the poor quality, and recent appearance of these models on the auction market suggests these models are not authentic. B.38. eBay 2.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head ends. Female deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Sarcophagus. Bibliography: eBay 2006bb. B.39. eBay 3.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head and papyriform ends. Female deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Sarcophagus under canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2006f.

Classification f. Eighteen models up for auction on the internet recently pose interesting problems. One of them suggests early construction while the 17 others exhibit First Intermediate Period or Middle Kingdom design. Of the models found on eBay that their owners claim are made of stone, several are nearly duplicates of each other, suggesting systematic production. For example, three objects offered for auction by different individuals are remarkably similar (B.45-B.47) and in turn, these three are very similar to the other objects in this classification. Two of the models (B.45, B.46) were represented as rare, authentic, and valued in the thousands of dollars, having been acquired from antiquities dealers in Egypt. The seller, after appraising these scarce ‘ancient artifacts’ in the thousands, sold them for $127.50 and $201.00. The third model (B.47) was listed by its seller as a ‘Replica Egyptian Solar Boat...handmade in the [Egyptian] village of Gurna. This was made by the craftsman whose workshop is opposite the entrance to the tomb’. The material fabric this model is carved from is unknown, but its likeness to the other models suggests it is stone. I also propose that the supposed faience objects are actually formed of a synthetic material, but without personal examination of these objects, this cannot be determined. Several models listed in the chart above follow the same design as the three objects depicted here, all of them offered for auction on eBay. B.40. eBay 4.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head and papyriform ends. Female deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Sarcophagus under canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2006o.

B.41. eBay 5.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Horus head ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007hh.

428

APPENDIX B

B.42. eBay 2.2 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Horus head ends, scarab at bow. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007y.

B.43. eBay 6.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of stone. Lion head ends. Human headed bird, animal head deity. Hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007z. B.44. eBay 4.2 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of stone. Lioness head ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: 2007h.

B.45. eBay 7.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007rr. B.46. eBay 6.2 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of stone. Anubis head ends. Human headed bird, animal head deity. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007cc. B.47. eBay 8.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of stone. Anubis head ends. Human headed bird, animal head deity. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Recognized and advertised by seller as a “replica Egyptian Solar Boat...handmade in the village of Gurna. This was made by the craftsman whose workshop is opposite the entrance to the tomb of Ramo.” Bibliography: eBay 2006i. B.48. eBay 9.1 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head and papyriform ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2006j. B.49. eBay 2.3 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head and papyriform ends. Animal head deities. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007b.

429

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.50. eBay 5.2 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Anubis head and papyriform ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007ll. B.51. eBay 2.4 Location: Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Bird head and tail ends. Animal head deities. Deity under canopy. Bird on bird shaped canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2006h. B.52. eBay 10.1 Location Unknown Reportedly made of stone. Papyriform ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007q. B.53. eBay 2.5 Location Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Papyriform ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007bb. B.54. eBay 2.6 Location Unknown Reportedly made of faience. Closed papyriform flower ends. Animal head deities. Nonsensical hieroglyphs. Deity under canopy. Reclining Anubis on canopy. Bibliography: eBay 2007oo.

QUESTIONABLE REED MODELS Simply by their existence, two models raise questions about their authenticity particularly since their only provenance is private ownership. They are constructed of organic fibers bound with rope to emulate ‘reed boats’ and are attributed to the Middle Kingdom by their owners (B.55, B.56). No models constructed of reed have been found in situ and their appearance suggests their makers referenced Landström’s work and his interpretations of Naqada II pottery decorations and rock drawings, particularly when concerning the tie-downs for the papyrus ends (Landström 1970, Figs. 11, 32-34, 37, 46-47, 51). With no provenanced papyrus models for comparison and the likelihood that the fragile object would not survive from antiquity, these models remain suspect and are considered non-authentic. 

B.55. IAVA Reed 1 Location: Unknown Length: 14.37 in/36.50 cm Reeds and rope. Papyrus raft. Claims to be from Dynasties XI-XII. Formerly in the Dr Giuliana Zanetti Collection, Bologna, Italy. Bibliography: Internet Auction, Victoria, Australia 2005. 

B.56. IAGG Reed 2 Location: Unknown Length: 14.57 in/37.00 cm Reeds and rope. Papyrus raft. Claims to be from Dynasties XII-XIII. Formerly in the Dreyfus Collection, Lyon, France. Bibliography: Internet Auction, Göttingen, Germany 2006.

430

APPENDIX B

QUESTIONABLE WOODEN MODELS Like questionable stone and clay objects, suspect wooden models can be separated into categories based on construction characteristics and aesthetic considerations. These objects can be separated into six wide-ranging groups and some questionable wooden models can further be defined by 12 classifications that recognize the similarities in construction and design within the six broad categories. Distinct parallels between many objects suggest that specific people or ‘shops’ constructed these models and they are represented by a small letter (g-r). However, some questionable models stand alone in their uniqueness and do not fall within the 12 classifications; these objects are incorporated into the list below when their ends are similar to those within the (g-r) groupings. Beyond this, symmetrical construction of certain questionable hulls also suggests unconventional design, and questionable attribute depictions include colorful hull adornments such as stripes, zigzag or wavy lines, and chains of circles painted onto hulls, incorrectly depicted udjat eyes, painted golden hulls and human figures, and profuse amounts of hieroglyphs. Lastly, only 15 questionable models carry fixed steering gear evidence, and sometimes at their bow, attributes that all authentic models carry except for Class M1.0-M1.3 papyrus rafts. Finally, the design and construction of the majority of questionable wooden models suggest they date to the First Intermediate Period or Middle Kingdom, sometimes with New Kingdom attributes appearing as well. I have located 103 suspect wooden models: Animal and Human Finials Animal finials found on questionable models include ducks, falcons (Horus), birds, jackals (Anubis), rams (Khnum), ibex, bulls, and what appear to be camels. These models often carry other attributes that bring their authenticity into question as well. For example, it has been suggested that REM RC 481 was possibly discovered in the King’s Valley Tomb 34 of Pharaoh Thutmose III in 1898 (B.58). This attribution lies in the presence of a Thutmose III cartouche painted on the model’s starboard side and a human figure wearing a royal crown sitting under a canopy amidships (Porter and Moss 1964, 553). Firstly, no attributes reflected in this object suggest it was constructed in the New Kingdom. Secondly, the decorative attributes incorporated into this model are so far away from any traditional construction, its authenticity must be questioned. Papyriform or Finial Ends The presence of unusual papyriform and finial ends on boat models does not automatically place them into the ‘questionable’ category, for several provenanced watercraft models have odd finials. However, many models, some that appeared in museums and private collections in the 1910s and 1920s, and others that have been offered for sale on the internet in the last few years, also exhibit other construction characteristics that suggest they are not authentic, often associated with Classifications a and c above and g-i to be discussed below. Rounded or Pointed Ends As with questionable clay and stone models, round and pointed ends on suspect wooden boat models are simply a construction convention and do not suggest authenticity. Scow Ends Squared-off ends on wooden boat models are suggestive of non-authenticity if the object is unprovenanced and obviously not from the Old Kingdom. Certain models with scow ends will be discussed within Classification k. Platforms and Ornaments The only authentic models with platforms at their bow or stern are found in the New Kingdom flotillas of Pharaohs Amenhotep II and Tutankhamun. Certain models offered for auction on the internet recently have included elaborately decorated platforms on non-standard hull shapes and on models that suggest First Intermediate and Middle Kingdom construction. Ornaments found on models up for auction on the internet have no comparison in the archaeological record (B.120). Dugout Construction and RSS The construction of two hulls (PMEA UC16605 [B150], eBay 21.1 [B.151]) suggest dugout canoes. PMEA UC16605 has a DB and a Predynastic Period date, while eBay 21.1 claims a late Dynasty XVIII date. More than any other simple hollow wooden model, PMEA UC16605’s authenticity must be questioned because of its large size and scow end design. Class M2.1-M2.2 models representing Predynastic Period wooden boats have VFE, not dugout shapes. eBay 21.1 has two attributes, an RSS (q2, small block) and an actual LSS, suggesting an Early or Mid All Egypt Dynasty XI date. However, the model’s overall construction, shape, hollow nature, lack of provenance, profuse amount of hieroglyphs, and similarity to a dug-out canoe strongly suggests it is not authentic. It has been stated previously that Egypt has never grown proper trees for dugout canoe construction, so its depiction in model form is unlikely. Several objects represent models that are tourist souvenirs that have ‘evolved’ into antiquities over time, while some questionable models are known souvenirs and are presented as such. These recognized souvenirs are included in this study to point out that many of the models represented as authentic are, in fact, forgeries. Questionable wooden models carry many on-deck and ornamental attributes that also appear in authentic models. However, the non-standard depiction of these attributes in combination with other suspect attributes suggest these models are not authentic. Further, some objects are recognized through museum accession information to be forgeries or tourist souvenirs that have taken on the status of artifact over time, but that are now recognized as modern objects. Lastly, as with suspect clay and stone models, the recent use of the internet to present questionable models as authentic artifacts has increased the number of specimens for comparison in the last few years.

431

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

No Classification B.57. BAM 620 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Museum, Alexandria, Egypt Length: 22.83 in/58.00 cm Beam: 6.69 in/17.00 cm Wood. Bird head bow, stern missing, symmetrical hull. Paddlers (4, may be authentic). Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina Museum. B.58. REM RC 481 Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Length: 27.32 in/69.40 cm Beam: 5.67 in/14.40 cm Depth of Hold: 5.91 in/15.00 cm Wood. Duck head, Horus head, actual wings, painted wings, painted Anubis, painted cartouche, symmetrical hull. Hybrid non-standard canopy but Middle Kingdom architrave is probably authentic, pharaoh underneath (depiction of the Upper and Lower Egyptian crown is not represented accurately). Rowers (4), 2 crew, suggest Middle Kingdom construction. New Kingdom cartouche of Thutmosis III. The strange and unusual variations exhibited in this object’s attributes, when compared to authentic models of the Middle and New Kingdoms, imply this model cannot be authentic. From the Lord William Tyssen-Amherst Collection. Sold at auction 13-17 June, 1921, Sotheby’s, London. Acquired from Spink and Son, London, 1 May 1940. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 8; Porter and Moss 1964, 551-553; REM Record Card; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1921, 8, no. 81, Pl. XVI.

Classification g. Methods of construction, decorative elements, and the appearance of 13 Classification g objects in museums and private collections during roughly a 15-year period strongly indicates they are not authentic and the same person or ‘shop’ constructed them. All Classification g models have symmetrical hulls, a strong suggestion of their questionable nature, the animal and human head finials attached to five of these models do not conform to any provenanced models, and the attachment of all surviving papyriform bundle ends on these objects is clumsy and poorly executed, with the exception of two models (NMK 13532 and KMH 1960,28). Twelve Classification g objects also have similarly painted gunwale and/or hull stripes, but more importantly, six have zigzag lines at the bottom of their hulls that are not found on authentic models. The bottom zigzag decorations are exactly the same and carefully executed on two models (BOSM K.208 [B.60], MEB 50 [B.61]) and very close on a third (REM RC 1936, B.59). Further, these three models have udjat eyes at each end and on both sides that face the wrong directions (as does PAHMA 5-14112, B.67), and awkwardly attached Khnum (as does UMFA 1952.128 [B.64] and GAM NN [B.63]) or human head finials. Three other models in this class (CCK NN [B.62], UPMAA 78-17-1 [B.69], UMFA 1952.128) have crudely painted bottom zigzag lines that are very similar to each other. Three of these models (NMK 13532 [B.70], KMH 1960,28 [B.71], MTLM Inv. 1998-18-17 [B.66]) have aesthetic and design attributes that suggest they are authentic, including the quality of their construction and their non-fantastical natures. However, the symmetrical design of these objects, the non-standard curve of the papyriform ends on NMK 13532 and KMH 1960,28, their lack of fixed steering gear, and their lack of provenance place these models in the ‘questionable’ category. The depiction of the god Khnum, a ram with wavy horns, on four Classification g models presents an interesting challenge (B.59). As previously discussed, Class M2.0 wooden model BM EA 9505 (Appendix A, Cat. No. 167) is the only watercraft in this study with two animal head finials that I suggest may be authentic because of its simple design and the attachment evidence where a missing insignia like that seen on the portable Barque of Amun (Figs. 3.9, 3.10) would be. However, REM 1936 serves as a funerary barque, carrying a mummy on a bier under a canopy. All the other models in this class also serve this ‘purpose’, with the model’s owner being depicted as a mummy or passenger. The bier on BOSM K.208 partially emulates the animal headed couches from Tutankhamun’s tomb, complete with a tail and paws. While some biers on provenanced models have small lion’s heads and feet, none have a tail or heads this large. All the human figures carried on models in Classification g are identically constructed, with the exception of figures on UMFA 1952.128 (only the standing figures), MFAH 31.74 (B.65), RMMU 1948 (B.68), and KMH 1960,28. Figures intended to be rowers or paddlers hold their arms in exactly the same position, have no legs but appear to be sitting with their legs folded under them, and most have a black belt with two loose ends painted on their kilts. The living owners on MEB 50, CCK NN, and UPMAA 78-17-1 are triplets, including a large ‘X’ painted on their block-like chairs. One standing figure wears a priest’s kilt on model UPMAA 78-17-1. The mummy on UMFA 1952.128 is plainly adorned while the one on REM RC 1936 is overly decorated with its linen wrappings differentiated with bright green, yellow, and red paint. The figures on RMMU 1948 disappear into the deck with plaster covering them. None of the figures on these models, nor the models themselves, suggest ancient construction. Evidence supporting this claim comes from Raginald A. Bennett upon his donation of model BOSM K.208 on January 2, 1932 to the Bexhill-onSea Museum. He stated “the model of which the details are correct according to frescoes on the walls of the Temple of Kuma, near Luxor, was made by a native from the village lying at the foot of the valley of the Kings. The wood from which the model was made is sycamore and originally formed part of a mummy-case” (BOSM Record Card). Beyond the fact that Mr. Bennett probably meant Karnak instead of Kuma, since Kumma is much further south than Luxor, this information confirms that the model is not of ancient construction even if the wood it is comprised of may be ancient. Further, that the model’s maker lived near the King’s Valley makes sense since he would have been knowledgeable about the activities surrounding the discovery and clearance of Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb beginning in 1922. The earliest Classification g questionable model appears to be RMMU 1948, since it was received by RMMU in 1923; it is also of the crudest construction, suggesting the maker or makers improved their techniques over time. Lastly, it is apparent that most Classification g models were artificially ‘aged’ and damaged to appear as antiquities.

432

APPENDIX B B.59. REM RC 1936 Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, San Jose, CA, USA Length: 24.80 in/63.00 cm Beam: 6.50 in/16.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Wood. God Khnum ends (2), incorrect stripes, zigzags, udjat eyes, and mast, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy on bier. Paddler with waist tie. Acquired at auction, Lot 156, Sotheby Parke Bernet, New York, 7 December 1973. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: REM Record Card. B.60. BOSM K.208 Bexhill-on-Sea Museum, Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex, England Length: 28.00 in/71.12 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.74 in/9.50 cm Wood. Female head and torso bow, stern missing, incorrect stripes, incorrect zigzags, incorrectly facing udjat eyes, incorrect mast, symmetrical hull. Mummy on lion bier (reminiscent of Tutankhamun’s bed). Rowers (2) with waist ties. Acquired from Raginald A. Bennett, OBE, 2 January 1932. BOSM Record Card by Bennett: “The model of which the details are correct according to frescoes on the walls of the Temple of Kuma, near Luxor, was made by a native from the village lying at the foot of the valley of the Kings. The wood from which the model was made is sycamore and originally formed part of a mummy-case. R. O. B. 1 February 1932.” Bexhill-On-Sea Museum 2007 labels this model a “modern model of an ancient funeral boat.” Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Bexhill-on-Sea Museum. Bibliography: BOSM Record Card. B.61. MEB 50 Museu Egipci de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Length: 17.99 in/45.70 cm Beam: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Depth of Hold: Unknown Wood. Ram head bow, stern missing, incorrect stripes, incorrect zigzags, incorrectly facing udjat eyes, symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner on block chair with ‘X’ (facing wrong direction). Rowers (4) with waist ties. Offered at auction 21 May 1984, Sotheby Park Bernet & Company London. Acquired by Jordi Clos. Documented in person, on loan to and on exhibit at Hotel Clarís in Barcelona, photograph by author. Bibliography: Alavedra et al 1995, 62 Top; Clos 1993, 34, E-14; Garcia 1992, 49; Gonzálvez 1994, 41; Sotheby Parke Bernet & Company 1984, 28-29, Lot 159. B.62. CCK NN Chiddingstone Castle, near Edenbridge, Kent, England Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm - estimate Beam: 6.70 in/17.00 cm - estimate Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm - est Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, incorrect stripes, zigzags, and mast, symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner on block chair with ‘X’. Rowers (2). Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph from publication (Eldridge 1990, 5). Bibliography: Dodson, A, pers comm, 1997; Eldridge 1990, 5; Phillips and Dodson 1995, 58. B.63. GAM NN Formerly in Graves Archaeological Museum, Dania, FL, USA Location: Unknown Wood. Ram head ends (2), incorrect stripes, mast, and rudder oar stanchion, symmetrical hull. Canopy. Canopy, human figure in royal pose sitting on beer cone. Huge human figure amidships, paddlers (10), mummiform figure, 1 other crew. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of Charles Zidar through Eleftheria Mantzouka.

433

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS B.64. UMFA 1952.128 Utah Museum of Fine Arts, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Wood. Ram head ends (2), incorrect stripes, cross-hatching, and mast, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy on bier. Rowers (5), 1 other crew. Gift of Natacha Rambova, 1952. Drawing by author. Bibliography: UMFA 2004. B.65. MFAH 31.74 Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, USA Length: 42.64 in/108.30 cm Beam: 9.02 in/22.90 cm Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, symmetrical hull. Paddlers (12), 1 other crew, some paddlers may be authentic. Attributed to Lahun. Collected by Miss Annette Finnigan. Acquired 1931. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts. Bibliography: Aylsworth, D, pers comm, 2001. B.66. MTLM Inv. 1998-18-17 Musée de Tessé, Le Mans, France Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, incorrect stripes and mast, symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner underneath. Paddlers (4) with waist ties. Drawing by author.

B.67. PAHMA 5-14112 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Length: 24.41 in/62.00 cm Beam: 4.84 in/12.30 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Incorrect finial addition, incorrect stripes, zig-zags, and udjat eyes, symmetrical hull. Pharaoh on a throne riding on an animal. Crewmen (6). Acquired by ‘Alma’ around 1935. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card. B.68. RMMU 1948 Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Length: 19.00 in/48.26 cm Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Owner. Rowers (4). Attributed to Dynasty XII. Acquired from John Garstang’s private collection in 1923. Documented from photograph, photograph courtesy of the Redpath Museum. Bibliography: Lawson, B, pers comm, 2005. B.69. UPMAA 78-17-1 University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA, USA Length: 23.62 in/60.00 cm Beam: 5.00 in/12.70 cm Depth of Hold: 2.68 in/6.80 cm Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, incorrect stripes zigzags, and mast, symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner on block chair with ‘X’ (facing wrong direction). Rowers (2), small priest. On loan to the Albany Institute of History and Art, Albany, NY, USA. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: UPMAA Record Card.

434

APPENDIX B

B.70. NMK 13532 National Museum, Kopenhagen, Denmark Length: 27.28 in/69.30 cm Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, symmetrical hull. Rower. Possibly purchased in Luxor, 1930s. Acquired from a Finnish Collection, 1955. Documented in person (partially obscured), on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Haslund Hansen, A, pers comm 1998.

B.71. KMH 1960,28 Kestner Museum, Hannover, Germany Length: 24.80 in/63.00 cm Beam: 5.75 in/14.60 cm Depth of Hold: 3.23 in/8.20 cm Wood. Incorrectly attached papyriform ends, incorrect stripes and mast, symmetrical hull. Mummiform owner. Pilot, paddlers (4) with rope ties, crewman with round drum. Acquired from the Kofler-Truninger Collection, 1960. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Drenkhahn, R, pers comm, 1998; Göttlicher 1978, 54:275; Göttlicher and Werner 1971, Tbl. X.1.

No Classification B.72. Moll 159 Location: Unknown Wood. Duck head ends, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Incorrect canopy, owner underneath. Pilot, paddlers (8) are probably punters, crewmen are possibly authentic. Documented from photograph, photograph from Moll 1929, Pl. A IVd. 159, that appeared in the London News, June 1925. Bibliography: Moll 1929, 62, Pl. A IVd.159. B.73. MET 1211 Museo Egizio di Torino, Torino, Italy Wood. Bull heads with feather plum ends, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Hybrid canopy, owner underneath with servants (3). Pilot, helmsman, rowers (6), other crew (3), crewmen are possibly authentic. Documented from photograph, photograph from Moll 1929, A IVd.221. Bibliography: Moll 1929, A IVd. 221. B.74. NMP 63 Naprstek Museum, Prague, Czech Republic Wood. Ibex head ends, symmetrical hull. Oversized paddler. Gift. From the ‘Old Collection’ of the NMP. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Pavlasova 1997, no. 63. Bibliography: Pavlasova 1997, 52, 88, no. 63.

435

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.75. ROM 910.18.2 Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Length: 32.01 in/81.30 cm Beam: 6.42 in/16.30 cm Depth of Hold: 2.36 in/6.00 cm Wood. Camel head? ends (detached), incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Canopy. Crewmen (4). Probably acquired from antiquities dealer N D Kyticas in Cairo, Egypt, July 1910. ROM Record Card states this object is a forgery. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 160; ROM Record Card.

B.76. PAHMA 5-11356 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Length: 31.10 in/79.00 cm Beam: 6.18 in/15.70 cm Depth of Hold: 3.70 in/9.40 cm Wood. Horus and ram head ends, incorrect stripes, zig-zags, profuse hieroglyphs, symmetrical hull. Acquired by Phoebe Apperson Hearst in Egypt, 1902. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card.

B.77. PAHMA 5-11358 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Length: 46.65 in/118.50 cm Beam: 6.30 in/16.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.54 in/9.00 cm Wood. Pharaoh heads ends, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Canopy, bird headed mummiform owner underneath. Crewman (9), possibly authentic. Acquired by Phoebe Apperson Hearst in Egypt around 1902. Documented in person, in storage, photographs by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card.

B.78. NMP 67 Naprstek Museum, Prague, Czech Republic Wood. Crocodile head and cobra ends, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummiform owner underneath. Paddlers (2), 1 other crewmen. From the ‘Old Collection’ of the NMP. Documented from photograph, drawing by author after Pavlasova 1997, no. 67. Bibliography: Pavlasova 1997, 64, 88, no. 67.

B.79. ECUWS W361 Egypt Centre, University of Wales, Swansea, Wales Length: 16.34 in/41.50 cm Beam: 2.76 in/7.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.20 in/3.00 cm Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Canopy, small owner underneath. Abundant incorrectly painted deck beams (including on canopy top). Mismatched sailor with waist tie, mummiform figure. Acquired 1927. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: ECUWS Record Card.

436

APPENDIX B Classification h. The same person or ‘shop’ may have constructed three questionable models, MACMU MU2187 (B.82), RMS 1906.635 (B.80), and RMS 1906.638 (B.81) with animal head finials, symmetrical hulls, no fixed steering gear, and non-standard iconography. These object’s hulls are painted white with a wide red stripe at the gunwale and a wide green stripe along their bottoms. This color scheme is unique to these models. The non-animal finials on two of these objects, RMS A.906.635 and RMS A.1906.638, are crudely shaped semi-papyriform constructions, they both carry representations of an animal-headed god, probably Khnum, under a canopy, and their crews are poorly depicted with extremely long arms. MACMU MU2187 carries a mummy on a bier under a canopy, a representation of Anubis reclines on the canopy’s top, and several crew. MACMU MU2187 carries the only human figures on these models that appear authentic. The attributes reflected in Classification h models suggest that they are not authentic. B.80. RMS A.1906.635 Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland Length: 17.72 in/45.00 cm Beam: 3.58 in/9.10 cm Depth of Hold: 1.46 in/3.70 cm Wood. Ibis head and finial ends, incorrect stripes, small mast, symmetrical hull. Canopy, animal headed mummiform owner underneath. Sailors (4) with waist ties, crewmen may be authentic. From the Robert De Rustafjaell Collection. Sold at Sotheby’s in London 19-21 December 1906. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 70.2.13; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 256; RMS Record Card; RMS 1906; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1906, 11, lot 141, Pl. XVII.15. B.81. RMS A.1906.638 Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland Length: 18.50 in/47.00 cm Beam: 4.33 in/11.00 cm Depth of Hold: 1.73 in/4.40 cm Wood. Anubis head and finial, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Canopy, animal headed mummiform owner underneath. Sailors (3) with waist ties, crewmen may be authentic. From the Robert De Rustafjaell Collection. Sold at Sotheby’s in London 1921 December 1906. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Breasted, Jr 1948, 70.2.1l, Pl. 65b; Dawson and Uphill 1972, 256; Ranke 1936, no. 91; RMS Record Card; RMS 1906; Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge 1906, 11, lot 139. B.82. MACMU MU2187 Museum of Ancient Cultures, Macquarie University, Australia Wood. Ram heads, incorrect stripes, symmetrical hull. Canopy with Anubis on top, mummy on bier underneath. Crewmen and servants with waist ties. Documented from photograph.

Classification i. Twelve questionable models with symmetrical hulls appear to have been constructed by the same person or ‘shop’ with human, animal, and papyriform finials. Two objects, eBay 4.3 and eBay 11.1, have cartoon-like human head finials (B.83, B.84) with over-sized features and neon colors. All of but one Classification i objects have non-standard vertical lines and painted sections on their outer hulls, seven of which has incorrectly placed udjat eyes amidships, and all have incorrectly depicted painted gunwale stripes. All but one Classification i model, eBay 2.9 (B.94) have matching paddlers on-board facing forward with outstretched arms at 90-degree angles – eBay 2.9 carries a reclining Anubis on a platform. Five of these objects have nearly identical longitudinal stripes on the ‘neck’ of the ibex and Anubis finials, as well as papyriform ends. Lastly, the questionable nature of Classification i models is strengthened by the appearance for auction of 11 of them on the internet as valued in the thousands of dollars and selling for hundreds, listed as being from the Late Period (if they were authentic, they would be from the First Intermediate Period or Middle Kingdom), and having no provenance. B.83. eBay 4.3 Location: Unknown Wood. Human head (exaggerated features with royal crown, beard) and finial (incorrectly attached) ends, incorrect hull decorations and coloration, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy underneath, undecipherable hieroglyphs on mummy and Anubis figure. Paddlers (4, arms raised), priest. Bibliography: eBay 2006t.

437

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.84. eBay 11.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Human head (exaggerated features) and finial ends, incorrect hull decorations and coloration, symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Drawing by author. Bibliography: eBay 2007ss.

B.85. PAHMA 5-14512 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Length: 19.29 in/49.00 cm Beam: 5.12 in/13.00 cm Depth of Hold: 3.27 in/8.30 cm Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect stripes and coloration, symmetrical hull. Canopy (only two centered posts), owner. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Collected by Sandra Kelly in Luxor, Egypt as a fun tourist souvenir. Acquired 1982. PAHMA Record Card describes this object as a “Model boat repro.” Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card. B.86. eBay 4.4 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect coloration, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy underneath, priest, other crewman. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties. Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2006x. B.87. eBay 2.7 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration including neon orange, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties. Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2006u. B.88. eBay 12.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties. Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2006y.

B.89. eBay 13.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy, reclining Anubis with lion body on top. Paddlers (8, arms raised) with waist ties, Anubis head crewman. Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2007ii.

438

APPENDIX B

B.90. eBay 11.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties, Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2006g.

B.91. eBay 2.8 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties, Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2007dd.

B.92. eBay 12.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head and papyriform (incorrectly attached) ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties. Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2006v.

B.93. eBay 12.3 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, incorrect hull decoration and coloration, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top, mummy on bier underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised) with waist ties, standing mummy. Bibliography: eBay 2006s. B.94. eBay 2.9 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, incorrect hull decoration (eyes along hull), incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Reclining Anubis on platform. Bibliography: eBay 2007kk.

No Classification B.95. IAVA Animal Head Boat Location: Unknown. Wood. Animal head ends, etched circular designs, symmetrical hull. Reclining animal. Bibliography: Internet Auction, Victoria, Australia, 2006.

439

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

Classification j. Thirteen models with symmetrical hulls exhibit similar characteristics and construction, suggesting they were created by a particular person or ‘shop’. Six of these models, Flickr Geo8 (B.96) SDMM NN (B.97), eBay 12.4 (B.98) and eBay 3.2-3.4 (B.99, B.101, B.102) have chains of circles painted along their gunwale, with four of them having ibex head finials and two designed with non-standard papyriform ends, and all carry canopies. Of these six objects, two of the hulls are slightly more elegant in design and their crewmen are more finely carved for increased detail. The other three models have stubby hulls with crudely carved ibex finials and non-distinct, block-like human figures holding their arms at 90-degree angles. Five other Classification j models have a series of thin wavy lines painted vertically along their hulls, they have ibex finials with pharaonic beards painted with nearly identical iconography, they carry matching crudely carved crewman holding their arms out at 90-degree angles, and have canopies with painted stripes (eBay 13.2 [B.103] eBay 7.5-7.6 [B.104, B.105] eBay 12.5-12.6) [B.106, B.107]) My argument placing Classification j models in the questionable category is strengthened by the acknowledgement that model Flickr Geo8 is a tourist souvenir purchased in Luxor while vacationing in Egypt (Prosperi, G, pers comm, 2006). With this fact known, the other ten Classification j models discussed above must be suspect, and the offering of nine of them for auction on the internet valued in the thousands of dollars and selling for a few hundred, also supports my assertion. Lastly, the remaining two Classification j models not dealt with above have similar construction to the other objects in this class, one painted gold with an Anubis finial and human figures with painted gold faces and kilts (eBay 7.2, B.100), and the other is painted in muted colors with an ibex head finial (PAHMA 5-14349, B.108). B.96. Flickr Geo8 Private Home, Italy Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (gunwale circles and vertical hull stripes), symmetrical hull. Canopy (only 2 centered posts). Rowers (5, arms raised), paddler (1, arms raised). Souvenir status of object confirmed by Giorgio Prosperi, whose friend purchased the model as a tourist item while on holiday in Egypt. Documented from photograph, photograph by and courtesy of Giorgio Prosperi, Siena, Italy. Bibliography: Prosperi 2006. B.97. SDMM NN San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego, CA, USA Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (gunwale circles and vertical hull stripes), symmetrical hull. Canopy (only 2 centered posts), mummy underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised), other crewmen (2).

B.98. eBay 12.4 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, incorrect hull decoration (gunwale circles, vertical hull stripes, leopard spots), symmetrical hull. Canopy, reclining Anubis on top, mummy underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised, leopard spot kilts). Bibliography: eBay 2006r.

B.99. eBay 3.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex and finial ends, incorrect hull decoration (gunwale circles), symmetrical hull. Canopy (only 2 centered posts), udjat eye on top. Paddlers (3, arms raised). Bibliography: eBay 2006a.

B.100. eBay 7.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis and finial ends, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Canopy (only 2 centered posts). Paddlers (3, arms raised, gold faces and kilts). Bibliography: eBay 2006b.

440

APPENDIX B

B.101. eBay 7.3 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex and scow ends, incorrect hull decoration (gunwale circles with stripes), symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top. Paddlers (5, arms raised). Bibliography: eBay 2007n.

B.102. eBay 7.4 Location: Unknown Wood. Finial and scow ends, incorrect hull decoration (gunwale circles with stripes), symmetrical hull. Canopy (only 2 centered posts), udjat eye on top. Paddlers (2, arms raised). Bibliography: eBay 2006cc. B.103. eBay 13.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (horizontal wavy lines), symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Bibliography: eBay 2007jj.

B.104. eBay 7.5 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (horizontal wavy lines), symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Bibliography: eBay 2007tt.

B.105. eBay 7.6 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (horizontal wavy lines), symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Bibliography: eBay 2006n.

B.106. eBay 12.5 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (horizontal wavy lines), symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top. Paddlers (5, arms raised) with rope ties. Bibliography: eBay 2006z.

B.107. eBay 12.6 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrect hull decoration (horizontal wavy lines), symmetrical hull. Canopy, udjat eye on top. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Layer of dust. Bibliography: eBay 2006c.

441

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.108. PAHMA 5-14349 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Length: 12.20 in/31.00 cm Beam: 4.25 in/10.80 cm Depth of Hold: 2.44 in/6.20 cm Wood. Ibex head and papyriform ends, incorrect hull decorations (blocks and squares), symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner underneath. Paddlers (4, arms raised). Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: PAHMA Record Card. No Classification B.109. eBay 2.10 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, incorrect hull coloration, symmetrical hull. Paddlers (2, arms raised), with waist ties. Bibliography: eBay 2007s.

Classification k. Three wooden models with symmetrical hulls are so similar I strongly suggest the same person or ‘shop’ created them. These objects are the same yellowish-brown color, have incorrectly placed udjat eyes painted amidships, and carry canopies whose tops are decorated a combination of scarabs, udjat eyes, and hieroglyphs. One of these boats (eBay 1.2 /eBay 5.4, B.112) – that was offered for sale on the internet by two different vendors at different times – has Anubis finials, while another has ibex finials (B.111) with stripes painted around their necks, and one has bird head finials (B.110). The Anubis and ibex models have a hollowed-out section amidships where a mummy has been placed, with one of them carrying a reclining Anubis on a platform to cover the hole. These three models also carry human figures of similar design and standing animal-headed deities. The bird-headed model carries a bull amidships and other attributes, including what is apparently a jar on a post, a box, two deity figures, and an obelisk. The non-standard attributes found on Classification k models, and their offering for auction on the internet recently as valued in the thousands of dollars and selling for hundreds, reinforces my assertion that they are not authentic. B.110. eBay 5.3 Location: Unknown Wood. Bird head ends, incorrect hull decoration (lines, ankh, scarab), incorrectly placed udjat eye, obelisk, box with hieroglyphs, jar on pole, symmetrical hull. Canopy (udjat eye and hieroglyphs on top), bull underneath. Deities (2). Bibliography: eBay 2007nn. B.111. eBay 14.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Ibex head ends, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy (scarab on top), mummy underneath in recessed area. Crewmen (2, arms raised), deity, falcons (2). Teetering on laptop case on a bed. Bibliography: eBay 2007u.

B.112. eBay 1.2/eBay 5.4 Same model offered for sale by 2 eBay vendors: eBay 1.2 in May 2007 and eBay 5.4 in August 2007 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrect vertical lines and hieroglyphs, incorrectly placed udjat eye, symmetrical hull. Canopy (udjat eye, scarab, and hieroglyphs on top), mummy underneath in recessed area. Paddlers (2, arms raised), animal head deity. Bibliography: eBay 2007x; eBay 2007gg.

442

APPENDIX B

Classification l. Two models offered for auction by the same seller are remarkably similar to each other. They have gold-painted symmetrical hulls with Anubis finials, carry mummies, and have a person with a gold face and kilt attending them (eBay 7.3-7.4, B.113, B.114). As with Classification j model eBay 7.2, the gold nature of Classification l model hulls, as well as the faces and kilts of the human figures, suggests they were created by the same person or ‘shop’. As will be seen in forthcoming questionable model classifications, gold-painted hulls with partially gold human figures are common non-standard attributes. B.113. eBay 7.3 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Mummy on raised objects, servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2006aa.

B.114. eBay 7.4 Location: Unknown Wood. Anubis head ends, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Mummy, servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007qq.

Classification m. Three questionable wooden models (eBay 5.5 [B.115], eBay 15.1 [B.116] eBay 7.5 [Fig. B.117]) have nearly identical goldpainted hulls with papyriform stern finials, curled bows, around hull registers consisting of two thin lines for bordering hieroglyphs (only registers on two models have hieroglyphs), have matching gunwale decorations toward their stern, and two have incorrectly placed udjat eyes on their hulls. These objects carry jars atop poles, a box on the foredeck, and a kneeling male figure with a gold face and kilt amidships. A major difference between two of these models (eBay 15.1, eBay 7.5) and the third model is the presence of fixed steering gear, an attribute often missing from questionable models. However, even with fixed steering gear evidence, the design and construction of these objects is non-standard, with no comparable similar artifacts in the archaeological record, and their appearance recently on the internet with an appraisal value in the thousands of dollars while selling for tens or hundreds of dollars supports my contention that these models are not authentic antiquities. B.115. eBay 5.5 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform and curl ends, incorrect vertical lines, scarabs, and hieroglyphs, incorrectly placed udjat eye, jar on pole, box, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007pp.

B.116. eBay 15.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform and curl ends, incorrect vertical lines and hieroglyphs, incorrectly placed udjat eye, jar on pole, box with scarab and hieroglyphs, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, fixed steering gear. Servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007mm.

B.117. eBay 7.5 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform and curl ends, incorrect vertical lines jar on pole, box, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, fixed steering gear. Servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007w.

443

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

Classification n. Twenty-one questionable models, 14 with symmetrical hulls, vary in appearance with different combinations of papyriform, animal, human, round, scow, ornamental, and platform ends. Classification n models carry human figures or deities with gold faces and kilts, the vessels carry a variety of gold-painted objects on deck that serve practical, decorative (golden adornments with udjat eyes, falcons, cobras, and winged beetles that suggest amulets discovered with Tutankhamun), and ceremonial purposes (including gold square sails), and with the exception of one object (eBay 17.1, B.127) that has an unpainted hull, all are painted gold. Five boats have fixed steering gear placed nearly in the correct position (eBay 7.8, 7.10-7.11 [B.120, B.124, B.125], eBay 17.1 [B.127], eBay 16.2 [B.123]). Six models have incorrectly placed fixed gear amidships (eBay 7.6-7.7, 7.13-7.15, 7.20 [B.118, B.119, B.128-B.130, B.135], eBay 16.1 [B.121]), and three near the bow (eBay 7.12, 7.21-7.22 [B.126, B.136, B.137]). The presence of steering gear suggests authenticity, but the incorrect placement of the rudder oars and their small size is questionable. Further, one model that carries quarter rudder oars in the proper place also has an actual rudder, a device unknown to the Ancient Egyptians, placed at its stern between non-standard ‘double’ papyriform ends (eBay 7.11). Although the rudder is not attached to the model with a gudgeon strap, its shape qualifies it as a rudder. Lastly, one Classification n object (eBay 7.23, B.138) has a design that is like no other in its ornamental nature and complexity, but with its symmetrical hull, papyriform and platform ends, and gold-faced human figures, it is logical to place it within this classification. None of these objects have provenance, the different types of finials found on these models are awkwardly attached and nonstandard, they were offered for auction on the internet recently, and their owners claimed they were exceedingly rare and worth several thousand dollars, yet often selling for under $100.00. Therefore, I contend these models are not authentic antiquities and were constructed by the same person or ‘shop’. B.118. eBay 7.6 Location: Unknown Wood. Rounded ends with Ibex head and finial, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy, stairs underneath encased in imitation amulet winged goddesses, servants (2, gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2006w. B.119. eBay 7.7 Location: Unknown Wood. Rounded ends with stern platform, boxes, jar, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy, mummy on bier underneath, servants (2, gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2006dd. B.120. eBay 7.8 Location: Unknown Wood. Ornament and platform (with winged goddess) ends, standards, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Cabin, servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007d. B.121. eBay 16.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Scow and scow with platform ends, jars (2), incorrectly painted gold hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Cabin, servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007f.

B.122. eBay 7.9 Location: Unknown Wood. Queen head and papyriform ends, boxes (2), incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy, servant underneath (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2006k. B.123. eBay 16.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform and platform ends, box, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Pharaoh and servant (gold faces and kilts). Bibliography: eBay 2007e.

444

APPENDIX B B.124. eBay 7.10 Location: Unknown Wood. Round and papyriform with platform (with imitation amulet udjat eye with falcon and cobra) ends, box, incorrectly constructed tripod mast with incorrect sail, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, fixed steering. Servants (2, gold faces and kilts). Bibliography: eBay 2007a.

B.125. eBay 7.11 Location: Unknown Wood. Round and non-structural papyriform decorative ends, jars or decorations (6), boxes (2), mast with incorrect sail, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, fixed steering gear with modern rudder. Servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007l.

B.126. eBay 7.12 Location: Unknown Wood. Scow and platform ends, box, incorrectly painted gold hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy with chair underneath, Anubis figure and servant (gold faces and kilts). Bibliography: eBay 2007ee. B.127. eBay 17.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Scow and finial ends, box, fixed steering gear. Ibis (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007t.

B.128. eBay 7.13 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, amidships altar or platform, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Anubis figure and servant (gold faces and kilts). Bibliography: eBay 2007m.

B.129. eBay 7.14 Location: Unknown Wood. Finial ends, box (with imitation amulet udjat eye with falcon and cobra), queen head on platform, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull with etched wings, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007p. B.130. eBay 7.15 Location: Unknown Wood. Rounded end with round and cone-topped ornament and papyriform ends, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy, servants (2, gold faces and kilts) with box. Bibliography: eBay 2006l.

445

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.131. eBay 7.16 Location: Unknown Wood. Rounded and papyriform ends, deck adornments (with imitation amulet udjat eye and winged scarab), jar, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Canopy, owner on block chair (with hieroglyphs) underneath with box, servants (2, gold faces and kilts). Owner figure may be antique. this item was offered for sale by a different vendor in November 2006. Bibliography: eBay 2006p. B.132. eBay 7.17 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, small altar, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy (with undecipherable hieroglyphs) on bier underneath, servant. Bibliography: eBay 2006q.

B.133. eBay 7.18 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, small altar, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Canopy, mummy (with undecipherable hieroglyphs) on bier underneath, servant. Bibliography: eBay 2007g.

B.134. eBay 7.19 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, jars (3), incorrectly painted gold hull. Mummy (with undecipherable hieroglyphs) stuck into bier with pegs, servant (gold face and kilt) on platform. Bibliography: eBay 2007j.

B.135. eBay 7.20 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, box, incorrectly painted gold hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy, servant (gold face and kilt) underneath, mummy (with undecipherable hieroglyphs). Bibliography: eBay 2006e. B.136. eBay 7.21 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, actual deck beams, incorrectly painted gold hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Canopy, mummy on bier underneath, servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007k. B.137. eBay 7.22 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, box (with ankh) and standards, jar, incorrectly painted gold hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Servant (gold face and kilt). Bibliography: eBay 2007r.

446

APPENDIX B

B.138. eBay 7.23 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform and platform ends, boxes (2, 1 with reclining Anubis on top), jars (2), incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull, incorrectly placed fixed steering gear. Pillars (2) holding up a platform, mummy on bier underneath, servants (gold faces and kilts). Same model put up for sale by eBay vendor 14. Bibliography: eBay 2007uu.

Classification o. Three crudely constructed models with papyriform ends were clearly constructed by the same person or ‘shop’, with two of them (eBay 7.24-7.25, B.140-B.141) being nearly identical with a cage-like structure forward, an unknown object amidships, and with oars attached to the port and starboard sides that suggest Khufu I. The third model (eBay 2.11, B.139) carries a sarcophagus amidships with sticks, not oars surrounding it, and it lacks the cage-like object forward. Classification o models are non-standard in their design and construction, they have no provenance, and were presented as rare antiquities worth thousands of dollars by their owners, while selling for mere hundreds. B.139. eBay 2.11 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, coffin, oars (10, no blades), ladder? on side, incorrectly painted gold symmetrical hull. Bibliography: eBay 2007o.

B.140. eBay 7.24 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, coffin, hollow box, oars (10). Bibliography: eBay 2006m.

B.141. eBay 7.25 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, coffin, hollow box, oars (10). Bibliography: eBay 2006d.

No Classfication B.142. IANSWAPapyriform Boat Location: Unknown Length: 16.54 in/42.00 cm Wood. Papyriform ends (one missing), incorrect hull coloration, symmetrical hull. Sailors (3). Bibliography: Internet Auction, New South Wales, Australia 2003.

447

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS B.143. eBay 18.1 Location: Unknown Length: 8.75 in/22.23 cm Wood. Papyriform ends, symmetrical hull. Paddlers (2). Auction entry claims this model belonged to a Priest of Amun. The only known boat models from the Tomb of the Priests of Amun are New Kingdom Dynasty XXI M2.31 model EM CG 4929 (JE 29265) and EM JE 29269 (current location unknown) measures 59.84 in/152.00 cm. Bibliography: eBay 2003. B.144. eBay 19.1 Location Unknown Wood. Flat papyriform ends, symmetrical hull. Bibliography: eBay 2005.

Classification p. Two models with symmetrical hulls (KMW ÄOS Inv. No. 3923 [B.145], SEC 144 [B.146]) are nearly identical and their construction suggests a Middle Kingdom date. Their papyriform ends are depicted like several questionable stone models discussed above, and do suggest the New Kingdom M1.3 models of Tutankhamun. However, the flat umbel ends are turned in profile while in the provenanced M1.3 artifacts they are horizontal. Beyond this, the udjat eyes at the bows of each model are poorly rendered and the cumbersome canopies suggest the shelter carried on REM RC 481 (B.58). One of them has sides and the architraves on both objects extend around their four sides, attributes that provenanced canopies do not have. The human figures on-board may be authentic, but none of the crew belongs on model SEC 144 since they have been plastered into the deck ‘recently’ as evidenced by the white marks around their calves. It is possible that all the figures simply became unattached from the model, but it is obvious some ‘conservation’ was performed on it. I contend these models are not authentic for their nonstandard construction and design, lack of provenance, and early date of collection. Both models were collected in Egypt prior to 1885 (SEC Record Card), and I suggest that the same person or ‘shop’ put these models together from observing temple reliefs with no provenanced watercraft models for comparison. B.145. KMW ÄOS Inv. No. 3923 Kunsthistoriches Museum, Wien, Austria Length: 21.38 in/54.30 cm Beam: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Wood. Flat umbel ends, incorrect dados, symmetrical hull. Hybrid canopy, owner and servants underneath, (2), pilot, sailors (6). Acquired by Ernst von Bergmann in Egypt, 1877-1878. This model’s authenticity has been questioned on the KMW Record Card. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph courtesy of the Kunsthistoriches Museum. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 26; KMW Record Card; Satzinger 1994, 88, Abb. 60. B.146. SEC 144 Sutro Egyptian Collection, Department of Classics and Classical Archaeology, SFSU, San Francisco, CA, USA Length: 26.61 in/67.60 cm Beam: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Wood. Flat umbel ends, incorrect stripes, mast, rigging, sail, symmetrical hull. Hybrid canopy, owner and servant underneath, sailors (5), paddler (on pedestal). Collected by Adolph Sutro in Egypt before 1885. Acquired 1972. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author Bibliography: Bassett et. al. 1998, V-VI, 10.

No Classification B.147. ÄMB NN-1 Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Length: 44.88 in/114.00 cm Beam: 6.06 in/15.40 cm Depth of Hold: 3.15 in/8.00 cm Wood. Papyriform ends, symmetrical hull with sagging bow, modern fixed steering gear. Canopy with beer container sides, owner. Pilot, helmsman, paddlers (3), human figures and beer containers may be authentic. Formerly in the Post Museum. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Priese, K-H, pers comm, 1998; Staatliche Museum zu Berlin 1961, 51; Staatliche Museum zu Berlin 1991, 64, no, 41.

448

APPENDIX B

B.148. ÄMB NN-2 Äegyptisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany Length: 30.31 in/77.00 cm Beam: 5.31 in/13.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Papyriform ends, rudder oar stanchion in place of proper quarter rudder oar stanchion, mast, symmetrical hull. Mummiform figures (2), punter, human figures may be authentic. Formerly in the Post Museum. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: Priese, K-H, pers comm, 1998. B.149. TMA 1927.138 Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH, USA Length: 36.22 in/92.00 cm Beam: 7.09 in/18.00 cm Depth of Hold: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Wood. Papyriform ends, incorrect stripes and zig-zags. Rowers (6), may be authentic. The hull shape suggests it may be ancient, but the attachment technique of the papyriform ends is non-standard. Purchased from antiquities dealer André Bircher in Cairo, Egypt. Donated by Henry H. Wilhelm, 1927. Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: TMA Record Card; Toledo Museum of Art 1928. B.150. PMEA UC16605 Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London, England Length: 24.61 in/62.50 cm Beam: 4.02 in/10.20 cm Depth of Hold: 3.86 in/9.80 cm Wood. Round and scow ends, canoe resembling a dugout with deck beam. Purchased by Sir Flinders Petrie in Thebes, 1896. Documented in person, taken off exhibit, photograph © The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL. Bibliography: Petrie 1933b, 65, Fig. 57; PMEA Record Card. B.151. eBay 21.1 Location: Unknown Length: 12.20 in/31.00 cm Wood. Pointed and scow ends, canoe resembling dugout, RSS and LSS, undecipherable and profuse hieroglyphs (inside and outside the hull). Bibliography: eBay 2001.

Classification q. Four models (IMA 28.251, MAG 28.392, MDM 630.001, MSS 10113) in the ‘questionable’ category may have been tourist souvenirs that, over time, ‘evolved’ into apparent antiquities. Information discovered during my research indicates that this model is not an authentic antiquity: “Dr. Bernard V. Bothmer, curator of Egyptian art at the Brooklyn Museum, stated in a telephone conservation (April 22, 1980) that this piece [MAG 28.392, B.153] is not authentic. He said that he is acquainted with the maker, who is still living in Cairo. Dr. Bothmer said that he had made the same observation when he visited the Gallery twenty years ago, but there is no record of it in the file. I have removed the piece from the gallery for study. D. Rosenthal 4-24-80” (MAG Record Card). It may be that the Cairo model maker was creating forgeries for foreign consumption, but their appearance leads me to believe he was originally constructing replicas. These models strongly suggest Middle Kingdom design but the square ends indicate Old Kingdom construction. These four models are nearly identical sisters, from the bow and stern scow construction to the depiction of RCS, DB, raised gunwale with a stripe (f7), and very short single mast (h1). The placement and number of crew carried on each model are identical with the exception of MAG 28.392, which has one less small figure amidships. The figures are carved differently and some may be authentic. The hull colors are non-traditionally conveyed with three hulls exhibiting irregularly shaped brown marks on a light base and one having a brown wash. Therefore, while Classification q models were created with major and minor nautical structural attributes, the combination Old and Middle Kingdom characteristics incorporated into their construction and the testimony of Dr. Bothmer supports my assertion that these models are not authentic antiquities.

449

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

B.152. IMA 28.251 Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis, IN, USA Length: 21.00 in/53.34 cm Wood. Scow ends (suggests Old Kingdom construction), incorrect coloration (brown splotches), deck beams, gunwale stripe, short mast, symmetrical hull. Pilot, helmsman, sailors (8, 2 small with arms raised, all suggest Dynasty XII construction). Purchased from the Emma Harter Sweeter Fund, 2 February 1928. Record Card dates this model to Dynasty XVIII; its exhibit label dates it to Dynasty XIX. Record Card also states this object was acquired from Mansur Mohamed in Luxor, Egypt. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 204; IMA Record Card.

B.153. MAG 28.392 Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Length: 14.17 in/36.00 cm Beam: 4.13 in/10.50 cm Depth of Hold: 2.60 in/6.60 cm Wood. Scow ends (suggests Old Kingdom construction), incorrect coloration (brown splotches), deck beams and deck splotches, gunwale stripe, short mast, symmetrical hull. Pilot, helmsman, sailors (5, 1 small with arms raised, all suggest Dynasty XII construction). Acquired from C Herbert Ocumpaugh, 24 January 1928. Record Card provides an Asyut provenance but a handwritten addition states the model is ‘not authentic’, citing Dr Bernard Bothmer: “Funerary Model of a Boat. Dr. Bernard V. Bothmer, curator of Egyptian art at the Brooklyn Museum stated in a telephone conservation (April 22, 1980) that this piece is not authentic. He said that he is acquainted with the maker, who is still living in Cairo. Dr. Bothmer said that he had made the same observation when he visited the Gallery twenty years ago, but there is no record of it in the file. I have removed the piece from the gallery for study. D Rosenthal 4 [April]-24-80.” Documented in person, in storage, photograph by author. Bibliography: MAG Record Card. B.154. MDM 630.001 Museu de Montserrat, Montserrat, Spain Length: 20.47 in/52.00 cm Beam: 5.51 in/14.00 cm Depth of Hold: 2.95 in/7.50 cm Wood. Scow ends (suggests Old Kingdom construction), deck beams, gunwale stripe, short mast, symmetrical hull. Pilot, helmsman, sailors (8, 2 small with arms raised, all suggest Dynasty XII construction). Purchased from the shop of antiquities dealer Nicholas Tano (deceased 1924) through Tano’s son Georges, 20 July 1926, by Paul Bovier-Lapierre. Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Dawson and Uphill 1972, 37; MDM Record Card. B.155. MSS 10113 Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Length: 19.49 in/49.50 cm Wood. Scow ends (suggests Old Kingdom construction), incorrect coloration (uneven brown areas), deck beams, gunwale stripe, short mast, symmetrical hull. Pilot, helmsman, sailors (8, 2 small with arms raised, all suggest Dynasty XII construction). Documented in person, on exhibit, photograph by author. Bibliography: Landström 1970, 88, no. 270; MSS Record Card.

450

APPENDIX B

Classification r. Four unpainted papyriform models (eBay 20.1-20.2 [B.156, B.159], eBay 14.2-14.3 [B.157, B.158]), presented for auction on the internet were advertised as replicas of solar boats or the text was ambiguous, with the auction title claiming that the model was an ‘ancient egyptian boat’ but with no details within the auction entry as to the object’s date. These auctions further compensated for this lack of specific knowledge with a brief and incomplete history of Egyptian boat-building. Two Classification r models are identical (eBay 14.3, eBay 20.2), and their construction suggests the early Dynasty XVIII M2.5 golden model of Queen Ahhotep. The other Classification r models (eBay 20.1, eBay 14.3) carry deities and other attributes, including TDB evident on an outer hull. With the presentation of these models as souvenirs, there is no question that they are not antiquities. Lastly, it must be mentioned that the photographs of Classification r models eBay 14.2-14.3 and a Classification k model (eBay 14.1) offered for auction by the same seller were taken on top of a laptop case on a bed, with the rare and ancient eBay 14.1 teetering on the edge. B.156. eBay 20.1 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, TDB, winged goddess on platform, reclining Anubis figures (2). Presented as replica. Bibliography: eBay 2007ff.

B.157. eBay 14.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, hieroglyphs on hull (carved). Canopy, scarab on top, cobra posts, pharaoh underneath, Khnum, scribe. Presented as replica. Bibliography: eBay 2007i.

B.158. eBay 14.3 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, fixed steering gear, paddles through hull, platforms fore and aft. Paddlers (6), other crew (2). Reminiscent of early New Kingdom model EM JE 52666. Presented as replica. Bibliography: eBay 2007c. B.159. eBay 20.2 Location: Unknown Wood. Papyriform ends, fixed steering gear, paddles through hull, platforms fore and aft. Paddlers (6), other crew (2). Reminiscent of early New Kingdom model EM JE 52666 Presented as replica. Bibliography: eBay 2007v.

CONCLUSIONS: QUESTIONABLE WOODEN MODELS Some of the strongest evidence for the labeling of the wooden models discussed above as ‘questionable’ are the combinations of Old and Middle Kingdom, and Middle and New Kingdom attributes on the same objects. All the finials associated with these objects are poorly attached to the hulls, lacking the refinement of authentic boat model construction. Since the majority of the hulls are symmetrical, an attribute not seen on authentic models beyond sun barques and those New Kingdom models with decorative umbel ends that in no way resemble any questionable model in this study, it must have been difficult to seamlessly attach finials to the hulls. Further, since models with papyriform umbel ends such as those depicted in KMH 1960,28 and NMK 13522 were only constructed in the New Kingdom, and these models were definitely created with human figures and elements from the Middle Kingdom, they are probably unauthentic. Further, BOSM K.208 suggests Middle Kingdom construction but carries a couch of New Kingdom design that resembles those discovered in Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922. The four scow end ‘replicas’ carry decidedly Middle Kingdom designed figures on hulls with Middle Kingdom traits whose ends suggest Old Kingdom construction. It must be noted that most questionable wooden models are garishly painted with bright colors or gold paint, and are very ‘busy’ objects, with many things for a person to study. This is not surprising, for scholars, authors, and others refer to Egyptian boat models most often as funerary and colorful. Traveling boats are not reflected in this questionable category except the replicas from Cairo. I contend that foreign tourists looking to purchase antiquities in Egypt or from the internet are drawn to the magical and more elaborate, not the functional and mundane. Further, the preponderance of models appearing on the internet in the last few years that are incredibly similar to each other and that are not of standard construction and design strongly suggests they are being produced for sale as tourist souvenirs, but that some people claim are antiquities.

451

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS

CONCLUSIONS: QUESTIONABLE ARTIFACTS, PROBABLE FORGERIES, AND TOURIST SOUVENIRS One last issue must be addressed to support my assertion that the authenticity of the models discussed above must be questioned. Model accession information provides the year of acquisition and often the year of purchase in Egypt. The earliest acquisition of a questionable object was prior to 1854, stone boat model BMA 37.322E (B.37). Henry Abbott collected hundreds of objects and artifacts over 20 years and justified his looting activities since he needed to “occupy my leisure hours...and I found it an agreeable pastime to dive into the tombs of the ancients and rescue from the hands of the many pilferers such objects as appeared to me worthy of notice, and I think I may, without fear of contradiction, assert that every article in this collection is of undoubted antiquity.” By Abbott’s own statement, the authenticity of BMA 37.322E cannot be proven since it seems that beyond plundering tombs himself, he ‘rescued’ objects from ‘the pilferers’ that he thought ‘worthy of notice’. BMA 37.322E is attributed to Thebes (Abbott 1854, preface, 39) and while I do not doubt he purchased it there, he did not find it in a tomb. Lastly, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the institution that owns this object, lists its age as ‘probably a modern forgery’ (BMA 37.322E Record Card). Many of the records concerning questionable clay and stone models located in museums beyond BMA 37.322E provide some information as to the date these objects left Egypt. Some records are scant and many of these objects exchanged hands several times before being deposited in their current museums. However, from the available evidence, most of these object were purchased in Egypt during 1900-1901, 1910, before 1913, 1928, before 1951, and in the 1960s. However, the clay and stone models found for auction on the internet either were offered for sale while still in Egypt, have recently left Egypt, or may never have been in Egypt. The earliest questionable wooden models were collected before 1878 and between 1880-1885. The accession information for KMW ÄOS Inv. No. 3923 suggests it may be unauthentic and at least one article concerning this possibility was published (KMW and SEC Record Cards). Since the hulls of these models are nearly identical and they were probably collected within the same two decades, I suggest they were constructed by the same ‘shop’. In reference to objects in Classification g, Mr. Bennett donated BOSM K.208 (B.60) to the Bexhill-on-Sea Museum in 1932 and it is possible that the model maker observed many artifacts leaving the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, including a large travertine water tank with a ceremonial boat on top (right), a unique artifact in the field of Egyptology. I suggest this person also constructed REM RC 1936 (B.59), an elaborately decorated model with two finials of the god Khnum on its ends. It is possible that the travertine papyriform watercraft with ibex head finials (EM JE 62120, right) from this tomb inspired the creation of REM RC 1936. Other possible inspirations for this object’s appearance were depictions of the Barque of Amun and the Amun Userhet (Figs. 3.9, 3.10) on temple walls. The acquisition of some questionable wooden models in Egypt can be traced to the years 1902, prior to 1906, 1911, and 1920, 1923, 1926-1928, prior to 1929, 1931, before 1932, 1935, and much later. The pre-1923 date of RMMU 1948 assists me in placing other Classification g objects (BOSM K.208, CCK NN, UPMAA 78-17-1, MEB 50, PAHMA 5-14112, REM RC 1936, UMFA 1952.128) in that period as well. Further evidence supporting my assertion that CCK NN is unauthentic comes from Chiddingstone Castle itself since it is recognized that “it appeared that most of Deny’s [the collector] early acquisitions were fakes” (Eldridge 1990, 5). Even more striking are the acquisition dates of the four Classification q models (IMA 28.251, MAG 28.392, MDM 630.001, MSS 10113), 1926-1928. Since Dr. Bothmer was acquainted with the creator of these models as late as 1980, he must have been a young man when he fabricated them.

Travertine water tank from the tomb of Tutankhamun. From a 1930s post card.

Even before the ‘Egyptomania’ that occurred during the decade of Tutankhamun’s tomb clearance, many foreign travelers in Egypt were anxious to acquire artifacts. However, Egyptologist Auguste Mariette realized that the impending destruction of Egypt’s irreplaceable monuments and artifacts was imminent if the looting and ransacking of tombs and sites was not abated. Mariette established the National Antiquities Service and founded the first National Museum in Bulaq near Cairo in the 1870s (Dawson and Uphill 1972, 194-195). Further, it was recognized that whole monuments attracted more tourists than dismantled ones and the Egyptian public became defenders of their past, developing a ‘rising sense of nationalism’. The discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 by foreigners only increased these feelings and “by the 1920s foreign expeditions were rarely found in Egypt.” Since the Egyptian government would not allow antiquities to leave the country, foreign museum expeditions were not attracting affluent and wealthy benefactors who previously benefited from their support through the acquisition of antiquities (Fagan 1975, 364-268). While I am not suggesting that an illegal antiquities trade did not exist in Egypt during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, I contend that the creation of the questionable objects analyzed above are the result of a dearth of Egyptian antiquities available for purchase during this time of increased interest in Egyptian history and bourgeoning tourism. The questionable objects in this study were probably ‘affordable’, easy to obtain, and many Egyptians were eager to create the supply for the demand. My assertion is supported by a brief newspaper account from June 1922, where Flinders Petrie was quoted as saying “the manufacture of antiquities is carried forward on such an extensive scale in Egypt, particularly at Cairo that it now has a place in reports on the industries of the country” (Duluth News Tribune 1922, 2). It must be mentioned that many of the authentic watercraft models in this study went through the hands of foreign and Egyptian antiquities dealers in Cairo, and some of these can be traced to legal excavations sponsored by the Egyptian government. This indicates that the government sold redundant antiquities to dealers and individuals. The few private collection models I have included in this study are not often traceable to Egypt, since the provenance of the artifact can be lost when they changed hands. Further, where some models are concerned, I do not know the location of these models and only know of their existence through exhibition catalogues. They may have been obtained legally many years ago with Egyptian government approval or illicitly, plundered from ancient tombs with their contexts destroyed. Lastly, with the use of the internet to sell or auction authentic artifacts and forgeries, actual documentation ‘proving’ a model’s authenticity does not exist.

452

APPENDIX C A SIGNIFICANT PTOLEMAIC PERIOD WOODEN MODEL BOAT FROM TEBTUNIS PAHMA 6-21372 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, UCB, Berkeley, CA, USA Ptolemaic Period Provenance: Southern Faiyum, Tebtunis, Cemetery V This wooden watercraft model falls outside the scope of the Merriman Classification System temporally. However, the nautical archaeological and historical significance of this artifact necessitates its inclusion here. Few if any Ptolemaic Period Egyptian watercraft models are known and some Roman Period models function as oil lamps. Technically this model is an M2.28 artifact – a representation of a wooden boat with a keel. The keel is obvious in the model’s hull profile, both port and starboard, as it is seen protruding from the hull’s bottom. There is no evidence of a keelson within the hull. The striking aspect of this model is the hull profile that is similar to the Kinneret Boat from Israel (see drawing), dated from 100 BCE to 67 AD. The differences in the two boats lie in the fact that the widest section of the hull for the Tebtunis model is amidships, and with the Kinneret Boat the widest beam is “well aft of amidships.” Further, the Tebtunis model has a scowshaped bow and a broadly rounded stern, while the Kinneret Boat had “a full stern and fine bow” (Steffy 1994, 65). While the differences in the stem and stern configurations of these two vessels are significant, the wide bottoms, hull profiles, and keel design are similar. I suggest the differences result from the fact that the Tebtunis model is of an earlier date (probably before 100 BCE), with a less-refined design. Regardless, this boat model is unique in the nautical archaeological record and until now, has been lost in the shadow of the Tebtunis Papyri that have received attention over the last 110 years. Excavated by Bernard P Grenfell and Arthur S Hunt in 1899-1900. Acquired 1902. Unfortunately I did study this artifact in person in Berkeley. The photographs are by and courtesy of Dr Karin Kroenke and I thank her for her effort\ on my behalf. Drawing by author after Steffy 1994, Fig. 3-52 bottom. Bibliography: Grenfell et al 1900, 9-10; Kroenke, K, pers comm, 2010; Steffy 1994, 65-69; Wachsmann 1997, 364-365.

APPENDIX D SEAN MCGRAIL’S WATER TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Key: R = Reduction C = Construction T = Transformation (C) = Hypothetical or Doubtful Class Class

Attributes Techniques R (C) T RC

C1 (C2) C3 C4

Concept Shell Shell Shell Shell

C5

Shell

RT

(C6) C7

Shell Shell

(RC) RTC

C8

Skeleton

RTC

(C9) (C10)

Skeleton Skeleton

(TC) (RT)

(C11) C12

Skeleton Skeleton

(RC) T

(C13) (C14)

Skeleton Skeleton

C R

Source: McGrail 1985, 295-299.

Traditional Name Basic Logboats None Known Pottery Boats (some) Extended Logboat Unstressed Plank boats (some) Expanded Logboats Basic Bark Boats (some) Basic Hide Boats (some) Possibly some pottery boats Expanded & Extended Logboats Stressed Plank Boats (some) Complex Bark Boats (some) Complex Hide Boats (some) Basket Boats (some) Stressed Plank Boats Complex Hide Boats Complex Bark Boats None Known Possibly some basic Bark Boats Possibly some basic Hide Boats Possibly some unstressed Plank Boats Bundle Boats Possibly some Basket Boats None Known None Known

APPENDIX E ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY All dates before 690 BCE are approximate (from The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Shaw and Nicholson, 1995, 310-312)

PREDYNASTIC PERIOD

5500-3100 BCE

Badarian Period Naqada I Period Naqada II Period

5500-4000 4000-3500 3500-3100

EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD DYNASTY I

3100-2890 BCE

3100-3890

Narmer Aha Djer Djet Den Queen Merneith Anedjib Semerkhet Qa’a

c. 3100 c. 3100 c. 3000 c. 2980 c. 2950 c. 2950 c. 2925 c. 2900 c. 2890 DYNASTY II

2890-2686

Hetepsekhemwy Raneb Nynetjer Weneg Sened Peribsen Khasekhemwy

c. 2890 c. 2865

DYNASTIES VII & VIII Numerous Ephemeral Kings

DYNASTY III

2686-2181 BCE 2686-2613

Sanakht Djoser Sekhemkhet Khaba Huni

2686-2667 2667-2648 2648-2640 2640-2637 2637-2613 DYNASTY IV

2613-2494

Sneferu Khufu Djedefra Khafra Menkaura Shepseskat DYNASTY V

2494-2345

THEBAN DYNASTY XI

2160-2025

2125-2055

[Mentuhotep I] Intef I Intef II Intef III

2125-2112 2112-2063 2063-2055

MIDDLE KINGDOM

2055-1650 BCE

ALL EGYPT DYNASTY XI 2055-1985 Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV

2055-2004 2004-1992 1992-1985

1985-1795

Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Queen Sobekneferu

1985-1955 1965-1920 1922-1878 1880-1974 1874-1855 1855-1808 1808-1799 1799-1795

DYNASTY XIII 1795-1650+ & DYNASTY XIV 1750-1650 Many rulers

DYNASTIES XV & XVI (HYKSOS) Many rulers DYNASTY XVII (THEBAN)

2345-2181 2345-2323 2323-2321 2321-2287 2287-2278 2278-2184 2184-2181

1650-1550

1650-1550

Several rulers NEW KINGDOM

2494-2487 2487-2475 2475-2455 2455-2448 2448-2445 2445-2421 2421-2414 2414-2375 2375-2345 DYNASTY VI

2181-2125

2ND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1650-1550 BCE 2613-2589 2589-2566 2566-2558 2558-2532 2532-2503 2503-2498

Userkaf Sahura Neferirkara Shepseskara Raneferef Nyuserra Menkauthor Djedkara Unas

2181-2055 BCE

DYNASTIES IX & X (HERAKLEOPOLITAN) Khety (Meryibra) Khety (Wahkara) Merykara Ity

DYNASTY XII c. 2700 c. 2686 OLD KINGDOM

Teti Userkara Pepi I Merenra Pepi II Nitiqret

1ST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

1550-1069 BCE

DYNASTY XVIII Ahmose Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Amenhoptep IV/Akhenaten Smenkhkara Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb

1550-1295 1550-1525 1525-1504 1504-1492 1492-1479 1479-1425 1473-1458 1427-1400 1400-1390 1390-1352 1352-1336 1338-1336 1336-1327 1327-1323 1323-1295

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS DYNASTY XIX 1295-1186 Ramses I Seti I Ramses II Merenptah Amenmessu Seti II Saptah Tausret

1295-1294 1294-1279 1279-1213 1213-1203 1203-1200 1200-1194 1194-1188 1188-1186 DYNASTY XX 1186-1069

Sethnakte Ramses III Ramses IV Ramses V Ramses VI Ramses VII Ramses VIII Ramses IX Ramses X Ramses XI

1186-1184 1184-1153 1153-1147 1147-1143 1143-1136 1136-1129 1129-1126 1126-1108 1108-1099 1099-1069

3RD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

1069-747 BCE

DYNASTY XXI (TANITE)

1069-945

Several Rulers DYNASTY XXII (BUBASTITE/LIBYAN) Ten Rulers DYNASTY XXIII (TANITE/LIBYAN) Several lines of rulers at four sites DYNASTY XXIV Bakenrenef 727-715 LATE PERIOD DYNASTY XXV (KUSHITE) Five rulers

945-715 818-715

727-715

747-332 BCE

747-656

DYNASTY XXVI (SAITE)

664-525

Seven rulers DYNASTY XXVII (1ST PERSIAN PERIOD Six Rulers DYNASTY XXVIII Amyrtaios 404-399

525-404

404-399

DYNASTY XXIX

399-380

DYNASTY XXX

380-343

Three rulers Three rulers 2ND PERSIAN PERIOD

343-332 BCE

PTOLEMAIC PERIOD

332-30 BCE

Three rulers

MACEDONIAN DYNASTY

332-305

Three rulers PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY

305-30

Seventeen rulers ROMAN PERIOD

30 BCE-395 CE

Fifty-two rulers

456

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Davis 1912 Davis, T M, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatankhamanou. London: Constable and Company.

Dyer 1927 Dyer, F E, Queen Hatshepsut's Great Lighter, Mariner's Mirror, 13 (2), 182-183.

de Morgan 1895 de Morgan, J, Fouilles a Dahchour Mars-Juin 1894. Vienne: Imprimeur de la Cour I. and R. et de l'Universite.

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Dawson and Uphill 1972 Dawson, W R. and Uphill, E P, Who Was Who in Egyptology. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

eBay 2001 eBay, A carved model wooden boat, Later 18th Dynasty, viewed 25 February.

de Meyer 2007 de Meyer, M, The Tomb of Henu at Deir al-Barsha. 461

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS eBay 2003 eBay, Rare Egyptian Priests Fun. Boat w/Boatsmen!, viewed 23 July.

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eBay 2005 eBay, Ancient Egyptian Funeral Boat, viewed 15 October. eBay 2006 eBay 2006a, Huge Ancient Egyptian Anubis funerary barge boat, viewed 19 February.

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462

BIBLIOGRAPHY eBay 2007j, Rare Wood and Gold Gild Funeral Barge Boat, viewed 23 February.

eBay 2007ff, ancient egyptian boat, viewed 27 July. eBay 2007gg, Egyptian Boat Model, viewed 2 August.

eBay 2007k, Rare Wood and Gold Gild Funeral Barge Boat, viewed 11 March.

eBay 2007hh, Ancient Egyptian Wooden Boat, viewed 2 August.

eBay 2007l, Rare Wood and Gold Gild Funeral Barge Boat viewed 16 March.

eBay 2007ii, Rare Ancient Egyptian Funerary Barge, viewed 4 August.

eBay 2007m, Rare Wood and Gold Gild Funeral Barge Boat viewed 16 March.

eBay 2007jj, Rare Ancient Egyptian Huge Funerary Barge, viewed 25 August.

eBay 2007n, Huge Ancient Egyptian Gesso Eye of Horus Funeral Barge, viewed 16 March.

eBay 2007kk, Extremely Rare Funerary Boat, viewed 28 August.

eBay 2007o, Extremely Rare Funerary Boat, viewed 20 March.

eBay 2007ll, Ancient Egyptian Stone Boat, viewed 12 September.

eBay 2007p, Rare Wood and Gold Funeral Barge, viewed 30 March.

eBay 2007mm, Gold Ancient Egyptian Barge, viewed 14 September.

eBay 2007q, Ancient Egyptian Funeral Barge, viewed 6 April.

eBay 2007nn, Ancient Egyptian Wooden Boat, viewed 14 September.

eBay 2007r, Rare Wood and Gold Gild Funeral Barge Boat, viewed 7 April.

eBay 2007oo, Extremely Rare Faience Funerary Boat, viewed 23 September.

eBay 2007s, Extremely Rare Funerary Boat, viewed 13 April.

eBay 2007pp, Ancient Egyptian Gilded Wooden Boat, viewed 26 September.

eBay 2007t, Ancient Egyptian Sun boat With Standing Thoth, viewed 21 April.

eBay 2007qq, Rare Wood and Gold Funeral Boat, viewed 8 October.

eBay 2007u, ancient egyptian boat, viewed 2 May. eBay 2007v, ancient egyptian boat, viewed 4 May.

eBay 2007rr, Rare Faience Funerary Barge, viewed 12 November.

eBay 2007w, Rare Wood and Gold Funeral Barge, viewed 25 May.

eBay 2007ss, Beautiful Ancient Egyptian Funerary Boat!, viewed 14 November.

eBay 2007x, Ancient Egyptian Boat, eBay Auctions, viewed 25 May.

eBay 2007tt, Huge Ancient Egyptian Colored Funeral Barge, viewed 14 November.

eBay 2007y, Rare Blue Faience Funerary Boat, viewed 1 June.

eBay 2007uu, Rare Wood and Gold Funeral Barge Boat, viewed 15 November

eBay 2007z, Egyptian Boat Model, viewed 22 June.

Egypt Centre, University of Wales Swansea ECUWS, Record Card for Artifact ECUWS W361. On file at the ECUWS, Swansea, Wales.

eBay 2007aa, Ancient Egyptian Anubis Funerary Boat, viewed 26 June.

Egypt Exploration Fund 1907 Egypt Exploration Fund, Report of the Twenty-First Ordinary General Meeting 1906-1907. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Company.

eBay 2007bb, Extremely Rare Faience Funerary Boat, viewed 2 July. eBay 2007cc, Egyptian Boat Model, viewed 16 July.

Egyptian Museum 1934 Egyptian Museum, A Brief Description of the Principal Monuments. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

eBay 2007dd, Extremely Rare Funerary Boat, viewed 20 July. eBay 2007ee, Rare Wood and Gold Gild Funeral Barge Boat, viewed 25 July.

463

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Egyptian Museum 1946 Egyptian Museum, A Brief Description of the Principal Monuments. Cairo: Government Press.

Firth 1926 Firth, C M, Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Saqqara 1925-1926, ASAE, 26, 97-101.

Egyptian Museum 1964 Egyptian Museum, A Brief Description of the Principal Monuments. Cairo: Government Printing Offices.

Firth and Gunn 1926 Firth, C M, and Gunn, B, Teti Pyramid Cemeteries, 2 vols. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie de l'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale.

Eldridge 1990 Eldridge, M, Chiddingstone Castle. Great Britain: Chiddingstone Castle and Jarrold Publishing.

Fischer 1961 Fischer, H G, The Nubian Mercenaries of Gebelein during the First Intermediate Period, Kush, 9, 44-80.

Emery 1954 Emery, W B, Great Tombs of the First Dynasty II. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge FMC, Record Cards for Artifacts FMC E 71a, FMC E 71b. On file at the FMC, Cambridge, England.

Emery 1958 Emery, W B, Great Tombs of the First Dynasty III. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Fleming et al 1980 Fleming, S et al, Egyptian Mummy Secrets and Science. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Engelbach 1915 Engelbach, R, Riqqeh and Memphis VI. London: British School of Archaeology.

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Faulkner 1969 Faulkner, R O, The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Faulkner 1977 Faulkner, R O, The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts. Vol. II. Spells 355-787. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

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Gauthier 1930 Gauthier, H, Le Sarcophage No. 6007 du Musée du Caire, ASAE 30, 174-183.

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Gazette des Beaux-Arts 1973 Gazette des Beaux-Arts, La Chronique des Arts, Supplement a la Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 81 (1249), 1273.

Fay 1948 Fay, J B, Catalogue of the Museum of Fisheries and Shipping. Hull: Museum of Fisheries and Shipping. 464

BIBLIOGRAPHY Glanville 1932 Glanville, S R K, Records of the Royal Dockyard of the Time of Thuthmosis III: Papyrus British Museum 10056, ZASA, 68, 7-41.

Haldane 1993 Haldane, C W, Ancient Egyptian Hull Construction. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Texas A & M University. Hall 1981 Hall, R M, Lord Grenfell: An Amateur Egyptologist, Apollo, 120 (269), 122-127.

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Hassan 1946 Hassan, S, Excavations at Giza 1934-1935. VI, Part I. Cairo: Faculty of Arts of the Egyptian University.

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Hassan 1955 Hassan, S, The Causeway of Wnis at Sakkara, Zeitschrift fur Agyptische Sprache und Alterumskunde, 80, 136-144.

Göttlicher 1978 Göttlicher, A, Materialien Für ein Corpus der Schiffsmodelle im altertum. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Hawass 1988 Hawass, Z, The Funerary Establishments of Khufu, Khafra and Menkaura during the Old Kingdom. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Göttlicher, A, 1985 Göttlicher, A, Die Schiffe der Antike. Eine Einfuhrung in die Archaologie der Wasserfahrzeuge. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.

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Göttlicher and Werner 1971 Göttlicher, A, and Werner, W, Schiffsmodelle im Alten Agypten. Wiesbaden: Arbeitskreis Historischer Schiffbau E V.

Hayes 1953 Hayes, W C, The Scepter of Egypt I. Before 1600 BC. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Gracza 1965 Gracza, M, The Ship and the Sea in Art. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. (Reprint 1966)

Hayes 1965 Hayes, W C, Most Ancient Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Grébaut 1900 Grébaut, M E, Le Musée Ègyptien Recueil de Monuments et de Notices sur les Fouilles d’ Ègypte. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie de l’Insitut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

Heyerdahl 1971 Heyerdahl, T, The Ra Expeditions, translated by Patricia Crampton. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company.

Grenfell et al 1900 Grenfell, B F. Hunt, A S, Hogarth, D G, and Milne, J G, Fayûm Towns and Their Papyri. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Hibbard 1980 Hibbard, H, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Harper and Row. Hill 1951 Hill, D K, Model Boat from Egypt, Bulletin of the Walters Art Gallery, 3 (4), 3-4.

Grimal 1988 Grimal, N, A History of Ancient Egypt, translated by I Shaw. Librairie Artheme Fayard. (Reprint 1994, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers)

Hill and Evans 1972 Hill, J N and Evans, R K, A model for classification and typology in D L Clarke (ed.) Models in Archaeology, 231-273. London: Methuen and Company.

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Hilton-Price 1897 Hilton-Price, F G, A Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Possession of F. G. Hilton Price. London: Bernard Quaritch.

Haldane 1984 Haldane, C W, The Dashur Boats. Unpublished MA thesis, Texas A & M University. Haldane 1992 Haldane, C W, The Lisht Timbers: A Preliminary Report in The Southern Cemeteries at Lisht III, The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I, 102-112. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Hodges 1970 Hodges, H, Technology in the Ancient World. London: Penguin Press.

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EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Hodson 1982 Hodson, F R, Some Aspects of Archaeological Classification in R Wallon and J A Brown (eds.) Essays in Archaeological Typology, 21-29. Evanston: Center for American Archaeology Press.

IAVA, An exceptionally rare model of a reed boat, viewed 12 October.

Hoffman 1979 Hoffman, M A, Egypt Before the Pharaohs: The Prehistoric Foundations of Egyptian Civilization. New York: Dorset Press. (Reprint 1990)

Ipswich Museum Service 2006 IMS, Museum number - R.1921-89.65, Ipswich, England, Accessing Virtual Egypt Web Site.

Internet Auction, Victoria, Australia 2006 IAVA, Egyptian Boat, viewed 12 October.

Ipswich Museum Service 2006b IMS, Museum number - R.1932-26.3, Ipswich, England, Accessing Virtual Egypt Web Site.

Horne 1985 Horne, L (ed), Introduction to the Collections of the University Museum. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Janssen 1961 Janssen, J J, Two Ancient Egyptian Ship's Logs: Papyrus Leiden I 350 verso and Papyrus Turin 2.008+2016. Leiden: E J Brill.

Hornell 1946 Hornell, J, Water Transport: Origins and Early Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jarôs-Deckert 1984 Jarôs-Deckert, B, Das Grab des Jny-jtj.f die Wandmalereien der XI Dynastie. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Horniman Museum and Gardens HMG, Record Cards for Artifacts HMG 21.86, HMG 21.87. On file at the HMG, Forest Hill, London, England. Hornung and Bryan 2002 Hornung, E, and Bryan, B, (eds), The Quest for Immortality: Treasures of Ancient Egypt. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art.

Jeffreys 1985 Jeffreys, D G, The Survey of Memphis I. London: Egypt Exploration Society. Jéquier 1929 Jéquier, G, Tombeaux de Particuliers contemporains de Pepi II. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie.

Hôtel Drouet 1913 Hôtel Drouet, Antiquités Égyptiennes, Grecques, and Romaines, Provenant de l’Ancienne Collection Borelli Bey. Paris: Hôtel Drouet.

Jéquier 1933 Jéquier, G, Les Pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie de l'Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale.

How and Wells 1912 How, W W, and Wells, J, A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Johnston 1985 Johnston, P F, Ship and Boat Models in Ancient Greece. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.

Indiana University Art Museum IUAM, Record Card for Artifact IUAM 58.24. On file at the IUAM, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA..

Johnstone 1980 Johnstone, P, The Sea-Craft of Prehistory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Indianapolis Museum of Art IMA, Record Card for Artifact IMA 28.251. On file at the IMA, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Jones 1988 Jones, D, A Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles and Terms. London: Kegan Paul International.

Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology IEAA, Record Card for Artifact IEAA 1981.1.10. On file at the IEAA, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA. Internet Auction, Grimbergen, Belgium 2006 IAGB, A wooden model boat, viewed 19 February.

Jones 1990 Jones, D, Model Boats from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamun. Oxford: Griffith Institute. (Tut’ankhamun's Tomb Series IX)

Internet Auction, Göttingen, Germany 2006 IAGG, Model of a boat, viewed 12 March.

Jones, D, 1995 Jones, D, Boats. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Internet Auction, New South Wales, Australia 2003 IANSWA, Egyptian Wood Model Boat, viewed 2 December.

Jørgensen 1996 Jørgensen, M, Catalogue Egypt I (3000-1550 B.C.). Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Internet Auction, Victoria, Australia 2005 466

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KMW, Record Card for Artifact KMW ÄOS Inv. No. 3923. On file at the KMW, Wien, Austria. Lagneau 1995 Lagneau, A, Egypte Ancienne. Neuchâtel: Musée d’ethnographie.

Kamal 1911 Kamal, A B, Rapport sur les Fouilles Exécutées dans la zone comprise entre Déîrout au nord et der el Ganadlah, au sud, ASAE, 11, 3-39.

Landström 1961 Landström, B, The Ship: An Illustrated History. New York: Allen and Unwin.

Kamal 1912 Kamal, A B, Rapport sur les Fouilles Exécutées dans la zone comprise entre Déîrout au nord et der el Ganadlah, au sud, ASAE, 12, 97-147.

Landström 1970 Landström, B, Ships of the Pharaohs: 4000 Years of Egyptian Shipbuilding. New York: Doubleday and Company.

Kamal 1914 Kamal, A B, Rapport sur les Fouilles Exécutées dans la zone comprise entre Déîrout au nord et Déîr el Ganadlah, au sud, ASAE, 14, 45-87.

Lansing 1924 Lansing, A, The Egyptian Expedition 1923-1924: The Museum's Excavations at Lisht, BMMA Supplement, 152.

Kawanishi et al 1995 Kawanishi, H, et al, Akoris: Report of the Excavations at Akoris in Middle Egypt 1981-1992. Kyoto: Paleological Association of Japan.

Lansing 1933 Lansing, A, The Egyptian Expedition 1931-1933: The Museum's Excavations at Lisht, BMMA, 28, part II, 3-22.

Kayser 1973 Kayser, H, Die ägyptischen Altertümer im RoemerPelizaeus-Museum in Hildesheim. Hildesheim: Gebrüder Gerstenberg.

Legrain 1900 Legrain, G, Sur La Necropole de Meir, ASAE, 1, 65-73. Leibovitch 1967-1968 Leibovitch, J, Modeles de Barques Funeraires au Musee Maritime de Haifa, SEFUNIM, 2, 9-16.

Kees 1961 Kees, H, Ancient Egypt. A Cultural Topography, translated by I F D Morrow. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Leicester Museum and Art Gallery LMAG, Record Cards for Artifacts LMAG A54.10. LMAG 40.1924. On file at the LMAG, Leicester, England.

Kelsey Museum of Art KMA, Record Card for Artifact KMA 88804. On file at the KMA, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Lenfestey 1994 Lenfestey, T, Dictionary of Nautical Terms. New York: Facts on File.

Kemp 1983 Kemp, B J, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686-1552 BC in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, 71-182, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Leospo 1988 Leospo, E, Gebelein e Asiut tra Primo Periodo Intermedio e Medio Regno in A M Donadoni Roveri (ed) Civilta degli egizi. Le credenze religiose. Milano: Museo egizio di Torino.

Kemp and O’Connor 1974 Kemp, B J and O’Connor, D, An Ancient Nile Harbour. University Museum Excavations at ‘Birket Habu,’ IJNAUE, 3 (1), 101-136. Kemp 1976 Kemp, P K, The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Reprint 1988).

Leospo and Fozzati 1992 Leospo, E, and Fozzati, L, I modelli navali del Museo Egizio di Torino.Prospettive per un’indagine storicoantropologica, VI Congresso Internaionale di Egittologia Atti, vol. 1. Torino: Societa Italiana per il Gas P A.

Krauspe 1976 Krauspe, R, Ägyptisches Museum der Karl-MarxUniversität Leipzig. Leipzig: Karl-Marx-Universität.

Lepsius 1897 Lepsius, K R, Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Text I. Leipzig: J C Hinrichs.

Krauspe 1997 Krauspe, R, Das Agyptische Museum der Universitat Leipzig. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Lichtheim 1973 Lichtheim, M, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings. Vol. 1: The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press.

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Martin 1987 Martin, G T, Corpus of Reliefs of the New Kingdom from the Memphite Necropolis and Lower Egypt, I. London: KPI.

Lipke 1984 Lipke, P, The Royal Ship of Cheops. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum.

Martin, G T 1991 Martin, G T, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis. London: Thames and Hudson.

Lloyd 1983 Lloyd, A B, The Late Period, 664-323 BC, in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, 279-348, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Martin, K 1991 Martin, K, Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum. Ubersee-Museum Bremen. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Loret 1899 Loret, V, Le Tombeau d’Aménophis II et la Cachette Royale de Biban-el-Molouk, Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien (3 ser), 9, 98-112.

Martin-Pardey 1991 Martin-Pardey, E, Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum. Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Lucas 1948 Lucas, A, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. London: Edward Arnold.

Marucchi 1899 Marucchi, O, Il Egizio Vaticano. Rome: Museo Egizio Vaticano.

Lythgoe 1915 Lythgoe, A M, Excavations at the South Pyramid of Lisht in 1914, Ancient Egypt, 2 (2), 145-153.

Maspero 1883 Maspero, G, Guide du Visiteur Musée de Boulaq. Boulaq: Boulaq Museum.

Mace 1909 Mace, A C, The Early Dynastic Cemeteries at Naga-edDer II. Leipzig: J C Hinrichs.

Maspero 1902 Maspero, G, Manual of Egyptian Archaeology, translated by Amelia B Edwards. London: H Grevel and Company.

Mace and Winlock 1916 Mace, A C and Winlock, H E, The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Maspero 1915 Maspero, G, Guide du Visiteur Musée du Caire. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale.

Maes 2002 Maes, F, Scheepsmodel, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden Netherlands, Global Egyptian Museum Web Site.

Maystre 1969 Maystre, C, Egypte Antique (Salles 18-19). Genève: Musee D’Art et Histoire, 2 edn.

Mahfouz 2006 Mahfouz, E, “Ostraca” in Fattovich, R and Bard, K (eds.), Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples "l'Orientale" (Naples, Italy), Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, USA) - 2005-2006 Field Season, 18, Redazione Archaeogate, web version.

Medelhavsmuseet Stockholm Sweden Medelhavsmuseet, Record Cards for Artifacts MSS 19689. MSS 30702, MSS 11049. On file at the MSS Stockholm, Sweden. Memorial Art Gallery MAG, Record Cards for Artifacts MAG 28.361-MAG 28.364, MAG 28.392. On file at the MAG, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.

Mahfouz and Pirelli 2006 Mahfouz, E and Pirelli, R, “Stelae” and “Inscribed Box” in Fattovich, R and Bard, K (eds.), Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples "l'Orientale" (Naples, Italy), Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, USA) - 2005-2006 Field Season, 18, Redazione Archaeogate, web version.

Memorial Art Gallery 1961 MAG, Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester. Handbook. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester. Metropolitan Museum of Art MMA, Record Cards for Artifacts MMA 11.150.911.150.11, MMA 14.3.21-MMA 14.3.23, MMA 20.3.4MMA 20.3.6, MMA 24.9, MMA 26.3.155, 26.3.157. On file at the MMA, New York, NY, USA.

Malter Galleries 2006 Malter Galleries, A nice wooden funerary boat model, Malter Galleries, Inc, Encino, CA, USA, On-Line Catalog.

468

BIBLIOGRAPHY Metropolitan Museum of Art 1924 MMA, Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Part II: The Egyptian Expedition 1923-1924. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

MMEL, Record Cards for Artifacts MMEL E.963, MMEL E.965, MMEL E.966. On file at the MMEL, Limoges, France. Musees Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire Brussels MRAHB, Record Cards for Artifacts MRAHB E.785,18, MRAHB E.785,19, MRAHB E.785,31, MRAHB E.4994, MRAHB E.5798/a, MRAHB E.5798/b, MRAHB E.7321, MRAHB E.7516-MRAHB E.7519. On file at the MRAHB, Brussels, Belgium.

Metropolitan Museum of Art 1935 MMA, The Private Life of the Ancient Egyptians. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art 1976 MMA, Treasures of Tutankhamun. Metropolitan Museum of Art.

New

York: Museo Arqueologico Nacional Madrid MANM, Record Card for Artifact MANM 16029. On file at the MANM, Madrid, Spain.

Michael C Carlos Museum Michael C Carlos Museum, Boat Model, Michael C Carlos Museum, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA, Web Site. Ministère des Travaux Publics 1891 Ministère des Travaux Publics, Rapport sur la Contribution des Touristes en 1890-1891. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie Nationale.

Museo Egizio di Torino MET, Record Cards for Artifacts MET S.289, MET S.1187, MET S.1208-MET S.1210, MET S.6828, S.8158, MET S.8657-MET S.8659, MET S. 8790-MET S.8793, MET S.13272, MET S.13273, MET S.14046, MET S.14047, MET S.14357, MET S.14815-MET S.14819. On file at the MET, Torino, Italy.

Minneapolis Institute of Arts MIA, Record Card for Artifact MIA 16.496. On file at the MIA, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

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Mogensen 1930 Mogensen, M, La Collection Egyptienne. Copenhagen: La Glyptotheque ny Carlsberg.

Museu Nacional de Arquelogia Lisboa MNAL, Record Card for Artifact MNAL E.139. On file at the MNAL, Lisboa, Portugal.

Moll 1929 Moll, I F, Das Schiff in der Bildenden Kunst. Bonn: Kurt Schroeder.

Museu Nacional de Arquelogia Lisboa1993 MNA, Antiguidades Egípcias. Lisboa: Museu Nacional de Arquelogia.

Mond and Myers 1937 Mond, R, and Myers, O H, Cemeteries of Armant I. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Museum of Fine Arts MFA, Record Cards for Artifacts MFA 04.1779a-c, MFA 15:5.426, MFA 21.406, MFA 21.407, MFA 21.490, MFA 21.494. On file at the MFA, Boston, MA, USA.

Müller-Karpe 1968 Müller-Karpe, H, Handbuch der Vorgeschichte Bd. 2, Jungsteinzeit. München: Beck.

Museum of Fine Arts 1913 MFA, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Thirty-Seventh Annual Report for the Year 1912. Boston: Metcalf Press.

Murray 1910 Murray, M A, The Tomb of Two Brothers. London: Manchester Museum.

Museum of Fine Arts 1920 MFA, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Forty-Fourth Annual Report for the Year 1919. Boston: T O Metcalf Company.

Musée d’Archéologie Méditerranénne Marseilles MAMM, Record Card for Artifact MAMM 469. On file at the MAMM Marseilles, France.

National Museum Kopenhagen NMK, Record Cards for Artifacts NMK 5489, NMK 7546, NMK 7547. On file at the NMK, Kopenhagen Denmark.

Musée d’ethnographie Neuchâtel MEN, Record Cards for Artifacts MEN Eg. 356, MEN Eg. Neuchâtel 357, MEN Eg. 353. On file at the MEN, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

Naville, Hall, and Ayrton 1907 Naville, E, Hall, H R, and Ayrton, E R, The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari Part I. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Musée du Louvre Paris MLP, Record Cards for Artifacts MLP AF 9756, MLP E 284-N 1616, MLP E 5539, MLP E 11993-E 11994, MLP E 12027, MLP E 17111, MLP N 2457. On file at the MLP, Paris, France.

Naville, Hall, and Currelly 1913 Naville, E, Hall, H R, and Currelly, C T, The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir El-Bahari Part III. London:

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Parke-Bernet Galleries 1940 Parke-Bernet Galleries, Furniture and Decorations of Hempstead House, Property of Mrs. Daniel Guggenheim. Sale 207. New York: Parke-Bernet Galleries.

Newberry 1893a Newberry, P E, Beni Hasan I. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Parkinson 1997 Parkinson, R, The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, 1940-1640 BC. Oxford: Clarenden Press.

Newberry 1893b Newberry, P E, Beni Hasan II. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

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Peabody Museum of Natural History PMNH, Record Card for Artifact PMNH 235852. On file at the PMNH, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service 2001 Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, Wooden Model Boat, Norfolk, England, Web Site.

Peet and Woolley 1923 Peet, T E, and Woolley, C L, The City of Akhenaten. Part I. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

North Carolina Museum of Art NCMA, Record Card for Artifact NCMA 82.12. On file at the NCMA, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Perez Die 1985 Perez Die, M M, Guia Didactica del Museo Arqueologico Nacional. Madrid: Museo Arqueologico Nacional.

Nour et al 1960 Nour et al, The Cheops Boats: Part I. Cairo: Antiquities Department of Egypt.

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Petrie 1892a Petrie, W M F, Medum. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Oriental Institute Museum OIM, Record Cards for Artifacts OIM 10742, OIM 11492, OIM 11493, OIM 11196. On file at the OIM, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Petrie 1892b Petrie, W M F, Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt 1881-1891. London: The Religious Tract Society.

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Quibell and Hayter 1927 Quibell, J E, and Hayter, A G K, Teti Pyramid, North Side. Cairo: Le Caire Imprimerie de l’Institut Francais d’Archeologie Orientale.

Rochdale Museums Service Rochdale RMSR, Record Card for Artifact RMSR SED 44. On file at the RMSR, Rochdale, England.

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Randall-MacIver and Mace 1902 Randall-MacIver, D, and Mace, A, El Amrah and Abydos 1899-1901. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

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Royal Museum of Scotland 1906 RMS, Yearbook Entries for Artifacts RMS A.1906.634, RMS A.1906.635, RMS A.1906.637, RMS, A.1906.648. On file at the RMS, Edinburgh, Scotland.

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Winlock 1955 Winlock, H E, Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt from the Tomb of Meket-Re at Thebes. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. World Museum Liverpool WML, Record Cards for Artifacts WML 55.82.3, WML 55.82.6, 55.82.115. On file at the WML, Liverpool, England.

Weigall 1924 Weigall, A, Ancient Egyptian Works of Art. London: T Fisher Unwin.

Zazzaro 2006 Zazzaro, C, “Anchors” and “Boxes” in Fattovich, R and Bard, K (eds.), Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples "l'Orientale" (Naples, Italy), Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, USA) - 2005-2006 Field Season, 1416, Redazione Archaeogate, web version.

Wildung 1981 Wildung, D, Ägypten vor den Pyramiden. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Wilatt 1929 Wilatt, Major, Ships, Their Shaping and Future, OURS, 10, 249-352.

Zazzaro and Maguid 2007 Zazzaro, C and Maguid, M M A, “Anchors” in Fattovich, R and Bard, K, (eds.) Mersa/Wadi Gawasis 2006-2007 Report,16-17, Redazione Archaeogate, web version

Winlock 1920 Winlock, H E, Egyptian Expedition 1919-1920: Excavations at Thebes 1919-1920, BMMA, 15, part II,

476

GLOSSARY

aft: toward the rear end, or stern, of a boat, ship, or raft amidships: toward the middle of a boat, ship, or raft athwartships: extending across the width of a boat, ship, or raft. athwartships stern reinforcement: a curved beam above deck level at the stern of a wooden boat, often associated with a longitudinal stern reinforcement. backstay: a stay (rope) used to support a mast, leading aft beam: the measurement of a boat, ship, or raft’s width. bow: the front end of a boat, ship, or raft. brace: a rope used for trimming a sail built-up sides: an attribute of papyrus rafts that add freeboard, resulting in a boat-like appearance. central plank: the central wooden beam running longitudinally on the inside of a boat hull that is a precursor to the keelson and keel combination. counter: the curved part of the stern above the waterline of a wooden boat or ship. deck beam: an athwartships beam attached at deck level of a wooden boat. deck knees: wooden braces between deck beams and the raised central shelf at deck level. depth of hold: the measurement from a boat, ship, or raft’s deck to the bottom of its hull. fore: toward the front, or bow, of a boat, ship, or raft forestay: a stay (rope) used to support a mast, leading fore fork stern: sterns that rise up and terminate in a two-prong projection that acts as a rudder oar attachment, carved from the stern counter. freeboard: the amount of a vessel’s port and starboard sides that lie above the waterline. halyard: a roped used to raise rigging attachments and sails hogging truss: a wooden support or cable that provides longitudinal support in order to keep the vessel from sagging at its bow and stern, known as hogging. keel: the lowest and strongest longitudinal timber in a wooden boat or ship. length: the measurement of a boat, ship, or raft from it’s bow to its stern, not including it’s quarter rudder oars, rudder oars, or bowsprit.

GLOSSARY

longitudinal: extending along the length of a boat, ship, or raft. longitudinal stern reinforcement: above-deck longitudinal timber at the stern in line with the raised central shelf and often associated with an athwartships stern reinforcement. lower side shelves: longitudinally placed beams below deck level on port and starboard. mast: a wooden timber used to affix a sail and rigging, allowing a boat or raft to be propelled by the wind. mast partner: a wooden support, most often at deck level, that stabilizes the mast. masthead: the top of a mast where rigging is attached. outrigger: port and starboard additions to wooden boats used as oar supports. port: the left side of a boat, ship, or raft. raft: a watercraft constructed of papyrus bundles – with or without sides – that floats because of the lightness of the papyrus from which it is constructed. raft ends: the distinctive thin appearance of the stem and stern of papyrus rafts. raised central shelf: deck level beam running longitudinally down the midline of a hull, held up by stanchions. reinforced stern structure: a built-up stern that indicates a construction change from simple scow or pointed sterns that is a recognition of the advantages of a strong aft section as a rudder oar rest and pivot point for greater steering control. rope ties: rope used to bind together papyrus bundles that are integral to a papyrus raft’s structure. spar: a wooden beam with a variety of uses on a boat, ship, or raft. stanchion: a vertical wooden beam used as a support for rudder oars, quarter rudder oars, and for holding up raised central shelves. starboard: the right side of a boat, ship, or raft. stern: the rear end of a boat, ship, or raft. stern cleft: a slot carved out of the stern counter to receive and stabilize the rudder oar. through-going deck beams: deck beams that extend through the hull of a wooden boat or ship. yard: a spar from which a sail is attached. vertically flat ends: a wooden boat design where the bow and stern are ‘pinched’ together to make a blade-like structure that creates a sheer where the ends are raised out of the water.

478

INDEX

Aba (Deir el Gabrâwi mortuary temple), maritime depiction at Asasif, 69 Abu Gurab, 58, 84, 84, 89, 91, 103 Abu Roash, 58, 84, 84, 90-91 Abusir, 2-3, 6, 53, 58, 84, 84, 88-89, 97, 118-122, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 157, 180, 248249, 326-327, 334-335, 349, 362 Abydos, 3, 12, 38, 56-57, 58, 71, 71-72, 79-80, 117-118, 123, 125; boat graves of, 7, 16, 36, 71-72; pilgrimage to, 62, 71, 79-80, 102-103, 130; watercraft models from, 144, 151, 155, 202, 210, 226 Acacia, boats made from 62-64, 72, 90; cargoes of white shr- planks, 73. See also Boat Timbers el-Ahaiwah, 70, 118, 125; watercraft model from, 205 Ahhotep I (Queen), 69; watercraft models of, 225 Ahhotep II (Queen), 69; watercraft models of, 225 Ahmose (Crew Commander, el-Kab), 59 Ahmose I (Pharaoh), 59, 61, 69 Akhenaten (Pharaoh), 76-77, royal fleet of, 76-77 Akhmim, 58, 73-74, 125, watercraft models from, 167, 169 Akoris, 58, 81, 119-120, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft model from, 339 el-Amarna/Akhetaten, 58, 76, 96, 123, 125; watercraft model from, 404; worker’s village, 76-77, 76 Amenemhat (el-Bersheh), 78; watercraft models of, 342343, 347 Amenemhat (Prince, Tomb 2, Beni Hasan), 80 Amenemhat I (Pharaoh), 57, 83 Amenemhat III (Pharaoh), 67 Amenemhet (Scribe, Tomb 82, Thebes), 62 Amenhotep I (Pharaoh), 59 Amenhotep II (Pharaoh, KV35, King’s Valley); tomb of 49-51, 123, 57; watercraft models of, 21, 50-51, 57, 64, 96, 99-100, 123-124, 401-402 Amenhotep III (Pharaoh), 61, 73, 81; mortuary temple, 58, 61-62; pylon raising, 62 el-Amrah, 56, 58, 71, 118 Amun, Barque of, 61-64, 99 Anchors, 66-67, 70, 87-88 Ankhow (Chamberlain and Administrator of the Ocean under Pharaoh Senusret I), shrine of, 66-67 Antef (Court Official, Tomb 1, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 238-239 Antefoker (Vizier under Pharaoh Senusret I), stela of, 66 Anti (Meir), 76; watercraft model of 259

Antinoopolis, 58, 77, 78, 97-99, 119, 125; watercraft models from, 172, 174, 176-179, 218 Anpuemhat (Tomb 2757, Saqqara), 88, 117; watercraft models of, 147, 336-337, 377 Apa (Master of the Household and Steward, Tomb 707, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 356-357 Appendages, hull, animal head finials 99; funerary barque finials, 98-99; papyriform ends, 97; papyriform umbels, 99; sea-going ship finials, 99; solar barque, 102-103 Archers (see War) Armant, 58, 60, 70, 117; watercraft models from, 142143 Asasif, 57, 58, 64, 69, 69, 102, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 259, 395 Aswan, 58, 65 Asyut, 58, 73, 74, 94, 97, 102, 119-120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 162, 171, 179181, 183-185, 216-218, 222, 242-247, 264, 281, 323, 326, 346, 378, 384 Athwartships Stern Reinforcement (ASR), defined, 21 Attendants, 111, 114 Avaris, 57, 59 el-Badari, 11-12, 56, 58, 73, 73, 117-118, 125; watercraft models from, 139, 150, 153, 205-206 Badarian Period, 11-12, 23, 34, 56, 73, 118; watercraft models from, 150 el-Ballas, 13, 36, 38, 58, 70, 70, 118, 125; North elBallas, 70, 70, 118; watercraft models from, 151, 206, 209, 211 Baket (Thebes), 62 Balanites Aegyptiaca, 90 Balers, 107-108, 114 Baqt (Tomb 15, Beni Hasan), 78, 121 Baqta (Tomb 412, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft model of, 377 Beni Hasan, 46, 56-57, 58, 74, 78, 78-81, 81, 97, 108109, 119-122, 124, 125. 126, 127, 130; watercraft models from, 186, 238-239, 276-278, 280-184, 286287-290, 293, 321, 323-324, 328-329, 332-333, 335, 337-338, 343, 348, 353, 356-357, 377, 382, 390, 393-394 el-Bersheh, 44, 52-53, 58, 74, 77, 77-78, 97, 102, 109110, 119-124, 125, 126, 127, 130; watercraft models from, 166, 185, 215-216, 219-220, 240-242, 255, 257-258, 266, 275, 279-280, 289, 295-320, 322, 341343, 345, 347-348, 350, 361, 366, 369-370, 383-386, 399

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Biography of Ineni (see Ineni) Biography of Weni (see Weni) Birds, 68, 80, 111-113 Birket Habu, 58, 61 Boat, barge, 61, 63, 65, 72-73, 85, 77; brick, 89; building of, 9, 11, 14, 21, 35, 37, 47, 53, 60, 64-65, 70, 78-79, 83-86, 89; canal, 62-63; cargo, 14, 20, 34-35, 55, 63, 65, 72, 84, 86, 103; cattle transport, 62-63; 88; dewatowe-, 85; ferry, 55, 60, 62-63, 84, 87, 129; fishing, 10, 31, 60, 75-76, 82, 93, 101, 104, 112, 115; fowling, 78-80, 104; galley, 18, 63, 66; graves, 7, 36, 71-72, 85-87; h‘w-barge, 73; harem, 79-80; hunting, 68, 104; imw-, 73; in temple and tomb reliefs 14, 20, 23, 50, 55, 58, 60, 63-66, 80-81, 8688, 91; Kftiw-, 85; kitchen, 42, 68-69, 78, 101, 104, 112, 121, 124; Kpu.t-, 85; neshmet, 72; on ostraca, 61; pits, 71, 85-87, 89-91; skty-, 85; sporting, 68, 104, 113; tow, 62-63, 65-66, 72, 75; transport, 61-63, 84; troop transport, 59; war, 20, 50, 55, 59, 61-63, 72, 84, 103 Boat Logs (see Papyrus Leiden I, Papyrus Turin) Boat Names, Amun-Re-firm-of-brow, 61; Aten-Gleams, 73; Beginning of the River, 61; Falcon, 60; Northern, 59; Pjedku, 59; Rising in Memphis, 59; Truly-risen-is-the-Lord-of-Abydos, 72; Userhet, 63; Userhetamon, 61; Wild Bull, 59 Boat Timbers, 11, 67-68, 71, 82-84, 86, 89, 91, 123, 128. See also Planks Boatmen (see Balers, Captains, Helmsmen, Paddlers, Pilots, Punters, Rowers, Sailors) Book of the Dead, 129-130 Bowsprit (attribute s), defined, 29-30 Brown, Margaret, 53 Buau (Treasurer, Pit 28, Mentuhotep II’s Mortuary Temple, Deir el-Bahari), 68; watercraft models of, 292, 356 Built-Up Sides (BUS), defined, 16 Bulwark (attribute f), defined, 24-25 Burials, Early Dynastic Period, defined, 56; First Intermediate Period, defined, 56; Middle Kingdom, defined, 56-57; New Kingdom, defined, 57; Old Kingdom, defined, 56; Predynastic Period, defined, 56; Second Intermediate Period, defined, 57; Third Intermediate Period, defined, 57 Byblos, 64 Cabin, 100 Canal, 61, 72, 81 Canopy, 100 Captains, 104-105, 114 Cargo, 63, 65-66, 73, 86-88; 96, 105; baboons, 66; baskets, 87; boxes, 67; cattle, 88; cloth, 63-64; clothing, 64; emmer seed, 63; garments, 63; gourds, 63; gutted fish, 64; gutted waterfowl, 64; jars, 66; obelisk, 65; olives, 63; packages, 66; papyrus bundles, 63-64; papyrus rolls, 63; plants, 66; rope 63-64; salt, 63; rush bundles, 63; sedge bundles, 6364; seed, 64; sesame oil, 63; wheat, 73; white acacia wood, 73; wine, 63 Carpenters, 113-114 Carpentry Tools, 11, 113 Cataracts (see Nile River) Cedar, 14, 61-64, 72, 85, 89-90

Central Plank (CP), defined, 17 Crew Complement (see Attendants, Balers, Captains, Carpenters, Cooks, Fishermen, Goddesses, Helmsmen, Hunters, Mourners, Musicians, Owners, Paddlers, Pilots, Priests, Punters, Rowers, Sailors, Scribes, Servants, Singers, Soldiers) Civil War, 74 Cleat (attribute r), defined, 29 Commerce, Eastern Desert, 70 Coffin Texts, 129 Color, Hull, 100-101 Cooks, 112, 114 Culture, Maritime, 104-114 Dahshur, 57, 58, 84, 84-85; boats, 67, 85, 90-91 Deck Beams (DB), defined, 17 Deck Knees (DK), defined, 20-21 Deck Reinforcements (attribute t), defined, 30 Decorated Tomb 100 (see Hierakonpolis) Deir el-Bahari, 50, 52-53, 58, 61, 62, 64-66, 68, 116-117, 119-120, 122-124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 188-189, 247-248, 292, 340, 354-356, 418; 2nd Valley, 58, 61, 64. 68-69, 117, 119-120, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft model from, 148, 250-254, 341, 358-359, 373-375 Deir el-Medina, 58, 64, 79 Deir Rifeh, 58, 73-74, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 351 Den (Pharaoh), 72; watercraft model of, 144 Djehuty-Nakht (Hereditary Prince and Feudal Ruler of the Province of Hermopolis, Tomb 10A, el-Bersheh), 42, 77-78, 98, 110, 112, 117; watercraft models of 185, 215-216, 241-242, 295-320, 322 Djoser (Pharaoh), 85 Dockyards, Koptos, 66; Memphis 84-85; Thinis 73. See also Shipyard Dra Abu el-Naga, 57. 58, 64, 69, 69, 82, 123, 125; watercraft models from, 225 Dudufi (Tomb 2101, Sedment), 82; watercraft model of, 237 Dynasty I, watercraft models from, 139-140, 144 Dynasty V, watercraft models from, 157-160 Dynasty VI, watercraft models from, 161, 212-213, 227232 Dynasty VIII, watercraft models from, 162, 214 Dynasty IX, Herakleopolitan, watercraft models from, 162-164, 214, 233-237, 268-269 Dynasty X, Herakleopolitan, watercraft models from, 165-167, 170-172, 174, 176-180, 238, 265-266, 270273 Dynasty XI, All Egypt, watercraft models from, 146-148, 181-190, 215-219, 238-256, 267, 274-241, 352-359, 373-383, 385 Dynasty XI, Theban, watercraft models from, 165-170, 172-178, 214, 231, 272-273 Dynasty XII, watercraft models from, 190-197, 219-224, 257-264, 341-351, 359-372, 384, 386-399 Dynasty XVIII, watercraft models from, 149, 197-202, 225-226, 401-415, 417 Dynasty XIX, watercraft model from, 202 Dynasty XXI, watercraft model from, 418

480

INDEX Early Dynastic Period, 56-59, 72-73, 84-85, 88, 90-92, 117-119, 123-124, 121, 124; watercraft models from, 139-140, 141-145, 155-156, 207, 212 Economic Status, on-board watercraft models, 114-115 Elephantine, 58, 58, 65, 72; watercraft model from, 202 Eu-M-Achwet (Tomb mR 1, Abusir), 89; watercraft models of, 349, 362 Faiyum, 81, 81, 82, 119, 453 Fender, 95-96, 115 Finials (see Appendages) First Intermediate Period, 56. 60, 67, 69-70, 74, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90-91, 118-119, 130; watercraft models from, 162-180, 214, 231, 233-238, 265-266, 268-273 Fish, 80, 111-112 Fish Nets, 31, 33-34, 112 Fishing, 75-76, 79-80 Fishermen, 33, 107, 114 Food, 112 Forgeries, probable, 421-452 Fork Stern (FS), defined, 20 Gangplank, 96 Gebelein, 56, 58, 60, 94, 97, 106, 108, 111, 118-119, 124, 125, 127; Temple of Hathor, 60; watercraft models from, 161, 165-169, 172-173, 175, 182, 187, 214, 256 Gem-Wsr (Overseer of the Seal, Saqqara), 88; watercraft models of, 190, 219 Gemniehet (Regulator of the Phyle of the Pyramids of Teti and Merykare), 88; watercraft model of, 148 Giza, 58, 84, 84, 89-91, 103 Goddesses, 114-115 Gold, 70, 72; watercraft model, 10, 38, 53, 69, 100 Grinding Stones, 420-421 Gurob, 58, 81, 82, 123; watercraft model from, 226 Harbor, artificial, 61; of Memphis, 84 Harpoons, 112 Harshefhotep I (Regulator of the Phyle and Chief of the Estate of the Pyramid of Nyuserra, Tomb mR 6, Abusir), 89, 97; watercraft models of, 248-249, 334335 Hatshepsut (Pharaoh), 50, 52, 58, 65-66, 68-69 Heliopolis, 84, 91, 102 Helmsmen, 105, 114 Helwan, 12, 31, 58, 84, 91, 117-118, 122-123, 125; watercraft models from, 144, 156, 264 Henem-Hotep (Tomb 140, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 343, 382 Henenit (Sole Companion, Superintendent of the Tenants of the Great House, and Ship’s Scribe, Meir), 75-76 Henu (Director of the Domain and Sole Courtier, elBersheh), 78; watercraft model of, 166 Hennu (Tomb 834, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft model of, 293 Henuy (Gebelein), 60; watercraft models of 187 Heper-Ka-Re (Saqqara), 88, 98, 114; watercraft models of, 220-221, 348, 388 Herakleopolis Magna, 81, 81, 84 Herodotus, 64, 114 Hes Vase, 114 Hetepnebi (Tomb 56, Asyut), 74; watercraft model of, 185

Hierakonpolis, 16, 59, 59, 117-118, 125; Main Deposit, 59; Temple of Horus, 59; Tomb 100, 16, 59; watercraft models from, 145, 155-156, 207 Hogging Truss (HT), defined, 22 Horemheb (Pharaoh), 57 Horhotpou (Deir el-Bahari), 68, 112; watercraft model of, 354 Hu, 58, 70-71, 71, 118; watercraft model from, 153 Hull, defined, 22 Hunters, 113-114 Ignoti (Gebelein), 60, 97; watercraft models of, 161 Ikhernofret (Official under Pharaoh Senusret III), stela of at Abydos, 72 Imhotep (High Priest of Ra at Heliopolis, Mastaba Tomb, el-Lisht), 84, 102-103; watercraft models of, 190191 Impy I (Tomb mR 25, Abusir), 89; watercraft model of, 180 Impy II (Overseer of the Alter, Tomb mR 42, Abusir), 89; watercraft models of, 326-327 Ineni (Superintendent of Building Projects for Thutmose I, Tomb 82, Thebes), Biography of , 61 Ini (Tomb 2, Gebelein), 60; watercraft models of, 168169 Intef (Thebes), 60. Inyotef-okre (Vizier under Pharaoh Senusret I), 73 Jay (Courtier, Comptroller of the Household, Tomb 275, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 286 Jones Typology, 1, 3, 7-8, 30, 103, 123, 128 K3yt (Meir), 76; watercraft models of, 195, 197 K3y-Hnnt (Meir), 76; watercraft models of, 326, 329 Ka, 68 el-Kab, 58, 59-60 Kaemsenu (Priest of the Pyramids at Abusir, Mastaba Tomb 240, Saqqara), 27, 35, 40, 88, 97, 99, 117; watercraft models of, 157-158, 227-229 Kaha (Tomb 360, Deir el-Medina), 64, 79 Kamose (Pharaoh), 69 Karenen (Saqqara), 88, 96, 117. 121; watercraft models of, 146, 285, 287 Karnak, 57, 60-62, 65 Karnak Stela, 61 Keel (K), defined, 21 Kemhotep (Asyut), 74; watercraft model of, 243 Khaemwese (Prince and High Priest of Ptah in Memphis), 62 Khafra (Pharaoh), 90 Khennu (Tomb 289, Saqqara), 88; watercraft model of, 327 Khenty-Khety (Tomb 2111, Sedment), 82; watercraft models of, 376, 380 Kheti (Tomb 366, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 278, 283 Kheti (Tomb 17, Beni Hasan), 79, 120-121 Khetia (Tomb 575, Beni Hasan), 81, 121; watercraft models of, 321 Khnem-Nekhta (Ruler of the Residence, Tomb 585, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 276-277, 282-283, 290 Khnumhotep (Ha-Prince, Tomb 3, Beni Hasan), 79-80

481

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS Khnum-Nekht (Priest of the Temple of Khnum, Tomb of Two Brothers, Deir Rifeh), 74; watercraft models of, 351 Khufu (Pharaoh), 89-90 Khufu I (Pharaoh’s Vessel), 15, 17-18, 23, 42, 50, 84, 90, 98, 100, 103-104, 116, 118, 123, 129-130 Khufu II (Pharaoh’s Vessel), 90 King’s Valley, 58, 61, 64-65, 65, 117, 123-124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 149, 197-201, 401-403, 405-415 Kitchen Equipment, 112 Lahun/Kahun, 58, 81, 82-83, 119, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 197, 273, 384 Lake, Pleasure of Queen Tiy at Akhmim, 73 Lake Baringo, 31 Lake Chad, 31 Lake Titicaca, 31 Lake Tsana, 31 Lake Zwai, 31 Lead, defined, 95-96 Lebanon, 61, 63, 85 el-Lisht, 14, 57, 58, 67, 81, 83-84, 102, 122-123, 125, 126, 127; el-Lisht South, watercraft models from, 190-191, 365-366, 389 Longitudinal Stern Reinforcement (LSR), defined, 19-20 Lower Egypt, watercraft model from, 171 Lower Sid Shelves (LSS), defined, 18-20 Ma (District Inspector, Tomb 500, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 393-394 Main Deposit (see Hierakonpolis) Malkata, 61 Mallets, 96 Marines (see War) Mast (attribute h), defined, 25 Mast Partner (attribute j), defined, 26-27 Mastaba (see Burials) Mastheads, 39, 44, 48-49, 52, 62, 66, 79-80 Mataria, 58, 91-92, 92 Mataria Hull, 91-92 Matmar, 32, 58, 73, 73, 117; watercraft model from, 141 May (el-Amarna), 76-77, 96 Maya (Treasurer under Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Saqqara), 85 McGrail Classification System, 9-10, 129, 454 Medinet Habu, 61, 63. Meidum, 58, 82-83 Meir, 14, 52-53, 58, 74-76, 75, 78, 88, 95, 99, 109, 112, 118-120, 122-124, 125, 126. 127; watercraft models from, 164, 191-195, 197, 213-214, 229, 232, 256, 259, 261-262, 269, 274, 290-291, 294, 322, 325-326, 329-333, 339, 349-350, 354-355, 359-360, 363-365, 367-369, 371-372, 376, 383, 391-393, 396-398 Meket-Re (Chancellor, Tomb 280, 2nd Valley, Deir elBahari, 1-2, 23, 44, 68-69, 91, 94, 96, 98, 101, 104107, 109-115, 117, 120-122; watercraft models of, 148, 250-254, 341, 358-359, 373-375 Mentuhotep (Steward, Cemetery 600, Asasif), 57, 69, 102, 111; watercraft models of, 259, 395 Mentuhotep (Estate Owner, Tomb 509, Cemetery 500, Deir el-Bahari), 68; watercraft models of, 247-248, 355

Mentuhotep II (Pharaoh), 60, 65, 68, 115, 120-122; watercraft models of, 188-189, 340 Mentuhotep III (Pharaoh), 121 Mentuhotep IV (Pharaoh), 121 Memphis, 60-64, 84-85, 84, 90-91; port of, 84-85, 91; shipyard of, 85. See also Papyrus British Museum 10056 Memphite Necropolis, 58, 84, 84, 90-91 Mer-Senet (Antinoopolis), 97; watercraft models of, 178179 Merriman Egyptian Watercraft Model Classification System, defined, 30, 54-55; Class M1, 31: Class M1.0, 32, 34; Class M1.1, 32, 34; Class M1.2, 3234; Class M1.3, 33-34; Class M2, 34: Class M2.0, 34-36; Class M2.1, 36-37; Class M2.2, 37; Class M2.3, 37-38; Class M2.4, 38; Class M2.5, 38-40; Class M2.6, 40; Class M2.7, 40; Class M2.8, 40-41; Class M2.9, 41; Class M2.10, 41-43; Class M2.11, 43; Class M2.12, 43-44; Class M2.13, 44; Class M2.14, 44-45; Class M2.15, 45-46; Class M2.16, 46; Class M2.17, 46; Class M2.18, 46-47; Class M2.19, 47; Class M2.20, 47-48; Class M2.21, 48; Class M2.22, 48; Class M2.23, 48-49; Class M2.24, 49; Class M2.25, 49; Class M2.26, 49-51; Class M2.27, 51; Class M2.28, 51; Class M2.29, 51-52; Class M2.30, 52; Class M2.31, 52-53, 117-130 Mersa Gawasis, 58, 66-68 Mertetes (Tomb 2112, Sedment), 82; watercraft models of, 233 Merytneit (Queen), 72; watercraft model of, 144 Mesehti (Hereditary Prince, Overseer of the Prophets of Wepwaut, Asyut), 74, 100, 120-121; watercraft model of, 378-379 Middle Kingdom, 56, 58, 60, 68-74, 77-85, 87-88, 91, 119-124, 129-130; watercraft models from, 146-148, 181-197, 215-225, 239-264, 267, 274-400 Military Equipment (see War) Minhotep (Tomb 2b, Asyut), 74; watercraft models of, 217, 245 Minshat Abu Omar, 58, 92. 92, 117; watercraft model from, 144 Misidentified Watercraft Models (see Questionable Artifacts) Models, other than watercraft, 56-57 Mooring Stakes, 96 Mostagedda, 58, 73, 73, 118; watercraft models from, 151, 156 Mourners, 113, 115 Musical Instruments, 113 Musicians, 113-114, 130 Mut-Hetepi (Tomb HMK 159, Saqqara), 88; watercraft model of, 292 Naga ed-Deir, 40, 58, 73-74; watercraft models from, 170, 177-178, 187, 231 Nakhti (Overseer of the Seal, Tomb 7, Asyut), 74; watercraft models of, 222 Naqada, 58, 70, 70, 118, 125 Naqada I Period, 56, 70-71 Naqada II Period, 56, 59, 70-73, 92, 117-118; watercraft models from, 141, 144, 151-152, 204-206, 208-209, 211 Narmer (Pharaoh), macehead, 59; palette, 59 482

INDEX Navy (see War) Nefer-Smedet (Saqqara), 33, 88, 96, 117; watercraft models of, 146, 285, 287 Neferi (Tomb 116, Beni Hasan), 81, 121; watercraft models of, 332, 335 Neferirkara (Pharaoh), 84, 88-89 Nefwa (Superintendent in the Treasury, Tomb 186, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 276, 278, 284, 289 Nehri (Tomb 3, el-Bersheh), 78; watercraft models of, 341, 345 Neit (Queen), 35, 40, 88, 97-98, 117; watercraft models of 159-160, 230-231 Nekht-Ankh (Tomb of Two Brothers, Deir Rifeh), 74; watercraft models of, 351 Nekht-Kauy (Tomb 2127, Sedment), 82; watercraft models of, 268-269 Nekhta (Tomb 1580, Sedment), 82; watercraft model of, 352 Neter-Nekhta (Tomb 585, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 276-277, 282-283, 290 New Kingdom, 57-74, 76-79, 81-82, 85, 87-88, 123-124, 128, 130; watercraft models from, 149, 197-203, 225-226, 401-417 Niankh-Pepy-Kem (Governor, Meir), 38, 40, 76, 88, 117; watercraft models of, 212-213, 229, 232 Nile River, 58, 125, 126, 127; cataracts, 58-59; geography, 14, 55, 70; nomes, 57-58, 58, 117 Nobility, 74, 87, 91, 114-115, 124, 130 Nubia, 31, 47, 59-60, 70, 72 Nyuserra (Pharaoh), 86, 88-89, 103 Oars, 93-95 Obelisk, 58, 61-62, 65-66 Offering Tables, 114 Old Kingdom, 56, 60, 67, 69-70, 72, 75, 78, 81, 83-90, 118-119, 124, 129; watercraft models from, 157-161, 212-213, 227-232 Osireion (Abydos), 71 Osiris, Barque of 72; house of, 63; Mysteries of, 72, 114 Ostraca, 60-61, 67 Outriggers (O), defined, 18 Owners, as a living person, 109-110; as a mummiform figure, 110; as a mummy, 110; relatives of, 111; represented by chairs and thrones, 111; represented by coffins, 110; represented by sarcophagi, 110-111 Pa-ab-mer (Priest of Amun, Mastaba Tomb 4b, Abydos), 72; watercraft models of, 202, 226 Paddlers, 107, 114 Paddles, 93-95 Palermo Stone, 85 Papyriform Ends (see Appendages) Papyriform Wooden Boat, defined, 10-11 Papyrus, archive, 88-89 Papyrus British Museum 10056, 85 Papyrus Harris, 62-63 Papyrus Leiden I, 62 Papyrus Reisner II, 73 Papyrus Turin I, 63 Papyrus, Wilbour (see Wilbour Papyrus) Passengers, in boat logs, 62-64 Pepi I (Pharaoh), 76, Pepi’onkh (Meir), 75 Pilots, 105, 114

Pine, 61-62 Planks, outer hull, 64, 67-69, 71, 73, 79, 82-86, 89, 91; 103, 129; ‘knife-shaped’, 67. See also Boat Timbers Platform, Landing and Steering (attribute e), defined, 24 Portage, 66-67, 71-72 Pottery, watercraft depictions on, 70 Predynastic Period, 56, 59-60, 70-73, 83, 91-92, 117-119, 129-130; watercraft models from, 139, 141-144, 151-155, 204-211 Prey, 113 Priests, 113-115 Priests of Amun (Tomb DB B, Mentuhotep II’s Mortuary Temple, Deir el-Bahari), 57, 68; watercraft model of, 418 Propulsion (see Masts, Oars, Paddles, Punt Poles, Rigging, Sails) Ptah (Prince, Tomb 19B, Abydos), 72 Punt Expedition, 50, 52, 65-67, 99 Punt Poles, 95 Punters, 107, 114 Pyramid Texts, 85, 87, 129 Quarter Rudder Oar (see Steering Gear) Quarter Rudder Oar Cable Holes (see Steering Gear) Quarter Rudder Oar Guide (see Steering Gear) Quay, at Akhetaten (el-Amarna), 76-77; at el-Bersheh, 77 Qubbet-el-Hawa, 58, 58-59, 119; watercraft models from, 162 Quernstones, 420-421 Questionable Artifacts, 419-421 Radjedef (Pharaoh), 84, 90 Raft Ends (RE), defined, 16 Raft, Papyrus, defined, 10-15 Rahotep (Meidum), 83 Ramses I (Pharaoh), 71 Ramses II (Pharaoh), 62, 71, 78 Ramses III (Pharaoh), 62-63, 81 Ramses VIII (Pharaoh), 63 Raneferef (Pharaoh), 88-89; watercraft model of, 157 Raised Central Shelf (RCS), defined, 17-18 Recycled Boat Parts, see Boat Timbers, Planks Red Sea, 54, 66-67, 70-72, 74, 87, 125, 126, 127 Rehetepi (Meir), 76; watercraft models of, 195, 197 Reinforced Stern Structure (RSS), defined, 18-19 Reisner Typology, 1-9, 11-13, 16, 19, 23, 27, 29, 31, 39, 43, 49, 51, 96, 102-103, 110, 115, 128 Report of Wenamun (see Wenamun) Rigging (attribute o), defined, 28 Rigging Attachments (attribute l), defined, 27-28 Riqqeh, 58, 81, 83, 102, 122; watercraft model from, 193 el-Rizeiqat, 58, 60, 119, 124; watercraft model from, 214 Rope Ties (RT), defined, 16; decorative, 101 Rowers, 106-107, 114 Rowlocks (attribute g), defined, 25 Rudder Oar (see Steering Gear) Rudder Oar Cable Holes (see Steering Gear) Sahura (Pharaoh), 15, 88-89, 99 Sail (attribute p), defined, 28-29 Sailors, 105-106, 114 Saqqara, 2, 32-34, 36, 62, 56, 58, 84, 84-88, 91, 117-124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 139-140, 146-148, 157-160, 163, 165, 170, 190, 212, 219-221,

483

EGYPTIAN WATERCRAFT MODELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC TO THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS 227-231, 238, 272, 285, 287-288, 292, 294-295, 325, 327, 336-337, 348, 377, 388 Sawu, Port of, 66 Scorpion (Pharaoh), macehead, 59 Scribes, 111-115 Sea People, 63 Sea-Going Ships, 1, 63, 66-67, 84, 87-89. See also Appendages Sebek-Hetepa (Tomb 723, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 333, 337 Second Intermediate Period, 57, 69. 77, 81 Sed Festival, 61 Sedment, 46, 56, 58, 81, 81-82, 94-95, 106, 109, 119121, 124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 214, 233-237, 265-266, 268-271, 274-275, 282, 352, 376, 380 Sekhemkhet (Pharaoh), 85 Senu-Atef (Tomb 287, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft models of, 186, 323 Senusret I (Pharaoh), 66, 73, 83-84 Senusret II (Pharaoh), 82-83 Senusret III (Pharaoh), 72, 83, 85 Sepa I (Commander of Troops, Pit D, el-Bersheh), 78; watercraft models of, 399 Sepa II (Pit E, el-Bersheh), 78; watercraft models of, 219, 257, 386 Sepa III (Pit E, el-Bersheh), 78; watercraft models of, 220, 258, 384 Serapeum, 85 Seten-En-Hetepa (Tomb 264, Beni Hasan), 81; watercraft model of, 348 Seti I (Pharaoh), 71 Shemes (Tomb 2c, Asyut), 74; watercraft models of, 216, 244 Ship’s Scribe, 75-76 Shipyards, 84-85 Shipwreck, 53, 66, 91-92 Shrine, maritime, 66-67 Sinai, 66, 91 Sneferu, 85 Social Status, on-board watercraft models, 114-115 Solar Barque, 89, 102-103 Soldiers, 108, 114-115 Sonbi (Meir), 76, 112; watercraft models of, 322, 355 Souvenirs, Tourist, watercraft models as, 429, 438, 440, 450-451 Stanchion (see Steering Gear) Steering Gear, (attribute d), defined, 22-24; (attribute i), defined, 25-26; (attribute n), defined, 28 Steering Gear Terminology Debate, 22-23 Steering Platform (see Platform) Stekmet (Tomb 98, Qubbet el-Hawa), 58; watercraft models of, 162 Stern Cleft (SC), defined, 22 Syria, 14, 64, 88 The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, 66 Tamarisk, 84, see also Boat Timbers Tarkhan, 58, 81; planks, 11, 15, 83, 123

Teti (Pharaoh), 85 Theban Necropolis, 58, 60-70, 61 Thebes, 56-57, 58, 60-64, 112, 117, 119-120, 122-124, 125, 126, 127; watercraft models from, 186, 203, 263, 273, 334, 337, 373 Thent (Tomb 123, Riqqeh), 83, 102; watercraft model of, 193 Third Intermediate Period, 57, 84, 123-124, 128, 130; watercraft model from, 418 Through-going Deck Beams (TDB), defined, 20 Thuthotep (Prince, el-Bersheh), 77 Thutmose I (Pharaoh), 59-61 Thutmose III (Pharaoh), 57-58, 65, 84-85 Thuty (Mastaba B, el-Lisht South), 84; watercraft models of, 365-366 Ti (Overseer of the Pyramid Complexes and Sun Temples, Saqqara), 86-88 Titanic, HMS, 53 Tiy (Queen), 73 Tomb 100 (see Hierakonpolis) Tools (see Carpentry Tools) Tukh, 58, 70, 118, 125; watercraft models from, 151, 204 Tutankhamun (Pharaoh, King’s Valley, KV62), 57, 6465, 85; watercraft models of, 1, 4, 7, 14, 22, 36, 49, 52, 57, 64-65, 77, 95-96, 98-100, 103, 111, 115, 117, 123-124, 128, 149, 197-201, 403, 405-415 Uazet-Hotep (Tomb 2106, Sedment), 82; watercraft models of, 274-275, 397 Udjat Eyes, 101-102 Ukh-Hotep (Chancellor, Meir), 75-76, 78; watercraft models of, 192 Unas (Pharaoh), 85, 87 Upuautemhat (Tomb 2b, Asyut), 74; watercraft models of, 217, 245 Userkaf (Pharaoh), 85 Usermut (Tomb 2757, Saqqara), 88; watercraft models of, 147, 336-337, 377 Valley of the Kings, see King’s Valley Vertically Flat Ends (VFE), defined, 16-17 Wadi Abbad, 59 Wadi Abu Suffron, 59 Wadi Biban el-Muluk, see King’s Valley Wadi Gawasis, 66 Wadi Hammamat, 66, 70, 74 Wah-Hotep (Meir), 76; watercraft models of, 191-193, 262, 371 War, archers, 60-61; battle axes, 61; javelins, 108-109; marines, 60, 63; mercenaries, 60, 63, 108; quivers, 82, 108-109; riverine warfare, 60, 63; shields, 61, 63, 82, 108; soldiers, 108, 114-115; spears, 82, 108-109; throwing sticks, 109. Sea also Medinet Habu Wenamun, Report of, 64 Weni (Administrator), Biography of, 72 Wepwautemhet (Tomb 14, Asyut), 74; watercraft model of, 218 Wilbour Papyrus, 114-115

484