Ear-rings in Roman Britain 9780860546054, 9781407318233

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Ear-Rings in Roman Britain

Lindsay Allason-Jones

BAR British Series 201 1989

B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 201, 1989: 'Ear-Rings in Roman Britain'

© Lindsay Allason-Jones, 1989 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546054 paperback ISBN 9781407318233 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546054 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Frontispiece:

' The First Ear-ring' collection

of

by Sir David Wilkie,

Major A . W.

Visual Department, University.

Foster.

Newcastle

Photo: upon

in the Audio Tyne

C ONTENTS

L ist o f P lates L ist o f F igures

i v

L ist o f M aps A cknowledgements

v ii

A bbreviations

X i

B ibliography

x ii

A ncient A uthorities

xv x

I NTRODUCTION

1

T ypology H istory P iercing t he E ar V alue P arures M aterials M anufacture W orkshops D istribution C onclusions

C ATALOGUE I ntroduction E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f E ar-rings o f F alsa A ddendum C oncordance

2 1 4 1 9 2 2 2 4 2 5 3 0 3 3 3 6 3 9

4 1

G old S ilver S ilver a nd C opper A lloy C opper A lloy a nd O ther M aterials C opper A lloy I ron a nd C opper A lloy P ewter G lass

4 1 4 3 6 3 6 8 6 9 7 0 1 32 1 33 1 34 1 36 1 41 1 42

P LATES

F rontispiece

' The F irst E ar-ring ' b y S ir D avid W ilkie , i n t he c ollection o f M ajor A . W . F oster. P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

1 .

P anel p ortrait o f t he p urple-robed w oman f rom H awara , 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto : A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

2 .

P anel p ortrait o f t he c rimson-robed w oman f rom H awara, l ate 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

3 .

P anel p ortrait o f t he r ed-robed w oman f rom H awara, e arly 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

4 .

P anel p ortrait f rom H awara , e arly 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

5 .

P anel p ortrait f rom H awara , 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 911). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

6 .

G old e ar-ring f rom K irkhaugh. E arly B ronze P hoto : A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon U niversity.

A ge. T yne

7 .

G old e ar-ring f rom K irkhaugh. P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, U niversity.

A ge. T yne

8 .

P anel p ortrait o f t he p ink-robed w oman f rom H awara, m id 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

9 .

P anel p ortrait o f t he m other f rom H awara , m id 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

E arly B ronze N ewcastle u pon

1 0.

P anel p ortrait o f t he j ewellery g irl f rom H awara, m id 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Petrie 1 913). P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

1.

N o. 3 f rom B ath .

1 2.

N o. 4 f rom B ewcastle. T ype 1 4. C arlisle M useum a nd A rt G allery.

1 3.

N o. 4 f rom B ewcastle s hown o n t he r everse. T ype 1 4. P hoto : G . P awle, C arlisle M useum a nd A rt G allery .

1 4.

N o. 5 f rom B irdoswald a nd N o. 1 2 f rom B rougham . 1 5. P hoto: C arlisle M useum a nd A rt G allery.

1 5.

N o. 1 6 f rom C aerleon. M useum o f W ales.

1 6.

N o. 1 9 f rom C aerleon. A rchaeological M useum .

1 7.

N o. 3 2 f rom C olchester. M useum .

1 8.

N o. 3 5 P hoto:

1 9.

N o. 3 6 f rom G loucester. C ity E xcavations U nit.

2 0.

N o. 4 2 f rom L incoln. T ype 1. L incolnshire A rchaeology.

2 1.

N o. 4 5 f rom L ondon.

2. 2

N os. 5 0 a nd 5 1 f rom O wmby-by-Spital. C ity a nd C ounty M useum , L incoln .

T ype 1 3a.

P hoto :

2 3.

N os. 5 6 a nd 5 7 f rom S affron W alden. C olchester a nd E ssex M useum .

T ype 1 2.

P hoto :

T ype 1.

P hoto: R oman B aths M useum .

P hoto:

T ype 1 3.

P hoto :

P hoto:

P hoto :

G . P awle ,

T ype

N ational

G lamorgan-Gwent

C olchester a nd E ssex

f rom E ast A nglia a nd N o. 3 9 f rom H adrian 's W all. J . R idge.

T ype 1.

P hoto :

G loucester

P hoto:

T rust f or

P hoto : M useum o f L ondon.

11

2 4.

N o. 5 8 f romSilchester. M useum .

Type 10.

P hoto :

R eading

2 5.

N o. 5 9 f rom S ilchester. M useum .

1. T ype 1

P hoto :

R eading

2 6.

N o. 6 0 f rom S ilchester. M useum .

1. T ype 1

P hoto :

R eading

2 7.

N o. 6 3 f rom Thorpe A rchaeology.

2 8.

N o. 6 5 o f U nknown Provenance. Type 1. P hoto: A udio V isual D epartment, N yne U niversity. ewcastle u pon T

2 9.

N o. 8 5 f romCorbridge. H eritage.

T ype 2 h.

3 0.

N o. 1 75 f romChesters. H eritage .

T ype 1 .

3 1.

N o. 1 76 f rom C hesters. H eritage .

T ype 2 e.

3 2.

N o. 1 78 from C hesters. H eritage.

T ype 5 .

3 3.

oodeaton. N os . 5 22 a nd 5 23 from W A shmoleanMuseum , Oxford.

3 4.

orbridge. A udio N o. 5 85 Photo : f rom C D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yneUniversity.

3 5.

N os. 5 88 L ondon.

3 6.

T ombstone o f R egina f rom S outh S hields. P hoto : A udio V isual D epartment, N ewcastle u pon T yne U niversity.

a nd 5 89

T hewles.

f rom L ondon.

ii i

P hoto :

C leveland

P hoto :

P hoto:

E nglish

E nglish

P hoto:

E nglish

P hoto:

E nglish

T ype 9 .

P hoto :

P hoto :

V isual

M useum

o f

F IGURES

1 .

T ypology o f e ar-rings.

2 .

E ar-rings 1 -49.

3 .

E ar-rings 5 2 -217.

4 .

E ar-rings 2 28 -580.

i v

M APS

1 .

D istribution o f T ype 1 e ar-rings.

2 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 a e ar-rings.

3 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 b e ar-rings.

4 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 c e ar-rings.

5 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 e e ar-rings.

6 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 f e ar-rings.

7 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 g e ar-rings.

8 .

D istribution o f T ype 2 h e ar-rings.

9 .

D istribution o f T ype 3 e ar-rings.

1 0.

D istribution o f T ype 4 e ar-rings.

1.

D istribution o f M ock T ype 4 e ar-rings.

1 2.

D istribution o f T ype 5 errings.

1 3.

D istribution o f T ype 6 e ar-rings.

1 4.

D istribution o f T ype 9 e ar-rings.

1 5.

D istribution o f T ype 1 e ar-rings.

1 6.

D istribution o f T ype 1 2 e ar-rings.

1 7.

D istribution o f T ype 1 3 e ar-rings.

1 8.

D istribution o f T ype 1 4 e ar-rings.

1 9.

D istribution o f T ype 1 5 e ar-rings.

2 0.

D istribution o f T ype 1 6 e ar-rings.

2 1.

D istribution o f T ype 1 7 e ar-rings.

2. 2

D istribution o f T ype 1 8 e ar-rings.

2 3.

D istribution o f g old e ar-rings.

2 4.

D istribution o f s ilver e ar-rings.

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T his r esearch c ould n ot h ave b een c arried o ut w ithout t he h elp o f m any f riends a nd c olleagues. F irstly I w ould l ike t o a cknowledge m y g reat d ebt t o t he T rustees o f t he C layton C ollection w ho e ncouraged m e t o u ndertake t he p roject a nd p rovided m uch o f t he f unding.

T hanks a re a lso d ue t o D r. G . H olti f or s haring h is e xpert k nowledge o f d ermatology w ith r egard t o e ar-rings; t o H ilary C ool f or a llowing m e t o r ead h er u npublished P hD t hesis ( Cool 1 983) a s w ell a s f or h er h elpful a dvice ; t o M arjorie H utchinson a nd J ustine B ailey o f t he A ncient M onuments L aboratory f or t heir a ssistance w ith t he a nalysis o f m etals a nd i dentification o f s emiprecious s tones a nd f or a llowing m e t o t ake u p s o m uch o f t heir t ime w hilst l ooking a t e ar-rings i n t heir c are. Iw ould a lso l ike t o t hank J ack O gden, A ngela B liss , P rofessor C hristopher H awkes, C . W . A tkins, D r. a nd M rs. G . W ebster, a nd D r. M artin H enig f or t he i nformation a nd a ssistance s o f reely g iven.

A bove a ll, h owever, I m ust t hank M iriam D aniels f or h er h elp w ith t he i llustrations, P at S outhern, D r. M . C . B ishop a nd D r. D . W elsby f or r eading t he d raft m anuscripts a nd c ommenting o n t he c ontents, a nd t o M rs. W endy Y oung f or s truggling w ith m odern t echnology t o p roduce t he f inal t ypescript.

T his v olume i s d edicated t o D r. D avid S mith, S enior L ecturer i n t he D epartment o f A rchaeology a nd K eeper o f t he M useum o f A ntiquities o f t he U niversity a nd S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f N ewcastle u pon T yne u ntil h is r etirement i n S eptember 1 987. W ithout h is s upport a nd e ncouragement t his w ork w ould n ever h ave b een s tarted, p rogressed o r f inished. M y d ebt t o h im o ver t he y ears c an n ever b e f ully a cknowledged.

R esearch o f t his t ype i s i mpossible t o u ndertake i n t he c onfines o f a l ibrary. M any v isits t o m useums a ll o ver G reat B ritain h ave b een i nvolved a nd Iw ould l ike t o t hank t he s taff o f t he f ollowing m useums w ho b ore m y v isits w ith c onsiderable f ortitude a nd f riendliness, m aking t he w hole t ask a p leasure:

A ncient M onuments L aboratory, E nglish H eritage.

R oman B aths M useum , B ath .

B irmingham U niversity F ield A rchaeology U nit.

v ii

B owes M useum , B arnard C astle.

D epartment M useum .

o f

P rehistoric

a nd

R omano-British

A ntiquities ,

C ity o f B ristol M useum a nd A rt G allery.

B uxton M useum a nd A rt G allery.

U niversity M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge.

N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff.

C arlisle M useum a nd A rt G allery.

C entral E xcavation U nit, E nglish H eritage.

G rosvenor M useum , C hester.

C layton M emorial M useum , C hesters.

C hichester D istrict M useum .

C orinium M useum , C irencester.

C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , C olchester.

C olchester A rchaeological T rust.

C orstopitum S ite M useum , C orbridge.

C ity o f D erby M useums a nd A rt G allery.

D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester.

E xeter A rchaeological F ield U nit.

R oyal A lbert M emorial M useum , E xeter.

v iii

B ritish

F ishbourne R oman P alace.

C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester.

G reat C hesterford A rchaeology G roup.

J ewry W all M useum , L eicester.

L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery.

L incolnshire M useums S ervice.

T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology.

M erseyside C ounty M useum , L iverpool.

T he M useum o f L ondon .

L ydney M useum .

T he M anchester M useum.

M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit.

N ene V alley R esearch C ommittee.

M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne.

N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery.

N orthampton C entral M useum .

R eading M useum a nd A rt G allery.

S omerdale M useum .

T yne a nd W ear M useums S ervice.

i x

V erulamium M useum .

V ictoria a nd A lbert M useum , L ondon.

V indolanda T rust.

Y ork A rchaeological T rust.

Y orkshire M useum .

A BBREVIATIONS

A A

A rchaeolo ia A eliana

A nt. J .

T he A ntiquaries J ournal

A rch .

A rchaeologia

A rch . J .

T he A rchaeological J ournal

A SIAR

A rchaeological S urvey o f I ndia : A nnual R eport

B J

B onner J ahrbucher

B MQ

B ritish M useum Q uarterly

C IL

C orpus I nscriptionum L atinarum

D AJ

D erbyshire A rchaeological J ournal

I LS

I nscriptiones L atinae S electae

J BAA

J ournal o f t he B ritish A rchaeological A ssociation

J RS

J ournal o f R oman S tudies

P PS

P roceedings o f t he P rehistoric S ociety

P SAS

P roceedings o f t he S ociety o f A ntiquaries o f S cotland

T BGAS

T ransactions o f t he B ristol a nd G loucester A rchaeological S ociety

T CWAAS

T ransactions o f t he C umberland a nd W estmorland A ntiquarian a nd A rchaeological S ociety

Y AJ

Y orkshire A rchaeological J ournal

x i

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R .,

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1 956

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M arwood ' T rans. a nd H istorical

1 978 J ewels o f t he P haroahs, N ew Y ork.

R ., B aroczi, L ., F itz, J ., P öczy, K . S ., R adnoti, A ., S alamon, A ., S agi, K ., S zilagyi, J ., V agö, E . B ., 1 957 I ntercisa I I, B udapest.

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x ii

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1 909 ' A

B inding, G .,

E xcavation o f a n E arly R omano-British S ite a nd P leistocene L andform a t N ewhaven ' S ussex A rchaeological C ollections C IV , p p. 2 18-305.

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a nd C harlton , J ., 1 93 H ousesteads ' A A

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p p.

C ., a nd

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a t

AR oman F rontier P ost o n H adrian 's W all,

D ore , J . N ., f orthcoming C orbridge R oman f ort.

e xcavation

r eport

o n

B londel, L ., 1 929 G enava I V , G eneva.

B onn C at.

1 963 A us r heinischer K unst u nd K ultur, B onn.

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D alton , K ., D rinkwater, J . F ., L orimer, K . L ., a nd M ackreth, D ., 1 983 ' Excavations a t P oole 's C avern, B uxton: A n I nterim R eport' D erbyshire A rchaeological J ournal C III, p p. 4 7-74.

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1 969 R oman G atcombe ( A M useum .

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C ity

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B ranigan, K .,

1 977 G atcombe R oman V illa -the E xcavation a nd S tudy o f a R omano-British V illa E state , 1 967-76, O xford.

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J .,

B reeze, D .

J ., a nd

B rodribb, A .

B udge , E .

1 972

C . C .,

A . W .,

' Excavations a t t he R oman 1 967-69' A A4 L , p p. 8 1-144.

F ort a t

D obson , B ., L ondon.

W all r evised e dition ,

1 978 H adrian 's

C arrawburgh ,

H ands, A . R ., a nd W alker, D ., 1 968 E xcavations a t S hakenoak F arm n ear W ilcote , O xford I I, O xford.

1 907 A n A ccount o f t he R oman A ntiquities p reserved i n t he M useum a t C hesters, N orthumberland, L ondon.

B ushe-Fox, J .

P .,

1 916 T hird R eport o f t he E xcavations o n t he S ite o f t he R oman T own a t W roxeter, S hropshire, L ondon.

B ushe-Fox, J .

P .,

1 949 F ourth R eport o n t he E xcavations o n t he R oman F ort a t R ichborough, K ent, O xford.

C alabi-Limentani, I ., 1 958 S tudi s ulla s ocietä a rtistico, M ilan.

C ampbell, B .,

C asey,

J .,

R omana:

1 978 ' The m arriage o f s oldiers u nder L XVIII, p p. 1 53-66.

f orthcoming e xcavation S egontium .

r eport

o n

t he

i i

l avoro

t he E mpire '

R oman

f ort

J RS

a t

C harlesworth, D .,

1 961 ' Roman 4 J ewellery f ound i n N orthumberland D urham ' A A X XXIX , p p. 1 -36.

C harlesworth , D .,

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a nd

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I I: T he R oman C emetery

C larke, G .,

1 979 P re-Roman a nd R oman W inchester. a t L ankhills, O xford.

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V ., C owie , T . G ., a nd F oxon , A ., 1 985 S ymbols o f P ower a t t he T ime o f S tonehenge, E dinburgh .

x iv

C omarmond, A .,

1 844 D escription d e l 'ecrin d 'une d ame r omaine t rouve ä L yon e n 1 841, L yons.

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E . M .,

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E . M .,

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C rummy, N .,

t he S econd

1 983 T he R oman S mall F inds f rom E xcavations i n C olchester, 1 971-9, C olchester.

C unliffe, B .,

1 968 F ifth R eport o n t he E xcavations o f t he R oman F ort a t R ichborough, O xford.

C unliffe, B .,

1 971a R oman B ath D iscovered, L ondon.

C unliffe, B .,

1 971b E xcavations a t F ishbourne,

C unliffe, B .,

1 975 E xcavations a t P ortchester I R oman, L ondon.

C unliffe, B .,

D alton, 0 .

1 988 T he T emple o f S ulis M inerva a t B ath I I T he F inds f rom t he S acred S pring, O xford.

M .,

D aniels, C . M .,

D aniels, C .

1 961-9, L eeds.

M .,

1 921

AG uide t o t he E arly C hristian a nd B yzantine A ntiquities i n t he D epartment o f B ritish a nd M ediaeval A ntiquities i n t he B ritish M useum , L ondon.

' Excavation a t W allsend a nd t he F ourth C entury B arracks o f H adrian 's W all' i n H anson , W . S ., a nd K eppie, L . J . F ., R oman F rontier S tudies 1 979, p p. 1 73-93.

f orthcoming e xcavation r eport W allsend.

D avey, N ., a nd L ing, R .,

o n t he

R oman f ort

1 981 W all P ainting i n R oman B ritain , L ondon.

XV

a t

D awson, M .,

1 985 S mall f ind r eports i n ' Roman D erby: E xcavations 1 9681 983' D erbyshire A rchaeological J ournal C V , p p. 1 38-43, 2 10-4.

D echelette, J .,

D ixon , S .,

1 914 M anuel d 'Archeologique p rehistorique, C eltique e t G allo-Romaine, P aris.

1 935 ' Bronze O bjects f rom W oodeaton , O xon.' 1 99-200.

D own , A .,

1 974 C hichester E xcavations I I, C hichester.

D own, A .,

1 978 C hichester E xcavations I II, C hichester.

E buracum 1 972

E ck, T .,

E rgil,

E buracum : R oman Y ork R oyal C ommission M onuments , L ondon.

1 891 L es

T .,

1 983

F owler, E .,

F rank , T .,

d eux . C imitieres Q uentin , P aris.

E ar-rings: T he C atalogue o f A rchaeological M useum , I stanbul.

H istorical

t he

I stanbul

1 960 ' The O rigins a nd D evelopment o f t he P enannular B rooch i n E urope ' P PS X XVI, p p. 1 49-77.

1 937 A n E conomic S urvey o f A ncient R ome,

II, B altimore . I

1 971 V erulamium E xcavations I , O xford.

F rere, S . S .,

1 984 V erulamium E xcavations I II , O xford.

S ., a nd

G owland, W .,

G racie , H .

o n

G allo-Romains d e V ermand e t d e S t.

F rere , S . S .,

F rere, S .

A nt.J. X V , p p.

S t. J oseph , J . K ., 1 974 ' The R oman L ongthorpe ' B ritannia V , p p. 1 -129.

F ortress

a t

1 900 ' Remains o f a R oman S ilver R efinery a t S ilchester' A rch. L VII, p p. 13-24.

S .,

1 971

' Frocester C ourt R oman V illa ' T BGAS L XXXIX ( 1970) p. 1 5-86. p

x vi

G racie , H .

S ., a nd

P rice , E . G ., 1 980 ' Frocester C ourt V illa : R eport' T BGAS X CVII ( 1979) p p. 9 -64.

G raham-Campbell, J ., a nd K idd, D .,

G reenfield,

E .,

1 980 T he V ikings, L ondon.

1 963 ' The R omano-British S hrine a t N orthants.' A nt.J. X LIII, p p. 2 28-63.

G reenwell, W ., a nd R olleston, G .,

S econd

B rigstock ,

1 877 B ritish B arrows, O xford.

G uide A nt.

R B . B M .

1 922 G uide t o t he A ntiquities o f B ritish M useum , L ondon.

R oman B ritain.

G uide A nt.

R B . B M .

1 964 G uide t o t he A ntiquities o f B ritish M useum , L ondon.

R oman B ritain.

G uido, M .,

1 978 T he G lass B eads o f t he P rehistoric a nd R oman P eriods i n B ritain a nd I reland, L ondon.

G uildhall C at.

G ummerus, H .,

1 908 C atalogue o f t he C ollection o f L ondon A ntiquities i n t he G uildhall M useum , L ondon.

1 915 ' Die r ömische I ndustrie, I : D as G oldschmied-und J uweliergewerbe ' K ilo X IV , p p. 1 29-89.

H aberey, W .,

1 961

H ackens, T .,

a nd W inkes, R ., 1 983 G old J ewellery: C raft, S tyle , a nd M eaning f rom M ycenae t o C onstantinopolis, L ouvainl a-Neuve.

H all, R .,

' Ein M adchengrab r ömischer Z eit a us d er J osefstrasse i n B onn ' B J C LXI, p p. 3 19-32.

1 972 ' Excavations a t F ull S treet, D erby, 1 972 ' A rchaeological J ournal X CII, p p. 2 9-77.

H anfmann, G . M . A .,

D erbyshire

1 975 R oman A rt, N ew Y ork.

H assall, M .,

a nd R hodes, J ., 1 974 ' Excavations a t t he N ew M arket H all, G loucester, 1 966-7' T BGAS X CIII ( 1975) p p. 1 5-100.

H auser,

1 904

O .,

V indonissa: Z ürich .

D as

S tandquartier

x vii

r ömischer

L egion,

H awkes, C .

F . C .,

1 961 ' G old e ar-rings o f t he B ronze A ge , E ast a nd W est' F olklore L XXII, S ept. 1 961, p p. 4 38-74.

H awkes, C . F . C ., a nd H ull, M . R .,

1 947 C amulodunum , O xford.

H enig, M ., 1 975 V indolanda J ewellery, N ewcastle u pon T yne.

H enig, M .,

H enig,

1 978 A C orpus o f E ngraved G emstones f rom B ritain , O xford.

M .,

H enig, M .,

1 981

' Continuity a nd c hange i n t he d esign o f R oman j ewellery ' i n K ing, A ., a nd H enig, M ., e d. T he R oman W est i n t he T hird C entury: C ontributions f rom A rchaeology a nd H istory , O xford.

1 983 A H andbook o f R oman A rt, O xford.

H eslop, D .

H .,

H iggins, R . A .,

H iggins, R .

H offman, H .,

A .,

1 987 T he E xcavation o f a n I ron A ge S ettlement a t T horpe T hewles, C leveland, 1 980-1982, L ondon.

1 965 J ewellery f rom C lassical L ands, L ondon.

1 976 ' Jewellery ' i n S trong , D ., R oman C rafts, L ondon.

a nd B rown ,

D ., e d.

a nd v on C laer, V ., 1 968 A ntiker G old- u nd S ilberschmuck ( Museum f ür K unst u nd G ewerbe H amburg), M ainz.

H ull, M . R ., 1 958 R oman C olchester, O xford.

H urst, H .,

1 972 ' Excavations a t G loucester, 1 968-1971: R eport' A nt.J. L III, p p. 2 4-69.

F irst I nterim

H urst, H .,

1 974 ' Excavations a t G loucester, 1 971-1973: R eport' A nt.J. L IV , p p. 8 -52.

S econd I nterim

H urst, H .,

G arrod, P ., R obinson, H . R ., T oynbee, J . M . C ., a nd B rown, D ., 1 975 ' Excavations a t G loucester: T hird I nterim R eport: K ingsholm 1 966-75' A nt.J . L V, p p. 2 67-94.

H urst,

R .,

H .

1 986 G loucester: G loucester.

t he

R oman

a nd

L ater

D efences,

J ackson, D .

A ., a nd

A mbrose , T . M ., 1 978 ' Excavations a t W akerley, N orthants., 1 972-75 ' B ritannia I X , p p. 1 15-242.

J acobi, L .,

1 897 D as R ömerkastell S aalbu u H amburg.

b ei H omburg v or d er H öhe,

J acobsthal, P .,

1 969 E arly C eltic A rt, O xford.

J essup, R .

F .,

1 958

J ohns, C .,

1 979 ' A G roup o f l ate R oman J ewellery f rom O wmby-by-Spital, L incs.' A rchaeology i n L incolnshire a nd S outh H umberside , p p. 8 7-8.

J ohns, C .,

J ohns, C .,

' Barrows a nd W alled C emeteries i n R oman B ritain ' J BAA X XII, p p. 1 -32.

1 982 S ex a nd S ymbol, L ondon.

a nd P otter, T . W ., 1 983 T he T hetford J ewellery a nd S ilver, L ondon.

T reasure :

R oman

J ohns, C ., T hompson, H ., a nd W agstaffe , P ., 1 981 ' The W ind e, C heshire, h oard o f R oman g old j ewellery ' A nt.J., L X , p p. 4 85 8.

K enyon, K . M .,

K enyon, K .

M .,

1 934 ' The R oman T heatre a t V erulamium , L XXXIV , p p. 2 13-61.

1 948

K ilian-Dirlmeier,

L arge,

E xcavations a t O xford.

t he J ewry

S t. A lbans' A rch.

W all S ite ,

L eicester,

I ., 1 979 A nhänger i n G riechenland v on d er m ykenischen b is z ur s pätgeometrischen Z eit, M unich .

S ., a nd S cott, P . R ., f orthcoming e xcavation r eport o f t he R oman f ort a t P iercebridge.

L awson, P . H .,

1 928 S chedule o f t he R oman R emains o f C hester, C hester.

L eech , R .,

1 982 E xcavations a t C atsgore,

L ewis, P .

R ., a nd J ones, G . D . B ., 1 969 ' The D olaucothi g old m ines, t he s urface e vidence' A nt.J . X LIX , p p. 2 44-72.

x ix

1 970-1973, B ristol.

I :

L ewis, P .

R ., a nd

L iversidge , J .,

J ones, G . D . B ., 1 970 ' Roman g old-mining i n n orthw est S pain ' J RS L X , p p. 1 69-85.

1 973 B ritain i n t he R oman E mpire , L ondon.

M aaskant-Kleibrink , M ., 1 986 D escription o f t he C ollections i n t he R ilksmuseum G . M . K am a t N ijmegen X T he E ngraved G ems, N ijmegen.

M acGregor, M .,

1 976 E arly C eltic A rt i n N orth B ritain , L eicester.

M arshall, F .

H .,

1 907 C atalogue o f t he F inger R ings, G reek , E truscan a nd R oman i n t he D epartments o f A ntiquities, B ritish M useum , L ondon.

M arshall, F .

H .,

1 969 C atalogue o f t he J ewellery, G reek , E truscan a nd R oman i n t he D epartments o f A ntiquities, B ritish M useum , L ondon.

M arshall, J .

H ., a nd V ogel, J . A SIAR.

M axwell-Hyslop, K .

M iket, R .

M illett,

F .,

M .,

M ortimer, J .

M usty, J .,

P h .,

1 903

R ., 1 971 W estern A siatic B .C . L ondon.

' Excavations a t C harsadda '

J ewellery:

c . 3 000-612

1 983 T he R oman F ort a t S outh S hields: E xcavation o f t he D efences, 1 971-1981, N ewcastle u pon T yne.

1 983

R .,

1 905 F orty Y ears R esearches i n t he B ritish a nd S axon B urial M ounds o f E ast Y orkshire , L ondon.

1 975 ' A

M ynard, D . C ., e d.

' Excavations a t C owdery 's D own, B asingstoke, H ampshire , 1 978-80 ' A rch.J . C XL , p p. 1 51-279.

b rass s heet o f f irst c entury A .D. d ate f rom C olchester ( Camulodunum)' A nt.J . L V , p p. 4 09-11.

1 987 R oman M ilton K eynes: E xcavations a nd F ieldwork, 1 971-82, A ylesbury.

N ash-Williams, V . E ., 1 929 ' The R oman L egionary F ortress a t C aerleon i n M onmouthshire ' A rchaeologia C ambrensis L XXIX , p. p 2 37-306.

XX

N eal, D .

S .,

N ixon , P .,

N oll,

1 974

T he E xcavations o f t he R oman V illa P ark , H emel H empstead, L ondon .

i n G adebridge

1 917 P lautus i n F ive V olumes, L ondon.

R .,

1 963

' Das r ömerzeitliche G räberfeld v on S alurn ' A rchä lologische f orschungen i n T irol I I, I nnsbruck .

N oll, R .,

1 984 ' Zwei r ömerzeitliche G rabfunde a us R umänien i n d er W iener A ntikensammlung ' J ahrbuch d es R ömischG ermanischen Z entralmuseums M ainz X XXI, p p. 4 35-54.

N orth , O .

H .,

O gden, J .,

O gden, J .,

1 934 ' Finds f rom t he R oman S tation a t W atercrook ' T CWAAS XXIV , N .S., p p. 3 5-40. X

1 980 n ote i n T he S ociety o f J ewellery H istorians N ewsletter I X .

1 982 J ewellery o f t he A ncient W orld, L ondon.

P etrie, W . M . F .,

P etrie, W .

1 911 R oman P ortraits a nd M emphis I V , L ondon.

M . F .,

P etrie, W . M . F .,

1 913 T he H awara P ortfolio: A ge , L ondon.

P aintings o f t he R oman

1 931 A ncient G aza I , L ondon.

P feiler, B ., 1 970 R ömische G oldschmucke, M ainz.

P hillips, E . J .,

1 977 C orpus S ignorum I mperii R omani ( Great B ritain) I , 1 , O xford.

P itt-Rivers, A .

H .

R ae,

O .

R aine , A .,

M .,

1 906

L ., 1 892 E xcavations p rivately p rinted.

' On A ntique C onnoisseur X VI,

a t

C ranborne

E ar-rings a nd p. 2 11-5. p

C hase

E ar-Pendants '

II, I

T he

1 891 A H andbook t o t he A ntiquities i n t he G rounds a nd M useum o f t he Y orkshire P hilosophical S ociety, Y ork.

xi x

R awes, B .,

1 981

R ichardson, K .

R ichmond,

' The R omano-British s ite a t W ycomb, A ndoversford: E xcavations 1 969-70 ' T BGAS X CVIII ( 1980) p p. 1-55.

M .,

1 944 ' Report o n E xcavations a t V erulamium , I nsula X VII 1 938 ' A rch. X C , p p. 8 1-126.

I .

A .,

1 935 ' Trajan 's A rmy o n T rajan 's C olumn ' P apers o f t he B ritish S chool a t R ome X III, p p. 1 -40.

R ichmond, I .

A .,

1 963 T he P elican H istory o f E ngland I R oman B ritain, L ondon.

R ichter, G .,

R oss, M .

1 915 G reek , E truscan a nd R oman B ronzes i n t he M etropolitan M useum o f A rt, N ew Y ork .

C .,

S alway, P .,

1 965

C atalogue o f t he B yzantine a nd E arly M edieval A ntiquities i n t he D umbarton O aks C ollection I I J ewelry, E namels a nd A rt o f t he M igration P eriod, W ashington.

1 981 R oman B ritain, L ondon.

S hotter, D .

C . A .,

1 973 ' Numeri B arcariorum : AN ote B ritannia I V , 1 973, p p. 2 06-9.

S impson , F .

G ., a nd

R ichmond, W all ' T CWAAS

S impson , G .,

1 979 R eply t o C harlesworth 1 971: A nt.J. L IX ,

1 865 D ictionary o f G reek a nd R oman A ntiquities, L ondon .

I .,

t he M useum

o f

L ondon

p . 4 01.

S mith , W .,

S tead,

6 01'

A ., 1 933 ' Excavations o n H adrian 's XXIII, p p. 2 59-60 . X

R .,

C .,

C atalogue o f L ondon.

R IB

S mith , C .

S tanford, S .

1 854

o n

A ntiquities,

1 968 ' The R oman F orts a t L eintwardine a nd B uckton ' T rans. W oolhope N at. F ield C lub X XXIX, 2 , p p . 2 223 26.

1 976 E xcavations a t W interton R oman V illa a nd o ther R oman s ites i n N orth L incolnshire , L ondon.

S tead,

I .,

a nd R igby, V ., 1 986 B aldock : t he e xcavation o f aR oman a nd p re-Roman s ettlement, 1 968-72, L ondon.

S tephenson , R .

B . K ., a nd E mery, J ., 1 966 ' The G aulcross H oard P ictish S ilver' P SAS X CVII ( 1963-4) p p. 2 06-11.

S trong D ., a nd B rown , D .,

S utherland, C . H . V .,

T aylor,

J .

T hompson,

J .,

F . H .,

o f

1 976 R oman C rafts, L ondon.

1 974 R oman C oins, L ondon.

1 980 B ronze C ambridge.

A ge

G oldwork

o f

t he

B ritish

I sles,

1 965 R oman C heshire, C hester.

T oynbee, J . M . C .,

1 978 R oman H istorical P ortraits, L ondon.

V atin, C .,

1 970 R echerches s ur l e m an age e t l a c ondition d e l a f emme m arige a l 'epoque h ellenistique, P aris.

W acher, J .,

1 974 T he T owns o f R oman B ritain , L ondon.

W ainright, G .

J .,

W atkin, W . T .,

1 886 R oman C heshire , L iverpool.

W augh , H .,

a nd

1 979 G ussage A ll S aints: D orset, L ondon.

G oodburn , R ., V erulamium ' I , L ondon.

a n I ron A ge S ettlement i n

1 972 ' The N on-Ferrous O bjects f rom i n F rere, S . S ., V erulamium E xcavations

W elsby, D ., f orthcoming r eport o n t he C hristian s ite o f S oba, S udan.

W enham , P .,

W enham , L .

1 960 ' Seven a rchaeological d iscoveries C LVIII, p p. 2 98-328.

P .,

1 968

T he R omano-British Y ork , L ondon.

i n Y orkshire '

Y AJ

C emetery a t T rentholme D rive,

W erner, J .,

1 966

W heeler, R .

E . M ., a nd W heeler, T . V ., 1 928 ' The R oman A mphitheatre a t C aerleon , M onmouthshire ' A rch. L XXVIII, p. 11p 1 2 18.

W heeler, R .

E . M .,

W hittick , G . C .,

' HerculesKeule u nd D onar A mulett' J ahrbuch d es R ömisch G ermanisch Z entral M useum , M ainz X I ( 1964) p. 1 76-97. p

a nd W heeler, T . V ., 1 932 R eport o n t he E xcavations o f t he P rehistoric, R oman a nd P ost R oman S ite i n L ydney P ark , G loucestershire, O xford.

1 932 ' Roman M ining i n B ritain ' T rans. N ewcomen S ociety X II ( 1931-2), p p. 1 -28.

xiv x

A NCIENT A UTHORITIES C ITED I N T HE T EXT

C aius J ulius

C aesar D e B ello G allico L ibrary).

t r. H .

J . E dwards,

M . T ullius C icero A d A tticum t r. G . O . W instedt,

1 966 ( Loeb

1 970 ( Loeb L ibrary).

M . T ullius C icero E pistulae t r. W . G lynn W illiams,

1 970 ( Loeb L ibrary).

C aesar G aius A urelius V alerianus D iocletianus E dict t r. E . R . G raser i n F rank 1 937.

D iodorus S iculus H istory t r. C . H . O ldfather,

1 933-54 ( Loeb L ibrary).

Q . H oratius

E .

F laccus ( Horace) L ibrary).

E podi t r.

C .

I sidorus H ispalensis O rigenes t r. W . M . L indsay,

B ennett,

1 968

( Loeb

1 911.

F lavius A nicius J ustinianus D igestorum s eu P andectarum 1 870.

D . J unius J uvenalis S aturae t r. G . G . R amsay,

1 979 ( Loeb L ibrary).

A urelius T heodosius M acrobius S aturnalia t r. F . E ssenhardt,

P . O vidius N aso M etamorphoses t r. F . J . M iller,

P etronius

A rbiter

S atyricon C lassics).

t r.

J .

P .

T . M accius P lautus M enaechmus t r. P . N ixon,

T . M accius P lautus P oenulus t r. P . N ixon,

C . P linius

S ecundus N aturalis L ibrary).

1 922 ( Loeb L ibrary).

S ullivan ,

1 974

( Penguin

1 917 ( Loeb L ibrary).

1 932 ( Loeb L ibrary).

H istoria t r.

XXV

1 893.

H .

R ackham ,

1 967

( Loeb

L . A nnaeus S eneca D e B eneficiis t r. J . W . B asore ,

1 935 ( Loeb L ibrary).

L . A nnaeus S eneca D e V ita B eata t r. J . W . B asore,

1 979 ( Loeb L ibrary).

S trabo G eography t r. H . L . J ones,

C . S uetonius

C .

C ornelius

1 930 ( Loeb L ibrary).

T ranquillus D e V ita C aesarum : 1 957 ( Penguin C lassics).

T acitus A gricola C lassics).

Q uintus S eptimius

t r.

H .

V itellius t r.

M attingly,

1 973

R . G raves,

( Penguin

F lorens T ertullianus D e C ultu F emina e d. A . R oberts a nd J . D onaldson ( Antenicene C hristian L ibrary: T ranslations o f t he W ritings o f t he F athers d own t o A .D . 3 25).

T heophilus P resbyter D iversarum A rtium S chedula t r. W . T heobold,

X enophon A nabasis t r. C . L . B rownson ,

1 961 ( Loeb L ibrary).

xvi x

1 933.

I NTRODUCTION

D espite t he i nterest i n R oman j ewellery o ver t he y ears t here a re n o d etailed s urveys o f t he m aterial i n B ritain. C ool, i n h er u npublished t hesis ( 1983), a ttempted t o s urvey t he p ersonal o rnaments f rom t he s outh o f E ngland, a nd C harlesworth i n 1 961 l ooked a t t he R oman j ewellery f ound i n N orthumberland a nd D urham , b ut o ther d iscussions h ave t ended t o b e r elated t o a s ingle s ite ( e.g. H enig 1 975) o r t o a s pecific t ype o f j ewellery s uch a s g lass a rmlets, i ntaglios o r b rooches ( e.g. H enig 's e xcellent c orpus o f i ntaglios: 1 978). E ar-rings h ave n ot b een t he s ubject o f s uch a s tudy a lthough i ndividual e xamples h ave b een p ublished a nd o ccasionally t he d escriptions c ontain s ome d iscussion o f t he t ype ( e.g. C harlesworth 's c omments o n t he ' Hercules' c lub ' p endant f rom B irdoswald: 1 977) b ut t hese a re o ften c ursory.

E lsewhere i n t he R oman E mpire t he a ttention g iven t o e ar-rings h as b een s light a nd t he o nly m ajor s tudy w as t he r esult o f a n e xhibition a t I stanbul M useum ( Ergil 1 983) a nd i ncludes G reek a nd E truscan p ieces. M arshall ( 1969), i n h is C atalogue o f J ewellery i n t he B ritish M useum , g ives s everal e xamples o f R oman e ar-rings b ut n one f rom B ritain. O gden i n 1 982 p roduced a v ery i nteresting a ccount o f a ncient j ewellery t echniques a nd m anufacture b ut w as m ore c oncerned w ith t hose i tems w hich s how t he s upreme s kill a nd c raftsmanship e mployed d uring t he G reek a nd R oman p eriods r ather t han i n t he e very d ay e xamples.

H enig i n 1 975 ( p. 1 4) s aid ' Ear-rings a re n ot v ery c ommon i n R omano-British c ontexts ': a s tatement w hich h as n ever b een q uestioned. I n 1 983 ar esume o f R oman j ewellery d id n ot m ention e ar-rings d espite t he f act t hat s everal o f t he w all-paintings a nd m osaics d epicted i n t he s ame v olume c learly s how w omen w earing e ar-rings ( Henig 1 983, j ewellery: p p. 1 58-60 ; w all-paintings s howing e ar-rings: p ls. 2 , 3 ; m osaics s howing e ar-rings : p ls. 8 , 9 ).

W ork b y t he p resent a uthor o n t he s mall f ind a ssemblages f rom R oman s ites i n t he n orth o f E ngland s o r egularly r evealed e ar-rings o f c opper a lloy t hat H enig 's s tatement a bout t he r arity o f e ar-rings a ppeared t o b e c ontradicted. T his s tudy t herefore, w as s tarted i n o rder t o d iscover w hether e ar-rings i n B ritain w ere m ore c ommon t han h ad p reviously b een r ealised. T here h as b een n o a ttempt t o p roduce a c orpus w hich i ncludes e very e ar-ring e ver f ound i n R oman B ritain f or t he r easons s tated i n t he ' Introduction t o t he C atalogue '. T he i ntention h as b een t o c ollect a s m uch e vidence a s p ossible i n a n a ttempt t o c heck t he h ypothesis t hat e ar-rings a re t o b e f ound i n R omano-British c ontexts a nd t o u se t he i nformation g athered i n t he p rocess t o p roduce a t ypology w hich m ay b e o f h elp t o w orkers i n t he s ame f ield i n t he f uture.

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T YPOLOGY

T YPE 1 T his i s t he m ost c ommon t ype o f e ar-ring f ound i n R oman B ritain. I t c onsists o f a p lain p enannular r ing w hich t apers a t t he t erminals. O ften t he t aper i s m ore m arked a t o ne t erminal t han t he o ther a s i s c lear o n a n e xample f rom A riconium ( No. 14). S ome t aper c onsistently t o o ne t erminal f rom t he o ther w hich r emains b lunt ( e.g. W oodeaton , N o. 5 06) a nd t his m ay b e s een a s a n i ndication t hat a p enannular r ing i s a n e ar-ring r ather t han a f inger r ing , p articularly w hen t he t aper i s i n b oth p lanes.

I n s ection t his T ype c an b e c ircular ( York, N o. 5 53), l ozenge ( Wroxeter, N o. 5 28), s emi-oval ( Woodeaton , N o. 5 05), l entoid ( Stanwix , N o. 5 90), o r r ectangular ( Richborough, N o. 4 07). T hose o f c ircular o r o val s ection c an t hicken c onsiderably t owards t he c entre g iving a c rescentic a ppearance ( e.g. E xning , N o. 2 28). Af ew a re h ollow i n s ection h aving b een m ade f rom r olled s heet e ither f or r easons o f c ost o r w eight ( e .g. R ichborough , N o. 4 09). O n r are o ccasions a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1s urvives w ith b eads s till t hreaded i nto p osition . T hese b eads a re o f s tone ( St. F orth , F ife, N o. 4 66) o r g lass ( Deepdale C avern , N o. 1 35) a nd a re o f t he p lain d rum t ype t ending t o n arrow i n s ection t o o ne s ide ( see G uido 1 978, G roups 6 a nd 7 ), a lthough a n e xample f rom G oadby M arwood ( No. 2 54) h as a t iny b lue g lass f acetted b ead ( cf. G uido 1 978 , f ig. 3 7, n o. 2 0). AT ype 1 e ar-ring f rom D erby R ace C ourse h as a n a nnular c opper a lloy r ing h anging f rom i t ( No. 2 16). S everal o ther e xamples s how s igns o f w ear o r d istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre w hich m ay i ndicate t hat t hey h ave h ad p endants w hich a re n ow m issing ( see a lso t he d iscussion o n T ype 3 , a nd t he p anel p ortrait f rom H awara , E gypt s hown i n P l. 1 ).

A f eature o n s ome o f t his T ype i s a n a ngling o f t he t erminals, p resumably a s afety f eature t o e nsure t hat t he e ar-ring d id n ot s lip f rom p osition.

E ar-rings o f T ype 1 c an b e f ound t hroughout R oman B ritain a t a ny d ate, m any c oming f rom s ites w ith I ron A ge c ontexts a nd c learly c ontinuing a n e arlier t radition . I ndeed i t i s s uch a b asic f orm o f e ar-ring t hat i t i s u nnecessary t o t ry t o t race i ts h istory e ither b efore o r a fter t he R oman p eriod o ther t han t o m ention t hat e xamples a re k nown i n a B ronze A ge c ontext f rom D uff H ouse, B anffshire ( Taylor 1 980, p l. 3 0g), a nd c ontinue t o a ppear i n t he a rchaeological r ecord u ntil m odern t imes. T hey c an a lso b e f ound i n m ost c ultures w hich f avour e ar-rings, s uch a s M ycenaean ( Higgins 1 965, p l. 2 K), M eroitic ( Khartoum M useum , A cc. N os. 2 437, 1 835, 2 360 , e tc.), N ubian C hristian ( Allason-Jones i n W elsby f orthcoming , S F n o. 2 072), a nd s o o n.

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I n R omano-British c ontexts t hey c an b e f ound o n a ny t ype o f s ite: c ave d wellings ( Thor 's F isher C ave, N o. 3 44), i ndustrial a reas ( Derby R ace C ourse , N o. 2 16), m ansiones ( Caerleon, N o. 1 41), v illas ( Winterton, N o. 5 02), f orts ( South S hields, N o. 4 80), g raves ( Leicester , N o. 2 69), h illforts ( Maiden C astle , N o. 3 41), f ortresses ( Longthorpe , N o. 3 17), t owns ( Chesterton, N o. 1 79) a nd a mphitheatres ( Caerleon, N o. 1 38) a s w ell a s i n v otive c ontexts ( Lydney , N o. 3 19). T here i s a lso n o c lear n orth o r s outh e mphasis i n i ts d istribution ( see p . 3 6 a nd M ap 1 ).

T ype 1 e ar-rings c an b e m ade o f c opper a lloy, g lass , g old, o r s ilver.

p ewter

T YPE 2 T his i s a n o bvious p rogression f rom T ype 1 : p enannular r ings w ith d ecoration, a nd s ubdivides i nto e ight c ategories w ith c learly d efined v ariations o f d ecoration.

T YPE 2 a h as r idges o r ' crenellations' a t o ne o r b oth t erminals. S ome s how w ear o r d istortion s imilar t o t hat n oted o n T ype 1 a nd T ype 3 , i ndicating t hat t hey h ave h ad p endants o r b eads a lthough n one s urvive. O ne e xample , f rom C irencester ( No. 1 90), h as a s mall h ole p ierced t hrough t he d ecorated t erminal, p resumably f or a p endant.

W hen l ooking a t t he e xamples w ith r idging a t b oth t erminals i t s hould b e r emembered 'that t he h ole i n t he e ar-lobe i s l ikely t o h ave b een l arger t han i s c ommon t oday. N o d oubt t hose e ar-rings w ith d ecoration c onfined t o o ne t erminal w ould b e e asier t o p osition b ut t hose w ith b oth t erminals d ecorated w ould b e m ore s ecure a s t he r idging w ould s top t he e ar-ring f rom s lipping o ut.

T YPE 2 b h as i ncised t ransverse l ines a t o ne o r b oth t erminals. A f ew , a nd i n p articular a n e xample f rom L ondon ( No. 3 07), h ave t he l ines a rranged s o a s t o s uggest a z oomorphic h ead i n am anner s imilar t o t hat o f t he p enannular b rooches o f m id t o l ate 4 th c entury d ate ( Fowler 1 960 , t ype E ). O ne e xample o f s trip s ection ( No. 4 26) h as a p ierced t erminal w hich c ould h ave b een u sed t o t ake a p endant b ut a s t his e xample a ppears t o h ave b een c ut d own f rom a b racelet ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 3 ) i t w ould b e i nadvisable t o s ee i t a s c onclusive e vidence f or p endants o n T ype 2 b e ar-rings. Ap air f rom W oodeaton ( Nos. 5 08 a nd 5 09), h owever, e ach h ave a s mall h ook o r b roken l oop p rojecting f rom t he o uter e dge w hich c learly w as i ntended t o t ake a p endant ( cf. P l. 2 ), w hilst a s ingle e xample f rom W ater N ewton ( No. 4 99) h as a n a nnular r ing t hreaded o n t o i t. T he m ajority o f t his T ype a re o f o val s ection. M ost e ar-rings o f T ype 2 b a re t o b e f ound i n t he c ivilian s outh w ith o nly a f ew f rom m ilitary c ontexts i n t he n orth. T here i s ac oncentration i n t he a rea o f t he B ristol C hannel. S ee M ap 3 .

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T YPE 2 c h as b oth ' crenellations ' a nd i ncised t ransverse l ines a t o ne o r b oth t erminals. S everal o f t hese h ave b een i dentified a s f inger-rings , a nd a nnular r ings o f s imilar a ppearance a re k nown ( e.g. L ondon a nd F elixstowe: B ritish M useum , A cc . N os. 7 11 a nd 5 3 .8-15.17 r espectively). I t m ay b e s uggested t hat t he ' ear-rings ' a re f ingerr ings w hich h ave w orn t hrough b y c ontact w ith a nother r ing o r f inger, b ut i t s hould b e p ointed o ut t hat t he p enannular e xamples t end t o t aper i n b oth p lanes a t t he t erminals, w hich w ould n ot b e t he e xpected r esult o f w ear o n a f inger. I t s hould f urther b e n oted t hat i t i s o nly o n t his T ype t hat s uch a b reak o ccurs, a nd a lways i n t he s ame p osition. I t w ould t herefore b e s afe t o a ssume t hat t he p enannular e xamples a re i ndeed e ar-rings, p ossibly i ntended t o b e w orn i n s ets w ith m atching f inger-rings a nd b racelets ( see p . 2 4).

D istortion o n s everal e xamples a gain s uggests t he u se o f p endants o r b eads ( e.g. S egontium , N o. 4 71). A s aT ype i t w ould s eem t o b e o f 4 th c entury d ate w ith a d istribution c onfined t o t he c oast w ith a c oncentration a round t he B ristol C hannel s imilar t o T ype 2 b ( see M ap 4 ).

T YPE 2 d: T his t ype h as ' crenellations ' o r d eep r idges a ll r ound t he o uter f ace. A t t he t ime o f w riting t here a re o nly t wo e xamples o f t his T ype i n B ritain ( Cirencester, N o. 1 91, a nd P iercebridge , N o . 3 98), a nd i t m ay b e s een a s av ariant o f T ype 2 e a lthough i n b racelet t ypologies t his f orm o f d ecoration i s w ell k nown ( Wheeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7,M , a nd A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984 , n o . 3 .238).

T YPE 2 e h as i ncised t ransverse l ines a ll r ound, s ometimes c onfined t o t he o uter f ace ( Segontium , N o. 4 72) b ut o ften e ncircling t he s hank g iving a b eaded e ffect. O ccasionally t he l ines o r g rooves a re a rranged i n g roups w ith u ndecorated a reas i n b etween ( e.g. F arley H eath , N o. 2 29). T he g rooves c an b e s quare t o t he s ection o r s et o bliquely t o i t w hilst a n e xample f rom C aerleon ( No . 1 42) i s i ncised t o g ive t he i mpression t hat i t h as b een w rapped a round w ith t ightly c oiled w ire ( cf. N os. 5 67, 5 68 a nd 5 69, w here t his i s a ctually t he c ase , a nd b racelets f rom S outh S hields : A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 1 4).

E xamples o f t his T ype a re k nown f rom B ronze A ge c ontexts i n B ritain ( Taylor 1 980, p l. 3 1c, 1 ). H awkes ( 1961, p . 4 46) h as s uggested t hat i n p rehistory t his f orm o f d ecoration w as i n i mitation o f t he M editerranean/Near E astern u se o f n on-metallic b eads o n e ar-rings ( see a lso M axwell-Hyslop 1 971, f ig. 7 6, a nd P etrie 1 931, p . 8 , p l. X V , 6 ). I n t he B ronze A ge t hese a re s een a s b eing e arlier t han t he s ingles trand t wist e xamples ( see T ype 4 b elow) ( Taylor 1 980, p . 1 89, n ote o n P l. 3 1), b ut i n R oman B ritain t hey a ppear t o b e c ontemporary w ith t hem ( cf. b racelets o f A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984 , t ypes 7 a nd 1 5). T he T ype i s w ell-known t hroughout B ritain, b eing a s c ommon o n m ilitary s ites a s i n c ivilian c ontexts ( see M ap 5 ).

T YPE 2 f i s a p lain p enannular r ing w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a round t he i nner f ace. T his T ype c learly c annot b e c onfused w ith

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f inger-rings a nd a n e xample f rom J ewry W all, L eicester ( No. 2 72), w hich s hows t he d istortion a lready d iscussed a s i ndicating t he u se o f p endants, m ay b e s een a s r efuting a ny s uggestion t hat t his d istortion i s t he r esult o f w ear o n a f inger.

T here i s as ingle e xample i n s ilver f rom t he s ettlement a t T horpe T hewles ( No. 1 01), t he r est b eing o f c opper a lloy.

T YPE 2 g i s i nvariably o f s trip o r r ectangular s ection w ith n icks c ut f rom b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace r esulting i n ar unning c hevron m otif s imilar t o t hat s een o n b racelets ( Clarke 1 979, f ig. 3 7, n os. 1 56, 1 66, 2 65). T he m ajority t aper t o t he t erminals b ut o ne e xample f rom L ittle C hester , D erby ( No. 2 17), h as r ounded t erminals w hich a re a ngled a way f rom t he r ing.

T he d istribution i s p redominantly s outh a nd w est o f al ine f rom t he R iver M ersey t o t he R iver S tour ( see M ap 7 ) w ith a c hronological r ange o f l ate 2 nd c entury t o e arly 4 th c entury.

T YPE 2 h c onsists o f a p enannular r ing m ade f rom o ne p iece o f w ire w ith d ecoration w hich d iffers f rom t hat s een o n T ypes 2 a-g. S ome o f t hese s imply h ave p rojections f rom o ne e dge b ut a re o therwise u ndecorated ( e.g. R ichborough, N o. 4 33) w hilst t he d ecoration o n o thers a ppears t o s uggest a s ingle b ead ( Wroxeter, N o. 5 42) o r a s eries o f b eads ( Wroxeter, N o. 5 43) i n am anner r eminiscent o f i st c entury A .D. b eaded t orcs ( MacGregor 1 976, p p. 9 7-9). P arallels w ill b e d iscussed f or e ach e ar-ring i n t he T ype i n t he r elevant C atalogue e ntry.

A lthough t his T ype i s m ade u p o f t hose e ar-rings w hich d o n ot o bviously f it i nto a ny o f t he o ther T ype 2 c ategories a nd a rguably d oes n ot f orm a c oherent s ub-type , i t i s i nteresting t hat, l ike T ype 2 g, i ts d istribution i s l argely c onfined t o t he a rea s outh a nd w est o f t he M ersey/Stour l ine a lthough n ot s preading a s f ar a s t he B ristol C hannel.

I t s hould b e n oted t hat e ar-rings i n a ll t he s ub-groups o f T ype 2 t end t o b e c onfined t o c opper a lloys w ith f ew e xamples i n g old o r s ilver.

T YPE 3 T ype 3 i s a p lain r ing, u sually o f c ircular-sectioned w ire, w ith t he t apered e nds e ither o verlapped a nd i ntertwined o r h ooked. T hese o ccur i n c opper a lloy, g old, s ilver a nd p ewter, a nd a re o ccasionally f ound w ith t he e nds u nravelled. A t f irst g lance i t i s d ifficult t o s ee h ow t hese c ould b e w orn a s e ar-rings a nd i t i s t o b e p resumed t hat t he e nds w ere i ntertwined a fter o ne e nd w as t hreaded t hrough t he e arl obe a nd t hat t hey w ere i ntended t o b e p ermanent o r s emi-permanent. S everal e xamples h ave b een f ound i n p airs i n g raves, o ne o n e ither s ide o f t he s kull ( e.g. C olchester, N os. 2 7 a nd 2 8), a nd e xamples a re k nown

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f rom o ther c ivilizations, e .g. M eroitic ( Khartoum M useum , A cc. N o. 2 422) a nd A ncient I ndian ( Marshall a nd V ogel 1 903, f ig. 1 8.4), s o t here i s n o d oubt t hat t he T ype i s v alid.

T he f orm c an b e c onfused w ith h olding r ings f or c hatelaines ( see C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 945) o r w ith s mall b racelets o f t he s liding k not v ariety ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 8 ), b ut t he e ar-rings, o n t he w hole, a re o f f iner w ire, m ore c arefully m ade t han t he c hatelaine h olding r ings , a nd t end t o h ave a m ore m arked t aper t o t he t erminals .

A f ew e xamples a re d ecorated w ith i ncised l ines ( Wakerley, N o. 1 05) b ut t he d ecoration i s l argely c onfined t o b eads o r p endants ( Colchester, N o. 2 05). S ee a lso T ype 1 5 a nd t he c rescentic e ar-ring f rom L ondon ( No. 4 7). A l arge p roportion s how w ear o r d istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre i ndicating ab ead o r p endant n ow l ost. A s t hese e ar-rings w ere w orn c losed t he b eads c ould o nly b e l ost i f t hey, o r t heir a ttachments , s napped, s o t his m ay b e a n i ndication t hat a lthough t he e ar-rings t hemselves w ere p ermanently p ositioned t he p endants c ould b e a ttached w hen r equired.

T his T ype a lso h as a l ong p edigree , e xamples i n g old b eing k nown i n B ritain i n t he B ronze A ge ( Taylor 1 980 , p l. 3 1a a nd b ) a nd c ontinuing i nto t he A nglo-Saxon a nd V iking p eriods , e .g. C uerdale: B ritish M useum , A cc. N o . M LA 4 1.7-11.741. D uring t he R oman p eriod t he m ajority b elong t o t he 3 rd c entury b ut a re k nown f rom t he i st c entury ( London , N o. 3 10) t o t he 4 th ( Segontium , N o. 4 73) a nd l ater ( Colchester, N o. 2 09, w as f ound i n t he T own D itch f ill a nd c onsidered t o b e A nglo-Saxon : C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 795). T hey c an b e f ound t hroughout R oman B ritain: s ee M ap 9 .

T YPE 4 T ype 4 i s a p enannular r ing m ade f rom a s ingle s trand o f r ectangular-sectioned o r s quare-sectioned w ire w hich h as b een t wisted. T he t erminals a re s ometimes t apered ( Meols, N o. 3 73), s ometimes a ngled a way f rom t he r ing ( South S hields, N o. 4 83). T here i s a s ub-group w hich i s m ade f rom c ircular-sectioned w ire a nd t hen f iled t o g ive t he i mpression t hat i t h as b een t wisted ( Icklingham , N o. 4 1) o r m ade i n a m ould t o g ive t he s ame e ffect ( Stanwix , N o. 4 91). T his h as b een c atalogued a s M ock T ype 4 r ather t han a v ariant o f T ype 2 e . B oth t he t wisted w ire T ype a nd i ts D oppelgänger a re k nown i n B ritain i n t he B ronze A ge ( Taylor 1 980 , p l. 3 1f; s ee a lso a s et o f t orcs a nd e arr ings f rom C arcassonne , F rance, i n t he A shmolean M useum , O xford ( Ogden 1 982, p l. 4 .37), w hich h as b een w orked w ith a s wage).

N one o f t he R oman e xamples c an b e a ttributed t o a s ecurely d ated c ontext a lthough t he i ndications a re t hat b oth T ype 4 a nd M ock T ype 4 a re o f 4 th c entury d ate. T he T ype c an b e m atched w ith b racelets o f A llason-Jones a nd M iket ( 1984) t ype 1 5. T ype 4 i s l argely c onfined, a s f ar a s c an b e s een f rom t he s mall n umbers i nvolved, t o t he m ilitary

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n orth ( see M ap 1 0) w hilst t he t hroughout t he c ountry.

M ock T ype

4i s

m ore w idely s cattered

T YPE 5 T his i s ap ennanular r ing m ade f rom t wo s trands o f w ire t wisted a round e ach o ther. U nlike t he b racelets o f s imilar m anufacture ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 1 3) t he e ar-rings d o n ot a ppear t o h ave b een m ade f rom a s ingle s trand f olded i n h alf a nd t hen t wisted, b ut f rom t wo s eparate p ieces. A t b oth e nds o ne s trand e merges f rom t he t wist a nd t apers t o t he e nd. A n e xample f rom W oodeaton ( No. 5 14) h as h ooked e nds. U nfortunately, i f t he t erminals a re i ncomplete i t i s v ery e asy f or t hese e ar-rings ( and t hose o f T ype 6 b elow) t o b e c onfused w ith f ragmentary f inger-rings m ade i n a s imilar w ay, e .g. S t. W erburgh S t., C hester ( Watkin 1 886, p . 2 06).

E ar-rings o f T ype 5 a re f ound i n a ll p eriods f rom t he i st c entury A .D. ( Bokerley D yke , N o. 1 28) t o t he 4 th c entury ( Brigstock , N o.131) a nd l ater ( Binchester, N o. 1 27), a nd a re f ound t hroughout R oman B ritain ( see M ap 1 2).

T YPE 6 T ype 6 i s a p enannular r ing m ade f rom t hree s trands o f w ire t wisted t ogether. A s w ith T ype 5 a bove, o ne s trand e merges a t e ach e nd t o f orm a t apered o r h ooked t erminal. T he m ajority o f t his T ype a re f ound o n c ivilian s ites r ather t han m ilitary ( see M ap 1 3) w ith a b ias t owards 4 th c entury c ontexts.

A n e xample f rom R ichborough ( No . 1 12) i s m ade f rom t wo s trands o f d ifferently c oloured c opper a lloy w ith s pace f or a t hird s trand. A s t here i s n o t race o f t his t hird s trand i t i s p ossible t hat i t w as n ot o f m etal b ut o f s ome p erishable m aterial s uch a s t hread, g iving e ach s trand a d ifferent c olour a nd t exture. A n e xample f rom B ath ( No. 1 11) h as t wo s trands o f s ilver w ire w ith a t hird o f c opper a lloy.

T YPE 7 T ype 7 i s a p enannular r ing m ade f rom t hree s trands o f w ire p laited t ogether. A t t he t ime o f w riting o nly o ne e xample o f t his T ype i s k nown f rom R oman B ritain ( London , N o. 3 16) a nd t hat f rom a d ubious s ource , a lthough i t b ecame a p opular f orm i n t he V iking p eriod ( Graham-Campbell a nd K idd 1 980, p l. 1 8), a nd i s ak nown R oman b racelet t ype ( see L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming H S 7 7.14.490).

T YPE 8 T his i s ap enannular r ing m ade f rom f our s trands o f w ire t wisted t ogether. T his T ype i s s imply a d evelopment o f T ypes 5 a nd 6 b ut m uch b ulkier w hich w ould m ake i t u ncomfortable t o w ear a s a f inger-ring.

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T YPE 9 T his T ype i s m ade f rom a s ingle s trand o f w ire c oiled a t o ne e nd w ith t he o ther b ent t o f orm a h ook. T he T ype a ppears t o b e e arly ( Fishbourne , N o . 2 34: A .D . 4 3-75; S t. A lbans, N o. 4 65: A .D . 4 3-70; B aldock, N os . 1 21 a nd 1 22: C laudian, N o. 1 23 : N eronian) a nd c an b e t raced b ack t o a B ronze A ge a ncestry w hen t he s piral m otif w as m ost p opular - a p in f rom S ewell, T otternhoe, w hich i s b elieved t o b e t he o ldest b ronze f ind i n B ritain ( Clarke e t a l. 1 985, p . 1 75), h as a s piral h ead, a nd s piral d esigns a re w ell k nown f rom e arly B ronze A ge s ites s uch a s N ew G range ( ibid. p. 1 74-5) a s w ell a s o n s maller p d ecorative i tems ( ibid. p l. 3 .15-7). T he s piral m otif c ontinued t o b e p opular t hroughout t he I ron A ge , p articularly o n t he C ontinent ( Dechelette 1 914 , f ig. 5 44) a nd c ontinued i nto t he A nglo-Saxon p eriod ( Ant.J . V , 1 925, P . 2 89). I t i s t hus r ather p uzzling t hat t he s piral e ar-ring s hould h ave a n a pparently s hort p eriod o f p opularity d uring t he R oman p eriod.

T YPE 1 0 T ype 1 0 c onsists o f ab ead t hreaded t hrough w ith g old w ire w hich i s b ent a t o ne e nd t o f orm a h ook. T he o nly c omplete e xample f rom B ritain ( Silchester, N o. 5 8) h as a n e merald c rystal b ead a nd i t i s p ossible t hat m any o f t he l oose b eads f ound i n B ritain m ay h ave c ome f rom e ar-rings o f t his T ype o r T ype 1 7 ( cf. M arshall 1 969, n os. 2 387, 2 535, 2 638, a ll o f w hich c ome f rom 2 nd t o 3 rd c entury c ontexts).

T YPE 1 1 T his T ype i s c onfined t o g old e xamples i n B ritain a nd c onsists o f a b ox s etting w ith a r u led f langed b order s urrounding a s emi-precious s tone o r g lass i nset. S even e xamples a re k nown i n B ritain o f w hich o ne i s p ear-shaped ( No. 3f rom B ath), t wo a re o val ( No. 3 6 f rom G loucester, a nd N o. 6 0 f rom S ilchester), t wo a re c ircular ( No. 6 7 f rom V indolanda, a nd N o. 8 0 f rom Y ork) a nd t wo a re r ectangular ( No. 3 8 f rom G reat C hesters, a nd N o. 4 2 f rom L incoln). T he m ethod o f m anufacture v aries c onsiderably a mong t he s even s uggesting t hat a lthough t he m etalworkers w ere a ll a iming a t t he s ame d esign t hey h ad t heir o wn i ndividual w ays o f a chieving a b ox s etting w ith a r illed f rame. T he m ost s ophisticated m ethod i s s een o n t he B ath e xample ( No. 3 ) w here t he b ox a nd f rame h ave b een m ade f rom a s ingle s heet o f g old w hich h as b een f olded t o p rovide a f irm i nner f rame o verlapping t he e dge o f t he g arnet, b efore b eing h ammered o ut t o ad ouble l ayered f rame . T he r u led e ffect o n t his e xample h as b een r eached b y p inching t he d ouble s heet o f g old w ith a t ool w ith a c urved m outh . T his m ethod w as r epeated o n t he G loucester e ar-ring ( No. 3 6). A s quare-framed e xample f rom N ijmegen h as a lso b een m ade i n t he s ame w ay a nd d ated t o t he 3 rd4 th c entury A .D . ( Maaskant-Kleibrink 1 986, n o. 1 58).

T he L incoln m ethod ( No. 4 2) h as b een t o m ake a t ube a nd t hen s older a s heet a cross o ne e nd t o m ake t he b ox s etting. T he f lange h as t hen b een p ushed o ver t he b ox a nd s oldered i nto p osition. I n t he B ath a nd G loucester e xamples t he h ook h as b een s oldered t o t he b ack o f t he

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b ox b ut i n t he L incoln e xample t he h ook h as b een p ushed t hrough a h ole i n t he b ack o f t he b ox a nd t he e nd h ammered f lat. T he e xample f rom S ilchester ( No. 6 0) h as b een m ade b y t he s ame m ethod a nd t he r u ling p inched, n ot i ncised .

W ith t he V indolanda e xample ( No. 6 7) t here i s a t hird m ethod: a s trip o f c ircular-sectioned w ire h as b een h ammered f lat a t o ne e nd t o f orm a d isc, t he o ther e nd b eing t he h ook. A s trip o f g old h as t hen b een s oldered t o t he e dges o f t he d isc t o p rovide t he s ides o f t he b ox s etting. T he e dge o f t his s trip h as b een h ammered o ut t o f orm a n arrow f lange o n t o w hich t he f rame h as b een s oldered. T he u pper f rame h as h ad l ong t riangular n otches c ut a round t he e dge c opying t he r u ling o f t he f irst m ethod.

T he Y ork e ar-ring ( No. 8 0) d emonstrates t he c rudest m ethod b eing s imply a t hick d isc o f g old w ith a t ube s et i n t he c entre t o h old t he i nset. T he f lange h as b een d eeply s cored t o s uggest r u ling. U nfortunately t he G reat C hesters e ar-ring i s k nown o nly f rom d rawings w hich a re n ot d etailed e nough t o a llow f or a d iscussion o f t echnique ( No. 3 8).

T here a re m any f oreign p arallels f or t his T ype , t he m ajority o f w hich h ave p endants o f v arying t ypes : s ee M arshall 1 969, n o. 2 655, w ith a p inched b order a round a g reen g lass i nset a nd t wo b iconical f acetted g lass b ead p endants ( 3rd c entury A .D .), a nd n o. 2 670 f rom t he C astellani C ollection , w hich h as t he i ncised l ines o f t he V indolanda e xample a round a n o blong p lasma w ith p earl p endants ( 3rd c entury A .D .). S ee a lso E rgil 1 983, n o. 1 12; S ofia M useum , n os. 3 3, 3 5, 3 6, a nd 4 0 ( inf. p er D r. R ousseva-Slokoska); a nd A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, t af. L XXIX, n os. 1 -7).

R illed f rames a ppear t o b e a 3 rd c entury p henomenon ( see H enig 1 981 f or ag eneral d iscussion o f 3 rd c entury s tyles) a nd t he m ajority o f t he e xamples o f T ype 1 1 k nown f rom d ated c ontexts c an b e a ssigned t o t he 3 rd c entury s o ap eriod o f m anufacture c onfined t o t he 3 rd c entury w ould s eem p robable. T he d iffering t echniques a nd t he w ide g eographical s pread t hroughout t he R oman E mpire i ndicate t hat t he T ype i s t o b e s een a s a f ashion r ather t han t he p roduct o f a s ingle w orkshop.

A n e ar-ring f rom S ilchester ( No. 5 9) h as b een a ssigned t o T ype 1 1 a s a v ariant s ince i t c ontains t he e lements o f aT ype 1 1, t hat i s a c entral s tone w ith a f langed b order ; b ut i n t his i nstance t he s tone i s a n e merald c rystal b ead h eld i n p osition b y w ire, a nd t he f lange i s a n o penwork p late b ased o n e ight p eltae. T here a re s everal p arallels f or t his e ar-ring w hich s uggest t hat i t m ay b e s lightly l ater i n d ate t han t he m ajority o f T ype 1 e ar-rings ( see C atalogue e ntry).

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T YPE 1 2 T ype 1 2 i s ap lain w ire e ar-ring w here a l ength o f w ire i s l ooped a t o ne e nd w ith t he o ther e nd e ither h ooked o n t o i t o r t hreaded t hrough t o f orm a h ook w hich w ould b e a ttached t o t he e ar. T his T ype i s u nusual i n B ritain b ut c ommon o n t he C ontinent ( see A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, p l. L XXIX, n os. 1 4-21; M arshall 1 969, p l. L IT, n os. 2 399, 2 400, 2 679, 2 680 , a ll o f i st 2nd c entury d ate) w here i t t akes t he p lace o f T ype 3 i n B ritain. T he T ype a ppears t o h ave a l ong a ncestry: V ictoria a nd A lbert M useum , L ondon ( Dept. o f M etalwork), C ase 1 0 .A.8: 7 th-5th c entury B .C.; C ase 1 0.D .13: 4 th-3rd c entury B .C.; a nd C ase 1 0 .B .19: l st-2nd c entury A .D .

N one o f t he e xamples f rom B ritain h ave b eads t hreaded o n t o t he s hank b ut t he e xamples c ited a bove i ndicate t hat t his w as t he n orm .

T YPE 1 3 T his T ype c an b e s ubdivided i nto t wo c lasses: a ) w ith o ne b oss, a nd b ) w ith a d ouble b oss. T he d ouble b oss s ub-type, a s t ypified b y N o. 1 6 f rom C aerleon , w as p articularly p opular i n t he R oman E mpire h aving d eveloped i n t hQ i st c entury A .D . a nd s pread w idely b y t he F lavian p eriod ( Pfeiler 1 970, p . 1 7, a nd C ool 1 983, p . 3 08) b efore g oing o ut o f f ashion i n t he 2 nd c entury. H owever, i n B ritain i t w as t he s ingle b oss w hich w as t he m ore p opular.

A ll t he e xamples a re h ollow w ith a d omed f ront s oldered o r w elded t o a f lat b acking p late . O ne e xample ( No. 1 57 f rom C aerwent) i s m ade f rom c opper a lloy w ith t races o f av estigial s econd b oss, a nd a n e xample f rom t he W oodhouse C ollection i n t he B ritish M useum ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 2 616-7) s hows t hat i t w as b y n o m eans u nusual f or t he b osses t o b e o f d ifferent s izes. T his c an a lso b e s een o n s ome o f t he E gyptian p anel p ortraits ( see P l. 3 ) a s c an s ingle b oss e ar-rings w ifh ab ead t hreaded o n t o t he h ook i n t he p lace o f a s econd b oss ( Pl. 4 ). • Av ariation w ith a v estigial u pper b oss a nd a g ranulated l ower b oss w as p opular i n E gypt i n t he i st c entury A .D . b ut n one h ave b een f ound i n B ritain ( Pl. 5 ).

T YPE 1 4 T he f our g old e xamples o f T ype 1 4 a re c onfined t o t he m ilitary n orth o f B ritain, c lustering i n t he n orth-west a nd s uggesting a c ommon w orkshop o r s alespoint ( see M ap 1 8). T he m ost c omplete e xample, N o. 1 0 f rom B rougham , h as a c ircular r osette w ith a p lain c entral b oss

1 .

Ag old s ingle b oss e ar-ring w ith a b ead t hreaded o n t o t he h ook, h as r ecently b een u ncovered i n C olchester. Ia m g rateful t o M iss J ohns f or a lerting m e t o t his d iscovery w hich w as m ade t oo l ate t o b e i ncluded i n t his c atalogue.

1 0

s urrounded b y p etal s hapes w hich e xtend t o t he e dge. Ap lain b ack p late i s w elded i nto p osition w ith a h ook s oldered i nto t he c entre. T wo h ollow p ear-shaped p endants o f g old w ith a h erringbone m otif o n t he f ace h ang b elow t he r osette. A s imilar p endant i n c opper a lloy f rom S egontium ( No. 4 74) m ay b e f rom a n e ar-ring o f t he s ame T ype.

T he s hape o f t he r osette i s c ommon o n o ther f orms o f j ewellery f rom t he M ycenaean p eriod ( see H offman a nd v on C laer 1 968, n o. 3 ) b ut a ppears t o p hase o ut b efore r eappearing o n 4 th c entury e ar-rings ( Ergil 1 983, n o. 1 20).

T YPE 1 5 T his i s p robably t he m ost w ell k nown f orm t aken b y R omano-British e ar-rings b ut u nfortunately i t i s a lso t he m ost a mbiguous. I t i s g enerally k nown a s t he ' Hercules ' c lub ' T ype a nd i s o ften t o b e f ound h anging f rom l oops o f T ype 3 i n B ritain a nd T ype 1 2 o n t he C ontinent. P airs o f ' Hercules ' c lub ' p endants c learly u sed a s e ar-rings a re k nown f rom I ntercisa ( Alföldi e t a l. 1 957, t af. L XXX , n os. 6 -8: t hree p airs a ll w ith g ranular d ecoration, a ll f ound i n g raves). A s imilar e xample i s p ictured i n t he B onn C atalogue ( 1963, p l. 4 1) b ut a lso s hown o n t he s ame p late i s av ery l ong ' club ' w ith a t ube s et a t r ight a ngles a cross t he n arrow e nd. T his i s n ot a n e ar-ring a nd w as p robably w orn a s a p endant a round t he n eck. S uch p endants a re k nown h anging f rom n ecklaces e ither s ingly o r i n p airs ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 745) o r i n g roups ( Hoffman a nd v on C laer 1 968, n o. 1 36: n ineteen s mall ' clubs' h anging f rom d iscs a round an ecklace). I dentification o f as ingle f ind a s a n e ar-ring m ust, t herefore, b e m ade w ith c aution a nd c annot b e d one o n s ize a lone . T he e xample b elieved t o c ome f rom E ast A nglia ( No. 3 5) h as a v ery s mall p endant w hilst a n e xample f rom O lbia o n t he B lack S ea ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 412) m easures 5 3 m m w ith i ts h ook . D oubt h as b een t hrown o n t he t wo f rom T hetford ( Nos. 6 1 a nd 6 2) o n t he g rounds o f s ize a nd w eight b ut a t 3 6 a nd 4 1 m t hey a re n ot m i nordinately l ong, a nd a t 1 0.5 g m a nd 1 0 .6 g m w eight c ompare w ell w ith t he 2 91 a nd 2 94 g rains ( approx. 1 9 g m) o f a p air o f G reek e ar-rings f rom T arentum ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 1 657-8). I t s hould b e n oted, h owever, t hat R omano-British e ar-rings a re g enerally s maller a nd l ess f lamboyant t han t hose f ound o n t he C ontinent i n t he s ame p eriod. F or ac omprehensive l ist s ee N oll 1 984.

C harlesworth ( 1977) d rew a ttention t o t he d ifficulty o f d ating t his T ype, g iving r eferences t o e xamples f rom B onn, d ated t o t he s econd h alf o f t he 2 nd c entury , a nd S t. S everin, C ologne , w hich h as a 4 th c entury c ontext. T he e xamples f rom B ritain e mphasize t he t ime s pan : A shtead h as b een d ated t o A .D . 5 0-150 ( No. 2 ), t he e xample f rom L ondon t o t he m id 2 nd c entury a t t he l atest ( No. 4 6), t he B irdoswald a nd B rougham e ar-rings ( Nos. 5 a nd 1 2) b oth a ppear t o b e o f 3 rd c entury d ate , w hilst t he T hetford h oard h as b een d ated t o t he 4 th c entury o r e ven 5 th ( Nos. 6 1 a nd 6 2). T he e xamples i n t he B ritish M useum d escribed b y M arshall ( 1969) s how t hat t he T ype h as a v ery l ong h istory -two p airs b eing f ound i n 4 th-3rd c entury B .C . g raves a t K yme i n A eolis ( nos. 2 036 a nd 2 037). T he l ong t ime-span m ay b e b ecause t he m otif h ad at alismanic i mportance t o t he w earer ( as d iscussed b y C ool

1 1

1 983) a lthough C harlesworth t hrew d oubt o n t his i dea i n 1 977. O gden i n 1 980 ( p. 3 ) s uggested t hat t hey w ere u sed a s l ove t okens a nd r efer t o t he t riumph o f O mphale , Q ueen o f I ndia , o ver H ercules w ho b ecame s o e namoured o f h er t hat h e g ave h er t he t rophies o f h is l abours. S ee a lso W erner 1 966.

T he B ritish e xamples a re m ostly d ecorated w ith a pplied w ire l oops w hilst t he C ontinental e xamples u se g ranulation . E ar-ring N o. 3 5 h as a d oubtful p rovenance a nd t he g ranulation m ay b e s een i n t his c ontext a s b eing f urther p roof o f i ts c ontinental o rigin. T he g ranulation m ay a lso b e ad ating f actor a s i t t ends t o b e a n e arly f orm o f d ecoration. A nother f actor w hich m ay b e o f a ssistance i n d ating T ype 1 5 e ar-rings i s s ize : a lthough t he n umbers i nvolved a re f ew t here d oes a ppear t o b e ad evelopment i n s ize , b oth l ength a nd d iameter, w ith t he e arlier e xamples b eing s maller a nd t he l ater o nes l arger.

T he T ype a ppears i n c opper a lloy a nd s ilver b ut i s m ost c ommon i n g old. I ts d istribution i n B ritain i s c onfined t o t he T hames B asin a nd t he n orthern m ilitary z one ( see M ap 1 9).

T YPE 1 6 W enham ( 1968, n o. 3 0) s uggested t hat a s mall c opper a lloy s tud w as ' probably a n e ar-ring, a s f ound a longside a f emale s kull, ( Skeleton n o. 1 07) n ear t he e ar'. E xamination o f t he o bject i n q uestion m akes t his i dentification s uspect b ut t hat i s n ot t o s ay t hat t he R omans d id n ot w ear s tuds i n t he e ar. E vidence f rom E gypt s uggests i n f act t hat t hey d id ( Aldred 1 978, p l. 5 8). U nfortunately i t i s i mpossible t o s ay c ategorically i f a ny o f t he t housands o f s tuds f ound i n R omano-British c ontexts w ere w orn a s e ar-rings. T he e xample f rom T horpe T hewles ( No. 4 94) h as b een i ncluded o n t he g rounds o f s ize , d ecoration a nd a ssociated f inds.

T YPE 1 7 T his T ype c onsists o f s everal b eads h eld t ogether b y m etal w ire. M any o f t his T ype m ay b e h angers f rom c omposite e ar-rings s uch a s N o. 3 6 f rom G loucester, b ut t here a re e nough C ontinental p arallels t o s uggest t hat t his w as a lso a T ype i n i ts o wn r ight ( see M arshall 1 969, n o. 2 397; V ictoria a nd A lbert M useum , L ondon ( Dept. o f M etalwork) C ase 1 0.B .12).

T YPE 1 8 T his i s ah ollow t hree-dimensional o r s olid t wo-dimensional b ell s hape . T he e xample f rom B ath ( No. 1 26) a ppears t o b e c omplete i n i tself w hilst t hose f rom B rougham ( No. 1 3) a nd W ind e ( Nos. 7 1 a nd 7 2) a re l ikely t o f orm p art o f c omposite e ar-rings i ncorporating s emip recious s tones ( cf. M arshall 1 969, n o. 2 609; H offman a nd v on C laer

1 2

1 968, n o. 2 6; A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, t af. L XXX , n o. 6 ). i t s hould b e n oted t hat h ollow b ells a re a lso u sed a s t erminals: s ee J ohns a nd P otter 1 985, f ig. 2 0, n o. 3 4.

1 3

H owever n ecklace

H ISTORY

I t i s n ot k nown w hen t he p ractice o f b oring a h ole i n t he e ar-lobe t o a llow f or t he a ttachment o f j ewellery b egan b ut t he t radition a ppears t o h ave b een r emarkably e arly a nd c ommon t o m ost, i f n ot a ll, c ultures . C ertainly b y t he t ime t he R omans i nvaded B ritain, b ringing t heir o wn t astes , i deas a nd c ustoms, e ar-rings h ad a lready b een w orn b y b oth p eoples s ince a t l east t he 2 nd m illennium B .C . ( Taylor i n C larke e t a l. 1 985, p p. 1 82-92; M arshall 1 969, p . x xvi).

I n B ritain t he e arliest e ar-rings a re t o b e f ound i n t he E arly B ronze A ge a nd a re o f t he b asket t ype a s t ypified b y t he K irkhaugh e xample ( Pls. 6a nd 7 ). O ther e xamples a re k nown f rom O rbliston ( Morayshire), B arrow H ill a t R adley, a nd B oltby S car ( Taylor 1 980, p . 2 2). T hese e ar-rings w ere m ade b y b eating g old i nto a t hin s heet , t he t ang b eing f ormed b y e ither f olding t he s tem b ack o n i tself o r b y f olding t he e dges i nwards a nd c old w elding t hem b y c ontinued b eating. D ecoration w as h ammered b y ap ointed t ool a nd c onsisted o f s imple c ombinations o f d ots a nd l ines. I t i s n ot k nown i f b oth s exes w ore e ar-rings a t t his p eriod. T aylor ( 1980, p . 2 2) s uggests t hat t hey w ere w orn i n p airs i n p ierced e ars b ut p oints t o t he s ingle g rave d eposit f rom K irkhaugh a s i ndicating t hat t wo e ar-rings ' were n ot a lways c ommitted t o b urial ' a nd i t i s c onceivable t hat s ingle e ar-rings w ere w orn.

I t i s p ossible t hat t he B ronze A ge p enannular r ings, k nown a s h air r ings ( Taylor 1 980, p l. 4 8), m ight a lso h ave b een e ar-rings w orn o ver t he r im o f t he e ar i n t he m anner o f m odern e ar-sleeves. P enannular e ar-rings o f am ore c onventional t ype a re k nown w hich m ust h ave b een w orn i n p ierced e ars a nd w hich c an b e s een a s t he f orerunners o f t he R omano-British T ypes p ostulated i n t he T ypology ( p. 2 ): a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1 i s k nown f rom D uff H ouse ( Taylor 1 980 , p l. 3 0g) w hilst e xamples f rom L ondon a nd a n u nprovenanced p air i n t he B ritish M useum r eflect T ype 2 e ( ibid. p l. 3 1h a nd i ). T ype 3 i s c ommon i n t he B ronze A ge ( ibid. p l. 3 1a a nd b ) a s i s T ype 4 ( ibid. p l. 3 1d a nd f ). E ven T ype 9 c an b e c ompared t o s pirals f rom t he C entral E uropean B ronze A ge ( ibid. p l. 3 2a , n os. 9 a nd 1 0).

A lthough t he m ore s pectacular e ar-rings o f t he B ronze A ge a re o f g old t hey a re a lso k nown i n c opper a lloy. F or e xample, b asket e arr ings a re k nown i n b ronze a nd c opper f rom t he M igdale H oard ( Clarke e t a l. 1 985, p . 3 03, n o. 1 47.8) a nd f rom a g rave a t C owlam ( Greenwell a nd R olleston 1 877, p . 5 2, f ig. 4 7). T he M igdale e ar-ring w as f ound w ith a n a xe , a rmlets, t ubular b eads a nd c ones , a ll o f b ronze, a s w ell a s a ' V '-perforated j et b utton . A t G arton S lack t wo b ronze e ar-rings w ere f ound w ith t wo i nhumations, a Y orkshire V ase f ood v essel, a j et o bject, a n a mmonite a nd s ome o chre ( Mortimer 1 905 , p . 2 18). E ar-rings i n

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o ther m aterials B ritain.

h ave n ot

s o f ar

e merged f rom

B ronze A ge c ontexts i n

T he e vidence f or e ar-rings i n t he I ron A ge i n B ritain i s v ery s lim , a lthough a f ew f rom l ater I ron A ge c ontexts a re k nown i n g old ( No. 6 3), s ilver ( No . 1 01) a nd c opper a lloy ( Nos. 1 28, 2 56, 3 41-3, 4 66, 4 93, 5 04). T hese a re i ncluded i n t he C atalogue a s m any c ome f rom n ative R oman r ather t han s trictly I ron A ge c ontexts a nd o thers m ay h ave b een t he r esult o f e arly t rade w ith R ome. S o m any p arallels a re k nown f rom t he C ontinent ( Dechelette 1 914) t hat o ne w onders i f t he p aucity o f e ar-rings f rom I ron A ge B ritain i s d ue t o a ncient r easons o f f ashion o r c ost, o r m odern r easons s uch a s l ack o f r ecognition.

T he i nfluences o n m akers o f e ar-rings i n p rehistoric B ritain a ppear t o h ave c ome f rom I reland, B rittany a nd o ther a reas o f A tlantic E urope r ather t han t he M editerranean ( Taylor i n C larke e t a l. 1 985, p p. 1 82-92). R oman j ewellers, o n t he o ther h and, t raditionally l ooked t owards t he E astern M editerranean a nd N ear E ast f or n ew i deas. A s e arly a s t he 7 th c entury B .C . t he i nfluence o f t he O rient c an b e s een a ffecting j ewellery s tyles a nd d ecoration i n G reece a nd I taly. T his i nfluence i s n oticeable o n a n e ar-ring f rom A thens i n t he B urgon C ollection ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 1 240) w hich r elies o n t he d ecorative t echnique o f g ranulation f or i ts e ffect: at echnique w hich w as u sed o n t he i ndigenous j ewellery o f t he e arly E truscan p eriod s uch a s t he a b aule e ar-rings ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 1 286-1307). T he a b aule s tyle w as f ashionable i n t he 6 th c entury B .C. b efore g iving w ay t o t he ' leech ' f orm w hich w as p revalent d uring t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies B .C . ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 1 393-6, 1 402-7, 1 409-12).

D uring t he 5 th c entury B .C . t he n ative E truscan f orms a ppear t o h ave l ost p opularity i n I taly a nd t he G reek s tyles w ere a dopted i n t heir p lace. I t i s a t t his p eriod t hat t he p enannular r ing b ecame t he m ost c ommon e ar-ring f orm a lthough t he G reeks o f t he 5 th a nd 4 th c enturies h ad f our o ther b asic t ypes t o c hoose f rom : t he s piral, t he ' leech ', t he d isc, a nd t he f igure p endant. I n I taly t he p enannular r ing a ssumed a h uman o r a nimal h ead t erminal w hich i n t he 4 th c entury B .C . w as r eplaced b y a b ead a nd t hen d eveloped l avish d ecoration i n t he 3 rd c entury B .C. T his m ove f rom s implicity t o o ver e laboration i s a c haracteristic o f l ate E truscan j ewellery a nd c an a lso b e c harted o n t he ' leech ' e ar-rings. T he a nimal-headed p enannular r ings, t he ' leech ' f orm , t he d isc e ar-ornament a nd t he f igure p endants a re c onspicuous b y t heir a bsence i n B ritain a lthough t hey a ll c ontinued t o b e w orn i n I taly u ntil t he 2 nd c entury A .D .

M arshall ( 1969, p . x liii) h as s uggested t hat S yrian j ewellery t raditions a nd f ashions b egan t o t ake o ver f rom t he G reek d uring t he 2 nd c entury A .D . p ointing t o t he s culpture o f P almyra f or e vidence t hat ' much o f t he j ewellery o f t he R oman w orld a t t hat d ay c ame e ither f rom P almyra i tself, o r t hrough P almyra f rom t he f arther E ast'. U nfortunately t he m ost w ell k nown e xample o f s culpture w hich c ould b e s aid t o r epresent t he P almyrene t radition i n B ritain, t he t ombstone o f R egina f rom S outh S hields ( Phillips 1 977, n o. 2 47), i s d efaced. A

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b oss b y h er l eft e ar c ould b e a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1 3a b ut e qually m ight b e a f astening f or h er h eaddress ( see P l. 3 6).

I t i s n oticeable t hat t he e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue h ave l ittle i n c ommon w ith t he G reek a nd E truscan f orms b ut c an o ften b e p aralleled b y e xamples f rom t he N ear E ast, p erhaps c onfirming t hat b y t he t ime t he i nfluence o f R ome b egan t o b e f elt o n t he j ewellery o f B ritain , R ome i tself w as a lready u nder t he i nfluence o f t he E ast.

I n t hese e astern a reas t he w earing o f e ar-rings w as n ot a lways a s imple m atter o f a dornment. I t i s a pparent f rom e arly B iblical r eferences t hat i n t he N ear E ast e ar-rings m ay h ave h ad s ome r eligious s ignificance : w hen J acob w ent t o B ethel a nd i nstructed h is h ousehold t o p ut a way t heir h eathen g ods t hey g ave h im ' all t he s trange g ods w hich w ere i n t heir p ossession, a nd a ll t heir e ar-rings w hich w ere i n t heir e ars; a nd J acob h id t hem u nder t he o ak w hich w as b y S hechem ' ( Genesis 3 5.4-5). B ennet ( 1909) s uggested t hat t his w as b ecause t he e ar-rings h ad b een c onsecrated t o i dols a ccording t o aS yro-Phoenician c ustom w hich i s a lso r eferred t o i n H osea 2 .13, w here J erusalem i s r epresented a s h aving d ecked h erself w ith e ar-rings t o B aalim .

T here a re a lso i ndications t hat d uring s ome p eriods o f E astern M editerranean h istory e ar-rings h ad s ocial s ignificance, s ymbolizing m embership o f at ribe o r a s ocial c lass. F or e xample, J udges 9 .24-6, w hen G ideon s aid t o t he I shmaelites: ' I w ould d esire a r equest o f y ou , t hat y ou w ould g ive m e e very m an t he e ar-rings o f h is p rey . ( For t hey h ad g olden e arr ings, b ecause t hey w ere I shmaelites) .. a nd t he w eight o f t he g olden e ar-rings t hat h e r equested w as a t housand a nd s even h undred s hekels o f g old '.

A lthough t he f inancial a spects o f t he e ar-rings i s n ot w ithout s ignificance i n t his c ase i t i s t he s urrender o f t he e ar-rings, t he m ark o f t heir t ribe , w hich i s o f f irst i mportance. T o t he J ews t he b oring o f t he e ars b ecame a m ark o f s ervitude: i f a H ebrew s ervant d eclined t o g o f ree a fter s ix y ears o f s ervice h is m aster w ould t ake h im t o t he d oor-post a nd b ore h is e ar w ith a n a wl i n t oken o f h is v oluntary s ervitude ( Exodus 2 1.5-6).

A mong t he R omans t hemselves t he w earing o f e ar-rings w as p urely f or d ecorative p urposes a nd s trictly c onfined t o w omen. T o t heir h istorians a nd g eographers t he i dea o f m en w earing e ar-rings w as s imply e vidence o f t he b arbarity o f f oreigners a nd w orthy o f o utraged c omment: P liny ( Nat. H ist. X I.50) w as h orrified t hat ' in t he E ast, i ndeed , i t i s c onsidered b ecoming e ven f or m en t o w ear g old i n t hat p lace ' ( i.e. i n t he e ar-lobe). I sidorus ( Orig. X IX. 3 1.10) m entions t hat i t w as t he f ashion f or G reek y ouths t o w ear a s ingle e ar-ring i n o ne e ar, a f ashion r evived i n m odern t imes. D iodorus S iculus ( V.45) d escribes t he P anchaeans d isparagingly a s w earing ' ornaments o f g old, n ot o nly t he w omen b ut t he m en a s w ell, w ith c ollars o f t wisted g old a bout t heir

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n ecks, b racelets o n t heir w rists , a nd r ings h anging f rom t heir e ars a fter t he m anner o f t he P ersians '. O ther a uthors a lso f elt i t w orthwhile t o m ention m en w earing e ar-rings i n o ther c ountries : X enophon ( Anab. 11 .1.31) d escribes s omeone a s b eing e ffeminate b y 1 s aying ' I h ave n oticed t hat h e h as b oth h is e ars b ored l ike a L ydian 's': J uvenal ( 1.104) r efers t o t he B abylonians , M acrobinus ( Sat. V II.3) t o t he L ibyans, a nd P lautus ( Poen. V .2.21) t o t he C arthaginians.

S tudy o f c oins s hows t hat t hese c omments w ere n ot e xaggerating o r m isrepresenting t he t rue s tate o f a ffairs. E ar-rings a re c learly t o b e s een o n c oins o f P hraates ( 3 B .C. -A.D . 4 , T oynbee 1 978, p l. 3 26), V ologeses I I ( A.D . 1 30 -47, i bid. P 3 l. 38), B ahram I I ( A .D . 2 76 -93), i bid. P l. 3 66), N arseh ( A.D . 2 93 -302, i bid. p ls. 3 70-1), S hahapur I I ( A .D. 3 09 -79, i bid. p ls. 3 73-4), N ahram V ( A .D . 4 20 -38 , i bid. P l. P l. 3 85). I n f act 3 84) a nd Y azdgard I I ( A .D . 4 38 - 57, i bid. t hroughout t he R oman p eriod t he m ale r ulers o f t he E ast a nd t heir s ubjects w ore e ar-rings a nd m ay e ven h ave r egarded i t a s a s ign o f r ank . I n E gypt M ai-her-pra, T ithmosis a nd T ut-ankh-amun a ll h ave p ierced e ars a nd i t h as b een s uggested t hat e ar-rings w ere w orn b y b oys i n P haraonic E gypt u ntil t he a ge o f p uberty a lthough t omb-paintings a nd r eliefs e xist s howing m en w earing e ar-rings a nd e ar-studs ( Aldred 1 978, p . 3 5). T here a re a lso r eferences i n t he B ible t o y oung m en w earing e ar-rings: t he g olden c alf m ade b y A aron w as m ade f rom ' golden e arr ings, w hich a re i n t he e ars o f y our w ives, o f y our s ons, a nd o f y our d aughters' ( Exodus 3 2.2-3).

T he R oman a rmy i n B ritain i ncluded m any m en f rom t he a reas m entioned a bove w here i t w as n ot r egarded a s i mproper o r u nusual f or m en t o w ear e ar-rings. D espite t he c lassical a uthors ' d isapproval o f m en w earing e ar-rings i t i s p ossible t hat s ome o f t hese t roops c ontinued t he p ractice d uring t heir m ilitary s ervice i n B ritain. W ith t his s uggestion i n m ind c an i t b e p resumed t hat t he p resence o f a n e arr ing i n aR omano-British c ontext n ecessarily s ignifies t he p resence o f w omen? U nfortunately t here a re n o l iterary r eferences w hich s tate c ategorically w hether t he w earing o f e ar-rings b y s erving a uxiliaries w as a llowed o r n ot. N o e ar-rings h ave b een f ound i n a n u ndisputed r elationship w ith a m ale s keleton i n aR omano-British c emetery b ut t he d isturbance c ommon o n s uch s ites u sually m akes i t d ifficult t o a ssign a n i ndividual a rtefact t o a p articular s keleton. Ac emetery w hich m ight h ave c larified t he s ituation, L ankhills , W inchester, p roduced n o e ar-rings a t a ll e ven i n f emale g raves ( Clarke 1 979) w hile t he m ilitary c emeteries o f P etty K nowes, L anchester, e tc., h ave p roduced f ew m etal a rtefacts ( Charlton a nd D ay 1 984). E ar-rings a re a lso n ot d epicted o n m ilitary t ombstones o r o ther f orms o f p ortrait s culpture i n B ritain. O n t he o ther h and, i t i s n oticeable f rom t he C atalogue t hat m any e arr ings a re t o b e f ound i n f orts o r f ortresses. U nfortunately f ew c ome f rom f irm c ontexts a nd m any m ay h ave c ome f rom v ici o r o ther a reas w here t he p resence o f w omen w ould n ot b e u nusual, o r f rom 3 rd o r 4 th c entury l evels p ossibly r elated t o t he c hange f rom b arrack b locks t o ' chalets ' ( see P . 3 6). T here a re , h owever, a f ew w hich c ome f rom m ilitary c ontexts, f or e xample t he t wo p enannular e ar-rings f rom L ongthorpe ( nos. 3 17 a nd 3 18). T his f ortress w as o ccupied f rom c . A .D . 4 4/8 c o c . A .D . 6 2, a n e arly p eriod f or w omen t o b e p resent. O ne c ar-ring w as f ound i n ad rain i n t he p raetentura w h ilst t he o ther w as

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f ound i n B uilding X w hich F rere a nd S t. J oseph ( 1974, p . 3 0) s uggested m ight b e a n a uxiliary p raetorium . T his l atter e xample w as f ound i n a ssociation w ith a n a rmlet a nd a n ail-cleaner w hich t ogether m ay b e s een a s e vidence f or t he p resence o f a t l east o ne w oman, p ossibly a n o fficer 's w ife : t hat o fficers ' w ives w ere l iving i n f orts a t av ery e arly p eriod h as b een s hown b y a r ecently d iscovered w riting t ablet f rom V indolanda ORS L XXVI, 1 986 p p. 1 20-3) ( see a lso p . 3 7).

T he m ajority o f t he f orts w hich h ave p roduced e ar-rings a re i n t he a rea o f H adrian 's W all a lthough n one o f t he m ilecastles o r t urrets o f t hat f rontier h ave p roduced e xamples ( Allason-Jones 1 988). A ll t hree u nits r aised i n a reas k nown t o h ave f avoured m en w earing e ar-rings , w hich a re a ttested i n B ritain, w ere s tationed i n t he n orth: c ohors I H amiorum S agittariorum ( Syria) a t C arvoran a nd B ar H ill , n umerus M aurorum A urelianorum ( North A frica) a t B urgh-by-Sands, a nd n umerus b arcariorum T igrisiensium ( Mesopotamia) a t S outh S hields a nd p ossibly a t L ancaster ( Breeze a nd D obson 1 978, b ut s ee S hotter 1 973 f or t he l atter). O f t hese o nly S outh S hields h as p roduced a ny e ar-rings b ut e qually o nly S outh S hields c ould b e r egarded a s h aving b een e xtensively e xcavated. T he e vidence f or e astern o r A frican t roops i n B ritain w earing e ar-rings i s, t herefore , s light.

Am atching s et o f t orcs a nd e ar-rings f rom C arcassonne i n F rance ( Ogden 1 982, f ig. 4 .37) m ight s uggest t hat t roops c onscripted c loser a t h and w ere a lso n ot u nfamiliar w ith e ar-rings. T he l iterary s ources a re s ilent o n t he s ubject o f t he m en o f G aul o r t he G ermanies o r e ven n ative B ritons w earing e ar-rings, b ut i t w ould b e r ash t o t ake t his a s f irm e vidence t hat i t w as n ot d one.

I n c onclusion, i t i s p robable t hat i n B ritain , a s i n R ome , o nly w omen w ore e ar-rings b ut i t s hould b e b orne i n m ind t hat s ome o f t he f oreign t roops m ight h ave c ontinued t heir n ative t radition o f w earing e ar-rings, a s t hey c ontinued t o p refer t heir n ative c ostume ( Richmond 1 935, p . 1 5), w hilst s erving i n t he R oman a rmy .

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P IERCING T HE E AR

P liny h ad s ome s tringent c omments t o m ake o n t he w earing o f e arr ings ( Nat. H ist. X II.1.2) ' Man h as c ome .. t o e xplore t he d epths o f t he R ed S ea f or t he p earl a nd t he b owels o f t he e arth f or t he e merald. F or t his p urpose h as b een d evised t he f ashion o f m aking w ounds i n t he e ars b ecause f orsooth i t w as n ot e nough f or j ewels t o b e w orn o n t he h ands a nd n eck a nd h air w ithout m aking t hem e ven p ierce t he b ody', b ut h e d oes n ot m ention h ow t he h ole w as b ored o r a t w hat a ge t he o peration w as c arried o ut. I sidorus ( Orig. X IX .31.10) m entions t hat t he h ole i n t he e ar-lobe w as c alled t he f enestra b ut n ot h ow i t w as m ade. H e a lso m entions t hat w omen h ad b oth e ars p ierced a s o pposed t o t he s ingle e arr ing a ffected b y G reek y ouths. O nly i n t he B ible i s a ny r eference m ade t o ah ole b eing b ored b y a n a wl ( Exodus 2 1.5-6) a nd i n t hat c ase i t i s p art o f a n e nslaving r ite.

I t i s l ikely t hat a s imple n eedle w as t he m ost u sual i mplement, a s i n 1 9th c entury E ngland ( see F rontispiece) b ut t here i s l ittle e vidence a s t o w hether i t w as a d omestic n eedle w ielded b y am other a t s ome s tage i n t he p rocess o f g rowing u p o r w hether a j eweller o r ad octor w as i nvolved. T ertullian, i n h is t reatise O n F emale D ress ( X), c ommented s arcastically t hat i t w as n o d oubt ' God w ho i ntroduced t he f ashion o f f inely-cut w ounds f or t he e ars, a nd s et s o h igh a v alue u pon t he t ormenting o f h is o wn w ork a nd t he t ortures o f i nnocent i nfancy, l earning t o s uffer w ith i ts e arliest b reath , i n o rder t hat f rom t hose s cars o f t he b ody -born f or s teel! -should h ang I k now n ot w hat p recious g rains '. C learly t he i mplication i s t hat a g irl 's e ars w ere p ierced w hen s he w as j ust a b aby. T he o therwise c omplete s ilence o n t he s ubject f rom t he c lassical w riters s upports t he t heory t hat i t w as ad omestic o peration w hich w as s uch a c ommon o ccurrence , a nd o f s o l ittle s ignificance, t hat i t w as n ot r egarded a s w orthy o f c omment.

I t i s, h owever, m ore s urprising t hat t here a re n o r eferences i n t he m edical t exts o f t he t ime t o a ny m edical p roblems r esulting f rom t he p ractice, a s s uch p roblems a re q uite c ommon i n m odern t imes. I t i s r ecognized t hat t here a re t wo t ypes o f a dverse s kin r eactions t o m aterials i n f riction c ontact w ith t he s kin : i rritant r eactions a nd a llergic h ypersensitivity r eactions ( information f rom D r. G . H olti f rom w hom a lso t he f ollowing c omments d erive). I rritant r eactions w ould b e m ore m arked i n i ndividuals w ith n on-specifically m ore r eactive s kin , s uch a s p ink f reckled s kin , a nd t he r eaction w ould v ary q uantitatively a ccording t o t he d egree o f t he i rritant e xposure. T he f air-haired C elts a re t herefore l ikely t o h ave s uffered m ore t han t he o live-skinned I talians.

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A llergic r eactions, o n t he o ther h and, r equire a n i mmune r esponse f ollowing e xposure t o t he m aterials c oncerned f or s everal w eeks o r m uch l onger d uring w hich t ime t he b ody b ecomes a llergically s ensitized a nd f orms s pecific a ntibodies t o o ne o r s everal c hemicals p resent i n t he p iece o f j ewellery. T he r esulting i mmunological r eaction w ill d epend o n t he a mount o f a llergic a ntibody f ormed a nd n ot n ecessarily o n t he a mount o f t he s ensitizing a ntigen p resent a nd w ill b e o f t he a ll-orn othing t ype. I n t his s ituation e xposure t o e ven t he m inutest t race o f t he s ensitizing a ntigen w ill g ive r ise t o a f ierce r eaction a nd j ewellery c ontaining s uch a c hemical c ould n ot b e w orn a gain. I n m odern j ewellery i t i s n ickel a nd c hromate c ompounds w hich g ive r ise t o s uch r eactions a nd s ince t hese c hemicals w ere n ot u sed i n R omanoB ritish e ar-rings i t w ould a ppear t hat m ost s kin r eactions c aused b y t hem w ould b e l ikely t o h ave b een o f t he i rritant t ype . O f t he m etals k nown t o h ave b een u sed g old a nd s ilver v ery r arely l ead t o i rritation. C opper, h owever, h as a h igher c onductivity f or e lectricity a nd h eat t han a ny o ther m etal e xcept s ilver b ut u nlike s ilver i t i s t oxic a nd h as a c orrosive e ffect o n t issues. I ts s ensitizing p otential i s r egarded a s l ow b ut s eemingly a llergic r eactions t o c opper b racelets w ith s econdary e czema e lsewhere h ave b een r eported i n m edical j ournals a nd s imilar r eactions a re k nown i n w elders. I t i s p robable t hat s uch r eactions a re i rritant r ather t han a llergic b ecause c opper i s c orroded b y s weating s kin.

O f t he m etals a dded t o c opper t o f orm t he a lloys k nown t o h ave b een u sed i n R oman B ritain, l ead, t in a nd z inc r arely c ause p roblems a lthough l ead i s t oxic t o t he c entral n ervous s ystem a nd b lood-forming o rgans a nd i s r eadily a bsorbed t hrough t he s kin. Z inc m ay a lso , a s a n o xide , c ause p oral o cclusion a nd g ive r ise t o i tching ' pox ' i n m oist a reas.

I t w ould a ppear, t herefore , t hat a lthough d ermatological p roblems a rising f rom t he u se o f e ar-rings w ere n ot i mpossible t hey w ere u nlikely t o h ave b een a s c ommon a s t oday. O n t he o ther h and, i t i s m ore t han p robable t hat w hilst t he e ar w as b eing p ierced u nder n ons terile c onditions, a nd i mmediately a fterwards, t here w ould b e ag reat r isk o f b acterial i nfection. I t i s t o b e w ondered w hat w as r ecommended t o w ard o ff i nfection i n t he p lace o f t he l iberal a pplications o f s urgical s pirit r ecommended t oday. D r. H olti c oncludes t hat m ost a dverse r eactions t o a ncient e ar-rings w hilst i n u se w ould h ave b een d ue t o t heir w eight a nd t o t he m echanical i rritancy o f t heir f airly r ough s urfaces, c omplicated b y b acterial i nfections. T ypes 3 t o 9 a re t he m ost l ikely t o h ave g iven t rouble a s t heir v ery d esign c reates r ough s urfaces a long w ith h idden a reas f or b acteria, b ut T ypes 2 d a nd 2 e a re a lso u nlikely t o h ave b een p articularly h ygienic.

A llusion h as b een m ade a bove t o t he w eight o f R oman e ar-rings, a nd i t i s n oticeable w hen c omparing t he e ar-rings f rom R oman B ritain w ith t hose f rom t he C ontinent t hat t he B ritish e ar-rings a re n either s o l arge n or s o f lamboyant. T hey w ould s till, h owever, b e h eavier t han m ost m odern c ounterparts, a nd i f w orn f or a ny l ength o f t ime w eighed d own w ith p endants w ould d istort t he h ole a nd t he e ar-lobe - a p henomenon o bservable i n e lderly w omen t oday. M any o f t he p enannular

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t ypes t oo w ould r equire a l arger h ole t han i s c ommon t oday i n o rder t o b e a ble t o p osition t he e ar-ring s ecurely. T here i s, h owever, n o e vidence f rom B ritain o f t he p ractice k nown i n T wenty-First D ynasty E gypt o f i nserting l arger a nd l arger d iscs w ith g rooved e dges i nto t he h ole u ntil t he e ar-lobes ' were d istended t o m ere s tringy l oops o f f lesh, a s t heir m ummies p lainly r eveal ' ( Aldred 1 978, p . 3 5, p l. 5 8).

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V ALUE

T o t he R omans t he w earing o f e ar-rings c ame t o b e s een a s a s ign o f w ealth . T hey c ould c ertainly b e e xtremely c ostly i tems , t o t he e xtent t hat H abinnas d eclared ' if I h ad a d aughter I 'd c ut h er l ittle e ars o ff' ( Petronius S atyricon 6 7). T here a re s everal r eferences i n t he c lassical t exts t o t he f ortunes c arried i n t he e ars o f R oman l adies : S eneca ( De V ita B eata 1 7.2) a sks ' Why d oes y our w ife w ear i n h er e ars t he r evenue o f a r ich h ouse?' P liny ( Nat. H ist. X I), i n a s ection w hich i ncludes t he f ascinating f act t hat ' only m an i s u nable t o m ove h is e ars ' s tates t hat ' women s pend m ore m oney o n t heir e ars i n p earl e ar-rings t han o n a ny o ther p art o f t heir p erson ' a nd S eneca ( De B enef. V II.9.4) s aid s cathingly t hat s ome w omen w ore o n as ingle e ar t he v alue o f t wo o r m ore e states. V itellius i s s aid t o h ave p aid t he e xpenses o f aw hole c ampaign w ith t he j ewels f rom h is m other 's e ar-ring ( Suetonius V itellius 7 ). E ven C leopatra w hen s he w agered A nthony t hat h er d inner w ould c ost m ore t han 1 0,000,000 s esterces ' took o ne e ar-ring o ff a nd d ropped t he p earl i n t he v inegar, a nd w hen i t w as m elted s wallowed i t'. ' The s econd o f t his p air o f p earls w as c ut i n t wo p ieces, s o t hat h alf ah elping o f t he j ewel m ight b e i n e ach o f t he e ars o f V enus i n t he P antheon a t R ome ' ( Pliny N at. H ist. I X , 1 2-1). T here a re s o m any c lassical r eferences t o t he p earl f rom a s ingle e ar b eing w orth a g reat f ortune t hat i t w ould s eem l ikely t hat t he p hrase w as a w ell k nown s aying i n t he R oman w orld a nd p robably n ot i ntended t o b e t aken l iterally i n e ach c ase.

O ther f amous w omen u sed e ar-rings t o a dvertize t heir w ealth : P liny ( Nat. H ist. I X . 1 72) r efers t o N ero C laudius D rusus 's w ife , A ntonia, a dorning h er f avourite l amprey w ith e ar-rings, a lthough t his p eculiar p ractice w as n ot o riginal s ince P liny ( Nat. H ist. X XXII.16) a lso d escribes h ow ' in t he s pring o f J upiter o f L abraynda , t he e els e ven w ear e ar-rings, a s d o t he f ishes i n C hios n ear t he s hrine o f t he O ld M en, a nd i n t he s pring C habura , a lso i n M esopotamia '. O vid r efers t o ac onsecrated s tag b eing a dorned w ith e ar-rings ( Met. X .113).

I n a ristocratic f amilies i n R ome t he e ar-rings w ere i n t he c are o f a f emale s lave k nown a s t he a uriculae o rnatrix ( Smith 1 865, p . 6 32). U nfortunately t here a re n o r eferences t o s uch w omen i n R oman B ritain.

T his w as a ll a t a t ime w hen j ewellery o f a ll t ypes w as w orn a nd i t s uggests t hat a lthough w omen m ight b e b edecked w ith n ecklaces , b racelets, f inger r ings a nd h air o rnaments , i t w as o n t heir e ar-rings t hat t hey d isplayed t heir m ost e xtravagant j ewels. I t h as a lready b een s een ( p. 1 4) t hat s ingle e ar-rings w ere o ccasionally f ound i n B ronze A ge g raves a nd t his p henomenon w as l ater k nown i n R omano-British c ontexts ( see C atalogue) b ut i t i s d ifficult t o a scertain w hether t he w earing o f a s ingle e ar-ring w as a d eliberate p ractice i n e ither

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p eriod. I t i s q uite p ossible t hat i f o ne e ar-ring w as l ost t he o ther w ould b e t oo v aluable t o t hrow a way a nd s o w ould b e a dapted t o b e w orn a s a p endant. M any o f t he R omano-British t ypes w ould c onvert e asily t o p endants , p articularly T ype 1 5. T here i s am ention i n t he l ist o f t he b ride 's j ewellery i n o ne o f t he s urviving m arriage c ontracts f rom E gypt, d ated t o A .D . 1 00, o f ' one v ery l ong e ar-ring ' w hich m ay s uggest t hat t he w earing o f a s ingle e ar-ring w as n ot u nknown o r t hat e ach w as s o v aluable t hat i t w as s till aw orthy i tem e ven w ithout i ts p artner ( Trans. A merican P hilological A ssociation 1 938, p p. 1 04-16). T he p assage i n G enesis 2 4.22, w here A braham 's s ervant o ffered R ebecca ' a g olden e ar-ring o f h alf a s hekel w eight' a s ag ift, m ight s uggest t hat t he u se o f a s ingle e ar-ring h ad a l ong h istory i n t he E astern M editerranean. S ee a lso p . 1 6.

T he L atin w ord f or e ar-ring m ay b e ap un : i naures m eaning ' in t he e ar' a nd ' in g old '. I t m ay a lso i ndicate t hat o riginally e ar-rings w ere o nly m ade i n g old. A s t he f ashion s pread, h owever, a nd t he w omen o f l ower r ank s tarted t o e mulate t heir a ristocratic s isters s o e arr ings o f s ilver a nd c opper a lloy m ade t heir a ppearance a nd i t i s n ot s urprising t hat t he m ajority o f e ar-rings f ound i n R oman B ritain a re o f c opper a lloy, s ome b eing t inned t o s uggest s ilver ( e.g. N o. 4 74) o r g ilded ( e.g. N o. 4 34).

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P ARURES

T he r emarkable s imilarity b etween t he e ar-ring T ypes a nd o ther i tems o f j ewellery s uch a s b racelets a nd f inger r ings s uggests t hat R omano-British w omen m ay h ave w orn m atching s ets o f j ewellery. F or e xample: T ype 1 i s c omparable w ith b racelets d escribed b y A llasonJ ones a nd M iket ( 1984, t ypes 1 7 a nd 1 8) a nd C rummy ( 1983, n o . 1 710); T ype 2 b i s c omparable w ith b racelets f rom S outh S hields ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n os. 3 .225 a nd 3 .226), a s w ell a s f rom C olchester ( Crummy 1 983, n o. 1 683). T ype 2 c, o n t he o ther h and, i s p articularly s imilar t o f inger r ings k nown f rom F elixstowe ( British M useum , A cc. N o. 5 3.8-15.17) a nd L ondon ( British M useum , A cc. N o. 7 11) b ut c ould a lso b e s een a s b eing r elated t o b racelets s uch a s o ne f rom S outh S hields ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n o. 3 .226). T ype 2 d i s r eflected i n a b racelet f rom L ydney ( Wheeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7.M) w hilst t he d ecoration c ommonly f ound o n e ar-rings o f T ype 2 e i s a lso s een a long t he f ull l ength o f s ome b racelets ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984 , t ype 7 ) a s w ell a s a rranged i n g roups o n o thers ( Wheeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7.S). T he d ecoration c haracteristic o f T ype 2 g i s r eflected o n b racelets ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n os. 3 .232-5) a nd f inger r ings ( ibid. n o. 3 .167). T ype 2 h , i n p articular, e mphasizes t he p ossibility o f p arures s ince t he d ecorative m otifs e mployed v ary c onsiderably, y et p arallels c an b e f ound o n t he w rist a nd o n t he f inger : N o. 3 69 c an b e c ompared w ith a b racelet f rom L ydney ( Wheeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7.K) ( see a lso N o. 5 13); N o. 3 90 w ith a b racelet f rom C olchester ( Crummy 1 983, n o. 1 653); a nd N o. 4 35 w ith a f urther L ydney e xample ( Wheeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7, n o. 5 7) ( see a lso N o. 5 43).

T ype 3 i s p articularly w ell k nown i n b racelet f orm ( e.g . A llasonJ ones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 8 ; W augh a nd G oodburn 1 972, f ig. 3 2, n o . 3 5; a nd C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 601); a s a re T ype 4 ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 1 5; W heeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7.N ; G oodburn i n F rere 1 984, n o. 6 8), a nd T ype 5 ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 1 2; C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 628). T he s mall g roup o f e ar-rings m ade f rom c opper a lloy w ire w rapped a round a n i ron c ore ( Nos. 5 67-9) a re a lso k nown i n b racelet f orm a t S outh S hields ( Allason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ypes 1 0 a nd 1 1).

I t i s c lear f rom s ome o f t he E gyptian p anel p aintings t hat s ets o f j ewellery w ere b eing w orn a t t he s ame p eriod i n o ther p arts o f t he E mpire ( see P ls. 8 a nd 9 ) a lthough s ome l adies p referred t o w ear a g reat d eal o f j ewellery w hether i t m atched o r n ot ( see P l. 1 0). U nfortunately t he w all-paintings a nd m osaics o f R oman B ritain d o n ot o ffer a ny p roof o f p arures, n or h ave a ny c emetery e xcavations b een a ble t o p rovide m uch i nformation o n t he s ubject.

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M ATERIALS

T he m ajority o f e ar-rings f ound i n R oman B ritain a re o f c opper a lloy - almost f our t imes a s m any a s t hose o f o ther m aterials p ut t ogether. T his m ay b e b ecause, a lthough e ar-rings a re r emarkably e asy t hings t o l ose, o ne w ould t end t o s earch f airly t horoughly f or a g old o r s ilver e ar-ring. T he b ulk o f t he g old e xamples h ave b een f ound i n g rave d eposits, l eaving o ne t o s peculate o n t he p ossible c orrelation b etween t hose w ho c ould a fford g old e ar-rings a nd t hose w ho c ould a fford t o b e b uried i n l ead o r s tone c offins. O ther g old e ar-rings h ave b een f ound i n c ontexts w here t heir i mmediate r ecovery o n l oss w ould h ave b een d ifficult, f or e xample t he B ath e ar-ring ( No. 3 ) w hich w as f ound i n ad rain. O n t he w hole o ne w ould e xpect g old e ar-rings t o b e h anded o n o r m elted d own t o b e r efashioned. H owever, t he l oss o f a c opper a lloy e ar-ring m ay n ot h ave b een r egarded a s s uch a t ragedy; a fter a ll, c oins o f g reater v alue a re f ound i n l arge n umbers. N or w ould a n e ar-ring c ontain e nough m etal t o m ake i t p articularly w orthwhile t o m elt i t d own.

V ery f ew o f t he e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue h ave b een a nalysed f or t heir m etal c ontent. T hose o f g old w hich h ave b een a nalysed ( e.g. N os. 5 0, 5 1, 6 1, 6 2) s how a p roportion o f 9 0 - 97% g old t o a pproximately 5 % s ilver w ith a v ery s mall p ercentage o f c opper a nd l ead. T hese p ercentages a re a cceptable i n n atural o re a nd i t i s u nlikely t hat t he c opper a nd l ead w ere a dded. T he c opper a lloys t end t o b e p redominantly b ronze o r ' gunmetal ' r ather t han b rass b ut t he n umbers a nalysed a re t oo f ew t o m ake a ny c omment v alid.

Af ew e ar-rings u se d ifferent m etals t o g ive a t wo-or t hree-toned e ffect b ut t hese a re f ew : N o. 1 11 h as t wo s trands o f c opper a lloy a nd o ne o f s ilver, w hile N o. 1 12 h as t wo s trands s urviving o f at hrees trand e ar-ring, o ne s trand o f c opper, t he o ther o f b rass. T here i s a s mall g roup o f t hree e ar-rings ( Nos. 5 67, 5 68 a nd 5 69) w hich a re m ade o f c opper a lloy w ire w rapped t ightly a round a n i ron c ore. U nfortunately n one o f t hese c ame f rom a s ecurely d ated c ontext s o t hat o ne c annot s peculate o n w hether t his i s a t echnique c onfined t o a p articular p eriod. N o e ar-rings m ade e ntirely o f i ron s urvive b ut t his m ay b e d ue t o t he m etal c orroding t otally o r t o t heir b eing c onfused w ith f inger r ings a nd c hainmail.

T he s ource f or B ronze A ge g old i s l ikely t o h ave b een n ative. S ources a re k nown i n D evon, S omerset, a nd G loucestershire, w ith a c oncentration i n C ornwall ( Ogden 1 982, p . 1 7). I t i s k nown t hat g old w as m ined i n S cotland i n t he m edieval p eriod b ut t here i s n o e vidence f or p rehistoric o r R oman e xploitation d espite F rank 's s uggestion t hat S cotland e xported g old t o t he R oman w orld ( 1937, I II, p . 18). T he g old m ines a t D olgellau a nd D olaucothi, o n t he o ther h and, w ere u sed

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e xtensively i n t he R oman p eriod a nd i t i s l ikely t hat s ome p rehistoric m ining t ook p lace a lthough n o t races s urvive ( Lewis a nd J ones 1 969).

I n t he R oman p eriod a B ritish g oldsmith w ould h ave h ad o ther s ources a vailable t o h im i n t he B alkans, G aul a nd S pain ( Higgins 1 976, p . 5 3). M uch j ewellery w ill a lso h ave b een i mported i nto B ritain e ither a s p ersonal p ossessions o r a s m arketable i tems, a nd a g reat d eal w ould h ave b een m elted a nd r emelted s everal t imes s o t hat v arious s ources c ould h ave b een m ixed i n o ne p iece o f j ewellery.

P rehistoric r ecovery o f g old w as l argely f rom s treams a nd i t i s n ot k nown w hen g old w as f irst e xtracted f rom q uartz v eins. I t i s n ot l ikely t hat m ining w as c arried o ut o n a l arge s cale b efore t he R oman p eriod ( Ogden 1 982, p . 1 0). P liny d escribes a lternative m ethods o f o btaining g old a part f rom I ndian g old w hich h e c laimed w as ' obtained f rom a nts ' ( i.e. t hrown u p b y a nts w hen e xcavating a nt-hills. H e a ppears t o h ave g ot t his s tory f rom H erodotus ( Nat. H ist. X XXIII.21) ), o r S cythian g old ' dug u p b y g riffins ( Nat. H ist. XXIII.21.66): X ' Another m ethod i s b y s inking s hafts; o r i t i s s ought f or i n t he f allen d ebris o f m ountains ' ( Nat. H ist. X XXIII.21.66). ' Gold d ug u p f rom s hafts i s c alled ' channelled ' o r ' trench g old '; i t i s f ound s ticking t o t he g rit o f m arble hese c hannels o f v eins w ander t o .. T a nd f ro a long t he s ides o f t he s hafts, w hich g ives t he g old i ts n ame, a nd t he e arth i s h eld u p b y w ooden p rops. T he s ubstance d ug o ut i s c rushed, w ashed, f ired a nd g round t o a s oft p owder' ( Nat. H ist. XXIII.21.68,69). ' The t hird m ethod .. B y m eans o f g alleries d riven X f or l ong d istances t he m ountains a re m ined b y t he l ight o f l amps -the s pells o f w ork a re . a lso m easured b y l amps, a nd t he m iners d o n ot s ee d aylight f or m any m onths ' ( Nat. H ist. XXIII.21.70). H e g oes o n t o X d escribe t he d angers i nvolved i n t his m ethod a nd h ow t he g old w as r ecovered b y f ire s etting, h ammering a nd w edging. T he d evelopment o f s urface m ining i nto o pencast t hen t unnel m ining c an b e s een i n t he R oman m ines s urviving i n S pain a nd W ales ( Lewis a nd J ones 1 969 ; L ewis a nd J ones 1 970). T he c rushed o re w as s eparated b y f lotation a nd t he e xtensive w atercourses d escribed b y P liny ( Nat. H ist. 7 4.77) s urvive a t D olaucothi.

N atural s ilver i s r are s o w as n ot u sed i n j ewellery t o a ny a ppreciable d egree u ntil t he m ethod o f e xtracting s ilver f rom l ead b y t he c upellation t echnique w as d iscovered a round t he 7 th m illennium B .C. I n W estern E urope s ilver w as b eing e xploited i n t he E arly B ronze A ge b ut f urther n orth i t w as r arely u sed u ntil t he R oman p eriod w hen t he l ead s ources i n B ritain ( particularly i n D erbyshire) w ere e xploited a s w ell a s t hose i n S witzerland a nd G ermany ( Ogden 1 982, p . 2 4). C icero, w hose b rother Q uintus a ccompanied C aesar t o B ritain i n 5 4 B .C., p assed o n t he i nformation i n al etter t o A tticus t hat t here w as n o g old o r s ilver i n B ritain ( Ad A tticum I V.16). S trabo c ontradicted t his s ome y ears l ater w hen h e l isted g old a nd s ilver a s b eing a mong B ritain 's e xports. T acitus m entioned t hat ' Britain y ields g old, s ilver, a nd o ther m etals t o m ake i t w orth c onquering ' ( Agricola 1 2). N ot a ll B ritain 's s ilver w as e xported, h owever, a nd t here i s e vidence o f s ilver w orking a t S ilchester ( Gowland 1 900, p p. 13-24); a nd t here a re a lso i ndications t hat t he e xtraction o f s ilver f rom l ead i n B ritain w as

2 6

u nder s trict m ilitary c ontrol H ist. X XXIV . 1 64).

( Salway 1 981,

p p. 6 33-4;

P liny

N at.

C opper w as a dded t o t he s ilver i n s mall q uantities t o h arden t he m etal, m ake i t l ess m alleable a nd l ower t he m elting t emperature , b ut i ts e xploitation w as m ainly t o p rovide t he r aw m aterial f or b ronze ( copper + t in -up t o 1 3%, a nd l ead -10-20%) o r b rass ( copper + 2 0-27% z inc: s ee M usty 1 975). J ulius C aesar e rroneously s tated t hat t he c opper u sed i n B ritain w as i mported ( De B ello G allico V , XXI.14). X R oman c opper m ines a re k nown i n N orth W ales, A nglesey a nd t he c entral W elsh b orders ( Whittick 1 932, p . 9 ). T here a re i ndications a t t he C aernarvonshire c opper m ines o f G reat O rme 's H ead t hat t he m iners l ived o n t he s pot a nd t hat n o s melting w as u ndertaken a t t he m ines, t he r aw o re b eing t aken f or t reatment e lsewhere ( Richmond 1 963, p. 1 54-5). p R ichmond f urther s uggested t hat t he C aernarvonshire m ines w ere d ug w ith s lave l abour b ut t hat t he o re f rom A nglesey f ormed p art o f t he c ommunity 's f ixed t ribute.

T he m etals w hich w ere a dded t o c opper t o m ake i t u sable: l ead, t in a nd z inc, w ere a lso a vailable i n B ritain. L ead h as a lready b een m entioned i n t he d iscussion o f s ilver b ut t here i s e vidence t hat d uring t he e arly p art o f t he R oman o ccupation l ead w as t he m ost i mportant p roduct o f t he B ritish I sles ( Gowland 1 900). A ccording t o P liny ( Nat. H ist. X XXIV. 1 64) ' it i s f ound i n t he s urface-stratum o f t he e arth i n s uch a bundance t hat t here i s a l aw p rohibiting t he p roduction o f m ore t han a c ertain a mount'. T he m ain l ead-mining a reas d uring t he R oman p eriod w ere t he M endips, D erbyshire , Y orkshire , a nd S hropshire ( Whittick 1 932, p. 1 1-8). T he a mount o f s ilver t o b e f ound i n p B ritish l ead w as p robably a d isappointment t o t he R omans, e specially i f c ompared w ith t hat f rom S pain, a nd i t i s u nlikely t hat e xploitation w ould h ave c ontinued i f l ead h ad n ot b een n eeded f or b ronzeworking a nd o ther u ses.

J ulius C aesar w as a ware o f t in b eing a vailable i n B ritain ' in t he i nterior' ( De B ello G allico V .12) b ut i t w as n ot u ntil t he e arly 3 rd c entury t hat t he C ornish t in m ines w ere w orked i n e arnest ( Whittick 1 900, p . 2 0).

Z inc c ould n ot b e e xtracted f rom i ts o re t o g ive a p ure m etal i n t he R oman p eriod b ut t he o re c ontaining t he z inc o xides w as k nown ( Pliny N at. H ist. XXIV .33). T he b est k nown d eposits o f z inc X a vailable a t t he t ime w ere n ear A achen i n H olland ( Strong a nd B rown 1 976, P . 2 6).

O ther m aterials u sed i n s mall n umbers f or R omano-British e ar-rings a re p ewter a nd g lass . O nly t wo e xamples a re k nown i n p ewter ( Nos. 5 70 a nd 5 71). T he e xample f rom L ondon r eveals a s trong t in c ontent a nd a p ositive l ead r eaction w ith n o s ilver p resent ( inf. p er M iss C . J ones). O ther t han b eads h anging f rom c omposite e ar-rings o r i n g roups o n T ype 1 7 e xamples , g lass e ar-rings a re k nown i n t wo f orms : a s p endants ( see N os. 5 75 ( black), 5 76, 5 81 a nd 5 82 ( yellow)) a nd a s p enannular r ings

2 7

( Nos. 5 78 ( yellow), 5 79 ( black), a nd 5 80 ( cobalt b lue)). T he l imited n umbers o f g lass e ar-rings c an b e e xplained b y t heir f ragility a nd t he d ifficulty o f d ifferentiating e ar-rings f rom b eads o r f inger r ings.

G lass i s a lso u sed a s e namel i n t he d ecoration o f T ype 1 5 ( for e xample N os. 2a nd 5 ) o r a s i nsets i n T ypes 1 a nd 1 5. T he e xample f rom T hetford ( No. 6 1) i s f urther d ecorated w ith a p attern o f g old, b ut o n t he w hole t he i nsets a ppear t o h ave b een i ntended t o c opy s emip recious s tones: t he g reen g lass o f t he V indolanda e xample ( No . 6 7) i s ac ase i n p oint. O n t his a nalogy i t i s p ossible t hat m any o f t he b uns haped g lass i nsets f ound o n R oman s ites a re a s l ikely t o b e f rom e arr ings a s f rom f inger r ings. N one o f t he g lass i nsets s o f ar c an b e i dentified a s h aving b een i n t he f orm o f c ameos o r i ntaglios a lthough a n e xample o f T ype rom N ijmegen s hows t hat i ntaglios w ere u sed a s 1 f e ar-ring d ecoration ( Maaskant-Kleibrink 1 986, n o. 1 58). T he b lue g lass i nsets o f t he L incoln e ar-ring ( No. 4 2) a nd t he G loucester e arr ing ( No. 3 6) w ere q uite p ossibly i ntaglios.

S emi-precious s tones a re k nown a s e lements i n R omano-British e arr ings: g arnets, e meralds a nd, i n o ne e xample, p earls. T he g arnets a re a ll o f a d eep r ed c olour. T his s tone i s t he c ommonest u sed i n G reek a nd R oman j ewellery a ppearing a t t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury B .C. a nd c ontinuing t o b e u sed t hroughout t he R oman p eriod. P liny r efers t o t wo s ources o f g arnets a t t his t ime: I ndia a nd N orth A frica ( Nat. H ist. X XXVII, 2 4.92).

F ive o f t he e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue i nclude e meralds. A lthough M arshall ( 1969, p . l ix) h as s tated t hat ' in s pite o f t he p opularity o f t his s tone i n a ncient t imes i t i s n ot o ften f ound i n a ntique j ewellery' r ecent w ork b y M rs. M arjorie H utchinson o f t he A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, h as s hown t hat m any b eads a nd s tones p reviously t hought t o b e g reen g lass a re a ctually e merald c rystals. C lassical r eferences t o e meralds a re a mbiguous a s t hey a re c overed b y t he t erm s maragdus w hich a lso i ncluded p lasma a nd m alachite ( Marshall 1 969, p . l ix). T heir p opularity i n e ar-rings m ay b e i llustrated b y t heir r egular a ppearance o n w all-paintings a nd p anel p ortraits ( see P etrie 1 911, p l. X VI).

T he m ost p opular s emi-precious s tone i n R oman j ewellery w as t he p earl. O nly o ne e ar-ring f rom B ritain s till r etains i ts f our p earls ( No. 3 6 f rom G loucester) b ut a s p earls d issolve i n a cid s oils t hey r arely s urvive i n t he a rchaeological r ecord ( pers. c omm . M rs. M arjorie H utchinson) a nd i t i s l ikely t hat m any o f t he e ar-rings w hich h ave h ad p endants, s uch a s N o. 3f rom B ath , m ay h ave i ncluded p earls. P earls b egan t o b e p opular i n t he i st c entury B .C . - i st c entury A .D . P liny t raced t heir p opularity b ack t o P ompey 's v ictory i n t he E ast ( Nat. H ist. X XXVII.12). T hey a ppear r egularly o n w all-paintings a nd o n p anel p ortraits, f or e xample H anfmann 1 975, p l. X LVIII a nd p l. X LIX ; B andinelli 1 971, p l. 2 62; A bbate 1 972, p ls . 4 5, 4 9, 5 1, 9 7. S ee a lso P l. 9 . T hey c ertainly c aught t he a ttention o f t he c lassical w riters, p articularly a s r egards t heir p rices: P liny ( Nat. H ist. I X , 4 13) ' Women g lory i n h anging t hese o n t heir f ingers a nd u sing t wo o r t hree

2 8

f or a s ingle e ar-ring hich t hey c all c astanets ( crotalia) a s i f .. w t hey e njoyed e ven t he s ound a nd t he m ere r attling t ogether o f t he p earls; a nd n owadays e ven p oor p eople c ovet t hem - it i s ac ommon s aying t hat a p earl i s a s g ood a s a l ackey f or a l ady w hen s he w alks a broad'. S eneca ( de B enef. V II.IX.4) a lso r efers t o p earls b eing w orn i n g roups: ' I s ee p earls -not s ingle o nes d esigned f or e ach e ar, b ut c lusters o f t hem , f or t he e ars h ave n ow b een t rained t o c arry t heir l oad; t hey a re j oined t ogether i n p airs a nd a bove e ach p air s till o thers a re f astened '. P earls w ere v alued f or b eing e xactly s pherical ( Horatius E pod. V III.13) a s w ell a s f or t heir g reat s ize a nd w hiteness. B ritish p earls w ere r egarded a s u ndersized a nd o f p oor c olour ( Tacitus A gricola 1 2.6; P liny N at. H ist. 9 .116).

I t m ight a lso b e w orth c ommenting o n t hose m aterials w hich a re n oticeable b y t heir a bsence. N o e ar-rings h ave b een f ound i n b one o r j et a lthough f inger r ings, b eads, b racelets a nd e ven n ecklaces a re k nown i n b oth m aterials. I t i s p ossible t hat t he b lack g lass e xamples ( Nos. 5 75 a nd 5 79) w ere i ntended t o i mitate j et b ut t he l ack o f b one a nd j et e ar-rings i s r emarkable a nd w ithout o bvious e xplanation. C oral p endants f or e ar-rings, u sually i n t he f orm o f p halli, a re k nown o n t he C ontinent ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 2 958-9; J ohns 1 982, p l. 1 0). C oral i tself w as r egarded a s h aving m agical p roperties ( Pliny N at. H ist. X XXII.21) a nd w hen f ashioned i nto t he f orm o f a p hallus w as a p owerful c harm t o w ard o ff t he e vil e ye ( Johns 1 982, p . 6 2). B oth p hallic p endants a nd c oral a re k nown i n B ritain i n t he R oman p eriod ( see t he l ist o f o bjects f ound w ith N os. 7 4 a nd 7 5) s o t he l ack o f c oral e ar-rings o f t his t ype i s n oteworthy. A mber w as r egarded a s h olding ' the n ext p lace a mong l uxuries ' a fter p earls a ccording t o P liny ( Nat. H ist. XXVII.11.30) a nd h e w ent o n t o s ay t hat ' even t oday t he X p easant w omen o f T ranspadane G aul w ear p ieces o f a mber a s n ecklaces, c hiefly a s a n a dornment, b ut a lso b ecause o f i ts m edicinal p roperties ' ( Nat. H ist. XXVII.11.44). A mber b eads a nd f inger r ings a re k nown X f rom R oman B ritain b ut n ot i n a ny g reat q uantity d espite t he m aterial's p opularity i n t he B ronze A ge, s o t he l ack o f a mber e ar-rings m ay n ot b e a s s urprising a s t he l ack o f b one o r j et e xamples.

T he a bsence o f e ar-rings m ade o nly o f i ron h as a lready b een n oted. A lso m issing i s l ead a lthough a f ew l ead e ar-rings a re k nown e lsewhere i n t he E mpire, f or e xample f rom H awara , E gypt, w here o ne w as f ound i n a m ummy 's e ar w ith g lass b eads s trung o n t o i t ( Ogden 1 982, f ig. 1 .6).

2 9

M ANUFACTURE

T he m ajority o f t he g old e ar-rings a re m ade f rom s heet g old a nd/or g old w ire. T he s heets a re c urled t o f orm t he c ones o f T ype 1 5 a nd t he b ells o f T ype 1 8 o r a re h ammered f rom t he b ack t o m ake t he r epousse d ecorated b osses o f N os. 4 , 1 0, 1 a nd 6 9. B oth t he d ecorated a nd 1 p lain b osses o f T ype 1 3 a re h ollow a nd b acked w ith p lain s heets w hich a re e ither w elded o r s oldered i nto p osition. N one a ppear t o h ave b een f illed t o m ake t hem m ore r obust, p robably b ecause o f t he n eed f or l ightness.

S heet g old w as m ade b y h ammering a n i ngot o n a s mall a nvil a nd a nnealing b y h eat a nd s ubmersion i n d ilute s ulphuric a cid u ntil i t r eached a t hickness o f 0 .2-0.5 m m ( Higgins 1 976, p . 5 4). T he m ajority o f t he s heet g old e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue h ave s oldered j oints a lthough a f ew a ppear t o h ave b een w elded , i .e. t he e dges h eated u ntil t he m etal j ust b egins t o m elt a nd f use t ogether. W elding w as u sed f or a ttaching t he b ack-plate t o t he r osettes o f T ype 1 4 b ut f or t he a ttachment o f h ooks o r h angers s oldering w as t he p referred t echnique. T he a ddition o f s ilver t o g old c an l ower t he m elting t emperature o f 1 064 °C a nd i t h ad b een r ecognized i n t he p rehistoric p eriod t hat g old a lloys s uch a s e lectrum w hich h ad a n aturally h igh c ontent o f s ilver c ould b e u sed t o s older y ellow g old ( Ogden 1 982, p . 5 9). C opper c ould b e a dded i n t iny q uantities i n o rder t o m atch t he c olour o f t he s older t o t hat o f t he g old. T he L eiden P apyrus ( c. A .D . 3 25) g ives a r ecipe f or g old s older w hich r ecommends t wo p arts g old t o o ne p art c opper a nd m entions t hat P tolemaic s taters w ere u seful a s a r aw s ource a s t hey c ontained c opper ( Ogden 1 982, p . 6 4).

T he a ncient s ources d iscussed t he v arious f luxes a vailable. T heophilus i n t he 1 0th c entury A .D . r efers t o t he t raditional u se o f t he b urnt l ees o f w ine , i .e. p otassium t artrate ( III, 4 6-49, 3 3-36) w hilst P liny h ad e arlier d escribed t he u se o f n atron ( sodium a nd X p otassium c arbonates) ( Nat. H ist. XXII.29). E xperiments b y D avidson ( as r eported b y H iggins 1 976, p . 5 9) h ave s hown t hat c olloid h ard s oldering w as a c ommon m ethod. I n t his t echnique c opper s alt ( possibly v erdigris) i s g round t o a p owder a nd m ixed w ith a n e qual q uantity o f g um a nd t hen d iluted w ith w ater t o f orm a t hin p aste . T he s urfaces t o b e j oined a re c oated w ith t he p aste a nd s tuck t ogether. H eat i s t hen a pplied a nd a s t he t emperature r ises v arious c hemical c hanges t ake p lace: a t 1 00 °C t he v erdigris c hanges t o c opper o xide; a t 6 00 °C t he g um t urns t o c arbon ; a t 8 50 °C t he c arbon a bsorbs t he o xygen f rom t he c opper o xide a nd i s l ost a s c arbon d ioxide l eaving a elts a nd t he j oin i s t hin l ayer o f p ure c opper w hich a t 8 90 °C m c ompleted. S ee P liny N at. H ist. X XXII.29 f or f urther r eferences t o t he u se o f c opper s alts.

3 0

A part f rom r epousse w ork t he g old e ar-rings a re a lso d ecorated w ith i ncising, g ranulation, a pplied w ire, e namelling, a nd o penwork . I ncising i nvolves d ecorating t he f ront o f t he s heet w ith a c hisel-like t ool r ather t han t he b ack a s i n r epousse w ork. B y t his m ethod t he m etal i s r emoved r ather t han s imply d isplaced a s i n c hasing. I ncised d ecoration h as b een u sed o n s ome o f t he T ype 1 e ar-rings ( Nos. 4 2, 6 7, 8 0) t o c opy t he r illing w hich o n t he m ore s ophisticated v ersions w as a chieved b y n ipping t he f langed b order w ith a c rescentic-bladed t ool ( see N os. 3 , 3 6 a nd 6 0). N ipping w as a lso t he m ethod u sed o n N o. 9 . I ncising w as a gain u sed o n t he s mall s heet w hich i s w rapped a round a T ype 3 e ar-ring f rom I cklingham ( No. 4 0) a s w ell a s p roviding s ome o f t he l oops o n N o. 6 1. T he o ther t ear-shaped l oops o f N o. 6 1, a s w ell a s t hose o f N o. 6 2, w ere s tamped a s w as t he d ecoration o n N o. 5 2, a M ock T ype 4 . T he o ther e ar-rings o f M ock T ype 4 s how s igns o f h aving b een f iled o r s waged.

T wisted w ire w as t he b asis o f T ype 4 e ar-rings b ut w as a lso u sed o n N os. 2a nd 5 w here f ine t wisted w ire w as s oldered i nto p osition t o p rovide t he b ands w hich a re a d istinctive f eature o f T ype 1 5 e ar-rings. T he o thers o f T ype 1 5 h ave e ither p lain w ire ( Nos. 1 2 a nd 4 6) o r b eaded w ire ( No. 6 1). I ncised w ire w as u sed a s f iligree o n t he f ace o f N o. 4 7 i n a pplied c urled m otifs.

F iligree i n t he m odern s ense , t hat i s o rnamental o penwork , i s n ot a s c ommonly u sed a s m ight h ave b een e xpected. O penwork w hen u sed a t a ll i s n ot t he o pus i nterrasile t echnique o f s heet g old p ierced w ith a c hisel, w hich b ecame p opular i n t he 4 th c entury ( Henig 1 983, p . 1 60), b ut i s m ore c rudely c ut o ut o n t he e xamples f rom W ind e ( No. 7 3) a nd, m ost u nusually, a ppears t o h ave b een c ast a nd t hen c hip-carved i n t he c ase o f N o. 5 9 f rom S ilchester ( see P l. 2 5). N o. 3 7 c onsists o f r ectangular-sectioned w ire b ent t o f orm a n i ntricate p attern w hich i s s oldered i nto p osition .

O f a pplied d ecoration t here i s e vidence o f g ranulation w here t iny b alls o f g old a re s oldered i nto p osition , e ither s ingly ( No. 1 2) o r i n g roups ( Nos. 1 6 a nd 3 5). I t h as b een s uggested b y H iggins ( 1976, p . 6 0) t hat t hese b alls w ere m ade b y p lacing s mall p ieces o f g old s eparately i n ac lay c rucible o n ab ed o f p owdered c harcoal, a nd a lternate l ayers o f g old a nd c harcoal a dded u ntil t he c rucible w as f ull. T he w hole w as t hen h eated, m elting t he g old i nto m inute b alls s eparated f rom e ach o ther b y t he c harcoal. T he c harcoal w ould b e w ashed a way w hen t he g old h ad c ooled. M arshall ( 1969, p . l iii) p referred t he m ethod o f c utting o ff m inute p ieces o f g old w ire a nd f using t hem o n p owdered c harcoal b y m eans o f ab low-pipe. A s a t echnique o f d ecoration i t h as a l ong h istory, t he e arliest e xamples c oming f rom M ycenaean s ites ( Marshall 1 969, p p. l iii-liv). I t r eached i ts p eak d uring t he E truscan p eriod ( ibid. p . l iv) b ut c ontinued i nto t he R oman p eriod w hen i t w as u sed o n b rooches o f g old ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 853). I t i s l ikely t hat a ll t hree e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue w hich h ave g ranulation a re o f C ontinental m anufacture s ince i t w ould a ppear t hat R omano-British j ewellers n ever m astered t he t echnique.

3 1

A t echnique w hich t he n ative m etalworkers d id m aster t o a n a rt f orm w as e namelling a nd s ome o f t he e ar-rings, a lthough t iny, a re d ecorated w ith e namel, u sually o f b lue o r t urquoise. T here i s n o r ed e namel n or i s t he w hite e namel c ommon o n H ellenistic a nd G raeco-Roman e ar-rings p resent ( see M arshall 1 969, p . l vi). T he e namel i s c onfined t o e ar-rings o f T ype 1 5 w hich m ay s upport C ool's v iew t hat s ome o f t he T ype, a t l east, a re o f B ritish m anufacture ( Cool 1 986). G lass i s a lso u sed a s i nsets o n T ype 1 5 ( No. 6 1) a nd T ype 1 ( No. 3 6).

Am ajor e lement i n e ar-ring c onstruction w as w ire, e ither f or d ecoration a s s een a bove o r f orming h ooks o r h angers. T ypes 1 -10 a re a ll m ade e ntirely o f w ire, e ither d ecorated i tself o r w ith b eads. T he w ire w as p roduced b y s everal m ethods. N o. 4 4 s hows t he r ough f acetting o f h ammered w ire. N o. 6 5 h as t he U -section c haracteristic o f p ulled w ire. T he b ulk o f t he g old w ire u sed i n e ar-rings i s s pirally t wisted, e ither s trip-twisted o r b lock-twisted ( Ogden 1 982, f ig. 4 .27). S uch t wisted s trips w ould b e c onverted i nto s olid r ound w ires e ither b y r olling t hem b etween f lat s urfaces o r, m ore c ommonly, b y d rawing. B oth m ethods l eave s piral s eams: t he f irst h as a s ingle s piral s eam w hilst t he s econd h as t wo s piralling s eams. B lock-twisted w ire w as u sed f or h ooks a nd h angers o n e ar-rings s uch a s N o. 3 w hilst e xamples l ike N o. 1 w ere m ade f rom b lock-twisted w ire w ith t he e nd h ammered t o f orm a f lat b acking p late.

A ll o f t he s ilver e ar-rings a re m ade f rom w ire a nd t he t echniques e mployed a ppear t o b e t he s ame a s t hose f or g old ( see a lso S herlock i n S trong a nd B rown 1 976, p. 1 1-24). T he m ajority o f t he c opper a lloy p e ar-rings a re a lso o f w ire b ut a f ew a re c ast ( e.g. N o. 1 26), a t echnique r arely u sed i n g old j ewellery m anufacture.

3 2

W ORKSHOPS

T here a re a g reat n umber o f i nscriptions f rom R ome r eferring t o j ewellers w hich a re d iscussed b y G ummerus ( 1915, p p. 1 29-89; 1 918, p p. 2 56-302). T he t ombstone f rom I taly o f t he s lave j eweller P agus, w ho d ied a t t he a ge o f t welve, s tates t hat ' he w as m arvellously d exterous a t w orking g old a nd s etting f ine j ewels ' ( Calabi-Limentani 1 958, n o. 2 3). T here i s o nly o ne r eference t o ag oldsmith i n B ritain ( RIB 7 12 f rom N orton n ear M alton, Y orks.) b ut t he i nscription, u nfortunately, d oes n ot g o i nto a ny d etails o f h is p roducts : ' Good l uck t o t he G enius o f t his p lace. Y oung s lave , u se t o y our g ood f ortune t his g oldsmith 's s hop '. I t d oes s uggest, h owever, t hat t he g oldsmith m ade a nd s old h is o wn w ares a nd t hat s laves w ere i nvolved i n t he m anufacture o f j ewellery i n B ritain a s w ell a s i n I taly.

T here i s a rchaeological e vidence f or g old-working i n v arious p arts o f t he c ountry. A t L ondon t he e ast w ing o f t he p raetorium o f t he G overnor, u ncovered n ear t he T hames a t C annon S treet s tation, l ay o ver ag oldsmith 's s hop o f A .D. 6 0-80 ( Wacher 1 974, p . 9 2); a t V erulamium t he t imber-framed s hops i n t he e ast c orner o f I nsula X IV i ncluded t hose o f a b ronzesmith a nd a g oldsmith ( Frere 1 971, p . 7 3). T hese a re a ssociated w ith e arly C laudian o ccupation a nd w ere n ot r ebuilt a fter t he f ire o f c . A .D . 1 55. A w orking g oldsmith i s a ttested a t C irencester b y t he b ase f ragments o f ac rucible w ith s pecks o f m aterial s till a ttached, f ound o n t he 3 rd c entury m arket s ite i n I nsula I I ( Wacher 1 974, p . 3 10). A t C hester t he 4 th-century o ccupation o f a b uilding d emolished i n t he 3 60s s hows e vidence o f g oldworking ( Britannia X I ( 1980) p . 3 65). T here i s a lso e vidence f or s ilversmiths a t S ilchester i n H ouse 4 o f I nsula X ( Gowland 1 900, p p. 1 13-24), a nd a t W roxeter ( Wacher 1 974, p . 3 69). E vidence f or b ronze a nd c opper w orking i s w idespread b ut n one, a s y et, s hows c lear i ndications t hat e ar-rings w ere b eing m ade o r s old.

I t i s i mpossible t o a ttribute a ny o f t he e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue t o t he p articular w orkshops m entioned a bove, b ut i t m ay b e p ossible t o p oint o ut g roups o f e ar-rings w hich m ight b e t he p roducts o f t he s ame w orkshops. C ool ( 1986) h as a ttempted t o s how t hat t he e ar-rings o f T ype 1 5 f rom A shtead ( No. 2 ) a nd B irdoswald ( No. 5 ) c ame f rom t he s ame w orkshop a s t he R hayader j ewellery a nd t he o rnament f rom S cuthfleet i n K ent. S he b ases h er c onclusion o n t he g rounds o f d ecoration a nd d ates t he w orkshop t o t he m id 2 nd c entury b ut d oes n ot s uggest w here i t w as l ocated.

T he u nusual d ecoration o n t he i nset g lass d isc o f e ar-ring N o. 6 1 s o s imilar t o t hat o n a f inger r ing, a lso f rom T hetford, t hat J ohns I nd P otter ( 1983, p p. 2 3, 9 3) s uggest t hat ' they e manate f rom t he s ame s ource . T he u se o f a s mall c ircular p unch o n N o. 6 1 w hich i s a lso

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p aralleled o n N o. 6 2 a nd o n t hree f inger r ings f rom T hetford ( ibid. n os. 2 , 4a nd 9 ) i ndicates a gain t he w ork o f a s ingle h and ( ibid . p p. 2 8-9). U nfortunately t here i s n o e vidence a s t o w hether t he m etalworker w as w orking i n B ritain o r e lsewhere i n t he E mpire.

S ome o f t he e ar-rings o f T ype 1 1 s uggest a c ommon o rigin. N o. 3 f rom B ath , N o. 3 6 f rom G loucester a nd N o. 6 0 f rom S ilchester a ll s hare t he s ame m ethod o f c rimping w ith a c rescentic-bladed t ool t o c reate a r illed f rame a lthough t he m ethod u sed o n t he S ilchester e xample t o m ake t he b ox s etting i s c loser t o t hat o n t he e ar-ring f rom L incoln ( No . 4 2) t han t o t hose o f B ath a nd G loucester. T he g eographical p roximity o f B ath , G loucester a nd S ilchester m ight i ndicate a s outh-west o rigin b ut t he s imilarity o f a n e ar-ring f rom N ijmegen ( Maaskant-Kleibrink 1 986, n o. 1 58) a dds a n ote o f c aution, a s d o t he m any o thers o f t he T ype f ound t hroughout t he E mpire.

O ne g roup w hich m ust h ave c ome f rom t he s ame w orkshop a re o f T ype 1 4 . T he m ost c omplete e xample ( No. 1 0) w as f ound a t B rougham w ith p art o f i ts p air ( No. 1 1) b ut a r osette f rom B ewcastle ( No. 4 ) a nd a l eaf-pendant f rom V indolanda ( No . 6 9) a ll a ppear t o b e b y t he s ame h and. T he l ack o f p arallels e lsewhere i n t he E mpire a s w ell a s t he t ight g eographical d istribution m ight i ndicate a l ocal w orkshop .

N one o f t he g oldsmiths o r s ilversmiths o f B ritain a re k nown b y n ame . T wo s ilver b racelets f rom C astlethorpe b ear t he n ame V ernicus o r V ervicus b ut i t i s n ot k nown w hether h e w as w orking i n B ritain o r n ot ( Cool 1 979). M akers ' s tamps a re u nusual o n R oman g old j ewellery a nd o nly o ne r ing f rom F rance a ppears t o h ave a m int m ark ( Ogden 1 982, f ig. 1 1.4). C opper a lloy j ewellery, o ddly e nough , i s m ore l ikely t o b e s igned, f or e xample t he ' Aucissa ' b rooches ( Ogden 1 982, p . 1 78). C intismus, a c oppersmith , h ad h is w orkshop a t C olchester ( RIB 1 94); a nother c alled G laucus i s k nown f rom a s tatuette a t M artlesham ( RIB 2 13) a nd C elatus i s k nown f rom L incoln ( RIB 2 74).

A lthough t here i s a p aucity o f e vidence c oncerning e ar-ring m anufacturers i n B ritain i t i s p ossible t hat a m etalworker m ade a ll t ypes o f j ewellery r ather t han s pecifically e ar-rings, n ecklaces o r b racelets . I t i s a lso n ot k nown w hether t he w orkshops c oncentrated o n p roducing n ew w ork f rom t he r aw m aterials o btained f rom t he m ines o r o n w orking o r r e-working t he m aterial s upplied b y t he c ustomers . I t i s l ikely t hat t he a verage w orkshop d id b oth a lthough t here i s e vidence t hat t he c ustomer o ften s upplied t he r aw m aterials , f or e xample: M aid:

M enaechmus d ear, d o h ave s ome e ar-rings m ade f or m e -there 's an ice m an -the p endant k ind, w ith f our s hillings ' w orth o f g old i n t hem , s o t hat I 'll b e g lad t o s ee y ou w hen y ou v isit u s.

M enaechmus: S urely. m yself.

G ive

m e t he

g old;

I 'll p ay f or t he m aking

( Plautus : T he B rothers M enaechmus ( tr. N ixon 1 917) l ine 5 40).

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T he s trict c ontrol o f r aw m aterials b y t he S tate i n R oman t imes a nd t he p riority w hich m ust h ave b een g iven t o t he m ints m ay h ave m eant t hat l ittle b ullion w as s old d irect t o t he j ewellers. T hat s ome w as s old t o g oldsmiths i s s hown b y t he a mount o f l itigation i n R ome Justinian D igest 1 9, 5 ; 2 0, r elating t o t he o wnership o f r aw m aterial ( he m aximum p rice o f g old a nd 2 ). T he E dict o f D iocletian l aid d own t t he p rice o f g oldsmiths ' w ork G old, r efined, i n b ars o r i n c oins G old, d rawn o ut C raftsmen w orking o n t he m etal G old c utters G old e mbossers o n s heets o f g old G old s pinner G oldsmith G oldsmith f or u nornamented w ork ( XXX :

f or f or f or f or f or

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

p ound p ound p ound p ound p ound p ound o unce o unce

d en. 5 0,000 d en. 1 2,000 d en. 5 ,000 d en. 3 ,000 d en. d en. 2 ,500 d en. 2 ,400 d en. 2 ,000 p lus

t r. G raser i n F rank 1 939, p p. 4 12-3)

A t t his t ime g old a nd s ilver j ewellery i s a lways d escribed b y w eight w ithout t he i nset s tones a nd t he p urchase o f j ewellery w as a lso b y w eight. T he c harge f or w orking g old w as w orked o ut, a s s een a bove, a s a p ercentage o f t he v alue i n w eight a nd t he t ime t aken s eems t o h ave b een i rrelevant. O gden ( 1982, p . 1 75) p oints o ut t he r elationship o f w eight b etween c oins a nd j ewellery.

M any j ewellers i n I taly a ppear t o h ave b een m en o f g reat w ealth ( see C IL V I, 2 226, 9 433, 9 544, 9 545, 9 547, 950, 3 0973) b ut o ften 9 w ealthy p atrons e quipped a s hop f or a s lave o r a f reedman a s a n i nvestment. I n I taly t his i s s hown i n t he i nscriptior i t o M . C anuleius Z osimus ( CIL V I.9222) a nd i n B ritain t he i nscription m entioned p reviously ( RIB 7 12) m ay i ndicate t he s ame s ystem . T here w ould a lso h ave b een i tinerant s miths w ho w ould t ravel t he c ountry r eworking a nd r epairing j ewellery.

D uring t he R oman p eriod m embers o f t he s ame c rafts t ended t o b and t ogether i n g uilds a nd j ewellers w ere n o e xception. W hen S t. P aul w as t rying t o c onvert t he E phesians i t w as t he g uild o f s ilversmiths w ho s tirred u p t he p opulace w hen t hey s aw t hat t he c ommunity's c onversion w ould a ffect t heir t rade ( Acts 1 9, 2 3-41). I n s ome p rovinces t here d oes n ot a ppear t o h ave b een a s pecific g uild o f j ewellers b ut g oldsmiths a nd s ilversmiths w ere a ttached t o o ther g uilds: ' Camillus P olynices, b y o rigin a L ydian, b y p rofession a g oldsmith , o f t he c ollegium o f c arpenters a nd b uilders ' ( ILS 7 687: f rom S witzerland). A G allic b lacksmith f rom L yons w as a lso a m ember o f t he c ollegium o f b uilders a nd c arpenters ( ILS 723) s uggesting t hat a ll m etalworkers 7 w ere a ttached t o t he g uild o f b uilders a nd c arpenters t hough i n B ritain t here i s a n i nscription w hich r efers t o ' the g uild o f s miths ' ( RIB 9 1) w hich c ounteracts t his s uggestion.

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D ISTRIBUTION

I n a ll a ttempts t o s how d istribution p atterns t here i s a lways t he d anger t hat a ll t hat w ill b e r evealed i s t he d istribution o f a rchaeological e ffort. H owever, t he e ar-rings i n t he C atalogue h ave b een p lotted ( see M aps 1- 2 2) a nd s ome i nteresting p atterns h ave e merged. T ypes 1a nd 3 a re w ell s pread t hroughout t he p rovince a s m ight b e e xpected w ith t he c ommonest t ypes , b ut e ven t he d istribution o f T ype 1s hows c lustering a round t he B ristol C hannel, a p henomenon s hared w ith T ypes 2 a, 2 b, 2 c, 2 e, 5 , 6 , 1 3 , a nd 1 7. T his m ay, t o s ome e xtent, r eflect t he c oncentration o f v illa o ccupation i n t his a rea, c oupled w ith s ome l arge t own p opulations a t G loucester a nd C aerwent, b ut m ay a lso r eflect t he t rading p otential o f t he B ristol C hannel .

A nother a rea w hich s hows a p reference f or e ar-rings i s c overed b y t he m odern c ounties o f L incolnshire, C ambridgeshire a nd H ertfordshire, a nd m ay a gain r eflect h igh p opulation , p articularly i n t he a rea a round S t. A lbans. T ype 3 , a lthough w ell s pread a round t he c oast i s p articularly c ommon i n L incolnshire a nd C ambridgeshire.

I t m ight b e e xpected t hat t he c ivilian s outh w ould p roduce t he m ajority o f e ar-rings b ut a gain t he d istribution o f T ype 1 s hows a t hick b and a long t he T yne-Solway f rontier. T he b ulk o f t hese c ome f rom s ites w here t here h ave b een e xtensive v icus e xcavations , f or e xample a t V indolanda , o r f rom c emetery a reas s uch a s S outh S hields, b ut m any c ome f rom w ithin t he c onfines o f f orts a nd a re o ften o f 4 th c entury d ate , p ossibly r eflecting t he c hanges i n l egislation r elating t o t he m arriage o f s oldiers i n t he 3 rd c entury ( Campbell 1 978) a nd t he c hange f rom b arrack b locks t o ' chalet ' c onstruction i n t he 4 th c entury ( Daniels 1 980) ( but s ee a lso p . 1 7). T ypes 2 b a nd 2 e a re a lso t o b e f ound i n a ll t hree o f t he t hree m ajor a reas w here e ar-rings a re f ound.

T he o ther T ypes o f e ar-rings m ay n ot h ave b een d iscovered i n s ufficient n umbers t o f orm v iable s tatistical s amples b ut t here a re s ome g roupings w hich m ay r eflect m anufacturing c entres, s alespoints o r g eneral t rading p atterns : T ype 2 c i s c onfined t o t he c oast w ith a c oncentration i n t he B ristol C hannel; T ypes 2 g a nd 2 h c an b e f ound p redominantly s outh a nd w est o f a l ine f rom t he R iver M ersey t o t he R iver S tour; T ype 4 a ppears t o h ave b een p opular i n t he n orth w hilst M ock T ype 4 i s m ore w idely s pread t hroughout t he c ountry. T ype 6 i s a lmost t otally c onfined t o t he M idlands a nd t he s outh, a nd, e xcept f or a s ingle e xample f rom S outh S hields ( No. 4 85), i s u nknown i n t he n orth. T ype 9 h as a p eculiar d istribution d espite i ts t ight d ate r ange ( see p . 8 ): t here i s ag roup i n t he H ome C ounties b ut i ndividual e xamples o ccur a t F ishbourne ( No. 2 34), S outh S hields ( No. 4 86) a nd N ewstead ( No. 3 88).

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I n t he d istribution o f m aterials t here i s a c lear b ias t owards g old i n t he m ilitary a reas o f t he n orth w hich m ight n ot h ave b een a nticipated ( see M ap 2 3). A t otal o f n ine g old e ar-rings w ere f ound a t B rougham C emetery a nd f our i n t he V indolanda v icus, w ith a s catter f rom B ewcastle, B irdoswald, C arlisle , G reat C hesters, P iercebridge a nd W atercrook. O nly o ne v illa h as p roduced a g old e ar-ring ( No. 2 f rom A shtead) a nd t here i s n ot t he c oncentration i n t he a rea o f t he B ristol C hannel w hich w as s een i n t he T ype d istributions.

S ilver e ar-rings a re l ess c ommon a nd d o n ot a ppear i n t he m ilitary z one w ith t he e xception o f a s ingle l ate e xample f rom C orbridge ( No. 8 5) ( see M ap 2 4), a nd i n t he s outh a re f ound o n t own s ites r ather t han v illas. T he f ew g lass e xamples t end t o c luster i n t he T hames V alley, w ith a p air f rom Y ork ( Nos. 5 81 a nd 5 82) a nd a p ossible e ar-ring i nset f rom W allsend ( No. 5 83).

T he l ist o f T ype 1e ar-rings m akes i t c lear t hat e ar-rings i n g eneral a re a s l ikely t o b e f ound o n m ilitary s ites a s o n c ivilian, t he e xceptions b eing T ype 2 b w hich i s m ore c ommon i n c ivilian c ontexts, a s a re T ypes 3 , 5 , 6 , 9 a nd 1 7. A ll o f T ype 1 3 w ere f ound i n c ivilian c ontexts w hereas a ll T ype 1 4, m ostly i n g old, w ere f ound i n m ilitary c ontexts. O ne w ould h ave e xpected a n e qual s pread o f g old, s ilver a nd c opper a lloy t hroughout t he c ountry w ith t he p oorer w omen w earing c opper a lloy e ar-rings w hilst t he r icher f emales w ore s ilver o r g old. T he s ituation i s c learly n ot s o s imple a nd t he q uestion a rises a s t o w hether t he w earing o f e ar-rings w as a m atter o f s ocial d ivision. T he l iterary s ources g ive e vidence o f a ristocratic w omen w earing e ar-rings ( see p . 2) a nd t he p resence o f a ristocratic w omen i n t he m ilitary 2 n orth i n t he r ole o f o fficers' w ives i s k nown f rom i nscriptions ( e.g. R IB 1 288 f rom H igh R ochester). O ut o f t he n orthern m ilitary z one i t i s n oticeable t hat g old e ar-rings a re f ound i n c entres w hich h ave a s trong m ilitary o r v eteran p opulation : e .g. Y ork , C olchester, L ondon, C aerleon a nd S ilchester. T he d istribution, t herefore , s uggests t hat g old e ar-rings w ere p articularly f avoured b y t he w omen o f t he m ilitary.

O ne m ight w onder i f t he w earing o f e ar-rings i n t he R oman E mpire w as r egarded a s b eing t otally r espectable. T he c lassical w riters w ere c ertainly s arcastic a bout t he e xpense a nd t he o ccasional l ack o f t aste b ut d o n ot s tate t hat t he p ractice w as n ot r espectable. E mpresses a re s ometimes d epicted o n c oins a s w earing e ar-rings ( e.g. O ctavia: T oynbee 1 978, p . 4 9 ; J ulia D omna : S utherland 1 974, p l. 4 25; F austa a nd H elena : B andinelli 1 971, p ls. 4 02 a nd 4 03) b ut t his i s r are. N or i s i t c ommon f or s culpture t o g ive e vidence o f e ar-rings w ith t he e xception o f P almyrene s culpture ( see t he g rave r elief o f t he L ady A ththaia : O gden 1 982, p l. 1 ). T his m ay b e f or l ogistical r easons o r b ecause d etails s uch a s e ar-rings w ere p ainted o n o r a dded s eparately ( see B andinelli 1 971, p l. 1 78). T he b est e vidence f or t he w earing o f e ar-rings i n t he R oman w orld i s a fforded b y w all-and p anel-paintings a lthough n one o f t he w all-paintings f rom B ritain s o f ar h ave p roduced r epresentations o f e ar-rings ( the n ymph a t L ullingstone w ears a n ecklace, a rmlets a nd a d iadem b ut n o e ar-rings : D avey a nd L ing 1 981, n o. 2 6). I n I taly a nd E gypt, h owever, a lmost e very w oman d epicted o n aw all- or p anel-painting w ears e ar-rings: e mpresses ( Julia D omna :

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H anfmann 1 975, p l. X LVIII), g oddesses ( Abbate 1 972, p l. 4 5; H enig 1 983, p l. 8 ) a nd s ervants ( Abbate 1 972, p l. 3 6). O ne m ust c onclude, t herefore, t hat d espite t he b iased d istribution i n B ritain , i n t he E mpire a s aw hole t he w earing o f e ar—rings w as n ot c onfined t o a p articular s ocial c lass a nd t he w earing o f g old o r c opper a lloy w as m erely a m atter o f w ealth.

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C ONCLUSIONS

A s s tated i n t he I ntroduction t his t hesis i s i ntended t o t est t he h ypothesis t hat R omano-British e ar-rings a re m ore c ommon t han h as b een r ealised p reviously. A s tudy o f t he l iterature a nd v isits t o m useums a nd e xcavation u nits o ver t hree y ears h as r esulted i n aC atalogue o f 6 00 e xamples, t he m ajority o f w hich f all i nto e ighteen T ypes.

T ypes 1 t o 8 a re b ased o n t he p enannular r ing. S uch e ar-rings c an b e m istaken f or f inger-rings p articularly w hen m atching s ets o f j ewellery h ave e ar-rings a nd f inger-rings o f t he s ame d esign. F eatures w hich a ppear t o c haracterize e ar-rings i nclude t erminals w hich t aper i n b oth p lanes o r o ne t erminal t apering m ore m arkedly t han t he o ther. D istortion o r al imited a rea o f w ear t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre o f t he r ing m ay a lso b e s een a s i dentifying f eatures o f e ar-rings, i ndicating a m issing p endant o r b ead.

T he l ack o f s ecure d ating e vidence f or i ndividual e ar-rings m akes i t d ifficult t o b e t otally c onfident i n d ating e ach T ype c losely b ut t he e vidence a vailable s uggests t hat s ome T ypes s uch a s 1a nd 3 w ere p opular f rom t he i st c entury A .D. a nd p robably h ad n ever l ost t heir p opularity s ince t he B ronze A ge. T hey b oth c ontinued t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury a nd b eyond, a s d id T ype 5 . O ther T ypes h ad a s hort p eriod o f p opularity a nd t hen a ppear t o h ave d ied o ut. T ype 9 i s a c ase i n p oint: t his T ype c an b e s een a s o ne o f t he e arliest o f t he R omano-British T ypes a lthough e merging f rom p rehistoric a ntecedents. T hose w hich c ome f rom d ated c ontexts t end t o b e t ightly g rouped i n t he m id i st c entury A .D . T he b oss t ype ( Type 1 3) w as a lso d eveloped i n t he i st c entury a nd h ad s pread t o B ritain b y t he F lavian p eriod b efore c easing t o b e m anufactured i n t he 2 nd c entury. T ype 1 0 e ar-rings a ppear t o b e t he p roducts o f t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c enturies w hilst T ypes 2 c, 4a nd 6 i ndicate a 4 th c entury d ate. F lamboyant f orms s uch a s t he ' Hercules' c lub ' p endant ( Type 1 5), s urprisingly, w ere w orn f rom t he i st c entury t o t he 4 th .

T he m ajority o f t he e ar-rings f rom R oman B ritain a re o f c opper a lloy b ut e xamples a re k nown i n g old, s ilver, p ewter a nd g lass. T he s ources o f t he r aw m aterials f or t hose m ade i n B ritain a re l ikely t o h ave b een n ative. N o e ar-rings h ave b een f ound i n i ron, l ead, b one, j et, c oral o r a mber. D ecoration o f t he e ar-rings i ncludes t he u se o f e namel, g arnets , e meralds, p earls a nd g lass a s w ell a s t echniques o f r epousse , i ncising , g ranulation, a pplied w ire a nd o penwork . I t i s n oticeable t hat t he e ar-rings f ound i n B ritain r eflect t he S yrian i nfluences w hich a ffected R oman j ewellery s tyles f rom t he e arly 2 nd c entury A .D . a nd n ot t he e arlier s hapes a nd m otifs a ssociated w ith G reece. T he B ritish f orms i n g eneral t end t o b e s maller a nd l ess f lamboyant t han t heir C ontinental p arallels.

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T he d istribution o f R omano-British e ar-rings s hows t hree m ajor a reas w here e ar-rings h ave b een f ound: t he a rea o f H adrian 's W all, t he B ristol C hannel a nd L incolnshire/Cambridgeshire/Hertfordshire. T he d istribution o f g old e xamples , h owever, d oes n ot r eflect t he g eneral d istribution p attern b ut s uggests a b ias t owards t he w earing o f g old i n t he m ilitary n orth . E ar-rings c an c ertainly b e f ound o n a ny t ype o f s ite b ut s ome T ypes a re m ore l ikely t o o ccur o n c ivilian o r m ilitary s ites t han o thers.

T he d istribution p attern m ay i ndicate m anufacturing c entres, s alespoints o r g eneral t rading p atterns o n w hich t here i s l ittle i ndependent e vidence. S ome e ar-rings a re c learly i mported b ut t he m ajority a re l ikely t o h ave b een m anufactured i n B ritain, p resumably b y m etalworkers w ho m ade a ll f orms o f j ewellery a nd d id n ot s pecialize i n e ar-rings.

D espite t he e vidence f rom t he E astern M editerranean t hat t here w ere p eoples a ssociated w ith t he R oman E mpire w ho w ore e ar-rings f or r easons o ther t han t he p urely d ecorative , t here i s l ittle e vidence f or m en i n B ritain a t t he s ame p eriod w earing e ar-rings. T he s uggestion t hat s ome o f t he e astern t roops s erving i n t he R oman a rmy c ontinued t heir n ative t radition o f w earing e ar-rings, h owever, s hould n ot b e e ntirely d iscounted f or l ack o f e vidence. I t i s a lso p ossible t hat s ingle e ar-rings w ere w orn o r t hat n on-matched p airs w ere w orn a s w ere n on-matched b rooches ( Museum o f A ntiquities , N ewcastle u pon T yne , A cc. N o. 1 923.11).

T hat e ar-rings w ere k nown i n R oman B ritain i s c learly s hown f rom t he C atalogue . T he e vidence f or t he r est o f t he R oman E mpire, h owever, i s s urprisingly s parse a s t o d ating, d istribution, m anufacturing c entres , e tc., a lthough m any i ndividual e xamples a re k nown. C learly t here i s m uch w ork s till t o b e d one b efore t he e arr ings o f B ritain c an b e s een i n t heir f ull c ontext.

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I NTRODUCTION T O T HE C ATALOGUE

A lthough t he o riginal i ntention w as t o p roduce a c orpus o f a ll t he e ar-rings o f R oman d ate f ound i n B ritain t his h as p roved t o b e i mpossible. I nitially a n otice w as p laced i n t he M useums B ulletin o f t he M useums A ssociation a nd a s hort a rticle a ppeared i n C urrent A rchaeology ( Allason-Jones 1 984) a sking m useums a nd e xcavation u nits t o r eport a ny e ar-rings o f w hich t hey m ight h ave k nowledge. T he m ajor m useums, a nd m any o f t he s maller o nes k nown t o h ave a rchaeological c ollections a nd s pecifically R oman j ewellery, w ere c ontacted i ndividually b y l etter e nclosing a w orking t ypology a nd r elevant d rawings. T he r esponse w as g ood a lthough s ome m useums f irmly d enied h aving a ny e ar-rings a t a ll. T he m ajority o f m useums a nd u nits a dmitted t o h aving o ne o r t wo b ut, w hen v isited, d ivided i nto t hose w hich a llowed a ccess t o t he f ull c ollection s o t hat t he a uthor c ould m ake t he d ecision a s t o w hich o bjects w ere o f i nterest, a nd t hose w hich p roduced o nly t hose i tems w hich t he m useum s taff c onsidered t o b e e arr ings a nd w ere u nhappy a bout a llowing f urther a ccess t o t he b ulk o f t he c ollection. T he n umber o f e ar-rings f ound i n t he s tudy c ollections i n t he f irst g roup o f m useums s uggests t hat m any m ore e ar-rings r emain i n t he s tores o f t hose m useums i n t he s econd g roup a nd n o d oubt i n t hose m useums w hich d enied h aving a ny a t a ll. I t i s, t herefore, i mpossible t o s ay c ategorically t hat a ll t he e ar-rings i n B ritain h ave b een s een a nd s tudied.

M any o f t he e ar-rings o f T ypes 1-9 r equire c lose s tudy t o a scertain w hether t hey a re e ar-rings o r f ragmentary f inger r ings, e tc., a nd f ew h ave b een c onsidered a s b eing o f s ufficient i nterest t o w arrant ad rawing o r f ull d escription i n t heir o riginal e xcavation r eports s o s everal m ay h ave b een o verlooked i n t he l iterature s urvey. A lso b eing s mall, a nd t o t heir e xcavators, a pparently u ninteresting, t hey h ave a t endency t o b e m isplaced o r c onfused o ne w ith a nother. T here h as o ften b een s ome d ifficulty i n m arrying a d escription o r d rawing o r p assing m ention i n a p ublication w ith a s pecific o bject i n am useum c ollection. W herever p ossible t he p resent l ocation o f a n e ar-ring i s g iven b ut s ome h ave p roved e lusive a nd o nly w hen t here i s n o d oubt i s a n a ccession n umber r elated t o a b ibliographical r eference.

W herever p ractical t he i nternal d iameter o f ap enannular e ar-ring h as b een g iven, e ach b eing m easured a s d rawn i n F ig. 1 w ith t he t erminals u ppermost. T his, o f c ourse, i s n ot h ow t hey w ould h ave b een w orn b ut t o d raw a n i ndividual e ar-ring i n t he w earing p osition r equires a p re-judgement a s t o w hether t he e ar-ring w as w orn i n t he l eft e ar o r t he r ight ( i.e. i f t he o pening s hould b e t o t he r ight o r t he l eft), aj udgement i mpossible t o m ake . T he ' width ' o f e ach e arr ing i s t he m easurement b etween t he i nternal a nd e xternal d iameter, t he ' thickness ' b eing t he m easurement o f t he s ection. A lthough t he w eight o f m etal w as o f g reat i mportance t o t he j eweller a nd h is c ustomer i t

4 1

h as n ot p roved p ossible t o i nclude t he w eight o f e ach e ar-ring. A fter e xcluding t hose e ar-rings w hich w ere i ncomplete, t hose w hich w ere ' permanently ' f ixed t o t heir d isplay b oards, a nd t hose w hich h ad b een c onserved i n s uch a w ay a s t o f alsify t he w eight, t hose l eft w ere s o f ew a s t o m ake t he i nformation l ess t han u seful. A ny c omments a s t o t he w eight o f R omano-British e ar-rings i s t herefore s ubjective , b eing b ased o n o nly l imited e vidence.

T he C atalogue i s a rranged b y m aterial w ith t he e ar-rings l isted a lphabetically b y p lace n ame. T he c ounty n ames a re t hose o f t he 1 974 r eorganization. E ach C atalogue e ntry c onsists o f ad escription o f t he i ndividual e ar-ring o r p air o f e ar-rings, f ollowed b y i ts T ype n umber a nd m easurements. A n e ar-ring i s o nly a ssigned t o ap air i f f ound i n p osition i n ag rave w ith i ts o pposite n umber. T he p resent l ocation o f e ach e ar-ring, i f k nown, p recedes a ny r eference t o p ublication . N o a ttempt h as b een m ade t o l ist e very r eference t o e very e ar-ring a nd o nly t hose r eferences w hich a ssist i n a ssigning a T ype n umber a nd/or d ate h ave b een i ncluded. E xact p rovenances a nd c ontexts h ave b een g iven w here p ossible.

G lass b eads h ave n ot b een i ncluded i n t he C atalogue a s t hey h ave a lready b een f ully c overed b y M argaret G uido ( 1978). N or h as a ny a ttempt b een m ade t o i dentify w hich l oose g lass b eads w ere w orn s uspended o n e ar-rings r ather t han o n n ecklaces o r b racelets . T wo g lass p endants f rom Y ork ( Nos. 5 79 a nd 5 80) h ave b een i ncluded a s t hey w ere f ound i n c ircumstances w hich m ade t heir i dentification r easonably c ertain. T he e xamples f rom C olchester a lso c ame f rom g rave d eposits ( Nos. 5 75 a nd 5 76). P endants m ade f rom o ther m aterials h ave a lso n ot b een i ncluded a s i t i s i mpossible t o k now w ith a ny c ertainty w hat t heir o rigins w ere e ven t hough s everal c an b e p aralleled o n t he C ontinent, e .g. C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 804 c an b e p aralleled w ith M arshall 1 969 , n o. 2 961.

C oiled r ings h ave a lso b een e xcluded a lthough m any w ill h ave b een u sed a s e ar-rings a nd c ould p ossibly b e d esignated a s T ype 1 9 o n t he e vidence o f c anopic v ases ( Richter 1 915, p . 3 42). T here i s, h owever, t oo m uch e vidence f or t heir b eing u sed a s f inger r ings ( Crummy 1 983, n o. 1 758) a nd h air-rings ( Higgins 1 965, p l. 3 c, a nd M arshall 1 969, n o. 1 311) f or i t t o b e s afe t o s ay f irmly t hat a n i ndividual c oiled r ing w as w orn i n t he e ar. I t w ould a lso b e d ifficult t o s ay w ithout f ear o f c ontradiction t hat a p articular c oiled r ing w as o f R oman d ate a s t hey a re t o b e f ound i n a lmost a ll p eriods a nd c ultures ( see T aylor 1 980, p . 5 8 ; D echelette 1 914, f ig. 5 45) a lthough C rummy ( 1983, p . 4 7) s uggests t hat t he l arge n umbers f ound a t S heepen ( Hawkes a nd H ull 1 947, p . 3 30) p robably i ndicates a n e arly d ate r ange f or t he t ype i n R oman B ritain.

4 2

E AR-RINGS O F G OLD

A LDBOROUGH , N . Y ORKS. 1 .

F ig. 2 . B lock-twisted w ire o f c ircular s ection h ammered t o af lat d isc a t o ne e nd a nd t apered t o t he o ther. Ac onvex s heet h as b een w elded t o t he d isc t o p roduce a s ingle h ollow b oss. T he w ire i s b ent l ike a s hepherd's c rook s o t hat t he b oss w ould b e h eld b elow t he e ar-lobe a nd n ot a gainst i t. T ype 1 3a. T otal L : 2 1 m m , D iam . o f b oss: 7 m m . A ldborough S ite M useum , N o. 7 8108200.

A SHTEAD , S URREY 2 .

F ig. 2 . H ollow c one , c urving s lightly a nd m ade f rom a s ingle s heet w hich o verlaps a t t he s eam . T he f ace i s d ecorated w ith t hree r ows o f o val l oops, t hree i n e ach r ow , m ade f rom t wisted w ire a ttached b y a l ittle b lob o f g old a t t he t op a nd b ottom o f e ach l oop. S ome o f t hese l oops s till c ontain t races o f g lass i nfill, t he c entre r ow o f b right t urquoise , t he u pper r ow o f p ale b lue . T he l oops a re g raduated i n s ize, t he s mallest b eing a t t he t op. M ore t wisted w ire d ecorates t he t op a nd b ase o f t he c one. T he l ower e dge i s c ut t o az ig-zag f rom w hich a n i nset a ppears t o h ave b een d eliberately r emoved. A s mall l oop w ith a m edian r ib p rojects f rom t he t op. T ype 1 5. L : 2 8 m m , M ax . W : 7m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 1 937.3-9.1; L iversidge 1 973, p . 1 40 , f ig. 5 3a ; G uide A nt. R B B M 1 964, p . 2 8, f ig. 1 4, n o. 3 ; f ound i n 1 937 w ithin t he p rojecting r oom a t t he S .W . c orner o f t he v illa b uilding a nd d ated b y C . F . C . H awkes t o A .D . 5 0-150. S ee a lso N oll 1 984, p . 4 51.

B ATH , A VON. 3 .

P l. 1 1, F ig. 2 . P ear-shaped r uby-red g arnet e n c abochon i n a b ox s etting m ade f rom a s ingle s heet o f g old w hich h as b een f olded t o p rovide a f irm i nner f rame, o verlapping t he e dge o f t he g arnet b y 1 .5 m m , a nd a r illed o uter f rame w hich f ollows t he s hape o f t he s tone. T he r illing i s r eflected o n t he b ack o f t he f rame s uggesting t hat t he e ffect w as a chieved b y p inching t he d ouble l ayer o f g old w ith a t ool w ith a c urved m outh , a s imilar m ethod a s w as u sed o n t he g old a nd p earl e ar-ring f rom G loucester ( No. 3 6). T he b ox i tself i s a ngular i n p rofile g iving n o i ndication o f t he s hape o f t he b ack o f t he g arnet. A l ong h ook m ade f rom c irculars ectioned g old w ire i s s oldered t o t he b ox h aving b een

4 3

f lattened a t t he e nd f or t he p urpose. T wo w ire l oops a re a ttached t o t he b ack o f t he o uter f rame o n e ither s ide o f t he b ox, o ne s oldered d irectly o n t o t he f rame , t he o ther s oldered o n t o a s mall g old s heet. F rom e ach o f t hese l oops h angs a l ength o f g old w ire t wisted t o p roduce a c losed l oop w ith a m ore o pen t wisted h ook a t t he o ther e nd. I t i s p robable t hat t hese h ooks h eld b eads o f g lass o r s emip recious s tones, b oth n ow m issing. T he h angers a re d issimilar i n a ppearance - on t he d exter s ide t he w ire g oes t hrough t he l oop o nce b efore t wisting a round i ts s hank f ive t imes, w hilst o n t he s inister s ide t he w ire p asses t hrough t he l oop t wice b efore c urling a round i ts s hank s ix t imes. A s liver h as b een s haved o ff d own t he s inister c oil. T he d exter w ire i s i n t wo p ieces -the l ower s ection p assing t hrough t he c oil r ather t han b eing a n e xtension o f i t, a nd t he w ire i s m ade f rom a b lock-twisted s trip w ith t he s piral s eam ' l ines c learly v isible ( see O gden 1 982, p . 4 9, f ig. 4 .28). T he s inister w ire i s o f o ne p iece a nd i s m uch f iner w ith n o ' seam ' l ines v isible. I t w ould t hus a ppear t hat t he e ar-ring w as d amaged i n a ntiquity a nd t he d exter h anger r eplaced. S o f ar n o e xact p arallel t o t his e ar-ring i s k nown a lthough s everal d etails c an b e s een o n o ther p ieces , i n p articular t he e ar-rings f rom G loucester ( No. 3 6) a nd S ilchester ( No. 6 0). A n e xample f rom V ize d iffers o nly i n h aving a p lain s quare s etting ( Ergil 1 983 , n o. 1 30), w hilst a n e xample f rom t he C astellani C ollection i n t he B ritish M useum h as a r illed f rame o n a s quare s etting a nd t wo b iconical f acetted b eads o f d ark b lue g lass s till i n p osition ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 655). P ear-shaped s tones u sed a s p endants i n r illed f rames c an b e s een o n s everal e ar-rings f rom T urkey ( Ergil 1 983, p . 4 0, n os. 9 0-92), a nd r illed f rames i n g eneral a ppear t o b e a t hird c entury p henomenon. N ote t he f inger r ings f rom S ully M oors, C ardiff ( Marshall 1 907, n o. 5 44), B wrdd yG wylltiad, P owys. ( Allen 1 890, p . 1 55), C hester ( Henig 1 977, p. 4 6-7, n o. 1 0) a nd O diham , p H ants. ( Marshall 1 907, n o. 5 45), a nd s ee H enig 1 981, p . 1 39, f or g eneral d iscussion. T he B ath e ar-ring c an t herefore b e d ated t entatively t o t he e arly 3 rd c entury A .D . o n c omparative e vidence. T ype 1. 1 T otal L : 3 8 m m , W o f f rame: 9 m m , g arnet: 9 x6m m , L o f u pper h ook : 1 7 m m , T o f u pper h ook: 0 .75 m m , Lo f h angers : 1 3 m m . R oman B aths M useum , B ath , A cc. N o. 1 983.14N ( B8ORM); C unliffe 1 971a, p . 6 6, n o. 4 , p l. X IIIb; A llason-Jones i n C unliffe 1 988, n o. 3 5; f ound i n 1 878 i n t he m ain d rain o utside r eservoir.

B EWCASTLE , C UMBRIA 4 .

P l. 1 2 a nd p late. A s oldered t o s o t hat t he

1 3, F ig. 2 . H ollow r osette w ith a f lat b acking h ook o f b lock-twisted w ire o f c ircular s ection i s t he b ack a t i ts f lattened e nd. T he h ook i s b ent r osette w ould b e h eld a gainst t he e ar-lobe . T he

4 4

r osette h as a c entral b oss w hich i s b roken o pen b ut t here i s n o s ign t hat i t c ontained a n i nset o r aw ire b ead ( cf. E rgil 1 983, n o. 1 20). T he b oss i s s urrounded b y a p elleted r ing w hich i n i ts t urn i s s urrounded b y f our p etal s hapes w hich e xtend t o t he e dge o f t he d isc. T ype 1 4. C f. M arshall 1 969, P l. L I, n os. 2 334-2345 a nd 2 336. S ee a lso H offmann a nd v on C laer 1 968, p . 5 , n o. 3 . D iam .: 1 4 m m , T otal T : 2m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle , A cc. N o. 3 4-1987.

B IRDOSWALD , C UMBRIA 5 .

P l. 1 4, F ig. 2 . H ollow c one f ormed f rom a s ingle s heet o f g old w ith t he e dges s oldered t ogether. A r ing o f w ire, d ecorated w ith t ransverse n icks t o g ive a b eaded e ffect, r uns a round t he t op o f t he c one w ith a s econd r ing a round t he b ase. At hird r ing s eparates t he u ndecorated u pper s ection f rom t he l ower w hich h as t hree r ows o f p ear-shaped l oops e ach m ade f rom t wisted w ire a nd s oldered i nto p osition. T he u pper a nd l ower r ows o f l oops c ontain d ark b lue g lass w hilst t he c entral r ow h as l ight b lue g lass. A t t he t op a w ide l oop w ith a m edian g roove h olds a r ing o f c ircular-sectioned g old w ire w ith t he t apered t erminals o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide ( Type 3 ). T he b ase o f t he c one h as b een c ut t o az ig-zag a nd a ppears t o h ave h eld a n i nset n ow r emoved. T ype 1 5. R ing: D iam .: 9 x 1 2 m m , T : 1m m , P endant: L : 3 3 m m , D iam.: 1 0 x6 .5 m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle , A cc. N o. 9 7-1975; S impson a nd p R ichmond 1 933, p. 2 59-60; C harlesworth 1 977, p . 3 23; S impson 1 979, p . 4 01; f ound i n 1 932 i n f oundations o f a n o ven. T he f oundations s ealed A ntonine p ottery w hilst t he o ven w as n ot e arlier t han t he 3 rd c entury A .D . S ee a lso N oll 1 984 , p . 4 51.

B ROUGHAM , C UMBRIA 6 .

W ire o f c ircular s ection t apering t o t he t erminals w hich a re o verlapped a nd t he e nds t wisted a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide . T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m . T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. 7 80039; E xcavated b y D . C harlesworth, 1 966, B urial 2 2.

7 .

W ire o f c ircular s ection t apering t o t he t erminals. T he e nds r un p arallel t o e ach o ther b efore t wisting a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T his d oes n ot f orm a p air w ith N o. 6 a bove . T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 0 m m , T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 80038; E xcavated b y D . C harlesworth , 1 966, P ylon 1 , w est o f c remation 1 .

4 5

8 .

F ig . 2 . H ollow b oss, m uch d istorted b ut o riginally p lain. T he f lat b ack p late h as b een w elded i nto p osition a s h as t he f lattened e nd o f t he i ncomplete c ircular-sectioned h ook. T ype 1 3a. D : 1 0 m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle , A cc. N o. 1 3.1971.310 ; E xcavated b y D . C harlesworth , 1 966 , B urial 4 7, S F 3 9, s urface f ind.

9 .

F ig. 2 . P ear-shaped h ollow b oss w ith a r u led b order a round t he u pper w ider e dge. T he b order h as b een f ormed b y h ammering a p lain b order a nd t hen n ipping t he m etal w ith a c urved t ool. T he r emains o f t he h ook f lattens a s i t p asses a cross t he b ack o f t he b oss t o e nd i n ag lobular b ulb b elow t he n arrow e nd. T he w ire i s s oldered t o t he t op a nd b ottom e dges. T his i s a n e ar-ring o f a n u nusual t ype , p ossibly a kin t o t he s ingle b oss t ype ( 13a) a s N o. 8 a bove. T he r u led b order m ay s uggest a 3 rd c entury d ate i n t he a bsence o f c lose p arallels. T otal L : 1 9 m m , W : 9m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle, A cc. N o. 1 5.1971.314; E xcavated b y D . C harlesworth 1 967, B urial 1 08, S F 1 58.

1 0 .

F ig. 2 . C omposite e ar-ring c onsisting o f ac ircular r osette w ith a p lain c entral b oss s urrounded b y p etal s hapes w hich e xtend t o t he e dge ( cf. N o. 4 f rom B ewcastle). A p lain b ack p late i s w elded i nto p osition. T he h ook i s f ormed f rom b lock-twisted g old w ire , t he s piral s eam b eing c learly v isible ( Ogden 1 982, p l. 4 .27-8). T he e nd o f t he h ook i s f lattened a nd s oldered t o t he b ack p late b efore f orming a s maller h ook b elow t he r osette . As econd f lattened l ength o f w ire i s s oldered t o t he f irst a nd f orms a nother h ook a t t he b ase o f t he p late: f rom e ach o f t hese h angs a h ollow p ear-shaped g old l eaf w ith a r epousse c onvex f ront p late w elded t o a p lain b ack . T he f aces h ave a c entral r ib w ith o blique g rooves r unning d own t o t he e dge. A l oop o f c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith f lattened e nds i s w elded t o t he b ack o f e ach l eaf. F or a p arallel t o t he l eaf p endants i n c opper a lloy s ee N o. 4 74. F or a d iscussion o f t he t ype s ee p . 1 0. T ype 1 4. D : 1 3 m m , Lo f l eaves w ith h ooks : 1 5 m m , T otal L : 3 3 m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle , A cc. N o. 1 5.1971.309. F ound i n 1 937 ' Mr. P riestman 's f ind'.

1. 1

F ig. 2 . P ear-shaped l eaf w ith a c onvex f ace w ith a r epousse c entral r ib a nd o blique g rooves, w elded t o a p lain b ack p late. T his i s o f t he s ame t ype a s t he p endant l eaves o n t he p revious e ar-ring a nd i s p robably f rom t he o ther e ar-ring i n t he p air. T ype 1 4. L : 1 5 m m , W : 6m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle , A cc. N o. 1 5.1971.313; E xcavated b y D . C harlesworth, 1 967, S F 1 20/90.

4 6

1 2.

P l. 1 4. L ong h ollow c one w ith a p lain l oop a t t he t op. T he b ody o f t he c one i s d ivided i nto f ields b y t wo h orizontal w ire r ings s oldered i nto p osition. I n t he f ields a re t hree r ows o f p ear-shaped l oops o f g old w ire s oldered f lat t o t he w all. I t i s p ossible t hat t hese l oops o riginally c ontained g lass o r e namel a s s een o n N os. 5 a nd 4 6. T hese e xamples, h owever, h ave o pen e nds a nd c learly h eld i nsets i n t he s ame m anner a s t he T hetford p endants ( Nos. 6 1 a nd 6 2) w hile t he B rougham e xample e nds i n a d ome w ith t hree g old p ellets s oldered t ogether t o f orm a s mall c entral p yramid. T his m ethod o f c losing t he c one c an a lso b e s een o n a n e xample f rom t he B lacas C ollection i n t he B ritish M useum ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 417) w hich h as a s ingle p ellet, a nd a lso o n a n e xample w ithout p ellets f rom O lbia i n t he B lack S ea, o f 2 nd c entury d ate ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 412). S ee a lso t he n ineteen s mall c ones, c omplete w ith p elleted d omes, w hich h ang f rom a n ecklace i n H amburg M useum ( Hoffman a nd v on C laer 1 968, n o. 1 36). T ype 1 5. M easurements u nknown. M issing i n 1 985 a nd k nown o nly f rom a c olour s lide i n t he c ollection o f T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle .

1 3 .

F ig. 2 . I npomplete b ell s hape w ith a s lightly i nturned l ower e dge w hich m ay h ave h eld a n i nset. A r epouss6 r ib r uns a round t he u pper b ody. T he a rea a bove t his r ib i s i ncomplete b ut a ppears t o h ave b een f our-sided w ith a d imple i n e ach f ace , t wo o f w hich a re p ierced. T ype 1 8. H : 1 3 m m , D : 8m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle , A cc. N o. 1 5.1971.315; e xcavated b y D . C harlesworth , 1 969, B urial 9 0 , S F 1 20 .

1 4.

F ragment o f g old d istorted b y h eat. Ah ook p rojects f rom o ne e nd, a pparently u nharmed, s uggesting t hat t his i s a ll t hat s urvives o f a n e ar-ring w orn d uring c remation. L : 2 1 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 80037.

C AERLEON , G WENT 1 5.

S mall e merald h exagonal c rystal p ierced i n t he c entre b y a s mall h ole w hich h as h eld g old w ire. P ossibly f rom a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1 0, c f. N o. 5 8 f rom S ilchester. L : 5m m , W : 3m m , T : 5m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff, A cc. N o. 8 1.79H ; e xcay. n o. 9 39 S F 1 435.

1 6.

P l. 1 5, F ig. 2 . D ouble b oss w ith t he t wo h ollow c onvex f aces m ade f rom a s ingle s heet a s i s t he f lat b acking p late w hich i s w elded i nto p osition, s lightly o verlapping t he f ront i n s ome a reas. T hree s mall g ranulated b lobs s it i n t he w aist b etween t he b osses. A l ength o f c ircular-sectioned

4 7

g old w ire i s f lattened a t o ne e nd a nd s oldered t o t he b ack o f t he u pper b oss . T ype 1 3. C f. P feiler 1 970 , p . 6 2: E leutheropolis h oard. L : 1 9 m m , D iam . o f e ach b oss: 9 m m , T : 4m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff, A cc. N o. 5 4.389A .F5; B oon 1 974, p . 6 0, f ig. 3 2: f ound i n ad rain i n t he m ansio, c . A .D . 1 30-230.

1 7.

S ingle b oss w ith a f lat b acking p late to w hich t he d istorted t apering h ook i s w elded. T ype 1 3. D iam .: 6 m m , Lo f h ook: 2 3 m m a pprox., H o f b oss: 2 m m . N ewport M useum ; e xcay. n o. 1 60/820, SF 9 64: f rom R iding S chool F ield.

1 8.

F ig. 2 . P ear-shaped g arnet d rop w ith g old w ire p assing t hrough l ongitudinally. T he c ircular-sectioned w ire w raps a round i tself f our t imes t o f orm a t ight l oop. T ype 1 7. C f. N oll 1 963, T af. 1, G r. 4 8 a nd C r. 4 2; A lföldi e t a l. 1 1 957, T af. L XXIX , n o. 2 9 ; C omarmond 1 844, n os. 2 1 a nd 2 2; H iggins 1 961, p . 1 85, f ig. 3 1. L : 1 9 m m , W : 6m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff, A cc. N o. 5 4.389A .F4 .

1 9.

P l. 1 6. L ength o f r ectangular-sectioned w ire b ent a t o ne e nd t o f orm a l oop a nd s oldered s hut. T he o ther e nd d evelops t o a n o val s ection b efore f orming a l oop w ith t he w ire t wisting a round t he s hank s even t imes . F rom t his l oop h angs a l ength o f t hinner w ire s ecured b y o ne e nd t wisting a round i ts s hank o nce w hilst t he o ther e nd i s b ent t o ah ook. I t i s p ossible t hat t his f orms a s ingle u nit m issing i ts b eads ( Type 1 7) o r i s o ne h anger f rom a c omposite e ar-ring s imilar t o t hat f rom B ath ( No. 3 ). L : 1 4 m m . G lamorgan-Gwent A rchaeological T rust, f ound i n 1 986 i n M ill S treet, o utside t he f ortress.

C ARLISLE , C UMBRIA 2 0.

V ery s mall p enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t apered o verlapped t erminals. O pposite t he t erminals p rojects a r ibbed t ube r unning a long t he o uter e dge . T his m ay b e a p endant f rom a n ecklace. D iam . o f r ing : 6 m m , T : 0 .75 m m , W o f t ube: 2 .25 m m , L o f t ube : 3 .5 m m . C arlisle E xcavation U nit, e xcay. n o. 8 2.1133 S F 1 : A nnetwell S treet.

C ASTOR , H UNTS. 2 1-2.

P air o f g old e ar-rings f ound i n al imestone c offin in m ausoleum b eside a m inor r oad c lose t o E rmine S treet.

4 8

a

N o m easurements k nown. J RS L IX , 1 969, P . 2 19.

C HESTER , C HESHIRE 2 3-4.

F ig. 2 . P air o f e ar-rings m ade f rom c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith t he e nds t wisted t ogether t o m ake a r ather l umpy k not. Ar ectangular b ox s etting p rojects o ut f rom e ach r ing, b oth c ontaining a c ircular e merald w ith a c onvex f ace, t he e dges o f t he b oxes b eing f olded i n t o h old t he s tone f irmly. E ach r ing a lso h as a b aluster-moulded r od h ooked o n t o i t. T hese m ay h ave h eld p endant s tones n ow m issing. A s imilar e ar-ring w as f ound o n t he I sle o f S iphnos w ith ad enarius o f V espasian ( Pfeiler 1 970, p . 5 7) w hilst o thers a re k nown f rom I ntercisa : A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, T af. L XXIX, n o. 2 3; A mathus, C yprus: M arshall 1 969, p l. L III, n o. 2 542; a nd f rom T urkey: E rgil 1 983 , n o. 12. D iam . o f r ings: 1 0 m m , T o f r ings : 1m m , B oxes : 4x4m m , L o f p endants: 1 2 a nd 1 4 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester, A cc. N o. 9 0.R .1899; L awson 1 928, p . 1 9, n o. L I; f ound a t I nfirmary F ield i n ag rave o f a y oung g irl, o ne o n e ither s ide o f t he s kull. T he g rave a lso c ontained a c oin o f D omitian ( A.D . 8 1-96) p laced i n a n o il l amp.

C IRENCESTER , G LOS. 2 5.

H exagonal c rystal b ead o f e merald. A l ength o f c irculars ectioned g old w ire p asses l ongitudinally t hrough t he b ead w ith a c onical t erminal a t o ne e nd. T he o ther e nd f orms a l oop a nd w inds a round t he s hank s ix t imes . T ype 1 7. L : 1 8 m m , To f w ire : 0 .5 m m . C orinium M useum , u naccessed.

C OLCHESTER , E SSEX 2 6.

F ig. 2 . V ery s mall p enannular o f c ircular s ectionwith o ne t apered e nd a nd o ne b lunt. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 8 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , A cc. N o. 2 46.1935.

2 7-8.

P air o f e ar-rings o f c ircular s ectioned w ire w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd t wisted a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 0 m m , T : 1m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum ; f ound i n a l ead c offin i n L exden R oad w ith a f emale s keleton e stimated t o b e 1 6 y ears o ld. 1 880 .

4 9

2 9-30.

F ig. 2 . P air o f e ar-rings o f c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd t wisted a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . a ) I nt. D iam .: 1 3.5 m m , T : 1m m ; b ) I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum ; f ound i n N orth S tation R oad.

3 1.

F ig. 2 . H ollow c rescentic l oop e nding i n w ire a t b oth e nds, o ne f orming a l oop a nd t hen t wisting a round t he s hank t wice , t he o ther c urling a round t he l oop . F rom t he c rescent h angs aw elded l oop e nding i n ac urled h ook f or a p endant. T ype 1 2. C f. I ntercisa: A lf81di e t a l. 1 957, p l. L XXIX , n os. 1 4, 2 0 a nd 2 1. I nt. D iam .: 1 2.5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m , T otal H w ith h anger: 2 5 m m , Lo f h anger: 1 0 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , A cc. N o. 3 053-1914; f rom G reenstead R oad.

3 2.

P l. 1 7, F ig. 2 . D isc w ith a b eaded b order d ividing t he f ace i nto a d eep c rescentic f ield a nd a s maller s emi-circular f ield c ontaining r epousse f igures. T he s emi-circle c ontains aw inged p hallus w hilst t he c rescent h as t wo o pposed w inged g riffins o r h orses s eparated b y ac antharus. A p rojection, e ither f or a s uspension l oop o r h ook, h as b roken o ff a t t he t op o f t he d isc. C rummy ( 1983, n o. 4 659) d iscusses t he d ecorative m otifs b ut d oes n ot i dentify t he d isc a s a n e ar-ring. A n e xample f rom L ondon ' ( No. 4 7), w hich h as b een s uspended i n t he s ame p osition, i s e qually a mbivalent, b ut a n e xample f rom S yria ( Hackens a nd W inkes 1 983, n o. 3 1) a nd a nother f rom K oln ( Bonn C at. 1 963, n o. 4 1b), w hich a re b oth s uspended w ith t he p oints o f t he c rescent u ppermost w ith a w ire h ook p assing b etween t hem , a re c learly e ar-rings. T his i s a lso t he p osition o f t he s maller e xamples f rom C yprus d iscussed b y M arshall ( 1969, n os. 2 451-2458). T his e xample i s t he o nly o ne w hich h as r ecognizable f igures a s d ecorative m otifs. T he e xample f rom L ondon h as s imply a pplied w ire i n a bstract p atterns w hilst t he w ire d ecoration o n t he S yrian a nd G erman e xamples f orm o val c ells t o c ontain g lass i n a s imilar m anner t o e ar-rings o f T ype 1 5 ( see i n p articular N o. 2 ). T he m ajority o f t he d ated e xamples a ppear t o c ome f rom t he l ate i st -early 2 nd c entury A .D . T he w ide d istribution p attern t hroughout t he R oman E mpire m akes i t d ifficult t o p in d own a m anufacturing c entre b ut i t i s p robably s afe t o s ay t hat t hey w ere n ot m ade i n B ritain . D : 1 9.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. L WC 3 359 J 926; C rummy 1 983, n o. 4 659; P eriod 2 d emolition ( Period 3 ): A .D . 6 0/1 -c. 2 75.

5 0

3 3.

A ccording t o H ull 1 958, c ollection o f o bjects '

p . 2 57, i n 1 912 ' Mr. H . i ncluded g old e ar-rings

M oney 's f rom a

c emetery d iscovered i n 1 842.

D ORCHESTER , D ORSET 3 4.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne e nd b ent t o f orm a l oop t hrough w hich t he o ther e nd h ooks. T ype 1 2. C f. A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, p l. L XXIX, n o. 1 4; E rgil 1 983, n os. 4 5-59. D : 1 7 m m . W essex E xcavation U nit, e xcay. n o. W 67 C 2 457; G reyhound Y ard. I nf. M . H enig.

E AST A NGLIA 3 5.

P l. 1 8, F ig. 2 . L oop m ade f rom w ire o f s olid l ozenge s ection w ith o ne e nd c oiled t o ad ouble l oop. T he o ther e nd p asses t hrough t he d ouble l oop b efore f orming a l oop i tself b y c oiling a round i ts o wn s hank o nce. . The s ection n arrows t o b oth t erminals. O pposite t he t erminals t here i s a s mall n otch c ut i n t he i nner e dge o f t he w ire i nto w hich f its t he s mall l oop a t t he t op o f aT ype 1 5 p endant c onsisting o f a h ollow c one d ecorated a t t op a nd b ottom w ith a r ing o f b eaded w ire. T he s urface o f t he c one i s d ecorated w ith g ranulation . Aw ire h angs f rom i nside t he c one o n t o w hich i s t hreaded a g lobular b ead o f l ight a nd d ark g reen s wirled g lass. T he e nd o f t he w ire i s c urled t o a t ight l oop t o s top t he b ead s liding o ff. C f. E rgil 1 983, n o. 6 2; A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, T af. L XXX , n os. 6a nd 7 . S ee a lso a n e xample i n t he V ictoria a nd A lbert M useum , L ondon , C ase 1 0, D 14. D iam . o f r ing : 2 5 x 1 8 m m , T : 3m m , Lo f c one : 1 4 m m , D iam . o f b ead: 7 m m . R ibchester M useum , R idge C ollection.

G LOUCESTER , G LOS. 3 6 .

P l. 1 9, F ig. 2 . O val b ox s etting w ith a f lat b ack a nd s traight s ides. T he e dge h as b een f olded a nd t hen c rimped t o p rovide a r illed f rame a round a w avy-edged r im . C ontained i n t he s etting i s a n o val b lue g lass i nset w hich h as d eteriorated t o t he e xtent t hat t he g lass i s n ow f ragmentary a nd c rystalline i n a ppearance a nd t here i s n o i ndication a s t o w hether i t w as i ncised o r m oulded. T he S -shaped h ook i s f ormed f rom a l ength o f c irculars ectioned g old w ire w hich t apers t o o ne e nd. C lose t o t he o ther e nd, w hich i s l ooped, t he w ire i s f lattened a nd s oldered t o t he b ack o f t he b ox i n s uch a p osition t hat t he l oop p rojects u nder t he o val r im o f t he s etting. T hrough t his l oop a s econd l ength o f c ircular-sectioned g old w ire p asses w ith o ne e nd t wisted a round i tself t o f orm a c ross w ith a s mall g lobular p earl b ead f itted t o e ach o f t he f our

5 1

a rms t hus c reated. T he e nd o f e ach a rm i s b ent t o s ecure t hat b ead i n p osition. T he e ar-ring i s c omplete e xcept f or a s mall a rea o f f rame w hich a ppears t o h ave b een l ost i n r ecent d amage . T he S -shaped h ook i s p ressed c loser t o t he b ack o f t he b ox t han w ould h ave b een o riginally i ntended b ut i s i n n o w ay d istorted. T he p osition a nd s hape o f t he h ook l ooks o dd b ut t he h ook w ould h ave b een w orked t hrough t he h ole p ierced i n t he e ar u ntil t he b ox l ay a gainst t he e ar-lobe r ather t han p endant b eneath i t. T he l ength a nd d ouble c urve o f t he h ook w ould b e n eeded t o h old t he b ox c losely w ithout t he p ossibility o f i ts w orking l oose a nd s o b eing l ost. T his t ype o f h ook w as p articularly p opular i n t he R oman E mpire i n t he l ate 2 nd t o e arly 3 rd c enturies A .D . b ut n ot s o c ommon i n B ritain: s ee M arshall 1 969, n os. 2 376-8 a nd 2 390, 2 394 , 2 3967 . T ype 1 1. T his i s a n u nusual p iece a lthough c ontaining k nown e lements . C omparison c an b e m ade t o t he e ar-ring f rom B ath ( No. 3 ) w hich h as a s imilarly r u led b ox s etting m ade b y t he s ame t echnique. R illed f rames a ppear t o b e a3 rd c entury p henomenon ( see H enig 1 981 f or a g eneral d iscussion o f 3 rd c entury j ewellery s tyles) a nd s everal e ar-rings o f t he p eriod h ave s uch f rames, a lthough p ear-shaped a nd s quare o utlines a re m ore c ommon. A n e xample o f a n o val s etting w ith a r u led f rame c omes f rom S ilchester ( No. 6 0) a nd t wo e xamples a re k nown f rom I ntercisa ( Alf81di e t a l. 1 957, P l. L XXIX , n os. 2 a nd 3 ), o ne o f w hich h as a n i ncised .inset s uggesting t hat i t w ould n ot h ave b een u nusual f or t he G loucester i nset t o b e i ncised. T he w ritten s ources a nd p ortraits k nown f rom w allp aintings, w ooden p anels a nd m osaics s uggest t hat p earls w ere c ommonly u sed t o d ecorate e ar-rings. U nfortunately p earls r arely s urvive i n t he a rchaeological r ecord a s t hey d issolve i n a cid s oils. T he f our p earls o n t his e ar-ring h ave b een i dentified a s s uch b y M rs. M arjorie H utchinson o f t he A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , a nd a ppear t o b e t he f irst f ound i n s itu o n a n e ar-ring f rom a R oman c ontext i n B ritain ( see p . 2 8). B ox f rame: 1 1.25 x 9 m m , T otal L : 2 1 m m , D epth o f b ox : 3m m . G loucester C ity E xcavation U nit, e xcay. n o. 1 2/86.75 S F 1 1; f ound o utside t he w alled a rea o f t he c olonia, i .e. i n t he s uburbs.

G ODMANCHESTER, C AMBS. 3 7.

F ig. 2 . I ntricate t wo-dimensional m otif o f r ectangulars ectioned w ire s oldered i nto p osition. T here i s al oop a t b oth e nds, e ach s howing w ear, a nd o ne s till c ontaining a k notted l oop o f g old w ire. C f. E rgil 1 983, n o. 8 3, b ut n ote a lso t he n ecklace t erminals i n J ohns, T hompson a nd W agstaffe 1 981, f ig. 3 , a nd R oss 1 965, p l. 1 B . L : 1 7 m m , W : 7m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge, A cc. N o. 1 957.197.

5 2

G REAT C HESTERS, N ORTHD . 3 8.

F ig. 2 . R ectangular b ox s etting w ith a r u led f langed b order. A r ectangular b lue g lass s etting i s s till i n p osition. A l ong t apering h ook i s a ttached t o t he c entre b ack. T ype 1. C f. A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, T af. L XXIX , n os. 1 , 2 , 3 ; J acobi 1 897, T af. L XVI, n o. 2 . ' L : 1 1/16ths ' ( Budge 1 907, p p. 1 05, 4 12, n o. 8 ). E x C layton C ollection, C hesters M useum , n ow m issing ; C harlesworth 1 961, p . 3 5, n o. 2 .

H ADRIAN 'S W ALL(?) 3 9.

P l. 1 8, F ig. 2 . P ear-shaped t ranslucent g reen g lass b ead w ith f ine y ellow m arvering o n t he l ower p art. A g old r od p asses t hrough t he b ead l ongitudinally w ith a h ooked e nd t o s top t he b ead s lipping o ff. A bove t he b ead t he w ire b ecomes aw ide b aluster-moulded r od w ith a p elleted r ing a bove a nd b elow w hich m erges i nto a s olid p enannular r ing. A n a nnular r ing i s t hreaded t hrough a ttaching t he h anger t o al ength o f c omplex c hain ( cf. S tephenson a nd E mery 1 966, p. 2 10-1) p w hich e nds i n as econd r ing. A lthough n ot o bviously a n e ar-ring a t f irst s ight t his p iece d oes b ear a s triking r esemblance t o t wo p ieces f rom t he F ayoum d ated t o t he 2 nd-3rd c entury ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 2 581-2) a nd a lso t hree e ar-rings f rom a 5 th-6th c entury t omb a t B eit J ebrin, P alestine ( Baltimore 1 947, p l. 4 79). I t i s p ossible t hat t he b ead i s a l ater r epair. T he f indspot i s b y n o m eans c ertain a nd i t i s m ore l ikely t o h ave o riginated i n t he E astern M editerranean. T otal L : 5 3 m m , L o f b ead: 1 0 m m , T o f c hain: 2 m m . R ibchester M useum , R idge C ollection.

I CKLINGHAM , S UFFOLK 4 0 .

F ig. 2 . W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping e nds w hich a re c oiled a round t he s hank f ive t imes o n e ither s ide. T he w ire t apers t owards b oth t erminals. A s mall g old s heet d ecorated w ith t hree i ncised l ines i s f olded a round t he s hank. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m. M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge , A cc. N o. 1 947.1859-60 .

4 1.

F ig. 2 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection f iled t o l ook a s i f m ade f rom a t wisted r od. T he t erminals a re p lain. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , T : 4m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge , A cc. N o. 4 7.1860K .

5 3

L INCOLN , L INCS. 4 2.

P l. 2 0. R ectangular b ox s etting m ade b y m aking a r ectangular t ube a nd s oldering a r ectangular s heet a cross o ne e nd. T his s heet i s l arger t han t he b ox a nd o verlaps o n t o t he r ectangular f lange w hich h as b een p ushed o ver t he b ox a nd s oldered a t t he s ides a nd o n t o t he b ase o verlap. Ah ook h as b een p ushed t hrough a h ole i n t he b ase a nd h ammered f lat i nside. A s econd h ole t o o ne s ide o f t he h ook m ay h ave b een f or a p endant o r f or a n e arlier h ook. T he f lange h as i ncised o blique g rooves t o g ive a r u led e ffect b ut i s p lain o n t he b ack . T he i nset i s n ow f ragmentary b ut a ppears t o h ave b een o f b lue g lass. T ype 1 1. 1 B ox: 8 x 5 m m , F lange: 1.5 x 8 .5 m m , H o f b ox: 4 m m , L o f d istorted h ook: 1 4 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology,. e xcay. n o. S M 7 6.Aul; f rom m erchant's s ector a long E rmine S treet.

L ONDON 4 3.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 1m m . B ritish M useum ; G uide A nt. R B B M 1 922, p . 7 0; ' found i n a c hild 's b urial a t M oorfields, L ondon, w ith j et r ings a nd a g old c oin o f S alonina, t he w ife o f t he E mperor G allienus , w ho r eigned A .D . 2 53-68'.

4 4.

F ig. 2 . W ire o f v arying s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich a re v ery d istorted s uggesting a n u nwound T ype 3 e ar-ring. I n t he c entre t he s ection i s l ozenge s haped w ith r ough f acetting. I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1 -3 m m. B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 5 6.7-1.815; C harles R oach S mith C ollection.

4 5.

P l. 2 1, F ig. 2 . H ollow d ome w ith a c ountersunk c entre w hich m ay h ave b een i ntended t o t ake a n i nset. T he t apering h ook p asses t hrough t he c ountersinking a nd i s t hen h ammered f lat. T ype 1 3a? C f. A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, T af. L XXIX , n o. 1 0. D . 1 1 m m ,. T otal H : 1 5 m m , Do f i nset: 5 m m , T o f h ook : 1m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 2 0396/M59.L1; B ucklersbury H ouse, f rom l st-2nd c entury c ontext.

4 6.

F ig. 2 . H ollow c one m ade f rom a s ingle s heet. T he f ace i s d ecorated w ith t hree r ows o f t ear-shaped l oops, t hree i n e ach r ow , m ade f rom c ircular-sectioned w ire. O nly o ne l oop i s d ecorated w ith n otching. T wo o f t he l oops s till c ontain d ark b rown o paque ' stones ', p ossibly g lass. T he r ows a re d ivided b y a pplied r ings o f p lain w ire w ith a n e xtra r ing t op a nd b ottom . T he b ase h as a f lat u ndecorated g old p late h eld i n p osition b y a b lack s ubstance. T he t op o f t he c one h as a

5 4

l oop c ut f rom t he s ame s heet a s t he c one w ith t he e nd t ucked i nto t he t op o f t he c one. T he l oop h olds a w ire r ing w ith t he t erminals o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide ( Type 3 ). T ype 1 5. Hw ithout r ing : 3 2 m m , D o f b ase: 7m m , A pprox. D iam . o f r ing: 9 m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 1 934.12-10.2; L iversidge 1 973, p . 1 40 , f ig. 5 3b. B MQ I X , 1 934-5, p p. 9 3-6, p l. X XX.5; g iven b y t he C hristy T rustees - bought f rom G . F . L awrence ; f ound o n t he b ed o f t he W albrook , e ither f rom T elegraph S treet, O ld J ewry o r W estminster B ank a t L othbury. D ated b y M iss C . J ohns ( pers. c omm .) t o m id 2 nd c entury w hen t he c oin s eries s tops a nd t he s tream i s p resumed t o h ave s ilted u p. S ee a lso N oll 1 984, p . 4 51.

4 7.

F ig. 2 . F lat c rescentic p late. F ine w ire h as b een s oldered a round t he e dge a nd i n c urling m otifs o n t he f ace e nding i n c oils a t t he p oints o f t he c rescent t o h old i nsets. T he w ire h as b een i ncised t o g ive t he i mpression o f t wisted w ire. Aw ide s trip o f g old d ecorated w ith t wo r ibs i s s plit a t o ne e nd a nd s oldered t o t he b ack o f t he p late c urling f orward a bove t he p late t o p rovide a w ide h ook. T his h ook h olds a r ing o f c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich c oil a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide ( Type 3 ). S ee N o. 3 2 f or d iscussion o f t he t ype. C f. H ackens a nd W inkes 1 983, n o. 3 1. Ho f c rescent a nd l oop: 2 1 m m , E xt. D iam . o f r ing : 1 1 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 5 6.7-1.810, C harles R oach S mith C ollection ; S mith 1 854, n o. 2 72; M arshall 1 969, n o. 2 934.

4 8.

' Ear-ring i n p lain g old'. N o m easurements a vailable. S mith 1 854, n o. 2 73.

M ILTON , K ENT 4 9.

F ig. 2 . W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping t erminals c oiling a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. A s mall d epression t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 1m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon , A cc. N o. 8 3.12-13.49; G uide A nt. R B B M 1 922, p . 7 0, f ig. 9 0 ; f ound w ith a j et p in ' in a l ead c offin a t B exhill n ear S ittingbourne '.

O WMBY B Y S PITAL , L INCS. 5 0-51.

P l. 2 2. p late w ith

P air o f e ar-rings e ach c onsisting o f a n h exagonal a r epousse p late w elded t o t he f ront. T he f ront

5 5

p lates a re h ollow w ith a c entral d ome r ibbed t o ac entral d imple w ith s ix s hallow r ibs. Aw ire h ook i s a ttached t o e ach b ack p late. V ariant o n T ype 1 3a. T he c omposition o f b oth i s v ery s imilar: a ) g old 9 3% , s ilver 5 %, c opper 2 %, l ead 0 .7%, b ) g old 9 1%, s ilver 7 %, c opper 3 % , l ead 0 .7%. T otal l ength o f e ach h ook : 1 3 m m , T o f h ook : 1m m , W o f p lates: 7 .5 m m . C ity a nd C ounty M useum , L incoln , A cc. N o. 2 15.78 ; J ohns 1 979, p l. I X, p . 8 7; f ound w ith a s mall h oard o f j ewellery o f 4 th c entury d ate.

P IERCEBRIDGE , C O . D URHAM 5 2.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c ord d ecoration i mpressed o n o ne f ace t o g ive t he i mpression o f t wisted w ire. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming, e xcay. n o. H S 7 8.902.

R ICHBOROUGH , K ENT 5 3.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne e nd h ooked. T he o ther t erminal h as a m ore m arked t aper a nd i s d istorted s uggesting t hat t his i s a n u nwound T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.25 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. 7 351025 ( 5441).

5 4.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapping a nd c oiled a round t he s hank f ive t imes o n e ither s ide. A r ectangular r ibbed s heet i s w rapped a round t he s hank , c f. N o . 4 0 f rom I cklingham . T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge, A cc . N o. 8 3.542; D eck C ollection.

5. 5

F ig. 3 . ' Gold e ar-ring i n t he f orm o f al ong p endant; t he u pper p art o f w ire, t he l ower p art o f a t ube o f g old f oil t o t he b ase o f w hich i s s oldered a w ire l oop; f rom t his l oop h angs a c hain w ith l inks p artly o f w ire , p artly o f n arrow s trips o f f oil. T he t erminal o rnament i s b roken a way '. T his m ay b e a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1 5 b ut i s m ore p robably a n ecklace t erminal. L : 4 7 m m , T : 3m m . B ushe-Fox 1 949, p l. X XXV , n o. 10 ; f ound o utside w est g ate i n t opsoil.

5 6

S AFFRON W ALDEN , E SSEX 5 6-57.

P l. 2 3, F ig. 3 . P air o f e ar-rings o f c ircular-sectioned w ire . O ne e nd i s c urled t o f orm a d ouble l oop a nd s ecured b y f ourteen t wists a round t he s hank. T he o ther e nd p asses t hrough t he d ouble l oop a nd e merges t o f orm a l ong h ook . T he s hank i s d ecorated b y g roups o f t hree i ncised l ines. T ype 1 2. T hese e ar-rings w ere p urchased h aving b een d escribed a s b eing f ound i n t he S affron W alden a rea w ith R oman g ems b ut i t i s m ore l ikely t hat t hey c ame f rom a p rivate c ollection, p articularly a s t hey a re C ontinental i n t ype. C f. A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, p l. L XXIX, n o. 1 6; E rgil 1 983, n o. 1 17. T otal L : a ) 2 8 m m , b ) 2 6.5 m m , T o f w ire: 1 .25 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , A cc. N o. 2 28.1954.

S ILCHESTER , H ANTS. 5 8.

P l. 2 4. C ircular-sectioned w ire b ent t o f orm a n S -shape. O ne e nd p asses t hrough a n h exagonal e merald c rystal a nd t hen h ooks a round t he s hank. A l ozenge-shaped s heet o f g old f its o n t o t he w ire a t t he b ack o f t he b ead t o s ecure i t. T ype 1 0. C f. M arshall 1 969, n o. 2 638; E ck 1 891, p l. X X , n os. 5 a nd 6 ; H aberey 1 961, A bb. 3 /7. W : 2 .5 m m , To f w ire: 1 m m . R eading M useum , A cc. N o. 0 3031; B oon 1 974, f ig. 1 8, n o. 3 ; f rom t he B aths.

5 9.

P l. 2 5. C ircular p late w ith f iligree d ecoration c onsisting o f e ight p eltae s urrounding a c entral d isc w hich h as a b arrel s hape c ut o ut o f t he m iddle. Ac ruciform s trip o f g old w ith a c entral p erforation i s w elded i nto p osition a cross t he b ack o f t he b arrel-shaped h ole. T he h ook o f c ircular-sectioned w ire i s t hreaded t hrough t he p erforation . F ragments o f f ine w ire t hread t hrough h oles o n e ither s ide o f t he b arrel-shaped h ole i ndicating t hat a b ead w as t he d ecorative e lement r ather t han a n i nset. T ype 1 1 v ariant. C f. E rgil 1 983, n o. 1 20 : 4 th c entury; V ictoria a nd A lbert M useum , L ondon, C ase 1 0, C 9; M arshall 1 969, n o. 2 674: 3 rd c entury. D iam .: 1 8 m m , To f d isc: 0 .5 m m , T o f w ire : 0 .75 m m . R eading M useum , A cc. N o. 0 3034 ; L iversidge 1 973, p . 1 40,. F ig. 5 3d.

6 0.

P l. 2 6. O val b ox s etting w ith a f lat b ack a nd s traight s ides. T he e dges h ave b een f olded a nd t hen c rimped t o p rovide a r illed f rame i n a s imilar f ashion t o N o. 3 6 f rom G loucester. C ontained i n t he s etting i s a n a lmandine g arnet c ut e n c abochon. T he h ook o f c ircular-sectioned w ire p ierces t he b ack p late a nd i s i ncomplete. T ype 1 1.

5 7

C f. B astien a nd M etzger 1 977, 1 957, p l. L XXIX, n os. 1 -3. W : 9 .5 m m , H : 8 m m , D epth: 5 m m . R eading M useum , A cc. N o. 0 3033.

P .

1 76,

B 21b;

A lföldi e t a l.

T HETFORD, N ORFOLK 6 1.

F ig. 3 . H ollow c one w ith a f luted r ing s et i n t he t op. T wo b eaded w ire r ings a re s et a t t he t op a nd 7 m m f urther d own t he c one. T he a rea b etween t hese r ings i s u ndecorated. B elow t he s econd r ing a re t hree r ows o f t ear s hapes e ngraved o n t he s urface w ith p unched c ircular m arks. T he u pper r ow i s m uch s maller t han t he l ower t wo. A d isc o f d ark b lue g lass i s s et i nto t he b ase a nd i s d ecorated w ith a p attern o f g old c onsisting o f f our o utward f acing p eltae a round a s mall c ross. T here i s a s hallow g roove a round t he g lass. T here i s v isible w ear a round t he i nner f ace o f t he l oop, t he b eaded w ire a nd t he b ase o f t he b ody. A nalysis o f t he m etal r eveals g old 9 4%, s ilver 4 .5%, c opper 1 .8%. T his p iece, a nd t he m atching p iece N o. 6 2 b elow, a re b oth o f T ype . 1 5 b ut t heir s ize a nd w eight s uggests t hat t hey m ay h ave b een w orn a s p endants r ather t han e ar-rings. H owever, a ttention s hould b e d rawn t o t he w eight a nd s ize o f s ome o f t he e arly e ar-rings, s uch a s t he N ike p endants ( Ergil 1 983, n o. 2 6) o r t he c omplex p endant e ar-ornaments ( Marshall 1 969, n os. 2 374-5). S ee a lso g eneral d iscussion o f t he T ype, p . „and N oll 1 984, p . 4 51. L : 3 6 m m , D o f b ase: 1 3 m m. B ritish M useum , L ondon; J ohns a nd P otter 1 983, p . 9 7, n o. 2 8.

6 2.

F ig. 3 . H ollow c one w ith a f luted r ing s et i n t he t op. A s w ith t he e xample a bove t wo b eaded w ire r ings l imit a n u ndecorated a rea a t t he t op o f t he c one. T he l ower s ection h as a n u pper r ow o f e ngraved a nd s tamped t iny l oops a nd c ircles, a lmost a v estigial r ow g iving m ore r oom f or t he l ower t wo r ows w hich h ave e ngraved p ear-shapes e ach w ith a c ircular i nset b elow. S ome o f t he i nsets s till c ontain r ound s ettings o f g arnets o r g reen g lass. A g arnet w ith a c onvex f ace i s s et i nto t he b ase. A nalysis o f t he m etal r eveals g old 9 5%, s ilver 3 .5%, c opper 1 %. L : 4 1 m m , D o f g arnet: 1 2 m m. B ritish M useum , L ondon; J ohns a nd P otter 1 983, p . 9 7, n o. 2 9. S ee a lso N oll 1 984, p . 4 51.

T HORPE T HEWLES, C LEVELAND 6 3.

P l. 2 7. T wo o pen c ircles o f r ectangular s ection s oldered t ogether w here t hey t ouch a t o ne s ide a nd f urther j oined b y a c urved b ar a cross t he t op w hich m ay b e p art o f a t hird r ing o r a l oop. I n b oth c ircles t here i s a n o pen m otif m ade f rom

5 8

c oiled c ircular-sectioned w ire w elded t o a c entral d omeh eaded p in t o f orm a s ix-looped , t hree d imensional ' daisy ' p attern. T he l oops o f w ire p roject w ell o ut f rom t he p lane o f t he p iece a nd a re w elded t o t he o uter r ing a s t hey t ouch. T his i s a n a ttractive p iece o f j ewellery w hich h as a d efinite C eltic ' feel' t o i t a lthough t here a re n o c lear p arallels. L ooped g old w ire i s k nown o n a f inger r ing f rom M unsingen d ated t o t he i st c entury B .C. ( Jacobsthal 1 969, p l. 5 2, n o. 7 7) a nd a lso o n a l ater e ar-ring f rom T orosa i n S pain ( Marshall 1 969, n o. 2 343), b ut i t i s n ot c ommonly u sed i n t his m anner. I t i s p ossible t hat t he m otif i s at hreed imensional d evelopment o f t he w heel p attern, p opular f rom t he i st c entury B .C . t o t he 2 nd c entury A .D . ( Dechelette 1 914, p . 1 298). O n p urely s tylistic g rounds t he e ar-ring c ould b e a scribed t o C ontinental r ather t han B ritish m anufacture , i n t he i st c entury B .C. T otal W : 2 6.5 m m , D iam. o f r ings: 1 4 m m , E st. t otal T : 6m m . A llason-Jones i n H eslop 1 987, p . 7 7, n o. M 1 C 206 ; f rom f eature c utting B urnt H orizon ( P7).

U NPROVENANCED 6 4.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o o ne t erminal m ore t han t he o ther. M ade f rom r olled s heet. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 1 .5 -3 m m , T : 1 .5 m m -3 m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 5 6.6-27.149.

6 5.

P l. 2 8. P enannular o f f ine U -sectioned b lunt t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 4 0 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . M useum o f A ntiquities , N ewcastle u pon 1 985.35.A ; p robably f rom H adrian 's W all.

6. 6

d rawn w ire

T yne,

A cc.

w ith

N o.

V INDOLANDA , N ORTHD. P enannular o f c ircular-sectioned b lock-twisted w ire w ith t he e nds s haved t o p oints. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.25 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . V indolanda M useum , e xcay. n o. X XXIVA , 6 78.

6 7.

F ig. 3 . C ircular b ox s etting w ith t he f lat b acking p late m ade b y h ammering t he e nd o f t he c ircular-sectioned h ook t o a d isc. A s trip o f g old h as t hen b een s oldered t o t he e dges o f t he d isc t o p rovide a s etting -the s eam i s s till v isible. T he e dge o f t he s trip h as b een h ammered o ut t o f orm a s hallow f lange o n t o w hich t he f raming f lange h as b een s oldered. T his u pper f lange h as o blique w edge-shaped n otches s lashed a round t he e dge t o g ive a r u led e ffect. A s trip o f w ire i s s oldered t o t he b ack p late t o f orm a h ook f rom w hich h angs a t hin w ire p endant. T he r od o f t he p endant p asses t hree t imes t hrough t he h ook b efore c oiling a round i ts s hank t en t imes. T he e nd i s t ied i n at ight l ittle k not w hich w ould

5 9

h ave s ecured t he n ow m issing b ead, c f. N o. 3 5 f rom E ast A nglia. T he b ox s etting c ontains a s mall b un-shaped g reen g lass i nset o f t he t ype m ore f amiliarly k nown f rom f inger r ings ( see A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n os. 1 0.21 -10.24). T ype 1 1. D iam . o f i nset: 7 m m , D iam . o f f lange: 1 1 m m , D epth o f b ox 5 m m , L o f h anger: 1 4 m m , L . o f h ook : 1 5 m m , T otal L : 3 4 m m . V indolanda M useum , A cc. N o. 2 470 ; e xcay. n o. P SB 8 0/30 ; f rom h earth i n v icus.

6 8.

F ig. 3 . P in o f c ircular s ection w ith a n ipped n eck a nd a s mall g lobular h ead. T he t apering s hank h as b een t wisted t o f orm a d ouble h ook s uggesting a s econdary u se a s a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1 3a . C f. M arshall, 1 969 , n o. 2 634. D iam . o f h ead: 4 m m , T otal L : 4 0 m m . V indolanda M useum , A cc. N o. V KA39 U /S, 1 701.KAA2.

6 9.

S quashed p ear s hape w ith a c onvex f ront p late a nd f lat b ack p late. T he f ront h as h ad a r epousse h erringbone m otif. P art o f t he h ook i s s till s oldered t o t he b ack p late. C f. N o. 1 0 f rom B rougham . F rom T ype 1 4. L . 1 5 m m , W : 5m m . V indolanda M useum , A cc. N o. 1 04; e xcay. n o. X XVII.

W ATERCROOK , C UMBRIA 7 0.

F igure o f e ight o f r ectangular-sectioned w ire, w orn a t o ne e nd a nd w ith t wo f ine w ires t wisted a round i t t o f orm a l oop a t t he o ther. T ype 1 7. L : 1 1 m m . N orth 1 934, p . 3 5, f ig. l a: ' found i n t he e arth t hrown o ut o f t he s outh g uard r oom '.

W INCLE , C HESH . 7 1.

F ig. 3 . C onical b ell w ith a f langed n eck d ecorated w ith i ncised v ertical g rooves. A l oop p rojects f rom t he t op, m ade f rom t hree s trands. T ype 1 8. C f. M arshall 1 969, p l. L IV, n o. 2 609 ; H offmann a nd v on C laer 1 968, n o. 2 6; A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, T af. L XXX, n o. 6 ; b ut n ote a lso t he n ecklace t erminals f rom T hetford ( Johns a nd P otter 1 983, f ig. 2 0, n o. 3 4). H : 2 1 m m . J ohns, T hompson a nd W agstaffe 1 981, p . 5 4, f ig. 4 d. 4 th c entury h oard.

7 2.

F ig. 3 . C onical b ell, n ow c rushed, s uspension r ing a t t he t op. T ype 1 8? C f. M arshall 1 969, p l. L IV , n o. 2 587. H : 3 8 m m .

6 0

w ith a

t hree s trand

J ohns, T hompson c entury h oard.

7 3.

a nd W agstaffe

1 981, p .

5 4, f ig.

4 d.

4 th

F ig. 3 . S quare p late p ierced b y s mall t riangular h oles a rranged i n ac oncentric s piral. T he e dge i s n otched a ll r ound. I n t he c entre t here i s a r aised c up s etting, p ossibly c ircular, w hich h as a p iece o f g old w ire t hrough a c entral p erforation s uggesting t hat t he e lement h as b een a b ead r ather t han a n i nset. Aw ire h ook i s s oldered t o t he b ack. C f. A lr eadi e t a l. 1 957, T af. L XXIX , n o. 8 ; M arshall 1 969, n os. 2 410-1. S ee a lso N o. 5 9 f rom S ilchester. L : 1 8 m m , W : 1 7 m m . p W atkin 1 886 , p. 3 03-5; T hompson 1 965, p . 1 08; J ohns, T hompson a nd W agstaffe 1 981, p . 5 4, f ig. 4 c, 4 th c entury h oard.

Y ORK , N . Y ORKS. 7 4-75.

F ig. 3 . P air o f c ircular-sectioned w ire l oops. O ne e nd i s c urled t wice w hilst t he o ther i s d istorted. U nwound T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 5 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . Y orkshire M useum , A cc. N o. H 323; f ound a t H eslington F ield i n a f emale g rave ( stone c offin) w ith t wo s hale b racelets, o ne p in o f s hale , o ne r ing o f j et, o ne s ilver f inger r ing, o ne o f b one , o ne b ronze b racelet, a n ecklace o f g lass b eads, an ecklace o f c oral b eads, a nd s everal n ails: R aine 1 891, p . 1 16.

7 6.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd t wisted a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . D : 1 2 m m , T : 1m m . S t. J ohn 's C ollege, Y ork; W enham 1 968, p . 9 3, n o. 1 , F ig. 4 0, n o. 4 ; T rentholme D rive.

7-78. 7

P air o f e ar-rings o f c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: a ) 1 9 m m , b ) 1 7 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . W enham 1 960 , p . 3 26, F ig. 1 5, n os. 5 A , 5 B ; E buracum 1 972, p . 9 4x : f ound w ith a ' skull 4 0 ' No f t he j unction o f L owther T errace a nd H olgate S treet, 6 1 - feet b elow m odern s urface '.

7 9.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 1m m . W enham 1 960 , p . 3 26, F ig. 1 5, n o. 5 c: B ritish c emetery i n T rentholme D rive i n

6 1

o verlapped a nd c oiled T ype 3 . ' found i n t he R omano1 958'.

8 0.

F ig. 3 . R osette f ormed b y c utting a t hick d isc o f g old a nd t hen s etting a c ircular t ube i nto t he c entre. T he f lange i s d eeply s cored t o s uggest r illing . T he c entral s tone i s m issing l eaving a s mall c ircular r aised a rea f or k eying. T ype 1 1. C f. N oll 1 963, T af. 1, C r. 1 27; A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, T af. 1 L XXIX , n os. 2 a nd 3 . Y orkshire M useum .

8 1.

F ig. 3 . S mall b asket m ade b y c urling t he e nds o f f our s trips a round a r ing t op a nd b ottom . T he b asket i s n ow d istorted b ut a ppears t o h ave e nveloped a n o void b ead. A f ifth s trip i s s oldered t o t he u pper r ing t o m ake a n i ncomplete h ook . A ll t he s trips a re f lat o n t he b ack w ith l ongitudinal r ibbing o n t he f ront. C f. A lf81di e t a l. 1 957, p l. L XXIX , n o. 5 . T otal L : 2 4 m m , W o f e ach s trip : 2m m , D o f r ing: 5 .5 m m . Y orkshire M useum , A cc. N o. 1 972.22; f rom Y ork S ewer e xcavation.

8 2.

E buracum 1 972, . p . 1 01, i v-vii, e ar-ring f rom a s tone c offin.

6 2

r efers

t o

a

s mall

g old

E AR-RINGS O F S ILVER

B UXTON , D ERBYS. 8 3.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire w ith o ne s trand e merging a t b oth e nds t o f orm a p oint. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 4m m . B uxton M useum , T ristram C ollection.

C HICHESTER, S USSEX 8 4.

P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection i n t wo p ieces, t apering t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 4 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 3m m . D own 1 978 , f ig. 1 0.48, n o. 3 : N orthgate g rave g oods.

C ORBRIDGE , N ORTHD . 8 5.

P l. 2 9. P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t he t erminals s haved t o f it s nugly a gainst e ach o ther. A s ingle c uboid ' bead ' c ast i n o ne w ith t he s hank s its c lose t o o ne t erminal. E ach o f t he f our f aces o f t he c ube h as a n i ncised d evice: o ne r esembles P rince o f W ales f eathers, o ne c onsists o f t wo c ircles s et o bliquely, o ne h as t wo h orizontal l ines w hilst t he f ourth i s i ncised w ith t he m otif 3 ) . T ype 2 h . T his e ar-ring a ppears t o b e l ate i n d ate. I ndeed i t h as e lements w hich m ay s uggest A nglo-Saxon o r M erovingian i nfluences. C f. A nt.J. I V , 1 924, p l. X XXVII, n o. 9 , a nd p l. XXVIII, n o. 1 4; a nd I ntercisa: A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, A bb. X 9 3. I nt. D iam .: 2 4 m m , T : 2m m , B ead: 4 .5 m m s quare. C orbridge S ite M useum , A cc. N o. 7 5.214.

D ORCHESTER , D ORSET 8 6.

8 7.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o w hich a ngle i nwards. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. W areham H ouse.

b oth

t erminals

1 88.1b:

f rom

T hree f ragments o f w ire o f c ircular s ection w ith h ooked e nds. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 0 .75 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 1 888.1a : f rom

6 3

W areham H ouse , g iven w ith t wo b lue g lass b eads a nd a s econd s ilver e ar-ring, n ow m issing.

G LOUCESTER , G LOS. 8 8.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd p ear s hape t apering t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . G loucester E xcavation U nit, e xcay. n o. 8 5/68.111.33 , P it 4 1, S F 9 1: f rom 1 1-17 S outhgate S treet; H urst , 1 972, p p. 5 2-62.

L EICESTER , L EICS. 8 9.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he t erminals o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. A g roove t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre m ay s uggest a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , T : 1m m . J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc . N o. 5 03.1968/73 : f ound a t b ase o f s kull w ith N o. 9 0 b elow .

9 0.

W ire o f c ircular s ection s imilar t o a bove ( with w hich i t w as f ound) b ut l acking i ts t erminals. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 1m m . J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc . N o. 5 03.1968/73.

L YDNEY , G LOS. 9 1.

I ncomplete c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich a re c oiled a round t he s hank s ix t imes o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 0 .5 m m . L ydney P ark M useum , u naccessioned .

9 2.

H ollow U -section c urled t o a p enannular r ing w ith t he s ection f illed w ith p aste(?). T he o uter f ace i s m oulded t o ac able m otif. O ne e nd i s b lunt w ith a b and o f f our i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n eck . A s imilar b and o f l ines d ecorates t he o ther t ightly h ooked e nd. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 1 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 3m m . L ydney P ark M useum , u naccessioned.

N ORFOLK 9 3-95.

' Mr. W hincopp, o f W oodbridge , S uffolk , s ent f or e xhibition, t hree s ilver e ar-rings, d iscovered i n N orfolk. T wo o f t hese, f orming a p air, a re a lmost p recisely s imilar t o s ome g olden e arrings p reserved a mong t he E gyptian a ntiquities i n t he B ritish M useum '. T he a ccompanying d rawing s hows a p enannular o f c ircular o r o val s ection w hich h as o ne r ounded

6 4

t erminal a nd o ne m uch n arrower p ointed t erminal. T ype 1 . T he t hird m ay b e a n e ar-ring b ut t he d rawing s uggests a 4 th5 th c entury b uckle. A pprox. E xt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 4 .5 m m . A rch.J . I I , 1 845, p . 4 02.

P IERCEBRIDGE , C O . D URHAM 9 6.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping p ointed t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam . 2 1 m m , T : 1m m . A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming, e xcay. n o. H H 6 9.L10.11, S F 5 8; f rom H olme H ouse V illa.

9 7.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o o ne e nd. T ype 1. I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , T : 1m m . A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming, e xcay . n o. HS 7 7.127, S F 6 66.

R ICHBOROUGH , K ENT 9 8.

P enannular o f s trip s ection i n t wo f ragments, t apering to b oth t erminals, o ne m ore s o t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 0 .25 m m , W : 4 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351001 ( 5341).

9 9.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne e nd n ipped o ff s quarely w ith t he o ther c urled o ut a nd d ecorated w ith t hree t ransverse i ncised l ines a cross t he n eck. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 2 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. ( 4331).

S HAKENOAK , O XON . 1 00.

F ig. 3 . C one w ith a s hort h ook p rotruding f rom t he t op a nd al oop f rom t he b ase. T he s urface o f t he c one i s d ecorated w ith t hree h orizontal r ibs w ith i ncised c ross-hatched d ecoration b etween. T ype 1 5. L : 2 4 m m , T : 5m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 970.206; B rodribb, H ands a nd W alker 1 968, f ig. 3 2, n o. 1 : l atest d eposit i n R oom I I, e arly 5 th c entury A .D .?

T HORPE T HEWLES, C LEVELAND 1 01.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering to b oth t erminals. I ncised t ransverse l ines r un a long t he full l ength o f t he i nner f ace. T ype 2 f. X RF s uggests that t he s ilver w as p robably d ebased w ith 1 0-20% b rass.

6 5

I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . H eslop 1 987, P 7 . 7, e xcay. n o. M C C 2,

t opsoil.

W AKERLEY, N ORTHANTS. 1 02.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection l acking b oth t erminals. F ound w ith a b rown t ranslucent g lass d rum b ead ( Guido 1 978, G roup 6 v). T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , T : 2m m , B ead: 4 x 1 1 m m . J ackson a nd A mbrose 1 978, F ig. 6 5, n o. 9 : B urial 3 . A ngloS axon c ontext?

1 03.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals c oiled a round t he s hank t hree t imes o n e ither s ide. F ound w ith a d eep b lue t ranslucent g lass d rum b ead ( Guido 1 978 , G roup 6 iva). T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 1m m , B ead: 6 x 1 2 m m . J ackson a nd A mbrose 1 978, F ig. 6 5, n o. 8 : B urial 1 3. A nglo-Saxon c ontext?

1 04.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals c oiled a round t he s hank t hree t imes o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 5 m m , T : 1m m . J ackson a nd A mbrose 1 978, F ig. 6 5, n o. 6 : B urial 1 3. A nglo-Saxon c ontext?

1 05.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich e ach c oil a round t he s hank o nce. T his e xample i s d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he c entre. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 4 m m , T : 1m m . J ackson a nd A mbrose 1 978, F ig. 6 5, n o. 5 : B urial 1 3. A nglo-Saxon c ontext?

Y ORK , N . Y ORKS. 1 06.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne t apered t erminal, t he o ther e nding i n a r ing f or a p endant? C f. N o. 1 90 f rom C irencester. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 1m m . Y orkshire M useum , Y ork, A cc. N o. 7 1.303; W enham 1 968, p . 9 6, F ig. 3 6, n o. 1 3, f rom T rentholme D rive ' found n ear r ight e ar o f s kull -skeleton 2 29'.

1 07-8.

E buracum 1 972, p . 1 01,ii, r efers t o ag rave g roup f ound i n 1 974 o n t he M ount, w ith t he c remation o f ac hild a nd t wo s ilver e ar-rings, n ow m issing.

6 6

1 09.

E buracum 1 972, p . 1 01,xxi, r efers t o s everal s keletons f ound i n 1 818 n ear H olgate B ridge , o ne o f w hich h ad a p laited b racelet a bout t he a rm a nd s ilver e ar-rings n ear t he s kull.

10.

E buracum 1 972 , p . 1 06,iv, r efers t o s ilver e ar-rings b eing f ound n orth-east o f R oad 9 a t S evern H ills.

6 7

E AR-RINGS O F S ILVER A NDCOPPER A LLOY

B ATH , A VON . P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f c ircular-sectioned w ire. T wo s trands a re o f s ilver, t he t hird o f c opper a lloy g iving a t wo-tone e ffect. C f. N o. 12 f rom R ichborough. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 3 m m . H enig i n C unliffe 1 988, n o. 3 4: f ound i n 1 980 , C S l ayer 3 , S F 2 0,015.

6 8

E AR-RINGS O F C OPPER A LLOY A ND O THER M ATERIALS

R ICHBOROUGH , K ENT 1 12.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f w hich t wo s trands s urvive, o ne o f c opper, t he o ther o f b rass ( inf. J . B ailey) g iving a t wo-tone e ffect. T he t hird s trand i s m issing a nd t here a re n o t races t o s uggest w hether i t w as o f a nother c opper a lloy, s ilver o r i ron. I t i s p ossible t hat i t w as o f c oloured t hread w hich w ould l eave n o t races a t t he n ipped t erminals. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m ,. W : 2m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. 7 35094.

6 9

E AR-RINGS O F C OPPER A LLOY

A LDBOROUGH , N . Y ORKS. 13.

C ircular-sectioned h ook w ith a f lattened lentoid h ead w hich i s d ecorated w ith r andomly i ncised d ots. .5 m m , T o f T otal L : 2 3 m m , Lo f h ead: 9 m m , W o fhead: 5 h ook : 2m m . A ldborough S ite M useum , N o. 7 8108201.

A RICONIUM , H EREFORD & W ORCS. 14. 1

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith o ne r ounded e nd, one b lunt. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 1.5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, A cc. N o. A 24296.

15. 1

P enannular o f o val s ection , r ather f lattened o n t he inner f ace , t apering f rom o ne b lunt e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3.5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .5mm . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, A cc. N o. 1 623 .

16. 1

P enannular o f t riangular s ection t apering m ore s harply t owards o ne e nd t han t he o ther. T he o uter e dge i s d ecorated a long i ts l ength w ith f iled n otches . T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .25 m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, A cc. N o. A 1624.

A SHEL B ARN , K INGSCOTE , G LOS. 17.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping r ounded ends. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery , G loucester, A cc . No. 1 0 4 /19 69.IV .

B AGWOOD C OPPICE , D ORSET 1 18.

nds, o ne o f V ery s mall p enannular s trip t apering t o both e ectangular w hich c urls o ut. I n t he c entre t here is a r c hannel, p ossibly f or a m issing i nset. I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , W : 2m m , T : 5 .5 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 4 40T .

7 0

19. 1

F ragment o f ap enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne e nd m arkedly t apered. T ype 1 . L : 1 0 m m . L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 1 982.B55: U pper W alls C ommon , B arrett D evelopment.

B ALDOCK , H ERTS. 1 20.

F ig. 3 . R ectangular-sectioned w ire c oiled c lockwise t o a f lat s piral ( 3 c oils) w ith o ne e nd b ent b ehind t o f orm a l ong i ncomplete h ook . T ype 9 . L : 2 4 m m , Wa cross c oil: 1 1 m m . L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery; S tead a nd R igby 1 986, f ig. 5 4, n o. 2 04: r esidual i n ac ontext n o e arlier t han t he l ate 2 nd c entury A .D .

1 21.

F ig. 3 . R ectangular-sectioned w ire c oiled a nti-clockwise t o a f lat s piral ( 3 c oils) w ith o ne e nd b ent b ehind t o f orm a h ook. T ype 9 . L : 1 6.5 m m , W a cross c oil: 1 1 m m . L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery; S tead a nd R igby 1 986, f ig. 5 4, n o. 2 03: f rom C laudian o r p re-Claudian l ayers.

1 22.

F ig. 3 . R ectangular-sectioned w ire c oiled c lockwise t o a f lat s piral ( 4 c oils) w ith o ne e nd b ent b ehind t o f orm a s hort h ook. . Type 9 . L : 1 5.5 m m , Wa cross c oil: 1 0 m m . L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery; S tead a nd R igby 1 986, f ig. 5 4, n o. 2 02: f rom C laudian o r p re-Claudian l ayers.

1 23.

S piral o f ac oiled e ar-ring s imilar t o a bove. T ype9. L : 1 0 m m , W a cross c oil: 1 0 m m . L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery; S tead a nd R igby 1986, p . 1 28, n o. 2 05 ( not i llustrated): N eronian c ontext.

B ASINGSTOKE , H ANTS. 1 24.

F ragment o f c ircular-sectioned p enannular. Type 1 . D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 1m m . M illett 1 983, M icrofiche M 4/52, f ig. M 5/07, no. 3 8: f rom 4 th c entury i nhumation.

B ATH , A VON . 1 25.

P enannular o f s trip s ection with a p uter f ace a nd lain o t ransverse g rooves a cross t he i Type 2 f. nner f ace . D : 1 7 m m . W l ayer 3 , 8; f ound i n 1979, S H enig i n C unliffe 1 988, n o. 3 S F 6 5.

7 1

1 26.

F lat b ell s hape w ith a l ong S -shaped h ook a t t he t op a nd a s hort h ook c entre b ase w hich h as h eld a b ead n ow m issing. T ype 1 8. L : 2 9 m m , W o f b ody: 1 0 m m , W a cross h ook: 1 2 m m . R oman B aths M useum , B ath .

B INCHESTER , C O . D URHAM 1 27.

I ncomplete p enannular t wo-strand t wist of o val-sectioned w ire . T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3 .5 m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle, A cc. N o. 78.9; f ound n orth o f r oom X IV , l ate o r p ost R oman.

B OKERLEY D YKE , D ORSET 1 28.

I ncomplete p enannular t wo-strand t wist o f c ircular-sectioned w ire . T ype 5 . N o m easurements a vailable. P itt-Rivers 1 892, p l. C LXXIII, n o . 9 : f ound o n o ld s urface l ine i n S ection 2 .

B OURN , C AMBS. 1 29.

I ncomplete p enannular o f f lattened o val s ection tapering s harply t o t he s urviving t erminal w hich i s a ngled inwards. T ype 1 . N o d iameter p ossible, W : 2m m , T : 4m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge, Acc. N o. 3 7.684.

B RIGSTOCK , N ORTHANTS. 1 30.

P enannular o f s trip s ection . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . G reenfield 1 963, p . 2 47, f ig. 6 , n o. 1 4 : f ound o n s urface of f loor ( layer 3 ) o f c ircular s hrine. 4 th c entury A .D .

1 31.

F ig. 3 . L arge p enannular t wo-strand t wist o f s trip w ire . T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , T : 2m m . G reenfield 1 963, p . 2 47, f ig. 6 , n o. 1 5: f ound i n i nterior r ubble ( layer 2 ) o f c ircular s hrine. 4 th c entury A .D .

B UCKTON , H EREFORD & W ORCS. 1 32.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t apered e nds. As hallow g roove t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre suggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . S tanford 1 968, p . 2 49, f ig. 1 7, n o. 3.

7 2

B UXTON , D ERBYS. 1 33 .

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped tapering t erminals . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 2m m . B uxton M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o 3 663 : Deepdale C avern.

1 34.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . B uxton M useum a nd A rt G allery, C avern.

w ith

o verlapped

A cc.

N o.

t apering

3 662: Deepdale

1 35.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith t apering o verlapped t erminals. H anging f rom t he r ing a re t wo g lass b eads, o ne o f w hite g lass ( Guido 1 978, G roup 6 x), t he o ther o f p ale b lue g lass ( Guido 1 978, G roup 6 ivb). B oth a re r ing b eads w hich n arrow i n t hickness t o o ne s ide. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m ; D o f w hite b ead: 8 m m , T : 2 -3 m m ; Do f b lue b ead: 1 0 m m , T : 2 .25-4 m m . B uxton M useum a nd A rt G allery, u naccessed: D eepdale C avern.

1 36 .

T ype verlapped t erminals. P enannular o f o val s ectionwith o 1 . : 3m m . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 2m m , T o. 6 : P oole 's C avern , excay. B ramwell e t a l. 1 983, f ig. 5, n n o. V IID .1270.

1 37.

s ection w ith t apered F ragment o f ap enannular o f c ircular t erminal. T ype 1 . T : 2m m . 227: P oole 'sCavern. B uxton M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 5

C AERLEON, G WENT 1 38.

P enannular o f s emi-circular s ection t apering s harply t o o ne t erminal. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , M ax. W : 2m m , M ax. T : 5m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff: f rom A mphitheatre , e ast e ntrance o n g ravel s urface o f f illing.

1 39.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals i n w idth b ut n ot i n t hickness. T o o ne s ide o f t he c entre t here i s a w orn a rea s uggesting a p endant n ow m issing. T he e ar-ring i s o val i n s hape . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , T : 3m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff.

7 3

1 40 .

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith o ne b lunt e nd, t heother t apered. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 3m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff: f rom A mphitheatre .

1 41.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering f rom o ne e nd t o t he o ther. T here i s a w orn g roove , 1 6 m m f rom t he n arrow e nd, w hich s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , W : 1 -2.5 m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff, A cc. N o. 5 6.214A.F26: f rom b elow B uilding 7 ( mansio?) i n t he v icus.

1 42.

P enannular o f o val s ection d ecoratedwith i ncised l ines t o g ive t he i mpression t hat i t h as b een m ade of t ightly c oiled w ire. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff.

1 43.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse g rooves a ll r ound t he o uter f ace . T he e nds a re s lightly f lattened b ut n ot s played. D istorted. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff, A cc. N o. 7 9.969 ; e xcay. n o . C FB 1 979, 3 39, S F 1 749.

1 44.

W ire o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich a re o verlapped w ith e ach e nd c oiled t wice a round t he s hank. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 6 m m , W : 1 -2.5 m m . N ational M useum o f W ales, C ardiff ; N ash-Williams 1 929, f ig. 1 6, n o. 5 .

1 45.

W ire o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich a re o verlapped w ith b oth e nds t wisted a round t he s hank f our t imes. T o o ne s ide o f t he c entre a g roove h as w orn r ight t hrough t he s hank s uggesting a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 7 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . N ational M useum o f W ales , C ardiff; W heeler a nd W heeler 1 928, p . 1 68, p l. X XXII, n o. 7 : f rom A mphitheatre d ebris ' found i n a ssociation w ith c oins o f t he T etricus p eriod'.

C AERWENT , G WENT 1 46.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith s harply t apered t erminals. T he s hape h as b een p ulled t o ah eart s hape w ith t he e nds p ointing s harply i nwards. Aw orn g roove s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . D : 1 5 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 1 .55 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 1 0 .D2.316.

7 4

1 47.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne b lunt e nd , t he o ther f lattened a nd t apered. T here a re t races o f i ncised t ransverse g rooves a t b oth t erminals, m uch w orn . T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 8 5.184(2).

1 48.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection. O nly o ne f lattened t erminal s urvives b ut t here a re i ncised t ransverse g rooves a cross b oth n ecks. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 1 6.D2.328.

1 49.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals. w ire i s b eaded a ll r ound. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1.5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 1 1/D2339.

1 50.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith b oth e nds s haped to a p oint. T he o uter f ace h as i ncised t ransverse g rooves along t he f ull l ength . T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 8 5.169(6).

1 51.

uter trip s ection t apering t o o ne e nd. The o P enannular o f s he hip-carved t o g ive a c hevron e ffectalong t f ace h as b een c g. l ength. T ype 2 m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m rt G allery, A cc. N o. D 2.317. N ewport M useumand A

1 52.

re W ire o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminalswhich a o verlapped a nd i ntertwined a lthough o nly o ne c oil survives. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .75 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. D 2.303.6.

1 53.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping t erminals e ach o f w hich i s c oiled a round t he s hank o nce. D istortion n ear t he c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt . D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 1 9.D2.325 : 1 909 e xcavations , e xcay. n o . 2 4 h o N , R m 3 .

1 54.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire s quashed t o a n o val s hape . O ne h ooked t erminal s urvives. T ype 6 . L : 2 0 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 8 5.169(10).

7 5

The

1 55.

F ragment o f ap enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 2m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 8 5.169(5).

1 56.

o f c ircular-sectioned wire. P enannular t hree-strand t wist T ype 6 . O ne h ooked t erminal s urvives. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 2m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, Acc . N o. D 2.289.

1 57.

M uch d amaged p endant w hich h as h ad a s hallow o val b oss w ith a b and o f h ollow r idging a bove a nd b elow . T races o f a s maller l ower b oss s urvive. T he t op i s h ooked w ith c opper-alloy w ire t wisted a round i t. T ype 1 3 v ariant? L : 4 4 m m , W : 1 1 m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 8 5.162(18).

1 58.

T hick h ook t apering t o ap oint. T he o ther e nd i s c urved a nd s et i nto t he b ack o f a h ollow b oss, t he f ront o f w hich i s d ecorated w ith a pplied t wisted w ire f orming t hree l arge l oops a round a s mall l oop . F ive p ellets s oldered i nto p osition c omplete t he d ecoration. T he e dge o f t he b oss i s d amaged b ut e nough s urvives t o s uggest a s calloped e dge. T ype 1 3 v ariant. Do f b oss: 1 1 m m , T otal L : 1 9 m m , T otal H : 7m m . N ewport M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. D 2.249.

C ARLISLE , C UMBRIA 1 59.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering t o o ne e nd w hilst t he o ther e nd i s c ut o bliquely. T he s ection s lopes i n t owards t he c entre. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . C arlisle E xcavation U nit, C astle S treet e xcay. n o. B 513, A e 1 29; P eriod 0 8A: l ater 2 nd c entury A .D .

1 60.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection c oiled a lmost t o t wo r ings. O ne e nd i s f olded a nd t apered t o as harp p oint, t he o ther i s b lunt. A s ection f rom t he b lunt e nd t o h alf w ay a round o ne c oil h as t ransverse g roove d ecoration. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . C arlisle E xcavation U nit, A nnetwell S treet e xcay. n o. A 4747, A e 9 41; P eriod 3 B/1A : p re c . 9 0 A .D .

1 61.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection f iled t o a ppear a s i f t wisted. T he r ing i s d istorted a nd p ulled o n o ne s ide w here t here i s a g roove i ndicating a p endant n ow m issing. T he e nds a re b oth r ounded. T he m etal h as a h igh c opper c ontent ( inf. T . P adley). M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 x9m m , T : 1m m .

7 6

C arlisle E xcavation U nit, A nnetwell Street e xcay. n o. A 486.10, A e 3 61: f rom a m edieval w ell i n t he c entre o f the R oman f ort.

C ARRAWBURGH , N ORTHD. 1 62.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 3 m m , T : 2m m . M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne, A cc. No. 1 970.14; B reeze 1 972, f ig. 1 6, n o. 1 71: u nstratified.

C ATSGORE , S OMERSET 1 63.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b othends. 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 2m m . L eech 1 982, f ig. 7 9, n o. 1 7: F eature 4 52.

T ype

1 64 .

I ncomplete p enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire . T ype 6 . D : 2 1 m m . L eech 1 982, f ig. 7 9, n o. 3 : F eature 1 76 : o ccupation d ebris, R oom 1 o f B uilding 3 .2; c . 3 35/50 -late 4 th c entury A .D .

1 65.

V ery b ulky p enannular t hree-strand t wist of w ire. T ype 6 . D : 2 3 m m . L eech 1 982, fig. 7 9, n o. 5 : F eature 3 86.

o val-sectioned

C HARTERHOUSE , S OMERSET 1 66.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith t hree r ibs a t o ne e nd a nd t hree a t t he o ther. T he e nds o verlap a nd f latten i n t hickness. T here i s a s eries o f i ncised t ransverse g rooves a cross b oth n ecks. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 0 .5 m m . C ity o f B ristol M useum , A cc. N o. F 2104.

C HESSALS, K INGSCOTE , G LOS. 1 67.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering t o b oth p lanes at e ach e nd. T he t erminals h ave t hree r ibs a nd a b and of i ncised t ransverse g rooves a t t he n ecks. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . C orinium M useum , A cc. N o. 1 978/188/ 4 /2 .

7 7

C HESTER , C HESHIRE 1 68.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith p ointed t erminals . T he s hape i s c rescentic b ut d istorted. O ne t erminal h as t wo d eep g rooves a cross i ts i nner f ace . T ype 1 . D : 2 5 x 2 0 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester, A cc. N o. 2 61R .1976; A rch . C V, 1 976, f ig. 2 7, n o. 3 4: f ound i n s eating b ank a rea b etween E ntrances 3 a nd 4 o f t he A mphitheatre , u nstratified ; e xcay. n o. A 68/4 U /S S F 7 .

1 69.

I ncomplete p enannular o f c ircular s ection. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e xcay . n o. 1 E .1960 S F7.

1 70.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection t apering m ore s harply t o o ne t erminal t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 2m m , T : 3m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester ; f ound a t G ray F riars C ourt ( outside t he f ort); e xcay. n o. C HE/GFC .771.268 S F 4 14.

1 71.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection. D istorted. T ype 1 . L : 5 .5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 0 .25 m m. G rosvenor M useum , C hester; f ound a t O ld M arket H all; excay. n o. C HE/OMH 6 7-9. P hase I II.W/4/SW .YHK S F 5 38.

1 72.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering t o b oth e nds a nd d ecorated o n t he o uter f ace b y t wo r ows o f i ncised o blique n otches. T ype 2 h . D : 2 5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester, A cc. N o. 1 966/107; f ound a t N uns F ields ( outside t he f ort); e xcay . n o . C HE/NF 1 966. U /S S F 1 07.

1 73.

W ire o f t riangular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd c oiled t wice a round t he s hank o n e ach s ide. I ncomplete. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 3m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; f ound a t H unter S treet S chool; e xcay. n o. C HE/HSS 1 979 1 1.24 S F 19.

1 74.

F ragmentary w ire o f c ircular s ection a pparently w ith t he e nds t ied i n a r eef k not r ather t han i ntertwined. T ype 1 2. N o d iameter a vailable, T : 1 .5 m m. G rosvenor M useum , C hester; f ound a t H unter S treet S chool; e xcay. n o. C HE/HSS 1 981, I V .2013.

7 8

C HESTERS, N ORTHD . 1 75.

P l. 3 0. L arge p enannular o f c ircular s ection, c rescentic in s hape , t apering t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 7 m m , W : 6m m . C layton M emorial M useum , C hesters, A cc. N o. 2 953.

1 76.

P l. 3 1. P enannular o f s trip s ection d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse g rooves a ll a long t he o uter f ace , g etting c loser t ogether n ear o ne h ooked e nd. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 0 .33 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . C layton M emorial M useum , C hesters, A cc. N o. 1 69/1333 ( 1556).

1 77.

P enannular o f s quare-sectioned t wisted w ire. T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 2m m . C layton M emorial M useum , C hesters, A cc. N o. 7 25(980)91.

1 78.

P l. 3 2. P enannular o f o val s ection p ulled t o a n o val w ith a s econd t hinner w ire w rapped a round t he f irst. O ne e nd i s s lightly h ooked: T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 x2 2 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . C layton M emorial M useum , C hesters, A cc. N o. 2 29(2414)1069.

C HESTERTON , C AMBS. 1 79.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection w ith r ounded t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup, e xcay. n o. C H 4 44.BZ35, S F 2 06: f ound i n B uilding 2 o utside D urobrivae o n E rmine S treet, l ayer 3 , 2 nd-3rd c entury A .D .

1 80 .

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith i ncised l ines a cross b oth e nds . T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup, e xcay. n o. C H 6 10 , B Z70 , S F 4 53; f ound i n B uilding 2 o utside D urobrivae, m aterial a round w ell. 2 nd-4th c entury A .D.

1 81.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith p elleted d ecoration a long t he f ull l ength . B oth t erminals a re r ounded w ith a s liver s haved a long o ne s ide. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup, e xcay. n o. C H 3 861, B Z46, S F 3 12; f ound i n B uilding 4 o utside D urobrivae o n E rmine S treet, l ayer 2 ; 2 nd-4th c entury A .D .

7 9

1 82.

I ncomplete a nd f ragmentary p enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he i nner f ace . T ype 2 f I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 1m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup, A cc. N o. C H 1 16.92 B Z 2 1; f ound i n b uildings o utside D urobrivae o n E rmine S treet, l ayer 2 ; 2 nd-4th c entury A .D .

1 83.

I ncomplete w ire o f c ircular s ection w ith f ragments o f w ire w rapped a round t he t erminals . T ype 3 . N o d iameter p ossible , T : 1m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup, A cc. N o. C H 8 749, B Z206, S F 1 361; f ound i n b uildings o utside D urobrivae o n E rmine S treet, l ayer 2 ; 2 nd-4th c entury A .D .

1 84.

D istorted w ire o f c ircular s ection with t he t erminals o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank once o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . N o d iameter a vailable, T : 1m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup, e xcay. n o. CH591, B Z67 S F 4 34; f ound i n B uilding 4 o utside D urobrivae on E rmine S treet, l ayer 2 ; 2 nd-4th c entury A .D.

C HICHESTER, S USSEX 1 85.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c hip-carved c hevron d esign d own t he o uter f ace . T he s ection t apers t o t he t erminals, o ne o f w hich a ppears t o b e s lightly h ooked. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m . D own 1 978, f ig. 1 0.48, n o. 4 : N orthgate g rave g oods.

1 86.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c hip-carved d ecoration o n t he o uter f ace m aking a p air w ith N o. 1 85 a bove . T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 2m m . D own 1 978, f ig. 1 0.48, n o. 4 : N orthgate g rave g oods.

1 87.

C ircular-sectioned w ire w hich t apers s uddenly b efore t he e nds o verlap a nd t wist a round e ach o ther t hree t imes. O ne o f t he c ross p ieces i s f lattened a nd s plit, p ossibly t o t ake a p endant. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . D own 1 974, f ig. 5 .5, n o. 6 .

C IRENCESTER , G LOS. 1 88.

n t he S mall p enannular o f a ngled s trip s ection expanding i ther r ounded. c entre . O ne t erminal i s s harply p ointed, the o T ype 1 .

8 0

I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 2m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. 1 985/13.

1 89.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection w ith a p iece c ut from o ne b lunt e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 4 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. B 746.

1 90.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith o ne p ointed e nd. T he o ther e nd h as a f lat o val t erminal p ierced b y ac ircular h ole , p ossibly i ntended f or a p endant. T he n eck i s d ecorated b y t hree t ransverse r ibs . T ype 2 a. I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , T : 3m m , H ole: 1 m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. 2 67.

1 91.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith t ransverse r ibs a cross t he s hank a long t he f ull l ength . B oth t erminals a re b roken b ut a ppear t o c urve o utwards. T ype 2 d. I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. B 519.

1 92.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth ends a nd d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse g rooves a long t he full l ength o f t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. C 458/4 .

1 93.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith p ointed e nds. T he s hank e xpands m arkedly i n t he c entre o n o ne e dge o nly w hilst t he s traight e dge h as a m arginal g roove. T ype 2 h . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 4m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. 1 978/188/19.

1 94.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped and t wisted a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m . C orinium M useum , C irencester, A cc. N o. C280.

C OLCHESTER , E SSEX 1 95.

quashed V ery s mall p enannular o f c ircular s ection with s o verlapping t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1.5 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . UC 7 8SF 1 573; C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. B C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 753, C . 3 20-450 A .D .

8 1

1 96.

Penannular o f c ircular s ection . A t hinner l ength o f D s ectioned w ire h as b een s oldered t o t urn t he e ar-ring i nto a n a nnular b racelet f or a c hild. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 9 m m , T : 1 .5 -3 m m . C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 640 : G rave d eposit, P eriod 2 , c . 3 20-450 A .D .

1 97-8.

P air o f p enannular e ar-rings o f s trip s ection t apering f rom o ne b lunt e nd t o t he o ther p ointed e nd. O ne a lmost c omplete , t he o ther f ragmentary . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2 -6 m m , T : 1m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. B UC 7 8, S F 3 29, B 600 , G 110 ; C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 796, f ig . 5 3; G rave f ill, P eriod 2 , c . 3 20-450 A .D .

1 99-200.

' Pair o f p lain w ire e ar-rings e ach w ith a p ierced f lint p ebble , o ne a lso w ith a s ilver b ead.' P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne b lunt e nd, o ne p ointed. T ype 1 . N o m easurements a vailable. H awkes a nd H ull 1 947, p . 3 29, f ig . 6 1, n os. 1 a nd 2 : P it G 7, P eriod V I, p re-A.D . 6 5. U nlocated i n 1 986.

2 01.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering i n b oth p lanes t o t he t erminals. O ne t erminal h as t hree t ransverse r ibs w ith a s eries o f i ncised t ransverse g rooves b etween t hem a nd t he e nd. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o . B UC 7 7, B 1050, G 171, S F 3 89; C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 768, f ig. 5 0 : G rave d eposit, P eriod 2 , c . 3 20-450 A .D.

2 02.

P e r taapular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised l ines a round t he s hank f or t he f ull l ength g iving t he i mpression o f h aving w ire w rapped a round. O ne e nd i s b lunt, t he o ther h as a s liver s haved f rom t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , A cc . N o. 6 30.1936. F ound i n C astle P ark .

2 03.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith g rooves a ll r ound t he s hank f or t he f ull l ength g iving a p elleted e ffect. S lightly d istorted. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust , e xcay. n o. L ion W alk G 518.F260 S F 3 877; C rummy 1 983, n o . 1 763 : f rom p it, p eriod 1o r 2 .

2 04.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith t he o uter f ace c hip-carved a long t he l ength t o g ive a c hevron e ffect. T ype 2 g .

8 2

I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , J oslin C ollection.

2 05-6.

P air m ade f rom c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. F rom e ach h angs a w hite o paque g lass c ylinder b ead a ttached b y a l oop o f c opper a lloy w ire w hich p asses t hough t he b ead ( Guido 1 978, p . 9 6). T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m , Lo f b eads : a ) 3 .5 m m , b ) 4m m , To f b eads : a ) 3m m , b ) 3 .5 m m , Lo f l oops i nc. b eads: a ) 1 0.5 m m , b ) 1 2 m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. I RB .95c.F56 S F 9 2; C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 798, f ig. 5 3: o n a s kull i n t he b ackfill o f a3 rd-4th c entury g rave, n o d oubt d erived f rom a d isturbed a djacent g rave o f s imilar d ate '.

2 07.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith l ong t apered e nds, o ne o f w hich i s t ightly c urled. T ype 3 u ntwisted. I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , W : 3m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o . C ulver S treet, 1 .81 S F 2 061.

2 08.

I ncomplete p enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o t he e nds , o ne o f w hich h as a c oil o f c opper a lloy w ire w rapped a round i t f our t imes. Ag roove t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 1 .5 -3 m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. C ulver S treet d rain, 1 .81 S F 2 374, P eriod 2 .

2 09.

W ire o f c ircular t o r ectangular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich a re o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2.5 m m , T : 1m m . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay . n o. B KC 8 86 , D 2 75, L 15; C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 795, f ig. 5 3, T own D itch f ill, A ngloS axon?

2 10.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire. T he f inal c ross-section i s s lightly f lattened o n a ll f aces. T ype 6 . C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. C ulver S treet U /S, 1 .81, C EH 1 047 S F 5 84.

2 11-2.

T wo p ear-shaped b lue g lass b eads ( Guido 1 978, p . 9), o ne 9 w ith a f ragment o f c opper a lloy w ire t hrough i t. T he o ther h angs f rom a c opper a lloy d ouble l oop, o ne e nd o f w hich p asses t hrough t he b ead. A s econd d ouble l oop i s t hreaded t hrough t he f irst. T ype 1 7.

8 3

L oops: I nt. D iam .: 4 m m , W ire T : 0 .33 m m , Lo f beads : a ) 5 m , b ) 6m m , W o f b eads: a ) 3 .5 m m , b ) 3m m . m C olchester A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. B UC 7 7, C 1275, G 385 S F 6 42; C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 797, f ig. 5 3, Grave f ill, P eriod 2 , c . 3 20-450 A .D .

C ORBRIDGE , N ORTHD . 2 13.

P enannular o f s trip s ection. Very d istorted. T ype 1 . L : 5 2 m m , W : 2m m . C orbridge S ite M useum , N o. 822064; A llason-Jones i n B ishop a nd D ore f orthcoming.

2 14.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering f rom o ne t erminal to t he o ther. T he s urfaces h ave b een t inned. T ype 1 . L : 2 8 m m . C orbridge S ite M useum , N o. 8 22095 ; A llason-Jones i nBishop a nd D ore f orthcoming.

D ERBY , D ERBYS. 2 15.

apering T wo f ragments o f a p enannular o f circular section t . m arkedly t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 2m m .

2 16.

D istorted a nnular r ing o f r ectangular s ection w ith a p iece o f w ire w rapped a round t he s hank o f t he r ing w ith o ne e nd h ooked. T ype 1 . R ing : 2 2 x 1 3 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m , Lo f h ook : 1 7 m m . D erby M useum ; f rom D erby R acecourse: i ndustrial a rea o utside t he v icus, e xcay. n o. D RC 7 4, V , F 16 S F 1 14.

2 17.

F ig. 3 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith b oth t erminals b roken b ut o riginally b ent a way f rom t he r ing. T he o uter f ace i s c hip-carved a long t he l ength. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 2.5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . D erby M useum , A cc. N o. 1 986.976/7; f ound a t L ittle C hester: D awson 1 985, f ig. 5 5, n o. 1 6; e xcay. n o. D LC 7 9.37; 3 rd-4th c entury A .D .

2 18.

S everal f ragments o f c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith o verlapped e nds c oiled a round the s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . T : 0 .75 m m . D erby M useum , A cc. No. 1 660L S F 6 1; f ound a t L ittle C hester.

2 19.

P enannular o f t hree-strand t wist. Type 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , T : 2m m . H all 1 972, f ig. 5 , N o. 8 : f ound in f eature c ontext.

8 4

4 3, m edieval

D ONCASTER, S . Y ORKS. 2 20 .

Wire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped i ntertwined. T ype 3 . N o m easurements g iven. I nf. G . L loyd-Morgan ; e xcay. n o. D A/XCV S F 2 68.

a nd

D ORCHESTER , D ORSET 2 21.

F ragment o f o val w ire p assing t hrough a g reen g lass g lobular b ead ( Guido 1 978, G roup 7 iii). T ype 1 . T o f w ire: 2 m m , D o f b ead: 6 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 4 276T ; f ound a t D orchester H ospital.

2 22.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith b oth t erminals f lattened w ith t wo r ibs a cross b oth n ecks. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 1 896.4.1.

D UNWICH , S UFFOLK 2 23.

P enannular o f o val s ection a nd c rescentic s hape. a re w ell p ointed. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 927.736.

T he e nds

E ASTBY , N . Y ORKS. 2 24.

P enannular o f s trip s ection a t t he s patulate e nd a nd c ircular s ection a t t he p ointed e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3.5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 3m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford P assmore C ollection. L abel r eads ' Eastby, 1 914, J . P ike '.

E LTON , C AMBS. 2 25.

P enannular o f t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire w ith o ne e nd h ooked. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 3 m m , T : 3m m . N ene V alley R esearch C ommittee r ecords: i n p rivate h ands.

E XETER , D EVON 2 26.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith o ne t apered t erminal. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 1 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . E xeter A rchaeological F ield U nit, e xcay. n o. R S/77.L976: f rom A ntonine d ump.

8 5

27. 2

P enannular o f s trip s ection w hich e xpands s lightly f rom o ne e nd t o t he o ther w hich e xpands m arkedly b efore n arrowing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . E xeter A rchaeological F ield U nit: f ound i n C athedral C lose i n 1 932.

E XNING , S UFFOLK 28. 2

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f o val s ection a nd c rescentic s hape, t apering m arkedly a t b oth e nds. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 5m m , T : 6 .5 m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge, A cc. N o. 1 883.547.

F ARLEY H EATH , S URREY 29. 2

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith o ne e nd b roken a cross a c ircular h ole, p resumably i ntended f or a p endant n ow m issing. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith g roups o f i ncised t ransverse g rooves r ather ' r oughly a rranged. P ossibly o ne o f ap air w ith N o. 2 30 b elow . T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 2 6 m m , W : 3m m , T : 1 .5 m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 5 3.4-19.102.

2 30.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w hich t apers i n t hicknesstowards b oth b roken t erminals. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 2 4 m m , W : 3m m , T : 1 .5 m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 5 3.4-19.101.

F ARNWORTH , C HESHIRE 2 31.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne s lightly t apered r ounded e nd. D istorted. T ype 2 e . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T he M anchester M useum , A cc. N o. 9 /1958.83.3: f ound i n g ravel p it d ump, e xcay. n o. 9 0/76. 2 26.

2 32.

P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection c hip-carved a long t he o uter f ace t o g ive a c hevron e ffect. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 9 .5 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T he M anchester M useum , A cc. N o. 9 /1958; f ound o n f illing o n p aved f loor a t g ravel p it s ite, e xcay . n o. 2 5-90/76.135.

F ISHBOURNE , W . S USSEX 2 33.

F ragment o f ap enannular t wo-strand t wist o f r ectangulars ectioned w ire. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . F ishbourne S ite M useum , A cc. N o. P B67/398.2 SF 1 900.

8 6

2 34.

F lat c oil o f o val-sectioned w ire o f t hree c oils. T he e nd o f t he h ook i s m issing. T ype 9 . L : 2 2 m m , Wa cross c oil: 1 2 m m , T : 3m m . F ishbourne S ite M useum , e xcay. n o. F B62/80.13 S F 3 02; C unliffe 1 971b, f ig. 5 2, n o. 1 74; P eriod 1 : c . A .D . 4 3-75.

F ROCESTER , G LOS. 2 35.

A b lue P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith r ounded e nds. g lass r ing b ead i s s till i n p osition. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 8 m m , T : 1m m , B ead D : 7m m , T : 2m m . G racie a nd P rice 1 980, f ig. 1 1, n o. 2 93; e xcay. n o. B9 V II f ill o f d itch; l ate 3 rd-4th c entury.

2 36.

S mall p enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith b lunt e nds t hreaded t hrough a b lue g lass r ing b ead ( Guido 1 978, G roup 6 iva). T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 7 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1 .25 m m , B ead: D : 7m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, A cc. N o. 2 9/1978; e xcay. n o. B 9 V II S F 2 70.

2 37.

F ragmentary p enannular o f s trip s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a t b oth n ecks. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, e xcay. n o. 1 22.B7.III.

2 38.

ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines P enannular o f circular s ingle r aised r ib a t o ne t erminal. T ype a t b oth n ecksand a s 2 c m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m rt G allery, G loucester, e xcay. n o. C ity M useum and A 1 21.M5.III.

2 39.

I ncomplete p enannular o f o val s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n eck a nd t hree r ibs a cross t he t erminal. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, e xcay. n o. 1 26.B5.III.

2 40 .

P enannular t wo-strand t wistwith o ne h ooked e nd. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m . G racie 1 971, F ig. 1 2, n o. 1 31; excay. n o. T 6V : b oundary d itch.

8 7

2 41.

P enannular m ade u p o f t wo s trands i n o ne a rea a nd f our i n a nother. T he e xtra s trands a re t wisted a round e ach o ther a nd t hen a round t he o ther t wo. T ype 8 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery , G loucester, e xcay . n o. 1 32.M5.II.

2 42.

S -shaped h ook, p ossibly f rom a n e ar-ring. T ype 17. L : 1 7 m m , T otal W : 9m m , T : 1 .5 m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery , G loucester, excay. 1 34.HO .II.

n o.

G ADEBRIDGE , H ERTS. 2 43.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist w ith o ne e nd h ooked. T ype 5 . D : 2 1 m m . N eal 1 974, p . 1 47, f ig. 6 5, n o. 2 50: f ound i n w ater l eat n orth o f t he b athing p ool a pparently i n a v otive c ontext. 4 th c entury.

G ATCOMBE , G LOS. 2 44.

Type 1 . P enannular o f o val s ection w ith p ointed e nds. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 2m m , T : 3m m . B ranigan 1 977, f ig. 2 6, n o. 5 18: r eoccupation debris, P hase 1 , B uilding 9 ; c . A .D . 3 50-378.

2 45.

ection P enannular o f c ircular s T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . B ranigan 1 977, f ig. 2 6, no. 5 19:

2 46.

t apering to

b oth t erminals.

t opsoil.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering i n both p lanes t o b oth t erminals a nd c hip-carved o n t he o uter f ace to g ive a c hevron e ffect. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . B ranigan 1 969, n o. 3 1; B ranigan 1 977, f ig. 2 6, no. 5 22, B uilding 6 .

G LOUCESTER , G LOS. 2 47.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith p ointed t erminals. T ype 1 . D iam .: 1 2 m m . H assall a nd R hodes 1 974, p . 6 6, f ig. 2 6, n o. 1 5; f rom N ew M arket H all, o ccupation d eposit o f f irst m asonry b uilding n orth o f s treet, c ontaining a c oin o f J ulia D omna ( A .D . 1 962 11), a nd s amian p ottery o f c . A .D . 1 50-250.

8 8

2 48.

P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. T he s ection b ulges m arkedly a t o ne n eck. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, A cc. N o. 4/1972.1.2A S F 9 6; H urst e t a l. 1 975, p p. 2 67-94; f ound i n 4 K ingsholm C lose i n 1 972.

2 49.

D istorted p enannular o f f ine c ircular s ection t apering m arkedly a t o ne e nd, T ype 1 . L : 5 7 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester ; H urst 1 972, p . 3 5; H urst 1 974, p p. 1 3, 2 3-7; f ound a t 1 3-17 B erkeley S treet, e xcay. n o. 7 7/69 X III.25.

2 50.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich s lightly o verlap. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . t 1 3-17 C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester; f ound a B erkeley S treet, e xcay. n o. 7 7/69 X XXVI.120 S F 6 26.

2 51.

. P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering t o b oth e nds. Type 1 I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester; f ound at 1 3-17 B erkeley S treet, e xcay. n o. 7 7/69 X XXVI.39 S F 4 66.

2 52.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith i ncised transverse l ines a cross t he n eck w hich g ive t he f lattened terminal a p seudoz oomorphic a ppearance. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, Acc. N o. A .2793; f ound i n T revor R oad, H ucclecote i n 1 957.

2 53.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist of s quare s ection. I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 3m m . H urst 1 986, f ig. 2 2, n o. 5 .

T ype 5 .

G OADBY M ARWOOD , L EICS. 2 54.

F ig. 4 . W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich a re l oosely w rapped a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. S uspended f rom t he r ing i s aw ire p endant a ttaching a s mall f acetted b lue g lass b ead ( Guido 1 978, p . 7 9). T ype 3 . D : 2 1 m m . A bbott 1 956 , f ig. 4 : f rom B urial 6 .

G ORHAMBURY , H ERTS. 2 55.

P enannular t hree-strand twist o f o val-sectioned w ire w ith o ne e nd h ooked. T ype 6 .

8 9

I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory , H BMC , 2 818.1521, S F 2 720.

N o. 8 20306;

e xcay.

n o .

G USSAGE A LL S AINTS, D ORSET 2 56.

F ig. 4 . ' An a lmost c omplete l ight e ar-ring(?) o f b ronze w ire, p art o f w hich i s h ammered o ut f lat o n t o al eaf-shaped e xpansion a long w hich t here a re f ive g rooves h ighlighted a t r egular i ntervals b y d ot f acets '. T his w ould a ppear t o b e a n i ncomplete e ar-ring o f at ype k nown o n t he C ontinent i n t he L a T ene p eriod ( Dechelette 1 914 , f igs. 3 85, 3 86, 5 42). I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m . W ainright 1 979, p . 13, f ig. 8 6, n o . 3 062(773(4)).

H OUSESTEADS, N ORTHD . 2 57.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t owards o ne e nd w hich i s d ecorated w ith t hree i ncised t ransverse g rooves. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 2 5 . m m , T : 3m m . M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne, A cc. N o. 1 956.151.9.A.

2 58.

P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals . T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith c hip-carved n otches a long b oth e dges n ear o ne e nd. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , T : 3m m . M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne , A cc. N o. 1 956.151.9.A .

I CKLINGHAM , S UFFOLK 2 59.

L ong h ook o f t apering c ircular s ection w hich f lattens i nto a b ar a nd e nds i n ah ook. T ype 1 7? L : 3 1 m m , W : 3m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge, A cc. N o . 1 860J.

2 60.

I ncomplete S -shaped h ook o f s quare s ection. T ype 1 7? L : 1 9 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge , A cc. 1 860J.

N o.

K ESTON , L ONDON 2 61.

Ac ircular t omb a t K eston p roduced a c remation w ith a b ronze e ar-ring o f w hich n o d etails a re k nown. J essup 1 958, p . 1 8.

9 0

L AKENHEATH , S UFFOLK 2 62.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd c rescentic s hape . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 4m m , T : 5m m . M useum o f A rchaeology a nd A nthropology, C ambridge , A cc. N o. 1 907.824.

L ATIMER , B UCKS. 2 63.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith p ointed t erminals, o ne b roken. T ype 1 . D : 7m m . B ranigan 1 971, f ig. 4 4, n o. 6 16: T rench 4 5/3b: p ost v illa p eriod 2 : 5 th c entury.

2 64.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire. T ype 6 . D : 6m m . B ranigan 1 971, f ig. 4 4, n o. 6 15: T rench 1 7/3: V illa p eriod 2 b: l ate 3 rd c entury.

L EICESTER, L EICS. 2 65.

ine s heet. P enannular o f h ollow o val s ection m ade f rom v ery f T he o verlapping t erminals t aper i n b oth p lanes, o ne t o a ide o f t he c entre p oint, o ne b lunt. S ome d istortion t o o ne s . m ay i ndicate a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 I nt. D iam.: 1 3 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc. n o. 3 8.23.

2 66.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd c rescentic s hape t apering f rom a t hick c entral a rea t o b oth t erminals T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , T : 4m m . R ecorded i n J ewry W all M useum , L eicester b ut n ot p art o f t he c ollection . F ound i n B lue B oar L ane ( macellum) i n 1 958.

2 67.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , T : 2m m . K enyon 1 948, f ig. 8 3, n o. 1 7, e xcavation o f t he B aths.

2 68.

t apering t o b oth o verlapping

p . 2 54:

T ype

A ;

f rom t he

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering m arkedly t o v ery n arrow t erminals. S ome d istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre m ay i ndicate a p endant, n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , M ax. W : 2m m , M ax. T : 2 .5 m m . J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc. N o. 3 6.58 : f rom t he e xcavation o f t he B aths.

9 1

2 69-70.

P air o f p enannulars o f c ircular s ection w ith t apered b lunt t erminals. B oth h ave d istortion a nd w ear t races t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre i ndicating t hat b oth h ad p endants, n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam.: 1 4 m m , T : 1m m. J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc. N o. 5 03.1968/76: f ound a t H igh C ross i n 1 956 a t t he b ase o f a s kull.

2 71.

P enannular o f h ollow c ircular s ection w ith i ncised lines a round t he s hank g iving a p elleted e ffect. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam.: 1 3 m m , T : 1 .25 m m. J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc. N o. 3 6.67.

2 72.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping t erminals. I ncised t ransverse l ines r un r ound t he i nner f ace. D istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre m ay i ndicate a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 2 f. I nt. D iam.: 1 4 m m , T : 1m m. J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc. N o. 3 8.711.

2 73.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd c rescentic s hape. T he h ollow s hank h as b een m oulded t o g ive t he i mpression o f a t wisted b ar w ith p lain t apering t erminals. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam.: 1 7 m m , T : 4 .5 m m. J ewry W all M useum , L eicester, A cc. N o. 1 16.1962/1075: f ound i n B urgess S treet i n 1 906.

2 74.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd b lunt t erminals. A n i ncised s piral l ine r unning f rom t erminal t o t erminal g ives t he i mpression o f a t wisted r od. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , T : 1 .25 m m. J ewry W all L eicester, A cc. N o. 16/1969/1081, f rom H igh S treet e xcavations.

2 75.

ith t he P enannular t wo-strand t wist o f o val-sectionedwire w e nds h ooked t ogether. T ype 5 . D : 1 4 x 1 0 m m , T : 2m m . K enyon 1 948, f ig. 8 3, n o. 1 8: T ype B .

L ETCHWORTH , H ERTS. 2 76.

P enannular o f h ollow t riangular s ection t apering s lightly at t he t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam.: 7 m m, T : 1 0 m m. L etchworth M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. 5 41.1980P .

9 2

L INCOLN , L INCS. 2 77.

P enannular o f o val s ection a nd c rescentic s hape t apering at t he c entre a nd a t b oth e nds. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. H G 7 2, H V A e 7 0 ; a ssociated w ith i st c entury p ottery.

2 78.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection i n t wo f ragments t apering to b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. H G 7 2, J DAe 7; a ssociated w ith l st-2nd c entury p ottery. 7

2 79.

P enannular o f v ery f ine s ection w ith b lunt e nds. T he s urface h as b een t inned o r s ilvered. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 1m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. B E73, I A e 3 5, m odern c ontext.

2 80.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o both overlapped t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .25 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. S M 7 6, A FK A e 9 3, f rom 1 2th-13th c entury c ontext.

2 81.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering m ore m arkedly t o o ne t erminal t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , T : 2m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. F 7 3, A JS A e 2 59; f rom l ower w alled t own, f ound i n a n 1th c entury c ontext b ut w ith r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 82.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals, o ne m ore s o t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam.: 1 9 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m. T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. F 7 3, A lB A e 2 62; f ound i n a n 1th c entury c ontext b ut w ith r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 83.

P enannular o f o val s ection a pparently t apering t o b oth t erminals b ut i ncomplete . A g roove t o o ne s ide o f c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 2m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. F 7 4, A U1 A e 2 55; f ound i n a n 1th c entury c ontext b ut w ith r esidual R oman m aterial.

9 3

2 84.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth terminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology , e xcay. n o. S P 7 9, DAC A e 2 00.

2 85.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals , o ne m ore m arkedly t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology , e xcay. n o. F 7 3, A lB A e 2 62; f ound i n a 1 2th c entury c ontext b ut w ith r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 86.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapping terminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. W P71, I IBM A e 5; f rom m edieval c ontext b ut p robably r esidual. 5

2 87.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. T he s hape i s av ery w ide c rescent. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 6.5 m m , W : 3 .5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology , e xcay. n o. D T I I 7 4.AM A e 5 6; f rom a m odern c ontext.

2 88.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ithrounded t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , W : 2m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, excay. n o. D T I I 7 4.EB A e 1 63; f rom a m odern c ontext.

2 89.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apered t o b oth o verlapped t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 3m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. F7 3 .ABP A e 2 50 ; f rom 1 2th c entury c ontext b ut w ith s ome r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 90.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apered a t b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology , e xcay. n o. H8 5.815 A e 7 33; f rom m odern c ontext b ut w ith s ome r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 91.

P enannular o f s emi—oval s ection w ith d eep t ransverse g rooves o n t he c onvex o uter f ace g iving a r oughly b eaded e ffect. T he t erminals a re b lunt a nd o verlap. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m„ W : 1 .5 m m , T : 2m m .

9 4

M 7 6, A GT A e T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. S 7 5; f rom 1 0th c entury c ontext w hich i ncludes m uch r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 92.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he o uter f ace. T he t erminals a re r ounded. I n t wo f ragments. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o . S M 7 6, A WF A e 17; f rom a 1 0thillth c entury c ontext b ut w ith s ome l ate 1 R oman r esidual m aterial.

2 93.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he t erminals o verlapped b ut b roken o ff a s t hey b egin t o t wist a round t he s hank . T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. H G 7 2, D Y A e 5; f rom m edieval c ontext. 5

2 94.

R ectangular-sectioned w ire w hich t apers t o b oth t erminals w hich o verlap a nd t hen c oil a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2.75 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. F 7 4, A UJ A e 21; f rom a n 1 1th c entury c ontext b ut w ith R oman r esidual 2 m aterial.

2 95.

R ectangular-sectioned w ire w hich t apers t o b oth t erminals w hich o verlap a nd t hen c oil a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. F 7 5, E 106 A e 4 70 ; f rom a 1 0th c entury c ontext b ut w ith r esidual R oman m aterial.

2 96.

F ragment o f ap enannular o f t wo-strand t wist, e ach s trand b eing o f o val s ection. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , To f w ire: 1 .5 m m . L incoln C ity a nd C ounty M useum , A cc. N o. 7 7.15; f ound i n B urton R oad , L incoln.

2 97.

D istorted p enannular o f t hree-strand t wist, e ach w ire b eing o f o val s ection . O ne e nd i s t apered, t he o ther i ncomplete. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 5 m m , T : 2m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology, e xcay. n o. S M 7 7, B SR A e 2; f rom a R oman c ontext. 2

2 98.

C ircular-sectioned w ire w ith o pen e nd c oiled t o f orm a l oop, t he o ther e nd p asses t hrough t his l oop t wice. Type 1 2.

9 5

I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 1m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology , e xcay. n o. F 7 4, A 10 A e 6 6 ; f rom a n 1th c entury c ontext b ut w ith r esidual R oman m aterial.

L INTON H EATH , C AMBS. 2 99-300.

' Pair o f e ar-ornaments o f s light b ronze w ire, h ooked a t e ach e nd, a nd h aving a s mall b ead o f g reen g lass s trung o n t he w ire N o m easurements g iven. . o. 1 01, F eb. 2 1; f ound w ith a A rch.J . X I, 1 854, P 13, n t hird b rass ( Constantinopolis).

L ONDON 3 01.

F ragment o f ap enannular o f o val s ection w hich t apers t o t he s urviving t erminal. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1 -2 m m , T : 1 .5 -2 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 5 34; e xcay. n o. M LK 7 6.1095.

3 02.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering t o t he t erminals w ith a g roove t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre, i ndicating a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f L ondon , A cc. N o. 3 96; e xcay . n o. P OM 7 9.2320.

3 03.

P enannular o f o val s ection. T he i nner f ace d escribes s quare . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3 .5 m m . M useum o f L ondon , A cc. N o. 1 012; e xcay. n o. G PO 7 5.6925.

3 04.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith s lightly r ounded t erminals. Ag roove t o o ne s ide o f i ndicates a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 8 30.

3 05.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering m arkedly t o t he o verlapping t erminals. T he o uter f ace i s c onvex i n t he c entre. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 0 .5 -1.5 m m , T : 1 -3.5 m m . M useum o f L ondon „ A cc. N o. 1 62.MS9.L1.

3 06.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. T here i s an arrower a rea t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggesting a p endant n ow m issing. A t o ne e nd t he s ection b ecomes l ozenge-shaped a nd t here a re t hree r ibs o n b oth t he i nner a nd o uter f aces. T ype 2 a.

9 6

a

o verlapping t he c entre

I nt. D iam .: 2 7 m m , W : 2 -2.5 m m , T : 1 .5 -3 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 6 21; e xcay. n o. W AT 7 8.4383.

3 07.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. O ne t erminal i s a ngled a nd d ecorated w ith i ncised l ines w hich g ive t he e ffect o f as tylized z oomorphic h ead. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 4 43; e xcay. n o. G PO 7 5.478.

3 08 .

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering u nevenly t o b oth t erminals. T he o uter f ace h as b een d ecorated w ith s cored l ines w hich b egin a s m arginal g rooves b ut b ecome m ore r andom . Aw orn g roove t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre i ndicates a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 4m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 4 5; e xcay. n o. G PO 7 5.132.

3 09 .

F ig. 4 . W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd t he e nds c oiled r ound t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. O ne e nd t hen s lips t hrough t he l oop f ormed b y t he o verlapping t o f orm a k not. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , T : 1m m. M useum o f L ondon , A cc. N o. 1 42; e xcay. n o. P OM 7 9.627.

3 10 .

F ig. 4 . W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds h ooked t ogether. V ariant o n T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , W : 1 .5 -3 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 1 9268; f ound i n t he b ed o f t he W albrook d uring t he B ucklersbury H ouse e xcavation. l st-2nd c entury A .D.

3 11.

W ire o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich a re l oosely o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n b oth s ides. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 7 9.75. U nprovenanced.

3 12.

W ire o f o val s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich a re c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. Aw orn a rea t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre i ndicates a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , W : 3m m , T : 2 .5 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 1 9153 ; f ound d uring B ucklersbury H ouse e xcavations. l st-2nd c entury A .D .

3 13 .

C ircular-sectioned r od t apering t o v ery f ine w ire. The t erminals h ave b een o verlapped a nd i ntertwined b ut o nly one a rm s urvives w ith f ive l oose c oils. T ype 3 .

9 7

I nt. D iam .: 2 9 m m , W : 3m m , T : 1 -4 m m . M useum o f L ondon , A cc. N o. 1 47; G uildhall C at. 1 908, n o. 6 7.

3 14.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. Aw orn a nd d istorted a rea t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam : 2 2 m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 2 1093 ; f ound d uring t he B ucklersbury H ouse e xcavations.

3 15.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection a nd c rescentic s hape. B oth e nds a re t apered a nd p lain b ut t he s hank h as b een f iled w ith w ide g rooves t o g ive t he i mpression o f a t wisted b ar. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 1 -2.5 m m , T : 1 -4 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. A .27509.MSL1; f ound a t L loyds S ite, L ime S treet.

3 16.

P enannular o f t hree s trands o f w ireplaited t ogether. T ype 7 . M easurements u nknown. M issing. G uildhall C at. 1 908, p . 2 7, n o. 3 64; f romJewry S treet, A ldgate.

L ONGTHORPE , C AMBS. 3 17.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith p ointed t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m . G oodburn i n F rere a nd S t. J oseph 1 974, p . 6 2, f ig. 3 2, n o. 7 8; e xcay. n o. 7 3.111.2; P raetentura P it 1 2 b etween b arracks.

3 18.

P enannular o f f ine c ircular s ection w ith p ointed t erminals. T ype 1 . D : 1 5 m m , T : 1m m . G oodburn i n F rere a nd S t. J oseph 1 974, p . 6 2, f ig. 3 2, n o. 7 9; e xcay. n o.73.11I.2; P raetentura B uilding B d rain.

L YDNEY , G LOS. 3 19.

nd c rescentic s hape. P enannular o f h ollowcircular section a T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 20.

P enannular of o val s ection w ith o ne e nd f iled a long o ne e dge. T ype 1 .

9 8

I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W :2 L ydney P ark M useum .

m m , T : 2 .5 m m .

3 21.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection o verlapped. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 16 m m , T : 1m m . L ydney P arkMuseum .

3 22-3.

P air o f p enannular e ar-rings o f h ollow c ircular s ectionand c rescentic s hape w ith o verlapped t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 3 m m , W : 1 -4 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 24.

P enannular o f o val s ection with o ne t apered terminal, o ther b lunt. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .75 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 25.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection tapering t o T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 1m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 26.

P enannular t erminals. I nt. D iam .: L ydney P ark

3 27.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection with r ibs across T ype 2 a. f lattened a nd s played t erminals. I nt. D iam .: 2 1.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 28.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse lines a cross b oth t he f lattened a nd s played t erminals. T ype2b. I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , T : 1 .75 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 29.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised transverse lines a cross b oth f lattened a nd s played t erminals. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 30.

P enannular o f o val s ection a cross b oth t erminals, o ne 2 b.

o f c ircular s ection T ype 1 . 1 7.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . M useum .

9 9

with

with

t he

p ointed

e nds

t he

b oth t erminals.

f lattened

w ith i ncised t ransverse t apered, t he o ther b lunt.

s played

b oth

l ines T ype

I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , W: 2 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

31. 3

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised transverse lines T ype 2 b . a cross b oth f lattened a nd s played t erminals. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

32. 3

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith b oth ribsand i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he t erminals. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

33. 3

ngled t o f it P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith t he ends a ransverse t ogether. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated b y incised t l ines w ith a p lain c entre. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m . ig. 1 6, n o. L ydney P ark M useum ; W heeler a nd W heeler 1932, F 4 9.

34. 3

P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd b lunt ends. T he s hank h as b een f iled t o g ive t he i mpression o f a t wisted bar. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

35. 3

P enannular o f t wo s trands o f o val-sectioned w ire loosely t wisted t ogether. B oth t erminals m issing. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 2 3 m m , W : 2m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

36. 3

P enannular t hree-strand t wist of o val-sectionedwire w ith o ne h ooked t erminal. T ype 6 . N o d iameter a vailable t hrough d istortion. T : 1 .5 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

37. 3

F ig. 4 . P ear-shaped b lue g lass b ead ( Guido 1 978, p . 9 9) h eld b y t hin w ire w hich m akes a w ide l oop b elow t he b ead a nd a s maller o ne a bove. Ad ouble l oop i s a ttached t o t he u pper l oop a nd i n t urn i s a ttached t o ah ook. T his m ay b e p art o f an ecklace b ut t he s hape o f t he b ead a nd t he c lose a ppearance o f w hat a ppears t o b e i ts m atching, a lthough i ncomplete , p air, N o. 38 b elow , s uggests t hat t his i s a n e ar-ring o f 3 T ype 1 7. T otal L : 3 9 m m , B ead: 7 x 6 .5 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

1 00

38. 3

P ear-shaped b lue g lass b ead ( Guido 1 978, p . 9 9) h eld b y t hin c opper a lloy w ire. S imilar t o N o. 3 37 a bove a lthough o nly t he u pper l oop s urvives. T ype 1 7? L : 9m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

39. 3

W ire t wisted i nto a d ouble l oop a t e ach e nd w ith a c oil d own t he c entral s hank. H anger f rom a n e ar-ring s imilar t o t hat f rom B ath, N o. 3 . L : 2 3 m m , W : 0 .5 m m . L ydney P ark M useum .

3 40.

F ig. 4 . T hin t riangular p late w ith o ne h ole ( 1 m m) a t t he b ase a nd a nother a t t he a pex. Ah ook p asses t hrough t he u pper h ole a nd i s s ecured b y c oiling t he l ower e nd a round t he s hank s even t imes. T he f ace i s d ecorated w ith a d esign o f p unched d ots w hich s how t hrough a s r aised d ots o n t he r everse. Lo f c hain : 1 7 m m , T riangle: 1 7 x 1 8 m m .

M AIDEN C ASTLE , D ORSET 3 41.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne t apered e nd. T he o ther e nd h as a p iece c ut o ut o f o ne s ide 5 m m f rom t he e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 3 7.1226.

3 42.

I ncomplete p enannular o f s trip s ection m ade f rom a h ammered r olled s heet a nd t apering t o o ne e nd. T ype 1 . N o d iameter a vailable, W : 1m m , T : 2 .5 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. M C 2 15ET .

3 43.

I ncomplete p enannular o f s emi-oval s ection t apering t owards t he m issing e nd. T he c omplete t erminal e nds i n ad isc w ith d eeply i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n eck g iving a s tylized z oomorphic a ppearance . T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 2m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 1 658T/34.829.

M ANIFOLD V ALLEY, D ERBYS. 3 44.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f l ozenge s ection t apering t o o verlapped t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3m m . isher C ave. B uxton M useum a nd A rt G allery ; f rom T hor's F

1 01

t he

M EOLS, C HESHIRE 3 45.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith o ne e nd t apered m ore sharply t han t he o ther a nd h ooked. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; ex P otter C ollection.

3 46.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith t he e nds t apered but w ith t he t ips s quared o ff. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 0 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 47.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne e nd e xpanded , the o ther r ounded. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 48.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection t apering t o b oth e nds, one m ore t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 49.

P enannular o f s hallow s emi-oval s ection w ith both e nds r ounded. A n a rea o f d istortion t o o ne s ide o f the c entre i ndicates a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 50.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne t apered end. 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester ; e x P otter C ollection.

3 51.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne t apered e nd. Type 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 2m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 52.

P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering f rom o ne s quaredend t o as harply p ointed e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 4m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 53.

P enannular o f s emi-circular s ection w ith b lunt terminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

1 02

T ype

3 54.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith b lunt t erminals. Aw orn a rea t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre i ndicates a p endant, n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 55.

P enannular o f h ollow o val s ection, m ade f rom a c opperalloy s heet, w hich t apers t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 56.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering m oremarkedly t o o ne t erminal t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 4m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 57.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w hich t apers s uddenlyat t he t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 58.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection a nd c rescentic s hape tapering t o t he t erminals. T ype 1 . D : 2 3 x 1 8 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m. G rosvenor M üseum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 59.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith s harply t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 3m m. G rosvenor M useum , C hester : e x P otter C ollection.

3 60.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith b oth e nds s harply tapered w ith r ounded t erminals. T ype 1 . D : 1 4 x 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 4m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 61.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection t apering t o b othends, o ne o f w hich i s h ooked. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 2m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 62.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith t apered overlapping t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 3 .5 m m , T : 4m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

1 03

tapering

3 63.

P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering f rom o ne t erminal to t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam . 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 3m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 64.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith t he t apered ends i nwards. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 65.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith o ne e nd m ore t apered t han t he o ther. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross b oth t erminals. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 2 3.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 4m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 66.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith b ands o f i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross b oth b lunt t erminals a nd a cross t he c entre. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection,

3 67.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection w ith p ointed t erminals, o ne m ore s o t han t he o ther. O ne o f t he o uter f aces i s d ecorated w ith i ncised o blique l ines. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m. G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 68.

P enannular o f s quare s ection w ith r ounded t erminals. T he o uter f ace h as b een n otched a long b oth e dges t o g ive a c hevron e ffect. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 69.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection w ith a r ow o f w ell-spaced d ots a long o ne o f t he o uter f aces . O ne e nd i s t apered, t he o ther i s t hick a nd l acking t he t ip. T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , W : 1 .5 -3 m m , T : 2 .5 -4 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester: e x P otter C ollection.

3 70.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlappedand c oiled o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e xPotter C ollection.

3 71.

F ragment o f s trip s ection w ith o verlapped o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 .

1 04

b ent

t erminals c oiled

I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; ex P otter C ollection .

3 72.

W ire o f s hallow s emi-oval s ection w ith i ncomplete o verlapped t erminals c oiled t wice a round t he s hank o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

3 73.

P enannular o f t wisted s quare-section w ire w ith tapered t erminals . T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection .

3 74.

P enannular o f t wisted s quare-sectioned w ire with t erminals . T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 0 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection .

3 75.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist o f c ircular-sectionedwire w ith r ounded t erminals. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . G rosvenor M useum , C hester; e x P otter C ollection.

b lunt

M ILTON K EYNES, B UCKS. 3 76.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith one e nd n arrower t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , T : 2m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o . MK/105/uns./BR86; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 3 4, p . 1 35.

3 77.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t apered t erminals e ach d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 7 m m , T : 2m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o. M K301/uns./BR19; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 3 9, p . 1 35.

3 78.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c hip-carved n otches a long b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 3m m , T : 2m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o. M K105/uns./BR31; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 3 8, p . 1 35.

3 79.

P enannular o f s quare s ection b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace . I nt. D iam .: 1 2 m m , T ; 2m m .

1 05

w ith c hip-carved n otches a long T ype 2 g.

M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, excay. no . M K105/uns./BR78; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 4 1, P . 1 35.

3 80.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c hip-carved n otches a long b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace . I ncomplete. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1 .5 m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o . M K105/Destruction, B uilding 1 /BR 5 8; M ynard 1 987, f ig . 4 2, n o. 4 2, p . 1 35.

3 81.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith l ightly s tamped g roups o f s quare i mpressions a lternately a long b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 1 1 m m , W : 3m m , T : 1m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o . M K105/uns./BR87; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 3 7, p . 1 35.

3 82.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith m arginal g rooves a nd a c entral r ow o f e ight s tamped d ot-and-ring m otifs b etween t wo p airs o f i ncised t ransverse g rooves. T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 5m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay . n o. M K105/West w all o f g arden a rea/BR110 : 4 th c entury A .D .; M ynard 1 987, f ig . 4 2, n o. 4 3, p . 1 35.

3 83.

I ncomplete P enannular o f s quare s ection w hich h as b een t wisted a long i ts l ength . T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 2m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o. M K301/Rubble o verlying f eature F 121/102: 4 th c entury A .D .; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 4 8, p . 1 35.

3 84.

P enannular o f s quare s ection w hich h as b een t wisted a long i ts l ength w ith r ounded t erminals. T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 1 m m , T : 2m m . M ilton K eynes A rchaeology U nit, e xcay. n o . M K45/uns./Ael2; M ynard 1 987, f ig. 4 2, n o. 3 5, p . 1 35.

N EWHAVEN , S USSEX 3 85.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne e nd r ounded , the o ther t apered. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 1m m . B ell 1 976, f ig. 3 9, n o. 8 ; S ite 1 , g ully i n S tructure V .

N EWSTEAD , B ORDERS 3 86.

P enannular o f o val t apered. T ype 1 .

s ection

1 06

w ith

o ne

b lunt

e nd

a nd

o ne

I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . R oyal M useum o f S cotland, E dinburgh, A cc. N o. 1 11.15.249.

3 87.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised l ines a round t he s hank a long t he f ull l ength. B oth t erminals m issing. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 2 .25 m m . R oyal M useum o f S cotland , E dinburgh.

3 88.

S piral o f c ircular-sectioned w ire s napped o ff a fter t hree c oils . T ype 9 . D iam .: 1 7 m m , To f w ire: 2 m m . R oyal M useum o f S cotland, E dinburgh , A cc. N o. 1 11.15.249.

N ORTHAMPTONSHIRE 3 89.

P enannular o f o val s ection f iledwith s hallow g rooves to g ive t he a ppearance o f at wisted r od. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 3m m . N orthampton C entral M useum .

P ARK S TREET V ILLA, H ERTS. 3 90 .

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith n otched m arginal g rooves. O ne e nd i s r ounded w hilst t he o ther i s s harply t apered t o a l ong r od. T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 6 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1823; e xcay. n o. 1 8.3.1945: f rom r ed d aub r esting o n B elgic l ayer, h ut s ite.

P ETERBOROUGH , C AMBS. 3 91.

F ragment o f ap enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o o ne t erminal. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 1m m . N ene V alley R esearch G roup: f rom M onument 9 7, e xcay. n o. M 97.74.519 S F 7 1; p ossibly f rom a l ate R oman c ontext b ut m ore p robably p re-A .D . 1 75.

P IERCEBRIDGE , C O . D URHAM 3 92.

I ncomplete p enannular o f r ectangular s ection w hich f lattens a t t he s urviving t erminal w hich i s d ecorated o n t he n arrow e dge b y d eep r ibs. T ype 2 a. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S80/ER80. 1 027 S F 4 487.

1 07

3 93.

F ragment o f p enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith r ibs a cross t he s urviving t erminal. T ype 2 a. L : 1 2 m m , W : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 8.901 S F 2 107.

3 94.

F ragment o f p enannular e ar-ring o f r ectangular s ection t apering t o t he s urviving t erminal w hich i s d ecorated b y i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross i ts o uter f ace. T ype 2 b. L : 1 6 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming ; e xcay. n o. H S 7 7.36 S F 8 29.

3 95.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t hree t ransverse r ibs c lose t o o ne t apered t erminal w ith i ncised l ines b etween t he r ibs. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o . H S 7 9.423 S F 3 160.

3 96.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith b oth e nds t apered i n b oth p lanes a nd d ecorated w ith t ransverse r ibs a nd i ncised l ines. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o . H S 8 0/ER 8 0.1031 S F 4 584.

3 97.

F ragment o f ap enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t ransverse r ibs a t t he s urviving t erminal a nd a b and o f i ncised t ransverse l ines a t t he n eck. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 7.11 S F 9 63.

3 98.

P enannular o f s quare s ection w ith t ransverse r ibs a cross the o uter f ace a long t he f ull l ength . B oth t erminals are m issing. T ype 2 d. I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge and S cott f orthcoming ; e xcay. n o. H S 7 7.3.12.

3 99.

P enannular o f c rescentic s hape. T he s hank i s c irculars ectioned t o t he s harply t apered t erminals w ith a r aised l ongitudinal r ib a t t he c entre. T ype 2 h . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 8 0/ER 8 0.1053 S F 4 359.

1 08

4 00 .

P enannular o f r ectangular-sectioned t wisted w ire c urled to f orm a r ing w ith t he t erminals b ent o utwards. T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 2m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge and S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 9.423 S F 3 226.

4 01.

P enannular o f r ectangular-sectioned t wisted w ire with o ne h ooked t erminal. T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , T : 2m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge and S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 8.505 S F 1 978.

4 02.

F ragment o f ap enannular t wo-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire . T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 8 m m , T : 2m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 8.536 S F 2 119.

4 03.

L oop f ormed f rom c ircular-sectioned w ire w ith b othends h eld b y t he r emains o f at ube. T ype 1 5. L : 1 3 m m , To f w ire: 1 m m , Do f t ube: 8 m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle ; A llason-Jones i nLarge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 8.902 S F 2 873.

4 04.

C ircular-sectioned h ook t apering t o t he p oint. L : 1 7 m m, T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle; A llason-Jones i nLarge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o. H S 7 8.902 S F 3 003.

4 05.

T hin w ire o f r ectangular s ection w ith o ne e nd e xpanded t o a r ectangular b oss. L : 2 0 m m , T : 1m m . T he B owes M useum , B arnard C astle; A llason-Jones i n L arge a nd S cott f orthcoming; e xcay. n o . H S 7 8.922 S F 2 579.

P ORTCHESTER , K ENT 4 06.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection w ith f lattened t erminals, e ach d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . C unliffe 1 975, p . 2 10, n o. 4 7, f ig. 12.

R ICHBOROUGH , K ENT 4 07.

o b oth P enannular o f v ery f ine r ectangular s ection tapering t t erminals o n b oth f aces. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 8 63.

1 09

4 08.

P enannular o f o val s ection, v ery t hick i n t he c entre b ut t apering t o v ery t hin t erminals. C rescentic i n s hape . T ype 1 . M ax. D iam .: 2 4 m m , W : 3 .5 m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351416 ( IV .1 08.2440).

4 09.

P enannular o f h ollow o val s ection , f ormed b y r ollinga w ith o ne e nd f lattened. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , No. 7 351626.

s heet

4 10.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith o nly o ne e nd t apered. 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351628.

Type

4 11.

P enannular o f h exagonal s ection t apering t o b oth terminals , o ne o f w hich i s a ngled. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 .mm , W : 2m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 2 2.

4 12.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith o ne e nd t hinner t han the o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351618 ( 4261).

4 13.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection. B oth e nds h ave been t rimmed o n b oth f aces t o ap oint. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 4.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 2 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7351612b ( 403).

4 14.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f t hick o val s ection w hich t apersonly a t t he t ips. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 4m m , T : 3 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351612a ( 403).

4 15.

P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith o nly o ne f lattened t erminal s urviving. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7350118 ( 4246).

4 16.

ne P enannular o f l ozenge s ection t apering m ore m arkedly to o t erminal t han t he o ther . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 350564.

10

4 17.

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection t apering s harply a t t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 350566 ( 5554).

b oth

4 18.

F ragment o f ap enannular o f c ircular s ection. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 1 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, B ox N o. 1 04.

4 19.

F ragment o f ap enannular o f f lat l entoid s ection t apering t o t he t erminals . Ag roove o n t he i nner f ace t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 2 .25 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, B ox N o. 1 04.

4 20 .

P enannular o f l ozenge s ection w hich f lattens a s t he t erminals t aper. T he e nds p roject o utwards s lightly. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 1 04.

4 21.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w hich t apers o nly a t o ne e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.25 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 1 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 1 03.

4 22.

ith o verlapped F ig. 4 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection w t erminals w hich a re h ooked. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 1m m . e xcay. n o. 5 441: C unliffe 1 968, P l. X LI, N o. 1 59, p . 9 8, f rom ' inner e arth f ort d itch . 3 ' d own '.

4 23.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t apered e nds. T ype 1 . D : 2 4 x 1 6 m m , T : 4m m . B ushe-Fox 1 949, P l. X XXV, n o. 1 08: a rea s outh o f t he f ort, u nstratified.

4 24 .

I ncomplete p enannular o f l ozenge s ection. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 1 06.

4 25.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne t erminal n ipped f lat i n s ection w ith t ransverse g rooves a cross t he n eck. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351617 ( 3389).

4 26.

F ig. 4 . O ne e nd

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith r ounded e dges. i s h ooked a nd i ncomplete, t he o ther f lattened w ith a

11

c ircular h ole ( D : 2 m m) a nd t ransverse g rooves a cross the n eck. T his m ay h ave b een c ut d own f rom a b racelet of A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, t ype 3 . T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 9 6.

4 27.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection c hanging t o rectangular hree s ection a t t he t erminals . B oth t erminals have t he n eck. t ransverse r ibs w ith i ncised t ransverse g rooves at t T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. ( 3684).

4 28.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith t hree t ransverse r ibs a t b oth t erminals a nd i ncised t ransverse l ines a t b oth n ecks . T he s hank h as b roken o pposite t he t erminals w hich a re w ell o verlapped. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 1 0.5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 350117 ( 3849).

4 29.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith t ransverse n icks a ll r ound t he o uter f ace. T he r ounded t erminals p roject o utwards s lightly. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. ( 2050).

4 30.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a ll r ound t he o uter f ace . T he e nds h ave b een s haved t o p oints. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 2 2.

4 31.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection s et o bliquely. O ne e dge i s c hip-carved a long t he f ull l ength . O ne e nd t apers s lightly w hilst t he o ther h as b roken a cross a s mall h ole w hich m ay h ave b een i ntended t o t ake a p endant . T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 350858 ( 2572).

4 32.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith t he t wo o uter e dges c hip-carved t o g ive a c hevron e ffect. T he t erminals h ave b een s haved s o t hat t hey f it t ogether o bliquely. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. ( 402).

4 33.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection with a f lat p late p rojecting f rom o ne e dge i n t he c entre . O ne t erminal tapers m ore t han t he o ther. T ype 2 h.

12 1

I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, HBMC , No. 7 350119 ( 4521).

4 34.

P enannular o f s trip s ection t apering t o o ne e nd b ut e xpanding t o a t riangular p late a long o ne e dge n ear t he o ther e nd. T races o f g ilding s urvive o n t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 8 4/73.

4 35.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f o val s ection w ith b lunt t erminals. T he s hank i s d ivided b y f our f acetted b eads c ast i n o ne w ith t he s hank w hich i s f urther d ecorated w ith d eeply i ncised t ransverse g rooves. T ype 2 h . T his e ar-ring c an b e s een a s b eing r elated t o b eaded t orcs ( see M acGregor 1 976, p. 9 7-99) a nd b eaded b racelets p ( see W heeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7, n o. 5 7). I t i s a lso a n i nteresting d evelopment f rom t he m ore c ommon p ractice o f s tringing l oose b eads o n t o a n e ar-ring s hank . I nt. D iam .: 2 5.25 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. ( 4226).

4 36.

t he P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith o ne b lunt end, o ther t apered. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith two m arginal l ines a nd g roups o f t hree t ransverse r ibs a long the l ength . T ype 2 h . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 1 45.

4 37.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist, e ach s trand b eing o f f ine o vals ectioned w ire. T he e nds a re c overed i n c orrosion p roducts. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 351616 ( 3630).

4 38.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist, e ach s trand b eing o f thick o vals ectioned w ire v ery l oosely w ound. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , To f w ire: 2 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , B ox N o. 1 11.

4 39.

F ig. 4 . P enannular t wo-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire, l oosely w ound a nd b eginning t o u nravel b ut s till m arkedly n arrower a t t he t erminals. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 2 7 m m , W : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 350815.

S T . A LBANS, H ERTS. 40. 4

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection. The t erminals t aper i n t hickness b ut n ot i n w idth . T ype 1 .

13 1

I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1811; excay. n o. V er. 1 931, I ns. I V , S ite A , B uilding 1 .

41. 4

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne s haved e nd, the o ther b ent o utwards a nd b roken. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.75 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1828; e xcay. n o . Ver. 1 931.304, I ns. I V , S ite A , B uilding 1 .

42. 4

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith b oth e nds n arrowing s harply t o s hort b ars . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 3m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1813; e xcay. n o. V er. 3 8.49, I ns. X VII ( Macellum).

43. 4

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith o ne e nd c urled b ack. T he s ection t apers t owards t he o ther e nd a nd t here i s a l ength o f c ircular-sectioned w ire t wisted f our t imes a round t he s hank n ear , t his e nd. T ype 1 . I nt.Diam .: 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1829; e xcay. n o . V er. 1 933.294, F osse.

44. 4

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection b ecoming c ircular i n t he c entre a nd t apering t o b oth t erminals. A s w ith t he e xample a bove t here i s a s trip o f c ircular-sectioned w ire c oiled a round t he s hank t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 2 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1822; e xcay. n o . V er. 1 959, I ns. X IV , S F 9 2, B V II 2 A : 1 50-160 A .D .

4 45.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith b oth e nds c urled o ut. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.25 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 2m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1815; e xcay. n o. V er. 1 938.2, I ns. X VII, P eriod 2 : A .D . 1 70.

4 46.

nd , o ne P enannular o f l ozenge s ection w ith o ne blunt e t apered. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1817; e xcay. no. V er. T heatre 1 934, I ns. X V , T 34. 4 00.

47. 4

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith b lunt t erminals . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 0 m m , W : 0 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1833; e xcay. n o. V er.1967 B atchwood R oundabout F ield A4 /5 . 1.

14

48. 4

P enannular o f s trip s ection d istorted a nd tapering t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1832; excay. n o. V er.1934.254 , I ns. X V , T r. X LII, u nstrat.

4 49.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith b oth t erminals b ent, o ne i nwards, o ne o utwards . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1831; e xcay. n o. V er. T heatre 1 934.40 , I ns . X V , S trip 1 0.2.

4 50 .

I ncomplete p enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he l ength o f t he o uter f ace . T ype 2 e. F ound w ith N os. 4 51, 4 52. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 9.243 ; e xcay. n o. V er. B atchwood R oundabout 1 967, 1 .2.

4 51.

I ncomplete p enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he l ength o f t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 e . F ound w ith N os. 4 50, 4 52. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 9.243 ; e xcay. n o. V er. B atchwood R oundabout 1 967.1.2.

4 52.

I ncomplete p enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he l ength o f t he o uter f ace . T ype 2 e. F ound w ith N os. 4 50, 4 51. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 9.243 ; e xcay. n o. V er. B atchwood R oundabout 1 967.1.2.

4 53.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o o ne o f t he o verlapping t erminals. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines f or t he f ull l ength. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1819; e xcay . n o. V er. B atchwood R oundabout 1 967, B 4, P it 1 ; g raves A .D . 3 61-400.

4 54.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised l ines a round t he s hank f or t he f ull l ength g iving a b eaded e ffect. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 3.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . R ichardson 1 944, f ig. 4 , n o. 1 2: m id 2 nd c entury A .D .

4 55.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith a w ide g roove r unning a round t he o uter f ace . T ype 2 h. D . 3 3.5 m m , W : 3m m , T : 4m m.

15 1

R ichardson 1 944, f ig. 4 , n o. 1 3; f ound i n t he ' red d aub a nd a sh l ayer' p robably c . A .D . 5 5-61.

4 56.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith a p anel e xpansion o n o ne e dge. T ype 2 h . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.25 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 5m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 9.2520 ; e xcay. n o. V er. S t. M ichaels , T imber T ower 1 966, F 2.

4 57.

P enannular o f t riangular s ection w ith t he a pex i nwards . T he s hape i s c rescentic w ith v ery t apered t erminals. O ne e dge i s d ecorated w ith a s eries o f s tamped s quares. T ype 2 h . I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 3m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1820 ; e xcay. n o. V er. C ar P ark , 1 954-5, I ns . X III, A VI.51.

4 58.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist w ith o ne b roken e nd. As ingle s trand e merges f rom t he o ther e nd, p resumably t o f orm a h ook b ut i ncomplete. T he w ires a re c ircular i n s ection r esulting i n a t otal c ircular s ection. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 2m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1818 ; e xcay. n o . V er. 1 933.732, S ite A , I ns. V I.

4 59.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist, e ach s trand o f c ircular s ection. B oth e nds a re b ent i nwards. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1825 ; e xcay. n o. V er. T heatre 1 934, I ns. X V , T . 1 934.336.

4 60.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist, e ach s trand o f c ircular s ection. O ne e nd i s b locked o ff w ith o ne s trand t wisted t ightly a round i t t o k eep t he s trands t ogether. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1824 ; e xcay. n o. V er. T heatre 1 933, I ns. X V , T3 3. 9 , T r. X .

4 61.

I ncomplete p enannular t hree-strand t wist, e ach s trand o f o val s ection b ut g iving a t otal c ircular s ection. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1827; e xcay. n o . V er. T heatre, I ns. X V , 3 07.19.

4 62.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist w ith o ne e nd b roken. A t o ther e nd o ne s trand e merges t o f orm a h ook . T he w ires o f l entoid s ection b ut t he t otal s ection i s s quare. T ype I nt. D iam .: 2 2.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1826 ; K enyon 1 934 , f ig. n o. 9 : A .D . 3 61-400.

16

t he a re 6 . 1 2,

4 63.

I ncomplete p enannular t hree-strand t wist. E ach s trand i s c ircular i n s ection g iving a t otal c ircular s ection. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 2m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1814; e xcay. n o. V er. T heatre 1 934, I ns . X V , T .34.388.

4 64.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist w ith b oth e nds m issing. E ach s trand i s c ircular i n s ection g iving a t otal c ircular s ection. T ype 6 . I nt . D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.1816; e xcay. n o. V er. T heatre 1 934.388, I ns. X V.

4 65.

S piral o f t hree a nd a h alf c oils o f c ircular-sectioned w ire c oiled i n ac lockwise d irection w ith t he o uter e nd b ent u p b ehind a nd b roken o ff. T ype 9 . Da cross c oil: 1 m m , T : 1m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 8.473; V er. H ill F ield: 4 3-70 A .D .

S T . F ORTH , F IFE 4 66.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith o ne e nd t rimmed t o a t aper . Ad rum b ead o f f ine-grained g ranite h angs f rom t he r ing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 1m m , D iam . o f b ead: 1 3 m m , T o f b ead: 7m m . R oyal M useum o f S cotland, E dinburgh, A cc. N o. F N23; P SAS X V , 1 881, p . 2 52 ' The E arring w as f ound i n at rench i n am ound i n c onnection w ith t he e xcavations o n t he L euchars a nd T ay B ridge R ailways, F ifeshire'.

S EA M ILLS, A VON 4 67.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith a w ell w orn a rea t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre. T he e nds f latten a nd a re r ounded w ith o ne n arrower t han t he o ther. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 1 .25 m m . C ity o f B ristol M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. F 2293.

4 68.

C ircular-sectioned w ire w ith o verlapped e nds c oiled t wice o n o ne s ide a nd t hree t imes o n t he o ther. T here i s s ome d istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre i ndicating a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , T : 1m m . C ity o f B ristol M useum a nd A rt G allery, A cc. N o. F 915.

17

S EGONTIUM , G WYNEDD 4 69.

C ircular-sectioned w ire tapering t o D istorted T ype 1 . L : 4 0 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A llason-Jones i n C asey f orthcoming , 4 93.

b oth h ooked

t erminals.

e xcay. n o. 76.1515

S F

4 70.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A llason-Jones i n C asey f orthcoming, e xcay. n o. 7 5.302 S F 9 2.

4 71.

P enannular o f s quare s ection w ith t apered e nds a nd a s ingle r ib a nd a b and o f i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross e ach t erminal. D istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggests a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 2 c. I nt. D iam .: 2 6 m m , T : 1m m . A llason-Jones i n C asey f orthcoming, e xcay. n o. 7 7.315 S F 1 24.

4 72.

P enannular o f t rip s ection w ith w idely s paced t ransverse g rooves a cross t he o uter f ace . O ne t erminal n arrows i n o ne p lane. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2 .5 m m . N ational M useum o f W ales , C ardiff, A cc . N o. 2 3-292.

4 73.

n s harp h ooks a t D istorted w ire o f c ircular s ectionending i b oth e nds. U nwound T ype 3 . I nt. D iam.: 3 9 m m , T : 2m m . e xcay. n o. 7 9.1080 SF A llason-Jones i n C asey f orthcoming, 1 137.

4 74.

O val p endant o f l entoid s ection w ith a t riangular l oop. B oth c onvex f aces h ave a n i ncised h erringbone m otif a nd a re t inned o r s ilvered. T he p endant i s h ollow . C f. e xamples i n g old f rom B rougham , N os. 1 0 , 1. L : 3 3 m m , W : 1 2 m m , T : 5m m . A llason-Jones i n C asey f orthcoming, e xcay. n o. 7 6.1513 S F 6 01. 4 th c entury A .D .

S HAKENOAK , O XON. 4 75.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f r ectangular-sectioned w ire w ith a h ook p rojecting f rom t he s urviving e nd. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 970.171; B rodribb, H ands a nd W alker 1 968, f ig. 3 0 , n o. 2 7.

18

4 76.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire with b oth e nds m issing a nd s tarting t o u nravel. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 3m m , T : 4m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 970.172; B rodribb, Hands a nd W alker 1 968, f ig. 3 0, n o. 2 8.

S ILCHESTER, H ANTS. 4 77.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd c rescentic shape. e nds a re w ell t apered. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , W : 4m m , T : 4m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 927.735.

B oth

S HEEPEN , O XFORD 4 78.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection tapering t erminals . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum .

m arkedly

t o

b oth

S OMERDALE, A VON 4 79.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne r ounded end p ointed. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . S omerdale M useum , A cc. N o. ( 0-42)SM/88.

a nd

o ne

S OUTH S HIELDS, T & W 4 80.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection a nd c rescentic s hape t apering t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 3.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . S outh S hields F ort M useum , u naccessed; A llason-Jones i n M iket 1 983, p . 14, n o. 9 6: L ayer 6 6, l ater 2 nd c entury.

4 81.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith i ncised ength b ut n ot e ncircling t he t ransverse l ines a long t he l o b oth e nds. T ype 2 e. s hank . T he s ection t apers t I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 2m m . u naccessed; A llason-Jones i n S outh S hields F ort M useum , M iket 1 983, p . 1 09, F ig. 6 8, n o. 2 ; t opsoil.

4 82.

F ragment o f w ire w ith h ooked t erminal s urviving. T ype 3 . N o m easurements p ossible. M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne , A cc. N o. 1 929.125(25); ( 1956.128.74); A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n o. 3 .221.

19

4 83.

P enannular o f t wisted s quare-sectioned w ire w ith both e nds p ointing o utwards. T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 1m m . M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne, Acc. N o. 1 929.119(63); ( 1956.128.69.A); A llason-Jones and M iket 1 984, n o. 3 .218.

4 84.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist o f o val-sectionedwire w ith o ne s trand e merging t apered a t e ach e nd. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3m m . S outh S hields F ort M useum , A cc. N o. 1 900.145; TWCMS C 5464; A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n o. 3 .219.

4 85.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f c ircular-sectioned w ire l acking b oth e nds. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , W : 4m m , T : 4m m . S outh S hields F ort M useum , A cc. N o. 1 900.145; T WCMS C 5465; A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n o. 3 .220.

4 86.

O val-sectioned w ire c oiled c lockwise t o af lat s piral o f t wo c oils a t o ne e nd a nd a t apered h ook a t t he o ther. T ype 9 . L : 2 3 m m , Wa cross c oil: 9 .5 m m . S outh S hields F ort M useum , A cc. N o. 1 900.145; T WCMS C 5463; A llason-Jones a nd M iket 1 984, n o. 3 .217.

4 87.

C ircular-sectioned h ook. T erminal f rom a T ype 9 ? L : 1 7 m m , T : 1m m M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne , Acc. 1 929.119(73); ( 1956.128.69.A).

4 88.

N o.

L ength o f c opper a lloy c hain m ade u p o f s even c ircular l inks o f v arying s izes, t erminating i n a h ook w ith w ire t wisted a round n ine t imes. P ossibly a n e ar-ring o f T ype 1 7. L : 4 0 m m . M useum o f A ntiquities, N ewcastle u pon T yne, A cc. N o. 1 956.128.77.A.

S TANCOMBE P ARK , G LOS. 4 89.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith f lattened t erminals w hich a re d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n ecks. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 1 .75 m m . C ity M useum a nd A rt G allery, G loucester, A cc. N o. A 15.

S TANWICK , N ORTHANTS. 4 90.

P enannular of T ype 1 .

l entoid s ection

1 20

t apering

o nly

a t

o ne

e nd.

I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W: 4 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, HBMC , N o. 8 612493, e xcay. n o. 2 91 S F 2 170.

S TANWIX , C UMBRIA 4 91.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection m oulded t o g ive t he i mpression o f a t wisted b ar. O ne o f t he o verlapping t erminals i s m ore p ointed t han t he o ther. M ock T ype 4 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . T ullie H ouse M useum , C arlisle.

4 92.

P enannular f our-strand t wist o f o val-sectionedwire l acking b oth t erminals . T ype 8 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , T : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 8 516872.

T HORPE T HEWLES, C LEVELAND 4 93.

D istorted p enannular o f o val section t apering t o b oth t erminals . T ype 1 . W : 2m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A llason-Jones i n H eslop 1 987, p . 7 7, f ig. 50, n o. 3 ; e xcay. n o. T T81.M3.C299 S F 6 0.

4 94.

V ery s mall f our-petalled stud. T ype 1 6? D : 1 0 m m . A llason-Jones i n H eslop 1 987, p. 8 2, M 15.C2; T T81.0 S F 3 .

e xcay.

n o.

T IDDINGTON , W ARKS. 4 95.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped a nd intertwined t erminals . T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , T : 2m m. I nf. G . L loyd-Morgan ; e xcay. n o. 1 938 S F M 509.

W AKERLEY, N ORTHANTS. 4 96.

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith t he e nds o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. Ab lue d rum b ead w ith y ellow m arvering h angs f rom t he r ing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , T : 1m m , B ead: W . 1 2 m m , T : 4m m . J ackson a nd A mbrose 1 978, f ig. 6 5, n o. 7 : B urial 1 3.

W ALLSEND , T&W 4 97.

P enannular o f s trip s ection. Type 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8.5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 4 .5 m m .

1 21

A llason-Jones in 9 78.

D aniels f orthcoming ,

e xcay. n o. G 15.20 S F

W AREHAM , D ORSET 4 98.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering t o o ne terminal. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 2m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A cc. N o. 4 154T.

W ATER N EWTON , C AMBS. 4 99.

A nnular l oop o f s lightly f acetted o val s ection t hreaded o n t o ap enannular r ing o f c ircular s ection f lattened t o s patulate e nds. T he o uter f ace h as a b and o f i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross b oth n ecks. T ype 2 b. D : 1 6.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 -2 m m , A nnular R ing: 2 2 x 1 3 m m , T : 2m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N o. 8 2.6-21.63 ( purchased f rom M rs. C . S harp).

W ILTSHIRE 5 00.

P enannular o f s emi-circular s ection, t he o uter f ace d ecorated b y g roups o f i ncised t ransverse l ines. O ne e nd i s t rimmed o n t he u nder f ace. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, P assmore C ollection, A cc. N o. 1 896.4g.

5 01.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist l acking b oth t erminals. 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 2m m , T : 3m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, P assmore C ollection.

Type

W INTERTON , H UMBERSIDE 5 02.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. 1 . D iam .: 1 8 x 1 5 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 1m m . S tead 1 976, f ig. 1 05, N o. 6 3. 3 rd-4th c entury A .D .

Type

W OODBURY , D EVON 5 03.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne r ounded t erminal, t he o ther f lattened a nd s played. T ransverse l ines a long m ost o f i ts l ength a ppear t o h ave b een s tamped w ith a m any-toothed t ool. A s eam a long t he i nner f ace s uggests t hat i t h as b een m ade f rom r olled w ire. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 7 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m .

1 22

R oyalAlbert M emorial M useum , E xeter. 1 9.

A cc. N o. W OY 8 1.48 S F

W OODCUTS, D ORSET 5 04.

P enannular o f s emi-circular s ection w ith p ointed t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 3 3 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .5 m m . D orset C ounty M useum , D orchester, A ustin C ollection, A cc. N o. 1 946.2.20.

W OODEATON , O XON . 5 05.

P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection t apering f rom o ne thick r ounded e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1 -3 m m , T : 1 .5 -3 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, Windham H ughes C ollection.

5 06.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering f rom o ne b lunt end. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, W indham H ughes C ollection.

5 07.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith r ounded t erminals. a n a rea o f w ear 7 m m f rom o ne e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. I VR.

5 08.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne e nd t hicker t han t he o ther. T he t hicker e nd h as t hree t ransverse l ines i ncised a cross t he n eck w ith a h ook ( or b roken r ing) p rojecting f rom t he o uter e dge. C f. I ntercisa: A lföldi e t a l. 1 957, n o. 2 8. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 2 5.5 m m , W : 3 .5 m m , T : 4m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford.

5 09.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f o val s ection o f s imilar t ype t o a bove w ith t hree i ncised l ines a t t he n eck a nd a p rojecting h ook o r r ing. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 2 9 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, W indham H ughes C ollection.

5 10.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith t he surviving t erminal f lattened a nd s lightly s patulate w ith a l arge g roup o f i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n eck. Type 2 b. D iam .: 2 1 x1 2 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. N R.

1 23

There i s

5 11.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o ne e dge a t o ne t erminal c ut a way i n s teps. Aw ide b and o f i ncised t ransverse l ines r uns f rom o ne e nd t o n ear t he c entre. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam.: 2 2.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m, T : 2m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. C R.NR.ARB.

5 12.

P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection w ith t he e nds s harpened t o a n a ngle t o f it s nugly a gainst e ach o ther. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith b ands o f i ncised t ransverse l ines. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam.: 1 5.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 2m m. A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 936.115.

5 13.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection w ith s lightly t apered r ounded e nds. T he o uter f ace i s d ecorated w ith a c omplex d esign o f i ncised t ransverse g rooves a nd s tamped d ota nd-ring m otifs. C f. b racelets i n W heeler a nd W heeler 1 932, f ig. 1 7,K . T ype 2 h. I nt. D iam .: 2 9 m m , W : 2m m, T : 5 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. R 158.

5 14.

ith h ooked e nds. Type 5 . P enannular t wo-strand t wist w D iam .: 2 4 m m a pprox. P rivate c ollection; D ixon, 1 935, p p. 1 99-200.

5 15.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned wire, c rescentic i n s hape w ith b oth t erminals m issing. T ype 6. I nt. D iam.: 1 9 m m , W : 3m m , T : 3m m. A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 946.195.

5 16.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f r ectangular-sectioned w ire w ith o ne s urviving h ooked t erminal. T he w ires h ave been s haved t o g ive a f inal s quare s ection. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 4.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford.

5 17.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f r ectangular-sectioned w ire w ith b oth e nds m issing. T he f inal s ection i s s quare . T ype 6 . D iam .: 2 3 x 1 8 m m , T : 3m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford.

5 18.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire w ith o ne h ooked t erminal. T he w ires h ave b een s haved t o g ive a f inal r ectangular s ection. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam.: 3 3 m m , W : 2m m , T : 3m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 900.R78.

1 24

5 19.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectionedwire s haved s lightly o n t he i nner f ace. T he s ection t apers slightly t o e ach m issing t erminal. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 3m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1921.164.

5 20.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f l entoid-sectioned fine w ire. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 954.707.

5 21.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist o f o val-sectionedwire. t erminals a re m issing. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 3 m m , W : 2m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 933.685.

5 22.

P l. 3 3, F ig. 4 . O val-sectioned w ire c oiled a nti-clockwise t o a f lat s piral ( 3 c oils) w ith t he o ther e nd b ent t o f orm a h ook. T ype 9 . L : 2 0 m m , D iam . a cross s piral: 1 0 m m , To f w ire: 1 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. R 426.

5 23.

P l. 3 3. O val-sectioned w ire c oiled a nti-clockwise t o a s piral ( 3 c oils) w hose c entre r ises s lightly a bove t he o uter r ing. T he w ire b ends b ack u nder t he c oils a nd r uns u p t he b ack t o f orm a h ook. T ype 9 . L : 4 0 m m , D iam . a cross s piral: 2 1 m m , To f w ire: 2 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. R 427.

B oth

W ORSHAM , O XON . 5 24.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith n icksalong b oth edges o f t he o uter f ace g iving a c hevron e ffect. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 7.5 m m , W : 2 .5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A shmolean M useum , O xford, A cc. N o. 1 948.212.

W ROXETER, S ALOP . 5 25.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection e xpanding t o o ne s played e nd. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , Ta t t erminal: 3 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 8000678; e xcay. n o. W P 2 7 U /S, S F 8 4 ( Barker).

5 26.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith b oth ends s haved t o a p oint. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC ; e xcay. no. W B 9 7.148, S F 5 572 ( Webster).

1 25

5 27.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith a s lightly c onvex o uter f ace . T apers t o b oth t erminals . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 1 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. 7 87749; e xcay. n o. W B 8 0.50, S F 2 120 ( Webster).

5 28.

P enannular o f r ounded l ozenge section t apering e qually i n b oth p lanes t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 2m m , T :3 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, HBMC , N o. 7 90178; e xcay. no. ( B417) ( Atkinson).

5 29.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering e qually i n b oth p lanes t o b oth t erminals. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , T : 2m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 90183; e xcay. n o. ( B434) ( Atkinson).

5 30.

o b oth t erminals , o ne of P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t w hich i s b ent . o utwards . T ype 1 . D iam .: 3 6 m m ( approx.). . 3 2, p l.XXI, f ig. 1 , n o. 8 . S ite V I. B ushe-Fox 1 916, P

5 31.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o o ne t erminal w hich i s f lattened a nd d ecorated w ith i ncised l ines a cross t he n eck . T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 7.25 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 8 40559; e xcay. n o . W P 8 3/D1231.6, S F 2 57 ( Barker).

5 32.

P enannular o f o val s hape a nd r ectangular s ection t apering t o o ne t erminal. T he w ider t erminal i s d ecorated w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n eck. T ype 2 b . I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , W : 1 .5 m m , T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 800969; e xcay. n o . W P 7 9.27M , S F 2 21 ( Barker).

5 33.

P enannular o f o val s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals b oth o f w hich a re f lat a nd r ectangular w ith i ncised l ines a cross t he n eck. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 3.25 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory , H BMC , N o. 7 312135; e xcay. n o. W P 4 , I /II, S F 3 4 ( Barker).

5 34.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith f lattened t erminals, b oth w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines a cross t he n eck. T ype 2 b. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 8000139; e xcay. n o . W P 7 8.25 S F 5 9 ( Barker).

1 26

5 35.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection m oulded t o g ive a b eaded a ppearance f or t he f ull l ength a nd t apering s lightly a t b oth t erminals. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 9.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 8 03005; e xcay. n o. W P 3 9P/E311, S F 4 64 ( Barker).

5 36.

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o one t erminal w ith i ncised t ransverse g rooves f or t he f ull length o f t he o uter f ace. T ype 2 e. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 1m m , T : 0 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory , H BMC, N o. 787801; e xcay. n o. W B 9 6.21, S F 3 746 ( Webster).

5 37.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w ith i ncised t ransverse l ines f or t he f ull l ength o f t he i nner f ace. T ype 2 f. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 2m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC ; e xcay. n o. W P80.34.E96Ae , S F 4 41 ( Barker).

5 38.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c hip-carving a long b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace g iving a c hevron e ffect. O ne t erminal n arrows a nd i s c arved t o f orm a h ook , t he o ther i s f lattened . T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 43308; e xcay. n o. 1 3, S F 6 2.

5 39.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection w ith c hip-carving a long b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace g iving a c hevron e ffect. T he t erminals o verlap a nd a re s haved t o f it s nugly t ogether. T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 5.25 m m , W : 0 .75 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 8001005; e xcay. n o. W P 7 9, 3 6B , S F 4 67 ( Barker).

5 40.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith n otches c hip-carved a long b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace . T ype 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 5 m m , W : 1m m , T : 3m m . I nf. A . B liss ; e xcay. n o. W P 7 8.11g.D108, SF 2 2 ( Barker).

5 41.

P enannular o f s trip s ection w ith n otches c hip-carved along b oth e dges o f t he o uter f ace t o g ive a z ig-zag e ffect. Type 2 g. I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 0 .5 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . I nf. A . B liss; e xcay. n o. W P 7 9, 6 , S F 2 4 ( Barker).

1 27

5 42.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f l entoid s ection w ith o ne n arrow r ounded e nd. T he o ther t erminal i s g lobular. T ype 2 h . C f. I ntercisa ( Alföldi e t a l. 1 957, A bb. 9 3) a nd a n e xample f rom M ainz M useum ( Hoffmann a nd v on C laer 1 968, n o. 8 5a) w hich b oth e nd i n ap olygonal b lock. S ee a lso B londel 1 929, p . 8 1, A bb. 6 , f or e xamples o f b racelets w ith s imilar t erminals. I nt. D iam .: 2 5.25 m m , W : 1 .75 m m , T : 2 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 92153 ( Kenyon).

5 43.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w hich i s d ecorated b y f ive ' beads ' c ast i n o ne w ith t he s hank a nd a rranged a t r egular i ntervals a long t he l ength. T ype 2 h. C f. N o. 4 35 f rom R ichborough. I nt. D iam .: 1 3.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 8000678; e xcay. n o. W P 7 6.34M , C 184, S F 3 66 ( Barker).

5 44.

H ollow r od o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich a re c oiled a round t he s hank t wice o n e ach s ide . T he s ection n arrows m arkedly t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre s uggesting a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 312215; e xcay. n o. W P 1 9 I /II, S F 3 ( Barker).

5 45.

D istorted w ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich a re c oiled a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . L : 4 2 m m , T : 1m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 81715; e xcay. n o. W P 7 5.22.D100G ; S F 2 22 ( Barker).

5 46.

P enannular o f t wo-strand t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire. T he e nds a re i ncomplete b ut a ppear t o h ook . D istortion t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre m ay s uggest a p endant n ow m issing. T ype 5 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 3m m , T : 2 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 90771; e xcay. n o. ( A23) ( Atkinson).

5 47.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist, v ery t ightly t wisted. B oth t erminals a re m issing. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.75 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 312241; e xcay. n o. W P 7 1.24 J/ I, S F 1 5 ( Barker).

5 48.

P enannular t hree-strand 6 .

t wist o f o val-sectioned w ire.

1 28

T ype

D iam .: 1 x 7 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . I nf. A . B liss , excay. n o. WP 8 5 1 9R , B 482, S F 3 74 ( Barker).

5 49.

P enannular t hree-strand t wist w ith t he t erminals t ouching. T ype 6 . I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , T : 3m m . I nf. A . B liss , e xcay. n o. W P 7 9, 3 2, SF 1 57 ( Barker).

5 50.

F ig. 4 . H ook o f s quare s ection r ounding a s i t t ravels t he c urve. T he o ther e nd i s w rapped a round t he s hank s everal t imes t o m ake a l oop f or a p endant. T ype 1 7. L : 2 2 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. 8 0000213 ; e xcay. n o. 6 .B262, S F 8 0.

W YCOMB , G LOS. 5 51.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection with t erminals . T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 16 m m , T : 1 .25 m m . R awes 1 981, p. 4 6, f ig. 4 7, n o. 7 .

p ointed

o verlapping

5 52.

P enannular o f r ectangular s ection t apering to o ne t erminal. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 m m , W : 1m m , T : 2m m . R awes 1 981, p . 46, f ig. 4 7, n o. 1 .

Y ORK , N . Y ORKS. 5 53.

D istorted p enannular o f c ircular section t apering m ore s harply t o o ne e nd t han t he o ther. Type 1 . D iam .: 2 7 x1 7 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. no. 1 986.9.IV .4711, S F 5 601.

5 54.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection t apering m arkedly a t t he e nds. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9 m m , W : 3m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. 8 6.9V .5059, S F 2 407.

5 55.

P enannular o f c ircular s ection w ith s harply t apered e nds. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , W : 3m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. 1 986.9V .5348, S F5805.

5 56.

P enannularof T ype 1 .

o val s ection

1 29

w ith t apering

o verlapped

e nds.

I nt. D iam .: 1 6.5 m m , W : 3 .5 m m , T : 3m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. 1 983.32.1076.1, S F 2 34.

57. 5

P enannular o f o val s ection t apering t o o ne e nd. I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , T : 2m m . T he M anchester M useum , A cc. N o. 1 981.922.

T ype 1 .

58. 5

I ncomplete p enannular o f l entoid s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals. T he i nner f ace h as i ncised t ransverse l ines f or t he f ull l ength. T ype 2 f. I nt. D iam .: 1 8 m m , T : 1 .5 m m . Y orkshire M useum , Y ork , A cc. N o. 1 971.303 ; W enham 1 968, p . 9 6, f ig. 3 6 , n o. 1 2; b urial i n T rentholme D rive.

59. 5

W ire o f c ircular s ection w ith o verlapped t erminals c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6.25 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. 1 983.32.1076.1, S F 2 35 : T anner R ow .

5 60.

F ig. 4 . W ire o f f ine s trip w ith o verlapped t erminals w hich a re c oiled a round t he s hank o nce o n e ither s ide. T ype 3 . D iam .: 1 5.5 x 8 m m , W : 1 .25 m m , T : 0 .75 m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. 1 986.9.1.1663, S F 6 595.

5 61.

P enannular t wo-strand t wist o f l acking b oth t erminals. T ype 5 . L : 4 5 m m , D iam .: 1 3 m m . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. 9 15 ; B lake S treet.

c ircular-sectioned

n o.

1 975.6.

I V.4610 ;

w ire

S F

5 62.

F ig. 4 . D ome-headed s tud w ith a s quare-sectioned s hank w hich h as s plit a t t he e nd. T he s hank b ulges s lightly u nder t he h ollow h ead. T ype 1 6. D iam .: 1 0 m m , H : 1 3 m m . Y orkshire M useum , Y ork , A cc. N o. 7 1.303; W enham 1 968, F ig. 3 6, n o. 3 0 ( find n o. 5 54): ' probably a n e ar-ring, a s f ound a longside a f emale s kull, ( Skeleton n o. 1 07) n ear t he e ar '. S ee d iscussion o n p .12.

5 63.

H ook f ormed o f a s trip t apering t o o ne e nd. T he o ther e nd c urls b ack a nd t wists a round t he s hank t wice t o f orm a l oop f rom w hich a s econd s imilar b ut m uch s maller l oop h angs . T ype 1 7. T otal L : 2 7 m m , T : 2 mm . Y ork A rchaeological T rust, e xcay. n o. 1 986.9X.10072, S F 6 592.

1 30

5 64-66.

E buracum 1 972, p . 1 06, r efers t o t hree e ar-rings f ound w ith c orpses i n T rentholme D rive , n ow m issing.

1 31

E AR-RINGS O F I RON A ND C OPPER A LLOY

L INCOLN , L INCS. 5 67.

P enannular o f c opper a lloy w ire w rapped t ightly a round a c ircular-sectioned i ron c ore. B oth e nds a re m issing. I nt. D iam .: 0 .5 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . T rust f or L incolnshire A rchaeology , e xcay. n o. F7 5.G98 A e 5 14: f rom a 1 0th c entury c ontext w ith s ome r esidual R oman m aterial.

L ONDON 5 68.

P enannular w ith a n i ron c ore o f c ircular s ection w rapped a round b y b rass w ire, t ightly w rapped s o t hat n one o f t he i ron i s v isible. I nt. D iam .: 1 4 m m , W : 3m m , T : 2 .5 m m . M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. A .20824G ( Mayhew C ollection); f ound n ear W albrook , w ith a f inger r ing, i n 1 873.

W ROXETER , S ALOP . 5 69.

P enannular o f t wo s trands o f c ircular-sectioned c opper a lloy w ire w rapped a round a c ircular-sectioned i ron c ore. O ne e nd i s c omplete a nd c onsists o f a t apered s hort h ook o f c opper a lloy. I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 3 .75 m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC , N o. 7 90774; e xcay . n o. A 29 ( Atkinson).

1 32

E AR-RINGS O F P EWTER

C ARLISLE , C UMBRIA 5 70.

S mall p enannular o f r ectangular s ection c hanging t o c ircular s ection a s i t t apers t o o ne e nd. T he t hicker e nd i s c urled. T his i s av ery c rude p iece m ade f rom l ead o r p ewter. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 0 m m , W : 2m m , T : 3m m . C arlisle E xcavation U nit: B lackfriars e xcay. n o. C AR 7 8.BLA.PB 3 9.D161.

L ONDON 5 71.

W ire o f o val s ection t apering t o b oth t erminals w hich a re o verlapped a nd c oiled a round t he s hank t wice o n e ither s ide. Ag roove t o o ne s ide o f t he c entre m ay s uggest a p endant n ow m issing. A nalysis r eveals a s trong t in c ontent a nd a p ositive l ead r eaction w ith n o s ilver p resent ( inf. p er M iss C . J ones). T ype 3 . I nt. D iam .: 1 6 m m , W : 2m m , T : 2m m . M useum o f L ondon , A cc. N o. 7 95; G uildhall C atalogue 1 908, p . 2 7, n o. 3 65: f rom L ondon W all.

1 33

E AR-RINGS O F G LASS

C OLCHESTER,

E SSEX

5 72.

F our c ylindrical g reen b eads, m uch d ecayed, w ith a n o val b ead o f r oyal b lue g lass, a ll h eld t ogether a s a p endant e ar-ring b y m odern w ire b ut f ound w ith f ragments o f c opper a lloy w ire. T ype 1 7. B eads: b lue: L : 7m m , W : 9m m , T : 5m m ; g reen: a ) L : 3m m, W : 2 .5 m ; b ) L : 4 .5 m m , W : 2m m ; c ) L : 5m m , W : 2 .5 m m; m d ) L : 4m m, W : 3 .25 m m. C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , J oslin C ollection, A cc. N o. 5 68; W estern C emetery, G rave 6 9.

5 73.

G roup o f t hree o paque g reen g lass b eads o f g raduated s izes, a ll h exagonal i n s ection, w ith a f acetted c ube b ead o f r oyal b lue l inked b y m odern w ire b ut f ound w ith f ragments o f c opper a lloy w ire. T ype 1 7. B eads: b lue: L : 6 m m , W : 6m m , T : 6m m ; g reen: a ) L : 1.5 m„ W : 7 .5 m m , T : 7 .5 m m ; b ) L : 7m m , W : 5 .5 m m , T : 5 .5 m m; m c ) L : 5 .5 m m , W : 3 .5 m m , T : 3 .5 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , J oslin C ollection, A cc. N o. 5 68; W estern C emetery, G rave 6 9.

5 74.

L ong p ear-shaped g reen b ead w ith a h ole p ierced i n t he b ase. T he n eck i s c overed b y a l ong c one o f s ilver e nding i n a s quare-sectioned r od w hich h as l ost i ts h ooked e nd. T ype 1 7. C f. M arshall 1 969, n os. 2 591-2. T otal L : 2 8 m m , M ax. T : 6 .5 m m , D o f h ole: 2 .5 m m . C olchester a nd E ssex M useum , J oslin C ollection, A cc. N o. 5 68; W estern C emetery, G rave 6 9.

5 75.

O paque b lack g lass p endant s haped l ike a p edestal v ase w ith a s uspension l oop, c f. N os. 5 81 a nd 5 82 f rom Y ork a nd N o. 5 76 b elow. L : 1 8.5 m m , D iam .: 1 4 m m. C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 501: g rave d eposit d ated t o t he l ast t hree-quarters o f t he 4 th c entury.

5 76.

T ranslucent y ellow g lass p endant i n t he s hape o f a p edestal v ase w ith a s uspension l oop m ade i n t he s ame w ay a s N os. 5 81 a nd 5 82 f rom Y ork. L : 1 2 m m , D iam .: 1 0 m m. C rummy 1 983, n o. 1 503; g rave d eposit d ated t o t he l ast t hree-quarters o f t he 4 th c entury.

1 34

G ADEBRIDGE , H ERTS. 5 77.

C onical f acetted i nset o f d ark g reen glass s et i n a r ectangular c up o f c opper a lloy d ecorated w itha r adiating p etal m otif w ith a c entral b roken l oop. L : 9m m . N eal 1 974, F ig. 5 7, n o. 6 9, p . 1 32.

M ILTON K EYNES , B UCKS. 5 78.

P enannular o f i rregular c ircular s ection i n p ale y ellow g lass. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 1 m m , T : 2 -3 m m . M ynard 1 987, F ig. 5 0 , n o. 256; e xcay. n o. M K 3 01/Uns./GL19.

R ICHBOROUGH , K ENT 5 79.

F ig. 4 . P enannular o f s emi-oval s ection i n b lack g lass. B oth e nds a re m issing b ut t he s ection t apers t owards o ne. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 1 9:5 m m , M ax. W : 4 .5 m m , M ax. T : 6m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory , H BMC , N o. U /N 3 3.

5 80.

P enannular o f o val s ection i n c obalt b lue g lass. The i nner f ace i s r ather r ough . B oth e nds a re m issing b ut one a ppears t o t aper. T ype 1 . I nt. D iam .: 2 0 m m , W : 3m m . A ncient M onuments L aboratory, H BMC, N o. U /N 2 2.

Y ORK , N . Y ORKS. 5 81-2.

F ig. 4 . P air o f y ellow g lass e ar-drops f ormed b y t wisting a r od t o f orm a l oop a nd t hen c ontinuing t o t wist a round t he b ase. L : 1 4 m m a nd 1 2.5 m m , M ax. W : 9 .5 m m . 1 Y orkshire M useum , A cc. N o. 8; E buracum 1 962, p . 7 3, V : C offin a nd g rave g oods f ound i n 1 901 a t t he N . e nd o f S ycamore T errace a bout 2 ' f rom t he b oundary w all o f L ove L ane ( NG 5 9685236). C offin w as b roken i nto t hree p ieces a nd c ontained a f emale l ying o n h er b ack w ith a C hristian i nscription i n b one. 4 th c entury A .D . C f. N oll 1 963, T af. 1.

W ALLSEND , T YNE A ND W EAR 5 83.

T riangularblack g lass i nset of t riangular s ection. L : 1 7 m m . E xcay. N o. W AL M 4.1 S F 8 3.

1 35

F ALSA

T he f ollowing o bjects h ave a ll b een p ublished a s b eing e ar-rings o f R omano-British o rigin b ut c lose e xamination h as s hown t hem t o b e e ither w rongly i dentified o r w rongly d ated.

B REDON , W ORCS. 5 84.

' Ear-ring o f s ilver, w eight s ixty g rains, f ound w ith R oman b rass c oins o f A llectus, Q uintillus a nd C onstans, e tc. f ound i n a f ield c alled N ettlebed , s ituate o n t he s outh s ide o f B redon H ill, n ear t he a ncient c amp. O n t he l ower p art o f t he r ing a ppears a c avity f ormed t o r eceive a g em '. T his i s af inger r ing o f H enig 's ( 1978) t ype X II w orn t hrough o pposite t he s etting. A rch.J . I II, 1 846, p . 2 67.

C ORBRIDGE , N ORTHD . 5 85.

P l. 3 4. F lat l eaf-shaped p late w ith a h ook a t o ne e nd. T his i s a n i ncomplete s cabbard d ecoration, c f. G ermania X LVII, 1 969, A bb. 2 .5, T af. 2 5.12 ; H auser 1 904, T af. X LVII. L : 3 7 m m . C orstopitum M useum , A cc. N o. 7 5.351; C harlesworth 1 961, p . 3 5, n o. 3 .

G REETWELL F IELDS, L INCS. 5 86.

I ncomplete p enannular(?) o f h exagonal s ection w ith a c entral b arrel-shaped ' bead ' d ecorated w ith i ncised l ines. F ound i n 1 884 a nd i dentified a t t he t ime a s a n e ar-ring b ut a ctually a f itting o f m edieval d ate. D : 1 7 m m , W a cross b ead: 5 .5 m m . L incoln C ity a nd C ounty M useum , A cc. N o. 9 297.06.

H OUSESTEADS, N ORTHD. 5 87.

' A f ine g old e ar-drop ' c onsisting o f a s eries o f b ows a nd s crolls. T his i tem i s u nfortunately l ost b ut i llustrations s uggest t hat i t w as p art o f a n ecklace r ather t han a n e ar-ring a nd , d espite i ts f indspot ' just i nside o ne o f t he g ates o f t he f ort a t H ousesteads ' i ts f lorid a ppearance s uggests a m edieval o r l ater d ate. L iversidge 1 973, p . 1 40, f ig. 5 3c.

1 36

L ONDON 5 88-9.

P l. 3 5. P air o f r ed g old e ar-rings: a s mall h ook p rojects f rom a h ollow f acetted g lobe w hich i n t urn s its o n a n o vals ectioned s tem p rojecting f rom a l arger f acetted g lobe. T his h as h ad f ive t iny c ircular c ups i nset t o t ake s emip recious s tones n ow m issing. F rom t he l ower g lobe h angs a t eardrop t erminal. A lthough t here i s n o d oubt t hat t hese a re e ar-rings t here i s c onsiderable d oubt a s t o t heir b eing R oman a nd i t c an b e a rgued f rom t he s tyle o f d ecoration, t he m ethod o f m anufacture a nd t he q uality o f t he g old t hat t hey a re o f m edieval d ate. L : 2 9 m m . C ool 1 983, f ig. 1 29/2. F rom L eadenhall S treet. M useum o f L ondon, A cc. N o. 1 4861.

5 90-91.

A p air o f p enannular e ar-rings o f s trip s ection, r oughly c ut, a nd t apering t o b oth e nds. O ne i s d ecorated w ith r oughly s tamped t riangles a t b oth t erminals a long o ne e dge o n t he o uter f ace , w hilst t he i nner f ace h as a n a rea o f s tamped s emi-circles a t b oth t erminals. T he s econd e ar-ring h as s tamped s emi-circles a t b oth e nds o n t he i nner f ace w hilst t he o uter f ace c uts a cross a d esign w hich h as i ncluded a c ross i n t he f orm o f ac rux a nsata, b etween t wo c rowned h eads o f w hich o nly t he c rowns s urvive , w ith t he l etters nAc rTto ito o ne s ide. T he i mpression g iven i s t hat t he s tamped s emic ircles w ere a pplied a fter t he s trips w ere c ut b ut b efore t he e ar-rings w ere c urled t o t heir p resent s hape. T he d ecoration o n t he o ther f aces c learly b elongs t o t he o riginal d isc f rom w hich t he s trips w ere c ut a s t he m etalworker h as i gnored t he d ecoration t o a l arge e xtent, c utting s traight a cross t he c ross a nd h eads a nd d iagonally a cross t he G reek l etters. T he t wo c rowned h eads s eparated b y a c ross a re r eminiscent o f B yzantine c oins a lthough m ost c oins a re t hicker. C oins a re a lso s tamped o n b oth s ides w hilst t he o riginal d isc i n t his c ase a ppears t o h ave b een p lain o n o ne s ide. T he w ord n a er riX " " ,m eaning ' a b ridal c hamber', s uggests t hat t his w as a m edal s truck t o c elebrate a m arriage ( see V atin 1 970, p p. 2 10-228 f or a d iscussion o f t he c omplex s ignificance o f 7 re .c rTc/ 1 4 a nd " t ic rrw ; i n m arriage c eremonies f rom H ellenistic t imes o nwards). D iscs s truck t o c elebrate m arriages a re c ommon i n B yzantine a rt a nd w ere o ften u sed t o d ecorate b elts w hich w ere c ustomary w edding g ifts -St. A lexius, f or e xample , g ave h is b ride a r ing a nd a b elt i n t he b ridal c hamber ( Armeaud 1 889, p p. 1 2-13). A n e xample f rom C onstantinople i n t he D umbarton O aks C ollection ( Ross 1 965, N o. 3 8, p p. 3 7-39) h as t wo l arge d iscs a nd t wenty-two s mall o nes. T he l arger p laques r epresent t he d extrarum i unctio w ith C hrist s tanding i n t he c entre b lessing t he b ride a nd g room w ho s tand o n e ither s ide w ith t heir h ands l inked i n f ront o f t hem . T he i nscription i s G reek a nd r eads ' From G od, c oncord, g race a nd h ealth '. T he s maller p laques h ave p agan s cenes. T he b elt -

1 37

h as b een d ated t o t he 6 th-7th c enturies a s h ave o thers o f t he t ype ( see R oss 1 965, p . 3 8, f or r eferences). T he c rowned h eads m ay i ndicate t he m arriage o f t he E mperor. H owever, a s D alton h as d iscussed ( 1921, p . 1 35), p art o f t he w edding c eremony i nvolved a ' crown o f g old, s ilver, g reen l eaves o r f lowers, w hich b oth b ride a nd b ridegroom w ore , a nd w hich w ere r eturned t o t he c hurch a fter t he l apse o f s even d ays', s o t here i s n o r eason t o s uppose t hat t he c rowned h eads s ignify a n e mperor a nd h is c onsort. S everal B yzantine e mperors d id a ppear o n t heir c oins a ccompanied b y t heir s pouses a nd t he s imilarity o f d esign o f c oins o f J ustin I I ( A.D . 5 65-578), P hocas ( A .D . 6 02-610) a nd H eraclius ( A .D . 6 16-641) ( Bellinger a nd G rierson 1 968) t o m arriage b elts w hich a re a lso d ated t o t he 6 th o r 7 th c enturies A .D . s uggests a l ate 6 th o r 7 th c entury d ate f or t he o riginal d isc. T he t ime l apse b etween t he m aking o f t he d isc a nd i ts s ubsequent d estruction t o m ake a p air o f e ar-rings c an o nly b e c onjectured. L : u ncurled: 4 5 m m , D iam .: 1 8 m m a nd 1 7 m m , W : 0 .25 a nd 1 .5 m m , T : 0 .5 m m . B ritish M useum , L ondon, A cc. N os. 8 3.5-2.1 a nd 8 3.5-2.2. R ecorded i n t he A cquisitions B ook a s b eing ' Purchased f rom J . G . H ilton P rice ' a nd ' Found i n T urnbull S t., C ow C ross, D ecember 1 879 '.

5 92.

S mall, v ery r egular p enannular r ing o f c opper a lloy w ith s lightly t hickened e nds. T his a ppears t o b e a l ink f rom c hain m ail. E xt. D iam .: 1 5.5 m m , W : 1 .5 m m . M useum o f L ondon, e xcay. n o. X WL .79.21.

M ANCHESTER 5 93.

S tylized c opper a lloy v ase w ith a s mall p enannular r ing t hrough t he h andle. A lthough t he i mplication i n t he m useum c atalogue i s t hat t his i s a l ocal f ind i t i s l ikely t o h ave b een a r ecent i mport t o t his c ountry, p ossibly b y a n a ntiquarian a s i t i s o f M ycenaean d ate, c f. K ilian-Dirlmeier 1 979, T afs. 7 7, 7 8, 7 9, 8 0 , 8 1. L : 2 3 m m , Do f r ing: 7 m m . M anchester M useum , A cc. N o. 1 981.08.

N EWSTEAD , B ORDERS 5 94.

O val w hite o pal w ith a r oughly f acetted e dge s et i nto a b ronze f rame a nd s ecured b y c laws . T he w hole i s c ontained i n a l oop f ormed f rom a d ouble t wisted s trand o f b ronze w ire b ent t o ah ook . T he b ack o f t he o pal i s s haped t o ac one. T his w as f ound a t t he t ime o f C urie 's e xcavations b ut i s l ikely t o h ave b een d ropped b y a f emale v isitor t o t he s ite a s i t i s o f 1 9th c entury d ate. T otal L : 2 3 m m , I nset: 1 0 x8m m . R oyal M useum o f S cotland, A cc. N o. F RA 8 53.

1 38

S T . A LBANS, H ERTS. 5 95.

H ollow s ilver c one w ith a l oop a t t he n arrow e nd. T he w ider e nd i s c apped w ith a d ome w ith a p rojecting l oop. T wo s trands o f w ire t wisted a round e ach o ther e merge f rom w ithin t he c one a nd a re t wisted o nce a round t he u pper l oop a nd t hen w ind a round t he b ody o f t he c one b efore d isappearing u nder t he c ap. D espite t his p iece's s imilarity t o t he ' Hercules ' c lub ' t ype o f e ar-ring ( Type 1 5) t here i s s ome d oubt a s t o t he d ate. I t w as f ound d uring e xcavations a t V erulamium b ut w as u nstratified a nd i s p robably V ictorian. L : 3 7 m m , M ax. W : 9m m . V erulamium M useum , A cc. N o. 7 9.2002; e xcay. n o. 7 4.1.PA, S F 2 , c at. 5 3.

5 96.

' Ear-ring w ith a l oop f ormed o f r od w ith c urved s ection a nd e xpanded f lattened e nd'. T his t ype o f o bject i s d estined t o b e c ontinually m isidentified. I n 1 984 A llason-Jones a nd M iket, f ollowing B irley a nd C harlton 1 934 , i dentified t he e xamples f rom S outh S hields e tc. a s b ucket e scutcheons. L : 2 1 m m , M ax. . W : 1 m m.

S TANFORD , L INCS. 5 97.

H ollow b asket s hape s quashed f lat, m ade o f c opper a lloy g ilded. B oth f aces a re d ecorated w ith t wo c urved l ines o f s tamped c ircles m aking c rescents. A h inged f astening i s f ixed i n p osition o n o ne s ide b y a s mall c opper a lloy p in w hilst t he o ther e nd h ooks i nto t he h ollow t ip. A t f irst s ight t his s eems t o b e a n e arly G reek e ar-ring o f t he ' leech ' t ype b ut u nfortunately i t i s ac heap V ictorian c opy. W : 2 1 m m , T otal H : 2 0 m m . L eicester M useum , F erney C olle q1QA , A cc. N o. 1 12.1927.75.

V INDOLANDA, N ORTHD . 5 98.

L eaf-shaped c opper a lloy p late w ith o penwork p elta a nd a rrow m otifs e mphasized b y p unctim d ecoration a round t he e dge a nd a round t he m otifs. A l oop i s f astened t o t he t op b y ad omeh eaded s tud w ith a n a nnular r ing t hreaded t hrough. T his i s am ilitary a pron p endant, c f. B ushe-Fox 1 914, p l. X VIII, n o. 3 1. T he p unctim d ecoration o n t his p endant a nd o n t he e xample b elow i s p re-Flavian i n d ate a nd a ppears t o h ave b een f avoured b y t he m ilitary. L : 5 9 m m . B irley 1 977, p l. 7 3,. p . 1 30.

5 99.

L ong l ozenge-shaped s heet o f g ilded c opper a lloy. T he f ront o f t he p late i s d ecorated w ith p unctim d ecoration w hich f ollows t he e dges b efore c urling i nto t he c entre. A t t he

1 39

t op t he p late h as b een r olled t o f orm a w ire b ent t o f orm a l oop a nd t hen t wisted a round t he s hank n ine t imes. T he b ottom o f t he p late h as a g lobular t erminal. A gain t his i s a m ilitary a pron p endant, c f. N ovaesium : B J C XII, 1 904, T af. XXIV , n o. 3 7; B inding 1 968, f ig. 1 6, X n o. 1 0. L : 5 7 m m , W : 1 4 m m . H enig 1 975, p . 1 4, f ig. 7 .

1 40

A DDENDUM

B IRDOSWALD , C UMBRIA 6 00.

H exagonal g old e ar-ring w ith a c onvex f ace w elded t o t he f lat b acking p late. T he f ace h as g rooves r unning f rom t he c orners o f t he h exagon t o a c entral d epression i n w hich a f acetted s quare c ylinder b ead o f o paque g reen g lass ( cf. G uido 1 978, p . 9 6) i s h eld b y al ength o f g old w ire s oldered t o t he f ace a t b oth e nds. T he w ire h ook h as b een h ammered f lat a t o ne e nd a nd s oldered o n t o t he b acking p late. T his e xample s heds m uch l ight o n o ther e xamples i n t he C atalogue . I t i s v ery c lose i n a ppearance t o t he p air f rom O wmby-by-Spital ( Nos. 5 0 a nd 5 1) w hich w ere d esignated a s v ariants o f T ype 1 3a a s t hey l ack a c entral b ead o r i nset. T he e vidence o f b eads b eing h eld s imply b y w ire s oldered t o t he f ace r ather t han i nset, s uggests t hat i f t hey w ere r emoved f or s ome r eason t here w ould b e l ittle e vidence o f t heir o riginal e xistence. I t i s t herefore p ossible t hat t he p ostulated b ead o n t he e xample f rom B ewcastle i n C umbria ( No. 4 ; T ype 1 4) c ould a lso h ave b een h eld b y s oldered w ire. E xamples o f e ar-rings w ith w ired b eads a re k nown i n S ophia M useum ( nos. 4 5, 4 6 a nd 4 7: i nformation f rom D r. R oussevaS lokoska) a nd i n I stanbul M useum ( Ergil 1 983, n os. 1 20 a nd 1 23). T he 4 th c entury c ontext o f t he B irdoswald e ar-ring a ccords w ell w ith t he 4 th c entury d ate o f t he O wmby-by-Spital p air a s d oes G uido 's s uggestion t hat g reen g lass b eads o f p olygonal f orm w ere m ore p opular i n t he l ate R oman p eriod ( 1978, p . 9 7). L : 1 3 m m , W : 1 3 m m , L o f b ead: 4 m m , W o f b ead: 3 m m . B irdoswald e xcavation 1 987 ( T . W ilmott). F ound i n p ost A .D. 3 70 o ccupation o f g ranary, e xcay. n o. 4 20/77 S F 6 27.

1 41

C ONCORDANCE

T YPE 1 A u A u A g A g A g

F ort V icus C emetery T own T own

C olchester V indolanda C hichester D orchester G loucester

9 6 9 7 9 8 1 02 1 06

A g A g A g A g/glass A g

V illa F ort F ort C emetery C emetery

P iercebridge P iercebridge R ichborough W akerley Y ork

14 1 15 1 17 1 19 1 1 24

C A C A C A C A C A

T own T own V illa

A riconium A riconium A shel B arn B agwood C oppice 4 th c entury B asingstoke

2 6 6 6 8 4 8 6 8 8

C emetery

c .

A .D.

2 00

4 th c entury 4 th c entury A nglo-Saxon 3 rd c entury

B rigstock B uckton B uxton B uxton B uxton

4 th c entury

2 nd c entury 2 nd c entury l st-2nd c entury

A mphitheatre

B uxton B uxton C aerleon C aerleon C aerleon

C A CA CA CA CA

M ansio T own F ort F ort V illa

C aerleon C aerwent C arlisle C arrawburgh C atsgore

C A CA CA CA CA

A mphitheatre V icus F ort F ort

C hester C hester C hester C hester C hester

T own T own T own T own

C hesterton C irencester C irencester C olchester

1 30 1 32 1 33 1 34 1 35

C A CA CA CA CA/glass

T emple

1 36 1 37 1 38 1 39 1 40

C A CA CA CA CA

C ave d welling C ave d welling A mphitheatre

1 41 1 46 1 59 1 62 1 63 1 68 1 69 1 70 1 71 1 75

C A 1 79 1 88 CA 1 89 CA 1 95 CA

welling C ave d C ave d welling welling C ave d

1 42

l st-3rd c entury

l ater 2 nd c entury

2 nd-3rd c entury

A .D.

3 20-450

C olchester C olchester C olchester C olchester C olchester

1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 2 00

C A C A C A C A/Pebble C A/Ag

C emetery C emetery C emetery T own T own

2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 21 2

C A C A C A C A C A/glass

F ort F ort rea I ndustrial a rea I ndustrial a T own

C orbridge Corbridge Derby Derby Dorchester

23 2 24 2 26 2 27 2 28 2

C A C A C A C A C A

R ubbish d ump F ortress V illa

D unwich Eastby Exeter E xeter Exning

2 35 2 36 2 44 2 45 2 47

C A/glass C A/glass C A C A C A

itch V illa d V illa V illa V illa T own

F rocester F rocester Gatcombe G atcombe Gloucester

2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 62

C A C A C A C A C A

C emetery T own T own T own

G loucester Gloucester Gloucester Gloucester Lakenheath

V illa

L atimer L eicester L eicester Leicester Leicester

A 2 63 C A 2 65 C A 2 66 C 2 67 CA A 2 68 C

M acellum Baths B aths

2 69 2 70 2 76 2 77 2 78

C A C A C A C A C A

C emetery C emetery T own T own

L eicester Leicester Letchworth Lincoln Lincoln

2 79 2 80 2 81 2 82 2 83

C A C A C A C A C A

T own T own T own T own T own

L incoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln

2 84 2 85 2 86 2 87 2 88

C A C A C A C A C A

T own T own T own T own T own

L incoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln Lincoln

2 89 2 90

C A C A

T own T own

L incoln Lincoln

1 43

A .D . 3 20-450 A.D. 3 20-450 A.D . 3 20-450 pre A .D. 6 5 pre A .D. 6 5

Antonine

l ate 3 rd-4th c entury A.D .

3 50-378

early 3 rd c entury

5th c entury

i st c entury i st 2nd c entury

3 01 3 02 3 03 3 04 3 05

C A C A C A C A C A

C ity C ity C ity C ity C ity

L ondon L ondon L ondon L ondon L ondon

3 17 3 18 3 19 3 20 3 21

C A C A C A C A C A

F ortress F ortress T emple/villa T emple/villa T emple/villa

L ongthorpe L ongthorpe L ydney L ydney L ydney

3 22 3 23 3 24 3 25 3 26

C A C A C A C A C A

T emple/villa T emple/villa T emple/villa T emple/villa T emple/villa

L ydney L ydney L ydney L ydney L ydney

3 41 3 42 3 44 3 45 3 46

C A C A C A C A C A

H illfort H illfort C ave d welling

M aiden C astle M aiden C astle M anifold V alley M eols M eols

3 47 3 48 3 49 3 50 3 51

C A C A C A C A C A

M eols M eols M eols M eols M eols

3 52 3 53 3 54 3 55 3 56

C A C A C A C A C A

M eols M eols M eols M eols M eols

3 57 3 58 3 59 3 60 3 61

C A C A C A C A C A

M eols M eols M eols M eols M eols

3 62 3 63 3 64 3 76 3 85

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa R B S ettlement

M eols M eols M eols M ilton K eynes N ewhaven

3 86 3 91 4 07 4 08 4 09

C A C A C A C A C A

F ort R B S ettlement F ort F ort F ort

N ewstead P eterborough R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough

4 10 4 11

C A C A

F ort F ort

R ichborough R ichborough

1 44

c . A .D. 4 4/8 -62 c . A .D. 4 4/8 -62

i st c entury

p re A .D.

1 75

4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16

C A CA CA CA CA

F ort F ort F ort F ort F ort

R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough

4 17 4 18 4 19 4 20 4 21

C A CA CA CA CA

F ort F ort F ort F ort F ort

R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough

4 22 4 23 4 24 40 4 41 4

C A CA CA CA CA

F ort d itch V icus F ort T own T own

R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough S t. A lbans S t. A lbans

42 4 43 4 44 4 45 4 46 4

C A CA CA CA CA

M acellum T own T own T own T own

lbans S t. A S t. Albans S t. Albans S t. Albans S t. Albans

47 4 48 4 49 4 4 66 4 67

C A CA CA CA/stone CA

T own T own T own R B s ettlement P ort

lbans S t. A S t. Albans S t. Albans S t. Forth S eaMills

4 68 4 69 4 70 4 77 4 78

C A CA CA CA CA

P ort F ort F ort T own R B S ettlement

S ea M ills S egontium S egontium S ilchester S heepen

4 79 4 80 4 90 4 93 4 97

C A CA CA CA CA

V illa F ort F ortress R B S ettlement F ort

S omerdale S outh S hields late 2 nd c entury S tanwix T horpe T hewles i st c entury B .C. W allsend

4 98 5 02 5 04 5 05 5 06

C A CA CA CA CA

V illa R B S ettlement T emple T emple

W areham W interton W oodcuts W oodeaton W oodeaton

5 07 5 25 5 26 5 27 5 28

C A CA CA CA CA

T emple B aths B asilica M acellum M acellum B aths B asilica

W oodeaton W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter

5 29 C A 5 30 CA

B aths Basilica V icus

W roxeter W roxeter

1 45

A .D. 1 50-160 A .D . 150-160

4 th c entury 4 th century

3 rd-4th c entury

Wycomb W ycomb Y ork Y ork Y ork

51 5 52 5 53 5 54 5 55 5

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa T own T own T own

56 5 57 5 5 70 5 76 5 77 5 78

C A C A P ewter G lass G lass G lass

T own T own F ort V illa F ort F ort

Y ork Y ork C arlisle M ilton K eynes R ichborough R ichborough

T own T own V illa/temple F ort F ort

C irencester L incoln L ydney P iercebridge P iercebridge

T YPE 2 a 1 90 3 06 3 27 3 92 3 93

C A C A C A C A C A

4th c entury 4 th c entury

T YPE 2 b 9 9 1 47 1 48 1 60 1 80

A g C A C A C A C A

F ort T own T own F ort T own

R ichborough C aerwent C aerwent C arlisle C hesterton

22 2 2 37 2 52 2 57 3 07

C A C A C A C A C A

T own V illa T own F ort C ity

D orchester F rocester G loucester H ousesteads L ondon

3 28 3 29 30 3 31 3 3 43

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa/temple V illa/temple V illa/temple V illa/temple H illfort

L ydney L ydney L ydney L ydney M aiden C astle

3 65 3 77 3 94 4 06 4 25

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa F ort F ort F ort

M eols M ilton K eynes P iercebridge P ortchester R ichborough

4 26 4 89 4 99 5 08 5 09

C A C A C A C A C A

F ort V illa T emple T emple

R ichborough S tancombe P ark W ater N ewton W oodeaton W oodeaton

5 10

C A

T emple

W oodeaton

1 46

p re A .D. 9 0 2 nd-4th c entury

4 th c entury 4 th c entury

5 11 5 31 5 32 5 33 5 34

C A C A C A C A C A

T emple B aths B asilica F ort B aths B asilica B aths B asilica

W oodeaton W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter

T YPE 2 c 1 66 1 67 2 01 2 38 2 39

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa C emetery V illa V illa

C harterhouse C hessals C olchester F rocester F rocester

32 3 3 95 3 96 3 97 4 27

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa/temple F ort F ort F ort F ort

L ydney P iercebridge P iercebridge P iercebridge R ichborough

4 28 4 71

C A C A

F ort F ort

R ichborough S egontium

4 th c entury

T own F ort

C irencester P iercebridge

4 th c entury

A .D . 3 20-450

4 th c entury 4 th c entury

T YPE 2 d 1 91 3 98

C A C A

T YPE 2 e 1 42 1 43 1 49 1 50 1 76

C A C A C A C A C A

F ort F ort T own T own F ort

C aerleon C aerleon C aerwent C aerwent C hesters

1 81 1 92 2 02 2 03 2 29

C A C A C A C A C A

T own T own

C hesterton C irencester C olchester C olchester F arley H eath

2 30 2 31 2 71 2 91 2 92

C A C A C A C A C A

T emple V illa

3 33 3 66 3 67 3 87 4 29

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa/temple

T emple

T own T own

F ort F ort

F arley H eath F arnworth L eicester L incoln L incoln L ydney M eols M eols N ewstead R ichborough

1 47

2 nd-4th c entury

c . A .D . 4 4-61

4 30 4 50 4 51 4 52 4 53

C A C A C A C A C A

F ort T own T own T own C emetery

R ichborough S t. A lbans S t. A lbans S t. A lbans S t. A lbans

4 54 4 72 4 81 5 00 5 03

C A C A C A C A C A

T own F ort F ort R B S ettlement

S t. A lbans S egontium S outh S hields W iltshire W oodbury

5 12 5 35 5 36

C A C A C A

T emple B aths B asilica M acellum

W oodeaton W roxeter W roxeter

R B S ettlement B aths T own B aths B asilica T own

T horpe T hewles B ath C hesterton L eicester W roxeter Y ork

A .D.

3 61-400

m id 2 nd c entury

T YPE 2 f 1 01 1 25 1 82 2 72 5 37 58 5

A g C A C A C A C A C A

2 nd-4th c entury

3 rd c entury

T YPE 2 g 16 1 51 1 85 1 86 2 04

C A C A C A C A C A

T own T own C emetery C emetery C emetery

A riconium C aerwent C hichester C hichester C olchester

2 17 2 32 2 46 2 58 3 68

C A C A C A C A C A

V icus V illa V illa F ort

D erby F arnworth G atcombe H ousesteads M eols

3 78 3 79 3 80 4 31 4 32

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa V illa F ort F ort

M ilton K eynes M ilton K eynes M ilton K eynes R ichborough R ichborough

5 24 5 38 5 39 5 40 5 41

C A C A C A C A C A

T emple B aths B asilica B aths B asilica B aths B asilica B aths B asilica

W oodeaton W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter

1 48

c . A .D. c . A .D .

2 00 2 00

3 rd-4th c entury 4 th c entury

2 nd c entury

T YPE 2 h 8 5 1 72 1 93 3 08 3 69

A g CA CA CA CA

F ort/Town V icus T own C ity

C orbridge C hester C irencester L ondon M eols

3 81 3 82 3 90 3 99 4 33

C A CA CA CA CA

V illa V illa V illa F ort F ort

M ilton K eynes M ilton K eynes P ark S treet P iercebridge R ichborough

4 34 4 35 4 36 4 55 4 56

C A CA CA CA CA

F ort F ort F ort T own T own

R ichborough R ichborough R ichborough S t. A lbans S t. A lbans

T own T emple F ort B aths B asilica

S t. A lbans W oodeaton W roxeter W roxeter

C A 4 57 5 13 CA 5 42 CA 5 43 CA

Belgic 4th c entury

A .D.

5-61 5

T YPE 3 6 7 2 7 2 8 2 9

A u Au Au Au Au

C emetery C emetery C emetery C emetery C emetery

B rougham B rougham C olchester C olchester C olchester

3 0 4 0 4 3 4 4 4 9

A u Au Au Au Au

C emetery C emetery C ity C emetery

C olchester I cklingham L ondon L ondon M ilton

5 3 5 4 7 4 7 5 7 6

A u Au Au Au Au

F ort F ort C emetery C emetery C emetery

R ichborough R ichborough Y ork Y ork Y ork

7 7 7 8 7 9 8 7 8 9

A u Au Au Ag Ag

C emetery C emetery C emetery T own C emetery

Y ork Y ork Y ork D orchester L eicester

C emetery V illa/temple C emetery C emetery

L eicester L ydney W akerley W akerley

A g 9 0 9 1 Ag 1 03 Ag/glass 1 04 Ag

1 49

3 rd c entury m id 3rd-4th c entury

l ate 3 rd c entury

3 rd c entury

3 rd c entury

A nglo-Saxon? A nglo-Saxon?

1 05 1 44 1 45 1 52 1 53

A g C A C A C A C A

C emetery F ort A mphitheatre T own T own

W akerley C aerleon C aerleon C aerwent C aerwent

1 73 1 83 1 84 1 87 1 94

C A C A C A C A C A

F ort T own T own C emetery T own

C hester C hesterton C hesterton C hichester C irencester

2 05 2 06 2 07 2 08 2 09 2 18

C A/glass C A/glass C A C A C A C A

C emetery C emetery T own T own T own d itch V icus

C olchester C olchester C olchester C olchester C olchester D erby

20 2 2 54 2 93 2 94 2 95

C A C A/glass C A C A C A

T own T own T own

D oncaster G oadby M arwood L incoln L incoln L incoln

2 96 3 09 3 10 3 11 3 12

C A C A C A C A C A

T own

3 13 3 14 3 70 3 71 3 72

C A C A C A C A C A

C ity C ity

L ondon L ondon M eols M eols M eols

4 73 4 82 4 95 4 96 5 44

C A C A C A C A/glass C A

F ort F ort W ell C emetery B aths B asilica

S egontium S outh S hields T iddington W akerley W roxeter

5 45 5 59 5 60 5 71

C A C A C A P ewter

B aths B asilica T own T own T own w alls

W roxeter Y ork Y ork L ondon

F ort

C hesters M eols M eols M ilton K eynes M ilton K eynes

C ity C ity C ity

L incoln L incoln L ondon L ondon • L ondon

A nglo-Saxon? F lavian A .D . 2 70-273

2 nd-4th c entury 2 nd-4th c entury

3 rd-4th c entury 3 rd-4th c entury

A nglo-Saxon?

l st-2nd c entury 1 st-2nd c entury

4 th c entury

A nglo-Saxon?

T YPE 4 1 77 3 73 3 74 3 83 3 84

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa

1 50

4 th c entury

4 00 4 01 4 83

C A C A C A

F ort F ort F ort

P iercebridge S outh S hields S outh S hields

F ort T emple/villa F ort F ort

I cklingham P iercebridge L ydney C arlisle L eicester

4 th c entury

M OCK T YPE 4 4 1 5 2 9 2 1 61 2 73

A u A u A g C A C A

2 74 3 15 3 34 3 89 4 91

C A C A C A C A C A

F ort C ity T emple/villa F ortress

L eicester L ondon L ydney N orthamptonshire S tanwix

4 th c entury

T YPE 5 8 3 1 27 1 28 1 31 1 78

A g C A C A C A C A

R B S ettlement F ort . R B S ettlement T emple F ort

B uxton B inchester B okerley D yke B rigstock C hesters

2 33 2 40 2 43 2 53 2 75

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa d itch V illa T own T own

F ishbourne F rocester G adebridge G loucester G loucester

2 96 3 35 3 75 4 02 4 37

C A C A C A C A C A

T own T emple/villa F ort F ort

L incoln L ydney M eols P iercebridge R ichborough

4 38 4 39 4 84 5 14 5 46 5 61

C A C A C A C A C A C A

F ort F ort F ort T emple V icus T own

R ichborough R ichborough S outh S hields W oodeaton W roxeter Y ork

B aths/temple F ort T own T own T own

B ath R ichborough C aerwent C aerwent C aerwent

T YPE 6 11 12 1 54 1 55 1 56

A g/CA A g C A C A C A

1 51

4 th-5th c entury 4 th c entury

4 th c entury

4 th c entury

C atsgore C atsgore C olchester D erby E lton

1 64 1 65 2 10 2 19 25 2

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa

2 55 2 64 2 97 36 3 4 58

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa T own T emple/villa T own

G orhambury L atimer L incoln L ydney S t. A lbans

4 59 4 60 4 61 4 62 4 63 4 64

C A C A C A C A C A C A

T own T own T own T own T own T own

S t. S t. S t. S t. S t. S t.

4 75 4 76 4 85 5 01 5 15

C A C A C A C A C A

V illa V illa F ort T emple

S hakenoak S hakenoak S outh S hields W iltshire W oodeaton

5 16 5 17 5 18 5 19 5 20

C A C A C A C A C A

T emple T emple T emple T emple T emple

W oodeaton W oodeaton W oodeaton W oodeaton W oodeaton

5 21 5 47 5 48 5 49

C A C A C A C A

T emple asilica B aths B B aths Basilica B aths Basilica

W oodeaton W roxeter W roxeter W roxeter

C ity

L ondon

V illa F ortress

F rocester S tanwix

R B S ettlement R B S ettlement R B S ettlement R B S ettlement V illa F ort

B aldock B aldock B aldock B aldock F ishbourne N ewstead

V icus

A lbans A lbans A lbans A lbans A lbans A lbans

l ate 4 th c entury

l ate 3 rd c entury

A .D . 3 61-400

4 th c entury 4 th c entury

T YPE 7 3 16

C A

T YPE 8 2 41 4 92

C A C A

T YPE 9 1 20 1 21 1 22 1 23 2 34 3 88

C A C A C A C A C A C A

1 52

l ate 3 rd c entury C laudian C laudian N eronian A .D . 4 3-75

4 65 4 86 5 22 5 23

C A C A C A C A

T own F ort T emple T emple

S t. A lbans S outh S hields W oodeaton W oodeaton

A .D . 4 3-70

T YPE 1 0 1 5 5 8

E merald/Au E merald/Au

F ortress T own

C aerleon S ilchester

T YPE 1 1 3 A u/garnet 3 6 A u/glass/pearl 3 8 A u/glass 4 2 A u/glass 5 9 A u

B aths T own F ort T own T own

B ath G loucester G reat C hesters L incoln S ilchester

6 0 6 7 8 0

T own V icus T own

S ilchester V indolanda Y ork

A u/garnet A u/glass A u

T YPE 1 2 3 1 3 4 5 6 5 7 1 74 2 98

A u A u A u A u C A C A

T own T own

T own

C olchester D orchester S affron W alden S affron W alden C hester L incoln

T YPE 1 3 1 8 1 6 1 7 4 5 5 0 5 1 6 8 1 57 1 58

A u A u A u A u A u

T own C emetery M ansio

A ldborough B rougham C aerleon C aerleon L ondon

A u A u A u C A C A

H oard H oard V icus T own T own

O wmby-by-Spital 4 th c entury O wmby-by-Spital 4 th c entury V indolanda C aerwent C aerwent

F ort C emetery C emetery V icus F ort

B ewcastle B rougham B rougham V indolanda S egontium

A .D . 1 30-330 l st-2nd c entury

T YPE 1 4 4 1 0 1 6 9 4 74

A u A u A u A u C A

1 53

3 rd c entury

4 th c entury

T YPE 1 5 2 5 1 2 4 6

A u/glass A u/glass A u A u/glass

V illa F ort C emetery R iver

A shtead B irdoswald B rougham L ondon

5 5

A u

F ort

R ichborough

A u/glass A u/glass A g C A

H oard H oard V illa F ort

T hetford T hetford S hakenoak P iercebridge

R B S ettlement C emetery

T horpe T hewles Y ork

6 1 6 2 1 00 4 03

A .D . 5 0-150 3 rd c entury m id 2 nd c entury a t l atest

4 th c entury 4 th c entury e arly 5 th c entury 4 th c entury

T YPE 1 6 4 94 5 62

C A C A

T YPE 1 7 1 7 1 8 2 5 7 0 2 11

A u/garnet A u A u/emerald A u C A/glass

F ort V icus T own F ort C emetery

C aerleon C aerleon C irencester W atercrook C olchester

2 12 2 42 2 59 2 60 3 37

C A/glass C A C A C A C A/glass

C emetery V illa

C olchester F rocester I cklingham I cklingham L ydney

3 38 4 88 5 50 5 63 5 72

C A/glass C A C A C A G lass

V illa/temple F ort

lass 5 73 G 5 74 G lass

V illa/temple

T own C emetery

L ydney S outh S hields W roxeter Y ork C olchester

C emetery C emetery

C olchester C olchester

C emetery H oard H oard B aths

B rougham W ind e W ind e B ath

A .D . 3 20-450 A .D . 3 20-450

T YPE 1 8 1 3 7 1 7 2 1 26

A u A u A u C A

1 54

m id-late 3 rd c entury 4 th c entury 4 th c entury

1 ) • • ( r u i-H E -) ( O 4 l

0

• • M E H

g t c . )

M 1 5 U) C O g i H G )

•

H

I ) 7 1 0 4 • H 0 Nr t5 4 a ) 4 O-0 • E -1 r d P H 0 Q r d P

N 1 e o

• e •4 4 2

( 1 )

4 -) ZI • C D r d Q ) 5 m C . ) • 0 H • 1C r % Q . ) Z •

rd

•

N

r : 1 4

P l.

5 :

Panel

portrait

1911).

Photo:

f rom

Hawara,

Audio Visual

Tyne University.

2nd

century AD

Department,

( Petrie

Newcastle

upon

P l.

6 :

Gold ear-ring Audio Visual University.

f rom Kirkhaugh. Department,

E arly Bronze Age. N ewcastle upon

P hoto: Tyne

P l.

7 :

Gold e ar-ring f rom Kirkhaugh. Audio Visual Department, University.

E arly Bronze Age. N ewcastle upon

Photo: Tyne

Pl.

10:

Panel portrait of the j ewellery girl f rom Hawara, mid 2nd century AD ( Petrie 1913). Photo: Audio Visual Department, Newcastle upon Tyne University.

P l.

1 1:

No.

3 f rom Bath.

Type 1 1.

Photo:

Roman Baths Museum.

eTSTT x D

•e r;S 'e3t i le g

U 10 .1g

P l.

1 3:

No. 4 f rom Bewcastle, shown on the r everse. Type Photo: G . Pawle, Carlisle Museum and Art Gallery.

1 4.

P l.

1 4:

No. 1 5.

5 f rom B irdoswald and No. 1 2 f rom Brougham . P hoto: Carlisle Museum and Art Gallery.

Type

FR ONT

P l.

1 5:

No. 1 6 f rom Caerleon. of Wales.

Type 1 3.

P hoto:

N ational

M useum

C olchester.

0

••

a ,

0

••

• a ' 7 1

0

2 • 0 0

z rC i

•

e •

rt 5

• •

r I

C N

r z w

• 0 0 4 1 4

•

• 0

1 • 4 0

ww

or 4

U4 • c n r f

0

L I I

0

C \ 1 4 1

•1 O g i Z E 4 •

P l.

2 2:

Nos. 5 0 and 5 1 f rom Owmby-by-Spital. City and County Museum , L incoln.

P l.

2 3:

Nos. 5 6 and 5 7 f rom Saffron Walden. Colchester and E ssex Museum .

Type

Type

1 3a.

Photo:

1 2.

Photo:

P l.

2 4:

N o. 5 8 Museum.

f rom

S ilchester.

Type

1 0.

P hoto:

R eading

P l.

2 5:

No. 5 9 Museum .

f rom

S ilchester.

Type

1 1.

P hoto:

R eading

P l.

2 6:

No. 6 0 Museum .

f rom

S ilchester.

Type

1 1.

Photo:

R eading

P l.

2 7:

No. 6 3 f rom Archaeology.

Thorpe

Thewles.

P hoto:

C leveland

P l.

2 8:

No. 6 5 of Unknown P rovenance. Type 1 . Photo: A udio Visual D epartment, Newcastle upon Tyne University.

0 0

t a i

0

P l.

3 3:

Nos. 5 22 and 5 23 f rom A shmolea .n M useum , O xford.

Woodeaton.

Type

9 .

P hoto:

Photo:

Audio

P l.

3 6:

Tombstone o f R egina f rom South S hields. Photo: Audio Visual D epartment, N ewcastle upon Tyne University.

1

2b

2 a

1 0

1

1 3b

C D L 1 V 1 6 1 4

1 5

Fig.

1 :

2 d

Typology of ear-rings.

4 1

2

3 8

1 0 9 5

— geh

1 8

1 6

1

3 8

3 6

40

4 5

,

4 7

4 9

Fig.

2 :

Ear-rings

4 1

1 - 49.

5 5

7 1

6 7 6 8 I

6 2

7 2

1 2 1 1 20 1 72 8 0 1 35

1 85

F ig.

3 :

E ar-rings

5 2 -217.

. e 0 ,4 1 vw e 2 56

2 ,8

4 e2f >

3 07 3 08

cm o°Tr 1 n3 P i 3 82

5 13

5 22

50 5

5 82

F ig.

4 :

E ar -r ings 2 28 - 5 80.

TYPE 1

•

e a

Map

1 :

V

Go ld

A

S ilver

•

l Copper A loy

o

P ewter

0

G lass

4 C ).

Distribution of Type

1 e ar-rings.

TYPE 2 a

•

Map

2 :

D istribution of Type

2 a ear-rings.

Copper A l loy

TYPE 2 b

Map 3 :

A

S i lver

I

Copper

D istribution of Type 2 b e ar-rings.

A l loy

TYPE 2 c

•

Map 4 :

D istribution of Type

2 c ear-rings.

Copper

A l loy

TYPE 2e

•

Map 5 :

D istribution of Type 2 e e ar-rings.

Copper A l loy

TYPE 2 f

Map 6 :

D istribution of Type

A

S i lver

I

Copper A l loy

2 f e ar-rings.

TYPE 2 g

•

Map 7 :

Distribution of Type

2 g ear-rings.

Copper

A l loy

TYPE 2h

Map 8 :

D istribution of Type

•

Copper A l loy

A

S i lver

2 1 ear-rings. 1

TYPE 3

Map 9 :

V

Go ld

A

S i lver

•

Copper

0

P ew ter

D istribution of Type 3 e ar-rings.

A l loy

TYPE 4

M ap 1 0:

D istribution of Type 4 e ar-rings.

MOCK TYPE 4

Map 1 1:

V

Go ld

A

S i lver

•

Copper

Distribution of Mock Type 4 ear-rings.

A l loy

T YPE 5

Map 1 2:

A

S i lver

•

Copper A loy l

D istribution of T ype 5 e ar-rings.

TYPE 6

Map 1 3:

A

S i lver

I

Copper

Distribution of Type 6 e ar-rings.

A l loy

TYPE 9

0

•

• •

Map 1 4:

•

D istribution of Type 9 ear-rings.

Copper

A l loy

TYPE 1

Map 1 5:

Distribution of Type 1 1

ear-rings.

TYPE 1 2

V

Go ld l Copper A loy

Map 1 6:

D istribution of Type 1 2 ear-rings.

TYPE 1 3

Map 1 7:

V

Go ld

•

Copper A loy l

D istribution of Type 1 3 ear-rings.

TYPE 1 4

Map 1 8:

V

Go ld

•

Copper A l loy

D istribution of Type 1 4 ear-rings.

T YPE 1 5

Map 1 9:

V

Go ld

A

S i lver

•

Copper A l loy

D istribution of Type 1 5 e ar-rings.

TYPE 1 6

I ,

•

Map 2 0:

D istribution of Type 1 6 e ar-rings.

Copper A l loy

TYPE 1 7

Map 2 1:

V

Go ld

•

Copper A l loy

0

G lass

Distribution of Type 1 7 e ar-rings.

T YPE 1 8

M ap 2 2:

V

Go ld

I

Copper

D istribution of Type 1 8 e ar-rings.

A l loy

• 0

4- 5 6o r more

Map 2 3:

D istribution of g old e ar-rings.

0

Map 2 4:

D istribution of s ilver ear-rings.

2