Eberhard Jüngel on God, Truth, and History 9783161607547, 9783161607554, 3161607546

Citation preview

Dogmatik in der Moderne herausgegeben von

Christian Danz, Jörg Dierken, Hans-Peter Großhans und Friederike Nüssel

42

David Bruner

Eberhard Jüngel on God, Truth, and History

Mohr Siebeck

David Bruner, born 1979; 2001 BA Religious Studies, Yale University; 2007 MDiv, Princeton Theological Seminary; 2007−2008 Luther Seminary; 2008−2012 Pastor; 2018 PhD, Princeton Theological Seminary; currently pastor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

orcid.org/0000-0001-8890-1249

ISBN 978-3-16-160754-7 / eISBN 978-3-16-160755-4 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-160755-4 ISSN 1869-3962 / eISSN 2569-3913 (Dogmatik in der Moderne) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2023 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohrsiebeck.com This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany.

To Becca

To Becca Sine qua non

$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV  /LNHPDQ\ILUVWVFKRODUO\ERRNVWKLVPRQRJUDSKEHJDQDVDGRFWRUDOGLVVHUWD WLRQ'XULQJWKLVERRN·VYHU\ORQJJHVWDWLRQ,UHFHLYHGDQHQRUPRXVDPRXQW RIKHOSDQGDVVLVWDQFHIURPYDULRXVSDUWLHV$VLWLVSXEOLVKHGLWLVJUDWLI\LQJ WRDFNQRZOHGJHDQGKXPEOLQJWRFRQWHPSODWHWKHPDQ\SHRSOHZLWKRXWZKRP WKLVZRUNZRXOGQHYHUKDYHVHHQWKHOLJKWRIGD\ ,WLVDQKRQRUWRSXEOLVKWKLVERRNZLWK0RKU6LHEHFNDGLVWLQJXLVKHGSXE OLVKHUWKDWLVDOVRKRPHWRPDQ\RI-QJHO·VPRVWLPSRUWDQWZRUNV,DPJUDWH IXOWRHYHU\RQHWKHUHZKRZRUNHGWRSUHSDUHWKLVERRNIRUSXEOLFDWLRQLQSDU WLFXODU(OHQD0OOHU7RELDV6WlEOHUDQG0DUNXV.LUFKQHU , WKDQN WKH PHPEHUV RI P\ GRFWRUDO FRPPLWWHH -RKQ %RZOLQ ,QJROI 'DOIHUWK3DXO'H+DUWDQG%UXFH0F&RUPDFN IRUWKHLUWKHRORJLFDODQGSKLO RVRSKLFDODFXPHQVFKRODUO\ZLVGRPDQGSHUVRQDONLQGQHVV,DPJUDWHIXOIRU ZKDW,KDYHOHDUQHGIURPWKHPDOODQG,NQRZWKLVERRNZRXOGQRWEHZKDWLW LV ZLWKRXW WKHP %UXFH 0F&RUPDFN LQ SDUWLFXODU HQFRXUDJHG PH WR SXUVXH GRFWRUDOVWXGLHVDQGLQWURGXFHGPHERWKWR(EHUKDUG-QJHODQGWRWKHVLJQLI LFDQFHRIKLVWRULFDOFRQVFLRXVQHVVLQPRGHUQLW\,DFNQRZOHGJHKLVUROHZLWK SDUWLFXODUJUDWLWXGH 6LQFH3DROL3UHVE\WHULDQ&KXUFKHPSOR\HGILUVWP\ZLIH%HFFDDQG QRZPHDVZHOO:HDUHYHU\JUDWHIXOIRUWKHVXSSRUWLWKDVVKRZQRXUIDPLO\ LQWKDWWLPH,QSDUWLFXODU5HY-HII&RQZD\PDGHSRVVLEOHDQXPEHURISHU VRQDO DQG SURIHVVLRQDO DUUDQJHPHQWV ZLWKRXW ZKLFK , ZRXOG QRW KDYH FRP SOHWHGP\3K'7\OHU*ULIILWK&KULVWRSKHUDQG0RUJDQ.LQJ6WHYH.UHQWHO WKH1RUFLQLIDPLO\WKH3DQFRDVWIDPLO\DQG-DQLFH5HLJHOSURYLGHGVXSSRUW HQFRXUDJHPHQWSUD\HU²DQGMXVWDVLPSRUWDQWO\FKLOGFDUH²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

9,,,

Acknowledgments

DQG 'HUHN :RRGDUG/HKPDQ , DOVR ZLVK WR WKDQN %UDQGRQ :DWVRQ %ODNH :DVVHOODQG/XNH=HUUDIRUDVVLVWDQFHSUHSDULQJWKLVYROXPHIRUSXEOLFDWLRQ 7KHSHUVRQDOVSLULWXDODQGILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIP\IDPLO\ZDVLQGLVSHQVD EOH LQ WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKLV ERRN , WKDQN P\ ZRQGHUIXO VLVWHU DQG EURWKHULQ ODZ(OL]DEHWKDQG0LFKDHO%UXQHUZKRVHFDOOVYLVLWVMRNHVPHDOVDQGKLJK TXDOLW\DXQWLQJDQGXQFOLQJPDGHWKLVWLPHHDVLHU,ZDVZDVVXSSRUWHGILUVWDV DSDVWRUDQGODWHUDVDWKHRORJLDQE\P\PRWKHUDQGIDWKHULQODZ'HEELHDQG %RE6DQGHUV%RESDVVHGDZD\GXULQJWKLVERRN·VORQJMRXUQH\WRZDUGSXEOL FDWLRQDVRXUFHRIJULHIWRPHDQGDOOZKRNQHZKLP%XW,UHPDLQWKDQNIXOIRU WKHHPRWLRQDOILQDQFLDODQGVSLULWXDOVXSSRUW,UHFHLYHGIURPKLPWKHVHODVW \HDUV DQG FRQWLQXH WR UHFHLYH IURP 'HEELH 7KH\ DUH SRZHUIXO H[DPSOHV RI IDLWKKRSHDQGORYHDQG,JLYHWKDQNVIRUWKHP:KHQ, ZDV,FRXOGQ·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·VXQHQGLQJORYHIRU WKH 6RQ 7R WKHP , VD\ ZLWK 3DXO ¶, WKDQN P\ *RG HYHU\ WLPH , UHPHPEHU \RX·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|OG ¶)RU DOO WKDW KDV EHHQ WKDQNVIRUDOOWKDWLVWRFRPH\HV· /DVWO\,WKDQNWKHULVHQ/RUG-HVXV&KULVW7KLVZRUNZDVQRWRQO\DQLQWHO OHFWXDOEXWDVSLULWXDOMRXUQH\'XULQJLW,H[SHULHQFHGLQDQHZZD\WKHWUXWK RI WKH ZRUGV RI 6FULSWXUH ¶0\ JUDFH LV VXIILFLHQW IRU \RX IRU P\ SRZHU LV PDGHSHUIHFWLQZHDNQHVV·)RUWKDWUHDVRQ,RIIHULWZLWKJUDWLWXGHad majorem Dei gloriam

7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV9,, )UHTXHQWO\&LWHG:RUNV;,

,QWURGXFWLRQ $-QJHORQWUXWK %7KHRORJ\DQGFRQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRULFDOFRQVFLRXVQHVV &-QJHO·VKLVWRULFDODFFRXQWRIWUXWK '3ODQRIWKHZRUN

&KDSWHUSprachereignisseDPRQJWKH+HUPHQHXWLFDO7KHRORJLDQV  $ %XOWPDQQRQUHYHODWLRQWUXWKDQGKLVWRU\ % 7KHFULWLTXHRI%XOWPDQQDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSprachereignis FRQFHSW & 7RZDUG+LVWRU\

&KDSWHU)URPAdaequatioWREreignis $7KH$GDHTXDWLR$FFRXQWRI7UXWK %0HWDSKRULFDO7UXWK &/DQJXDJHRIDGGUHVV '7UXWKDVLQWHUUXSWLRQ (&RQFOXVLRQ

&KDSWHU´$7LPH$FURVV$OO7LPHVµ $-QJHORQGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQ %-QJHORQWKHRORJ\

;

Table of Contents

&KDSWHU´7KH:RUGLVWKH$FWXDO&RUHRI +LVWRULFDO5HDOLW\µ $-QJHORQWKHGLYLQHDWWULEXWHV %-QJHORQWUXWKDVDGLYLQHDWWULEXWH &7KHUHODWLRQVKLSRILPPDQHQWDQGHFRQRPLFWUXWK '*RGDVSprachereignis (&RGD*RGDQGQRQWKHRORJLFDOWUXWKV

&KDSWHUUnterwegs zur Sache $2QWUXWKDQGREMHFWLILFDWLRQ %7KHGLYLQHEHLQJIRUHNQRZOHGJHDQGWUXWK

%LEOLRJUDSK\ ,QGH[RI6XEMHFWVDQG1DPHV

)UHTXHQWO\&LWHG:RUNV 7KHIROORZLQJIUHTXHQWO\FLWHGZRUNVDUHDOOE\(EHUKDUG-QJHO$IWHUWKHILUVW FLWDWLRQWKH\ZLOOIRUWKHPRVWSDUWEHFLWHGLQWHUQDOO\DQGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ DEEUHYLDWLRQV:KHQDSSURSULDWH,KDYHLQFOXGHGSDJLQDWLRQIURPWKH*HUPDQ HGLWLRQDIWHUDVODVK)RUIXOOFLWDWLRQVVHHELEOLRJUDSK\  *%%  *RG·V%HLQJLVLQ%HFRPLQJ *0:  *RGDVWKH0\VWHU\RIWKH:RUOG (VVD\V  7KHRORJLFDO(VVD\V    7(  7KHRORJLVFKH(U|UWHUXQJHQ  -  -XVWLILFDWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ $-QJHORQWUXWK $-QJHORQWUXWK

&KULVWLDQWKHRORJ\EHJLQVLQUHVSRQVHWRDQDVWRQLVKHGFRQIHVVLRQRIIDLWKRQH PDQ-HVXVRI1D]DUHWKLVWKHWUXWK-RKQ 7KHWUXWKWRZKLFK&KULVWLDQV FOLQJWKHZLVGRPWKDWJXLGHVWKHLUOLYHVWKH:RUGWKDWFUHDWHGWKHFRVPRV² -RKQLGHQWLILHVWKHPZLWKWKLVRQHSHUVRQ-HVXVLVQRWVLPSO\DWHDFKHURIWUXWK RUDSDUDEOHLQGLFDWLQJDKLJKHUUHOLJLRXVFRQVFLRXVQHVVKHLVWKHWUXWKLWVHOI :KDWHYHU VRUWV RI FODLPV &KULVWLDQ WKHRORJ\ PLJKW ZLVK WR PDNH DERXW WKH QDWXUH RI WUXWK WKH\ PXVW EH FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKLV VLPSOH \HW HQGOHVVO\ SURYRFDWLYHDVVHUWLRQ ,QGHHGFRQIHVVLQJRQH·VIDLWKLQWKLVLQFDUQDWHWUXWKLPPHGLDWHO\SUHVHQWVD VHW RI WKHRORJLFDO DQG FRQFHSWXDO TXHVWLRQV DQG WKLV GHFHSWLYHO\ VLPSOH SDVVDJHRSHQVXSVRPHRIWKHFKXUFK·VPRVWFRPSOH[GRFWULQDOGHEDWHV$VDQ H[DPSOHZHFDQFRQVLGHUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIZKDWZHPLJKWQRZFDOOFRQFLOLDU &KULVWRORJ\ LQ WKH FKXUFK·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·V FRQFLOLDU OHJDF\ PXVW EH UHDG DV OHDQLQJ LQWR ¶WKH VFDQGDO RI

 7RGLSRQH·VWRHVLQWKHRFHDQVHH/HZLV$\UHVNicaea and Its Legacy: An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV   -RKQ $QWKRQ\0F*XFNLQ St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy: Its History, Theology, and Texts&UHVWZRRG1HV@LWVHOIRXWLQWRDQG QDYLJDW>HV@LWVHOIWKURXJKLWVWKURZQSRVVLELOLWLHVLQ constant anticipationRI LWVOLPLWVLQGHDWKµ  6LQFHUHODWLYHO\HDUO\LQKLVFDUHHU%XOWPDQQZDVDFFXVHGRIDSSURSULDWLQJ +HLGHJJHU·VSKLORVRSK\LQDQXQFULWLFDOPDQQHUDQGJORVVLQJRYHUWKHDWKHLVWLF QDWXUHRI+HLGHJJHU·VRXWORRN,QUHVSRQVHWRWKHVHVRUWVRIREMHFWLRQVWKRXJK %XOWPDQQ ZDV FOHDU WKHRORJ\ LH %XOWPDQQ  UHMHFWV SKLORVRSK\·V DFFRXQW LH+HLGHJJHU·VDFFRXQW RIDXWKHQWLFLW\ 7UXHDXWKHQWLFLW\IRU%XOWPDQQ LVFDOOHG IDLWKDQGFRPHVDERXWQRW WKURXJKWKHDQWLFLSDWRU\UHVROXWHQHVV RI DaseinEXWWKURXJKDUHVSRQVHWRWKHSURFODLPHGPHVVDJHDERXW&KULVW:KDW %XOWPDQQ GRHV KROG LQ FRPPRQ ZLWK +HLGHJJHU·V DFFRXQW RI DXWKHQWLF H[LVWHQFHLVDQHPSKDVLVRQQRQREMHFWLILDELOLW\-XVWDV+HLGHJJHUFDQVSHDN RIDXWKHQWLFH[LVWHQFHDVVRPHWKLQJZKLFKFDQQRWEH´FDOFXODWHGLQDGYDQFHRU SUHVHQWHGOLNHVRPHWKLQJSUHVHQWDWKDQG>Vorhanden@µEXW RQWKH FRQWUDU\ ZKLFK PXVW EH ´KHOG RSHQ DQG IUHH IRU WKH FXUUHQW IDFWLFDO SRVVLELOLW\µ %XOWPDQQ WRR ZLOO VSHDN RI H[LVWHQFH LQ IDLWK DV WKDW ZKLFK FDQQRW EH REMHFWLILHG RU LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR D VWDWLF SDWWHUQ RI NQRZLQJ  ´Dasein’s FRQFHUQLVDWEDVHDFRQFHUQIRUWKHKHUHDQGQRZ>DQG@WKHTXHVWLRQDERXWWKH WUXWKLVWKHTXHVWLRQDVWRKRZ,XQGHUVWDQGP\VHOIDQGRIFRXUVHVLQFHDasein LVWHPSRUDOKLVWRULFDOWKHTXHVWLRQDVWRKRZ,XQGHUVWDQGWKHPRPHQWµ 

 (ULF(+DOOThe Paradox of Authenticity7ELQJHQ0RKU6LHEHFN 6HH 0DUWLQ +HLGHJJHU Being and Time 1HZ @WKHsprachlichkeitRIKXPDQH[LVWHQFH  ,Q IDFW %XOWPDQQ·V PHWKRGRORJ\ UHPDLQV VWXFN LQ TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV RI H[LVWHQFHDQGLWVWKHPHVVRWKDWLWHDVLO\ORRNVDVLIH[LVWHQWLDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVGULYLQJWKH LQWHUSUHWHULQWRWKHVLWXDWLRQRIDQLVRODWHGLQGLYLGXDORULQWHOOHFWXDOVROLWXGH 

:KDWGRZHVHHKHUH"2QRQHKDQGDFRQFHUQDERXWDFHUWDLQLQGLYLGXDOLVPLQ %XOWPDQQ·VWKHRORJLFDOPHWKRG2QWKHRWKHUWKHUHLVDFULWLTXHUHJDUGLQJKLV LQDWWHQWLRQWRWKHOLQJXLVWLFQDWXUHWKHSprachlichkeitRIKXPDQOLIH7KHVHWZR FRQFHUQV RYHUODS ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH TXHVWLRQ RI KRZ %XOWPDQQ XQGHUVWDQGV IDLWKDQGLWVHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKHNHU\JPD 7KURXJKRXWKLVZULWLQJVDQGSDUWLFXODUO\LQKLVZRUNWhat is Theology?  %XOWPDQQHPSKDVL]HVIDLWKDVERWKREMHFWLYHDQGVXEMHFWLYH²WKDWLVERWKfides quae ¶WKHIDLWKWKDWLVEHOLHYHG· DQGfides qua ¶WKHIDLWKWKDWEHOLHYHV· )DLWK PXVW KROG WRJHWKHU ERWK SDUWV RI WKLV HTXDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR EH WUXH WR GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQWKDWLVLQRUGHUQRWWRLPSURSHUO\VHSDUDWHGLYLQHVSHHFKDQGKXPDQ KHDULQJ%XOWPDQQFDQUHSHDWHGO\DVVHUWWKDW´IDLWKLVZKDWLWLVRQO\LQUHODWLRQ WRLWVREMHFWµDQGHYHQVSHDNDERXWWKH´LQWHQWLRQDOLW\RIIDLWKµLWVSHUHQQLDO GLUHFWHGQHVV WRZDUG WKH SUHDFKHG ZRUG )8   +H HYHQ UHMHFWV WKH WUDGLWLRQDO GHILQLWLRQ RI IDLWK DV FRQVLVWLQJ RI notitia, assensus, DQG fiducia EHFDXVHLWSRUWUD\VNQRZOHGJHDQGWUXVWDVWZRVHSDUDWHPRPHQWVRIIDLWK2Q %XOWPDQQ·VVKRZLQJWKHWZRPXVWDOZD\VEHXQLWHGVLQFHIDLWKDQGNQRZOHGJH DUHLQVHSDUDEOH:,7² %XWZKHQZHVHWRWKHUSDVVDJHVEHVLGHRQHV  )XFKVFDQPDNHVLPLODU SRLQWVLQKLV&KULVWRORJLFDO HVVD\V 6HH´'DV6SUDFKHUHLJQLV LQ GHU 9HUNQGLJXQJ -HVX LQ GHU 7KHRORJLHGHV 3DXOXV XQG LP 2VWHUJHVFKHKHQµ LQ Zum hermeneutischen Problem in der Theologie: Die existentiale Interpretation 7ELQJHQ -&% 0RKU >3DXO 6LHEHFN@   6HH 'DOIHUWK ´WKH FDWHJRU\ RI ZRUGHYHQW«WKXV EHFRPHVWKHIXQGDPHQWDOPRGHORIWKRXJKWIRUKHUPHQHXWLFDOWKHRORJ\µRadical Theology   7KLVDQGWKHSUHYLRXVTXRWDWLRQDUHWDNHQIURP)XFKV·FRQWULEXWLRQWRDfestschrift IRU %XOWPDQQ 6HH (ULFK'LQNOHU HG Zeit und Geschichte: Dankesgabe an Rudolf Bultmann zum 80. Geburtstag7ELQJHQ0RKU ²  6HH)XFKVZum hermeneutischen Problem in der Theologie²

B. The critique of Bultmann and the development of the Sprachereignis concept



OLNH WKHVH WKH QDWXUH RI )XFKV· FULWLTXH EHJLQV WR FRPH LQWR IRFXV )RU LI %XOWPDQQFRQVWDQWO\VSHDNVRIWKHLQWHUUHODWHGQHVVRINQRZOHGJHDQGIDLWKKH FDQDOVRGHILQHWKHQDWXUHRIIDLWK·VNQRZOHGJHLQSX]]OLQJZD\V +HDULQJ>WKHZRUG@LVQRWDTXHVWLRQRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDSDUWLFXODUFRQWHQW1RWLPHOHVVYDOXH LVGLVFORVHG LQ WKH:RUGZKLFKFDQEHSHUFHLYHGSRVVHVVHGDQG WKHQWUDQVPLWWHG«-HVXV GRHVQRWEULQJ>WKHGLVFLSOHV@DJQRVLVZKLFKFRPPXQLFDWHVLQIRUPDWLRQDQGKLVIROORZHUV GR QRW DSSO\ WR KLP DV WR D WHDFKHU RU KLHURSKDQW for NQRZOHGJH WKH\ FRPHWR him )8  

/DWHULQWHUSUHWLQJ-RKQ%XOWPDQQFDQZULWH 2IFRXUVHWKH¶WUXWK·LVQRWUDWLRQDONQRZOHGJHQRUGRFWULQHEXWLVWKHRSHQQHVVWKHUHDOLW\ RI *RG«WKHNQRZLQJ LV QRW LQWHOOHFWXDO QRU RI FRXUVH LV LW P\VWLFDO ,W LV DQ H[LVWHQWLDO NQRZLQJ QRW WR EH WHVWHG E\ REMHFWLYH REVHUYDWLRQ DQG LQYHVWLJDWLQJ VFUXWLQ\ EXW E\ UHDOLW\«2QHGRHVQRWJRWR>-HVXV@IRUWKHVDNHRINQRZOHGJHRQHFRPHVWRhim…  )DLWKWKHUHIRUHis NQRZOHGJH«7KLVNQRZOHGJHLVWKHUHIRUHQRWWKHFRPSUHKHQVLRQRIWKH PHDQLQJRIDSDUWLFXODUFRQWHQW\HWLWLVWUXO\LQDGLIIHUHQWVHQVHDQunderstanding²WKDW LVDVWKH¶IXOOMR\·«LWLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJas WKHself-understanding LQZKLFKRQHFRPSUHKHQGV WKH5HYHDOHUDQGRQH·VVHOI7KHUHLVQRIXUWKHUQHHGWRTXHVWLRQ«)8² 

5LFRHXUDQG (EHOLQJZLOOKDYH SUHSDUHGXV WRVHH WKHFRQFHUQKHUH )DLWK is NQRZOHGJH%XOWPDQQVD\VEXWLWLV´QRWWKHFRPSUHKHQVLRQRI«DSDUWLFXODU FRQWHQWµ ,W LV LQVWHDG DQ ´H[LVWHQWLDO NQRZLQJµ D SHUVRQDO HQFRXQWHU ZLWK -HVXV +HUH %XOWPDQQ DGYDQFHV WKH LGHD WKDW DOO ODQJXDJH UHTXLULQJ ´FRQFHSWXDO FRQWHQWµ LV REMHFWLI\LQJ EXW IDLWK LV QRW EHFDXVH LW LV SHUVRQDO HQFRXQWHU DQG LQ SHUVRQDO HQFRXQWHU WKHUH LV QR ´QHHG WR TXHVWLRQµ LQ WKH ODQJXDJHRIFRQFHSWXDOFRQWHQW 7KHREYLRXVTXHVWLRQLVZKDWVRUWRINQRZOHGJH%XOWPDQQLVGHVFULELQJLI LQGHHGKHLVGHVFULELQJNQRZOHGJHDWDOO)RURQHWKLQJLWLVKDUGWRVHHKRZ RQHFRXOGSUHVHUYHWKH¶LQWHQWLRQDOLW\RIIDLWK·LIWKHUHLVnoFRJQLWLYHFRQWHQW DQFKRULQJLWWR-HVXVDVLWVREMHFW+RZZRXOG,NQRZLI,KDGKDGDQHQFRXQWHU ZLWK-HVXVZLWKRXWVRPHNLQGRIFRQFHSWXDORULQWHOOHFWXDODFNQRZOHGJHPHQW HYHQWDFLW WKDWLWLV-HVXV,KDYHHQFRXQWHUHG"$OOWKLVEHDUVQRWRQO\RQWKH FRQFHUQV ZH·YH DOUHDG\ VHHQ UDLVHG E\ (EHOLQJ DQG 5LFRHXU EXW RQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ )XFKV· WZR FRQFHUQV DERYH LI IDLWK GRHV H[LVW LQ D GLPHQVLRQ RI KXPDQH[SHULHQFH LQVXODWHG IURPFRQFHSWXDOFRQWHQWLWZRXOG VHHP DOVR WREH LQVXODWHGIURPDQ\ ODQJXDJHWKDWPLJKWGHVFULEHLW)RU WKH VDPHUHDVRQLWZRXOGVHHPWRUHTXLUHDQDFFRXQWRIKXPDQH[LVWHQFHLQZKLFK LQGLYLGXDOVUHWDLQVRPHSULYDWHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHLUSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHZKLFK LVWKRURXJKO\LPSHQHWUDEOHWRRWKHUV6XFKDUHVLGXDOO\&DUWHVLDQDFFRXQWRI   %XOWPDQQ ZDV FULWLFL]HG IRU VHHNLQJ WR JR ´EHKLQG ODQJXDJH WRVRPHUHDOLW\ EH\RQG ODQJXDJHµLQFRQWUDVWODWHUWKLQNHUVDVVHUWHGWKDW´WKHKXPDQVHOILVQRWWKHUHIHUHQFHSRLQW DQGIXOFUXPRIDOOXQGHUVWDQGLQJEXWLVLWVHOIFRQVWLWXWHGWKURXJKDFKDLQRIRFFXUUHQFHVWKH RFFXUUHQFH RI FRQYHUVDWLRQ RU WUDGLWLRQ $OO WKLV WDNHV SODFH SULPDULO\ LQ DQG WKURXJK



Chapter 1: Sprachereignisse among the Hermeneutical Theologians

KXPDQOLIHZRXOGQRWRQO\KDUGO\VHHPFRQJHQLDOIRUDWKLQNHUOLNH%XOWPDQQ QRXULVKHG E\ VXFK ORQJ GLDORJXH ZLWK +HLGHJJHU EXW ZRXOG DOVR VWDQG LQ REYLRXV LQFRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK KLV FRPPLWPHQW WR WKH LQWHOOLJLELOLW\ DQG WUXWKIXOQHVVRI WKH&KULVWLDQIDLWK0\HUV&RQJGRQ5LFRHXUDQGRWKHUVDUH H[DFWO\ ULJKW WR UHMHFW FKDUJHV WKDW %XOWPDQQ LV XOWLPDWHO\ D )HXHUEDFKLDQ VXEMHFWLYLVW7RUHDG%XOWPDQQZLWKDQRXQFHRIV\PSDWK\LVWRKHDUKLVXUJHQW FRQFHUQDERXWWKHREMHFWLYHWUXWKRI&KULVWLDQSURFODPDWLRQ´,GRQRWZDQWWR NQRZZKHWKHURUQRWP\IDLWKLVWKHKLJKHVWDQGXQVXUSDVVDEOHIRUPRIUHOLJLRXV OLIH,VLPSO\ZDQWWRNQRZZKHWKHURUQRWZKDW,EHOLHYHLVWUXHµ:,7  %XW)XFKVDQG(EHOLQJDVZHOODVRWKHULQWHUSUHWHUVOLNH5LFRHXUDQG5REHUW -HQVRQ DUHDOVRULJKWWRSRLQWWRDQXQUHVROYHGWHQVLRQLQ%XOWPDQQFHQWHULQJ DURXQGWKHUROHRIODQJXDJHDQGWKHDELOLW\RIWKH&KULVWLDQWRDSSURSULDWHO\ GHVFULEHRUWKHPDWL]HWKHLUH[SHULHQFHRIUHGHPSWLRQ 7KHPDWWHULVFRPSOLFDWHGEHFDXVHWKHHYLGHQFHLVPL[HG5LFRHXUSRLQWV RXWDWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ%XOWPDQQ·VV\VWHPDWLFZRUNDQGKLVELEOLFDOH[HJHVLVRQ WKLV LVVXH ´+LV >ELEOLFDO@ H[HJHVLV LV PRUH RSSRVHG WR 'LOWKH\ WKDQ KLV >V\VWHPDWLF@KHUPHQHXWLFVµKHZULWHVPRUHRSSRVHGWKDWLVWRDELIXUFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ REMHFWLI\LQJ H[SODQDWLRQ RQ RQH KDQG DQG QRQREMHFWLI\LQJ XQGHUVWDQGLQJRQWKHRWKHU7KHFRQFUHWHGHPDQGVRILQWHUSUHWLQJELEOLFDOWH[WV UHTXLUHVPRUHGHWDLOHGHQJDJHPHQWQRWRQO\ZLWKOLPLWDWLRQVRIP\WKRORJLFDO RUREMHFWLI\LQJ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI *RGEXWZLWKHYDQJHOLFDO DQG NHU\JPDWLF RQHV DQG D PRUH IUDQN DFNQRZOHGJPHQW RI WKH ZD\ WKHVH DUH VRPHWLPHV LQWHUWZLQHG6RLQKLVTheology of the New Testament, IRULQVWDQFH%XOWPDQQ FDQVLPSO\VD\WKDW´LWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRGLVWLQJXLVKLQDFXWDQGGULHGZD\ EHWZHHQWKH1HZ7HVWDPHQW·VNHU\JPDWLFVHQWHQFHVDQGLWVWKHRORJLFDO>LH REMHFWLI\LQJ@RQHVµ7KHVHVWDWHPHQWVVWDQGLQVRPHWHQVLRQZLWKKLVHDUOLHU RQHVDERXWWKHODFNRIFRQFHSWXDOFRQWHQWDWWHQGLQJIDLWKDQGZHFDQVHHKRZ WKH\PLJKWJLYHULVHWRFRQFHUQVDERXWDODFNRIDWWHQWLRQWRWKHSprachlichkeit RIKXPDQQDWXUHDQGLWVUHODWLRQWRWKHNHU\JPD ,W·VLPSRUWDQWWRVHHLQLQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHVHFULWLFLVPVWKDWQHLWKHU)XFKVQRU (EHOLQJDUULYHGDWWKHVHNLQGRIZRUULHVDERXW%XOWPDQQ·VWKHRORJLFDOSURMHFW RQKLVRZQWKH\ZHUHDWOHDVWLQSDUWWKHUHVXOWRISDUDOOHOGHYHORSPHQWVLQ SKLORVRSKLFDOSKHQRPHQRORJ\7KH\FRPHLQWRIRFXVSDUWLFXODUO\FOHDUO\LQWKH VKLIWIURPWKHHDUO\WRODWHU+HLGHJJHU7KLVLVQRWWRFODLP+HLGHJJHUZDVWKH RQO\SKLORVRSKHUZKRLQIOXHQFHGWKLVVKLIWRUWKHRQO\RQHZKRLQIOXHQFHGWKH 1HZ +HUPHQHXWLF ² PHUHO\ WKDW KLV WKRXJKW SURYLGHV D FOHDU DQG LPSRUWDQW LQVWDQFHRI WKLV LQIOXHQFHHVSHFLDOO\ DVZHZLOOVHH JLYHQ KLV LQIOXHQFH RQ -QJHO :HKDYHDOUHDG\VHHQKRZWKHHDUO\+HLGHJJHURIBeing and Time KDG ODQJXDJH«WKXVODQJXDJHUDWKHUWKDQH[LVWHQFHRUWKHVHOIEHFRPHVWKHSULPDU\IRFXVDQG IUDPHRIUHIHUHQFHIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJµ6HH-DPHV05RELQVRQDQG-RKQ% &REEHGVThe New Hermeneutic1HZ%RWKZRUGV@UHIHUWRWKHFXOWXUDOVLWXDWLRQWKDWFRQGLWLRQVRXUWKLQNLQJDQGVSHDNLQJ«>WKH@ KLVWRULFDO ¶OLIHFRQWH[W· LQ ZKLFK ZH H[LVW JLYHV ULVH WR D VSHFLILF ¶ZRUOGSLFWXUH· WKDW SURYLGHVWKHHVVHQWLDOOHQVLHWKHFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUN WKURXJKZKLFKZHLQWHUDFWZLWK WKHZRUOGDURXQGXV7R WUDQVODWHIURP RQH Weltbild WR DQRWKHULV WKHUHIRUH WR PRYH IURP RQH Lebenszusammenhang WR DQRWKHU ,W JRHV ZLWKRXW VD\LQJ WKDW WKHVH ZRUOGSLFWXUHV RU OLIHFRQWH[WVDUHQRWVWDWLFHVVHQWLDOLVWFDWHJRULHVWKH\GRQRWKDYHDSUHGHWHUPLQHGFRQWHQW QRUFDQRQHPDSWKHPRQWRIL[HGVHWVRISHRSOH«WKH\DUHLQWULQVLFDOO\IOXLGDQGPDOOHDEOH FDWHJRULHVRSHQWRWKHFRQWLQJHQF\RIKLVWRU\ 



7KHVHWH[WVERWKHQJDJHWKHLGHDRIWUXWKDVLQWHUUXSWLRQZLWKSDUWLFXODUFODULW\EXWWKH WKHPHRILQWHUUXSWLRQLVQRWH[FOXVLYHWRWKHVHWZREULHIWH[WV6HHHJ(VVD\V²  6HH-QJHO·VGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHVHWKUHH´IXQGDPHQWDOUHODWLRQVµLQ(VVD\V +HFDQDOVRGLYLGHWKHFDWHJRU\RI¶ZRUOG·LQWRWZRFDWHJRULHV¶VRFLDO·ZRUOGDQG¶QDWXUDO· ZRUOGWRPXFKWKHVDPHHIIHFW0DO\V]Trinity, Freedom, and Love ²   %XOWPDQQ·V  HVVD\ ´7KH 3UREOHP RI +HUPHQHXWLFVµ IRU LQVWDQFH GHVFULEHV 'LOWKH\·V KHUPHQHXWLFV E\ VD\LQJ ´HYHU\ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LQFOXGHV D SDUWLFXODU SUHXQGHUVWDQGLQJQDPHO\WKDWZKLFKJURZVRXWRIWKHOLIHFRQWH[W>Lebenszusammenhang@ WRZKLFKWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHUEHORQJVµ6HH&RQJGRQMission of Demythologizing, &I ´'DV3UREOHPGHU+HUPHQHXWLNµLQGlauben und Verstehen ²  &RQJGRQ0LVVLRQRI'HP\WKRORJL]LQJ

D. Truth as interruption



7KLV EDFNJURXQG WR ¶/HEHQV]XVDPPHQKDQJ· VXJJHVWV WKDW LWV (QJOLVK WUDQVODWLRQ ¶FRQWLQXLW\ RI OLIH· ZKLOH DFFXUDWH IDLOV WR FDSWXUH DOO WKH UHVRQDQFHVRIWKHWHUP7UDQVODWLQJWKHWHUPDV¶OLIHFRQWLQXLW\·ULJKWO\SOD\V XSLWVWHPSRUDODVSHFWVZKLFKDUHLPSRUWDQWVLQFH-QJHODIWHUDOOHQYLVLRQV WUXWKDVWKHinterruption RIOLIH·VFRQWLQXLW\ %XWLWGRHVQRWFDSWXUHLWVVRFLDO DVSHFWV ZKDW LV EHLQJ LQWHUUXSWHG LV QRW DQ DEVWUDFW WHPSRUDO SURFHVVLRQ WKURXJK D EODQG IHDWXUHOHVV H[LVWHQFH EXW D QDUUDWLYH MRXUQH\ WKURXJK D PHDQLQJIXO ZRUOG FRORUHG ZLWK UHODWLRQVKLSV FXVWRPV DQG FRPPLWPHQWV 7KDWLVWKHLebenszusammenhangWKDW-QJHOSLFWXUHVWUXWKDVLQWHUUXSWLQJ $VZLWKSUHYLRXVIRFDOLPDJHVIRUWUXWK-QJHO·VPDLQIRFXVLVGLVWLQFWLYHO\ WKHRORJLFDO +LV SRLQW LV WKDW WKH GHDWK DQG UHVXUUHFWLRQ RI -HVXV &KULVW FRQVWLWXWH DQ HVFKDWRORJLFDO LQWHUUXSWLRQ par excellence VHH 7/  %XW RQFH DJDLQKHJRHVRXWRIKLVZD\WRFODULI\WKDWWKHGLVWLQFWLYHO\WKHRORJLFDOHYHQW RI WUXWK KDV VHFXODU DQDORJXHV 7KH LQWHUUXSWLRQ RI OLIH·V FRQWLQXLW\ -QJHO VD\VQHHGQRWQHFHVVDULO\KDYHWKHRORJLFDOIRUP7KHUHLVVXFKDWKLQJDVWKH ´generalH[SHULHQFHRIHOHPHQWDOLQWHUUXSWLRQRIWKHFRQWLQXLW\RIOLIHµLWDOLFV PLQH  ,QGHHG -QJHO VD\V ´ZH KDYH WKLV NLQG RI H[SHULHQFH LQ HDFK RFFXUUHQFHRIHFVWDV\«LQWHQVHSDLQ>RU@LQWHQVHMR\µ6XFKHYHQWV²ZKLFKDV -QJHOSRLQWVRXWDUHDOLNHLQIUHTXHQWO\SURYRNLQJFULHVRIGHOLJKWRUSDLQ² ´JLYH YRLFH WR WKH IDFW WKDW VRPHWKLQJ KDV VWHSSHG LQ EHWZHHQ PH DQG P\VHOI«>WKH\@ LQGLFDWH D VLPLODU HOHPHQWDO LQWHUUXSWLRQ RI WKH UHODWLRQV LQ ZKLFKWKHKXPDQ,UHODWHVWRKLPRUKHUVHOIµ  $JDLQ LWPLJKW KHOS WRDGGVRPHIOHVKWR-QJHO·VVNHOHWDOH[DPSOHV:H PLJKWLPDJLQHIRULQVWDQFHWKHELUWKRIDSDUHQW·VILUVWFKLOGDVDQH[SHULHQFH RILQWHQVHMR\RUWKHXQH[SHFWHGGHDWKRIRQH·VVSRXVHDVDQLQVWDQFHRILQWHQVH SDLQ,QFDVHVOLNHWKHVHWKHZKROHLebenszusammenhangRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOLV GLVUXSWHG7KHUHODWLRQVWKDWPDNHXSP\OLIH²P\UHODWLRQVKLSWRRWKHUVP\ UHODWLRQVKLSWR*RGLI,KDYHRQH DQGFHUWDLQO\P\UHODWLRQVKLSWRP\VHOI² EHFRPHUDGLFDOO\GLIIHUHQW7RWDNHRQO\WKHPRVWREYLRXVH[DPSOHVLQWKHILUVW FDVHRQHZLOOQRZUHODWHWRRQHVHOIDVDSDUHQWZKLOHLQWKHODWWHUVDGGHUFDVH RQH ZLOO QRZ UHODWH WR RQHVHOI DV D ZLGRZHU ,Q WKHVH FDVHV -QJHO VD\V ´VRPHWKLQJVWHSVLQEHWZHHQPHDQGP\VHOIµP\UHODWLRQVKLSWRP\VHOIP\ VHQVH RI ZKR , DP LV GLVUXSWHG 7KLQN RI WKH GHHS GLVRULHQWDWLRQ DQG UH HYDOXDWLRQ WKDW SDUHQWKRRGRIWHQHYRNHV 2QH·V GHHSHVWSULRULWLHVDQG SODQV DQGZLWKWKHPRQH·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



Chapter 2: From Adaequatio to Ereignis

DOVR DIIHFWV P\ UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK RWKHUV 6LPLODUO\ LQ KLV HVVD\ ´(YHQ WKH %HDXWLIXO0XVW'LHµ-QJHOXVHVWKHLGHDRILQWHUUXSWLRQDVDQLQWHUSUHWLYHNH\ IRUDHVWKHWLFH[SHULHQFH-QJHOGHSLFWVWKHHQFRXQWHUZLWKDEHDXWLIXOZRUNRI DUWDVWKDWZKLFKLQWHUUXSWVERWKWKHOLIHFRQWH[WLQZKLFKLWDULVHVDQGWKDWLQ ZKLFKWKHYLHZHUVWDQGV ´%\LQWHUUXSWLQJWKHSUHYLRXVIUDPHZRUNRIUHDOLW\ DQGWKHUHE\GHQ\LQJLWWKHULJKWWREHWKHILQDODQGWUXHUHDOLW\WKHEHDXWLIXO JLYHVWKHODWWHUUHIHUHQFHWRDIXWXUHWRDIXWXUHZKLFKPDNHVZKROHZKLFKLV UHSUHVHQWHGLQDQDQWLFLSDWRU\ZD\LQWKHEHDXWLIXOLWVHOIµ(VVD\V²  $VWKHVHH[DPSOHVVXJJHVWZLWKWKHPRWLIRILQWHUUXSWLRQ-QJHORQFHDJDLQ SUHVVHVWRZDUGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWUXWKDVDQHYHQW2FFXUUHQFHVOLNHWKHELUWK RI DFKLOG RUWKHGHDWKRIDVSRXVH RIFRXUVHWDNH SODFHLQ WLPH ,QGHHG ZH PLJKWVD\WKH\DUHHYHQWVin WLPHWKDWLQWHUUXSWWKHFRXUVHof WLPH$SDUHQW PLJKWODXJKDQGVD\¶RIFRXUVH WKDWZDVEHIRUH,KDGNLGV·DQG DZLGRZHU PLJKWVPLOHVDGO\DQGVD\¶RIFRXUVHWKDWZDVEHIRUH\RXUPRPSDVVHGDZD\· )XUWKHUPRUHWUXWKHYHQWVRIWKLVVRUWDUHWHPSRUDOLQWKDWWKH\JUDQWWLPHMXVW OLNH PHWDSKRUV DQG DGGUHVV RSHQ D IXWXUH IRU WKHLU KHDUHUV VR WRR WKH LQWHUUXSWLRQRIRXULebenszusammenhangIRUFHVXVWRUHHYDOXDWHZKRZHDUH RXU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK RWKHUV DQG WKH JRDOV DQG SXUSRVHV RI RXU OLYHV ,Q DGGLWLRQKLVDFFRXQWRIWUXWKDVLQWHUUXSWLRQH[KLELWVDVWULNLQJO\VLPLODUIRUPDO VWUXFWXUHWRWKHRWKHUWZRIRFDOLPDJHVZHKDYHH[DPLQHG,QDOOWKUHHFDVHVD SULRUWHPSRUDOHYHQWHQDEOHVWUXWKXQGHUVWRRGDVadaequatioWRILUVWEHPDGH SRVVLEOH 7KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WUXWK DV FRQIRUPLW\ UDLVHV D IXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHP IRU LWVHOI LQ WKDW VRPHWKLQJOLNHWKHFRQIRUPLW\RIintellectus et reiLVE\QRPHDQVFRPSUHKHQVLEOHLQDQGRI LWVHOI«LQ WKHFRQWH[WRI ILQLWHEHLQJVSUHFLVHO\WKLVWRRLVDQHOHPHQWDO LQWHUUXSWLRQ WKDW DPRQJDOOEHLQJVRQHEHLQJQDPHO\WKHKXPDQFDQNQRZRWKHUEHLQJVLQVRIDUDVRQHFDQ EULQJRQH·VWKLQNLQJRQH·VintellectusLQWRFRQIRUPLW\ZLWKWKDWZKLFKLVWREHNQRZQWKH res ,Q RUGHU IRU WKHUH WR EH D FRQIRUPLW\ RI PLQG DQG WKLQJ WKHUH PXVW ILUVW EH D FRQIURQWDWLRQRIPLQGDQGWKLQJRIWKHNQRZLQJEHLQJDQGWKHWKLQJWREHNQRZQ:LWKRXW VXFKDFRQIURQWDWLRQ WKHEHLQJ ZRXOG QHYHU EH discovered as itself DQG GLVFRYHU\ ZRXOG KDSSHQ RQO\ LQ WKH EUXWLVK VHQVH LQ ZKLFK IRU H[DPSOH D FDW GLVFRYHUV D PRXVH (VVD\V LWDOLFVRULJLQDO 

/HW XV OLQJHU DW WKLV RDVLV RI H[HPSOLILFDWLRQ LQ WKH GHVHUW RI -QJHOLDQ DEVWUDFWLRQ:KHQDFDWGLVFRYHUVVWDONVDQGNLOOVDPRXVHLQRQHVHQVHWKH FDWKDVGLVFRYHUHGVRPHWKLQJDERXWWKHPRXVHDWOHDVWHQRXJKWRNLOOLW%XW KDVLWUHDOO\¶GLVFRYHUHG·LWLQDPRUHIXOORUEHGVHQVHRIWKDWWHUP"1RVD\V -QJHOWKHPRXVHKDVQRWEHHQ ´GLVFRYHUHGDVLWVHOIµLELG 7KHFDWVWDONHG DQG NLOOHG WKH PRXVH ZLWK FROG HIILFLHQF\ EXW LWV EHKDYLRU ODFNHG DQ\ GLPHQVLRQ RI WKRXJKWIXOQHVV RI UHIOHFWLYH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ WKDW PLJKW LPSDFW HLWKHULWVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHPRXVHRULWVHOI ThisNLQGRIGLVFRYHU\-QJHO WKLQNVLVGLVWLQFWLYHO\KXPDQ3ULRUWRWKHKXPDQFDSDFLW\IRUIUDPLQJWUXWKDV DPDWWHURIadaequatioLVWKHKXPDQFDSDFLW\WREHVWDUWOHGWRKDYHRQH·VOLIH FRQWLQXLW\ LQWHUUXSWHG 7KH VKRFN RI GLVFRYHULQJ P\ XQFOH·V IDWDO LOOQHVV

D. Truth as interruption



PRWLYDWHVPHWRH[SORUHLWVSUHFLVHQDWXUHLQRUGHUWRKHOSRWKHUVWKHVKRFNRI GLVFRYHULQJ WKDW RWKHUVMXGJHPHEDVHGRQ WKH FRORURI P\VNLQDQGQRW P\ SHUVRQDOLW\PRWLYDWHVPHWRJUHDWHUSROLWLFDOHQJDJHPHQW -QJHOLPPHGLDWHO\JRHVRQWRH[SOLFLWO\FODULI\ZKDWWKHVHH[DPSOHVWDFLWO\ VXJJHVWWKHFRQIURQWDWLRQRIPLQGDQGWKLQJZKLFKPDNHSRVVLEOHWKHLUWUXWKIXO FRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHDULQWXUQDQHFHVVDU\FRQQHFWLRQWRQHJDWLRQDQGQRQEHLQJ 6RPHWKLQJ FRXQWV DV DQ ¶LQWHUUXSWLRQ· LQ -QJHO·V VHQVH LI LW H[SRVHV WKH LQWHUUXSWHGRQH WRQRQEHLQJRUQRWKLQJQHVV LQVRPH ZD\ ´$OORXU NQRZLQJ LQYROYHVDQH[SHULHQFHRIGHDWKµ7/ 7KLVSUHVXPDEO\KHOSVH[SODLQZK\ WKHNLQGVRIH[LVWHQWLDOSKHQRPHQDLQGLFDWHGDERYHELUWKGHDWKHWF TXDOLI\ DV DQ LQWHUUXSWLRQ EXW WKH FDW·V GLVFRYHU\ RI WKH PRXVH GRHV QRW 7KH ODWWHU IHDWXUHVQRUHDOPRPHQWRIWKRXJKWIXOQHVVRUUHIOHFWLRQEXWDOVRQRPRPHQWRI QHJDWLYLW\RUQRQEHLQJDWOHDVWIRUWKHFDW 7KHFDW·VVRPDWLFH[LVWHQFHLVQRW DW VWDNH LWV VHOIFRQFHSWLRQ LI LW KDV VXFK D WKLQJ  LV QRW FKDOOHQJHG RU UHRULHQWHG:KHQRQH·VVSRXVHGLHVRUZKHQWKHELUWKRIDFKLOGFDXVHVRQHWR ¶SXWWRGHDWK·DORQJVWDQGLQJVHOIFRQFHSWLRQRUVHWRIFRPPLWPHQWVWKLQJV DUHGLIIHUHQW-QJHODSSURYLQJO\DQGWHOOLQJO\TXRWHV+HJHO·VPhenomenology of SpiritLQWKLVFRQQHFWLRQ´WKHVSLULW¶RQO\ZLQVWRLWVWUXWKZKHQLWILQGVLWVHOI XWWHUO\WRUQDVXQGHU·VRWKDWGHDWKFDQEHVLJQLILHGDVQRWKLQJOHVVWKDQ¶WKH HQHUJ\RIWKRXJKW·µLELGDOVRTXRWHGLQ7/  ,WLVLQWKLVVWUXJJOHWKDW ERWKWKHGDQJHUDQGFUHDWLYHSRZHURILQWHUUXSWLRQEHFRPHFOHDU 7KHKXPDQSHUVRQLVZKHUHWKHFRQWLQXLW\RIEHLQJLVVRLQWHUUXSWHGWKDWLQWKHIDFHRIWKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI QRQEHLQJ WKHUH RFFXUV WKH GLVFORVLYH FRQIURQWDWLRQ RI EHLQJV WKURXJK WKH KXPDQSHUVRQ+HUHODQJXDJHDQGWKRXJKWKDYHWKHLURULJLQ+HUHDFWXDOLW\EHFRPHVUHDOO\ SHUFHSWLEOH UHFRJQL]DEOH DQG H[SUHVVLEOH«WKLV GLVFORVLYH FRQIURQWDWLRQ JURXQGHG LQ WKH LQWHUUXSWLRQRIWKHFRQWLQXLW\RIEHLQJPDNHVWKHKXPDQSHUVRQWKDWanimal rationaleZKR LQNQRZOHGJHDQGWKRXJKWFDQFRQIRUPKLVRUKHUPLQGWRZKDWLVWREHNQRZQ>adaequatio

 7KH QRG WR +HJHO·V Phenomenology LQWURGXFHV WKH WDQWDOL]LQJ SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW ZKDW -QJHOLVWU\LQJWRLQFRUSRUDWHLQWRKLVDFFRXQWRIWUXWKZLWKWKHODQJXDJHRI¶LQWHUUXSWLRQ·LV VRPHWKLQJVLPLODUWRZKDW+HJHOFDOOV¶QHJDWLYLW\·¶1HJDWLYLW\·LVWKHQDPH+HJHOJLYHVWR WKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKDQHSLVWHPRORJLFDODQGQRUPDWLYHVWDQGSRLQWLVXQGHUPLQHGRYHUWLPH E\FRQWUDGLFWLRQVRUSUREOHPVLPPDQHQWWRLW+LVPhenomenology LVLQWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHD QDUUDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\VXFKVWDQGSRLQWVH[SHULHQFHDQHJDWLYLW\WKDWFDXVHVWKHPWRFDOOLQWR TXHVWLRQLQVSHFLILFZD\VWKHLURYHUDOOSRLQWRIYLHZ+HJHO·VIDPRXVFODLPLQWKHSUHIDFH WR WKHPhenomenology WKDW´WKHWUXHLV WKHZKROHµ† DPRXQWVRQWKLVVKRZLQJWR WKH FODLP WKDW UDWKHU WKDQ VLPSO\ EHLQJ IRXQG LQ D SRWHQWLDOO\ DWHPSRUDO  FRUUHVSRQGHQFH EHWZHHQ VXEMHFW DQG REMHFW WKH WUXWK LV D SURFHVV RI ZRUNLQJ WKURXJK WKH QHJDWLYLW\ RI YDULRXV LQDGHTXDWH IRUPDWLRQV RI FRQVFLRXVQHVV DQG VR ILQDOO\ FRPLQJ WR DQ DGHTXDWH VWDQGDUG RI NQRZOHGJH 6HH *:) +HJHO Phenomenology of Spirit WUDQV $9  0LOOHU 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV   )RU UHDGLQJV RI +HJHO WKDW DUWLFXODWH WKLV SHUVSHFWLYH VHH 7HUU\  3LQNDUG Hegel's Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV   ² -HIIUH\ 6WRXW ´:KDW ,V ,W 7KDW $EVROXWH.QRZLQJ.QRZV"µJournal of Religion QR ² 



Chapter 2: From Adaequatio to Ereignis

intellectus ad rem@ DQG WKHUHE\ DOVR FRQIRUP WKH WKLQJ WR WKH PLQG >adaequatio rei ad intellectum@(VVD\V 

7KHGLVFORVLYHFRQIURQWDWLRQmakes WKHKXPDQSHUVRQWKHUDWLRQDODQLPDOWKH\ DUH²WKDWLVPDNHVWKHPWKHFUHDWXUHWKDWFDQ´FRQIRUPKLVRUKHUPLQGWRZKDW LV WR EH NQRZQµ 2QO\ ZKHQ VRPHWKLQJ EUHDNV WKURXJK RXU XQUHIOHFWLYH LPPHUVLRQLQWKHURXWLQHVRIGDLO\OLIHZKHQLWFRQIURQWVXVZLWKDQLQWHUUXSWLRQ WKDWVLJQDOVQRQEHLQJFDQLWHYHQVKRZXSDVDFDQGLGDWHIRUDQ adaequatio UHODWLRQ -QJHO GRHV QRW SXW WKH SRLQW WKLV ZD\ EXW ZH PLJKW GUDZ RXW WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI KLV SRLQW RI YLHZ E\ QRWLQJ WKDW HYHQ LQ WKH DSSDUHQWO\ FRPPRQVHQVLFDO YLHZ RI WUXWK DV FRUUHVSRQGHQFH EHWZHHQ LQWHOOHFW DQG res KXPDQDJHQWVKDYHWRVHOHFWSDUWLFXODUVWDWHVRIDIIDLUVWRVFUXWLQL]HDVWRWKHLU YHUDFLW\²VHOHFWLRQVWKDWDUHDIIHFWHGE\WKHSDUWLFXODUSURMHFWVDQGSXUSRVHV RI WKH DJHQWV LQ TXHVWLRQ $IWHU DOO ZH DUH DOO FRQVWDQWO\ VXUURXQGHG E\ LQQXPHUDEOH VWDWHV RI DIIDLUV WKDW FRXOG EH IRUPXODWHG DQG UHIRUPXODWHG LQ LQQXPHUDEOHZD\V¶,DPVLWWLQJRQWKLVFRXFK·¶7KLVFRXFKLVH[DFWO\LQFKHV IURPWKHFHQWHURIWKLVURRP·¶7KLVURRPLVORFDWHGDWGHJUHHVODWLWXGHDQG GHJUHHVORQJLWXGH·DUHDOOFDQGLGDWHVIRU adaequatioUHODWLRQVFDSDEOHRI EHLQJHPSLULFDOO\WHVWHG%XWQRERG\LVFRQFHUQHGDERXWWKHPEHFDXVHWKH\DUH QRW VDOLHQW 7KH ZD\ WKLQJV VKRZ XS IRU XV DV VDOLHQW -QJHO VXJJHVWV LV WKURXJKDQLQWHUUXSWLYHHQFRXQWHUZLWKQRQEHLQJ 7KLV DFFRXQW RI WUXWK DV LQWHUUXSWLRQ PLJKW VHHP WR IOLUW ZLWK SDUDGR[ LI WUXWKLVWKHLQWHUUXSWLRQRIRXUOLIHFRQWH[WDQGVXFKLQWHUUXSWLRQVLQYROYHDQ HQFRXQWHU ZLWK GHDWK RU QRQEHLQJ LQ ZKLFK VRPH WUXWK ZH KDG SUHYLRXVO\ WDNHQIRUJUDQWHGWXUQVRXWWREHGLIIHUHQWWKDQZHKDGEHOLHYHGLVQRW-QJHO LGHQWLI\LQJWUXWKZLWKIDOVHKRRG",VZKDW-QJHOFDOOV¶WUXWK·LQIDFWWKHVDPH DV WKH H[SHULHQFH RI GLVFRYHULQJ RQHVHOI WR EH LQ HUURU" -QJHO SUHVHUYHV KLPVHOIIURPVXFKDPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJE\FODULI\LQJWKDWLQWHUUXSWLRQVDVKH XQGHUVWDQGV WKHP DOZD\V JR RQ WR EHQHILW RXU OLIHPLOLHX ,I ´WKH &KULVWLDQ FRQFHSWRIWUXWKLPSOLHVWKHFRQFHSWRIFULVLVµZHFDQQRWWKLQNRI¶FULVLV·DVD SXUHO\ QHJDWLYH   ´,QWHUUXSWLRQ LV QRW DQ HQG LQ LWVHOIµ KH VD\V 7KH LQWHUUXSWLRQRIRXUOLIHFRQWH[WSURPSWV´DWWHQWLYHQHVVDQGGLVFRYHU\µZKLFK DUH LQ WXUQ ´WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV QRW WKH SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ  RI HYHQWV DQG HQFRXQWHUVZKLFKLQWHUUXSWµ7/ 7KLVDWWHQWLYHQHVVDQGGLVFRYHU\OHDGV LQWXUQWRWUXWKVWDWHPHQWVRIFRUUHVSRQGHQFH:HUXQDQH[SHULPHQWZKLFK VXUSULVLQJO\GRHVQRWUHWXUQWKHH[SHFWHGUHVXOWVWKLVVXUSULVHSURPSWVPHWR VFUXWLQL]HWKHHYLGHQFHPRUHFDUHIXOO\DQGDUWLFXODWHDWKHRU\WKDWGRHVEHWWHU MXVWLFHWRLW 7KLV´UHVWRUHVWKHLQWHUUXSWHGFRQWLQXLW\RIEHLQJPDNLQJLWQHZHU DQGULFKHUWKDQEHIRUH$VLQWHUUXSWLRQWUXWKLVHQKDQFHPHQWRIWKHLQWHUUXSWHG FRQWLQXLW\µ  -XVWDVQHZPHWDSKRUVHQKDQFH RXU OLIH E\PDNLQJQHZ ZD\V RI VHHLQJ DQG H[SUHVVLQJ WKH ZRUOG SRVVLEOH VR LQWHUUXSWLRQ RI RXU

E. Conclusion



FRQWLQXLW\RIOLIHXOWLPDWHO\PDNHVQHZPRUHDSSURSULDWHFRPSRUWPHQWLQWKH ZRUOGSRVVLEOH

(&RQFOXVLRQ (&RQFOXVLRQ

+DYLQJ H[DPLQHG DOO WKUHH IRFDO LPDJHV , QRZ ZLOO RIIHU VRPH VXPPDU\ thesenhaftIROORZHGE\DIHZTXHVWLRQV  7KHLPDJHVRIPHWDSKRUDGGUHVVDQGLQWHUUXSWLRQRYHUODSLQWKDWWKH\ DOO FULWLTXH D VLPLODU GHIHFWLYH DFFRXQW RI WUXWK DV -QJHO GHYHORSV LW WKH adaequatioDFFRXQW 7KLVGRHVQRWPHDQWKDW-QJHOLVDQDQWLUHDOLVWDERXW WUXWK ZLOOLQJWR GLVSHQVHFRPSOHWHO\ZLWKDQ\ QRWLRQ RI REMHFWLYLW\5DWKHU -QJHOWULHVWRVKRZZD\VLQZKLFKWUXWKUHVLVWVUHGXFWLRQWRFRUUHVSRQGHQFHRI PLQGDQGWKLQJDQGWKDWWKHadaequatioDFFRXQWLVLWVHOIGHSHQGHQWXSRQODUJHU IUDPHZRUNRQHWKDWEHWWHUGHVHUYHVWREHFDOOHGWUXWKsimpliciter -QJHO·V FULWLTXHRIWKHadaequatioDFFRXQWLVDOZD\VUHODWHGWRKLVHQGRUVHPHQWRIWUXWK DVHYHQW(YHQWVDUHWHPSRUDODQGVR¶KLVWRULFDO·LQWKHVHQVHVSHFLILHGLQWKH LQWURGXFWLRQ,WLVDQHYHQWZKHQDFUHDWLYHPHWDSKRUEULQJVQHZSRVVLELOLWLHV WRP\DFWXDOLW\DQHYHQWZKHQ,DPDGGUHVVHGE\DQRWKHULQP\GHHSHVWEHLQJ DQGDQHYHQWZKHQP\ OLIHFRQWLQXLW\ LV LQWHUUXSWHG  7KLVFULWLTXHRIWKH adaequatio DFFRXQW DQG WKH HYHQW QDWXUH RI WKH ODUJHU IUDPHZRUN KH FRPPHQGVRYHUDJDLQVWLWLVUHODWHGWRDFULWLTXHRIWKHSULRULW\RIGLVLQWHUHVWHG NQRZOHGJH7KHGLYHUVHLPDJHVRIPHWDSKRUDGGUHVVDQGLQWHUUXSWLRQRYHUODS LQWKDWWKH\DUHDOOVHOILQYROYLQJHYHQWVQRRQHZKRWUXO\H[SHULHQFHVWKHPLV VLPSO\DGLVLQWHUHVWHGRQORRNHU (DFKLPDJHEULQJVRXWLQYDULRXVZD\V KRZWKH adaequatio DFFRXQWFXOPLQDWHVLQDQDUWLILFLDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI WKH UHODWLRQVKLSRIODQJXDJHZRUOGDQGVHOI6RPHWLPHVLWLVWKHQDwYHSLFWXUHRI H[LVWLQJREMHFWVWKDWFRPHSDFNDJHGZLWKWKHLUQDPHVVRPHWLPHVWKHVXEMHFW VFUXWLQL]LQJWKHREMHFWZKRODFNVDQ\KLVWRU\RUVRFLDOORFDWLRQVRPHWLPHVWKH VXEMHFWZKRJRHVDURXQGGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUVHQWHQFHVFRUUHVSRQGWRREMHFWV ZKLOHEUDFNHWLQJRXWWKHOLIHFRQWH[WWKDWPDNHVFRUUHVSRQGHQFHUHODWLRQVKLSV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR EHJLQ ZLWK ,Q HDFK FDVH -QJHO FULWLFL]HV D IODWIRRWHG SKLORVRSKLFDOHSLVWHPRORJ\WKDWVWDQGVDWDVWUDQJHGLVWDQFHIURPKRZSHRSOH DFWXDOO\OLYH $QRWKHUWKLQJHDFKLPDJHKDVLQFRPPRQLVWKDWWKH\RSHQD IXWXUHWKH\EHVWRZQHZSRVVLELOLWLHVXSRQDJHQWVHPEHGGHGLQWLPHZLWKRXW VLPSO\IORXWLQJWKHZD\WKLQJVFXUUHQWO\DUH$SHUVRQLVDGGUHVVHGE\DZRUG RIMXGJPHQWRUEHQHGLFWLRQDQGILQGVWKHLUVHOIKRRGFKDQJHGE\WKDWZRUGD SHUVRQUHDOL]HV¶,DPDQDOFRKROLF·DQGIDFHVIRUWKHILUVWWLPHERWKWKHVKRFN DQG JULHI RIDFNQRZOHGJLQJ WKHLUDGGLFWLRQDORQJZLWKQHZ SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU WUHDWPHQWDQGUHFRYHU\ 2QHZD\RIJORVVLQJDOOWKHVHFRPPRQIHDWXUHVLV WKDW -QJHO ZDQWV DQ DFFRXQW RI WUXWK WKDW EUHDNV WKH HSLVWHPRORJLFDO DQG RQWRORJLFDOVRYHUHLJQW\RIWKHNQRZLQJVXEMHFW²WKHPRGHUQVXEMHFW-QJHO ZDQWVWRSXWWKDWVXEMHFWRQWKHLUEDFNIRRWRUWRVZLWFKPHWDSKRUV KHZDQWV

Chapter 2: From Adaequatio to Ereignis



WR SXW WKHP LQ WKH SDVVHQJHU·V VHDW QRW WKH GULYHU·V VHDW :KHWKHU LW·V DQ LQWHUUXSWLYHHQFRXQWHUZLWKQRQEHLQJRUDPHWDSKRUXWWHUHGE\DQRWKHUWKDW VKRZV PH VRPHWKLQJ ,·G SUHYLRXVO\ PLVVHG WKH HPSKDVLV LV RQ D NLQG RI UHFHSWLYLW\DQGSDVVLYLW\WKDWSUHFHGHVDFWLYLW\DQGFRQFHSWXDOFRQVWUXFWLRQ ,QFRQFOXVLRQ,ZLOOSRVHRQHFULWLFDOTXHVWLRQ7KHZRUNZH·YH GRQHLQ FKDSWHU RQH SHUPLWV XV WR VHH -QJHO·V GHSOR\PHQW RI PRWLIV OLNH DGGUHVV PHWDSKRUDQGLQWHUUXSWLRQDVDVHULHVRIIUXLWIXOYDULDWLRQVRQWKHZRUGHYHQW WKHPH+LVVWURQJHPSKDVLVRQWKHWHPSRUDOLW\VRFLDOLW\DQGRUDOLW\RIWUXWK ZRXOGEHHQRXJKWRLQGLFDWHWKLVHYHQLILWZHUHQRWDFFRPSDQLHGE\DIUHTXHQW UHFXUUHQFHWRWKHFDWHJRU\RIEreignis WRIXUWKHUGHYHORSKLVUHIOHFWLRQV 2XUDFTXDLQWDQFHZLWKWKLVEDFNJURXQGDOVRKHOSVXVVHHWKHTXHVWLRQVWKDW -QJHO·V FUHDWLYH DSSURSULDWLRQ RI WKH ZRUGHYHQW PRWLI SRVHV 2QH NH\ TXHVWLRQLVZKR LV WKHVSHDNHULQHYHQWV RIWUXWKZLWK UHJDUGWRDQ\RI RXU IRFDOLPDJHV":KRDGGUHVVHVXV":KRLQWHUUXSWVRXUH[LVWHQFH":KREULQJV WRVSHHFKWKHWUXWKLQPHWDSKRU"-QJHO·VDQVZHUVYDU\ZLGHO\$WWLPHV-QJHO FDQDVVXPHWUXWKLQYROYHVWKHVSHHFKRIRQHSHUVRQWRDQRWKHU*0: DW RWKHUWLPHVWKHDGGUHVVRUGLVFORVXUHRIDQREMHFWWRDVXEMHFW*0: DW VWLOORWKHUWLPHVWKHDGGUHVVRID´ZRUOGµWRDVXEMHFW(VVD\V DQGDWVWLOO RWKHUWLPHVRI´WKDWZKLFKLVµPDNLQJLWVHOIUHYHDOHG(VVD\V 0DQ\ RI WKHVH ZRUNV FRQWDLQ DQ LPSOLFLW RU H[SOLFLW HQJDJHPHQW ZLWK WKH LGHD RI GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQ DV ZHOO ZKLFK ZH ZLOO SOXPE LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ WKH QH[W FKDSWHU7KHSOXULIRUPQDWXUHRI-QJHO·VGHSLFWLRQRIWKHVLWXDWLRQRIVSHHFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW KH KLPVHOI SUREDEO\ DVVXPHV D WH[WXUHG DQG SRO\YDOHQW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKLV VRUW RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKDW ZRXOG EHQHILW IURP EHLQJ VSHOOHGRXWLQPRUHGHWDLOJLYHQLWVIXQGDPHQWDOLPSRUWDQFHDVDNH\PRWLILQ KLVWKRXJKW 7KLVVRUWRIIOHVKLQJRXWLVHVSHFLDOO\LPSRUWDQWIXUWKHUPRUHEHFDXVHWKH KHUPHQHXWLFDO WKHRORJLDQV VHH DOO VSHHFKHYHQWV DV HYHQWV RI VHOI LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ :KHWKHU LW LV D GLYLQH :RUG WKDW LQWHUSUHWV *RG·V EHLQJ D FUHDWLYH PHWDSKRU WKURXJK ZKLFK WKDW ZKLFK LV GLVFORVHV LWVHOI WR D KXPDQ OLVWHQHURUDGLVFORVLYHZRUGIURPRQHIULHQGWRDQRWKHUVSHHFKHYHQWVDUHWKH PHGLXPWKURXJKZKLFK WUXWKPDNHV LWVHOINQRZQ 7KHFKDOOHQJHDV ,QJROI 'DOIHUWKKDVSHUFHSWLYHO\QRWHGLVWKDWVSHHFKHYHQWVZRUNZHOODVDPRGHOIRU FHUWDLQ NLQGV RI WUXWK SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH FRQJHQLDO WR LQWHUVXEMHFWLYH FRPPXQLFDWLRQEXWSRRUO\IRURWKHUV:KHQDVFLHQWLVWGLVFRYHUVKHUWKHRU\ ZDVZURQJ-QJHOPLJKWSDUVHWKLVHYHQWDVUHDOLW\·VVHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQWRKHU WKDWHQDEOHVKHULQWXUQWRGHYHORSDPRUHDGHTXDWHWKHRU\%XWZKRRUZKDW LV¶UHDOLW\·KHUH":KDWGRHV-QJHOPHDQZKHQKHVSHDNVDERXW¶WKDWZKLFKLV· RU ¶WKH ZRUOG· GLVFORVLQJ LWVHOI WR XV" ,I -QJHO LV WR SUHVHUYH WKH PRGHO RI VSHHFKHYHQWVDV¶VHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ·KHKDVWRH[SODLQZKRWKH ¶VHOI· LV ,Q 6HH(EHOLQJWord and Faith,  'DOIHUWKRadical Theology²

 

E. Conclusion



VXFKVHFXODUFRQWH[WVLV¶ZRUOG·RU¶WKDWZKLFKLV·DVWDQGLQIRU*RG",VUHDOLW\ RUEHLQJK\SRVWDVL]HGDQGJLYHQDSHUVRQDODJHQF\"2UGRHV-QJHOVRPHKRZ GHPXUIURPDSSO\LQJWKHVSHHFKHYHQWFDWHJRU\DVEURDGO\DVKHVHHPV" 7KHVHTXHVWLRQV OLQJHUXQGHU WKHVXUIDFH RI-QJHO·VZULWLQJVEXWDUHQRW EURXJKWWRWKHVXUIDFHDQGDGGUHVVHG7KH\ZLOOFRPHXSLQDGLIIHUHQWIRUPLQ FKDSWHUIRXUZKHQZHUHWXUQWRWKHWRSLFRI*RG·VUHODWLRQVKLSWRWUXWKVRID VHFXODUQDWXUH,QWKHQH[WFKDSWHUZHZLOOWXUQWR-QJHO·VH[SOLFLWDFFRXQWRI UHYHODWLRQ WUXWK DQG WKHRORJ\ ZKHUH KLV GHSOR\PHQW RI WKH VSHHFKHYHQW PRWLIEHFRPHVPRUHH[SOLFLW

&KDSWHU

´$7LPH$FURVV$OO7LPHVµ ,QZKDWIROORZV,ZDQWWRH[SORUHLQZKDWZD\VDQGWRZKDWH[WHQW-QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIUHYHODWLRQDQGWKHRORJ\PLJKWDOVREHFRQVLGHUHGKLVWRULFDO ,ZLOOPDNHWZRPDLQFODLPV)LUVW,ZLOOFULWLFDOO\H[SRVLW-QJHO·VDFFRXQWRI GLYLQHUHYHODWLRQDQGDUJXHWKDW-QJHOKDVD¶KLVWRULFDO·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QJHO·V DFFRXQWRIWKHRORJ\¶KLVWRULFDO·,WDNHP\VHOIWREHUHVWDWLQJZKDWLVIRU-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QJHO·V GLFWXP LV TXLWH ULJKW ´WKH KLVWRULFDOFULWLFDOPHWKRGLVWKHZD\WRWKHZRUGRIWKHRORJ\µ7(,, 

$-QJHORQGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQ $-QJHORQGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQ

,QDHVVD\HQWLWOHG´=XP%HJULIIGHU2IIHQEDUXQJµ¶7RZDUGD&RQFHSW RI5HYHODWLRQ· -QJHOKHOSIXOO\GLVWLQJXLVKHVWKUHHZD\V&KULVWLDQWKHRORJ\ PLJKW VSHDN RI UHYHODWLRQ   ´WKH IRUIHLWHG IRUP RI WKH UHYHODWLRQ RI WKH   )RU WKH VDNH RI VSDFH , ZLOO RPLW H[WHQVLYH HQJDJHPHQW KHUH ZLWK -QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIDQDORJ\DQRWKHULPSRUWDQWGRFWULQDOORFXVWKDWRYHUODSVLQVLJQLILFDQWZD\V ZLWK UHYHODWLRQ )RU HQJDJHPHQWV ZLWK -QJHO RQ DQDORJ\ VHH HJ 5ROQLFN Analogical PossibilitiesDQG6SHQFHUThe Analogy of Faith. 

A. Jüngel on divine revelation



FUHDWRUWKURXJKKLVFUHDWLRQZRUNµ ´WKH&KULVWRORJLFDOIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQ RIWKHWULXQH*RGµDQG ´WKHHVFKDWRORJLFDOIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQRI*RGDQG ZRUOGµ² :HPLJKWQRWHKHUHWZRZD\VLQZKLFKWKHVHIRUPXODWLRQV DUH HQWLUHO\ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI -QJHO )LUVW WKH\ DUH FOHDUO\ WKRXJK WDFLWO\ 7ULQLWDULDQ D IRUIHLWHG IRUPRI UHYHODWLRQWKURXJK FUHDWLRQ D&KULVWRORJLFDO IRUP RI UHYHODWLRQ DQG DQ HVFKDWRORJLFDO FRQVXPPDWLRQ  6HFRQG WKH\ DUH KLVWRULFDOO\ VWUXFWXUHG HPERG\LQJ LQ D FRPSUHVVHG IDVKLRQ WKH ELEOLFDO QDUUDWLYHRIFUHDWLRQIDOOUHGHPSWLRQDQGFRQVXPPDWLRQ-QJHOVD\VDVPXFK LQKLVRZQLQWURGXFWRU\UHPDUNV´7KHGRJPDWLFFRQFHSWRIWKHUHYHODWLRQRI *RGFRQFHLYHVRI*RGDWWHVWHGWRLQ+RO\6FULSWXUHDVWKH*RGZKRFRPHVWR WKH ZRUOG DV D KLVWRU\ >Geschichte@ ZKLFK ZLOO QRW EH FRPSOHWHG XQWLO WKH ZRUOGFRPHVWR*RG²DQGVR*RGLVDOOLQDOO&RU µ  7KH ILUVW IRUPRI GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQLVDV-QJHOVD\VIRUIHLWHGWKDWLV LW GRHVQRWH[LVWXQGHUWKHFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQVRIKXPDQOLIH,Wwould PDNHNQRZQ WKHFUHDWRU*RGWKURXJKWKHFUHDWLRQZRXOGPDNHFOHDUWKH¶REYLRXVQHVVRIWKH ZRUOGDVFUHDWLRQ·DQGLWVWUDQVSDUHQF\WRLWVGLYLQHRULJLQEXWWKLVREYLRXVQHVV DQGWUDQVSDUHQF\KDYHEHHQIRUIHLWHGE\KXPDQLW\WKURXJKVLQ &UHDWLRQ TXD FUHDWLRQ LV QR ORQJHU FDSDEOH RI UHYHDOLQJ *RG RXU H[SHULHQFHV RI RXUVHOYHV DQG RI WKH ZRUOG DURXQG XV DUH QRHWLFDOO\ FORXGHG E\ VLQ 7KH IRUIHLWHGIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQWKXVVHUYHVDNLQGRIJURXQGFOHDULQJIXQFWLRQWKDW VLJQDOV KLV PRVW EDVLF FRPPLWPHQWV LW VHUYHV WR GLIIHUHQWLDWH -QJHO·V RZQ GRJPDWLF DFFRXQW RI GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQ IURP PRUH WUDGLWLRQDO WZRVRXUFH DFFRXQWVUHO\LQJRQDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQQDWXUDODQGUHYHDOHGNQRZOHGJHRI *RG$QHQWDLOPHQWRIFRQFHLYLQJRIWKLVILUVWIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQDV¶IRUIHLWHG· WKURXJKVLQLVWKHWKRURXJKJRLQJUHMHFWLRQRIQDWXUDOWKHRORJ\LQKHULWHGIURP ERWK %XOWPDQQ DQG %DUWK DQG FRQVLVWHQWO\ XSKHOG WKURXJKRXW -QJHO·V RZQ ZRUN6RIRUH[DPSOH-QJHOKDVQRWLPHIRUSURRIVRI*RG·VH[LVWHQFHQRU GRHV KH KDYH WLPH IRU WKHRORJLFDO SURJUDPV WKDW DUJXH VRPH VRUW RI QDWXUDO NQRZOHGJHRI*RGHLWKHUWDFLWRULPSOLFLW IRUPVWKHQHFHVVDU\IRXQGDWLRQIRU UHYHDOHGNQRZOHGJHRI*RG  2YHUDJDLQVWWKLVIRUIHLWHG IRUP RI UHYHODWLRQWKHVHFRQG&KULVWRORJLFDO IRUPRIUHYHODWLRQSOD\VWKHSULPDU\UROHLQ-QJHO·VGRJPDWLFV:KLOHWKHILUVW IRUP RI UHYHODWLRQ FRQFHUQHG WKH IRUIHLWHG NQRZOHGJH RI *RG EDVHG RQ FUHDWLRQWKHVHFRQGIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQFRQFHUQVNQRZOHGJHRI*RGEDVHGRQ -HVXV&KULVW´,QLWVChristological IRUPUHYHODWLRQLVWKHGHILQLWLYHFRPLQJWR WKHZRUOGRI*RGDULVLQJLQWKHFRYHQDQWZLWK,VUDHODQGLQWKHKXPDQ-HVXV   (EHUKDUG  -QJHO =XP %HJULII GHU 2IIHQEDUXQJ LQ Glaube – Bekenntnis – Kirchenrecht, HG *HUKDUG %HVLHU +DQQRYHU /XWKHULVFKHV 9HUODJVKDXV   +HUHDIWHU FLWHGLQWHUQDOO\E\WKHVLVQXPEHUZKHQQHFHVVDU\SUHFHGHGE\¶5HYHODWLRQ·  6HHHJKLVFULWLFLVPVRIERWKWKHRQWRORJLFDO SURRIDQG WKHILYHZD\VLQ KLV´7KHVHQ ]XP9HUKlOWQLVYRQ([LVWHQ]:HVHQXQG(LJHQVFKDIWHQ*RWWHVµLQ7(IRUKLVFULWLFLVPV RI3DQQHQEHUJDQG5DKQHUVHHHJ*0: ²DQGIIDORQJZLWK7(²



Chapter 3: “A Time Across All Times”

WKURXJKZKLFK*RGLQWKDWKHIXQGDPHQWDOO\LQWHUUXSWVWKHFRQWH[WRIZRUOGO\ EHLQJ PDNHV KLPVHOI DFFHVVLEOH DQG WKHUHE\ DOVR NQRZDEOH 7R WKH &KULVWRORJLFDOIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQEHORQJVWKHrealization RIWKHNQRZDELOLW\RI *RGLQWKHIRUPRIKXPDQNQRZOHGJHRI*RGWKURXJKWKHSRZHURIWKH+RO\ 6SLULWµ   %\ DQG ODUJH WKHQ ZKHQ -QJHO VSHDNV RI ¶UHYHODWLRQ· KH LV VSHDNLQJLQ&KULVWRORJLFDODQG7ULQLWDULDQFDWHJRULHVWKHREMHFWLYHFRQGLWLRQ RIUHYHODWLRQEHLQJWKHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXV·OLIHGHDWKDQGUHVXUUHFWLRQDQG WKHVXEMHFWLYHFRQGLWLRQEHLQJWKHPLQLVWU\RIWKH+RO\6SLULWLQWKHOLIHRIWKH EHOLHYHU  7KLV &KULVWRORJLFDO IRUP RI UHYHODWLRQ KDV WKUHH LQWHUUHODWHG DVSHFWV ´*RG·VUHYHODWLRQLVWKHH[SUHVVLRQIRUWKHWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOHYHQWLQZKLFK *RG RQWLFDOO\  FRPHV WR WKH ZRUOG VRWHULRORJLFDOO\  LV DFFHVVLEOH DQG QRHWLFDOO\  EHFRPHV NQRZDEOHµ   5HYHODWLRQ KDV WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV WKH IDFWXDOGLPHQVLRQRI*RG·VHQFRXQWHULQJWKHZRUOGLQ-HVXVWKHRQWLF *RG·V VDYLQJZRUNRQ EHKDOI RI WKHZRUOG LQ-HVXVWKHVRWHULRORJLFDO DQG *RG·V EHFRPLQJ NQRZDEOH LQ WKH SRZHU RI WKH +RO\ 6SLULW WKH QRHWLF   -QJHO PDLQWDLQV WKDW LQ WKH SUHVHQW DJH ² WKDW LV LQ WKH &KULVWRORJLFDO IRUP RI UHYHODWLRQ ² WKHVH WKUHH DVSHFWV DUH ´LQFRQJUXHQWµ   8QGHU WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV RIRXUSUHVHQWH[LVWHQFH *RG·VFRPLQJ WRWKHZRUOG LQ-HVXV WKHRQWLFGLPHQVLRQRIUHYHODWLRQ DQG*RG·VGHFLVLYHDFWLRQLQ-HVXVWRVDYH KXPDQLW\WKHVRWHULRORJLFDOGLPHQVLRQRIUHYHODWLRQ DUHUHDOEXWRXUQRHWLF JUDVS RI WKHVH IDFWV LV WHQXRXV FORXGHG E\ VLQ %\ FRQWUDVW LQ WKH WKLUG HVFKDWRORJLFDO IRUP RI UHYHODWLRQ WKH WKUHH DVSHFWV RI UHYHODWLRQ WKH RQWLF VRWHULRORJLFDODQGQRHWLF ZLOOQRWRQO\EHFRQJUXHQWEXWZLOOEHLGHQWLFDO7KLV IRUPRIUHYHODWLRQPHDQVWKDWQRRQHZLOOEHDEOHWRDYRLGNQRZLQJWKHWUXWK DERXW*RG2EYLRXVO\VXFKDQLGHQWLW\ZRXOGHQWDLODGUDPDWLFWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RIWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIKXPDQOLIH²WKHparousia²ZKLFK-QJHODFNQRZOHGJHV ZLWKDTXRWDWLRQIURP,VDLDK·VSRZHUIXOPHVVLDQLFYLVLRQ 

  7KLV ZD\ RI IUDPLQJ WKH SUREOHP VWURQJO\ UHFDOOV %DUWK·V GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH REMHFWLYHDQGVXEMHFWLYHEDVHVIRUGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQLQWKHChurch Dogmatics. 6HH†DQG HJ²  7KHZRUG¶RQWLF·WDNHVLWVFXHVIURPWKHEURDGKRUL]RQRI+HLGHJJHULDQSKLORVRSK\DQG %XOWPDQQLDQWKHRORJ\FI*%%II 6HHWKHKHOSIXOWUHDWPHQWRIWKHYDULRXVNH\WHUPVLQ 'UH\IXV Being-in-the-World ² DQG &RQJGRQ Mission of Demythologizing II ¶2QWLF·LVJHQHUDOO\XVHGLQFRQWUDVWWRWKHZRUG¶RQWRORJLFDO·ZKHUHWKHODWWHUZRUGVLJQDOV D JHQHUDO RU VWUXFWXUDO IHDWXUH RI KXPDQ OLIH WKDW LV QHXWUDO DQG XQLYHUVDOO\ DFFHVVLEOH ¶2QWLF· E\ FRQWUDVW VLJQDOV WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI D SDUWLFXODU SHUVRQ QRW D XQLYHUVDO GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI KXPDQ OLIH DV VXFK 6R HPERGLHG H[LVWHQFH LV DQ RQWRORJLFDO IHDWXUH RI KXPDQ OLIH ZKLOH D SDUWLFXODU SHUVRQ·V KHDOWK RU VLFNQHVV LV DQ RQWLFGHWHUPLQDWLRQ 7KDW -QJHOXVHV¶RQWLF·UDWKHUWKDQ¶RQWRORJLFDO·WRGHVFULEH*RG·VZRUNLQ-HVXV&KULVWLQGLFDWHV WKDWKHLVUHDFKLQJIRUODQJXDJHWKDWHPSKDVL]HVWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFK*RG·VVHOIUHYHODWLRQ LQ&KULVWLVQRWDJLYHQQRWDSUHH[LVWLQJVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHRIKXPDQOLIHEXWDSDUWLFXODU KLVWRULFDOVWDWHRIDIIDLUV

A. Jüngel on divine revelation



7KH WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV RI UHYHODWLRQGRZRUN LQ GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ WKHVHFRQG 7ULQLWDULDQIRUPRIUHYHODWLRQIURPWKHWKLUGHVFKDWRORJLFDOIRUP%XWSHUKDSV PRUHLPSRUWDQWO\-QJHOFOHDUO\HQYLVLRQVWKHRQWLFVRWHULRORJLFDODQGQRHWLF GLPHQVLRQVRIUHYHODWLRQDVSURFHHGLQJLQRUGHURISULRULW\*RG·VNQRZDELOLW\ WKH QRHWLF DVSHFW  LV EDVHG LQ WXUQ RQ *RG·V DFFHVVLELOLW\ LQ -HVXV &KULVW VRWHULRORJLFDO ZKLFKLVEDVHGLQWXUQRQWKHPRVWIXQGDPHQWDODVSHFW*RG·V GHWHUPLQDWLRQWREH*RGIRUXVDVH[SUHVVHGLQWKHGLYLQHDGYHQWRQWLF 7KH FRQGLWLRQIRUWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIUHYHODWLRQWRDQ\SDUWLFXODUKXPDQEHLQJWKHQ LVWKHKLVWRU\RI*RG·VUHGHPSWLYHDFWLYLW\LQWKHOLIHRI-HVXV&KULVW 7KLVSRLQWRIYLHZLVQRWXQLTXHWR-QJHO·VUHYHODWLRQWKHVHV2QHRIWKH FHQWUDOWKHVHVRI*0:LVWKDWWKHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVWLVWKHSURSHU EDVLVIRUDQ\XQGHUVWDQGLQJRI*RG·VEHLQJ:KDWEHJLQVDVDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWRVSHHFKDERXW*RGVORZO\WXUQVLQWRDQDUJXPHQWWKDWVXFKVSHHFKLVQRZ RQO\SRVVLEOHRQWKHEDVLVRI¶WKHKXPDQLW\RI*RG·LQ-HVXV&KULVW :KDWKDSSHQHGRQWKHFURVVRI-HVXVLVDQHYHQWZKLFKLQLWVXQLTXHQHVVGLVFORVHVWKHGHSWKV RIGHLW\7KHVSHFLDOHVFKDWRORJLFDOHYHQWRIWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRI*RGZLWKWKHPDQ-HVXVLV DW WKH VDPH WLPH WKH LQQHUPRVW P\VWHU\ RI GLYLQH EHLQJ ,Q WKH VSHFLDO HYHQW RI *RG·V LGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWKWKH&UXFLILHG2QH*RGH[SUHVVHVKLPVHOIDVWKHRQHZKRKHKDVDOZD\V EHHQLQKLPVHOI  7KHKXPDQZRUG ZKLFK VSHDNV RI WKLV HYHQW >YL] *RG·V HQWHULQJ LQWR WKHWHPSRUDOLW\ RI KXPDQ KLVWRU\@ KDV WR DQQRXQFH ERWK DV DGGUHVV kerusein) DQGFRQIHVVLRQ homolegein) WKHKLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVWDVWKHWLPHRI*RG·VKXPDQLW\ZKLFKKDVFRPHRQFHDQGIRUDOO  

$OOWKLVFODULILHVDILUVWVHQVHLQZKLFKZHPLJKWVD\WKDW-QJHO·VLVDKLVWRULFDO DFFRXQWRIUHYHODWLRQWKHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVWLVWKH sine qua non IRU DOORWKHUUHYHODWLRQ7KHRQWLFSUHFHGHVDQGPDNHVSRVVLEOHWKHVRWHULRORJLFDO DQG WKH QRHWLF 7KLV GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW *RG·V UHGHPSWLYH DFWLYLW\ LQ -HVXV &KULVWLVHPSLULFDOO\REYLRXVLQWKHVHQVHWKDWDQ\¶REMHFWLYH·REVHUYHUZRXOG EHFRPSHOOHGWRLQWHUSUHWLWDVVXFK7KLVZRXOGFROODSVHWKHRQWLFDQGQRHWLF GLPHQVLRQVWKDW-QJHOFDUHIXOO\GLVWLQJXLVKHV*RG·VDFWLYLW\LQ-HVXV&KULVW KDVD¶KLVWRULFDO·GLPHQVLRQLQWKHVHQVHRI¶Historie·UHJDUGLQJWKHFDQRQVRI DFDGHPLFKLVWRULFDOVWXG\ LQWKDWWKHHDUO\FKXUFKOHIWEHKLQGZULWWHQZLWQHVVHV WR WKLV HYHQW WKDW FDQ EH VFUXWLQL]HG DQG HYDOXDWHG DV D KLVWRULFDO GDWXP E\ DQ\RQH%XWWKHUHDOLW\WRZKLFKWKRVHGRFXPHQWVZLWQHVV²*RG·VFRPLQJWR WKHZRUOGLQ-HVXV²LVQRWDQHPSLULFDOJLYHQRUDKLVWRULFDOGDWXPLQWKLVVHQVH ,QWKLVVHQVHLWLV¶Geschichte·UDWKHUWKDQ¶Historie·LWLVOLYHGKLVWRU\DQGQRW WKHVXEMHFWRIKLVWRULFDOVFKRODUVKLS:KDWLVLPSRUWDQWIRURXUSXUSRVHVKHUH WKDWWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIUHYHODWLRQLQLWVRQWLFGLPHQVLRQLVKLVWRULFDOWKHOLYHG KLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVWLV*RG·VFRPLQJWRWKHZRUOG )XUWKHUPRUHLWLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWQRWWRPLVVDVHFRQGGLPHQVLRQLQZKLFK -QJHO·V DFFRXQW RI UHYHODWLRQ PD\ EH VDLG WR EH KLVWRULFDO IRU -QJHO WKH QRHWLFGLPHQVLRQRIUHYHODWLRQ²RXUDFWXDOO\FRPLQJWRNQRZ*RGKHUHDQG



Chapter 3: “A Time Across All Times”

QRZ²DOZD\VWDNHVSODFHDVDZRUGHYHQWDVSHDNLQJWKDWUHSHDWVWKHKLVWRULFDO SDUWLFXODULW\ RI WKH RQH GLYLQH ZRUG ZLWKLQ WKH KLVWRULFDO SDUWLFXODULW\ RI LWV KXPDQDXGLWRU7REHWWHUXQGHUVWDQG WKLVZHQHHGWREULHIO\IOHVKRXWVRPH HQWDLOPHQWVRI-QJHO·VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIUHYHODWLRQ -QJHO·V DFFRXQW RI GLYLQH WUDQVFHQGHQFH DQG WKHRORJLFDO HSLVWHPRORJ\ HQWDLOVDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIUHYHODWLRQDVsui generis+HIROORZVKLVIRUHEHDUV %DUWK DQG %XOWPDQQ LQ DIILUPLQJ WKDW KXPDQ ODQJXDJH TXD ODQJXDJH LV FRPSOHWHO\XQDEOHWRWUDQVPLWGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQ2QWKHLURZQWHUPVZHPLJKW DSSO\WR*RG²¶JRRG·¶ORYH·¶KRO\·HWF²GRQRWKLQJWRUHYHDO*RG1RZ -QJHOGRHVQRWGHQ\RIFRXUVHWKDWUHYHODWLRQWDNHVSODFHDQGLQGHHGLQWKH YHU\KXPDQVSHHFKWKDWRQLWVRZQLVVRLQFDSDEOHRIUHIHUULQJWR*RG%XWWKLV LVDFDSDFLW\WKDWODQJXDJHLVHQGRZHGZLWKIURPZLWKRXWUDWKHUWKDQDFDSDFLW\ WKDW REWDLQV IURP ZLWKLQ ,Q WKH PHPRUDEOH ODQJXDJH RI God’s Being is in BecomingLWLVDPDWWHURIODQJXDJHEHLQJ´FRPPDQGHHUHGµIURPZLWKRXWE\ GLYLQHUHYHODWLRQ 3XWGLIIHUHQWO\-QJHOWKLQNVGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQUHIXVHVDQ\ VWUDLJKWIRUZDUGGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQUHYHDOLQJIRUPDQGUHYHDOHGFRQWHQW+LV FRPSOH[FULWLTXHRIDQ$XJXVWLQLDQKHUPHQHXWLFRIVLJQLILFDWLRQLVGLUHFWHGDW OHDVWLQSDUWDJDLQVWWKHLGHDWKDWVLJQDQGVLJQLILHUFDQEHVHSDUDWHGIURPRQH DQRWKHU LQ WKLV ZD\ HJ *%%  *0: ²  5HYHODWLRQ GRHV KDYH FRQFHSWXDO FRQWHQW EXW IRU -QJHO LW LV LQVHSDUDEOH IURP WKH IRUP RI GLYLQH VSHHFKDQGVRGLYLQHSUHVHQFH 7KLVFRPPDQGHHULQJRIODQJXDJHLVRIDSLHFHZLWKZKDW-QJHOFDOOV*RG·V ¶DEVROXWHVXEMHFWLYLW\·LQUHYHODWLRQ ´5HYHODWLRQPHDQVRQO\WKDW*RGLVWKH DEVROXWHVXEMHFWRIKLPVHOIDQGDVVXFKLVDFFHVVLEOHRQO\DQGWRWKHH[WHQWWKDW KHPDNHVKLPVHOIDFFHVVLEOH$SDUWIURPWKHDFFHVVWRKLPZKLFKKHKLPVHOI affordsQRWKLQNLQJZLOOHYHUILQGLWVZD\WRKLPµ*0:WUDQVODWLRQ OLJKWO\UHYLVHG )RU *RGWREHDFFHVVLEOHWR KXPDQLW\ DQG VRNQRZDEOH E\ WKHPGHSHQGVXSRQWKHGLYLQHLQLWLDWLYH*RGLVRQO\REMHFWWKHWKLQJWREH NQRZQ LQDVPXFKDV*RGUHPDLQVVXEMHFWWKHRQHZKRUHYHDOV*RGVHOI $V -QJHOVD\VLQWKHUHYHODWLRQWKHVHV´*RGLVRQO\NQRZQWKURXJK*RGµ  7KLV DEVROXWH VXEMHFWLYLW\ H[SUHVVHV LWVHOI LQ WKH HYHQW RI UHYHODWLRQ WKH  *%%-QJHO·VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIUHYHODWLRQPD\EHKHOSIXOO\FRQWUDVWHGZLWKWKDWRI 7KRPDV$TXLQDVZKRPDLQWDLQHGWKDWZHFDQNQRZWKDWZRUOGO\SUHGLFDWHV¶JRRG·¶KRO\· DQG WKH OLNH  UHIHU WR *RG EXW WKDW ZH GR QRW NQRZ WKHLU modus significandi, WKHZD\ LQ ZKLFK WKH\ UHIHU WR *RG 7KH WUDMHFWRU\ HVWDEOLVKHG E\ ZRUOGO\ SUHGLFDWHV XVHG RI *RG XQGHUJRHVDQ LQILQLWHLQWHQVLILFDWLRQZKHQ DSSOLHGWR *RGZKLFKSURKLELWVXV IURP VD\LQJ H[DFWO\KRZWKH\UHIHUDOWKRXJKZHNQRZWKDWWKH\GR)RUDIXOOHUH[SRVLWLRQRI7KRPDV·V YLHZV RQ WKLV PDWWHU VHH $GDP  (LWHO 0DNLQJ 0RWLRQV LQ D /DQJXDJH :H 'R 1RW 8QGHUVWDQG7KH$SRSKDWLFLVPRI7KRPDV$TXLQDVDQG9LFWRU3UHOOHUScottish Journal of TheologyQR ²:KLOH-QJHOLVDOVRILHUFHO\FULWLFDORIDSRSKDWLFLVPRI 7KRPDVDQGRWKHUILJXUHVVHHHJ*0:† WKHFRQWUDVW,ZLVKWRGUDZKHUHLVWKDW IRU-QJHODEVHQWWKHPLQLVWU\RIWKH+RO\6SLULWKXPDQODQJXDJHIRU*RGVLPSO\GRHVQ·W UHIHU

A. Jüngel on divine revelation



PRPHQWRIGLYLQHVHOIGLVFORVXUH-QJHOGHVFULEHVWKLVDVD´UHGXSOLFDWLRQRI NQRZOHGJHµ ´,W LV D FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH DFW ZKLFK WKLQNV *RG«WKDW WKH WKLQNLQJ ¶VXEMHFW· H[SHULHQFHV KLPVHOI LQ WKH SURFHVV RI WKLV WKRXJKW DV DQ ¶REMHFW·NQRZQE\*RG«LQWKDWRQHNQRZV*RGRQHNQRZVWKDWRQHLVDOUHDG\ NQRZQ,QWKLV¶UHGXSOLFDWLRQRINQRZOHGJH·LIWKHVHZRUGVEHSHUPLWWHG WKH HQFRXQWHUDQGHYHQWFKDUDFWHURIWKHLGHDRI*RGLVGHPRQVWUDWHGµ*0:² WUDQVODWLRQOLJKWO\UHYLVHG  *RG·VDEVROXWHVXEMHFWLYLW\LQWKHSURFHVVRIUHYHODWLRQDOVRH[SUHVVHVLWVHOI LQ-QJHO·VLQVLVWHQFHWKDW*RGLVDOZD\VNQRZQWKURXJKDPHGLXP6R-QJHO FDQVD\´*RGLVNQRZQLQWKHPHGLXPRIWKHZRUOGDV*RGµDQGHYHQ´*RG LVNQRZQDV*RGLQWKHFRQWUDU\RIKLPVHOIµ  7KHVHDIILUPDWLRQVFHQWHU DURXQGWKHLGHDWKDWGLYLQHVHOIUHYHODWLRQLVQHYHULPPHGLDWHLWDOZD\VWDNHV SODFHWKURXJKDZRUOGO\PHGLXPWKDWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\VHUYHVERWKWRUHYHDODQG WRFRQFHDO*RG 7KLVZRUOGO\PHGLXPLVILUVWDQGIRUHPRVWWKHIOHVKRI-HVXV &KULVW DQG WKHQ LQ D VHFRQGDU\ DQG GHULYDWLYH VHQVH WKH ZRUOGO\ PHGLD DWWHQGLQJ SUHVHQWGD\ PDQLIHVWDWLRQV RI WKH GLYLQH ZRUG 6FULSWXUH DQG SUHDFKLQJ,QDOOWKHVHPHGLDUHYHODWLRQ·VSUHVHQFHLVQHYHUVLPSO\DQHPSLULFDO JLYHQ*RGDWWHVWVWR*RGVHOIWKURXJKWKHPWDNLQJWKHPXSWRXVHWKHPWRGR VRPHWKLQJWKH\DUHLQFDSDEOHRIGRLQJRQWKHLURZQ%XWWKH\GRQRWDFTXLUH DQ\QHZLQWULQVLFFDSDFLW\WRZLWQHVVWR*RGLQYLUWXHRIKDYLQJEHHQXVHGWKLV ZD\*RGOD\VWKHPDVLGHDJDLQZKHQWKHHYHQWRIVHOIDWWHVWDWLRQLVFRPSOHWH  3XWWKHVHFRPPLWPHQWVWRJHWKHUDQGZKDWLVOHIWLVDFRQFHSWXDOVSDFHIRU GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQ XQGHUVWRRG DV Sprachereignis $V ZH VDZ LQ FKDSWHU WZR -QJHO IUHTXHQWO\ LQYRNHV WUXWK DV HYHQW EXW RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WUXWK DV HYHQWEHFRPHVVRPHZKDWPXUN\LIZHLQTXLUHDERXWWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHVSHDNHU LQ TXHVWLRQ +HUH WKHUH LV QR VXFK SUREOHP ZKLOH ´WUXWK DV HYHQW LV QRW D

 3XWGLIIHUHQWO\ *RG·VKLGGHQQHVV LVQRWWKDWZKLFKLVVLPSO\DEURJDWHGRUGRQHDZD\ ZLWKLQUHYHODWLRQEXWWKDWZKLFKUHYHODWLRQDVVXPHVDQGHQDFWVWKURXJKDZRUOGO\PHGLXP 7KHUHLVQRUHYHODWLRQRI*RGQRSUHVHQFHRI*RGWKDWLVQRWWLQJHGZLWK*RG·VFRQFHDOPHQW DQGDEVHQFH$OOUHYHODWLRQLV´WKHUHYHODWLRQRIWKHKLGGHQQHVVRI*RGµ(VVD\V -XVW IRUWKLVUHDVRQUHYHODWLRQUHTXLUHVLQVSLUDWLRQDQGLOOXPLQDWLRQLQRUGHUWREHHIIHFWLYH   /LNH .DUO %DUWK -QJHO WKLQNV WKH QRQJLYHQQHVV RI *RG·V SUHVHQFH LQ UHYHODWLRQ PLUURUVWKHQRQJLYHQQHVVRI*RG·VSUHVHQFHLQ-HVXVKLPVHOI)RUDIXOOHUH[SOLFDWLRQRIWKH GLIIHULQJ &KULVWRORJLHV XQGHUO\LQJ WKLV VKDUHG FRQYLFWLRQ VHH %UXFH 0F&RUPDFN ´3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ *RG WKH :RUG RI *RG@ QHYHU DSSHDUV LQ DQRWKHUZD\WKDQDVDWKHRORJLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDWLWFDQ QHYHU EH VSRNHQ LQ DQ\ RWKHU IRUP WKDQ LQ KXPDQ ODQJXDJH DV IRUPHG E\ KXPDQWKRXJKWµ  ,QGHHG RQMXVWWKLVSRLQW-QJHOIHHOVFRPSHOOHG WR RIIHU D UDUH FULWLFLVP RI %DUWK UHVSRQGLQJ WR %DUWK·V GLVWLQFWLRQ LQ &' † EHWZHHQ WKH ¶LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ· DQG ¶LOOXVWUDWLRQ· RI UHYHODWLRQ -QJHO ULJKWO\ FULWLFL]HV WKH LGHD WKDW ´UHYHODWLRQ«ILUVW JDLQ>V@ ZRUOGO\ VSHHFK WKURXJK LQWHUSUHWDWLRQµ $JDLQVW WKLV -QJHO VD\V ´UHYHODWLRQ KDV DV VXFK ZRUOGO\ VSHHFKDVDSDUWRILWVHOI²HOVHLWFRXOGQRWUHYHDOµ%XWDOOKXPDQODQJXDJHLV HPEHGGHGLQWLPHDQGKLVWRU\HUJRWKHODQJXDJHRIUHYHODWLRQLQFOXGLQJWKH ODQJXDJHRI6FULSWXUHLVDOZD\VDOUHDG\DQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RILW *0:² ²  ,QGLVWLQFWLRQIURPIDLWKZKLFKZHKDYHOHDUQHGWRXQGHUVWDQGDVWKHIDLWKWKDWFRPHVWRXV WKHRORJ\ LV D ZRUN RI KXPDQ EHLQJV 7KLV DSSOLHV DOUHDG\ IRU WKH WKHRORJ\ RI WKH 1HZ 7HVWDPHQW ZKLFK LV RI FRXUVH WKH WKHRORJ\ RI 3DXO RI -RKQ WKHOHWWHU WR WKH+HEUHZV RU /XNH«>,@ZDQWWRPDLQWDLQWKDWZKHQZHGRWKHRORJ\ZHVWDQGLQDWUDGLWLRQWKDWKDVDOUHDG\ EHJXQ LQ WKH 1HZ 7HVWDPHQW DQG WKDW WKHUH DUH DOUHDG\ YDULRXV WKHRORJLHV LQ WKH 1HZ 7HVWDPHQWRYHUDJDLQVWHDFKRWKHU7KHODWWHULVWREHFRUUHODWHGZLWKWKHIDFWWKDWWKHRORJ\ LVDQopus hominis>DKXPDQZRUN@DQGQRWDhabitus theosdotos>DGLYLQHKDELW@² 

$OORIWKLVEHJLQVWRFODULI\WKHZD\KXPDQWHPSRUDOLW\LPSLQJHVXSRQWKHRORJ\ DVDGLVFLSOLQHDQGVREHJLQVWRPDNHFOHDURQHZD\ZHPLJKWVD\-QJHOKDV D¶KLVWRULFDO·DFFRXQWRIWKHRORJ\7KHREMHFWRIWKHRORJ\LQWKHVWULFWVHQVHLV WKHHYHQWRIWKH:RUGRI*RG7KLVZRUGLVWHPSRUDOLQLWVRZQZD\DVZH KDYH DOUHDG\ VHHQ %XW WKH SUR[LPDWH REMHFW RI WKHRORJ\ LV WKH YHU\ KXPDQ ZRUGVRILWVZLWQHVVHV7KHRORJ\·VMRELVWRVFUXWLQL]HWKHOLQJXLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQV RI WKRVH ZKR ZLWQHVV WR WKH ZRUG IRU WKHLU FRQVRQDQFH ZLWK WKH HYHQW RI UHYHODWLRQ%XWWKLVFDQRQO\WDNHSODFHE\WXUQLQJEDFNWRWKHPRVWRULJLQDO DQG IRXQGDWLRQDOZLWQHVVHV WKH RQHV IRXQG LQ 6FULSWXUHZKLFKDUHWKHPRVW SULPRUGLDOZLWQHVVHVWRWKHHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKH:RUG7KHWKHRORJLDQDWWHPSWV



Chapter 3: “A Time Across All Times”

WR ´IDLWKIXO>O\@µ DQG ´LPDJLQDWLYH>O\@ UHFRQVWUXFWµ WKH HQFRXQWHU ZLWK WKH GLYLQH:RUGWRZKLFKVFULSWXUDOWH[WVZLWQHVVVRDVWRHYDOXDWHRWKHUZLWQHVVHV LQ WKLV OLJKW'H+DUW  ´)DLWKPDNHV LWVHOI LQWHOOLJLEOH LQWKDW LWPDNHV LWV origin LQWHOOLJLEOH DQG WKHUHIRUH PDNHV *RG LQWHOOLJLEOH LQ WKH HYHQW RI KLV :RUG)DLWKdid WKLVLQWKDWLQWKHELEOLFDOWH[WVLWYHUEDOO\UHIHUUHGEDFNWRWKH HYHQWRIWKH:RUGRI*RG,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKHELEOLFDOWH[WVLQWKHLURULJLQDOLW\ DUHWKHRULJLQDWLQJZRUGHYHQW FIZKHUH-QJHOJORVVHVWKHIRXUIROG VHPLQDU\FXUULFXOXPDORQJWKHOLQHVRIWKHHYHQWRIWKH:RUGRI*RG   7KXVIRU-QJHOWKHRORJ\ LVDSRWHQW PL[RI KDUGQRVHGKLVWRULFDOLQTXLU\ DQGWKHLPDJLQDWLYHSHUFHSWLRQRIIDLWK,QGHHGWKHHQGXULQJWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ KLVWRULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGGRJPDWLFLPDJLQDWLRQLVDQXQDYRLGDEOHSDUWRIWKH WKHRORJLFDOWDVN-QJHOWHQGVWRVLJQDOWKLVWHQVLRQE\FRQWUDVWLQJ¶KLVWRULFDO SHUFHSWLRQ· ¶KLVWRULVFKH·  ZLWK ¶GRJPDWLF SHUFHSWLRQ· RQ RQH KDQG RU E\ FRQWUDVWLQJ ¶KLVWRULFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ· ¶KLVWRULVFKH (UNOlUXQJ·  ZLWK ¶FRQWHPSRUDU\ DFWLYLW\ WKDW UHVSRQGV WR WKH SDVW· ¶JHVFKLFKWOLFKH 9HUDQWZRUWXQJ· RQWKHRWKHU  7KHRORJ\ LV VXVSHQGHG LQ WKH WHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ KLVWRULFDO KLVWRULVFKH  DQG GRJPDWLF XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LQ DOO LWV SDUWV«WKHRORJLFDO NQRZOHGJH ZKLFK HOXGHV WKH WHQVLRQ EHWZHHQ KLVWRULFDODQGGRJPDWLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJFHDVHVWREH&KULVWLDQNQRZOHGJHMXVWDVPXFKDVLW FHDVHVWREHVFLHQWLILF  >8QGHUVWDQGLQJ DOO@ GRJPDWLFV >DV SDUW RI@ KLVWRULFDO WKHRORJ\ SRVHV WKHGDQJHU RI VHWWLQJ KLVWRULFDO FODULILFDWLRQ historisches Erklärung  LQ WKH SODFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR KLVWRU\ geschichtliche Verantwortung %XWLWFRXOGDOVRPHDQWKDW«WKHRORJ\LVLQHYHU\UHVSHFW DQG LQ DOO LWV SDUWV FRPSHOOHG LQ LWV YHU\ HVVHQFH WR FRQWHPSRUDU\ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ geschichtliche Verantwortung WRZDUGWKDWZKLFKLWKDVWRH[SOLFDWHKLVWRULFDOO\historisch zu erklären  «7KHRORJ\ RQO\ KDV WR H[SOLFDWH KLVWRULFDOO\ historisch  WKH KLVWRULFLW\ Geschichtlichkeit  RI WKH :RUG RI *RG EHFDXVH LW KDV WR EH KLVWRULFDOO\ UHVSRQVLEOH geschichtlich zu verantworten WRWKH:RUGRI*RG 

6RRQRQHKDQGIRU-QJHODOOWKHRORJ\LVKLVWRULFDOWKHRORJ\LQWKHVHQVHWKDW LW UHTXLUHV WKRXJK LV QRW OLPLWHG WR  Historie 7KH ZLWQHVVHV WR WKH :RUG ZKHWKHULQ6FULSWXUHRULQVXEVHTXHQW WUDGLWLRQKDGDFHUWDLQ Sitz im Leben WKH\OLYHGLQDFHUWDLQWLPHDQGFXOWXUDOFRQWH[W7RXQGHUVWDQGWKHPPHDQVWR XQGHUVWDQG WKLV KLVWRULFDO HPEHGGHGQHVV XVLQJ WKH PRVW ULJRURXV VFKRODUO\  3DVVDJHVOLNHWKLVRQHKHOSH[SODLQERWKZK\-QJHOXQOLNH%DUWKLVFRPIRUWDEOHZLWK Sachkritik, EXWDOVRLQVLVWVRQWKHQRUPDWLYHDXWKRULW\RI&KULVWLDQ6FULSWXUHV7KHELEOLFDO ZULWLQJVDUHWKHILUVWDQG IRXQGDWLRQDOZLWQHVVHV WR WKHZRUGHYHQWRI&KULVW WKH\H[LVW LQ WKHFORVHVWSRVVLEOHSUR[LPLW\WRWKDWWRZKLFKWKH\ZLWQHVV  $V'H+DUW ULJKWO\VD\V ´WKHHOHJDQWSUHFLVLRQDQG H[WUHPHFRPSUHVVLRQ RI-QJHO·V WKRXJKWVDWWKLVSRLQWFRPSOHWHO\XQUDYHOLQWUDQVODWLRQµ :HKDYHHQFRXQWHUHGWKHWHUPV ¶Historie·’historische’ DQG ¶Geschichte·’geschichtliche’ DOUHDG\ 7KH WHUP ¶Verantwortung’ PHDQV ¶UHVSRQVLELOLW\·EXW FDQDOVRZKHQXVHGLQ YHUEDOIRUP PHDQ¶WR DQVZHU· RU ¶WR UHVSRQG· :KHQ -QJHO VD\V ¶geschichtliche Verantwortung· KH PHDQV VRPHWKLQJOLNH¶UHVSRQVLYHQHVVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRWKHSDVWIRUWKHVDNHRIWKHSUHVHQW·

B. Jüngel on theology



WRROVDYDLODEOH,QGHHG EHFDXVH LQ WKLV PRPHQW RI KLVWRULFDO UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ WKHRORJ\VLPSO\VHHNVWRFODULI\DQGXQGHUVWDQGWKHKLVWRULFDOPLOLHXRIDQFLHQW ZLWQHVVHV LW LV FDSDEOH RI RSHUDWLQJ LQ LWV KLVWRULFDO H[SORUDWLRQV LQ D WKRURXJKO\VHFXODUIDVKLRQ7KLVLVWUXHDOODFURVVWKHIRXUIROGFXUULFXOXPWKDW -QJHOFDUULHVRYHUIURP6FKOHLHUPDFKHUWKH2OG7HVWDPHQWVFKRODUFDQLQGHHG OHDUQ PXFK IURP KHU FROOHDJXHV ZKR VWXG\ DQFLHQW %DE\ORQ RU 3HUVLD WKH PHGLHYDO FKXUFK KLVWRULDQ FDQ REYLRXVO\ SURILW IURP WKH ZRUN RI VHFXODU PHGLHYDOLVWV -QJHO HYHQ VD\V WKHUH LV D VHFXODU PRPHQW ¶etsi deus non daretur’ WKDWLVSDUWRIWKHRORJ\WKHHistorieWKDWFODULILHVDQGH[SODLQVWKH SDVWQHHGQRWUHTXLUHIDLWK  LV@WKDW*RGLVLQDJUHHPHQWZLWKKLPVHOIWKDW *RG LV ¶MXVW LQ KLPVHOI· WKDW LQ WKH PLGVW RI VXFK DQ HQRUPRXV GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ)DWKHU6RQDQG+RO\6SLULW*RGLVLQXWPRVWconcord ZLWKKLPVHOIµ   ,Q (($ -QJHO GHVFULEHG *RG·V WUXWK DV *RG·V IDLWKIXOQHVV DQG XQFRQGLWLRQDOUHOLDELOLW\ZLWKLQWKHKRUL]RQRIWKHGLYLQHOLIH7KLVLVHVVHQWLDOO\ KRZ-QJHOGHILQHVGLYLQHULJKWHRXVQHVV*RG·VULJKWHRXVQHVVPHDQVWKDW*RG ´DIILUPVKLPVHOIµLVLQ´DJUHHPHQWZLWKKLPVHOIµLVLQ´XWPRVWFRQFRUGZLWK KLPVHOIµ´7UXWKµFRQVLGHUHGad intraLVWKDWVWDWHRIDIIDLUVWKDWFKDUDFWHUL]HV WKH ULJKWQHVV RI WKH GLYLQH OLIH ² LWV ´UHODWLRQDO ULFKHVµ ² WKDW IHOORZVKLS RI PXWXDORWKHUQHVVLQZKLFKHWHUQDO)DWKHUDQGLQFDUQDWH6RQIDLWKIXOO\DIILUP RQHDQRWKHULQWKH6SLULW  ,IWKLVLQWUDWULXQHIDLWKIXOQHVVFRQVWLWXWHV*RG·VWUXWKad intraZKDWDERXW *RG·VWUXWKad extra"-QJHOFRQWLQXHV  1RWHKHUHWKDW-QJHOFOHDUO\VWDWHVWKDWWKHGLYLQHEHLQJLVnot WKUHHEHLQJVEXWWKUHH SHUVRQV RU PRGHV RI EHLQJ KH DSSURYLQJO\ FLWHV *UHJRU\ 1D]LDQ]XV· GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ alius DQGaliud  7KXVFRQVFLRXVO\RUQRW-QJHOGLVWDQFHVKLPVHOIIURPFHUWDLQW\SHVRI VRFLDO7ULQLWDULDQLVPZHOONQRZQLQ   :KHQ -QJHO GLVFXVVHV WKH 6RQ DJDLQVW WKH KRUL]RQ RI *RG·V LPPDQHQW OLIH KH LV DOZD\V FOHDU WR HPSKDVL]H KLV LQFDUQDWLRQ 7KHUH LV IRU -QJHO QR logos asarkos QR XQLQFDUQDWH6RQ7KDWWKLVLVVRVXJJHVWVDVZHZLOOVHHODWHULQWKLVFKDSWHUWKDWDQ\VLPSOH GLYLVLRQRUELIXUFDWLRQEHWZHHQLPPDQHQWDQGHFRQRPLF7ULQLW\LVDOUHDG\SUREOHPDWL]HGDW WKLVSRLQWLQRXUSUHVHQWDWLRQ



Chapter 4: “The Word is the Actual Core of Historical Reality”

7KDW*RGLVSUHVHQWWUXHDQGUHOLDEOHLQKLPVHOIDQGLVWKHZLWQHVVZKRVWDQGVVXUHW\ IRUKLPVHOIZLWKKLVRZQEHLQJDQGLVJORULRXVWKHUHLQGRHVnot PHDQWKDWKHLVnot capable of revealing himself LQKLVJORU\ ,WEHORQJVFRQVWLWXWLYHO\WRWKHWUXWKRI*RGWKDWKHsteps forth RXWRIKLGGHQQHVVLQWKH OLJKWRIKLVRZQEHLQJDQGmakes true WKHhomo mendax 5RP ZKRLVYHLOHGLQKLVRU KHURZQUHDOLW\DQGWKDWKLVWUXWKLVWKHUHE\FKDUDFWHUL]HGDVWKHpower that reveals the glory of his love,WLVDQact of love WKDW*RGFRQIURQWVXVZLWKWKH truth DQGGRHVQRWOHDYHXVLQ WKHGDUN

,I*RG·VWUXWKad intraFRQVLVWHGRIWKHLQWUD7ULQLWDULDQFRQFRUG*RG·VWUXWK ad extraFRQVLVWV RI *RG·V PDNLQJWUXHWKHIDOVH KXPDQ EHLQJ:KDW-QJHO FOHDUO\KDVLQPLQGKHUHLVVRWHULRORJ\DQGWKHGRFWULQHRIMXVWLILFDWLRQ7UXWK ad intraLVH[SUHVVHGLQWKH7ULQLWDULDQQDWXUHRIWKHGLYLQHULJKWHRXVQHVVWUXWK ad extra LV WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI GLYLQH ULJKWHRXVQHVV H[SUHVVHG LQ WKH GRFWULQHRIMXVWLILFDWLRQ(DUOLHULQWKLVVDPHDUWLFOH-QJHOKDVWROGXVWKDWWKH GRFWULQHRIMXVWLILFDWLRQLVLQWLPDWHO\UHODWHGWRWKRXJKQRWH[DFWO\LGHQWLFDO ZLWK WKHFRQWUROOLQJFULWHULRQIRUDVFULELQJWUXWKIXODWWULEXWHVWR*RG «2QWKHEDVLVRIWKHLQH[KDXVWLEOHIXOOQHVVRIWKHGLYLQHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKHRORJ\KDV WR LGHQWLI\ WKRVH ZKLFK DSSHDU WR EH SDUWLFXODUO\ VXLWDEOH DV D UHSUHVHQWDWLYH VHOHFWLRQ LQ RUGHUWRILOOWKHlanguage RIIDLWKZLWKWKHtruth RIIDLWK 7KHFULWHULRQRIWKHWUXWKRIIDLWKLVWKHconcrete differentiation of God from the world attributable to God himself, LQWKHVHQVHRIWKHDQDORJ\RIDVWLOO\HWJUHDWHUVLPLODULW\LQWKH PLGVWRIHYHUVRJUHDWDGLVVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQ&UHDWRUDQGFUHDWXUH7KLVGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRI &UHDWRUDQGFUHDWXUHILQGVPDWHULDOH[SUHVVLRQLQWKHDUWLFOHRIjustification. 

7KHQXPEHURIDWWULEXWHV&KULVWLDQVFRXOGDVFULEHWR*RGLQWKHFRXUVHRIWKH FKXUFK·VWHPSRUDOMRXUQH\LVSRWHQWLDOO\LQILQLWHMXVWVRWKHFKXUFKLVREOLJHG WRWHVWLWVVSHHFKDERXW*RGDJDLQVWWKHHYHQWLQZKLFK*RGDQGWKHZRUOGDUH PRVW FOHDUO\ GLIIHUHQWLDWHG DQ HYHQW PDWHULDOO\ GHOLPLWHG LQ WKH GRFWULQH RI MXVWLILFDWLRQ-QJHOFDQHOVHZKHUHVSHDNRIWKHGRFWULQHRIMXVWLILFDWLRQDV´the KHUPHQHXWLFDOFDWHJRU\RIWKHRORJ\µRQHE\ZKLFKDOOWKHRORJLFDOVWDWHPHQWV DUHWHVWHG>-²FI(VVD\V@ ,ILQWKHFRXUVHRIGHOLPLWLQJ-QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWUXWKDVDGLYLQHDWWULEXWHZHILQGRXUVHOYHVWDONLQJDERXWWKH DSSDUHQWO\DQWKURSRORJLFDO GRFWULQH RI MXVWLILFDWLRQ ZH VWD\ FORVH WR KLV LQWHQWLRQ )XUWKHUPRUH D EURDGHU JODQFH DW -QJHO·V FRUSXV UHYHDOV WKH LQWLPDWH FRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH W\SHV RI LGHDV WRXFKHG RQ LQ WKHVLV  DQG MXVWLILFDWLRQ -QJHO FRQFHLYHV RI MXVWLILFDWLRQ DV UHYHDOLQJ DQG HQDFWLQJ WKH WUXWKIXOQHVV VWHDGIDVW ULJKWHRXVQHVV  RI *RG DQG VR WKH IDOVHKRRG VLQ  RI KXPDQEHLQJV:KHQ-QJHOHOVHZKHUHFLWHV5RP´/HW*RGEHWUXHDQG HYHU\KXPDQEHLQJDOLDUµ DVKHGRHVZKHQH[SRVLWLQJGLYLQHWUXWKad extra KHGRHVVRDVDQLOOXVWUDWLRQDQGH[HPSOLILFDWLRQRIWKHMXVWLILFDWLRQHYHQW -XVWLILFDWLRQLVWKHWUXWKRIOLIHDQLQWHUUXSWLRQIRUWKHVDNHRIDFRQFRUGZKLFKFRPHVRXWRI WKDWMXVWLILFDWLRQ7UXWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIRXUUHDOLW\DQGOLIHDOZD\VILUVWDSSHDUVDVDFULVLV

B. Jüngel on truth as a divine attribute



DQLQWHUUXSWLRQDMXGJPHQW)RUWUXWKZKHQLWRFFXUVGRHVVRLQDFRQWH[WRIOLHVLQDFRQWH[W GHWHUPLQHGE\DVKDPH[LVWHQFH ,Q WKHMXVWLILFDWLRQHYHQW WKHLVVXHLV WUXWKZKLFKVKRZV *RGDVtrue DQGHYHU\RQHDOLDU¶OHW*RGEHWUXHDQGHYHU\KXPDQEHLQJDOLDU·+RZHYHU MXVWLILFDWLRQFRQVLVWV LQWKHIDFWWKDW ¶WKURXJK P\IDOVHKRRG *RG·V WUXWKIXOQHVV DERXQGV WR KLV JORU\· 5RP    $QG WKLV FDQ RQO\ KDSSHQ E\ WKH VKDP H[LVWHQFH WKH O\LQJ OLIH FRQWH[W EHLQJ LQWHUUXSWHG DQG VR GHVWUR\HG 7UXWK LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH GRFWULQH RI MXVWLILFDWLRQ DQG WKH &KULVWRORJ\ ZKLFK EHDUV LW LV DQ HVFKDWRORJLFDO LQWHUUXSWLRQ RI XQPDWFKHGSURSRUWLRQV- 

Justification DQG¶([LVWHQFH(VVHQFHDQG$WWULEXWHV·ZKLFKERWKFLWH5RP ZHUHERWKSXEOLVKHGDURXQGWKHVDPHWLPHLQWKHODWHVEXW-QJHOPDGH PXFK WKH VDPH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ GLYLQH WUXWKIXOQHVV DQG WKH GRFWULQH RI MXVWLILFDWLRQ\HDUVHDUOLHU,Q´*RGDVD:RUGRIRXU/DQJXDJHµSXEOLVKHG  KHFLWHV5RPDVZHOODV/XWKHU·VJORVVRQWKDWSDVVDJH ´*RGLV WUXHDQGWKHUHIRUHKHLVWREHEHOLHYHGKXPDQLW\LVIDOVHDQGWKHUHIRUHQHLWKHU WREHEHOLHYHGQRUIROORZHGµ-QJHOJRHVRQWRVD\´IDLWKPDNHVPDQZKRLV QRWWREHWUXVWHGWUXVWZRUWK\VLQFHIDLWKQRWRQO\GLVWLQJXLVKHV*RGIURPPDQ EXW DOVR PDNHV *RG ZKR LV IRUHYHU GLIIHUHQW IURP PDQ DSSHDU LQ RXU PDQKRRG)DLWKSURYHV*RGULJKWDPRQJXVDQGLQXVµ -XVWLILFDWLRQLVDFUXFLDOH[SUHVVLRQRIGLYLQHWUXWKMXVWEHFDXVHLWYLQGLFDWHV *RG·VGLYLQHWUXWKIXOQHVVDQGULJKWHRXVQHVVRYHUDJDLQVWLWVRSSRVLWHQXPEHU WKH XQWUXWKIXOQHVV DQG GHFHSWLRQ RI KXPDQ VLQ *RG LV WUXWKIXO EXW ´WKH HSLWRPHRIHYLOLVVLQLQLWVEDVLFIRUPRIWKHOLHµ *RGZHKDYHVHHQLVD ´FRPPXQLW\RIPXWXDORWKHUQHVVµLQZKLFKWKH7ULQLWDULDQSHUVRQVDIILUPHDFK RWKHULQWKHLUGLIIHUHQFH,QFUHDWLQJWKHZRUOG*RGDLPVDWH[WHUQDOL]LQJWKLV PXWXDO IHOORZVKLS E\ UHFUHDWLQJ LW LQ D GHULYDWLYH ZD\ EHWZHHQ *RG DQG KXPDQLW\DQGDPRQJKXPDQLW\LWVHOI´7KHGLYLQHH[LVWHQFHLVIRUHYHUDQGHYHU DQH[LVWHQFHWRJHWKHUDIHOORZVKLSH[LVWHQFHRQHZKLFKUHODWHVWRRWKHUV7KDW LVZK\LWLVJRRG7KLVLVWUXHE\DQDORJ\IRUWKHFUHDWLRQ&UHDWHGH[LVWHQFHLV DOVRWRJHWKHUQHVVDIHOORZVKLSH[LVWHQFHRQHZKLFKUHODWHVWRRWKHUV$QGWKDW LVWKHYHU\UHDVRQLWLVJRRGµ- *RGGHVLUHVWRFUHDWHDZRUOGLQZKLFK KXPDQSHRSOHH[LVWLQUHODWLRQERWKWR*RGDQGWRRQHDQRWKHULQWKHVDPH UHODWLRQVKLS RI IDLWKIXOQHVV WUXVWZRUWKLQHVV DQG ULJKWHRXVQHVV WKDW FKDUDFWHUL]HVWKHUHODWLRQRI)DWKHUDQG6RQ 7KLVGLYLQHLQWHQWLRQKRZHYHULVGHUDLOHGE\KXPDQVLQ2XU¶\HV·WR*RG·V LQWHQWLRQIRUXVFDQRQO\UHSHDWDQGQRWUHSODFHWKHGLYLQH¶\HV·WRXV8QOLNH *RGZHGRQRWFUHDWHH[QLKLOR6LQVD\V-QJHOLVKXPDQLW\·V´IDOVH*0:²@ 7KHVXEMHFWRIWKLVLGHQWLI\LQJLV*RGDQG LWVREMHFWLVWKHKXPDQ-HVXVDQGWKHUHIRUH not KXPDQLW\DVVXFKDV-QJHO WDNHV+HJHOWRKDYHDVVHUWHG>*0:@ ,GHQWLILFDWLRQUHODWHVWR*RG·V UHVSRQVHWR-HVXV·GHDWKRQWKHFURVV+RZPXVWZHLQWHUSUHW-HVXV·GHDWKLI ZLWKWKHHDUOLHVW&KULVWLDQVZHDVVHUWWKDWLQKLVGHDWKVRPHWKLQJWRRNSODFH" -QJHOUHVSRQGVE\WXUQLQJWRWKHUHVXUUHFWLRQ 7KHNHU\JPDRIWKHUHVXUUHFWHGRQHLUUHIXWDEO\KDVWKHILUVWZRUG«7KLVNHU\JPDVWDWHVWKDW VRPHWKLQJ WRRNSODFH LQWKHGHDWKRI-HVXV%XW LIEHLQJGHDGLVWKHSUHFLVHRSSRVLWHRIDQ HYHQW WKHQ ZKDW ZH DUH VD\LQJ LV WKDW LQ WKLV GHDWK *RG KLPVHOI ZDV WKH HYHQW ZKLFK KDSSHQHG7KDWLVDGLIILFXOWWKRXJKWDV+HJHOHPSKDVL]HG«%XWLWLVDQHFHVVDU\WKRXJKW 7KHUHVXUUHFWLRQRI-HVXVIURPWKHGHDGPHDQVWKDW*RGKDVLGHQWLILHGKLPVHOIZLWKWKLVGHDG PDQ$QGWKDWLPPHGLDWHO\PHDQVWKDW*RGLGHQWLILHGKLPVHOIZLWK-HVXV·*RGIRUVDNHQQHVV $QG WKDW PHDQV IXUWKHU WKDW *RG LGHQWLILHG KLPVHOI ZLWK WKH OLIH OLYHG E\ WKLV GHDG PDQ *0: 

7KHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRI*RGZLWKWKHGHDGKXPDQ-HVXVPHDQVWKDW*RGDIILUPV RUUDWLILHVKLVOLIHPLQLVWU\DQGVXIIHULQJGHDWK-HVXV·OLIHLVYLQGLFDWHGLQWKH UHVXUUHFWLRQZKLFKLVWKHGLYLQHDFWRI ´RSHQQHVVµWKDWWDNHVXSWKLVKLVWRU\ LQWR WKH GLYLQH OLIH  ,Q D WDQWDOL]LQJ IRRWQRWH -QJHO LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKLV WHPSRUDO LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI *RG ZLWK WKH KXPDQ -HVXV DFWXDOO\ RFFXUV LQ D UHWURDFWLYHZD\ :KDWLVWUXHLQ*RG·VHWHUQLW\LVGHFLGHGZLWKUHWURDFWLYHYDOLGLW\RQO\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYH RIZKDWRFFXUVWHPSRUDOO\ZLWKWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHXOWLPDWH7KXV-HVXV·XQLW\ZLWK*RG  DQGWKXVWKHWUXWKRIWKHLQFDUQDWLRQLVDOVRGHFLGHGRQO\UHWURDFWLYHO\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYH RI -HVXV·UHVXUUHFWLRQ IRU WKHZKROHRI -HVXV·KXPDQH[LVWHQFHRQ WKHRQHKDQG«DQG WKXV DOVRIRU*RG·VHWHUQLW\RQWKHRWKHU 

 6HH 3LRWU 0DO\V] ´7KH 5HVXUUHFWLRQ DV 'LYLQH2SHQQHVVµ LQ Indicative of Grace-Imperative of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Eberhard Jüngel in His 80th Year, ².  ,QJROI'DOIHUWKDVFLRQRIWKHKHUPHQHXWLFDOWUDGLWLRQDQGRQHRILWVPRVWSHUFHSWLYHFULWLFV KDVSHUVXDVLYHO\DUJXHGVLQFH WKHHDUO\VWKDWWKHQRWLRQRI¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ·LVFUXFLDOIRU -QJHO·VWKHRORJ\EXWLQDGHTXDWHO\H[SOLFDWHGDQGGHIHQGHG6HH ´*RGDQGWKH0\VWHU\RI :RUGVµ²  *0:²-QJHOTXRWHV :ROIKDUW 3DQQHQEHUJ Jesus - God and Man WUDQV /HZLV:LONLQVDQG'XDQH3ULHEH3KLODGHOSKLD3$:HVWPLQVWHU3UHVV  

C. The relationship of immanent and economic truth



3UHYLRXVO\ LQ *0: -QJHO KDG ORRNHG DW WKH QDWXUH RI KXPDQ ORYH DQG HPSKDVL]HG WKHGHJUHHWRZKLFK ORYH PHDQWDNLQGRI GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRU JDS ZLWKLQWKHORYLQJRQH7RWUXO\ORYHDQRWKHUPHDQWWRVD\LQHIIHFW¶,QRORQJHU ZLVK WR EH P\VHOI ZLWKRXW \RX· WR DOORZ WKH RWKHU SHUVRQ WR LQWHUUXSW P\ H[LVWHQFH*0:² 7KLVVRUWRIODQJXDJHUHDSSHDUVLQKLVGLVFXVVLRQ RI*RG·VLGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWK-HVXV 7R LGHQWLI\ RQHVHOI ZLWK DQRWKHU IRUHLJQ HVVHQFH LPSOLHV WKH FDSDFLW\ WR GLIIHUHQWLDWH RQHVHOI 7KDW LV DOUHDG\ WUXH LQ WKH YHU\ OLPLWHG VHQVH RI RQH SHUVRQ·V LGHQWLI\LQJ ZLWK DQRWKHU SHUVRQ«6HOIGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ DV WKH LPSOLFDWLRQ RI LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWK DQRWKHU LV KRZHYHU WKHH[SUHVVLRQ RI WKHIDFW WKDW WKHRWKHU SURIRXQGO\ GHILQHV P\ RZQ EHLQJ IURP RXWVLGHRIP\VHOI7KHRWKHURQHVWHSVEHWZHHQPHDQGPHVRWRVSHDN ,Q WKLV VHQVH *RG·V LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWK -HVXV WKXV LPSOLHV D VHOIGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RQ *RG·V SDUW7KHEHLQJRIWKLVGHDGPDQGHILQHV*RG·VRZQEHLQJLQVXFKDZD\WKDWRQHPXVWVSHDN RIDGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQ*RGDQG*RG*0: 

*RG·VLGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWKWKHGHDG-HVXVWKHMXGJPHQWYLQGLFDWLQJKLVOLIHDQG PLQLVWU\ H[SUHVVHG LQ WKH UHVXUUHFWLRQ PHDQV WKDW WKH GHDG -HVXV ´GHILQHV *RG·VRZQEHLQJµVXFKWKDWDQLQQHU7ULQLWDULDQGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZR SHUVRQV LV QHFHVVDU\ -QJHO PDNHV VXFK DVVHUWLRQV WKURXJKRXW *0: DQG HOVHZKHUHLQDGYDQFLQJKLVRZQGRFWULQHRI*RG 7KH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI *RG ZLWK WKHFUXFLILHG -HVXV UHTXLUHV WKH GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RI *RG WKH )DWKHU*RGWKH6RQDQG*RGWKH+RO\6SLULW*0:  ´7KH¶HFRQRPLF·7ULQLW\LVWKH¶LPPDQHQW·7ULQLW\DQGYLFHYHUVDµ7KLVVWDWHPHQWLVFRUUHFW EHFDXVH*RGKLPVHOIWDNHVSODFHLQ-HVXV·*RGIRUVDNHQQHVVDQGGHDWK«*0:  )RU WKH JLYLQJ XS RI WKH HWHUQDO 6RQ RI *RG WDNHV SODFH ¶JHVFKLHKW·  LQ WKH WHPSRUDO H[LVWHQFHRIRQHWKDWLVRIWKLVFUXFLILHGPDQ-HVXV,QKLPWKHORYHRI*RGKDVDSSHDUHG, -RKQ EHFDXVHWKDWORYHKDVKDSSHQHGLQKLP7KHFUXFLILHG-HVXVEHORQJVWRWKH&KULVWLDQ FRQFHSW RI *RG LQ WKDW KH PDNHV LW QHFHVVDU\ WKDW DGLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ *RG DQG *RG EH PDGH*0:  7KHGHDWKRI-HVXV&KULVW«IRUFHGDGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQ*RGDQG*RG*0: 

:KDW GR DOO WKHVH DVVHUWLRQV DERXW GLYLQH EHLQJ PHDQ IRU -QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJRI*RGDVWUXWK")URPWKHYHU\EHJLQQLQJRI(($LWZDVREYLRXV WKDW-QJHO·VDFFRXQWRIWUXWKDVDGLYLQHDWWULEXWHDQGWKHGLYLQHEHLQJDVD ZKROHZRXOGWDNHLWVFXHVIURPWKHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVW%XWRQO\QRZ DUHZHLQDSRVLWLRQWRJOLPSVHVRPHWKLQJRIWKHEROGQHVVRI-QJHO·VFODLP WKDWWKHWUXWKDERXW*RGLVKLVWRULFDO,WLVDFFXUDWHIRU-QJHOWRVD\WKDWWULXQH *RGHWHUQDOO\GHFLGHVWKDWWKHKLVWRULFDOOLIHRI-HVXVZLOOFRQVWLWXWHWKHGHHSHVW WUXWK DERXW *RG 7KLV WUXWK LV WKHQ UHDOL]HG EURXJKW WR IXOILOOPHQW LQ WKH KLVWRULFDO HYHQWV RI WKH HFRQRP\ ,Q DQRWKHU VHQVH WKRXJK IURP -QJHO·V SHUVSHFWLYHVXFKDVVHUWLRQVDUHLQFRPSOHWHDQGVRPLVOHDGLQJXQOHVVWKH\DUH DXJPHQWHGZLWKRWKHUV,WLVHTXDOO\DFFXUDWHWRVD\WKDWLQWKHUHVXUUHFWLRQ*RG WDNHVXSWKHKLVWRULFDOOLIHRI-HVXVYLQGLFDWLQJLWDQGLGHQWLI\LQJZLWKLWDQG

Chapter 4: “The Word is the Actual Core of Historical Reality”



VRLQWHUSRODWLQJLWLQWRWKHGLYLQHEHLQJUHWURDFWLYHO\,QWKLVFRQWH[WLWLVQRW LQDFFXUDWHWRVD\WKDWIRU-QJHO-HVXVEHFRPHVWKH(WHUQDO6RQDVWDWHPHQW WKDWREYLRXVO\FDUULHVPRUHWKDQDZKLIIRIDGRSWLRQLVP ,VKDUH 'DOIHUWK·V UHVHUYDWLRQVDERXWWKHZRUN ¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ·LVGRLQJ LQ -QJHO·VWKHRORJ\%XWZKDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRVHHKHUHLVWKDW-QJHOULVNVWKHVH NLQGVRIDIILUPDWLRQVEHFDXVHWKH\SHUPLWKLPWRDIILUPLQDYHU\GLUHFWDQG XQGLDOHFWLFDOZD\WKDWWKHWUXWKDERXW*RGLVKLVWRULFDOIRXQGRQO\LQWKHOLYHG KLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVW*RG·VWUXWKLVQRWVRPHWKLQJ RWKHUDERYHRUEHKLQG WKLVKLVWRU\7KHGLYLQHHVVHQFHIRU-QJHOLVQRWVRPHWKLQJWREHFRQVLGHUHG LQLWVHOILQDEVWUDFWLRQIURPWKH1HZ7HVWDPHQWZLWQHVVWRZKLFKLWPXVWWKHQ VRPHKRZEHDWWDFKHG7KHOLIHRI-HVXVLVWKDWZKLFKPDNHVWKHGRFWULQHRIWKH 7ULQLW\QHFHVVDU\QRWMXVWFRQFHSWXDOO\EXWRQWRORJLFDOO\)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKH OLYHG KLVWRU\ RI -HVXV is WKH HVVHQFH RI *RG  ,Q WKLV VHQVH ERWK GLYLQH WUXWKIXOQHVVad intraDQGad extraDUHKLVWRULFDOWKH\WDNHWKHLUPRRULQJVIURP WKH OLYHG KLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVWDV-QJHO·V UHSHDWHGFLWDWLRQVRI-RKQ  VXJJHVW7KHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXVVLPSO\LVWKHILQDODQGXOWLPDWHWUXWKDERXW *RG

'*RGDVSprachereignis '*RGDVSprachereignis

2XUH[SRVLWLRQRI-QJHO·VGRFWULQHRI*RGKDVQRZSUHSDUHGXVWRWDFNOHRQH FUXFLDOWKHPHWKDWKDVEHHQJODULQJO\DEVHQWVRIDUWKDWRI¶Sprachereignis’RU ¶Wortgeschehen·-QJHOFRQFHLYHVRI*RGDVMXVWVXFKDQHYHQWRIVSHHFKDQG IOHVKLQJRXWH[DFWO\ZKDWWKLVPHDQVZLOOIXUWKHUFODULI\KLVDFFRXQWRI*RGDV WUXWK 7RSURSHUO\VHWWKHVWDJHLWKHOSVWRUHFDOO-QJHO·VRSHQLQJUHPDUNVDWWKH EHJLQQLQJ RI God as the Mystery of the World, FRQWUDVWLQJ ODQJXDJH RI VLJQLILFDWLRQDQGODQJXDJHRIDGGUHVV$VZHVDZLQFKDSWHUWZRLQODQJXDJH RI VLJQLILFDWLRQ ZRUGV DUH LQWHUSUHWHG DV VLJQLI\LQJ RU UHSUHVHQWLQJ D JLYHQ REMHFWZKLOHQRWEHLQJLGHQWLFDOZLWKWKDWREMHFW)RUPDQGFRQWHQWDUHGLVWLQFW signum DQGres DUHVHSDUDEOH$FFRUGLQJO\ZRUGVKHUHIXQFWLRQRQDSXUHO\ FRJQLWLYHOHYHO%XWLQODQJXDJHRIDGGUHVVWKLQJVZRUNTXLWHGLIIHUHQWO\+HUH IRUP DQG FRQWHQW VLJQ DQG VLJQLILHU FDQQRW EH VHSDUDWHG :KDW LV EHLQJ FRPPXQLFDWHGFHUWDLQO\FDQQRWEHUHGXFHGWRDFHUWDLQFRJQLWLYHFRQWHQWWKDW HQWHUVLQWRP\FRQVFLRXVQHVVDV-QJHOSRLQWVRXWLILQVXOWVZRUNHGWKLVZD\ SHRSOH ZRXOG KDYH D IDU PRUH UDWLRQDO DQG OHVV DIIHFWLYH UHDFWLRQ WR WKHP *0:² :KDWLVFRPPXQLFDWHGLVQRWSXUHFRJQLWLYHFRQWHQWDOWKRXJK WKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQGRHVQRWODFNLQWHOOLJLELOLW\ EXWVRPHVHOILQYROYLQJDFWRI 

7REHVXUH-QJHOQHYHUSOD\VRII&KULVWRFHQWULVPDJLQVW7ULQLWDULDQLVPDQGWKLVVRUW RIVWDWHPHQWQHHGVWREHEDODQFHGE\KLVFRQFHUQDERXWGLYLQHVRYHUHLJQW\DQGIUHHGRP6HH HJ*0:²

D. God as Sprachereignis



WKHVSHDNHUDSURPLVHRUWKUHDWRUSOHGJHRIORYH$V-QJHOVD\V´/DQJXDJH GRHV FHUWDLQO\ KDYH WKH IXQFWLRQ RI XQLWLQJ SHRSOH ZLWK WKDW ZKLFK LV EHLQJ WDONHG DERXW XQLWLQJ WKHP LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW QRW RQO\ WKURXJK WKH ZRUG VRPHWKLQJSHQHWUDWHVWKHSHUVRQ·VFRQVFLRXVQHVV«EXWWKDWWKHHQWLUHSHUVRQLV GUDZQRXWRIKLPVHOILQWKHSURFHVVµ*0:² :KHQDEULGHRUJURRP VD\VWRWKHLUEHWURWKHG¶:LWKWKLVULQJ,WKHHZHG·WKH\GRQRWXWWHUDQLQDQ\ FDVHVXSHUIOXRXV LQIRUPDWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQEXWHQJDJHLQDQDFWLRQRQH ZKLFKLQWXUQKDVWKHGHHSHVWUDPLILFDWLRQVIRUZKRWKH\DUHDVDSHUVRQ7KH\ DUHQRZDKXVEDQGRUZLIHWKHKXVEDQGRUZLIHRIWKDWSHUVRQWRZKRPWKH\ PDGHWKHVSRNHQSOHGJHDV-QJHOPLJKWVD\WKHLUEHLQJKDVEHHQXQLWHGZLWK WKDW SHUVRQ ,Q WKH ZRUG RI DGGUHVV VD\V -QJHO WKH EHLQJ RI WKH VSHDNHU H[SUHVVHVLWVHOI*0:  7KHVHW\SHVRIVSHHFKVKRZXVWKDW´VRPHWKLQJ>V@«H[LVW«RQO\RUFKLHIO\ LQ WKHZRUG HYHQWµ *0:  &KDSWHU WZRH[DPLQHG QXPHURXV VHFXODU LQVWDQFHVRIWKLV-QJHO·VIRXQGDWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGDVVXPSWLRQLVWKDWWKHZRUG ¶*RG· IXQFWLRQVSUHFLVHO\WKLVZD\ ´7KDWZKLFKWKHZRUG ¶*RG·VLJQDOL]HV FDQEHIRXQGRQO\in WKHZRUGPRUHSUHFLVHO\LQWKHIDFWWKDWFHUWDLQZRUGV FRQIURQW D SHUVRQ LQ D ZD\ DW OHDVW KHUPHQHXWLFDOO\ FRPSDUDEOH WR WKH H[SHULHQFHRILQYHFWLYHµ :KLOHQRWLGHQWLFDOGLYLQHZRUGHYHQWVDUH LVRPRUSKLFWRVHFXODURQHVDVLPLODUVRUW RI WKLQJRFFXUV LQERWK EXW WDNHV SODFHLQDGLYLQHZRUGHYHQW´LQDPXFKPRUHUDGLFDOZD\µ ´&KULVWLDQ WKHRORJ\XQGHUVWDQGVWKHlogosZKRZDV¶LQWKHEHJLQQLQJ·-RKQ DQGWKXV GHVHUYHVWREHFDOOHGWKHZRUGRI*RGDVWKHDGGUHVVLQJZRUGLQDQDEVROXWH VHQVHµ  -XVW VR ZKHQ *RG VSHDNV WR KXPDQ KHDUHUV WKLV ZRUGHYHQW GRHV QRW FRPPXQLFDWHsomething EXWFRPPXQLFDWHVWKHEHLQJRIWKHVSHDNHU*RG´,Q KLVZRUG*RGJRHVRXWRIKLPVHOI$VVXFKKHLVWKHRQHZKRVSHDNVZKR H[SUHVVHV KLPVHOI ZKR VWDWHV KLV EHLQJ ,Q VSHDNLQJ KH VKDUHV DQG FRPPXQLFDWHVKLPVHOIµ-XVWDVKXPDQEHLQJVPLJKWEHXQLWHGIRUJRRGRULOO E\DZRUGHYHQWVRKHUH*RGJUDQWVLQDUDGLFDOO\HVFKDWRORJLFDOO\LQWHQVLILHG ZD\WKHKXPDQDXGLWRUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHGLYLQHEHLQJ ,I IDLWK GRHV SDUWLFLSDWH LQ *RG KLPVHOI >DV -QJHO DIILUPV@ «WKHQ *RG·V EHLQJ PXVW EH WKRXJKWDVDEHLQJZKLFKDOORZVWKDWLWEHSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKDWLVDEHLQJZKLFKWXUQVoutward ZKDWLWLVinwardly. 7KLVKDSSHQVLQWKHZRUGDQGRQO\LQWKHZRUGRI*RG)RULWLVSDUWDQG SDUFHORIWKHHVVHQFHRIWKHZRUGWRDOORZSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHEHLQJRIWKHRQHZKRVSHDNV E\EULQJLQJWKDWEHLQJWRWXUQLWVHOIWRVRPHRQHHOVH*0: 

,QFKDSWHUWKUHHZHORRNHGDWWKLVFODLPIURPWKHDQJOHRIWKHKXPDQKHDUHURI *RG·V ZRUG WKH RFFXUUHQFH LQ ZKLFK *RG DGGUHVVHV WKH DXGLWRU LV D Sprachereignis LQ ZKLFK DGGUHVVLQJ IRUP DQG UHYHODWRU\ FRQWHQW FDQQRW EH VHSDUDWHG:HFDQQRZQRWHWKHUHOHYDQFHRIVSHHFKHYHQWVIRU-QJHO·VGLYLQH RQWRORJ\Sprachereignisse DUHQRWVLPSO\WKHFRQWLQJHQWIRUPWKHGLYLQHZRUG WDNHV ZKHQ HQFRXQWHULQJ LWV KXPDQ DXGLWRU 7KH\ H[SUHVV WKH GLYLQH EHLQJ



Chapter 4: “The Word is the Actual Core of Historical Reality”

LWVHOI ZKLFK WDNHV WKH IRUP RI D VSHHFKHYHQW *RG·V EHLQJ LV HVVHQWLDOO\ OLQJXDO RU sprachlich. 7KH GLYLQH HVVHQFH LV GHILQHG E\ WKH VSHDNLQJ RI WKH :RUG-HVXVLQSUHWHPSRUDOHWHUQLW\DQGE\WKHVSHDNLQJRIWKH:RUG-HVXVLQ WLPHZKHUHWKHVHVSHDNLQJVDUHQRWXQGHUVWRRGDVWZREXWRQH -QJHOKHUHLVILOWHULQJDWKHRORJLFDOXVHRIWKHFRQFHSW¶ZRUG·DQGVHFXODU LQVWDQFHVLVRPRUSKLFWRLWWKURXJKWKHOHQVRIKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHLPPDQHQWDQGHFRQRPLFWULQLWLHV-XVWDVLPPDQHQWDQGHFRQRPLF WULQLW\ IRU -QJHO FDQQRW EH VHSDUDWHG DQG LQGHHG PDWHULDOO\ UHTXLUH RQH DQRWKHUWKHQDWXUHRI*RG·VZRUGDVPHGLDWLQJWKHGLYLQHEHLQJWRLWVKXPDQ DXGLWRU GHPDQGV WKH DVVHUWLRQ WKDW *RG·V EHLQJ LV IXQGDPHQWDOO\ RULHQWHG WRZDUGVHOIUHYHDOLQJGLVFORVXUH-XVWWKLVLVZKDW-QJHOWHOOVXV >*RG·VEHLQJ@LVDEHLQJZKLFKDOORZVWKDWLWEHSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKDWLVDEHLQJZKLFKWXUQV outward ZKDW LW LV inwardly…>WKH@ VHOIGLVFORVXUH LQ ZKLFK *RG PDNHV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ KLPVHOISRVVLEOHLVWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIWKHGLYLQHHVVHQFH²  7KH UHDOLW\ RI WKH PDQ -HVXV IRU IDLWK ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W RI geschichtliche UHDOLW\ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HGWKHUHIRUHFKLHIO\LQWKHIDFWWKDWLWLVQRWKLQJRWKHUWKDQWKHGeschichteRIWKH *RGZKRVSHDNVRXWRIKLPVHOIFRPPXQLFDWHVKLPVHOIDQGWKXVDGGUHVVHVXV« WUDQVODWLRQOLJKWO\UHYLVHG  :KDWKDSSHQHGRQWKHFURVVRI-HVXVLVDQHYHQWZKLFKLQLWVXQLTXHQHVVGLVFORVHVWKHGHSWKV RIGHLW\«LQWKHVSHFLDOHYHQWRI*RG·VLGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWKWKH&UXFLILHG2QH*RGH[SUHVVHV KLPVHOIDVWKHRQHZKRKHKDVDOZD\VEHHQLQKLPVHOI«IURPDOOHWHUQLW\*RGLV in and of himself LQVXFKDZD\WKDWKHLVfor PDQ² 

$QRWKHUZD\RIIOHVKLQJRXWWKLVLGHDLVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWIRU-QJHODVZH VDZLQFKDSWHURQH SprachereignisseDUHHYHQWVRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ :HPLJKW VD\WKDWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LVDQHYHQWZLWKDIRXUSDUWVWUXFWXUH,QLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ VRPHRQH$ LQWHUSUHWVVRPHWKLQJ% DVVRPHWKLQJHOVH& IRUVRPHRQHHOVH ' 6RHJP\EHVWIULHQG$ LQWHUSUHWVWKHZKLQLQJRIP\GRJ% DVDVLJQ P\GRJQHHGVWRJRRXWVLGH& DQGUHVSRQGVE\WHOOLQJPH' WKHUHFLSLHQW RIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKDWWKHGRJQHHGVWRJRRXWVLGH7KHNH\UHILQHPHQW KHUHLVWKDW*RG·VH[LVWHQFHDVSprachereignisLVDQDFWRIself-LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ZKDW LV LQWHUSUHWHGKHUH LV QRW D WH[WH[WHUQDO WR WKHVXEMHFW EXW WKHVSHDNHU WKHPVHOYHV ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV LQ VHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WKH SHUVRQ GRLQJ WKH LQWHUSUHWLQJ $ DQGWKH PDWWHU EHLQJLQWHUSUHWHG % DUHWKHVDPH 'DOIHUWK  7KHLGHDPLJKWVHHPREVFXUHEXWLWKDSSHQVDOOWKHWLPHLQRUGLQDU\OLIH :KHQ'DUWK9DGHUWHOOV/XNH6N\ZDONHU´,DP\RXUIDWKHUµKHHQJDJHVLQDQ DFWRIVHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ9DGHU$ LQWHUSUHWVKLPVHOI% DV/XNH·VIDWKHU&  IRU/XNH ' 7KDW *RG LVD SprachereignisPHDQV WKDW *RGLVWKHHYHQWRI

 ,ERUURZWKHIROORZLQJIURP'DOIHUWKRadical Theology KHUHDIWHUFLWHGLQWHUQDOO\,W ZLOOEHREYLRXVLQZKDWIROORZVWKDWZKDWERWK'DOIHUWKDQG,KDYHLQYLHZLVQRWDVSHFLDOL]HG DFDGHPLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI D SDUWLFXODU WH[W EXW WKH PRUH JHQHUDO DVVWUXFWXUH RI OLIH LQ +HLGHJJHU·VLGLRPQRWInterpretierung EXWAuslegung 

D. God as Sprachereignis



*RG·VRZQVHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ7KLVLVWKHLQVLJKW-QJHOIDPRXVO\IRXQGDQG DPSOLILHG LQ.DUO%DUWK ´UHYHODWLRQLV WKHVHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI *RGµ *%% TXRWLQJ&', 2YHUDJDLQVW%XOWPDQQLDQFULWLFVRI%DUWKZKRVDZ KLP DV HVFKHZLQJ KHUPHQHXWLFV FRPSOHWHO\ -QJHO ULJKWO\ PDNHV D SURYRFDWLYHDQGSHUFHSWLYHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ%DUWK·VGRFWULQHRIUHYHODWLRQ KLVFRUUHODWLYHGRFWULQHRIWKH7ULQLW\DQGWKHSUREOHPRIKHUPHQHXWLFV´:H IDFH WKH KHUPHQHXWLFDO SUREOHP LQ LWV PRVW FRQFHQWUDWHG IRUP LQ WKDW ZH GHYRWH RXU DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH GRFWULQH RI *RG 7KH EHLQJ RI *RG LV WKH KHUPHQHXWLFDOSUREOHPRIWKHRORJ\«WKHIDFWWKDWWKHEHLQJRI*RGSURFHHGVLV SUHFLVHO\WKHKHUPHQHXWLFDOSUREOHPµ*%% %RWKIRU-QJHODQGIRU%DUWK UHYHODWLRQLVVHOIUHYHODWLRQUHYHODWLRQLVWKDWHYHQWLQZKLFK*RGLQWHUSUHWVRU H[HJHWHVWKHGLYLQHEHLQJIRUKXPDQLW\E\UHYHDOLQJWKH7ULQLWDULDQQDWXUHRI WKHGLYLQHEHLQJ5HYHODWLRQLV´WKHHYHQWLQZKLFK*RGPDNHVXQGHUVWDQGDEOH IRU KXPDQV WKH VHOIUHYHDOLQJ VHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ZKLFK *RG DV *RG LV WKH 7ULQLW\  E\ GLVFORVLQJ something quite distinct LQ KXPDQ KLVWRU\ -HVXV  as something quite distinct LQ*RG·VUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKDWKLVWRU\&KULVW through something quite distinct WKDW*RG*RGVHOILVWKH6SLULW µ'DOIHUWK²LWDOLFV WKH DXWKRU·V  1RWH WKH ZD\ WKH SUHYLRXV TXRWDWLRQ UHFDOOV WKH $%&' VWUXFWXUHRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQQRWHGDERYH 7KHHFFOHVLDOGRFWULQHRIWKH7ULQLW\ LV WKH DWWHPSW WR DFFXUDWHO\ H[SUHVV DQG UHFDSLWXODWH WKLV GLYLQH VHOI LQWHUSUHWDWLRQLQKXPDQODQJXDJH $OOWKLVKHOSVIOHVKRXWIXUWKHU-QJHO·VGLYLQHRQWRORJ\DQGKLVFRQFHSWLRQ RI*RGDVWUXWK*RG·VWUXWKad intraLV*RG·VLQQHU7ULQLWDULDQFRQFRUG*RG·V WUXWKad extraLVWKHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXVLQZKLFK*RGVKRZV*RGVHOIWREH WUXWKIXO DQG UHOLDEOH RYHU DJDLQVW KXPDQ IDOVHKRRG &RQFHLYLQJ RI *RG DV SprachereignisHVVHQWLDOO\JORVVHV WKHVHDFWVDVHYHQWVRIVHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQ Ad intraWKHUHLVDQ´RULJLQDOGLYLQHZRUGHYHQWLQZKLFKWKH)DWKHUWKURXJK WKH6SLULWLQWHUSUHWV*RGVHOILQWKH6RQLQVXFKDZD\WKDWWKH6RQLQWKH6SLULW FRUUHVSRQGV IXOO\WR WKH GLYLQH EHLQJRIWKH)DWKHUµ 'DOIHUWK   Ad extra WKHUH LV WKH UHYHODWRU\ Sprachereignis LQ ZKLFK *RG DFFXUDWHO\ LQWHUSUHWV *RGVHOIWRKXPDQEHLQJVLQ&KULVWDQGWKH6SLULW7KLVDFWRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQad extraLVHQWDLOHGE\*RG·VDFWRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQad intraDQGLVLWVKLVWRULFDODQG WHPSRUDOtelos:HPLJKWDOVRFDOOWKHVHOILQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI*RGLQWKHOLIHRI -HVXV *RG·V ´VHOIGHILQLWLRQµ DV -QJHO UHSHDWHGO\ GRHV HJ *0: ² 7(7(   :KDWHOVH LV LW WR GHILQHRQHVHOIRWKHU WKDQWR LQWHUSUHW RQHVHOI LQ D SDUWLFXODU FOHDU DQG IRUFHIXO ZD\"  *RG·V DFW RI DXWR HOHFWLRQDQGDXWRLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDUHLGHQWLFDO*RGGHFLGHVWREHIRUXVDQGVR *RGLQWHUSUHWV*RGVHOIIRUXVDV*RGIRUXV7KDW*RGLVWKHWUXWKPHDQVWKDW *RGLVWKHZRUGHYHQWWKDWDFFXUDWHO\LQWHUSUHWVWKHGLYLQHEHLQJIRU*RGVHOI DQGIRUKXPDQLW\ )LQDOO\WKDW*RGLVDZRUGHYHQWPHDQVWKDW*RGLVHVVHQWLDOO\WHPSRUDORU KLVWRULFDO:HKDYHDOUHDG\VHHQLQFKDSWHUWZRKRZ-QJHOOHDQVRQVRPH +HLGHJJHULDQWKHPHVWRSURYLGHDQDFFRXQWRIKRZDZRUGRIDGGUHVVEUHDNV



Chapter 4: “The Word is the Actual Core of Historical Reality”

LWVKHDUHURXWRIWKHW\UDQQ\RIWKH¶,KHUHQRZ·SRLQWLQWURGXFLQJDEURDGHU KRUL]RQRIWHPSRUDOLW\:KDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRVHHQRZLVWKDWWKLVORJLFDSSOLHV mutatis mutandis WR WKHGLYLQHEHLQJDV ZHOO ,I WKHSODFH ZKHUH WKH GLYLQH EHLQJLV¶ORFDWHG·LVWKH:RUGRI*RGLIWKHDQVZHUWRWKHIHUYHQWTXHVWLRQRI WKHVHFXODU V ¶ZKHUH LV *RG"· LV ¶LQWKH ZRUGRI WKHFURVV· WKHQ *RG·V EHLQJPXVWH[KLELWWKHWHPSRUDOFKDUDFWHURIZRUGVWKHPVHOYHV 7KHZRUGLVWREHVHHQDVWKHDFWXDOFRUHRIKLVWRULFDOUHDOLW\EHFDXVHLWLQWHUUXSWVWKHQDWXUDO FRQWH[W RI H[LVWHQFH LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW VRPHWKLQJ OLNH KLVWRULFDO UHDOLW\ EHFRPHV SRVVLEOH«LQWKHZRUGWKDWZKLFKLVVHSDUDWHGLQKLVWRU\LVontologically WRJHWKHUSUHVHQW IXWXUHDQGSDVW7KDWHYHU\ZRUGLVVSRNHQontically RQO\ZLWKLQWKHKLVWRULFDOVHTXHQFHDQG WKXV KDV ¶LWV WLPH·WKDW LW LV WKHUHIRUHRQWLFDOO\ WKRURXJKO\GHILQHGE\ KLVWRU\ PD\QRW EH DOORZHG WR PLVOHDG RQH DERXW WKH RQWRORJLFDO SULRULW\ RI ODQJXDJH RYHU DJDLQVW KLVWRU\ /DQJXDJHLVWKHLQQHUJURXQGRIKLVWRU\ZKHUHDVWKHODWWHULVWKHRXWHUJURXQGRIODQJXDJH *0:²²DOOXVHVRIWKH(QJOLVKZRUG¶KLVWRU\·KHUHLQGLFDWH¶Geschichte·DQG FRJQDWHV  2QHRIWKHPDMRUUHDVRQVWKDWWKHZRUGLVWREHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHSODFHIRUWKHWKLQNDELOLW\ RI*RGLVWKDWLWXQLWHVZLWKLQLWVHOIDKLJKGHJUHHRIVergänglichkeit ZLWKWKHPRVWLQWHQVLYH SRZHU RI EHFRPLQJ :KDW HOVH LV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ DV WUDQVLHQW DQG FUHDWLYH DV WKH ZRUG" :KHUHHOVHGR SHULVKLQJ DQG EHFRPLQJ SDVW DQG IXWXUH UHDOLW\DQG SRVVLELOLW\ EHLQJ DQG QRQEHLQJ UHVLGH VR FORVHO\ WRJHWKHU DV LQ WKH ZRUG *0:  WUDQVODWLRQ OLJKWO\ UHYLVHG "

5LIILQJ RQ .DUO %DUWK·V IDPRXV HSLJUDP DERXW FUHDWLRQ DQG FRYHQDQW IURP Church Dogmatics-QJHODVVHUWVWKDWODQJXDJHLVWKHLQQHUJURXQGRIKLVWRU\ /DQJXDJH DQG WLPH DUH LQWLPDWHO\ FRQQHFWHG EHFDXVH WKH GLYLQH EHLQJ LV HWHUQDOO\ RULHQWHG WRZDUG WKH VSHDNLQJ RI -HVXV WKH ZRUG WKDW EHLQJ LV LQWULQVLFDOO\WLPHO\DQGKLVWRULFDO,QGHHGZHGRQRWHUULIZHLQWHUSUHW*RG·V FUHDWLYHZRUG ¶/HWWKHUH EH«· DVRUGHUHG WR KLVUHGHPSWLYHZRUG QRU WKH FUHDWLRQRIKXPDQLW\ DVRUGHUHG WR WKHLUKHDULQJ WKH ZRUG RIWKHFURVV7KDW ZKLFKVHWV WLPHLQPRWLRQ LVWKHVSHDNLQJ RI-HVXVWKH:RUGDOWKRXJKHDFK ZRUGKDVLWVFRQWLQJHQWSODFHLQWLPHWKHIRUPHUXOWLPDWHO\KDVDQRQWRORJLFDO SULRULW\RYHUWKHODWWHU2EYLRXVO\WKDWZKLFKWKHEURDG$XJXVWLQLDQWUDGLWLRQ RI &KULVWLDQ WKHLVP KDV W\SLFDOO\ H[FOXGHG IURP *RG qua *RG WLPH DQG FKDQJH LV KHUH LQWHJUDWHG DV DQ HVVHQWLDO DVSHFW RI *RG·V WULQLWDULDQ OLIH ,QGHHGIURP-QJHO·VSRLQWRIYLHZWKHFKDUPVRIDEDVLFDOO\FODVVLFDOGRFWULQH RI *RG  WKH LGHD RI *RG DV SHUIHFW SHDFH SHUIHFW VWLOOQHVV WKH XWWHU WUDQVSDUHQF\ RI D SHUIHFWO\ UHDOL]HG RPQLVFLHQFH WKH HVFKDWRORJLFDO UHVW RIIHUHGWRZHDU\SLOJULPVVHHPOLNHWKHUHLILFDWLRQRIWKH¶,KHUHQRZ·SRLQW KHGUHDGV %HFDXVHWKHGLYLQHEHLQJLVIXQGDPHQWDOO\OLQJXDODQGKLVWRULFDOLWGRHVQRW H[FOXGH Vergänglichkeit 7KLV QLJKXQWUDQVODWDEOH *HUPDQ ZRUG PHDQV ¶WUDQVLHQFH· RU ¶LPSHUPDQHQFH· DQG FRPHV IURP WKH URRW ZRUG ¶9HUJDQJHQKHLW·PHDQLQJ¶SDVW·:H·YHDOUHDG\VHHQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKLV LGHDLQ-QJHO·VDFFRXQWRIWKHGLYLQHEHLQJDQGWKHZD\*RG·VWULQLWDULDQOLIH

E. Coda: God and non-theological truths



LVUHDOL]HGLQWKHFURVVRI&KULVW)RU-QJHOWKHGLYLQHEHLQJGRHVQRWH[FOXGH EXWLQFOXGHVDEHIRUHDQGDIWHUDQ ante DQGpostDSRVVLELOLW\DQGDFWXDOLW\ ,QGHHG WKLV LV DQ HVVHQWLDO SRLQW RI -QJHO·V WKHRORJLFDO RQWRORJ\ 0RUH WUDGLWLRQDO WKHRORJLFDO RQWRORJLHV GLIIHUHQWLDWH GLYLQH IURP KXPDQ EHLQJ E\ GHQ\LQJDQ\SRVVLELOLWLHVWR*RG*RGLVactus purusZLWKRXWDQ\XQUHDOL]HG SRWHQWLDOLW\)RU-QJHOGLYLQHEHLQJLVGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPKXPDQQRWE\WKH DEVHQFH RI SRVVLELOLWLHV EXW E\ WKH LQILQLW\ RI WKRVH SRVVLELOLWLHV 7KH SRVVLELOLWLHVIRUHYHU\KXPDQOLIHDQGHYHU\KXPDQZRUGHYHQWXDOO\FRPHWR DQHQG*RG·VSRVVLELOLWLHVE\FRQWUDVWDUHDOZD\VRXWLQIURQWRI*RG

(&RGD*RGDQGQRQWKHRORJLFDOWUXWKV (&RGD*RGDQGQRQWKHRORJLFDOWUXWKV

2QHILQDOLVVXHKHOSVFRPSOHWHRXUSHUVSHFWLYHRQ-QJHO:KDWLIDQ\WKLQJ GRHV-QJHOKDYHWRVD\DERXW*RG·VUHODWLRQVKLSWRnonWKHRORJLFDOWUXWKVWKDW LVWRWKHWUXWKWKDW RUWKDWWKH&KLFDJR&XEVZRQWKH:RUOG6HULHVLQ  RU WKDW WKH VWUXFWXUH RI ZDWHU LV +" 'RHV KH JLYH XV DQ DFFRXQW RI *RG·VUHODWLRQVKLSWRWUXWKVRIQDWXUHUDWKHUWKDQWUXWKVRIJUDFH":HPLJKW WKLQNIRULQVWDQFHRI7KRPDV·XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHIRUPVRIDOOFUHDWHGEHLQJV LQKHULQJLQWKHGLYLQHPLQG  7KHVKRUW DQVZHUWRWKLVTXHVWLRQLVWKDW-QJHOGRHVQRWDGGUHVVLWLQDQ\ GHSWK:HVDZLQFKDSWHUWZRWKDW-QJHOLVQRWXQLQWHUHVWHGLQKRZWUXWKZRUNV RXWVLGH RI WKHRORJLFDO FRQWH[WV DQG LV KDSS\ WR HPSKDVL]H FHUWDLQ IRUPDO VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ GLYLQH UHYHODWLRQ DQG KXPDQ OLIH H[SHULHQFH %XW WKRVH WH[WVUHODWHWRSURYLGLQJDQDFFRXQWRIGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQRUDSKHQRPHQRORJ\ RIVHFXODUH[SHULHQFHVRIWUXWKQRWDWKHRORJLFDODFFRXQWRIWKHZD\DOOWUXWKV UHODWH WR WKH GLYLQH EHLQJ :H·YH DOVR VHHQ WKDW -QJHO HQJDJHG LQ D ORQJ UXQQLQJEDFNDQGIRUWKZLWK:ROIKDUW3DQQHQEHUJDERXWWKHSODFHRIQDWXUDO WKHRORJ\ EXW WKRVH HVVD\V WHQG WR IRFXV PXFK PRUH RQ WKH XQLYHUVDO FODLP HPEHGGHG LQWKHSDUWLFXODUVRI HYDQJHOLFDOKLVWRU\ /LNHZLVH-QJHOFOHDUO\ SXWVGRZQDJUHDWPDQ\PDUNHUVWKDWDUHVLJQLILFDQWIRUFRQFHLYLQJRIWUXWKDV D GLYLQH DWWULEXWH LQ UHODWLRQVKLS WR WKH HYHQWV DWWHVWHG E\ WKH NHU\JPD EXW KDUGO\DQ\VXFKPDUNHUVIRUDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHGLYLQH PLQGWRVHFXODUWUXWKV 7KHSRLQWLVKDUGO\WRFULWLTXH-QJHOIRUIDLOLQJWRZULWHZKDWZHZLVKKH KDGZULWWHQRUIRUEHLQJDQLUUHJXODUUDWKHUWKDQUHJXODUWKHRORJLDQ5DWKHULW LVILUVWWRVLPSO\QRWHWKLVODFXQDDQGVHFRQGWRVXJJHVWLWEHDUVRQLPSRUWDQW ZD\VRQRXUHYDOXDWLRQ RI-QJHO·VDFFRXQWRI WUXWKDVDZKROH,WLV WR WKDW LVVXHZHZLOOWXUQLQRXUILQDOFKDSWHU

&KDSWHU

Unterwegs zur Sache 7KHODVWWKUHHFKDSWHUVZKLOHKDUGO\H[KDXVWLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOUDQJHRIWRSLFV KDYHJLYHQXVWKHWRROVIRUDVXIILFLHQWXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI-QJHO·VDFFRXQWRI WUXWKSprachereignisse DUHDWWKHFHQWHUQRWRQO\RIKLVDFFRXQWRIWUXWKEXW KLV WKHRORJLFDO SURMHFW PRUH EURDGO\  DV RXU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI D YDULHW\ RI GRJPDWLFORFLKDVFRQILUPHG:RUGHYHQWVDUHHVVHQWLDOO\WLPHO\LQDZD\WKDW FRQILUPVRXULQLWLDOWKHVLVRI-QJHO·V¶HVFKDWRORJLFDOKLVWRULFLVP·*RGLVWKH ZRUG VSRNHQ DJDLQ DQG DJDLQ ZLWKLQ DQG ZLWKRXW WKH GLYLQH EHLQJ QHYHU SHUPDQHQWO\REMHFWLILDEOHE\WKHKXPDQDXGLWRUEXWQRQHWKHOHVVRQWRORJLFDOO\ ZHGGHGWRWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHRQHPDQ-HVXV&KULVW :H DUH QRZ LQ D SRVLWLRQ WR YHQWXUH D VHULHV RI FULWLFDO REVHUYDWLRQV ,Q NHHSLQJZLWKWKHWKHPHRIRXULQTXLU\WKH\FHQWHUDURXQGWZRWRSLFVWUXWKDQG *RG 7KH VWUHQJWKV RI -QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WUXWK KDYH WR GR ZLWK LWV KLVWRULFDORULHQWDWLRQZKLOHLWVZHDNQHVVHVKDYHWRGRZLWKKLVGHHSZDULQHVV DERXW¶REMHFWLILFDWLRQ·7KLVODVWOHDGVWRSUREOHPVLQERWKKLVGRFWULQHRI*RG DQGKLVDOHWKLRORJ\SURSHU:HFDQDFNQRZOHGJHWKHOHJLWLPDF\RIDVSHFWVRI WKH FRQFHUQ DERXW REMHFWLILFDWLRQ ZKLOH H[SUHVVLQJ WKLV FRQFHUQ LQ PRUH PRGHUDWHZD\VWKDWDYRLGFKDUDFWHULVWLFGLIILFXOWLHVRI-QJHO·VDFFRXQW,QERWK VHFWLRQV,FRQILQHP\VHOISULPDULO\WRFRQGXFWLQJDProblemanzeigeRIIHULQJ RQO\DEULHIVNHWFKRIDOWHUQDWLYHV

$2QWUXWKDQGREMHFWLILFDWLRQ 



$2QWUXWKDQGREMHFWLILFDWLRQ

-QJHO·VDFFRXQWRIWUXWKHPSKDVL]HVUHFHSWLYLW\DERYHDOOWRWKHZRUGRI*RG LQUHYHODWLRQEXWDOVRWRSXUHO\KXPDQZRUGVRIDGGUHVV ,WHPSKDVL]HVWKDW WUXWKLVDQLQWHUUXSWLRQRIP\OLIHFRQWH[WRQHWKDWFKDOOHQJHVP\FRQFHSWLRQ RI VHOI RWKHUV ZRUOG DQG *RG ,W HPSKDVL]HV WKH ZD\ WKH HYHQW RI WUXWK HQKDQFHVDFWXDOLW\E\JUDQWLQJLWQHZSRVVLELOLWLHV:KDWXQLWHVWKHVHGLVSDUDWH HOHPHQWV":KDWVRUWRISUREOHPVLVWKLVDFFRXQWRIWUXWKGHVLJQHGWRDGGUHVV" 2QH WKURXJKOLQH LV WKH ZD\ WKH\ KHOS XV UHVSRQG WR D SUREOHPDWLF DQG



 :KHQ , VSHDN RI -QJHO·V ¶DFFRXQW· RI WUXWK , KDYHERWK KLV WKHRORJLFDO DQG VHFXODU WUHDWPHQWVRI WKHWRSLFRIWUXWK LQ PLQG DQG, SUHVXPHWKHPDWHULDOGLVWLQFWLRQ DVZHOO DV WKHIRUPDOVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQKLVDFFRXQWVRIWKHRORJLFDODQGSKLORVRSKLFDOWUXWK

A. On truth and objectification



GLVWLQFWLYHO\ PRGHUQ SHUVSHFWLYH RQ WUXWK 7KLV YLHZ LV QRW VLPSO\ D QDwYH HSLVWHPRORJLFDO UHDOLVP EXW DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI ODQJXDJH WKDW UHLQVFULEHV KDUPIXO IHDWXUHV RI PRGHUQ DQG HDUO\PRGHUQ UDWLRQDOLVP  $V -QJHO·V IUHTXHQWUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHWUDMHFWRU\RISRVW&DUWHVLDQWKRXJKWPDNHFOHDUWKLV UDWLRQDOLVP LV WKDW RI WKH VXFFHVVIXO UDWLRQDO (QOLJKWHQPHQW VXEMHFW ZKR VHFXUHVWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHVHOIDQGWKHREMHFWWKURXJKWKHVHOI7KLVG\QDPLF RIVHOIVHFXULQJLVFRQQHFWHGWR EURDGHUIHDWXUHVRI PRGHUQ :HVWHUQFXOWXUH JHQHUDOO\ WKHSRZHURI FRQFHSWXDO WKLQNLQJ UDWLRQDOLW\DQGWKHQDWXUDODQG VRFLDOVFLHQFHV2QHKDVWRDSSUHFLDWHWKLVEDFNJURXQGRIWHQVXEWOHRUWDFLWLQ RUGHUWRDSSUHFLDWHWKHUHDOREMHFWRIKLVFULWLTXH0XFKRIWKHYDOXHRI-QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WUXWK FRPHV IURP WKH FODULW\ DQG FUHDWLYLW\ ZLWK ZKLFK KH RSSRVHVWKLVYLHZDQGLWVHQWDLOPHQWV 7KHWKHRORJLFDOSUREOHPZLWKWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZLVILUVWDQGIRUHPRVWWKDW WKHUHFHLYHGFRQFHSWRI*RGPDNHVEHOLHILQ*RGLPSRVVLEOHWRUHFRQFLOHZLWK WKHPRGHUQG\QDPLFRIVHOIVHFXULQJ%XW-QJHOLVFOHDUWKDWLWDOVREHJHWVDQ HSLVWHPRORJLFDOZRUNVULJKWHRXVQHVVD3URPHWKHDQJUDVSLQJIRU*RGZKLFK DWWHPSWV WR VXERUGLQDWH WKH VRYHUHLJQ /RUG RI 6FULSWXUH WR KXPDQ ZD\V RI NQRZLQJ 6LPLODUO\ RQ D PHUHO\ DQWKURSRORJLFDO RU SKLORVRSKLFDO OHYHO WKH adaequatio DFFRXQWQRWRQO\RIIHUVDQLQKXPDQHSLFWXUHRIWUXWKDQGZRUOGEXW SURSDJDWHVDQHYHUHQGLQJTXHVWIRUNQRZOHGJHDQGFRQWUROZKLFKSHUPLWVWKH VXEVWLWXWLRQRIWHFKQLTXHDQGNQRZKRZIRUWUXHRSHQQHVVDQGUHVSRQVLYHQHVV %\HPSKDVL]LQJWKHVRFLDODQGWHPSRUDOFKDUDFWHURIKXPDQH[LVWHQFHDQGE\ UHFHQWHULQJDWWHQWLRQRQODQJXDJH·VSRZHUWRLGHQWLI\DQGQDUUDWHQHZIHDWXUHV RIRXUFROOHFWLYHUHDOLW\²DQGE\EULOOLDQWO\FRQQHFWLQJWKLVSRZHUWR&KULVWLDQ SURFODPDWLRQWKHHVFKDWRORJLFDOLQWHUUXSWLRQpar excellence²-QJHOVWULNHVD SRZHUIXOEORZDJDLQVWLQIOXHQWLDODQGDOOWRRFRPPRQFRQFHSWLRQVRIUHDOLW\ 7REHVXUHZLWKLQ VWFHQWXU\V\VWHPDWLFWKHRORJ\DWOHDVWIHZWKLQNHUVPLJKW GHIHQG WKH adaequatio DFFRXQW DV -QJHO GHVFULEHV LW  DOWKRXJK FRUUHVSRQGHQFHDFFRXQWVRIWUXWKPDQ\TXLWHGLIIHUHQWWKDQWKHadaequatio RQH KH FULWLFL]HV ZRXOG ILQG PRUH WKDQ D IHZ GHIHQGHUV %XW WKH EURDG PRGHUQ RULHQWDWLRQ -QJHO LGHQWLILHV QRW RQO\ UHWDLQV LPSRUWDQW GHIHQGHUV HYHQ LQ DFDGHPLDEXWKDVWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQWSDVVHGLQWRFXOWXUDOFRPPRQVHQVHLQWKH ZHVW2QHRQO\KDVWRJODQFHDWUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQ6LOLFRQ9DOOH\WRVHH WKHFRQWLQXLQJUHOHYDQFHRIWKLVFRQFHUQDERXWREMHFWLILFDWLRQDQGLQVWUXPHQWDO UDWLRQDOLW\ *RRJOH·V VHDUFK DOJRULWKPV SURPRWH WKH PRVW SRSXODU VHDUFK UHVXOWV QRW WKH PRVW DFFXUDWH RQHV H[SRVLQJ XQWROG QXPEHUV RI SHRSOH WR FRQVSLUDF\WKHRULHVDQGZKLWHQDWLRQDOLVWSURSDJDQGD$PD]RQFRPWDNHVWKH ZRQGHUV RI SHUVRQDO GDWD WUDFNLQJ WR 2UZHOOLDQ KHLJKWV VHWWLQJ DEVXUG SURGXFWLYLW\UHTXLUHPHQWVIRUZDUHKRXVHHPSOR\HHVWKDWSURPSWVRPHWRFRPH 

$VLQFKDSWHUWZR,GHPXUIURPWKHLVVXHRIZKHWKHUZKDW-QJHOFDOOVWKHadaequatio YLHZ JRHV EDFN IXUWKHU WKDQ WKH HDUO\ PRGHUQPRGHUQ SHULRGV $W WKH YHU\ OHDVW LW DULVHV GXULQJDQGLVVLJQLILFDQWLQWKRVHSHULRGVDQGIRUWKDWUHDVRQLVZRUWKWDNLQJVHULRXVO\ 



Chapter 5: Unterwegs zur Sache

WRZRUNVLFNRUHYHQZHDUDGXOWGLDSHUVUDWKHUWKDQPLVVGDLO\WDUJHWV-QJHO LVQRWZURQJWRVHHDYLFLRXVFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQFHUWDLQW\SHVRIFRQFHSWXDO RUREMHFWLI\LQJVFLHQWLILFGLVFRXUVHWKHKXPDQTXHVWIRUFRQWURODQGLQKXPDQH VRFLDOSUDFWLFHV $JDLQVWWKLVDFFRXQWRIWUXWKDVadaequatio-QJHODGYDQFHVDQDFFRXQWRI WUXWKDVEreignis. 7UXWKKHUHLVQRWH[FOXVLYHO\DSURSRVLWLRQVRPHWKLQJ,FDQ JUDVSJHWKROGRIDQGSXWLQVHUYLFHRIP\RZQVHOIFHQWHUHGSURMHFWV,WLV ILUVWDQGSULPDULO\DQHYHQWDWHPSRUDOKDSSHQLQJDQGLQGHHGRQHLQZKLFK UHDOLW\ WXUQV RXW WR EH GLIIHUHQW WKDQ , EHOLHYHG $V ZH VDZ LQ FKDSWHU WZR -QJHO·VHPSKDVLVRQWUXWKDVLQWHUUXSWLRQRUFUHDWLYHPHWDSKRUSXVKHVEDFN DJDLQVW DOHWKLRORJLHV WKDW SXW WUXWK DW WKH VHUYLFH RI WKH KXPDQ NQRZHU DQ REMHFW RI NQRZLQJ VXERUGLQDWH WR LWV VXEMHFW )RU -QJHO , DP QRW LQ WKH HSLVWHPRORJLFDOGULYHUV·VHDWDVLWZHUHLQVWHDG,KDYHWRVLWLQWKHSDVVHQJHU VHDW,EHJLQP\LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWUXWKQRWDVDEROGGLVFRYHUHUEXWDVDUHFHSWLYH OLVWHQHU -QJHO DFKLHYHV WKLV GLVWDQFH IURP DGHTXDWLRQ WKHRULHV E\ XQGHUVFRULQJWKHVRFLDODQGWHPSRUDOKRUL]RQWKDWXQGHUOLHVDOOFODLPVWRWUXWK %\IOHVKLQJRXWWKHLPSOLFLWDQGRIWRYHUORRNHGFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQODQJXDJH WLPHDQGWUXWK-QJHOSHUIRUPVDYDOXDEOHVHUYLFHIRUWKRVHVWLOOFDSWLYHWRWKH &DUWHVLDQSLFWXUHRIWKLQJV1RWRQO\WKHREMHFWRIKLVFULWLTXHEXWWKHKLVWRULFDO WRROVKHXVHVWRRYHUFRPHLWFRPPHQGWKHPVHOYHV 2QHIODZLQ-QJHO·VDOHWKLRORJ\KRZHYHULVWKDWWKH3URPHWKHDQVXEMHFW RI PRGHUQLW\ LV QRW WKH RQO\ GLIILFXOW\ IDFLQJ DFFRXQWV RI WUXWK ZKHWKHU &KULVWLDQ RU RWKHUZLVH -QJHO·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WUXWK SURYLGHV ORWV RI UHVRXUFHVIRUGHDOLQJZLWKWKHSUREOHPRIWKHVRYHUHLJQVXEMHFWRIWKHPRGHUQ ZHVW EXW IHZHU UHVRXUFHV IRU GHDOLQJ ZLWK RWKHU W\SHV RI SUREOHP  7KH UHODWLRQ RIWKLV GLIILFXOW\ WR RYHUDUFKLQJSUREOHPVVXUURXQGLQJWKHQRWLRQRI ¶REMHFWLILFDWLRQ·EHJLQVWREHFRPHFOHDULIZHDVNKRZGRZHGHFLGHZKDWLV WUXH"7KLVSUREOHPKDVGLVWLQFWLYHO\&KULVWLDQYHUVLRQVDERXWZKLFKDFFRXQWV RI&KULVWLDQGRFWULQHDQGWKH&KULVWLDQOLIHDUHEHVWDQGZKLFKDUHXQDFFHSWDEOH DERXW ZKDW WKH VRXUFHV DQG QRUPV DUH IRU &KULVWLDQ WKHRORJ\ %XW QRQ &KULVWLDQVFRQIURQWVLPLODUSUREOHPVRQGLIIHUHQWVRLO-QJHOGRHVQRWJLYHXV PXFKRIDQHSLVWHPLFDFFRXQWRIWUXWKWKDWLVKHGRHVQRWWHOOPXFKDERXWKRZ DQLQTXLUHUVHHNLQJWUXWKVKRXOGSXUVXH LWDQG GLVWLQJXLVKLW IURPIDOVHKRRG 6XSSRVH ,HQGRUVHZKROHKHDUWHGO\-QJHO·VDFFRXQW RI WUXWKDVLQWHUUXSWLRQ ,W·V HDV\ WR LPDJLQH D GHEDWH ZKHWKHU WKHRORJLFDO RU VHFXODU LQ ZKLFK WZR GLIIHUHQWSHRSOHSHUFHLYHGLYLQHUHYHODWLRQRUEHLQJLQLQFRPSDWLEOHZD\V*RG VD\V33WKHWUXWKLV33 %RWKSDUWLHVPD\KDYHKDGDQH[SHULHQFHRIWKH WUXWKDV-QJHOGHVFULEHVLWWKH\WKLQNRIWKHLUOLYHVDVKDYLQJEHHQLQWHUUXSWHG SHUKDSVGUDPDWLFDOO\E\DQDGGUHVVWKDWVSRNHWRWKHPLQDQXQH[SHFWHGZD\ %XWWKLVMXVWVKDUSHQVWKHGLOHPPDRQHRIWKHPKDVWREHZURQJ:KRLVLW",I  ,QWKLVFRQFHUQ,HFKRRWKHULQWHUSUHWHUVHJ:HEVWHU²'DOIHUWKRadical Theology, ²²²

A. On truth and objectification



ZRUGHYHQWV DUH WUXH per se YHULGLFDO VROHO\ LQ YLUWXH RI WKHLU EHLQJ ZRUG HYHQWV  LI LQ (EHOLQJ·V ZRUGV ´7KH SULPDU\ SKHQRPHQRQ LQ WKH UHDOP RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LV QRW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI ODQJXDJH EXW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKURXJK ODQJXDJHµ ² WKHQ ZH IDFH D UHJUHVV SUREOHP :KHQ WZR ZRUGV WKDW DUH DSSDUHQWO\ LQWULQVLFDOO\ WUXH FRQIOLFW ZH QHHG VRPH RWKHU FULWHULRQ WR DGMXGLFDWHWKHLUFRQIOLFWLQJFODLPV,WPXVWEHVDLGWKDW-QJHOVLPSO\GRHVQRW HYLQFHPXFKLQWHUHVWLQWKLVTXHVWLRQ  7KLVODFNRIHSLVWHPLFUHVRXUFHVLVLPSRUWDQWIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV7KHILUVW LVWKDW-QJHOGRHVQRWWKHPDWL]HWKHZD\VFODLPVWRWUXWKDUHLQWHUUHODWHGZLWK TXHVWLRQVRISRZHU-QJHONQRZVIXOOZHOOWKDWHYHU\WUXWKFODLPLVPDGHE\D KXPDQDJHQWZKR LVVLWXDWHGLQDSDUWLFXODU FXOWXUDODQGKLVWRULFDO PRPHQW %XWKHGRHVQRWPDNHH[SOLFLWWKHZD\VLQZKLFKLQYLUWXHRIWKLVVLWXDWHGQHVV WKH\DUHSUHGLVSRVHG WRILQG FHUWDLQNLQGVRIDVVHUWLRQV SODXVLEOHDQGRWKHUV LPSODXVLEOH WR WDNH FHUWDLQ NLQGV RI HYLGHQFH DV GLVSRVLWLYH DQG RWKHUV DV LUUHOHYDQWDQGWRUHFHLYHDVVHUWLRQVIURPFHUWDLQSHRSOHDVUHOLDEOHDQGRWKHUV DVXQUHOLDEOH&RQVLGHUIRUH[DPSOHZKDWSKLORVRSKHU0LUDQGD)ULFNHUFDOOV ´KHUPHQHXWLFDO LQMXVWLFHµ $ ¶KHUPHQHXWLFDO LQMXVWLFH  LV ´WKH LQMXVWLFH RI KDYLQJ VRPH VLJQLILFDQW DUHD RI RQH·V VRFLDO H[SHULHQFH REVFXUHG IURP FROOHFWLYH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RZLQJ WR D VWUXFWXUDO LGHQWLW\ SUHMXGLFH LQ WKH FROOHFWLYHKHUPHQHXWLFDOUHVRXUFHµ)ULFNHU )ULFNHUXVHVWKHH[DPSOHRI ZKDWZHFDOOWRGD\VH[XDOKDUDVVPHQWSULRUWRLWVFRLQDJHE\IHPLQLVWVLQWKH WKFHQWXU\WKHUHZDVQRVLPSOHZD\IRUZRPHQWRGHVFULEHWKLVGHSUHVVLQJO\ FRPPRQH[SHULHQFH7KHODFNRIVXFKD SKUDVHGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\EXUGHQHG ZRPHQZKRH[SHULHQFHGVXFKEHKDYLRUE\PDNLQJLWPRUHGLIILFXOWWRQDPHWR WKHPVHOYHVDQGRWKHUVZKDWKDGUHDOO\KDSSHQHG,WDOVRIUHTXHQWO\UHLQIRUFHG H[LVWLQJG\QDPLFVRIVH[LVPSULRUWRWKHDGYHQWDQGZLGHVSUHDGXVHRI¶VH[XDO KDUDVVPHQW· DV D SKUDVH PHQ IUHTXHQWO\ GLVPLVVHG ZRPHQ·V H[SHULHQFHV DFFXVHGWKHPRIEHLQJWRRVHQVLWLYHRUODFNLQJDVHQVHRIKXPRUDQGVRRQ :KLOH RWKHU SKLORVRSKHUV KDYH GUDZQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKLV VRUW RI KHUPHQHXWLFDO SRYHUW\ ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ WXUQ LQ VRFLDO DUUDQJHPHQWV WKDW UHLQIRUFH XQMXVW VRFLDO G\QDPLFV -QJHO GRHV QRW $ERXW WKHRORJ\·V UHVSRQVLELOLW\WRLWVREMHFWDFURVVWLPHWRWKHSHUHQQLDOO\QHZFDOORIWKH:RUG RI *RG ZH KHDU D JUHDW GHDO $ERXW WKHRORJ\·V UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR LWV REMHFW DFURVV OLQHV RI GLIIHUHQFH DFURVV FXOWXUHV HWKQLFLWLHV DQG JHQGHUV ZH UHDG UHODWLYHO\OLWWOH 

,QJROI'DOIHUWKKDVDGYDQFHGVLPLODUFULWLFLVPVRIWKHKHUPHQHXWLFDOWUDGLWLRQVLQFHWKH V 6HH ´*RG DQG WKH 0\VWHU\ RI :RUGVµ 7KLV SDXFLW\ RI HSLVWHPLF UHVRXUFHV LV SDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWWKH¶SRVWWUXWK·SROLWLFDOLGLRPLQWKHZHVW  6HH'DOIHUWKRadical Theology    0LUDQGD )ULFNHU Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV   +HUHDIWHU ¶)ULFNHU· FLWHG LQWHUQDOO\ 0\ DWWHQWLRQ ZDV GUDZQ WR KHU ZRUN E\ 6WHSKHQ 6 %XVK Visions of Religion: Experience, Meaning, and Power1HZ/XNH @ RU KLV SUD\HU WR WKH )DWKHU LQ *HWKHVHPDQH LQGLFDWH QRW D ODFN RI NQRZOHGJHEXWDWHDFKDEOHPRPHQWIRURWKHUV  -QJHOLVULJKWWRFRPPHQG DGRFWULQHRI*RGLQZKLFKWKHLQFDUQDWLRQLVQRWH[WULQVLFWR*RG·VEHLQJLQ ZKLFKWKHOLYHGKLVWRU\RI-HVXV&KULVWLVWKHGHHSHVWUHYHODWLRQRIWKHGLYLQH LGHQWLW\ %XW DV DERYH WKLV FRQFHUQ LV QRW WKH RQO\ RQH DW SOD\ LQ &KULVWLDQ WKHRORJ\ 2Q WKH EDVLV RI 6FULSWXUH DV ZHOO DV KLV RZQ WKHRORJLFDO FRPPLWPHQWV-QJHOKDVWRGRMXVWLFHWRGLYLQHVRYHUHLJQW\GLYLQHHOHFWLRQ GLYLQHSURYLGHQFHDOORIZKLFKPHDQGLYLQHIRUHNQRZOHGJH$QGLWLVDOVRQRW FOHDUKRZDQDFFRXQWRIIHUHGDORQJ-QJHOLDQOLQHVZRXOGDGGUHVVWKHVHLVVXHV +HPLJKWGHQ\WKDWGLYLQHIRUHNQRZOHGJHLVH[KDXVWLYHDQGVRZULJJOHRXWRI WKHJULSRIWKH¶DEVROXWH·*RGE\FRQVWULFWLQJWKHUDQJHRIGLYLQHNQRZOHGJH DQG VHHPLQJO\ GLYLQH SURYLGHQFH  2U KH PLJKW SURYLGH D PRUH IXOVRPH DFFRXQWRIGLYLQHIRUHNQRZOHGJHDQGVRWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIRWKHUWUXWKVWRWKH GLYLQH PLQG %XWLI-QJHOFKRVH WKLV ODWWHUSDWK LW LV KDUG WRVHHKRZWKLV 

$FFRUGLQJWR-RKQRI'DPDVFXV&KULVWLQWKHJDUGHQZDV´WHDFKLQJXVWRVHHNKHOSLQ WHPSWDWLRQ RQO\ IURP *RG DQG WR SUHIHU WKH GLYLQH ZLOO WR RXU RZQµ &LWHG LQ -HQVRQ Systematic Theology$FFRUGLQJWR2ULJHQLQ/XNH´RXU/RUGDVNHGTXHVWLRQVQRWLQ RUGHUWR OHDUQDQ\WKLQJEXWLQRUGHUWR WHDFKE\TXHVWLRQLQJµDSDVVDJHDSSURYLQJO\FLWHG E\7KRPDV$TXLQDV67,,, 

B. The divine being, foreknowledge, and truth



ZRXOG QRW SXW SUHVVXUH LQ WXUQ RQ VRPH RI KLV PRVW GLVWLQFW FRPPLWPHQWV ZLWKLQKLVGRFWULQHRI*RGKLVFRPPLWPHQWWRGLYLQHPXWDELOLW\KLVLQVLVWHQFH WKDW*RGKDVXQUHDOL]HGSRVVLELOLWLHVDQGKLVFRQFRPLWDQWUHMHFWLRQRI*RGDV actus purus -QJHODUJXHVWKDW*RGFDQFKDQJHWKDW*RGKDVXQUHDOL]HGSRWHQWLDOLWLHV WKDWDUHVRWRVSHDNRXW¶LQIURQW·RI*RG7KLVWRKLPLVQRWDFRQWUDGLFWLRQ RI*RG·VSURIRXQGRQWRORJLFDOVHOIGHILQLWLRQLQ-HVXV&KULVWEXWDFRUUHODWHRI LW *RG GHWHUPLQHV WKH GLYLQH QDWXUH LQ -HVXV &KULVW GHILQLWLYHO\ EXW QRW H[KDXVWLYHO\7KHSRWHQWLDOLWLHVDYDLODEOHWRWKLV*RGGRQRWFRQWUDGLFW*RG·V QDWXUHDVIUHHO\RYHUIORZLQJORYHEXWGRHQDFWLWLQZD\VWKDWDUHVXUSULVLQJ DQGXQSUHGLFWDEOHQRWRQO\WRKXPDQDJHQWVEXWDOVRLQVRPHZD\WR*RG$Q DQDORJ\PLJKWKHOSH[SODLQ,WKHOSVWRFRQFHLYHRIWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVDYDLODEOH WR*RGDV-QJHOWKLQNVRIWKHPDVVLPLODUWRWKRVHDYDLODEOHWRDWH[WLQLWV KLVWRU\RIUHFHSWLRQ6HYHUDOFHQWXULHVDJR6KDNHVSHDUHZURWHMacbeth7KH VWUXFWXUHRIWKH6FRWWLVKSOD\LWVFKDUDFWHUVSORWHWF KDVEHHQGHILQLWLYHO\VHW RXWE\LWVDXWKRU,IDQHQWHUSULVLQJGLUHFWRUWLQNHUVZLWKWKHVHWKLQJVWRRPXFK ZH ZLOO ULJKWO\ REMHFW WKDW LW LV QR ORQJHU 6KDNHVSHDUH·V SOD\ WKH\·UH SHUIRUPLQJ$QG\HWLWZRXOGEHIRROLVKWRFODLPQHZSHUIRUPDQFHVRIWKHSOD\ RYHU WKH \HDUV DUH VLPSO\ LGHQWLFDO Macbeth FRQWLQXHV WR EH GLUHFWHG DQG SHUIRUPHG LQ ZD\V WKDW UHIOHFW ERWK WKH FKDQJLQJ VHQVLELOLWLHV DQG FXOWXUDO FRQWH[WVRILWVDXGLHQFHDQGWKHSURIRXQGGHSWKVRIPHDQLQJVLQWKHWH[WLWVHOI :HFDQQHYHUEHGRQHZLWKMacbethZHFDQQHYHU¶REMHFWLI\·MacBeth. 7KDW LVZHFDQQHYHU¶KDYH·LWVPHDQLQJRQFHDQGIRUDOOLWFDQQHYHUEHSHUIRUPHG LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW ZH DUH GRQH ZLWK LW RQFH DQG IRU DOO %HFDXVH KXPDQ FUHDWLYLW\XQIROGVDFURVVWLPHMacbeth FRQWLQXHVWREHDIUXLWIXOVLWHIRUQHZ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVPHDQLQJDQGSRVVLELOLW\,WDNHLWWKDW-QJHODLPVWRPDNHD VLPLODUSRLQWDERXWWKH¶WH[W·RI-HVXV·KLVWRULFDOH[LVWHQFH6LQFHWKHOLIHGHDWK DQGUHVXUUHFWLRQRI-HVXVDUHKLVWRULFDOHYHQWVWKHLUPHDQLQJLVLQDVHQVHVWLOO LQ IURQWRI XV ¶XV·PHDQLQJ QRWRQO\KXPDQLQTXLUHUVEXWDOVR *RG *RG·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

 , ERUURZ WKH EDVLF LGHD IRU ZKDW IROORZV WKRXJK QRW WKH SUHFLVH VXEVWDQFH IURP -QJHO·V ´7KH(IIHFWLYHQHVV RI &KULVW :LWKGUDZQµ VHH (VVD\V ²  +LV FRQFHUQ LQ WKDWYHU\ *DGDPHULDQHVVD\ LVQRWZLWKGLYLQHRQWRORJ\SHU VHEXW UDWKHUZLWKWKHZD\V LQ ZKLFKLW LV SUHFLVHO\ &KULVW·V DEVHQFH IURP WKH OLIHRI WKHFKXUFK WKHWHPSRUDO HQG RI KLV HDUWKO\H[LVWHQFHWKDWSHUPLWVKLVFRQWLQXHGKLVWRULFDOLPSDFW



Chapter 5: Unterwegs zur Sache

JORVVRQWKH LQILQLWHFUHDWLYH SRWHQWLDOFRQWDLQHGIRUKXPDQ LQTXLUHUVZLWKLQ +RO\ 6FULSWXUHDQG WKH&KULVWLDQWUDGLWLRQ LWLVVXSHUE%XW WR PDLQWDLQ WKLV KLVWRULFDOSURFHVVRIGHYHORSPHQWDOVXUSULVHDQGXQIROGLQJDSSOLHVQRWRQO\WR KXPDQLQTXLUHUVEXWDOVRWR*RGUDLVHVLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQV7RPDLQWDLQWKDW *RGKDV XQUHDOL]HG SRWHQWLDOLWLHV EULQJVXVEDFNWR WKHFKRLFHZH GLVFXVVHG DERYH:KHUHDUHGLYLQHSRVVLELOLWLHVORFDWHGLQUHODWLRQWRWKHGLYLQHPLQG" (LWKHU -QJHO GHQLHV WKDW *RG SRVVHVVHV H[KDXVWLYH IRUHNQRZOHGJH RI WKHVH SRVVLELOLWLHVVRPHWKLQJWKDWZRXOGPRYH-QJHODIHZVWHSVFORVHUWRSURFHVV WKHRORJ\2UKHPXVWH[SODLQKRZSRVVLELOLWLHV*RGIRUHNQRZVFDQQRQHWKHOHVV EHUHDOSRWHQWLDOLWLHVWR*RG $VZLWKKLVDOHWKLRORJ\SURSHUPDQ\RIWKHSUREOHPVLQ-QJHO·VGRFWULQH RIGLYLQHWUXWKIXOQHVVVWHPIURPDQH[DJJHUDWHGFRQFHUQDERXWREMHFWLILHGRU PHWDSK\VLFDODFFRXQWVRIWKHGLYLQHEHLQJ$V EHIRUHLI ZHUHWDLQ WKHYDOLG REMHFW RI FULWLTXH EXW SXUVXH D PRUH PRGHVW VHW RI WKHRORJLFDO UHPHGLHV -QJHO·V DFFRXQW HPHUJHV VWURQJHU IRU LW 2QH SODFH WR EHJLQ PLJKW EH UHFRQVLGHULQJ-QJHO·VUHMHFWLRQRI*RGDVactus purus. :KHQ-QJHOVD\VWKDW H[LVWHQFHDQGHVVHQFHLQ*RGDUHRQHKHPHDQVWKDWWKHH[LVWHQFHRI*RGLQ HWHUQLW\DQGLQWLPH FRQVWLWXWHZKDW*RGLVHVVHQWLDOO\7KLVFRXOGKDYHOHG -QJHO WR RIIHU D UHYLVHG DFFRXQW RI actus purus UDWKHU WKDQ UHMHFWLQJ VXFK DFFRXQWV2QVXFKDVKRZLQJZHPLJKWK\SRWKHVL]H*RG·VH[LVWHQFHDVSXUH DFWLQGLFDWHVQRWWKHLQVFUXWDEOHFORVHGQHVVRIDGLYLQHEHLQJLQVXODWHGIURPWKH H[LJHQFLHVRIKLVWRU\EXWWKHLQILQLWHWHPSRUDOOLYHOLQHVVRIWKHGLYLQHEHLQJ +HUH*RGH[LVWVHVVHQWLDOO\LQWKHRQH sui generis DFWRI&KULVW·VOLIHGHDWK DQGUHVXUUHFWLRQ6XFKDQHVVHQFHLVGHWHUPLQHGLQSUHWHPSRUDOHWHUQLW\EXW UHDOL]HG LQ WLPH 6XFKDQDFFRXQW  REYLRXVO\DVHULHVRI ULIIV LQ DEDVLFDOO\ %DUWKLDQNH\GRHVDZD\ZLWKWURXEOHVRPHDFFRXQWVRIGLYLQHSRVVLELOLW\DQG GLYLQH PXWDELOLW\ %XW LW DOVR UHWDLQV FKDUDFWHULVWLF -QJHOLDQ HPSKDVHV SUHVHQWLQJ WKH GLYLQH EHLQJ DV UHFHSWLYH WR WKH KLVWRULFDO OLIH RI -HVXV DQG UHIXVLQJDQ\VHSDUDWLRQEHWZHHQ*RGin se DQG*RGpro me.

%LEOLRJUDSK\ $GDPV1LFKRODV´%DUWKDQG+HJHOµ,QWiley Blackwell Companion to Karl BarthHGLWHG E\*HRUJH+XQVLQJHUDQG.HLWK-RKQVRQ+RERNHQ1-:LOH\%ODFNZHOO $TXLQDV7KRPDVSumma Theologiae(GLWHGE\7KRPDV *LOE\ *DUGHQ&LW\1