COHORS 2: The evidence for and a short history of the auxiliary infantry units of the Imperial Roman Army 9781407351766, 9781841710464

Citation preview

COHORS

2

The evidence for and a short history of the auxiliary infantry units of the Imperial Roman Army

John Spaul

0

BAR International Series 841

2000

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 841 COHORS 2 © J Spaul and the Publisher 2000 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781841710464 paperback ISBN 9781407351766 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841710464 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2000. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

BAR

PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Introduction Check-list of pre-Diocletianic Cohorts

page 5 page 10

PART ONE: Units from the Western and Northern Provinces Cohortes Ciuium Romanorum Cohortes Provinciae Sardiniae Cohortes Provinciae Lusitaniae Cohortes Provinciae Hispaniae Cohortes Provinciae Galliae Cohortes Provinciae Britanniae Cohortes Provinciae Germaniae Cohortes Provinciae Alpium

page page page page page page page page

19 49 55 69 139 189 205 257

PART TWO: Units from the Eastern and Southern Provinces and others Cohortes Provinciae Raetiae et Norici Cohortes Provinciae Dalmatiae Cohortes Provinciae Pannoniae Cohortes Provinciae Moesiae et Macedoniae Cohortes Provinciae Senatus Cohortes Provinciae Orientis Cohortes Provinciae Australis Cohortes Aliae et Alienae Summary

page 273 page 299 page 315 page 339 page 383 page 390 page455 page475 page497

Index Nominorum Index Tribuum Index Deorum Index Originum

page page page page

3

533 563 569 577

4

INTRODUCTION This is the second part of a study of the auxiliary units of the Roman Imperial Army. A study of the cavalry units was published in 1994, one hundred years after the fundamental account by Conrad Cichorius. In the fourth volume of the Real-encyclopiidie der Altertumswissenschafl published in 1900, he set down what was then known about the infantry units. In some respects, present day knowledge is much as it was. Commenting on the volume on cavalry units, Professor Israel Shatzman pointed out (Scripta Classica lsraelica, 1995) that our knowledge of the cavalry units had increased by four units since 1894. In other respects, there have been some advances brought about by the steady work of excavators and epigraphists and still more by the ancient historians and archaeologists confined to the office or lecture-room and not able to take part in the excitement of finding new material. But any increase in knowledge is due to both.

accurate. Equitate units were envisaged from the start of the period, probably 4 turmae of 30 horsemen in a quingenary unit, but the problem of dividing 380 men (as Hyginus stated) into 6 centuries, or 76 men into contuberniae of 8 men was insoluble before extensive excavation of forts occupied by known units had been completed. He was afraid that the official papyrus of cohors I Augusta Praetoria Lusitanorum which Theodore Mommsen had discussed in Ephemeris Epigraphica vii (456-67) would be the only one of its type. Nowadays it stands with similar documents from cohors XX Palmyrenorum and cohors I Tungrorum. The "so-called diplomata militaria" of which nearly eighty examples from the reign of Nero to Commodus had been found dealing with auxiliaries, provided him with the basis for his discussion of the conditions of service, by which he meant what the soldier earned from his service, namely, the grant of "citizenship for himself, the full legalisation of any matrimonial union ... and civic rights for his wife, children and descendants". He noticed a change in the formula starting in the reign of Antoninus Pius and pointed to the two classes of veterans indicated by the epikrisis of 148 (Papyruskunde 459). There was uncertainty about the pay of the auxiliary soldier largely because of the lack of evidence, as also about the other rewards for service such as grants ofland or money.

Twelve years after Conrad Cichorius' account of the auxiliary infantry units, G. Leonard Cheesman's study of all the auxiliary units created by the Augustan army reforms appeared. He admitted that his conclusions were largely based upon the epigraphic evidence, using a collection of facts which were liable to revision and he hoped he had not been excessively final in his statements. The lines to follow had been indicated by Theodore Mommsen in 'Die Conscriptions Ordnung der romischen Heeres', and Anton von Domaszewski in 'Die Rangordnung des romischen Heeres' though he often differed from their views. He also expressed his indebtedness to Francis Haverfield, Professor of Roman History at Oxford University, for his constant valuable encouragement and criticism.

In the internal organisation of the auxiliary cohort, he distinguished between principales and immunes but while an inscription from Roma seemed to give a graded list of ranks in a turma there was nothing comparable for the ranks in a centuria. The details of promotion within a unit were rare, but he thought that some chance of promotion was necessary for attracting recruits, though there was no evidence that a preliminary qualification was needed for a commission as a centurion.

The study confined itself to the auxiliary regiments in the first two centuries, though he began with the evidence for the use of non-citizen units in the army in the Republican period. The size and organisation of the alae and cohortes was the first topic to be examined and discussed. The archaeological evidence from Newstead showed that quingenary cohorts had six centuries while similar evidence from Housesteads showed that milliary cohorts were arranged in ten centuries. This agreed with Hyginus' account. The size of the century was clearly indicated by CIL iii 6627 as 80 men, giving 480 men for the normal infantry cohort and 800 for the milliary unit, though these numbers might be exceeded in practice if the facts given by Josephus in his account of the Jewish war were

As for the titles of the units, these were varied. Three cohorts only were known to bear a title derived from a personal name, Apuleia, Lepidiana and Flaviana, while many cavalry units used a name derived from an early commander. Most of the cohorts were called by the name of the tribe or district from which they were raised, and distinguished from other units of the same origin by a number. Supplementary titles were granted as marks of distinction and rewards for meritorious service and while the title 'Augusta' seems to have been 5

granted honoris causa, other Imperial names seem to indicate nothing more than the reign in which they were raised, though in the third century secondary titles were derived from the names of reigning emperors. There were also purely descriptive names indicating size, weapons, or the name of the province in which it had served. Conrad Cichorius' explanation of the title veterana, held by five alae and five cohortes, as distinguishing between two cohorts of the same number and ethical origin serving in the same province, was the best offered so far, but he, Cheesman, thought that the title was often retained when the reason was no longer valid. As an example of the "full style" he cited cohors I Breucorum quingenaria Valeria Victrix bis torquata ob virtutem appellata equitata which formed part of the garrison ofRaetia.

Thracian archers, for instance, numbered I or II, are distributed over eight provinces. That few units from senatorial provinces were recruited, was not due to constitutional principles but to the fact that men from many senatorial provinces were already Roman citizens and so eligible for service in the legions. Noricum for instance, included many enfranchised communities and supplied two regiments, while neighbouring Raetia with fewer such communities supplied eighteen. The cohortes ciuium Romanorum to which Augustus left money, comprised free-born and freedmen soldiers, as the name Ingenuorum implies, but unenfranchised recruits were accepted even during the pre-Flavian period. The composition of important provincial garrisons as revealed by the diplomas suggested to him that the settled policy of the imperial government from Vespasian to Commodus was to distribute units as widely as possible so as to destroy the possibility of chauvinist actions by regiments with purely local sympathies. Such was not the case and especially not the policy of Augustus. Although armies in frontier provinces contained imported elements, the original policy was to draw the auxiliaries from the nearest recruiting area. But units were imported, even by Augustus, from distant provinces into the disturbed areas after a revolt. This, however, did not mean a standard imperial policy of containing local feeling; units were recruiting locally before and after AD 70 even though their origin was foreign to the locality. No attempt was made to preserve the national character of a unit by obtaining fresh drafts from the areas where they were originally recruited. By the second century, local recruiting had become the standard practice. Cohors I Hemesenorum, however, continued to receive fresh drafts from its source area, probably because good archers could not be found outside Syria.

In the general scheme of military organisation he did not find any certain connection between a legion and a group of auxiliaries. Evidence for "the legion and its attendant auxiliaries" was difficult to find. Indeed the description of the battle of Bedriacum suggested that the auxiliaries manoeuvred as a separate group as did the inscriptions of Domitius Tullus and Domitius Lucanus (/LS 990, 991). Evidence from the diplomas was contradictory; the two diplomas issued on 14 August AD 99 for Moesia suggested that the auxiliaries were divided between the two legions, but the five complete diplomas for Pannonia had the same group, which would mean that one legion had all and the other two legions had none. If each legion had its own auxiliary units, there ought to have been an enormous turnover of auxiliary units in Germania where three of the four legions left the province between AD 70 and AD 105. Finally, on the subject of unit-strength, he tried to calculate the total number of soldiers in the auxiliary units and arrived at a grand total of 180,000 in AD 69, and 220,000 men in mid-second century. He then turned to the recruitment of the units in which provincial differences were noticeable. The Batavians, for example, were exempt from all burdens except military service. Almost every tribe in the warlike province of Gallia Belgica was represented, while contingents from peaceful Lugdunensis were simply Galli. The armies of the historic city-states of Syria are remembered in the names of the regiments of archers, but confusion was caused by duplication of numbers. Sometimes this was the result of a later levy starting afresh, instead of continuing the series as, for instance, cohors I Flavia Brittonum, cohors I Ulpia Brittonum, cohors I Aelia Brittonum and cohors I Aurelia Brittonum. Sometimes when newly-raised units were drafted into a different province, they were numbered in a different series, which would account for high numbers occurring in provinces where large numbers of one ethnic group were stationed and low numbers for isolated cohorts in other provinces. Seventeen units of

In discussing the tactics of the Roman army, G. Leonard Cheesman pointed out that the first century was a period of expansion when legions were quartered in pairs, and auxiliaries were grouped at a few strategic points so that a rapid response could be made to any attack. Haltem and Hofheim were cited as examples of large hibema, while the defence of the Taunus district needed a chain of forts on the frontier, with larger multi-unit forts behind. The accession of Hadrian led to a new policy of single-unit stone forts at more or less regular intervals. Movements of units ceased almost entirely, and a soldier could be confident that apart from occasional service in a vexillatio, he would spend his twenty-five years within reach of his home. In such circumstances, a small town would grow alongside the fort, as indeed happened at Saalburg, and to a lesser extent at Housesteads, and Chesters. He disapproved of Otto Seeck's suggestion of "licentious soldiery and

6

neglected bastards" which arose from the origo given by recruits to legio III Augusta, half of whom gave their birthplace as castris.

equivalents was used in the daily administration of the Roman army. But papyrus seems to have been only available from Egypt, and like wood (on which lists were made and letters written in Britannia and probably elsewhere) it is bio-degradable, so that it is mostly documents on stone or bronze or silver that have survived the intervening period. From some of the papyrus documents which have survived, can be gained an indication of the complexity of the "paper-work" needed, and more can be predicated on the facts as known. For some of these units, however, the task of listing everything on which their name appears may seem tedious and inessential; for other units, the smallest scrap of evidence is vital for the assessment of their role.

The system established by Augustus broke down in the third century under the influence of external pressure. Static garrisons were unable to meet the challenge of fifty years of civil war and barbarian invasions which in fact could only have been countered by increased expenditure on a field army. He completed his "essay" with two lists of units from the period AD 117-161. In the first list, Appendix I, all regiments named on a diploma or on an inscription were noted under the province in which they served. In Appendix II, each unit appeared under the province from which it was raised and divided into units raised before and after AD 69.

I have assumed that a unit's name was not inflexible but a question of usage. The official name of a unit would be used on a diploma, or loyalty altar, or on a building inscription, but it may change with time and is subject to abbreviation, often harsh, and to mis-spellings by stone-carvers or engravers; for instance, ala Tauriana, ala Ga/forum Tauriana, ala I Ga/forum Tauriana, ala I Flavia Ga/forum Tauriana, ala Tauriana Torquata, ala Tau Tor and ala Tauriana Torquata Victrix ciuium Romanorum all refer to the same unit, and not to seven different units. So I have taken cohors I Aelia Brittonum, cohors I Flavia Britonum, cohors I Aurelia Brittonum to refer to cohors I Brittonum Vlpia Torquata. Most units have a formal and an informal name. An informal version of the name is frequently used on personal inscriptions. The units themselves are quingenary unless shown to be milliary, and peditate unless shown to be equitate. The ethnic title used reflects the original recruiting ground of the unit, and while the title Augusta indicates at least imperial approval, the title Flavia indicates that they were raised or upgraded by Vespasian or his sons. Similarly, Ulpia shows the unit was raised by Trajan, Aelia raised or upgraded by Hadrian or Antoninus Pius, Aurelia by Marcus Aurelius or Commodus, and Septimia, by Severus. Units, or parts of units using a name in the genitive case were commanded at the time by a man of that name, but the adjectival form implies they were previously commanded by him. Other parts of the title may indicate weapons, equipment, previous service areas, but veterana normally shows a senior position in the provincial army, while nova indicates a reformation.

It was Leonard Cheesman's "essay'' which stimulated Eric Birley to study the Roman army, and with his encouragement a number of students have continued to explore the complexities of the topic. Hubert Devijver in his Prosopographia Militiae Equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum often referred to comments from E.B. Margaret Roxan dedicated the first volume of Roman Military Diplomas to Eric Birley and the third to Eric Birley and Herbert Nesselhau£ Valerie Maxfield's Roman Military Decorations, Roy Davies' s Service in the Roman Army, David Breeze and Brian Dobson's Hadrian's Wall, Brian Dobson's Die Primipilaris and his revision of Domaszewski's Die Rangordnung and the work of his sons, Anthony and Robin, of John C. Mann, Michael G. Jarrett, and others, all owe their existence to his influence and enthusiasm. This was not confined to the Roman army, but of his work on coarse pottery and Samian, others can bear witness. My own response to him has been delayed but is nonetheless heartfelt. This study is confined to the auxiliary infantry units grouped in cohortes. Under the typical name of a unit, but not necessarily the only one which it used, can be found the bulk, at least, of the evidence for the unit's name and the personnel who served in it. The proposal to print a corpus of military inscriptions has many merits but consideration of space prevents the printing of the complete text of every inscription. The essential information about name and personnel is given as it occurs in the text except that it is reproduced in the nominative. The evidence then, can vary from one or two references (one tile and one diploma) to thirty eight stones, or if papyri are included, sixty-four documents. In terms of the present day, sixty-four documents is not many; some may complain that far from marching on their stomachs (as the Duke of Marlborough claimed in the eighteenth century) modem armies cannot move without paper. There is no doubt that a lot of paper-

A man having two or three names, a voting tribe and a father's name or some of these is a Roman citizen, but a peregrine has one name and uses his father's name to distinguish himself from others with the same name. A citizen uses a town name for his origo while a peregrine names a province or tribe, and a gaul prefers to give his tribe or civitas. Dediticii form another group who are paid but receive no privileges on discharge.

7

The most official document on which a unit name is found is a diploma, the outer face of which is more trustworthy than the inner so that any discrepancies will usually be found on the internal face. The names given for discharged men will usually be the name under which they enrolled, unless the citizenship was awarded before discharge. The findspot of a complete diploma probably indicates the retirement home of a veteran; an incomplete or broken diploma may be part of a bronzefounder's store of re-usable metal. In no case is the findspot of a diploma decisive evidence for the station of the unit of the recipient, although it is evidence for the presence of the unit in that province.

and standard abbreviations have been used. Since so many bibliographies are available a special list of books consulted is not added. In practice I have first taken details from CIL (Corpus lnscriptionum Latinarum) and from AE (L 'Annee Epigraphique). Later diplomas are referred to RMD (Roman Military Diplomas I, II, Ill, ed. M.M.Roxan) if possible. Very occasionally an inscription is taken from /LS (lnscriptiones Latinae Selectae, Hermann Dessau,) or BRGK (Bericht der Romisch-Germanisch Kommission) or from Situ/a (lnscriptiones in Jugoslavia repertae - J Sasel) if it was not reported in CIL or AE. Inscriptions in Greek are from IGR = lnscriptiones Graecae ad Romanas res, supplemented by SB (Sammelbuch des Griechischen Urkunden), and SEG (Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum) BGU (Berlin Graechische Untersuchungen), while BCH (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique) and 1GB = lnscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae) provide occasional items. For the provinces of Britannia and Mauretania Tingitana, references are given to RIB (= Roman Inscriptions of Britain I, (R.G.Collingwood and RP.Wright, Oxford, 1965) and JAM 2 (= Inscriptions Antiques du Maroc, tome 2, inscriptions latines (ed. Jacques Gascou, Paris, 1984) rather than to CIL.

Altars are of five sizes, two of which, official and private, are used in this study. Official altars, usually to I.O.M., were erected to show loyalty; these, usually about lm00 high, are big enough for a small sacrifice, a chicken perhaps, and they record the name of the unit accurately. Altars to other gods may vary in name, and often indicate the unit's location at that time. Private altars, which are often half the size of standard loyalty altars, or even a quarter, are very often erected to show gratitude for promotion, though the recovery of good health or the gift of citizenship or other events may also be celebrated. In any case such altars only help to locate the dedicator at the time.

Under the heading "Sources", the comments of other scholars are listed represent a personal choice and readers should be aware that any statement may be falsified by further discoveries. But in the present state of knowledge as at AD 2000, I hope they will be found to be fair, if not 100% accurate. Readers should not need reminding that lmperium means power, and Imperial legates might arrogate power to themselves without necessarily, the control of territory. As a consequence a unit may appear on the lists from two provinces without having changed its garrison station.

Stamped bricks and tiles may be taken as evidence of a unit's interest in the construction of a camp but re-use by other units should be considered as a possibility. Named equipment often indicates a unit's station, unless it was lost in transit. Fashions in tombstones and sepulchral monuments have been discussed many times by various authorities. In general, the name of the deceased in the nominative is found on very early tombstones, while later first century tombstones use the dative case for the name of the deceased. The fashion of using the abbreviation D.M. (an invocation to the shades) begins under the Flavians and precedes the fashion prevalent in Africa of using D.M.S on tombstones. The findspot of the epitaph of a serving soldier usually indicates the unit's station, unless that soldier was on leave, or on detached duty. The findspot of the tombstone of a veteran need not indicate the station of the unit.

Under CONCORDANCE will be found other sources, which are not intended to be complete or exhaustive. For details of commanders of units, references are given to PME ( = Prosopographia Militiae Equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum (Hubert Devijver, Leuven, 1976-87). Finally modem place names have been used in preference to ancient names to indicate findspots. This is especially important for those wishing to locate units, as the attribution of ancient names has changed and may change again. Birdoswald was known as Camboglanna and is now known as Banna.

The evidence for the existence of any unit and for the variety of names under which it operated is followed by details of the personnel in order of rank. References to inscriptions are to standard collections where possible,

8

ARRANGEMENT OF UNITS Instead of an alphabetical arrangement of the infantry units, the cohorts have been arranged by province of origin fulfilling a project suggested by Eric Birley many years ago, from which he hoped that some deeper perceptions might be revealed. The survey begins with the citizen cohorts and follows with the ethnic units in provincial order, and concludes with those units which do not have ethnic titles, or are apparently late thirdcentury creations and other problem units.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Since the location of the ethnic groups in some cases is uncertain, each provincial section begins with a brief summary of the information provided by three classical authors, Strabo, Gaius Plinius, Claudius Ptolemaeus. References to previous studies of the cohorts by Conrad Cichorius and G. Leonard Cheesman and other specialist writers are given in a select bibliography for each group. Units using the name of a single tribe precede units which use a generic term.

CIVES ROMANI (Campestris, Ingenui, Voluntarii) SARDINIA (Corsi, Nurritani, Sardi) LVSITANIA (Lusitani) HISP ANIA (Astures, Callaeci, Lucenses, Bracares, Ausetani, Cantabri, Carieti et Veniaeses, Celtiberi, Lemavi, Vardulli, Vascones, Hispani ) GALLIA AQVITANIA ( Aquitani, Bituriges) GALLIA LVGDVNENSIS (Galli,) GALLIA BELGICA ( Lingones, Helvetii, Menapii, Morini, Sequani, Treveri, Aresaces) BRITT ANIA ( Belgae, Brittones) GERMANIA (Batavi, Nervii, Tungri, Baetasi, Cannanefates, Cugemi, Frisiavones, Mattiaci, Sugambri, Sunuci, Ubii, Vangiones, Germani) ALPES (Alpini, Ligures, Trumplini, Raeti, Vindelici, Montani, Norici) DALMATIA ( Libumi, Delmatae) PANNONIA (Breuci, Latobici, Varciani, Pannoni) MOESIA (Bessi, Bosporani, Daci, Dardani, Macedones, Thraces) SENATUS PROVINCIAE (Cretes, Cypria, Cyrenaica) CAPPADOCIA (Paphlagones, Galatae, Cilices) SYRIA (Commageni, Hamii, Hemeseni, Syri, Antiochenses, Apameni, Canatheni, Chalcideni, Cyrrhestici, Damasceni, Palmyreni) JUDAEA et ARABIA ( Ituraei, Parthi, Petraei, Ascalonitarum, Sebasteni, Tyrorum) AEGYPTVS (Thebaei) AFRICA (Afri, Cisipadenses) MA VRETANIAE (Mauri, Musulami, Numidae, Gaetuli) non-ethnic units temporary formations and problem units.

9

CHECK-LISTof the pre-DiocletianicCOHORTS UNITNAME

PROVINCE or PROVINCES

page

AELIA - see ATHOITORVM et BERECORVM; BRITTONVM; CLASS/CA; DACORVM; GAESATORVM; GALLORVM; HISPANORVM; SAGITTARIORVM Afrorum- see Maurorum et Afrorum I Vlpia AFRORVM equitata c. R. Britannia, Aegyptus 460 II Flavia AFRORVM Tripolitania 462 V AFRORVM Arabia 463 I ALPINORVM equitata Illyricum, Pannonia, Dacia, 259 I ALPINORVM peditata Pannonia, Dacia Superior 262 II ALPINORVM equitata Illyricum, Pannonia Superior 264 III ALPINORVM equitata Dalmatia, 266 III Alpina - see Ill ALPINORVM equitata I ANTIOCHENSIVM sagittariorum Moesia Superior 424 I APAMENORVM sagittariorumequitata Syria, Aegyptus 425 APVLAc. R. Asia, Cappadocia 21 I AQVITANORVM veterana equitata Germania Superior, Britannia 141 I AQVITANORVM BITVRIGVM Germania Superior 145 II AQVITANORVM BITVRIGVM equitata pia fidelis. Germania Superior 146 III AQVIT ANORVM equitata c. R. Germania Superior 147 IIII AQVITANORVM equitata c. R. Germania Superior 149 I ARESACORVM ? 183 I ASCALONITARVM (sagittaria equitata) Syria 452 I ASTVRVM equitata Noricum, Germania Superior, Britannia 72 II ASTVRVM equitata pia fidelis Germania, Britannia 75 III ASTVRVM pia fidelis equitata c. R. Tingitana 77 V ASTVRVM Raetia? 78 VI ASTVRVM ? 78 I ASTVRVM ET CALLAECORVM Illyricum, Tingitana 79 II ASTVRVM ET CALLAECORVM Pannonia Inferior 81 I Aelia ATHOITVM ET BERECORVM Thracia, Moesia 476 AVGVSTA - see CYRENAICA; DACORVM; ITVRAEORVM; LVSITANORVM; PANNONIORVM; THRACVM AVRELIA-see DARDANORVM; NOVA eq. I AVSETANORVM 99 I BAETASIORVM c. R. Britannia 236 I BATAVORVM Britannia 209 I BATAVORVM milliaria pia fidelis Britannia, Pannonia, Porolissensis 211 II BATAVORVM milliaria equitata Pannonia Superior, Noricum 212 III BATAVORVM milliaria equitata Raetia, Pannonia Inferior 213 VIIII BATAVORVM milliaria Raeia 215 I Septimia BELGARVM milliara equitata Illyricum, Germania 190 Berecorum - see ATHOETORVM et BERECORVM I Flauia BESSORVM Moesia Superior, Macedonia 341 II Flauia BESSORVM Moesia Inferior, Dacia Inferior 342 BIS TORQVATA-seeBREVCORVM; LEPIDIANA; THRACVM c. R I Biturigum - see AQVITANORVM Biturigum II Biturigum- see AQUITANORVM Biturigum I BOSPORANORVM Cappadocia 343 I BRACARA VGVSTANORVM Tingitana, Moesia, Dacia 88 II BRACARA VGVSTANORVM equitata Moesia Inferior 91 III BRACARA VGVSTANORVM Britannia 92 III BRA CARAVGVST ANORVM Syria Palaestina 93 III BRACARA VGVSTANORVM Raetia 94 IIII BRA CARAVGVST ANORVM Syria, Syria Palaestina 95 V BRACARA VGVSTANORVM Raetia 96

10

I BREVCORVM equitata ciuium Romanorum V(aleria) V(ictrix) bis torquata ob virtutem appellata Germania Inferior, Raetia II BREVCORVM peditata Caesariensis III BREVCORVM Germania Inferior IIII BREVCORVM Britannia V BREVCORVM equitata c. R. Pannonia VI BREVCORVM Germania Inferior VII BREVCORVM equitata c. R. Germania, Pannonia Inferior VIII BREVCORVM Germania I BRITANNI CA milliaria c. R. Pannonia, Moesia, Dacia, Porolissensis II BRITANNORVM milliaria pia fidelis c. R. Dacia, Porolissensis II Flavia BRITANNORVM equitata Moesia Inferior III BRITTANORVM Raetia I BRITTONVM milliaria Vlpia Torquata pia fidelis c.R. Pannonia, Moesia, Dacia, Porolissensis II Augusta Nervia Pacensis milliaria BRITTONVM Moesia Superior, Parm.Infer., Porolissensis III BRITTONVM veterana equitata Moesia Superior VI BRITTONVM equitata pia fidelis ? Cappadocia Brittonum -see HELVETIORVM et BRITTONVM I Callaecorum - see ASTVRVM et Callaecorum II Callaecorum - see ASTVRVM et Callaecorum IV Callaecorum Lucensium - see LVCENSIVM Callaecorum V Callaecorum Lucensium - see L VCENSIVM Callaecorum I CAMPANA Voluntariorum c. R. alias I CAMPANORVM c. R. Pannonia Inferior III CAMPESTRIS C. R. Moesia Superior, Dacia Superior VII Campestris -see GALLORVM I Flavia CANATHENORVM milliaria sagittaria Raetia I CANNANEFATIVM Porolissensis I CANTABRORVM Moesia II CANTABRORVM Judaea CARIETVM et VENiAESVM ? I CELTIBERORVM equitata c. R. Hispania, Britannia, Tingitana Cersiacorum - see MORINORVM et Cersiacorum I CHALCIDENORVM equitata Moesia Inferior I Flavia CHALCIDENORVM equitata Syria II CHALCIDENORVM sagittaria Moesia Inferior V Chalcidenorum - see Flavia CHALCIDENORVM I CILICVM sagittaria Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior I Flavia CILICVM equitata Aegyptus II CIRTENSIVM I CISIPADENSIVM Moesia Superior I CIVIVM ROMANORVM INGENVORVM Germania Superior II CIVIVM ROMANORVM Germania Inferior, Numidia I Flavia CIVIVM ROMANORVM equitata-see I Italica CIVIVM ROMANORVM I Italica CIVIVM ROMANORVM VOLVNTARIORVM Syria, Syria Palaestina II Italica CIVIVM ROMANORVM Syria I Aelia CLASSICA Germania, Britannia, Germania II CLASSICA sagittaria Syria CLAVDIA-see EQVITATA; SVGAMBRORVM I CLODIA- (see Claudia SVGAMBRORVM) III COLLECTA Moesia I Flavia COMMAGENORVM Moesia Inferior II Flavia COMMAGENORVM sagittariorum Moesia Superior, Dacia Superior VI COMMAGENORVM equitata Numidia I CONCORDIA II CONCORDIA I CORSORVMc R Caesariensis I CRETVM Moesia Superior I Vlpia Traiana CVGERNORVM CR Britannia

11

317 320 321 322 323 324 325 327 193 198 199 202 195 201 203 204

22 30 427 238 99 100 101 102 428 430 429 397 399 491 464 24 28 26 29 4 77 485 492 495 403 404 406 493 493 50 385 239

CYRENAICA - see also HISPANORVM scutata equitata; LVSITANORVM Augusta CYRENAICA Dacia 386 Augusta CYRENAICA Germania Superior 387 CYRENAICA sagittaria Cappadocia 388 CYPRIAcR Moesia Superior, Dacia 389 CYRRHESTARVM Dalmatia 431 Dacica- see Gallon@. I Aelia DACORVM milliaria Britannia 344 I Vlpia DACORVM Syria, Moesia Inferior 348 I DAMASCENARVM equitata Syria Palaestina 432 I Flavia DAMASCENARVM milliaria sagittaria equitata Germania Superior 433 I Aurelia DARDANORVM equitata Moesia Superior 349 II Aurelia DARDANORVM milliaria equitata Moesia Inferior 350 I DELMATARVM Britannia 302 I Milliaria DELMATARVM Illyricum 312 II DELMATARVM Britannia 304 II milliaria DELMATARVM Illyricum 314 III DELMATARVM equitata ciuium Romanorum pia fidelis Germania Superior, Dacia Superior 305 IIII DELMATARVM Britannia 307 V DELMATARVM Germania Superior 309 V DELMATARVM Tingitana 308 VI DELMATARVM equitata Caesariensis 310 VII DELMATARVM equitata Caesariensis 311 IIII Eminorum - see II HEMESENORVM II Claudia EQVITATA- see/ Lepidiana 492 I Flavia EQVITATA 494 II VlpiaEQVITATA/EQVITVM Syria 486 EQUITATA - see AFRORVM; ALPINORVM; APAMENORVM; AQVITANORVM; ASCALONITARVM; ASTVRVM; BATAVORVM; BELGARVM; BRACARAVGVSTANORVM; BREVCORVM; BRITTANORVM; BRITTONVM; CELTIBERORVM; CHALCIDENORVM; CILICVM; COMMANGENORVM; DACORVM; DAMASCENARVM; DARDANORVM; DELMATARVM; GALL/CA; GALLORVM; HEMESENORVM; HISPANORUM; LATOBICORVM ET VARCIANORVM; LEPIDIANA; LINGONVM; LVCEN-SIVM; MVSVLAMIORVM; PALMYRENORUM; PANNONIORVM; PETRAEORVM; RAETORVM; SEQV-ANORVM et RAURACORVM; SVGAMBRORVM; SYRORVM; THEBAEORVM; THRACVM; TVNGR-ORVM; VINDELICORVM; VARCIANORVM Aelia EXPEDITA Caesariensis 489 FACUNDI Aegyptus 490 VIII FIDA 494 Fida-see/F. VARDVLLORVM; Fidelis - see Pia Fidel is FLAVIA - see AFRORVM; BESSORVM; BRITTONVM; CANATHENORVM; COMMAGEN-ORVM; HISPANORVM; MVSVLAMIORVM; NVMIDARVM FLORI Aegyptus 490 I FLAVIA CIVIVM ROMANORVM - see I Italica CIVIVM ROMANORUM I FRlSIAVONVM Britannia 241 I Aelia GAESATORVM milliaria Pannonia Superior, Porolissensis 479 I GAETVLORVM Alpes Maritimae, Syria 467 I Vlpia GALATARVM Syria Palaestina 395 II Vlpia GALATARVM Syria Palaestina 396 I GALLICA equitata c. R. Hispania 153 I Gallorum Lepidiana equitata c. R. bis torquata -see LEPIDIANA II GALLORVM veterana equitata Moesia Inferior, Britannia 157 II GALLORVM Pannonica Dacia Superior 159 II GALLORVM Macedonica / Dacica equitata Moesia Superior, Dacia Superior 160 III GALLORVM Felix equitata Germania, Moesia Inferior, Dacia, Tingitana 161 IIII GALLORVM equitata Moesia Inferior, Thracia, Britannia 163 IIII GALLORVM Raetia 166 IIII GALLORVM equitata c. R. Tingitana 167 I II III IV II

12

IV V V VII VIII XI V VIIII

I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I II II II II II III IIII V VI I VI I II I I I II III I I I I I II I II III IIII V I II

Gallaec et Bracaug -see BRA CARA VGVSTANORVM GALLORVM Pannonia, Britannia GALLORVM Moesia Superior,Dacia GALLORVM Moesia Inferior, Syria GALLORVM Moesia GALLORVM Illyricum GEMELLA c. R. Syria Palaestina Gemella-see THRACVM GEMINA VOLVNTARIORVM Moesia Superior Gemina-see SARDORVM et Corsorum; LIGVRVM et Corsorum Germanica- see THRACVM GERMANORVMciuium Romanorum. Germania Superior GERMANORVMciuium Romanorum Moesia Inferior Augusta Nervana GERMANORVMmilliaria-see Nerviorum HAMIORVM sagittaria Britannia HAMIORVMmilliaria Africa HELVETIORVM Germania Helvetiorumet Brittonum- see HEL VETIORVM milliaria HEMESENORVMsagittaria equitata c. R. Pannonia Inferior HEMESENORVMequitata Arabia Hispana-see HISPANORVMVasconum HISPANORVM pia fidelis equitata Illyricum,Moesia, Dacia, Porolissensis HISPANORVM equitata Aegyptus,Judaea Flavia HISPANORVM equitata Caesariensis Flavia HISPANORVM pia fidelis equitata Germania Flavia Vlpia HISPANORVM milliaria equitata c. R. Moesia, Dacia Aelia HISPANORVMmilliaria equitata Britannia HISPANORVM equitata pia fidelis Illyricum,Germania Superior,Britannia HISPANORVM (milliaria?) Tingitana HISPANORVM Vasconum equitata c. R. Britannia, Tingitana HISPANORVM Cyrenaica scutata equitata Illyricum,Pannonia, Moesia, Dacia, Porolissensis HISPANORVM equitata Cappadocia HISPANORVM Germania Inferior HISPANORVM equitata Dacia Superior HISPANORVM equitata Germania,Moesia Superior HISPANORVM equitata Praetoria Bithynia,Arabia Ingenuorum c R. - see CIVIUM ROMANORVM Ingenuorum INGENVORVM/ VOLVNTARIORVMc R. Germania Inferior Italica CR - see I Italica CIVIVM ROMANORVM Italica CR - see II Italica CIVIVM ROMANORVM Augusta ITURAEORVMsagittaria Pannonia, Dacia Superior ITVRAEORVMsagittaria Syria, Dacia ITVRAEORVMc. R. Germania,Tingitana ITVRAEORVMc. R. Aegyptus ITVRAEORVM Aegyptus LATOBICORVMET VARCIANORVMequitata Germania Inferior LEMAVORVM Tingitana LEPIDIANAequitata bis torquata c. R. Pannonia, Moesia Inferior LIBVRNORVM Illyricum LIGVRVM ET HISPANORVM Alpes Cottiae, Germania Superior Gemina LIGVRVM ET CORSORVM Sardinia LINGONVM equitata Britannia LINGONVM equitata Britannia LINGONVM equitata Britannia LINGONVM equitata Britannia LINGONVM Dacia, Porolissensis LVCENSIVM equitata Pannonia, Syria LVCENSIVM Moesia Inferior

13

168 170 171 172 172 33 38

254 256 408 410 184 411 415 109 112 114 116 118 120 124 126 127 129 131 132 133 135 136 34

440 441 442 444 446 328 104 155 301 269 271 176 177 179 180 182 82 83

III IIII V I I I II III VI VII

LVCENSIVM Germania Inferior 85 Callaecorum et LVCENSIVM Syria 86 Callaecorum LVCENSIVM equitata Illyricum, Pannonia Superior 87 Augusta Praetoria LVSITANORVM Judaea, Aegyptus 56 LVSITANORVM Cyrenaica scutata equitata Aegyptus, Moesia Inferior 59 LVSITANORVM Illyricum, Pannonia Inferior/ Moesia Superior, Dacia 61 LVSITANORVM Hispania 63 LVSITANORVM Pannonia Inferior 64 LVSITANORVM Pannonia Inferior, Raetia 66 LVSITANORVM Raetia, Caesariensis 67 MACEDONVM equitata ? 352 Macedonica - see GALLORVM. Maritima - see Nova TIRONVM II MATTIACORVM Moesia Inferior 243 MaurorumetAfrorum -see MAVRORVM I milliaria MAVRORVM Pannonia Superior 468 II MAVRORVM Numidia 469 IX MAVRORVM Arabia 470 I MENAPIORVM Nautarum Britannia 185 Milliaria - see BATAVORVM; BELGARVM; BRITANNICA; BRITTONVM; CANATHENORVM; DACORVM; DAMASCENARVM; DARDANORVM; DELMATARVM; DELMATARVM; GERMANORVM; HEMESENORVM; MAVRORVM; NVMIDARVM; PANNONIORVM; PETRAEORVM; SEBASTENORVM; SYRORVM; THRACVM; TVNGRORVM; VANGIONVM; VARDVLLORVM; VINDELICORVM I MONT AN ORUM Pannonia Inferior 292 I MONTANORVM CR Pannonia, Moesia Superior, Dacia, Syria Palaestina 295 II MONTANORVM milliaria ? 296 I MORINORVM Britannia 186 I MVSVLAMIORVM equitata Syria, Lycia & Pamphylia 472 I Flavia MVSVLAMIORVM Caesariensis 471 Nautarum-see CLASS/CA, MENAPIORVM NA VTICORVM - see Aelia CLASS/CA I Augusta NERVIORVM (Velox) Britannia (Caesariensis) 217 I Augusta NERV ANA GERMANORUM-see NERVIORVM II NERVIORVM Britannia 220 III NERVIORVM Britannia 221 IIII NERVIORVM Britannia 222 VI NERVIORVM Britannia 223 NIGRI Aegyptus 490 I NORICORVM Pannonia Inferior 297 Aurelia NOV A Moesia Superior 484 Nova - see DARDANORVM; PANNONIORVM; SYRORVM; TIRONVM I Flavia NVMIDARVM Syria, Moesia Inferior, Lycia & Pamphylia 473 II Flavia NVMIDARVM Dacia Inferior 474 milliaria NVMIDARVM Syria, Pannonia Inferior I NVRRITANORVM Caesariensis 51 I ONTHARVM 494 XX PALMYRENORVM milliaria equitata sagittaria Arabia 434 Pannonica - see II GALLORVM Pannonica I Augusta PANNONIORVM Syria, Aegyptus 330 I Vlpia PANNONIORVM milliaria Pannonia Superior 331 I PANNONIORVM equitata veterana Moesia Superior 333 I PANNONIORVM Germania Inferior 334 I PANNONIORVM Aegyptus, Caesariensis 335 I PANNONIORVM ET DELMAT ARVM equitata c R Germania Inferior 336 II PANNONIORVM Britannia 337 II Nova PANNONIORVM Dacia 337 IIII Pannoniorum. - see II PANNONIORVM I Vlpia PAPHLAGONVM Syria 392

14

II Vlpia PAPHLAGONVM Syria 393 III Vlpia PAPHLAGONVM Syria 394 PARTHORVM Tingitana 448 I Vlpia PETRAEORVM milliaria equitata Syria 449 II Vlpia PETRAEORVM milliaria equitata ? 449 III Vlpia PETRAEORVM milliaria Cappadocia 449 IIII Vlpia PETRAEORVM Syria Palaestina 450 V Vlpia PETRAEORVM Syria 450 VI Vlpia PETRAEORVM Syria Palaestina 450 Pia Fidelis - see AQUITANORUM BITURIGUM; ASTVRVM; BATAVORVM; BRITTONVM; DACORVM; DELMATARVM; HISPANORVM; THRACVM Praetoria-see HISPANORVM; LVSITANORVM; SARDORVM et CORSORVM I RAETORVM equitata ciuium Romanorum Moesia, Raetia, Asia, Raetia 276 II RAETORVM Moesia, Raetia 279 II RAETORVM ciuium Romanorum Germania Superior 280 IIII RAETORVM Moesia Superior 282 V RAETORVM Britannia 283 VI RAETORVM Germania Superior 284 VII RAETORVM Germania Superior 285 VIII RAETORVM equitata ciuium Romanorum Pannonia, Moesia, Dacia 278 RAETORVM et VINDELICORVM-see II RAETORVM RHAMA milliaria 495 Rauracorum - see SEQVANORVM et Rauracorum Sagittaria - see ANTIOCHENSIVM; APAMENORVM; ASCALONITARVM; CANATHENORVM; CHALCIDENORVM; CILICVM; CLASSICA; COMMAGENORVM; CYRENAICA; HAMIORVM; HEMESENORVM; ITVRAEORVM; PALMYRENORVM; I SYRORVM; SYRORVM; THRACVM; TYRIORVM; Vlpia EQVITATA. SABINI - see lturaeorum I Aelia SAGITTARIORUM Pannonia Superior 480 III SAGITT ARIORUM Germania - Caesariensis 487 I GEMINA SARDORVM ET CORSORVM Sardinia 52 II SARDORVM Caesariensis 53 SCVTATA- see HISPANORVM 495 I SEBASTENA milliaria Syria Palaestina 453 Septimia - see BELGARVM I SEQVANORVM ET RAVRACORVM equitata Germania Superior 187 I Aelia SINGVLARIVM Caesariensis 483 I Claudia SVGAMBRORVM veterana equitata Moesia Inferior 245 I SVGAMBRORVM tironum Moesia 246 IIII SVGAMBRORVM Caesariensis 247 I SVNVCORVM Britannia 248 Syriaca - see THRACVM I SYRORVM sagittaria Caesariensis 416 I milliaria Nova Severiana SYRORVM sagittaria equitata Pannona Inferior 417 II milliaria SYRORVM sagittariorum Tingitana 418 I THEBAEORVM equitata Aegyptus, Judaea 456 II THEBAEORVM Aegyptus 458 II Thessalorum - see II THRACVM Syriaca I Augusta THRACVM equitata c.R. Judaea, Syria, Pannonia Inferior 355 I THRACVM equitata cuium Romanorum Britannia 357 I THRACVM milliaria equitata Syria, Syria Palaestina, Aegyptus 359 I THRACVM equitata c.R. pia fidelis Moesia, Dacia, Pannonia Super., Pann. Inferior 361 I THRACVM sagittaria Dacia Superior 363 I THRACVM GERMANICA ciuium Romanorum Germania Superior, Pannonia Inferior 364 I THRACVM SYRIACA Moesia, Superior, Moesia Inferior 366 II Augusta THRACVM equitata Pannonia Inferior 367 II Gemella THRACVM Numidia 368 II THRACVM ciuium Romanorum Judaea, Syria, Aegyptus 369

15

II THRACVM SYRIACA Syria 373 IITHRACVM (veterana) equitata (pia fidelis) Germania, Britannia, Noricum, Britannia 371 III Augusta THRACVM equitata Syria 374 III THRACVM c. R equitata bis torquata Raetia 375 III THRACVM veterana Pannonia, Raetia 376 III THRACVM SYRIACA Syria 377 IIII THRACVM equitata pia fidelis Germania Inferior 378 IIII THRACVM SYRIACA Syria 379 VI THRACVM Britannia, Germania, Pannonia, Moesia Superior, Dacia, Porolissensis 380 VII THRACVM Britannia 382 Novae TIRONVM Hispania 137 TORQVATA - see BREVCORVM; BRITTONUM oo;HISPANORVM; LEPIDIANA; RAETORVM; THRACVM II TREVERORVM Germania Inferior 188 TRVMPLINORVM ? 272 I TVNGRORVM milliaria ciuium.Romanorum. Britannia 225 II TVNGRORVM milliaria equitata ciuium liberorum Britannia 228 III TVNGRORVM milliaria Raetia 230 IIII TVNGRORVM milliaria Raetia, Noricum, Tingitana 230 I TYRlORVM Moesia Inferior, Dacia Inferior 454 I V ANGIONVM milliaria Britannia 249 II VARCIANORVM equitata Germania Inferior 329 I Fida VARDVLLORVM milliaria CR Britannia 105 II Vasconum-see II HISPANORVMVasconum I VBIORVM Moesia Inferior, Dacia Superior 252 Velox - see Augusta Nerviorum Veterana - see AQVITANORVM; BRITTONUM; GALLORVM; HISPANORVM; PANNONIORVM; SVGAMBRORVM; THRACVM I VINDELICORVM milliaria equitata c. R. Moesia Superior, Dacia Superior 288 IV VINDELICORVM Germania Superior 290 Vlpia - see AFRORVM; BRITTONVM; CVGERNORVM; DACORVM; GALATARVM; HISPANORVM; PANNONIORVM; PAPHLAGONVM; PETRAEORVM I (Campanorum) VOLVNTARlORVM c. R. Pannona Inferior 23 IIII VOLVNTARlORVM civiumRomanorum Pannonia Superior 32 VIII VOLVNTARlORVM equitata C.R. Delmatia 35 XV VOLVNTARlORVM civium Romanorum Numidia, Germania Superior 39 XVIII VOLVNTARlORVM civiumRomanorum Pannonia Superior 40 XXIV VOLVNTARlORVM civium Romanorum Germania Inferior 42 XXVI VOLVNTARlORVM civiumRomanorum Germania Inferior 44 XXX VOLVNTARlORVM civium Romanorum Pannonia Superior 46 XXXII VOLVNTARlORVM civiumRomanorum Germania 47 I VSIPORVM Britannia 253

16

COHORS2 PART ONE

Units from the western and northern . provinces

0

COHORTES CIVIVM ROMANORVM SOURCES Cichorius, Conrad, (1900): "Cohors", Realencyclopiidie IV, 266 (Camp) 303 (Ing.) 351-6 (Vol.) Cheesman, G. L., (1912): The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army, 65-7, 186-7 Garcia yBellido, Antonio (1961): "El exercitus hispanicus desde Augusto a Vespasiano", Archivo Espagnole de Arkeologia 34, 114-60 Le Glay, Marcel (1972): "Le commandement des cohortes voluntariorum de l'armee romaine", Ancient Society 3, 209-221 Roldan Hervas, Juan Manuel (1974): Hispania y el ejercito Romano, Salamanca Brunt, P. A (1974): "C. Fabricius Tuscus and an Augustan dilectus", Zeitschrifle for Papyrologie und Epigrafik 13, 161-185 Speidel, Michael (1976):"Citizen cohorts in the Roman Imperial Army", Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc. 106, 339-348 = Mavors I, 91-100 Holder, Paul A (1980): The Auxiliafrom Augustus to Trajan, B.A.R. S70, 79-80 COMMENT The career inscription of C. Fabricius Tuscus from XXXII Voluntariorum. Tuzla in the Troad (AE 1973, 501) records that he was TRIB. DILECTUS INGENVORVM QVEM ROMAE G. Leonard Cheesman discussed the origin of these HABVIT AVGVSTVS ET TI. CAESAR. This took place units, which he thought, were the result of two levies according to P. A Brunt in AD 6 at the moment when made by Augustus in Italy, the first during the the Pannonian revolt broke out. If this was the first Pannonian rising and the second after the defeat of occasion for a levy of citizens then he presumably Varus. He could only find evidence for thirteen (I, IV, commanded cohors I Ciuium Romanorum. VI, VIII, XIII, XV, XVIII, XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXVI, XXX, XXXII) of the supposed thirty-two cohorts, though On a statue base from Pesaro (CIL xi 6344), the he added three units, I Italica Voluntariorum c. R., II primipilaris, P. Cornelius P. £ Sab. Cicatricula is Italica Voluntariorum c. R., and J Campanorum recorded as PRAEFECTUS COHORTIVM CIVIVM Voluntariorum c. R., which seemed to have the same ROMANORVM QVATTVOR IN HISPAN. Hubert character, and two, III Campestris, VII Campestris, of a Devijver [PME C 232] pointed out that this sort of series of seven regiments bearing that title. career, namely primus pi/us followed by praefectus equitum was followed by Paullus Aemilius, P. Fannius, Marcel Le Glay discussed the ranks of the commanders Glitius Barbarus and C. Pompullius amongst others. He of these units and pointed out that Augustus had raised questioned whether Antonio Garcia y Bellido and Juan these units to be equivalent to legionary cohorts; so Manuel Roldan Hervas were correct in assigning one would expect them to be commanded by tribunes. Cicatricula's career to the Severan period. The names Of the twenty eight commanders known, the previous certainly suggest an early date for such careers, and the posts of nine were recorded. Two had been tribunes in command of four cohorts, almost half a legion, would a legion, one a praefectus fabrum, one (Caracallan not be a command to be held by an equestrian after a period) a veteran and the other five had commanded purely municipal career. It is highly probable therefore, quingenary cohorts. Seven of the thirteen subsequent that four cohorts raised from citizens, were serving in postings were known. One became tribune in a legion, Hispania in the Augustan-Tiberian period, commanded one commanded a milliary cohort, four commanded an as a group, by an experienced soldier. There will ala, and one became praefectus fabrum bis. It seems always be dispute over which four units he therefore that the command of a cohors voluntariorum commanded, and it may be only a coincidence that was usually held as a militia secunda, and the rank of there are three units of Roman citizens with the number tribunus was therefore entirely appropriate but the title I, namely Campanorum, Ingenuorum, Italica, and one praefectus was often used. He directed attention also to unnumbered unit, Apula. These could be the units CIL xvi 38 of AD 93, in which Domitian gave raised by Augustus and sent to Hispania. citizenship to peregrines who had been enlisted in cohors VIII Voluntariorum in AD 68, and to the fact Conrad Cichorius listed twenty cohorts, I Campestris that Marcus Aurelius (SHA 21, 6-7) had enrolled freed Voluntariorum, I Italica c. R. Voluntariorum, II Italica slaves, including those whose freedom was purchased c. R. Voluntariorum, III Voluntariorum (= III by public money, during the pestilence of the 160s, Campestris) V Voluntariorum (= V Gemella c. R.), VI though the text does not say whether they were given Ingenuorum, VII Campestris, and J, 1111,VIII, XV, citizenship immediately or on completion of their XVIII, XVIIII, XXI, XXIII, XXIII], XXV, XXVI, XXX, engagement. He agreed with Michael Speidel who had 19

But if Augustus raised 44 citizen units in one levy, it would have involved recruiting nominally some 22,000 men or the equivalent of 4 legions, and needed 24 more equestrian officers than the 20 needed for four legions. Legions would also have needed fewer experienced men to form the training cadres.

pointed out that the term voluntarius appeared in the career of Ti. Claudius Maximus (AE 1969-70, 583) who was missus voluntarius honesta missione, but apparently continued to serve. He also pointed out that the term cohortes voluntariorum could include several sources of units; some were recruited from citizens by birth, some from peregrines given citizenship at the end of their service, others of non-citizens, as well as others whose status changed during their existence, like the eighth cohort. He ended with a speculation that the eighth cohort had suffered a reduction in status, but he was unable to say what event had produced this change. In an addendum to this article, J. Frank Gilliam drew attention to AE 1971, 278 which suggests that cohors XXIIII voluntariorum was also commanded by a praefectus.

Paul Holder stated that cohors I ltalica was milliary, largely because it was the third post of P. Valerius Priscus and the second post of C. Nasennius Marcellus. There is, however, no other evidence to support this inference. In general, it would appear that these cohorts were always quingenary. The highest number in the sequence of cohortes Voluntariorum is XXXII, and in the Campestris sequence, according to G. Leonard Cheesman, is VII, which together with a possible six cohortes lngenuorum, two cohortes ltalicae and one cohors Flavia adds up to a total of 48 inferred units. Evidence for 29 of them is lacking.

Michael Speidel claimed that Augustus raised at the same time, up to 44 citizen units, cohors Apula, cohors I Campana 2 cohortes Classicae, 2 cohortes ltalicae, 32 cohortes voluntariorum, and 2 or 6 cohortes lngenuorum.

By putting together the variously named units of citizens, one can make a sensible list of eighteen units as follows with the areas in which they can be shown to have served.

I I I II II III IIII V VI VIII VIIII XV XVIII XXIIII XXVI XXX XXXII

NAME PROVINCES Apula / Apuleia c. R. Asia - Lycia & Pamphylia - Cappadocia Campanorum Voluntariorum c R. Pannonia Inferior C.R.Ingenuorum equitata pia fidelis Germania - Germania Superior - Raetia Italica ciuium Romanorum Voluntariorum / Flavia ciuium Romanorum Syria Ciuium Romanorum equitata pia fidelis Domitiana Germania Inferior - Numidia Italica ciuium Romanorum Syria Campestris c. R. Moesia Superior - Dacia Superior Voluntariorum c R Pannonia Superior Gemella c R Syria Palaestina Ingenuorum / Voluntariorum c. R. Dalmatia - Germania Inferior Voluntariorum equitata c R Dalmatia Gemina Voluntariorum Moesia Superior Voluntariorum c R Numidia - Germania Inferior Voluntariorum c R Pannonia Superior Voluntariorum c R Germania Superior Voluntariorum c R Germania Superior Voluntariorum c R Pannonia Superior Voluntariorum c R Germania Superior

20

COHORS APULA I APVLEIA CR NAME as recorded on a dedicatory stone DILECTVS INGENVORVM funerary stone --RTIS APVLA 1 literary text ... EmTETUX,0cov 8E

auw½ 01 A1tAUVot

[Fabricius] Tuzla

AE 1973, 501

[fragment] Side

AE 1966, 478

Cappadocia

Arrian, EK1a~t~,7 Arrian, EKm~t~, 14

[PME F 18] Tuzla [PME S 95] Cappadocia

AE 1973, 501 Arrian, EK1a~t~,7

1tE/;;ot ...

1tpO,E1UX,0COVbE Kilt 't01J1COVOl A1tAllVOt Ot btllKOAa~mvoi;,- sixono -----, [PME F 109] Chios ...IIoUAXSP [PME P 137] Cappadocia P. Valerius Priscus, trib., [PME V 28] Roma T. Volmnnius Varro, prae£, [PME V 130] Yalova9 Tt~. louAtoi;AA-s~avosp,snapxoi;, [PME I 16] Alexandria L. Calusius Marcus, tribunus, Valenza Po Ti. Claudius L.£ Helvius Secundus, pr-£, [PME C 143] Cherchel Tt~. KA. NstKOµT]◊OU utoi; Kupstva IItoi;, XStAtaPXOV, [PME C 168] Bergama

CILxiv 171 =ILS2741

CONCORDANCE IGR iv 964 = ILS 8865

CIL xiv 171 IGRiv964 Arrian, EK,a~tc;, 13 AE 1974, 226 AE 1941, 142 IGRi, 1044 AE 1985, 415 AE 1925, 44 AE 1933, 270

AE 1974, 226 = CIL vi 3654

SOURCES Speidel, Michael, (1982/3): "The Roman Army in Judaea under the procurators", Ancient Society, 13/14, 233-40 = Mavors VIII, 224-32 COMMENT It is highly unlikely that Vespasian, Titus or Domitian In support of this it will be noticed that the inscriptions raised a citizen unit which would use the numeral I as a which mention I ltalica all seem to belong to the first matter of right. But if one of the Flavian emperors century, while the inscriptions which mention I Flavia wished to decorate a citizen unit, the gift of citizenship date from AD88 onwards. would be inappropriate, but the gift of the Imperial family name would indicate the special devotion of the If, as Michael Speidel maintains, cohors I ltalica was unit to the Imperial dynasty. serving in Syria in mid-first century, it could have been

26

brought to Vespasian's attention in the course of his campaigns in Judaea. As it is not named on a diploma as I Italica, though it was as I Flavia, its members more especially those enlisted in AD 53, may have needed a diploma to bring their children by a non-citizen wife into the category of citizens.

Nine commanders for this unit is a fair number, but no names are known of the other ranks. This is not very surprising but it does mean that one cannot tell from which source area, Latin or Greek speaking, the recruits were obtained. One inscription (AE 1985, 415) probably refers to a unit listed in the Notitia Dignitatum. The addition of a milliary sign like the use of the term equitata should be regarded as of no relevance.

Arrian's references toot lta.AOtneed not imply that the unit was called / Italica when it served under him. The term could apply equally to any unit of Roman citizens included in his operations.

NOTES 1 !GR iv gives the provenance as Chios, while Hermann Dessau gave it as Samos. 2. This rnilliary sign may be a mistake brought about by the rank of tribune normally used for commanders of rnilliary units but also for the quingenary units of citizen volunteers. 3. Toe stone commemorates his wife, Caristania Frontina

Iulia. Although he may have commanded cohors II Italica, it seems more likely that he commanded the unit which was stationed in Cappadocia. 4. This inscription on a sarcophagus seems more likely to be fourth century in date and the unit need have no connection with a unit from earlier centuries.

27

COHORS II CIVIVM ROMANORVM

equitatapia fidelis Domitiana NAME as recorded on a diploma IICR

8/15 altar or votive tablet COHII CRPFD [1.O.M., Iuno, Mars, Her.] C-- II C R EQ P - - 1 [1.O.M.] COH II [C RE]Q PF [1.O.M.Dolichenus] [C--------] COHII CREQP F COHIICR [Mercurius Aug. sacr.] dedicatory stone COH II CIVIVM ROM. [Mestrius] COH II CIVIV- ---ANORVM GERM---funerary stone COH II- [uncertain; obruit terra]

Germ. In£ Brohl Herwen Lambese Lambese Trieste

Rimini M. Titoglio = Iuuanum Bedberg

PERSONNEL Praefecti Cla-----Aelia-us, 2 prae£ [PME C 113] Bedburg Ti. Memmius T.£ Palatina Vlpianus, Roma, prae£, [PME M 41] Lambese3 Ti. Memmius T.£ Palatina Vlpianus, Roma, prae£, [PME M 41] Lambese3 M. Val. C-alcidic--, praef [PME V 7] Herwen [-. Obidius ------ct--, [PME 02] M. Titoglio T. Mestrius C.f.An. Severus, trib., [PME M 50] Rimini principales L. Arnius L.£Pup. Bassus, centurio5 Trieste C. Domitius Rufinus, d(ecurio), Brohl

----------J4,

20-VIII-127

Chiron 27, 336 CIL xiii 7722 AE 1939, 129 CIL viii 2623 CIL viii 18217 CILv 522 CIL xi 392 CILix2958 CIL xiii 8699

CIL xiii 8699 CIL viii 2623 CIL viii 18217 AE 1939, 129 CILix2958 CIL xi 392 CILv 522 CIL xiii 7722

COMMENT From the few traces of cohors II Ciuium Romano rum, it Ill Augusta to Jupiter Dolichenus suggests an early is possible only to say that it served in Germania third century date when the worship of this deity was Inferior, for which the altars at Herwen and Brohl popular amongst the units of the army. It might be an confirm the diploma evidence. Its absence from other inscription indicative ofMemmius' recent or impending diplomas suggests that it did not serve in Germania movement. The altar to Mercury at Trieste suggests that during the late first century. Perhaps at that time it was the dedicator, the centurion Arnius Bassus, was about stationed in Gallia as the Governor's guard. to undertake a journey, and is therefore no evidence for the station of the unit though it suggests a fleeting The altar from Lambese erected by a tribune of legio presence. NOTES 1. It is suggested that two letters are missing in the final line, and the final three letters should be expanded P(ia) [F(idelis) D(omitiana)}. 2. quem genuit terra Mauretania- p-? obruit terra -------. 3. CIL viii 2623, found south of the fort, and CIL viii 18217,

It was set up by his brother whose name seems to be Numerius Obidius [Pr]oculus. 5. The dedication to Mercury was ordered in the will of Bassus, whose military career began as a soldier in the Fifteenth Apollo's Legion and the First Praetorian cohort, from which he was promoted to centurion in the Second Cohort of Citizens, followed by posting as a centurion in the Fourteenth Legion, the Second Augustan Legion and the Sixth Legion, the last two in Britannia.

found in the forum were erected by the same man. 4. This fragment from Monte Titoglio is clearly the career of an equestrian who was successively in charge of II C R in Germania and tribune of cohors Claudia (Sugambrorum ?) .

28

COHORS II ITALICA CIVIVM ROMANORVM NAME as recorded on a diploma 8-XI-88 II ITALICA CIVIVM ROMANORVM 8/17 Syria II ITALICA CIVIVM ROMANORVM 7/7 Syria 12-V-91 II ITALIC CR 8/16 Syria 156/7 dedicatory stone COHRS SECVNDA CIVIVM ROMANORVM [Candidus] Tarragona COH II ITALICA [Paccius] Roma COHMIL ITALIC VOLVNT. QVAEEST IN SYRIA1 [Maesius] Fossombrone funerary tablet or stone COH II ITALIC CR EX VEXIL. SAGIT. EXER. SYRIAC! [nominative] Petronell literary text 2 Caesarea c.a.40 ...crn:i::tpaTJKUAOUµEV!l haAtKTJ...

CILxvi 35 RMD4 CILxvi 106 CIL ii 4114 CILvi 3528 CILxi 6117 CIL iii 13483a Acts 10, 1

PERSONNEL Praefectus Tib. CL Candidus, praefectus, C. Paccius Sp.£ Vol. Firmus, trib.milit., L. Maesius L.£Pol. Rufus, trib principalis Kopvi::1cto~, i::Ka-rovtaf)Xl"I~ Faustinus(centurio) Proculus Rabili £ Col. Philadel., mil., optio caligatus Apuleius3

[PME C 128] Tarragona [PME P 2] Roma [PME M 7] Fossombrone

CIL ii 4114 CILvi 3528 CILxi 6117

Caesarea Petronell [vix.26;st. 7] Petronell

Acts 10, 1 CIL iii 13483a CIL iii 13483a

Petronell

CIL iii 13483a

CONCORDANCE CIL iii 13483a = AE 1896, 27 = ILS 9168 SOURCES Isaac, Benjamin, (1981): "The Decapolis in Syria", ZPE 44, 67-74 =Mnemosyne 177 (1998), 313-321 Speidel, Michael, (1982/3): "The Roman Army in Judaea under the procurators", Ancient Society, 13/14, 23 3-40 = Mavors VIII, 224-32 COMMENT Herman Dessau suggested under /LS 9168 that the Sebastenorum, served in Judaea. He also connected the mri::tpa haAtKTJof the Acts of the Apostles was passage in the Acts of the Apostles with this unit to possibly cohors II ltalica CR. show that procurators could govern provinces and could lead armies containing cohorts of citizens, and Benjamin Isaac pointed out that as Kraft had noted, he that in any case citizen cohorts in the first century often was probably recruited by Corbulo in AD 62, when the recruited locally from non-citizen sources. He also unit formed part of the Syrian army. He died in AD 69 pointed out that Proculus whose tombstone was found at Carnuntum, where the unit had been taken, though it at Cam-untum, seems to have been a citizen of the returned to Syria after the crisis. Proculus and his Collina tribe although his father's name shows he was brother Apuleius belonging to the tribe Collina, seem to born a non-citizen at Philadelphia (=Amman). He was have been hellenised townsmen from Philadelphia and probably recruited in AD 63 when Corbulo was therefore eligible for service in a citizen unit. preparing an expedition, and served as an optio in a citizen cohort attached to the Syrian army from which a Michael Speidel vindicated Theodore Mommsen's view vexillation of archers may have come to Europe in AD that a variety of units, not just cohortes 70 with Vespasian or Titus. (continued on page 31)

29

COHORS III CAMPESTRIS ciuiumRomanorum NAME as recorded on a diploma [III CAM]PESTRIS C R 8/11 Moesia Sup. 103/7 13-X-109 III CAMPESTRIS C R 13/16 Dacia III CAMPESTRIS C R 8/10 Dacia 17-11-110 III CAMPESTRIS 6/10 Moesia Sup. VINll-145 III CAM[P] 6/10 Moesia Sup. 158/159 III CAMPESTR 6/10 Moesia Sup. 159/60 III CAMPESTR 6/10 Moesia Sup. 8-11-161 III CAMPESTRVM 8/10 Dacia Sup. 1-IV-179 COHOR III CAMPESTR Recipient Dacia Sup. l-IV-179 altar or votive tablet COHIIICAMP [1.O.M.Conservator] Cluj stamped tile or bricks COHIIICAMP Kostolac funerary tablet or stone CHIIICAMPE [D.M., nominative] Athens COHIii CAMP [D.M., nominative] Turnu-Serverin COH III CAMPESTR [D.M., dative] Kostolac COHIii CAMP [D.M., dative] Golubac N CAMPESTROR [D.M. nominative] Petrestii de Jos, (Dacia)

CIL xvi 54 RMD 148 CIL xvi 57 Tyche 13,224 ZPE 126,251 CIL xvi 111 RMD55 RMD 123 RMD 123 AE 1977, 700 1 AE 1903, 291b CIL iii 7289 AE 1897, 83 AE 1971, 424 Situla 25, 1372 CIL iii 1607

PERSONNEL Tribuni Avonius Saturninus, ----., T. Scruius Vitalis trib., principalis Fl. Ianuarius,centurio,

[PME A 266b] Dacia Superior [PME S 44] Cluj

l-IV-179

Athens

RMD 123 AE 1977,700 1 CIL iii 7289

nnmunlS

Liccaius Vinentis, mil., b£trib.mil., caligati Ulpius Ulpi £ Herculanus, Stobis, Valens Iangali, mil., veterani Valerius Lo--inus, vet., Aurelius Tara, vet. vexillar., Iulius Ingenuus, vetr.,

CIL iii 7289 = EE iv 103

[vix.40; st.19] Turnu-Serverin Dacia Superior [vix.27; st.7] Athens

AE 1897, 83 1-IV-179

[vix.48] Petrestii de Jos (Dacia) [vix.60] Kostolac [vix.50] Golubac

RMD 123 CIL iii 7289 CIL iii 1607 AE 1971, 424 Situla 25, 1372

CONCORDANCE AE 1977, 700 = 1934, 14

SOURCES Speidel, Michael P. (1976): "Citizen cohorts in the Imperial Army", Transactions of the American Philological Association, 106, 339-348 = Mavors I, 91-100 Speidel, Michael P. (1977): "A tribune of cohors III Campestris", Apulum 15, 631-33 = Mavors I 223-5 COMMENT Despite the views of earlier commentators, Michael not regard this as a volunteer unit; but he could not Speidel, considering c.R. as a reward for gallantry, did explain its name with certainty. He suggested that the

30

unit, first recorded in 103, moved from Moesia Superior to Dacia with Trajan's conquest, (AE 1977, 700 dated to 108), and returned at the latest in 160 to Moesia Superior. He also pointed out that the name Scruia is genuine, being also also found at Cirta (CIL viii 7714) and added that numerus (as in CIL iii 1607) is often employed in place of cohors and ala.

That it was a citizen cohort seems clear from the references to a tribunus, a title which normally indicates a milliary, or a citizen unit. Since the unit was not milliary, it follows that c.R. was not a reward for gallantry award but a statement of origin. The altar from Cluj indicates one of the unit's stations; the stamped tiles from Kostolac indicate another and the tombstone ofLiccaius Vinentis might be a third, but the tombstone of a soldier found at Athens seems likely to be that of a man on detached service.

To which one can add that it returned to Dacia Superior before 179, where it probably remained. The difficulty to which Michael Speidel alludes namely, that some of the members of this unit were not citizens, presents no real problem since the supply of citizens of Italian stock would probably have been exhausted by mid-second century, and the distinction between citizen and noncitizen, in any case, became largely irrelevant in the third century.

The tombstone from Petrestii de Jos suggests that the strength of the cohort had declined to such a point that it no longer qualified as a cohort and had to be regarded as a numerus. Slight sign of the decline of the Roman army, as this may be, it indicates an intention to continue to exist as long as possible.

NOTES 1. AE 1934, 14, of which this is a revision by Michael Speidel, originally referred to Coh II Camp, and suggested

that the rank of the dedicator was/ t[u]b. Trib would be a normal rank for the commander of citizen volunteers.

frompage29

With so few inscriptions which provide either a place or a date it is difficult to be precise about the career of

cohors II Jtalica, butt it seems unlikely that it can be identified with the previous unit.

NOTES 1. The stone-designer was uncertain of the identity of the unit and covered himself with a relative clause. He also mislaid the letters MIL which should precede COH rather than follow it. The unit was not milliary. 2. KUAouµi;vri("the good-tempered"?) might indicate the Governor of Judaea's resident escort.

3. As Apuleius describes himself as frat er, his birth-place and unit may be inferred as Amman and cohors II Italica. Proculus, an archer, was a member of a vexillation from the army of Syria which was sent to Pannonia, and it is likely that Apuleius was another member of the vexillation.

31

COHORS IHI VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a diploma [IVVOLC] R IV VOL CR IV VOL CR IVVOLVNTCR stamped bricks or tiles COHIIIIVOL [COH 11]11VOL dedicatory stone COH IIII VOL CIVIVM ROMANORVM

4/5 6/7 4/6 5/7

Parm. Super. Parm. Super. Parm. Super. Parm. Super.

16-1-138 19-Vll-146 9-X-148 5-Vll-149

Baratsfoldpuszta Leheny [Cassius] Salona

CIL xvi 84 CIL xvi 178 CILxvi 96 CIL xvi 97 AE 1966, 301 Diss. Arch. 9, 85 CIL iii 8737

PERSONNEL Tribuni Q. Cassius Q.£ Tro. Constans, trib. milit.,

[PME C 94] Salona

CIL iii 8737

SOURCES Lorincz, Barnabas, (1990): Pannonia regeszeti kezikonyve, Budapest, 82 COMMENT Barnabas Lorincz believed that the unit arrived at 1111Voluntariorum served in Parmonia Superior in the Vacspuszta in Parmonia Superior in the reign of Trajan mid-second century, being involved in the repair rather at the earliest, and after the Dacian war moved to than the construction of two camps at Baratsfoldpuszta Leheny where it stayed until the early third century. and at Leheny. The title used by Cassius Constans, tribunus, indicates the citizen rather than the milliary The diploma evidence shows quite clearly that cohors unit.

32

COHORS V GEMELLA

ciuiumRomanorum NAME as recorded on a diploma VGEMCR VGEMELL

12/12 Syria Palae. 1/12 Syria Palae.

dedicatory stone COHORS V GEMELLA CIVIVM ROMANORVM Efes funerary tablet or stone COH V -------- C R [nominative ?] Sabastiya [dative ?, s.t.t.l ?] Sabastiya --- C R M S-----

22-XI-139 7-III-160

CIL xvi 87 RMD 173 AE 1935, 167

AE1948, 150 AE1948, 151

PERSONNEL Tribuni --------- Iuncus, trib.

[PME A 81] Efes

immunis Arr--- --------, tesse------, caligatus Treblan-- Rufus

AE 1935, 167

Sabastiya

AE1948, 150

Sabastiya

AE1948, 151

COMMENT Little is known about this unit, except that it was in to make the new number and GEMELLA chosen to Judaea in mid-second century and was probably show the duality of the new unit. stationed at Sabastiya. When it was raised, and where it served, before and after its service in Judaea are It is very possible that two units of cohortes ciuium completely unknown Romanorum were not only involved in suppressing the Bar Kochba revolt, but badly damaged; the One suggestion is that the number and name reveal remnants were accordingly amalgamated. Such an that it was a combined unit formed from cohors II event would explain why the unit is not heard of ltalica c R and a possible but unattested cohors Ill c R earlier and appears last on the list in AD 139. Nor, which also served in Syria, the two numbers added apparently, does it last for much longer.

33

COHORS VI INGENVORVM / VOLUNTARIORVM

ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a stamped brick or tile COHVIING

Xanten

AE 1981, 689

dedicatory stone COHVIVOL [Dolabella] Dubrovnik COH VI CIVIVM ROMANORVM 1 [Subatianus] Djemila COHORS SEXTA CIVIVM ROMANORVM [Serenus] Efes funerary tablet or stone COH VI --GENV C R-M [dative] Koln fragment COHVIING [tombstone, nominative?] Koln

AE 1964, 227 AE 1911, 107 Ephesos iii 647 CIL xiii 8314 CIL xiii 8315

PERSONNEL Tribuni L. Purtisius Atinas, trib., Ti Cl. Subatianus Proculus, tribunus, Tib. Cl. Sere[nus], trib., caligatus D. Senius Vital--, civis Brit., mil.,

[PME P 117] Dubrovnik [PME C 187] Djemila [PME C 184] Efes [vix.55;st.19] Koln

AE 1964, 227 AE 1911, 107 Ephesos iii 647 CIL xiii 8314

CONCORDANCE CIL xiii 8314 = ILS 2572 SOURCES Wilkes, John J. (1969): Dalmatia, 473 COMMENT John Wilkes was certain that cohors VI cohors VIII Voluntariorum to refer to his command of Voluntariorum c.R. was attested at Cavtat (= a unit properly called cohors VI Ingenuorum in Epidaurum) under the legate P. Cornelius Dolabella Germania where it was stationed. (AD 14-21) but less certain that it was the same unit as cohors VI Ingenuorum c.R. which is attested in It was not listed on CIL xvi 38, a diploma for Germania Inferior later in the first century. Dalmatia for AD 93, nor on any of the diplomas for Germania, and it may have been disbanded around Subatianus Proculus did not make it clear whether the AD 69 or under Domitian. It was, however, one of unit which he commanded was named Voluntariorum the few units to have recruited a Roman citizen from or Ingenuorum, and the two names seem to be Britannia, but he, dying at 55 after 19 years service, interchangeable. Perhaps Purtisias Atinas was led was very late in starting a military career, and his astray by the overwhelming epigraphic presence of tombstone also suggests a late first century date. NOTES It has been suggested that CIL iii 9749 = 2069 from Solin refers to this unit, but only the first letter of the name remains and in view of PRAETO in the line above, it more probably refers to cohors VI Vigilum.

1. This is probably an alternative name for cohors VI lngenuorum as it is the only time it occurs. 2. His previous career, signifer, centurio and probably primuspilus, suggests that he was a very early commander

34

COHORS VIII VOLVNTARIORVM equitata ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a diploma VIII VOLVNTARIORVM CIVIVM ROMANORVM 2/2 Delmatia 13-VII-94CIL xvi 38 altar or votive tablet COH VIII 1 VOLV-TARIOR [Dea Africa] Timgad AE 1954, 145 COH V--- --[Hercules] Salona CIL iii 1 1940 COH VIII VOL [----- -- ------ loci] Halapic Situla 25, 1645 COH VIII VOL [1.O.M.et Genius loci] Cacak a.197 CIL iii 8336 COH VIII VOL PHILIPPIANA [1.O.M.et Genius] Gardun 5-1-245 CIL iii 2706 COH VOL [1.O.M.,Epona Regina, Genius loci] Doclea CIL iii 12679 COH VIII VOL [Minerva Augs.] Gardun Situla 25, 1947 COH VIII VOL [-----ae et Silvanus] Gardun CIL iii 13187 building inscription COHVIIIVOL Gardun CIL iii 12902 COHVIIIVOL [turrem ad aquam tollendam fecit] Gardun a.148-612 AE 1940, 176 terminal stone COH VIII VOL [inter Seium Severium et Baebid Titianum rigore rivi] CIL iii 3163 stamped bricks or tiles COH VIII VOL Gardun AE 1967, 351 1st C COH VIII VOL Mu6 2ndC CIL iii 10182 COH VIII VOL Salona 3rdC AE 1967, 351 dedicatory stone COH VIII VOLVNTARIORVM QVAE EST IN DALMATIA Roma c.a.14-37 AE 1913, 194 COH - --- ----- ANTO------[praeses] Salona c.a. 215 AE 1963, 42 C-- ---- - - VOLVN-----[Petronianus] Cherchel AE 1958, 156 funerary tablet or stone COH VII - R VOLVNT [nominative, hie reliquit] S. Maria in Pantano CILxi4749 COH IIX VOLVNTARIORVM [nominative, T.F.I.] Ostia AE 1955, 169 --- VIII VOLVNTARI---[nominative, H.S.E.-.-.-.-] Cordoba Hisp. Ep. 4, 283 COH VIII VOLVNT [nominative] nr. Dubrovnik CIL iii 1742 CHO-S VIII VOL [nominative] Kutatz CIL iii 8490 COH VIII [nominative] Gardun CIL iii 13975 COH VIII VOL [nominative] Mu6 CIL iii 9782 COH VIII VOLVNT [nominative, Hie De£ est] Stobrec CIL iii 8522 COH VIII VOL [dative] Dubrovnik CIL iii 1743 COH VIII [dative] Mu6 CIL iii 2745 CORS VIII VOLVNT [dative] Salona CIL iii 2002 COH VIII VOL [dative] Salona CIL iii 2052 COH VIII VOL [D.M. nominative] Salona CIL iii 2039 COH VIII V-[D. -. nominative?] Proboj CIL iii 13875 CHORS OC3 VOL [D.M. nominative] Tucepi CIL iii 14629/1 COH VIII VOL [D.M. nominative] Gardun CIL iii 14930 COH VIII VOL ANT [D.M. dative] Gardun c.a.215-20 CIL iii 9732 COH VIII VOL [D.M. dative] Salona AE 1913, 41 C VIII V [D. -. dative?] Salona CIL iii 8757 COHR VIII VOL [D.M. dative?] Salona CIL iii 2045 COH VIII --[D.-. dative?] Salona CIL iii 9708 COH VIII VOL [D.M. dative] Split Situla 25, 2007 COHOR VIII VOLVNTARIORVM [D.M. dative] Viddo CIL iii 1808 COH VIII [missing] Salona CIL iii 8729 fragment --- ---- --LVNT [family sepulchre] Salona CIL 12904 COR VIII VOL [dedicator only] Salona CIL 14660 35

CHOR---- -----TARIO---4 --- ---- VOL HO ---- VOLVN---

[tombstone] Salona [tombstone] Salona [tombstone] Salona

CIL iii 8776 CIL iii 8777 CIL iii 8728

PERSONNEL Tribuni Ti. Iuli Iulianus, trib., [PME I 74] Roma c.a.14-37 M. Acilius -riscus, trib., [PMEA 10] Ostia a. 148-61 M. Caecilius Africanus, praefectus, [PMEC6] Gardun Q. Iulius Frontinus, prae£, (Thamugadi) [PME I 65] Timgad L. Septi---- Petro------, praef, 5 [PME S 37] Cherchel P. Fabius----- C. Clodius --------, -----, [PME Fla] Cordoba M. Aure--- --------, trib., [PMEA209] Salona c.a. 215 principal es -ex. Aquilli-- Severus, centurio, Salona c.a. 110 C. Lartidius Crispus, centurio, nr. Dubrovnik Seius Severus (centurio) nr. Nanio Artanus, (centurio), Kutatz T. Coninius Ursus. centurio. Halapi6 Q. Iul. Vere------, centurio, Proboj L. Iul. Matemus, centurio, cacak a.197 C. Alasinius Secundinus, miles dupl--. Split 5-1-245 M. Ippius L.£Stel. Vitalis, Beneventum, centurio, Gardun nnmunes L. Terentius L.£Claud. Severus, Cel., vexillar. [vix.30;st.14] Mu6 Aemilius Fortis, beneficiarius, Viddo P. Bennius Egregius, mil., adiurinc. bf.cos., Doclea L. Sulpicius Proculus, actarius, ex adiutore comiculariorum cos., Gardun Aur. Annianus, buc., Gardun Fla. P-ares, mil., b£prae£, [vix.40;st.20] Gardun T. Statilius Maximus, mil., adi. com. cos., [vix.25] Salona ignotus, mil., bucin., [vix.30;st.10] Stobrec caligati C. Surenus T.£Ani. Seneca, Ariminum, [vix.32;st.14] S. Maria in Pantano Ser. Ennius Ser.£ Claudia Fuscus, domo Cenemeli, miles, [vix.38;st.19] Mu6 L. Aebutius Felix, Mu6 M. Pla-e., miles, [vix.30;st.6] Kutatz P. Attecius P.£ Venimarus, mil., domo Clau. Viruno, [vix.2l;st.2] Gardun Licinius, mil., Salona Vivius Silvester, miles, Salona Ael. Vrsacius, mil. [vix.25] Salona C. P. Ver., mil., [vix.19] Salona Sabininus, mil., Dubrovnik Dassius Aetemalis, mil., Salona Aurel. Tertius, mil., Gardun Aur. Ianuarius, mil., Salona L. Som. 0------, mil., Salona Veterani L. Oc3 • Sabinu-, vet., L. Iul. ---- vet.,

CIL iii 8336 = CIL iii 6321 CIL iii 12679 = AE 1897, 5 CIL iii 15466 = CIL iii 349 + 3055 AE 1954, 145 = Arre.Soc. 3,209

Tucepi Salona

AE 1913, 194 AE 1955, 169 AE 1940, 176 AE 1954, 145 AE 1958, 156 Hisp. Ep. 4, 283 AE 1963, 42 CIL iii 1940 CIL iii 1742 CIL iii 3163 CIL iii 8490 Situla 25 1645 CIL iii 13875 CIL iii 8336 Situla 25, 2007 CIL iii 2706 CIL iii 2745 CIL iii 1808 AE 11897, 5 Situla 25, 1947 CIL iii 13187 CIL iii 14930 CIL iii 2052 CIL iii 8522 CIL xi 4749 CIL iii 9782 CIL iii 2745 CIL iii 8490 CIL iii 13975 CIL iii 2039 AE 1914, 41 CIL iii 2002 CILiii 2045 CIL iii 1743 CIL iii 14660 CIL iii 9732 CIL iii 8729 CIL iii 8757

CIL iii 14629/1 CIL iii 9708

CONCORDANCE CIL iii 8522 = ILS 2583 CIL iii 8490 = CIL iii 6365 CIL iii 12902 = AE 1895, 15 CIL 14629/1 = AE 1902, 8 Situla 25, 1947 = AE 1904, 10 AE 1963, 42 = AE 1962, 229 = AE 1921, 64 = Situla 25, 2076

36

SOURCES Wilkes, John J. (1969): Dalmatia, 473-4 Le Glay, Marcel (1972): "Le commandement des cohortes voluntariorum de l'armee romaine", Ancient Society 3, 209-221 Speidel, Michael (1977): "The Roman Army in Arabia", Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romische Welt, II, 8, 711 = Mavors I, 253 Maxfield, Valerie (1986): "Systems of Reward in Relation to Military Diplomas" Heer und lntegrations-politick, 42 COMMENT According to John Wilkes, following Geza Alf6ldy, the prefect after Domitian's reign. unit was serving in Dalmatia under Tiberius (AE 1913, 194) being stationed at Muc (= Andetrium), with a Michael Speidel suggested that this unit was transferred detachment at Cavtat (= Epidaurum). By the second from Dalmatia after AD 245 to Arabia with cohors Ill century it was stationed at Gardun (= Tilurium) where it Alpinorum, probably by Aurelian. stayed into the third. It was building towers to support an aqueduct at Gardun in the reign of Antoninus Pius, Valerie Maxfield drew attention to the wording of the and it had detachments at Humac (= Bigeste) at Cacak diploma where the standard grant is prefaced with the and at Halapic. The records from Solin (= Salona), at phrase "qui peregrinae condicionis probati erant", a Klis, at Pituntium, at Tucepi and at Siculi were mostly situation which Eric Birley noted in the case of of men who came from that area, and are of no Piladelpus Pilandri of cohors XXXII Voluntariorum. significance for the cohort's activities. The title of the commander seems to be a matter of Marcel Le Glay stated that the unit was raised in the personal taste; two or three opted for praefectus while period following the Pannonian revolt of AD 6 and the three chose tribunus. There appears to be no reason; Varian disaster of AD 9, and stationed in Dalmatia possibly those further away were less likely to be were it stayed until at least AD 245. It was commanded accurate, but the inscription from Salona is likely to be by a tribune in the first century, but by a most correct. NOTES 1. Originally reported in AE 1954, 154 as COH VII, a revised reading by Marcel Le Glay has corrected the anomaly. 2. AE 1941, 54 corrected AE 1940, 176 to read COS Jill,

If his colleagues were prepared to spend so much on the

commemorative stone, the details on the stone should be correct and therefore a cohors VII Voluntariorum ciuium Romanorum should exist. Toe stone, however, was not erected where the soldier died but in his hometown, and it is possible that the engraver mistook his instructions and forgot the last stroke. 4. OC = Oc(tavo) or Oc(tavius) 5. This fragment appears to refer to a turma; hence the unit is equitate. 6. Hubert Devijver suggested he commanded cohors VIII Voluntariorum, since that unit seems to have been commanded by praefecti.

thus changing the date from 140-48 to 148-61. 3. If only one inscription records a unit, it is very likely

that there is some mistake. But the epitaph of Surenus Seneca is not a simple headstone detailing his name and service details only. It continues HIC RELIQVIT SODALIB. MARTENSIBVS IN OSSA SVA TVENDA HS oo oo COLLEGIVS IVMENTARIORVM HVIC CIPPO LOCVM DEDIT.

37

COHORS VIIII GEMINA/ GEMELLA VOLVNTARIORVM NAME as recorded on a stamped tile or brick COH VIIII GEM VOL COH IX GEM VOL

Tekija Tekija

AE 1977, 740 AE 1977, 740

COMMENT From Tekija (ancient Transdiema) in Moesia Superior, units from which it was formed. It might be that the on the Danube 150 kms. east of Belgrade, come two flimsily-evidenced cohors VII Voluntariorum was one differently stamped tiles of an otherwise unrecorded of the two units, the other being a cohors II ciuium unit, whose name might be Gemina, but is more likely Romanorum not otherwise recorded, but which, when, to be Gemella. The name suggests that it was formed where and why, remain unknown. It may not have from two other units, the number being the sum of the lasted for long.

38

COHORS XV VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a altar or votive tablet CO- -- ----VM RO----RVM VOLVN-ARlOR. [Isis, Serapis] Aqua Flaviana building inscription COH XV VOL [armentarium vetustate conlabsum restituerunt] Roomburg a.200 dedicatory stone COHXVVOLCRPF [Impp. Severi] Roomburg a.195-7 COHXVVOL [Gauius] Caiazzo COH XV VOLVNT CR [Artorius] Puteoli funerary tablet or stone COHXV--[nominative H.S.E.] Haidra COHXV [nominative] Haidra COHOR- -[D.M.S. nominative] Haidra m PERSONNEL Tribuni Q. Gauius Q.fil.Q.nep.Q.pron.Q.abn.Q.adn.Fal.Fulvius Proculus, trib., [PME G 9] Caiazzo M. Artorius M.£Pal. Priscillus Vicasius Sabidianus, trib., [PME A 168] Puteoli Ignotus, trib., [PME Inc.133] Aqua Flaviana praepositus Caecil. Bato, prae. [PME C 9] Roomburg a.195-7 caligati --rrus, domo Mar[-----] [vix. 27; st.9] Haidra Qu. Domit. Q.£Ste. Fusc[inus], domo Foro Vibi, mil., [st. 7] Haidra P. Petilius P.£Q. Victorinus, miles 2 [vix.33] Haidra CONCORDANCE CIL viii 23252 + 23255 = AE 1900, 40 CIL viii 23252 = ILS 9157 AE 1992, 1765 = CIL viii 312 = CIL iii 11544 SOURCES Cagnat R. (1913): L'annee Romaine d'Afrique (2nd ed.) .202 Alfoldy, Geza (1968): Epigraphische Studien VI, 76 Manna M. G.: (1970): Formazioni ausiliarie, 12 Le Bohec, Yann, (1989): Les unites auxiliaires de l'armee romaine; 66-7

CIL viii 17721 CIL xiii 8824 CIL xiii 8826 CILx4579 CILvi 32929 CIL viii 23255 CIL viii 23252 AE 1992, 1765

CIL x4579 CIL vi 32929 CIL viii 17721 CIL xiii 8834 CIL viii 23255 CIL viii 23252 AE 1992, 1765

CIL xiii 8824 = ILS 9178

COMMENT Yarm Le Bohec knew of two tombstones from Haidra pia fide/is of Germania Inferior, which Geza Alfcildy which because they were of serving soldiers of Italian believed was the later incarnation of this unit. extraction and used an early formula, indicated that the unit had been stationed there. A third stone which he Unlike Yann Le Bohec, I have no doubts about the assumed belonged to the same unit, was of the same identity of the unit; the very sparcity of inscriptions is period namely the third quarter of the first century. He crucial. Raised from Roman citizens in Italy, it was also referred to the problem of the unit's nature; Rene sent to Africa Proconsularis to form part of the army Cagnat followed by M. G. Manna believed it was a unit and it settled at Haidra for the rest of the first and most of Roman citizens, while CIL and Herman Dessau of the second century. Towards the end of the second thought it was a unit of Volunteers. He was reluctant to century, probably as a consequence of the civil wars of accept the idea that the african cohors XV was identical 193, it was transferred to Roomberg where it rebuilt an with cohors XV Voluntariorum ciuium Romanorum armoury. NOTES 1. Since the other commanders used the rank of tribune it is likely that Caecilius Bato was a centurion acting in command as praepositusrather than as praefectus.

2. His tombstone appears to be late second or third century and it does not give the name of the unit. No other cohort is known to have served there, unfortunately.

39

COHORS XVIII VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a diploma XVIII VOL CR 5/5 Pann. Super. 16-VI-138 CILxvi 84 XVIII VOL CR 7/7 Pann. Super. 19-VII-146 CILxvi 178 XIIXVOLVNT 5/5 Pann. Super. 3-XI-154 CILxvi 104 altar or votive tablet COH XIIX VOL CR [1.O.M.1] Stojnik CIL iii 8612 dedicatory stone COHXIIXVOL [Imp. Titus] Dunabogdany AE 1979, 466 a.80 funerary tablet or stone COH XVIII VOL [nominative H.S.E.] Brion CIL xiii 1159 -OH XVIII VOL [nominative ?] Petronell AE 1905, 240 COHXIIXVOL [D.M. nominative, H.S.E.] Dunabogdany AE 1965, 166 fragment COHXIIXVOL [plaque] Dunabogdany AE 1965, 167 historical or literary work ... cohortem duodeuicensimam Lugduni, solitis sibi hibemis, reliquui placuit. Tacitus Historiae I 64 PERSONNEL Tribuni L. Cammius Maxirnus, trib., [PME C 68] Maryport Cn. Clodius Cn.fil. Classicianus, trib., [PME C 196] Stojnik irnmunis? - -------- Crescens Licinianus, ----., domo Murit., -.-., [an.452] [PME C283] caligati Q. Iulius Q.filius Ter. Certus, domo Arelat., mil., Brion M. Valerius Clemes, mile., [stip.24] Dunabogdany

RIB 827 CIL iii 6302 Petronell

AE 1905, 240 CIL xiii 1159 AE 1965, 166

CONCORDANCE CIL iii 8612= CIL iii 6302 = ILS 2606 SOURCES Birley, Eric, (1979): "Inscriptions indicative of impending or recent movements", Chiron 9, 495-505 Lorincz, Barnabas, (1990): Pannonia regeszeti kezikonyve, Budapest, 82 COMMENT Eric Birley commented that Cammius' transfer from the which was numbered XVII. The tombstone from command of cohors I Hispanorum at Maryport to the Brion suggests that it was stationed in Gallia Belgica command of cohors XV Voluntariorum was movement in the late first century, while the origo of Iulius without promotion. But as a native of Solva, Cammius Certus indicates that it was recruited from Roman might have felt easier at Dunabogdany on the bend of citizens in Gallia Lugdunensis. the Danube than at Maryport on the Cumbrian coast. This indication is strengthened by Tacitus' reference Barnabas Lorincz suggested the Flavian period for the to the Eighteenth cohort. In the context of Fabius arrival of this unit in Pannonia at Dunabogdany. In the Valens, the Italian legion and the Taurian cavalry it aftermath of the Marcomannic wars it came back to seems more likely to refer to a citizen unit than to an Petronell where it stayed in the third century. It urban cohort. apparently took part in the Moorish wars of Antoninus Pius, 149-50, and earlier research suggested that it was There are no other indications of its service in Gallia, active in Moesia Superior in 166-69. which is perhaps not surprising. If it had served in Dalmatia or Germania, one would have expected The number XVIII chosen for this unit possibly some trace of it to have been found by now. Traces reflects its connection with an urban cohort at Lyons may still be. Its arrival in Pannonia can be dated to 40

the Flavian period by the inscription dedicated to Titus from Dunabogdany, but although there are diplomas for Pannonia in the period 80-137, it does

not appear on any of them. This might be because all the members were citizens upon enlistment until 113, when locally recruited peregrines were accepted.

NOTES their years of service and his wife's name does not suggest an equestrian origin. His position is not given and he might have been a beneficiarius tribuni, who died after 15 years of service, the word stip being on the line in front of an. Hubert Devijver's suggestion that XV should be read asX[L]Vseems to be less likely. His origo is given as MVRIT, but there does not appear to be a suitable town; possibly it was the engraver's form of Mauretania.

1. Clodius Classicianus erected this altar at Stojnik to celebrate his transfer by OPTIMIS MAXIMISQ IMP N (usually Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, but possibly third century emperors) to the command of cohors I Vlpia Pannoniorum ooequitata. 2. This fragment of a tombstone, erected by his wife, Abudia Murinilla, is unclear about his age at death. As he died so far from his home Hubert Devijver accepted him as a tribune of a milliary cohort but few officers' tombstones list

41

COHORS XXIIII VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a altar or votive tablet COH CHO COH COH

XXIIII XXIIII XXIIII XXIIII

VOL [I.0 .M.] VOL CR [In H.D.D., 1.O.M.] VOL CR [Campestres] VCR [Minerva et Hercules] building inscription COH XXIIII VCR [S.I.M. tern. a solo restituto] stamped bricks or tiles COH XXIV VOL CR [4 types]

Stettfeld Schweighausen Benningen St. Leon (nr. Wiesloch) Murrhardt

CIL xiii 6530

Waldorf, Neuenheim, Oberscheidenthal, Wiirzburg Murrhardt, Heddernheim? CIL xiii 12485 90

dedicatory stone COH XXIIII -OL -NTONINI-NA - R [Iulia Augusta] Murrhardt COH X-IIII VOL SEVERlANA CR [Imp. Sev. Alex.] Murrhardt funerary tablet or stone COH XXII-- --[D.-. nominative] Tchertchelan COH XXIIII VOL [D.M. nominative] Murrhardt COH XXIIII VOL [uncertain, nominative?] Mainz - -HXXIII[fragment] N euenheim

a.212-7 a.222-35

PERSONNEL Tribuni P. Quintius L.fil.Quir. Terminus, domo Sicca Veneria, trib., [PME Q 5] Benningen Sex. Iulius D.£Hor. Florus Victorinus, trib., [PME I 64] Murrhardt principalis L. Antonius Matemus, centurio, St.Leon nr. Wiesloch caligati M. Iunius M.-.---. Montanus, mil. 1 [vix.62] Tchertchelan --asson Iustus, mil. [vix.40] Murrhardt -----us Iucundus, mil., [vix.50;st.21] Mainz veteranus Florentinus Quintianus, vet. ex comicul. pref 2 Stettfeld [-------] s Lucius vet. Schweighausen

CIL xiii 6449 = ILS 2604 CIL iii 6532 = AE 1895, 34

AE 1971, 278 CIL xiii 11678a CIL xiii 6449 CIL xiii 6346

CIL iii 6531 CIL iii 6532 AE 1932, 30 CIL xiii 6533 27 BRGK 115 CIL xiii 11734

CIL xiii 6449 CIL xiii 6530 CIL xiii 6346 AE 1932, 30 CIL xiii 6533 27BRGK 115 AE 1971, 278 CIL xiii 11678a

CONCORDANCE CIL iii 6531 = AE 1895, 33 CIL xiii 12488 = AE 1896, 127

SOURCES Ritterling, Emil & Stein, Erich (1932): Die kaiserlichen Beamten und Truppenkorper im romischen Deutsch/and unter dem Prinzipat, Vienna 228-229 Gilliam, J. Frank (1972): "Another Prefect in a cohors Voluntariorum ", Ancient Society 3, p.222 COMMENT The joint authors of Truppenkorper stated that the There is nothing to suggest that cohors XXIIII cohort moved from Benningen to Murrhardt around the Voluntariorum c. R. existed in the first century - no middle of the second century. mention on diplomas, no plain funerary inscriptions in the nominative or dative, and no dedications to Flavian J. Frank Gilliam noted that, at Stettfeld, the title of the or early Antonine emperors; nor are there many for the unit commander, to which attention had been drawn by rest of the second century. It is dangerous to argue Ute Schillinger-Hafele, was prefect, and that this was from negative evidence, but one cannot argue that it also the case with cohors VIII Voluntariorum 2 • existed, in the face of a complete absence of evidence. One is entitled to draw a negative inference until such

42

time as positive evidence is available. Only belief in the Augustan raising of all citizen units stands on the opposite side.

belonged to a man who had left the unit some thirty years before and returned to his home-town, as had the veteran, whose altar at Stettfeld, his home town, may have marked his thankfulness for return to civilian life. As the editor remarked, it was not earlier than the second century because of the ligatures and other features. Iucundus, at Mainz, had enlisted at the age of 29 which is rather old for a recruit. This might be a case of escape from retributive justice, or matrimonial embarrassment, or financial obligations, but he may have been a highly literate recruit for whom service at the legionary headquarters was probable. Unfortunately the inscription is basic and lacks space for information.

It would seem from CIL xiii 6530 that it rebuilt at least a temple at Murrhardt where it occupied the fort probably at the time of Septimius Severus. It may have been there for some time making and supplying tiles to many other sites. It may have been stationed at Benningen somewhat earlier.

There is no evidence that it was stationed at Tcherchelan in Moesia or at Stettfeld, or at Mainz in Germania Superior. The tombstone at Tcherchelan,

NOTES 1. The tombstone gives his career; he began as a footsoldier in the Volunteers and was promoted into cohors II Praetoria; thence to legio I Minerva and finally to centurio legionis. 2. But by the third century the distinction between the titles,

prefect and tribune, seems to have become meaningless. J. Frank Gilliam did not draw attention to the status of the dedicator, nor ask why a loyalty-type military-style altar should be dedicated thankfully by an ex-soldier.

43

COHORS XXVI VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a altar or votive tablet COH XXVI VOL CR [Mater deorum] Baden Baden CIL xiii 6292 --- ---- VO---[In Honorem domus Deorum] Heddesdorf CIL xiii 7741 [- ea For---- -- Relig. -uius loci] Heddesdorf CIL xiii 7742 --- ---- ---T building inscription COH XXVI VOL CR CIL xiii 6306 [fecit1] Baden Baden COH XXVI VOL CR [fountain] Oos Scheuem CIL xiii 6307 stamped bricks or tiles COHXXVIVCR Windisch, Beringen, BadenBadenCILxiii 12491-3 ---]XXVI[- Baden Baden AE 1994, 1303 quarry wall COH XXVI VOL R AE 1922, 62 Kroft dedicatory stone COHXXVIVOL [Firmus] Djerasch AE 1930, 92 funerary tablet or stone CHO XXVI VOLVNTARIORVM CIVIUM ROMANORVM [nominative] Patras CIL iii 506 CH XXVI VOL CR [nominative] Baden Baden CIL xiii 6305 COH XXVI VOL C R [nominative] Baden Baden CIL xiii 11717 COH ---- -OL [-is Manib., nominative] Heddesdorf CIL xiii 7743 COH XXVI VOLVNT ARIA [D.M. nominative] Praeneste CILxiv2952 PERSONNEL Tribuni T. Statilius T.f Pal Felix, trib., [vix.35] [PME S 65] Patras [L. Valerius] Poblilia Firmus, trib., [PME V 9] Djerasch principal es Anici[us] Victor, centurio, Baden Baden Victor, centurio, Baden Baden C. Sempronius Saturninus, centurio, Baden Baden M. Alpinus Auli fi-. --irina -lassicianu-, (centurio), Heddesdorf Libe-anus 2 ? Heddesdorf Capito, (centurio) Heddesdorf immunis C. I. Fl----, ------c, trib.3, [stl 5] Heddesdorf caligati L. Reburrinius L.£Cl. Candidus, Ara, [st. 13] Baden Baden C. Veturiu- C.£ Vetur[ia] Dexter, Placent. mil., [vix.40; st.16] Baden Baden T. Fl. Severus, mil., Praeneste

CIL iii 506 AE 1930, 92 CIL xiii 6305 CIL xiii 11717 CIL xiii 6292 CIL xiii 7741 CIL xiii 7743 CIL xiii 774 3 CIL xiii 774 3 CIL xiii 6305 CIL xiii 11717 CIL xiv 2952

CONCORDANCE CIL xiii 6305 = ILS 2573 SOURCES Hartmann Mand Speidel, M.A. (1991): "Die Hilfstruppen des Windischer Heeresverbandes" Jahresbericht Gesell- schaft Pro Vindonissa, 1991, 3-33 Speidel, M.A, (1993): "Die Kleininschriften aus dem frilhrorrnischen Kasten und dem Lagerdorf in Zurzach", Jahresbericht Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa, 1993, 53-58 COMMENT M. Hartmann and M. A. Speidel (as reported in AE Windisch in the first century. They suggested that 1991, 1258) studied the auxiliary units, both infantry while the cavalry units occupied camps outside and cavalry, attached to the legion stationed at Kaiseraugst, the four infantry units, cohortes XXVI

44

Voluntariorum, VI Raetorum, VII Raetorum, Ill Hispanorum, were living in barracks within the

There is no firm evidence for either of these inferences; likewise the career ofValerius Firmus is supposed to be Trajanic, possibly because the last post recorded on the stone found at Djerasch was proc. But as Firmus commanded the ala Siliana when it had been decorated for the second time, the first being before 98, this career could be later than the time of Marcus Aurelius. The serving members whose names are recorded all seem to be citizens, as though service in a volunteer regiment became a more attractive proposition under the Severans. The unit seems to have had two stations; one in Germania Superior at Baden Baden where it erected an altar, constructed some unidentified building and contributed stamped tiles to Windisch and Beringen: the other station was in Germania Inferior at Heddesdorf from where it could quarry stone at Kruft, and where it erected the other altar.

legionary fortress. M. A. Speidel in the article reported in AE 1993, 1219n, listed and discussed twenty-six ceramic inscriptions of which eight were stamped tiles, including three of cohors XXVI Voluntariorum, from Zurzach, on the River Rhine, north of Windisch.

If cohors XXIIII Voluntariorum c.R. was raised by Commodus, cohors XXVI Voluntariorum c.R. should have been raised at the same time if not later, and indeed there is nothing which has to be dated to the second century, except that the career of Statilius Felix is stated on inadequate evidence to belong to the second half of the first century and the presence of four cohorts with the legion at Windisch in the first century.

NOTES 1. The stamped tiles and bricks reported in AE 1994, 1303 were found in the soldiers' quarters. The building inscription CIL xiii 6306 referred to the bathhouse. 2. H. Devijver believed that CIL xiii 7742 was erected by a prefect of cohors XXVI Voluntariorum (PME L 45) though his title should have been tribunus militum, and there is barely room on the stone for P. COH XXVI VOLUN. It

seems more than probable that he was a centurion as was the dedicatoron CIL xiii 7741. 3. The right hand edge of the tombstone from Heddesdorfis missing, but as the dedicator gives the name of the deceased's century, he cannot have been a tribunus. He may have been a cornicularius tribuni but there does not seem to be room.

45

COHORS XXX VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a bronze tablet --- TRICENSIMA---OLVNT ARIORVM 2 [? posuit ex voto] Mt. St. Bernhard stamped bricks or tiles COHXXXVOL Bratislava --- --X VOL Devin dedicatory stone COH XX- -------RIOR [ignotus] Hr. Harat funerary tablet or stone COL XXX VOLUM IN GER SVP [D.M. nominative] Ankara

CILv 6891 AE 1987, 821b AE 1944, 72 CIL viii 23068 CIL iii 6758

PERSONNEL Praefecti / Tribuni C. Iul. Quir. Pudens, Q.fil., domo Caesa. Maur., trib., [PME I 103, vix.30] Ankara ignotus3, trib., [PME Inc.140] Hr. Harat

CIL iii 8162 = CIL iii 6302 = ILS 2606

CONCORDANCE CIL viii 23068

=

CIL iii 6758 CIL viii 23068

AE 1905, 128 = ILS 9012

COMMENT The absence of diploma accreditation and the scanty peaks, or more prosaically, the unit decided, despite epigraphic remains suggest that this unit was also raised forecasts of doom, to take the St. Bernard pass from in the third century. Like other late formations of Italia into its province of service and succeeded. volunteers it was posted to Germania Superior possibly when there were pospects of invasion from across the In the third century it was stationed on the north side of Rhine. The bronze inscription from Mount St. Bernard the Danube probably at the confluence of the Morava suggests that one of its members was a skilled and the Danube, at Devin, which is now almost a mountaineer interested in conquering Alpine suburb of Bratislava. NOTES 1. Found at the top of Mount St. Bernard, it is not surprising that this inscription was worked in bronze and found in a broken state. What is, however, exceedingly odd is that it should have been deliberately placed where it was found in summo mantis.

2. Hermann Dessau (ILS 9012) suggested the unit was cohors XXIV, and Eric Birley (PME ) that it was cohors XXXII.. But since he was later Proc. Augustor. Provine Pannoniae Sup., a financial post, I have assigned him to the unit which is known to have served in that province.

46

COHORS XXXII VOLVNTARIORVM ciuium Romanorum NAME as recorded on a altar or votive tablet COHXXXI-VOL

[D.In.] Heddernheim

CIL xiii 7362

Oberflorstadt

CIL xiii 12494

Segermes Osimo Alexandria Troas

CIL viii 23068 CIL ix 5836 CIL iii 386

stamped bricks or tiles COH XXXII VOL dedicatory stone COH XX--- -------RIOR [ignotus] COH XXXII VOL VNT [Plotius] COH XXXII VOL VNTARIOR [Rufus] funerary tablet or stone COH XXXII VOL [nominative, H.S.E.] COH XXXII VOL [Dis Man. dative] COH XXXII VO[Diis Manibus, nominative] -OH XXXII VOL [D. M., nominative] -OHOR XXXII CR [--v. sibi fecit] COHXXXIICR [sibi et suis] COH XXXII VOL VNbronze article COH XXXII VOL [buckle] CXXXIIV (not given) [face mask] fragment [LII]EIP A AB' IIOA. PQM

Siscia 1 Heddernheim Heddernheim Heddernheim Amasra Oresac 1 Perugia Saalburg Heddernheim Oberflorstadt

CIL iii 10854 CIL xiii 7381 CIL xiii 7383 CIL xiii 7382 CIL iii 320 CIL iii 4006 CIL xi 1937 a. 180-92 a.185-92

Amasra

PERSONNEL Tribuni C. Antonius M.£Volt. Rufus, trib.milit., [PME A 143] Alexandria Troas Q. Plotius Maximus Col. Trebellius Pelidianus, trib., [PME P 48] Osimo --onacianus Severus,----., [PME S 109] Amasra [Ova]Ktavo[~] Lf:[------] [PME S 109] Amasra ignotus [PME Inc. 140] Segermes Versenus L.£Lem. Granianus, tri-., [PME V 72] Perugia principal es Victor, (centurio) Saalburg a. 180-92 C. Q. (centurio) Heddernheim a.185-92 C. Lollius Crispus, centurio, Heddernheim Rufinus, (centurio) Oberflorstadt Ianuarius, (centurio) Heddernheim N eratius Cleom[ e]nis (centurio) Heddernheim immunis M. Mucius Hegetor, medicus, [vix.47] Siscia caligati Dasius Masuri, (miles) Saalburg a. 180-92 Val----- Pri---, (miles) Heddernheim a.185-92 AE 1978, 542 Heddernheim Q.Favonius Varus (miles) L. Val. Felix, Galeria, Lug[dunum], miles, [vix.40;[a]er.21] Heddernheim Piladelpus Pilandri, Cappadox, -i-., [vix.50;st.30] Heddernheim Iul. Sacer, (miles), Oberflorstadt veteranus M. Nunnidius Successus, vete., [vix.90] Oresac

47

CIL xiii 11952 AE 1978, 542 AE 1991 1288n CIL iii 320

CIL iii 386 CILix 5836 CIL iii 320 CIL iii 320 CIL viii 23068 CIL xi 1937 CIL xiii 11952 AE 1978, 542 CIL xiii 7362 AE 1991, 1288n CIL xiii 7382 CIL xiii 7383 CIL iii 10854 CIL xiii 11952 CIL xiii 7381 CIL xiii 7383 CIL xiii 7382 AE 1991, 1288n CIL iii 4006

CIL iii 386 + p.977 = ILS 2718 CIL ix 5836 = ILS 1415

CONCORDANCE CIL iii 10854 = ILS 2601 CIL xiii 12494 = AE 1903, 379

CIL viii 23068 = AE 1905, 128

SOURCES Birley, Eric (1986): "Before Diplomas and the Claudian Reform", Heer und Integrationspolitik, 256 M6csy, Andras, (1974): Pannonia and Upper Moesia, 81 Lorincz, Barnabas, (1990): Pannonia regeszeti kezikonyve, Budapest, 82 COMMENT Eric Birley suggested that the tombstone of Piladelpus was definitely part of the Pannonian army possibly was proof that a peregrine recruit was accepted for sharing Siscia with the legion. service in a cohort normally reserved for citizen recruits, which might have happened in a time of crisis. Heddernheim, Oberflorstadt and Saalburg are where the From the length of service, he thought such a crisis was principal remains of cohors XXXXII Voluntariorum are earlier than AD 69 or AD 70. found, and these seem to be mostly late second and third-century in date. The priest-hoods of Antonius Andras M6csy said that cohors XXXII Voluntariorum c Rufus are of first century origins and could be survivals R was transferred from Pannonia to the Rhine by of past glories preserved in an outpost rather than of Vespasian, though he gave no evidence for this. current value. If, as Eric Birley pointed out, it was recruiting peregrines, then had it been doing so in the Barnabas Lorincz believed Antonius Rufus to belong to first or early second-centuries, it should have appeared the Claudian-Neronian period and the unit to be in on a diploma in the mid-second. Germania Superior in Vespasian's wars. But he knew it NOTES 1. Only the two tombstones from Siscia and Oresac contradict a Commodan origin for this unit. At Oresac is a family vault for a veteran aged 90, his wife, aged 60, a 19year old daughter, and a son aged 7, who seem to have predeceased their parents or grand-parents. This type of funerary arrangement seems more common in the third century than in the first. The other tombstone from Siscia records a man using a venerable Roman nomen - Mucius Scaevola being a legendary character - and a surname

recalling the pacificatory views and fearlessness of a Thracian equivalent of Regulus (Horatius Flaccus, Carmina III, 5) which was erected by his freedwoman, Mucia Corinthia. Such a man might well have antiquarian tendencies which would prefer a first-century style to the decadence of contemporary fashion. These two stones are very weak evidence for adding cohors XXXII Voluntariorum to the Pannonian army. In any case, Mucius Hegetor may have been detached from his unit for a special purpose.

SUMMA There remain many questions to be answered. Were all citizens? Was the diploma used to recognise those the citizen units raised at the same time ? This seems marriages contracted while on foreign service or were unlikely. What happened to the units whose numbers the children of marriages with peregrines accepted as are missing ? Were they ever raised ? Why were no citizens without the need for a diploma? Was the rank units of this series sent to Britannia ? Did units named of the commander always tribunus and was it always a Campestris belong in this series ? Was Apula recruited prima militia? If so, why were these commanders from Apulia and was Campanorum recuited from chosen? What qualities did they possess which marked Campania ? Were units named Campestris recruited them as suitable commanders for citizen units? The from the villages while the others were recruited from conclusion to be drawn from this is that no clear rules the urban centres ? Why were some of these units can be laid down which will account for all the vagaries listed on diplomas if they were only recruited from of units and titles.

48

PROVINCIASARDINIAE SOURCES Strabo: I't:myparplKWV, ~t~AtoV ~·, KE