Introduction to communication disorders: a lifespan evidence-based perspective [Fifth edition] 9780133352030, 1292058897, 9781292058894, 013335203X

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 12
Chapter 1 Communicative Disorders and Clinical Service......Page 24
Communication Disorders......Page 25
Audiologists......Page 26
Speech-Language Pathologists......Page 28
Speech, Language, and Hearing Scientists......Page 29
Service Through the Lifespan......Page 31
Evidence- Based Practice......Page 33
Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective......Page 35
Summary......Page 36
Sugested Readings......Page 37
Chapter 2 Communication: Means, Impairments, Intervention......Page 38
Means of Communication......Page 39
Communication through the Lifespan......Page 45
Communication Impairments......Page 48
Language Disorders......Page 50
Speech Disorders......Page 51
Hearing Disorders......Page 52
How Common Are Communication Disorders?......Page 53
Deciding Whether there Is a Problem......Page 56
Assessment Goals......Page 57
Assessment Procedures......Page 58
Target Selection......Page 60
Clinical Elements......Page 61
Follow-up and Maintenance......Page 62
Sugested Readings......Page 63
Chapter 3 The Biological Mechanism of Speech......Page 64
The Respiratory System......Page 65
The Vocal Folds......Page 70
The Articulatory/Resonating System......Page 72
The Speech Production Process......Page 76
Summary......Page 78
Sugested Readings......Page 79
Chapter 4 Language Impairments in Children......Page 80
Pre-Language......Page 83
Toddler Language......Page 85
Preschool Language......Page 86
School-Age and Adolescent Language......Page 89
Associated Disorders and Related Causes......Page 91
Intellectual Disability......Page 93
Learning Disabilities......Page 95
Specific Language Impairment......Page 98
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)......Page 101
Brain Injury......Page 105
Neglect and Abuse......Page 106
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Drug-Exposed Children......Page 107
Conclusion......Page 108
Assessment......Page 109
Referral and Screening......Page 111
Testing......Page 112
Sampling......Page 115
Intervention......Page 117
Intervention Procedures......Page 118
Intervention through the Lifespan......Page 122
Sugested Readings......Page 124
Chapter 5 Literacy Impairments: Assessment and Intervention......Page 126
Phonological Awareness......Page 129
Morphological Awareness......Page 130
Reading Development through the Lifespan......Page 131
Reading Problems through the Lifespan......Page 134
Assessment of Developmental Reading......Page 138
Intervention for Developmental Reading Impairment......Page 141
Writing......Page 147
Writing Development through the Lifespan......Page 148
Writing Problems through the Lifespan......Page 150
Assessment of Developmental Writing......Page 152
Intervention for Developmental Writing Impairment......Page 153
Sugested Readings......Page 159
Chapter 6 Language Impairments in Adults......Page 160
Use......Page 162
The Nervous System......Page 163
Central Nervous System......Page 164
Aphasia......Page 166
Concomitant or Accompanying Deficits......Page 169
Types of Aphasia......Page 171
Causes of Aphasia......Page 175
Lifespan Issues......Page 177
Assessment for Aphasia......Page 179
Intervention......Page 182
Evidence-Based Practice......Page 185
Conclusion......Page 186
Characteristics......Page 187
Intervention......Page 190
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)......Page 192
Characteristics......Page 193
Lifespan Issues......Page 194
Intervention......Page 196
Dementia......Page 198
Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 199
Summary......Page 203
Sugested Readings......Page 204
Chapter 7 Stuttered Speech......Page 206
Stuttered Disfluencies......Page 209
The Onset and Development of Stuttering through the Lifespan......Page 211
The Efects of Stuttering through the Lifespan......Page 213
Organic Theory......Page 215
Current Conceptual Models of Stuttering......Page 216
The Evaluation of Stuttering......Page 217
Indirect and Direct Stuttering Intervention......Page 219
Fluency-Shaping Techniques......Page 220
Stuttering Modification Techniques......Page 222
Efficacy of Intervention with Preschool-Age Children......Page 223
Efficacy of Intervention with School-Age Children......Page 224
Sugested Readings......Page 225
Chapter 8 Voice and Resonance Disorders......Page 226
Vocal Pitch......Page 227
Vocal Loudness......Page 228
Voice Disorders......Page 229
Disorders of Vocal Quality......Page 230
Nonphonatory Vocal Disorders......Page 231
Voice Disorders Associated with Vocal Misuse or Abuse......Page 232
Voice Disorders Associated with Hypoadduction......Page 236
Other Conditions That Affect Voice Production......Page 237
Resonance Disorders......Page 239
The Voice Evaluation......Page 240
The Resonance Evaluation......Page 241
Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Medical or Physical Conditions......Page 243
Elective Voice Intervention for Transgender/Transsexual Clients......Page 244
Treatment of Resonance Disorders......Page 245
Efficacy of Voice and Resonance Treatment......Page 247
Summary......Page 249
Sugested Readings......Page 250
Chapter 9 Disorders of Articulation and Phonology......Page 252
Classification of Consonants by Place and Manner......Page 254
Classification of Vowels by Tongue and Lip Position and Tension......Page 255
Pre-Speech......Page 256
Toddler Speech......Page 259
Preschool Speech......Page 260
Phonology and Articulation......Page 261
Developmental Impairment in Children......Page 262
Language Impairments......Page 263
Hearing Impairments......Page 264
Neuromuscular Disorders......Page 265
Childhood Apraxia of Speech......Page 266
Language and Dialectal Var iations......Page 267
Description of Phonological and Articulatory Status......Page 269
Consistency......Page 272
Stimulability......Page 273
Intervention Approaches......Page 274
Treatment of Neurologically Based Motor-Speech Disorders......Page 278
Sugested Readings......Page 279
Chapter 10 Motor Speech Disorders......Page 282
Structures of the Brain Important for Motor Speech Function......Page 283
Dysarthria......Page 286
Apraxia of Speech......Page 293
Cerebral Palsy......Page 296
Evaluation of Motor Speech Disorders......Page 301
Management of Dysarthria......Page 302
Management of Acquired Apraxia of Speech......Page 304
Summary......Page 305
Sugested Readings......Page 306
Chapter 11 Dysphagia......Page 308
Lifespan Perspectives......Page 310
Esophageal Phase......Page 311
Pediatric Dysphagia......Page 312
Dysphagia in Adults......Page 314
Screening for Dysphagia in Newborns and the Elderly......Page 317
Case History and Background Information Regarding Dysphagia......Page 318
Cognitive and Communicative Functioning......Page 319
Instrumentation......Page 322
Body and Head Positioning......Page 324
Modification of Foods and Beverages......Page 325
Behavioral Swallowing Treatments......Page 326
Medical and Pharmacological Approaches......Page 328
Prognoses and Outcomes for Swallowing Disorders......Page 329
Sugested Readings......Page 331
Chapter 12 Audiology and Hearing Loss......Page 332
Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss......Page 333
Deafness, the Deaf Community, and Deaf Culture......Page 334
What Is Audiology?......Page 335
Fundamentals of Sound......Page 336
The Outer Ear......Page 337
The Middle Ear......Page 338
The Inner Ear......Page 339
The Central Auditory System......Page 340
Conductive Hearing Loss......Page 341
Sensorineural Hearing Loss......Page 343
(Central) Auditory Processing Disorders......Page 347
Hearing Loss through the Lifespan......Page 349
Audiological Assessment Procedures......Page 351
Referral and Case History......Page 352
Electroacoustic and Electrophysiological Testing......Page 353
Behavioral Testing......Page 355
Aural (Audiological) Habilitation/Rehabilitation......Page 364
Counseling......Page 365
Amplification......Page 366
Hearing Assistive Technology/Assistive Listening Devices......Page 369
Auditory Training and Auditory Communication Modality......Page 371
Visual Communication Modality......Page 373
Treatment and Management of (Central) Auditory Processing Disorders......Page 374
Summary......Page 375
Sugested Readings......Page 376
Chapter 13 Using Augmentative and Alternative Communication......Page 378
Types of AAC......Page 380
Unaided AAC: Manual Sign Systems......Page 381
Aided Symbols: Tangible Symbols......Page 383
Aided Symbols: Pictorial Symbols......Page 384
Access......Page 385
Output......Page 387
Assessment Considerations......Page 389
Specific Assessment Considerations......Page 391
AAC Symbol Selection......Page 393
Intervention Considerations......Page 394
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in AAC......Page 398
Summary......Page 400
Sugested Readings......Page 401
Appendix Professional Organizations......Page 402
Glossary......Page 406
References......Page 418
Name Index......Page 448
Subject Index......Page 458