Early Fine Wares in Roman Britain 9780860540410, 9781407322599
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English Pages [400] Year 1978
Front Cover
Copyright
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
INTRODUCTION
1. PETROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ARRETINE AND EARLY SAMIAN: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
2. IMPORTED FINE WARES IN BRITAIN TO A.D. 250: A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION
3. MOULD-DECORATED CENTRAL GAULISH GLAZED WARE IN BRITAIN
4. THE POPPY-HEAD BEAKERS OF BRITAIN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE BARBOTINE DECORATED VESSELS OF THE RHINELAND AND SWITZERLAND
5. FLAVIAN 'RING AND DOT' BEAKERS FROM LONDINIUM: VERULAMIUM FORM 130 AND ALLIED TYPES
6. EARLY SECOND CENTURY FINE WARES IN THE LONDON AREA
7. STAMP-DECORATED POTTERY OF THE EARLY ROMAN PERIOD IN EASTERN ENGLAND
8. THE LEAD GLAZED WARES OF ROMAN BRITAIN
9. WILTSHIRE MOULDED IMITATION SAMIAN
10. WILTSHIRE FINE WARES
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Early Fine Wares in Roman Britain
edited by
Paul Arthur and Geoff Marsh
BAR British Series I7 1978
B.A.R.,
B.A.R.
122
Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A. B.A.R. 57, 1978: ''Early Fine Wares in Roman Britain" © The Individual Authors, 1978
The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540410 paperback ISBN 9781407322599 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540410 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS
P age L ist o f I l lustra t ions L ist o f Con tr ibu tors I ntroduct ion 1 .
2 .
P etro log ica l a na lys is o f Arret ine a nd
D . F . Wil l ia ms a nd
e ar ly s am ian :
G . B . Danne l l
Ag u ide t o i den t if ica t ion
K ev in Greene
1 5
K ev in Greene
3 1
Pau l Tyers
6 1
Mou ld-decora ted Cen tra l Gau l ish g lazed ware i n Br ita in
4 .
5
Imported f ine wares i n Br ita in t o A .D . 2 50 :
3 .
Ap rel im inary r epor t
The p oppy-head b eakers o f Br ita in a nd t he ir r ela t ionsh ip t o t he b arbot ine d ecora ted v essels o f t he Rh ineland a nd Sw itzer land
5 .
F lav ian ' r ing a nd d o t ' b eakers f ro m L ond in ium : V eru lam iu m F or m 1 30 Chr is Green
1 09
G eof f Marsh
1 19
Warw ick Rodwel l
2 25
Br ita in
Pau l Arthur
2 93
Wi l tsh ire mou lded im ita t ion s am ian
A lasta ir S cot t Anderson
3 57
Wi l tsh ire f ine wares
A lasta ir S cot t Anderson
3 73
a nd a l l ied t ypes 6 .
Early s econd c entury f i ne wares i n t he L ondon a rea
7 .
S ta mp-decora ted p ot tery o f t he e ar ly Ro man p er iod i n Eastern Eng land
8 .
9 . 1 0.
The l ead g lazed wares o f Ro man
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
P age F ig. 1 .1
P l .
Photo m icrograph o f a rret ine a nd s am ian s herds ( x17 )
1 3
2 .1
Pre-Flav ian f ine wares
2 1
2 .2
Pre-Flav ian f ine wares
2 3
2 .3
La ter c o lour-coa ted wares
2 5
2 .4
Colchester c o lour-coated wares
2 9
3 .1
D istr ibut ion o f mou lded g lazed wares
4 1
3 .2
For ms 1 -2
4 3
3 .3
For m 2
4 5
3 .4
For m 3
4 7
3 .5
For ms 4 -5
4 9
3 .6
For ms 6 -7
5 1
3 .7
Decora t ive d eta ils A-F
5 3
3 .8
Decora t ive d eta ils G- K
5 5
F lagon , Dich. 6 0 , f ro m Co lchester
5 6
3 .1 A ) B )
S herd , Dech. 6 0 , f ro m Ba ldock
3 .2 A )
F lagon , Dach. 6 2, f ro m Co lchester
B )
S herd , Dech. 6 2, f ro m C irencester
3 .3 A ) B ) F ig. 4 .1
Bow l w ith mou lded a pp l ique f ro m C irencester
5 7
5 8
Mou lded a pp l iques f ro m V indon issa , Sw itzer land D istr ibu t ion o f p oppy-beakers i n Br ita in
6 3
4 .2
Poppy-beakers f ro m L ondon , n os. 1 -13
6 7
4 .3
Poppy-beakers f ro m L ondon , n os. 1 4-33.
6 9
4 .4
Poppy-beakers f ro m L ondon , n os. 3 4-47; O thers
4 .5
Poppy-beakers f ro m K en t , n os. 5 0-64
n os. 4 8-9
7 3 7 5
4 .6
S cat ter D iagra m 1
7 9
4 .7
S ca tter D iagra m 2
8 0
4 .8
Ger many a nd Sw itzerland . D istr ibu t ion o f t ype 1
8 8
4 .9
Beakers o f t ype 1 , n os. 6 5-76
9 3
4 .10
Co mpara t ive b eakers, n os. 7 7-86
9 5
5 .1
' R ing a nd d ot ' b eakers f ro m L ond in iu m
1 10
5 .2
' R ing a nd d o t ' b eakers f ro m L ondon iu m
1 11
5 .3
Photo m icrograph o f Fabr ic A ( 2 . x1 15 )
1 13
5 .4
Beaker d i mens ions
1 14
6 .1
Western Europe :
1 21
6 .2
D istr ibu t ion o f ' London Ware ' d ecora t ion
1 25
6 .3
D istr ibu t ion o f e ggshel l ware
1 30
Ma jor s ites ment ioned i n t ex t
Page F ig.
6 .4
L ondon :
Ma jor s ites
1 35
6 .5
London i n t he e arly s econd c en tury
1 36
6 .6
Types 1 -3
1 38
6 .7
Types 3 -10
1 41
6 .8
Types 1 1-13
1 45
6.9
Types 1 4-21
1 49
6 .10
Types 2 2-24
1 55
6 .11
Type 2 4
1 57
6 .12
Types 2 5-26
1 59
6 .13
Types 2 6-27
1 61
6 .14
Types 2 8-32
1 63
6 .15
Types 3 3-35
1 67
6 .16
Types 3 5-36
1 71
6 .17
Type 3 7
1 73
6 .18
Types 3 8-42
1 75
6 .19
Types 4 2-44
1 77
6 .20
Types 4 4-46
1 79
6 .21
Types 4 6-48
1 83
6 .22
Types 4 9-61
6 .23
Type 6 2.1 a nd 2 ;
l a mp mou lds
1 87
6 .24
Type 6 2.3 a nd 4 ;
l amp mou lds
6 .25
S outhwark :
7 .1
Genera l ised d istr ibu t ion o f t he t hree r eg iona l g roups
7 .2
Group 1 s tamped wares :
1 90 1 91
P it g roup o f e ar ly s econd c en tury f ine wares
o f s ta mped wares i n e astern Br ita in L ondon-Highga te t ype
7 .3
Group 2A s ta mped wares :
7 .4
Group 2 B s ta mped a nd i nc ised wares :
L ondon-Essex t ype
7 .5
Group 2 C s ta mped wares :
7 .6
Group 2 C s tamped waxes :
7 .7
Groups 2 C a nd 2D s ta mped wares :
London-Essex t ype
L ondon-Essex t ype London-Essex t ype London-Essex t ypes
7 .8 A ) D istr ibut ion o f Groups 2A a nd 2 B wares
2 00
2 26 2 32 2 36 2 37 2 39 2 40 2 42 2 44
B ) D istr ibu t ion o f Groups 2 C a nd 2D wares 7 .9
Groups 3A a nd 3B s ta mped wares:
7 .10
Group 4A s ta mped wares:
North Essex t ypes
West-Stow-North Essex t ype
7 .11 A )D istr ibut ion o f Groups 3A a nd 3 B wares
2 46 2 52 2 53
B )D istr ibu t ion o f Groups 4A a nd 4B wares 7 .12
Group 4B s ta mped wares:
West S tow t ype
7 .13
Groups 4 C a n .d 4E s ta mped wares:
7 .14
Group 4D s tamped wares :
7 .15
D istribut ion o f Groups 4C, 4D a nd 4E wares
7 .16
Group 5 :
miscel laneous r ing-sta mped wares
2 61
7 .17
Group 6 :
miscel laneous b lock-sta mped wares
2 63
7 .18
Exa mp les o f n on-sta mped d ecora t ion r ela ted t o
7 .19
R ing s ta mps, r oset te s ta mps a nd meda l l ion s tamps
2 76
7 .20
B lock s ta mps
2 77
East Angl ian t ypes
2 54 2 55
West S tow- Wat t isf ield t ypes;
a nd u ngrouped wares.
s ta mped-ware t ypes
2 57 2 59
2 67
Page F ig.
7 .21
D ie-l ink ma tr ix
2 79
7 .22
K ey map t o s ites l i sted i n t he Ca ta logue
2 89
8 .1
S outh-East Eng l ish Group :
8 .2
S outh-East Engl ish Group.
Types 1 -5
8 .3
S outh-East Engl ish Group.
Types 5 -7
8 .4
S outh-East Engl ish Group.
Types 7 -8;
8 .5
S outh-Centra l a nd L it t le Chester Groups:
8 .6
S outh-Cen tra l Engl ish Group.
D istr ibu t ion map
2 99 3 03 3 07
S ussex Group
3 11
Types 1 -5; S avernake Group Type 1 3 13
D istr ibu t ion map Im ita t ion S am ian Group.
Types 1 -12;
Mou lded
3 17
Types 1 -2
8 .7
Wanborough a nd S avernake Groups :
8 .8
Wanbrough Group.
D istr ibu t ion map
8 .9
U sk/Caerleon a nd Hol t/Chester Groups:
3 21 3 23
Types 1 -10
3 25
D istr ibu t ion map 8 .10
3 29
U sk/C a erleon Group. Types 1 -10
8 .11
U sk/Caer leon Group.
8 .12
Holt/Chester Group .
8 .13
L it t le Chester Group .
Types 1 -7
8 .14
L itt le Chester Group.
Types 8 -15;
3 31
Types 1 1-14
3 37
Types 1 -10
n os. 1 -6
3 41 Miscel laneous 3 45
8 .15
Miscel laneous n os. 7 -25
3 49
P l.
8 .1
G lazed ware wasters f ro m Caerleon
3 33
F ig.
9 .1
D istr ibu t ion o f moulded wares
3 59
9 .2
Mou lded wares, n os. 1 -4
3 64
9 .3
Mou lded wares , n os. 5 -14
3 66
9 .4
Mou lded wares, n os. 1 5-25
3 68
1 0.1
D ist r ibu t ion o fb eakers
3 76
1 0.2
Beakers, n os. 1 -6
3 85
1 0.3
Beakers, n ob. 7 -10
3 86
1 0.4
Mou lded b eakers, n os. 1 1 a nd 1 2
3 87
1 0.5
Moulded b eakers , n os. 1 3-16
3 88
L IST OF CONTRIBUTORS
A . S . Anderson , M. A ., Dep t . o f A rchaeo logy , Un ivers ity o f L e icester , L e icester LEI 7 RH P . R . Ar thur , B . A ., I nst itu te o f Archaeo logy , 3 1-34 Gordon S quare , L ondon WC11 1 O PY G . B . Donnel l , B .Sc. ( Econ .) , A .C. A ., F .S. A ., 4 2 My m m 's Dr ive , Brookman 's Park , Her ts. AL9 7 AF C . M. Green , Dept . o f U rban Archaeo logy , 7 1 Bas ingha l l S t ., L ondon EC2P 2 EJ Dr. K . T . Greene , B .A ., Dept . o f Archaeo logy , The Un ivers ity , N ewcast le-upon-Tyne NE1 7 RU S . A . Mackenna , B .A ., S outhwark a nd L ambeth Archaeo log ica l Excavat ion Co m m ittee , Port Med ica l Cen tre , Morgan 's Lane, S outhwark S EI G . D . Marsh , B .A ., Museu m o f L ondon , L ondon Wal l , L ondon EC2Y 5 HN Dr. W. J . Rodwel l , B .A ., F .S. A ., C .R .A .A . G.S., The Archaeo log ica l Cen tre , Mark L ane , Br isto l BSI 4 2M P . A . Tyers, B .Sc., Dept . o f Archaeo logy , U n ivers ity Co l lege , Card if f CFI 1 XL Dr.
D . F . Wi l l iams, B .A .,
D .O .E. Ceram ic Petro logy Pro je .ct , Dep t . o f Archaeo logy , T he Un ivers ity , S ou thamp ton SO9 5NH
I NTRODUCT ION
Th is b ook d ea ls w ith a p heno menon o f p roduct ion a nd impor tat ion o f f ine wares i n f i rst a nd s econd c en tury Br ita in.
Wh ile n o t aw ork o n R o mano-
Br it ish e cono my , i ti s h oped t ha t i t s g enera l c onc lus ions w il l b e u sefu l i n b u i ld ing u p ap icture o f t ha t e cono my a nd i t s p lace w ith in t ha t o f t he Emp ire. The mode o f p roduc t ion , sma l l g roups o f c raf ts men p roduc ing f ine wares f or b o th m il itary a nd c iv il ian c onsu mers ( t he d ist inct ion i s i mportan t ), p re-da tes t he l arge s ca le i ndustr ies, e .g. Ox fordsh ire o r t he N ene Va l ley , wh ich b egan t o a ppear i n t he An ton ine p er iod a nd l asted t hroughou t t he t h ird a nd f ourth c en tur ies.
I tb r idges t he g ap b etween t he l a ter I ron Age when p o t tery was
p redo m inan t ly l oca l ly p roduced , i fw ith in c u ltura l/sty l ist ic a reas ( Cun l if fe , 1 975, c haps. 6 a nd 7 ) , a nd t he l a te Ro man i ndustr ies w h ich p roduced b o th f ine a nd c oarse wares f or markets o ver w ider a reas ( Fu l ford , 1 975, 1 26-138 ). The p ot ters mak ing f ine wares i n t he f i rst a nd s econd c en tur ies s ee m t o h ave b een b o th im m igran ts a nd n a t ives.
The s i tua t ion i s c o mp l ica ted b y t he f act
t ha t p roduct ion was d irected t owards mi l itary a nd c iv il ian c onsumers , t he f or mer b asica l ly i mm igran ts u sed t o c er ta in s tandards o f l iv ing , t he l a t ter p redo m inan t ly n a t ives u sed t o d if feren t s tandards a nd i n t he p rocess o f a dop ti ng n ove l s oc ia l i deas a nd b e ing " seduced" b y e legan t iam c onv iv ioru m ( Agr ico la , 2 1) . F ine wares s ee m t o h ave b een a l most e xclus ively u sed a s t able wares a nd w ere p resu mably r equ ired i n r esponse t o n ew ly i n troduced c u l inary p ract ises a nd t astes ( Webster , 1 973, 2 ).
A lthough t able wares w ere impor ted i n t he
l a te I ron Age , a longs ide I ta l ian w ine amphorae , (S tead , 1 967 , p p. 5 1f f .) t he ma in s t i mulus f or s uch p o t tery c ame w ith t he C laud ian a r my o f c onquest .
The
t roops b rough t ac erta in a n ioun t o f a rret ine , s am ian a nd t h in-wa l led p o ttery ( chaps. 1 , 2a nd 3 ) a nd e stabl ished t rade l i nks w ith s ou thern a nd c en tra l Gau l. Th is r ange was s upp le men ted b y l oca l ly made p o ttery ( Darl ing , 1 977 ).
Wha t-
e ver t he means b y wh ich t he a r my was s upp l ied , b efore l ong s im ilar wares b egan t o a ppear o n c iv il ian s i tes , a nd b y t he F lav ian p er iod l oca l p etters w ere p roduc ing f ine wares p urely f or s uch markets.
These t ypes i ncluded n o t o n ly
b eak ers ( chaps. 4 a nd 5 ) , b u t a n i ncreas ing n u mber o f s am ian c op ies. The v ery e nd o f t he f i rs t c en tury s aw t he a ppearance i n Er i tEln o f ar ange o ff ine wares wh ich c an b e d ist ingu ished f ro m t he g enera l r un o f l oca l s am ian im ita t ions.
Many o f t he f or ms a nd d ecora t ive t echn iques a re c lear ly o f c on-
t inen ta l d er iva t ion a nd t he ir d istr ibu t ion was w idespread.
The r ange f ro m
L ondon ( chap. 6 ) a nd t he l eg ionary b ases i s d ist inct ive a nd s uggest ive c f im m ig ran t p o t ters who must a lso h ave b een i nvo lved i n t he i n troduc t ion o f t he t echn o logy o f l ead g lazes ( chap . 8 ) .
O ther g roups o f wares s how t he a dapta t ion
o f t hese n ew i deas t o l oca l c apab il it ies a nd t a stes ( chaps. 7 a nd 9 ) .
However ,
wh i lst t hese i ndustr ies o ccurred a l l o ver l ow land Br ita in t hey s ee m t o h ave h ad l i t t le efect o n c oarse wares a nd d o n o t a ppear t o h ave o ut lasted t he
1
Hadr ia .n ic p er iod .
A s w ith B rit ish s am ian , t hey may i nd ica te t ha t Br ita in
c ou ld n o t s upport l arge s ca le f ine ware i ndustr ies i n t he e arly Ro man p er iod a nd t ha t imported s am ian r e ma ined t he p referred a l terna t ive u n t il t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury . The o n ly e xcep t ion s ee ms t o h ave b een t he p roduct ion o f c o lour-coa ted b eakers a nd manu facture a t p laces s uch a s Co lchester may h ave b egun b y t he e ar ly An ton ine p er iod .
S o me o f t hese i ndustr ies, s uch a s t ha t
i n n or th Wiltsh ire ( chap. 1 0 ) s ee m t o h ave b een e cono m ic f a ilures, b u t o thers s uch a s t hose o f t he N ene Va l ley w en t o n t o b eco me t he g ian ts o f t he l a ter Ro man p er iod . S tudy o f t hese m inor i ndustr ies c an p roduce u sefu l i n for ma t ion i n v ar ious ways.
A t t he s i mp lest l evel , many h ad r ela t ively s hort l ives a nd i ft hese c an
b e e s tabl ished t hey a re u sefu l f or d a t ing.
The e x ten t t o wh ich t he ir p roducts
c an b e u sed a s i nd ica tors o f t he s oc io-econo m ic c ond it ions o f as i te i s ap robl e m wh ich i s c urren t ly a t tract ing much a t ten t ion . A rchaeo log ists a re j ust if ia bly vary o f j udge men ts b ased o n p roport ions a nd p resence o r a bsence o f c eram ic t ypes, a l though o dd s craps o f s am ian a re s t il l t aken a s e v idence o f ' Ro man isa t ion i.
The p roble ms a re c o mp lex a nd t he n a ture o f ag iven s i te
must b e c arefu l ly c ons idered a s f i ne wares o n c iv il ian s ites h ave a d iferen t s ign if icance t o s im ilar wares o n m il itary/v icus s i tes.
F or e xamp le , i th as
r ecen t ly b een n o ted ( Fu lford a nd Eade, 1 977 , 3 49-350 ) t ha t t he a ppearance o f s am ia .n o n r ura l s i tes may b e more a r ef lect ion o f market ing p a t terns t han e cono m ic l evels;
a l though , w ith in a s ing le s i te d istr ibu t ion may w e l l r e f lect
s oc ia l ( or f unct iona l ) d i f feren t ia t ion , a s h as b een s uggested b y Breeze ( 1977 , 1 33-135 ) f o l low ing a n a na lys is o f t he p o ttery f ro m t he f ort a t Bearsden.
U n-
f ortuna te ly , t here i s s t il l l i t t le s tat ist ica l i n for ma t ion o n t he r a t io o f f ine wares t o o ther p ot tery t ypes o n s ites , o r h ow r a t ios c hanged w ith t ime.
I ncreas ing
i n terest a nd p ercep t ion i n t he d if f icu l t ies i nvo lved i n t he q uan t if ica t ion o f p o tt ery
Eh ou ld
h elp t owards s o lut ions t o s uch p roble ms o f c hrono logy , f unct ion ,
e conomy a nd s oc ie ty . I ti s h oped t ha t t he f o l low ing p apers , wh ich c oncen tra te o n an u mber o f f ine ware t ypes , w il l l ead t owards ab et ter u nderstand ing o f t hese l ess c o m mon , b u t b y n o means i ns ign if ican t , g roups o f p ot tery .
I tr e ma ins t o t hank t he
v ar ious c on tr ibu tors , who made t h is v o lu me p oss ible , f or t he p ro mpt a nd ef ic ien t p repara t ion o f t he ir a rt icles , a nd Messrs. Anthony H ands a nd Dav id Wa lker f or g u id ing t he v o lu me s o s peed ily t hrough t he mechan ics o f p roduct ion .
L ondon .
October , 1 978.
Pau l Arthur. G eof f Marsh .
B IBL IOGRAPHY
Breeze 1 977.
D . J . Breeze, ' The f ort a t Bearsden a nd t he s upp ly o f p ottery
t o t he Roman a r my ' i n Dore a nd Greene , 1 977 , 1 33-145. Cun l if fe 1 975.
B . Cun l if fe , I ron Age Co m mun it ies i n Br ita in , L ondon , 1 975.
Darl ing 1 977.
M. J . Dar l ing , ' Pottery f ro m e arly m il itary s ites i n Western
Br ita in ' i n Dore a nd Greene, 1 977, 5 7-100. Dets icas 1 973.
A . Dets icas ( Ed. ), Curren t Research i n Ro mano-Br it ish
Coarse P ottery , Counc il Br it. Archaeo l. Res. Rep., 1 0 , L ondon , 1 973. Dore & Greene 1 977.
J . Dore a nd K . T . Greene ( Eds. ), Ro man Pottery
S tud ies i n Br ita in a nd Beyond , Br it. Archaeo l . Rep. S upp. S er., 3 0 , Ox ford , 1 977. Fu l ford 1 975.
M. G . Fu lford , N ew Forest Ro man P ot tery , Br it. Archaeo l.
Repor t , 1 7 , Ox ford , 1 975. Fu lford & Eade 1 977. M. G . Fu lford a nd C . Eade, ' Ro mano-Br it ish Pot tery ' i n Money , 1 977 , 3 49-350. Money 1 977.
J . H . Money , ' The I ron Age H il l-for t a nd Ro mano-Br it ish I ron-
work ing S et t le ment a t Garden H il l , S ussex :
I nter i m Report o n
Excava t ions, 1 968-76 ' , Br itann ia , 8( 1977 ), 3 39-350. S tead 1 967. I . M. S tead , ' A La Tbne I l Bur ia l a t Welwyn Garden C ity ' , Archaeo log ia , 1 01 ( 1967 ), 1 -62. Webster 1 973.
G . Webster , ' I n troduct ion a nd N otes o n t he Pottery o f t he
f i rst Cen tury A . D. i n U se b y t he Ro man Ar my ' i n Dets icas, 1 973, 1 -5.
3
1 .
PETROLOG IC AL ANALYS IS OF ARRET INE AND EARLY SAM IAN :
A PREL IM INARY REPORT
D . F . Wi l l iams w ith a p ostscr ip t b y G . B . Danne1 1
I NTRODUCT ION Due t o t he w el l l ev iga ted , f ine-gra ined n a ture o f Arret ine a nd e arly s am ian , s c ien t if ic a na lyses o f t hese wares h ave n or ma l ly b een r estr icted t o t he t race e le men t c o mpos it ion o f t he c lay , u s ing X-ray f luorescence ( P icon e t a l ., 1 971;
1 975 ) a nd n eu tron a ct iva t ion a na lys is ( Ban ter la e t a l ., 1 973;
Wide mann e t ah, 1 975 ).
By s elec t ing l ikely k i ln ma ter ia l a s ' s tandards ', t he
r esu l ts g a ined f ro m t hese methods h ave s hown t ha t i ti s p oss ible t o o bta in d ist inc t ive c he m ica l c haracter ist ics f or k nown p roduc t ion c en tres, t hereby a l lowi ng u n iden t if ied s herds t o b e c on f iden t ly a ss igned t o t he ir p laces o f o r ig in .
The
r ecen t a pp l ica t ion b y Wil l iams o f h eavy m inera l a na lys is t o s am ian h as i nd icat ed t he p o ten t ia l o ft h is t echn ique , b u t t h is work i s s t il l a t ap repara tory s tage a nd t he ma in p roduct ion c en tres a re n ot a s y et d ef ined ( f or thco m ing ). The p resen t r eport g ives t he i n it ia l r esu lts o f a sma l l p rogra m me o f t h in s ec t ion ing o n Arret ine a nd e arly s am ian ( Table ).
Due t o t he c o m mon n a ture
o f t he ma jor ity o f n on-p last ic i nc lus ions p resen t , most ly q uar tz s and a nd mica , an u mber o f s herds h ave b een s pec ia l ly s elected a s ' represen ta t ives ' o f c erta in o f t he ma in manu factur ing c en tres.
Unfortuna tely , i th as p roved e x tre mely
d if icu l t t o o bta in k iln ma ter ia l , t herefore t he ' s tandard ' s herds h ave n or ma l ly b een a ss igned t o ap roduc t ion c en tre b y t he n a me-stamp o f t he p ot ter , o r h ave p rev iously b een c he m ica l ly a na lyzed b y Maur ice P icon a t t he L abora to ire d e Ceramo log ie a t L yon ( Dannel l , 1 978, 2 25 ).
The r e ma inder o f t he s amp les,
p redo m inan t ly f ro m Co lchester , Ch ichester a nd Gab ina i n I ta ly , were c hosen f or ' method-test ing ' f or t he most p art o n af a irly r ando m b as is. METHOD A va lu a b le method o f s tudy ing a nc ien t p ot tery i s b y e xa m ina t ion i n t h in s ect ion u nder t he p etro log ica l m icroscope.
Th is i nvo lves g r ind ing d own a
s ect ion o f p ot tery u n t il t he ma jor i ty o f .n on-p last ic i nclus ions p resen t i n t he c lay a re t ransparen t , a nd c an b e i den t if ied b y t he ir o p t ica l p ropert ies u nder p o lar ized l i gh t.
The v a lue o f t h is t echn ique i s b est d e monstra ted where
u n ique m inera ls o r r ock f rag men ts a re p resen t i n ap art icu lar p ot , f or i ti s t hen o f ten p oss ible t o d el im it t he g eo log ica l r eg ions where t hese a re l ikely t o o ccur , t hereby i nd ica t ing l ikely a reas o fp roduc t ion .
Where t h is d egree o f
p rec is ion i n s uggest ing o r ig ins i s n o t p oss ible d ue t o t he p resence o f c o m mon m inera ls , s uch a s q ua rtz s and , t he method c an a lso b e emp loyed f or c haract er iza t ion , f or i ta l lows at ex tura l a na lys is t o b e made , where n o t o n ly t he t ype 5
o f i nclus ion , b u t a lso t he l a t ter 's s ize, s hape a nd r e la t ive f requency c an b e c ons idered.
Ac ompar ison o f t he t exture o f d i f feren t s herds c an o f ten p rov ide
e v idence f or s uggest ing a c o m mon s ource , o r a l terna t ively s evera l d iferen t o nes, f or p o t tery made i n as im ilar way f ro m t he s a me r aw ma ter ia ls w il l a l ike u nder t he m icroscope. The most r eward ing r esu l ts a ch ieved b y t h in s ect ion a na lys is h ave u sua l ly b een c arr ied o u t o n t he more c oarse p o t tery f abr ics , c on ta in ing n umerous a nd v ar ied i nc lus ions ( Peacock , 1 968 , 1 969 ). However , r ecen t w ork b y W il l iams o n L a te Bronze Age p ot tery f ro m Thera ( 1978 ) h as s hown t ha t f i ne-gra ined wares c an o f ten b e u sefu l ly ' character ized ' b y t h is me thod a nd t en ta t ively a ss igned t o a reas o f p roduc t ion o n t he b as is o f d ist inct ive m inera l a sse mblages o r t ex tura l a na lys is , when t hese a re c o mpared t o s a mp les f ro m k nown o r ig ins. PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE F abr ic 1 S l ip :
' Arezzo '
l i gh t r ed ( Munsel l l OR 6 /8 ).
Fresh f racture :
r edd ish-yel low ( 5YR
7/ 6
t o 6 /6 ) c losely p acked c lay , w ith a
f ew wh ite s peck s. Th in s ect ion e xam ina t ion r evea ls a n e x tre mely f i ne-tex tured ma tr ix , w ith a s ca t ter o f q uar tz g ra ins, a verage s ize 0 .05 m m o r u nder , a nd a modera te amoun t o f sma l l m ica ( F ig. 1 , a ). Th is g roup i nc ludes s ix s herds f ro m F ishbourne a na lyzed b y P icon a nd a ss igned t o M ezzo , a nd t hree s herds c on ta in ing n ame-stamps o f p ot ters k nown t o h ave o pera ted f ro m M ezzo , DAMA SAVFEI ( Gab ina : ( Co lchester : Fabr ic 2 S l ip :
CVA 1 69 ) a nd XANTH I ( F ishbourne :
CVA 1 692 ),
MAEIS
CVA 1 77 ).
Puteo l i '
d u l l r ed ( 10R 5 /6 ).
Fresh f racture :
l i gh t r ed ( 2 .5YR 6 /8 ) s l igh t ly c oarse c lay , w ith a f ew b lack
s pecks. Under t he m icroscope , a modera te amoun t o f q uar tz, a verage s ize 0 .10-.15 mm , c an b e s een , t ogether w ith s o me f e lspar a nd m ica ( bo th muscov ite a nd b iot ite ) a nd a f ew g ra ins o f c o lour less c l inopyroxene , u p t o 0 .45 m m a cross ( F ig. 1 , b ). A s ing le s herd f ro m S keleton Green r epresen ts t h is g roup , t he n ames tamp i s S EC UNDUS, who c an b e a ss igned t o Pu teo l i ( C VA 1 719 ).
Pu teo l i i s
s itua ted i n av o lcan ic a rea , a nd t h is a grees w el l w ith t he p resence o f c l inop yroxene , s o me v ar iet ies o f wh ich a re c o m mon ly a ssoc ia ted w ith v o lcan ic r ocks. Fabr ic 3 S l ip :
? Ro me '
d eep r ed ( 10R
F resh f racture :
4/ 8) .
l i gh t r ed ( 2 .5YR 6 /8 ) c lay c on ta in ing a v ery l arge n umber o f
c a lcareous i nclusions ( reac t ion w ith d ilu te h ydroch lor ic a cid ).
6
Th is i den t if ica t ion i s c on f ir med b y t h in s ect ion e xam ina t ion . Frequen t sma l l f rag men ts o f c oarse c rysta l l ine l imestone a re t o b e f ound t hroughou t t he mat r ix , t oge ther w ith a modera te amoun t o f q uartz, r ang ing i n s ize f ro m 0 .05 t o 0 .15 m m , a nd a f ew f l ecks o f mica ( F ig. 1 , c ). Two s herds make u p t h is g roup , o ne f ro m Gab ina , n orth-east o f Ro me, a nd t he o ther f ro m Co lchester.
The c rysta l l ine l imestone i nc lus ions a re n o t
u n l ike t he t ravert ine n oted i n med iaeva l Ceram ica Laz ia le , t hough t l ikely t o h ave b een made i n t he Ro me a rea (W i l l ia ms a nd Ovenden , 1 978, 5 11 ).
A s i m-
i lar s ource may a lso b e p oss ible f or t he t wo Arret ine s amp les, t hough o f c ourse a t t h is s tage o ther a reas c anno t b e r u led o u t . Fabr ic 4 S l ip :
' La Graufesenque '
b r igh t r ed ( 2 .5YR
4 /6) .
F resh f racture : t h is i s v ery d ist inc t ive , c on ta in ing n umerous wh ite/creamy s pecks s et a ga inst a r ed ( 10R 5 /8 ) b ackground . T he c lay u sed i s q u ite o bv iously a l ime-r ich o ne ( t he s i te i s s itua ted o n J urass ic s ed i men ts ), t hough t here i s n o r eac t ion w ith d i lute h ydroch lor ic a c id , i nd ica t ing t ha t t he l imestone h as d isso lved o u t . I n t h in s ect ion t h is f abr ic h as a v ery d ist inct ive t exture.
Throughou t t he
g round mass a re n u merous l imestone v o ids, u sua l ly w ith a wh ite h azy s urround , s et a ga inst a b r igh t r ed b ackground.
A lso p resen t a re a s ca t ter o f q uar tz
g ra in s , a verage s ize 0 .10 m m o r u nder , t hough w ith a f ew l arger g ra ins ( F ig. 1 , d ). Th is g roup i ncludes t wo s herds a na lyzed b y P icon a nd a ss igned t o La Graufesenque , o ne o f wh ich c on ta ins a n ATEIUS s tamp , t ogether w ith s herds c on ta in ing s ta mps o f VOLUS , S C OTN I , CANT I , RUST IC U S , AC VTVS, S EC UN a nd OFPR M , a l l o f wh ich a re a ssoc ia ted w ith t h is c en tre. F abr ic 5 ' Mon tans ' S l ip :
b r igh t r ed ( 10R
Fresh f racture :
4 /8) .
f a irly c oarse r edd ish-yel low ( 5YR
7/8)c lay ,
c on ta in ing a
l i t t le r ed i ron o re a nd wh ite s pecks. Under t he m icroscope , as ca t ter o f q uar tz g ra ins, a verage s ize 0 .10-.20 mm, a re s et i n ad ark , p art ly i so trop ic ma tr ix , t oge ther w ith s o me r ed i ron o re g ra ins a nd p len t ifu l m ica ( F ig. 1 , e ). The f our s herds f rom Ch ichester wh ich make u p t h is g roup h ave b een macroscop ica l ly i den t if ied a s t yp ica l ' Mon tans ' f abr ic b y G . B . Donnel l .
A l l
o f t he m a re ' Flav ian ' i n d a te , wh ich makes t he m l a ter t han t he o ther s herds a na lyzed , b u t a s t hey a ppear t o f or m a d ist inct ive g roup t hey h ave b een i nclud ed i nt he c urren t p rogram me. F abr ic 6 S l ip :
' Lyon '
d eep r ed ( 2 .5YR
F resh f racture : w h i te f l ecks.
4 /6) .
f ine-textured l i gh t r ed ( 2 .5YR 6 /8 ) c lay , w ith a f ew sma l l
7
T h in s ect ion ing r evea ls a bundan t i nc lusions o f q uar tz, a verage s ize 0 .10. 15 m m , a nd a bundan t m ica ( F ig. 1 , f ) . The g roup i s r epresen ted b y as ing le s herd f rom F ishbourne , a na lyzed b y P icon a nd a ss igned t o L yon. I n a dd it ion , t here a re a n umber o f s herd s f ro m Co lchester a nd Ch ichester wh ich i n t h in s ect ion a re n o tu n l ike t he F ishbourne s amp le. However , i n v iew o f t he f act t ha t a t p resen t t he L yon f abr ic i sb ased s o lely o nt he s ize a nd f requency o f q uar tz f ro m o ne s amp le , t he f or mer s herds s hou ld o n ly b e t en ta t ively a ss igned t o L yon a t t h is s tage ( Tab le ), u n t i l more s amp les k nown t o h ave o r ig ina ted f rom t here c an b e a na lyzed f or c o mpar ison w ith t he F ishbourne s herd t o c heck f or v ar iab il ity o f c lay . F abr ic 7 S l ip :
' Lezoux '
r ed ( 10R 5 /8 ).
F resh f racture :
r edd ish-ye l low ( 7 .5YR 6 /6 ), e x tre me ly m icaceous c lay .
Th in s ect ion ing r evea ls a f ine-tex tured ma tr ix c onta in ing s parse q uar tz g ra ins , a verage s ize 0 .10-.15 m m , a bundan t f l ecks o f m ica ( both muscov ite a nd b iot ite ) a nd n umerous g ra ins o f c o l lophane ( F ig. 1 , g ). The g roup i s r epresented b y as ing le s herd f ro m F ishbourne , a na lyzed b y P icon a nd a ss igned t o L ezoux . CONC LUSIONS The i n i t ia l t h in s ect ion ing p rogram me o n f i netex tured A rret ine a nd e arly s am ian h as g iven s o me e ncourag ing r esu l ts. Th is i s p ar t icu larly t rue f or t he A rezzo , Pu teo l i a nd L a Graufesenque s amp les, wh ich a re v ery d ist inct ive u nder t he m icroscope a nd c an b e r ead i ly d ist ingu ished b o th f ro m e ach o ther a nd t he r e ma in ing g roups. The p resence o f c l inopyroxene i n t he Pu teo l i s amp le , i f c haracter ist ic o ft h is c en tre a s a who le , w ou ld b e a n e x tre mely v a luable d iagn ost ic f ea ture i n r ecogn izing A rret ine f rom t h is s ource. S im ilarly , t h in s ect ion a na lys is o ft he ATEIUS s herd f ro m F ishbourne c on f ir ms a L a G raufesenque o r ig in s uggested b y P icon 's c he m ica l t ests ( Danne l l , 1 978 , 2 25 ). A lso i n t h is l a t ter g roup a re a c o mpara t ively l arge n umber o f e ar ly v essels f ro m Co lchester a lready a n t ic ipa ted i n s o me measure b y Dannel l ( 1978 , 2 26 ). However , an o te o f c aut ion s hou ld b e i n troduced when i n terpret ing t hese r esu lts, f or t he Puteo l i , L yon a nd L ezoux g roups a re b ased o n o n ly o ne s ample i n e ach c ase.
Add it iona l s amp les a re o bv iously n ecessary f ro m t hese c en tres ,
a nd i ndeed o thers, s o t ha t a ny v ar iab il ity i n t he c lay c o mpos it ion c an b e t aken i n to a ccoun t. Th is s ee ms p ar t icu larly t o b e t he c ase a t L ezoux f or i nstance ( P icon e t a l ., 1 971, 1 91). The w r iter a nd G . B . Dannel l f u l ly i n tend f o l low ing u p t h is l ine o fe nqu iry b y o bta in ing s amp les o f Arre t ine a nd e ar ly s am ian c lear ly a t tr ibu table t o most , i fn ot a l l , o f t he k nown c en tres.
I n a dd it ion t hey
h ope t o e x tend t he p rogra m me t o t ake i n to a ccoun t ma ter ia l f rom o ther Br i t ish s i tes, a s w e l l a s a dop t ing a more me thod ica l a pproach t o t he l arge c o l lec t ions o f Arret ine a nd e ar ly s am ian a t Co lchester a nd Ch ichester.
8
Petro log ica l Group ings f or Arret ine a nd Ear ly S am ian
Bagendon
• O r e P
C D N 0
r n
X
• . , b1 ` . ‹ 0
t1 ` . ‹ 0
0 c e P r n
a nbuasai rmaD w i
T able.
• N D 0
C D
C D
0
5
1
1
Ch ichester
2 8
6
Co lchester
2 9
3
F ishbourne
2 4
Gab ina , I ta ly
5
S keleton Green
2
To ta ls
8 9
1
4
9 1 6
1
9 1
9
1 2
1 0 1
4 1
1
9
1
4
3 7
2 1
1 3 4
POSTSCR IPT For s o me y ears s pec ia l ists i n Ro mano-Br it ish p ot tery h ave b een c oncerned a bou t t he p roble ms s urround ing t he f i rst importa t ions o f s am ian wares.
The
ma ter ia l d er ived f ro m t he e xcavat ions a t Camu lodunu m ( Hawkes a nd Hu l l , 1 947 ) g ave a n o pportun ity t o c ons ider a g roup wh ich was l arge e nough t o c o mpare w ith t hose f ro m t he c on t inent ( 2 1 . Ox , 1 944 ).
Recent work h as p rov ided o ther
importan t c o l lect ions f ro m s i tes o ccup ied b etween t he Augustan a nd e ar lyC laud ian p er iod ( Dannel l , 1 977 ). A t t he s a me t ime n ew e v idence f or k iln s ites h as emerged : Ga l l ia Narbonensis a t A sp iran a nd Bram ( Rancou le , 1 970 ); ( Ba lsan , 1 968 , a nd c f . P icon , 1 974 );
f inds f ro m
a t L a Graufesenque
a t L ezoux ( Ver tet , 1 967 );
a t L yon ( A .
a nd J . L asfargues a nd V er tet , 1 976 ) a nd Mon tans ( Mar t in , 1 974 ), h ave a dded t o t he b et ter-known c en tres i nI ta ly .
However , a s y et i th as n o t b een p ossible
t o a t tr ibu te sma l l s herds t o t hese k iln s ites, b ecause a s ure method o f v isua l r ecogn i t ion h as n o tb een d eve loped.
Maur ice P icon h as s hown t ha t c he m ica l
a na lysis d oes r evea l t ha t t he a pparen t ly b land s am ian p astes h ave s uf f ic ien t ly d ifer ing c onst ituen ts t o b e d ist ingu ished ( Picon , 1 973 ).
Th is g ave s o me h ope
t o t he p oss ib il ity t ha t t he p etro log ica l i nvest iga t ion o f s a mp les m igh t o f fer a means o f i den t if ica t ion o pen t o a nyone w ith a ccess t o am icroscope , a nd s o me k now ledge o f p etro log ica l i nclus ion s ( c f . Peacock , 1 977 ). Two p redo m inan t i ssues n eed c lar if ica t ion . F irst wha t a re t he s ources o ft he p o t tery , a nd wha t a re t he c o m merc ia l c onnect ions wh ich c an b e e stabl i shed f ro m t he r esu l t ing d istr ibu t ion p a t tern?
S econd ly , wha t i s t he c hron-
o logy f or e ach s ource , a nd c an u sefu l d ist inct ions b e d rawn wh ich m igh t i l lumi na te a p er iod i n wh ich ma jor p o l it ica l c hanges o ccurred i n S outhern a nd S outhEastern Br i ta in , b u t f or wh ich e x terna l d a t ing e v idence i s s can ty?
9
The work d escr ibed b y Dav id Wil l ia ms i s t he f i rst s tep t owards t ry ing t o e stabl ish a s a t isfactory d escr ip t ion o f t he wares i n v isua l t er ms.
T he n ex t
s tage w il lb e t o c on f ir m t he a t tr ibu t ions s o f ar p ostu la ted b y o bta in ing s u f f ici en t ma ter ia l f ro m k i ln-s i tes s o a s t o s e t t he l ike ly r ange o f i nc lus ions f or e ach f abr ic.
F ro m t ha t p o in t i ts hou ld b e p oss ible t o e xam ine a l l o f t he Br it ish
ma ter ia l w ith t he o b ject o f p roduc ing d istr ibu t ion maps o f t he wares i den t if ied , a nd d ef in i t ions o f t hose f or wh ich n o o r ig in c an b e a scr ibed.
I ft h is work c an
b e r ela ted t o c on t inen ta l d istr ibu t ion , t he t rade r outes t he mselves may b e p roved , a nd a nswers p rov ided t o whether o r n o t s ea-tra f f ic o r o ver land t ransp or t p layed t he ma jor r o le. AC KNO W LEDGE M ENTS Iam g ra tefu l t o t he f o l low ing f or g enerously p rov id ing s a mp les o f p ot tery f or a na lys is :
A lec Down , Rosa l ind N isbet t , Pro fessor Barry Cun l if fe , C l ive
Partr idge , Dav id V iner , a nd t o Professors Ph i l ip O l iver-S m ith a nd Wa lter Widr ig o fR ice U n ivers ity , H ouston , T exas, f or t he Gab ina s herds.
The I ta l ian
a u thor it ies k ind ly a u thor ized t he e xporta t ion o f t he s amp les f ro m Gab ina f or a na lys is.
Maur ice P icon , t hrough t he k ind of ices o f Geof f Dannel l , k ind ly
a l lowed a ccess t o h is u npubl ished r esu l ts.
Iam i ndebted t o N ick Brad ford ,
Department o f A rchaeo logy , U n ivers ity o f S ou thamp ton , f or t ak ing t he p hotom icrographs.
Thanks a re a lso d ue i n n o sma l l measure t o G eof f Dannel l f or
h is w il l ing h elp a nd e ncourage men t t hroughou t .
B IBL IOGRAPHY Ba lsan 1 968.
Ba lsan , L ., Ga l l ia To me Ro mans , 2 6 ( 1968 ), 5 17-521.
Ba n ter la e t a l . 1 973. Ban ter la , G ., S ten icao , A ., Terran i , M. a nd V il ian i, S ., ' Character iza t ion o f s am ian ware s herds b y means o f n eu tron a ct ivat ion a na lysis ' , Archaeo metry , 1 5 ( 1973 ), 2 09-220. B lake e t a l . 1 978.
B lake, H . M., Pot ter ,
T . W. a nd Wh itehouse, D . B .
( eds.), Papers i n I ta l ian Archaeo logy I , Ox ford , 1 978. Dannel l 1 977.
Danne l l , G . B ., ' The s am ian f ro m Bagendon ' , i n Dore a nd
Greene , 1 977 , 2 29-234. Danne l l 1 978.
Dannel l , G . B ., ' The s am ian p o t tery ' , i n Down , 1 978, 2 25-227.
Dore & Greene 1 977.
Dore , J . a nd Greene , K . T . ( eds. ), Ro man Pot tery
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Down , A ., Ch ichester Excava t ions I I , Ch ichester , 1 978.
dawkes & Hu l l 1 947.
Hawkes , C . F . C . a nd Hu l l , M. R ., Ca mu lodunu m ,
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L asfargues, A . a nd J . a nd V er tet , H ., ' L 'A te l ier d e
p ot i—e r—s August en d e L a Muet te ' aL yon :
L a Fou il le d e s auvetage d e
1 966 ', i n N otes D 'Ep igraph ie e t D 'Archeo log ie L yonna ise , Lyon , 1 976.
1 0
Mart in 1 974.
Mar t in , T ., ' Deux Anntes d e Recherches Archeo log iques ä
Mon tans ( Tarn )' , Rev . Archeo l . Cen tre , 1 3 ( 1974 ), 1 23-143. Ox e1 944.
Oxd , A ., ' D ie Ha l terner s ig il la ta funde s e it 1 925 ' , i n S t ieren , A .
' D ie Fundevon Ha l tern s e it 1 925 ' , Bodena l tert t i mer West fa lens , 6 ( 1944 ), 1 5-76. Ox e& Co mfort 1 968.
Ox, A . a nd Co mfort , H ., Corpus Vasoru m Arret inoru m ,
Bonn , 1 968. Peacock 1 968.
Peacock , D . P . S ., ' A p e tro log ica l s tudy o f c erta in I ron Age
p ot tery f ro m western England ' , Proc. Preh istor ic S oc., 3 4 ( 1968 ), 4 14-427. P eacock 1 969.
Peacock , D . P . S ., ' A c on tr ibu t ion t o t he s tudy o f G lastonbury
ware f ro m s ou th-western Br ita in ' , Ant iq. J ., 4 9 ( 1969 ), 4 1-61. P eacock 1 977.
Peacock , D . P . S ., ' Po mpe ian Red ware ' , i n P eacock ( ed. ),
P ot tery a nd Early Co m merce , L ondon , 1 977 , 1 47-162. P icon 1 973.
P icon , M., I n troduct ion a Pktude T echn iques d es Ceram iques
S ig i l lees d e L ezoux , D i jon , 1 973. P icon 1 974.
P icon , M.,
Apropos d 'un Vase f ausse men t a t tr ibue a Mon tans ' ,
Rev. A rcheo l . Narbonna ise , 7( 1974 ), 2 19-223. P icon e t a l . 1 971. P icon , M., V ichy , M. a nd Me il le , E ., ' Co mpos it ion o f t he — — L ezoux , L yon a nd Arezzo s am ian ware ' , A rchaeo metry , 1 3 ( 1971 ), 1 91-208. P iconet a l . 1 975.
P icon , M., Carre , C ., Cordo l ian i , M. L .
V ichy , M.,
Hernandez , J . A . a nd Mignard , J . L ., ' Co mpos it ion r g
' Grauf-
e senque , Banassac a nd Montans t erra s ig il la ta ' , Archae
1 7
( 1975 ) , 1 91-199. Rancou le , G ., ' L 'Atel ier d e p o t iers e t c eram ique i nd igene a u l er s iecle a van t J -C V ertet 1 967.
Rev. Archeo l. Narbonna ise , 3( 1970 ), 6 3.
V er tet , H ., Veram ique s ig il lee T iber ienne d e L ezoux ' , Rev.
Archeo l ., ( 1967 ), 2 55-286. Wide mann e t a l . 1 975.
Wide mann , F ., P icon , M., Asaro , F ., M ichel , H . V .
a nd P er lman , I . , ' A L yons b ranch o f t he p ot tery- mak ing f i rm o f ATEIUS o f Arezzo ' , Archaeo metry , 1 7 ( 1975 ), 4 5-59. Wil l iams 1 978.
Wil l iams, D . F ., ' A p etro log ica l e xam ina t ion o f p o t tery f ro m
Thera ', Thera a nd t he Aegean Wor ld I , L ondon , 5 07-514. Wi l l iams f orthco m ing.
Wil l ia ms , D . F ., ' The h eavy m inera l s epara t ion o f
a nc ien t c eram ics b y c en tr ifuga t ion : metry , f orthco m ing. Wil l iams & Ovenden 1 978.
ap rel im inary r epor t ', Archaeo-
Wil l ia ms , D . F . a nd Ovenden , P . J ., ' Med ieva l
p ot tery f ro m Ro me :
p etrograph ica l a nd c he m ica l a na lyses ' , i n B lake ,
H . M. e t a l ., 1 978, 5 07-519.
1
F ig. 1 a )
Photo m icrographs ( x 1 7 ) o f Arret ine a nd e ar ly S am ian F abr ic 1 ( Arezzo ).
Co lchester , MAEIS s tamp.
F ine-textured
ma tr ix w ith a s ca t ter o f s i l t-s ized q uartz g ra ins a nd f l ecks o f m ica . Crossed n ico ls • b )
Fabr ic 2 ( Pu teo l i ).
S ke le ton Green , S ECUNDUS s tamp .
g ra in o f c l inopyroxene ( cen tre ). c )
F abr ic 3 ( ?Ro me ).
d )
Cross n ico ls.
Gab ina , I ta ly .
s tone ( cen tre a nd t op ).
F rag men ts o f c oarse l ime-
Crossed n ico ls.
Fabr ic 4 ( La Graufesenque ).
Co lchester.
( l igh t g rey ) o nce c on ta in ing l imestone. e )
F abr ic 5 ( Montans ).
L arge
Ch ichester.
i n ad ark , p art ly i sotrop ic ma tr ix. f )
F abr ic 6 ( Lyon ). F ishbourne. o f m ica . Crossed n ico ls.
g )
F abr ic 7 ( Lezoux ).
S cat ter o f q uar tz g ra ins s et Crossed n ico ls.
Abundan t q uartz g ra ins a nd f l ecks
F ishbourne.
F ine-textured ma tr ix c on ta in ing
s parse q uar tz g ra ins a nd a bundan t m ica.
1 2
N u merous v o ids
C rossed n ico ls.
Crossed n ico ls.
F ig. 1 . 1
P ho to m icrographs ( x17 )
N ick Brad ford
2 .
I MPORTED F INE WARES I N BR ITAIN TO A .D. 2 50 : A GUIDE TO I DENTIFICATION K ev in G reene
I n 1 972 t he wr i ter p ub l ished a b ook le t e n t i t led G u ide t o P re-Flav ian F ine Wares , c . A .D. 4 0-70 , wh ich was a s u m mary o f r esearch s t i l l u nder way o n f irs t c en tury f ine wares .
I t was i n tended t o a ss is t museu ms a nd e xcava-
t ors i n t he i den ti f ica t ion o f ar ange o f c o mpara t ive ly r are a nd c o mp lex wares , a nd ( l ess a l tru is t ica l ly ) t o p ro mote a n a wareness o f t he ir e x is tence ; t he t hree h undred a nd f i f ty c op ies p r in ted s o ld q u ick ly e nough t o i nd ica te t ha t b o th o b jec t ives h ad b een f u lf i l led . Af u l l a ccoun t o f t hese f ine wares was c on ta ined i n my d octora l t hes is ( 1 973 ) wh ich h as s ubsequen t ly b een r ewr i t ten t o f or m p ar t o f t he U sk E xcava t ion
R epor t S er ies ( f or thco m ing ) .
E xper ience
i n wr i t ing s pec ia l is t r epor ts f or a n umber o f e xcava t ions h as i nd ica ted t ha t ab as ic g u ide f or i den t i f ica t ion i s s t i l l au se fu l t oo l .
My p resen t i n ten t ions
a re f irs t t o p resen t ac ondensed v ers ion o f t he 1 972 g u ide , a nd s econd ly t o e x tend i tu p t o c . A .D. 2 50 , when i mpor ts o f c olour-coa ted ware v ir tual ly c eased .
G a l lo-Be lg ic wares a nd s am ian a re e xc luded ;
wha t r e ma ins i s a
s tudy o f ac on t inuous ( i f f luc tua t ing ) t rad i t ion o f c o lour-coa ted wares i n tended f or t able u se , p ar t icu lar ly d r ink ing , wh ich f or med a n e ssen t ia l c o mple men t t o s am ian ware o n t he b e t ter-o f f t ables o f R o man B r i ta in f or t w c en tur ies . The s ub jec t ma t ter d iv ides c onven ien t ly i n to t hree p er iods ; 4 3-70 ;
A . D. 7 0-150 ;
C . A . D.
a nd A . D. 1 50-250 . A .D. 4 3-70
T he p re-Conques t p er iod c an a l mos t b e d iscoun ted , a s t he i nvas ion c o inc ided w i th t he b eg inn ing o f ap er iod o f g rea t p opu lar i ty o f f ine wares i n t he p rov inces .
A ugustan a nd T iber ian I t a l ian a nd G au l ish s am ian s ee m t o h ave
b een impor ted w i thou t t he f ine wares made i n t he s a me workshops ; B e lg ic wares s upp l ied a ny d e mand f or c ups a nd b eakers .
G a l lo-
N one o f t he f o l lowing
wares ( excep t o ne s ou th I t a l ian c up a t Braugh ing ) h ave a ppeared i n p reC onques t d epos i ts .
F or a n e xhaus t ive d iscuss ion o f a l l o f t he wares t he
r eader i s r e ferred t o t he f or thco m ing U sk p ubl ica t ion , where t he d e ta i led a rgu men ts f or t he a t tr ibu t ion o f i nd iv idua l wares t o s ources a nd t heir d a t ing w i l l b e f ound , t oge ther w i th t he ir c on t inen ta l d is tr ibu t ions a nd f u l l t ype-ser ies . L yon Ware ( f ig . 2 .1, n os . 1 -8 ) F abr ic - F ine , p a le c rea m f abr ic , o f ten g reen t inged . S ur face - Th in , l us trous c o lour-coa t ing r ang ing f ro m r ed-brown t o n ear ly b lack , b u t u sua l ly d ark g reen ish-brown . D ecora tion - The p r inc ipa l v ar ie t ies a re i l lus tra ted .
R oughcas t s and i s
c o m mones t ; o ther d ecora t ion i s f or med f ro m p las t ic c lay , n o t b arbo t ine . F or m - c ups a nd b eakers a s i l lus tra ted . 1 5
Th is i s t he c o m mones t o f t he p re-F lav ian f ine wares ; t he mos t r ecurren t f or ms o f d ecora t ion .
f ig . 2 .1 i l lus tra tes
The f o l low ing wares may o ccur
a longs ide L yon ware o n v ery l arge p re - F lav ian e xcava t ions . S pan ish c o lour-coa ted Ware ( f ig . 2 .1 , n os . 9 -13 ) F abr ic - F ine , b u f f o r o range-bu f f . S ur face - V ery g lossy , g o lden-brown t oo range . D ecora t ion - A v ar ie ty o f e x tre me ly d is t inc t ive b arbo t ine s che mes , o r more r arely h eavy r ou le t t ing . F or ms - Fu l l r ange f ro m s ha l low o pen c ups t o d eep c y l indr ica l b eakers . Th is i s t he c o m mones t o f t he r arer wares . s ou thern S pa in :
I t was made i n B aet ica ,
s ee Maye t , 1 975 , f or t he f u l l S pan ish b ackground .
C en tra l G au l ish c olour-coa ted ware ( f ig . 2 .1, n os . 1 4-16) F abr ic - F ine , y e l low o r b u f f w i th mica . S ur face - R a ther ma t t , b rown c o lour-coa t ing . Decora t ion - S parse r oughcas t c lay p ar t ic les ;
b arbo t ine ' ha irp ins ' a nd
' t eardrops ' . F or ms - A f ew c ups ;
b eakers o f d is t inc t ive p rof i le .
Th is ware was p robably made a t s evera l c en tres i n C en tra l G au l i nc lud ing L ezoux .
The b eaker f or m i s n o t e xc lus ive ly p re-F lav ian ;
s ee b e low , A . D.
7 0-150 . I t a l ian c o lour-coa ted wares ( f ig . 2 .2 , n os . 1 -2 ) The o n ly r ecurren t v essels a re e x traord inar i ly f ine e ggshe l l-w w i th a g rey ish-black s ur face a nd r ed-brown f abr ic f ro m n or th I t a ly , l y v ery f ew b arbo t ine-decora ted s ou th I t a l ian v esse ls a lso o ccur . F or t he e normous r ange o f wares f ound i n I t a ly s ee S ch ind ler-Kaude lka , 1 975 ( nor th I t a ly ) a nd Moevs , 1 973 ( sou th a nd c en tra l I t a ly ) . S ou th G au l ish c o lour-coa ted ware ( f ig . 2 .2 , n o . 3 ) Af ew c ups w i th mou lded d ecora t ion made i n s am ian workshops o ccur i n B r i ta in ;
t heir f ine f abr ics v ary f ro m r ed-brown t o b u f f , a nd t heir c o lour
c oa t ings a re s im i lar , wh i ls t b eing t h inner t han t he g loss o f s am ian . L ower Rh ine land wares ( f ig . 2 .2 , n os . 4 -8 ) Th is i s n o t as ing le c a tegory , b u t many s im i lar wares s upp ly ing l oca l marke ts i n t he Rh ine land n or th o f Ma inz. i n B r i ta in ;
On ly t hree v esse ls h ave b een f ound
t hey a re o f t he c o m mones t v ar iety , wh ich u sua l ly h as a wh i te
f abr ic , ma t t d ark b rown o r o range c o lour c oa t ing , a nd b arbo t ine d ecora t ive s che mes q u i te d is t inc t f ro m t hose o f o ther wares . C en tra l G au l ish g lazed ware ( ' S t . R e my ware ' ) ( f ig . 2 .2 , n os . 9 -14 ) Vessels w i th mou lded r e l ie f o r a pp l ied d ecora t ion a s we l l a s s i mp ler whee l thrown b arbo t ine-decora ted f or ms were made a t an umber o f c en tres i n t he A l l ier r eg ion .
1 6
F abr ic - F ine , wh i te ;
s o me t i mes c oarser , a nd b u f f w i th mica .
S ur face - S h iny a nd c ons is ten t g laze , f ro m y el low t o b rown , b u t u sua l ly g reen . D ecora t ion - Mou lded r e l ie f ;
mou lded a pp l iques ;
l ines , e tc . F or ms - F lagons a nd b ow ls ( mou lded ) ;
b arbo t ine d ots , c ircles ,
h and led b ow ls ( app l ied ) ;
c ups ,
b eakers a nd b ow ls ( b arbot ine ) . Th is ware i s e as i ly d is t ingu ished f ro m R o mano-Br i t ish g lazed wares ( 9 1 . c hap . 8b e low ) b y i t s u n i for m ly f ine p a le f abr ics a nd b r igh t ly-coloured e ven g lazes , a s w e l l a s i t s r ange o f f or ms . A .D . 7 0-150 The p re-F lav ian wares d escr ibed a bove d o n o t s ee m t o h ave b een impor ted a f ter c . A .D . 7 0 , b u t n a tura l ly o ccur o n s o me Vespas ian ic s i tes u p t o t he mid-seven t ies .
There i s t hen a c o mpara t ive l ack o f v ar ie ty a nd q uan t i ty o f
f ine wares u n t i l t he mid-second c en tury A . D. R oughcas t Ware ( f ig . 2 .3 , n o . 1 ) Th is ware i s r ather l oose ly t er med .
R oughcas t d ecora t ion o ccurs o n
p re-F lav ian L yon ware ( f ine s and ) a nd C en tra l G au l ish c o lour-coa ted ware ( c lay p ar t ic les ) , b u t i n t he F lav ian p er iod a nd l a ter a ppears o n an ew f or m o f b eaker w i th a l ow g ir th a nd c orn ice r im . F abr ics - A w ide r ange f ro m wh i te t o d ark b rown . S ur faces - A s im i lar ly w ide r ange , f ro m l igh t b rown t o b lack , u sua l ly ma t t . D ecora t ion - R a ther s parse sma l l c lay p ar t ic les , w i th a p la in z oo
l ow
t he r im , b u t e x tend ing u nder b ase . F or m - C orn ice-r i m med b eakers , o f ten i nden ted . These s i mp le b eakers w ere c er ta in ly made i n Br i ta in ( e l . c hap . 1 0 b elow ) , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he s econd c en tury , a nd t here i s n o o bv ious way t o d is t ingu ish b e tween B r i t ish v esse ls a nd impor ts . b een impor ted ;
The e ar l ier v esse ls a re l i ke ly t o h ave
t heir s ources a re u ncer ta in , a s f abr ics v ary s o much , b u t
t he R h ine land ( and E as t G au l?) s ee m p robab le : G au l.
t he f or m i s u nknown i n C en tra l
C en tra l G au l ish c o lour-coa ted ware ( f ig . 2 .3 , n o . 2 ) F abr ics - Bu f f w i th mica ; S ur faces - Dark b rown ;
h ard wh i te .
o range t o b lack .
D ecora t ion - R oughcas t ing w i th c lay p ar t icles o r b arbo t ine ' ha irp in ' a nd ' t eardrop ' mo ti fs . F or ms - Ovo id b eakers . T h is ware d eve lops f ro m t he p re-F lav ian p er iod , b u t c ups were n o l onger made . The h ard wh i te f abr ic o f s o me b eakers d oes n ot o ccur b e fore A .D. 7 0 . I ti s n o t c lear e xac t ly h ow l ong t he b eakers c on t inued t o b e made , b u t t hey s ee m t o p ers is t i n to t he r e ign o f H adr ian .
1 7
' B lack s am ian ' Sma l l s herds o f t h is C en tra l G au l ish ware may c ause p rob le ms i n t h is p er iod i ft hey d o n ot b ear d ecora t ion - s ee b e low , u nder r hen ish ware. A . D. 1 50-250 The l ow-g ir thed b eaker f or m a ssoc ia ted w i th r oughcas t ware f or med t he b as is f or many l a ter v essels , a nd s i mple r oughcas t ing c er ta in ly c on t inued a f ter A .D . 1 50 , b u t was g rea t ly o u tnumbered b y more e laborate s ty les o f b arbo t ine d ecora t ion . The n ecess i ty f or i mpor ted wares was g rea t ly r educed i n t h is p er iod b y t he e s tabl ish men t o f R h ine land-der ived i ndus tr ies a t C o lches ter a nd i n t he N ene Va l ley i n t he mid-second c en tury , b u t s o me v ess e ls may h ave b een impor ted b efore t he ir f u l l d eve lop men t . On ly t he much f iner r hen ish ware c o mpeted s ign i f ican t ly w i th t hese B r i t ish i ndus tr ies . Hun t Cups ( f ig . 2 .3 , n o . 3 ) H un t c ups a re c orn ice r i m med b eakers i n ' cas tor ware ' w i th a n i ma l a nd v ege ta l b arbot ine d ecora t ion .
They a ppear o n B r i t ish s i tes f ro m t he 1 50s .
There may b e n o way o f d is t ingu ish ing i mpor ted v esse ls f ro m t he e ar l ies t N ene Va l ley a nd C o lches ter p roduc ts o ther t han b y s c ien t i f ic a na lys is , b u t t he p oss ib i l i ty o f impor ta t ion s hou ld n o t b e d isregarded .
The c on t inen ta l
v esse ls may h ave d eve loped a s e ar ly a s t he r e ign o f H adr ian . Rhen ish ware ( f ig . 2 .3 , n os . 4 -10 ) Th is n a me r e fers t o t wo d is t inc t wares , made i n C en tra l G au l a nd Tr ier r espec t ive ly , b u t many p la in f or ms were made i nb o th c en tres ( f ig . 2 .3 , n os . 4 -6 ) . C en tra l G au l F abr ic - Yel low-bu f f t o o range o r r ed , u sua l ly w i th mica ; wh i te . F ine .
o ccas iona l ly
S ur face - V ery f ine b lack g lossy c o lour-coa t ing , o f ten w i th a me ta l l ic l us tre . D ecora t ion - F ine r ou let ted l ines ; l ines .
b arbo t ine l ea f s cro l ls , a n i ma ls , d o t ted
F or ms - C ups a nd B eakers , o f ten i nden ted .
F ig . 2 .3 , n os . 7 -9 were o n ly
made i n C en tra l G au l . Tr ier ( 'Mose lkera m ik ') F abr ic - S andw ich o f d ark r ed a nd g rey l ayers , v ery f ine a nd h ard . S ur face - V ery f ine g lossy b lack c o lour c oa t ing , s o me t i mes w i th a g reen ishg rey l us tre . D ecora t ion - R ou le t ted l ines ;
p a in ted wh i te s l ip mo t toes a nd o ther mo ti fs ,
s o met i mes o ver-pa in ted t o g ive r ed o r y e l low s hades . F or ms - B eakers , o f ten i nden ted .
F ig . 2 .3 , n o . 1 0 was o n ly made i n
Tr ier .
1 8
These wares a re d i f f icu l t t o d a te i n t he a bsence o f i ndependen t a nd c lose ly d a table d epos i ts t hroughou t t he r e levan t p er iod .
Is uspec t t ha t t he C en tra l
G au l ish v ar iety may b e long b e tween c . A . D. 1 50-200 , wh i ls t t ha t f ro m T r ier p robab ly b egan i n t he l a ter s econd c en tury a nd p ers is ted u n t i l t he midth ird , b u t t h is h ypo thes is a wa i ts c on f ir ma t ion . A warn ing mus t b e i ssued a bou t ' b lack s am ian ' ( S i mpson , 1 957 ; 1 973 ) ; r hen ish ware was made i n s am ian workshops u s ing i den t ica l c lays , f ired u nder r educ ing i ns tead o f o x id is ing c ond i tions t o p roduced t he b lack s ur face . S evera l u nusua l s am ian f orms were a lso made i n t h is way i n C en tra l G au l f ro m t he Tra jan ic p er iod w i th mou lded o r a pp l ied d ecora t ion .
Sma l l u nde-
c ora ted s herds f ro m t hese v esse ls a re i nd is t ingu ishable f ro m C en tra l G au l ish r hen ish ware . Many o ther c o lour-coa ted wares o f l ower q ua l i ty t han r hen ish ware c ont inued t o b e made i n G au l a nd G er many , b u t a re mos t u n l ike ly t o h ave b een impor ted i n to Br i ta in , wh ich was wel l s upp l ied b y t he N ene V a l ley a nd o ther Br i t ish i ndus tr ies f ro m t h is p er iod o nwards ;
f or t he f ew impor ts a f ter c .
A . D. 2 50 ( none o f t he m c o lour-coa ted wares ) s ee Fu l ford , 1 977.
1 9
L yon Ware 1 .
Usk , Gwen t
* Type n o . 1 .4
2 .
A isl ingen , G er many
1 .5
3 .
Va lkenburg , N ether lands
2 .4
4 .
Ma inz , G er many
3 .1
5 .
C o lches ter , E ssex
4 .1
6 .
C o lches ter , E ssex
5 .1
7 .
N i j megen , N e ther lands
8 .
R ichborough , Ken t
5 .2 2 0 .5
* Type n u mbers r efer t o t he f u ll s er ies c on ta ined i n G reene , f or thco m ing .
S pan ish c olour-coa ted ware 9 .
Tun is ia
1 0 .
Ven t im ig l ia , I t a ly
1 1.
S t . C ass ien , France
1 2.
Tun is ia
1 3.
Twywel l , N or tha mp tonsh ire
C en tra l G au l 1 4.
London
1 5 .
L ondon
1 6.
The Lun t , Warwicksh ire
2 0
5
L YON
1 0
1
1 2 SPA IN
,
1 5
C ENTRAL
G AUL
1 : 3 F IG 2 . 1
2 1
I t a ly ( Nor th ) 1 .
C o lches ter , Essex
I t a ly ( Sou th/Cen tra l ) 2 .
C o lches ter , Essex
S ou thern G au l 3 .
Dorches ter , Dorse t
L ower Rh ineland 4 .
Ma inz , G er many
5 .
Mainz , G er many
6 .
Mainz, G er many
7 .
N i j megen , N e ther lands
8 .
H o fhei m , G er many
C en tra l G au l ish g lazed ware 9 .
C o lches ter , Essex
1 0 .
C o lches ter , Essex
1 1.
C an terbury , Ken t
1 2.
R oanne , F rance
1 3.
Wroxeter , S hropsh ire
1 4 .
L ondon
2 2
3 S OUTH G AUL
I TALY
4
L OWER R H INELAND
1 3
• i :i f : • : , . :
: : : ° , : . " • : 0 : • . . • : :: . . : : : •
1
1 4
C ENTRAL G AUL 1 :3 F IG .2 . 2
2 3
R oughcas t Ware 1 .
Wiesbaden , G er many
C en tral G au l 2 .
C h iches ter , S ussex
Hun t Cup 3 .
Des telbergen-lez-Gand , B elg iu m
Rhen ish Ware F or ms made i nb o th p roduct ion a reas 4 .
G louces ter
5 .
C orbr idge , N or thu mber land
6 .
C orbr idge , N or thu mber land
C en tra l G au l 7 .
C o lches ter , Essex
8 .
Uncer ta in ;
9 .
Veru la m iu m , H er t fordsh ire
N at iona l Museu m o f Wales , C ardi f f
Tr ier 1 0 .
V eru la m iu m , H er t fordsh ire
2 R H INELAND
C ENTRAL G AUL
4
9
T R IER
C ENTRAL G AUL
F IG .2 . 3 2 5
1 :3
APPENDIX
A PRE-FLAV IAN COLOUR-COATED WARE I NDUSTRY AT COLCHESTER
The C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museum c on ta ins o ne o f t he l arges t c o l lec t ions o f p re-F lav ian f ine wares i n B r i ta in .
Un l ike a ny o ther c o l lec t ion , t here i s
ah igh p ropor t ion o f c olour-coa ted ware wh ich was made l oca l ly r a ther t han impor ted . I ts ee ms wor th d raw ing a t ten t ion t o t h is ware f or t wo r easons ; t o h e lp e xcava tors t o s epara te l oca l f ro m impor ted ma ter ia l , a nd t o i l lus tra te a n e ar ly c ase o f t he p roduc t ion o f ac on t inen ta l c o lour-coa ted ware i n C o lches ter , af u l l c en tury e ar l ier t han t he we l l-known An ton ine i ndus try ( Hu l l , 1 963 ) .
I t mus t b e s tressed t ha t t he p resen t p aper i s b ased o n ly o n
ma ter ia l i n t he museu m 's c o l lec t ions , a nd d oes n o t i nc lude ma ter ia l f ound i n e xcava t ions d ur ing t he 1 970s . D escr ip t ion F abr ic - Bu f f o f p a le p ink ish b rown , f ine w i th sma l l c oarser i nc lus ions S ur face - Ma t t r ed-brown o r g rey-brown c o lour-coa t ing .
A l though t he
s ur faces s ee m t o h ave b een b ad ly a f fec ted b y s o i l c ond i t ions , i t was o bv ious ly n ever a s f ine o r g lossy a s t ha t o f L yon ware , F or m - C ups a nd b eakers Decora t ion - R oughcas t s and ;
a pp l ied p las t ic c lay , s o me b arbo t ine .
A t tr ibu t ion a nd Da te The a t tr ibu t ion o f t h is ware t o C o lches ter i s imp l ied b y i t s a bsence f ro m o ther s i tes . Ak i ln p roduc ing r e la ted f or ms ( bu t n o t , i t s ee ms , t he v esse ls i n q ues t ion ) was f ound d ur ing t he C a mu lodunu .m e xcava t ions ( Hawkes a nd H u l l , 1 947 , 2 83 , f ig . 5 8 ) a nd d a ted t o t he e nd o f P er iod I V
A .D . 4 9-61) .
P ro-
d uc t ion b e fore A .D . 6 0 i s t here fore q u i te f eas ib le , a nd i s c on f ir med b y t he f ew s herds wh ich o ccurred a t t he l eg ionary f or tress a t L ong thorpe , N or than ts ., whose o ccupa t ion i s d a ted b y t he e xcava tors t o c . A .D . 4 4/8-62 ( Frere a nd S t . J oseph , 1 974 ) . N one was f ound i nt he ' F irs t P o t tery S hop ' ( Hu l l , 1 958 s upposed ly b urn t i n A .D . 6 0 , b u t t he s tock may h ave o n ly c on ta ined impor ted g oods , i fi ndeed i t was a s hop.
The C a mu lodunu m r epor t u n for tuna te ly c on-
f la ted l oca l a nd impor ted v esse ls , wh ich c ombined w i th i ts c onsequen t ly u nr epresen ta t ive i l lus tra t ions made t he u se o f i t s c hrono log ica l a nd s ta t is t ica l t able u nhe lp fu l .
I n a ny c ase , p roduc t ion i s l ike ly t o h ave c eased a round A .D.
7 0 , when t he i mpor ta t ion o f s im i lar v esse ls f ro m L yon a nd o ther c en tres c eased . I n C o lches ter i t sel f , t h is l oca l ware was v ery c o mpe t i t ive ;
o u t o f 1 30
b eakers e xa m ined b y t he wr i ter 8 0 were l oca l , a nd 5 0 c a me f ro m L yon . I mpor ted c ups o u tnumbered l oca l v esse ls , h owever , p resu mably b ecause o f t he g rea ter d i f f icu l ty i nvo lved i n t he ir d ecora t ion . 2 6
T he f or ms a nd d ecora t ion o f t he c ups a re c lose ly c opied f ro m L yon ware v esse ls , a l though t he b eakers a re more v ar ied .
Th is n eed n o t i nd icate t ha t
t he p o t ters c a me f ro m L yon , b u t o n ly t ha t t he mos t impor tan t ware f ound i n B r i tain p rov ided o bv ious p rototypes .
B u t i fac on t inen ta l p o t tery ( or p o t ters )
were i nvo lved , i t may b e s ign i f ican t t ha t n one o f t he v ery d i f feren t t echn iques a nd mo t i fs wh ich d om ina ted t he Rh ine land a re p resen t . On ly f ig . 2 .4 n o . 8 i s d i f feren t f ro m L yon ware i n i t s mot i fs a nd b arbot ine work , b u t e ven t hese c ou ld b e l oosely b ased u pon t he c harac ter is t ic L yon ' raspberr ies ' c opied b y n o . 7 . The p oor q ua l i ty o f t he c o lour-coa t ing mus t h ave b een t he l im i t ing f ac tor wh ich p reven ted t h is ware f ro m a ch iev ing a w ider d is tr ibu t ion ; i n a l l o ther r espec ts i ti s q u i te t he e qua l o f L yon ware . The c lose p ara l le l w i th t he a t te mp t a t s am ian p roduct ion i n t he An ton ine p er iod i s o bv ious ;
e ven t he
a dvan tages o f a vo iding impor ta t ion were i nsu f f ic ien t t o make u p f or t he l ower q ua l i ty o f t he C o lches ter c lays .
2 7
F IG . 2 .4.
COLCHESTER :
LOCAL COLOUR-COATED WARE
( A l l v esse ls u n less o therw ise s ta ted a re i n t he C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museum ) 1 .
G rey-pink f abr ic w i th wh i te s l ip ;
2 .
C rea m f abr ic ;
3 .
R edd ish f abr ic ;
d ark b rown c o lour-coa t ing .
d ark b rown c o lour-coa t ing . b rown ish ma t t c o lour-coa t ing .
( Br i t ish Museu m ( P .R .B .) 7 0 4 12 5 56.) 4 .
C rea m f abr ic ;
b rown c o lour-coa t ing .
5 .
C rea m f abr ic ;
a l mos t b lack c o lour-coa t ing .
6 .
C rea m f abr ic ;
d ark b rown c o lour-coa t ing .
7 .
G rey f abr ic w i th r ed ' sk in ' ;
8 .
C rea m f abr ic ;
d ark b rown c o lour-coa t ing .
9 .
C rea m f abr ic ;
t races o f r ed c olour-coa t ing .
1 0 .
B uf f f abr ic ;
1 1.
B rown-bu f f f abr ic ;
1 2.
B uf f f abr ic ;
b rown c o lour-coa t ing .
r edd ish ma t t c o lour-coa t ing . o range-brown c o lour-coa t ing .
b rown mat t c o lour-coa t ing .
2 8
2 9
3
5
1
7
1 2
C OLCHESTER . C o lour -coa ted w are
2 9
1 : 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frere , S . S . a nd S t . J oseph , J . K ., 1 974.
' The R o man f or tress a t
Long thorpe ' , Br i tann ia , 5( 1974 ) , 1 -129. Fu l ford , M., 1 977.
' Po t tery a nd Br i tain 's f oreign t rade i n t he l a ter R o man
p er iod ' , i n P eacock , 1 977 , 3 5-84. G reene , K . T ., 1 972.
G u ide t o Pre-Flav ian F ine Wares c . A . D. 4 0-70 ,
C ardi f f , 1 972. G reene , K ., f or thco m ing . Wares ,
Usk E xcava t ion R epor t :
The P re-F lav ian F ine
C ard i f f , f or thco m ing .
Hawke s , C . F . C . a nd Hu l l , M. R ., 1 947.
C a mu lodunu m , R ep . R es . C omm .
S oc . An t iq . L ond., 1 4 , L ondon , 1 947. Hu l l , M. R ., 1 958 .
R o man C o lches ter , R ep . R es . C omm . S oc . An t iq . L ond.
2 0 , Ox ford , 1 958 . Hu l l , 1 V I . R ., 1 963.
The R o man P o t ters ' K i lns o f C o lches ter , R ep . R es.
C omm . S oc . An tiq. L ondon , 2 1 , Ox ford . 1 963. Maye t , F ., 1 975 .
L es C ra m iques a P arois F ines d ans l a P&a insu le l ber ique ,
P ar is , 1 975 . Moevs , M. T . M., 1 973.
The Ro man Th in- Wa l led P o t tery f ro m C o; .
Me m . Amer . A cad . R o me , 3 2 , R o me , 1 973 . Peacock , D . P . S . ( ed .) , 1 977.
P o t tery a nd E ar ly C o mmerce :
Characteriza tion
a nd Trade i n R o man a nd L a ter C era m ics , L ondon , 1 977. S ch ind ler-Kaude lka , E ., 1 975 .
D ie Dunnwand ige G ebrauchskera mik v om
Magda lensberg , K lagen fur t , 1 975. S i mpson , G ., 1 957.
' Meta l l ic B lack S l ip Vases f ro m C en tra l G au l w i th
Appl ied a nd Mou lded D ecora t ion ', An t iq . J ., 3 7 ( 1957) , 2 9-42. S i mpson , G ., 1 973 .
' More B lack S l ip Vases f ro m C en tra l G au l w i th A ppl ied
a nd Mou lded Decora t ion i n Br i tain ' , An t iq . J ., 5 3 ( 1973 ) , 4 2-51.
3 0
3 .
MOULD-DECORATED CENTRAL GAULISH GLAZED WARE I N BR ITAIN Kev in G reene
L ead-g lazed p o t tery was made i n G au l f ro m t he Augus tan p er iod , when t he t echn ique was i n troduced b y I t a l ian p o t ters .
Dbche le t te r eached t h is
c onc lus ion o n an u mber o f g rounds ( 1904 , I , 3 1-41) , a nd h is i deas h ave b een c on f ir med a nd i ndeed s i mp l i f ied b y t he d iscovery o f af u l ly-f ledged i ndus try o f I t a l ian o r ig in mak ing a rre t ine a nd f ine wares i n L yon u nder Augus tus ( Las fargues , 1 972 ) .
The t echno logy o f l ead g lazing a nd mou ld ing w i l l h ave
r eached o ther p ar ts o f G au l t hrough t h is c o mpara t ive ly l oca l i ndus try.
I ti s
f ound b o th i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th s am ian p roduc t ion a nd s epara te ly a t an u mber o f s i tes i n C en tra l G au l .
The mos t f a mous o f t he many c en tres i s S t . Rt my-
e n-Ro l la t , f ro m wh ich D echele t te p ubl ished many mou lds a nd v esse ls i n 1 904 ( I , 4 1-60 ) ;
a s ar esu l t , t he ware h as u sua l ly b een c a l led ' S t . 1 6 my ware '
i n B r i ta in .
The n umber o f k nown p roduc t ion s i tes c on t inues t o g row ;
o n ly
f u l l p ubl ica t ion o f e ach s i te t oge ther w i th e xhaus t ive a na lyses o f c lays c an p oss ib ly s or t o u t t he p roduc ts o f i nd iv idua l s i tes .
The d ivers i ty e ncoun tered
amongs t t he v esse ls f ound i n B r i ta in i s a n o bv ious r e f lec t ion o f t h is b ackground . A g enera l a ccoun t o f t h is ware h as b een c o mp le ted b y t he wr i ter ( Greene , f or thco m ing ) wh ich i nc ludes a t ype-ser ies o f a l l o f t he f or ms s o f ar f ound i n Br i ta in .
The p resen t p aper e n larges u pon a n a spec t o f t he s ub jec t n o t e xp lored
i n d ep th i n t ha t work .
I ti s r es tr ic ted t o v esse ls d ecora ted b y mou ld ing i n
t he s am ian manner o r t he a pp l ica t ion o f mou lded r e l ie fs .
S i mp le whee l thrown
v esse ls d ecora ted b y h and w i th b arbo t ine work a re more c o m mon t han t hose s tud ied h ere , a nd o ccur o n al arge n umber o f s i tes , a s t he d is tr ibu t ion map s hows . Th is p aper h as t hree p ar t icu lar p urposes .
The f irs t i s t o r ecord t h is
ma ter ia l i n o rder t o p rov ide a b ackground a ga ins t wh ich n ew f inds c an b e s e t . The s econd i s a s ac on tr ibu t ion t o t he c hrono logy o f t he ware :
f ew o f t he f inds
made i n t he p roduc t ion a rea c an b e d a ted , b u t Br i ta in p rov ides a d a ted g roup b e tween A . D. 4 3 a nd A .D. 7 0/75 , t hanks t o t he a bsence o f f inds o f p re-conques t c on tex ts , o r o n Agr icolan s i tes i n n orthern Br i ta in .
The r e la t ive r ar i ty o f
t he ware o nt he we l l-da ted s i tes o f t he G er man L i mes makes t h is a ma t ter o f impor tance .
The t h ird i n ten t ion i s a r t-h is tor ica l :
t o i l lus tra te t he p roduc ts
o f a n i ndus try whose t echno logy was i n s o me ways more c o mp l ica ted t han s a ma in , b u t whose s ca le a nd c en tra l iza t ion o f manu fac ture was b y s am ian s tandards min iscu le.
The r ange o f f or ms a nd s ty les o f d ecora t ion a re a l mos t
c o mp le tely i ndependen t o f t he s am ian i ndus try , e xcep t f or t he Dr . 2 9 b owls , s o me o f wh ich were made i n s am ian w orkshops a t L ezoux ( Ver te t , 1 967 ; Boon , 1 968 ) .
3 1
These f lagons , b ow ls , a nd v ar ious d r ink ing c ups a nd b eakers i n s h in ing g reen g lazed f abr ics mus t b e s een i n c on tex t ;
t hey a re p ar t o f t he w ider
p heno menon o f c o lour-coa ted v esse ls wh ich were a va i lab le i n t he mid-f irs t c en tury A .D . t o s upp le men t s am ian t ab le-ware , r a ther t han t o c o mpe te w i th i t .
S o me f or ms c opy meta l v essels , b u t t he l ong t rad i t ion o f g lazed v esse ls
w i th mou lded r e l ie f i nt he H el len is t ic wor ld make i tc er ta in t ha t t hey were a ccep ted i n t he ir o wn r igh t r a ther t han a s c heaper c opies ( Ba l lard in i , 1 964 , 1 06 , f ig . 1 36-7 , e tc .). I n t h is p aper , t he d ecora ted s herds a re i l lus tra ted i n t he s a me o rder a s i n t he c a ta logue ;
t hey a re g rouped a ccord ing t o t he t ype-ser ies f irs t e s tab l ished
i n G reene , 1 972 ( f igs . 1 0-12 ) , a nd a re n u mbered s er ia l ly i n t he a lphabe t ica l o rder o f t he ir s i te n a mes .
Thus i n t he c ase o f n o . 3 .8 ,
t he f irs t n u mber
i nd ica tes t he f or m o f v esse l , a nd t he s econd i t s c a ta logue n u mber . d rawn a t 1 :2 , mos t ly b y t he wr i ter ;
A l l a re
where t hey . h ave b een c op ied f ro m o ther
d raw ings , t h is i s i nd ica ted . The i nd iv idua l d ecora t ive mo t i fs a re i l lus tra ted s epara te ly a t 1 :1 t o f ac i l it a te t he i den t i f ica t ion o f p art icu lar p o incons , a n impor tan t e le men t i nb o th d a t ing a nd e luc ida t ing t he r e la t ionsh ips b e tween p roduc t ion s i tes . p rob le ms h ere :
There a re
t he q ua l i ty o f t he c lay u sed f or mou lds a nd v esse ls was much
c oarser t han f or s am ian ware , a nd t he p o incons l ess s oph is t ica ted .
The
d epth o f impress ion i n t he mou lds a lso v ar ied , a nd t he t wo f ir ings o f e ach
v esse l ( b i s cu i t , t hen f or g lazing ) a dded t o t he v ar ia t ions p oss ib le i n t he f in ished f or m o f e ach mo t i f . The g laze i t sel f f i l ls t he c on tours o f t he ir r e l ie f , mak ing g raph i te r ubb ings v ery i nd is t inc t , a nd d raw ing t here fore more s ub jec t ive ( p l . 3 .1b ) . The mo t i fs a re a rranged i n g roups , a nd n umbered i n t he manner emp loyed b y R ogers ( 1 974 ) ;
al e t ter i nd ica tes t he g roup , a nd i s f o l lowed b y as er ia l
n umber w i th in t ha t g roup .
D h as b een a vo ided t o p reven t c on fus ion w i th
Dgche le t te n umbers . CATALOGUE VESSELS WITH MOULDED RELIEF DECORATION F or m 1 = D gche le t te 6 1 ( 1904 , I , p l . I ) 1 .1 — L ondon ; C oopera t ive R e ta i l S oc ie ty s i te . - Th in g reen g laze ; b u f f wh i te f abr ic. - Mo t i fs C 12 ;
C 24 ;
B r i t ish Museum , 5 6 7 -1 2 13 .
G 4.
1 .2 - R ichborough , K en t .
' Area s ou th o f f or t '.
Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , p l . LX IX ,
n o . 3 79. - The f indspo t p robab ly l i es w i th in t he a rea o f t he p re-F lav ian b r idgehead e nc losure . - Ye l low g laze ; - Mo t i fs B 3 ;
g rey ish y e l low f abr ic .
C 5 ;
H 6.
1 .3 - R ichborough , K en t . -G reen g laze ;
b u f f micaceous f abr ic .
-P oor mou ld ing , mo t i fs t oo i nd is t inct f or s epara te i l lus tra t ion .
3 2
F orm 2 = Deche le t te 6 0 ( 1 904 , I , 2 .1 - B a ldock , H er t fordsh ire . -B r igh t g reen g laze ;
I )
P l .
L etchwor th Museu m .
( p l . 3 .1b )
c rea m-wh i te f abr ic .
- Mo t i f C 3 . 2 .2
. C irences ter , G louces tersh ire . -P la in g adroons ;
t he e nds may h ave b een impressed w i th a s epara te
p o incon . 2 .3 - B apch i ld , K en t .
H awkes , 1 930 , p l . XV I .
- Ye l low ish p a le b rown g laze ;
c rea m f abr ic .
-G adroons o f s a me s ize a s 2 .2 2 .4 - C aer G a i , Gwynedd , Wa les .
N ash- W i l l ia ms , 1 950 , f ig . 1 0 , n o. 2 .
Fu l l p ubl ica t ion b y G . C . B oon f or thco m ing . - The s i te was p robab ly f irs t o ccupied i n t he e ar ly F lav ian p er iod . The v esse l p robab ly c a me f ro m a b ur ia l . -N o g laze s urv ives ; - Mot i f H 9 .
c rea m-wh i te f abr ic .
2 .5 - C ar l is le , C u mbr ia .
H ogg , 1 964 , 3 3 ;
( No t i l lus tra ted )
l owes t l eve ls , Tu l l ie H ouse s i te .
-P robab ly C er ia l ian , e ar ly 7 0s A .D. - Mo t t led g reen g laze ; - Mo t i f A l;
c rea m wh i te f abr ic .
p ar t o f ar ose t te a lso a ppears .
2 .6 - C hes ter f ie ld , D erbysh ire .
N or th Derbs . Archaeo log ical C omm i t tee ,
SR 7 6 F 991. - The s i te was f irs t e s tabl ished c . A .D . 5 5/60 . -G laze b urn t away ; - Mo t i fs F 4 ;
H 8 .
c rea m-bu f f t o g rey f abr ic w i th much mica . H and le a ttach men t o bscures mos t o f s herd .
2 .7 - C o lches ter , E ssex .
C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museu m .
May , 1 930 ,
P l . LXXV , f ro m ' ch i ld 's g rave '. - Acco mpanying c oins ( C laud ian c opies ) p robab ly i nd ica te a N eron ian d a te - Ye l low-green g laze ; - Mo t i fs B 5 ;
F 3 ;
b urn t g rey i n p ar ts ;
wh i t ish f abr ic .
H l.
2 .8 - C o lches ter , E ssex . ' ch i ld 's g rave '.
C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museum .
L ike 2 .7 , f ro m
-N eron ian , a s 2 .7. - Ye l low g reen g laze , b urn t a nd s ta ined ; wh i t ish b u f f f abr ic w i th mica - Mo t i f A 2. 2 .9 - C o lches ter , E ssex .
B r i t ish Museu m 5 4 4 -12 6 .
-G reen-brown g laze ( m iss ing i n p ar ts -b urn t?) ; - Mo t i fs B 6; 2 .10
C 17 , C 20 ;
C o lches ter , E ssex .
G 2 ;
( p l . 3 .1a ) wh i te f abr ic .
1 10 .
C o lches ter a nd E ssex Museu m .
May , 1 930 , p l .
L )O CXD C , g rave 4 . - Associa ted w i th a f ir ma la mp wh ich s hou ld h e n o e ar l ier t han c A . D. 7 0 . -D ecayed s i lvery-green g laze ; g rey-bu f f f abr ic w i th mica . - Mo t i fs A 2 ;
A5 .
3 3
2 .11 Exeter , D evon .
F ox , 1 951, 1 07 , f ig . 1 .
F ore S t ., p i t 2 .
-The e ar ly o ccupat ion o f Exe ter i s n ow d a ted t o C . A .D. 5 0-65. -Du l l y e l low g reen g laze ;
d ir ty wh i te c lay.
-Mot i f G 6. 2 .12 -F ishbourne , S ussex .
C un li f fe , 1 971, 1 87 , f ig . 8 7 , n o . 5 8 .
-Per iod 1 , p re A . D.75/80 . -Traces o f t h ick g reen g laze ;
whi te f abr ic.
-Mo ti fs n ot i den ti f iable f ro m p ublished d raw ing . 2 .13 -Grea t C as ter ton , L e ices tersh ire .
C order , 1 951, 1 1, f ig . 5 , n o . 2 ;
f ig . 5 , n o . 1 . -For ts were o ccup ied f ro m t he 4 0s A . D., b u t t he s herd was i n ar es idua l c on tex t . -Green ish y el low g laze ; -Moti fs , A3 ; 2 .14
-L ondon ,
A4 .
whi te f abr ic.
The g rouping was r epea ted a round t he v esse l .
' Tha mes , 1 866 '.
Whee ler , 1 930 , 1 45 , f ig . 5 4 , n o. 6 .
Probab ly f ro m a g rave - t he v esse l i s a l most c o mp le te a nd b urn t . Burn t , t races o f g reen g laze ; -Mo ti fs C 7;
wh i te f abr ic.
C 9.
2 .15 -London , C oopera tive R e tai l S ocie ty s i te . Dark g reen g laze ; -Mo t i fs C 18 ; 2 .16 -London .
B r i tish Museu m , 5 6 , 7 -1 2 14.
g rey-wh i te f abr ic .
K 1.
Br i t ish Museum , 6 5 1 2-20 2 8 .
-Dark g reen g laze , wh i tish f abr ic . -Mo t i f G 5 . 2 .17-London , B ank o f Eng land s i te. -Ye l low g reen g laze ;
Museu m o f L ondon , 1 936 1 54 1 4048 .
wh i t ish f abr ic .
-Mo t if H 11. 2 .18-London , L ower Tha mes S t .
Museu m o f L ondon , Dept . o f Urban
Archaeology. F lav ian c on tex t . -B lack g laze ( burn t?) ;
c rea m f abr ic.
There i s af law t hrough t he wa l l
mak ing t he v essel u nusab le f or h o lding l i qu id . -The e xac t f or m o f t he r ing a nd b oss p oincon i s d i f f icu l t t o r econs truct . 2 .19 Nor thchurch , H er t fordsh ire. -G laze d es troyed b y b urn ing ;
f abr ic b lackened .
-Moti fs B 4 , H 11. 2 .20 Penna l , Gwynedd , Wa les . -The s i te was f irs t o ccupied i n t he e ar ly F lav ian p er iod . -Fu l l p ubl ica tion b y G . C . Boon , f or thco m ing . -Mo t i fs J 2 ;
J 5.
2 .21 -R ichborough , K en t . -Th ick g reen g laze ;
( Not i l lus tra ted ) ' Trenches C a nd D '. wh i te-bu f f f abr ic.
-Mo t i f 1 12.
3 4
2 .22-R ichborough , K en t . c . A . D. 5 0-80 ;
' P i t 2 9 , 1 4 ' -1 6".
Bushe-Fox , 1 932 , 6 2.
-Green-brown g laze ;
b uf f-wh i te f abr ic .
-Mot i f H 2. 2 .23 R ichborough , Ken t . -Green g laze ;
whi t-bu f f f abr ic .
S i mple g adroons . 2 .24 -Usk , Gwen t , Wa les ;
7 4 AMK 1 .
-Neron ian . Yel low-brown g laze ; -Mo t ifs C 6;
c rea m f abr ic .
J. 4 .
2 .25 -Veru la m iu m , S t . A lbans , H er tfordsh ire .
V eru la m iu m Museu m
VCP 1 955 B I II 1 28 2 3. -G laze y e l low-green-brown o n s o me s herds , g reen ish b lack o n o thers , c on join ing ( burn t a f ter b reakage ) ; s hor t n eck a nd t h in wal ls ;
b u f f f abr ic w i th mica .
Unusua l ly
t he l a tter h ave f ine c racks t hrough wh ich
g laze h as s eeped i n to t he i n ter ior d ur ing f ir ing , t hus s ea ling t he m . -Mot i fs C 10 ;
H 3 .
2 .26 -Veru la m iu m , S t . A lbans , H er t fordsh ire.
F rere , 1 972 , 2 69 , f ig . 1 00 ,
n o. 3 3. Brown ish y el low g laze ; -Mot i fs J 1;
J 3 ;
wh i te f abr ic.
( ? J 5 ).
F or m 3 = Dgche let te 6 2 ( 1 904 , I , P l. I ) 3 .1 . Colches ter , Essex , T own Ha l l s i te , 1 837.
C olches ter a nd E ssex Museu m
2 1.5 .1899 HL . Dark g reen g laze; b u ff-wh ite f abr ic w ith mica -Mot ifs t oo i nd ist inct f or i l lustra t ion . 3 .2 -Co lches ter , Essex .
C o lches ter a nd Essex Museu m .
P l . LX XV , f ro m ' ch i ld 's g rave '.
May , 1 930 ,
( p l . 3 .2a )
-Neron ian ( See 2 .7) -Green g laze ; -Mot i fs B 7; 3 .3
wh i t ish f abr ic , b urn t g rey i n p ar ts .
G 3.
-Colches ter , E ssex ;
e xcava t ion b y P . C ru m my.
-Mo t i f 1 4. 3 .4 -C irences ter , G louces tersh ire.
Wacher , 1 962 , 5 ;
f or t d i tch .
F ound w i th a g roup o f f ine p ottery , d u mped i n F lav ian p er iod a t e nd o f l i fe o f f or t .
A r im s herd f ro m MII I ( 1 7) may b elong t o t h is v essel .
( p l . 3 .2h ) -Green g laze ;
wh i t ish b u f f f abr ic w i th mica .
Severa l n onjo in ing s herds w i th mot i fs B 2;
C 22;
C 23;
F 6;
F 7;
G l.
-Curs ive s ignature a n te c Oc tura m , t herefore wr i t ten b ackwards i n o rder t o b e s een .
R epor ted i n Br i tann ia , 7( 1976 ) , 3 84 a s ..VOTISA •S , b u t
t he wr i ter wou ld c ons ider .. DOI ISAS t o b e p re ferable ;
t he c ross s troke
o f t he T , a nd t he s top i np ar ticu lar a re n o t c onv incing a nd wou ld s ee m t o b e f laws i n t he c lay , wh i lst t he f ragmen t o f t he f irs t l e t ter h as a s trong c urve .
3 5
3 .5 —Dorches ter , Dorse t .
App lega te s i te , AG 7 1/1 1 44 .
—
F ound i n make u p o f ab u i lding o f t he l a te f irs t c en tury A . D.
—
G reen g laze ;
g rey-bu f f f abr ic w i th mica .
—Gadroons a nd f rag men tary mot i fs o n u pper s hou lder . 3 .6 —London ;
6 7 L o mbard S t .
—
Ye l low-green g laze;
—
Mo ti fs C 4 ;
3 .7 —London ;
C 8 ;
Museu m o f L ondon , 1 931.
2 28 1 2713.
y el low wh i te f abr ic .
C 25 .
S toney S t ., S ou thwark .
Museu m o f L ondon , RX I 6 15 .
C uming , 1 868 , p l . 1 9 n o . 4 , i den ti fied a s ag lad ia tor 's o i l f lask . C i ted b y D echele t te ( 1 904 , I , 5 8 ) f or q ua l i ty o f g laze . —Dark g reen g laze ; — Mot ifs C 11; 3 .8 —London ;
wh i t ish f abr ic .
H 5 .
1 0 , C hancery L ane.
Museu m o f L ondon , 2 4755 .
—Found i n F lavian r ubbish p i t . —Green g laze ;
whi t ish f abr ic .
—S i mple l inear d ecora t ion ( gadroons?). 3 .9 —Pennal , Gwynedd , Wa les . —The s i te was f irs t o ccupied i n t he e ar ly F lav ian p er iod . —Fu l l p ublica t ion b y G . C . B oon f or thco m ing . —
Mo t i fs , C 2;
H 7.
( Not i l lus trated )
3 .10—R ichborough , K en t .
' Area XVI , 6 "-1".
—Burn t g reen g laze ;
wh i t ish f abr ic.
—L inear d ecorat ion . 3 .11—R ichborough , Ken t . —Green g laze ; — Mo ti fs C 19 ;
' Tr ial t rench 2 .
D iv . 46 '6 "
whi t ish f abr ic. J 7.
3 .12—R ichborough , K en t .
Bushe-Fox , 1 949 , P l . LXIX , n o . 3 80 .
—Green ish y e l low g laze ; — Mo t i fs , C 16;
E l.
3 .13—Usk , Gwen t , Wa les .
6 9 CN 3
—Neron ian . —Yel low g reen g laze ; —Moti fs C 13 ;
wh i te f abr ic .
F 2.
3 .14 — Usk , Gwen t , Wa les .
6 9 DV 2
—Neron ian —Pa le b rown g laze ;
g reyish-bu f f f abr ic w i th mica .
—Frag men ts o f l eaf a nd c orded b ud . 3 .15—Veru la m iu m , S t . A lbans , H er tfordsh ire .
VAF P 67.5 .
Wheeler a nd
Wheeler , 1 936 , 1 09 f or f ind s pot . —
R es idua l w i th mid-f irs t c en tury p ot tery.
—
Th in g reen g laze ( ? b urn t ) ;
g reyish b u f f f abr ic w i th mica .
—Mo t i f J 3.
3 6
F or m 4 = Dechele t te 5 9 ( 1904 , I , P l . I ) 4 .1 — C hes ter f ield , D erbysh ire.
N or th D erbs . Archaeolog ical C o m mi t tee
SR 7 8 F2 003 , 2 159. —The s i te was f irs t e s tabl ished c . A . D. 5 5/60 . —
G laze b urn t away ;
—
Mo t i f C l.
c rea m f abr ic , g rey i n p ar ts .
4 .2 —R ichbo r ough , K en t . —
G reen g laze ;
b u f f-wh i te f abr ic.
—Mo ti f G 7 o n n onjoin ing b ody s herd . 4 .3 —Sonn ing , B erkshire. —G laze d isappeared ; —
R eading Museu m .
G reene , 1 971.
c rea m f abr ic .
S i mp le g adroons .
4 .4 —Veru la m iu m , S t . A lbans , H er t fordsh ire .
F rere , 1 972 , 2 69 , f ig . 1 00 ,
n o . 3 2. —c . A . D. 6 0-75 . —Ye l low g laze ;
wh i te f abr ic.
—Mo t i f B 7. For m 5 = Dragendor ff 2 9. 5 .1 —Abergavenny , Gwen t , Wa les .
P rober t e t a l ., 1 968-9 , 1 79 , f ig . 6 , n o . 6 ;
Boon , 1 968 , 3 24 , f ig . 4 . —Probab ly N eron ian ; —Ye l low-green g laze ;
i n b o t to m o f d i tch w i th l a te f irs t c en tury p o t tery. b u f f f abr ic w i th mica .
—Gadroons i n l ower f r ieze . • 5 .2 —Can terbury , Ken t .
Roya l Muse j.
CX )CXI IP i t W.
—Found i n ap i t c on tain ing F lavian-Tra jan ic mater ia l . —
G reen g laze , -imper fec t a t r im ;
c rea m b u f f f abric , g reyer t owards c ore ,
w i th mica . —
Mo ti fs C 21;
J 6.
5 .3 —Co lches ter , Essex .
C o lches ter a nd Essex Museu m .
May , 1 930 , p l .
I X . —Very g ood g laze , s l igh t ly mo t t led g reen ;
g rey-bu ff f abr ic w i th b u f f c ore ;
mica . —Mo t i fs B l;
C 14 ;
C 15 ;
5 .4 —Co lches ter , Essex .
F l.
Hawkes a nd Hu l l , 1 947 , 2 01, f ig . 4 4 , n o . 1
—Green g laze , b rown where t h ick ;
c oarse g rey-bu ff f abr ic , w i th mica .
—Traces o f a n a rcaded u pper f r ieze , l ike 5 .2.
The r ounded e nds o f t he
g adroons a ppear t o h ave b een impressed s epara te ly. 5 .5 —Co lches ter , E ssex .
H awkes a nd Hu l l , 1 947 , 2 01, f ig . 4 4 , n o . 2 .
F ro m wel l H .2 , b e low 6 '6" . —pre A . D.61. —Decayed g reen ( -brown ) g laze ; —
Mo t i f F 5 f or ms u pper f r ieze ;
b u ff f abric w i th mica . p ar t o f l arge l ea f a nd ? s crol l i n l ower .
3 7
5 .6 —R ichborough , K en t .
Bushe-Fox . 1 949 . p l . LXIX . n o . 3 81.
—Ye l low g laze . —Gadroons i n l ower f r ieze . 5 .7 —S i lches ter , H a mpshire .
B oon , 1 968 , 3 22. f ig . 2 .
—Green ish-yel lowish b rown g laze ;
c rea m b u f f f abr ic w i th mica a nd
r ed g ranu les . —Gadroons i n l ower f r ieze . VESSELS WITH APPLIED DECORATION F or m 6 6 .1 —C irences ter , G louces tersh ire.
Wacher , 1 962 , 5 .
C on tex t d is turbed , b u t s o me s herds s ea led i n MII I 2 2 , a n e ar ly p i t . —Depos i ted i n e ar ly F lavian p er iod . —Green-brown g laze ;
b uf f-wh i te f abr ic w i th mica .
—Appl ied moti fs 1 a nd 2 . 6 .2 —C irences ter , G louces tersh ire .
F indspot a s 6 .1.
—Da te a s 6 .1. —Green-brown g laze ; —
b uf f wh i te f abr ic w i th mica .
Appl ied moti fs n os . 3a nd 4 .
6 .3 —S i lches ter , H a mpshire.
May , 1 916 , P l . XXX IXB , n o . 6 .
—Green b rown g laze ; p ale p ink-brown f abr ic. —App l ied mot i f n o. 5 . F or m 7 7 .1 — W inches ter , H a mpsh ire.
V ic tor ia r oad c e me tery.
—Fro m b ur ia l c on ta in ing s am ian c up Dr . 2 7 , c . A . D. 6 0 . —Burn t .
G laze b lackened a nd d a maged , o r ig ina lly g reen ;
F abr ic g rey , o r ig inal ly c rea m o r wh i te . D ISC U SSION An a na lys is o f t he d ecora tive d etai ls makes i tc lear t ha t i nsu ff icien t ma ter ia l h as y et b een d iscovered i n Br i ta in t o e ven b eg in t o d ef ine d i f feren t p ot ters o r s tyl is t ic g roups .
There a re o n ly t hree l i nks b etween d i f feren t
v essels - 2 .5 a nd 2 .10 s hare A l; 2 .26 may h ave J 5 i n c o m mon . c i ty o f t he d ecora t ion ;
2 .17 a nd 2 .19 s hare H 11;
wh i ls t 2 .20 a nd
P ar t o f t he p rob le m i s c reated b y t he s i mpl i-
mos t v esse ls h ave o n ly t wo o r t hree moti fs - 2 .9 , 3 .4
a nd 5 .3 a re u nusua l ly c o mplex , t he l as t t wo b eing e xcept iona l i n o ther ways t o b e d iscussed b e low . D 'chele t te ( 22 .c i t . )a nd Mor le t ( 1957) b oth emphas ize t he impor tance o f e labora ted a rcaded d ecora t ion o n p roducts o f S t . l i my a nd V ichy .
I ti s
p resen t o n t we lve o f t he v esse ls i l lus tra ted h ere , a nd s i mp le a rcading o ccurs o n af ur ther s ix .
S cro l ls o f v ar ious f or ms a re a lso i mpor tan t i n C en tral
G au l , a nd a ppear o n a t l eas t t en o f t he Br i tish f inds .
C o mpar ison may b e
made b etween t he a rcades a nd s cro l ls f ound i n Br i ta in a nd t hose c o l lec ted b y Mor let ( 1957 , 4 4-5 , f igs . 1 8-19 ). mot ifs f ound o n many v esse ls .
L ess c an b e s aid a bou t t he s i mple r epea ted
On ly d etai led s tud ies o f ma ter ia l i n France
w i th f ur ther e lucida te t he g roupings a nd k i ln s i tes r epresen ted . 3 8
A l though mos t v esse ls f ro m B r i ta in f i t i n to t he g enera l p a t tern o f p roduc t ion f ro m V ichy/S t . R e my , B oon h as d rawn a t ten t ion t o t he manufac ture o f g lazed b ow ls o f Dr . 2 9 a t L ezoux , a nd a ss igned v esse l 5 .1 a nd 5 .7 t o t ha t s ource a ccord ing t o t heir f abr ic a nd s ty le o f g adroons ( 1 968 ) .
H owever , o ne o f t he
o n ly v esse ls f ro m B r i tain w i th a n e xac t c oun terpar t i n C en tra l G au l i s t he f ine D r . 2 9 f ro m C an terbury , 5 .2 .
A mou ld i n t he museu m o f Mou l ins ,
A l l ier , h as t he s a me l ea f ( C .21 ) a t tached t o a n a rcade o f mo t i fs v ery s im i lar t o J 6 ( w i th f ewer b eads ) i n a n i den t ica l a rrange men t , s epara ted b y as ing le r idge f ro m g adroons , a nd i s p robab ly f ro m S t . R e my .
Many o ther 2 9s were
c er ta in ly f ound a t b o th S t . R e my a nd V ichy , a nd t he micaceous f abr ic i s p res en t a t t hese s i tes a s we l l a s L ezoux .
On g rounds o f s ty le , f or m , a nd t ech-
n ica l c o mpetence , t he s uperb b ow l 5 .3 f ro m C o lches ter i s t he mos t l ike ly p roduc t o f a n o r thodox s am ian workshop i n L ezoux .
I to n ly l acks t he r ou le t t ing
o n t he r im a nd c en tra l mou ld ing o f i t s s am ian e qu iva len t ;
t he r e ma in ing b owls
a re much l ooser i n terpre ta t ions o f t he f or m , a l mos t t o t he e x ten t o f i nco mpet ence i n t he c ase o f 5 .5 T he s i mp l ic i ty o f c ra f ts mansh ip o f t he ma jor i ty o f C en tra l G au l ish v esse ls i s u nder l ined b y t he r ar i ty o f h uman o r a n i ma l f igure-types ( Deche le t te , 1 904 , I , 5 8 ;
6 1-2 ) , a l though t hey were a dm i t ted ly n o t y et c o m mon o n S ou th G au l ish
s am ian .
The a n i ma l A l o n v esse ls 2 .5 a nd 2 .10 i s D echele t te 's 9 73 , d rawn
f ro m a mou ld f or a f lagon o f f or m 2 /D .60 f ro m V ichy. The t wo s torks A 4 a nd A 5 r ese mb le i n s tyle a much l arger s tork f ro m a mou ld f ound a t S t . R e my ( D .989 , a lso o n a mou ld f or f or m 2 /D .60 ) . The q ues tion o f t echn ica l c o mpe tence d raws a t ten t ion t o t hree r e markable v esse ls f ound b y J . Wacher a t C irences ter i n 1 961 ( w i th o ther p la in g lazed ware a nd much L yon ware ).
F our b ody s herds c o me f ro m a n e nor mous f lagon
( 3 .4/D .62 ) c o mparab le i n s ize t o o ne f ro m S t . R e my ( Deche le t te , 1 904 , I , p l .
I I ) , a nd t hose made i n s am ian ware a t L a G rau fesenque a round t he s a me
p er iod . f or m .
S herds 3 .5 , 3 .12 a nd 3 .14 a lso c o me f ro m v ery l arge f lagons o f t h is L i t t le s urv ives o f t heir d ecora t ion , b u t t he C irences ter f lagon mus t
h ave b orne a s pac ious d es ign i nc lud ing v ines , b unches o f g rapes , a nd s prays o f o l ive b ranches .
The mou ld- maker s ee ms t o h ave b een c onsc ious o f h is
work mansh ip , f or h e s igned t he mou ld i n r e trograde c urs ive l e t ters , t o r ead c orrec t ly i n r e l ie f o n t he f in ished v esse l . The f or m o f n a me i s u ncer ta in ( see c a ta logue e n try ) , b u t s igna türes a re u nknown a t S t. Re my a nd V ichy o n g lazed ware v esse ls a nd mou lds . D eche le t te r ecords o n ly ANNIO f ro m L is ieux a nd AN .... f ro m S a in tes ( 1904 , I , 5 6 ) ;
f ro m Avenches c o mes a
f lagon ( D .62 ) w i th a b o ld s igna ture FE [ Al i tK IVS •
T
.which p robably a lso
b elonged t o Ann ius ( Mar teaux , 1 913 , 8 3 , p l . XV I I ) . These h ad a lso b een i nscr ibed i n o rder t o b e r ead o n t he f in ished v essel ( un like mos t s igna tures o f s am ian mou ld- makers wh ich o f ten s urv ive o n ly g rade ) .
b y a cc iden t a nd r ead r etro-
Deche le t te a ssu mes t ha t s igned4nou lds f or p laques a nd f igur ines
f ound a t S t . R e my were b ough t f ro m mou ld makers e lsewhere f or u se o n t he s i te , i n c on tras t t o t heir o wn s i mp le mou lds .
P erhaps s im i lar s pecia l is ts
o ccas iona l ly made a nd s igned f ine mou lds f or o u t-s ized v esse ls s uch a s 3 .4 f ro m C irences ter ; i ti s t he o n ly v esse l wh ich a pproaches 5 .3 i n q ua l i ty a nd f inesse o f p oinsons . T he t wo f ur ther v esse ls f ro m C irencester i n troduce a d if feren t d ecora t ive t echn ique - t he a pp l ica t ion o f i nd iv idua l mou lded r el ie fs t o whee l thrown v esse ls .
3 9
On ly f our s uch v esse ls a re k nown f ro m B r i ta in . Two v ar iet ies o ccur - t he l arge f or m 6 , wh ich f ro m c on t inen ta l e xamp les a re k nown t o h ave p ossessed t wo l arge e labora te h and les ( as r econs truc ted i n G reene , 1 972 , f ig . 1 1 n o . 6 a nd f or thco m ing ) , a nd t he sma l l f or m 7 w i th s i mp le h and les a nd f ewer a pp l iqués . F or m 6 h as mytho log ica l f igures o r a n i ma ls p laced c en tra l ly o n t he wa l l o f t he v esse l , f lanked b y sma l ler mo t i fs s uch a s l eaves o r r ose t tes .
T he mo ti fs
a re b o ld ly a nd c o mpe ten t ly model led i n h igh r e l ie f , a nd c a me f ro m mou lds o f v ery h igh q ua l i ty. l Y öche le t te i l lus tra tes a n u mber o f e xa mp les ( 1 904 , I , 1 96 , n o . 1 7 , a warr ior ; ' 1 98 , n o . 2 2 , as uperb c o mba t o f Theseus a nd H ippo lyta ; g ryphon ;
2 02 , n o . 3 0 , V enus ;
2 26 , n o . 1 17 , mask i n f o l iage ;
2 34 , n o . 1 55 , c an th .aros a nd f o l iage ) .
a t S t . R b my , a nd n os . 3 0 , 1 17 a nd 1 55 a t V ichy.
2 30 , n o. 1 33 ,
O f t hese , n o . 2 2 was f ound Mou lds b y t he mse lves
wou ld n o t i nd ica te t he k ind o f v esse l f or wh ich t he a pp l iqué was i n tended , o f c ourse , b u t n o . 1 56 f ro m V ichy b ears a s trong s tyl is t ic r ese mblance t o a pp l iqué n o . 2f ro m Winches ter . These mou lds w ere p resumably made b y t he s a me mou ld- makers a s t hose u sed i n t he manu fac ture o f f igur ines a t S t . f i k my , V ichy , a nd many o ther s i tes , o nce a ga in i n c on tras t t o t he s i mp le mou lds n or ma l ly i n u se f or g lazed ware made a t t he k i ln s i tes t he mselves . D e.c he le t te 's a pp l ique n o . 2 2 c an b e s een t o b e a t tached t o ab ow l o f f or m 6 , a s i t s r im g rooves a nd g ir th r idge a re c lear ly i nc luded i n h is i l lus tra t ion . Fur ther e xa mp les c an b e s een a t V indon issa , S w i tzer land ( E t t l inger a nd S i mone t t , 1 952 , T a f . 3 0 , n os . 8 -13 , a nd p l . 3 .3b h ere ) .
An e xa mp le o f
f or m 7 f ro m t he s a me s i te b ears t he s a me r ose t te a s C irences ter 6 .2 ( app l iqué n o . 3 -p l . 3 .3b ) , wh i ls t t he e ag le f ro m S i lches ter may b e i den t ica l t o t ha t o n ab owl o f f or m 6 ( p l . 3 .3b ). C onc lus ions The q uan t i ty o f C en tra l G au l ish g lazed w are i n B r i ta in i s t oo sma l l t o c on tr ibu te a ny n ew i ns igh ts i n to i t s workshops a nd k i ln s i tes b y i t se l f .
I t
d oes h owever s how t ha t t he r ange o f f or ms a nd s ty les o f d ecora t ion a re e xac t ly t hose r epresen ted o n t he k nown p roduc t ion s i tes a t S t . R e my a nd V ichy . C ons idered w i th t he f inds f ro m V indon issa , wh ich d isp lay t he s a me r ang ( Et t l inger a nd S i mone t t , 1 952 , Ta f . 2 0-30 ) , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t D 6che le t te 's a nd Mor le t 's f ind ings , t oge ther w i th more r ecen t work b y Ver te t ( 1961;
1 967 ) ,
r ea l ly h ave r evea led t he mos t r epresen ta t ive f ace ts o f t hese p roduc t ion s i tes . Fu l l p ubl ica t ion o f f ur ther c o mple te s che mes o f d ecora t ion a nd i ndiv idua l d ecora t ive d e ta i ls f ro m t he s i tes c oncerned wou ld b e e x tre me ly welco me. The d a te o f t he B r i t ish ma ter ia l i s e x tre me ly c lear . Where t he s herds h ave g ood c on tex ts , t hey a re e i ther p re-F lav ian o r v ery e ar ly F lav ian . T he d is tr ibu t ion map emphas ises t he ir d isappearance b e fore t he e s tab l ish men t o f s i tes a ssoc ia ted w i th Agric l a 's n or thern c a mpa igns . The a bsence o f Deche le t te 's f or m 5 7 i s o f i n teres t ;
i ti s t ypo log ica l ly r ela ted t o ACO b eakers
o f Augus tan ( - e ar ly T iber ian ) d a te , a nd must .b e a n e ar ly f or m . I ti s a pparen t f ro m t he i l lus tra t ions t ha t al arge n umber o f v esse ls s urv ive i n tac t .
T h is i s b ecause o f t heir p opu lar i ty a s g rave g oods b o th i n B r i ta in
a nd o n t he C on t inen t - many o f t he v esse ls i l lus tra ted b y D 6che le t te c a me f ro m c e me ter ies i n F rance a nd G er many .
4 0
CENTRAL GAUL ISH GLAZED WARE 0 P la in vesse ls O . Vesse ls w ith
mou lded d ecorat ion C D, Both c ategor ies
•
0
0
•ö 0
0
F IG . 3 . 1
A l l f ind-spo ts o f mou ld-decora ted v esse ls a re i ncluded i n t he c a ta logue e xcep t Caer leon a nd York , w here u ndecora ted f ragmen ts o f d ecora ted f or ms h ave b een f ound . o n ly p la in f or ms h ave o ccurred a re :
The s i tes where
A lchester , Ancaster ,
Ba th , Ch ichester , Doncaster , G loucester , J ordan H i l l , Mahon , Mancet ter , Marg idunu m , Wa l l , Wanborough , Woodcu ts, a nd Wroxe ter.
F IG .
3 .2
Vessels w i th r e lie f- mou lded d ecorat ion
Form 1 ( D6ch . 6 1)
S i te
Moti fs
1 .1
L ondon
C 12 ;
1 .2
R ichborough , K en t
B 3 ;
1 .3
R ichborough , K en t
C 24 ; C 5 ;
G 4 H 6
For m 2 ( D6ch . 6 0 ) 2 .1
Ba ldock , H er ts .
C 3
2 .2
B a ldock , H er ts .
2 .3
B apch i ld , K en t
2 .5
C ar lis le , C u mbr ia
A l
2 .6
Ches ter f ie ld , Derbs .
F 4 ;
H 8 F 3 ;
( a f ter H awkes , 1 930 )
2 .7
C o lches ter , E ssex
B5 ;
2 .8
C o lches ter , E ssex
A 2
H 1
g o . "
1 . 3
1 . 2
2 . 5
2 . 2
2 . 1
2 . 6
2 . 7
2 . 3
F ig .3 .2
1 : 2
0'
4 3
F IG . 3 .3
V essels w i th r e l ief- mou lded d ecora tion
F or m 2 ( D6ch . 6 0 )c on t inued 2 .9
S i te
C o lches ter , E ssex
Mo ti fs B 6 ;
C 17;
G 2 ;
H 10 A5
2 .10
C o lches ter , E ssex
A 2 ;
2 .11
Exe ter , Devon
G 6
C 20 ;
( a f ter F ox , 1 951) 2 .12
F ishbourne , S ussex
2 .13
G rea t C as ter ton
2 .14
( a f ter Cun l i f fe 1 971) A3 ;
A4
L ondon
C 7 ;
C 9
2 .15
L ondon
C 18 ;
2 .16
London
G 5
2 .17
L ondon
1 11
( a f ter C order , 1 951)
2 .18
K 1
L ondon ( drawing s uppl ied b y Dep t . o f Urban Archa eology , Museum o f L ondon )
2 .19
N or thchurch , H er ts .
B 4 ;
2 .21
R ichborough , Ken t
H 12 H 2
2 .22
R ichborough , K en t
2 .23
R ichborough , Ken t
2 .24
Usk , Gwen t
C 6 ;
2 .25
Veru la m iu m , H er ts .
C 10 ;
2 .26
Veru la m iu m , H er ts .
J 1;
( a f ter Frere , 1 972)
1 11
J 4 H 3 J 3 ;
( ?J5 )
2 . 10
2 . 12
2 . 17
2 . 16
2 . 15
\
2. 1 8 2 . 19
2 .23 2 .2 1 2 .22
7 0
)
2 .26
2 .2 5 F ig .3 .3
2 .24
0 '
' 5c m
1 . 2
F IG . 3 .4
V essels w i th r el ief- mou lded d ecora t ion
F or m 3 ( Dbch . 6 2 ) 3 .1
S i te
Mo t i fs
C o lches ter , E ssex
3 .2
C o lches ter , E ssex
B 7;
3 .3
C o lches ter , E ssex
H 4
3 .4
C irences ter , G los .
3 .5
Dorches ter , D orse t
G 3
B 2;
C 22 ;
F 6;
F 7;
G 1
C 8 ;
C 25
3 .6
London
0 4 ;
3 .7
London
C 11;
H 5
3 .8
London
3 .10
R ichborough , Ken t
3 .11
R ichborough , Ken t
C 19 ;
J 7
3 .12
R ichborough , Ken t
C 16;
E l
3 .13
Usk , Gwen t
C 13 ;
F 2
3 .14
Usk , Gwen t
3 .15
Veru la m iu m , H er ts .
J 3
C 23 ;
3 .2
3 . 10 3 . 11
3 . 12
3 . 14 / 5c m
3 . 15
1 : 2
F IG . 3 .5
Vessels w i th r e l ie f- mou lded d ecora t ion
For m 4 ( Dgch 5 9 )
S i te
Mo ti fs
4 .1
Ches ter f ie ld , D erbs
C l
4 .2
R ichborough , K en t
G 7
4 .3
S onn ing , Berks .
4 .4
Veru la miu m , H e
B8
( a f ter F rere , 1 972 ) F or m 5 ( Dr . 2 9 ) 5 .1
Abergavenny , Gwen t
5 .2
C an terbury , Ken t
C 21;
5 .3
C o lches ter , E ssex
B i;
( a f ter Prober t , 1 968-9 )
F l 5 .4
C o lches ter , E ssex
5 .5
C o lches ter , E ssex
5 .6
R ichborough , K en t
5 .7
S i lches ter , H an ts .
4 8
F 5
J 6 C 14 ;
C 15 ;
I MP
4 .2
4 . 1
4 . 4
4 . 3
5 . 1
5 . 3
5 . 4
5 . 6 F i g .3 .5
oi
5 . 7 ,..i 5cm 4 9
1 : 2
F IG . 3 .6
Vesse ls d ecora ted w i th mou lded a pp l iqués
F or m 6
S i te
App liqué No .
6 .1
C irences ter , G los .
1 , 6
6.2
C irences ter , G los .
3 , 4
6 .3
S i lches ter , H an ts .
5
Winches ter , H an ts .
2
F or m 7 7 .1
6 . 2
7 . 1 1 5cm
5 1
1 : 2
F IG . 3 .7
Decorat ive d e tai ls
A - An i ma ls a nd b irds 1 -2 .5 , C ar lis le ;
2 .10 , C olches ter .
3 -2 .13 , G reat C as ter ton .
2-2 .8 , C olches ter .
4 -2 .13 ,
G rea t C aster ton .
5-2 .10 , C o lches ter . B - Tendr i l b ind ings a nd c orded ' c igars ' 1-5 .3 , C o lches ter ( t endr i l b ind ing ) . ( t endr i l b inding ).
2-3 .4 , C irences ter
3 -1 .2 , R ichborough .
5-2 .7 , C o lches ter .
4 -2 .19 , Nor thchu 'rch .
6 -2 .9 , C o lches ter .
7-3 .2 ,
C o lches ter .
8 -4 .4 , V eru la miu m . C -L eaves a nd d er ivat ives 1 -4 .1 , C hes ter f ield . 4 -3 .6 , L ondon .
2-3 .9 , P enna l.
5- 1 .2 , R ichborough .
7 -2 .14 , London .
8- 3 .6 , L ondon .
1 0 -2 .25 , Veru la m iu m . 1 3 -3 .13 , U sk . London .
1 1 -3 .7 , L ondon .
C irences ter .
1 2 -1 .1 , L ondon .
1 5 -5 .3 , C olches ter .
1 7 -2 .9 , C o lches ter .
1 9 -3 .11 , R ichborough .
2 1 -5 .2 , C an terbury.
6-2 .2 4 , Usk .
9-2 .14 , London .
1 4 -5 .3 , C o lches ter .
1 6 -3 .12 , R ichborough .
3- 2 .1, Ba ldock .
2 0 -2 .9 , L ondon .
2 2 -3 .4 , C irences ter .
2 4 -1 .1, L ondon .
1 8 -2 .15 , 2 3 -3 .4 ,
2 5 -3 .6 , London .
E - Acorn 1-3 .12 , R ichborough . F
Tr i f ids a nd b inds
1-5 .3 , C o lches ter . 4 -2 ,6 , C hes ter f ield . C irences ter .
2-3 .13 , Usk .
3-2 .7 , C o lches ter .
5-5 .5 , C o lches ter .
7-3 .4 , C irences ter .
5 2
6-3 .4 ,
A
1
2
5
3
3
2
6
_ 2
6
3
1 0
1
1 8
1 7
1 6
1 5
7
1 9
t , 2 0
1
2 1
2
2 2
3
2 3 «
2 4
4
F ig . 3 . 7
2 5
5 ' 3c m
5 3
6
1
7 1 : 1
F IG . 3 .8
Decorat ive d e tai ls
G-C ircu lar mot i fs 1 -3 .4 , C irences ter . 4 -1 .1 , London . p lete :
2-2 .9 , C o lches ter .
5 -2 .16 , L ondon .
3 -3 .2 , C o lches ter .
6-2 .11 , E xe ter ( i nco m-
p oss ib ly a f es toon c l . Jb e low ).
7 -4 .2 , R ichborough .
H - Roset tes 1 -2 .7 , C o lches ter .
2-2 .22 , R ichborough .
Veru la m iu m .
4 - 3.3 , C o lches ter .
R ichborough .
7 - 3. 9 , P enna l .
9-2 .4 , C aer G a i . 2 .19 , N or thchurch .
3-2 .25 ,
5-3 .7 , L ondon .
6 - 1.2 ,
8- 2 .6 , C hes ter f ie ld .
1 0 -2 .9 , C o lches ter .
1 1 -2 .17 , London ;
1 2 -2 .21 , R ichborough .
J-F es toons/arcs 1-2 .2 6, Veru la m iu m . 3 .15 , Veru la m iu m . Veru la m iu m .
2-2 .2 0 , P enna l .
4 -2 .24 , Usk .
6 -5 .2, C an terbury .
3 -2 .2 6 , Veru la m iu m ;
5-2 .20 , P enna l ;
?2 .26 ,
7-3 .11 , R ichborough .
K -S p ira ls 1-2 .15 , L ondon .
5 4
0
0
1
0
2
3
1
4
3
8
5
4
4
3
2
6
5
6
7
1 ' 2
1
9
1
6
5
7 •s 3c m
F ig .3 . 8
5 5
1 . 1
Plat e 3.lA Flagon, Dech.. 60, from Colchest er (catalogue no. 2.9).
Plate 3.lB Shard, Déch .
P la te 3 .2A
P late 3 .2B
F lagon , D ch . 6 2 , f ro m C o lches ter ( ca ta logue n o . 3 .2 ).
S herd , Dtch . 6 2 , f ro m C irences ter , G los . ( ca ta logue n o . 3 .4 ).
Plate 3. 3A
Bourl with moulded appliqu�s from Cirencester, Glos. (catalogue no. 6 .1).
Plate 3. 3B
Moulded-appliques-from• Vind.onissa-, Switzerland.-...-.:�:-
. _, .
Acknow ledge men ts Iwou ld l i ke t o t hank a l l t he me mbers o f s ta f f o f museu ms a nd e xcavat ions who h ave a l lowed me a ccess t o t he ma ter ia l p resen ted i n t h is p aper : Ih ope t ha t t h is work w i l l h elp t o p lace i t e ms i n t he ir i nd iv idua l c o l lect ions i n to a w ider c on tex t . I np ar t icu lar , Iam g ra te fu l t o G . C . B oon o f t he N a tional Museu m o f Wa les , who s en t r ubbings o f t he mot i fs o n v essels f ro m C aer G ai a nd P enna l ( i n a dvance o f h is own p ubl icat ion );
i n a dd i tion , h e was l argely r esponsib le
f or t he g rowth o f my i n teres t i n g lazed ware a s ar esu l t o f f inds made a t Usk i n 1 967 a nd 1 968 .
B IBLIOGRAPHY Ba l lard in i , G ., 1 964 .
L 'Ered ita Cera m ist ica d el l An t ico Mondo Ro mano ,
R o me , 1 964. B oon , G . C ., 1 968 .
' Deux t essons a g lacure p lo mbi fere d e l a G rande
Bre tagne ' , R ev . Archeol . C en tre , 7( 1968 ) , 3 21-325 . Bushe-Fox , J . P ., 1 932.
Th ird Repor t o n t he Excava t ion o f t he R o man For t
a t R ichborough , Ken t , R ep . Res . C o mm . S oc . An t iq . L ondon ., 7 , Ox ford , 1 932. Bushe-Fox , J . P ., 1 949.
F our th R epor t o n t he E xcava t ion o f t he Ro man F or t
a t R ichborough , Ken t , R ep . R es . C o mm . S oc. An t iq . L ond ., 1 6 , Ox ford , 1 949 . C order , P .,
( ed .) , 1 951.
The Ro man T own a nd V i l la a t G rea t C as ter ton ,
Ru t land , No t tingha m , 1 951. Cu m ing , H . S ., 1 868 .
' On s o me g ladia tor ia l r el ics i n t he c o llect ion o f J . W.
B a i ly , Esq .' , J . Br i t . Archaeo l . Assoc ., 2 4 ( 1868 ) , 3 09-312. Cun li ffe , B ., 1 971.
Excava t ions a t F ishbourne 1 961-1969 , I , The F inds ,
R ep . R es . C omm . S oc . An t iq. L ondon ., 2 7, L eeds , 1 971. D khelet te , J ., 1 904.
L es V ases C era m iques Ornbs d e l a G au le R o maine ,
2v o ls ., P ar is , 1 904 . F ox , A ., 1 951.
' Ro man d iscover ies i n Exe ter i n 1 951-2 ', Proc. Devon
Archaeol . E xplor . S oc ., 4 ( 1951) , 1 06-113 . F rere , S . S ., 1 972.
Veru la m iu m E xcavat ions , I , Rep. R es . C omm . S oc.
An t iq . L ond ., 2 8 , Ox ford , 1 972. G reene , K ., 1 971.
' A Probab le S t . ROny ' Scyphos ' f ro m R ead ing ', An t iq . J .
5 1 ( 1971) , 3 00. G reene , K ., 1 972.
Gu ide t o Pre-Flav ian F ine Wares , c . A . D. 4 0-70 , C ardi ff ,
1 972. G reene , K ., f or thco m ing .
U sk Excava t ion R epor t :
Wares , C ardi f f , f or thco m ing .
5 9
The Pre-F lav ian F ine
Hawke s , C . F . C ., 1 930 .
' A J ug o f S t . R g my Ware f ound i n Ken t ' , . An t iq . J .,
1 0 ( 1930 ) , 1 61-2. Hawkes , C . F . C . a nd Hu l l , M. R ., 1 947.
C a mu lodunu m , R ep . R es . C omm .
S oc . An t iq . L ond ., 1 4 , Ox ford , 1 947. Hogg , R ., 1 964.
' Excava t ions a t Tu l lie H ouse , C ar l is le , 1 954-56' , Trans .
C u mber land a nd Wes t mor land An t iq. Archaeo l . S oc., 6 4 ( 1964 ) , 1 4-62. L as fargues , J ., 1 972.
' t ine I ndustr ie L yonna ise ' , Archeo l . ,50 ( Sep t . 1 972) ,
1 5-19 . Mar teaux , C . a nd L e Roux , M ., 1 913 .
Bou tae :
V icus G a l lo-Ro maine d e l a
C i te d e V ienne , Annecy , 1 913. May , T ., 1 916.
The P ot tery f ound a t S i lches ter , R ead ing , 1 916.
May , T ., 1 930 .
C a talogue o f t he Ro man P ot tery i n t he C o lches ter a nd Essex
Museu m , C a mbr idge , 1 930 . Nash- W i l l ia ms , V . E ., 1 950 .
' The R o man s tat ions a t N ea th ( G la morgan )
a nd C aer G ai ( Mer ioneth ) ' , Bu l l . B oard C e l t ic S tud ., 1 3 ( 1950 ) , 2 39-245 . Prober t , L . A . e t a l ., 1 968-9.
' Excava t ions a t Abergavenny 1 962-1969.
I . ' Preh is tor ic a nd R o man F inds ' , Monmou thsh ire An t iquary , 2( 1968-9 ) , 1 63-198 . Rogers , G . B ., 1 974.
Poter ies S ig i l lees d e l a G au le C en tra le :
I .
-L es
Mo ti fs n on F igures , G a l l ia , S uppl ., 2 8 , P ar is , 1 974. Ver te t , H ., 1 967.
' Cera m ique s ig i l lee t iber ienne ä L ezoux , Rev . Archeol .,
( 1967) , 2 55-286 . Wacher , J . S ., 1 962.
' C irences ter 1 961 ' , An t iq . J ., 4 2 ( 1962) , 1 -14.
Whee ler , R . E . M., 1 930 .
L ondon i n R o man T i mes , L ond . Mus . C a t ., 3 ,
London , 1 930 . Whee ler , R . E . M. a nd Wheeler , T . V ., 1 936.
V eru la m iu m :
A B elg ic a nd
Two R o man C i t ies , R ep . R es . C omm . S oc. An t iq . L ond ., 1 1, Ox ford . 1 936.
6 0
4 .
THE POPPY-HEAD BEAKERS OF BR ITA IN AND THEIR RELAT IONSHIP TO THE BARBOT INE DEC ORATED VESSE L S OF THE RHINELAND AND SW ITZERLAND Pau l Tyers
1 .
I NTRODUCT ION Th is a rt icle d iscusses a c lass o f p ot tery k nown a s " poppy-head b eakers"
—g lobu lar o r p ear-shaped b eakers w ith a n e verted r im a nd a c ordon a t t he n eck , d ecora ted w ith b arbo t ine d o ts i n p anels.
The n ame i s d er ived f ro m t he
s upposed r ese mblance b etween s o me e xa mp les o f t he c lass a nd t he h ead o f a p oppy-p lan t.
I n s o me e ar ly p ot tery r eports t hey a re a lso r eferred t o a s
" po megrana te" s haped .
Excluded f ro m t h is d iscuss ion a re t he sma l l b eakers
w ith s harp ly e ver ted r i ms, d ecora ted w ith p anels o f d o ts ( Hu l l 1 963; 1 22 ).
f or m
S o me o ft he s uggest ions c oncern ing t he ir p oss ible c on t inenta l o r ig in
g iven i n s ec t ion 3 a re i ncluded i n s hor t n o tes wh ich h ave a ppeared i n Marsh a nd Tyers 1 978 a nd Tyers 1 977. AC KNO WLE DGE ME NTS Is hou ld l ike t o t hank M iss C . R . J ohns o f t he Br it ish Museu m a nd Mr. H . Chap man o f t he Museu m o f L ondon f or p er m iss ion t o e xam ine a nd d raw t he p oppy-beakers i n t he ir c o l lect ions.
Dr. H . G . S i mon k ind ly a nswered my
q uer ies c oncern ing t he M idd le Rh ine b arbo t ine d ecora ted b eakers.
Mr. S . A .
Mckenna d iscussed t he t h in-sect ion ing e v idence f ro m S ou thwark a nd H ighga te, Dr. K . T . Greene t he p oss ible c on t inen ta l p ro to types, a nd Ih ave a lso p rof itt ed f ro m l engthy d iscuss ions, o ver a p er iod o f s o me y ears , o n a l l a spects o f p oppy-beakers w i th Mr. H . L . S heldon .
M iss B . S pencer a ss isted w ith t he
s ta t ist ica l a spec ts o f t h is r epor t , a nd Mrs. J . B ird p rov ided c on t inua l e ncoura ge men t t hroughou t t he p roduct ion o f my u ndergradua te t hes is, o f wh ich t h is a r t icle i s a n o f fshoo t.
A l l e rrors o f f act o r i n terpreta t ion r e ma in t hose o f
t he a u thor . 2 . 2 .1
POPPY-BEAKERS FROM BR ITA IN D ecora t ion The p anels o fb arbo t ine d o ts w ere .a pp l ied i n r ows w ith a c o mb-l ike t ool ,
p resumably o f wood o r b one.
I n many c ases t he b arbot ine d ecora t ion was
a pp l ied o ver a s l ipped a nd b urn ished s urface.
I n t he c ase o ft he H ighga te
Wood k i ln s i te, t h in-sec t ion ing s hows t ha t t he c lays o f t he b ody o f t he p o t a nd t he b arbo t ine d o ts a re t he s ame , whereas t he c lay o f t he s l ip i s a n i mport t o t he s i te.
On F ig. 4 .3, n o . 3 3, f ro m L ondon , i tc an b e s een t ha t i n t he l ower
l ines o f d ecora t ion t he d ots h ave merged t ogether d ue t o e xcess s l ip u pon t he c o mb.
The d o ts i n t he u pper l ines a re s epara te.
C learly t h is v essel h ad
b een d ecora ted f ro m t he b ot to m t o t he t op o n e ach o f i t s p anels. 6 1
There may b e s o me c hrono log ica l s ign if icance i n t he s hape o f t he p anels. Dur ing t he m id a nd l a ter 2 nd c en tury A .D . t here was a t endency t owards d ecor a t ing v esse ls w ith d iamond s haped r a ther t han r ectangu lar p anels.
There a re
an u mber o f v esse ls w ith o ne d iamond s haped p ane l u sed a s a" space-f il ler" b etween r ec tangu lar p anels ( e.g. F ig. 4 .3, n o. 2 4; F ig. 4 .4, n o. 4 1 ). Und ecora ted v esse ls o f p oppy-head f or m w ere more c o m mon i n t he p er iod A .D . 1 50-200.
V essels i n t he p oppy-beaker t rad it ion o ft he l a te 2 nd o r 3 rd c en tury
A .D . i nclude F ig. 4 .5, n o. 5 2 a nd Bushe-Fox 1 932;
P l. XL , n o. 3 24 :
b o th
a re d ecora ted w ith r ou let t ing. 2 .2
D istr ibu t ion T he d istr ibu t ion o f p oppy-head b eakers i s s hown i n F ig. 4 .1 a nd a c a ta logue
c o mpr ises s ec t ion 2 .4.
The c a ta logue i nc ludes v essels c la i med a s p oppy-
b eakers whe ther b y t he o r ig ina l a u thors o r s ubsequen t ly a s r eferences. The l argest c oncen tra t ions a re i n L ondon , V eru lam ium a nd N orth K en t , b o th i n t he n u mber o f s ites w ith e xamp les a nd t he n u mber o f v essels f ound o n t he m .
There
a re c ons iderab ly f ewer e xamp les o n s i tes i n t he M id lands a nd t he N or th .
There
a re p oppy-head b eakers o n s o me f or ts o n Hadr ian 's Wa l l a nd t he Anton ine Wa l l . G il lam ( 1973, 5 6 ) s uggests t ha t " the Thames e stuary was p robab ly t he s ource o f t he p oppy-head b eakers ( f ound i n S cot land )".
S o me e xamp les f ro m Corbr idge
s een b y t he w r iter a re e x tre mely c lose i n b o th f abr ic a nd f in ish t o v essels i n t he Upchurch c o l lect ion a t t he Br it ish Museum a nd e xamp les i n t he Co lchester a nd E ssex Museu m.
Overa l l , t he p oppy-beaker d istr ibut ion i s s im ilar t o t ha t
o fB lack Burn ished Ware 2 . 2 .3
P roduct ion There i s e v idence f or t he p roduc t ion o f p oppy-beakers a t t he f o l low ing
s i tes : H ighga te Wood :
P oppy-beakers a re a d ist inc t ive p roduct o f Phases I I a nd
I V a t t h is k i ln s i te ( da ted c . A . D. 8 5/100-160+; Brown a nd S he ldon , 1 974 a nd f or d iscuss ion o ft he " h igh : ga te i ndustry" , Marsh a nd Tyers, 1 978 ). The H ighg a te b eakers a re v ery s im ilar t o t hose f ro m L ondon a nd S ou thwark ; many o f t hose o n F igs. 4 .2-4.6 a re o f t he H ighga te t ype. A l l t he p oppy-beakers f ro m H ighga te h ave a f la t o r s l igh t ly r a ised b ase w i th a s ing le g roove ( e .g. Brown a nd S he ldon , 1 974 , F ig. 5 , 6 8 a nd 7 0 ) a nd b eakers w ithou t t h is f ea ture a re e xt re me ly u n l ikely t o b e f ro m t he H ighga te i ndustry . U pchurch : I ti s n ot p roposed t o d iscuss p ot tery p roduct ion o n t he Upchurch marshes a t a ny l eng th .
S u ff ice i tt o s ay t ha t Hume ( 1954 ) a ccep ted t ha t p oppy-
b eakers w ere made t here ( i b id., 8 6-7, F ig. 3 , 7a nd 8 ) a nd t wo o f t hose i n t he Br it ish Museu m c o l lec t ion ( Fig. 4 .5, 5 4 a nd 5 9 ) h ave waster c racks, a l though t he f act t ha t a l l t hese b eakers a re c o mp lete may s uggest t ha t t hey a re f ro m b ur ia ls.
A k i ln a t Bed la m 's Bot to m , I wade. c on ta ined p oppy-beakers ( Archaeo l.
Can t., 8 1 ( 1966 ), l i x ).
The Upchurch p oppy-beakers a re i n ad ark g rey o r
b lack f abr ic w ith a b urn ished d ark s i lvery g rey o r b lack s urface. The c ordons a re of ten more r ounded o r f ine ly mou lded t han i n t he H ighga te e xa mp les. The b ases a re o f s evera l v ar iet ies , i nclud ing t he t yp ica l H ighga te t ype. N orthamp ton a rea :
J ohnston ( 1969 , 8 7 ) c la i ms p roduct ion a t E cton , L i tt le
B il l ing a nd Mears A shby b u t " on ly r arely" .
6 2
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c o m mon i n t he M id lands b u t i t s p roduct ion o n t hese s ites s hows t ha t t here c ou ld b e many sma l l k iln s i tes p roduc ing i ti n a reas where i ti s r e la t ively u nco m mon. Ox fordsh ire p o t ter ies : Young ( 1977 , 2 17 , F ig. 7 9—type R 34 ) s ta tes t ha t t hey a re made o n an u mber o f s i tes ( i nclud ing S and ford , Church il l Hosp ita l , Dorchester , Cow ley , Rose H il l , L i t t le more a nd Overda le;
i b id ., 3 49 ).
Two
o f t he i l lustra ted e xamp les ( i b id ., F ig. 7 9 , R34-2, R 34-5 ) h ave sma l l d ia mond s haped p anels. There i s a n o bv ious t e mptat ion t o a ss ign p oppy-beakers ( or i r leed a ny o ther v essel ) t o k nown p roduc t ion s ites.
H owever , ap rogram me o f t h in-sect ion ing
o f 2 8 p oppy-beakers f ro m S ou thwark ( by Mr. S . A . Mckenna ) h as f a i led t o i dent i fy a ny t ha t c an w ithout d oubt b e a ss igned t o t he e xcava ted H ighga te Wood k i ln s ite , a l though many a re v isua l ly v ery s im ilar t o H ighga te p roducts.
There
w ere c lear ly a n u mber o f o ther c en tres, p robably w ith in t he L ondon a rea , p rod uc ing p oppy-head b eakers, w h ich h ave n ot y et b een i den t if ied .
( The s ta tus o f
H ighga te Wood a nd i t s r ela t ionsh ip t o t he S outhwark p ottery i s d iscussed more f u l ly i n Marsh a nd Tyers , 1 978.)
The f a i lure t o f ind a l arge n u mber o f H igh-
g a te v essels i n S outhwark wh ich w ou ld s ee m t o b e al ikely market , c a l ls i nto d oubt t he a t tr ibu t ion o f v essels f ro m f ur ther a f ield , s uch a s f rom N ewhaven ( Bel l , 1 976, F ig. 3 7 , 2 a ) a nd F ishbourne ( Cun l if fe , 1 971:254 ).
F ur ther more,
i n b oth o f t hese c ases t he i l lustra ted v essels h ave b ases q u ite u n l ike t hose t yp ica l o f t he H ighga te s er ies. 2 .4
Typo log ica l d evelop ment I th as l ong b een r ecogn ised t ha t t here i s ad evelop ment i n p oppy-beaker
f or m wh ich h as c hrono log ica l s ign if icance.
Wheeler ( 1936 :197 ) d ist ingu ished
b e tween t he e arl ier " squa t , c ircular f or m" , a more p ear-shaped t ype a f ter C . A . D. 1 25 , a nd a " sl i m mer a nd w eaker" t ype o f t he l a tter p art o f t he 2 nd c en tury A . D. o thers.
H e was f o l lowed i n t h is s che me b y K enyon ( 1948 , 1 03-4 ) a nd
I n S outhwark , f i ve t ypes a re i den t if ied ( Marsh a nd Tyers, 1 978 , I I
F 2-6 ), wh ich s how d evelop men t f ro m a f or m where t he d iameter a t t he r im i s l ess t han t ha t a t t he c ordon ( I I I F 2 ) t o at ype w ith a t a l l , f lar ing r im ( I I I F 6 ). An a t te mpt i s made h ere t o r epresen t t hese s ub ject ive d ist inct ions i n a n o bj ect ive manner.
The r im f or m i s a nalysed i n p reference t o t he o vera l l f or m
t o e nable i nco mp lete e xamp les t o b e i nc luded .
Measure men ts o f t he d iameter
a t t he c ordon ( Dc ), t he r im ( Dr ) a nd t he h e igh t o f t he r im ( H— the d istance f ro m t he r im t o t he c ordon ) e nable t he v a lues o f Dc/Dr a nd Dr/H t o b e c a lcu la ted. The S outhwark s equence i nd ica tes t ha t t he v a lue o f Dc/Dr o f t he e ar l iest v essels w i l l b e g rea ter t han 1 , a nd o f t he l a ter o nes w il l b e l ess t han 1 .
The v a lues
f or Dc/Dr a nd Dr/H c a lcu la ted f or t he p oppy-beakers f ro m V eru la m iu m ( Frere , 1 972 ) a nd S outhwark ( SLAEC, 1 978 ) a re p resen ted g raph ica l ly o n F ig. 4 .6.
The
p oppy-beakers f ro m L ondon a nd K en t i l lustra ted o n F igs. 4 .2-4.5 a re a rranged a pprox i ma te ly i n t he o rder o f t he ir D c/Dr v a lue.
F ig. 4 .7 i s as ca t ter d iagram
o f t hese a nd s o me b eakers f ro m t he M idd le Rh ine ( see s ect ion 3 .1). S outhwark : h ere.
Th irty-s ix e xamp les f ro m t he f orthco m ing r epor t a re i ncluded
A r egress ion l ine i s p lo t ted o n F ig. 4 .6 f or t h is g roup.
The v a lue o f
t he c orrela t ion c oef f ic ien t ( r ) —a measure " of t he e x ten t t o wh ich t he r ela t ions h ip b etween t he t wo v ar iables i s al i near o ne;
g eo metr ica l ly , t he e x ten t t o
wh ich a s ca t ter o f p o in ts c an b e a pprox i ma ted b y as tra igh t l ine."
U-±
( Doran a nd
Hodson , 1 975 :61 ) i s 0 .71 ( va lues n ear + 1 o r 1 i nd ica te a h igh l inear c orrelat ion ).
I n o ther w ords t here i s ah igh l inear c orrela t ion i n t h is s amp le b etween
t he " f lare" o f t he r im ( De/Dr ) a nd i t s s ize ( Dr/H ) . The e ar l ier , F lav ianTra jan ic, p oppy-beakers t end t o h ave h igher v a lues o f De/Dr a nd Dr/H a nd t he l a ter , An ton ine , e xamp les h ave l ower v a lues.
F or i nstance , t hose n umbered
1 146-1155, wh ich a re a l l f ro m o ne l a te An ton ine p it h ave De/Dr v a lues f ro m 0 .93-0.85 a nd Dr/H v a lues f ro m 2 .9-3.28 ( excep t f or a n o ut l ier a t4 .25 ). Th is i s t he l a test g roup o f p oppy-beakers f ro m S outhwark , a nd t hey a ppear i n t he s ca t ter d iagram t owards t he l ower l ef t .
The e ar ly t ype ( I I I F 2 —nos. 1 98, 7 88
a nd 1 417 ) i s i n t he o ppos ite c orner a nd t hose b etween t hese t wo g roups a re f ro m d epos its d a ted c . A . D. 1 00-140.
Therefore, t here i s e v idence t ha t t he v ar ia-
t ion i n De/Dr a nd Dr/H h as c hrono log ica l s ign if icance i n t hese e xamp les f ro m S ou thwark . V eru lam iu m : S ix teen e xamp les f ro m V eru la m iu m ( Frere , 1 972 ) a re c ons idered h ere. S o me p o ints a bou t t he d a t ing o f t he p oppy-beakers a re r elevan t. N o . 1 36 i s f ro m P it 7 , ( a s ubstant ia l g roup o f p o ttery i nclud ing s evera l o ther t ypes o fb arbot ine b eakers :
Frere 1 972;
F ig. 1 03, 1 26-7 , 1 30-3 , 1 37 )
" l ikely t o h ave b een f i l led c . A . D. 7 5/80" ( i b id ., 2 25 —d iscuss ing s am ian s ta mps :
2 31 —decora ted s a —m ian ).
N o. 2 55 i s f ro m l eve l B I I 3 2G ( a r ubb ish
a ccu mu la t ion o u ts ide Per iod IA Roo m 1 7 d a ted A . D. 8 5-105 :
i b id ., 2 85 ), b u t
t h is l evel i s c ut b y P it 9 , w h ich c on ta ins a Dr 3 3a s ta mped V IDVCOS F ( i b id., 3 4 ) w ith a worn f ootr ing , w h ich i s d a ted A . D. 1 05-120 ( i b id ., 2 33 —P it 9 a lso c on ta ins p oppy-beaker n o . 3 79 ).
B I I 3 2G i s s ea led b y t he p r i mary f l oor o f
Per iod I I 3 Room 2 3, B I I 3 0G ( i b id., 2 8 ) w h ich c on ta ins a Dr. 1 8/31 o f Dagomarus d a ted A . D. 1 15-130 ( i b id ., 2 43 ).
Thus t he p oppy-beaker n o. 2 55 c ou ld
h ave e n tered t he L ayer B I I 3 2G a t a ny t ime u p t o t he c onstruct ion o fB I I 3 0G , wh ich c on ta ins t h is l a te Tra jan ic-Hadr ian ic s tamped v essel. A .D. 8 5-105 f or B I I 3 2G i s p erhaps a l i t t le e ar ly .
The d a te o f
The De/Dr a nd Dr/H
measure men ts o f n o. 2 55 p lace i tf ar t o t he l ef t i n t he s ca tter d iagram ( F ig. 4 .6 )
wh ich may i nd ica te a l a ter d a te t han s uggested.
The v essels f ro m t he
An ton ine f ire l evel ( A . D. 1 50-155/60 , n os. 8 37-8 ), t he l evels p reced ing i t ( A .D . 1 30-150 , n os. 6 00-604 ) a nd t he p its c u t t ing t hrough ( A . D. 1 60-175 , n os. 1 048-9 ) a l l a ppear t owards t he l ower l ef t o f t he s ca t ter d iagram i n a s im i lar p os it ion t o t he An ton ine g roup f ro m S outhwark a lready men t ioned . I to n ly r e ma ins t o d iscuss n o. 6 4 ( Frere , 1 972, F ig. 1 01 ) wh ich was f ound b ur ied i n t he d aub o f Per iod I , Roo m 1 5 ( i b id ., 1 7-8 ).
There c an b e l i tt le
d oub t o f t he Boud iccan d a te o f t h is v essel a nd a s s uch i ti s t he e arl iest s tra t if ied e xamp le o f ap oppy-head b eaker. L ondon a nd K ent :
F igs. 4 .2-4.5 i l lustra te a n umber o f p oppy-beakers
f ro m t he Museu m o f L ondon a nd Br it ish Museu m c o l lect ions.
The s ca t ter
d iagra m ( F ig. 4 .7 ) s hows t ha t t he ma jor ity o f p oppy-beakers f ro m K en t a re g rouped t owards t he l ower l ef t , g enera l ly o u tside t he d istr ibu t ion o f L ondon , S outhwark a nd V eru lam iu m e xamp les. Many p oppy-beakers p ubl ished f ro m K en t , n otably R ichborough , Can terbury a nd Ospr inge , a re v ery s im ilar t o t hose i l lustra ted h ere, a nd a re p resu mably f ro m t he s ame s ource ( ?Upchurch ). The Midd le-Rh ine b eakers o n F ig. 4 .9 a re i ncluded o n t he s ca tter d iagram : t hey s how t ha t s o me L ondon v esse ls , s uch a s F ig. 4 .2, 1 a nd 3 , a re v ery s im ilar i n f or m t o t hese c on t inen ta l b eakers.
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re
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; _ ,
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r 4 C O
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BM P 1973 7 -2 2 9
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Grey f abr ic , l i gh t g rey b urn ished s l ip e x terna l ly .
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zo0.10o0
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003 2 •30 .32227
a e000ezooas 0, 03 o. eaO , 00 s000000eolo
oo eo e 000023 o0 eo e2=oeoo oocyomoo .o 00
000
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F i g .4 -3 P oppy -beake rs f r om L ondon .14 -33
6 9
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N
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e
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e
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a ) . 4 _,
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4 ( 1 )
a ) 4 1 b l ) › ) 7 5 0 c d c n
•
c 0 d
• c i )
g eg r 9 ) ,.2 C . 1 4 4 1. , i
4 0 c d 4 r e 1 2 . i .4 a ) a ) a ) 4 • 4 > o _ c , 1 ) 0 , , c . ) " 0 c . ) ' r . 7 ]
=
c . )
0
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4 • U ) r n • C i 7 5 5
0
0
C L ,
4 0 0 > 3 a ) g 4 b z P
e
g 4 . C l ) e > 1 A . , 0 a ) , g 4 > 1 : 1 ) • › , .; ‘ 2 c o o , . 0 . ; 1 a ) 5 2 1 . 0 t o c d 0 4 › ) 4 1 C . ) • C I ) c d c d c d U ) . 41
› . a ) C D C . ) 4 c d • h ° Cr , > - , , 1 4 1 C I ) — I r d c d — r em s e
0
. 1 t ° 1
X
4
a )
. a . ) C . )
› • a ) a ) 4 VI I a n ( I ) 4
i t 5 .. ,7 5 c d Ce
C l
4 4 0
C l
C l
C D C l
C D
S
I
0
C D
N C l
00 C l
c y D L c E . , . 4 4 0
V I
M. o f L . A 1726
C l
o f L . 3 094
M. o f L . 3 096
C l
e 0 z .
c e I D A
70
c i )
• a ‘
. .i
a ) . c 2
M. o f L . A 24411
A ccess ion N o.
- 0 .
c d t s i 0
CD
Ca ta logue ( con td.)
U ) • › ) › , a ) , I
a ) • -4
C l 2 0
CC )
" I C O I r . 4 v r j ) ( 1 )
a )
o f L . 3 082
Descr ip t ion
5 g . c d'V o C . ) I 2 0 C D ( NI 4 2
0.
a ) o
0 . . . . 1 4 •, M
a" second" .
4 a ) 2
C l
M. o f L . A 23,466
a ) > . • C f ) c d c i ) .
" cd ' 0 0
— C O • C l
C . C V
M
M
. i
c e z
t . C I
C Y D . e l
N
. C Y Z
e
0 C D • 0
M 0 0 . 0
C D C O . 0
C D C O . 0
o o
r • -
▪
e 4
0
0
C V
C V
c s q
• m 14
C >
C V
G O
C I D
▪
r * . •
CC
.
c e z
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C D . 0
.
. 1
C O •
C -
c v
G O
0
t . 0
c n
0 ▪
C n
C V • C Y Z
L C Z • C Z
G O • C V
G O C O . 0
C O C O . 0
G O C O . 0
G O C O . 0
C l
C l
-
CC
o o
c r )
C C
C C ▪
0 C O
0
; 4 -
d c
C • i r 7 , . ) : 4
› > -
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2 9 f 3 9 L 5 M o .
4 )
C . ) c d
g r e
c d 0
g
c i )
c r )
" C i 0
› ) ( ; 2 . )e ( 1 ), .0 a , b i ) Xh er . ) b e › ,
4
Cl
C Y Z
r 7 1
4 c d
; _ ,
4 c d
M. o f L . 3 086
BM P 1973 7 -2 2 4
M. o f L . A 27522
o f L . 3 089
M. o f L . 1 8 ,605
c r ) r i
C )
c d -
BM 6 4 3 -18 1 6
" c i
c d
0
( 2 )
› -
t C
c s )
4 C
Descr ip t ion Access ion No.
Ca ta logue ( contd.)
C . ) • , I g I
c.
j g
o › ) c
g a e
r z e i
C . ) . 0 c i ) . 0 4 0 . 0
1 0 f 3 0 L M o .
i ) r
0 . 0 C l ) . 4 O 4 O . . 0 r i ) . 4 . 0 C . ) c ! .g I 2
c . ) c d
I ) C s ) r
b e
c i )
2
› . 0
f 3 0 9 M L 8 o . d c
Burn ished
. 2 . .
c . )
c o
b f i M s a o a c e u r c .
• P . . . 1 1 1 C I )
o
C l
1 f 0 7 9 3 M L o . › ) C O ; . I b n
4 )
d c
r z
Grey d ots. Burn ished
H (mm ) Dc/Dr
P
c z
c d P : 1
M. o f L . A9200
=
c o G O •
C C O •
0 0
0
C )
C 7 > C )
C C
0
c o c n • c q
C 0 0 •
c 2 ) t • • •
N
N C l
C l
C l
0
C ' C O
0 0 0
N
C C
C C
" 0 = c d
5 2.
L O
• C . ) . L 4 4
Descr ip t ion
C D
g
« c D
C I ) " 0 4 C D 0 . 0 C . ) r . n d . gj
1 4 ) . 0
M. o f L . A 13947
Accession N o.
Ca ta logue ( con td.)
4
g
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C i ) > )
.
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z 4 t a )
. ,
" 0
4 . 2 L ,
c d 4 4 1
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C l )•
I
C I • r . l r n
4
0 c t ) . . I 4 . 4 r n 0 g , . 0
I
> > a ) 4 b n
g ,Qe p 4 4 t I D A . › >
c u C D
M. o f L . 3 108
A
.e rt › ) 6 4, . .e a l u o 4 • i
D
c 2 ; . 4
c l .) ( 1 )
C D c . ) e C
4 • > > c o , _ _ , › )
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a )
0
b . ( ) . 2
E
?
c e 1 ) 4
( i ) E n
C D
c d r e
4
0 , , . 4 r n c d . . 4 ` . 4 (
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t4 . .c ?
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.
C d C • S 4
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C Z
C Z
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2+ 4 .4 4 C d =
• z t i
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.
0 1 .4 ' . .. 1 0 e a ) c u C . ) C d 4 c . , , c d
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a › ) )
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2
r n
v
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; • i s 4 c d
C D
5 6 7 -1 5 125
c o
0 0
c o c r ) •
c o
M. o f L . A 10593
c o • c o
M. o f L . 1 8513
c o 0 0
c o . , • e
LC266.346
H ( mm ) Dc/Dr
c o • c o
— • e ' A o c . )
; ', 1 33G ' 33Z ee 02 0 0 0 ,* eeeo e . 0 000
Z 7 , "r oZr . . 3, o 0 o 0 eoe 0 °0 0 0 * * , 0
M r :2 2Z
1 , 4g ,12 1
, 0 3 , 4 * 2 0
0,3 ,0 0 0 000 0 ceeoc 0000 0 * 00000 0m000 *02000 0000
%% S e a 0 1 3, 100o00 ,2 .
4 1
4 7
0
1 0 cm
5
F i g .4 -4 P oppy -beake rs f r om L ondon . 3 4 -4 7 7 3
O the rs . 4 8 -9
c e c . 0 . e
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H ( mm ) Dc/Dr
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C D .
-
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c e
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0
0
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C V N . 0
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4
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5
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9
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c i A . ,
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› „CO
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0
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› .
( 1 )c ) g . c , 3 — 0 • c d g . , . 4 e . I
c d 7 ., 4
5 •
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c i )
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r i)
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g l i
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c . )
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0
.
C d
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c . )
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a ) . e. c › ) " . e e c „ " ° . : 0 › , c e , ) Z ) . . ; t c d
r 4 ' 5
› • › , '
8 3 1 2-13 4 27
Access ion No.
1 . , c . )
e
> >
▪ b i▪ )
4 : 4
5 Qc f ) .5
g2 c d A . ,
.
e
)• . › e , , . 0 0
en
• E
0
T . : . e
c u
o
•
m4
0
› ,„ a , ) •
Ca ta logue ( con td.)
. 4 51
BM 8 3 1 2-13 4 32
Descr ipt ion
$ . ,. 0„ c . 0 Q • C c d , . e . E . ,
. o U ).ei • , o , 0 c e • g f0
. , . 4 U )
°
. e
0
C ) . o
p . 0
e
" C
P c : ,
•
. e 5 a lE ' a ' . i „ $ ,r n ; , • . 4 0 0 I 0 •
i : 1 )
• -
5 6 7 -1 5 123
C O
; . 4V ,
b l ) • , .
5 6 7 -1 5 127
. . , -
5 6 7 -1 5 126
▪
C O L S D
C Z )
0
0 0 0 0 00
e f e re f i „ ,
3
,3^ 3 oz00000 00 000 0000 O,3o 000000 oo ae0000 a oe oocooc e 00 000 00 00 0
•
3 00 0 0 . 0
0
5 2
3 . 0 . 0 0 00 0 0
5 0
. 0 0 . 0 0 00 O . .0 0 . 0 0 0.0 0 3 0 . 0 0 ap 0 0 0 33 0 2 0 . 0 0 ,0 . >0.3 ,3 2 0 . 0 J 0 J0 0 0 . 0. 00 0 32 03 0 0 0 . 0 0 00 3 3 . 0 300 . 0 0 0 2 .0 00 0 0
. 0 .3 0 2
2 .0 0 . 0 .0 0
,
00 . 3 0 2 0 0 .0 00
3,0 " 3 0 0 1 ,20 0
0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0
00 0 . 0 0000 0
0 0.. 0 0 0'30 0 2 0 0
30 0 ,3 . 0 00 0
00 , 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 00
00 0 0 0 0 ,20 0
,000
0 0 e 2 0 0 0.0 0 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 00 0 0
0
0o z
00 00 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0000 .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000
. .000
5 7
F i g .4 5
0 00 0 . 00 0
0
5
P oppy -beake rs f r om K en t . 5 0 -64
7 5
1 0 Icm
H (mm ) Dc/Dr
C q C Z
N i n
C l 7 f, .
C Z C Z .
C V
C Y Z
C n
C V
i n N . • C D
C Y D C X )
C Z 0 0 • C D
i n N • C D
C l Z
c l 7 t4
C )
c l
; 4
4 4
.
' Z S
a )
C i )
" z i 0
. 0
› , ; • i
. . • , ( s ) c . . ,
U )
c r ) I )
• C : 2
( 1 )
. , . 4
C . )
Descr ip t ion
. . 5
, -
c l . )
4 . >
5' • 0
* 5
4 >
" i :4 1 jg
44
a )
c n . 4 _ J 0
c a. e
8 3 1 2-13 3 24
5 6 7 -1 5 124
Access ion N o.
_ .
0
C l )
e l . . 0
C L ) 0 ; . 4 . . h o . 4 . c d
t ,
0
• , .
; • i
4f ,
C '
G
" Z , ' E P4 -
( 1 )
. ; 1
C O
M
c d
0 > a . ) h o • . r i ) . 4 0 )
Z
Ca ta logue ( con td.)
" r j ; . , C d
4 4 c . ) " c i o U )
( 1 ) C • D i ›
( 1 ) C l )
C D
( 1 )
c d
( 1 )
.0
c d
' 5' 5
C )
. 0
0 . )
C i )
e . c. e E
C . )
.
0
8 . , . 4
C D
. , r -I
.
4 4 P C
-0
c d c n
0 c d
00
g ? ) c i ) m i
8 3 1 2-13 3 23
c f ) 2 c . )
Z 1
a ) ,
8 3 1 2-13 3 52
C I ) C . ) C d
. C D C . )
g L i
. ( i )
c . )
R i m-for m measure ments o f p oppy b eakers f ro m S outhwark De/Dr SLAEC 1 978
S ite
Type
De
Dr H (mm )
( y )
Dr/H ( x )
1 98 , F ig. 4 1
2 07 B .H .St .
I I F 2
1 17
1 04
1 8
1 .125
2 02 , F ig. 4 1
2 07 B . H.St.
I I F 5
9 1
9 1
1 8
1 .00
5 .05
2 39 , F ig. 4 2
2 07 B .H.St.
I I F 4
1 11
1 14
2 4
0 .97
4 .75
2 40, F ig. 4 2
2 07 B .H.S t.
I I F 4
9 1
9 1
2 1
1 .00
4 .3
2 41, F ig. 4 2
2 07 B .H.St .
I I F 4
7 2
7 7
2 3
0 .935
3 .35
5 22, F ig. 8 9
1 06 B .H.S t.
I I F
7 3
7 1
1 2
1 .03
5 .92
5 32, F ig. 8 9
1 06 B . H.S t.
I I F 5
6 4
7 1
1 7
0 .90
4 .17
7 58, F ig. 1 24
Bonded w .
I l F
1 07
1 03
1 9
1 .03
5 .42
7 88 , F ig. 1 25
Bonded w .
I I F 2
1 13
1 03
1 7
1 .10
6 .05
8 79 , F ig. 1 45
S t .Thos. S t .
I I F 4
9 1
9 1
1 9
1 .05
4 .79
9 50 , F ig. 1 49
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 4
6 9
6 8
1 5
1 .01
4 .53
9 51, F ig. 1 49
S t .Thos.St .
I I F4
7 0
7 6
1 7
0 .92
4 .47
9 52, F ig. 1 49
S t .Thos.St .
I I F5
9 1
9 4
2 2
0 .96
4 .27
1 131, F ig. 1 57
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 3
1 01
9 9
2 2
1 .02
4 .5
1 146, F ig. 1 58
S t.Thos.St .
I I F 6
5 5
6 3
2 1
0 .87
3 .0
1 147, F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 6
5 9
6 7
2 2
0 .88
3 .04
1 148 , F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St.
I I F6
5 5
6 4
2 2
0 .85
2 .9
1 149 , F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 6
9 0
9 8
3 0
0 .91
3 .26
1 150, F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St.
I I F 6
8 7
9 5
2 9
0 .92
3 .28
1 151, F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 6
7 3
8 5
2 7
0 .86
3 .14
1 153, F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 6
6 6
7 7
2 6
0 .85
2 .96
1 154, F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St .
I I F 4
7 4
8 5
2 0
0 .87
4 .25
1 155, F ig. 1 58
S t .Thos.St.
I I F 6
8 0
8 6
2 7
0 .93
3 .19
1 310 , F ig. 1 67
S t .Thos.St .
I l F
1 21
1 16
2 6
1 .04
4 .46
1 339 , F ig. 1 68
S t .Thos.St .
I I F
1 417 , F ig. 1 95
9 3-5 B .H.St.
I I F 2
1 452, F ig. 1 96
9 3-5 B .H.St .
I l F
8 2
8 2
1 5
1 .00
5 .46
1 453, F ig. 1 96
9 3-5 B .H .St.
I I F
1 01
9 6
2 5
1 .05
3 .84
1 543, F ig. 1 99
9 3-5 B .H.St.
I I F
7 9
8 0
1 7
0 .99
4 .70
1 544, F ig. 1 99
9 3-5 B . H.St .
I l F
9 1
8 6
2 2
1 .06
3 .91
1 545, F ig. 1 99
9 3-5 B .H.St.
I I F 4
7 2
7 5
2 7
0 .96
2 .7
1 546, F ig. 1 99
9 3-5 B .H.S t.
I I F 5
5 2
5 5
1 6
0 .95
3 .44
1 548 , F ig. 1 99
9 3-5 B .H.St.
I I F 4
7 1
7 9
1 9
0 .90
4 .15
1 608, F ig. 2 01
9 3-5 B . H.St.
I I F 4
8 0
8 0
1 8
1 .00
4 .4
1 627, F ig. 2 02
9 3-5 B .H.St.
I I F 4
7 6
8 0
1 8
0 .95
4 .4
1 628, F ig. 2 02
9 3-5 B .H.St.
I I F 4
6 5
6 9
1 8
0 .94
3 .83
7 7
5 .7
8 0
7 9
1 6
1 .01
4 .94
1 46
1 26
1 8
1 .16
7 .0
R i m-for m measure men ts o f p oppy-beakers f ro m V eru la m iu m
Frere 1 972
Per iod
0 A . D. 6
6 4, F ig. 1 01
Dr
H (mm )
9 9
9 1
1 4
Da te
Dc/Dr
Dr/H
( y )
( x )
1 .08
6 .5
1 36, F ig. 1 03
IA
0-75 A . D. 6
1 17
1 13
1 6
1 .04
7 .06
2 55 , F ig. 1 07
IA
5-105 A . D. 8
7 2
7 5
2 3
0 .96
3 .26
3 79 , F ig. 1 11
IA
05 A . D. 1
6 0
6 5
1 1
0 .92
5 .9
4 24, F ig. 1 12
IB
05-115 A . D. 1
1 00
9 9
1 3
1 .01
7 .6
4 28 , F ig. 1 12
J IB
05-130 A . D. 1
7 5
9 0
1 8
0 .83
5 .0
6 00 , F ig. 1 16
IC
40-150 A . D. 1
7 3
7 6
2 4
0 .96
3 .17
6 01, F ig. 1 16
IC
40-150 A . D. 1
1 50
1 53
3 5
0 .98
4 .37
6 02, F ig. 1 16
IC
35-145 A . D. 1
6 5
7 4
2 7
0 .88
2 .74
6 03, F ig. 1 16
IC
30-140 A . D. 1
5 5
6 7
2 1
0 .82
3 .19
6 04 , F ig. 1 16
IC
30-150 A . D. 1
6 5
7 6
1 6
0 .85
4 .75
8 37 , F ig. 1 23
ID
55/160 A . D. 1
8 6
9 5
2 9
0 .90
3 .27
8 38, F ig. 1 23
ID
55/160 A . D. 1
7 4
8 1
2 3
0 .91
3 .52 2 .97
1 048 , F ig. 1 31
60-175 A . D. 1
9 2
1 10
3 7
0 .84
1 049 , F ig. 1 31
60-175 A . D. 1
8 1
9 1
3 0
0 .89
3 .03
5 6
7 0
2 5
0 .8
2 .8
1 073, F ig. 1 32
75-275 A . D. 1
r 7o
D c/ /D r
Y 1 . 2 .
V ERVLAM IVM
6 4 • 0 136 •
4 24
1 . 0 . 060 1 6 00 d ay& 'V W
0 .9 .
2 55
8 38 8 37 • 1 049• • 6 02 0 . 1048
•3 79
6 04 0428
•603 0 .8 .
0 1073 r xy= 0 44 3
6
5
x D r/ 1H
D Y. H
F i g .4,6 S ca t te r d i ag ram 1 .
7 9
c 5\
(0
0
_ J
4 1
U ").
* t o
C o
0 0 d o w
0
N
.•
•
• 0 )
0
• 1 -
0
c y ) „ , • „ ) d o g
N
( 00
•
, „ •
• c o0 c o , t c s ) • e c o c, •
•
1 . 0 C D 0
/9
C O
•
•
•
e
C Y ' )
S ca t te r d i ag ram 2 .
C \ 1
0'1\
•
c o
' c o
8 0
2 .5 Ca ta logue o f p oppy-head b eakers i n Br ita in ( d istr ibu t ion map=Fig. 4 .1) S ite
N a t . Gr id R eference
O ld K i lpa tr ick
N S 4 6 7 3
Reference Mil ler , 1 928, 2 1, n o . 1 8.
G i l lam
f or m 7 1 Bai mu idy
N S 5 8 7 1
Mu mr i l ls
N S 9 1 7 9
M il ler , 1 922.
G il lam f or m 7 0
Macdona ld a nd Cur le , 1 929 , f i g. 1 03, n o. 1 .
G i l la m f or m 7 1.
S teer , 1 960-
1 , f i g. 1 3, n os. 6 1-3. Cast ledykes
N S 9 2 4 4
Robertson , 1 964 , f i g. 4 5 , f i g , 4 6 , n o. 1 8.
Cardurnock
NY 1 7 5 8
S i mpson a nd Hodgeson , 1 947, f i g. 1 2, n o. 5 3.
Amb les ide
NY 3 7 0 4
Co l l ingwood , 1 915 , f i g. 2 3, n o. 6 9.
Housesteads
NY 7 9 6 8
G i l la m t ype 7 0 ( t ype v esse l ).
Wilkes,
1 961, f i g. 1 , n o. 1 2. Corbr idge
NY 9 9 6 4
R ich mond a nd G il la m , 1 950 , f i g. 6 , n os. 9 -12.
G il lam t ype 7 1 ( t ype v essel ).
Benwe l l
NZ 2 1 6 4
P etch , 1 927 , 1 62.
G il la m t ype 7 1.
Mahon
S E 7 8 7 1
Corder , 1 930 , f i g. 1 5 , n o. 1 9.
Ho lt
S J 4 0 5 3
Gr i mes , 1 930 , f i g. 6 3, n o. 4 9.
L itt le Chester , Derby
SK 3 5 3 7
Doo l , 1 972, f i g. 6 , n os. 2 2-5.
L eicester
SK 5 9 0 4
K enyon , 1 948, f i g. 2 6 , n os. 3 3-6 f ig. 3 8, n o. 2 2; f i g. 4 2, n os. 3 2-3, f i g. 4 4, n o. 3 3.
L inco ln
SK 9 7 7 1
P etch , 1 960 , f i g. 8 , n os. 2 7-8.
Brecon
SO 0 0 2 9
Wheeler , 1 926 , f i g. 9 8, n o. C 2 9.
G loucester
SO 8 3 1 8
Hassa l l a nd Rhodes , 1 974 , f i g. 1 7 , n os. 4 1-3.
Barnwood
SO 8 5 1 8
C l if ford , 1 930 , f i g. 1 4 , n o. 2 8.
Foxco mbe H i l l
SP 5 1 0 2
Wi l let t , 1 948 , f i g. 1 3 , n o. 1 .
Churchover
SP 5 3 7 9
Ca meron a nd L ucas , 1 971-3 , f i g. 1 6 , n o. 4 21.
Cow ley
SP 5 4 0 4
A tk inson , 1 941, 2 0 , n o. I X.
A lchester
SP 5 7 2 0
I l if fe , 1 932, p l . XV ( opp. 5 5 ), n o . 6 1.
Br ixworth
S P 7 5 7 2
Woods, 1 970 , f i g. 2 3, n os. 1 61-2.
Ecton
S P 8 2 6 5
J ohnston , 1 969 , f i g. 7 , n o. 5 7.
8 1
S ite
Na t. Gr id Reference
Reference
Mears A shby
SP 8 4 6 7
J ohnston , 1 969 , f i g. 6 , n os. 4 1 a nd 4 1a.
I rches ter
SP 9 2 6 5
K n igh t , 1 967 , f i g. 1 0 , n o. 2 7.
Cheddar
ST 4 5 5 3
H irst a nd Rah tz, 1 973 , f i g. 1 3, n o. 1 4c.
Ca tsgore , S o mer ton
S T 4 8 2 8
Radford , 1 951, f ig. 7 , n o. 7 ; f i g. 8 , n o. 2 3.
Camer ton
ST 6 8 5 7
Wed lake , 1 958 , f i g . 3 4, n o. 6 4.
Wanborough
SU 2 0 8 5
Greene , 1 974, f i g. 5 , n o . 7 8.
S outhampton
SU 4 2 1 2
Cot ton a nd Ga therco le , 1 958 , f i g. 2 5 , n o. 1=Type BkPH2.
Dorchester-on-
SU 5 7 9 4
Tha mes U f ton N ervet
F rere , 1 962, f i g. 1 7 , n os. 1 76 a nd 1 91; 1 43 n otes p resence o f a waster.
SU 6 3 6 7
Mann ing , 1 973-4, f i g. 2 3, n os. 2 142 17.
S ilchester
SU 6 4 6 2
May , 1 916 , p l . L )0 C , n o. 1 60 ;
Boon ,
1 969 , f i g. 1 3 , n os. 9 8 a nd 1 13. S evera l e xamp les i n Read ing Mus. Ha mbledon
SU 7 8 8 6
Cocks , 1 921.
F ishbourne
SU 8 3 0 4
Cun l if fe , 1 971, f i g. 1 10 , Types 2 67. 1a nd 2 67.2.
One e xa mp le f ro m a p re-
A .D . 7 5 l evel , 4 6 o thers f ro m l a te i st/ 2 nd c en tury g roups.
2 54 s ta tes t ha t
t he p oppy b eakers a re " probably f ro m t he H ighga te Wood k ilns" b u t t he b ase o f 2 67.2 i s n o t o f t he H ighga te t ype. Ch ichester
SU 8 6 0 5
C lark , 1 939 , f i g. 5 , n o . 1 4d , f i g. 6 , n os. 2 3C, D , f ig. 7 , n os. 2 6B, 3 2A , p l . I , g roups 4 5 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 8. Wi lson , 1 951-2, f i g. 3 2 , n o . 7 . P i l mer , 1 957 , f i g . 9 , n os. 1 -4. Murray a nd Cun l if fe, 1 962. n o. 4 0 ;
f i g. 7 ,
f i g. 8 , n os, 5 1, 5 2 a nd 5 4.
Down a nd Ru le , 1 971, b ur ia ls n o . 1 4d , 2 3c , 2 3d , 2 6b , 3 2a , 1 21a , 1 22c , 1 52, 1 76d. Dorchester
SY 6 9 9 0
Drew a nd Co l l ingwood , 1 938 , p l . V IA ; o pp . 5 9.
N ewpor t ( I . o f W. )
S Z 4 9 8 9
S herw in , 1 929 , f ig. 2 , n o. 4 5 a nd f i g. 5 , n o. 1 24.
8 2
S ite
Na t. Gr id Re ference
Reference
Ca istor
TG 2 3 0 3
A tk inson , 1 938 , T9 a nd T 10.
Dunstable
TL 0 2 0 1
Hagen , 1 972, f i g. 4 , n os. 3 a nd 3 a . Ma t tews n o. 8 .
E lstow
TL 0 5 4 7
a nd Hu tch ings , 1 972, f i g. 2 ,
Dr ing 1 971.
Sma l l p roduct ion o f
p oppy-beakers :
i nfor ma t ion f ro m
Mrs. V . Swan . Park S t .
TL 1 4 0 3
O 'Ne il 1 947 :
f i g.15 , n o. 9 a nd f i g.
1 7 , n os. 1 6-18. S t . A lbans
TL 1 5 0 7
Davey , 1 935;
f ig. 2 3.
Bur ia ls 2 1,
6 0 , 6 2, 6 9 , 1 13 , 1 31, 1 54 , 1 92. Wheeler a nd Wheeler , 1 936 , f i g. 2 7 , n os. 1 2-3; 4 9;
f i g. 3 1, 3 9 ; f i g , 3 3, n o.
f i g. 3 5, n os. 7 2-3.
An t iq . J ., 2 0 ( 1940 ), 5 04, n o. 2 . Cot ton a nd Wheeler , 1 953 , f i g. 8 , n o. 4 . An thony , 1 968, f i g. XV , n os. 5 , 8 , 9 a nd 1 0. Anthony , 1 970 , f i g. I , n os. 4 , 7 , 8 , 1 1, 1 4 a nd 1 8. F rere , 1 972;
f i g. 1 01, n o. 6 4; f ig.
1 03, n o. 1 36;
f i g. 1 07 , n o . 2 55; f ig.
1 11, n o. 3 79;
f i g. 1 12, n o. 4 24;
1 12, n o. 4 28;
f i g. 1 16 , n os. 6 00-4;
f ig. 1 23, n os. 8 37-8; 1 047-9 ;
f i g.
f i g. 1 31, n os.
f i g. 1 32, n o. 1 073 ( see s ec t ion
2 .4 , f i g. 4 .6 ) Welwyn
TL 2 3 1 6
K indersley , 1 922, p l . V , f i g. 1 . Westel l , 1 930 , p l . I a nd I I. Ho l mes, 1 950-4, f i g. 1 , n os. 1 2-14. Rook , 1 971, 4 , n os. 1 , 2 , 4a nd 9 ; 7 , n o . 2 2;
8 , n o. 2 9;
n os. 6 2, 6 4; Ba ldock
TL 2 4 3 4
1 1, n o. 4 9 ;
1 5 , n o . 6 7;
1 3 ,
1 6 , n o. 7 5.
Westel l , 1 931, 2 57 , g roup 1 0 , 3 218; f ig. Z , p l . V .
Godmanchester
TL 2 4 7 0
Green , 1 972-3 , f i g. 4 , n o. 2 .
Pucker idge
TL 3 8 2 3
Unpubl ished :
t hree e xamp les f ro m
r ecen t e xcava t ions a t " Skeleton Green" b ur ia l g round .
8 3
S ite
Reference
Na t. Gr id r eference
Car Dyke ( Ca mbs.)
TL 4 7 6 9
C lark , 1 949 , 1 51 —one s herd n oted.
Hockwold-cu m-
TL 7 2 8 8
S a lway , 1 967 , f ig.15, n o. 5 6.
Wil ton Colchester
TM 0 0 2 5
N ot r epresented i n Camu lodunu m s er ies.
Hu l l ( 1963 ) f or m 1 23:
2 00 A . D.
1 00-
N ot p roduced i n a ny o f
k i lns p ubl ished i n 1 963. S co le
TM 1 5 7 9
Rogerson , 1 977 , f i g. 7 5 , n o. 5 1, f i g. 7 6, n os. 6 4 a nd 6 8.
N eedham
TM 2 2 8 1
Frere a nd C larke, 1 945 , f i g. 3 , n os. 2 9 a nd 3 0.
F el ixstowe
TM 3 0 3 4
Br it ish Museu m 5 3 8 -15 4 .
Wangford
TM 4 6 7 9
Br iscoe , 1 958 , f ig. 4 , n o. 2 1.
Hardha m
TQ 0 3 1 7
Winbo lt , 1 927 , p l. V , 5 , p l. V I I , 3 0.
S ta ines
TQ 0 4 7 1
Unpubl ished :
Ang mer ing
TQ 0 7 0 4
S cott , 1 938, f ig. 2 4, n o. 1 5.
Wiggonho lt
TQ 0 6 1 6
Evans, 1 974, f ig. 1 3, n o. 8 3 , f i g. 1 5 ,
f ro m r ecen t e xcava t ions.
n o. 1 41. A lfo ldean
TQ 1 1 3 3
Winbolt , 1 924 , p l. I I , 1 0-12.
Bren tford
TQ 1 7 7 8
Unpubl ished :
Ash tead
TQ 1 8 5 8
L ow ther , 1 927 , f i g. 3 , n o. 1 6.
f ro m r ecent e xcavat ions.
L ow ther, 1 930 , f i g. 2 , n os. 1 8-9. Ewel l
TQ 2 2 6 2
Frere, 1 942-3, f i g. 5 , 7 . L ow ther, 1 946-7 , f ig. 2 5.
H ighga te Wood
TQ 2 8 2 9
P oppy-beakers a re a d ist inct ive p roduct o f p hases I I a nd I V a t t h is s i te.
For
s u m mar ies o f t he p ot tery s ee Brown & S heldon 1 974 a nd Marsh & Tyers 1 978. Hassocks
TQ 3 0 1 5
Couch man , 1 925, 4 6 , l ower p late.
L ondon
TQ 3 0 7 9
A l arge n u mber i n t he Museu m o f L ondon a re i l lustra ted h ere o n f i gs. 4. 2-4 . 4 ( sect ion 2 .4 , f i g. 4. 7 ) . Marsden , 1 975, f ig. 3 6 , n os. 7 9 , 9 3 a nd 9 8. Marsden , 1 976, f i g. 2 2, 2 4 a nd 2 5.
S outhwark
TQ 3 1 8 0
A l arge n u mber f ro m r ecen t e xcava t ions. S laec 1 978 a nd Marsh & Tyers 1 978 ,
8 4
S ite
N a t. Gr id Reference
Reference f or ms I I F 2-6.
Ev idence f ro m S ou th-
wark i s q uo ted e lsewhere i n t h is a rt icle. En f ield
TQ 3 2 9 6
( Sect ion 2 .4 , f i g. 4 .6. )
G entry , I vens a nd Mclean , 1 977; Tables 2 & 3 .
1 38-9 ,
F or m I I F 2-6.
K eston
TQ 4 1 6 4
P h ilp , 1 973 , s ite 1 4, f i g. 3 1, n o. 2 59.
N ewhaven
TQ 4 4 0 1
Bel l , 1 976 , f i g. 3 7 , n o. 2 a , f i g. 2 7 , n o. 9 0.
A l though t he a u thor o f t he
p ot tery r eport s uggests t ha t f i g. 3 7 , 2 a i s " probably a H ighga te p roduct" t he b ase o f t he v essel i s r a ised i n a manner q u ite u n l ike a ny o f t he H ighga te p roduc ts. Wel l ing
TQ 4 5 7 5
J oyden 's Wood
TQ 4 9 7 3
T ester , 1 953;
f ig. 2 , n o. 2 .
T ester a nd Ca iger , 1 954 , f i g. 6 , n o. 3 5.
L u l l ingstone
TQ 5 3 6 4
Mea tes , 1 953, f i g. 6 , n o. 1 37.
Dar t ford
TQ 5 4 7 4
Da le, 1 971, 2 15 , 2 4 —sherds n o ted.
S tone
TQ 5 7 7 4
Cot ton a nd R ichardson , 1 949 , f ig. 3 , n os. 5 -7.
Eastwood
TQ 5 8 6 5
Ph ilp , 1 963 , s herds n oted.
Greenh ithe
TQ 5 9 7 4
Dets icas, 1 966 , f i g. 6 , n o. 6 7; f ig. 1 5 , n os. 1 91-6 , 1 98. The BB2 v essels f ro m t h is s i te a re t hough t t o b e p roducts o f al oca l p ott ery i ndustry , a nd i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he p oppy-beakers a re l oca l p roducts a lso .
S pr inghead
TQ 6 1 7 2
P enn , 1 957; 1 958;
f ig. 1 2 , n o. 3 ;
n os. 1 02-3, 5 14.
i b id .
i b id . 1 960 ;
f i g. 1 1 ( 130 ). Table 9 s hows p oppyb eakers a s c o mpr is ing 2 .85% o f t he g roup. Gun H i l l
TQ 6 6 7 7
i b id . 1 968;
f i g. 4 , n o. 3 .
Drury a nd Rodwel l , 1 973 ;
f ig. 1 7 ,
n o. 1 20. Cha lk
TQ 6 7 7 2
J ohnston , 1 972, f i g. 7 , n o. 1 1.
Muck ing
TQ 6 8 8 1
J ones a nd Rodwel l , 1 973; n o. 1 31.
Rochester
TQ 7 4 6 7
Harr ison a nd F l igh t , 1 968;
f i g. 1 1,
f i g. 1 3,
n o. 1 6. Canvey I sland
TQ 7 7 8 3
Rodwel l , 1 966 , f i g. 8 , n o. 3 0.
8 5
S ite
Na t. Gr id Reference
Bod ia m
TQ 7 8 2 6
Reference L e m mon a nd H il l , 1 966;
9 6 a nd p l.
V Ib 2 2. Upchurch
TQ 8 4 6 7
Hu me, 1 954, f ig. 3 n os. 7 , 8 Br it ish Museu m e xa mples;
h ere F ig.
4 .5, 5 0-9. I wade
TQ 9 067
Archaeo l . Can t iana 8 1 ( 1966 ) l i x A k i ln o f u pdraught t ype , t he p roducts o f wh ich i nclude p oppy-beakers.
Ospr inge
TQ 9 9 6 0
Wh it ing , Haw ley a nd May , 1 931; X IV , 1 16, 1 20; XV II I , 1 62; 1 87;
P l. XV , 1 25;
P l. XX , 1 83;
XXX I , 3 26;
TR 0 1 6 1
P l. ) 0 (VI I I ,
P l. XXIX , 2 84, 2 96;
P l.
P l. XXX II ' , 3 53, 3 58;
P l. XXX IV , 3 67;
Faversham
P l.
P l. 2 0 (4
P l . XXV I I , 2 51, 2 56;
2 68, 2 73;
P l.
P l. XXXV , 3 88,
3 90 ;
P l. XXXV I I I , 4 44, 4 51;
4 89 ;
P l. XL II , 5 06 , 5 14;
P l. XL I,
P l . XLV ,
5 63, 5 66;
P l. XLV I , 5 74, 5 80 , 5 83,
5 86, 5 96 ;
P l. L 6 68.
Br it ish Museu m 1 371-70.
M 2 644.
I l lustra ted h ere F ig. 4 .5 , n o. 6 0. Can terbury
TR 1 5 5 7
Wil l ia ms , 1 946, f i g. 5 , n o. 3 . Wil l iams , 1 947, f i g. 7 , n o. 3 . J enk ins, 1 950 , f ig. 1 2, n o. 4 3. Frere , 1 954, f ig. 8 , n o. 8 1. Frere, 1 970 , f ig. 1 0 , n os. 1 2, 1 3, 1 9 2 0 , 3 2 a nd 3 5 , f ig. 1 1, n os. 8 , 2 7.
Cher iton
TR 2 3 3 6
Tester a nd B ing , 1 949; f ig. 2 , 1 2;
f i g. 1 , n o. 7 ;
f i g . 5 , n o. 4 4.
Dover
TR 3 1 4 1
Rahtz, 1 958, f ig. 9 , n o. 4 .
R ichborough
TR 3 2 6 0
Bushe-Fox , 1 926, p l . 2 0 (V , 5 4. 1 932;
p l . 2 0 (XD ( , 3 06-9.
I b id.
I b id. 1 949 ;
p l. XC, 4 17-8.
3 .
BARBOTINE DEC ORATED BEA KERS ON THE CONTINE NT I n a n a tte mpt t o p lace t he p oppy-beakers o f Br ita in i n t heir c on tex t , t he
b arbot ine d ecora ted b eakers o f t he Rh ine a nd Sw itzerland a re s u m mar ised h ere. Th is e v idence i s u sed i n S ect ion4 t o i l lustra te t he s im ilar it ies w ith t he Br it ish ma ter ia l . 3 .1
M idd le Rh ine F ig. 4 .9 i l lustra tes v essels s elected f ro m p ubl ished s i tes i n Ger man ia
S uper ior. f i le.
These v essels a re l arge b eakers o r j ars w ith a " f low ing" r im p ro-
The c ordon i s w ide , a nd d e marca ted b y t wo g rooves.
They a re d eco-
r a ted w ith b arbot ine d o ts a pp l ied w ith a c o mb ( i den t ica l i n t echn ique t o t he 8 6
Br it ish p oppy-head b eakers ), c o m mon ly i n ac rescen t ic o r h orseshoe s hape ( e.g. F ig . 4 .9 , n os. 6 5-8, 7 1-2 a nd 7 5-6 ) b u t a lso i n r ectangu lar ( i b id ., n os. 6 9 a nd 7 3-4 ), d iamond-shaped ( i b id ., n o. 7 0 ) a nd ' herr ingbone ' o r z ig-zag p a t terns ( U lber t 1 969 ;
Ta f . 1, 1 8— fro m Rhe ingonhe im ).
i s r eferred t o a s t ype 1 .
Th is v essel t ype
Dr. H-G. S i mon h as i nfor med me ( l a l i t t .) t ha t t here
a re sma l l f rag men ts o f t ype 1 i n t he Wiesbadener Moorsch ich t , w h ich i s s a id t o d a te b efore A .D . 7 0 ( R it terl ing a nd Pa l la t , 1 897 ). f rom Frank fur t-Praunhe im w ith a c o in o f Hadr ian .
The l a test e xamp le i s There a re a n u mber o f
e xa mp les o ft ype 1 f ro m s i tes o ccup ied a f ter t he Cha t t ian War ( A .D . 8 3-5 ) i n t he Wet terau ;
Z ug mantel , Bu tzbach a nd Bad Nauhe i m.
There a re n one p ub-
l i shed b y R it ter l ing f ro m t he C laud io-Neron ian a nd V espas ian ic f or ts a t H ofhe im b u t t here a re s evera l f ro m t he Do m it ian ic " Ste inkastel" a nd i t s v icus ( Schoppa , 1 961, t ype 6 0 ). s pread a f ter A .D . 8 3/5; o p men t .
Th is t ype 1 a ppears c . A . D. 7 0 , b ut i s most w idei ti s n o t p oss ib le t o d ist ingu ish a ny t ypo log ica l d evel-
The d is tr ibu t ion o f t ype 1 i s s hown o n f i g. 4 .8.
T hey a re c oncen tra ted
i n a n a rea 1 50 x 1 00 km , a nd s hou ld n ot b e s een a s am inor r eg iona l a berra t ion. The f abr ic o f t ype 1 i s c lass if ied a s " Terra n igra" o r " N igra ware" . The n ame " Terra n igra" i n Ger man p o ttery r eports i ncludes a w ide v ar iety o f mode ra tely f ine g rey o r b lack f abr ics w i th a s l ipped a nd/or b urn ished s urface a nd d oes n ot e qua te w ith t he T erra n igra o f Ga l l ia B elg ica o r S ou th-East Eng land . A n u mber o f Midd le Rh ine TN f or ms a re i l lustra ted b y S i mon ( 1965 :Abb.14 ) a nd Heuke menes ( 1964 :Taf . 1 3, 5 2-7;
Ta f . 1 4; Ta f . 1 5 , 7 3-9 ).
The r ange i ncludes
p la tes , s ha l low b ow ls, t a l l ' but t-beaker ' t ype j ars a nd f lasks , a s w el l a s t he b arbo t ine-decora ted v essels d iscussed h ere.
Examp les o f t hese e xam ined b y
t he w r iter f ro m B ingen a nd S trasbourg a re i n d ark g rey s andy f abr ics , w i th f ine w h ite o r g rey s l ipped a nd b urn ished , g rey o r s i lver-grey , s urfaces.
They
a re v ery s im ilar i n t echn ique a nd a ppearance t o Br it ish p oppy-beakers. T he f or m o f t ype 1 a ppears w ithou t a ny d ecora t ion ( eg. S i mon , 1 977; Abb. 1 2 , 2 41 —from B ickarbach ) a nd , more n otably , w ith b arbo t ined o r mou lded v ert i ca l l ines ( e .g. F ig. 4 .10 , n os. 7 8-9 —hereaf ter c a l led t ype 2 ).
A l though
r ela ted , t ype 2 h as a d if feren t d istr ibu t ion a nd h istory t o t ype 1 .
T here a re
e xamp les f ro m N i j megen ( Ho lwerda , 1 941, p l . X , 4 61), Xanten ( Hagen , 1 912, Ta f . LV I I I , 1 3, 2 6 ) a nd N euss ( Lehner , 1 904 , Ta f . XXV I I , 3 6. 1 972;
F i l tzinger,
Ta f . 7 , 1 , f or m 4 c ), a l l i n G er man ia I n fer ior a nd f ar t o t he n orth o f
t he d istr ibu t ion o f t ype 1 .
A t Hofhe im , i ti s R it ter l ing 's t ype 1 22.
The i l lus-
t ra ted v esse l ( Rit ter l ing , 1 913 , Ta f . XXXV I I ) h as a n a ngu lar s hou lder , b u t Greene ( 1973, 2 24 ) wh i le d iscuss ing U sk t ype 1 3 ( f or wh ich s ee Dar l ing , 1 977 ; f i g. 6 .4, n o. 1 3 ) n otes t ha t t he g roup d o n o t n or ma l ly h ave a ngu lar s hou lders, b ut a re g lobu lar.
Th is c onnect ion w ith U sk t ype 1 3, wh ich i s c o m mon i n
Sw itzer land a nd o nt he Danube , p rov ides a l ink w ith t he b arbot ine d ecora ted b eakers o fS ou th Ger many a nd Sw itzer land , wh ich a re d iscussed b elow ( Sect ion 3 .2 ). A l though t ype 1 d oes n ot a ppear i n R it terl ing 's ( 1913 ) Ho fhe im r eport , t ype 1 06 h as a d ecora t ion o fb arbo t ine d o ts i n az ig-zag p a t tern a nd a sma l l i nterna l ly t h ickened r i m.
( A b eaker w ith a d iamond-shaped p anel o f d o ts , i b id .,
Ta f . 2 0 (V I I I , 6 6 i s n ot f ro m Hof fhe im , b u t f ro m Wiesbaden , i b id., 3 48 , f oo tn ote 3 98 ).
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F ig . 79 Groups 3A a nd 3 B s ta mped wares:
N or th Essex t ypes.
l; V
. h4
he
yf t » 3 9, ' 4 iZ
1 2
t ypes , a nd d ep ict s i mp le s labs o f r egu lar d o t-and-lat t ice work . C losely s im il ar i s B21, wh ich i s p ar t o f a' f loa t ing ' s equence t ha t i s c er ta in ly i n tegra l t o Group 3A . These t hree b lock d ies c an b e s een a s al og ica l d eve lopmen t f ro m B 5, wh ich e nabled a l arger a rea o f more r egu lar l a tt ic ing t o b e p roduced b y as ing le impress ion.
T hus Group 3A b ow ls e xh ib it l ess c haracter t o t he ir
b lock-stamped z ones a nd a l most g ive t he impress ion o f d iamond-rou let ted o r r o l ler-stamped p a t terns ( e .g. n os. 5 2 a nd 5 4 ). Th is f or ma l isa t ion a nd s i mp l if ica t ion o f t he d ecora t ion i s e qua l ly a ppare n t i n t he u se o f r ing s tamps, wh ich a re t o b e s een i n l arger g roups t han e lsewhere.
I ndeed , an ew f ea ture w as i n troduced h ere :
t he u se o f r ings a lone t o
f i l l t he p a t terned a rea ( e .g. n os. 5 9 a nd p robably 6 1).
I n Group 2 r ing s tamps
w ere n ever t he s o le c onst ituen ts o f t he d ecora t ion . Group 3 B ( F ig. 7 .9 ) R ing s tamp R 3.7 p rov ides a n important l ink w ith a g roup o fb ow ls wh ich b ear r ose t te s tamped d ecora t ion . Th is l i nk was e stabl ished when i t was n ot iced t ha t ab ow l f rag men t f ro m G rea t Chesterford w ith a l l-over r osette s tamp ing ( no. 6 2 ) b ore t he marks o f al i gh t ly i mpressed t r ip le-r ing s tamp u nder o ne o ft he r ose ttes. Th is a ppears t o b e R 3.7. The c onclus ion , wh ich i s s elfe v iden t , i s t ha t t he p ot ter was a bou t t o impress a p a t tern o n t he n ew ly-thrown v essel u s ing r ing s tamps —and a ctua l ly t ouched t he d ie o n t he p ot o nce—when h e c hanged h is m ind a nd u sed a r oset te i nstead ( Ros. 2 ). Th is p art icu lar b ow l i s t he o n ly v essel i n G roup 3 s o f ar r ecorded a s h av ing a n o x id ised f abr ic :
i t
i s h ard f i red a nd n o m ica i s v is ible , b ut o therw ise i ti s t yp ica l o f t he Group 2 f abr ics.
The f or m i s , h owever , t ha t o f ah em ispher ica l b ow l a k in t o s ig il la ta
f or m 3 7. As herd f ro m a v esse l o fu ncer ta in f or m , i n af i ne, med ium g rey f abr ic, f rom Chelmsford ( no. 6 3 ) p rov ides f urther c on f ir ma t ion o f t he l i nk b etween Groups 3A a nd 3 B. Th is s herd h as v ert ica l b ands o f d eep ly s cored c omb ing , p robably a lterna t ing b etween g roups o f r osettes ( R ,os. 1 ) a nd t r ip le r ings ( a lmost c er ta in ly R 3.7 ). Ano ther b ow l f ro m G rea t Chesterford ( no. 6 4 ) h as b een p rov isiona l ly p laced i n t h is g roup , a l though n o d ie-l inks a re y et k nown. Th is i s i n af ine , h ard , med iu m g rey f abr ic , s im i lar t o t he l ast e xamp le , a nd a ppears t o b e a c arefu l i m ita t ion o f s ig il la ta f or m 3 7 o f l a te f i rst o r e ar ly s econd-cen tury d a te. I ti s o bv iously r ela ted t o t he i nc ised f or ms o f ' London Ware ' , a nd h as l arge , c ompass-drawn s em i-c ircles i n terspersed w ith a t i gh t mass o f d em i-roset tes. As ing le c o mplete r ose tte ( Ros. 5 ) i s a lso s tamped o n t he u nders ide o f t he b ase , i n ac en tra l p os it ion ( c f . f i g. 1 6.122 ). Group 3 B v essels , a l though c lear ly l inked t o o ther g roups u nder c onsidera t ion , a ppear t o l i e o ut o n al imb ( i .e. a t o ne o f t he e x trem it ies o f t he ma trix ;
f i g. 2 1).
They h era ld t he f i rst a ppear-
a nce o f r ose t te s tamps, a f ea ture wh ich b ecame c haracter ist ic o f s o me G roup 4 wares, a l though i nn o s ense c ou ld 3 B v essels b e s een a s a ncestra l t o t ne m. The l ine o f d escen t i s c lear ly t hrough R 3.7. D iscuss ion a nd Da t ing I tw il lb e e v iden t f ro m t he f orego ing t ha t Group 3 r epresen ts a d evelopmen t f rom Group 2 : f or ms , c o lour, d ies a nd s che mes o f d ecora t ion a l l p o int i n t h is d irect ion.
The d istr ibu t ion o f t hese wares i s v ery c ur ious, i n t ha t i t 2 47
s ee ms t o c oncen tra te i n a n e ast-west b elt a cross n orth E ssex a nd i n to Hertfords h ire ( f ig. 1 A ).
Thus w e h ave c a l led i tt he ' Nor th E ssex Type '.
e v idence f or t he f actor ies f ro m wh ich t hese p ieces o r ig ina te;
There i s n o
o n d istr ibu t iona l
g rounds ap oss ible c and ida te i s t he Hadham a rea , b u t t he f abr ics d o n o t a ccord w el l . I t may , t herefore , b e wondered whether Co lchester i s n ot a l ikely c en tre f or p roduct ion : more s herds o f Group 3 A h ave b een f ound t here t han i n a ny o ther l oca l ity , a nd t he s ame a pp l ies t o Group 4A. Da t ing e v idence i s s parse.
The V eru lam iu m b ow l ( no . 5 2 ) was f ound i n
ap it w i th l oca l ly made wasters o f t he Hadr ian ic p er iod ( t he s tamped v esse l , i ts hou ld b e n oted , was n ot i n t he s ame f abr ic a s t he wasters, b u t was mere ly r ubb ish i ncorpora ted i n t he f i l l o ft he p it ). One o f t he Grea t Chesterford Bow ls ( no. 6 3 ) was f ound i n a n Anton ine s ha f t o r p it , b u t t he f or m o f t he v essel i t sel f i s i nd ica t ive o f a n e ar l ier d a te.
O ther s herds a re w ithou tu sefu l ly d a ted a s-
s oc ia t ions a nd w e c an d o n o more t han h azard ag uess a t a n e ar ly s econd-cen tury d a te f or G roup 3 a s a who le. GROUP 4 :
East Ang l ian Wares ( F igs. 1 0 , 1 2, 1 3 a nd 1 4 )
The d iscovery a nd e xcava t ion o f f i ve p o t tery k i lns o n West S tow Hea th e stabl ished b eyond d oubt t he c en tre o f p roduct ion f or a t l east s o me o f t he i nc ised , s tamped a nd r ou letted wares f ound i n East Ang l ia ( West , 19 52 ). Casua l c ompar ison o f t he o x id ised ' London-Essex ' wares o f Group 2 a nd t he ir s oph ist i ca ted p rof iles , w ith t he s l igh t ly c ruder , r educed wares o f West S tow t ype wou ld n ot q u ick ly s uggest a c onnect ion , o ther t han i n av ery g enera l s ense. Bu t t hrough t he a gency o ft he sma l l g roup o f u ncer ta in o rig in , l abel led a s Group 3A , s evera l s ound l inks h ave b een e stabl ished . As econd East Ang l ian p ot tery k nown t o h ave p roduced s tamped ware , a t Wat t isf ield , S u f fo lk , h as l ong b een k nown , b u t h as f a iled t o r ece ive r ecogn it ion f or i t s r elevance t o t he d eve lopmen t o f t hese wares.
The v essel f or ms
f rom Wa t t isf ield s uggest a l a ter d a te t han t hose f rom West S tow , b u t d ie l i nks h in t t ha t t he t wo i ndustr ies may h ave b een c onsecu t ive r a ther t han s ign if ican t ly s epara ted i n t ime.
The f abr ics d ifer marked ly .
Charac ter ist ica l ly , West S tow ware h as d ark g rey o r b lack s urfaces, a nd o f ten h as a d ark b rown f abr ic o r ' sandw ich '.
Ex ter ior s urfaces were i nvar-
i ably b urn ished , a nd u sua l ly t o av ery h igh d egree.
The i nd iv idua l b urn ish ing
l ines a re d if icu l t t o d e tect , wh ich i s i n c on trast b oth t o many Group 2 wares a nd t o v irtua l ly a l l k nown p roducts o f t he Hadham k i lns , where t he c lear v is ibi l ity o fb urn ish ing l ines i s o ne o ft he most c ons isten t f ea tures.
The p aste i s
f a irly f i ne a nd s herds a re u sua l ly smooth o r e ven s i lky t o t he t ouch , a t l east o n t he o u ts ide ; b u t u nder t he h and l ens f i ne , a ngu lar a nd r ounded g ra ins o f s and a re s o met i mes v is ible i n f ractures e dges. M ica i s v ery r are a s av isible i nclus ion. T he f i ne e x terna l f i n ishes o n most West S tow v essels c on trast w ith t he i n ter iors , wh ich u sua l ly r e ma in j ust a s t hey w ere t hrown.
I ti s l ikely t ha t a
t h in g rey s l ip , o f t he s ame c ompos it ion a s t he b ody c lay , w as f requen t ly a pp l ied t o t he e xter ior b efore b urn ish ing : t he d ipp ing l i ne c an s ome t i mes b e d etected j ust i ns ide t he l i p , b u t i n terna l ' runs ' h ave n o tb een n o ted .
2 48
Wa t t isf ield , o n t he o ther h and , p roduced a much h arder f i red f abr ic, i n af a irly f i ne , l i gh t g rey ware. T h is h as ah igh c on ten t o f s i lver m ica a nd d oes n ot h ave a ' sandw ich ' f abr ic o r at endency t o l am ina te.
At h in g rey s l ip c oa t-
i ng w as p robably a pp l ied , b u t t h is c annot b e e stabl ished w ith c er ta in ty ow ing t o t he e xcor ia ted c ond it ion o ft he s herds e xam ined.
The e x ter iors o f v essels
w ere b urn ished . S evera l o ther f abr ics may b e d ist ingu ished amongst t he East Ang l ian wares, a l though l ines o f d e marca t ion a re i mposs ible t o d ef ine w i th p rec ision . One g roup may b e s ing led o u t f or s pec ia l men t ion : t he s tamped p o t tery a nd r ela ted wares f ro m S co le , N orfo lk , t end t o e xh ib it a h arder a nd d enser f abr ic t han e ven Wa t t isf ield Ware. S o me p ieces a re s i lver-grey i n s ect ion , a l most l ike a s toneware ; a nd s i lver m ica p la te lets a re a bundan t i n most s herds. T hese f ea tures , p art icu lar ly t he h igh m ica c onten t , s ee m t o b e c haracter ist ic o f p o t tery f ound , a nd p robably made , i n t he Waveney v a l ley .
However , t he
s ame b lack s i lky f in ish may b e p resen t , a s w ith West S tow Ware. E qua l ly d iagnost ic o f Group 4 wares a re t he v essel f or ms a nd t he d ecorat i ve s che mes : b oth a re more v ar ied t han w e h ave s een i n p rev ious g roups. F irst ly , c op ies o f s am ian f or m 3 7 a re t he most c lear-cut ( e .g. n os. 7 7 , 9 5 a nd 10 7 ). S econd ly , t here a re c y l indr ica l v essels w ith s l igh t ly b u lg ing wa l ls , w h ich s tand o n f oo tr ings b u t n o t p edesta ls : t hese a re c lose e nough t o s am ian t ypes t o b e d es igna ted a s c op ies o f s ig il la ta f or m 3 0 ( e .g. n os. 6 7, 7 1 a nd 1 02 ). Th ird ly , t here a re b ow ls wh ich a re r em in iscen t o f s am ian f or m 2 9 ( e .g. n os. 6 6 a nd 7 0 );
a nd f our th ly t here a re v ar ious sma l l b eakers a nd c ups ( e .g. n os.
7 9 ,1(6 a nd 11-18 ). Occas iona l ly , s tamped d ecora t ion a lso o ccurs o n t he s hou lders o f j ars ( e .g. n o. 8 3 ). N ot a l l t he f orms l i sted w ere p roduced b y a ny o ne p ot tery :
West S tow Ware p roper s panned t he w idest r ange , wh ile
s ta mped Wa t t isf ield Ware i s l im ited s o le ly t o t he p edesta l b eaker f or m. D ecora t ive s che mes a nd mot ifs a re c o mp lex a nd a l though i ti s o n ly s tamped ware wh ich c an b e d iscussed h ere i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t here s ee m t o b e n o f undamen ta l d if ferences b e tween s tamped , i nc ised a nd r ou let ted wares. Any o ne, t wo , o r a l l t hree o ft hese methods o f d ecora t ion may o ccur o n a ny v essel :
t he f or ms w ere c ons isten t , w ith in t he g iven r ange , b u t d ecora t ive
s che mes w ere i nf in te ly v ar iable. I nc ised d ecora t ion c ou ld t ake t he f or m o f c o mpass-drawn s em i-c ircles, b ands o f c o mbed l i nes , s i mp le f reehand-drawn swags, i rregu lar g roups o f c o mbed wavy l ines , S t . Andrew 's c rosses a nd p endan t o r u pr igh t t r iang les ( examp les o f a l l a re i l lustra ted i n West , 1 952 , f i gs. 1 0-12 ). Rou let ted d ecora t ion c ou ld a lso a ppear i n s evera l f or ms , r ang ing f ro m a l l-over r ou let t ing , e xecuted w ith a m il led wheel , t o s ing le l i nes o f n otched o r s quared r ou let t ing made b y an arrow wheel w ith w ide ly s paced t eeth ( f or t he f ormer s ee West , 1 952, f i g. 1 1; f or t he l a tter s ee , f or e xamp le , o ur n o. 9 8 ). Most c om mon ly , b ands o f n otched r ou let t ing w ere emp loyed i n c on junct ion w ith o ther d ecora t ive mot ifs ( e .g. n os. 1 01, 1 06 a nd 17 ). S omet i mes n otched r ou let t ing was u sed t o a dd emphasis t o s ingle s cored l i nes ( e .g. n o. 17 ). S tamped d ecora t ion i s c onf ined t o t he u se o f r ings a nd r oset tes: t here i s n o k nown u se o fb lock s tamps i n t h is g roup , a l though i l l iterate p ot ters ' s tamps o fg enera l ly s im ilar f or m w ere emp loyed i nside v esse ls a t West S tow. 2 49
R ing s tamps w ere a l most e xclus ively o f t he d ouble a nd t r ip le-r ing t ypes, a lt hough a s ing le , f rag men tary e xamp le o f aq uadrup le r ing h as b een r ecorded f rom West S tow ( no. 9 1). R ing s tamps c ou ld b e u sed f or a l l-over d ecora t ion ( e .g. n o. 6 7 ) , s et i n r ows b etween g rooves o r o n c ordons ( e .g. 13 a nd 8 2, r espect ively ) , emp loyed a s ' space f i l lers ' amongst c o mbed p a t terns ( e .g. n o. 7 1), o r t hey c ou ld b e t er m ina l f ea tures i n c ompos ite mot ifs ( e .g. n os. 8 5 a nd 17 ).
I n t wo i nstances s herds h ave b een r ecorded e ach b ear ing t wo r ing s tamps
o f d if feren t t ypes ( nos. 1 03 a nd 1 04 ). Roset te s tamps w ere r arely emp loyed ( nos. 9 2-94 , 1 02, 1 05 a nd 1 06 ) a nd o n ly i n o ne i nstance i s t here a n a ssocia t ion w ith r ing s tamps ( no . 1 04 ). S tabbed d ecora t ion i s af ea ture o f West S tow Ware. I t was e v iden t ly e xec uted w ith mu l t ip le-toothed c o mbs a nd was most c om mon ly u sed a s af or m o f i n f il l ing i n sma l l t r iangu lar a nd p o inted mo t ifs ( e .g. n os. 7 4-76 , 8 1, 8 6 a nd 9 4 ). Rocker-too l d ecora t ion i s at echn ique o n ly s een w ith c er ta in ty i n t he Waveney v a l ley p ot tery ;
a l though n o t o n as tamped v essel , a n e xamp le i s g iven
t o i l lustra te t he t echn ique ( f ig. 1 8.133 ). The t oo l u sed must h ave t aken t he f or m o f as quare-ended b lade , c . 1 .0 cm w ide , i n w h ich t here w ere t wo n otches; t h is was d rawn d own t he s ide o f p ot , r ock ing i tf ro m s ide t o s ide. T he e ff ec t p roduced was t ha t o f ab roken z ig-zag l ine. Th is t echn ique m igh t h ave b een u sed o n s o me West S tow Ware , b ut i ti s n o t e as ily d ist ingu ishab le f ro m d amaged r ou let t ing. D i mp led d ecora t ion i s a modera tely c o mmon f eature o f West S tow Ware. The d i mp les o f ten o ccur i n t he f or m o f q ua trefo ils, s et b etween p anels o f r ou let t ing o ft r iangu lar mo t ifs , o n b ow ls a nd b eakers.
I n o ne i nstance , t he
c o mplex d es ign i ncluded r ing s tamps ( no. 7 4 ) , a l though o n ly t he v ery e dge o f o ne r ing s urv ives o n t he s herd i n q uest ion , p reclud ing i t s f u l l i den t if ica t ion . D i mp les a nd s tamps s ee m t o h ave b een u sed i n terchangeably a s e le men ts i n t he c ur ious t r ipod mo t ifs w h ich a re a c harac ter ist ic o f West S tow b eakers ( see n os. 7 5 a nd 7 6 ). Ac ons isten t f ea ture o ft he West S tow d i mp les i s t ha t t hey a re a l l s ha l low ly impressed a nd o f o va l f orm , i n c on tra-d ist inct ion t o t he more c om mon c ircu lar d i mp les k nown o n o ther f or ms o f Ro man p ot tery .
H ere , a t tent ion may b e d rawn
t o al i t t le b eaker f ro m Co lchester wh ich i s s im ilar b u t n o t i den t ica l t o West S tow Ware i nf or m , a nd wh ich i s i nd ist ingu ishable o n t he b as is o f f abr ic ( f ig. 1 8.132 ) :
t h is i s d ecora ted s o lely w ith c ircu lar d i mp les , f orm ing p endan t t r i-
a ngles a nd q ua trefo ils. Th is v esse l must b e f rom a n u n iden t if ied East Ang l ian s ource wh ich was c losely a l l ied t o West S tow . Ano ther v esse l , f i g. 1 8.131, i s i ncluded h ere f or c ompar ison ; i ti s f rom a n u nprovenanced s ource i n E ssex . I ti s -d ecora ted w ith t hree h or izon ta l l i nes o f c ircu lar d i mp les , wh ich r eca l l t he b and ing o f Wa t t isf ield b eakers ( f ig. 1 4, n os. 13-115 ); i ti s a lso i n as im ilar f abr ic a nd i s o f c omparable f orm. The Essex v essel i s e v iden t ly a c lose r e la t ion o f t he Wa t t isf ield b eaker t ype. Bossed d ecora t ion i s of ten a ssoc ia ted w ith d i mp led wares , e spec ia l ly i n Ro mano-Saxon p o t tery : f or f urther d iscuss ion s ee b e low . I n t he e ar ly Roman p ot tery i ndustr ies o f East Ang l ia i ta ppears t ha t p ressed-out b osses i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith c o mbed d ecora t ion w ere o ccas iona l ly u sed i n p lace o f , b u t n ot a longs ide , s tamps a nd d i mp les. Two e xamp les a re i l lustra ted : o ne f rom S co le , 2 50
i n t he Waveney v a l ley f abr ic ( f ig. 1 8.130 ) , t he o ther f ro m Co lchester , i n a f abr ic wh ich i s c losely s im i lar t o West S tow Ware ( f ig. 1 8.129 ). East Ang l ian wares o f G roup 4 a l l c learly b elong t o ac ommon c eram ic s ty le , b u t a re p roducts o f s evera l f actor ies; a t en tat ive c lass if ica t ion i s ofered b elow , l argely b ased o n ad ie s tudy o f t he s tamps u sed . GROUP 4A :
West S tow-North E ssex t ype ( F ig. 7 .10 )
Th is g roup c ou ld s i mp ly b e a ss igned t o West S tow w ere i tn o t f or t he f act t ha t d ie R 3.7 o ccurs n o t o n ly h ere b u t a lso o n t he e n ig ma t ic g roup o f N orth Essex wares, Group 3A.
V essel n os. 5 6 , 5 7 a nd 6 0 , f ro m Co lchester a nd
Bra in tree , b elong f i r mly i n G roup 3A a nd a re c erta in ly n ot West S tow Ware , b ut n os. 7 0 t o 7 5 a re most ly , i fn ot a l l , p roducts o f t ha t f ac tory . Another d ie l ink b etween E ssex a nd West S tow h as a lready b een men t ioned i n c onnect ion w ith t he a ppearance o f d ie R 3.13 o n as herd f ro m t he k i ln s i te a nd ab locks tamped v essel o fG roup 2 D ( f ig. 7 , n os. 4 9 a nd 5 1). At h ird p oss ible c onnect ion may b e f orthcom ing t hrough d ie R 3.9 , wh ich o ccurs a t t he West S tow k i lns;
i ti s o n a n u npara l leled c ream-ware b ow l f ro m
L ong Mel ford ( no. 6 6 ) wh ich a lso b ears a n i nc ised ' t ree ' mo t if s im ilar t o Group 2 B; a nd a s tamp w h ich i s p oss ibly , b u t n ot =equ ivoca l ly , f rom t he s ame d ie o ccurs o n t he r im o f a sma l l f langed b ow l f ro m Chel msford ( no. 6 5 ). The c ream b ow l i s more l ike ly t o b e ap roduct o f West S tow t han e lsewhere , s ince i tc losely ma tches t he f abr ic u sed t here f or f l agons. The Chelmsford b ow l i s b ad ly b urn t , b u t s ee ms more l ikely t o b e aHadha m-type f abr ic, r a ther t han a West S tow o ne; n o p ara l lel h as b een f ound f or t h is v essel e ither ( see a lso Group 5 , b elow ). GROUP 4 B:
West S tow Ware ( F ig. 7 .12 )
Th is g roup c o mr .r ises v esse ls b ear ing s tamps wh ich a re a t tested a t t he k i lns, a nd f or wh ich t h re i s n o o ver lap w ith a ny o ther p roduct ion c en tre. The d ies c oncerned a re : 1 , ` . 4 a nd R2.6 ( a l most c erta in ly b oth t he s ame , o ne p oss ibly r ecu t ) , R2.8 , R 2.12, R 4.4 ( one f rag men tary e xamp le o n ly ) a nd Ros. 3 . GROUP 4 C:
East Angl ian t ypes o fu ncerta in o r ig in ( F ig. 7 .13 )
S uperf icia l ly , t hese v essels wou ld a ppear t o b e West S tow Ware , b u t t he s tamps t hey b ear a re n o t a t tested a t t he k i lns. The f i rst s ub-group , a l l s tamped w ith R 3.1, c anno tb e d ist ingu ished f rom West S tow Ware , a nd n os. 9 5 a nd 9 8 i n p ar t icu lar b ear d ecora t ion wh ich , a s f ar a s w e ' mow , i s e xclus ive t o t hose k i lns.
The s econd s ub-group , w ith s tamp R2.5 , i ncludes o ne v essel
( no. 1 01) wh ich i s t yp ica l t o West S tow Ware i n f orm a nd d ecora t ion , b u t t he o thers a re n o t.
V essel n o. 1 02 c arr ies n ot o n ly c irc le-stamped b u t a lso r ou-
l et ted a nd r osette-stamped d ecora t ion ;
t h is i s t he o n ly r ecorded e xamp le o f
Ros. 4 . The p rof ile i s a lso o f i n terest , s ince i ti s e xcep t iona l ly d el ica te a nd w el l f or med : i ti s a n e xce l len t c opy o f s am ian f or m 3 0 o f p re-Flav ian d a te. F ina l ly , R 2.5 i s f ound o n av essel f ro m Godmanchester , i n c o mpany w ith R 3.8 a nd c o mbed d ecora t ion . Th is i n t urn l eads u s o n t o a nother c onnect ion , s ince t he s econd r ecorded o ccurrence o f R3.8 i s o n as herd f rom L incoln ( no. 1 04 ) , where i ti s f ound a longs ide R2.9 i n ah or izonta l ly b anded d ecora t ion . Th is i s r em in iscen t o f s o me Group 1 wares ( espec ia l ly f i g. 2 .4 ), b ut R2.9 p rov ides a d ie l ink t o b o th t he West S tow a nd Wa t t isf ield k i lns ( Group 4D ). 2 51
68 6 6
O D KA 09v / 0 109
7 0
•
7 3
A \
7 5 7 4 I
I II
F ig . 7 10 Group 4A s tamped wares:
West S tow—Nor th Essex t ype.
2 52
1
F ig .7 1 1 A .
D istr ibu t ion o f Groups 3A a nd 3 B wares.
B .
D istr ibu t ion o f Groups 4A a nd 4B wares.
>
1 1›
. 1 1
7 8
8 2
89
83
84
9 3
8 7 9 4
F ig . 7 12 Group 4B s ta mped wares : 2 54
West S tow t ype.
1
2
9 6
9 7
9 9
98
1 00
1 02 1 0 1
?
' k b 1 05
F ig .7 13 Groups 4 C a nd 4 E s ta mped wares: 2 55
East Angl ian t ypes.
1 ' 2 '
I n s u mmary , i t may b e s uggested t ha t G roup 4 C p roducts d er ive f ro m k i lns wh ich h ave y et t o b e d iscovered a t o r n ear West S tow . There a re p roba bly o ther =iden t if ied East Ang l ian a nd n e ighbour ing g roups o f s tamped wares; a nd i n p art icular t here may b e as ub-group awa it ing i den t if ica t ion i n t he N ene v a l ley , w here a n umber o f s tamped v esse ls h ave b een r epor ted ( e .g. f rom Rushden , N or than ts.). These i t e ms , w h ich a re n o t r ead ily a ccess ible, t o s tudy , h ave n o t b een c ons idered h ere , s ave a v esse l f ro m K e t ter ing , w h ich s erves a s a n e xamp le ( f ig. 1 4.118 ).
Th is c ar ina ted b ow l f or m i s n o t r epre-
s en ted amongst t he ma in East Ang l ian g roups , a l though i t may p erhaps b e c o mpared t o av essel i n Group 1 ( f ig. 2 .3 ). GROUP 4D :
West S tow- Wa t t isf ield ware ( F ig. 7 .14 )
Two d oub le-r ing s ta mps s erve t o l ink t he k i lns o f West S tow a nd Wa t t isf i eld. R 2.9 o ccurs o n ah and fu l o f s herds f rom t he f or mer k i lns a nd o ne s herd f rom t he l a t ter ( no. 1 09 ); i ti s a lso p resen t o n t he i n terest ing f rag men t f ro m L inco ln , men t ioned a bove. R 2.10 i s f ound o n d iagnost ic b ow ls ( e .g. n o. 10 ) a nd o nb eakers ( e .g. n o. 1 12 ) a t West S tow , a nd o n t he h igh ly d ist inct ive b eakers a t Wa t t isf ield ( e .g. n os. 13-115 ).
I ti s a lso f ound o n ac ur ious l i t t le
c up , b ear ing a n i nc ised ' t ree ' mo t if f ro m L ower Hacheston ( no. 11);
t h is
v essel i s p robab ly f ro m k i lns a t o r n ear West S tow . D ie R 2.11 i s f ound o n b oth Wa t t isf ield a nd West S tow wares , a t t he k i ln s i tes , a nd a lso o n ac o mp lete b eaker f ro m Colchester ( no. 1 17 ). Th is v essel b ears f ea tures wh ich may b e p ara l leled a tb oth k i ln s ites, b u t i t s f or m a nd f abr ic c annot b e a t tr ibu ted t o e ither w ith c er ta in ty . I n g enera l , Wa t t isf ield v essels a re s o d if feren t i n f or m , f abr ic a nd d ecora t ion f ro m West S tzv v p roducts , t ha t ad irect l ink w ou ld n o t r ead ily s ugg est i t se lf ; t h is l ink i s , , . L owever , n o t i n d oubt , s ince s evera l c orre la t ions f or e ach o f t hree d ist inct d ie . , h ave b een made. GROUP 4 E:
Waveney v al i c :y ware ( F ig. 7 .13)
I n d escr ib ing East Angl ian f abr ics , a t ten t ion h as a lready b een d rawn t o t he i nd iv idua l2 harac ter o f p o t tery f ro m t he S co le a rea , a nd t wo s tamped v esse ls , b ear ing t he o n ly r ecorded e xa mp les o f Ros. 6 a nd Ros. 7 , c lear ly b elong t o ac lass o n t he ir own ( nos. 1 05 a nd 1 06 ).
The ir f or ms a re n ot c losely
p ara l leled amongst o ther , n earby s tamped wares.
I n p ar t icu lar , t he marked
ompha los i nt he b ase o fn o. 1 06 i s ad ist inct ive f ea ture. D iscussion a nd Da t ing There i s ac ons iderable r ange i n t he d ecora t ion a nd f orms r epresen ted amongst t he East Angl ian wares, y et , a t t he s ame t ime , t here i s a n h omogene ity d iscern ible amongst c er ta in f i ner p o in ts o f d eta il , a nd i n p art icu lar amongst t he r ing s tamps.
I ti s c lear t ha t s evera l p ot ter ies w ere i n o pera t ion , e ither
s i mul taneously o r c onsecu t ively , o f wh ich w e h appen t o h ave k now ledge o f t wo . Cen tra l t o t h is s tudy a re t he West S tow k i lns , a nd t he o r ig ina l d a te s uggested f or t he ir f unct ion ing was c . A .D . 1 00-120 ( West , 1 952, 5 3 ).
However , i n t he
l i gh t o f r ecen t work , Mr. West k ind ly i n for ms me t ha t al onger d a te r ange f or t he i ndus try i s l ikely , a nd s uggests ab racke t o f C . A .D . 7 5-140 , w ith t he s tamp-decora ted wares b e ing p roduced o n ly i nt he e ar l ier p art o f t ha t p er iod.
2 56
1 09
1 08
12
h t tn tt e t t tn l i l l I r t t t) % t t 0 % t (M t l f l i f 1 \4\ 1 \ l t e l l
15
14
16
F ig .7 . 14 Group 4D s tamped wares : West S tow- Wa t t isf ie ld t ypes; a nd u ngrouped wares.
Th is a grees w ith t he o bserva t ion t ha t s evera l s herds o f West S tow Ware f rom s i tes i n E ssex h ave c ome f ro m l evels w h ich a re p erhaps l a te F lav ian , r a ther t han e ar ly s econd c en tury .
A t ten t ion s hou ld a lso b e d rawn h ere t o t he v ery
e ar ly-look ing p rof ile o fv essel n o. 1 02, w h ich , o n g enera l g rounds , o ne w ou ld n o t e xpec t t o p ost-date t he e arly F lav ian p er iod .
The u nusua l b ow l w ith a n
ompha los , f ro m S co le , i s l ikely t o b e o f f i rst-cen tury d a te a nd was f ound i n a F lav ian-Tra jan ic c on tex t ( no. 1 06 ). The f orm o f t h is b ow l , w ith i t s ompha los , i s v ery c losely p ara l leled amongst t he c on te mporary L ondon Ware wasters f ro m t he Bank o f Eng land s ite ( Marsh a nd T yers , 1 976 , f i g. 5 ). T he p edesta l b eakers f rom Wat t isf ield w ou ld s ee m t o b e t he l a test v essels i nt he East A ng l ian s tamped s er ies, b u t a t p resen t t here i s v ery l i t t le e v idence u pon wh ich t o e stabl ish a d a te : a n i nsp ired g uess w ou ld p lace t he m n ear t he m idd le o f t he s econd c en tury . GROUP 5 :
M isce l laneous r ing-sta mped wares ( F ig. 7 .16 )
I n a dd i t ion t o t he w el l d ef ined g roups , t here a re a sma l l n umber o f v ess els wh ich s tand o n t he ir own , a l though t hey a re c learly r ela ted t o t he g enera l c eram ic s equence u nder c ons idera t ion h ere.
T hey a re b est d escr ibed a nd d is-
c ussed i nd iv idual ly ; t here a re d oubt less many more ' cur iosit ies' i n museum c o l lect ions wh ich m igh t q ua l ify f or i nclus ion . F ig. 7 .16.123 :
Muck ing
S herd , p oss ibly f ro m t he s hou lder o f aj ar , i n f i ne , h ard , l i gh t g rey f abr ic c on ta in ing a l i tt le s and ;
med ium g rey s ur faces.
The s herd i s t oo
a braded t o c o m men t o n s urface f i n ish , o r e ven t o b e c er ta in o f i t s p os it ion o n t he v essel . I ti s d ecora ted w ith a s er ies o f r andomly impressed s ing le-r ing s tamps ( R1.1 ) am idst wha t a ppears t o b e aS t . Andrew 's c ross d e l ineated b y n o tched r ou let t ing. T he s ta mp , wh ich i s u npara l leled , h as a sma l l s ect ion c u t o u t o f t he r ing , s o t ha t i ta ppears h orseshoe s haped .
I th as b een d eep ly i m-
p ressed w ith t he r esu l t t ha t sma l l b osses h ave b een f or med o n t he i nter ior. I n f abr ic, t he Muck ing s herd i s c lose t o G roup 1 wares , wh ile t he g enera l s che me o f d ecora t ion i s b et ter p ara l leled i n G roup 4 . Th is v essel i s more l ikely t o o r ig ina te f ro m s outh E ssex , o r p erhaps t he L ondon a rea , t han f urther a f ield. I ti s u nda ted . F ig . 7 .16.122:
Wick ford
Sma l l p edesta lb ase , p resu mably f rom ab eaker , b u t o f u nknown f or m ; b r ick r ed f abr ic c on ta in ing t he o ccas iona l s peck o f r ed g rog a nd a f ew g ra ins o ff ine s and ; b urn ish ing.
b u f f-brown s urfaces , f a irly smoo th b u t w ithou t a ny s ign o f T he i n ter ior h as b een l ef t a s t hrown .
C en tra l ly u nder t he b ase
i s as ing le i mpress ion o f ad ouble-r ing s tamp ( R2.1 ), wh ich h as b een marred b y a sma l l p iece o f v egetable mat ter o n t he s urface o f t he c lay . Sma l lb eakers o ft he l a ter s econd c en tury of ten h ave p edesta l b ases o f t h is k ind , b u t l oca l p ara l lels f or t he f abr ic a nd t he u se o f ab asa l s tamp a re n o t f orthco m ing ( s ee f i g. 9 .64 ). The s herd i s u nda ted . F ig. 7 .10.65 :
Chel msford
Sma l l h em ispher ica lb ow l w ith ab if id , d roop ing f l ange a nd a n u pstand ing
2 58
D is tr ibu t ion o f Groups 4 C, 4D a nd 4 E wares.
2 59
b ead . There i s as l igh t r ecess i n t he t op f ace o ft he f lange , i n to wh ich a c ont inuous s er ies o ft r ip le-r ing s tamps ( R3.9 ; s ee a lso u nder Group 4A ) h as b een i mpressed .
T he s herd i s b urn t a nd s oo t-encrusted , b u t s ee ms t o b e o f t he
s ame f ine , b rown , m icaceous f abr ic wh ich i s t yp ica l o f v essels o f Group 2 . The s urfaces w ere f or mer ly r edd ish-brown a nd b urn ished , b u t a re n ow l argely d ark b rown . The s ta mp h as a s l igh t ly wobbly o u t l ine s im ilar t o t ha t h as b een r ecorded o n s o me Group 2 wares, s o t hat i ti s n o t u nequ ivoca l ly R 3.9. Th is b ow l i s p erhaps o ft he s ame o r ig in a nd d a te a s t he Group 2 p o ttery d iscussed a bove. I n g enera l , f langed b ow ls o f t he b as ic t ype t o wh ich t h is b el ongs a re d a table t o t he F lav ian a nd T ra jan ic p er iods. F ig. 7 .16.121:
Co lchester
As herd o f ab ow l o f r ounded p rof ile w ith a s harp ly d ef ined s hou lder.
The
f abr ic c on ta ins a l i tt le f ine s and , i s h ard f i red a nd o range-red i n c o lour. The s urfaces a re o f p a le c ream c o lour a nd s ee m f or mer ly t o h ave b een b urn ished , a pparen t ly o ver a s l ip c oa t ing.
A bove t he s hou lder i s as ing le r ow o f t r ip le-
r ing s ta mps ( R3.11 ), t he sma l lest o f t he ir t ype s o f ar r ecorded . The f or m a nd d a t ing o ft h is v essel a re b o th u ncerta in , b u t i ti s e v iden t ly r ela ted t o t he b ow l d escr ibed b elow ( no. 1 20 ).
I t may b e g enera l ly r elevan t
t o o bserve t ha t r ed wares o f e labora te f or m , w ith c ream s l ipped a nd b urn ished s urfaces w ere b eing p roduced a t L i t t le Thurrock , E ssex , i n t he l a te s econd c en tury :
s ee Br itann ia i ( 1971 ), 2 72 ;
b u t c loser p ara l lels may b e t he mor tar ia
d escr ibed b elow ( f igs. 1 7.2 a nd 1 25 ). F ig. 7 .16.120 :
Co lchester
S herds o f ab ow l c losely im i ta t ing s ig i l lata f or m 3 7; f i red a nd b r ick r ed ;
t he f abr ic i s h ard
t he s ur faces a re b r igh t o range a nd v ery h igh ly b urn ished .
The b ody i s d ecora ted w ith a n ' ovo lo ' o f c o mpass i ncised s em i-c irc les, u s ing at hree-po in ted i nstrumen t ; b elow a re g roups o f i mpressed c hevrons i n t reel ike f or ma t ion , i n terspersed w ith c o mbed z ig-zag p a tterns a nd i mpressed t r ip ler ing s ta mps ( R3.11 ). T he s tamp , a s w el l a s t he f abr ic , s erves t o l i nk t h is v essel w ith t he l ast .
Th is i s ap uzzl ing p o in t , s ince a l l i t s d ecora t ive f ea tures
may e as ily b e p ara l leled o n L ondon-type a nd West S tow wares, y et t he f i n ish i s f ar s uper ior t o a ny th ing i n t hose g roups. I n p ubl ish ing t h is v essel , Hu l l ( 1958 , 1 30 ; f i g. 5 8.17 ) c om mented h ow t h is was ' i nd ist ingu ishable f rom s ome l a te s ig il la ta ';
t h is s hou ld b e emphas ised , s ince a n u ndecora ted s herd w ou ld
c er ta in ly h ave b een c lass if iab le a s A rgonne ware.
Y et i ti s d if icu l t t o s ee
h ow t h is c ou ld b e a n import , g iven t he d ecora t ion . Tw o p oss ib i l i t ies p resen t t he mselves : e i ther t h is i s ap iece o f Co lchester s am ian , o r , more l i kely , i t i s aHadham p roduct .
I n e i ther c ase , i t must b e r egarded a s a n e xcep t iona l ly
f ine p iece. T he b ow l was f ound i nt he Mithraeum ' d ra in i n Ho l ly trees Meadow , a nd was a ss igned a d a te i n t he t h ird o r f ourth c en tury b y Hu l l .
A lthough t he d epos it
i n wh ich i t was f ound may h ave b een o f t he f our th c en tury , t h is a nd v ar ious o ther v essels a re man ifest ly much e ar l ier i n d a te ( e .g . Hu l l , 1 958 , f i g. 5 8, n os. 1 7-19 ;
o nt he d a te o f t he m ithraeu m d ra in d eposi t s ee n ow Harden a nd
Green , 1 978 ).
On t he e v idence o f f or m a n An ton ine d a te s ee ms most l ikely .
Th is v essel i s p robably a lso r e la ted t o t he n ex t.
2 60
1 19
S ca le x2
19
1 22
1 20 ' ¼_____ _ _.L 1 2 1
1 23
F ig . 7 16 Group 5 :
m iscel laneous r ing-stamped wares.
1 2 -
F ig. 7 .16.119 :
Co lchester
S herds o f av ery l arge h em ispher ica l b ow l i m ita t ing s ig il la ta f or m 3 7 : t he f abr ic i s af ine r edd ish-brown ware , h ard f i red , a nd w ith a g rey c ore; t he s urfaces a re o range-red a nd t he e x ter ior i s w el l b urn ished. The q ua l i ty o f t he f in ish i s g ood , b u t i s n o t a s e xce l len t a s i n n o. 1 20. The d ecora ted z one c o mpr ises t hree e le men ts : f i rst , ad oub le-bordered o vo lo w ith c en tra l t ongue; s econd ly , ar ow o f sma l l meda l l ions c on ta in ing s ty l ised f l ora l mo t ifs a nd swast ikas, i n a l terna t ion ( f ig. 1 9. M1 a nd M2 ); a nd t h ird ly , ar ow o f e xcept iona l ly l arge q uadrup le-r ing s ta mps ( R4.1 ). There i s a lso a s ing le e xamp le o f t h is s tamp i n t he c en tra l r ow o ft he d ecora t ion . The s tamps a re a l l v ery c r isp a nd t he meda l l ions a nd r ings a re t ru ly c ircu lar. The f abr ic o ft h is b ow l i s n o t d iss im ilar t o t ha t o f t he Group 2 s tamped wares , a l though i ti s h arder f i red t han most . The q uadrup le-r ing s tamp l i nks t he d ecora t ion t o L ondon-Essex t ype wares, o n t he o ne h and , w h i le t he s tamped ( not i nc ised ) o vo lo l i nks t he v essel t o t he n on- mou lded Br i t ish s am ian i m ita t ions , o n t he o ther. Ovo los o f t h is n a ture , t ogether w ith v ar ious o ther f orms o f s tamp , a re k nown o n av ar ie ty o f c o lour-coa ted wares wh ich w ere made f rom t he l a te s econd c en tury o nwards :
e .g. a s er ies f ro m N or thamp ton-
s h ire h as b een p ubl ished b y Woods ( 1972, 3 9-46 ). The f or m a nd p ropor t ions o f t he Co lchester v essel a re d ist inct ive o f l a te s econd a nd e ar ly t h ird-cen tury s ig i l la ta , ad a te w h ich i s c on f ir med b y t he i n tere st ing c o l lect ion o f a ssoc ia ted f inds ( Hu l l , 1 958 , 2 47 ). O nce a ga in , a n o r ig in i n t he Co lchester o r Hadham a rea i s as trong p oss ib i l ity . I ndeed t he l a t ter i s g rea t ly s treng thened b y t he f ind ing o f ac lose ly s im i lar s tamped s herd o n o ne o ft he k i ln s i tes a t Bro m ley Ha l l Farm , Much Hadham . The t wo v esse ls a re c er ta in ly f ro m t he h and o f t he s ame p ot ter ( i n f . B . Barr ).
A l though o f s upe-
r ior q ua l i ty , t hey h ave a t l east s o me g enera l af in i t ies t o t he t wo s tamped s herds f ro m k i ln 2 5 a t C o lchester ( Hu l l , 1 963, f i g. 8 9 , n os. 1 -2 ), wh ich i n t urn must b e c ons idered a longside t he wares o ft he Co lchester s am ian p ot ters, p ar t icu lar ly P ot ter A ( c f . Hu l l , 1 963, f i g. 2 5 , n os. 1 -9 ). T hese c onnect ions t ake u s t o t he e nd o f t he s econd c en tury , a nd b eyond , a nd c anno t b e e xpounded h ere. GROUP 6 :
M isce l laneous b lock-stamped wares ( f ig. 7 .17 )
The u se o f d ist inct ive b lock s tamps was v ery l argely c on f ined t o wares o f Groups 1 , 2a nd 3 , a nd t he ir o ccurrence e lsewhere i s e x tre mely r are. T here a re h owever a f ew e xcep t ions wh ich a re w or thy o f n ote;
i n p art icu lar , t he
b lock s tamp was s o met i mes u sed a s as ubst itu te f or a n amestamp o n mortar ia . B lock s tamps, o therw ise k nown a s t rade mark s tamps , w ere n ever a s c ommon a s h err ingbone s tamps o n mor tar ia , a nd t he ir f indspo ts a re l arge ly c oncen trat ed i n s ou th-east Eng land .
S ince a d eta iled s tudy h as a lready b een u nder taken
b y Mrs. K . F . Har t ley , i ti s u nnecessary t o c ons ider t he ma t ter a t l eng th h ere. The ma in p o in t t o r ecord i s t he v ery c lose s ty l ist ic c onnect ion , n o t a pp aren t ly h i ther to n o t iced , b etween b lock s tamps o n L ondontype ware a nd t rademark s tamps o n mor tar ia . T here a re n o d irec t d ie l i nk s, a nd t he s tamps o n mortar ia a re a lways s o mewha t l arger t han t he ir c oun terpar ts o n b ow ls a nd b eakers. T hree e xamp les o f mor tar ium s tamps w i l l s uf f ice t o i l lustra te t he c onnect ion. 2 62
ei *
N i t 0 . e ve
4 r ' • `e S te e,
• a ) c d
c L c d c r )
r • - 2 c . ) 0 ` A 0 ( 1 ) c d c t i C . ) C l )
C S ! ) 0
0 1 0 8 « m oo l.
c \ I
F ig. 7 .17.125 :
Che l msford
Wa l l a nd p ar t o f t he s pou t o f a sma l l mortar ium i n a med ium g rey f abr ic c on ta in ing sma l l m ica p la telets a nd r ounded s and g ra ins; t he s urfaces w ere f i red r edd ish-brown a nd s l ip-coa ted.
The who le v essel h as b een b ad ly a f fected
b y s econdary b urn ing , b u t i ti s l ikely t ha t t he s l ip , w h ich i s n ow p a le g rey , was f or mer ly c ream.
T he t r itura t ion g r its, n ow l argely m issing , w ere o f
r ounded q uar tz. A s ing le b lock s tamp s urv ives o n t he r im ( B1); t h is i s b as ica l ly o f t hree-do t-and-la t t ice p a ttern , b u t i ti s i rregu lar ly l a id o u t a nd c onf used b y t he a dd it ion o f many s hort , c urved a nd s tra igh t l i nes.
I th as t he
a dd it iona l f ea ture o f ac lose-set g roup o f t hree d o ts a t o ne e nd. The mor tar ium was f ound w ith a g roup o fb urn t ma ter ia l o f e ar ly s econd-cen tury d a te. Mrs. Hart ley , who h as k ind ly e xam ined t he s tamp , s uggests a d a te o f c . A .D . 1 30-160. There i s a n i den t ica l d ie f rom S tandon , H er ts, o n a mor tari um p roba b ly o f Hadr ian ic d a te. S tandon , i ts hou ld b e n o ted , i s a d jacen t t o Much Hadham ; t here i s n o n eed t o r ehearse t he p rev ious d iscuss ions o n f abr ics, b u t merely t o n ote t ha t t hese mortar ia a re l ikely t o b e p roducts o f t he Hadham f actory. F ig. 7 .17.124 :
Har low.
T he g rea ter p ar t o f a mor tar iu m i n af abr ic w h ich i s c losely s im ilar t o t he Chel msford v essel . H owever , i ti s n o t b urn t a nd t he g rey ' sandw ich ' b etween o range-brown s urfaces, w ith a c ream s l ip o ver , c an c lear ly b e s een. The v essel was s tamped o n b o th s ides o ft he s pou t w ith ab lock s tamp ( B13 ), a nd o nt he u nbroken s ide i tc an b e s een t ha t t he ' s tamp ' c ompr ises t hree o verl app ing i mpress ions made b y as ing le d ie. Th is t echn ique i s o f c ourse f a mi l iar o n L ondon-type wares. The d ie i s g enera l ly s im ilar t o t ha t u sed o n t he p rev ious v essel , h av ing a c on fused t hree-do t-and-la t t ice p a t tern , w ith a c luster o ft hree a dd i t ional d ots a t o ne e nd.
The f orm s uggests a T ra jan ic-
Hadr ian ic d a te. The Har low mor tar ium i s p ar t o f al arge c o l lect ion o f p ot tery a nd g lass f ro m a p i t wh ich h as a s ea l ing d a te o f c . A .D . 1 60 ( Rodwel l i n M il lar , f orthc om ing ). A l though t h is p rov ides a t er m inus a n te q ue m , t here i s n o n eed f or t he mor tar iu m t o b e o ft h is d a te. I n v iew o f i t s worn t r itura t ion g r its a nd t he g rea t q uan t i ty o f T ra jan ic-Hadr ian ic ma ter ia l i n t he p it , a n e ar l ier s econdc en tury d a te i s f eas ible. Another mor tar iu m , p robably a lso o f e ar ly s econd-cen tury d a te h as k ind ly b een d rawn t o my a t ten t ion b y Mrs. Hart ley :
i ti s f rom B ishops S tort-
f ord ( j ust n or theast o f Hadham ) a nd b ears a t rade mark s tamp wh ich i s s o s im ilar t o t ha t o n t he Chelmsford a nd S tandon v essels t ha t i t must c erta in ly b e f ro m t he s ame f actory ( see f i g. 2 0 , B 22, f or t he s tamp o n ly ). I n s u m mary , i ti s r easonable t o p ropose t ha t , i n v iew o f t he s im i lar it ies i n d a t ing , d istr ibu t ion , f abr ic a nd d ies , c erta in mortar ia b ear ing t rade mark s tamps a re p roducts o f t he s ame f actory ( or f ac tor ies ) a s o ur G roup 2 L ondonE ssex s tamped wares. I tf i na l ly r e ma ins t o men t ion o ne more e xamp le o f ab lock s tamp wh ich o ccurs i nu npara l leled c ircumstances.
2 64
F ig . 7 .17.126 :
Co lchester
A l arge, n arrow-necked j ar i n p ert _ c t c ond i t ion , d er ived f ro m a g rave g roup.
I t i s i n af ine , med iu m g rey ware , s l igh t ly s andy a nd h ard f i red. T he
v esse l h as b een d ipped i n as l ip o f t he s ame c o lour a s t he b ody , a nd t hen b urn ished a l l o ver , i nclud ing t he b ase.
A round t he s hou lder a re 1 4 i mpres-
s ions f ro m a l arge b lock s tamp ( B12 ), a nd b elow e ach o f t hese i s al i gh t , v ert i ca l s cor ing made w ith a n e igh t-too thed c o mb.
The b lock s ta mp i s r ough ly
c ircu lar , a s i tn ow a ppears, b u t c loser i nspect ion r evea ls t ha t i ti s a ctua l ly p ar t o f al arger s tamp ( presu mably r ectangu lar ? ) wh ich was t r i m med d own f or s econdary u se.
Once a ga in t he p a t tern i s e v iden t ly o f d o t-andla t t ice t ype,
c on fused w i th a dd i t iona l l ines.
Th is d ie h as a l arger d ot t han a ny o ther , a nd
t herefore c anno t b e ma tched a t p resen t.
The g rave g roup h as b een d a ted t o
c . A .D . 1 00 ; t he j ar i s r ea l ly a n o u ts ized b u t t b eaker i n f or m. I th as a lready b een s uggested t ha t t he r egu lar l a t t iced b lock s tamps migh t h ave g iven way t o t he e qua l ly r egu lar , a nd n o t e n t irely d iss im i lar , r o ll er s ta mps;
a nd i n t h is c onnect ion a s herd wh ich m igh t b e s een a s ah ybr id
b etween t he t wo t rad i t ions i s w or thy o f men t ion. F ig. 7 .17.127a :
Wick ford
A sma l l s herd , a pparen t ly f ro m t he r idge b etween ' f o lds ' o n af o lded b eaker o r s im i lar d istorted v essel . w ith a n o range e x ter ior.
F ine , med iu m g rey , s l igh t ly s andy f abr ic
There i s n o s ign o fb urn ish ing.
Parts o f t hree
h or izon ta l b ands o f r egu lar l a t t ice i mpress ions a re p reserved.
These a re
d eep ly a nd c r isp ly impressed , b u t i ti s n o t c lear whether t hey a re t he p roducts o f ab lock s ta mp o r ar o l ler.
I ft he l at ter , i t was u nusua l ly d eep ly c u t.
On t he
b as is o ff abr ic a d a te i n t he l a ter s econd o r t h ird c en tury i s s uggested. F ina l ly , u nder misce l laneous b locked-sta mped wares, a t ten t ion may b e d rawn t o as herd f ro m W iggonho lt , i nS ussex .
Th is i s p ar t o f a sma l l b eaker
o r b ow l o f g enera l ly s im ilar f or m t o L ondon-type wares, a nd h as b een d esc r ibed a s ' o f s of t r ed s andy ware w ith r o l ler-sta mped d ecora t ion b etween g rooves ' ( Evans, 1 974, f i g. 1 5.143 ).
The o vera l l a ppearance o f t he d ecora-
t ion i s r em in iscen t o f o ur Group 3A wares , a l though t he s ta mp u sed t o p roduce t ha t e f fec t i s s o mewha t d iferen t i n d eta il ( f ig. 1 7.127; t he s tamp ).
a nd f i g. 2 0 , B23 f or
Th is i s c lear ly ab lock s ta mp u sed i n t he ' London Ware ' t echn ique ,
a nd n o t ar o l ler s tamp .
The W iggonho l t s herd h in ts a t a no ther b ranch o f t he
s ta mped-ware i ndustry wh ich p resu mably awa its e lucida t ion i n S ussex. OR IG INS AND DEVELOP MENT OF S TAMPED WARES Co mp lex s tamped a nd r ou let ted p a tterns a ppear i n t he e ar ly p art o f t he I ron Age o n p ot tery f ound i n t he u pper T hames r eg ion ;
a nd t hereaf ter t here
was p robably a more o r l ess c on t inuous , a lthough r eg iona l ly b ased , d evelopment o f s ta mped wares d own t o t he t ime o f t he Ro man c onquest a nd b eyond . Th is was n o t as i mp le l inear p rogress ion , a nd a n impor tan t s tudy b y Mrs. S . M. E lsdon ( 1975 ) h as h igh l igh ted t he c haracter ist ics a nd d istr ibu t ions o f t he p r inc ipa l r eg iona l g roup ings.
I t i s n ot o ur c oncern t o e labora te h ere
u pon t ha t s tudy , b u t merely t o e nqu ire whether p re-Ro man s ta mped wares a re a ncestra l t o t hose d escr ibed i n t he f orego ing s ect ions.
There a re t hree p r in-
c ipa l e le ments t o t he p roble m wh ich r equ ire c onsidera t ion : d istr ibu t ion a nd d a t ing. 2 65
s ty l is t ic a f f in it ies ,
S ty l ist ic A f f in i t ies The a ncestry o f t he b lock s tamp , wh ich i s p ecu l iar t o o ur Groups 1 , 2 , 3a nd 6 , l i es i nt he i l l itera te p ot ters ' s tamps o f Ga l lo-Belg ic wares : s o me o f o ur e ar l iest a nd sma l lest s tamps ( e .g. B 4 ) a re v ery c lose i n s ize a nd f orm t o p ot ters ' s tamps o f t he f i rst c entury A .D . The c oncep t o f u sing s uch a s tamp f or e x terna l d ecora t ion a ppears t o h ave b een a n i nnova t ion o f t he makers o f t he e ar ly L ondon-H ighga te Ware. F or a l l t he o ther ma jor d ecora t ive e le men ts i n e ar ly Ro man s tamped wares t here a re s tr ik ing p ara l lels amongst I ron A ge c eram ics.
Most c o m mon a re t he r ing s tamps , a nd i n t he l ower T hames r eg ion
t hese a re ' l arge , e labora te a nd n umerous ' ( Elsdon , 1 975, 1 8 ); t hey c o me i n s ing le ( rare ), d ouble a nd t r ip le f or m. I n t he L inco lnsh ire r eg ion t here a re a lso q uadrup le-r ing s tamps. may d i f fer :
There a re n umerous ways i n wh ich r ing s tamps
n umber o f r ings , d iameter , r egu lar a nd i rregu lar s pac ings , t he
p resence o r a bsence o f ac entra l ' p ip ' , t he e ncase men t o f ac en tra l d i mp le , e tc. I ron A ge wares d isp lay a much w ider r ange o f t he p oss ib il it ies t han Ro man ; b u t i ti s n evertheless t rue t ha t n one o f t he Roman-per iod r ing s tamps i l lustra ted h ere i s w ithou t av ery c lose p ara l lel i n t he I ron A ge r eper to ire. A s Mrs. E lsdon h as o bserved , t he I ron Age s tamps w ere v ery c arefu l ly made a nd impressed. T he mak ing o f as ing le-r ing s tamp c an e asily b e a ch ieved w ith a m in i mu m o f s k il l a nd e qu ip men t , b u t t o p roduce t r ip le a nd q uadrup le s tamps wh ich a re t ru ly c ircu lar c annot b e d one w i thou t al a the. The b est o f t he I ron Age a nd Ro man s tamps e xh ib i t c lear e v idence o f h av ing b een t urned o n al a the , a t s peed ( e .g. o ur R 3.3 a nd R 4.1: c o mpare w ith E lsdon , 1 975 , p l . I l b c en tre, a nd I Vb l ef t ). S o me I ron A ge s tamps, a nd a g rea ter n umber o f Roman o nes, h ave s l igh t ly w obbly o u t l ines , a l though t hey a re s t i l l b as ica l ly c ircu lar. C lose e xam ina t ion a nd p ract ica l e xper i ments s how t ha t t h is p heno menon i s n o t t he r esu l t o f t ry ing t o c u t c ircu lar g rooves b y h and , e ven a f ter s e tt ing o u t w ith c o mpasses , b u t i s t he r esu l t o f q uas ila the t urn ing.
Tha t i s t o s ay , t he d ie
t o b e c u t i s h eld i n s o me s ort o f c huck o r o n a mandrel wh ich i s t hen r otated s low ly , w h ilst t he c u t t ing t oo l i s h eld , p erhaps s l igh t ly u nstead ily , a ga inst t he o b ject t o b e t urned . I ti s r elevan t h ere t o c o m ment o n t he ma ter ia l u sed f or d ies :
i t was
c er ta in ly a v ery d ense s ubstance , a nd w ood , s tone , p o t tery a nd s pongy b one c an b e r u led o u t. Meta l w ou ld o bv iously h ave b een b est , b u t t h is w ou ld h ard ly h ave b een f eas ible f or t he q uas i-turned d ies; a n t ler i s p erhaps t he most l ikely c o mpro m ise , a nd t h is was t he ma ter ia l emp loyed a t West S tow f or mak ing Ang lo-Saxon p o t tery s tamps ( West , 1 969 , 1). A l though v ery s harp e dged g rooves c an b e t urned o n c lose-gra ined wood , t h is i s n o t as u itable ma ter ia l f or mak ing d ies wh ich a re t o b e p ressed many t imes o ver i n to d amp c lay . Where wooden d ies w ere u sed , o n al arger s ca le , a nd where c ruder r esu l ts w ere a ccep table ( e .g. i n t i le mak ing ), e v idence f or g ra in p a t terns a nd d ry ing c racks i s n or ma l ly d iscern ible. The s i mp le r oset te s tamps wh ich o ccur i n East Ang l ia o n Roman wares , b u t n o t o n Thames-s ide , a re a lso f ound i nt he L inco lnsh ire a nd E ssex I ron Age r eper to ires.
F ur ther more, i ti s n ot iceable h ow c lose ly s im ilar t he p a t-
t erns f or med b y i nc ised l i nes a nd n o tched r ou lett ing o n L inco lnsh ire p o t tery ( Elsdon , 1 975, f i g. 8 ) a re t o s o me d es igns o n West S tow Ware.
2 66
Aga in , n e ither
1 1R 1Wvni i,t i mun i e n 9
A
0 1 11 1, 1, ,u VV I VI I 1 , 1 1 1 1', 1 Y 1' ,11
•
2 67
c \ J c r )
Examp les o f n on-stamped d ecora t ion r e la ted t o s tamped-ware
2 11v
t he I ron Age n or Ro man wares f ro m t he L ower T ha mes r eg ion s hows a ny p red ilect ion f or t h is f or m o f d ecora t ion , a l though i ti s o ccas iona l ly t o b e f ound . The o n ly o ther d om inan t e le ment amongst t he L inco lnsh ire s ta mped d ec ora t ion i s t he u se o f t he sma l l d i mp le , e i ther s ingly o r , more o f ten , i n t r ia ngu lar g roups ( c f . E lsdon , 1 975 , f ig. 1 7 ).
Th is e le men t i s n ot o f ten f ound
amongst t he e ar ly Ro man s ta mped wares o f Thames-side , b u t i s o f c ourse a f ea ture o f East Ang l ian p roduc ts o f Group 4 , a s a lready d iscussed.
One o f
t he v ery f ew p ieces o f e arly Ro man s tamped a nd d i mp led ware f ro m t he s outhern p ar t o f t he r eg ion h as b een f ound a t H ighga te, a nd a t p resen t s ee ms t o b e u np ara l leled. F ig. 7 .18.134:
H ighga te Woods
Th is i s a most i nterest ing s herd , f ro m a w ide mou thed j ar o r b ow l o f u ncer ta in f or m. I ti s i n af a ir ly f ine , med iu m g rey f abr ic , s im i lar t o H ighga te f abr ic C .
The s herd e xh ib its n o e v idence o fb e ing a waster , s o t ha t i t may
o r may n ot b e ap roduct o f t he k i lns t here.
T he o n ly s urv iv ing d ecora t ion
c o mpr ises a sma l l d i mp le, s et i nside a s ing le-r ing s tamp , wh ich i n t urn i s s urr ounded b y ac ircle o f n o tched r ou le t t ing.
There i s n o d oubt t ha t t h is s herd i s
Ro man , r a ther t han I ron Age , a nd t he r im f or m w ou ld s uggest t ha t i ti s n o l a ter t han t he F lav ian p er iod.
T he d i mp le , s ing le r ing a nd r ou let ted c ircle
a re a l l t o b e f ound o n t he L a T bne p o t tery o f L inco lnsh ire ( Elsdon , 1 975, f i g. 6 ). Enough h as b een s a id t o i l lustrate t he c lose s ty l ist ic a f in it ies b e tween I ron Age a nd e ar ly Ro man s ta mped d ecora t ion i n e astern Eng land , a nd i n p art icu lar b e tween t he L a T ene wares o f L inco lnsh ire a nd o ur Group 4 wares i n East Ang l ia . o f d ecora t ion :
Aga inst t hese may b e c on trasted t he d if ferences i n t he s che mes i n t he L a Tene p er iod t he emphas is was o n f l ow ing c urv il inear
d es igns, wh ile i n t he Ro man p er iod p anel led a nd h or izon ta l ly c o mpart men ted a rrange men ts d om ina ted.
N onetheless, t he l a t ter t ype was p resen t i n t he I ron
Age ( c f . E lsdon , 1 975 , f i g. 1 6.18 ).
The d if ferences i n t he s che mes o f d ecora-
t ion a re r ela ted t o t he d if ferences i n f or m b etween t he I ron Age a nd Ro man v essels :
t he r ound b od ied L a T ene b ow ls l en t t he mselves t o c urv il inear d eco-
r a t ion i n a way t ha t l a ter v essels d id n o t. D istr ibu t ion Mrs. E lsdon h as d ef ined f ive r eg ions i n w h ich L a I l ene s ta mped a nd r ou let ted wares c luster ;
o f r elevance h ere a re h er L ower Thames , East
Ang l ian a nd L inco lnsh ire g roups ( Elsdon , 1 975 ).
By c o mpar ing h er f i g. 1 w ith
o ur f i g. 7 .1, t he c orrespondence b e tween t he p r inc ipa l g roups o f L a T ene a nd e ar ly Ro man s tamped wares may b e s een a t ag lance. Da t ing H ere c o mpar ison i s f raught w ith d if f icu lt ies.
I ti s c lear t ha t most o f
o ur s ta mped wares b e long t o t he F lav ian a nd T ra jan ic p er iods , a nd i ti s p oss ib le , b u t b y n o means c er ta in , t ha t Group 1 p roducts m igh t s tretch b ack i n to t he p re-Flav ian p er iod.
When i t was f or mer ly t hough t t ha t t he b u lk o f t he
s ta mped L a ' I l ene p o ttery d a ted t o t he v ery e nd o f t he I ron Age , c on t inu ity o f manu fac ture wou ld h ave b een a p laus ib le p ropos i t ion.
However , Mrs. E lsdon
( 1975 , 1 7 a nd 3 6 ) h as r ight ly emphas ised t he c on f l icts i n t he e v idence , a nd t here s ee ms t o b e n o s ound b as is f or p ropos ing a d a te i n t he f irst c en tury A .D.
2 68
f or much o f t he L a T ene ma ter ia l .
I ndeed , i ti s c lear f rom t he e v idence o f
f or ms , f abr ics a nd s tra t igraph ica l a ssoc ia t ions t ha t t h is p ot tery a n t -da tes t he Ay lesford-Swar l ing p hase, a t l east i n Essex a nd L inco lnsh ire.
Moreover,
t here i s n o c onv inc ing e v idence f or t he s urv iva l o f L a T ene c urv il inear a nd s tamped d ecora t ion a longs ide t he Ay lesford-Swarl ing t rad it ion , e xcep t i n L incolnsh ire. I n t he l i gh t o f t he f orego ing i t must b e c oncluded t ha t t here was n o d irect c on t inu ity b etween I ron Age a nd Ro man s tamped a nd r ou let ted wares i n t he ' Be lg ic ' a reas o f Br ita in ( Rodwel l , 1 976 , f i g. 1 0 ); i n f act t here must h ave b een a l apse o f a t l east a c entury .
How , t hen , a re w e t o r econc ile t he e v idence
a sse mbled a bove f or t he c lose s ty l ist ic a f f in it ies o f t he t wo g roups o f i ndustr ies w ith t he a pparen t c hrono log ica l g ap?
I t w ou ld b e s tretch ing t he l ong a rm o f
c o inc idence t o a n i ncred ible e x ten t t o i n fer t ha t aF lav ian p ot ter r e inven ted L a T ene d ecora t ion s o f ortu itously , o r t ha t t he s ty le was e xported o ut o f Br ita in a nd r e i mpor ted a f ter t he c onquest.
S urely t he o n ly way o u t o f t he d i le m ma i s
t o p ropose t ha t L a T ene s ta mped a nd r ou letted d ecora t ion d id n o t d ie o u t i n e astern Br i ta in , b u t c ont inued , a nd e vo lved a long w ith t he c urren t c eram ic t rends, i n t he n on-Belg ic o r marg ina l ly Belg ic ised a reas. c loser c ons idera t ion :
East Ang l ia a nd L inco lnsh ire.
Two a reas d eserve
Mrs. E lsdon h as a lready
c o m men ted o n t he p auc ity o f ma ter ia l a va ilable f or s tudy i n East Ang l ia , a nd t he d istr ibu t ion o f o ur Group 4 wares merely r e inforces t he p o in t :
t here i s i n
g enera l ad espera te s hor tage o f l a ter I ron Age a nd e arly Ro man ma ter ia l f ro m most p arts o f East Ang l ia , a nd e spec ia l ly f ro m a round t he F ens.
N otw ithstand-
i ng t h is h and icap , s uch ma ter ia l a s d oes e x ist i n museu m c o l lect ions g ives n o h in t o f al ikely a ncestry f or G roup 4 wares i n N orfo lk a nd S u f fo lk . Turn ing t o L inco lnsh ire, h owever , w e f i nd t ha t s ta mped a nd r ou let ted d ecora t ion o ccurs o n s o me o f t he l a test I ron Age wares, wh ich a re c on tempora ry w ith t he u nstamped Ay lesford-Swarl ing ma ter ia l o f t he S ou th East , a s w el l a s o n e ar l ier L a T ene v essels ( May , 1 970 ;
E isdon , 1 975 ).
Mr. J ef frey May
h as a lso k ind ly i n for med me t ha t e ar ly Ro man s ta mped wares , a l though i l lk nown , w ere a pparen t ly made i n t he s ame a rea ;
t here i s t hus n o r eason t o
s uppose t ha t a ny s ign if ican t c hrono logica l g ap e x isted b etween t he p roduct ion o f I ron Age a nd Ro man s tamped wares i n L inco lnsh ire.
I tw ou ld t herefore
s ee m t ha t , w hen more ma ter ia l h as b een c o l lected a nd s tud ied , as ound ly b ased a rgu men t may b e a dvanced f or t he r e in troduct ion o f s tamped wares t o East Ang l ia a nd t he Thames-s ide f ro m L inco lnsh ire , a bou t ac en tury a f ter t he ir d isappearance f ro m t hose a reas. SUM MARY AND CONC LUS IONS I n t h is p aper t he p rel im inary r esu l ts a re o f fered o f as tudy b ased u pon u pwards o f 2 00 s ta mp-decora ted v essels f ro m e astern Eng land , s ou th o f t he Wash.
The ma ter ia l c ons idered d oes n o t r epresen t j ust o ne , o r e ven s evera l ,
i so la ted g roups o f p o ttery o f i n tr ins ic i n terest :
i ti s a n i n tegra l p ar t o f t he
w ider s pectru m o f t he e ar ly Ro man c eram ic t rad it ion i n Br ita in.
The p ar t ic-
u lar r eason f or s ingl ing o u t t hese s evera l g roups i s t ha t t hey a re s o e as ily r ecogn isab le a nd , b y v irtue o f t he ir i nd iv idua l ly s tamped d ecora t ion , c an b e c o mpared o ne w ith a nother o n t he b as is o f d ie s tud ies. The o r ig ins o f t hese s tamped wares o f t he Ro man p er iod , t ogether w ith t he ir r ou letted , l ineinc ised , c o mb-stabbed , b ossed a nd d i mp led-assoc ia tes, 2 69
a re f i rm ly r ooted i n t he Br it ish I ron Age.
I n t he L a f ene I p er iod o f s ou thern
a nd e astern Br ita in s ta mped wares e n joyed a g rea t p opu lar ity amongst t he f i ner p o ttery , b u t i n t hose r eg ions wh ich b eca me h eav ily i nf luenced b y B e lg ic s et t lement a nd c era m ic t rad it ions , p ot tery o f t he Ay lesford-Swar l i ig s ty le s upers eded c urv il inear a nd s tamped wares.
I n L inco lnsh ire, h owever , af us ion o f
t he s ty les c an b e d etected , w ith s ta mped a nd r ou letted d ecora t ion c on t inu ing d own t o t he t ime o f t he Ro man c on c luest , a lbe it i n as o mewha t s i mp ler f or m t han h ither to . The Ro man c onquest o f t he S outh East p roved a g rea t s t i mu lus t o t he B r it ish p ot ters, a nd r ecen t w ork , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he N ene Va l ley a nd i n Essex , h as s hown t ha t n a t ive p ot ters w ere p roduc ing w ha t w ere e ssen t ia l ly Ga l lo-Belg ic wares f or t he Ro man a r my .
F urther more , i ts ee ms l ikely t ha t n a t ive p ot ters
a ctua l ly f o l lowed t he p rogress o f t he a r my , a nd a s t he g arr isons g radua l ly l ef t t he S ou th East s o t he p o t ters s et u p f ac tor ies t o s upp ly t he n eeds o f emergen t t owns.
The mob il ity o fp o t ters i n t he Ro man p er iod i s as tr ik ing p heno menon ,
a nd n umerous i nstances c an n ow b e e stabl ished o r d educed o fp ot ters n ot merely mov ing a round o ne c orner o f ap rov ince , b u t a lso o f p ot ters mov ing f ro m p rov ince t o p rov ince.
S o me o f t he most p rec ise d e monstra t ions o f t h is move men t
c an b e s een t hrough t he a ct iv it ies o f s am ian p o t ters ( Har t ley , 1 977 ).
I t i s n o t ,
t herefore , i n a ny s ense a n u n l ike ly p ropos it ion t ha t p ot ters p roduc ing f i ne wares i n L inco lnsh ire i n t he m idd le y ears o f t he f irst c en tury s hou ld move i n to East Angl ia a nd t he L ondon a rea t o p roduce a nd s el l t he ir wares i n p laces where t he d e mand was s tead ily i ncreasing. T he f irst a ppearance o f s tamped a nd a ssoc ia ted wares i n Ro man c ontex ts i n t he S outh East c anno t , o n p resen t e v idence, b e p laced b efore c . A .D. 7 0. Equa l ly , i ti s b eco m ing c lear t ha t t he d a te o f t he ir i n troduct ion i s n o t l ikely t o b e much l a ter , a nd was c er ta in ly w e l l b efore A .D . 1 00.
The s trong c onnec-
t ions b etween Ga l lo-Be lg ic wares ( wh ich w ere s t il l b e ing made u p t o t he e ar ly F lav ian p er iod ) a nd o ur s tamped wares h as b een emphas ised :
s o me o f t he
f or ms a ssoc ia ted w ith s ta mped wares ( espec ia l ly Group 1 ) s ee m t o h ave b een d rawn d irect ly f ro m t he Ga l lo-Be lg ic r eperto ire.
I th as a lso b een a rgued t ha t
b lock s tamps a re d er ived d irect ly f ro m i l l itera te p o tters ' s ta mps;
a nd i n t h is
c onnect ion i ts hou ld b e n o ted t aa t t he West S tow k i lns w ere p roduc ing i m ita t ion Ga l lo-Belg ic p la tters , c o mp lete w ith i l l itera te s tamps i n t he b ases. D escr ip t ions o f s tamped a nd o ther ' London-type ' wares h ave , i n t he p ast , t ended t o r ela te t he m v ery c losely t o s ig i l la ta f or ms.
T h is h as b een d ue t o
t he c o m mon a ppearance o f a pprox i ma tely h em ispher ica l b ow ls wh ich h ave b een a ssumed t o b e c op ies o f f or m 3 7 ;
a nd f rag men ts o f r ough ly c y l indr ica l v esse ls
h ave u sua l ly b een l ikened t o f or m 3 0.
I th as b een s hown h ow s o me s ta mped
v essels h ave f or ms wh ich a re c lose ly r ela ted t o c on te mporary s am ian t ypes , b u t e qua l ly i t must b e c lear f ro m t he i l lustra t ions a cco mpany ing t h is p aper t ha t a much g rea ter n u mber d iverge t oo f ar f ro m c on te mporary s ig il la ta f or ms f or t he word ' im ita t ion ' t o b e a pp l icable.
Thus, f or e xamp le , t he g rea t
ma jor ity o f f rag men ts o f c y l indr ica l wa l led v essels, w hen c onsidered i n f u l l p rof ile , owe n o t t he s l igh test a l leg iance t o s am ian f or m 3 0 , b ut a re d evelopmen ts f ro m Ga l lo-Be lg ic p edesta l b eakers. I n emphas is ing t hese c on trasts, Id o n ot w ish t o s uggest t ha t s am ian p o ttery p layed n o p ar t i n t he d evelop ment o f ' London-type ' wares : i to bv iously
2 70
d id.
I n p ar t icu lar , o ne m igh t s ugges t t ha t t he i dea o f p u t t ing a mass o f c lose-
k n it d ecora t ion o ver t he e x terna l s urface o f av essel was i nsp ired b y mou lded s am ian .
A t te mpts t o c opy t he d ecora t ion u sed o n s am ian v esse ls w ere , h ow-
e ver , l im ited s o lely t o c rude i m ita t ions o f o vo lo b ands;
t hese w ere n ever
s tamped ( before t he l a te s econd c en tury ) , b u t w ere e xecuted w ith mu l t i-po in ted c o mpasses. The l i fe-spans o f t he s ta mped-ware i ndus tr ies were c learly s hort , a s t he r es tr ic ted r ange o f f or ms, f abr ics a nd d ies s hows. S ta mped L ondon-H ighga te Ware n eed n o t h ave o u t l ived t he f i rst c entury , w h ile West S tow Ware was n ot s tamped a f ter t he e nd o f t he f i rst q uar ter o f t he s econd c en tury.
T he L ondon-
E ssex ( ?Hadham ) a nd N orth E ssex g roups s ee m t o h ave s panned t he c los ing d ecades o f t he f i rst c en tury a nd t he o pen ing d ecades o f t he s econd.
F or a l l
t hese g roups t aken t ogether , t he h a lf c en tury c . A . D. 7 5-125 i s t he l i kely maximu m s pan .
The o ne e xcep t ion i s t he G roup 6 mortar iu m f ro m Chel msford
( no. 1 25 ) , a nd i t may w el l b e t ha t b lock s ta mps r eturned t o t he ir f or mer r o le a s i l l itera te p ot ters ' marks i n t he s econd c entury , b u t i nstead o f b e ing u sed a ga in o n p la t ters t hey w ere r eserved f or mortar ia. T he l a test g roup o f s ta mped v essels c ons idered h ere wou ld a ppear t o b e Wa t t isf ie ld Ware , wh ich p robably t akes t he s equence t o t he m idd le o f t he s econd c entury , i fn o t b eyond . A l though o n p resen t e v idence , East Ang l ia a nd Thames-s ide s ee m t o b e t he a reas p roduc ing t he b u lk a nd g rea test v ar iety o f e ar ly Ro man s ta mped p o t tery , o ther c on te mporary i ndustr ies e x isted i n a d jac en t a reas , a l though t hese a re a s y et l i t t le s tud ied. ( no . 1 27 ) h in ts a t ap oss ible i ndustry i n S ussex ;
The W iggonho l t v essel
f inds f ro m t he N ene v a l ley
m igh t i nd ica te a no ther , a l though l ink ed w ith East Ang l ia ; d ef in i tely k nown i n t he East M id lands.
a nd at h ird i s more
Poten t ia l ly , t he l ast n amed m igh t b e
as ubs tan t ia l i ndustry , a l though t he p roducts s o f ar p ubl ished a re o f c o mparat ively s i mp le d es ign ( e .g. Marg idunum :
O swa ld , 1 948 , p l. X I , n os. 6 a nd 9 ,
p l . XV I , n os. 7 a nd 8 ). Our d ie s tud ies h ave d e monstra ted t ha t t he s evera l i ndustr ies d iscussed h ere w ere a l l i n ter-l inked , b u t o n p resen t e v idence i ti s n o t p oss ible t o p u t t he m i n to a s tr ict c hrono log ica l o rder. t here was a s i mple p rogress ion :
I ndeed , i t must b e d oubted whe ther
i tw ou ld s ee m more l ikely t ha t t he p o t ter ies
t he mselves w ere l ong-l ived ( as s hown a t H ighga te a nd Hadham a nd , t o al esser e x ten t , West S tow ), a nd t ha t i nd iv idua l p o tters moved f ro m o ne p roduct ion a rea t o a no ther , t ak ing t he ir t oo ls o f t rade w ith t he m.
There i s t hus a n e xac t
a na logy t o b e d rawn w ith t he s am ian i ndustry . I t may a lso b e t o t he s am ian i ndustry t ha t w e s hou ld t urn t o s eek a c ause f or t he d em ise o f t he Ro mano-Br it ish s ta mped wares, a t l east i n t he S outh East .
The s tudy o f c o l lect ions o f s ig il lata f ro m s evera l l ong-occup ied s i tes
i n s ou thern Br ita in h as s hown t ha t d ecora ted wares were i n l ess p lent ifu l s upp ly i n t he e ar ly s econd c en tury t han o ne m igh t h ave e xpected.
The r eason
f or t h is n eed n o t c oncern u s h ere , b u t i td oes mean t ha t t here may h ave b een ar ecep t ive market f or l oca l ly made s em i-f ine wares.
By t he m idd le o f t he
s econd c en tury , h owever , d ecora ted s ig il la ta was f l ood ing i n to B r ita in , a nd t h is must h ave h ad a n efect o n t he s a le a nd p roduct ion o f l oca l wares.
I n
t h is c onnect ion i ti s i n terest ing t o n o te t ha t t he l a test c ircle-stamped p ots wh ich s t il l s how a ny a dherence t o t he ' London Ware ' t rad it ion a re t he v essels f ro m
2 71
Co lchester ( nos. 1 19 a nd 1 20 ).
T hese n o l onger d isp lay f ea tures o f Ga l lo-
B elg ic p o t tery , b u t a re o ver t c op ies o f s am ian f or m 3 7 , a nd o ne w onders w he ther t hey a re n o t i n s o me way r ela ted t o t he e stabl ish men t o f t he Co lchester s am ian i ndustry . We h ave a lready n o ted t ha t c erta in e le men ts i n t he d ecorat ion o f Co lchester s ig il la ta b ear a more s tr ik ing r ese mblance t o f ea tures f ound o n L ondon-type wares t han t o o ther c on te mporary s am ian . T h is i s , h owever , as epara te l ine o f e nqu iry , a nd t he p o in t t o n ote h ere i s t ha t L ondon-type s tamped wares d ied o ut a round t he m idd le o f t he s econd c entury i n t he S ou th East a nd n ever r eappeared . Au sefu l b y-product o f t h is s tudy h as b een t he c lar if ica t ion o f t he c hrono logy o fb osses a nd d i mp les o n p ot tery i n t he S outh East ; t hese a re c haract er ist ic f ea tures, amongst o ther t h ings , o f Romano-Saxon p o ttery ( Myres, 1 956 ; Rodwel l , 1 970 ), a nd a s l igh t e le men t o f c onfus ion h as b een p resen t b e tween t he e arly a nd l a te Ro mano-Br it ish wares. I ti s n ow a pprec ia ted t ha t , a l though b osses a nd d i mp les h appen t o b e c o m mon t o b oth p er iods , v essel f or ms a nd s che mes o f d ecora t ion a re u tter ly d if feren t : t here a re n o d irec t c onnect ions b etween t he t wo i n t he S outh East , a nd t here s hou ld n ow b e l i t t le c hance o f c onf us ion i n t he f u ture. A f u l ler c ons idera t ion o f t he s ub ject w il l b e p ubl ished e lsewhere i n d ue c ourse. F ina l ly , i ti s i n terest ing t o n ote , i n p ass ing , h ow s tamped West S tow Ware h ad a n i n fluence o n t he d es ign o f ac er ta in g roup o f Ang lo-Saxon p ot tery w h ich was p roduced i n t he a rea i nt he s ix th c en tury. The I l l ing ton/Lack ford p ot ter , w ho p roduced a h igh ly d ist inc t ive s er ies o f wares wh ich a re f ound i n t he w estern p ar t o f East Ang l ia ( Myres, 1 969 , 1 32-3; Map 1 0 ), c ou ld w el l h ave l i ved a nd w orked o n t he Ang lo-Saxon s e tt le ment a t West S tow , w h ich i s a t t he c en tre o f h is d istr ibu t ion a rea. One o f h is p referred mo t ifs w as t he s ingle- o r d ouble-bordered swag f i l led w ith r ing s tamps; many e xamp les o f t h is a rrange men t a re k nown ( e .g. Myres, 1 969 , f i g. 4 8 ).
T he c orrespondence
b e tween s ta mped West S tow Ware a nd t he work o ft he I l l ing ton/Lack ford p o t ter i s s o c lose t ha t i tc anno tb e f ortu itous, a nd t h is c an r easonably b e c la i med a s o ne o f t hose r are i nstances where a p otter a cc iden tal ly f ound a nd c op ied v esse ls w h ich h ad b een c urren t many c en tur ies e ar l ier ( as was f i rst p ropounded b y West :
1 969 , 1 3 ) . An e xamp le o f Ang lo-Saxon p ot tery i s p ubl ished h ere i n
f i g. 1 2.78, a longs ide i t s e ar ly Ro man p rogen itor , f i g. 1 2.77 ; a re f rom West S tow Hea th.
b o th s herds
P ostscr ip t Mrs. K . F . Har t ley k ind ly i n for ms me t ha t s he h as a s herd o f ac ircles tamped v essel o f e nclosed f orm ( p erhaps ab eaker , c f . f i g. 9 .60 ) , i n ar ed uced f abr ic , f ro m h er e xcavat ion o n o ne o f t he k i ln s i tes i n t he Hadham c omp lex. Th is i s a no ther w elco me p iece o f e v idence wh ich h elps t o s upport o ur s uggest ion t ha t Group 2 , a nd p oss ibly Group 3 , wares w ere p roduced i nt he Ha c lham a rea . AC KNO W L E DGE ME NTS The c o l lec t ion o f ma ter ia l f or a s tudy s uch a s t h is i nev itably r e l ies h eav ily o n t he g enerous a ss istance o f many c o l leagues a nd f r iends. Iam v ery g ra tefu l t o a l l t hose i nd iv idua ls a nd i nst itut ions who h ave d rawn my a t tent ion t o mater ia l
2 72
i n t he ir c o l lect ions a nd a l lowed u npubl ished f inds f ro m r ecen t e xcava t ion s t o b e s tud ied :
P . Arthur , C . Ba lkw il l ( I psw ich Museu m ), D . J . B ig l in , Mrs.
J oanna B ird , t he l a te Ma jor J . G . S . Br inson , H . P . A . Chap man ( Museu m o f L ondon ), D . T -D. C larke a nd G . M. R . Dav ies ( Co lchester a nd Essex Museu m ), Dr. R . Con lon , Mrs. D . Cunn ingha m ( Gu i ld ford Museu m ), P . J . Cru m my , P . J . Drury , C . M. G reen ( Dept . o f U rban Archaeo logy , Museu m o f L ondon ) , H . J . M. Green , T ony Gregory ( Norw ich Cast le Museu m ), P . J . a nd Mrs. R . M. Hugg ins , Mrs. M. U . J ones , D . G . Macleod ( Sou thend Museu m ), M iss E . Ow les ( Moyses Ha l l Museu m , Bury S t . Edmunds ), C . R . Partr idge ,
Mrs. K . A . Rodwe l l , H . L . S he ldon , P . Tyers, S . G . P . Wel ler ,
S . E . West a nd M iss P . M. Wi lk inson ( Pass more Edwards Museu m , N ewha m ). F or t he b enef it o f d iscuss ion o n v ar ious a spects o f t he s tamped-ware i ndustr ies Iam g ra tefu l t o :
M iss M. J . Dar l ing , T . Gregory , Mrs. K . F .
Hart ley , G . Marsh , J . May a nd S . E . West .
Mr. West a lso k ind ly s howed
me t he c ons iderably q uan t ity o f s ta mped p ot tery f ro m h is r ecen t e xcava t ions a t West S tow , i n a dvance o f t he ir p ubl ica t ion ;
i th as n ot , h owever , b een
p oss ible t o i nclude a ny o f t ha t ma ter ia l i n t h is p aper.
The i l lustra t ions h ave
b een p repared b y Mrs. K irsty Rodwel l , Mrs. E l izabe th Br iton a nd t he w r iter. F ina l ly , Imust r ecord my e spec ia l
g ra t itude t o my w ife f or h er c ons iderable
a ss istance i n t he c o l lect ion o f ma ter ia l a nd t he p repara t ion o f t h is p aper. D esp ite e x tens ive e nqu ir ies, t here must s t il l b e much e ar ly Ro man s ta mped p ot tery i n =pub l ished museu m c o l lect ions a nd amongst r ecen t ly e xc ava ted ma ter ia l ;
t he w r i ter wou ld b e g ra tefu l t o h ear o f s uch f i nds.
2 73
APPE ND IX
1 .
L IST OF D IES
R ing S tamps ( F ig. 7 .19 ) R 1.1
S i mp le r ing w ith a sma l l p ar t o f t he c ircu mference m iss ing , g iv ing ar ough ly h orse-shoe s haped impress ion.
Group 5 , m isce l laneous.
On ly r ecorded a t Muck ing , n o. 1 23. R 2.1
Group 5 , m iscel laneous.
On ly r ecorded a t Wick ford , n o. 1 22, a s
a n u nders ide b asa l s tamp.
Poss ibly t o b e a ss igned w i th Group 2
wares. R 2.2
Group 2 C. A ssoc ia ted w ith B2 ( Spr inghead ) a nd B li ( Bra in tree , Canvey I sland ).
R 2.3
Group 3A .
A ssoc ia ted w ith B21 ( Co lchester );
u nassoc ia ted ( Grea t
Canf ield , Wic ldord ). R2.4
Group 4 B. U nassoc ia ted ( Co lchester , West S tow ). s ame a s R 2.6.
R 2.5
Group 4 C;
n o c en tra l d o t .
A ssoc ia ted w ith Ros. 4 ( Colchester )
a nd R 3.8 ( Godmanchester ); R2.6
P robably t he
u nassoc ia ted ( Co lchester ).
Group 4 B.
U nassoc ia ted ( Co lchester , Che l msford , Gest ing thorpe,
K elvedon ).
P robably t he s ame a s R2.4.
R 2.7
Group 1 .
H ighga te Woods o n ly ,n o. 3 .
R2.8
Group 4 B.
Unassoc ia ted ( West S tow , Coddenham ).
R 2.9
Group 2 D.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R 3.8 ( L inco ln );
u nassoc ia ted ( West
S tow , Wa t t isf ield , Chel msford ). R 2.10
Group 4D.
Unassoc ia ted ( West S tow , Wa t t isf ie ld , L ower Hacheston ).
R 2.11
Group 4D.
U nassoc ia ted ( Co lchester , West S tow , Wa t t isf ie ld ).
R 2.12
Group 4 B.
Unassoc ia ted ( Co lchester , West S tow ).
R3.1
Group 4 C.
Unassoc ia ted ( Bra in tree , Co lchester , Coddenham ,
G est ing thorpe ). R 3.2
Group 2 C.
Assoc ia ted w ith B2 ( Bren tford , En f ield ,
L ondon ), B8
( Chel msford ) , B ll ( H ighga te Woods ), B 15 ( Canvey ) a nd p oss ib ly B 16 ( W ick ford ). R 3.2A
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith B9 ( Bi l ler icay ), B 14 ( London ) a nd i n-
c ised d ecora t ion ( Braugh ing ). R 3.3
Group 1 .
A ssoc ia ted w ith B 4 ( London ) ;
H ighga te Woods ). 2 74
u nassoc ia ted ( London ,
R 3.4
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith B5 ( Eastwood ), B8 ( Chel msford ) a nd
B 19 ( Naze ing ). R 3.5
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith B 10 ( Canvey , Chel msford , Har low ,
L ondon ), B 14 ( London ) a nd B 16 ( W ick ford , T i tsey ). R 3.5A
Group 2 C.
Assoc ia ted w ith B2 ( London ), B 6 ( Spr inghead ), B 17
( Spr inghead ) a nd B 19 ( Chel msford ). R 3.6
Group 1 .
On ly r ecorded f ro m H ighga te Woods , n o. 1 .
R 3.7
Groups 3A a nd 4A .
A ssoc ia ted w ith Ros. 1 ( Chel msford ) , Ros. 2
( Grea t Chester ford , B 18 ( Co lchester ), a nd B20 ( Co lchester );
unas-
s oc ia ted ( Co lchester , West S tow ). R 3.8
Group 4 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R2.6 ( Godmanchester ) a nd R 2.6 ( L inco ln ).
R 3.9
Group 4A a nd p oss ib ly Group 2 . r a t ion ( Long Me lford );
A ssoc ia ted w ith i nc isedl ine d eco-
u nassoc ia ted ( Ca istor b y N orw ich , West S tow ,
a nd p oss ibly Che l msford ). R 3.10
Group 1 .
Recorded o n ly f ro m L ondon , n o. 4 .
R 3. 11
Group 5 , m iscel laneous.
Recorded o n ly f ro m Colchester , a ssoc ia-
t ed w ith im ita t ion s am ian d ecora t ion . R 3. 12
Group 3 A.
Assoc ia ted w ith B 18 ( Chel msford );
u nassoc ia ted
( Kelvedon ). R 3. 13
Groups 2 D , 3A a nd 4A .
A ssoc ia ted w ith B5 ( Chel msford );
u nasso-
c ia ted ( West S tow ). R 4. 1
Group 5 , m isce l laneous.
Recorded o n ly f ro m Co lchester , a ssoc ia ted
w ith i m ita t ion s am ian d ecora t ion , i nc lud ing s tamped o vo los a nd s tamped meda l l ions ( M1 a nd M2 ), n o. 1 19. R 4. 2
Group 2 C. Recorded o n ly f ro m N aze ing , w ith a n i nco mp lete i mpress ion , n o. 2 9.
R 4. 3
Groups 2A a nd 2 B.
A ssoc ia ted w ith B 3 ( Canvey , L ondon , Chel ms-
f ord ) , B7 ( Cünvey , L ondon ) , B 15 ( Che l msford ) a nd i nc isedl ine d ecora t ion ( Bra in tree , Canvey , Chel msford , N aze ing ); ( Chel msford , Ch igwel l , Grea t Dun mow ) :
u nassoc ia ted
u ncerta in a ssoc ia t ion
( Ware ). R 4. 4
Group 4 B.
Recorded o n ly a t West S tow o n a n i nco mp lete e xamp le ,
n o . 9 1. Roset te S ta mps ( F ig. 7 .19 ) Ros. 1
Group 3 B . On ly r ecorded a t Chel msford , n o. 6 3, a ssoc ia ted w ith R 3.7.
Ros. 2
Group 3 B.
On ly r ecorded a t Grea t Chesterford , n o .6 2, a ssoc ia ted
w ith R3.7. S hown a s f ound i n Ros. 2 a . Ros. 3
Group 4 B.
On ly r ecorded a t West S tow , n os. 9 2-3 , a nd F ingr inghoe ,
n o. 9 4.
2 75
2 1
2 . 3
2 . 2
—
2 . 5
2 6
G 2 . 7
2 . 8
3 1
3 . 3
3 . 2A
3 . 6
3 . 5A
2 . 1 1
2 . 10
2 . 9
2 . 12
3 . 4
3 . 7
• 3 1 1
3 . 10
4 . 1
1
4
2 a
5
N .
(
6
3 . 13
4 . 4
4 3
2
c , e D e
3 12
3
(3 7 i9
M 1
•M 2
7 F i g .7 19
R ing s ta mps, r oset te s ta mps a nd meda l l ion s ta mps.
2 76
1 :1
2
2 A
4
f ° iP , (E. 5 8
1 4
•
1 7
1 6
1 0
9
1 9
6
5
2 3
e. 9 7 , 1 2
2 1 1 8
1 3
2 2 F i g7 . 20
B lock s ta mps.
2 77
1 :1
Ros. 4
Group 4 C.
On ly r ecorded a t Co lchester , n o . 1 02, a ssoc ia ted w ith
R2.5. Ros. 5
Group 3 B.
On ly r ecorded a t Grea t Chester ford , n c. 6 4, w here i t
i s u sed b oth a s ad em i-rosette a nd a s a n u nders ide b asa l s tamp. Ros. 6
Group 4 E.
On ly r ecorded a t S co le, n o. 1 05.
Ros. 7
Group 4 E . On ly r ecorded a t S co le , n o. 1 06.
Meda l l ion S tamps ( F ig. 7 .19 ) Mt
Group 5 , m iscel laneous.
Swast ika .
S ee R4.1.
M2
Group 5 , m isce l laneous.
S ty l ised t ree.
S ee R 4.1.
B lock S tamps ( F ig. 7 .20 ) B 1
Group 6 , m iscel laneous.
U sed a s mortar iu m s tamp ( Chel msford ,
S ta ndon ). B2
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R3.2 ( Bren tford , Enf ield , L ondon ,
S pr inghead ) a nd R 3.5A ( London ). B2A B 3
Group 2 C.
U nassoc ia ted ( Heybr idge/Ma ldon , Muck ing ).
Group 2A.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R4.3 ( Canvey , Che l msford , L ondon ).
S ee a lso B7 a nd B 15. B4
Groups 1 a nd 2 . A ssoc ia ted w ith R3.3 a nd l a t t ic ing ( London ); u na ssoc ia ted ( Har low ).
B5
Groups 2 C a nd 2D.
Assoc ia ted w ith R 3.4 ( Eastwood ) a nd R 3.7
( Chel msford ). B6
Group 2 C.
F ound o n ly a t S pr inghead , n o . 3 5, a ssocia ted w ith R 3.5A .
B7
Group 2A.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R4.3 ( Canvey , L ondon ).
S ee a lso B3
a nd B 15. B8
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R 3.2 ( Che l msford ) a nd R 3.4 ( Che l ms-
f ord ). B9
Group 2 C. R 3.2A.
Recorded o n ly a t B i l ler icay , n o . 3 2, a ssoc ia ted w ith
B 10
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R3.5 ( Canvey , Che l msford , Har low ,
L ondon ); u nassoc ia ted ( W ick ford ). B 11
Group 2 C . A ssoc ia ted w ith R2.2 ( Bra in tree , Canvey ) , R3.2 ( H ighg a te Woods ) a nd R 3.5A ( London ).
B 12
Group 6 , m iscel laneous.
Recorded o n ly a t Co lchester , o n t he
s hou lder ( 14 impress ions ) o f al arge j ar , n o. 1 26. b e ac ut-down d ie. B 13
Group 6 , m iscel laneous.
Th is a ppears t o
Recorded o n ly o n a mortar iu m f ro m
Harlow , n o. 1 24 , where t hree o ver lapp ing impress ions make u p t he p otter 's s tamp. B 14
Group 2 C.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R3 . 2A ( London ) a nd R 3.5 ( London ).
2 78
c o mbed
Ros . 1
B 18
R 3 . 12
R 3 .7
R os 2
R os . 4
R 2 .5
R 3 .8
R2 .9
B20
W . S tow k i lns
u nassoc .
B5
i n c ised
B3
R4 .3
B 15
B8
R 3 .4
B 19
R 3 .2
B 2
R 3 5A
B6
\
B 11
B7
i nc ised
R 3 .2A
B9
D ie-l ink ma tr ix.
F ig . 7 .2 1
2 79
B 17
B 14
R 3 5
B 10
B 16
B15
Groups 2 B a nd 2 C. f ord ).
B 16
Assoc ia ted w ith R3.2 ( Canvey ) a nd R 4.3 ( Chelms-
S ee a lso B3 a nd B7.
Group 2 C . A ssoc iated w ith R3.5 ( T itsey , Wick ford ).
B17
Group 2 C.
Recorded o n ly a t S pr inghead , n o. 3 7, a ssoc ia ted w ith
R3.5A. B 18
Group 3A.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R3.7 ( Co lchester ) a nd R3.12 ( Chel msford ).
B 19
Group 2 C.
Associa ted w ith R3.4 ( Naze ing ) a nd R3.5A ( Chel msford ).
B20
Group 3A.
A ssocia ted w ith R3.7 ( Co lchester ).
B21
Group 3A.
A ssoc ia ted w ith R2.3 ( Co lchester ).
B22
Group 6 , m iscel laneous. mortar iu m ( no t i l lus.;
B23 2 .
Recorded o n ly a t B ishops S tort ford o n a
i nf . Mrs. K . F . Hart ley ).
Group 6 , m iscel laneous.
Recorded o n ly f ro m Wiggonho l t , n o. 1 27.
CATALOGUE OF I LLUSTRATED VESSE L S V essels a re l i sted h ere i n t he o rder i n wh ich t hey a ppear i n t he f i gures,
a nd a re s ub-d iv ided i n to g roups f or c onven ience.
Un illustra ted ma ter ia l i s
n ot i ncluded i n t h is c a ta logue, a nd i td oes n ot t herefore p urport t o b e ac orpus o f a l l k nown f inds.
F abr ic d escr ip t ions a re n ot i ncluded h ere , s ince t hese
h ave b een d escr ibed a t l ength u nder t he i nd iv idua l g roup h ead ings i n t he ma in t ex t.
N or a re s ite b ibl iograph ies g iven , a nd r eferences t o p r inted works a re
o n ly g iven f or s herds wh ich h ave b een p ub l ished e lsewhere.
The wri ter 's
c orpus n u mbers i n h is i ndex o f s tamped wares a re g iven i n p arenthes is, a f ter t he s ite n a me, t hus :
( S W/59 ).
GROUP 1 ( F ig. 7 .2 ) 1 .
H ighga te Wood , N or th L ondon ( S W/50 ). H . L . S heldon , 1 967.
2 .
H ighga te Wood , N or th L ondon ( S W/51 ). H . L . S heldon , 1 968.
3 .
4 .
L ondon ( S W/11 ).
L ondon ( S W/7 ). 1 2921.
6 .
Excay . b y A . E . Brown a nd
S ta mp R2.7. Na t iona l S a fe Depos it Co mpany 's Pre m ises , 1 873.
Mus. o f L ondon , 3 695. 5 .
Excay . b y A . E . Brown a nd
S ta mp p robably R3.3.
H ighga te Wood , N orth L ondon ( S W/96 ). H . L . S he ldon.
Excay. b y 4 . E . Brown a nd
S ta mp R3.6.
S tamp R3.10.
Reg is House , F ish S treet H il l , 1 932.
Mus. o f L ondon ,
S tamp R3.3.
L ondon ( S W/6 ).
Bank o f England , 1 933.
Mus. o f L ondon , 1 4028.
S ta mps B4 a nd R3.3. GROUP 2A 7 .
( Fig. 7 .3)
Canvey I sland ( S W/ 15 ).
L eigh Beck , 1 968-9.
Co l l., LB/3385, 3 387, 3 395.
S outhend Mus., Rodwel l
S ta mps B3 a nd R 4.3.
2 80
8 .
Chel msford ( S W/26 ). P . J . Drury .
9 .
Mou lsha m S treet , S ite CHS, 1 969.
Chel msford Mus. S ta mps B3 a nd R4.3.
Canvey I sland ( S W/25 ).
L e igh Beck , 1 967.
Co l l., LB/2005, 3 393, 3 396. 1 0.
1 1.
Thorney Bay , 1 963-6.
Co l l., TB/1694, 1 696.
S ta mps B7 a nd R4.3.
Chel msford ( S W/61 ). Chel msford Mus.
1 2.
S ite CHV , 1 972.
Chel msford ( S W/30 ).
Baddow Road Congrega t iona l Church , 1 970.
Che l msford ( S W/64 ).
Chel msford Mus.
Bra in tree ( S W/98 ).
S ta mp R4.3.
Mou lsha m S treet , S ite CHS, 1 969.
Chel msford Mus.
Co l l., 3 200.15. 1 5.
Excay . b y P . J . Drury .
( Fig. 7 .4 )
P . J . Drury . 1 4.
S ou thend Mus .,Rodwel l
S ta mps B 15 a nd R4.3.
Excay . b y D . J . B igl in. 1 3.
S outhend Mus., Rodwel l
S tamps B3 a nd R4.3.
Canvey I sland ( S W/23 ).
GROUP 2 B
Excay. b y
Un loca ted , a n te 1 915.
Drury 1 976, f i g. 4 5.102.
Canvey I sland ( S W/19 ).
Excay . b y
S ta mp R4.3.
L e igh Beck , 1 970.
Co lchester Mus., K enworthy S ta mp R4.3. S ou thend Mus., Rodwel l
Co l l., S ta mp R4.3. 1 6.
Braugh ing ( S W/ 164 ).
Hert ford Mus., Henderson Co l l.
r ubb ings s upp l ied b y C . R . Par tr idge. 1 7.
Canvey I sland.
L e igh Beck , 1 968.
S ke tch a nd
S ta mp R3.2A.
F ine , h ard , med iu m g rey f abr ic,
b urn ished e x terna l ly b u t n ot i nterna l ly.
S outhend Mus., Rodwel l Co l l.,
LB/3388. 1 8.
Co lchester.
Un ion Hosp ita l.
Fabr ic a s n o. 1 7.
Colchester Mus., 1 43.
4 3. GROUP 2 C 1 9.
( Fig. 7 .5 )
Harlow ( S W/43 ). Harlow Mus
2 0.
Ho lbrooks, 1 970.
By c ourtesy o f Dr. R . F . B . Con lon .
S ta mp B4.
L ondon ( S W/12 ).
Bank o f England , 1 933.
Mus. o f L ondon , 1 4027.
S tamps B3 a nd R4.3. 2 1.
L ondon ( S W/8 ).
6 7 L o mbard S treet.
Mus. o f L ondon , 1 2714.
S ta mps
B2 a nd R3.2. 2 2.
Canvey I sland ( S W/24 ). Co l l., LH/2321.
2 3.
2 4.
Excay . b y Mrs. M. U . J ones, 1 973.
Thurrock
S ta mp B2A.
En f ield ( S W/47 ).
L inco ln Road , 1 975.
Tyers 1 977 , f i g. 2 5.2. 2 5.
S outhend Mus., Rodwel l
S ta mps B 10 a nd R 3.5.
Muck ing ( S W/107 ). Mus.
L e igh Beck , 1 966-8.
L ondon ( S W/94 ).
By c our tesy o f P . Tyers.
S ta mps B 2 a nd R3.2.
London Wa l l.
Mus. o f L ondon , A 10563.
a nd R3 . 5A.
2 81
S ta mps B2
2 6.
S pr inghead ( S W/53 ). v ia P . Arthur.
2 7.
Te mp le c o mp lex.
Excay. b y W. S . Penn , s een
S ta mps B2 a nd R2.2.
Un loca ted , b u t p resu mably f ro m Essex.
( S W/89 ).
Co lchester Mus.
S ta mps B2 a nd R3.2. 2 8.
Heybr idge/ Ma ldon ( S W/90 ).
Label led ' Ma ldon ', b u t p robably p ar t o f
t he F itch Co l l. f ro m Heybr idge Basin . 2 9.
N aze ing ( S W/45 ).
Co lchester Mus.
Naze ingbury , n ursery , 1 975.
S tamp B2A.
Excay . b y P . J . Hugg ins.
S ta mp R4.2. GROUP 2 C, c on t inued ( F ig. 7 .6 ) 3 0.
L ondon ( S W/93 ).
A ldga te.
Excay . b y H . P . A . Chap man , 1 972.
man a nd J ohnson 1 973, 3 5, f ig. 1 7.238.
Chap-
Mus. o f L ondon , 2 6411.
S ta mps B 14 a nd R3.5. 3 1.
L ondon ( S W/13 ). 1 915 , f i g. 2 2.
3 2.
Mus. o f L ondon , 1 2713.
B il ler icay ( S W/29 ). Wel ler.
3 3.
O ld G . P. O . ,S t. Mart in 's l e Grand , 1 914.
S ta mps B 14 a nd R3.2A.
S econdary S choo l , 1 970.
By c our tesy o f S . G . P .
S tamps B9 a nd R3 . 2 A.
Chel msford ( S W/27 ). Chel msford Mus.
3 4.
L a mber t
Canvey I sland.
Orchard S treet , 1 969.
Excay . b y D . J . B ig l in .
S tamps B8 a nd R3.4.
L e igh Beck , c . 1 965.
S ou thend Mus., Rodwel l Co ll.,
LB / 2232 3 5.
S pr inghead ( S W/1 ). v ia P . Arthur.
3 6.
Te mp le c o mp lex.
Excay . b y W. S . P enn , s een
S ta mps B6 a nd R3 . 5 A.
Chel msford ( S W/56 ).
S ite CHZ.
Excay . b y P . J . Drury , 1 973.
Chel msford Mus. S ta mps B 10 a nd R3.5. 3 7.
S pr inghead ( S W/55 ). v ia P . Arthur.
3 8.
Chel msford ( S W/62 ). Chel msford Mus
3 9.
Te mp le c o mp lex.
Wick ford ( S W/32 ). 1 971.
Excay . b y W. S . Penn , s een
S ta mps B 17 a nd R3 . 5 A. S ite CHV.
Excay. b y P . J . Drury , 1 972.
S ta mps B 19 a nd R3 . 5A . Beaucha mps Far m.
S ou thend Mus.
4 0.
Bra in tree ( S W/39 ).
4 1.
Canvey I sland ( S W/20 ).
Unlocated.
c o l l., LB/741, 3 100.
Excay . b y Dr. W. J . Rodwel l ,
S ta mps B 16 a nd , p robably , R3.5. Bra in tree Mus.
Le igh Beck , c . 1 966.
S ta mps B 11 a nd R2.2.
S outhend Mus., Rodwel l
S ta mps B li a nc i R2.2.
GROUP 2 C c on t inued ( Fig. 7 .7 ) 4 2.
T itsey ( S W/111 ). Mus.
4 3.
Wick ford ( S W/31 ). 1 970.
4 4.
V il la .
L everson-Gower 1 869 , p l. I I.v.
Gu ild ford
S ta mps B 16 a nd R3.5. Beaucha mps Far m.
S ou thend Mus.
Excay . b y Dr. W. J . Rodwel l ,
S ta mp B 10.
Canvey I sland ( S W/ 14 ). Rodwel l Co l l. „ TB/709.
Thorney Bay , c . 1 964. S ta mps B li a nd R2.2. 2 82
S outhend Mus.,
4 5.
L ondon ( S W/9 ).
S eeth ing L ane.
4 6.
En f ield ( S W/46 ).
4 7.
L ondon ( S W/95 ). O ld G .P .O . s ite , S t . Mar t in 's l e Grand , 1 914. o f L ondon , A 163 ,89. S tamps B 10 ( uncer ta in ) a nd R3.5.
4 8.
H ighga te Wood , N or th L ondon ( S W/52 ).
L inco ln Road , 1 975.
H . L . S heldon , 1 968. GROUP 2 D 4 9.
5 0.
Cherry Orchard b r ick f ield , 1 955.
S ou thend Mus.
S tamps B5 a nd R 3.4.
West S tow ( S W/ 144 ).
K ilns.
I psw ich Mus.
S tamp R3.13.
( F ig. 7 .9 )
V eru la m ium ( S W/ 101 );
Excay . b y R . E . M. Wheeler.
V eru la m iu m Mus.
Che l msford ( S W/60 ).
Corder 1 941,
( no t s een ).
S ite CHV.
Excay. b y P . J . Drury , 1 972. Chel ms-
S tamps B 18 a nd R 3.12.
Co lchester ( S W/76 ).
? fro m S heepen.
Co lchester Mus., P . G . Laver
S tamps B21 a nd R2.3.
Co lchester ( S W/74 ). 1 42.38.
5 6.
Excay . b y P . J . Drury , 1 977.
Eastwood ( S W/5 ).
Co l l ., 7 018.27. 5 5.
S ite CHAR .
S tamps B5 a nd R 3.13.
f ord Mus. 5 4.
Mus.
Excay. b y A . E . Brown a nd
Chel msford Mus.
f i g. 1 0. 5 3.
S tamp R3.2.
S tamps B 11 a nd R 3.2.
Chelmsford ( S W/ 109 ).
GROUP 3A 5 2.
S een v ia P . Tyers.
S ta mp R 3.5.
( Fig. 7 .7 )
7 62/1. 5 1.
Mus. o f L ondon , 1 3309.
St . Helena 's S choo l , S heepen.
Co lchester Mus.,
S tamps B21 a nd R 2.3.
Co lchester ( S W/81 ).
Un ion Hosp ita l , 1 907.
Co lchester Mus., 1 43.43.
S tamps B 20 a nd R 3.7. 5 7.
Co lchester ( S W/85 ).
T elephone Exchange , West S tockwel l S treet .
Co lchester Mus , 5 496.27. 5 8.
K elvedon ( S W/28 ).
S tamps B 18 a nd R 3.7.
S t . Mary 's S choo l p lay ing f i eld .
Excay . b y Miss
B . R . K . Dunnet t , 1 968.
Co lchester Mus.
5 9.
Grea t Can f ie ld ( S W/75 ). S tamp R2.3.
F itz john 's F ar m.
6 0.
Bra in tree ( S W/ 100 ). Un loca ted. Drury 1 976 , f ig. 4 5.104. Mus., K enwor thy Co l l ., 3 200.15. S ta mp R 3.7.
6 1.
Wick ford ( S W/34 ). 1 971,
GROUP 3 B 6 2.
Beaucha mps Far m.
S ou thend Mus.
Co lchester Mus., 2 46.39.
Co lchester
Excay . b y Dr. W. J . Rodwel l ,
S tamp R2.3.
( F ig. 7 .9 )
Grea t Chesterford ( S W/58 ). Ca mbr idge Un iv. Mus.
6 3.
S ta mp R 3.12.
Che l msford ( S W/57 ). Drury , 1 972.
Excay . b y J . G . S . Br inson , 1 947-8.
S ta mps R3.7 a nd Ros, 2 . Mou lsham S treet , S ite CHS.
Chel msford Mus.
Excay. b y P . J .
S ta mps R3.7 a nd Ros. I .
2 83
6 4.
Grea t Chesterford ( S W/92 ). Ca mbr idge Un iv. Mus.
GROUP 4A 6 5.
( Fig. 7 .10 )
Chel msford ( S W/63 ). Drury , 1 972.
6 6.
Orcha rd S treet , S ite CHR.
Che l msford Mus.
L ong Melford ( S W/ 124 ). I psw ich Mus., 9 61-83.
6 7.
Excay. b y J . G . S . Br inson , 1 947-8.
S ta mp Ros. 5 .
West S tow ( S W/120 ).
Excay . b y P . J .
S ta mp R3.9.
P egg 's Yard , S ite 3 8.
Smed ley 1 960 , f i g. 4 7e.
S ta mp R3.9. K ilns:
West 1 952, f i g. 1 1.2A.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R3.9. 6 8.
Ca istor b y N orw ich ( S W/162 ).
Excay. 1 933.
N orw ich Cast le Mus.
S ta mp R3.9. 6 9.
Colchester ( S W/83 ).
Un ion Hosp ita l.
7 0.
West S tow ( S W/134 ).
K i lns:
Colchester Mus.
West 1 952, f i g. 1 1.2e.
S ta mp R 3.7.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R3.7. 7 1.
Co lchester ( S W/82 ).
Cref f ield Road e xcay.
Co lchester Mus., 4 31 A.28.
S ta mp R3.7. 7 2.
West S tow ( S W/ 127 ).
l üln9.
I psw ich Mus., 1 947.117A.
7 3.
West S tow ( S W/ 151 ).
K ilns.
I psw ich Mus.
7 4.
West S tow ( S W/ 119 ).
K ilns :
S ta mp n ot i dent if ied :
S tamp R3.7.
S ta mp R3.7.
West 1 952, f i g. 1 0.1e.
I ps w ich Mus.
d amaged s ince p rev ious p ubl icat ion .
7 5.
West S tow ( S W/143 ).
K ilns.
7 6.
West S tow ( S W/143a ).
K ilns :
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R3.7.
West 1 952, f ig. 1 0.1g.
I psw ich Mus.
West 1 952, f ig. 1 0.1b.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R3.7. GROUP 4B 7 7.
( Fig. 7 .12 )
West S tow ( S W/113 ).
I glus :
S ta mp R2.4. 7 8.
West S tow v il lage s ite.
Hand- made Anglo-Saxon s herd i n t he s ty le o f
t he I l l ing ton/Lack ford p ot ter : 7 9.
Gest ingthorpe ( S W/41 ).
West 1 969 , f i g. 9 .7.
Excay. b y H . P . Cooper.
Pr ivate p oss.
S ta mp R2.6. 8 0.
Co lchester ( S W/71).
Un ion Hosp ita l g rounds. Colchester Mus., 3 174.14.
S ta mp R2.4. 8 1.
Che l msford ( S W/21 ). Chelmsford Mus.
8 2.
8 3.
Excay . b y P . J . Drury , 1 971.
S ta mp R2.6.
K elvedon ( S W/ 163 ). Mus.
S ite CH K .
Excay. b y Mrs. K . A . Rodwel l , 1 970.
Co lchester
S ta mp R2.6.
West S tow ( S W/ 130 ).
K ilns:
West 1 952, f i g. 1 3A/ i i ).
S ta mp R2.8.
2 84
I psw ich Mus.
8 4.
West S tow ( S W/133 ).
K ilns:
West 19 52, f ig. 1 1.2b.
I psw ich Mus.
K ilns:
West 19 52, f ig. 1 1.2c.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R . 2. 8. 8 5.
West S tow ( S W/135 ). S ta mp R2.8.
8 6.
West S tow ( S W/150 ).
K ilns.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R2.8.
8 7.
West S tow ( S W/149 ).
l ülns.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R2.8.
West S tow ( S W/129 ).
K ilns :
8 8.
West 19 52 , f ig. 10 .1f .
I psw ich Mus.
S tamp R2.8. 8 9. 9 0.
West S tow ( S W/145 ). Colchester ( S W/73 ). Co l l., 6 028.27.
K ilns.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R2.12.
Crowhurst Road . Co lchester Mus., P . G . Laver
S ta mp R2.12.
9 1.
ilns. West S tow ( S W/118 )• K
9 2.
West S tow ( S W/117 ).
I ps w ich Mus.
S ta mp R4.4 .
K ilns :
West 19 52, f i g. 1 0.1h.
I psw ich Mus.
K ilns :
West 1 952, f i g. 10 .1h.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp Ros. 3 . 9 3.
West S tow ( S W/116 ). S tamp Ros. 3 .
9 4.
F ingr inghoe Wick ( S W/88 ).
GROUP 4 C
S ta mp Ros. 3 .
( F ig. 7 .13)
9 5.
Co lchester?
9 6.
Colchester ( S W/79 ). 5 884.27.
9 7,
Co lchester Mus.
( S W/86 ).
Colchester Mus. Un loca ted.
S tamp R3.1.
Colchester Mus., P . G . L aver Co ll .,
S ta mp R3.1.
Gest ing thorpe ( S W/40 ).
Excay . b y H . P . Cooper.
Pr iva te p oss.
S tamp R3.1. 9 8. 9 9.
Co lchester ( S W/84 ).
Un ion Hosp ita l. Co lchester Mus.
Colchester ( S W/80 ).
Un ion Hosp ita l g rounds.
S tamp R3.1 .
Co lchester Mus., 3 17 4.14.
S ta mp R3.1. 1 00.
Bra in tree ( S W/99 ). 3 200.15.
1 01. 1 02.
Un located.
Co lchester Mus., K enworthy Col l.,
Drury 1 976, f i g. 4 5.1 0 3.
Colchester ( S W/78 ).
Hosp ita l , 19 36.
Colchester ( S W/77 ),
P layhouse s ite.
S ta mp R3.1. Colchester Mus.
S ta mp R2.5.
Co lchester Mus., 1 631.31.
S ta mps R2.5 a nd Ros. 4 . 1 03.
God manchester ( S W/69 ).
Excay. b y H . J . M. Green.
S ta mps R2.5
a nd R3.8. 1 04.
L inco ln ( S W/68 ). Mus.
F laxenga te.
Excay. b y Dr. G . Webster.
S tamps R2.9 a nd R3.8.
2 85
L inco ln
GROUP 4 E 1 05.
( F ig. 7 .13 )
S co le ( S W/105 ).
Rogerson 1 977 , f i g. 7 6.78.
N orw ich Cast le Mus.
Rogerson 1 977 , f i g . 7 5.41.
N orw ich Cast le Mus.
S tamp Ros. 6 . 1 06.
S co le ( S W/ 104 ). S tamp Ros. 7 )
GROUP 4D 1 07.
1 08.
( F ig. 7 .14 )
West S tow ( S W/115 ). S tamp R 2.9.
K i lns :
Chel msford ( S W/ 18 ).
S ite CHV.
Chel msford Mus.
West 1 952, f i g. 1 0.1d.
I psw ich Mus.
Excay . b y P . J . Drury , 1 972.
S tamp R 2.6.
1 09.
Wa t t isf ie ld ( S W/ 136 ).
1 10.
West S tow ( S W/ 114 ).
K ilns.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R2.9.
l ü lns : West 1 952 , f ig. 1 0.1c.
I psw ich Mus.
S tamp R 2.10. 1 11.
L ower Hacheston ( S W/ 121 ).
Excay . b y M . J . Campen .
I psw ich Mus.
S tamp R 2.10. 1 12.
West S tow ( S W/132 ).
K ilns.
1 13.
Wa t t isf ield ( S W/122 ).
l ü lns.
1 14.
Wa tt isf ield ( S W/ 123 ).
1 0 .1ns.
1 15.
Wa t t isf ield ( S W/ 137 ).
K ilns , 1 935.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R 2.10.
1 16.
Wa t t isf ield ( S W/ 157 ).
K i lns, 1 935.
I psw ich Mus.
S ta mp R 2.11.
1 17.
Co lchester ( S W/72 ).
S tamp R2.10.
I psw ich Mus
R 1935.84 . S ta mp R 2.10.
I psw ich Mus., R 1935.84.
S ta mp R2.10.
Un located , b u t p robably f ro m a g rave.
Mus., J osl in Co l l ., 6 23. 1 18.
I psw ich Mus.
K etter ing ( S W/ 106 ).
Co lchester
S tamp R 2.11.
K e t ter ing Mus., 1 61.
Woods 1 972, f i g. 3 7.264.
GROUP 5 ( F ig. 7 .16 ) 1 19.
Colchester ( S W/37 ).
2 2 Crouch S treet .
c hester Mus., 9 07.36. 1 20.
Co lchester ( S W/91 ). 1 958 , f ig. 5 8.17.
1 21.
Hu l l 1 958, f ig. 1 11.4 . Co l-
S ta mps R4.1, M1 a nd M2, a nd o vo lo s ta mp.
Dra in o f Mi thraeu m i n Ho l ly trees Meadow .
Co lchester Mus., 9 16.29.
Co lchester ( S W/87 ).
Un ion Hosp ita l , 1 908.
Hu l l
S ta mp R3.11. Co lchester Mus.
S ta mp
R 3.11. 1 22.
Wick ford ( S W/33 ). 1 971.
1 23.
Beaucha mps Far m , Excay . b y Dr. W. J . Rodwel l ,
S ou thend Mus.
Muck ing ( S W/97 ).
S tamp R2.1.
Excay . b y Mrs. M. U . J ones.
Thurrock Mus.
S tamp R 1.1. GROUP 6 ( F ig. 7 .17 ) 1 24.
Har low ( S W/44 ).
2 47 F elmongers.
Excay . b y Dr. C . Tay lor, 1 967.
P r iva te P 055 . Mortar iu m w ith s ta mp B 13.
2 86
1 25.
Chel msford ( S W/2 ). f ord Mus.
1 26.
S ite CHS.
Co lchester ( S W/35 ). c re ma ted b one.
Grave g roup 6 0/92.
O M.
Wiggonho lt ( S W/ 167 ).
1 27a . Wick ford ( S W/ 108 ). 1 970.
May 1 930 , 2 70 ,
S ta mp u sed 1 4 t imes o n t he s hou lder, B 12.
Evans 1 974, f i g. 1 5.143.
Beauchamps Far m.
S outhend Mus.
MISCELLANE OUS
S ta mp B23.
Excay . Dr. W. J . Rodwel l ,
S tamp n ot c lass if ied.
( F ig. 7 .18 )
1 28.
S hoebury .
1 29 .
Co lchester.
1 30.
S co le.
1 31.
E ssex , u n loca ted.
1 32.
Co lchester.
1 33.
S co le.
1 34.
H ighga te Wood , N orth L ondon .
3 .
Chel ms-
Th is v essel c on ta ined t he
Co lchester Mus., J osl in Co l l., 4 91.
n o. 4 91 a nd p l. = 1 27.
Excay . b y P . J . Drury , 1 972.
Mortar iu m w ith s ta mp B l.
S ou thend Mus, L 35/100. Co lchester Mus., p robably J osl in Col l.
Rogerson 1 977, f i g. 7 5.42.
N orw ich Cast le Mus.
Rodwel l 1 970 , f i g. 4 b.
Poss ibly f ro m a g rave.
Rogerson 1 977 , f i g. 7 5.45.
Chel msford Mus.
Co lchester Mus., J osl in Co l l . N orw ich Cast le Mus.
Excay . b y A . E . Brown a nd H . L . S heldon.
L IST OF S ITES The f o l low ing s i tes h ave y ie lded s tamped p ot tery wh ich i s d iscussed o r
i l lustra ted i nt h is p aper.
A l l s ites a re marked o n f i g. 7 .22, a nd t he n u mber ing
r uns f ro m n orth t o s ou th. S ite N o .
I l lus. S herd n os.
Name & Coun ty
1
L inco ln , L ines.
1 04
2
K et ter ing , N orthan ts.
18
3
Rushden , N orthan ts.
n one i l lus.
4
God manchester , Hun ts.
1 03
5
Ca istor b y N orw ich , N orfo lk
6 8
6
S co le, N orfo lk
1 05 , 1 06 , 1 30 , 1 33
7
Wa t t isf ield , S u ffo lk
1 09 , 1 13-16
8
West S tow , S u f fo lk
5 1, 6 7 , 7 0 , 7 2-8 , 8 3-9 , 9 1-3 , 1 07 , 1 10 , 1 12
9 1 0
Hacheston ( Lower ), S uf fo lk
11
Coddenha m , S uf fo lk
n one i l lus.
1 1
L ong Mel ford , S u f fo lk
6 6
1 2
Grea t Chesterford , Essex
6 2, 6 4
1 3
Gest ing thorpe , Essex
7 9 , 9 7
1 4
Colchester , Essex
1 8 , 5 4-7 , 6 9 , 7 1, 8 0 , 9 0 , 9 5-6 , 9 8-9 , 1 01-2, 1 17 , 1 19 , 1 20-1, 1 26 , 1 29 , 1 32
1 5
F ingr inghoe, Essex
9 4
1 6
K elvedon , Essex
5 8 , 8 2
1 7
Bra in tree , Essex
1 4, 4 0 , 6 0 , 1 00
2 87
S ite N o.
Name & County
I l lus. S herd n os.
1 8
Heybr idge/ Ma ldon , Essex
2 8
1 9
Grea t Canf ield , Essex
5 9
2 0
Grea t Dunmow , Essex
n one i l lus.
2 1
B ishops S tort ford , Herts.
n one i l lus.
2 2
Braugh ing , Herts.
1 6
2 3
S tandon , Herts.
n one i l lus.
2 4
Much Hadha m , Herts.
n one i l lus.
2 5
Harlow , Essex
1 9 , 1 24
2 6
Ware, Herts.
n one i l lus.
2 7
Veru la m iu m , Her ts.
5 2
2 8
Chel msford , Essex
8 , 1 1-13, 3 3, 3 6 , 3 8, 4 9 , 5 3 , 6 3, 6 5 , 8 1, 1 08, 1 25
2 9
B il ler icay , Essex
3 2
3 0
Wickford , Essex
3 9 , 4 3, 6 1, 1 22, 1 27a
3 1
Ea stwood , Essex
5 0
3 2
Canvey I sland , Essex
7 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 2 2, 3 4, 4 1, 4 4
3 3
Muck ing , Essex
2 3, 1 23
3 4
Ch igwel l , Essex
n one i l lus.
3 5
N aze ing , Essex
2 9
3 6
Enf ield , Midd lesex
2 4, 4 6
3 7
H ighga te Wood , L ondon
1 -3, 4 8, 1 34
3 8
L ondon ( City )
4 -6 , 2 0 , 2 1, 2 5, 3 0 , 3 1, 4 5 , 4 7
3 9
Bren tford , Midd lesex
n one i l lus.
4 0
S pr inghead , K en t
2 6, 3 5, 3 7
4 1
T itsey , S urrey
4 2
4 2
Ewel l , S urrey
n one i l lus.
4 3
Wiggonho lt . S ussex
1 27
2 88
1• •
P ro l i f ic s i te
5•
6•
2 . 70
a *
4
9 1 0 . 12
1
1 3. 1 9. 2 2
• 6 .. 2 1 2 3 24
1 4
20* 1 7*
2 6 • 25 .27
28 29
3 6 9
3 6* 3 75 38
—7'
0 34
3 3 •
30 ' 3 1
* 40 42*
* 4 1
• 43
0
F ig . 722 K ey map t o s i tes l i sted i n t he Ca ta logue. 2 89
6 0
km
B IBL IOGRAPHY
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7 6 ' , Essex Archaeo l . H ist ., 8 ( 1976 ), 1 -143. Dunn ing , 1 945. Dunn ing , G . C ., ' Two F ires o f Ro man L ondon ' , An t iq. J . 2 5 ( 1945 ), 4 8-77. E isdon , 1 975. E isdon , S . M., S ta mp a nd Rou let te-Decora ted Pot tery o f t he L a T äne P er iod i n Eastern Eng land , Br it ish A rchaeo l. Rep ., 1 0 , Oxford , 1 975. Evans , 1 974.
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Br it ish B lack-Burn ished Ware ' , i n D ets icas , 1 973 , 6 7-103. Fu lford , 1 975. Fu lford , M. G ., N ew Forest Ro man P o ttery , Br it ish Archaeo l . Rep ., 1 7 , Oxford , 1 975. Gentry e t a l., 1 977.
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2 90
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H . M.S. O ., 1 971.
Archaeo log ica l Excava t ions , L ondon , 1 971.
H .M .S .O ., 1 972.
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Rodwe l l , W. J ., ' Co inage , Opp ida a nd t he R ise o f Be lg ic
Power i n S outh-East Br ita in ' , i n Cun l if fe a nd Row ley , 1 976 , 1 81-367. Rogerson , 1 977.
Rogerson , A ., ' Excava t ions a t S co le , 1 973 ' , East Ang l ian
Archaeo l ., 5 ( 1977 ), 9 7-224. Smed ley , 1 960.
Smed ley , N ., ' Ro man L ong Melford ' , Proc. S uf fo lk I nst.
Archaeo l ., 2 8 ( 1960 ), 2 72-289. Smed ley & Ow les , 1 959.
Smed ley , N . a nd Ow les, E ., ' A Ro mano-Br it ish
Pottery K iln a t Ho mersf ield ' , Proc. S uf fo lk I nst. Archaeo l ., 2 8 ( 1959 ). S tead , 1 976.
S tead , I . M., Excava t ions a t Win ter ton Ro man V i l la , L ondon ,
1 976. Tyers , 1 977.
Tyers , P . A ., ' The Ro man Coarse Pot tery ' , i n Gentry e t a l .,
1 977 , 1 35-154. Wacher , 1 969.
Wacher , J . S ., Excava t ions a t Brough-on-Hu mber , 1 958-
1 961, Rep . R es. Co m m. S oc. An t iq. L ond ., 2 5 , L ondon , 1 969. West , 1 952.
West , S . E ., ' Ro mano-Br it ish P ot tery K ilns o n West S tow
Hea th ' , Proc. S uf fo lk I nst. Archaeo l., 2 6 ( 1952 ) , 3 5-53. West , 1 969.
West , S . E ., ' The Anglo-Saxon V i l lage o f West S tow :
An
I nter i m Report o n t he Excava t ion s , 1 965-8' , Med . Archaeo l ., 1 3 ( 1969 ), 1 -20. Woods , 1 972.
Woods, P . J ., Br ixworth Excava t ions —Vo l. I .
T he Ro mano-
Br it ish V i l la , 1 965-70 , N orthamp ton , 1 972. Young , 1 977.
Young , C . J ., The Ro man Pot tery I ndustry o f t he Ox ford Reg ion ,
Br it ish Archaeo l . Rep ., 4 3, Oxford , 1 977.
8 .
THE LEAD GLAZED WARES OF ROMAN BR ITA IN Pau l Ar thur
I NTRODUCT ION T he a im o f t h is p aper i s t o l i st most e xamp les o f Romano-Br i t ish l ead g lazed ware k nown t o t he w r iter i n o rder t o r econstruct g roups wh ich a re l ike ly t o h ave c ome f ro m t he s a me workshop o r ' i ndustry ' , a nd t o e xam ine e ach g roup i n t urn t o a ssess i t s p lace amongst c on te mporary p o ttery g roups i n Ro man Br ita in. The o n ly t wo p rev ious p apers a t te mp t ing ab road , a l though s um mary , o u t look o n t h is n eg lected g roup o f p ot tery ( Jope, 1 950 ; 1 976a ) w ere h ampered b y t he l ack o f ac orpus.
Ar thur ,
The o ne p resen ted h ere g ives
t he e v idence u pon w h ich t he r est o f t he p aper i s b ased , a nd h opefu l ly w il l b e u sefu l t o e xcava tors a nd w i l l p rov ide ab as is f or a ny f u ture work o n t he t op ic. To l i st a l l t he p ersons t o who m Iam i ndebted f or h elp a nd l oan o f ma ter ia l wou ld b e e x travagan t. S uf f ice i tt o s ay t ha t Ih ave h ad s o me f or m o f c on tact w ith t he museu ms a nd u n its t o wh ich t he ma ter ia l b elongs a nd Iw ish t o t hank t he ir s ta f fs f or t he ir p a t ience a nd a ss istance.
N evertheless, Is hou ld p art ic-
u lar ly l ike t o t hank Dr. K ev in Greene f or f i rst e ncourag ing me t o d o t h is s tudy a nd S co t t Anderson , K ev in Crouch , L ea J ones, Geof f Marsh , Dr. Warw ick Rodwel l a nd Dr. Malco lm T odd f or t he ir i n terest a nd s t i mu la t ing d iscuss ions , a l though t hey a re i nn o way r espons ible f or a ny o f t he i nadequac ies o f t h is p aper. Iam a lso i ndebted t o t he Margary ( 1976 ) a nd Gordon Ch ilde ( 1977 ) Funds wh ich c overed e xpenses f or t h is a nd o ther r esearch i n to Ro man p ot tery . The g roups h ave b een c o mp iled b y a n e xam ina t ion o f t he f abr ics u s ing a x 10 h and l ens a nd a c orrela t ion b e tween t hese f abr ics , t he ir g lazes , d ecora t ive t echn iques a nd t ypo logy . Af ew o f t he p roble m p ieces h ave b een e xam ined b y Miss L ea J ones u s ing t he Energy D ispersa l Ana lys is o f X-Rays t echn ique w ith as cann ing e lectron m icroscope ( Edax , 1 972 ).
I ts hou ld b e s tressed , h owever ,
t ha t t he g roup ings c an r e ma in n o more t han p robab il it ies w ithou t at ota l ly c o mp rehens ive a nd , a tp resen t , impract ica l Phys ica l a na lys is o f t he ma ter ia l . The w r iter h as d rawn most v essels h i mself , a lthough a f ew i naccessible e xamp les w ere t raced f rom p ubl ica t ions. L ea J ones a nd C l ive Partr idge p rov ided p ro f iles o f t he Dorchester a nd S ke leton Green v essels r espect ively , f ro m wh ich t he d raw ings h ave b een made. Wa les p rov ided p la te 8 .1.
Mr. George Boon o f t he Na t iona l Museu m o f
A l l f igures a re o ne-th ird l i fe s ize.
ROMANO-BR IT ISH LEAD GLAZED POTTERY AND I TS GENESIS The t echno logy o f l ead g laz ing s ee ms t o h ave b een f i rst d iscovered i n t he N ear East a nd Egyp t , where a lka l ine g lazing h ad b een p ract ised f rom t he t h ird m il lenn ium B .C.
The e ar l iest k nown e xamples o f l ead g laze d a te t o t he XXI I
Dynasty o f Egyp t , a round t he e arly f i rst m il lenn ium B .0 . ( Lucas, 1 962 , 1 66-
2 93
1 67 ). The A ssyr ians t oo , a pparen t ly k new o f t he t echn ique , a l though t hey n ever emp loyed i tt o a ny g rea t e x ten t . The i n it ia l f l ower ing o f t he t echn ique d ur ing t he Roman p er iod a ppears t o h ave o ccurred i n p ar ts o f A s ia M inor a nd t he N ear East i n t he f i rst c entury B .C. ( c f . T o l l , 19 43 , 5 a nd 7 2-3 ), a l though Waage ( 1948 , 8 0 ) was s a t isf ied i n d a t ing h is f inds f rom Ant ioch t o , a t l east , t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c entury B .C. S uch p o t tery was p roduced a t Tarsus ( Go ld man , 1 950 , 1 91-196 a nd 2 60-264 ) amongst o ther s i tes a nd was l a ter e ven ly d istr ibu ted t hroughou t t he Eastern med iterranean ( Fo l l in J ones, 1 945 , 4 5-51) w ith t he, a tp resen t , n otable e xcep t ion o f t he H el len ist ic a nd Roman a reas o f N or th A fr ica . Dur ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he f i rst c en tury B .C. t h is ware s pread t o I ta ly ( Hochu l i-Gysel , 1 977 , 1 36-142 ), p erhaps p ar t ly b y t rade , b u t a l most c erta in ly b y t he i nf lux o f e astern c raf t s men. The e ar ly g lazed v essels p roduced i n I ta ly w ere Hel len ist ic i n f or m a nd d ecora t ion a nd c ons isted f or t he most p art o f r ing-hand led s kypho i.
I ti s , o f c ourse, t o t h is p er iod t ha t w e a t-
t r ibu te t he a ppearance o f H el len ist ic s laves s uch a s Xan thus a nd P i lades p roduc ing a nd d evelop ing Arret ine ware. The I ta lo- Megar ian p o t ters h ad a lready a ppeared i n t he l ater Republ ic , a nd t he Eastern g lass makers Enn ion a nd A r ist eas w ere t o a rr ive s omet i me i n t he f i rst c en tury A .D . ( Ca lv i , 1 968, 9 7 ) t o s tart t he ir p roduct ion i n n orthern I ta ly .
S ome o f t he p o t ters p roduc ing g lazed
ware , n o tably A co , w ere i n v ery c lose c on tact w ith t he s ig il la ta i ndustr ies ( Masel l i , 19 73 , f i gs. 4 , 5a nd 7 , a nd p . 17 , n ote 1 0 f or e xa mp le ). T herefore i ts hou ld n o t b e s urpr is ing t ha t when t he Arret ine b ranch o f A te ius moved t o L yon f ro m Arezzo t o s upp ly t he Rh ineland t roops a nd i n it ia te w ha t was t o b eco me ap ro l if ic Ga l l ic s ig il la ta p roduct ion , o ne a lso f i nds t he s et t ing u p o f c losely a l l ied g lazed ware p roduct ion i n C en tra l Gau l ( Greene , 1 972, 1 2-14 ) a nd p oss ibly Raet ia a s w el l ( Co mfort , 1 959 , 2 77-278 ).
Ab ranch o f t he ACO f i rm s ee ms
t o h ave migra ted t o L yon ( Vegas , 1 970 , 1 24 , A bb. 2 4 ), a nd s im ilar it ies b etween i t s p roduct ion a nd t ha t c f t he Cen tra l Gau l ish g lazed ware p ot ters was e ar ly o n n oted b y D echelet te ( 1904 , 4 8f f .). Thus b y t he t ime o fC laud ius ' i nvas ion o f Br ita in i n A .D . 4 3, t here w ere an umber o fg lazed ware c en tres i n t he N ear East a nd A s ia M inor , p oss ibly i n Greece , i n I ta ly , C en tra l Gau l a nd p erhaps i n Raet ia. The a rm ies i nvad ing Br ita in n a tura l ly l ooked t o Gau l f or t he ir ma in s upp ly o f e ar ly f i ne wares. Wh ilst t he ma jor ity o f e ar ly imports c ons isted o f S outh Gau l ish s ig i l la ta ( t ob e s uperceded t owards t he e nd o ft he c en tury b y L es Martres-de-Veyre a nd t hen b y L ezoux s ig il la ta f ro m Cen tra l Gau l ), a s ubstant ia l amoun t o f C en tra l Gau l ish l ead g lazed p ot tery was imported a longs ide L yon c o lour-coa ted ware ( Greene , 1 973 ).
I ti s s t il l f ar f ro m c er ta in where t he i n it ia l s t i mu l i f or Br it ish g lazed
ware p roduct ion c ame f ro m. We a re n o t , o f c ourse , d ea l ing w ith i m i ta t ions o f f or ms o r e ven t echn ique , b u t w ith t he d irect importa t ion o f at echno logy h ither to a l ien t o Br ita in . On ly i n t he c ase o f av essel f rom Marg idunum ( p . 3 47 , n o. 1 6 ) c an a c onsc ious c opy ing o f aC en tra l Gau l ish g lazed p roduc t b e s een .
The r est o f t he Br it ish g lazed wares im i ta te a n umber o f c on t inen ta l
f or ms , p redom inan t ly s am ian t ypes , , a s w el l a s af ew ' na t ive ' v esse ls ( c f . S avernake Type I a nd S ussex Type 1b elow , a nd Arthur , 1 976a , 8 1, n o. 4 f rom S ta ines ). I ti s l ike ly t ha t g laz ing t echno logy was imported b y f ore ign p ot ters a rr iv ing w ith t he a r my ,o r i n i t s wake t o e xp lo it t he o p ened-up p rov ince.
The
f i rst may b e s ubstant ia ted b y t he m il itary c haracter o f many o f t he e ar ly Br it ish g lazed ware i ndustr ies.
The U sk/Caer leon a nd Ho lt/Chester g roups
2 94
are without doubt 'legionary', with all the problems that term involves, whilst, there is evidence that the Little Chester and Savernake groups were initiated by a military stimulus. However, only in the case of the two firc;;t mentioned groups is there good evidence that production was fairly in the hands of 'legionary' potters, and in both cases, the potters are more likely to have come from the East or the Danubian/North Italian areas than from Central Gaul or the Rhineland (cf. Greene, 1977 and p. 334 below for Holt, and Greene, 1973, 31-32 and p. 324 below for Usk/Caerleon). The technique of decorating ves sels en barbotine prior to glazing, which was a feature of the Staines and Chichester groups in the main, might have derived from similar en barbotine decoration employed in Central Gaul although it is only a short step from producing barbotine decorated wares and glazed wares and combining the techniques. It may be worth noting that potters producing glazed ware in the East were also aware of the pleasant contrasts in colour effected by underglaze barbotine decoration, and so yet again the variety of possible sources of in fluence makes it hard to suggest an area of origin for most of the British lead glazed ware producers. Apart from the two undoubted military industries, the other British centres largely marketed their glazed pottery to the civilian population in southern England and the Midlands. By the second quarter of the second century A. D. r duction ap ears to have ceased. The Welsh garrisons no longer used glazed pottery, whilst no examples have yet come from Hadrian's Wall or, for that matter, any other northern British sites. In civil contexts the pottery is sometimes found in depo its dating to the end of the second century A. D. Nevertheless, in almost all such cases it is likely that the sherds were residual, although such unusual vessels may well have been retained as heirlooms until their final discard. This could be the reason why the Great Wakering beaker (fig. 8.2, no. 2.2) was discovered in a cremation burial with a flanged bowl unlikely to date earlier than the turn of the second century. The wares prod uced for military consumption would need little more than a government direct ive to terminate their production. The disappearance of the pottery can be considered on two levels. It may have been due to inherent disadvantages in the production itself or it may be linked with the demise of small fine ware industries in general. To con sider the former first, it is unlikely that the production would have been consid ered uneconomical. The amount of lead needed for the glaze would have been minimal, and in any case only the groups in the south-east were at any distance from the extensively worked lead/silver mines. The preparation of the glaze (considered on pp. 297ff .) was str�ghtforward and, as can be seen from medie val European production, .no real drain on resources. In fact its popularity during the last millennium makes it hard to understand why it was not more successful during the Roman supremacy. People were probably not fully aware of its potential toxicity, despite the paradoxical fact that the Romans knew of lead poisoning, the symptoms of plumbism, and of the dangers of fumes from heated lead and of contaminated waters (Waldron, 1973, 394-396). Despite this, lead was commonly used, and such glazed pottery was produced throughout Rome's history in one area or another. In the fourth century mortaria, presumably used for grinding foodstuffs, possessed glaze even over the tritura tion grits. A concern for public health is therefore unlikely to have stopped the manufacture of lead glazed ware in Britain. 295
I tt hus r e ma ins t o c ons ider g lazed ware p roduct ion a s o n ly o ne o f an umber o ff ine ware p roduct ions i n f i rst a nd s econd c en tury Br ita in. A f ter t he i nvas ion an umber o f smal l i ndustr ies, many o f t he m m il itar ily i nsp ired , s tarted p rodu ct ion i n t he c oun try t o s upp ly t he i nvasion f orces a nd t he i ncreas ing c iv il ian p opu la t ion. The p roducts w ere of ten g eared t o p rov id ing f or t he n ew Ron lan ized c ook ing a nd e a t ing h ab its , e spec ia l ly f or t he u se o f w ine o n a n i ncreas ing s ca le. O f g lazed ware p roduct ion , o n ly t he S ou th-East Eng l ish g roup c an p erhaps b e c ons idered t o h ave b een e cono m ica l ly s uccessfu l , a l though a d ist inct ion must b e d rawn b e tween p o ttery p roduced a s ac om merc ia l v en ture a nd t ha t p roduced u nder a m il itary d irect ive f or a n o f f ic ia l market where t he a im p resumably was n on-cap i ta l ist ic.
I n t he c ase o f p o tters p roduc ing u nder a m il itary d irec-
t ive o r c omm iss ion i tw ou ld b e u sefu l t o k now whether t he p ot ters w ere a ) s o ld iers, b ) c iv il ian p ot ters who w ere a ssu med a s ' l eg ionary ' p o t ters t o s upp ly s o le ly m il itary n eeds , a nd c ) c iv il ian p o tters who w ere c on tracted t o s upp ly t he a r my b u t who c ou ld a lso o pera te i ndependan t ly a nd s i mu l taneously w ith c iv il markets. Po t tery p roduced b y s o ld iers p resumably s upp l ied o n ly t he m i l itary g arr isons, h owever i ti s f eas ible t ha t a n a rmy , i n as table p o l it ica l s itua t ion , m igh t make ap rof i t b y s el l ing i t s s urp lus p roduce t o c iv il ian p opu lat i ons. The s l igh t d istr ibu t ion o f U sk/Caer leon g roup p roducts i n w ha t , a t p resent , a ppear t o b e c iv il s et t le ments c ou ld b e a ccoun ted f or b y t he s che me s uggested a bove , o r b y t he o pera t ion o f p ot ters o f t ype c . Typ ica l p roducts o f t hese n ew Ro man ized f i ne ware i ndustr ies i nclude ' London ' ware , mica-dusted ware , e ggshel l ware, marbled ware a nd t he u b iqu i tous c ream-co loured v essels w ith o range o r b rown b arbot ine d ecora t ion . A l l o f t hese b ecame e stabl ished f rom t he l a te F lav ian p er iod , many b eing made a t ' l eg ionary ' workshops, a nd a l though ab ew ilder ing v ar iety o f f or ms was p resen t , s am ian im i ta t ions w ere n one t oo c ommon e xcept i n ' London ' ware. I t may b e s ign if ican t t ha t amongst g lazed wares im itat ion Dr. 3 7s w ere p roduced a s o pposed t o Dr. 2 9s, s uggest ing t ha t much was p roduced af t er t he 8 0s. These i ndustr ies may t o ac erta in e x ten t h ave c ompeted w i th t he s am ian marke t ing , e sp ec ia l ly d ur ing t he S ou th Gau l ish/Cen tra l Gau l ish c hangeover , b u t t he l a t ter 's t rade was s o v ir i le t ha t i t was n o t u n t i l t he l arge-sca le e cono m ic u pheava ls o f t he l a te s econd a nd t h ird c en tur ies t ha t i tc eased t o b e i mpor tan t. By t h is t ime t he smal l s ca le i ndustr ies h ad a lready d ied o ut t ob e r ep laced b y l arge s ca le c ong lo mera tes s uch a s t he N ene Va l ley c en tre. The f i ne ware i ndustr ies may h ave b een p ar t ly u pset b y t he s h if t o f m il itary emphas is t o t he n orth w i th t he n or thern c ampa igns a nd t he b u i ld ing o f t he Hadr ian ic a nd An ton ine wa l ls. These n orthern s ites a re s ingu lar ly f ree o f Br it ish made f i ne w ares a par t f rom c o lour c oa ted b eakers. P erhaps, h owever , t he ma jor r eason f or t he d isappearance o f t hese i ndustr ies was s i mp ly t ha t o f t he s urv iva l o f t he f i t test a nd , a s w ith t he I ndustr ia l r evo lut ion o f l a te e igh teen th a nd n ine teen th c entury Br ita in , t he sma l l p ot tery ' cot tage i ndustr ies ' d r ied u p i n t he f ace o f t he mass p roduct iv ity o f t he L ezoux s am ian i ndustry .
Sma l l i ndustr ies a re u sua l ly o n ly s uccessfu l when
r ely ing o n s ecure l oca l markets s uch a s f ort g arr isons wh ich , o n t ransfer , wou ld l eave a c o m merc ia l v o id . I ts hou ld a lso b e r e me mbered t ha t i ti s t o t he f i rst h a lf o ft he s econd c en tury t ha t o ne a ss igns t he s am ian i ndustr ies ' e xpans ion i nto a reas s uch a s East Gau l a nd a n a t te mp t t o s et u p p o t ter ies a t Co lchester ( Hu l l , 1 963, 4 3-74 ), A ldga te/Pu lborough ( Webster , 1 975 , 1 63-170 ) a nd p erhaps Y ork ( S tanf ie ld a nd S i mpson , 1 958 , 1 6 ). Ac arefu l s tudy o f t he d istr ibu t ion
2 96
of the fine wares may tell us more about the conditions and markets upon which these small scale industries depended. The reasons for the decline of small fine ware industries, and the disappearance of glazed ware in particular, can only be found with an understanding of the complex socio-economic processes of the first and second centuries A. D. THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD GLAZED POTTERY Though little work has been done on Roman lead glazes, processes of man ufacture can be divined from a study of modern technology and archaeological evidence. Galena (the sulphide ore PbS), white lead ("PbCOs • Pb(OH);;,) or lead ore were employed as glaze modifiers which could then be combined with silica, the glaze former. The silica, however, being already present in the clay of the pottery need not necessarily have been added. Finally, a colourant such as iron or copper oxides may have been added to give the glaze a particular tint. Lead alone would give a yellowish glaze, whilst iron oxide would give a yellowish, red or brown colour under oxidizing conditions and green under reduction, and copper oxide would give green (Hodges, 1968, 45). Colourants may have been added as oxides which dissolved in the glaze-or as pigments which were distributed within the glaze matrix. In some cases (e.g. the South East English Group) the pot may have been slipped prior to glazing, the slip then being visible through the translucent glaze. Glazes are now often applied in fritted form, although the Romans would probably have applied the unfused mix either as a powder or as a suspension in water, the latter giving a more even finish. They could have been applied on pre-fired vessels as Donald Bailey has suggested for the horses' head volute lamps (Ward-Perkins and Claridge, 1976, 154) or on leather hard vessels so that both firing and glazing could be carried out in a single process. The latter procedure may have been employed at Little Chester, where the discovery of glazed and unglazed pottery in the same kiln (Brassington, 1971, 41) could indicate that all the vessels were fired simultaneously. The evidence is however invalidated if the sherds represent no more than a general waster dump in a redundant kiln. Lead glazes are very easy and economical to produce, with a wide range of maturing temperatures (although they tend to volatilize over 1, 150°C), and they can have an attractive colour and a high gloss and refractive index. Parmelee (1973, 361-385) usefully summarizes the advantages and disadvan tages of such glazes and provides a professional account of raw lead glazes, whilst Hodges �.cit., 51-52) has a convenient section on glaze defects and discusses the compatibility of glazes and clay bodies. The disadvantages are important. The toxicity of glazes has already been discussed ( p. 295 supra) and acid foodstuffs would have contributed towards leaching out of the lead and making the vessels undesirable for use. H. A. Waldron and the writer are currently engaged in examining the potential danger of this pottery. A more obvious disadvantage, during firing, is the easy volatility of lead compounds in glazes leading to their impoverishment and loss of gloss. To help prevent this the wares are best fired in some form of container or muffle kiln. The frontispiece to Grimes' Holt report illustrates how the Holt/Chester wares were fired within two fitting saggars thus preventing exposure to the kiln's atmosphere (cf. also Grimes, 1930, 182-3). No evidence for the use of sag gars was found at Little Chester. The same frontispiece also shows the 297
vessel in an inverted position, and many Romano-British lead glazed wares do have solidified droplets of glaze on the rims thus indicating that the pots were usually glazed in this position. This would eliminate any knobs of glaze on the base of the vessels which could render them unstable. Little evidence for kiln props is known, although examples were found at Holt (Fig. 8.12, B), and occasional vessels display evidence of contact with props by their marred sur faces (e.g. Fig. 8.12, 9.1). The initial preparation of the vessels followed the common potting techniques of the time. All vessels were wheel-turned, whilst the Moulded Imitation Samian Group and examples of the Holt/Chester group were turned inside moulds in the fashion of moulded samian. The decorative techniques that were employed are described under each group. Differential firing produced a mottled effect in the fabrics and glazes which was probably caused accidentally, despite its occasional attractiveness. Our only evidence for kilns used in glazing comes from Little Chester and perhaps Holt. At Little Chester a small kiln (Brassington, 1971, 41, kiln if), 0.48 m in diameter, was used for lead glazing. It was an updraught kiln with a central pedestal (0.09 m diameter) probably fitted with radial fire bars to sup port the batch. The traces of glaze over associated fire 1:)ars and on an earlier pedestal suggests that no receptacle enclosed or protected the wares from the kiln's atmosp ere. It is possible that the kiln was experimental. A number of kilns were excavated at Holt, but none could be directly associated with glazed pottery production. Nevertheless, it is interesting that some of the pottery kilns were rectangular in shape. Although tile kilns were usually rectangular, most of the Roman pottery kilns north of the Alps were circular or oval and this unusual feature at Holt may indicate direct influence from pot tery kilns of Italian type (Cuomo di Caprio, 1971-2, type II). Lyons and Lezoux provide some of the few known parallels for this type in the north western provinces, whilst a well excavated example comes from Sutri, north of Rome (Duncan, 1964, 42, fig. 3). Perhaps the techniques employed in glazing at Holt were likewise imported from an area of competent Hellenistic pottery production. Even so, the number of small potteries in Britain recog. sed by onl andful of glazed prod cts (e.g. Savernake) would tend to suggest that on the whole such production rarely advanced further than the experi mental stage • THE SOUTH-EAST ENGLISH GROUP This ware is the most widely distributed of all Romano-British glazed pottery groups (Fig. 8 .1). It is found particularly along the lower Thames Valley, eastwards of Staines, suggesting a riverine trade, and in Hertford shire, Surrey, southern Essex and northern Kent. Outlying examples have come from Chichester, H amshill Dit.ches in Wiltshire, Bradwell villa, Bucks, Whitchurch, Salop. and Chester. The last three findspots indicate an inter esting and perhaps significant distribution towards the north-west along the line of the Watling Street. By far the greatest concentration of such pottery (some 64%) representing, at least, 35 separate vessels came from recent excavations at Staines, where the presence of seconds/wasters could well indicate local production. The distribution map would certainly suggest that
298
SOUTH-EAST ENGL ISH GROUP
F INDS : • ? K ILNS : +
•
•
••
•
•
• •
So
C z2.
•
•
F IG . 8 . 1
2 99
the Thames acted as the main commercial artery, and the positioning of Staines would be ideally suited for such a trade. The repertoire includes imitation Dr. 30 beakers, Dr. 37 bowls, pear shaped flagons and some globular beaker forms which are reminiscent of the glass form Isings 67c with slightly splayed rims and angular shoulders. Ett linger published some similar beaker forms from Augst (Ettlinger, 1949, 96, and my Fig. A, in an unglazed light grey fabric with incised vertical lines). which she dated to the Flavian period or the second century, whilst a remark ably similar beaker, dated by Fremersdorf to the first century A.D. is known from Ktlln (Fremersdorf 1928, Taf. 84, left). A further beaker form is re presented by a solitary rim from Springhead. These vessels are decorated with simple geometrical designs applied in white or cream underglaze barbo tine . Rows of barbotine circles appear most frequently, whilst lattice, ver tical lines and gadroons or 'hairpins' and rows of dots are common. Lozenges, interlaced circles and concentric circles are also known. Such decoration can be paralleled on other Romano-British pottery, but one should probably look to Central Gaul for the direct inspiration, where it is found on Central Gaulish glazed ware amongst other types (e.g. Brenders, 1975, pl. 1). The fabric is generally a medium grey, sometimes partly oxidized red brown, fairly hard and fine, with some quartz and mica. Vessel no. 7 .3 from Southwark was thin-sectioned by Dr. D. F. Williams and shown to have an anisotropic matrix of baked clay containing frequent grains of subangular quartz, averaging 0.05 to 0.1 mm in size, with a sprinkling of larger grains up to 0.35 mm. There were also a few plagioclase felspar grains and plenti ful flecks of mica. Mica is not always evident and might indicate vessels fired over 1, ooo0c when the mineral will fuse. Except on the occasional oxidized vessel, the translucent glaze appears a medium green due to the ef fect of the grey fabric showing through. Over the white barbotine the glaze appears yellow. Puddling up of the glaze on the rims of vessels shows that they were inverted, at least, during the glazing ·process. Many of the Dr.30s (Type 5) have a very individualistic rim form characterized by a slightly flaring collar above the cordon and decorative panel, terminating in a distinct groove d small beaded rim. The angular effect produced may well be char acteristic of a single potter. The dating of this industry is indicated by a few well stratified finds •. Meates found sherds at both Franks and Lullingstone villas (pers. comm.). The Franks examples came from the primary silt of a gully draining the , earliest building, and was associated with Gallo-Belgic pottery and late 'Iron 1 Age fabric' bead-rims. The excavator proposes a date prior to.£· A.D. 80 for the deposit. Similarly, at Lullingstone, the glazed sherd was associated with the east wall of the earliest house alongside bead-rim jars and an Allen class II potin coin. The proposed date for the deposit is £ • A. D. 80-90. The largest amount of such pottery has come from the Central Area Development site, 1977, in Staines. There Crouch found some 50 sherds many of which were stratified above the early military ditches and the supposed town ditch. These features do not provisionally appear to be later than the 70s A.D. and ) provide a terminus post quern for the ware on the site . Other finds support a date around the 80s for its appearance, but the dating of the industry's dura tion·-and denoument is less secure. The Cambridge vessel (no. 2 .. 2) came
l
300
from a cremation burial with samian Dr. 18/31s stamped MONTANUS and PAULLI.M indicating a date probably around the middle of the second century, although the Great Wakering vessel from a late second/early third century burial probably had an extended life. On present evidence a terminal date in the Hadrian·c period, perhaps early on, seems likely especially as the limited amount of pottery would suggest a short time span for the group. These vessels were probably part of a larger ceramic industry producing unglazed vessels. An unglazed Dr. 30 imitation (Fig. 8.3, no. 5.9) with bar botine circle decoration and a similar lattice decorated sherd were found at Staines and a sherd from an unglazed pear-shaped flagon came from a nearby settlement at Vicarage Road Allotments, Chertsey (information B. Johnston). It is unlikely that the Staines vessels represent biscuit fired examples awaiting glazing. It seems that the lead glazed vessels were produced at Staines along side mica-dusted ware. A similarity in technique between the two pottery types may exist; if the lead glaze was produced by the vitrification of glaze constituents suspended in a slip, then it is essentially similar to the method of dipping 'mica-dusted' vessels into a mica-laden slip. TYPE 1. Pear-shaped flask, with exterior glaze only 1.1
Puckeridge. Soft red fabric; greenish-brown glaze. forthcoming.
1.2
Plaxtol. Hard, medium grey/red-brown fabric; light olive-green glaze. Harris, 1961, 93:ff.
1.3
Staines. Medium hard, orange-pink fabric turning grey towards surface; light olive-green glaze. Arthur, forthcoming.
1.4
Colchest.er. Fairly soft, orange-brown fabric; light olive/yellow-green glaze. Colchester Museum, unpublished.
1 • 5 ; London. Hard grey-brown fabric; 93ff. 1. 6
olive-green glaze •
Partridge,
Harris, 1961,
Hams hill Ditches, Wilts. Unillustrated. Soft orange fabric; medium brown glaze. Salisbury Museum, unpublished.
TYPE 2.
Globular beaker with angular rim and shoulder
2.1
Great Wakering, Essex. Hard, dark grey fabric; dark olive-green glaze. Puddling up of glaze under base suggests that vessel was glazed upright. Pollitt, 1935, pl. XXII. -
2.2
Cambridge. S oft, medium grey fabric; medium olive-green glaze. Hollingworth and O'Reilly, 1925, 33.
2.3
Brentford. Hard, pink-brown fabric; orange-brown glaze. Possible kiln furniture mark on rim. Laws, forthcoming.
2 .4
Ewell. Hard, reddish-buff fabric with a grey core; olive-brown glaze. This dist.ort.ed vessel is either a second or suffered in a fire. Walt.ers, 1908, K66.
2.5
Mucking. Soft, dark grey fabric; light grey-green glaze. forthcoming. 301
Jones,
Fig. 8 .2
South-east English Group.
Type 1. Type 2. Type 3. Type 4. Type 5.
Scale 1 /3.
Pear shaped flasks, with exterior glaze only. Globular beakers with angular rims and shoulders. Globular beakers with everted rims. Unidentified vessel. Imitation Dr. 30s with overall glaze.
302
1 . 3
! I
2 .3
2 .5 1 a ss i J
e t
2 .7
2 .6 I
)
2 .8
4 :'11 1 1 1r J
5 .4
3 03
• 5 .5 1 _
2 .6
S ta ines.
Hard , o range-brown f abr ic;
r ed-brown g laze.
A r thur , f or th-
c om ing. 2 .7
S ta ines.
Hard , p urp le-brown f abr ic;
y el low-brown g laze.
Ar thur ,
f or thco m ing. 2 .8
S ta ines.
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
o l ive-green g laze.
Arthur , f orth-
c om ing. TYPE 3 . 3 .1
G lobu lar b eaker w ith e verted r im
S pr inghead.
Hard , o range-brown f abr ic w i th g rey s urfaces;
o l ive-green g laze. 3 .2
S ta ines. g laze.
TYPE 4 . 4 .1
med iu m
Harker , f or thco m ing.
Hard , d ark b rown f abr ic w ith d ark g rey s urfaces;
o l ive-green
Ar thur , f or thco m ing.
Un iaen t if ied v essel
L ondon .
Hard , r ed-brown f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g laze.
Th is s herd
b ears g laze o nb o th e x ter ior a nd i n ter ior s urfaces s uggest ing t ha t i t was af a irly o pen f or m. TYPE 5 . 5 .1
Harr is, 1 961, 9 3f f .
Im i ta t ion Dr. 3 0 w ith o vera l l g laze
S ta ines.
Hard , l i gh t p ink f abr ic;
g reen g laze.
Arthur , 1 976b , 8 0 ,
n o . 3 . 5 .2
Bradwel l v i l la , Bucks.
Orange-brown f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g laze.
Green , f or thco m ing. 5 .3
S ta ines.
Br ick-red f abr ic w ith g rey c ore a nd s urfaces;
d ark o l ive-
g reen g laze. The u nderg laze d ecora t ion i s t he s ame c o lour a s t he f abr ic 's s urface. Ar thur , 1 976, 8 0 , n o. 1 . 5 .4
Chel msford . g laze.
5 .5
S ta ines.
Hard b r ick-red f abr ic w ith g rey c ore;
d ark o l ive-green
Drury , f or thco m ing. Hard , o range-brown f abr ic;
l i ght g reen/brown g laze.
Ar thur ,
f or thco m ing. 5 .6
S ta ines.
Hard , o range-brown f abr ic;
i n terna l g laze. 5 .7
S ta ines.
med iu m g reen e x terna l a nd b rown
Ar thur , f orthco m ing.
Orange-brown f abr ic;
l i gh t b rown/green g laze.
Ar thur ,
f or thco m ing. 5 .8
S pr inghead. Hard , o range-brown f abr ic w ith med iu m b rown c ore a nd g rey s urfaces; o l ive-green g laze: U npubl ished.
5 .9
S ta ines.
Ung lazed e xamp le.
Hard , b u f f f abr ic.
5 .10 S ta ines. 8 0 , n o . 2 .
Med iu m g rey f abr ic;
5 .11
Hard , r ed-brown f abr ic;
S ta ines.
f orthco m ing.
3 04
Crouch , f orthco m ing.
o l ive-green g laze.
A rthur , 1 976b ,
o l ive-green g laze.
A rthur ,
5 .12 S ta ines.
Hard , r ed-brown f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g laze.
A r thur ,
f orthco m ing. 5 .13
Farn ingha rn.
Orange-brown f abr ic w i th med iu m g rey c ore a nd s urfaces;
med iu m o l ive-green g laze. 5 .14 S ta ines.
1 \ 4ea tes, f orthcom ing.
Red-brown f abr ic;
5 .15 Ch ichester.
r ed/yel low g laze.
Med iu m g rey f abr ic;
Arthur , f or thco m ing.
o l ive-green g laze.
Down , 1 978 , 2 43,
n o. 8 . 5 .16 S pr inghead .
L ost .
Penn , 1 964, 1 82, n o. 4 .
5 .17 S pr inghead.
Hard , g rey f abr ic;
med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
Harker ,
f orthco m ing. TYPE 6 . 6 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 0/37 h ybr id?
S ta ines.
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
o l ive-green g laze.
Z ones o f wh ite
b arbot ine o r s l ip ( s t ipp led ) a re p resen t b enea th t he g laze.
A rthur ,
f orthco m ing. 6 .2
S ta ines.
Hard , r ed-brown f abr ic;
l i ght o l ive-green g laze.
A rthur ,
f or thco m ing. TYPE 7 . 7 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7
S ta ines.
Hard , o range-brown f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore;
b rown-green g laze. 7 .2
l i gh t
A rthur , f orthco m ing.
L eadenha l l S t ., L ondon .
Dark b rown s urface a nd b lack c ore s andw ich-
i ng a n o range-brown f abr ic;
med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
Wa l ters , 1 908 ,
1 1, n o. K 73. 7 .3
S ou thwark .
Hard , g rey f abr ic;
d ark g reen g laze.
C f . t he w r iter 's
n ote i n SLAEC, f or thco m ing , w r it ten i n October 1 975 , wh ich i s n ow s uperseded. 7 .4
Chester. g laze.
Dark b rown f abr ic w ith ab lack c ore;
med iu m o l ive-green
A ssoc ia ted w ith c o ins o f V espas ian a nd Do m it ian.
Br it ish
Museu m I nv. n o. 1 926.6.15.1. 7 .5
Wh i tchurch .
Grey f abr ic; o l ive-green g laze.
Webster a nd J ones ,
1 968 , 2 27 , n o. 1 45. 7 .6
Ba ldock .
S o f t , o range-red f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore;
y el low/o l ive-green g laze. 7 .7
Wick ford . f aces;
l i gh t
R igby , f orthco m ing .
Hard , o range f abr ic w ith med iu m g rey-brown c ore a nd s ur-
l i gh t o l ive-green g laze.
S outhend Museu m , u npubl ished
7 .8
S ta ines. Hard , med iu m b rown f abr ic w ith d arker s urfaces; o l ive-green g laze. Arthur , f or thco m ing.
7 .9
S hoebury , Essex .
Brown-buf f f abr ic;
o l ive-green g laze.
med iu m
Co lchester
Museu m , u npubl ished. 7 .10 S ta ines .
Hard , o range-brown f abr ic;
Arthur , f or thco m ing. 3 05
med iu m r ed-brown g laze.
F ig. 8 .3
S outh-east Eng l ish G roup.
Type 5.
S ca le
1/3
.
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 0s w ith o vera l l g laze.
Type 6.
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 0/37 h ybr ids ?
Type 7.
Im ita t ion Dr . 3 7s.
3 06
5 77 1 1 1
5 .6
1 .
5 . 11
I
-
5 . 14 % _
\
5 . 15
6 . 1
7 . 3
7 . 1
7 . 5
7 . 6
M \ \ \ \
4 2 2
7 .11
En f ield.
S of t , g rey/orange f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
G en try e t a l .,
1 977 , 1 50. 7 ,12 S ta ines.
S of t , d ark b rown f abr ic;
med ium o l ive-green g laze.
Arthur ,
f or thco m ing. 7 .13
Chelmsford.
Red-brown f abr ic;
med ium o l ive-green g laze.
Drury ,
f or thco m ing. 7 .1 .4 S outhwark .
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g iaze .
S outhwark
a nd L ambeth Arch . Exc. Com m ittee , u npubl ished . T UT 8 . 8 11
L id o r b ow l
S ta ines.
Hard b rown f abr ic ;
o range-brown g laze.
A r thur , forthco m ing.
THE SUSSEX GROUP Excava t ions a t Ch ichester i n r ecen t y ears h ave y ielded a n umber o f l ead g lazed v essels wh ich e as ily f or m a s ing le g roup ( F ig. 8 .4 a nd Down a nd Ru le , 1 971, 7 7 a nd 7 9 , a nd Down , 1 978 , 2 42-243, n os. 1 -4 , 7a nd 1). S o f ar n o v essels o f t h is g roup h ave b een r ecogn ised o u ts ide Ch ichester a nd t h is , w ith t he p resence o f a nu nderf ired b eaker i n t he t own ( 3 .1 ), wou ld s uggest t ha t t he p roduct ion c en tre was n earby . O ther f i ne ware p roduct ion i s k nown f ro m n e ighbour ing Pu lborough.
Though t here i s n ow v ery g ood e v idence f or a n e arly
m i l i tary p resence a t Ch ichester ( Cun l if fe , 1 978 , 1 79 ) t he g lazed p o t tery d oes n o t a ppear l i nked w ith t h is e ar ly p hase o f a ct iv ity . A ssoc ia t ions i nb ur ia l g roups a nd t he p resence o f ag lazed i m ita t ion Dech. 6 4 s uggest t ha t t he v essels d a te t o t he e ar ly s econd c en tury .
O ther f or ms i n-
c lude a p la t ter , im ita t ion s am ian D r. 3 0s a nd a Dr. 3 7 , a nd t wo v essels ( nos. 1 .1 a nd 1 .2 ) t he f or ms o f wh ich c opy Ga l lo-Belg ic a s o pposed t o Roman t ypes. The f abr ic i s g enera l ly a med iu m h ard , p a le r ed-brown a nd t he c ompetent g laze v ar ies i n c o lour f ro m med iu m g reen t o r ed-brown t o y el low . The f abr ic i s s uperf ic ia l ly v ery s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he S ou th-Cen tra l Eng l ish g roup ( p . 2 98 ) ,a l though t he Edax ( p . 2 93 s upra ) h as s hown t ha t t he Ch ichester s pec imens may b e d ist ingu ished b y as ign if ican t p roport ion o f p otass ium , wh ich i s v irtua l ly a bsen t i n t he f or mer g roup.
The t echn ique o fu n .derglaze w h ite b ar-
b o t ine d ecora t ion i s p ara l leled b y t he S ou th-East Eng l ish g roup a nd a lso f ound o n a n u n iden t if ied s herd f ro m Marg idunum ( Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 1, n o. 2 80 ). O therw ise t he v essels a re d ecora ted w ith c om ing a nd r ou let t ing . One o f t he i n terest ing f ea tures o f t he S ussex g roup i s t ha t t he s even a l most p erfect v essels c ame f ro m t he S t . Pancras Roman c e metery s i te a nd f i ve o f t hese w ere u ndoubted ly f rom b ur ia ls. There may h ave b een a p red ilec t ion t o i nclude s uch v essels i nb ur ia l a sse mblages , b u t i ts ee ms u n l ikely t ha t t hey w ere p roduced s pec if ica l ly f or t h is p urpose. •O f t he S outh-East Eng l ish g roup , v essels f rom Waker ing ( no. 2 .1 ), Pucker idge ( no. .1 ) , P lax to l ( no . 1 .2 ) a nd Cambr idge ( no. 2 .2 ) c ame f ro m b ur ia ls a s may h ave v essels f rom Co lchester ( no. 1. 4 ) ,S ta ines ( no. 5 .3 ) a nd En f ield ( no. 7 .11 ).
Al ost g lazed v essel was
f ound i n aF lav ian o r e ar ly s econd c en tury b arrow a t B lack N o t ley i n E ssex ( V .C.H. E ssex I I , 1 63 ), a nd t he Dorchester v essel ( Wanborough g roup , t ype 1 .1 ) c a me f rom a n i nhuma t ion c e me tery n ear I cen Way . G reene ( 1972, 1 3 ) h as n o ted h ow Cen tra l Gau l ish g lazed v essels w ere p ar t icu lar ly f avoured a s 3 08
grave goods and a Central Gaulish lamp was found in grave 173 at Chichester (Down and Rule, 1971, Fig. 5.24, 1936), whilst current work by the writer would suggest that certain fourth century, Central European, glazed vessels were specifically made for the burial equipage (cf. Grunewald, 1976, 57-60, and Kraskovka, 1976, 43-45, especially pl. 6, no. 6). TYPE 1 • Ovoid beaker 1.1
Fairly hard orange-pink fabric; Rule, 1971, 77, no. 46.
overall red-brown glaze. Down and
1 .2
Soft orange-brown fabric; overall orange-brown glaze over vertical cream barbotine striations. Down and Rule, 1971, 79, no. 171g.
1.3
Hard orange-pink fabric; overall orange-brown glaze. 242, no. 1. Probably from an ovoid beaker.
Down, 1978,
TYPE 2. Imitation Dr. 30 2.1
Fairly hard orange-pink fabric; light olive-green glaze. 1971, 79, no. 247g.
2.2
Unillustrated. · Similar, but with horizontal combed wavy-line decoration, Down and Rule, 1971, 77, no. 45.
Down and Rule,
TYPE 3. Imitation Dech. 64 3.1
Soft pink-buff fabric; 79, no. 81f.
sparse traces of glaze. Down and Rule, 1971,
TYPE 4. Imitation Dr. 37 4.1
Medium hard pink-buff fabric; orange-brown glaze. Down and Rule, 1971, 79, no. 171f.
TYPE 5. Dish 5.1
Medium hard orange-brown fabric; mustard-yellow glaze. Rule, 1971, 79, no. 247c.
Down and
THE SA VERNAKE GROUP Savernake has for some time been known as the centre of a thriving coarse ware industry based on the market town of Mildenhall and with a distribution of material in Wiltshire and, to a lesser extent, in Berkshire, Gloucestershire and Somerset (Annable, 1962; Hodder, 1974). Only seven glazed sherds are lmown, all coming from the Savernake Forest kiln site at Column Ride (Fig. 8.7 an_!! Annable, .2E_.cit.). They are.in a standard Savernake fabric, fairly hard cream-buff, with pink and red grog and a few quartz and dark iron grains. The lead glaze_ covers the ext.erior surface and is a medium olive-green. The industry appears to have commenced production in conjunction with the military occupation of the south-west. The Mildenhall well deposit, which contained Savernake ware, can be dated to.£· A.D. 50-60 (Swan, 1975, 43-44) and the kiln site at Oare would certainly not appear to date any larer. Savernake 309
F ig. 8 .4
S ca le
1/ 3
.
S outh-east Engl ish Group. Type 7 . Im itat ion Dr. 3 7s. Type 8 . A .
L id o r b ow l.
Augst , Sw itzerland.
Co mpare w ith t ype 2 a bove a nd s ee t ex t.
S ussex Group. Type 1 . Ovo id b eakers. Type 2 . Im itat ion Dr. 3 0s. Type 3 . Im itat ion Dechelet te 6 4. Type 4 . Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7. Type 5 . D ish. S avernake Group. Type 1 . C losed b eakers o r j ars.
7 . 10
712 11
(
7 . 13
0›-
7 . 14
8 14 1t
4 . 1
k e e4r .e .e .
-
\y " -; . W .A MP 44 43 .
5 . 1
1 . 1
1
Q4 4
V -
1 .3
r1 . 4 C
industry products were typical of the Belgic potters of south-eastern England and a military stimulus has been suggested for the movement of such potters to the Wiltshire area. It is interesting that glazing was practised, albeit on a limited scale, in what appears to have been a Belgic industry. Oare types 1-2 and 21-2 2 (Swan, op.cit., 47-49 and 51) were not Belgic vessel types, but rather inspired by vessels commonly imported by the army. Per haps, the Savernake Belgic potters worked alongside, or were trained in new techniques by, Roman potters. There was no evidence found at Column Ride as to the methods employed for manufacturing glazed pottery. Kiln 1 was a regular, double-flue, horizon tal draught kiln and kiln 2 was a single-flue updraught kiln with an unusual per forated clay block in the centre of the oven. Neither of the kilns could be shown to have been used for glazing. The exact dating of the glazed sherds is· difficult, though they probably belong to the second half of the first century. The green glaze was competent and it seems surprising that production appears to have been of an experimental nature. It would be interesting to see if Savernake glazed pottery is found in future on settlement sit.es as, at present, there is no sign of it ever having been marketed. The glazed sherds are all small and difficult to assign to any forms, though one fragment looks as if it belonged to a typical Savernake everted rim jar or beaker, with one or more girth grooves ,_(Annable, op.cit., 154, Type 7). On balance it seems likely that the other sherds belong to the same or similar types. TYPE 1. Closed beaker or jar 1.1
Pink fabric with a buff core; medium olive-green exterior glaze. Devizes Museum, unpublished.
1.2
Cream-pink fabric; medium green exterior glaze. unpublished.
1.3
Rilled exterior surface. Cream-pink fabric with cream-pink interior surface and black slip and light grey exterior surface; medium green glaze. Devizes Museum, unpublished.
1.4
Rilled and fettled exterior surface. Cream-pink fabric with light grey exterior surface; medium green glaze. Devizes Museum, unpublished.
Devizes Museum,
THE SOUTH-CENTRAL ENGLISH GROUP The South-Central English group is distributed in Wiltshire and the surround ing counties with examples appearing as ·far east as Brentford and at Usk and Caerwent to the north-west (Figs. 8. 5 and 8. 6). The homogeneity of the pot tery would suggest a common production centre, and the samples analysed by Edax (p. 293 ), from Armsley (no. 2 .2) and Catsgore (no. 3 .1), appear to bear this out. T he distribution appears to be orientated towards civil markets and has much in common with that of the Wanborough group (Fig. 8. 7), al though the fabrics are quite different. The total number of vessels at present known is small. There is little evidence to indicate, as Musty suggested 3 12
3 i3
( 1969 , 1 28-129 ), t ha t t hese v essels w ere made i n t he Mend ips;
t he d istr ibu t ion
a nd p robab i l ity t ha t o ther g lazed wares w ere made i n Wil tsh ire ( c f . S avernake , Mou lded I m ita t ion S am ian a nd Wanborough g roups ) a longs ide o ther e ar ly f ine wares i nd ica tes r a ther a p oss ible s ource o f o r ig in i n t he Wiltsh ire o r n orthern Hampsh ire a reas.
H owever , t he q uest ion , a t p resen t , r e ma ins o pen.
The
ma jor d istr ibut ion i s s ign if ican t ly a long t he Avon r iver v a l ley . The f abr ic i s u sua l ly v ery f i ne a nd s l igh t ly m icaceous.
I nclusions a re
r arely v is ible , a l though d ark s pecks , p robably o f i ron o x ide, c an of ten b e s een t hrough t he g laze a nd s ub-angu lar q uartz a nd g rog o ccas iona l ly a ppears. Ox id iza t ion p roduces t he c haracter ist ic o range f abr ic a nd o range-brown c o loured g laze , wh ich i s s hared w ith v essels o f t he S ussex g roup. The v essels a re s o met i mes u ndecora ted a l though a f i ne r ou let t ing i s c om mon a nd c omb ing was a lso emp loyed. The W inchester v essel n o . 1 .1 i s u nusua l i n f or m a nd b ears c o mpass-scr ibed ' London ware ' d ecora t ion , w h ich i s s o mewha t f i ner t han t ha t f ound o n v essels o f t he Wanborough g roup ( nos. 5 .6 , 7 .1 a nd 9 .1 ). The o ther Winchester v esse l i n t h is g roup ( no. 9 .1) i s s o mewha t s uspect , a l though f abr ic a nd g laze i ng enera l a ppear t o t a l ly . I t may r epresen t af lange a nd b ears s tamped d ecora t ion , t hus s ett ing i ta part f rom a l l o ther k nown Ro mano-Br it ish g lazed v essels.
H owever , i t may b ear c ompar ison w ith a v essel f ro m Chew
va l ley ( 12.1 u n i l lustra ted ; b een u nable t o e xam ine.
J ope i n Rah tz, f or thco m ing ) wh ich t he w r iter h as
More d a ted e xamp les o ft h is ware a re n eeded , wh ich a t p resen t i s d a ted t o t he l a te f i rst a nd e ar ly s econd c en tury A .D . T he sma l l amount o f p o ttery k nown w ou ld s uggest a s hort p roduct ion s pan . TYPE 1 . 1 .1
S hou ldered b eaker
Winchester. Hard o range-p ink f abr ic ; y el low-brown o vera l l g laze. Barclay , f orthco m ing.
TYPE 2 .
Barre l b eaker
2 .1
Caerwen t. Hard o range-brown f abr ic; o range-brown g laze. Evans , f orthco m ing.
2 .2
A r msley , Han ts. Med iu m h ard o range f abr ic; o range-brown g laze. Musty , 1 969 , 1 30 , n o. 1 .
2 .3
Bren t ford. Hard p ink-brown f abr ic; o range-brown g laze. f or thcom ing.
TYPE 3 . 3 .1
L aws,
G lobu lar j ar
Ca tsgore , S o m. Med iu m h ard o range-p ink f abr ic; o range e x ter ior g laze. L eech , f orthco m ing.
TYPE 4 . 4 .1
Morgan-
H em ispher ica lb ow l
K ingsco te. S of t o range-p ink f abr ic ; o range-brown g laze. f or thco m ing.
3 14
Swa ine ,
TYPE 5 . 5 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7
Charterhouse.
Fa irly s of t p ink-orange f abr ic;
o range g laze.
S o mer-
s et Coun ty Museu m , u npubl ished . 5 .2
L it t le more, Oxon .
Orange-bu f f f abr ic w ith l i gh t g rey c ore;
y el low g reen e x ter ior g laze.
l i gh t o l ive/
I ti s p oss ible t ha t t h is b ase b elongs t o a
c losed f or m a s t here i s n o i nter ior g laze.
Equa l ly i t may n o t b elong t o
t h is g roup , b ut b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he Winchester b ow l ( Cun l if fe , 6 2, n o. 1 a nd n o. 6 a bove. TYPE 6 . 6 .1
1 964,
A shmo lean Museu m , u npubl ished.
Cy l indr ica l c up
A r msley .
Med iu m h ard o range f abr ic ;
o range-brown g laze.
Musty ,
1 969 , 1 30 , n o. 3 . 6 .2
A r msley . S im ilar t o a bove.
6 .3
S hakenoak . Fa ir ly s of t o range f abr ic; o range-brown g laze. a s as p ind le-whor l . Brodr ibb e t a l., 1 968 , 7 2-73.
TYPE 7 . 7 .1
Musty , 1 969 , 1 30 , n o. 4 . Re -used
M iscel laneous b eaker
I l chester.
Hard r ed-brown f abr ic;
o range-brown g laze.
L each , f orth-
c om ing. 7 .2
Bokerly .
S of t o range f abr ic;
i nter ior g laze. TYPE 8 . 8 .1
o range-brown e x ter ior a nd l i gh t b rown
S a l isbury Museu m , u npubl ished .
Un iden t if ied
Burco mbe , Wihs.
S of t o range f abr ic;
l i gh t b rown g laze.
S a l isbury
Museu m , u npubl ished. TYPE 9 . 9 .1
F langed v essel
Winchester.
Hard , l i gh t b rown f abr ic;
y el low-brown g laze.
Barclay ,
f or thco m ing . TYPE 1 0. 1 0.1
J ar
S tra t ford s ub Cast le, Wil ts. a nd b rown i n ter ior g laze.
TYPE 1 1. 1 1.1
S of t o range f abr ic;
i n ter ior g laze.
1 2.1
S a l isbury Museu m , u npubl ished.
Un ident if ied b eaker
Durr ing ton.
TYPE 1 2.
S o ft o range f abr ic; o range-brown e x ter ior
l i gh t b rown e x ter ior a nd o range-brown
Wa inwr ight , 1 971.
R im f langed b ow l
Chew Va l ley .
Un il lustra ted.
" Fine , r a ther p owdery b r ick-red f abr ic;
w ith a t h ick o range o r b rown t reacly g laze."
3 15
J ope i n Rah tz, f orthco m ing.
F ig. 8 .6
S ca le
1/3
S ou th-Centra l Eng l ish Group Type 1 .
S hou ldered b eaker
Type
7 .
M iscel laneous b eakers
Type 2 .
Barrel b eakers
Type
8 .
Un iden t if ied
9 .
Type 3 .
G lobu lar j ar
Type
Type 4 .
He m ispher ica l b ow l
Type 1 0.
Type 5 .
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7s
Type 1 1.
Un iden t if ied b eaker
Type 6 .
Cy l indr ica l c ups
Type 1 2.
R im f langed b ow l
F langed v essel J ar
Moulded Im ita t ion S am ian G roup Type 1 .
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 0
Type 2 .
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7s
3 16
O W000( 10000 00 10 0000000000 M 1 1 1 1 D DO0a00 MD0 / 1 /4
2 .3
4 . 1
o a p a 0 0 0m 0H 0 9 0 9 2 0 0H000 0000 0o p on a o m aao , 90 00aa on a o
5 . 1
o o t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02
6 .2 g> 5 .2 Wi l l
1r
7
r 6 .3 V 7 7
7 . 1
7 .2k low ee ivp)
9 . 1
1 0 . 1
1 . 2
3 17
THE MOULDED I MITAT ION SA M IAN GROUP The t hree l ead g lazed s herds wh ich c an , s o f ar , b e a ss igned t o t h is g roup ( F ig. 8 .6 ) b elong t o al arger s er ies o f v essels d ea l t w ith b y S co t t Anderson i n Chap ter 9b e low .
The r eader i s r eferred t o Anderson 's work , a l though a f ew
n o tes a re i n o rder h ere t o s et t he g la zed v essels i n c on text . Abou t t h irty o f t hese mou lded v essels , i m itat ing s am ian D r. 3 0s a nd 3 7s, a re d istr ibu ted f ro m Wi ltsh ire t o S o merse t , w ith a n o u t l ier f ro m Brecon Gaer ( Whee ler , 1 926 , 2 30-231).
They a re c haracter ized b y t he ir b o ld , y et c rude,
mou lded d ecora t ion d isp lay ing t he u se o f an u mber o f p o incons.
T he ir d evo lved
s ty le i s v aguely r em in iscen t o f F lav ian s am ian a nd i ti s t o t h is p er iod t ha t Anderson d a tes t he m , t hough Bennett ( f or thco m ing ) a rgues f or a s l ight ly l a ter , e arly s econd c entury , d a te.
The d istr ibu t ion a nd t he p resence o f t wo mou ld
f rag ments ( i n D ev izes Museu m ) f ound b y Co l t H oare p robably i n Wi ltsh ire s ugg ests t ha t t h is g roup was p roduced t here, a nd p erhaps a s p ar t o f al arger p o tt ery i ndustry . The t echn ique o fp roduc ing p o ttery b y mou ld i s i n terest ing e spec ia l ly a s i t was r arely emp loyed i n Br ita in a nd c er ta in ly n ot b efore t he C laud ian c onquest. Men t ion h as a lready b een made o f Br it ish s am ian f ro m Co lchester a nd A ldga te/ P u lborough ( p . 2 96 a bove ) wh ich was f requen t ly mou lded .
S uch a t echn ique i s
t o b e e xpected i n t he h ands o f at rue t erra s ig i l la ta p o t ter.
However, l a mps
a nd a n tef ixes a part , mou lded p o t tery was a lso p roduced a t Ho l t ( p . 3 34 ), a mou ld f rag men t was d iscovered a t L itt le more i n Oxfordsh ire ( Young , 1 971, 2 38-240 ) a nd t wo s econd c en tury im ita t ion s ig i l la ta v essels w ere r ecen t ly f ound a t Chester ( i n for ma t ion P . Carr ing ton ) ( t he u se o f moulds i n l a ter Ro mano-Br it ish p ot tery , e .g. Munby , 1 975 , 1 82-188 , i s i rre levan t h ere ).
I n a l l c ases t he
a i m was t o im ita te s am ian ware w ith n o a tte mp t t o c opy p re-Flav ian Cen tra l Gau l ish l ead g lazed ware , a bout wh ich t he p o t ters may h ave b een u naware. The f abr ic i s u sua l ly o x id ized b uf f t o o range-brown w i th sma l l q uartz, j asper , g rog , m ica a nd u n iden t if iable b lack i nclusions.
The t h icken ing o f t he
r ed-brown g laze o n t he r i ms o f t he g lazed e xamp les s uggests t ha t t he v essels w ere g lazed i n a n i nverted p os it ion . TYPE 1 . 1 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 0
Wanborough .
S andy o range-brown f abr ic w ith r educed t h in g rey c ore ;
o range-brown g laze.
The u pr igh t mou lded b ranch? i s i n a n i ncuse panel .
Anderson , f orthco m ing. TYPE 2 . 2 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7
Unprovenanced . b rown g laze.
Fa ir ly s of t d ark o range
f abr ic w ith a n o vera l l o range-
The d es ign s hows a f igure a dvanc ing t o t he l ef t a nd d iv ided
o f f f ro m t he n ex t p anel o f d ecora t ion b y a n u pr igh t v ege ta l b order t o t he r igh t. 2 .2
Br isto l C ity Museu m , u npub l ished.
L it t leton . Fa ir ly s of t p ink-orange f abr ic; o range-brown g laze.
Th is
s herd p robab ly b elongs t o t ype 2 , t hough n o t n ecessar ily , e ven t hough t he f igure-type d er ives f ro m t he s a me p o incon a s 2 .1 a bove. Coun ty Museu m , u npubl ished.
3 18
S o merset
THE WANBOROL . G 1 1 GROUP T h is g roup ( F ig. 8 .3) i s , a tp resent , n amed a f ter t he s i te o f Wanborough , Win e ; here t he r aa jor ity o ff inds h ave c o me f ro m , a l though t h is i s n ot t o s ugges t t ha t t hey w ere n ecessar i ly manufactured t here. The a l ternat ive o f c a ll ing i tt he W i lt sh ire g roup c ou 7 .d h ave l ed t o c on fus ion w ith o ther t ypes o f f ine p o ttery l ikely -t o h ave b een manu factured i n t he a rea . Wanborough , o n t he Er m in s treet , l i es a bou t t h ir teen m iles s outh-east o f C irences ter. Deta iled i n terpretat ion o f t he s ite w il l h ave t o awa it t he p ubl i ca t ion o f r ecen t e xcava t ions b y Ernest Greenf ie ld , J ohn Wacher a nd S cot t Anderson.
N ever theless , t he s i te, l ike n earby M ildenha l l , may w el l h ave
d eveloped f rom a n e ar ly f or t ( Wacher , 1 975 , 2 33 ), e spec ia l ly i fo ne t akes i n to c ons idera t ion t he n umber o fp re-Flav ian f inds a nd t he t own 's s i tua t ion o n t he Er m in s treet . The S avernake p o tters a ppear t o h ave worked i n Wi ltsh ire t o s upp ly t he c onquer ing a r my ( p .294), a nd i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he Wanborough g lazed ware was p roduced f or t he s ame mot ive d uring t he F lav ian p er iod. The ware h as af a irly w ide d istr ibu t ion ( F ig. 8 .7 ) a nd h as c o me f rom m il itary s i tes a t S ea M i lls a nd Ham H i l l i n S o merset a nd f ro m C irencester a nd G loucester. Whether t he p o t tery s tarted p roduct ion i n t he F lav ian p er iod o r n ot , t he p resence o f c on ica lb eakers ( t ype 5 ) p erhaps im ita t ing s am ian f orm Ddch . 6 4 ( but n ote t he s im i lar ity t o Ho lt/Chester t ype 5 ) migh t i nd ica te p roduc t ion , a t l east , u nt il t he T ra jan ic p er iod . The ' London ware ' d ecora t ion p resen t o n v essels n o. 5 .6 , 7 .1 a nd 9 .1 may b e a n a dd it iona l c hrono log ica l i nd ica tor , a l though i ti s h ard t o s ee whether t he d ecora t ion d er ived f ro m s tandard L ondon ware i ndustr ies o r d irect f ro m t he c on t inen t .
S outhwark d epos its s uggest a d a te o f c . A .D .
9 0-130 f or L ondon w are ( Marsh a nd Tyers , 1 976 , 2 37 ) a nd t hus f or t he f l oru it o f t he d ecora t ive t ype i n Br i ta in , a nd t he Wanborough ma ter ia l c ou ld f i t i n q u ite r ead ily w ith s uch a d a te. However , Marsh a nd Tyers ( 2 _ p _ .cit ., 2 36 ) h ave i l lustra ted t he e ar l ier p resence o f s uch d ecora t ion o n t he c ont inen t f ro m N euss a nd Okarben a nd t here i s more =publ ished ma ter ial f rom t he L ower Rh ineland . I ti s t hus p oss ible, t hough p erhaps u n l ikely , t ha t t he d ecorat ion c ame d irect ly f rom t he c ont inent a nd t ha t t he Wanborough g roup i s e arl ier t han l a te F lav ian+. T he ware i s g enera l ly r educed med iu m t o d ark g rey a nd s o met i mes h igh ly f i red. The l ead g laze i s u sua l ly a med ium t o d ark g reen e xcept o n t he f ew p ar t ly o x id ized v esse ls , where i ta ppears a r ed-brown .
T he d ecora t ion
emp loyed i s f a ir ly d ist inct ive a nd o f ten q u ite b o ld ly e xecu ted . I tc onsists o f b oss ing , s tabb ing , c o mb ing , s cr ib ing o f s em i-c irc les a f ter t he ' London ware ' s ty le, a nd o ccas iona l ly r ou let t ing.
The f or ms a nd d ecora t ion a re g enera lly
Roman , a l though t he b ossing, e spec ia l ly a s i ta ppears o n v essel n o. 1 .1, may h ave d er ived e ither f ro m t he Rh ineland a s s een o n m ica-dusted b eakers ( Gose, 1 976 , T al . 1 2, n o . 1 82 ) o r f ro m l oca l Duro tr igan p ot tery ( Wa inwr ight , 1 968, 1 25 , n o. 8 , a nd 1 30 , n o. 14 ). TYPE 1 . 1 .1
Bossed j ar
Dorchester , Dorset . g reen g laze.
Dark g rey t o b rown s andy f abr ic;
V .C. H . Dorset I , 5 75 a nd 5 76 , n o. 6 .
3 19
med iu m o l ive-
TYPE 2 . 2 .1
. ru lar j ar
Wanborough .
Med iu m h ard , o range f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore a nd
d arker s urfaces;
med iu m o l ive-green/brown g laze.
Wa l ters e t a t .,
1 973 , 6 6 , n o. : 3 . 2 .2
Wanborough .
H ard , med iu m g rey f abr ic o x id iz ing o range o np arts o f
t he s urface;
med iu m o l ive-green g la ze c hang ing t o o range-brown o ver
o x id ized p a tches. 2 .3
Wanborough. a nd c ore;
Walters e t a l ., 1 973 , 6 6 , n o. 6 .
Un il lustra ted .
Med iu m h ard p ink f abr ic w i th g rey s urfaces
med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
S im ilar t o 2 .1. a bove.
Anderson ,
f orthco m ing. TYPE 3 . 3 .1
G lobu lar b eaker
J ordan H il l , Dorset .
Redd ish-brown f abr ic;
d ark g reen g la ze.
Wa lters, 1 908 , 1 0 , K 67. 3 .2
G loucester.
Hard , r ed-p ink f abr ic w ith a t h in med iu m g rey c ore;
o l ivergreen g laze. 3 .3
C irencester.
Goudge , f or thco m ing .
Fa irly h ard , o range-p ink f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore;
o vera l l o range-brown g la ze. 3 .4
Wanborough .
l i gh t
Anderson , u npubl ished .
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
Wa l ters e t a l ., 1 973 , 6 6, n o. 5 . — — 3 .5
U p ton S t. L eonards AG los.
Hard , l i gh t g rey f abr ic;
mo tt led g reen g laze.
Rawes , 1 976 , 1 41. TYPE 4 . 4 .1
Barrel b eaker
Wanborough .
Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic;
d ark g reen g laze.
Anderson ,
f orthco m ing. 4 .2
4 .3
I l chester. Hard , p ink f abr ic w i th med iu m g rey c ore a nd d arker s urfaces; e x ter ior med iu m o l ive-green g laze. L each , f orthco m ing . Caerwen t.
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g laze.
Mc irgan
Evans , f orthco m ing. 4 .4
Wanborough.
Hard , l i gh t g rey f abr ic;
med iu m g reen-brown g laze.
Anderson , f orthco m ing. 4 .5
C irences ter. c om ing.
Hard , g rey f abr ic ;
med iu m g reen g laze.
4 .6
C irencester.
Med iu m h ard , o range/grey f abr ic;
R igby , f orth-
med iu m g reen g laze.
R igby , f orthco m ing. TYPE 5 . 5 .1
Con ica l b eaker
Winchester.
Hard , o range-p ink f abr ic;
med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
Barclay , f orthco m ing. 5 .2
Wanborough. Hard , o range-p ink f abr ic w i th med iu m g rey c ore; y el low/green g laze. Anderson , f orthco m ing. 3 20
med iu m
3 21
AND
SAVERNAKE GROUPS .
WANBOROUGH S A VERNAKE K I LNS
F ig. 8 .8
Wanborough G roup.
S cale
1/ 3
.
Type 1 . Type 2 .
Bossed j ar Angu lar j ars
Type 3 .
G lobu lar b eakers
Type 4 .
Barrel b eakers
Type
Type 5 .
Con ica l b eakers
Type 1 0.
Type
6 .
Im itat ion Dr. 3 0
Type
7 .
Cy l indr ica l c up
Type
8 .
He m ispher ica l c ups
9 .
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7s
3 22
Un ident if ied b eaker b ases
1 . 1
3 .2
4 .3 4 ?
4 . 1
4 . 4 1
A l g .
)
E n" . 1
4 . :*% 0 0 '41
5 .2
6 32
5 .3
7 . 1
8 .2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 %W. I '0 . 0 °
1 0 .2
9 . 1
3 23
e i
5 .3
Wyco mb , G los.
Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic;
med iu m g reen g laze.
Rawes , = publ ished. 5 .4
5 .5
N y the Far m , Wil ts.
Hard , o range-p ink f abr ic w i th a med iu m g rey c ore;
b rown/yel low g laze.
Anderson , f or thco m ing.
S ea M il ls. S of t , o range-p ink f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore; y el lowb rown e x ter ior a nd med iu m g reen i nter ior g laze. Br isto l C ity Museu m , u npub l ished .
5 .6
Ham H i l l , S o m. Hard , o range-brown f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore; med iu m o l ive-green g laze. S o merset Coun ty Museu m , u npubl ished.
TYPE 6 . 6 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 0
U pton S t . L eonards. g laze.
TYPE 7 . 7 .1
Fa ir ly s of t , l i gh t g rey f abr ic;
g reen ish-ye l low
Rawes , 1 976 , 1 41-142.
Cy l indr ica l c up
Wanborough .
Hard , med ium g rey f abr ic; med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
Wa l ters e ta l ., 1 973 , 6 6 , n o. 4 . TYPE 8 . 8 .1
He m ispher ica l c up
Wanborough .
Hard , med iu m g rey f abr ic;
med ium o l ive-green g laze.
Anderson , f orthco m ing. 8 .2
Ca tsgore.
S of t , g rey-brown f abr ic ;
l i ght o l ive-green g laze.
L eech ,
f orthco m ing. TYPE 9 . 9 .1
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7
G loucester.
Hard , med iu m g rey f abr ic;
med ium g reen g laze.
Hassa l l
a nd Rhodes, 1 975, 6 3. 9 .2
Wanborough. Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic; Anderson , f orthco m ing.
TYPE 1 0.
l i gh t p ine-green g laze.
Un ident if ied b eaker b ases
1 0.1
Wanborough. Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic; l i gh t o l ive-green g laze. Anderson , f orthco m ing.
1 0.2
Wanborough. g laze.
Med iu m h ard , p ink -brown f abr ic;
l i gh t b rown-green
Anderson , f orthco m ing.
THE U S K/C AERLE ON GROUP Th is g roup i s b est e xe mp l if ied b y t he ma ter ia l r ecen t ly e xcava ted a t t he a ux il iary f ort a t U sk ( Mann ing , 1 972-75 ) a nd b y f inds f ro m t he l eg ionary f or tress a t Caer leon . O ther f i nds h ave c o me f rom t he f orts a nd m i l itary s i tes a t Brecon , L oughor , S ea M il ls a nd t he s ites a t Caerwen t , Ca t tybrook a nd Chew Va l ley .
The l oca l ised d istr ibu t ion ( F ig. 8 .9 ) a nd s ign if ican t a ppearance o n
mil itary s ites wou ld s uggest t ha t t he p ot tery c ame f ro m a ' m il itary ' workshop p erhaps s im i lar t o t ha t a t Ho lt , s upp ly ing s i tes i nvo lved i n t he o ccupa t ion o f s ou thern Wa les. 3 24
USK/CAERLEON AND HOLT /CHESTER GROUPS .
HOLT / CHESTER F INDS : o HOLT K ILNS : + U SK / CAERLEON F INDS : •
• • •
F IG . 8 .9
3 25
Wasters o f t h is g roup ( Pl. 1 a nd F ig. 8 .11, n os. 1 4-16 ) h ave b een f ound i n t he v ieus a rea a t Caer leon a nd i ti s t here t ha t t he p roduct ion s ite s hou ld b e s ough t ( Boon , 1 972 , 1 7 ).
G laz ing was a lso p ract ised a t t he m il itary p ot tery
a t Ha l tern ( Schnurbe in , 1 977 , 4 6 ) a s wel l a s , o f c ourse , a t Ho l t .
The Caer leon
p ot tery , w h ich must a lso h ave b een r espons ible f or t he s upp ly o f o ther p ot tery a nd t i les t o t he f ortress ( Boon , 2 2. c it .), wa s p robably e stab l ished b y t he L eg io I Augusta f ro m A .D . 7 4 a t t he e arl iest.
T he g lazed ware, a s ag roup , c ou ld
w el l b e long t o t he F lav ian p er iod , b u t e xact d a t ing i s d if f icu l t .
The H ofhe im
f l agon ( F ig. 8 .1) m igh t s uggest a n e ar ly d a te , a l though a l l t he s tra ta c on ta in ing g la zed s herds o f t h is t ype a t U sk a ppear t o c on ta in e ar ly s econd c en tury ma ter ia l ( a long w ith a h igh p roport ion o f r es idua l , o f ten N eron ian , p ot tery ).
N o. 7 .1
f rom Caer leon was f ound w ith Hadr ian ic ma ter ia l b elow t he b a th h ouse.
Thus,
e vei t hough a F lav ian d a te m igh t b e i nd ica ted f or t he s tart o f g lazed ware p rod uct ion a t Caer leon t he b ias , a t p resen t , i s t owards a p roduct ion d ate i n t he e ar ly s econd c entury A . D. A s s uch t he ma ter ial wou ld b e c on te mporary w ith t ha t a t Ho l t. One o f t he f ea tures o f t he U sk/Caerleon g roup i s t he a ppearance o f f or ms wh ich a re b as ica l ly c on t inen ta l , a nd t h is a ga in p rov ides a l ink w ith Ho lt ( Greene, 1 977 ) a nd a n i n terest ing p ara l lel w ith t he ' l eg ionary ' p o t tery f ro m p re-Flav ian U sk ( Greene , 1 973, 2 5-32, a nd Dar l ing , 1 977 , 5 9-64 ).
The U sk p o t tery t ypes
w ere v ery s im i lar t o t hose t ha t w ere made i n t he L ower Rh ineland a nd Upper Danube a reas.
I ti s d oubtfu l t ha t t he p ot ters work ing f or t he l eg ion ( ?)0 ( th )
a tp re-Flav ian U sk w ere t he s ame a s t hose w ork ing f or t he I Augusta a t Caerl eon , a s p resu mably s uch s pec ia l ists w ere a ttached t o i nd iv idua l l eg ions.
I f
U sk was v aca ted b y t he l eg ion a round A .D . 7 0 t here wou ld h ave b een a g ap o f a bou tf our
y ears u n t il t he I Augusta was e stabl ished a t Caer leon .
However ,
t here were s t il l mil itary g arr isons t o b e s upp l ied i n t he a rea a nd t hus i ti s j ust f eas ible , t hough u n l ikely , t ha t t he U sk p o tters w ere t he s ame a s t he Caerl eon o nes. N evertheless, i n s tudy ing t he g lazed ware i ti s n ot iceable t ha t t he p ract ise o f p roduc ing c on t inen ta l f or ms i n t he U sk v a l ley l eg ionary p o tter ies p ers isted , a nd s o me p roducts c an o n ly b e p ara l leled a broad. e xa mp le.
Type 6 i s p erhaps t he b est
S im ilar o va l c ups a re f ound i n Pannon ia ( Bon is, 1 942, Ta f . XLX ,
n o. 1 4 a nd my F ig. 8 .10 , A ) a t P et tau , L jub l jana , A ltOfen a nd S zony . P lesn icar-Gec i l lustra tes ( 1972, 2 03, Ta f . XCI I , n o. 1 5 a nd my F ig. 8 .10 , B ) af ine ware c up i n d ark g rey f abr ic wh ich b ears r e markably s im i lar d ecora t ion a nd t rea t men t o f r i m.
The v essel was a ssoc ia ted w ith a c o in o f C laud ius a nd
a' f actory l amp ' s tamped b y COMMUN IS ( c f . Buch i , 1 975 , 2 8 f or t he d a t ing e v idence f or t h is t ype o f l amp ), a nd may h ave b een made i n t he Po v a l ley t h inwa l led p o t tery c en tres a s i ti s s im i lar t o b ow ls f ro m Aqu i le ia ( unpubl ished ) a nd t he Ravenna s er ies ( Ma io l i , 1 973 , 1 06-124 ).
These t ype 6 c ups a lso b ear
s im ilar it ies t o t ypes i n t he V indon issa ' Schu tt hügel ' g roup ( Et t l inger, 1 951, f i g. 1 0 , n os. 2 a nd 3 ). U sk/Caer leon t ype 1 i s a Hofhe im f l agon o f Rh ineland d er iva t ion ( Gose , 1 976 , 3 2, n os. 3 63-364 ); 1 977 , f i g. 6 .2, n o . 2 ).
at ype a lready p resen t a t p re-Flav ian U sk ( Dar l ing ,
The f o lded b eakers ( t ype 3 ) c an s im i lar ly b e t raced
b ack t o t he c on t inen t a nd o f ten t o m i l itary c on tex ts ( Et t l inger , 1 951, 1 08 ). Types 4 , 6 , 7a nd 8 d o n ot e ven h ave many c onte mporary p ara l lels i n Ro man Br ita in. 3 26
The f abr ic i s g enera l ly w el l e lutr ia ted , f a irly s of t a nd med ium t o d ark g rey w ith f ew a pparen t i nclus ions, a l though m ica i s s omet i mes v is ible. g laze i s u sua l ly v ar ious s hades o f g reen a nd s o met i mes f a irly mot t led .
The D e-
c ora t ion c ons ists o f c o mb ing , a pp l ied s tr ips o f c lay o r o f av ery c rude f orm o f r ou let t ing o r s tabb ing.
Pudd l ing u p o f t he g laze o n r i ms wou ld s uggest t ha t
t hese v essels w ere i nver ted d ur ing t he g laz ing p rocess. TYPE 1 . 1 .1
Hofhe im f l agon
U sk .
S of t , med ium g rey f abr ic ;
l i ght b rown g laze.
Mann ing , f orth-
c om ing. TYPE 2 . 2 .1
S pouted s tra iner
Brecon.
TYPE 3 . 3 .1
G rey f abr ic;
y el low-green g laze.
Wheeler , 1 926, 2 28, C 66.
F o lded b eaker
Chew Va l ley .
S of t , med ium g rey f abr ic;
mo t t led l i gh t o l ive-green g laze.
Br isto l C ity Museu m , u npubl ished . 3 .2
U sk .
S of t , med ium g rey f abr ic ;
mot t led l i gh t o l ive-green g laze.
Mann ing , f orthco m ing. TYPE 4 . 4 .1
S qua tb eaker
Caerleon . Med iu m h ard , o range f abr ic; Caer leon Museu m , u npub l ished .
TYPE 5 .
y el low-green e x ter ior g laze.
G lobu lar b eaker
5 .1
Caerleon . S of t , d ark g rey f abr ic; Museu m , u npu bl ished .
5 .2
U sk . Fa irly h ard , d ark g rey f abr ic; Mann ing , f orthco m ing.
5 .3
Caerwen t . Hard , m icaceous p ink-brown f abr ic; o range/green g laze. Poss ibly n ot b elong ing t o t he U sk/Caerleon g roup. Morgan Evans , f or thco m ing.
5 .4
Brecon .
5 .5
Caerwen t .
O range f abr ic;
med iu m o l ive-green g laze.
Caer leon
mo tt led d ark o l ive-green g laze.
d ark g reen g laze.
Wheeler , 1 926, 2 29 , C77.
Hard , b rown f abr ic w ith d ark s urfaces;
g rey-green g laze.
Morgan Ev a ns, f or thco m ing. 5 .6
U sk . S of t , d ark g rey f abr ic; n ing , f or thco m ing.
5 .7
U sk . S of t , med ium g rey f abr ic w ith a l i gh ter c ore; l i gh t g reen g laze. Mann ing , f orthco m ing.
5 .8
U sk .
TYPE 6 . 6 .1
S o f t , o range f abr ic;
l i gh t b rown g laze.
Man-
Mann ing , f orthcom ing.
Ova l c up
Caerwen t. f ace;
mot t led , d ark o l ive-green g laze.
Hard , b uf f-p ink f abr ic t urn ing g rey t owards e x ter ior s ur-
mo t t led o l ive-green e x ter ior g laze. Na t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ,
u npubl ished.
3 27
Fig. 8.10
Usk/Caerleon Group.
Scale 1/3.
Hofuei m flagon Spouted strainer Folded beakers Squat beaker Globular beakers Oval cun Oval cups found in Pannonia. Compare with type 6 above and see text Type 7. Cupp�,Lrim beaker Type 8. Biconical vessels Type 9. Cylindrical beaker Type 10. Shoulde:.-·ed vessel Type 1. Type 2. Type 3. Type 4. Type 5. Type 6. A and B.
328
1 1
%
2 . 1
(
3 .2
nn l
5 . 1
5 .2
5 .5
1 )
5 .6 1
)
5 .8
(
( 8 . 1 a 7 . 1 8 .2
9 . 1
1 0 . 1
3 29
5 .7
F ig. 8 .11
U sk/Caer leon Group.
Type 1 1.
S ca le
1/ 3
L id o r b ow l
Type 1 2.
Miscel laneous c losed f orms
Type 1 3.
Miscel laneous b eaker
Type 1 4.
H em ispher ica l b ow ls
Type 1 5.
Everted r im b ow l
3 30
.
l�
_
1 1 .1...,_____.f---+l \_ ( /Ob-,
12.2
12.1
-------l�
-:_
r \
{
10'7
14.1� /
=(f) 14.21D--j
14.J-
331
'
6.2
Caerwent. Hard, medium grey fabric; green-brown glaze. Evans, forthcoming.
Morgan
TYPE 7. ICupped-rim beaker 7.1
Caerleon. Soft, medium grey fabric; light olive-green glaze. National Museum of Wales, unpublished.
TYPE 8. Biconical vessel s.1
Usk. Soft, dark grey fabric; light olive-green glaze. coming.
8.2
Brecon. Orange fabric;
olive-green glaze.
Manning, forth-r
Wheeler, 1926, 231, C79.
TYPE 9. Cylindrical beaker 9.1
Usk. Soft, brown fabric; burnt ?green glaze.
Manning, forthcoming.
TYPE 10. Shouldered vessel 10.1 Usk. Soft, orange/grey fabric; green/brown glaze. coming. TYPE 11 • 11.1
Manning, forth
Lid or bowl
Usk. Soft, medium grey fabric; forthcoming.
yellow-green glaze.
11.2 Caerleon: vicus area. Fine grey fabric; site Museum. Inv. no. 56.214 A.
Manning, .
dark green glaze. Caerleon
TYPE 12. Miscellaneous closed forms 12.1 Loughor. Soft, buff-grey fabric with small grog inclusions; olive-green exterior glaze and grey interior glaze. Ling, forthcoming. 12.2 Cattybrook. Hard, dark grey fabric; blotchy, dark olive-green glaze. Barrett, forthcoming. TYPE 13 • Miscellaneous beaker 13.1 Brecon. Medium hard ;, orange fabric; olive-gr_een glaze. Wheeler, 1926, 230-231, C78. TYPE 14. Hemispherical bowl 14.1 Caerwent. Dark grey fabric; olive-green: glaze. Morgan Evans, forthcoming. 14.2 U�k. Soft, grey fabric;
green/brown glaze. Manning, �orthcoming.
14.3 Caerleon: vicus area. Waster in fine grey fabric; dark green glaze. Caerleon site Museum. (Reconstruction-See plate 8.1 for actual ex ample.) Inv. no. 56.214 A.
332
Cms . P la te 8 .1
U sk/Caer leon g roup wasters a nd ? seconds f ro m Caerleon.
1 4.4
C aer leon :
v icus a rea .
g reen g laze. 8. 1. TYPE 1 5. 1 5.1
? Second i n f ine o range f abr ic;
Caer leon s i te Museu m.
p a tchy b rown/
I nv. n o . 5 6.214 A .
S ee P la te
Everted-r im b ow ls
Caer leon :
v icus a rea .
Waster i n f i ne o range/red f abr ic w ith a g rey
c ore; d ark g reen g la ze o n e x t . a nd r im a nd r ed/brown w ith g reen mo tt l ed a reas o n i n t . Caer leon s i te Museu m. S ee P la te 8 .1. 1 5.2
Caer leon : v icus a rea . I l lustra ted o n ly o n P la te 8 .1. F ine g rey f abr ic , o range i n p laces; d ark g reen g laze. A waster s im ilar t o L udow ic i Tg. Caer leon s i te Museu m .
TYPE 1 6. 1 6.1
? Cruc ible
Caer leon : v icus a rea . I l lustra ted o n ly o n P la te 8 .1. g reen g laze. Caer leon s i te Museu m.
F ine o range f abr ic;
THE HOLT/CHESTER GROUP The f amous works d epot a t Ho l t p roduc ing t i les a nd p o ttery f or t he L eg io ) 0 ( Va ler ia V ictr ix , wh ich p r ior t o A .D . 4 3 h ad b een s ta t ioned a t N euss, a ppears t o h ave b een e stab l ished a bout A .D. 1 00 c onco m it tan t w ith t he r ebu ild ing o f t he f or t a t Chester i n s tone. Product ion s ee ms t o h ave c eased a round A .D . 1 40 ( Carr ington , 1 977 , 1 47 a nd 1 58 , n ote 3 ). The p ot tery was f uly p ubl ished b y Gr i mes ( 1930 , 1 43-184 ) a nd h as r ecen t ly b een r eappra ised b y Greene ( 1977 , 1 13-127 ). The g lazed wares w il lb e r econs idered h ere t o a dvance s o me f urther i deas a nd b ecause o ft he ir r elevance t o t he p resen t s tudy . A s Greene s tressed t he f ine wares p roduced a t t he d epo t w ere u nusua l i n t he ir g reat v ar iety o f t echn ique a nd f or m , a nd t he g lazed wares a re n o e xcept i on .
The n ine f or ms r epresen ted c ompr ise a s kyphos , ap la tter o r b ow l ,
f l ared-r im b ow ls , ah ooked-r im b ow l , Dr. 3 7 c op ies, a h or izonta l-hand led b owl ,a s herd f ro m a sma l lb eaker , ac up a nd t wo mortar-l ik e v essels o r s aggars. The P en tre Farm s herd ( 7 .1 ), a l though r em in iscen t o f U sk/Caerl eon t ype 8 , a l most c erta in ly b elongs t o t h is g roup. T he Dr. 3 7 i m itat ions a re mou lded w ith c ut-g lass d ecora t ion , a nd f rag men ts o f t he mou lds w ere f ound o n s ite ( F ig. 8 .12, A ).
Gr i mes ( 1930 , 1 82 ) s peaks o ft he p ot tery h av ing b een
f i red t o ab iscu it s tate , a nd t hen c oa ted w ith f r it wh ich was f i red t o v itr if ica t ion , a l though h e p resen ts n o e v idence. They w ere more l ikely t o h ave b een f i red a nd g lazed i n o ne p rocess e spec ia l ly a s t he p repara t ion o f t he f r it i s f a ir ly s oph ist ica ted .
The v essels w ere g lazed i n a n i nver ted p os it ion a s i s i nd ica ted
b y t he p resence o f p ronged s et ters ( F ig. 8 .12, B ) a nd t he r esu l t ing t e l l ta le marks i ns ide t he b ases o f c er ta in v essels, a nd b y t he p resence o f s o l id if ied d rops o fg laze o n s o me o f t he r im s herds ( c f . e spec ia l ly n o. 3 .2 ).
The p ots
w ere f i red i n s aggars ( t ype 8 ) t o p revent k i ln g ases f rom marr ing t he g laze. O ther g lazed ware i ndustr ies may h ave emp loyed muff le k i lns s uch a s were u sed f or s am ian manufacture. Greene ( 1977 ) h as a rgued f or a s trong Eastern t rad it ion i n f luenc ing t he u nu sua l e xamp les o f ' l eg ionary ' ware i n Br ita in . Th is i s p erhaps most s trong ly marked a t H o l t where many o f t he v essels may b e t en ta t ively l i nked w ith 3 34
Thrace, Greece a nd A s ia M inor t hrough a n umber o f f i nds o f e xot ic p ot tery t hroughou t Europe.
The most o bv ious f or m , n ot d iscussed b y G reene , i s t he
r ing-hand led s kyphos ( no. 1 .1 ). These v essels , c om mon t o t he He l len ist ic wor ld , w ere a dopted b y t he Ro mans. Green l ead g lazed s kypho i w ere c om mon ly p roduced i n t he Eastern Emp ire , b o th a t Ant ioch ( Waage , 1 948 , 8 0-82 ) a nd Tarsus ( Go ldman , 1 950 , 1 91-196 ), a nd p robably a lso i n I ta ly ( Hochu l i-Gysel , 1 977 , 1 37f f .). The t ype h ad a w ide d istr ibu t ion i n t he Med iterranean , f ew e xa mp les r each ing n or th o f t he A lps ( c f. t he d istr ibut ion map i n Hochu l i-Gysel , 22 .c it .).
H owever , r ed-co loured e xamp les made a t V indon issa i nt he l ast
q uar ter o f t he f i rst c en tury A .D . w ere f ound i n t he ' S chut thügel ' ( Et t l in .ger , 1 951, f ig. 9 , n o. 9 ) . S im i lar s kypho i a re r epresen ted b y t he r are s am ian f orm Dr. 3 4 ( S tanf ield , 1 930 , 1 39-141), a l though t he Ho lt v essel i s c loser t o t he Med iterranean p ro to types.
The t ype h ad a f l oru i t i n t he Augustan p er iod ,
t hough e xamp les w ere s t i l l i nu se a t Po mpe i i a t t he t ime o f i t s d estruct ion i n A .D. 7 9. Hel len ist ic p ara l lels c an a lso b e f ound f or t ype 2 , wh ich h as b een q uo ted a s a n i m i ta t ion Dr. 3 9 ( K el ly , 1 965, 1 6 ).
Ar ed-s l ipped e xa mp le f ro m
O st ia was f ound w ith ma ter ia l d a t ing t o t he s econd a nd t h ird c en tur ies A .D . ( Carand in i a nd P ane1 1a , 1 968, 6 3 , n o. B4 , 6 14 ), w h ilst t wo l arge l ead g lazed e xamp les f ro m S ars ina , I ta ly ( Gen t il i , 1 972, f i g. 4 6 , 6a nd 7 ) , a re p robably t o b e d a ted t o t he l a te f i rst o r e ar ly s econd c entury A .D . T h is t ype was a lso p roduced u ng lazed a t Ho l t ( Gr i mes , 1 930 , 2 26 , n os. 2 22-3 ). As ign if ican t i nd ica tor o fI ta l ian o r Eastern i n f luence i s t he t echn ique wh ich h ad b een emp loyed f or g laz ing v essel n o. 4 .2. The i n ter ior o f t he v essel was g lazed y el low w ith b rown v ert ica l s treaks, wh ilst t he e x ter ior was g lazed l i ght g reen. Th is va r iance i n c o lour was i n tended a nd d er ives f rom Med iterr anean l ead g lazed v essels ( c f . Hochu l i-Gysel , 1 977 , f ront isp iece ), e spec ia l ly s kypho i , w h ich w ere i n tended t o im ita te s i lver v essels w ith g il t i n ter iors ( S trong , 1 966, 1 1-12 ). Th is i s t he o n ly e xamp le , a s f ar a s t he w r iter k nows, o f t h is t echn ique b e ing u sed n or th o f t he A lps. A s Char leston h as n o ted ( 1955 , 2 6 ), t he who le p rocess o f f i r ing v essels u ps ide-down o n s et ters a nd e nclosed i n s aggars i s r em in iscen t o f t ha t u sed b y t he Tarsus p ot ters ( c f. a lso Waage , 1 948 , 8 0 ) a nd m igh t t hus a lso i nd ica te a n Eastern c onn— It ion . S im ilar i ndustr ies t o Ho l t a re k nown , a nd s o me o f t he t ypes c an b e p ara l leled amongst t he ' l eg ionary ' wares a t Ho ldeurn , N etherlands ( Ho lwerda , 1 944 ). I ti s t hus q u ite p oss ible t ha t p ot ters v ersed i n Hel len ist ic t rad it ions a rr ived i nd irec t ly a t H o l t , a nd p erhaps v ia t he Rh ineland , a l though i ti s n o t s ure whether o r n o t o ne s hou ld l ook t o t he East o r I ta ly f or t he Hel leni st ic b ackground. TYPE 1 . 1 .1
Ho l t . Fa irly s of t , o range-brown f abr ic , med ium g rey a t t he s urface; y el low-green g laze. Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 1 0.
TYPE 2 . 2 .1
S kyphos
Hor izonta l-hand led b ow l
Chester. Hard , o range-brown f abr ic; o l ive-green/brown g laze. K el ly , 1 965 , 1 6 , n o. 5 0 .
3 35
F ig. 8 .12
Ho l t/Chester Group .
S ca le
Type 1 .
S kyphos
Type 2 .
Hor izonta l-hand led b ow l
Type 3 .
F lared-r im b ow ls
Type 4 .
Im ita t ion Dr. 3 7s
Type 5 .
Con ica l b eaker
Type 6 .
Hooked r im b ow l
Type 7 .
Car ina ted b eaker
Type 8 .
L arge b ow ls o r s aggars
Type 9 .
P la t ter
Type 1 0.
U ncerta in t ype
1/ 3
A .
Ho l t . Mou ld f or t ype 4 b ow ls.
B .
H o l t . S et ter o f t hree-pronged t ype.
.
S ee t ex t . S ee t ext .
0 1 .
ce i
N 2 . 1
4 . 1
i s u U l s r s ill11 1
i f l f /H IP
4 / 1
8 . 1
9 . 1
m e
r
4 ,
7 , 1
l lE ) . 1 2 4
i ll
1 0 . :11 1 4 41 1 11
3 37
1
TYPE 3 . 3 .1
F lared-r im b ow l
H o lt .
F a ir ly s of t , p ink-orange f abr ic, g rey ing a t t he s urfaces;
y el low-green g laze. 3 .2
Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 8 .
H o l t. Fa ir ly s of t , p ink-orange f abr ic; b lotchy p a le l e mon y e l low/ l igh t b rown g laze. Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 1 1.
TYPE 4 . 4 .1
o vera l l
Im itat ion Dr. 3 7
Ho lt .
Med iu m h ard , p ink-orange f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g laze.
Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 77 , n o. 3 . 4 .2
Ho l t.
Fa irly s of t , med iu m g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen e x ter ior a nd l e mon
y el low i n ter ior g laze w ith f a in t b rown v er t ica l s treaks.
G r i mes , 1 930 ,
1 78 , n o. 5 . 4 .3
Ho l t.
TYPE 5 . 5 .1
S im i lar t o 4 .1.
Gr i mes, 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 7 .
Con ica l b eaker
Hard , a l most b lack f abr ic t end ing t o med ium g rey a t t he s urface;
l i gh tb rown/green g laze. TYPE 6 . 6 .1
p a tchy
Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 9 .
Hooked r im b ow l
Ho lt .
V ery h ard , med iu m g rey f abr ic;
b lo tchy y el low-green g laze.
Na t iona l Museu m o f Wa les, u npub l ished. TYPE 7 . 7 .1
Car ina ted b eaker
P en tre Far m , Denb. Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic; g laze.
TYPE 8 . 8 .1
H o l t .
T races o f c o mbed d ecora t ion .
b lotchy y el low-green
Webster, f orthco m ing.
L arge b ow l o r s aggar Med iu m h ard , o range f abr ic;
p a tches o f d ark o l ive-green g laze.
Gr i mes, 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 1 4. 8 .2
Ho lt .
TYPE 9 . 9 .1
Ho l t .
S im ilar t o a bove.
Gr i mes, 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 1 3.
P la t ter S of t , p ink-orange f abr ic;
l i gh t o l ive-green g laze.
f urn iture marks o n i n ter ior s urface. TYPE 1 0.
1 0 .1 Holt.
Three k i ln
Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 83 , n o. 3 .
U ncer ta in t ype Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic; t h ick , med iu m y el low-green g laze.
Perhaps t he c ar ina t ion o f al arge b ow l . u npubl ished.
N a t iona l Museu m o f Wa les ,
A .
Ho lt . Mould f or t ype 4 b ow ls, i n ah ard b u f f f abr ic. n o. 1 .
B .
Ho l t .
G r i mes, 1 930 , 1 77 ,
S et ter o f t he t hree-pronged t ype , u sed t o h o ld v essels i n a n i nver ted
p os it ion d ur ing f i r ing/g lazing. V essel n o. 9 .1 a bove b ears t he mark s o f s uch a k i ln f i t t ing . Gr i mes , 1 930 , 1 78 , n o. 1 2. 3 38
THE L ITTLE CHESTER GROUP The p o t tery w orkshop r ecen t ly d iscovered a t Derby Racecourse, L it t le Chester ( Brass ing ton , 1 971 ) y ielded s ubstan t ia l e v idence f or l ead g lazed p rod uc t ion .
Once a ga in t he p ot tery a ppears t o h ave b een made f or m il itary s upp ly.
Af or t was p robab ly e stabl ished a t L it t le Chester u nder Agr ico la a nd t hree p hases o f t imber b u ild ings h ave b een f ound , r ang ing i n d a te f ro m t he F lav ian t o e ar ly An ton ine p er iods ( Todd , 1 973 , 3 2-33 ). L it t le Chester , t ogether w ith Brough , may h ave a cted a s g arr isons o f t he P eak D istr ict.
The f ort was p os-
s ib ly f or a v ex il la t ion o f t he X IV th l eg ion . T he k i ln c omp lex was i n o pera t ion d ur ing p ar t o f t he l i fe o f t he f ort a nd t he d a t ing e v idence , c ons ist ing f or t he most p art o f s am ian , s uggests t ha t i tf unct i oned f ro m l a te F lav ian t o e ar ly Hadr ian ic t imes.
I ti s h ere s uggested t ha t
t he p o ttery may h ave c losed d own w i th t he p robable r educt ion o f t he g arr ison i n t he e ar ly Hadr ian ic p er iod d ue t o m il itary a ct iv ity f ur ther n or th ( Webster , 1 961, 1 09 ). The l ead g lazed ware was p roduced a longs ide a n e arly f or m o f Derbysh ire ware , an u mber o f f i ne wares i nclud ing h ooked-r im b ow ls , t azzae, f l agons, c ostre ls , c o landers, c heese-presses a nd mortar ia o f t he p ot ter S ep tu m inus. The g lazed p roducts w ere v ar ied ( Figs. 8 .13 a nd 8 .14 ) a nd o ccasiona l ly r ep roduced t he u ng lazed t ypes.
G lobu lar b eakers , h em ispher ica l b ow ls a nd
c y l indr ica lb eakers w ere t he most c o m mon ly o ccurr ing t ypes.
The f abr ic
o f t he wasters was f a irly s of t a nd o ften r educed med iu m g rey w i th a med iu m g reen g laze. T here i s n o i nd ica t ion o f aw idespread d istr ibu t ion ( F ig. 8 .5 ) a nd , w r it ing o f g lazed p o ttery , Brass ington s a id " the v ar ia t ion i n f abr ic o f t h is t ype o f p ot tery f rom Mid land s ites d oes n o t i nd ica te a c ommon s ource a nd i ti s more l ikely t ha t many l oca l p ot ter ies a t te mp ted manufacture w ithou t a pparent ly p rogress ing b eyond t he e xper imenta l s tage" . One o ft he more i n terest ing f ea tures o f t he p roduct ion i s t he e v idence f or t he k i ln i n wh ich t he p ot tery w as p roduced a nd t h is i s d iscussed o n p . 297 a bove. I ti s b y n o means c er ta in t ha t a l l t he v essels i n t he f o l low ing l i s t w ere p roduced a t L itt le Chester. TYPE 1 . 1 .1
F lagon
L it t le Chester k i lns. Med ium h ard , o range f abr ic t end ing t o g rey a t t he s urfaces; e x ter ior l i gh t g reen g laze w i th b rown p a tches. Brassington , 1 971, 6 4.
1 .2
L it t le Chester k i lns. Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic; N ot t ingham Un ivers ity Museu m , u npubl ished.
1 .3
L it t le Chester k i lns. Med iu m h ard o range f abr ic; med iu m g reen g laze. Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 4.
TYPE 2 . 2 .1
med iu m g reen g laze.
G lobu lar b eaker
L it t le Chester k i lns.
Hard l i gh t g rey f abr ic ;
med ium b rown g laze.
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7. 2 .2
Cast le H i l l.
Hard g rey f abr ic;
med ium o l ive g reen g laze.
U n ivers i ty Museu m , u npub l ished .
3 39
N ot t ingham
F ig. 8 .13
L itt le Chester Group.
Type 1 .
F lagon
Type 2 .
G lobu lar b eakers
S ca le
Type 3 .
G lobu lar j ar
Type 4 .
V ert ica l-r i m med b eakers
Type 5 .
Corn ice-r i m med b eakers
Type 6 .
Folded b eakers
Type 7 .
Car ina ted j ar
1/ 3
.
2 .7 . 4 )
2) . k 1 1A 6
7/
2 .9 1 kb i l a g
?
I 5 .2
2 . 1011 -
--
2 . 11 1 1 1.1
(
3 . 1
? \
6 .2
6 .3
3 41
2 . 3 L it t le Chester k i lns. t on , 1 971, 6 7. 2 . 4 Cave 's I nn.
L ight g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
Med ium h ard l i ght g rey f abr ic;
Brass ing-
l i ght g reen g laze.
Bras-
s ington , 1 971, 6 4. 2 . 5 Cast le H i l l . 1 971, 6 4. 2 . 6 Wa l l .
Med ium h ard g rey f abr ic;
P ink f abr ic;
2 . 7 Cast le H i l l . g reen g laze.
g reen g laze.
d ark g reen g laze.
Brass ing ton ,
Brass ington , 1 971, 6 4 a nd r efs.
Hard b lack f abr ic , g rey ing t owards s urfaces; med ium o l iveN ot t ingham Un ivers ity Museu m , u npub l ished .
2 . 8 L it t le Chester k i lns. Hard g rey f abr ic; B rass ington , 1 971, 6 7.
e x ter ior l i gh t g reen g laze.
2 . 9 L it t le Chester k i lns. 1 971, 6 7.
Hard g rey f abr ic; l i ght g reen g laze.
2 .10
Med iu m h ard o range f abr ic;
L itt le Chester k i lns.
Brass ing ton ,
l i gh t g reen g laze.
Brass ington , 1 971, 6 7. 2 .11
L it t le Chester k i lns.
Med ium h ard , l i gh t o range f abr ic;
med iu m g reen
g laze. 2 .12
Cast le H i l l. Med iu m h ard , b uf f-grey f abr ic; med ium o l ive-green t o d ark b rown g laze. N o tt ingha m U n ivers ity Museum , u npubl ished.
TYPE 3 . 3 .1
G lobu lar j ar
L it t le Chester k i lns. Hard d ark g rey f abr ic; Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
TYPE 4 .
V er t ica lr im med b eaker
4 .1
L it t le Chester. Med iu m h ard o range f abr ic; Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
4 .2
L it t le Chester k i lns. t on , 1 971, 6 7.
TYPE 5 .
Hard g rey f abr ic;
5 .2
A s a bove.
6 .2
l i gh t g reen g laze.
F o lded b eaker
Cast le H il l. Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic; d ark g reen i n ter ior a nd b rown e x ter ior g laze. Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 4. L it t le Chester k i lns.
Fa irly h ard , o range-brown f abr ic;
t er ior a nd o range/green i n ter ior g laze. 6 .3
Brass ing-
Corn ice-r i m med b eaker
L it t le Chester k i lns. Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic; Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
6 .1
d ark b rown-green g laze.
med iu m g reen g laze.
5 .1
TYPE 6 .
med ium o l ive-green g laze.
A s a bove.
3 42
o range e x-
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
TYPE 7 . 7 .1
Car ina ted j ar
L it t le Chester k ilns.
Med iu m g rey f abr ic;
med iu m g reen g laze.
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 4 a nd r efs. TYPE 8 . 8 .1
V ert ica l-s ided b eaker
L it t le Chester.
Grey f abr ic;
b rown-green g laze.
Webster , 1 961, 1 06 ,
n o. 3 3. 8 .2
L it t le Chester k ilns.
Med ium h ard , g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t o l ive-green g laze.
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7. TYPE 9 . 9 .1
S p layed-r im b eaker
L it t le Chester k ilns.
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7. TYPE 1 0. 1 0.1
F langed b ow l
L itt le Chester k i lns.
Hard , g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
Brass ing-
t on , 1 971, 6 7. TYPE 1 1. 1 1.1
D ish
L i tt le Chester k ilns.
Hard , b u f f f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
Brass ing-
t on , 1 971, 6 7. TYPE 1 2. 1 2.1
H em ispher ica lb ow l
L it t le Chester k ilns. b rown g laze.
1 2.2
L it t le Chester k ilns. g laze.
1 2.3
1 3.1
1 4.1
Fa irly s of t , o range-brown f abr ic;
Orange f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
d ark g reen
Brass ing ton ,
L id
L it t le Chester k ilns. Med iu m h ard , g rey f abr ic; Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
TYPE 1 4.
l i gh t g reen/
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
L it t le Chester k ilns. 1 971, 6 7.
TYPE 1 3.
Fa irly s of t , l igh t o range/grey f abr ic;
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 7.
med iu m g reen g laze.
H and led b ow l
L it t le Chester k ilns.
Hard , d ark g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t g reen g laze.
Brass ington , 1 971, 6 7. TYPE 1 5. 1 5.1
?La mp
L it t le Chester k ilns. Med iu m g rey f abr ic ; Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 4 a nd r efs.
3 43
med iu m g reen g laze.
F ig. 8 .14
L it t le Chester Group .
S ca le
Type
8 .
V ert ica l-s ided b eakers
Type
9 .
S p layed-r im b eaker
Type 1 0.
F langed b ow l
Type 1 1.
D ish
Type 1 2.
H em ispher ica l b ow ls
Type 1 3.
L id
Type 1 4.
Hand led b ow l
Type 1 5.
?Lamp
1/3
Miscel laneous Vessels N o. 1 .
Char l ton Earthworks , K ent
N o. 2 .
S ta ines , Middx .
N o. 3 .
S outhwark
N o. 4 .
Hambledon v il la , Bucks.
N o. 5 .
S ta ines , Middx .
N o. 6 .
Winchester
3 44
.
8 .2
1 0 . 1
1 .
1 2 .
(
N.11 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 .2
L
1 4 . 1
2
. 3 45
A NOTE ON VERULA M IUM GLAZED WARE I n 1 953 Prof . E . M. J ope p ubl ished a g roup o f p ot tery f ro m Wheeler 's e xc ava t ions a t V erulam iu m wh ich h e c la i med w ere l ead g lazed ( Co t ton a nd Wheeler , 1 953, 8 4-86 ).
T he p ot tery h ad b een e xam ined s pectrograph ica l ly ,
a l though t he r esul ts o f t he a na lyses w ere n o t p ubl ished.
Un fortuna tely , o f t he
s even ty-e igh t s herds o n ly f our c an n ow b e t raced i n t he s i te museum a nd a l l a t te mp ts t o f i nd t he m issing p ieces h ave f a iled .
U n t il t he g roup c an b e r e-
e xam ined t he w r iter p refers t o l eave t he o r ig ina l r eport a s t he c urren t s ta tement .
The ware was d escr ibed a s b e ing " of a h arsh g r i tty f abr ic , p a le b uf f
t o g rey i n c o lour , a nd w ith a p oor b lotchy g laze , y el low ish t o p a le g reen , a nd p oorly f i red ." The v essels i l lustra ted i n t he o r ig ina l r eport r epresen t f lagons a nd c orn ice-r i m med b eakers, wh ich c ou ld a l l f i t i n al a te f i rst a nd e ar ly s econd c entury c on text .
Ab ody s herd , a pparen t ly b e long ing t o t h is g roup , was
f ound d ur ing Prof . F rere 's 1 957 e xcava t ions a t V eru la m iu m .
The l im ited d is-
t ribu t ion o f t h is p ot tery , s o f ar o n ly r epresen ted b y s herds f ro m V eru la m iu m i t self , may i nd ica te n oth ing more t han a s hortl ived ,' exper i menta l p roduct ion i n t he a rea . OTHER ROMANO-BR IT ISH GLAZED POTTERY Even t hough a s ubstan t ia l n u mber o f Ro mano-Br i t ish l ead g lazed v essels a re n ow k nown , t here i s s t i l l af a ir n umber wh ich c annot b e a ss igned , P t p resen t , t o a ny g roups.
S o me o f t hese migh t b elong t o g roups d iscussed
a bove b u t a re s uf f ic ien t ly d iverse s o a s n o t t o a l low o f r ecogn i t ion a nd migh t o n ly b e i den t if ied t hrough m inera log ica l a na lysis.
O thers c er ta in ly r epresen t
n ew g roups , wh ich w i l l h opefu l ly b e r econstructed t hrough f ur ther f inds . These m isce l laneous v essels a re c a ta logued w ithou t at ypo logy a nd a re t hus d escr ibed a nd d iscussed i nd iv idua l ly . 1 .
Char l ton Ear thworks , K en t.
Hard , o range-brown , g ranu lar f abr ic,
v ary ing t o p urp le-brown i n p ar ts. g ra ins.
Minu te a nd s parse q uartz ite a nd m ica
P oor y el low-brown l ead g laze o n t he i n ter ior s urface a nd o n
t he r i m.
Th is u nusua l f langed b ow l wou ld g enera l ly b e a ss igned t o a n
Anton ine o r l a ter d a te i n Br ita in , h owever i t s c on tex t wou ld s uggest t ha t i td a tes
t he l a te f i rst c en tury ( Erwood , 1 951, 1 59-160 ).
I t may j ust
p oss ibly b e a n import. 2 .
S ta ines. Hard p ink f abr ic; o vera l l l i gh t b rown g laze. Th is v essel a ppears t o b e an a t ive b ead r im j ar o r b eaker a nd i s o ne o f t he f ew k nown g lazed v essels wh ich d oes n ot d irec t ly im ita te c ont inen ta l f or ms ( c f . J ope, 1 950 , 1 99 f or a r eference t o g lazed b u t t-beakers , n ow a pparen t ly l ost , f ro m C lausentu m a nd S i lchester ).
I td oes n o t s ee m t o b elong t o
t he S outh East Engl ish Group e ven t hough i t was f ound a t S ta ines. Arthur , 1 976b , 8 0-81, n o. 4 . 3 .
S ou thwark .
Med iu m h ard p ink-brown f abr ic;
c ombed d ecora t ion.
o range-brown g laze o ver
Th is v essel , a pparen t ly a n im itat ion o f s am ian
f or m D ech . 6 4 , i s s im i lar , t hough c oarser , t han S ussex Group t ype 3 a nd u n l ikely t o b e long t o t ha t g roup. 4 .
Hambeldon v i l la , Bucks.
SLAEC, f orthco m ing.
Hard , med iu m r ed-brown f abr ic;
d ark o l ive-green g laze w ith u nderglaze c ombed d ecora t ion .
3 46
o vera l l Th is v essel
a ppears s im ilar i n f or m t o n o. 5 b elow ( Dr. 3 0 ) a nd may f or m p art o f t he S outh East Eng l ish Group. 6 .
Winchester.
Cock s , 1 921,
Hard , g r it ty , b uf f f abr ic;
g reen p a tches.
l i gh t o range-yel low g laze w ith
F ro m a n e ar ly s econd c en tury p it f i l l.
Cun l if fe , 1 964,
6 2, n o. 1 . 7 .
Brent ford.
Hard , o range-red f abr ic;
g laze c o mbed d ecora t ion . 8 .
N ythe Far m , Wanborough.
med iu m g reen g laze w ith u nder-
L aws , f orthco m ing. S o ft , g r i tty , med ium g rey f abr ic;
l i gh t y e l low-green g laze w ith c o mbed u nderg laze d ecora t ion .
o vera l l Th is
v essel i s s o mewha t s im ilar t o v essels n os. 1 0 t o 1 2 b elow a nd m igh t c o me f ro m t he s ame p roduct ion s ite , p erhaps i n Wiltsh ire. 9 .
Bren tford.
Hard , p ink-orange f abr ic;
med ium o l ive-green g laze.
L aws, f orthco m ing. 1 0.
Rother ly , Wil ts.
Med iu m h ard g rey/orange-bu f f f abr ic;
o l ive-green g laze o ver c o mbed d ecora t ion . 1 1.
Oare, Wil ts.
o vera l l d ark
P itt R ivers, 1 888 , 1 60 , n o . 1 .
Hard , s l igh t ly s andy , med iu m g rey f abr ic w ith d arker
s urfaces; med iu m g reen e x ter ior g laze o ver c o mbed d ecora t ion .
Swan ,
1 975 , 5 7 , n o. 6 4. 1 2.
Wanborough. Im ita t ion Dr. 2 7 i n as of t , o range-p ink f abr ic w ith a med iu m g rey c ore;
o vera l l o l ive-green/orange-brown g laze w ith t races
o f c o mbed d ecora t ion . 1 3.
Ba ldock , Herts.
Swan , f or thco m ing.
Bow l o r l id .
Hard , l i ght b rown f abr ic;
b rown g laze o n i n ter ior s urface r unn ing u p t o t he g roove.
med iu m r edR igby , f orth-
c om ing. 1 4.
S outhwark . g laze.
1 5.
Hard , med iu m r ed-brown f abr ic;
med iu m g reen e x ter ior
S heldon , 1 974 , 4 4, n o. 2 9.
Boker ly , Dorset .
S of t , s andy , s l ight ly p ink , c rea m f abr ic;
l e mon-yel low g ia ze o ver t h ick ly c o mbed l ines.
o vera l l
F abr ic a nd g laze a re
r em in iscen t o f t he Marg idunu m b eaker, n o. 1 6 b elow .
P it tR ivers,
1 892, 1 16, n o. 1 8. 1 6.
Marg idunu m. g laze.
Hard , l i gh t c rea m-be ige f abr ic;
o vera l l g reen ish-yel low
The s em ic ircu lar d ecora t ion c onsists o f a pp l ied s tr ips o f c lay .
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 4. 1 7.
Wa l l , S ta f fs.
S of t , r ed f abr ic;
g reen ish-brown g laze o n e x ter ior s ur-
f ace a nd l i p w ith u nderg laze wh ite c o lour-coa t a nd d ecora t ion i n t he f or m o fb arbot ine s tr ips. 1 8.
Marg idunu m. s pecks;
1 9.
I nfor mat ion t aken f ro m Gou ld , 1 966 , 1 3-14.
Med ium h ard , o range f abr ic w ith d ark (? iron-ox ide )
o vera l l o range g laze.
Marg idunu m.
N o tt ingham U n ivers ity Museu m.
Grey f abr ic; g reen ish l ead g laze.
I ti s v ery d oubtfu l
t ha t t h is v essel r ea l ly c ame f ro m a C laud ian c on tex t .
O swa ld , 1 923,
f i g. 1 1, n o. 6 . 2 0.
Mancet ter.
Hard , g rey f abr ic;
y e l low ish-green g laze.
3 47
F ig. 8 .15
M iscel laneous V essels.
N o.
7 .
N o.
8 .
N o.
9 .
S ca le
Brentford , Middx.
1/ 3
.
N o. 1 6.
Marg idunu m
Hy the Far m , Wanborough
N o. 1 7.
Wa l l , S taf fs.
Bren tford , Middx.
N o. 1 8.
Marg idunu m
N o. 1 9.
Marg idunu m
N o. 1 0.
Rotherly , Wilts.
N o. 1 1.
Oare , Wilts.
N o. 2 0.
Mancetter
N o. 1 2.
Wanborough
N o. 2 1.
Marg idunu m
N o. 1 3.
Ba ldock , Herts.
N o. 2 2.
Coo mbe D ingle , S o m.
N o. 1 4.
S outhwark
N o. 2 3.
Ba ldock , Herts.
N o. 1 5.
Bokerly , Dorset
N o. 2 4.
Barnsley Park , G los.
N o. 2 5.
Marg idunum
3 4R
9 1
44 ,
7
1 3 1
1 4
1 8 (
2 1
2 N-
2 3 1 '1 7 2 5 %. .
3 49
2 1.
Marg idunum.
L igh t g rey f abr ic;
s l ip d ecora t ion .
l i gh t g reen g laze w ith u nderg laze wh ite
Th is method o f d ecora t ion i s r em in iscen t o fb o th t he
S ussex a nd S outh East Engl ish g roups. 2 2.
Coo mbe D ing le , S o merset . o vera l l g la ze.
2 3.
Fa irly s of t b uf f f abr ic;
g reen ish-yel low
Br isto l Museu m , u npubl ished .
Ba ldock , Herts.
Co l lar o f af l agon .
w ith a t h in d ark g rey c ore; 2 4.
Brass ing ton , 1 971, 6 4.
Barnsley Park , G los.
Med iu m h ard , r ed-brown f abr ic
y el low-brown g laze.
Buf f f abr ic;
g reen g laze.
R igby , f or thco m ing. I n for ma t ion f ro m
Dr. G . Webster. 2 5.
Marg idunum.
S im ilar f abr ic a nd ? product ion s ource t o n o. 1 8 a bove.
N ot t ingha m U n ivers ity Museu m.
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3 51
Fo l l in J ones 1 945.
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i n Bov in i
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Tarsus I , Pr inceton , 19 50.
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3b2
J ope 1 950.
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3 53
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3 54
Webster & Jones 1968. Webster, P. V. and Jones, G. D. B., 'Excavations at Whitchurch', Archaeol. J., 125 (1968), 193-254. Wheeler 1926. Wheeler, R. E. M.,'The Roman Fort ne ar Brecon', Y Cym mrodor, 37 (1926), 1-260.
355
9 .
WILTSHIRE MOULDED IM ITAT ION SAM IAN A lasta ir S cot t Anderson
S am ian ware i s o ne o ft he p r inc ip le d a t ing a gen ts i n t he e va lua t ion o f t he c hrono logy o f Ro man s i tes o f t he f i rst a nd s econd c en tur ies. With t he e xcep t ion o f c o inage , more u sefu l i nfor ma t ion i s r ecorded c oncern ing s am ian ware t han a bou t a ny o ther c lass o f a rt ifact t o b e f ound o n Ro man s i tes i n Br ita in . Many o f t he p o t ters who manu fac tured i ta re l i sted a ccord ing t o t he ir n ame s tamps , t he ir d ecora t ive f i guretypes h ave b een a nalysed a nd t he ir v esse l s hapes c lass i f ied. A lthough many p roble ms r e ma in , ac onsiderable b ody o f i n for ma t ion e x ists t o h elp c eram ic s cho lars t o d a te s am ian p ot tery w ith r easonable a ccuracy i n most c ases.
The s uccess o ft h is t ype o f p ot tery i s r ef lected b y i t s w ide d is-
t r ibu t ion i n t he w estern p rov inces o ft he Emp ire a nd t he d ens ity i n w h ich i t o ccurs. I nev itably , s am ian ware was i m ita ted a t many c en tres where p o t tery was p roduced , b u t u n for tuna tely t hese c op ies h ave r arely a t tracted t he i n tens ive s tudy t ha t h as b een d evoted t o s am ian ware i t sel f , a l though , o ccas iona l ly s uch im ita t ions m ight b e e qua l ly u sefu l f or d a t ing p urposes were t hey b et ter u nders tood . The p urpose o ft h is p aper i s t o e xam ine c op ies o f t h is t ype, i n p art i cu lar ag roup o ff i rst c en tury p o ttery w ith mou lded r el ief-decora t ion f ound ma in ly i n Wil tsh ire. Th is ware i s r em in iscen t o f s am ian , c opy ing , a lbe it l oosely i n s o me c ases, i t s f or ms a nd d ecora t ive mo t ifs, t he v essels b e ing f ormed i n mou lds a s w ith most d ecora ted s am ian . The p ract ice o f p roduc ing v essels c opy ing s am ian f or ms was c om mon t hroughout s ou thern Br ita in d ur ing t he Ro man p er iod. S uch v essels f or m a l arge p roport ion o f t he p roducts manu factured b y t he Ox fordsh ire Pot ter ies ( Young , 1 977 ) i n t he l a te t h ird a nd f our th c en tur ies b u t t hey a re f ound o n o ther k iln s ites a nd s ett le ment s i tes i n d a teable c on tex ts a s e arly a s t he f i rst c en tury A .D . I n a dd it ion t o f o l low ing t he s hape o f s am ian v esse ls t hese c op ies of ten p ossess b arbot ine o r s l ip p a in ted d ecora t ion a nd r ed c o lour-coa ts i n i m itat ion o f s am ian ware.
Occas iona l ly e ven r el ief-stamped d ecora t ion was u sed , a s
a t H o l t ( Gr i mes, 1 930 ) a nd i nW il tsh ire ( Swan , 1 977 ), b u t o n ly r arely w as t rue mou lded d ecora t ion a t te mpted . V essels w ith moulded d ecora t ion w ere made i n t he s am ian k i lns a t Co lchester ( Hu l l , 1 963, 4 3-74 ) a nd b yt he A ldga te-Pu lborough P ot ter ( S i mpson , 1 952 a nd Webster , 1 975 ).
However , a l though n o f i xed d e marca t ion e x ists b etween wha t
i s a ctua l o r im ita t ion , t hese t wo e xper imen ts must b e r egarded a s a t te mp ts a t p roduc ing t rue s am ian , n o d oubt i n tended t o b e s o ld i n c o mpet it ion w ith imported p roduc ts. Amongst a t te mp ts t o p roduce v esse ls wh ich p robably d id n o t a sp ire , s ucc essfu l ly o r n o t , t o a ppear i dent ica l t o imported s pec i mens , must b e men t ioned a mou ld f rag men t w ith i nc ised ( ra ther t han s tamped ) d ecora t ion k nown f ro m Peterborough ( Hu l l , 1 963, 4 6 ), wh ich may b e c onnected w ith e ar ly t h ird c en tury mou lded b ow ls d iscovered a t ak i ln s i te a t Wa ter N ew ton i n t he N ene Va l ley 3 57
( Har t ley 1 972 , 2 0 ).
Recen t ly t wo a d jo in ing s herds o f a mou lded im ita t ion
s am ian b ow l , s how ing a h uman f i gure a nd o vo los a nd d a t ing a pprox i ma tely t o t he m id-second c entury , h ave b een d iscovered i n Chester.1
Th is a nd o ther
i so la ted f inds i n v ar ious p ar ts o f Br ita in r epresen t sma l l s ca le p roduct ion o f mou lded wares a bout wh ich l i t t le i s k nown i n t er ms o f o r ig in.
Af urther e x-
amp le where t he o r ig in , r a ther t han t he p roducts , i s k nown i s i l lust ra ted b y t he e x istence o f a mou ld f rag men t , p robably 'of Tra jän ic d a te , f or a n i m i ta t ion Dr. 3 7 , f ro m L it t le more , Ox fordsh ire ( Young , 1 971). N one o f t hese e xper imen ts s ee ms t o h ave b een s uccessfu l i n t er ms o f s a les a nd p resu mab ly , i n e ach c ase , t he v en ture was s hort l i ved. A more s uccessfu l u nder tak ing i n t he p roduct ion o f mould d ecorated im it a t ion s am ian p o t tery i s s hown b y ac o l lect ion o f a pprox i ma tely t h irty s herds o f mou lded p ot tery i n t he Wi l tsh ire Coun ty Museu m a t D ev izes . 2 T h is t ype o f im i ta t ion s am ian ware a ppears t o h ave b een made i n n orth-west Wil tsh ire ( see b elow ), b u t i t s d iscovery o n a t l east f our s ites o u tside t he c ounty i nd ica tes t ha t t he p roduct ion o f t h is p ot tery r esulted f ro m more t han a s ing le e xper i ment a l k i ln f i r ing. N o d eta iled e xam ina t ion o f t he e nt ire c o l lect ion h as e ver a ppeared i n p r in t a lthough t he p ot tery h as a roused c er ta in i n terest i n t he p ast wh ich h as r esu lted i n t he l im ited p ubl ica t ion o f af ew s herds o f t h is ware ( t he most n otab le b e ing : Wheeler , 1 926;
Cunn ing ton , 1 940-42;
B ennet t , f orthco m ing ).
Th is l ack o f
a ttent ion may b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he f act t ha t o n ly a bou t f orty s herds o f t h is p o ttery a re k nown a nd u n fortuna tely many o f t hese a re u nprovenanced .
H owever ,
e nough e xamples h ave b een d iscovered a nd r ecorded i n r ecen t y ears t o p roduce ad istr ibut ion p a t tern f ro m wh ich a p robab le a rea o f manu facture f or t h is p ot tery c an b e i n ferred . Th is i m ita t ion s am ian p o ttery ( F igs. 9 .2 t o 9 .4 ), wh ich h as b een d iscovered i n Wi ltsh ire , S o merset , Avon , G loucestersh ire a nd S outh Wa les, p ossesses a s er ies o f c haracter ist ics wh ich i den t ify i ta s ah o mogeneous g roup , o r ig ina t ing f ro m a s ingle s ource.
U n l ike t he a t te mp ts a t p roduc ing s am ian p ot tery a t
Co lchester , t he Wil tsh ire e xamp les c anno t b e c ons idered a s r ea l s am ian a s t hey d o ' l et-p ossess t he f ine h ard r ed f abr ic a nd g lossy r ed s l ip o f g enu ine s am ian ware. However , t here c an b e n o d oubt t ha t t hese v essels w ere modell ed o n s am ian ware. The ma in f ea tures o f t h is d ist inct ive p ottery a re t he v esse l f or ms, wh ich u sua l ly c opy Dr. 2 9 , 3 0 a nd 3 7 b ow ls , a nd t he d ecora t ive mo t ifs i nclud ing s tra igh t w rea ths wh ich may b e a rranged i n as i mp le r epet it ive v er t ica l p a ttern o r may f or m p art o f more e labora te d es igns s uch a s t he S t. Andrew 's C ross. Rounded p el lets a nd o vo los o f v ary ing q ua l ity o ccur a s w el l a s z oo morph ic a nd h u man f igures ( see F ig. 9 .4 ).
The f abr ic i s u sua l ly b uf f t o l i gh t r ed i n c o lour
a nd i s o f s im ilar minera log ica l c o mpos it ion .throughou t t he c o l lect ion .
I ti s
made u p o f af ine c lay ma tr ix c on ta in ing c lear r ounded q uartz g ra ins a nd q uant i t ies o f c a lc ite , t he l a t ter p robably o ccurr ing n a tura l ly i n t he c lay u sed. O ther c onst ituen ts i nclude g o lden f lakes o f m ica , r ed g rog a nd s o me i ron p ar t icles. These c haracter ist ics i l lustra te a n a t te mpt b y as ing le p o t ter o r g roup o f p o tt ers t o p roduce wares i m ita t ing v essels o f Gau l ish s am ian i n ac rude t hough n o t u n i mag ina t ive way .
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