Converging media a new introduction to mass communication [Fifth edition] 9780190271510, 0190271515

Citation preview

Converging

Media

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Converging

Media Fifth Edition

A New Introduction to

Mass Communication

John V. Pavlik Rutgers University

Shawn McIntosh

Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts

New York

Ox ford

OXFORD UNIVERSIT Y PRESS

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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. Copyright © 2017, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2011 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 http://www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pavlik, John V. (John Vernon)   Converging media : a new introduction to mass communication / John V. Pavlik, Rutgers University ; Shawn McIntosh, Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts. -- Fifth edition.    pages cm   Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN 978-0-19-027151-0 1.  Mass media. 2.  Digital media. 3.  Internet.  I. McIntosh, Shawn. II. Title.   P90.P3553 2016  302.23--dc23               2015028062 Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

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To my wife, Jackie, and my daughters, Tristan and Orianna —J.V.P.

To my parents, Dennis and Kathie —S.M.

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Brief Contents PREFACE xxii ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxiii part one



1 2

Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation  3 Media Literacy in the Digital Age  37

part two



3 4 5 6

7 8 9

medi a perspectives

The Impact of Social Media  191 Journalism: From Information to Participation  227 Advertising and Public Relations: The Power of Persuasion  259

part four



M a ss- CO mmunic ation form ats

Print Media: Books, Newspapers, and Magazines  63 Audio Media: Music Recordings, Radio  97 Visual Media: Photography, Movies, and Television  125 Interactive Media: The Internet, Video Games, and Augmented Reality  161

part three



t h e c h a n g in g medi a l a ndsc a pe

medi a a nd society

Media Ethics  295 11 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age  323 12 Media Theory and Research  357 13 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age  387 14 Global Media in the Digital Age  411

10

GLOSSARY G-1 NOTES N-1 CREDITS C-1 INDEX I-1

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Contents PREFACE xxii ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxiii part one

t h e c h a n g in g medi a l a ndsc a pe

1 Mass Communication and Its Digital Transformation  3 Telephony: Case Study in Convergence  4

Correlation 27 Cultural Transmission  27 Entertainment 27

Three Types of Convergence  7 Technological Convergence  8 Economic Convergence  9 Cultural Convergence  11

Theories of Communication  28 Transmission Models  28 Critical Theory and Cultural Studies  30

Implications of Convergence  12 Media Organization  13 Media Type  14 Media Content  14 Media Use  16 Media Distribution  18 Media Audience  18 Media Profession  20 Attitudes and Values  20

Television: The Future of Convergence  31 Looking Back and Moving Forward  33 Media Matters  34 Further Reading 34

Features MEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Jobs  10 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crying in a BMW  11

Mass Communication in the Digital Age  23 Interpersonal Communication  23 Mass Communication  24 Mass Communication and Convergence  25

CONVERGENCE CULTURE: User-Generated Content: Creativity or Piracy? 19 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Interactively Mapping Gun

Functions of Mass Communication  26

Owners 22

Surveillance 26

2 Media Literacy in the Digital Age  37 Education and Media  38 What Is Media Literacy?  39

What Makes Mediated Communication Different?  40 Semiotics 40 Framing 42 vii

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Early Concerns of Media Effects  43

media matters  60

Media Grammar  44

FURTHER READING  60

Print Media  44 Radio and Recorded Music  45 Film and Television  46 Digital-Media Grammar  47

Implications of Commercial Media  47 Commercial-Media Debate  49 Concentration of Media Ownership  51

Media Bias  53

Features MEDIA PIONEERS: Marshall McLuhan  48 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mobile Telephony in the Developing World  50 ETHICS IN MEDIA: When Media Report Rape Allegations 55 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Dos and Don’ts When

Developing Critical Media-Literacy Skills  56

Evaluating Online Information  57

Media Careers  58 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  58

part two

m a ss- communic ation form ats

3 Print Media: Books, Newspapers, and Magazines  63 Functions of Print Media  64 Transmission of Culture  64 Diffusion of Ideas and Knowledge  64 Entertainment 65

Distinctive Functions of Books  65 History of Books to Today  66 Monastic Scribes  66 Johannes Gutenberg  67 Beginnings of Mass Communication and Mass Literacy  68 Cheaper and Smaller Books  68 Dime Novels  68 Mass-Market Paperbacks  69 Print-on-Demand 69 Ebooks 70

Local Newspapers  75 National Newspapers  75

History of Newspapers to Today  76 The Commercial Press and the Partisan Press  77 Colonial Readership and Finances  77 The Golden Age of Newspapers  77

Current Newspaper-Industry Issues  79 Newspaper Chains  80 Benefits of Chains  80 Problems with Chains  81 Leading Newspaper Chains  81 Declining Number of Daily Newspapers  81

Sales and Readership of Newspapers  81 Circulation and Readership  84 Advertising 84

Current Book-Industry Issues  71

Outlook for Newspapers  86

Sales and Readership of Books  72

Distinctive Functions of Magazines  87

Outlook for Books  74

History of Magazines to Today  89

Distinctive Functions of Newspapers  75

Current Magazine-Industry Issues  90

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Contents

Sales and Readership of Magazines  90

CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Freesheets: Riding the Rails

Outlook for Magazines  91

of Newspapers’ Future?  85

Media Careers  93

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MEDIA PIONEERS: Ruben Salazar  87

LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  94 MEDIA MATTERS  94 FURTHER READING  95

Features INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Global Ebook Marketplace 70

4 Audio Media: Music Recordings, Radio  97 The Recording Industry  98 Distinctive Functions of the Recording Industry  98 History of Recorded Music  99 From Tin Pan Alley to Hollywood  100 Roots of Rock and Roll  100 Redefining Rock  101

The Recording Industry Today  102 Recording-Industry Business Model  105 Creation 105 Promotion 106 Distribution 106 Pricing Structure  107

FM Radio, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David Sarnoff 114 Creating a Viable Business Model for Radio  115 The Rise of Radio Networks  115 Consolidation In Radio Station Ownership  116

The Radio Industry Today  117 Radio Station Programming  118 Outlook for the Radio Industry  118 Podcasting 120 Satellite Radio  120 Media Careers  121 Looking Back And Moving Forward  122 Media Matters  123 Further Reading  123

Outlook for the Recording Industry  107 Digital Rights Management and Illegal File Sharing 107 New Business Models Emerging  108

What Is Broadcasting?  109 Radio 110

Features MEDIA PIONEERS: Amanda Palmer  104 ETHICS IN MEDIA: MashED-up and Mixed-up Musical Ethics 111 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: NPR and PRI: America’s

Distinctive Functions of Radio  110

Public Radio Networks  116

History of Radio  110

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Trusting in the Power

Wireless Telegraphy  112 Exploring Radio’s Early Potential  112 Voice Transmission  112 Radio Before, During, and After WWI  113 Widespread Public Adoption of Radio  114

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of the Airwaves  121

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5 Visual Media: Photography, Movies, and Television  125 Photography 126 History of Photography  126 Photographic Industry Today  127

Movies 127 History of the Movie Industry  128 Silent Era: New Medium, New Technologies, New Storytelling  129 Méliès and Griffith  130 Murnau, Flaherty, and Eisenstein  131 Sound and Color  131 Hollywood Movie Moguls  133 Warner Brothers  133 Walt Disney  133 Samuel Goldwyn  134 Marcus Loew  134 Louis B. Mayer  134 Hollywood Star System  135 The Director as Auteur  135 Technological Influences on Movie Genres  136 Other Entertainment Sources for Movies  137 DVDs and Streaming  138

Programming and Genre Influences  147 Pushing the Programming Envelope  148 Cable Comes of Age  148 Filling the Days  149 Filling the Nights  149 Sports 150 Reality Shows  151 Digital Television: Preparing the Way for Convergence 152 The Rise of Flat-Panel Displays  152

Television Distribution  153 Broadcast TV  153 Cable TV  153 Satellite TV  154

Television Industry Today  154 Cable System Structure  154 Satellite Versus Cable  155

Television-Industry Business Model  156 Outlook for the Television Industry  157 Media Careers  158

Movie Industry Today  139

LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  158

Marketing and Distribution for Movies  142

FURTHER READING  159

Movie-Industry Business Model  143 Outlook for the Movie Industry  143

media matters  159

Features ETHICS IN MEDIA: The Photojournalist’s Dilemma:

Television 144

Immersion in Conflict  130

History of Television  146

MEDIA PIONEERS: Kathleen Kennedy  141

Seeing the Light: The First Television Systems  146 Modern Television Takes Shape  146

CONVERGENCE CULTURE: 3-D Movies: What Will Be the Impact? 145

6 Interactive Media: The Internet, Video Games, and Augmented Reality  161 Interactivity Defined  162 Interactive Media Versus Mass Media  163

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Historical Development of User Interfaces 165 Television Interfaces  165

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Video-Game Industry  180

Intuitive Interfaces  166 Keyboards 166 Computer Mouse  166 Touch Screens  167 Natural Input Methods  167 Graphical User Interfaces  167

Trends in Video Games  182 Gamification 183 Augmented Reality  184

Historical Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web  168 Internet Protocol  169 World Wide Web  170 Graphical Web Browsers  170 Broadband 171 Distribution Dynamics  171

Ethics of Interactive Media  185 MEDIA CAREERS  186 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  187 MEDIA MATTERS  188 FURTHER READING  188

Features INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: THE INTERNET OF

Video Games  173

BABEL 164

Historical Development of Video Games 174

MEDIA PIONEERS: SUPER MARIO  176 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: IS PLAYING VIDEO GAMES BAD

Types of Video Games  177

PART THREE

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FOR YOU?  181

M E D I A PE R SPE C T I V E S

7 The Impact of Social Media  191 Defining Social Media  192 Dialogic Commmunication  193 Social Production  195

What Is “Social” About Social Media?  197 Choice 197 Conversation 197 Curation 198 Creation 199 Collaboration 199

Types of Social Media  200 Email 201 Discussion Boards and Web Forums  202 Chat Rooms  203 Blogs and Microblogs  204 Wikis 205 Social-Networking Sites  207

Producers and Produsers  212 Reputation, Ratings, and Trust  214 Privacy 215 Transparency 217

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Social Media: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly  218 Are Social Media Making Us Less Social?  218 Are Social Media Making Us Dumber?  220 MEDIA CAREERS  222 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  222 MEDIA MATTERS  224 FURTHER READING  224

Features INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: SOCIAL NETWORKS OF INFLUENTIAL LANGUAGES  201 MEDIA PIONEERS: JACK DORSEY  206 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: ARE WE REALLY SEPARATED BY SIX DEGREES?  211 ETHICS IN MEDIA: CYBERBULLYING: NEW TWISTS ON AN OLD PROBLEM  219

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8 Journalism: From Information to Participation  227 What Is News?  228 The Historical Development of Journalism 230 News Values and the Associated Press  230 Pulitzer and Hearst: The Circulation Wars, Sensationalism, and Standards  231 Joseph Pulitzer  233 William Randolph Hearst  234 The Rise of Electronic Journalism  234 Murrow and News in TV’s Golden Age  235 Changes in Television News  235

Foundations of Journalism  236 The Hutchins Commission and A Free and Responsible Press  236 Separation of Editorial and Business Operations  237 Fairness and Balance in News Coverage  237 Framing the News  238 Expert Sources  238

From Event to Public Eye: How News Is Created  239 Gathering the News  240 Producing the News  240 Distributing the News  242

Types of Journalism  243 Alternative Journalism  243 Public Journalism  244

Citizen Journalism  245 An International Perspective  246

Journalism in the Digital World  248 Nontraditional Sources  248 Online User Habits  250 Personalization 251 Contextualization 251 Convergence 251

The Business of Journalism  252 Salaries 253 Diversity in the Newsroom  254 Media Careers  254 Looking Back And Moving Forward  255 Media Matters  256 Further Reading  256

Features MEDIA PIONEERS: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and IDA B. WELLS  232 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Covering Islam  238 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Platypus Journalism: The Future, or Evolutionary Dead End?  241 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Maintaining Standards in the Digital Age  252

9 Advertising and Public Relations: The Power of Persuasion  259 Strategic Communications  261 Persuasive Communications  262 The Role of Media in Persuasion  263

Advertising 264 The Historical Development of Advertising  264 Advertising Agencies  266 Commercial Television  266 Internet 267 The Rise of Branding  268

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Selling Products, Selling Ideas  271 Advertising Channels  271 Print Media  272 Electronic Media  272 Outdoor 273 Direct Mail  274 Advertising in a Digital World  274 Cookies 274 Email Marketing  275 Banner Ads  275

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Pop-Ups and Video  275 Classifieds and Auction Sites  275 Search-Engine Ads  276 Mobile Advertising  276 Behavioral Advertising  277 Viral Marketing  277 Native Advertising  277 The Advertising Business  278 Advertising Agencies  279

Public Relations  282 The Historical Development of Public Relations  282 Trends in the Development of Public Relations  284 PR and Media Relations  285 Pseudo-Events 286 Distributing News to the Media in the Digital Age  286 Finding Sources Online  286 PR Firms and the PR Industry  286

PART FOUR

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Changing Trends in Advertising and PR  288 MEDIA CAREERS  290 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  291 MEDIA MATTERS  292 FURTHER READING  292

Features MEDIA PIONEERS: MADAM C. J. WALKER  265 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: MMORPG, FPS—AND IGA  270 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: HAIR-RAISING SUBWAY BILLBOARD AD GETS NOTICED  280 MEDIA PIONEERS: DORIS E. FLEISCHMAN  284 ETHICS IN MEDIA: FOOLING MOST OF THE PEOPLE MOST OF THE TIME . . . DIGITALLY  288

MEDIA AND SOCIE T Y

10 Media Ethics  295 Ethics, Morals, and Laws  296 Major Systems of Ethical Reasoning  297 Character, or Virtue Ethics  297 The Golden Rule  297 The Golden Mean  298 Virtue Ethics in Action  298 Duties 298 The Categorical Imperative  299 Discourse Ethics  299 Duties-Based Ethics in Action  300 Consequences 300 Utilitarianism 301 Social Justice  301 Consequence-Based Ethics in Action  302 Relationships, or Dialogical Ethics  302 Ethics of Care  303 Dialogical Ethics in Action  304 Moral Relativism  305

Ethics in Journalism  310 Privacy Rights Versus the Public’s Right to Know  310 Going Undercover  311 Victimizing the Victims  311 Misrepresentation and Plagiarism  312 Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics  312

Ethical Issues in Advertising  313 Deceptive Advertising  313 Puffery 314 Conflicts of Interest in Advertising  314 Advertising Codes of Ethics  314

Ethics in Public Relations  315 Conflicts of Interest in PR  316 Public Relations Codes of Ethics  317

Ethics in Entertainment  318 Stereotypes in Entertainment  318 Sex and Violence  319

Issues in Ethical Decision Making  306

MEDIA CAREERS  319

Role of Commercialism in Media Ethics  308

MEDIA MATTERS  320

Media Types Influencing Content  309

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LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  320 FURTHER READING  321

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Features INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Mistaken Identity: One

CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Forbidden Fruit  315 MEDIA PIONEERS: Kalle Lasn  316

Life Lost, Another Ruined  303

11 Communication Law and Regulation in the Digital Age  323 The Legal Framework  324 The Foundations of Freedom of Expression 325 National Security  326 Clear and Present Danger  327 Prior Restraint  327 Libel 328 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)  328 Protecting Journalists Against Libel  329 Shield Laws  329 Censorship 331 The Censorship of Comics  331 The Hays Code  332 Indecent Content  333 Obscenity 334 Criticism, Ridicule, or Humor  335

Regulating Electronic Media  335 Early Days and the Radio Act of 1912 (1911–1926)  335 Increasing Regulation and the Federal Radio Commission (1927–1933)  336 The Communications Act and Spectrum Scarcity (1934–1995) 336 The Telecommunications Act and the Internet (1996–Present) 337 International Electronic Media Regulation  338

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)  339 Universal Service  340 The FCC, License Renewal, and Regulatory Power  340 Spectrum Auction  341

Political Speech  344 Equal-Time Rule  344 Fairness Doctrine  344

Children’s Programming Protections  345 The Children’s Television Act  345 Violent and Sexual Programming: The V-Chip  346

Intellectual Property Rights  346 Fair Use  348

Privacy 348 Legal Issues in the Digital World  349 Digital Rights Management  350 Privacy 351 Content Rights and Responsibilities  352 Media Careers  352 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  353 MEDIA MATTERS  354 FURTHER READING  354

Features MEDIA PIONEERS: ANTHONY LEWIS  330 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: The Great Network Neutrality Debate  338 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: The Rise and Fall of Russian Media  339 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Does the Punishment Fit the Crime?  350

Regulating Commercial and Political Speech 341 Commercial Speech  342 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Advertising  343 Unclear Regulatory Boundaries  343

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12 Media Theory and Research  357 Role of Theory and Research  358 Mass Society, Mass Communication  359 Media-Effects Research  359 Propaganda and the Magic Bullet  360 Payne Fund  360 Radio’s Wider Impact  361 Television and Violence  362 Limited Effects  363 Cultivation Analysis  363 Spiral of Silence  365 Third-Person Effect  365 Criticisms of Media-Effects Research  366

Understanding the Audience  367 Audiences Creating Meaning  367 Uses and Gratifications  367 Encoding/Decoding 368 Reception Analysis  368 Framing 369

Cultural Studies  370 Ideology and the Culture Industry  370 Criticisms of Cultural Studies  372

Sociohistorical Frameworks  372 Information Society  372 Political Economy  373

Media Ecology  374 Agenda Setting  375

New Directions in Media Research  376 Media Research: What Type of Science Is It?  378 Quantitative Research  380 Qualitative Research  380 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Working Together  382 Media Careers  382 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  383 MEDIA MATTERS  384 FURTHER READING  384

Features CONVERGENCE CULTURE: How Free Is Academic Freedom?  364 MEDIA PIONEERS: danah boyd 371 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Theories Old, Theories New, Theories Borrowed . . .   374 ETHICS IN MEDIA: Advertising’s Negative Effects on the Sexes  377

13 Mass Communication and Politics in the Digital Age  387 Journalism and Political Coverage  388 Politicians Using the News  390 Sound Bites and Horse Races  390 The Changing Tone of Television Political Coverage 391 Opinion Polls  391

Political Advertising  393 Impact of Negative Advertising  394 Effectiveness of Negative Advertising  394

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Politics and Entertainment  396 Political Campaigns and Entertainment  396 Political Debates  397

Social Media and Political Campaigns  398 Changes with Social Media  400 Changing Rules for Politicians  401

Social Media and Civic Engagement  403 Databases and Government Transparency  403 Smart Mobs  404

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Political Polarization and Media Habits  405

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: Crowdsourcing

Media Careers  407

Election Monitoring  402

LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  407

MEDIA PIONEERS: Bill Adair  406

MEDIA MATTERS  408 FURTHER READING  408

Features ETHICS IN MEDIA: Can Imagery Lead to Action?  395 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Image Is Everything  399

14 Global Media in the Digital Age  411 Four Theories of International Mass Communication 413 Authoritarian Theory  413 Libertarian Theory  413 Social Responsibility Theory  414 Soviet Theory  415

The Public, the Public Sphere, and Public Opinion  416 Political and Socioeconomic Issues with Global Media  418 Media in Developing Countries  418 Searching for Truth: Self-Censorship in China  420 The Digital Divide  422

Global Media, Local Values  423 New Worlds—or Cultural Imperialism?  424 Convergence and Its Discontents  425 Globalization of Media Production  427 Global Media Flow  428

Protecting Local Voices  429 Some Developing Nations  429 A Neighbo(u)ring Nation  429 Promoting Global Voices  430 Cybersecurity and Media  431 Media Careers  432 LOOKING BACK AND MOVING FORWARD  433 MEDIA MATTERS  434 FURTHER READING  434

Features ETHICS IN MEDIA: J-Ethinomics—Teaching Ethics and Economics in Journalism  414 CONVERGENCE CULTURE: Through a PRISM of Global Surveillance 419 MEDIA PIONEERS: Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim  426

GLOSSARY G-1 NOTES N-1 CREDITS C-1 INDEX I-1

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ACEJMC Learning GoalS

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Converging Media provides extensive content on the twelve core values and competencies of the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (ACEJMC). As a nationally elected member of the ACEJMC from 2004 to 2007, John V. Pavlik recognized that the ACEJMC-based learning goals provide a useful benchmark for assessing student learning. By covering the twelve core values and competencies, this text provides a strong foundation for students to become well-rounded journalists and experts in mass communication.

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ACEJMC Learning Goals

How Converging Media Supports

1. FREEDOM OF SPEECH: Understand and apply the principles and laws of freedom of speech and press for the country in which the institution that invites ACEJMC is located, as well as receive instruction in and understand the range of systems of freedom of expression around the world, including the rights to dissent, to monitor and criticize power, and to assemble and petition for redress of grievances.

• Regulation of journalism and mass communication in the digital age including libel and censorship (p. 328, 349) • Fairness (p. 344) • The public’s right to know (p. 310) • Media systems around the world (p. 418)

2. HISTORY: Demonstrate an understanding of the history and role of professionals and institutions in shaping communications.

• Origins of photography, movies, television, and video games (p. 126, 128, 146) • History of journalism (p. 230) • History of advertising (p. 264) • History of public relations (p. 282) • History of media law and the regulation of electronic media (p. 325) • Early research on media effects (p. 359) • History of recorded music and radio (p. 99, 112) • History of print media (books, newspapers, magazines) (p. 66, 76, 89) • History of the Internet (p. 168)

3. GENDER, RACE, AND SEXUALITY: Demonstrate an understanding of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and, as appropriate, other forms of diversity in domestic society in relation to mass communications.

• Effects of media and advertising on women and men (p. 377) • Role of women in the history of newspapers (p. 232) • Diversity in the newsroom (p. 254) • Minority newspapers (p. 232, 254)

4. GLOBAL SOCIETY: Demonstrate an understanding of the diversity of peoples and cultures and of the significance and impact of mass communications in a global society.

• Relationships among various global and local media sources (p. 424) • Cultural and socioeconomic impact of global media (p. 426) • “International Perspectives” boxes throughout (example, p. 70) • International theories of the press (p. 413) • Media in a global society appears as a theme in several chapters

5. THEORY: Understand concepts and apply theories in the use and presentation of images and information.

• • • •

Photography, movies, and television (p. 135, 147) Grammar of media (p. 44) Information overload in the digital age (p. 218) Major media theories and research (p. 359, 370, 376)

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ACEJMC Learning GoalS

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ACEJMC Learning Goals

How Converging Media Supports

6. ETHICS: Demonstrate an understanding of professional ethical principles and work ethically in pursuit of truth, accuracy, fairness, and diversity.

• “Ethics in Media” boxes throughout (example, p. 55) • Chapter on media ethics, including accuracy and the pursuit of truth (p. 295) • Chapter on communication law and regulation in the digital age (p. 323) • Fairness and diversity (p. 318)

7. CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING: Think critically, creatively, and independently.

• “Convergence Culture” boxes throughout (example, p. 211) • “Media Matters” at end of chapters (example, p. 34) • Discussion Questions throughout • Critical-Thinking Questions in selected image captions (example, p. 335) • Foundations for critically examining media presented early in the text (example, p. 39)

8. RESEARCH: Conduct research and evaluate information by methods appropriate to the communications professions in which they work.

• Chapter on media theory and research teaches students to evaluate research methods and findings (p. 378)

9. WRITING ABILITY: Write correctly and clearly in forms and styles appropriate for the communications professions, audiences, and purposes they serve.

• Appropriate writing style for particular media and for the communities and purposes that media professionals serve (p. 243) • Importance of clear and accurate writing in news creation (p. 240)

10. EVALUATION OF WORK: Critically evaluate their own work and that of others for accuracy and fairness, clarity, appropriate style, and grammatical correctness.

• Media Matters and Critical Thinking Questions throughout the text encourage self-reflection in the form of spoken and written responses while promoting group discussion and peer evaluation of work.

11. NUMERICAL AND STATISTICAL CONCEPTS: Apply basic numerical and statistical concepts.

• Data for students to analyze about newspaper circulation and readership and advertising impact (p. 84) • Pricing structure of the recording industry (p. 106) • Figures and tables throughout apply numerical and statistical concepts (example, p. 73) • “US Media Giants” (pullout at the back of the book)

12. TECHNOLOGY: Apply tools and technologies appropriate for the communications professions in which they work.

• Social media (p. 191) • Interactive media (p. 161) • Role of mobile media, such as the iPad, in delivering video (p. 183) • Mobile media and digital books (p. 74) • Impact of touch screens on human–computer interface (p. 165) • Use of digital technology in journalism (p. 248) • Impact of digital technology and mobile media on advertising (p. 274)

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Features CONVERGENCE CULTURE

User-Generated Content: Creativity or Piracy? (Chapter 1) p. 19 Dos and Don’ts When Evaluating Online Information (Chapter 2) p. 57 Freesheets: Riding the Rails of Newspapers’ Future? (Chapter 3) p. 85 NPR and PRI: America’s Public Radio Networks (Chapter 4) p. 116 3-D Movies: What Will Be the Impact? (Chapter 5) p. 145 Is Playing Video Games Bad for You? (Chapter 6) p. 181 Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees? (Chapter 7) p. 211 Platypus Journalism: The Future, or Evolutionary Dead End? (Chapter 8) p. 241 MMORPG, FPS—and IGA (Chapter 9) p. 270 Forbidden Fruit (Chapter 10) p. 315 The Great Network Neutrality Debate (Chapter 11) p. 338 How Free Is Academic Freedom? (Chapter 12) p. 364 Image Is Everything (Chapter 13) p. 399 Through a PRISM of Global Surveillance (Chapter 14) p. 419 INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

Crying in a BMW (Chapter 1) p. 11 Mobile Telephony in the Developing World (Chapter 2) p. 50 Global Ebook Marketplace (Chapter 3) p. 70 Trusting in the Power of the Airwaves (Chapter 4) p. 121 The Internet of Babel (Chapter 6) p. 164 Social Networks of Influential Languages (Chapter 7) p. 201 Covering Islam (Chapter 8) p. 238 Hair-Raising Subway Billboard Ad Gets Noticed (Chapter 9) p. 280 Mistaken Identity: One Life Lost, Another Ruined (Chapter 10) p. 303 The Rise and Fall of Russian Media (Chapter 11) p. 339 Theories Old, Theories New, Theories Borrowed . . . (Chapter 12) p. 374 Crowdsourcing Election Monitoring (Chapter 13) p. 402 ETHICS IN MEDIA

Interactively Mapping Gun Owners (Chapter 1) p. 22 When Media Report Rape Allegations (Chapter 2) p. 55 Mashed-Up and Mixed-Up Musical Ethics (Chapter 4) p. 111 The Photojournalist’s Dilemma: Immersion in Conflict (Chapter 5) p. 130