Early and Middle Bronze Age. (Strata 25-17) 9783641310844

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German Protestant Institute of Archaeology (GPIA)

*

Biblical Archaeological Institute Wuppertal (BAI)

Tall Zira'a The Gadara Region Project (200 1-2011) Final Report

Volume2 Early and Middle Bronze Age (Strata 25-17) Dieter Vieweger

With contributions by Andrea Schwermer

Editors of the Tall Zira'a Final Reports

Dieter Vieweger and Jutta Haser

1. Auflage, 2023 Copyright © 2019 by Deutsches Evangelisches Institut fiir Altertwnswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes/ Biblisch-Archiiologtsches Institut Wuppertal, Jerusalem/Amman/Wuppertal Dieses Werk einschlie£1ich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschiitzt. Jede Verwertuug au£erhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Deutschen Evangelischen Instituts fiir Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes (DEI) und des Biblisch-Archiiologtschen lnstituls Wuppertal (BAI) unzuliissig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere fiir Vervielfaltigungen, Obersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form (print, photugraphy, CD-ROM, DVD, BLUERAY, Internet or any other medium) without written permission of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology (GPIA) and the Biblical Archaeological Institute Wuppertal (BAI). All Tall Zira'a-Final Reports (Volumes 1-9) are available free of charge: http://www.tallziraa.de/Endpublikation!O_470.htm (PDF-Version for download) © jerusalem/Amman!Wuppertal20 17-2020 Sollte diese Publikation Links aufWebseiten Dritter enthalten, so iibernelnnen wir fur deren Inhalte keine Haftung, da wir uns diese nicht zu eigen machen, sondern lediglich auf deren Stand zum Zeitpunkt der Erstveriiffentlichung verweisen. Der Inhalt dieses E-Books ist urheberrechtlich geschiitzt und enthiilt technische SicherungsmaJlnahmen gegen unbefugte Nutzung. Die Entfernung dieser Sicherung sowie die Nutzung durch unbefugte Verarbeitung. Vervielfliltigung, Verbreitung oder iiffentliche Zugiinglichmachung. insbesondere in elektronischer Form, ist untersagt und kann straf- und zivilrechtliche Sanktionen nach sich ziehen. Wrr haben uns bemiiht, aile Rechteinhaber an den aufgefiihrten Zitaten ausfindig zu machen, verlagsiiblich zu nennen und zu honorieren. Sollte uns dies im Einzelfall nicht ge!ungen sein, bitten wir um Nachricht durcb den Recbteinhaber.

Cover-Layout: Patrick Leiverkus Front and back cover: Tall Zira'a and Wadi al-'Arab; aerial view, looking from east to west; by courtesy of APAAME, David Kennedy, 2011 Standard-Layout: Based on the template of the DAI-volumes >Menscben - Kulturen - Traditionen lllwatlllo--tllolqllor -ofillo

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oad 8)'Da ill fbo-'il.(•.l4bt,}. Dorillitbo 6 o!rtjm .r~~oc: s- ofr-1., 11143""' ,...m ~ 111< sr..

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2

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DoyW...in 1967, duo ....,.,pmofdHo Wldrai-'Anob a mll!aay :r.oa.c. A pu. ..,. wbidl had bam opm iD all din>cliom {m mllormjo

hllin 1D nm.1ii{lllallalwo) in IIIDD..th, Jlatdl -., ODd 'Ammlll Ill !he .audl. lkall1lc the Yamzuk

wu dim 011=·~ 1anlm, s,na mcllimW 111.001, became the 1\0il1h-"l 1t1 cwt camc:r would- .. ..,~ c:ilt..-loglcaii'Oll, ;,.,_ !be Slnlla 25-17. Allllou;P IUy oou1d bo izwerip!cd caly in a llll.lllliRII, they arc impoJtaDI fbr lhe K11!Cmlllo.tJi 'llloooolp: -lllllor201'1b, 19.

VJ)....,_-1111.:201711:

12

D. Vieweger/J. Hiiser

Fig. 0.5 Excavation area of Strata 24--17 in the cental eastern section ofArea I (Source: BAI/GPIA).

repeated this process at least seven times (Fig. 0.4). We have not yet reached the base of these infilllayers during our excavations. In a section of about 120m2 situated in the centre of Area I, it was possible to explore earlier, not from the landslide affected strata below Stratum 16. Structures from the Early Bronze Age, from the Intermediate Period, and from the Middle Bronze Age were uncovered. The

excavated area of the deep cut in the central eastern section of Area I is too small to justify a confident statement about the settlement activity throughout the tall, especially as the area near the spring would have offered far better living conditions. This volume presents the up to now excavated preliminary results and waits to be updated with much better results from Area II and IV (artesian spring). The cataclysmal landslide provoked a sharp break in the settlement history on Tall Zirii'a towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age. However, the remaining architecture of Stratum 16 (MB IIC/LB 1), the refilling layers of Stratum 15 and the rebuilding of the settlement of Stratum 14 were strongly connected in respect of structure as well as of function. Therefore, the description ofthe Bronze Age strata has been divided at this point and the last Middle Bronze Age Stratum 16 will be discussed together with the Late Bronze Age Strata 15 and 14 in Volume 3 of this publication series.

Fig. 0.6

4

Refilling layers, Stratum 15, Area I (Source: BAI/GPIA).

Information about the surface surveys in 200 I are given in Vieweger- Hiiser 2017a, 59- 155.

Early Bronze Age 11-DI (3000-2300 BC; Strata 25-22) Tho ...., bizj1 - t i O i l of Buly Bro:nzo Ap fiDds

lhN"""" O"'OOI"'O"ld;, a.. l!llldt-....-oflhoollll duriDe a.. IRirfaoo ~ lei ~ o.""mdin& iCIUicaul"' retiducl'. 'l'll.ac ectwllly aeem to czilt. b1lt b-..e yo1III8Ct la)'crt owrlic 1bs:m. em, a.. im,pu:uitc 8lllftu of a lllJIIIIIIof& Early llra!!ze A8J! detlrdho wall .....Jd bo ~ (Stralulll 2S a, Sq.-. AM-AO 114-116.). Tbio bl becm ~to a~ of4,8S m -..umirr- duo IJ1IIf&oo. The Ea:dy:a-zc Aac city wan i.t a11o viliblc 11tother placcaaroutld1bctall idte aamc ebtola!c heislrt 111 In SI{UIII'MAM-AO 114-116. Th IIIII cad ~ lh.o )'01J!IPI" IJir8la abow lbU wall ft:om alippin&. ~- ~y ohb: Ea:dy bm:o Ap (cad poaible allo Chalcoli1hic) laym and prcbohly ello older dd'mliY- blltthey cannot be ilxYatiplccl. on tht!- llopo a to eecudtySUIIIa n-22l'llpftllll!llt tho f~ !alp O - iiUdiod ao till: a n>la4i~ lllllllll, we e11.1111ot yet draw 11rm """"b"m 1t;., a11o 1llldee:r whedter tbc maa:iYc Barly Bnmze Age wallowlOillldal. cite pmiO'II.I!y «q~lcnd c.- ~ we «>pee~ an aarl!er illllll-layllt.

14

D. Viewcger/J. Hiiscr

Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV-Middle Bronze Age I (2300-1950 BC; Strata 21-20) During the Early Bronze Age IV/Middle Bronze Age I, the finds reflect a profound cultural upheaval on Tall Zira'a -like everywhere in the southern Levant. The demise of the once-thriving urban culture of the Early Bronze Age II/III clearly comes to mind. Storage pits, hearths and fragmentary remains of walls now characterize the settlement pattern. Only in the following Middle Bronze Age II residential houses could be detected again in the central eastern part ofArea I. The material evidence from the two periods of the Early Bronze Age IV and the Middle Bronze Age I on

the tall-in particular the pottery-speaks for cultural continuation of the Early Bronze Age at an extremely low level, rather than for a redesign or a harbinger of the Middle Bronze Age culture. This observation corresponds to the general picture of the decline of the Early Bronze Age urban culture at the end of third millennium BC and its revival in the Middle Bronze Age after 1950 BC. However, the evidence of continuous settlement of Early and Middle Bronze Age settlements in the same location is of great significance, since such findings are rare.

Middle Bronze Age II (1950-1550 BC; Strata 19-16) Respectable residential and craft areas arose in the subsequent Middle Bronze Age II, marking the beginning of a long tradition of courtyard houses. No city wall has been found, as present in some other Middle Bronze Age cities. However, this is very likely due to the specific situation on the tall. The landslide tore away that part of the hill where the Middle Bronze Age town wall might have stood. The parts that the landslide has left untouched have all the signs of urban development, including a tight, closely spaced building area optimally aligned towards the slope. From Middle to Late Bronze Age, there is a smooth transition with an extremely impressive continuity of land boundaries, forms of architecture and craft traditions. Stratum 16 represents the transition from the Middle Bronze Age IIC to the Late Bronze Age I. As explained above, it will not described here but in Volume 3. Volume 2 of the Gadara Region Project's excavation report will be divided into the following thematic blocks: 1.

In the volume's first topic block, Dieter Vieweger will introduce the Strata 25-22, this means to Early Bronze Age 11-ill contexts (Chap. 1. ).

2.

The second topic block deals with the Intermediate Period Strata 21-20 (Chap. 2. ).

3.

The third topic block will introduce the Middle BronzeAgeiiAIB Strata 19--17 (Chap. 3.).

He will discuss in each chapter the era in general (Chap. 1.1.12.1.13.1.), the excavated contexts of the Strata25-22 (Chap. 1.2.1.12.2.1.13.2.1.) and present selected finds

chronologically (Chap. 1.2.2.12.2.2.13.2.2.). The ceramic research (Chap. 1.2.2.5.12.2.2.5.13.2.2.5.) will be presented by Andrea Schwermer. 4.

The typology of cooking pots from the Early to the Middle/Late Bronze Age will be published by Andrea Schwermer (continued in Volumes 3 and 4).

A chapter about the typology of cooking pots and baking trays from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle/Late Bronze Age will be added to this volume. A study of developments in cooking ware is particularly helpful in addressing questions of technical history, and with it the socio-economic evolution of a settlement. In order to fulfil their basic function as cooking pots, materials and forms had to be found which remained thermostable (at temperatures above 1000° C on the external surface) and, in general case of lack of fuel, allowed an efficient transfer of heat, in other words, thin walls and a useful ratio of surface to volume. There are also other important, although not essential, considerations, such as for example ease of carrying or the ability to copse the vessel with a lid, in other words, weight, size, the addition of handles, the working of the rim etc. Certainly there were also aesthetic considerations, such as form, surface appearance, colour etc. All of these determined, depending on the socio-economic context, the demands of the market on the manufacturers. As a result of these demands, the changes that occurred in the form and embodiment ofcooking vessels, in other words, the rate of innovation, was particularly high over these periods, and can be observed distinctly on Tall Zira'a due to its having continuous settlement over such a long period of time.

15

1. THE EARLY BRONZE AGE I-III (3600---2300 BC) by Dieter rieweger

Egypt1

Southern Levant2

Upper Egypt/Middle Egypt: Bauri-Culture; Negade 1-IIb period

Chaleolithic period (Copper Age)

5000/4500--3600 BC Tall 'Arid StratumS

Early Bronze Age

3600--2150 BC

Early Bronze Age I Early Bronze Age lA Early Bronze Age m

3600-3000 BC

Tall 'Arii.d Stratum4

Tbinite period/Early Dynastic 1st Dynasty 2955-2780 BC 2nd Dynasty 2780-2635 BC

Early Bronze Age 11/ill Early Bronze Age n

3000-2300 BC 3000-2700 BC

Tall 'Arid Stratum3 Tall 'Arid Stratum2-1

Old Kingdom 3rdDynasty 4th Dynasty 5th Dynasty 6th Dynasty

Early Bronze Age lli

2700-2300 BC

Non-urban Transition period or Early Bronze Age N !Middle Bronze Age l

2300-1950 BC

Lower Egypt: Fayylim A-Culture, Merimde-Culture, Ma'idi-Culture (early)

Negade llc--dl period

3600-3300 BC

Negade m period (Dynasty 0) 3300-3000 BC Early Dynastic Kings Upper Egypt: 'Scorpion', Ka, Narmer

2635-2570 BC 2570-2450 BC 2450-2290 BC 2290-2155 BC

First Transition period 2155-1987 BC Tab. 1.1.

Chronology of the Chalcolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Egypt and the southern Levant (Source: BAI/GPIA).

1.1. The Early Bronze Age 1-Ill in the Southern Levant 1.1.1. 'Urban Revolution' From the beginning of the fourth millennium BC, the Southern Levant underwent tremendous changes. These were mainly initiated by external influences. On the Syrian-Palestinian land bridge connecting the two important economic and cultural centres of the now dawning era, Mesopotamia and Egypt, a first type of 'urban culture' emerged during the Early Bronze Ages II and III. However, the actual extent of this Early Bronze Age urbanity is highly disputed. Was the urban society organized as a centralized, hierarchical urban community led

2

by elites, or was it rather a ' heterarchy' of decentralized villages that were tribal or clan- retent

dlliDgB point at lho Bronzo Ago.

23

24

D. Vieweger

1.2. The Early Bronze Age 11-111 on Tall Zira'a 1.2.1. Early Bronze Age Settlement Strata (Strata 25-22) 1.2.1.1. Stratum 25: Early Bronze Age City Wall and Glacis

_j

_j

L

+ I

I

115

+ I

I

L

_j

L

+

11 6 6489 /6495 /6505 /6509

I

I

117

6488 /6494 /6504 L

I

-27.57 m AMSL AO

L

_j

L

+ I

I

AM -28.25 m AMSL

L

+ I

_j

+ I

I

L

+ I

I

I

AL

~

L

_j

L

_j

L

Fig. 1.12 Architectural plan, Stratum 25, Area I, Squares AM-AO 115-117, Complexes A (black), city wall B (brown), C (green), glacis, walls {red), fill layers (brown), pise floor (violet) {Souree: BAI/GPIA).

EAiux BRoNZB AGB 1-m (3600--2300 BC)

Fig. 1.13 Early BrollzeAge city wall (green), Stratum 2S,Aiea I (Source: BAIIGPIA).

Only a small section of the Early Bronze Age city wall could be excavated on the western slope of Tall Zirli'a. But around the settlement hill the same wall is visible in other parts of the tall in the same height. The remains of the impressive city wall, still rising up to a height of 4.85 m, dominate the lower part of the western slope. Today, they protect the more recent strata situated above the wall from sliding downwards (Fig. 1.14). The section of the city wall under inspection stretches across the excavation Squares AM-AO 115--116 (Figs. 1.12 and 1.13). The wall itself---at least in some sections--could also be described with respect to its construction: it was built from several parallel walls running alongside the slope, the interstitials being densely packed with rocks and earth (best observable in Square AO 116) (Figs. 1.16 and 1.17).

For security reasons, most of the contexts could not be excavated anyway near the bottom of the wall. Consequently, in these cases the customary measurements of the contexts' bottom edges are lacking. In order not to destabilize the entire tall on its west side, the filling layers of Stratum 15 east of the discovered city wall could not be completely removed. In the event of a torrential winter rain this could cause the entire excavation area to collapse. Accordingly, it was not possible to establish a direct stratigraphical connection between the excavated Early Bronze Age Strata (24) 23-22 and the city wall complex. In order to rebuild the Late Bronze Age city ofStratum 14, a sewer duct (Stratum 15, Area I, Squares AMAN 114-115, Contexts 581 and 5705) was hewn right through the former city wall complex, thus completely

Fig. 1.14 Early Bronze Age city wall and glacis, Stratum 25, Area I,

Fig. 1.15 Early Bronze Age city wall and glaciB, Stratum 25, Area I,

SquareAO 115, Complcxcs A-C, Coutms 4452, 4447,aud

SquaresAM-AO 115--117, ComplexcsA-C (Souroe: BAU

5947 (Source: BAJJGPIA).

GPIA).

25

26

D. Vieweger

Fig. 1.17 The city wall's construction, view from the west, Stratum 25, Area I, Square AO ll6 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

Fig. 1.16 The Early Bronze Age city wall's construction, Stra-

Fig. 1.18 City wall (Stratum 25) with Late Bronze Age drainage

tum 25, Area I, Square AO 115, Complex A, Contexts (from

channel (Stratum 15), Area I (Source: BAI/GPIA).

left to right) 6463, 6509, and 6464 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

destroying the Early Bronze Age fortification in this area (Squares AM-AO 114-116) (Fig. 1.15). Among the single finds, a miniature stone axe made of steatite is remarkable (fZ 0 19299-00 I; Figs. 1.49 and 1.50). The fully preserved miniature hatchet (L 3.5; W 1.7; H 0.8) has a little depression on its reverse, signifying that it was possibly intended to be drilled. The following reference finds were listed in Tall alI;Ii~ (Beth Shean) and are easily comparable with respect to size and qualityn: Reg. No. 105359/14 from Locus 10572, Level 88,1, Stratum R-5-7 Reg. No. 105323/14 from Locus 10535, Level 88,0, Stratum R-5c Those are only similar and do have a rectangular shape: Tall al-I:Ii:m (Beth Shean) Early Bronze Age III-scraper? Dimensions: L 5.7; W 2.3; Th 2. scoria73 Tall al-I;Ii~n (Beth Shean) Early Bronze Age lli-

72

Yahalom-Mack2007, 639--660 Fig.ll.lO,l,Photo 11.12a; Fig.

73

Mazar 2012, 364 Fig. 9. 7, 2.

ll. 10, 2, Photo 11. 12b.

MB II. Dimension: L 2.7; W 1.2; H 0.8/L 1.5; W 3.3; H 1.174• ,Complete, highly refined, miniature stone chisels, identified as igneous plutonic rock of greenish color belonging to the family ofultra-mafic rocks. According to Itai Haviv, such rocks are known in Thrkey/and the Hatay region in northwest Syria), Cyprus, the Cycladic Islands and in the eastern desert of Egypt ... A similar object of green stone, defined as an ,amulet or celt', was recovered at Gezer (Gezer IV: Pl. 49:13, from Stratum 11 in Field IV [MB liB])"".

The latter remark about the find at Tall (iezar (Geser) suggests that originally the perforation from the reverse, flat side of the carefully smoothened object had been attempted in order to allow the 'miniature hatchet' to be worn as a pendant and thus could be considered as an ornamental stone/amulet. In several locations, grinding stones or millstones were built into the city wall; also a hinge stone in Context 6508 and a pumice stone in Context 6506 (TZ 019293001; Fig. 1.50).

74 15

Mazar 2007, 655f. Plwto 11. 12 and Fig. 11. 10, 1 and2. Mazar 2007, 655.

EAlux BRONZE AoB 1-m (3600-2300 BC)

Boaes

Stone ArtefaetJ

Cenmfal (Early Broue Ap)

"CC

1 ~

4447 4547 6488 6489 6491 6494 6495 6496 6504 6505 6506 6507 6508 Tab. 1.2

0 0

II

~~

Ji

7 1 3 2 2

";I

i ~

0 0

1 1 1 1

1 14 6

3

3 1

1 2

;,

.;

J

I

1 1 1 3 2

1

11

4

2 2 18 15

1 13 3

c

!

~

J

c

~

1 2

1 1 2

1

3

1

5

2

Selected finds: Complex A, walls (red), fill layers (brown) (Source: BAI/GPIA).

~II

i

.. i

~

Tab. 1.3

lHl u

2

9 3 11

..,-o

1

Stoae Artefllda

5947

tu

,;p -

~: .

~· ~:?" """'-.

.

Fig.l.2S a Stone bowl, TZ 019069-{]01, Context: 6334 (Source: BAI/GP!A).

1

3 1

1

3 12 8 8 7

9

1 3 27 3 1 4

1 2 7

2

2 1

1

1 3 1

1('1)

1

2

2

1 3

1

Tab. l.7 SelectEd finds: Bones from Complex A. fill layers (brown),

Fig. 1.25 b Stone bowl, TZ 019069..001, Context 6334 (Source:

pit [green), wall (red) (Source: BAI/GP!A).

BAI/GP!A).

ComplexB The Complex B (B 1-4) may have been a broad-room

house (see also the column base in Context 6493) with an B.DD.exe to the west and an inside partitioning (Context 6490}. Pit 6510 was possibly dug later into the entrance area. Complex B comprises the excavation Square AL 118 and the southern part of Square AM 118.

Bolm

I I

ComplexB 1 The repertoire of finds from the western plot in front of the presumed house area (B 2 and B 3) is very similar to

the one that has already been described for Complex A.

6461 Tab. 1.8

I

i

IJ

I

1!

1 ,1:1

i

3 Sci~ :finds:

Bones from Complex B 1, ash layer (bhle)

(Source: BAI/GPIA).

33

34

D. Viewcger

In Context 6462, a charcoal sample (TZ 019158-001) was taken for the radiocarbon dating. The analysis yielded the following results 77 : The sample dates to 4140 ± 35 BP:

(5.5 %); 2760-2659 BC (42.7 %); 2651-2634 BC (6.4 %) (= 1 Sigma: 68.2 %) 2875-2619 BC (94.7 %); 2605-2601 BC (0.7 %) (= 2 Sigma: 95.4 %) 2886-2573 BC (= 3 Sigma: 99.7 %)

2864-2833 BC (13.6 %); 2819-2806 BC

c..-..uc. (EuiJ BI"IIIIZIIAp)

CNkllll Peta

St.neArtdads

.....

'0 0 0

i

jl cE

i 6412 6461 6462 Tab. 1.9

II

..."'u

...u

~

! i I

I

~

10

l

=

2 2 6

3 10

1 1

i

110:

1

Selected finds: Stone artefacts and pottery from Complex B 1, wall (red), fill layer (brown), ash layer (blue) (Source: BAI/GPIA).

Complexes B 2 and B 3

llollea

These complexes have been the interior room (or even interior rooms?) of the presumed broad-room house. The repertoire of finds is not different from the one in B 1, although, relative to the size of the excavation site, it is slightly larger in quantity. Context 6493 can best be interpreted as a column base. There are hardly any clues that point to the actual function of this house. The abundance of cooking pot sherds and of stone flakes, the grinding stone from Context 6459 (TZ 019034-001), and theremarkably large amount ofbone finds (esp. Context 6459) suggest the context of a residential house with the everyday activities concomitant with food preparation.

•

J" i 8 4

4

5

47

i

i

6

1

J

u

--= .I.U ----""""'"a:t.M-(Ifoa}

I

I

2.

I

I I

n.a.~C4mjMw

I

t8 I I

c- ~ ocbti•iolod

...,s.. . .

-c '"" ... --or~cwomp-.

qbrold,__(Cl-2,C$}.0........,Wbooo .......U,d:Yidocl&)o"

L

+

I

:

+s9.ll9

... e>

i

2 1 1

CeramiCI (Early Brooze Age)

f 10

5 1

3

1 1

I

!

3 6 2 2

3 3

Ii 4

.!2

!

I

2 2

Selected finds: Stone artefacts and ceramic finds from Complex B, wall (red), fill layers {brown) (Source: BAIIGPIA).

ComplexC With regard to its repertoire of finds, Complex C is similar to Complex A. The sediment 6074 is similar to all other sediments-they all evidence a remarkably strong Early Bronze Age pottery tradition and yield a significant number of flint tools and bone finds. This also applies to the contexts in pits 5900, 5951, and 6044. The bone finds on the work area in Context 5921, however, are extraordinary since the comparable clayey work spaces in Stratum 20 were mostly devoid of finds. The single finds also fit in perfectly with the overall finds of Stratum 21: the pierced shell pendant in Con37

38 39

Tall QCmiin (l'el Yoqt~a'im) late MD liB/early LB: Ben-Tor et al

text 5900, the shell fragment in Context 5944, the metal find in Context 5944 (fragment of a delicate needle TZ 018703-001; Fig. 2.10; c[ finds from Tall al-l;Ii~ [Beth Shean] and Tall Abii al-ijaraz40), the pounder in Context 6096, and the bone finds of gazelle in Context 5921 and donkey/horse/mule and fallow deer in 6074. A remarkable find is that of a miniature vessel in Context 5951 (TZ 021251-001). Whether this should be regarded as a cultic object (given the absence of temples in this stratum probably belonging to a private cult) or as a toy remains a matter of uncertainty. species were discovered in Contexts 6046 and 6072.

2005,381 Fig. V 12, 1-4: spindle whorls, D 2.2-3, flatter than the

40 Tall al-I;Iitn (Beth Shean) ffi: Mazar 2012, 361 f. Fig. 9, 2-4 and

specimen from Tall Zim'a--Tall Abii al-ijaraz Phases V and Vll:

Pboto 9, 11: chisels. Tall sl-I;Iitn (Beth Shean) MD Stratum R-3:

Fischer 2008, 76 Fig. 64, 2 (D c. 2.5) and 175 Fig. 206, 1 (D c. 1,

Mazar - Mullins 2007, 612 Fig. 9, 3. 7: needle; Strata R-3 and

flatter, button). Reference: Tall al-Mutaaallim (Megiddo) EB 11MB II: Wtlscn-

R-4b: Mazar-Mullins 2007,614 Fig. 9, 5. 1 and 2: pins.-Tall

Allen 1948, Pl. 207,4 and 10: similar fonn, here cameo!.

6 (L c. 7.5) and Tab. 76.

Further bone finds that cannot be identified with respect to their

Abii al-ijaraz Pbases m and IIA-B: Fischer 2008, 346 Fig. 311,

165

166

D. Vieweger

There is a stratigraphic break between the Early Bronze Age lli and the Intermediate Period marked by the destruction of or the abandonment of the Early Bronze Age Ill settlement on Tall Zirii'a. Stratum 21 bridges the gap between the Early Bronze Age ill and the characteristic Intermediate Period pottery assemblages. There is also no sharp cultural break to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age culture. The ceramic types of the Middle Bronze Age tradition are starting just in Stratum 21 and increase their appearance during Stratum 20. There is a strong continuity between the early and the late phase of the Intermediate Period.

StoaeArte-

Ceramic• (Middle BroueAge)

faetl

.; .s

11

m.

.:: l ii . a = ~~

5900 5920 5921 5944 5951 6044 6074 6092 6096 Tab. 2.6

30 1 2 4 4

1

3

1 IIQ

1

.a

5921 6074

1

1

8

2 10

Tab. 2.5

11 19

26

~.

:a .s ,go

1

I

]

riJ

;

t

~

3 9

1 2

Selected finds: Bone finds from Complex B, fill layer (brown), pise floor (violet) (SOW"Ce: BAI/GPIA).

'C

~

i i

t u

..c:l

.

... !

'il

i

CooldqPot.

ltl

10

~

~

u

8

Cenmin (E•Iy Broaze Age)

m.

.::

..

1

u

l

3

9

1

1

3 2 13

1 2

9 1

11 1

IIQ

... t. ... ! J ia::

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1

1

~

~

1 1

3 1

1

1

2

1

2 1

1

37

1

1

11

2

4 1

1 Selected finds: Stone artefacts and ceramic finds from Complex C, walls (red), fill layer (brown), pits (green), pise floor (violet) (SOW"Ce: BAI/GPIA).

41

Bonet41

Further bone finds that cannot be identified with respect to their species were di!ICOVered in Contexts 6046 and 6072.

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (2300--1950 BC)

2.2.1.2. Stratum 20: Early Bronze Age IV/Middle Bronze Age I (younger stratum)

--,

r

--,

r

r

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11 ~

11 8

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+

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i

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+

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+

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+ r -25.52 mAMSL

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AM

i I

/5825 /5881 L

~ I

i

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Fig. 2.8 Ardlitectural plan, Area I, Stratum 20, Squares AL-AO 118--119, Complexes A-c, walls (red), fill layers (brown), ash layers (blue), pits (green), pise floors (violet) (Soun:e: BAJJGPIA).

167

D.~

168

Slnilom 20, lib Slndmn 21p.......tin$ il, illjilwtml&tho th.o Borly m4 tiHo MU!4lo A3a· Tho ....,....;, - ..... -ftnod "' tho SquwAL.A.O 118-119.1D,;,.,oflllo &du-•.....t It - ~y lrn>obly 1IEiiVOd u tho buis for. 1m! pole ... ........tm ""m.ayl>o it - -.1 u • woD:iai _.,, 11 ~ IIUitCUDdocl by ... olt'al'f'~ uallloo!: ofmct"O qr lea Mmklmllor ltlep. ~ la CIO'VCI'Cd5742 ~~~ OaiOI:t\\lllldlofwhler ofjo,p Cldjora, 'bowll, Cll"'-t _.. mllo4 milia lllo Middle llromDAp ••w••••• loti113 tadmiqQo emilio tiut ...t.ao1. H - , llll!!oot tho Glllino .......,;., ~ IIEMIII.I lD hiM> beoD Jl'l"hhood in a mh.or ~qqolily; lhtre...., ooly ""'1 tlnrJP""'ipno .. lrlld jm aro okcty p• '•' ·,., 1 A. &r • ebo oootm&" pot1 m -od, lmroYcr, lflo Bltly Broilll:o At;o tp"CC!mCGI (CP 6) ._., moriJ ~ by lho CP 5 ~ p;rocllcccllo.lht; l!arly Middle llNIIzc Aac tlaCIIIiatl. Tldl it &at~ ofd!.o fOct lbo! CP $ cooldll,i poll , _ in ' ......... ""' uu;h -'""' llwm ollj- """" ... j .... jDrl, bowl&, omd knlcaB ~ oo a &rt wiYoal in lllo

pi-.,..

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (230D-1950 BC)

Middle Bronze Age manufacturing technique. There was found also a baking tray (Context 5734). Prestigious objects are rare. In Context 5709, three beads were discovered (shell, bone, stone; the latter: TZ 017645-001; Fig. 2.15; cf. a find in Tall Abu al-ijaraz43). An almost identical reference find in Tall al-l;li~ (Beth Shean)44 can be quoted for the bead made of bone (TZ 017505-001; Fig. 2.12). Another cylindrical bead was found in Context 5736 (TZ 017651-001; Fig. 2.34; cf. a find in Tall AbU al-ijaraz45), and one more in Context 5767 (both made of stone). Metals were discovered in Context 5708 (small platelet), in 5709 (awlfneedle; TZ 017686-001; cf. finds in Tall AbU al-ijaraz and Tall al-l;li~ [Beth Shean]"'), in Context 5742 (small plate fragment), and also outside Complex A in Context 5881 (amorphous lump). Shell pendants were found in Context 570847; moreover, a fragment in Context 574248• Spindle whorls were only found in sediments (Contexts 5708, 5709, 5734, and 5742). Among these, the stone spindle whorl in Context 5734 (TZ 017607001; cf. finds from Tall al-Mutasallim [Megiddo], Tall Abu al-ijaraz, and Tall al-l;li~ [Beth Shean] as well as E\1-J:>anaba)-49 is worth mentioning. Flake tools were quite frequent in all sediments (24 in Context 5709 and 27 in Context 5734)50; there were also querns, rubbing stones, and a lower grinding stone; Context 5742 yielded a rubbing stone as well as a completely intact loom weight made of clay. Iron nodules were discovered in Contexts 5709, 5767, and 5782. Two oil lamps manufactured in the Middle Bronze Age tradition (Context 5734 and Context 5742) were found. Judging from the retrieved bones, nutrition predominantly comprised sheep and goats but also, to a lesser extent, domestic pig and moreover cattle. Among the game animals, fallow deer (Context 5709 and Context 5742) and fox (Context 5709) occur. In Context 5709, the bone of a donkey/horse/mule was also verified.

43

44 45

Tall Abii al-:ijaraz EB Phase

m: Fischer 2008, 120 Fig.

date:

Sample TZ 017693-001 Context 5736 from Square AN 118 The sample dates to 3850 ± 35 BPI HS (Humic Acid) 3835 ±35 BP: 2435--2421 BC (5.3 %); 2404--2379 BC (10 %); 2349--2277 BC (37.8 %); 2252-2228 BC (10.4 %); 2223-2210 BC (4.8 %) (= 1 Sigma: 68.2 %) I HS: 2344--2206 BC (= 1 Sigma: 68.2 %) 2459--2206 BC (= 2 Sigma: 95.4 %) I HS: 24582199 BC ( 94.7 %); 2159--2154 BC (0.7 %) (= 2 Sigma: 95.4 %) 2470--2194 BC (98.6 %); 2175-2145 BC (1.1 %) (= 3 Sigma: 99.7 %) I HS: 2466--2141 BC (= 3 Sigma: 99.7 %) Due to their clayey texture, the work areas (Contexts 5710, 5714, 5725, 5765) feature a very low density of finds or even their total absence. Apparently they served as a solid surface on which to prepare food and engage in various kinds of skilled manual work. In this solid ground, however, it was difficult for remains of the activities performed in these areas to sink in (in Context 5725: bones of a domestic pig). Likewise, the ash layers yielded no oratbestvery few finds (Contexts 5713, 5715, 5726,574551, 5768). The roughly laid paving (Contexts 5716, 5728, 5730, 5731, 5743?, 5769, 5781, 5962)maybe compared to that in farmyards. It was not continuously well placed but still it provided a solid surface as domestic thoroughfares and working surfaces, and, above all, it could withstand the violent winter rainfalls. The find repertoire corresponds to that of the surrounding area; however, the overall

120, 2;

47

358-359. 364 Fig. 326; 387-388: necklace with 56 beads of man-

48

Also cf. Context 5882.

made silicates, sandstone, !imeWme, molluscs and obsidian (?).

49

Tall al-l;lifn (Beth Shean) EB

Also cf. Contexts 5765 and 5730.

m:

Mazar 2012, 368 f., Pboto 9,

Most of the beads consist of quartz; most of them llle thicker than

16 and Fig. 9, 9 {esp. Pboto 9, 16 f and Fig. 9, 9. 16): polished

the one from Tall Ziri'a, only the bead in Fig. 364, 11 seems to be identical.

3.3 to 4; D of its hole ranging from 0.5 to 0.9.-TallAbii al-ijaraz

limestone, lentil-shaped cross-section; D ofthis type ranging from

Tall al-l:lifn (Beth Shean) EB ffi-MB II: Mazar 2012, 388. Fig. 9.

MB II Phase IVB: Fischer 2008, 97 Fig. 104, 1: spindle whorl,

17, 5-9 and Pboto 9, 27: bone beads, D 0.6-{).8: identical.

greyish brown stone; seems to be the identical material, D c. 3.5.

Tall Abii al-ijaraz EB Phase

m:

Fischer 2008, 120 Fig. 120,

-Tallal-Mutasallim(Megiddo)MBIIA: Wilson-Allen 1948, PL

2; 358-359. 364 Fig. 326, 16; 387-388: necklace widt 56 beads of

171, 14: similar fonn, here also grey stone.-EQ-J;>anaba (Rugm

man-made silicates, Slllldstane, limestone, mollusca and obsidian ('I);

Sa'ab)EB: Kamlal! 2000, Tab. 105:10: pierced limestone disc.

Material: brown specks (quartz, calcite, aragonite). 46

The 14C data from Context 5736 gives the following

Tall Abii al-:ijaraz Phases

311, 6 (L c. 7.5) and Tab. 76.-Tall al-l;lifn (Beth Shean) MB Stratum R-3: Mazar -Mullins 2007, 612 Fig. 9, 3. 7: needle; Stratum R-3 and R4b: Mazar- Mullins 2007, 614 Fig. 9, 5. 1 and 2: pins.

50

Moreover 8 in Context 5732 and 20 in Pit 5767. 16 finds were

51

Here, a cooking pot like CP 3 fabric was discovered.

m and IIA-B: Fischer 2008, 346 Fig.

reported in Sediment 5735 ofArea B 1.

169

170

D. Vieweger

Ceramta (Middle Bronze Ace)

StaaeArte-

Cookbta

facti

j ~ 5708 1 5709 24 5712 5716 1 5725 5726 1 5728 5729 5732 7 5734 27 5736 2 5742 4 5745 5746 2 5761 5764 5767 18 5768 5782 9 5807 5854 5962 1 6196 Tab. 2.7

Cenmk1 (Eu"ly Bnmze Age)

Pots

it 1£ I!

1 5

1

i

.. J

~

8 30 1

i

1 1

2

~

t ~

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6

2

1 5 2

16 9 18

1

2 12

1

21 2 6

1

1 4

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.,

10

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el

el

1

16 1 27

2 4

2

3 1 1

1

2

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1 2

1

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9 101 2 1

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2 6

-t!

j

~

i

II.

4

I 1 1

17

1

1 1

1

28 7 20 2

1

i

2 21 283 52 17

1 1

5

3

4

1

1

1 2

2

3

1 1

1 1

1

7 5 2 7

11

1

1

5

Selected finds: Stone artefacts and ceramic finds from Complex A, walls (red), fill layers (brown), ash layers (blue), pits (g=n) (Source: BAI/GPIA).

density of finds was low-only slightly higher in the semi-circle (Contexts 5746, 5761, and 5780) around the base stone 5764. Only the density of cooking pots (CP 5) in Context 5716 stands out. In the large pit (Contexts 5767/5782/5807), the findings are similar to those from the sediments, although with a slightly lower density. By contrast, the smaller pits Contexts 5732, 5854, and 6196 are more likely to have been used for organic waste disposal

Boll.n"'

.,..

~

'il

I i

i

f.l

]

22

73

7

11 13

12 35

3 5

12 1 2 9

11.1

5709 5725 5742 5767 Tab. 2.8

l

.c:a

ii

~

3 1

Selected finds: Bone finds from Complex A, fill layers (brown), pit (gn:en), pisC fioor (violet) (Souroe: BAI/GPIA).

52

277 fragments belong to one vessel.

5728, 5729, 5732, 5734, 5736, 5746, 5761, 5768, 5782, 5807,

53

Further bone finds that cannot be identified with respect to their

and 5854.

species were discovered in Contexts 5708, 5712, 5716, 5726,

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (231l0-1950 BC)

ComplexB ComplexB 1 The assumption of a cottage/tent construction is founded on the existence of the two orthogonal walls Context 5763 (with collapse debris 5744) and Context 5803. The obviously reused former hinge stones seem to have been employed as post-holes. Moreover, in the area of B 1 in Context 5825 (underneath Context 5790, where the two abovementioned hinge stones were found), two further hinge stones were discovered. Another hinge stone was excavated nearby in Complex B 2 (Context 5804). The sediments (Contexts 5735, 5762, 5790, 5805, 5825, 5865, 5881) are equivalent to the setting in Complex A. In the ceramic repertoire, the jugs/jars and bowls manufactured in the Early Bronze Age tradition predominate. Among the cooking pots, the vessels Type CP 5 again make up the largest share. Overall, the pottery only consists of unprestigious everyday ware. There was only one pierced shell (pendant) that was found in Context 5865; an amorphous metal find in Context 5881 and a stone sphere (gaming piece?; TZ 017596-001; Fig. 2.32; cf. a find from Tall Qemun [Tel Yoqn::~'am]) 54 in Context 5762. The overall density of StolleArtefacta

Ceramia (Middle Bronze Age)

.,

...

0

i

~

5735 5745 5762 5763 5790 5805 5806 5817 5818 5865 5881 Tab. 2.9

II= ;~~~o

r. .;

!

J !

.a ~

~

finds is slightly inferior to that in Complex A. The bone finds more or less correspond to those in Complex A; however, only sheep/goat, cattle, and domestic pig were

verified. Cattle is slightly more abundant than domestic pig. Otherwise no characteristic differences could be made out. The 14C data from Context 5735 yielded the following values: Sample TZ 017691-001 Context 5735 from Square AN 118 The sample dates to 3800 ± 40 BP: 2293--2196 BC (56.9 %); 2171-2146 BC (11.3 %) (= 1 Sigma: 68.2 %) 2452-2420 BC(2 %); 2405-2378 BC (2.6 %); 2350-2132 BC (89 %); 2082-2059 BC (1.7 %) (= 2 Sigma: 95.4 %) 2463--2118 BC (96.8 %); 2098-2039 BC (2.9 %) (= 3 Sigma: 99.7 %)

Ceramic• (Early Bronze Age)

CooldllgPDta

.."' ..

10

u

u

.;""

...

!

J !

~

j

~

19

1

22

1

1

15

2

40

4

1

8

4

16

1

2

2

5

28 1 6 12 3

3

1

2 3

1

4

5

3

1

1

1 2

1

1 1

...

~

~

Jg

I

~

.!!

.g.

1

2

1 2 6

2 3 6

1 2

2

1 1

Selected finds: Stone artefacts and ceramic finds from Complex B I, walls (red), fill layers (brown), ash layers (blue), pit (green) (Source:

BAI/GPIA).

54 Tall Qemun (l'el Yoqn:~'lim) MB IIA-i:8rly LB: Ben-Tor et al. 2005, 369 Fig. V 8, 1- 7- identical shape, limestone, wcighiB (?).

171

In

D.~

1be pit $806, the rough ptiViDg $817, and the aah 11m1 5818 confmm pcrfcct1y to the cm::mll pidurcudcaaibcd

41bovo.

-

i I 42 7 I

S73:J

S762 $80S S818

1

I

a

J I

36

10

9

14 8 I

7 2 2

7

'llli>. 2.10 Seloelllo! ftocla: -&.II !om Comtoi«J; B 1,

fill..,_

(llroloD). Ill> layrr(bh&a) {SouRioc IWIOPIA}.

Beciii1IC of !he post-hole 1o the eut of thc wall S8Q), Compt. B 2 eoul4 al&o 'bo ~ u a~ ~on. Colm!xl $824 JD!Ib BIIOthcr WOIIr:iq a:rca. Nci:tba' of tb: rimmt• S78l, 5789, 5802, S8D4,

-II f

~----""

I

I

!1783 5789 !1802 5&91

ss

I

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I

rl"'

I 4 4

2 2

1'lrioor ~ 1loolldoll:-... i. •

t·

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.

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Fig. 2.28 Spindle whorl, TZ 017607-001 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

TZ 017520-001 Area I; Square AO 118; Complex A; Context 5709 Description: Quem. Fragmented; upper side convex; bottom side flattened; burn marks Type: Quem type 2a Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 5.6; W 8.1; H 4.6 Weight: 310 g Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 017538-001 Area I; Square AO 118; Complex A; Context 5728 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; oval in its cross section; upper side slightly convex; bottom side slightly concave Type: Rubbing stone type 12.2 Figure Reference: Fig. 2.29 Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 9.6; W 4.5; H 2.5 Weight: 193 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

Fig. 2.29 Rubbing stone, TZ 017538-001 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

TZ 017539-001 Area I; Square AN 119; Complex A; Context 5742 Description: Rubbing stone. Fragmented; oval in its cross section; upper side slightly convex; bottom side flattened Type: Rubbing stone type 12.2 Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 7.6; W 5.8; H 2.6 Weight: 166 g Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 017540-001 Area I; Square AO 118; Complex A; Context 5709 Description: Rubbing stone. Fragmented; upper side convex; bottom side flattened Ij;pe: Rubbing stone type 3 Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 12.4; W 6.6; H. 6.2 Weight: 840 g

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (2300--1950 BC)

Material: Basalt Reference: -

Weight: 108 g Material: Basalt Rriference: -

TZ 017544..()01 Area I; SquareAO 118; Complex A; Context 5709 Description: Quem. Fragmented; upper side convex; bottom side flattened 'JYpe: Quem type 1e Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 9.4; W 14.5; H 6.5 Weight: 1331 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

TZ 017589..()01 Area I; Square AM 118; Complex B 1; Context 5762 Description: Quem. Fragmented; upper side convex; bottom side flattened 1Jpe: Quem type 2a Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L27; W 11.5; H 5.5 Weight: 2402 g Material: Basalt Rriference: -

TZ 017551..()01 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex B 1; Context 5735 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; oval in its cross section; upper side convex; bottom side flattened 'JYpe: Rubbing stone type 3 Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 5.2; W 3.7; H 2.3 Weight: 69 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

TZ 017592..()01 Area I; Square AN 119; Complex A; Context 5782 Description: Quem. Fragmented; upper side convex; bottom side flattened 1Jpe: Quem type 1e Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 6.3; W 10.6; H 5.3 Weight: 412 g Material: Basalt Rriference: -

TZ 017552..()01 Area I; SquareAO 118; Complex A; Context 5708 Description: Lower grinding stone. Fragmented; oval in its cross section; upper side flattened with a slightly bevelled rim; bottom side convex and roughly worked 'JYpe: Lower grinding stone type 1e Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L41; W21; H4 Weight: 9500 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

TZ 017598..()01 Area I; Square AM 118; Complex B 1; Context 5762 Description: Rubbing stone. Fragmented; oval in its cross section; loaf sized; upper side convex; bottom side flattened 1Jpe: Rubbing stone type 16 Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 6.3; W 3.2; H 2.3 Weight: 55 g Material: Limestone Rriference: -

TZ 017586..()01 Area I; Square AM 118; Complex B 1; Context 5762 Description: Rubbing stone. Fragmented 'JYpe:Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L4.5; W 4.8; H 1.6 Weight: 46g Material: Basalt Reference: -

TZ 017587..()01 Area I; Square AM 118; Complex B 1; Context 5762 Description: Lower grinding stone. Fragmented; upper side flattened; bottom side roughly worked 'JYpe: Lower grinding stone type 1e Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 7.5; W 5.6; H 2.2

TZ 017599..()01 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5736 Description: Rubbing stone. Fragmented; oval in it cross section; upper and bottom side flattened 1Jpe: Rubbing stone type 12 Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 5.4; W 8.2; H 2.4 Weight: 162 g Material: Basalt Rriference: -

TZ 017600..()01 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5736 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; upper side convex; bottom side flattened; traces of use 1Jpe: Rubbing stone type 12.1 Figure Reference:-

189

190

D. Vieweger

Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 9.4; W 7; H 3.5 Weight: 245 g Material: Limestone Reference: -

TZ 017601-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5736 Description: Rubbing stone. Fragmented; oval in its cross section; upper side convex; bottom side flattened Type: Rubbing stone type 12 Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 5.4; W 9; H 3.6 Weight: 176 g Material: Silicate rock Reference: TZ 017602-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5736 Description: Quem. Complete; oval shaped; finely porous Type: Quem type 4b Figure Reference: Fig. 2.30 Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 21; W 18.7; H 5.8 Weight: 3571 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

Figure Reference: Date of Context: ED IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 4.9; W 3.8; H 3.4 Weight: 86 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

TZ 017652-001 Area I; Square AN 119; Complex A; Context 5742 Description: Mortar (bowl). Fragmented; flattened; irregularly shaped; roughly made; concave rounded base Type: Mortar (bowl) type 2 Figure Reference: Fig. 2.31 a.b Date of Context: ED IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 8.1; W7; H 3.2 Weight: 112 g Material: Limestone Reference: -

Fig. 2.31 a Mortar (bowl), upper side, TZ 017652-001 (Source: BAI/ GPIA).

Fig. 2.31 b Mortar (bowl), bottom side, TZ 017652-001 (Source: Fig. 2.30 Quem, TZ 017602-001 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

TZ 017605-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5736 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; oval in its cross section; upper side convex; bottom side flattened Type: Rubbing stone type 12.2 Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 10.2; W 8.6; H 3.4 Weight: 350 g Material: Silicate stone Reference: TZ 017608-001 Area I; Square AL 118; Complex C; Context 5801 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; egg-shaped Type: Rubbing stone type 3

BAI/GPIA).

TZ 017723-001 Area I; Square AL 118; Complex C; Context 5882 Description: Lower grinding stone. Fragmented; oval in its cross section; upper and bottom side convex. Type: Lower grinding stone type 2b Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 40; W 35; H 9 Weight: 2100 g Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 017795-001 Area I; Square AM 119; Complex B 2; Context 5891 Description: Quem blank. Fragmented; oval in its cross section; upper side convex; bottom side flattened and roughly made, not abraded

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (2300--1950 BC)

Type:Figure Reference: Date ofContext: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 17; W 18; H 7 Weight:Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 017831-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5746 Description: Quem. Fragmented; upper side convex; bottom side flattened Type: Quem type 1g Figure Reference: Date ofContext: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 4.4; W 9.5; H 4 Weight: 190 g Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 017834-001 Area I; Square AM 118; Complex B 1; Context 5817 Description: Lower grinding stone. Rectangular in its cross section; upper side slightly concave; bottom side slightly convex and roughly made Type: Lower grinding stone type le Figure Reference: Date ofContext: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L26.5; W 19.7; H 5.8 Weight: 4644 g Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 017861-001 Area I; Square AL 118; Complex C; Context 5902 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; oval in its cross section; upper side convex; bottom side flattened Type: Rubbing stone type 12.2 Figure Reference: Date ofContext: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 6.8; W 5.4; H 3.6 Weight: 188 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; oval in its cross section; upper and bottom side slightly convex Type: Rubbing stone type 12.2 Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MD I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 7.2; W 4.2; H 2.8 Weight: 117 g Material: Limestone Reference: TZ 019066-001 Area I; Square AP 118, Complex A; Context 6196 Description: Lower grinding stone. Fragmented; upper side flattened; bottom side convex; bum marks Type: Lower grinding stone type 2b Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IV/MD I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 10; W 12.3; H 6.8 Weight: 1324 g Material: Basalt Reference: -

Personal Items TZ 017596-001 Area I; Square AM 118; Complex B 1; Context 5762 Description: Gaming piece. Complete; sphere Type: Gaming piece type 1 Figure Reference: Fig. 2.32 Date of Context: EB IV/MD I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max.) 2.6 Weight: 19 g Material: Silicate stone. Reference: Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqn:~'am) MB IIALB: Ben-Tor et al. 2005, 369 Fig. V 8, 1-7: identical, limestone, weights (?).

Fig. 2.32 Gaming piece, TZ 017596-001 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

TZ 018012-001 Area I; Square AL 118; Complex C; Context 5892 Description: Rubbing stone. Complete; frustum shaped; upper side rounded; bottom side slightly convex Type: Rubbing stone type 5.1 Figure Reference: Date ofContext: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: H 7.5; D (max.) 5.4 Weight: 340 g Material: Basalt Reference: TZ 018847-001 Area I; Square AN 119; Complex B 2; Context 5962

TZ 017645-001 Area I; Square AO 118; Complex A; Context 5709 Description: Bead. Complete; disc-shaped; flattened; carefully worked Type: Bead type 6 Figure Reference: Fig. 2.15 and Fig. 2.33 Date of Context: EB IV/MD I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max.) 1.3; D (hole) 0.27; Th 0.47 Weight: 1.4 g Material: Alabaster Reference: Tall Abii al-ljaraz EB Phase IB: Fischer 2008, 120 Fig. 120, 2; 358-359. 364 Fig. 326; 387-388:

191

192

D. Viewegcr

necklace with 56 beads ofman-made silicates, sandstone, limestone, molluscs and obsidian (?). Most of the beads consist of quartz; only bead in Fig. 364, 11 seems to be identical.

TZ 017631-D01; 1 sickle blade, 1 blade, 15 flakes; Area I; Square AN 118; Context 5767 TZ 017632-001; 1 sickle blade, 1 tabular scraper, 7 blades, 18 flakes; Area I; Square AN 118; Context 5734 TZ 017633-001; 2 flakes; Area I; Square AN 119; Context 5742 TZ 017634-001; 1 blade; Area I; Square AO 119; Context 5716

Fig. 2.33 Bead, TZ 017645-001 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

TZ 017651-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5736 Description: Bead. Complete; cylindrical Type: Bead type 5 Figure Reference: Fig. 2.34 Date ofContext: EB IVIMB I. younger Stratum Dimensions: L 3.8; D (max.) 0.8; D (opening) 0.4 Weight: 3.2 g Material: Sandstone reddish-brown. Reference: Tall AbU al-ijaraz EB Phase m: Fischer 2008, 120 Fig. 120, 2; 358-359. 364 Fig. 326, 16; 387-388: necklace with 56 beads ofman-made silicates, sandstone, limestone, molluscs and obsidian (?); Material: brown specks (quartz, calcite, aragonite).

TZ 017635-001; 3 blades, 1 uncertain; Area I; Square AO 118; Context 5709 TZ 017639-001; 1 blade, 6 chips; Area I; Square AO 118; Context 5732 TZ 018321-D01; 1 flake; Areal; Square AN 119; Context 5962 TZ 018322-001; 2 flakes; Area I; Square AN 119; Context 5962 TZ 018402-001; 1 flake; Area I; Square AM 119; Context 5891 TZ 018403-001; 2 blades, 2 bladelets, 1 chip, 12 flakes; Areal; SquareAL 118; Context5902 TZ 018410-001; 4 flakes; Area I; SquareAL 118; Context 5892

Fig. 2.34 Bead, TZ 017651-001 (Source: BAIIGPIA).

Flints: Flakes and Tools TZ 017517-001; 1 sickle blade; Area I; SquareAO 118; Context 5708 TZ 017518-001; 1 harvesting knife, 2 sickle blades, 19 flakes; Area I; Square AO 118; Context 5709 TZ017532-001; 1 flake; Area I; SquareAO 118; Context 5726 TZ 017620-001; 1 bladelet, 8 flakes; Area I; Square AN 119; Context 5782 TZ 017621-001; 1 sickle blade, 1 projectile, 1 flake; Area I; Square AM 118; Context 5805 TZ 017628-001; 9 blades, 9 flakes, 1 uncertain; Area I; Square AN 118; Context 5735 TZ 017629-D01; 1 projectile, 2 blades, 5 flakes; Area I; Square AM 118; Context 5762

TZ 018452-001; 6 flakes; Area I; Square AM 118; Context 5865 TZ 018453-001; 1 tabular scraper, 1 blade, 2 flakes; Area I; Square AL 118; Context 5882 TZ 018455-001; 1 flake; Area I; Square AN 118; Context 5736 TZ 018456-D01; 2 blades; Area I; Square AM 118; Context 5818 TZ 018457-001; 1 chip, 1 uncertain; Area I; Square AM 119; Context 5824 TZ 0111463-001; 1 sickle blade, 1 blade, 5 flakes; Area I; Square AL 118; Context 5902 TZ 018473-001; 1 flake; Areal; Square AN 118; Context 5767 TZ 018477-001; 1 flake; Area I; Square AN 118; Context 5736 TZ 018480-001; 1 flake; Area I; Square AM 119; Context 5891

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (2300--1950 BC)

TZ 018507-001; 1 borer, 1 projectile; Area I; Square AN 118; Context 5746 TZ 018510..001; 2 flakes; Area I; Square AN 119; Context 5742

Ecofacts TZ 017674-001 Area I; SquareAO 118; Complex A; Context 5709 Description: Iron nodule. Fragmented 'JYpe:Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max) 5.5

Weight:Material: Ironstone (Fe20 3) Reference: TZ 017675-001 Area I; Square AN 119; Complex A; Context 5782 Description: Iron nodule. Fragmented; egg-shaped 'JYpe:Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max.) 4.3

Weight:Material: Ironstone (Fe20 3) Reference: TZ 017676-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5767 Description: Iron nodule. Fragmented; irregularly shaped 'JYpe:Figure Reference: Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max.). 2.7

Weight:Material: Ironstone (Fe20 3) Reference: -

TZ 017678-001 Area I; Square AO 118; Complex A; Context 5709 Description: Iron nodule. Complete; globular 1}pe:Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max.) 2.7

Weight:Material: Ironstone (Fe20 3) Rriference: TZ 017679-001 Area I; Square AN 118; Complex A; Context 5767 Description: Iron nodule. Fragmented; irregularly shaped 1}pe:Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: D (max.) 3.9

Weight:Material: Ironstone (Fe20 3) Rriference: TZ 019528-001 Area I; Square AL 118; Complex C; Context 5882 Description: Raw materiaL Iron powder 1}pe:Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum

Dimensions: Weight: 1 g Material: Ironstone (Fe20 3) Rriference: TZ 019532-001 Area I; Square AO 118; Complex A; Context 5725 Description: Raw material 1}pe:Figure Reference:Date of Context: EB IVIMB I, younger Stratum Dimensions: L 2.7; W 2.9; H 1.9

Weight:Material: Biaxal mica. Rriference: -

193

194

D. Vieweger

2.2.2.5. Catalogue of Ceramic Finds: Strata 21-20 by Andrea Schwermer

Introduction The sparse and not very solid architectural remains found in the Strata 21 and 20 of the Tall Zira'a give evidence of the decline of urban life that affected the entire southern Levant during the transitional period, Early Bronze Age N and Middle Bronze Age I. The question arises whether the ceramic utensils----in their capacity as a kind of mobile cultural assets--also reflect this development The following description is based on the ceramic finds from the Strata 21 and 20, which in all likelihood have to be dated to the late Early Bronze Age and the onset of the Middle Bronze Age. It should be kept in mind, though, that for obvious reasons, transitional periods such as these tend to make an exact temporal

placement difficulP'l. This circumstance could also account for the low number of publications58• Sherds that may have originally come from these strata but were found in different contexts will be disregarded just as the fragments of vessels from later periods that were moved to the Early Bronze Age strata in the course ofthe massive interventions that took place during the Classical periods. Please refer to the introductory chapter on the Early Bronze Age ceramics with respect to the process of defining and categorizing the sherd finds. It also comprises a typology5 9 •

Types of Vessels Distribution The 560 rim sherds found in the Strata 21 and 20, which most likely date back to the Intermediate period can be assigned to the following types of vessels60 : Holemouth vessels Cooking pots Kraters61 Jugs/jars62 Pithoi Bowlslplatters63 Oil lamps Others. As is to be expected from a transitional period between two major eras, the two strata in this chapter yielded an assortment of Early Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age sherds. Judging from what can be reconstructed from the single sherds that were excavated, vessel forms that are entirely individual and characteristic of this interim period cannot be made out on the Tall Zira'a64 . Rather, both strata held both types of vessels coming from the

57

On 1hc excavation evidence regarding this 1ransitional period on

Early Bronze Age ill and those that anticipate the Middle Bronze Age ll. It is comparatively easy to distinguish Early and Middle Bronze Age vessels from each other solely on the basis of their respective clay material and the manner in which it was processed as by the onset ofthe Middle Bronze Age, the use of the fast-spinning potters' wheel had prevailed and thus----with one exception which will be discussed later-the pieces were no longer hand-built The visible sign of this technological progress is constituted by throwing marks in the shape of delicate grooves on the vessel's outside. Apart from that, the outward forms of the various individual types of vessels change, and some Early Bronze Age forms disappear almost entirely during the Middle Bronze Age, such as the holemouth vessels and the large flat platters. For example, the cooking pots that are commonly considered as characteristic of the Middle Bronze Age are no longer shaped like holemouthjars but are straight-walled bowls and thus have a completely

62

58

On this, also cf. Fischer 2008, 368 £, Mac Donald et Ill. 2001, 233 ff.,

bottles was often not possible and therefore neglected On 1his, also

Mazar 2012,338.

cf. Macir 2007, 264 f.

59

Cf. Chap. 1.2.2.5.

60

With respect to the difficulties in exactly identifying sherd finds

63

pottery of the Early Bronze Ages II and ill, Chap.1.2.2.5. On the difficulties in distinguishing kraters from large bowls, cf. Maeir 2007' 245; 255.

Most of the sherd material at hand does not allow a clear distinction between bowls and plates . They are therefore

with specific types of vessels, please refer to the remarks on the 61

Due to the small size of most of the rim sherds, a further clear differentiation of 1hc handled vessels into jugs, jars, and

the Tall Zira'a, cf. Chap.1.2.1.1. and 2.2.1.2.

being regarded collectively.

64

Also cf. Fischer 2008, 369. A different view is held by Mazar (20 12, 338 and esp. 348) for Tall al-l;lifn, (Beth Shean).

dilfm:llt ~ In eaa!nllt to all otbc:r Micldle bazc Age vcucl.t, b.owem;. lhac eookill& po1a arc bmd-made lllld ndher - . which mWt 1hem Ia& bcbia.d iD. taml of the pmlliliaa tcclmologicelltlmd·

ad of 1hotc timet"'. Tbia ci&tiW»IImce lllld apomdic ~ illldt .ugett !bit 1bil tlmD. crigjllaled iD. lhe lat>c Early bazc Age or at teat durillg the '"""'iti-1 period to lhe N:idcllc llnmze ~.

E Pft.2J~ illd1-~boiJ=rt

(llcNreoc -

t; IOO

• HM NP D HM Corrbed • HM Metallic

G>

a.

o HM Coarse

20

• WM C Buff

10 0

• WM C R2B

0000000000

OWM R2B P Holemouth

Kraters

Jars Vessels

Bowls/Platters

OWM WSI • WM Coarse

Graph 2.13 Percentage distribution of the ware categories among the different types of vessels in Stratum 21 (Source: Schwenner).

88

The cooking pots are not listed here because, inside one period, no further distinctions are being made here of the clay material from

which they are made.

89

Cf. Chap. 1.2.2.5.

203

204

D. Vieweger

Stratum 20: Percentage distribution fabric w ares to t he differnet vessels c HM Buff

100 87

90

• HM R2B

80

., c.,"'

70

.,~

40

..

a.

OHM GW

"·

OHM P

60

• HM NP

50 30 20 10 0

"

l

6

6

-

OL

-,uun ullu uuuu Holemou1h

uu u uuuuu uuu. Kra1ers

OHM Corrlled

37

3.'lt'i

• HM Metallic LL

18

1'>

1 ~ uu__,u.uuu

Jars

~ Bowls/Pia11ers

Vessels

c HM Coarse • WM C Buff • WM C R2B c WM R2B P OWM WSI • WM Coarse

Graph 2.14 Pen:entage distribution of the ware categories among the di1fenmt types of vessels in Stratum 20 (Sounle: Schwermer).

Strata 21 and 20 : Percentage distribution offabric wares to t he differ ent vessels

., c.,"' .,~

..

a.

80

C HM Buff

70

• HM R2B OHM GW

60

OHM P

50

• HM NP

40

C HM Corrlled

30

• HM MetalliC OHM Coarse

20

• WM C Buff

10

• WM C R2B

0

OWM R2B P Holemou1h

Kra1ers

Jars

Vessels

Bow ls/Pia11ers

OWM WSI • WM Coarse

Graph 2.15 Pen:entage distribution of the ware categories among the di1fenmt types of vessels in Stratum 21 and 20 combined (Soun:e: Schwermer).

The Intermediate Period: Early Bronze Age IV and Middle Bronze Age I (2300-1950 BC)

A glance at the distribution of the different ware categories in the two Strata 21 and 20 independent of their association with the different types of vessels reveals that the decrease of Early Bronze Age ceramics and increase of wheel-thrown pottery that were to be expected from Stratum 21 to Stratum 20 did not apply to every ware category and that, where detectable, the shift was only marginal. Actually, this supposition only

proves to be true with respect to the cooking pots and, in a sort, to the ware category HM Buff. On the whole, the two strata hardly differ from each other in terms of their shares of Early Bronze Age sherds (60 vs. 59 %). The 'divide' only occurs at the passage to the first Middle Bronze Age Stratum 19 wh~xcept for instances where find contexts were disturbed-Early Bronze Age ware categories or forms have completely disappeared.

Stratum 20: Percentage distribution offabric wares

Stratum 21 : Percentage distribution of fabric wares

• HM Buff

• HM Buff

• HM R2B

• HM R28

o HM GW

C HM GW

OHM P

C HM P

• HM Metallic

C HM Cont>e'lim) MB Stratom 23: Ben-Tor et al. 200S, 378 Fig. v 10, 9: book(?); Tall al-l;liin (Beth Shean) m: Mazar 2012, 361 f. Fig. 9. 4, 3-5 and Photo 9, 10: braeelets.-Tall all;Jifn (Belh Shean) MB Stratwn R-3 and R-4b: Mazar - Mullina 2007, 614 Fig. 9, 5. 4: rod.

269

270

D. Vieweger

The bronze smelting furnace (Complex C) The furnace, which had been continuously located at almost the same spot on the tall, starting from Stratum 19 up to Stratum 14--i.e., throughout the entire Middle and Late Bronze Ages-could be verified for the first time

in Stratum 19. The essential find was that of the so far oldest bronze-smelting furnace on the tall, Context 5681 inAN-AM 118. Complex C is located inside the Squares AL-AN 118-119. In the north, it consists of a yard area with a metal smelting furnace (C 1). To the east of this, a roofed room (C 2) is located, defined by two vertically linked singlerow walls (5653 and 5662). Further south, there are the room C 3, a subdivided yard area (C 4), and also possibly another room C 5 further to the east.

Fig. 3.21 Area I, Squares AN-AM 118, Complex C, Context 5681 (Source: BAI/GPlA).

Fig. 3.22

Contexts 5216, 5217 and 5243, interior of Context 5681, Squares AN-AM 118 (Source: BAI/GPlA).

ComplexC 1 Area C 1 mainly stretches out across the Squares AM and AN 118. Similar to the Strata 18 to 14, it constitutes a yard area that was used for the metal smelting processes. The tall's western slope where, on a daily basis, thermal updrafts provided ideal conditions for operating the smelting furnace, seems to have been the perfect location for installing a trade of this kind. The area comprises the Contexts 5681 (smelting furnace), an adjacent semicircular installation (Context 5445) with a post hole (a pit[?]; Context 5531), and the appendant sediment 5649. Tabun material and a clayey surface (Context 5693) can be regarded as a work space

(cf. Stratum 18; Contexts 5246 and 5535). Apart from the sediments surrounding the smelting furnace there is also another pit in the south (Context 5670). The sediments 5442, 5534, 5641, 5646, 5649, 5657, 5663, 5672, 5676, 5684 predominantly yielded early Middle Bronze Age Type CP 5 cooking pot ware. In Context 5657, the CP 5 sherds even accounted for more than 50.0 % of the total ceramic repertoire. The younger cooking pot types that were manufactured in the Middle to Late Bronze Age technique occurred only sporadically (e.g. in Contexts 5216, 5442, 5446, and 5657). Of the Early Bronze Age Type CP 6 cooking pots, four were verified in Contexts 5641, 5646, 5657, and 5663.

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

A handle covered by a characteristic net pattern and with a three-dimensional application86 was found in Context 5641 (TZ 020932-005; Fig. 3.22). A bulge meandering across the handle seems to grow thicker to one side, suggesting that this part may constitute a serpent's head and that the bulge as a whole may be interpreted as a serpent application.

A very carefully worked clay disc, probably made from the flat base of a vessel (or from a thick clay sherd) (TZ 020960-021; Fig. 3.23)87 was found in Context 5646. Its side wall is tapered towards the top, resulting in different diameters of its top and its bottom (5.5 em vs. 4.5 em). The disc is executed too meticulously to have been a simple lid. It may have been used as a gaming piece or as a little palette for compounding small quantities.

Compare: Compare:

Tall AbU al-]j:araz IV/1: Fischer 2006,42 Fig. 28, 10 and 45 Fig. 31: handle of a serpent jug; Tall al-I:Ii~n (Beth Shean) EB I: Mazar 2012, 153 Photo 4, 36; 203 Pl. 14, 13; 233 Pl. 29, 2 and 18: handles with plastic, partially zoomorphic decoration; and ornamental painting (russet net pattern);

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB liB: WilsonAllen 1948, Pl. 257, 9. 1()-disc, similar. The Early Bronze Age pottery (mostly jugs/jars and also holemouth vessels and bowls) is predominant in Contexts 5663, 5676, and 5684; in Contexts 5442, 5534, 5641, and 5657, however, it is less important.

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB liB: WilsonAllen 1948, Pl. 123, 13. 14.

Fig. 3.23 Handle of a vessel, TZ 020932-005, Context 5641 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

86

B 2.9; Th 0.9

Fig. 3.24 Ceramic disc, TZ 020960-021, Context 5646 (Source: BAil GPIA).

87

D 4.5-5.5; Th 1.3

271

272

D. Vieweger

StoDeArtefads

!

fi ~!

Cenudai (Middle Bl'OIIZe Aee)

f

I

5216

1

8

5217

2

~ .~-~ ~

5442

34

22

5445

6

5

5534

6

j •

~

7

.l2

!

~ !a

2

~

I

...

el"'

f

el

21

9

3

4

4

1

4

1

1

1

2

26

8

12

29

4

8

1

11

5

1

13

1

11

5649

13

2

5657

4

17

8

2

2

1

3

2

2

9

1

14

5646

5663 5676

1

5681

4

6

5684

4

5

Tab. 3.6

1 2

~

.l2

!

j

1

3

1

1

~

3

"5

1 ~ ~

I i

1

2

5641

1

Cenmles (Evly Bnmze Aee)

CooJdD&Poa

1

1

1

2

46

1

4

3

5

2

20

1

2

18

2

1

4

4

3

9

1

1 1

1

1

Selected finds: Stone artefacts and ceramic finds from Complex C 1, WBlls (n:d), fill layers (brown), pit (green), pise floor (violet) (Source: BAI/GPIA).

The relative large number of flake tools in Area C 1 is remarkable (e.g. 34 flake tools in Context 5442, 14 in Context 5641, and 13 in Context 5649; cf. also C 2 and C 4), as opposed to the Complexes A and B. Querns, mortar bowls, and other large stone artefacts, however, are comparatively rare and are thus within the average range of finds in Stratum 19. Among the bone finds, sheep and goat are predominant. Cattle and domestic pig occur in lesser quantities although in more or less equal numbers. In Context 5641, the bone of a donkey/horse/mule was found. In Context 5657, parts of the bisected tibia of a sheep (or a goat) was found that had been polished completely on the outside and partially even on the inside, thus presumably shaping it into a spatula Two matching fragments of this bisected tibia were actually found; flattened and slightly rounded on the tapered end. The spatula could be used from both sides so that different substances and/ or varying quantities could be picked up and mixed or spackled (TZ 017480-001; Fig. 3.24; reference finds are known from Tall Qemfin [Tel Yoqn:)'iun] and Tall AbU al-ijarazBB). 88

Bona•

i

I

I .=

"'

l.=

~

i

!II

~ 1".1

t

1

2

9

11

2

1

00

5217

6

5442

52

5534

1

5641

39

13

9

10

5646

34

9

3

9

5657

37

23

17

13

5663

15

12

1

7

5676

13

1

1

5

5684

X

7

Tab. 3.7

41

-;:;

1

6

Selected finds: Bone finds from Complex C 1, fill layers (brown) (Source: BAI/GPIA).

Tall Qemiin (lei Yoqna'im) MB 11B late: Ben-Tor eta!. 2005, 381

shuttle. TallAbii al-ijaraz EB: Fischer 2008,355 Fig. 317,4:

Fig. V 12, 13: cosmetic spatula, however, only usable fi:om. one side.

weaving teo!.

Tall AbU al-ijaraz EB Phase m: Fischer 2008, 119 Fig. 119,4:

89 Further bone finds that cannot be identified with respect tc their species were discovered in Contexts 52 16, 5445, and 5681.

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Fig. 3.25 Bone spatula [?], TZ 017480-001, Context 5657 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

In Context 5676, a tapered hollow bone was discovered. It is tapered at its lower end and widens out towards its back (handle) end; probably it was artificially flattened and evenly rounded. The function of this artefact remains unclear (TZ 019549-001; Fig. 3.25; reference finds from Tall QemUn. [Tel Yoqn:l'li.m], Tall al-Mutasallim [Megiddo], and Tall Abu al-1Jaraz90).

Fig. 3.26 Bone awl(?), TZ 019549-001, Context 5676 (Source: BAil

The find of mineral resources in Context 5442 gives evidence of the fact that this area was used for the artisanal production, as do the metal finds (amorphous in Context 5534 and Context 5641; three fragments of an awl/needle (TZ 017308-001; cf. finds in Tall al-E:Ii~n [Beth Shean]91) in Context 5646; the tip of another awl or needle in Context 5657 (TZ 017309-001; cf. finds in Tall QemUn. [Tel Yoqna'am] and Tall al-E:Ii~n [Beth Shean]92); the iron nodule in Context 5442; the prestigious goods (faience bead and a cylindrical bead [TZ 017241-001; Fig. 3.26; cf. a find from Tall al-Mutasallim [Megiddo]93) in Context 5442) and an increased occurrence of fine ceramics. There are reference finds from Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) and Tabaqiit Fal;ll (Pella)94 that correspond to the almost spherical faience bead (TZ 015496-001; Fig. 3.27). In Context 5663, also a serpentinite pendant was documented (TZ 017373-001; cf. a find from Tall QemUn. [Tel Yoqna'am]95). Finally, a remarkable find is that of the fragment of a stone incense burner in Context 5684 (TZ 017535-001; Fig. 3.28, 3.29 and 3.30). It indicates-as do similar finds in many other places on the Tall Zirii'a-that not only in the context of family life but also, and especially, in the work shops, cultic rites were often considered as necessary and thus celebrated. Area C 1 is marked by the metal artisanry (metal finds, prestigious goods, stone tools). At the same time, there are indicators ofthe preparation (tabun) and consumption of food (bones, cooking pot sherds).

GPIA).

Fig. 3.27

Bead, TZ 017241-001, Context 5442 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

Fig. 3.28 Bead, TZ 015496-001, Context 5442 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

361 f. Fig. 9, 4. 3 and Pboto 9, 11: chisel, nearly identical.-Tall

90 Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqoo'ilm) MB liB late-LB: Ben-Tor et al. 2005,379 Photo V8and381 Fig. V 12,8 (hollowed out and more

al-l;li~n

pointed, L c. 10) and 9 (very similar, L c. 5): awl(?). Tall Qemiin

612 Fig. 9, 3. 7: needle.

(Tel Yoqna'am) LB early: Ben-Tor et al. 2005,379 Photo V 8 and

93

Tall al-Mutasallirn (Megiddo) EB III: Wilson- Allen 1948, Pl.

94

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) EB/MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000,

381 Fig. V 12, 15 (longer and more pointed, drilled hole on the upper part, L c. 9.5): pin/pendant(?). Tall al-Mutasallirn (Megid-

(Beth Shean) MB Stratom R-3: Mazar- Mullins 2007,

207, 6: same form, here grey stone.

do) EB IA similar: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 386 Fig. 12. 25, 10:

391 Fig. 12. 29,3 (glass, grey-green-blue).-Tabaqat Fal)l (Pella)

casual bone tool.- Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) EB ill- MB IIA:

MB II, TOMB 8: Smith 1973, Pl. 79 m: faded blue-green faience,

Wtlson- Allen 1948, Pl. 198, 5. 6. 12. 13. 15-18; 199, 21 (MB

pierced axially, uncertain dating. Faience beads were reported in

IIA, identical): bone awls.-Tall Abil al-tfaraz EB Phases IA and

EB IIII in Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo): Finkelstein et al. 2000,

B : Fischer 2008, 49 Fig. 34, 2 (L c. 12)/199 Fig. 119, 1. 3: shuttle.

389 Fig. 12. 27,4--6 and Wilson- Allen 1948, Pl. 207. -Faience for small objects was used in Tall al-I:Ii~n (Beth Shean) MB. Glass

TallAbii al-tfarazEB: Fischer 2008, 355 Fig. 317, 5: weaving tool. 91 Tall al-I:Ii~n (Beth Shean) IB: Mazar 2012, 361 f. Fig. 9, 2-4 and

beads first appear at Tall

Photo 9, 11: chisels. Tall al-l;li~ (Beth Shean) MB Stratom R-3: Mazar- Mullins 2007,612 Fig. 9, 3. 7: needle; Stratom R-3 and R-4b: Mazar- Mullins 2007, 614 Fig. 9. 5, 1 and 2: pins. 92 Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqn~'ilm) MB Stratom 22: Ben-Tor et al. 2005, 378 Fig. V 11, 6).-Tall

al-l;li~n

(Beth Shean) IB: Mazar 2012,

al-I:Ii~n

(Beth Shean) in the LB Strata:

Mazar- Mullins 2007, 684. 95

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqn~'ilm) MB IIC: Ben-Tor eta!. 2005, lllFig. II 24,31: bead (?).-Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB IIA: Wilson -Allen 1948, Pl. 207, 11: similar, here grey stone.

273

274

D. Vieweger

Fig. 3.29 a.b.c Pedestal, TZ 017535-001, Context 5684 (Source: BAI/GPIA).

ComplexC2 Complex C 2 mainly extends across the Square AM 119. It is a presumably roofed room which was possibly attached to a building located to the south (cf. wall 5678 andC5). The four sediments (Contexts 5647, 5666, 5679, and 5680) and the two walls (Contexts 5653 and 5662) offered quite a uniform picture: There is an astonishingly strong influence of jugs/jars manufactured in the Early Bronze Age tradition (and one further krater). Early Bronze Age cooking pots also occur, though to a lesser extent (three in Context 5647, one in Context 5680). In Context 5647, however, the Middle Bronze Age pottery tradition predominates, which is definitely also represented in the other contexts (jugs/jars, bowls, and kraters). The 44 stone flake tools in Context 5647 are noteworthy; 27 more were found in Context 5666. Bones were found everywhere; however, they could only be defined in Context 5647. Here, the finds of sheep/ goat are predominant; cattle and a few domestic pig bones were also present and one donkey/horse/mule. Context 5647 moreover yielded one hollow bone (sheep/goat) with four drilled holes, which had probably

96

served as a flute (TZ 017479-001; Fig. 3.31; reference finds are known from, among others, Tall al-Mutasallim [Megiddo]96). Complex C 2 is much less marked by the metal artisanry than C 1-this is in line with its comparatively strong Early Bronze Age ceramic tradition. Possibly pottery manufactured in an earlier tradition was more in use for storage purposes (jugs/jars!) than in the artisanal context. It is thus safe to presume that C 2 was an area applied for (food) storage.

Fig. 3.30 Flute (?), TZ 017479-001 , Context 5647 (Source: BAll GPIA).

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) EB ll/MB I/MB II: Wilson-

the top, a small lateral hole and three holes running at right angles with

Allen 1948, Pl. 286, 1 and 7: No 1 (EB II): tube with a large den-

it: a central larger one and two smaller ones at the-open-bottom.

tral hole (sound generation by blowing into the upper end or by

Probably used as a fife; Braun 1999, 100 f.

use as a fife); No. 7(MB liB): bone tapered towards and closed at

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

St.DeArtefacti

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Plate 3 .28a: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Zirii'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

$

No.

Type

Inv.No.

Square

Context

Ware category

Date

1

jug/jar

TZ 020777-014

AL118

5421

WMCBuff

MB

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqn:)'iun) MB: Livneh 2005, 87 Fig. II 12, 15; 94 Fig. II 16, 8.

MB

Tall QemUD. (Tel Yoqn:)'iun) MB: Livneh 2005, 101 Fig. II 16, 7.

2

jug/jar

TZ 005864-001

A0119

4057

WMCBuff (pink slip, red painted on the neck)

3

jug/jar

TZ 006661-022

AM118

4696

WMCBuff

MB

4

jug/jar

TZ 006800-014

AN118

4798

WMCR2B

MB

5

jug/jar

TZ 006377-001

AN119

4524

WMCBuff

MB

Reference

Tall Abii al-ijaraz Phase N/2: Fischer 2006,231 Fig. 264, 3.

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 188 Fig. 9, 1. 17. Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 188 Fig. 9, 1. 17. Tall Qemiin ((Tel Yoqn:)'iun) MB: Livneh 2005, 69 Fig. II 3, 14; 99 Fig. II 18, 40.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqn:)'iun) MB: Livneh 2005, 89 Fig. II 13, 12.

MB

Tall al-l;li~ (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 361 Pl. 23, 15.

Tabqat Fal;l.l. (Pella) MB early: Bourke et al. 1998, Pl. 192, 14.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqn:)'iun) MB: Livneh 2005, 89 Fig. II 13, 12.

ijirbat ar-Ral,tiib MB I-II: Kamlah 2000, Pl. 42, 7.

6

jug/jar

TZ 020530-001

A0119

4088

WMCBuff (inside light green and outside light brown surface)

7

jug/jar

TZ 005829-005

A0118

4075

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-l;li~ (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 361 Pl. 23, 15.

Tabqii.t Fal;l.l. (Pella) MB early: Bourke et al. 1998, Pl. 192, 14.

8

jug/jar

TZ 006275-001

AN119

4444

WMCR2B

MB

Tabqat Fal;l.l. (Pella) MB early: Bourke et al. 1998, Pl. 192, 9.

Tall Qemun (Tel Yoqn:)'iun) MB: Livneh 2005, 117 Fig. II 27, 25: similar.

I

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Plate 3.28a: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Zira'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

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Plate 3.28b: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars frum Tall Zirii'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

~

$

No.

Type

Inv.No.

Square

Context

Ware category

Date

Reference

9

jug/jar

TZ 006800-031

AN 118

4798

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-Qassis (Tel QiiSi~) MB: Ben-Tor- Bonfil 2003, 224 Fig. 90, 13.

10

jug/jar

TZ 020246-002

AO 118

5065

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-Qassis (Tel Qifi~) MB: Ben-Tor- Bonfil 2003, 224 Fig. 90, 13.

Tall Qemun (Tel Yoqm~'in:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 87 Fig. II 12, 3; 101 Fig. II 19, 9; 127 Pl. II 34, 10: similar. Tall Qemtin (Tel Yoqm~'in:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 87 Fig. II 12, 3; 101 Fig. II 19, 9; 127 Pl. II 34, 10: sim-

ilar.

I

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Plate 3.28b: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Zira'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

9

/ 10

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•

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Scm

435

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Plate 3 .29a: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Zirii'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

s

~

No.

Type

Inv.No.

Square

Context

Ware catea:ory

Date

1

jug/jar

TZ 020668-016

AL118

5421

WMCBuff

MB

Tall Qemun (Tel Yoq~'am) MB: Livneh 2005, 64 Fig. n 1, 6; 67 Fig. n 2,36.

Tall al-Qassis (Tel QaA'i~) MB: Ben-Tor- Bonfil 2003, 210 Fig. 83, 15: similar.

2

jug/jar

TZ 020714-026

AL118

5421

WMCBuff

MB

Tall Qemfin ((Tel Yoq~'am) MB: Livneh 2005, 67 Fig. ll 2, 40; 99 Fig. n 18, 41.

3

jug/jar

TZ 020192-006

AN119

4890

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 215 Fig. 9. 12, 4. Tall al-Qassis (Tel QaA'i~) MB: Ben-Tor - Bonfil 2003, 188 Fig. 76,4.

WMCBuff (brown painted on rim and neck) WMCR2B (light green slip)

4

jug/jar

TZ 006275-009

AN119

4444

5

jug/jar

TZ 006891-016

AN118

4718

6

jug/jar

TZ 020714-028

AL118

5421

WMCBuff

MB

7

jug/jar

TZ 005989-003

AO 119

4107

WMCBuff

MB

8

jug/jar

TZ 020554-006

AL118

5291

WMCBuff (light green slip)

MB

9

jug/jar (two fitting sherds)

TZ 006800-042 TZ 006800-044

AN118

4798

WMCBuff

MB

MB

MB

Reference

Qire (Tall Qiri) MB: Ben-Tor 1987, 267 Fig. 62, 11. Tall al-Qassis (Tel Qasl~) MB: Ben-Tor - Bonfil 2003, 188 Fig. 76,4. 5. Tall al-Qassis (Tel QaA'i~) MB: Ben-Tor - Bonfil 2003, 196 Fig. 78, 14. Tall al-Qassis (Tel Qasl~) MB: Ben-Tor - Bonfil 2003, 188 Fig. 76,4. 5.

Qire (Tall Qirll MB: Ben-Tor 1987, 267 Fig. 62, 18.

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 201 Fig. 9, 7. 26. Tall Qemfin (Tel Yoq~'am) MB: Livneh 2005, 67 Fig. ll 2, 30--32. Tall al-Mutasallim MB: Finkelstein et al. Fig. 9, 7. 26. Tall al-Mutasallim MB: Finkelstein et al. Fig. 9, 7. 31.

(Megiddo) 2000, 201 (Megiddo) 2000, 201

Qire (Tall Qirll MB: Ben-Tor Tall 1987,267 Fig. 62, 14. Tall al-I;Ii~n (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 339 Pl. 12, 18.

al-I;Ii~ (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 335 Pl. 10, 15.

Tall Qemun (Tel Yoq~'lim) MB: Livneh 2005, 107 Fig. ll 22, 7; 111 Fig. n 24, 14.

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Plate 3.29a: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Zira'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

c

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4

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Plate 3 .29b: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Zim'a Stmtum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

s

No.

Type

Inv.No.

Square

Context

Ware catea:ory

Date

10

jug/jar

TZ 006685-002

AN118

4695

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-I;Ii~ (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 335 Pl. 10, 7.

Tall Qemun (Tel YoqD.:)'am) MB: Livneh 2005, 91 Fig. n 14, 23.

11

jug/jar

TZ 006866-001

AM118

4849

WMCBuff

MB

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqna'am) MB (Livneh 2005, 111 Fig. ll 24, 16.

Tabqit Fal;tl (Pella) MB: Bourke et al. 2003, Pl. 340, 13.

Reference

~

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Plate 3.29b: Middle Bronze Age jugs and jars from Tall Ziri'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

I

10

(-----' -------1

\ 11

0 •

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439

~ !=I

Plate 3.30: Middle Bronze Age storage jars from Tall Zirii'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

s

No.

Type

Inv.No.

Square

Context

Ware category

Date

1

storage jar

TZ 005829-003

AO 118

4075

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-Mutasallim {Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 201 Fig. 9, 7. 35.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqna'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 67 Fig. II 2, 37.

2

stomgejar

TZ 006891-006

AN ll8

4718

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-Mutasallim {Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 201 Fig. 9, 7. 35.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqng'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 67 Fig. II 2, 37.

3

stomgejar

TZ 005848-009

AO 118

4079

WMCBuff

MB

Qire (Tall Q'rri) MB: BenTor 1987, 267 Fig. 62, 17.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqna'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 99 Fig. II 18, 21.

4

stomgejar

TZ 020786-004

AE 114

5478

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-l;li~n (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 353 Pl. 19, 9; 375 Pl. 30, 4. 6.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqng'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 79 Fig. II 8, 5; 81 Fig. II 9, 23; 85 Fig. II 11, 15.

5

stomgejar

TZ 006337-001

AN 119

4480

WMCR2B

MB

6

stomgejar

TZ 005829-001

AO ll8

4075

WMCR2B

MB

7

stomgejar

TZ 020785-006

AE 114

5477

WMCBuff

MB

8

stomgejar

TZ 006775-001

AN ll8

4798

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-l;li~n (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 345 Pl. 15, 5.

9

storage jar/ pithos

TZ 005848-008

AO 118

4079

WMCBuff

MB

Tall al-l;li~n (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 327 Pl. 6, 11; 355 Pl. 20, 1; 385 Pl.35, 5.

Tall Qemiin ((Tel Yoqna'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 93 Fig. II 15, 21.

10

storage jar/ pithos

TZ 020897-001

AE 114

5602

WMCBuff (incised marks on the neck)

MB

Tall al-l;li~n (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 345 Pl. 15, 4.

Tall al-Qassis (Tel QiiSi~) MB: Ben-Tor- Bonfil 2003, 196 Fig. 78, 20; 220 Fig. 87, 2. 5.

Reference

Tall al-Qassis (Tel QiiSi~) MB: Ben-Tor- Bonfil 2003, 224 Fig. 90, 13. Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqna'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 99 Fig. II 18, 26) similar. Q'rre (Tall Q'm") MB: Ben-Tor 1987,267 Fig. 62, 22; 271 Fig. 64, 23.

Tall Qemiin (Tel Yoqna'iu:n) MB: Livneh 2005, 67 Fig. II 2, 37.

Tall al-l;li~n (Beth Shean) MB: Maeir 2007, 353 Pl. 19, 9; 375 Pl. 30, 5) Tall al-Qassis (Tel QiiSi~)MB: Ben-Tor- Bonfil 2003, 219 Fig. 86:,27.

~

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Plate 3.30: Middle Bronze Age storage jars from Tall Zira'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

2

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6

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Plate 3.31: Middle Bronze Age ceramic finds from Tall Zira'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

s

No.

'JYpe

Inv.No.

Square

Context

Ware category

Date

1

juglet (spout)

TZ 006715-009

AN 118

4695

WMR2BP

MB

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB IIA: Amiran 1969, 111 Pl. 34, 16.

2

pilgrim flask (handle)

TZ 020777-037

AL118

5421

WMCBuff

MB

TallAbii al-ijaraz Phase IV-V: Fischer 2006, 238 Fig. 271, 4. 7.

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 206 Fig. 9, 8. 11.

3

juglet (triple handle)

TZ 020668-043

AL118

5421

MB

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB IIA: Amiran 1969, 107 Fig. 108; 109Pl. 33, 6; 111 Pl. 34, 16.

Afula MB II: Amiran 1969, 118 Fig. 118.

4

jug/jar (handle)

TZ 006335-019

AN 119

4478

MB

Tall al-Mutasallim (Megiddo) MB: Finkelstein et al. 2000, 206 Fig. 9, 8. 12.

Tall Abu al-ijaraz Phase VI: Fischer 2006, 234 Fig. 267, 6.

s

jug/jar (handle)

TZ 006399-003

AN 119

4524

WMCR2B (red paintings)

MB

6

jug/jar (handle)

TZ 006693-044

AM 118

4729

WMCBuff

MB

7

jug/jar (handle)

TZ 006693-003

AM 118

4729

WMCBuff (light brown paintings)

MB

WMBP(or brown polished, fine ware) WMCBuff (white slip with brown paintings)

Reference

~

The Middle Bronze Age II (1950--1550 BC)

Plate 3.31: Middle Bronze Age ceramic finds from Tall Zira'a Stratum 17-Excavations 2001-2011

/~

'·--) ll.

2

s