Century Dictionary 9781463211295

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THE CENTURY CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES A PRONOUNCING AND ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF

NAMES

IN

GEOGRAPHY,

BIOGRAPHY

MYTHOLOGY, HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, ART ARCH/EOLOGY,

FICTION, ETC., ETC., ETC.

4 EDITED BY

BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A. M. MANAGING EDITOR OF THE C E N T U R Y DICTIONARY ASSISTED

BY A NUMBER

OF EMINENT

SPECIALISTS

V O L U M E II

PUBLISHED

%\it

BY

Centurg NEW YORK

Co.

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

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KEY T O a a a a a

as as as as as

in in in in in

a

as in fare.

0 e 6

as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet. as in her, fern.

1 i

as in pin, it. as in pine, fight, file.

o o o 0

as as as as

u u u ii

as in tub. as in mute, acute, as in pull. German u, French u.

in in in in

fat, man, pang, fate, mane, dale, far, father, guard, fall, talk, ask, fast, ant.

not, on, frog, note, poke, floor, move, spoon. nor, song, off.

01 as in oil, joint, boy. ou as in pound, proud.

PRONUNCIATION.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. T h u s : a e o u

as as as as

in in in in

prelate, courage, ablegate, episcopal, abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a v o w e l in an unaccented syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). Thus: a e i o

as as as as

in in in in

errant, republican, prudent, difference, charity, density, valor, actor, idiot,

a e u

as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark ( w ) under the consonants t, d, s, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j , sii, zh. Thus: t d s z y B ch G ^n

as as as as

in in in in

nature, adventure, arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

as in yet. Spanish b (medial), as in German ach, Scotch loch. as in German Abensberg, Hamburg, Spanish g before e and i ; Spanish j ; etc. (a

guttural h). n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. s final s in Portuguese ( s o f t ) , th as ill thin. TH as in then. D = TH. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary,accent is not marked if at its regular interval of t w o syllables f r o m the primary, or f r o m another secondary.)

THE CENTURY1

CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES SUPPLEMENT,

The asterisk (*) is used to mark additions to articles in the Cyclopedia of Names on the east, Lepanto-Bontoc and Ilocos Sur on asen*, Ivar Andreas. Died Central) the south, and Ilocos Sur on the west. Capital, Bangued. Sept. 23,1896. The highest peak in the province is Burnay, near the Abbadie*, Antoine point of separation from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Thomson d'. Died at The valleys are fertilized by the Abra and its branches. Corn, rice, and tobacco are the chief products. The popParis, March 20, 1897. Abbadie*, Arnaud Mi- ulation consists mainly of Ilocans and Tinguianes. Area, 1,171 square miles. Population (1903), 51,860. chel d'. Died 1893. Abbazia (a-bat-se'ii). A Abruzzi (ä-bröt'se), Duke of the (Prince village in Istria, Austria, Luigi Amadeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando situated on the Gulf of Francesco). Born at Madrid,Jan.29,1873. An explorer, third son of Prince Amadeo Quarnero, noted as a health-resort. It is pro- Italian of Aosta, at one time King of Spain. See Amatected on the north and west by mountainsof considerable height and enjoys an equable climate (mean winter temperature, 50* summer, 77* F.). Xhe annual number of those seeking the baths is upward of 14,000. Population (1890), 1,192.

Abbe*, Cleveland. He has been professor of meteorology at George Washington University since 1886. A b b e (ab'e), Ernst. Born at Eisenach, Saxe"Weimar, Jan. 23, 1840: died at Jena, Jan. 14, 1905. A German physicist, professor in the University of Jena 1870-91 and director of the astronomical observatory from 1878. Tie is noted for his theoretical work in optics and for the improvements which he made in optical glass and in optical instruments, especially in the microscope. The so-called Jena glass, including varieties much used for lenses, etc., was his invention. From 1866 he was connected with the firm of Karl Zeiss, the instrument-maker, of Jena.

Abbe Constantin, L ' (a-ba'con-stan-tan'). A novel by Ludovic Halevy, published in 1882. Abbot*, Francis Ellingwood. Died 1903. Abbott*, Austin. Died April 19, 1896. Abbott*, Evelyn. Died 1901. Abbott (ab'ot), Sir John Joseph Caldwell. Born at St. Andrew's, Quebec, March 12, 1821: died at Montreal, Oct. 30, 1893. A Canadian

s t a t e s m a n . He was graduated at McGill University in 1847, was called to the bar in the same year, and was appointed queen's counsel in 1862. He was dean of the faculty of law in McGill University for several years, and was knighted in 1892. He was a member of Parliament for Argenteuil 1859-74 and 1881-87, and entered the Senate for the division of Inkerman, Quebec, May, 1887. He joined the Conservatives in 1865, was a member (without portfolio) of Sir J. A. Macdonald's cabinet in 1887, and was premier of Canada 1891-92.

Abbott (ab'ot), Thomas Kingsmill. Born at Dublin, March 26, 1829. An Irish clergyman and scholar, a graduate and fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, in which he occupied the chair of moral philosophy 1867-72, of biblical Greek 1875-88, and of Hebrew 1879-1900. He is

deus. In July, 1897, he ascended Mount St. Elias, in Alaska, and in 1899-1900 made an attempt, in the Stella Polare, to reach the north pole from Franz Joseph Land. Captain Cagni of his party, with three others, gained lat. 86° N., the highest then reached. In 1906 he made an ascent of the peaks of Mount Ruwenzori, and in 1909 conducted an expedition to the Himalayas. He has written " L a Stella Polare nel mare artico 1899-1900" (1902), etc.

Absolon*, John.

transportation of the eleventh census and statistician of the Interstate Commerce Commission ; and has been professor of political economy and ¿nance in the University of Michigan since 1887. He is the author of "Outline of Lectures on Political Economy" (1881, 1886), " T h e State in Relation to Industrial Action " (1887), " Taxation in the United States 1789-1810" (1884), "Public Debts" (1887), " T h e Science of Finance" (1888), "Statistics of Railways " (1888-1904), " Economics and Jurisprudence " (1S97), " Special Report on Railway Mail Pay " (1900), " Commercial Valuation of Railway Property in the United States " (1904 : with B. H. Meyer), and " Digest of Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce " (1906 : with H. T. Neweomb).

Adams (ad'amz), Herbert. Born at West Concord, Vt", Jan. 28, 1858. An American

s c u l p t o r . He was educated in Boston and was a pupil of Hercié in Paris ; won honorable mention at the Paris Salon in 1888 and 1889, a medal at the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, in 1893, and a gold medal at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904 ; and has executed many memorial compositions and portrait statues. He has also been employed on the decoration of the great expositions.

Died at London, June 26, 1895. Adams (ad'amz), Herbert Baxter. Born at Shutesbury," Mass., April J6, 1850: died at Academy, British. See British Academy. Academy of Fine Arts, Pennsylvania. See Amherst, Mass., July 30, 1901. An American historian and educator. He was educated at AmPennsylvania Academy. herst College, Heidelberg University, and Johns Hopkins Acapulco*. It was destroyed by earthquakes University ; was lecturer in history at Smith College 1878-81 ; and was for many years associate professor and July 30, 31, 1909. Achenbach*. Oswald. Died at Düsseldorf, professor of history at Johns Hopkins University. He edited the reports of the American Historical Association Feb. 1, 1905. (after 1884), the " Contributions to American Educational Achensee (äch'en-za). A small lake in the History " for the United States Bureau of Education (after Tyrol, Austria, lying north of the valley of the 1887), and the " Johns Hopkins University Studies in Hislower Inn. It empties into the Isar. Length, torical and Political Science." lie published " L i f e and Writings of Jared Sparks " (1893), and many historical miles. monographs. Acheson (aeh'e-son), Edward Goodrich. Adams (ad'amz), Maude. Born at Salt Lake Born at Washington, Pa., March 9, 1856. An Nov. 11, 1872. An American actress. American electrician, the inventor of carbo- City, For'Kiskadden, her family name, she substituted her rundum, silosicon, the process of Egyptianiz- mother's maiden name, Adams. She first appeared on ing clay, and a method of producing artificial the stage as a child; supported John Drew, in " T h e Masked Ball," in 1892; and has made her principal sucgraphite. cesses in J. M. Barrie's plays, " The Little Minister," Acl&nd*, Sir Henry Wentworth. Died Oct. " Quality Street," " Peter Pan," and " W h a t Every Woman 16, 1900.

Knows."

an agreement to adjudicate a similar dispute between Brazil and Peru was reached in July, 1904.

s o c i a l r e f o r m . She was graduated atRockford College in 1881, and in 1889 opened, with Ellen Gates Starr, Hull

ilization and Decav " (1896),

d r a m a t i s t . He was on the editorial Btaff of the "Corsaire" 1847-49, and has written many comedies, vaudevilles, and libretti. Among his independent works are " Philanthropie et repentir " (1855), " Une crise de ménage" (1857), " Les chasseurs et la laitière," music by Gavaért (1865), " L a fiancée d'Abydos," music by Barthe (1865), and " Le nouveau sorcier" (1867) and "lies trois souhaits" (1873), music by Poise. He has also written much in collaboration with Plouvier, Decourcelle, Tourte, Laurencin, Granvallet, Rostaing, Gastineau, and others.

She has also played in F. H. Burnett's " Pretty

Aconcagua*, Mount. Height determined in Sister of José," in a translation of Rostand's " L'Aiglon,'' " R o m e o and Juliet," " Joan of Arc," etc. 1904, 22,812.1 feet (Schräder). Acre (ä-krä'). A territory of Brazil lying n o r t h Adams*, William Taylor. Died at Boston, of the river Aquiri and bordering on Bolivia March 27, 1897. a n d P e r u . I t is rich in india-rubber. The boundary Adamson*, Robert. Died in 1902. dispute between Bolivia and Brazil with regard to this Addams (ad'amz), Jane. Bornât Cedarville, territory was adjusted by a treaty in November, 1903, and 111., Sept. 6, i860. An American worker for

House Social Settlement in Chicago, of which she is now Acton, Lord. See Dalberg-Acton. head resident worker. She has written " Function of the Acton*, Thomas C. Died May 1, 1898. Social Settlement "(1899), " Democracy and Social Ethics " Adam*, Franz. Died Sept. 30, 1886. (1902), " Newer Ideals of Peace " (1907V etc. Adams (ad'amz), Mrs. (Abigail Smith). the author of "Sight and Touch " (1864), a translation of Ade (âd), George. Born at Kentland, Ind., Born at Weymouth, Mass., Nov. 23,1744: died An American journalist and Kant's " Theory of Ethics " (1873), "Elementary Theory of at Quiney, Mass., Oct. 28, 1818. The wife Feb. 9, 1866. p l a y w r i g h t . He is the author of "Fables in Slang,* the T i d e s " (1888), etc. of John Adams (second President of the " People You Knew," etc., and among his plays are " Tne Abdul Hamid II*. Sultan of Turkey. He was United States) and the mother of John Quinsy Sultan of Sulu" (1902), " P e g g y from Paris" (1903), " T h e dethroned April 27, 1909, and was succeeded Adams (sixth President). Her marriage to John County Chairman" (1903), " T h e Sho-Gun" (1904), " T h e Adams took place Oct. 25, 1764. She supported her hus- College W i d o w " (1904), " T h e Bad Samaritan" (1905), by his brother, Mehmed V. band in his political views and work; joined him in "Just Out of College" (1905), " Marse Covington " (1906), Abdurrahman Khan*. Died Oct. 3,1901. France in 1784 ; and accompanied him to London, where " M r s . Peckham's Carouse" (1906), " I n Pastures N e w " Abel*, Sir Frederick Augustus. Died at Lon- he was United States minister 1785-88. n e r letters, pub- (1906), " The Slim Princess " (1907). don, Sept. 6, 1902. lished in "Familiar Letters of John Adams and his "Wife " Adelbert (a-del'bèrt) College. A college of Abney (ab'ni), Sir William de Wiveleslie. (1876), are of historical value. the Western Reserve University (which see). Born at Derby, England, July 24, 1844. An Adams (ad'amz), Brooks. Born at Quincy, I t is named for the son of Amasa Stone. The latter, in English physicist and captain in the Royal En- Mass., June 24, 1848. An American lawyer ISSO, offered the sum of $500,000 to the Western Reserve gineers, known for his work in photography and writer, son of Charles Francis Adams College provided it should be removed fromf Hudson, and spectroscopy. He was president of the ( 1 8 0 7 - 8 6 ) . l i e was secretary to his father when the lat- Ohio, to Cleveland and change its name to Adelbert was arbitrator at the Geneva tribunal (1871-72), and College of Western Reserve University.' Royal Astronomical Society 1893-95 and of ter practised law until 1881. He is the author of " T h e the Physical Society 1895-97. Knighted in Emancipation of Massachusetts "(1887), " T h e Law of Civ- Adenis-Colombeau (âd-në'kô-lon-bô'), Jules. Born at Paris, 1821. A French journalist and 1900. America's Economic Su-

A b r a (a'bra). 1. A river of Luzon, rising in premacy " (1900), " The New Empire " (1902), etc. Lepanto-Bontoc province and taking a circui- Adams*, Charles Kendall. Died July 26, tous course, through Abra and Ilocos Sur prov- 1902. inces, to the China Sea. Length, 55 miles.— Adams (ad'amz), Henry Carter. Born at 2. A province of northwestern Luzon in the Davenport, la., 1851. An American economist, P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s . I t is bounded by Ilocos Norte (separated by a spur of the Cordillera Norte) on the north, Cagayan and Lepanto-Bontoc (separated by the Cordillera

w r i t e r , a n d e d u c a t o r . He was lecturer at Cornell University and the Lniversity of Michigan 1880-87, and at Johns Hopkins 1880-82 ; was director of the division of 1

Adeste fideles Adeste fideles (>ul-es'tefi-dG'lez). [L. 1 Come, ye f a i t h f u l . ' ] A h y m n , originally in L a t i n , beg i n n i n g with t h e s e words. It has been ascribed to

2

Algeciras Conference

a n d n a t i v e d e s c e n t . He took a leading part in the rebellion against Spain 1890-98. In January of the latter year he lert the Philippines, agreeing not to return. After the battle of Manila, May 1, 1898, he returned w i t h ' t h e consent of the American authorities and established a native government, of which he became the head, and collected an army. On Feb. 4, 1899, he began hostilities against t h e American forces occupying Manila. He was captured in March, 1901.

western half of Athabasca, and a strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. I t is represented in the Dominimi Senate by 4 members. Area, about 2.53,540 square miles. Population (1901), 72,841.

Bonaventura (1.221-74), but is move probably of the 17th or 18th century and of French or German authorship. The familiar arrangement,, commencing " 0 come all ye faithful, joyfully triumphant,' 1 iirst appeared in Hurray's " Hymnal " iii 18o"2 ami is ;iti adaptation of the translation made by the Reverend Frederick Oakeley in 1841. I t has also been published in many other translations. The t u n e is ascribed to John Reading (11)77-1764), organist* and A i (i). A river of was called the " Portuguese Hymn " because it was sung which flows into t h e at the chapel of the Portuguese Embassy in 1797 and at played a n i m p o r t a n t once became popular. J a p a n e s e right u p o n

Adis, or Addis, Abeba (a'dis a-ba'ba). The

s o u t h e a s t e r n Manchuria Y a l u opposite Wiju. I t p a r t in t h e a t t a c k of t h e t h e Russians in the b a t tle of t h e Yalu River, May 1, 1904.

p r e s e n t eapital of Abyssinia, s i t u a t e d i n t h e Aicard*, Jean. He was made a member of the province of Shoa in lat. 9° N. I t h a s a popula- F r e n c h A c a d e m y in 1909, succeeding F r a n ç o i s Coppée. tion of u p w a r d of 50,000. A t r e a t y of p e a c e w i t h I t a l y w a s concluded here, Oct. 26, 1896. Aidé*, Hamilton. Died Dec. 13, 1906. A d l e r ( a d ' l e r ) , Cyrus. B o r n a t V a n Buren, A i g u n * . I t w a s opened to i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e Ark., Sept. 13, 1883. An A m e r i c a n oriental- in 1905. ist a n d arehseologist, assistant secretary (in Aikawa ( i - k a ' w â ) . A c i t y of J a p a n s i t u a t e d charge of t h e l i b r a r y a n d exchanges) of t h e o n t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t of t h e i s l a n d of S a d o . S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n a n d c u r a t o r of his- P o p u l a t i o n , u p w a r d of 11,000. ( â n ' j é r ) , Alfred. B o r n a t L o n d o n , toric archaeology in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l Ainger F e b . 9, 1 8 3 7 : d i e d a t D a r l e y A b b e y , D e r b y Museum from 1905. s h i r e , F e b . 8, 1 9 0 4 . A n E n g l i s h c l e r g y m a n ,

Adler

(ad'ler),

Felix.

m a n y , Aug. 13, 1851.

Born

at

Alzei,

Ger-

A n American reformer,

l e c t u r e r , a n d w r i t e r . He came to the United States in 1857; was professor of Ilebrew and oriental literature a t Cornell University 1874-76; was the founder of t h e N e w York Society for "Ethical Culture (1876), to which he gives addresses and in the work of which he is p r o m i n e n t ; has been professor of political and social ethics at Columbia University since 1902; is a member of the editorial board of the " International Journal of Ethics " ; and has been widely influential in educational^and reform movements. He is the author of " Creed and D e e d " (1877), " Tho Moral Instruction of Children " (1893), " l i f e and Destiny" (1903), "Marriage and Divorce " (1905), "Religion of D u t y " (1905), "Essentials of Spirituality" (1905), and of many papers on related subjects. He was exchange professor at t h e University of Berlin 1908-09. Adler ( a d ' l e r ) , Friedrich. B o m a t Berlin,

Germany, Oct. 15, 1827: died a t Berlin, Sept. 15, 1908. A G e r m a n architect a n d archieolo-

g i s t . H e was educated under the painters Weiss and Grieben and a t the Berlin Bauakademie under the architect Strack. He has executed several important buildings, chiefly churches, b u t is best known as a writer on architecture, especially t h e medieval and Renaissance architecture of Germany. He was the chief associate of Ernst Curtius in t h e excavations a t Olympia, the results of which were published between J 890 and 1897.

a u t h o r , a n d e d i t o r . He was educated at King's College, Loudon, and a t Triiiit.v Hall, Cambridge, taking his degree in I860. He was reader at tho Temple Church 1800-92, canon of Bristol Cathedral 1887-1908, Master of the Temple 1894-1904, and chaplain in ordinary to Queen Victoria and King Edward VII. H e wrote biographies of Lamb (188-2) and of Crabbe (1903), and published annotated editions of Lamb's " Essays of Elia " (1883), of Lamb's " L e t t e r s " (1888), and of Hood's "Poems," with a biographical memoir (1897). H e a l s o w r o t e " T h e Gospel and Human Life : Sermons " (1904), etc.

Ainsworth*, William Francis. Died at Hamm e r s m i t h , London, Nov. 27, 1896.

Aivazovski

Ivan. Died at Feodosia ill tho

Crimea, May 2, 1900.

Ajanta Oaves. See Jjunta.

A k a s h i (a-ka-she'). A city of J a p a n s i t u a t e d on t h e shore of t h e I n l a n d Sea a b o u t 12 miles w e s t of Kobe. Population, u p w a r d of 22,000. A l a b a m a * . T h e State h a s 67 counties. It was the t h i r d State in t h e production of pig-iron in 1908. A l a s k a * . The capital of t h e T e r r i t o r y is J u n e a u . The highest s u m m i t is Mt. McKinley ( 2 0 , 4 6 4 f e e t : U. S, Geol. Surv.).

Adolphus*, William Augustus. Last duke of Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. An expoNassau.

Died at H o h e n b e r g , NOT. 17, 1905.

Adye *, Sir John Miller. Died Aug. 26,1900. -iEgidi", Ludwig Kail. Died at Berlin, Nov.

19, 1901. A f r a g o l a (a-fra-go'la). A city of Italy, in t h e province of Naples, about t e n miles n o r t h e a s t of t h e city of Naples. P o p u l a t i o n (1901), 22,419. A f r i d i s ( a - f r e ' d i z ) . A w a r l i k e t r i b e of A f g h a n s dwelling south of P e s h a w a r .

Agardh*, Jakob Georg. Died at Lund, Swe-

sition held a t Seattle, Wash., f r o m J u n e to October, 1909, f o r t h e purpose of exhibiting t h e resources a n d d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e progress of n o r t h w e s t e r n America a n d t h e Pacific coast

g e n e r a l l y . I t was planned to occupy 250 acres of the campus of t h e University of Washington. The twelve main exhibit buildings were those of (1) the United States government, (2) Alaska, (3) Yukon, (4) Manufactures, Liberal Arts, and Education, (5) Agriculture, (6) Machinery, (7) Forestry, (8) Fine Arts, (9) Fisheries, (10) Mines, (11) Hawaii and the Philippines, (12) Foreign. The products of the countries bordering on the Pacific were shown in the foreign exhibits, and exhibits representative of their interest in Pacific trade development were made by the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the Netherlands, etc.

den, 1901. A g a s s i z (ag'a-si), L a k e . A n extensivo postglacial lake which occupied t h e vallev of the R e d River in N o r t h Dakota, Minnesota, a n d A l b a y . 2 . A province in t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n p a r t of L u z o n i n t h e Philippine Islands. It is Manitoba. The r e t r e a t i n g ice-sheet ponded hounded by Ambos Camarines on the north, the Pacific waters in f r o n t of it a n d in these w e r e laid Ocean and Sorsogon on the east, Sorsogon and the Visayan d o w n sediments, now t h e fertile wheat-iields Sea on the south, and the Visayan Sea on the southwest of t h i s region. and west. Capital, Albay. Besides its area in Luzon it

Agassiz (ag'a-si), Mount. 1. A peak of the

U i n t a h Mountains in U t a h , 13,000 f e e t high. — 2 . A peak in Chile, in t h e t e r r i t o r y of Magallanes, about lat. 50° S. I t is about 10,000 feet high. A g n o (iig'no). 1. A river of central Luzon, in t h e Philippine Islands. It rises in the northern

includes several islands, among them Catanduanes and Patau. Albay, including Catanduanes, is t h e largest abaca-producing province of the Philippines. A good quality of coal is mined in Batan. Gold and mercury are reported in other parts of the province. The northeastern coast is indented by Albay Gulf. Mountains extend from east to west, the eastern extremity being Mayon Volcano. The inhabitants are Bicols. Area, 1,783 square miles. Population (1903), 2 4 0 , m

mountains of Benguet province, and flows southward into Pangasinan, where it divides and turns westward, enter- A l b a y (àl-bï') Gulf. A gulf on t h e e a s t e r n ing Lingayen Gulf by channels at Dagupan, Lingayen, San coast of Albay province, s o u t h e a s t e r n Luzon, Isidro, and San Fabian. The produce of t h e northern in t h e Philippine Islands. part of the central valley of Luzon is carried by branches Albay Volcano. See Mayon Volcano. of the Agno to Lingayen Gulf. Length, about 128 miles. Albert* (Alexandre Martin). Died in May,

3 2 . A r i v e r of western Luzon, rising in t h e 1895. ' Zambales Mountains and flowing west t o t h e A l b e r t (iil-bàr'), E u g è n e d'. B o r n â t Glasgow, China Sea. April 10, 1864. A pianist a n d composer, a A g n o n e ( a - n y o ' n a ) . A city of Italy, in the p u p i l of L i s z t . He has composed a number of operas, province of Campobasso. P o p u l a t i o n (1901), among them " l i e r R u b i n " (1893), " G h i s m o n d a " (1895), " G e m o t " (1897), " D i e Abreise" (1898), and " F l a u t o 6,606; c o m m u n e , 9,793. AgOO (a-go-o'). A m u n i c i p a l i t y of L a U n i o n Solo" (1900) ; two piano concertos; a symphony; two province, w e s t e r n L u z o n , Philippine Islands. string quartets ; and smaller works. As a pianist he is placed among the foremost of contemporary artists. Civilized population (1903), 10,653. A g u a d i l l a (a-gwa-del'yit). 2 . A d e p a r t m e n t Albert Edward*. He ascended the throne as in t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n p a r t of P o r t o Eico. it is Edward VII. on J a n . 22, 1901.

bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Arecibo and Ponce on the east, Mayaguez (separated by mountains) on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean on t h e west. Capital, Aguadilla. Area, 240 square miles. Population (1899), 99,645.

A g u i n a l d o (a-ge-nal'do), E m i l i o . Born a b o u t 1868. A Filipino leader of m i x e d E u r o p e a n

Albion College.

A co-educational Methodist college in Albion, Michigan. It was endowed as the W esleyan Seminary in 1839, and was opened in 1843 ; the present name and system were adopted iti 1861. It lias an endowment of $280.000 and a total yearly income of about $40,000, The students number about 500. A l b u r y (al'bur-i). A t o w n in New South Wales, A u s t r a l i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e border of Victoria a b o u t two h u n d r e d miles n o r t h e a s t of Melbourne. I t is at, the limit of s t e a m navigation on t h e M u r r a y River. Population, about 5,500.

Alden (àl'den), Henry Mills. Born at Mount

Tabor, Vt., Nov. 11, 1836. A n A m e r i c a n author, editor, a n d classical scholar. He was man-

aging editor of " H a r p e r ' s Weekly" 1863-09, and since 1869 has been editor of "Harper's Monthly." He is t h e author of "God in His World "(1390), " A S t u d y of D e a t h " (189a), and, in collaboration with A. H. Guernsey, " H a r per's Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion " (1802-65), besides poems and essays.

Alden (àl'den), William Livingston. Born

at Williamstown, Mass., Oct. 9, 1837: died a t Buffalo, N. Y., J a n . 14, 1908. A n A m e r i c a n a u t h o r a n d journalist. He mote "Canoe and Flying Proa," "Loss of the Swansea," " A l o s t Soul," " T o l d by the Colonel." etc.

Aldrich*, Thomas Bailey. Died at Boston,

M a r c h 19, 1 9 0 7 . His later works include " T w o Kites at a Cherry " (1894), ".) udith and Holofernes " (1896), " A Sen T u r n " (1902), "Ponkapog P a p e r s " (1903), " J u d i t h of Rethulia" (1904), " P a u l i n e Pavlovna" and "Songs and Sonnets " (1907).

A l d r i c h (àl'drich) D e e p . A very deep portion of the Pacific Ocean, lying n o r t h e a s t of N e w Zealand and e a s t of t h e K e r m a d e c Islands. A l e r t ( a - l e r f ) . One of t h e steam-vessels of t h e British polar expedition u n d e r Sir George Strong Nares, 1875-76: t h e o t h e r w a s t h e Discovery. The A l e r t p a s s e d t h r o u g h K e n n e d y Channel and w i n t e r e d at F l o e b c r g Beach, (82° 25' N.), t h e most n o r t h e r l y point reached b y ship u p t o t h a t d a t e . A l e x a n d e r I. (al-eg-zan'dér). Born at Belgrade, Aug. 14, 1876: died there, J u n e 11, 1903. K i n g of Servia, 1889-1903, son of Milan I. a n d Queen Natalie. He was proclaimed king, under a regency, upon the abdication of his father, March 6, 1889. On April la, 1893, he assumed personal control of affairs. Oil April 7, 1903, he s u s p e n d e d ' t h e constitution and annulled a series of laws passed by the Radical government, and on the night of J u n e 10 was assassinated with Queen Draga in the palace. He was t h e last of the Obrenovitch dynasty and was succeeded by Peter I., the choice of t h e military party.

Alexander (al-eg-zan'dér), Edward Porter.

Born a t Washington, Ga., May 26, 1835. A n A m e r i c a n soldier a n d engineer. He was gradu-

ated a t West Point in 1857 ; entered the Confederate Army in 1861; served with the Army of Northern Virginia throughout the war ; and became chief of ordnance. I n 1804 he was promoted brigadier-general and chief of artillery in Longstreet's corps." At the battle of Gettvsburg he directed the bombardment which preceded and accompanied the charge of Pickett's men.

Alexander*, Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil. Prince of Hesse.

Died Dec. 15, 1888.

Alexandra*, (Caroline Marie Louise Julie). England.

Charlotte

W i f e of E d w a r d VII., king of

Alexandra Feodorovna (al-eg-zan'drii fa-odo-rov'na). (Victoria Alice (Alix) Helena

L o u i s e B e a t r i c e ) . Born a t D a r m s t a d t , J u n e 6, 1872. E m p r e s s of Russia, t h e f o u r t h d a u g h t e r of L u d w i g IV., G r a n d D u k e of Hesse, a n d P r i n c e s s Alice, d a u g h t e r of Queen Victoria. She m a r r i e d Nicholas II., E m p e r o r of Russia, N o v e m b e r 26, 1894.

Alexeief (a-lek'sa-yef), Eugenii Ivanovitch.

Born 1843. A R u s s i a n admiral, a p p o i n t e d imperial l i e u t e n a n t w i t h control of both diplom a t i c and military affairs in t h e F a r E a s t , J u l y 30, 1903, shortly before t h e o u t b r e a k of t h e R u s s o - J a p a n e s e war. From 1883 to 1893 he

was naval attaché of the Russian embassy in Paris ; commanded the Russian squadron during the Chinese-Japanese war 1894-97 ; and took possession of Port Arthur. I n 1898 he was promoted vice-admiral and made commander of Kwangtung province. He took part in the work of t h e allies in China 1900-01, and became chief of the Russian Pacific squadron. His conduct of affairs after his appointment to t h e imperial lieutenancy was unsuccessful, and after t h e early Japanese successes he was deprived (AprD, 1904) of most of his power. He retired ill November and returned to Russia.

Albert Friedrich August*. King of Saxony. Alfonso XIII.* He was married to Princess Died at t h e Castle of Sibyllenort, Silesia, J u n e 19, 1902.

Alfred*, Prince (Duke of Edinburgh). Second

tria.

Algeciras Conference. All international con-

Albert Friedrich Rudolf*. Archduke of AusDied a t Areo, Tyrol, F e b . 18, 1895.

Alberta*, 1, 1905.

A province of Alberta was proclaimed Sept. It includes the former district of Alberta, t h e

E n a (Victoria) of B a t t e n b e r g May 31, 1906. son of Queen Victoria.

Died J u l y 30, 1900.

f e r e n c e held a t Algeciras, Spain, J a n u a r y 16April 7, 1906, f o r t h e p u r p o s e of d e l i b e r a t i n g

Algeciras Conference

Annunzio

upon reforms in Morocco, it was presided over by

t h e Duke of Almodovar, t h e Spanish minister of foreign affairs. I t resulted in a compromise between the claims of Franco and Germany with regard to finance and police in Morocco. The maintenance of order in t h e ports of Morocco for t h e n e x t five years was placed in t h e hands of France and Spain ; and it was decided t h a t t h e bank of Morocco, to be established at Tangier, should be international. Various reforms were urged upon the Sultan of Morocco, such as t h e removal of disabilities placed upon citizens of t h e United States (by tile United States delegate), the abolition of slavery (Great Britain), t h e establishment of lighthouses (Germany), t h e publication of commercial statistics (Austria), and t h e immediate construction of railways (Spain). The United States was represented by H e n r y White, ambassador t o Italy.

The practical application of t h e principles resulted in t h e abolition of monopoly and competition and t h e establishing of social and economic equality.

Al vary*, Max. Died J 898. Alverstone, Baron.

See Webstert Richard.

Scotia, the capital of Cumberland County, situated on an arm of Chignecto Bay. It has manufactures and a considerable trade in lumber and ship-building. Population (1901), 4,963.

A m a c u r a (à-ma-ko'rà). A small river in Venezuela which enters the delta of the Ori- Ammen', Daniel. Died July 11, 1898. noco'about fifteen miles west of the mouth of Amosis. See Aahmes. Amundsen (a'mond-sen), Roald. Born in the Barima. Borje, Norway, July 16, 1872. A Norwegian Amador de los Rios, José. See Bios. polar explorer. Between 1903 and 1907, in the Amazulu. See Zulu. he navigated the whole of the Northwest Ambos Oamarines (àm'bòs ka-ma-re'nàs). Gjoa, A province in southeastern Luzon, in the Passage and relocated the north magnetic pole. Philippine Islands. ItisboundedbythePaciflcOcean A m u r a t h V*. Sultan of Turkey May to AuAlger (al' jcr), Russell Alexander. Born in La- on the n o r t h ; Catanduanes Island (separated by Maqueda gust, 1876. Died Aug. 29, 1904. favettc township, Medina Co., Ohio, Feb. 27, Channel), Lagonoy Gulf, and Alhay on t h e east ; Albay Amytis (am'i-tis), or Amitu (a/mi-to). The 1836: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 24, 1907. and Tayabas (separated by mountains) on t h e south ; anil An American politician and general. He served Tayabas (partly separated by the Gulf of Ragay) on t h e Median wife of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babyin the Union army during t h e Civil W a r and was brevetted west. Capital, Nueva Caceres. The northern coast is lon, for whom he built the Hanging Gardens major-general of volunteers in June, 1805 ; was governor deeply indented by San Miguel Bay, a safe harbor in all (which see). of Sliciiigan 1SS5-87 ; was a candidate for t h e presidential nomination at t h e Republican National Convention of 1888 ; was secretary of war 1897-August, 1S99 ; and United States senator from Michigan 1902-07.

Alger*. William Rounseville. Died Feb. 7, 1905. Alikhanof*.

Assassinated July 16, 1907.

weather. T h e province is traversed by mountains, of which several exceed 5.000 feet in height. The volcanoes Iriga and Tsarog are in t h e southern part. Gold, iron, and coal aro found. Ambos Oamarines is well watered, heavily forested with good timber, and productive of large quantities of rice, especially in Oamarines Sur. The chief river, t h e Bicol, or Naga, is navigable by small steamerB as far as Nueva Caceres, 25 miles from its mouth. The native population is chiefly Bicol. Area, 3,279 square miles. Population (1908), 239,405.

Alison", Sir Archibald. Died Feb. 5, 1907. Allain-Targé% François Henri René. Died Ambrosius, Johanna. See Voigt. at the Château de Targé (Maine-et-Loire), July 16, 1902.

Allan, George. Kremnitz.

A pseudonym

of Frau

Allbut (âl'but), Sir Thomas Clifford. Born

July 20, 1836. An English physician, professor of physics in Cambridge University from 1892. He has published ''Science and Medieval Thought'* (1901), and various works on medical subjects.

A m b u e l l a . Same as Jmboella. America. The name given by Lowell Mason to the tune of u God Save the King," after its adaptation for use in connection with the hymn "My Country, "Pis of Thee, ,? written by Samuel F. Smith in 1832. The author of the hymn stated : ' ' I found the tune in a German musicbook, put into my hands by Lowell Mason." America* (yacht). There have been twelve unsuccessful attempts to recover it.

Allen*, Charles Grant Blairfindie. Died at American Museum of Natural History. An institution in New York City, incorporated in

Haslemere, Surrey, Oct. 25, 1899.

1869 for the purpose of establishing and Allen*, Harrison. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., maintaining a museum and library of natural Nov. 14, 1897.

Allen (al'en), Henry Tureman.

1 9 0 3 . H e was g r a d u a t e d at West Point in 1882 ; made a t o u r of exploration in Alaska in 1885 ; was instructor at W e s t Point 1888-90 ; was military attaché in Russia and Germany 1890-98 ; served in t h e Santiago campaign and in t h e Philippines ; and was governor of Leyte in 1901.

Allen (al'en), James Lane. Born near Lexington, Ky., 1849.

An American novelist.

Since 1886, when h e was professor of Latin and higher English at Bethany College, W e s t Virginia, h e has given his entire attention t o writing, i l e is t h e a u t h o r of " F l u t e and Violin " (1891), " T l i e Blue Grass Region of K e n t u c k y " (1892), " A K e n t u c k y Cardinal " (1894), " A f t e r m a t h " (189«), " A Summer in Arcady " (1896), " The Choir I n v i s i b l e " (1897), " T h e Reign of L a w " (1900), " T h e Mettle of the P a s t u r e " (1903), " The Bride of t h e Mistletoe " (1909), etc.

Allison*, W i l l i a m B. Died at Dubuque, Iowa, Aug. 4, 1908.

Allman*, George James. Died Nov. 24,1898.

Almanach de G-otha. See Gotha, Almanack de.

Alma-Tadema*, Sir Laurence. knighted in 1899.

history, and of encouraging and developing The collec-

Born at the study of natural science.

Sharpsburg, Ky., April 13,1859. An American soldier, appointed brigadier-general and chief of constabulary in the Philippine Islands in

He was

tions are contained in a building which, when completed, will inclose four quadrangles and will fully occupy w h a t is now known as M a n h a t t a n Square, an area lying west of Central P a r k and extending f r o m Seventy-seventh t o Eighty-first streets. The portion of t h e s t r u c t u r e now (1909) completed h a s a frontage of 1,072 f e e t and is t h e largest municipal building in New York. T h e m u s e u m is supported in p a r t by an annual appropriation f r o m t h e city, and in p a r t by t h e income from a p e r m a n e n t endowment, f r o m m e m b e r s h i p fees, and f r o m gifts for special purposes. The total of r u n n i n g expensesof maintenance for 1908 was approximately $275,000. The affairs of t h e m u s e u m are administered by a board of trustees, t h e president of which is Henry Fairfield Osborn, who serve without compensation. The exhibits include extensive collections in anthropology, paleontology, geology, mineralogy, conchology, entomology, mammalogy, ornithology, t h e lower animals, and forestry. The library contains about 50,000 volumes. T h e m u s e u m conducts scientific investigations a t home and in t h e field, publishes memoirs, a bulletin and a journal, and i s a center for t h e meetings of local scientific societies. I t also offers free leccures t o t h e public and t o school children, and loans small collections to t h e public schools. More t h a n 1,000,000 people visited the r r u s e u m in 1908 and 109,225 attended the lectures.

Protective Association. A secret Almirante Oquendo (al-mi-riin'tâ ô-ken'dô). American society organized at Clinton, Iowa, March 13, A Spanish cruiser which took part in the naval battle off Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898.

I She was sister ship t o t h e Vizcaya (which see). She was I engaged by t h e Iowa, Indiana, and Oregon, took fire, and was r u n ashore and wrecked about six and a half in ilea ; west of t h e Morro. H e r commander, Don J u a n Bautista Lazaga, was drowned.

A l t (alt), Rudolf. Born at Vienna, Austria, Aug. 28,1812 : died there, March 12, 1905. An Austrian painter, son of Jakob Alt (17891872), also a painter of note. His work isconflned to oil-paintings and water-colors of brilliant realism. He traveled extensively and found his subjects in every country.

Aitamirano*. Ignacio Manuel. Died Feb. 14, 1893.

Altgeld (âlt'gelt), John Peter. Bora in Germany, Docembei*, 1847 : died at Joliet, 111., March 12, 1902. An American Democratic

p o l i t i c i a n . H e was b r o u g h t t o t h e United States by his parents when an i n f a n t ; served in t h e Union Army ; was a d m i t t e d to t h e Missouri bar in 1869; was j u d g e of t h e Superior Court, Chicago, 1886-91 ; and was governor of Illinois 1893-97. As governor he attracted wide attention by his pardon in June, 1893, of Neebe, Schwab, and Fielden, t h r e e anarchists who had been concerned in t h e Old Haym a r k e t riot a t Chicago, May 4,1886. H e was a prominent advocate of t h e free coinage of silver and was a supporter of W. J. Bryan for t h e presidency in 1896 and 1900. H e published " O u r r e n a l Machinery and ita "Victims" (1884), " L i v e Questions" (1890), etc.

1887. I t s chief objects were t h e securing of greater restrictions on immigration and' on t h e naturalization of immigrants, t h e prevention of State aid to parochial schools, and t h e exclusion of Roman Catholics from political, and, as f a r as possible, from industrial affairs. Its chief activity was in t h e Middle West, b u t an international organization was effected, t h e membership of which, in 189(J, was said to be a b o u t 2,500,000. The decline of t h e organization waa as rapid as its rise. Abbreviated A. P. A.

American School of Classical Studies at

Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Mas-

sachusetts, The. The first regularly organized military company in America, formed in 1637 a n d c h a r t e r e d i n 1638. I t s founders had been m e m bers of t h e Honourable Artillery Company of London, chartered in 1537. Formed to be a school for soldiers, i t still exists u n d e r its original charter, and upon its rolls in every generation since its b i r t h stand t h e names of t h e most distinguished men of t h e Colony and State.

Andersen (an'der-sen), Karl. Born at Co-

penhagen, Oct. 26,1828: died there Sept. 1,1883. A Danish lyric and epic poet. He lived in Ice-

land 1837-48, Nvhen he r e t u r n e d to Denmark—becoming inspector and i n t e n d a n t of Castle Rosenborg in Copenhagen. His works include " Strit og F r e d " (1858), " R o m a n s e r og S a n g e r " (1880), " G e n r e b i l l e d e r " (186781), etc.

Anderson*. John. Scottish geologist. Died Aug. 16, 1900. Andover* (Mass.). The Andover Theological Seminary has been removed to Cambridge and is affiliated with Harvard University. A n d r a i (àn-dràl'), Gabriel. Born at Paris, Nov. 6, 1797: died at Châteauvieux, Loir-etCher, Feb. 13, 1876. A French physician, professor in the University of Paris 1828-66. Among

his works are " C l i n i q u e m é d i c a l e " (1823-27), " P r é c i s d'anatomie p a t h o l o g i q u e " (1829), " C o u r s de pathologie i n t e r n e " (1836-37X etc.

Andree (an'drâ), Salomon August. Born at Grenna, Sweden, Oct. 18, 1854. A Swedish engineer and aeronaut, in 1896 he was prepared

to a t t e m p t t o reach the I f o r t h Pole in a balloon from Spitzbergen b u t was prevented by t h e direction of t h e wind. On J u l y 11, 1897, w i t h t w o friends, Strindberg and Frankel, he made a successful start f r o m Danes Island on t h e northwestern coast of Spitzbergen. Four days later a carrier-pigeon, w i t h a message giving t h e position of t h e balloon as I a t 82° 2' K , long. 15° 5' E., on t h e 13th, was shot on t h e sealer Aiken. Several buoys belonging to t h e balloon have been found, b u t no definite knowledge of t h e fate of t h e p a r t y has been obtained.

Andrews*, Edward Gayer. Died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1907.

Andrews (an'droz), Elisha Benjamin. Born

at Hinsdale, N. H., Jan. 10, 1844, An American educator and Baptist clergyman, chancellor of the University of Nebraska 1900-1908.

He served as a private and officer in t h e Union Army in t h e Civil "War; was graduated at Brown University in 1870 ; was president of Denison University (Granville, Ohio) 1875-79 ; was professor of homiletics in Jiewton Theological I n s t i t u t i o n 1879-82 ; was professorof history and political economy a t Brown 1882-H8, and of political economy and finance at Cornell 1888-89 ; and was p r e s i d e n t of Brown 1889-98. From 1898-1900 he was s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of schools in t h e city of Chicago. l i e is t h e author of " A History of t h e United States in our Own Times " (1904), etc.

Angel in the House, The. A poem by Coven-

try Pat more. I t was published in four p a r t s : " T h e B e t r o t h a l " (published anonymously in 1854), " T h e Espousals" (1856), " F a i t h f u l Forever, " a poem of disappointed love (1860), and " The Victories of Love," a poem of bereavement (1862). I t is an idyl of t h e home.

A t h e n s . A school founded at Athens, Greece, by the Archaeological Institute of America, Angeli*, James Burrill. He was minister to Turkey 1897-98. In 1909 he resigned the opened in 1882, and supported by individuals presidency of thè University of Michigan. and the leading American colleges and univers i t i e s . I t s main purpose is t h e study of Greek A n j u (an-jô'). A t o w n i n Korea, situated near arclneology and t h e most important work it has under- the coast at the head of Korea Bay. It is on taken is t h e exploration of ancient Corinth (begun in the railroad and was of importance during the Russo-Japanese war. 1896), and t h e excavation of t h e Heraion at Argos.

Michael. Died in 1899. American School of Classical Studies at Annenkof*, Annunzio (àn-nôn'tzi-ô), Gabriele d\ Bornât Rome. A school founded at Rome in 1895 by the Archaeological Institute of America, and supported by individuals and the leading American colleges and universities.

American Volunteers, The (official title, The Volunteers of America). A religious organ-

ization founded in March, 1896, by Mr. and Mrs. Ballington Booth, who separated from the Salvation Army. It was designed to be essentially A l t r a r i a (al-tro'ri-a). An imaginary com- American in constitution and method. monwealth, the government and institutions of which are founded upon the principles of Ames*, Adelbert. He was appointed brigaa l t r u i s m , W. D. Howells has described such a com- dier-general of volunteers in 1898. m u n i t y in his book " A Traveler f r o m A l t r u r i a " (1894). A m h e r s t (am'èrst). A seaport of Nova

Pescara, Italy, in 1864.

An Italian poet and

novelist. H e has written " P r i m o Vere"(1879), " C a n t o N u o v o " (1882), " T e r r a V e r g i n e " (1882), " I n t e r m e z z o di rime" (1883), " I l libro delli V e r g i n i " (1884), " L'Isottèo : La Chimera " (1885-88), " San Pantaleone " (18S6), " Elegie r o m a n e " (1887-91), " Giovanni Episcopo "(1891 : translated as " Episcopo and Company," 1896), " Poema paradisiaco : Odi navali " (1891-93), " Il Piacere '' (1889), " L'Innocente " (1891), " T r i o n f o della M o r t e " (1894 : tr. " T h e Triumph of Death," 1896), " Le Vergini delle Rocce " (1896), " La Citta M o r t a " (1898), " L a Gioconda" (1899), " I l f u o c o " (1899), " La Canzone di Garibaldi " (1900), " Franoesca da Rimini " (1901), " L i L a u d i " (1904), " L a fiaccola sotto il m o g g i o " (1905), " P i ù che l'amore M (1906), "L'Orazione e la Canzone in morte d' Giosuè Carducci " (1907), "La nave " (1908).

4

Anping A n p i n g (ân-ping')- A seaport on the southwestern eoast of the island of Formosa, about twenty miles north of Takow. A n t a r c t i c a (an-tari'ti-ka). All that portion of the southern hemisphere which lies between the antarctic circle and the south pole ; the Antarctic.

Antarctic Ocean*.

The Belgica expedition took place 1ST7-SB. B o r c h g r e v m k p e n e t r a t e d (18B8-190J ) t o l a t . 78* &0' S., t h e f a r t h e s t p o i n t t h e n r e a c h e d ; Oapt. Ji. F . S c o t t (1902), t o 82° 17' S. ; l i e u t e n a n t S h a c l i l e t u n (1908-09), t o 88" sis' S. A n o t a b l e s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t of t h i s l a s t e x p e d i t i o n w a s t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e s o u t h m a g n e t i c p o l e a t l a t . 72 s 2b' S., l o n g . 154° E . Frenuli a n t a r c t i c e x p e d i t i o n s w e r e l e d b y D r . C h a r c o t i n 1905 a n d 1908. V a l u a b l e w o r k w a s d o n e b y t h e A r g e n t i n e g o v e r n m e n t in e s t a b l i s h i n g a n u m b e r of antarctic rneteorologicajstations.

Anthony*, Susan Brownell. Died at Roch-

Astley

seaTch, founded in Boston in 1879. it has Bince Arnold*, Sir Arthur. Died at London, May e s t a b l i s h e d a f f i l i a t e d s o c i e t i e s i n d i f f e r e n t cities. T h e I n - 20, 1902. He was knighted in 1895. s t i t u t e f o u n d e d t h e A m e r i c a n School of Classical S t u d i e s Died March 24,1904. a t A t h e n s ( o p e n e d 1882), t h e A m e r i c a n School of Classical Arnold*, Sir E d w i n .

S t u d i e s i n K o i n e (189i>), a n d t h e A m e r i c a n School f o r O r i e n t a l S t u d y a n d R e s e a r c h i n P a l e s t i n e (1900). I t s ofticial o r g a n is t h e " A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l of A r c h t c o l o g y . " I t also issues r e p o r t s and special publications relating to archaeology.

A r c h e r (àr'chèr), W i l l i a m . Born at Perth, Scotland, Sept. 23, 1856. An English author and dramatic critic. H e s t u d i e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of E d i n b u r g h ; w a s d r a m a t i c c r i t i c of t h e L o n d o n " F i g a r o " 1879-81 ; a n d h e l d a similai- p o s i t i o n o n t h e staff of t h e L o n d o n " W o r l d " 1884-1905, a n d a f t e r w a r d o n t h e " T r i b u n e . " H e is t h e a u t h o r of " E n g l i s h D r a m a t i s t s of T o - d a y " ( 1 8 8 2 ) , " H e n r y . I r v i n g " (1883), " A b o u t t h e T h e a t r e " (188ti), " M a s k s o r F a c e s ? A S t u d y in t h e P s y c h o l o g y of A c t i n g " (1888), a b i o g r a p h y of W . C. M a c r e a d y (1890), " S t u d y a n d S t a g e " (1899), " A m e r i c a T o - d a y " (1900). " R e a l C o n v e r s a t i o n s " (1904), etc. l i e h a s a l s o t r a n s l a t e d H e n r i k I b s e n ' s p r o s e d r a m a s (1890-91), e t c .

Arnold*. Thomas. Born 1823 : died 1900. Arnold-rorster (âr'nold-fôr'stèr), Hugh Oakeley. Born 1855 : died at London, Mar. 12, 1909. A British Liberal-Unionist statesman, son of William Detutield Arnold and adopted son of William Edward Forster (his

uncle). H e was educated at R u g b y and at University College, O x f o r d , a n d w a s c a l l e d t o t h e b a r of L i n c o l n ' s I n n in 1879. H e w a s a m e m b e r of t h e H o u s e of C o m m o n s f o r B e l f a s t , "West, 1892-1905, a n d f o r C r o y d o n f r o m 1 9 ^ , w a s p a r l i a m e n t a r y s e c r e t a r y t o t h e a d m i r a l t y 1900-03 ; a n d w a s s e c r e t a r y of s t a t e f o r w a r 1903-Dec., 1905. H e p u b l i s h e d " H o w t o s o l v e t h e I r i s h L a n d Q u e s t i o n " (1889), " I n a C o n n i n g T o w e r " (1891), " O u r H o m e A r m y " ( l e t t e i s in t h e " T i m e s , " 1891-92), " A r m y L e t t e r s "(1898), " O u r G r e a t C i t y " (1900), " W a r Office, A r m y , a n d E m p i r e " (1900); " E n g l i s h S o c i a l i s m of T o - d a y " (1908) ; etc.

ester, N. Y., March 13, 1906. A n t i o c h College*. It has been controlled by the Christian Connection. A r c t i c Explorers'*. See also Abruzzi, Amund- Arrhenius (âr-rà'ni-os), Svante August. A n t i q u e ( a n - t ë ' k â ) . A province, long, nar- sen, Andrée, Baldwin, CooJc, Fiala, Lockwood, Born at Wyk, near Upsala, Sweden, Feb. 19, 1859. A Swedish chemist, professor of physics row, and mountainous, in the western part of Well man. Panay, in the Philippine Islands. C a p i t a l , S a n A r c t i c H i g h l a n d s . A region on the western at Stockholm from 1891, and director of physical chemistry at the Nobel Institute in StockJ o s é d e B u e n a v i s t a . I t is b o u n d e d b y C a p i z o n t h e n o r t h , C a p i z a n d l l o i l o o n t h e east, a n d t h e V i s a y a n Sea o n t h e coast of Greenland, north of Melville Bay and holm since 1905: especially noted l'or his His most ims o u t h a n d w e s t . M o u n t a i n s s e p a r a t e i t f r o m t h e o t h e r Cape York: so named by Captain Ross, its researches in physical chemistry. p r o v i n c e s of P a n a y . I t h a s m a n y r i v e r s . T h e chief p r o d - discoverer (1818). Its inhabitants, a small p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s c i e n c e is h i s t h e o r y of e l e c t r o H e h a s p u b l i s h e d a t e x t - b o o k of u c t s a r e r i c e a n d s u g a r - c a n e , a n d t h e m a n u f a c t u r e s cot- number of pure Eskimos, are called 'Arctic l y t i c d i s s o c i a t i o n . t o n c l o t h s a n d b l a n k e t s . T h e n a t i v e r a c e i s V i s a y a n . Highlanders. ? e l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y (1890), " l e h r b u c h d e r cosniisclien P h y A r e a , 1,134 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 734,166. s i k " (1903), " T h e o r i e d e r C h e m i e " (1906), " T h e L i f e of t h e U n i v e r s e "(1909), e t c . A n t o i n e ( où - twan ' ), André. Born at Limoges, 1858. A French actor, the founder (Oc- Arditi*, Luigi. Died May 1, 1903. 1. A village in Los tober, 1887) of the Théâtre Libre and director Arecibo. 2. A department in the northern A r t e s i a (âr-të'sia). of the Odèon 1Ô06-. T h e T h é â t r e L i b r e g a v e i t s f i r s t part of Porto Rico, I t is b o u n d e d b y t h e A t l a n t i c Angeles Co., California.— 2. A post-town in in O c e a n o n t h e n o r t h ; S a n J u a n o n t h e e a s t ; P o n c e ( p a r t l y Lowndes Co., Mississippi.— 3. A town r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t ' l ' E l y s é e d e s lieau-x-Arts, M o n t m a r t r e , P a r i s . I t s p u r p o s e w a s t o p r e s e n t t o a n a u d i e n c e con- s e p a r a t e d b y m o u n t a i n s ) o n t h e s o u t h e a s t ; P o n c e o n t h e Eddy Co., New Mexico, s i s t i n g e u t i r e l y of s u b s c r i b e r s , p l a y s of i n t r i n s i c m e r i t s o u t h a n d s o u t h w e s t ; a n d A g u a d i l l a o n t h e w e s t C a p i - A r t h u r (ar'thur), T i m o t h y S h a y . Born near w h i c h c o u l d n o t , f o r w e l l - f o u n d e d r e a s o n s , b e g i v e n else- tal, A r e c i b o . A r e a , 621 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1899), Newburg, N. Y., 1809: died at Philadelphia, where. Its general tone was strongly naturalistic. F o r 162,308. March 6, 1885. A writer of moral tales. He Born at Sis- p u b l i s h e d s o m e f i f t y s t o r i e s , of w h i c h t h e b e s t k n o w n is a s h o r t t i m e i n 1896 A n t o i n e w a s d i r e c t o r of t h e O d è o n , Arène (a-rân'), Paul Auguste. a n d h e o p e n e d t h e T h é â t r e A n t o i n e in 1897. teron, France, June 26,1843 : died at Antibes, " T e n N i g h t s i n a B a r - r o o m . " I n 1852 h e f o u n d e d " A r t h u r ' s A n t u n g (àn-tmig'). A town of Manchuria sit- France, Dec. 18, 1896. A French journalist, H o m e M a g a z i n e . " uated on the Yalu river, near its mouth, below dramatist, novelist, and Provençal poet, a Asakawa (à-sâ-ka/wâ), Kan-Ichi. Born in Wiju. I t w a s o p e n e d t o f o r e i g n t r a d e , b y a g r e e m e n t be- member of Les Félibres. H e w r o t e " P i e r r o t h é r i - Japan, Dec. 20, 1873. A Japanese scholar, t i e r , " a o n e - a c t c o m e d y i n v e r s e (1865), " J e a n d e s F i g u e s , " appointed instructor in the history of Japanese t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , i n J a n u a r y , 1904, a n d a f t e r t h e R u s s o - J a p a n e s e w a r w a s r e o p e n e d b y J a p a n a n o v e l (1870), " L e s c o m é d i e n s e r r a n t s " (1873 : w i t h V e r - civilization in Yale University from 1907. He in 190G. T h e J a p a n e s e l e f t a p p r o a c h e d i t o n t h e d u r i n g t h e b a t t l e of t h e Y a l u r i v e r , M a y 1,1904.

north

A n n y an (ân-ô-yà'ô). A mountain in Cagayan province, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Height, 8,123 feet. A o k i (ii-o'ki), Viscount SÌUZO. Born in Choshu, Japan, January, 1844. A Japanese statesman and diplomatist. He studied in Germany and

nier), " C h a r " (1878: w i t h A l p h o n s e D a u d e t ) , " L a v r a i e t e n t a t i o n d e S a i n t A n t o i n e " (1879), " A u b o n s o l e i l , " P r o v e n ç a l t a i e s (1879), " P a r i s i n g é n u " (1882), " V i n g t j o u r s e n T u n i s i e " (1884), " L a c h è v r e d ' o r " (1889), e t c .

was g r a d u a t e d a t W a s e d a University, Tokio, a n d a t Dartm o u t h C o l l e g e i n 1899, w h e r e h e w a s l e c t u r e r o n E a s t A s i a n h i s t o r y 1902-06. He has published " T h e Early I n s t i t u t i o n a l L i f e of J a p a n " (1903), " T h e R u s s o - J a p a n e s e C o n f l i c t " (1904), " J a p a n " (1906), e t c .

cluding t h e chairman, W. W. Armstrong, were appointed f r o m t h e S e n a t e a n d five f r o m t h e A s s e m b l y . C h a r l e s E . H u g h e s w a s c h o s e n b y t h e c o m m i t t e e a s its chief c o u n s e l . T h e s e s s i o n s f o r r e c e i v i n g t e s t i m o n y o p e n e d S e p t , 0,1905, i n t h e A l d c r m a n i c C h a m b e r , N e w Y o r k , a n d c l o s e d Dec. 30, 1905. M a n y f a c t s in r e g a r d t o t h e m i s m a n a g e m e n t of t h e i n s u r a n c e c o m p a n i e s of N e w Y o r k w e r e b r o u g h t t o l i g h t , a n d i m p o r t a n t l e g i s l a t i o n r e s u l t e d (1906) f r o m t h e investigation.

1892-95 ; e c c l e s i a s t i c a l c o m m i s s i o n e r 1892-95 ; c h a n c e l l o r of t h e e x c h e q u e r D e c e m b e r , 1905, t o 1908 ; a n d p r e m i e r a n d first l o r d of t h e t r e a s u r y 1908-.

A r g a o (àr-gâ'ô). A municipality in the eastern part of Cebu province, Cebu, Philippine Ascoli*, G-raziadio Isaia. Born at Gorizia, Islands. Civilized population (1903), 35,448. July 16, 1829 : died at Milan, Jan. 21, 1907. Argentine Republic*. Its legislature contains Ashanti*. It became a British protectorate in w a s a p p o i n t e d s e c r e t a r y of t h e J a p a n e s e l e g a t i o n a t Ber- 30 senators and 120 deputies. 1896 and was annexed in 1901. l i n i n 1873 a n d m i n i s t e r i n 1875, w a s v i c e - m i n i s t e r of (â - rë - Sii ' ka), Lieutenant-general. A s h i k a g a (â-shi-kâ'gâ). A city of Japan, f o r e i g n a f f a i r s 1886-89, a n d w a s m i n i s t e r of f o r e i g n af- A r i s a k a f a i r e 1889-91 a n d 1898-1900. I n 1906 h e w a s a p p o i n t e d Born in Choshu in February, 1852. A Japanese situated about sixty-five miles northwest of f i r s t J a p a n e s e a m b a s s a d o r t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , r e t i r i n g i n soldier, inventor (1901) of a quick-firing moun- Tokio. Population* upward of 22,000. 1907. H e is a m e m b e r of t h e p r i v y c o u n c i l of t h e e m p i r e . tain gun used in the Japanese army. He was A s h m e a d - B a r t l e t t (ash'mëd-bàrt'let), Sir created a baron in 1907. E l l i s . Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., 1849: died at A . P. A , An abbreviation of American ProtecLondon, Jan. 18, 1902. An English ConservaArizona*. It has 13 counties. tive Association (which see). politician of American parentage. He was Aparri (à-pâ'rë). A municipality and port A r k a n s a s * . The State sends 7 representatives tive educated at Torquay and Christ Church,Oxford; was called or Cagayan province, in the northern part of to Congress and has 9 electoral votes. t o t h e b a r of t h e I n n e r T e m p l e i n 1877 ; w a s a m e m b e r of Luzon, Philippine Islands, at the mouth of Armour (àr'môr), Philip Danforth. Born at P a r l i a m e n t f o r E y e , S u f f o l k , 1880-85 a n d f o r E c c l e s a l l , the Rio G-rande de Cagayan. Civilized popu- Stockbridge, N. Y., May 16, 1832: died at Sheffield, 1885-1902 ; a n d w a s civil l o r d of t h e a d m i r a l t y Chicago, 111., Jan. 6, 1901. An American cap- 1885-92. K n i g h t e d i n 1892. I l e w a s a s t r o n g i m p e r i a l i s t lation (1903), 18,252. Appalachian Plateau. A name defined by italist. H i s f o r t u n e w a s l a r g e l y m a d e in t h e c o m m i s s i o n a n d s e r v e d in t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n w a r in 1900. H e p u b the United States Geographic Board (1907) as b u s i n e s s ( p o r k , g r a i n , etc.) i n C h i c a g o a n d e l s e w h e r e . H e l i s h e d " T h e B a t t l e f i e l d s of T h e s s a l y " (1897). including the entire plateau forming the west- f o u n d e d in C h i c a g o t h e A r m o u r I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y A s o (a'so), Mount. A living volcano in the island of Kiusiu, Japan. ern member of the Appalachian system, known ( o p e n e d S e p t , 1893). Milto, in the north as the Allegheny plateau and in Armstrong (ârm'strông), David Maitland. A s p a s i a (as-pà'shia) the Younger. Born afc Newburg, N. Y., April 15, 1836. An the daughter of Hermotiinus, a native of the south as the Cumberland plateau. American artist. H e s t u d i e d a r t i n P a r i s ( w h e r e h e Phocaea in Asia Minor. On a c c o u n t of h e r b e a u t y a A p p a l a c h i a n S y s t e m . According to the United w a s a p u p i l of M e r s o n ) a n d i n R o m e . F o r f o u r y e a r s h e s a t r a p of P e r s i a c a r r i e d h e r off a n d p r e s e n t e d h e r t o C y r u s ¡States Geographic Board (1907), all the eastern w a s c o n s u l - g e n e r a l of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n I t a l y , a n d w a s t h e Y o u n g e r . H e c h a n g e d h e r n a m e t o A s p a s i a ( a f t e r t h e mountains of the United States from Alabama a p p o i n t e d d i r e c t o r of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of A m e r i c a n a r t a t m i s t r e s s of P e r i c l e s ) a n d l i v e d w i t h h e r a s h e r n u s b a n d . t h e e x p o s i t i o n of 1878 in P a r i s . H e h a s d e v o t e d h i m s e l f A f t e r h i s d e a t h s h e f e l l i n t o t h e h a n d s of A r t a x e r x e s , to northern Maine. m a i n l y t o m u r a l p a i n t i n g a n d s t a i n e d glass. H e is a c h e v a - f r o m w h o m s h e w a s c l a i m e d b y D a r i u s w h e n h e w a s Appleton* (Wis.). Lawrence University is l i e r of t h e L e g i o n of H o n o r . d e c l a r e d h e i r t o t h e P e r s i a n t h r o n e b y liiB f a t h e r . A r t a accordance w i t h t h e Persian cusnow undenominational. Armstrong*, William George, Died Dec. 27, xt oemr x)e, s bguatv es hh oe rr t luyp a(in f t e r w a r d m a d e h e r a p r i e s t e s s of onyi* t Count Gyôrgy. Died March 1, 1900. A r t e m i s ( A n a i t i s ) a t E c b a t a n a , or, a c c o r d i n g t o J u s t i n , 3. Armstrong Legislative Committee. A joint a p r i e s t e s s of t h e s u n . Apthorp (ap'thôrp), William Foster. Born committee of the New York Legislature, Asquith (as'kwith), Herbert Henry. Born at Boston, Mass., Oct. 24,1848. A writer on appointed July 20, 1905, to investigate the con- at Morley, Yorkshire, Sept. 12, 1852. An and critic of music. H e w a s g r a d u a t e d a t H a r v a r d dition and the methods of the various life-in- English statesman. H e w a s e d u c a t e d a t B a l l i o l i n 1869, s t u d i e d u n d e r J . K . P a i n e a n d l a t e r u n d e r B. J . surance companies of the State and to recom- College, O x f o r d , a n d w a s c a l l e d t o t h e b a r in 1876. S i n c e L a n g . H e h a s t a u g h t h a r m o n y , t h e p i a n o , a n d c o u n t e r - mend suitable legislation in the interests of 1886 h e h a s b e e n L i b e r a l m e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t f o r E a s t p o i n t , a n d w a s m u s i c a l c r i t i c of t h e B o s t o n " T r a n s c r i p t " the policy-holders. Of i t s e i g h t m e m b e r s , t h r e e , in- F i f e . H e w a s s e c r e t a r y of s t a t e f o r t h e h o m e d e p a r t m e n t 1870-1901. H e h a s p u b l i s h e d " H e c t o r B e r l i o z " (1879). " M u s i c i a n s a n d M u s i c L o v e r s " (1894), " B y t h e W a y " (1898), a n d " T h e O p e r a P a s t a n d P r e s e n t " (1901).

Assiniboia*. On the establishment in 1905 of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, the larger part of Assiniboia was incorporated in these provinces. A s s u a n D a m . A dam constructed across the Arcadelt ( àr ' ka -delt ), Jacob. Born in the Nile at Assuan, by Sir Benjamin Baker, for Netherlands aboiit 1514: died at Paris about Arnaboldi (ar-nâ-bôl'di), Alessandro. Born purposes of irrigation, completed in 1902. It 1560. A Dutch composer, long active in Rome at Milan, Nov. 19, 1827. An Italian lyric poet. is 1J m i l e s l o n g a n d i t s m a x i m u m h e i g h t f r o m t h e f o u n H e s t u d i e d l a w in P a v i a , a n d f o r e i g h t e e n y e a r s h e l d a in the papal choir and afterward in Paris. d a t i o n w a s a b o u t 130 f e e t . I n 1907 i t w a s d e c i d e d t o i n u n i c i p a l a p p o i n t m e n t i n M i l a n , b u t r e s i g n e d in 1873 t o His finest compositions were madrigals : he m d e v o t e h i m s e l f t o l i t e r a t u r e . H i s first v o l u m e , " V e r s i , " c r e a s e i t s h e i g h t six m e t e r s . also wrote many masses and motets. Also a p p e a r e d i n 1872, H e a l s o p u b l i s h e d " N u o v i V e r s i " i n Astié*, Jean Frédéric. Died at Lausanne, 1888. Archadelt, Archadet, Arcadet, Harcadelt. May 20, 1894. Archaeological Institute of America. A Arneth*. A l f r e d von. Died at Vienna, July Astley (ast'li), Sir John Dugdale. Born at society for the promotion of archaeological re- 30, 1897. Rome, Feb. 19, 1828 : died at London, Oct. 10, A r a b i Pasha*. He was exiled to Ceylon in 1882 and was pardoned in 1901. Arany*, Laszló. Died at Budapest, Aug. 1, 1898.

Astley 1894.

o

A n o t e d English p a t r o n of sport.

He

•entered t h e a r m y , served in i h e C r i m e a 1854-55, a n d r e t i r e d in 1859 w i t h t h e r a n k of lieutenant-colonel. He s u c c e e d e d t o t h e b a r o n e t c y in 1878 a n d w a s Conservative m e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t f o r N o r t h Lincolnshire 1874-80. F o r m a n y y e a r s h e was a p a t r o n of t h e t u r f . H e w r o t e " F i f t y Years of m y l i f e in t h e W o r l d of S p o r t a t H o m o a n d Abroad " (1894).

Astor Library . In 1895 it was combined with

Baldwin

physiological chemist, professor in W e s l e y a n University, Middletown, Connecticut, f r o m

18' / 3 . H e was t h e first d i r e c t o r of t h e C o n n e c t i c u t Agric u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t Station ( t h e first t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d in t h e U n i t e d States) 1875-77 ; was o r g a n i z e r a n d first d i r e c t o r of t h e office of e x p e r i m e n t s t a t i o n s in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Dep a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e 18«8-91 ; was d i r e c t o r of t h e Storrs A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n 1888-1902 ; a n d f r o m 1894 h a d c h a r g e of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s u p o n n u t r i t i o n establ i s h e d b y t h e d e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e . W i t h Rosa h e w a s t h e i n v e n t o r of t h e r e s p i r a t i o n c a l o r i m e t e r , used t o d e m o n s t r a t e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y t h a t t h e Jaw of t h e conservat i o n of e n e r g y h o l d s t r u e of t h e vital processes of t h e h u m a n body, a n d f o r various o t h e r physiological i n q u i r i e s .

since h e r first visit in 1886. H e r c o m p o s i t i o n s i n c l u d e several pieces for t h e p i a n o a n d a s o n a t a for p i a n o a n d violin.

Austin*, Alfred. He was appointed poet laur e a t e in December, 1895.

Australasian Federation*.

After

several

years of discussion, t h e n e w Australian commonwealth w a s i n a u g u r a t e d on J a n . 1, 1901.

Australia*.

I t is now, w i t h T a s m a n i a , u n i t e d u n d e r a

t h e Lenox L i b r a r y a n d t h e (proposed) Tildeu f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t i n a u g u r a t e d J a n . 1, 1901. T h e six f o r m e r colonies of N e w S o u t h Wales, Victoria, QueensL i b r a r y as t h e N e w York P u b l i e L i b r a r y land, S o u t h Australia, W e s t e r n Australia, a n d T a s m a n i a (which see). a r e d e n o m i n a t e d t h e ' o r i g i n a l states.' l e g i s l a t i v e p o w e r A s t r u p ( a s ' t r ô p ) , E i v i n d . Born at Chrisis vested in a f e d e r a l p a r l i a m e n t , consisting of a g o v e r n o r tiania, Norway, Sept. 17, 1871 : died on t h e A t w o o d ( a t ' w ù d ) , C h a r l e s B. Born at Mill- g e n e r a l ( r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e king), a senate, a n d a h o u s e of Dovrefjeld, Norway, December, 1895. A Nor- bury, Mass., May 18, 1849: died, a t Chicago, r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . T h e r e is ¡HI e x e c u t i v e c o u n c i l of seven i n i s t e r s o f state. T h e o f f i c i a l t i t l e i s t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h wegian arctic explorer, a companion of P e a r y Dec. 19,1895. A n A m e r i c a n architect. He was m of Australia. in his explorations of Greenland 1891-92 a n d e d u c a t e d a t t h e L a w r e n c e Scientific School of H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y a n d in t h e office of W a r e a n d V a n B r u n t in Boston. Austria*, Lower. It Las 64 representatives 1893-95. H e is especially k n o w n as t h e designer-in-chief of t h e Co- in t h e A u s t r i a n Rei-ehsrat a n d a L a n d t a g of A t h a b a s c a * . I n 1905 it w a s divided b e t w e e n l u m b i a n E x p o s i t i o n a t Chicago in 1893, w h e r e h e c r e a t e d 1-7 m e m b e r s . the n e w provinces of A l b e r t a a n d Saskatche- t h e F i n e A r t s B u i l d i n g a n d t h e l'cristvîe. Austria*, Upper. It lias 22 represent,atives AubertinVCharles. Died in 1908. wan, in t h e A u s t r i a n Eeiclisrat a n d a L a n d t a g of Duc d' (Edme Armand 50 m e m b e r s . Atherton (ath'ér-ton), Mrs. (Gertrude Frank- Audiffret-Pasauier*, lin). Born a t "Sau Francisco. A con- G a s t o n ) . Died J u n e 4, 1905. A t e m p o r a r y A m e r i c a n author, grandniece of A u d i t o r i u m (a-di-tô'ri-uin). A large "building v e b u r y , Baron. See Lubbock, Sir John. B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n . She has published "The in Chicago, c o m b i n i n g a hotel a n d a t h e a t e r . Averell*, William Woods. Lied at Bath, D o o m s w o m a n " (1S92), " A W h i r l A s u n d e r " (1895), " Pa- I t is s i t u a t e d a t t h e c o m e r of M i c h i g a n A v e n u e a n d Con- N. Y., F e b . 3, 1900. t i e n c e S p a r h a w k a n d H e r T i m e s " (1897), " H i s F o r t u n a t e Grace " (1897), " A m e r i c a n W i v e s a n d E n g l i s h ITusbands " He was an especial protie Blutserumtherapie" (1892), " Die Ueschichte der Diphtherie " (1893>, " Therapie der Infektionskrankheiten " (1399), and " Beiträgen zur Experimentellen Therapie" (1900).

a t St. P e t e r s b u r g , F e b . 17, 1838 : died there, October, 1906. A R u s s i a n chemist, professor of chemistry a t t h e Institute of Technology in St. P e t e r s b u r g f r o m 1866. He made important in-

vestigations in physical and organic chemistry. His most important publication was his " H a n d b u c h der organischen Chemie " (1880-83).

Belcredi*, Eichard, Count von. Died Dee.

2 1902. B e l f a s t * . I n 1908 t h e Queen's College was raised t o t h e r a n k of a university.

journalist, proprietor of t h e New York " H e r a l d " : son of J a m e s Gordon B e n n e t t .

"Under his auspices (with the London "Telegraph "), Henry M. Stanley made his journey of exploration across Africa 1874-77. He also fitted out the Jeanette polar expedition in 1878.

Bennigsen*, Rudolf von. Died at Bennigsen,

Aug. 7, 1902. H e w a s a m e m b e r of t h e Germ a n Keiehstag 1881-83 and 1887-98. Benson ( b e n ' s o n ) , Edward Frederic. Born a t Wellington College, Berkshire, England, J u l y 24, 1867. A n English novelist, son of E d w a r d W h i t e Benson, Archbishop of Canter-

18,1900. A noted I t a l i a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n , one of t h e originators of the non-Euclidean geomet r y . H e was originally a civil engineer, and became professor successively at Bologna, Pisa, Rome, Pavia, and again at Home. His "Opere m a t e m a t i c h e " were published in 1902.

Benavides (be-na-ve'das), Alonso de. Born

a b o u t 1580. A Spanish F r a n c i s c a n f r i a r -who in 1621 was a p p o i n t e d ' F a t h e r Custodian' of t h e missions of N e w Mexico. He arrived on the

b u r y . He is t h e a u t h o r o f " D o d o " (1893), " T h e Babe" ,,(1897), " M a m m o n aud Co. " (1899), "Scarlet and Hyssop" (189,), (1902), " T h e Challoners" (1904), " T h e Angel of Tain" ii.wzi. (1900), " T h e Blotting Book (1908), " The Climber " (1909),

Benson*, Edward White. Died at Hawardeu, Flintshire, Oct. 10, 1896. Bentley (bent'li), John Francis. Born at

Doncaster, E n g l a n d , 1839: died at Clapham, E n g l a n d , March 2,1902. An English architect.

Ile-was especially successful in the designing and decoration of Roman Catholic churches. In 1894 he was made commissioner to erect the new Roman Catholic cathedral of Westminster, of wliieli the structural part alone was finished at his death.

Rio Grande in 1622 and indefatigably labored to convert the Puebloans, assisted by twenty-six others of liis order, till 1629, when he was relieved. In 1630 he went to Spain B e n t z o n (ban-tsoii'), T h . The p s e u d o n y m of and through Santander presented to the king the now Mme. Blanc'. world-famous "Memorial" containing the record of his g g n V e n u e ( b e n v e - n o ' ) . A mountain near , 11 , n . . . « ,, work, travels, t h e natives, their towns, etc. This was published in 1630 at Madrid and was soon translated into t h e Trossachs, Scotland, rising t r o m t h e southother languages. Xo English translation was made until e r n shore of Loch K a t r i n e . H e i g h t 2,393 f e e t . recently. The work forms the foundation of the history B e r a l d i (be-viil'di), H e n r i . B o r n a t P a r i s , of New Mexico for that period. Ill 1632 he published F e b . 6,1849. A F r e n c h collector a n d historian another book on the opening to commercc of the rivers of the Bay of Espiritu Santo. H e became assistant bishop of e n g r a v i n g . H e inherited from his father a collecin Portuguese India, and on the death of Archbishop Goa tion of many thousand engravings to which he made large succeeded him. additions. He is best known by his " Les graveurs du B e n e d e t t i * , Count V i n c e n t . Died a t Paris, X V I l I e siècle" (1885-86), " L e s graveurs du X I X « s i è c l e " (1885-1892), and " Estampes et livres Paris " (1892). March 28, 1900.

Bengal*.

The districts of the old province of Bengal which lie east of the Ganges have recently been combined into a separate administration, the lieutenant-governorship of eastern Bengal and Assam.

Beilstein (bil'stin), Friedrich Konrad. Born Benguet (ben-get').

Belfort", Battle of.

Bertillon

Boni Bellingham(bel'ing-ham). A city of Whatcom Bennett ( b e n ' e t ) , James Gordon,, B o r n a t N e w York, May 10, 1841. A n A m e r i c a n

An inland province in

the western p a r t of Luzon, Philippine "' ' "Islands. ' '

Capital, Baguio. I t is bounded by La Union and LepantoBontoc (separated by spur's of the Caraballos Occidentales) on the north ; Nueva Vizcaya (separated by the Cordillera Sur) on t h e e a s t P a n g a a i n a n on the s o u t h ; and La Union on tile west. I t is traversed by t h e Agno, which rises in the mountains of the north and flows southward into Pangasinan. Panerasinail. The surface is irregular, and indicates indicates former great volcanic activity. For centuries gold aud copper have been mined in small quantities by the Igorrotes, who form about 95 per cent, of the population. Area, 822 square miles. Population (1903), 22,745.

Benham (ben' am), Andrew Ellicott Ken-

Sometimes called the n e d y . Born a t N e w York, April 10,1832: died

Berenson (ber'en-son), Bernhard. Born at

Wilûa, Russia, J u n e 26, 1865. A n A m e r i c a n

a r t c r i t i c a n d w r i t e r . He is tile author of " Venetian Painters of the Renaissance " (1894), "Lorenzo Lotto, au Essay in Constructive Art Criticism " (1895), "Florentine Painters of the Renaissance " (1896 ; rev. ed., 1909), " Central Italian Painters of theRenaissance"(1897), " T h e Study and Criticism of Italian Art " (1901 : second series 1902), " T h e Drawings of the Florentine Painters" (1903), " N o r t h Italian Painters of the Renaissance " (1906), and shorter contributions to various magazines and reviews. _ _ ___ _

Beresford Jj

a m

(ber'es-ford), Lord

,Je J a p

Q e r

Charles Wil-

B o r n i n I r e l a n d , F e b . 10,

1846. A n E n g l i s h admiral a n d p a r l i a m e n t a r i a n , second son of t h e f o u r t h Marquess of W a t e r -

f o r d . He entered the navy in 1859 and rose to the rank of rear-admiral in 1897, of vice-admiral in 1902, and of admiral in 1906. He was rear-admiral in the Mediterranean 1900-02, commanded the Channel squadron 1903-05 and the Mediterranean fleet 1905-06, and was commanderin-chief of the Channel fleet 1906-09. He has been a Conservative member of Parliament for various terms. In t h e bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 he commanded t h e Condor, and in the Nile expedition of 1884-85 was a member of Lord "VVolseley's staff, and subsequently commanded the naval brigade at t h e battles of Abu-Klea, Abu-Kru, and Metamneh, in the Sudan. H e has written "Nelson and his Tiiyes " (1898: with W. H. Wilson), " T h e Break-up of China" (1899), ctc.

b a t t l e of H e r i c o u r t , f r o m t h e t o w n of t h a t a t L a k e Mahopac, N. Y., A u g . 11, 1905. A n name, b e t w e e n Belfort and Montbeliard, n e a r A m e r i c a n n a v a l officer, p r o m o t e d r e a r - a d m i r a l which t h e b a t t l e occurred. i n 1890. H e entered the navy in 1847and served through B e l g i u m * . The Kongo F r e e State w a s an- the Civil War. In 1894 he was in command of the United n e x e d to Belgium by t h e t r e a t y of Nov. 28, States squadron at Rio de Janeiro and forced t h e insurgent Brazilian vessels to raise the blockade of the port. 1907. Bell*, Alexander Melville. Died at W a s h - B e n j a m i n ( b e n ' j a - m i n ) , M a r c u s . Born a t San Francisco, Cat., J a n . 17, 1857. A n Ameriington, D. C., Aug. 7, 1905. Beil*, Sir Isaac Lowthian. Died Dec. 20, can chemist, editor to t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s National Museum f r o m 1896. He was graduated B e r g m a n n ( b e r g ' m ä n ) , E r n s t v o n . Born a t 1904. from the School of Mines, Columbia University, Tniver.it». in 1878 187«:. R n h e n > Livonia, Dec. 16, 1836: died at WiesBell*, James. Died March 31, 1903. was chemist to the United States laboratory of the New Bell (bei), James Franklin. Bom at Shelby- York appraiser's stores 1883-85; anti was sanitary engineer baden, March 25, 1907. A n e m i n e n t G e r m a n ville, Kv., J a n . 9,1856. A n A m e r i c a n soldier. of the New York Board of Health in 1885. He has con- surgeon, professor of surgery a n d director of He was graduated at the United States Military Academy tributed scientific articles to many publications ; and has t h e surgieal clinic of t h e University in Berlin in 1878 ; served on the plains until 1894 ; and was aide to been a member of t h e editorial staffs of various encyclopef r o m 1882. H e was especially n o t e d f o r his General Forsyth in California 1894-97. He took part in the dias and dictionaries. work in aseptic surgery. campaign in tile Philippine Islands in 1893 ; was awarded a medal of honor by Congress for gallantry ill action near Porac, Luzon; was brigadier-general of volunteers 18991901; and was provost-marshal-general of Manila until 1901, when lie was made a brigadier-general in the regular army. I n 1903 he was appointed commandant o A h e Infantry and Cavalry School. Signal School, and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and in 1908 chief of the general staff of the United States Army, succeeding Lieutenant-General John C. Bates. He was made a major-general in 1907.

Benjamin (ben'ja-min), Park. Born at New :

York, Mav 1 1 , 1 8 4 9 . A n A m e r i c a n p a t e n t B e r l i n % U n i v e r s i t y of. T h e n u m b e r of stulawyer a n d writer, son of P a r k B e n j a m i n , t h e d e n t s is over 8,200; of professors a n d teach-

p o e t . l i e was graduated at the United States Naval e r 8 > a b o u t 500. Academy in 1867 (resigning from the navy in 1869), and Bernardino Strait. See San Bernardino a t t h e Albany Law School in 1870, and was associate Strait editor of the "Scientific American" 1872-78. H e is t h e _ « ,, author of "The Age of Electricity" (ass«), "The Voltaic Bernhardt*. Sarah (Rosine Bernard). Ill Cell" (1892), "Intellectual Rise in Electricity " (1895)," The 1899 she founded in Paris the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, Uniteu States Naval Academy" (1900), etc. He has also of which she is director. She is also professor at the1 Appleton's "Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics" Conservatoire. She has appeared also in " P h è d r e , Bell (bei), James Montgomery. Born at edited and " M o d e m Mechanism " (1892), and has written " L a dame aux camélias," " l a Princesse Lointaine," Williamsburg, P a . , Oct. 1,1837. An A m e r i c a n (1880), "L'Aiglon" (1903), "Théroigne de Méricourt" (1905), " L a soldier, p r o m o t e d brigadier-general in 1901. extensively on naval subjects. sorcière" (1906), " Sainte Thérèse" (1906), " L e s Bouffons" n e entered the army in 1862 and served in the Civil War, Benjamin (ben'ja-min), Samuel Greene (1907), etc. Her "Memoirs" were published in 1907. in various campaigns against t h e Indians, on tlic frontiers, W h e e l e r . B o r n a t Argos, Greece, F e b . 13, and in the Philippine Islands 1900-1901. n e retired in 1837. Au A m e r i c a n a u t h o r a n d artist, t h e son Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcellin. Born t h e latter year. of a n A m e r i c a n missionary. He was graduated a t Paris, Oct. 25, 1827: died t h e r e , March 18, from Williams College in 1859: studied law, seamanship, 1907. He became professor in the École de Pharmacie Bell", John. Died in March, 1895. a r t ; and sewed as first United States minister to in 1860 and in the Collège de France in 1865 ; was general B e l l (bei), R o b e r t . Born a t Toronto, Canada, and Persia, 1883-1885. His works include "Contemporary inspector of higher education in 1876 ; became a member J u n e 3, 1841. A C a n a d i a n geologist, con- Art in Europe " (1877), " A r t in America" (1879), " T h e of the Senate in 1881 ; and was minister of education nected f r o m 1857 w i t h t h e Geological Survey Multitudinous Seas " (1879), " Troy, its Legend and Litera- 1886-87. He published numerous works on chemical and topics, "Science et libre pensée (1905), "Archéoloof Canada, of which he b e c a m e t h e director. t u r e " (1880), " P e r s i a a n d the Persians" (1887), numerous allied gie et historié des sciences " (1906), etc. He was naturalist and geologist of t h e Neptune (1884) paintings, etc. and Alert (1885) expeditions to Baffin Bay and Strait, and _.>. a i f r A j W i l l i a m Bertillon (ber-të-yoii'), Alphonse. Born at Born in W e s t of that of the Diana (1897) to the southcoast of Bafftnland, isenn (Den), Altrea William, P a r i s , April 22, 1853. A F r e n c h anthropoloand has made important geological and topographical m e a t h County, Ireland, 1843. A British classi- gist, chief of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of identification surveys in many parts of the Dominion. From 1803 to cal scholar a n d historian. He is the author of " The in t h e P r e f e c t u r e of Police of t h e Seine. He Greek Philosophers "(1882), " T h e Philosophy of Greece " 1867 he was professor of chemistry in Queen's University, 1898), "A History of English Rationalism in the Nine- devised a method of identifying criminals by means of Kingston. measurements. He has written "L'anthropométrie juditeenth Century" (1906), "Modern E n g l a n d " (1908). Bellamy*, Edward. Died in 1898.

Bertillon

9

Blackmore

c i a i r e " (1890), " I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n t h r o p o m é t r i q u e " (1893), " L a comparison des écritures et l'identification grap h i q u e " (1897), etc.

Biedermann*. Friedrich Karl. Died March

land, but according to old authorities a groom, or shoemaker. H e w a s e d u c a t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of

5, 1901.

Albert. Died at New York, Feb. Bertrand (bâr-troïi'), Joseph Louis François. Bierstadt*, Born at Paris, March. 11, 1822: died there, 18, 1902. April 3, 1900. A noted French mathematician Big-bend State, The. The State of Tennessee, a n d l i t t é r a t e u r . H e w a s e d u c a t e d a t t h e É c o l e Polyt e c h n i q u e , a n d h e l d in s u c c e s s i o n p o s i t i o n s on t h e stall's of t h e L y c é e S a i n t - L o u i s , E c o l e P o l y t e c h n i q u e , E c o l e N o r m a l e , Collège d e F r a n c e , a n d L y c é e N a p o l e o n . H e w a s e l e c t e d a m e m h e r of t h e A c a d e m y of Sciences in 18ó6 a n d i t s p e r p e t u a l s e c r e t a r y i n 1874, a n d s u c c e e d e d J . B. D u m a s as m e m b e r of t h e F r e n c h A c a d e m y in 1884. H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e " T r a i t é d ' a r i t h m é t i q u e " (1849), " T r a i t é d ' a l g è b r e " (1850), " T r a i t é d e c a l c u l d i f f é r e n t i e l e t d e c a l c u l i n t é g r a l " ( 1 8 6 4 - 7 0 ) , " T h e r m o d y n a m i q u e " (1887), " C a l c u l d e s p r o b a b i l i t é s " (1889), a n d v a r i o u s o t h e r m a t h e m a t i c a l a r t i c l e s a n d t r e a t i s e s . H e also p u b l i s h e d " L e s f o n d a t e u r s d e l ' a s t r o n o m i e m o d e r n e " (1805), " L ' a c a d é m i e d e s s c i e n c e s e t l e s a c a d é m i c i e n s d e 1605 h 1793 " (1868), " D ' A l e m b e r t " (1889), " B l a i s e P a s c a l " (1899), e t c .

B e r t r a n d (bâr-tron'), M a r c e l . Born.at Paris, July 2, 1847: died Feb. 13, 1907. An eminent French geologist, professor of geology in the French National School of Mines. In 1896 ho was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences as successor to Pasteur.

Besant (bez'ant), Mrs. (Annie Wood). Born

at London, Oct. 1, 1847. An English theo sophist and writer on theosophical and philosophical topics. I n 1867 s h e m a r r i e d R e v . F r a n k

Besant; a n d w a s l e g a l l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m h i m in 1873. S h e w a s i n f l u e n t i a l in t h e r a d i c a l f r e e - t h o u g h t m o v e m e n t r e p r e s e n t e d b y C h a r l e s B r a d l a u g h , a n d in 1880 b e c a m c p r o m i n e n t as a p u p i l of >1 sciame B l a v a t s k y a n d a m e m b e r of t h e Theosoj>hical Society. I n 1898 s h e f o u n d e d t h e C e n t r a l H i n d i ] C o l l e g e a t B e n a r e s , i n 1904 a girls' s c h o o l a t B e n a r e s , a n d i n 1907 t h e U n i v e r s i t y of I n d i a . H e r p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e " R e i n c a r n a t i o n " (1892), " D e a t h a n d A f t e r " (1893), " K a r m a " (1895), " F o u r G r e a t R e l i g i o n s " (1897), " E s o t e r i c C h r i s t i a n i t y " (1901), « A S t u d y in Consciousness " (low), " Theosophy and the N e w Psychology " (1904), " H i n t s on t h e B l i a g a v a d G i t â " (1905), " T h e W i s d o m of t h e U p a n i s h a t s " (1906), e t c .

Besant" (be-zanf), Sir Walter.

Born Aug.

14, 1836: died June 9, 1901.

Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush. A collection of short stories bylanMaclaren (John Watson), published in 1894. T h e b o o k c o n t a i n s s k e t c h e s ,

h u m o r o u s a n d p a t h e t i c , of S c o t t i s h v i l l a g e l i f e a n d is o n e of t h e m o s t p o p u l a r w o r k s of t h e so-called " k a i l y a r d " school of fiction.

Besnard (be-nar'), Paul Albert. Paris, June, 2, 1849.

Born at

A French painter. He

studied a t t h e École des Beaux-Arts and with the painters Cabanel and Brémond, winning t h e grand prix de Rome. I o 1890 h e t o o k p a r t i n t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e s e c e s s i o n of t h e Salon d u C h a m p d e M a r s . H i s d e c o r a t i o n s of t h e École de P h a r m a c i e are notable.

Bessemer*, Sir Henry.

Died at London,

so called from the Tennessee river ( ' t h e River of the Great Bend'), which traverses it.

Bigelow (big'e-lô), Poultney.

Born at New

York, Sept. 10, 1855. An American journalist and historian, son of John Bigelow. lie was

g r a d u a t e d f r o m Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y in 1879, a n d w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e b a r i n 1832, b u t a b a n d o n e d l a w f o r j o u r n a l i s m a n d t r a v e l e d e x t e n s i v e l y . H e e d i t e d " O u t i n g " 18S5-87 ; s e r v e d as foreign c o r r e s p o n d e n t on " H a r p e r ' s W e e k l y " a n d t h e London " T i m e s " ; a n d has w r i t t e n a n d l e c t u r e d on mode r n history a n d colonial administration. His publications include " The German E m p e r o r and his Eastern N e i g h b o r s " (1891). " B o r d e r l a n d of Osar a n d K a i s e r " (1893), " W h i t e M a n ' s A f r i c a " (1897), C h i l d r e n of t h e N a t i o n s " (1901), " H i s t o r y of t h e G e r m a n S t r u g g l e f o r L i b e r t y " ( c o m p l e t e d 1906), e t c .

Biggs (bigz), Herman Michael. Born at Trumansburg, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1859. An American pathologist and bacteriologist, professorin N e w York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College from 1887, and chief medical officer of the Health Department of the city of N e w York from 1902. H e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e b a c t e r i o -

l o g i c a l l a b o r a t o r i e s of t h e H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t of N e w Y o r k C i t y in 1892, t h e f i r s t m u n i c i p a l i n s t i t u t i o n of t h o k i n d , a n d is d i r e c t o r of t h e C a r n e g i e L a b o r a t o r y of t h e B e l l e v u e H o s p i t a l M e d i c a l College.

Bikélas (bi-kà'lâs), Dimitrios.

Born at Her-

rtmpolis, on the island of Svra, in 1835 : died at Athens, July 20, 1908. Â Greek poet and essayist. H i s b e s t k n o w n w o r k is h i s n o v e l " L u k i s

L a r a s " (1879), a s t o r y of t h e G r e e k w a r of i n d e p e n d e n c e . A c o l l e c t i o n of h i s p o e m s w a s p u b l i s h e d in 18(52 ( s e c o n d e d i t i o n , 1S85). H e also t r a n s l a t e d a n u m b e r of S h a k spere's plays into m o d e r n Greek.

B i l i r a n (bë-lë-rau'). A n island of the Philippines, ofT the north coast of Leyte and belonging to Leyte province. I t s s u r f a c e is m o u n t a i n ous. T h e h i g h e s t p e a k is M a b u i , 4,430 f e e t in h e i g h t . Area, 190 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 19,147.

Billings

John Shaw.

(bil'ingz), S w i t z e r l a n d Co., Ind.,

April

12,

Born in

m4 h e w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e B u r g e o n - g e n e r a l ' s office in " W a s h i n g t o n a n d t o o k c h a r g e of t h e m e d i c a l l i b r a r y t h e r e . F r o m 1893 t o 1896 h e w a s p r o f e s s o r of h y g i e n e i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a . A m o n g h i s p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e t h e i n d e x - c a t a l o g u e of t h e l i b r a r y of t h e s u r g e o n - g e n e r a l ' s office, a n d t h e r e p o r t s o n vital a n d social statistics for t h e e l e v e n t h census.

B i l l o t t e (bi-lòt')j R e n é . Born at Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées). June 24, 1846. A French painter, one of the founders, and secretary, of Carlisle, England, Aug. 13, 1826: died at the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. He was Liverpool, May 10,1897. A n English organist. a p u p i l of E u g è n e F r o m e n t i n . H i s w o r k is r e p r e s e n t e d in He edited many organ classics. t h e L u x e m b o u r g , Paris, in t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a A c a d e m y of March 15, 1898.

Best (best), William Thomas. Born at Beutenmuller

(boi ' tn -miil - ér), William.

t h e F i n e A r t s , t h e C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t e of P i t t s b u r g , a n d elsewhere ; and h e has received n u m e r o u s medals.

Born at Hoboken, N. J., March 31, 1864. An American entomologist and writer on related B i n e t (bë-nâ')j A l f r e d . Born at Nice, France, subjects. H e is e d i t o r of t h e " J o u r n a l " of t h e N e w July 8, 1857. A French psychologist, director of the laboratory of physiological psychology Y o r k E n t o m o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y a n d s i n c e 1889 h a s b e e n c u r a t o r of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of e n t o m o l o g y in t h e A m e r i c a n M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , N e w Y o r k City.

Beveridge (bev'èr-ij),

Albert Jeremiah.

Born on a farm on the border of Adams and Highland counties, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1862. An American lawyer, Republican politician, and

at the Sorbonne. A m o n g his w o r k s a r c " L a psyc h o l o g i e d u r a i s o n n e m e n t "(1886), / ' L e magnétisme a n i m a l " (1887: w i t h C h a r l e s l'éré), " E t u d e s d e p s y c h o l o g i e e x p é r i m e n t a l e " (18S9), " L e s a l t é r a t i o n s d e l a p e r s o n a l i t é ' ' (1892), " L ' â m e e t l e c o r p s " (1905), e t c . H e is o n e of t h e e d i t o r s of " L ' a n n é e p s y c h o l o g i q u e . "

K ö n i g s b e r g , a n d in 1724 b e c a m e p e r m a n e n t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e c o u r t of t h e w i d o w e d d u c h e s s of C o u r l a n d , A n n a I v a n o v n a , n i e c e of P e t e r t h e G r e a t . H e a c c o m p a n i e d h e r t o R u s s i a w h e n s h e a s c e n d e d t h e t h r o n e , in d e f i a n c e of t h e e x p r e s s s t i p u l a t i o n e x c l u d i n g h i m , i n t h e p a c t of t h e n e w e m p r e s s w i t h t h e R u s s i a n n o b l e s w h o g a v e lier t h e e m p i r e , a n d w a s c r e a t e d b y h e r h e r e d i t a r y d u k e of Courl a n d . A s chief f a v o r i t e , h a t e d b y a l l f o r h i s e n r o l t y a n d h a u g h t i n e s s , lie r u l e d R u s s i a d u r i n g t h e e n t i r e r e i g n of A n n a I v a n o v n a (1730-40); a n d t h i s e p o c h , r e g a r d e d a s t h e w o r s t i n R u s s i a n h i s t o r y , is k n o w n as t h e " B i r o n o v s h t china." Having made the infant Ivan Antonovitch her h e i r , t h e e m p r e s s a p p o i n t e d B i r o n r e g e n t of R u s s i a d u r i n g t h e e m p e r o r ' s m i n o r i t y ; b u t h u h a d r u l e d only a f e w w e e k s , w h e n (1741) h e a n d h i s f a m i l y w e r e o x i l e d t o S i b e r i a . T h e E m p r e s s E l i z a b e t h (1742) a l l o w e d h i m t o live in Yaroslavl, on t h e V o l g a ; P e t e r I I I . s u m m o n e d h i m to S t Petersburg, restoring his orders and property ; Catha r i n e I I . (17B2) r e s t o r e d t o h i m t h e d u c h y of C o u r l a n d ; a n d h e r e i g n e d in M i t a u u n t i l 1769, w h e n h e a b d i c a t e d in f a v o r of h i s s o n P e t e r .

B i r r e l l (bir'el), A u g u s t i n e . Born at Wavertree, near Liverpool, England, Jan. 19, 1850. A n English essayist, lecturer, and statesman.

H e s t u d i e d a t C a m b r i d g e ; w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e b a r in 1875; s a t i n P a r l i a m e n t a s L i b e r a l m e m b e r f o r F i f e s h i r e W e s t 1889-1900, a n d f o r B r i s t o l N o r t h 390(5-; w a s p r o f e s s o r of l a w in U n i v e r s i t y College, L o n d o n , 1896-99 ; w a s b c n c h e r of t h e I n n e r T e m p l e 1908 ; a n d w a s a p p o i n t e d p r e s i d e n t of t h e b o a r d of e d u c a t i o n , w i t h a s e a t i n t i l e c a b i n e t , D e c e m b e r , 1905. H e w a s a p p o i n t e d chief s e c r e t a r y f o r I r e l a n d in 1907. H e is t h e a u t h o r of " O b i t e r D i c t a " (1884: s e c o n d s e r i e s 1887), " L i f e of C h a r l o t t e B r o n t e " (1885), " R e s J u d i c a t a ; " (1892), " M e n , W o m e n , a n d B o o k s " (1894), " S i r F r a n k L o c k w o o d " (1898), " C o l l e c t e d E s s a y s " (1900), " E s s a y s a n d A d d r e s s e s " (1901), " M i s c e l l a n i e s " (1901). " "William H a z l i t t " (1902). " I n t h e N a m e of t h e B o d l e i a n " (190(>), " A n d r e w M a r v e i l " (190«), e t c .

Bisayas. Öee Visayan Islands. Bischoff (bish'of), Joseph Eduard Konrad: pseudonym Konrad von Bolanden. Born at ^Niedergailbach, Rhine Palatinate, Germany, Aug. 9, 1828. A German novelist. He

w a s o r d a i n e d p r i e s t i n t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h in 1852, a n d i n 1872 w a s a p p o i n t e d b y P o p e P i u s I X . a c t i n g p r i v y c h a m b e r l a i n . H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e " F r a n z von Sicki n g e n " (1859), " B a r b a r o s s a " (1862), " D i e A u f g e k l a r t e n " (!S(i4), " A n g e l a " (18tf6), " D e u t s c h e K u l t u r b i l d e r " (1893i>4), " D i e S ä u l e d e r W a h r h e i t " (1907), e t c .

Bishop (bish'up), Mrs. (Isabella Lucy Bird).

Born at Boroughbridge-hall, Yorkshire, October 15, 1832 : died at Edinburgh, Oct. 7, 1904. An English writer of travels, philanthropist, and geographer. S h e t r a v e l e d e x t e n s i v e l y in N o r t h

A m e r i c a a n d Asia, w a s e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n m e d i c a l m i s s i o n s , a n d b u i l t f i v e h o s p i t a l s a n d a n o r p h a n a g e iu t h e E a s t . A m o n g h e r b o o k s of t r a v e l a r e " T h e E n g l i s h w o m a n i n A m e r i c a " (1856), " U n b e a t e n T r a c k s in J a p a n " (1880), " A m o n g t h e T i b e t a n s " (1894), " K o r e a a n d h e r N e i g h b o u r s " (1897), " T h e Y a n g t s e V a l l e y a n d B e y o n d " (1899), etc.

Bishop (bish'up), William Henry. Born at

Hartford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1847. An American novelist. H e w a s g r a d u a t e d f r o m Y a l e in 1867; s t u d i e d

a r c h i t e c t u r e ; b e c a m e p r o p r i e t o r a n d e d i t o r of t h e M i l w a u k e e " C o m m e r c i a l T i m e s " ; a n d w a s i n s t r u c t o r in m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s a t Y a l e 1893-1902. I n 1903 h e w a s a p p o i n t e d U n i t e d S t a t e s c o n s u l a t G e n o a a n d in 1905 c o n s u l a t Pal e r m o . H i s n o v e l s i n c l u d e " D e t m o l d " (1879), " T h e H o u s e of a M e r c h a n t P r i n c e " (1885), " T h e G o l d e n J u s t i c e " (1887), " A P o u n d of C u r e " (1894), " W r i t i n g t o R o s i n a " (1894), " T o n s o f T r e a s u r e " (1902), e t c .

Bishops' Bible, The. A folio edition of the Bible, published in October, 1568.

I t w a s a revision of t h e G r e a t B i b l e of 1539, o r g a n i z e d b y A r c h b i s h o p P a r k e r a n d u n d e r t a k e n i n 1563 b y h i m s e l f , e l e v e n b i s h o p s , a n d f o u r d e a n s a n d p r e b e n d a r i e s . I t WHS n o t r e p r i n t e d a f t e r 1606.

B i n m a l e y (bën-mâ-là'). A municipality of Patigasinan province, in the western part of Bismarck (bis'märk), Herbert, Fürst von. Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- Born at Berlin, Dec. 28, 1849: died at Friedrichsruh, Sept. 18, 1904. A German statesman, tion (1903), 16,439. son of Prince Otto von Bismarck. He was ocB i n o n d o (be-non'dô). A division of the city of cupied chiefly with diplomatic affairs and was Beyrich (bï'rich), Heinrich Ernst. Born at Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized secretary of state for foreign affairs 1886-90. Berlin, Germany, Aug. 31, 1815: died there, population (1903), 16,657. Bismarck*, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince (bin'yon), Laurence. Born at v o n . Died at Friedrichsruh, July 30, 1898. July 9, 1896. A German geologist and pale- Binyon ontologist, professor in the University of Lancaster, England, Aug. 10, 1869. An English B i t t e r (bit'er), K a r l . Born at Vienna, Austria, Berlin from 1856. He was associate director author and poet, assistant in the department Dee. 6, 1867. An Austrian-American sculptor, of the Geological Survey of Prussia and pub- of printed books of the British Museum 1893- l i e w a s e d u c a t e d a t t h e A c a d e m y of A r t in V i e n n a , and c a m e t o N e w Ic'ork in 1889. JTis w o r k h a s b e e n c h i e f l y lished a number of important paleontological 95, and in the department of prints and draw- m o n u m e n t a l , t h e b e s t e x a m p l e s b e i n g d e c o r a t i o n s of t h e ings from 1895. A m o n g his w o r k s a r e " L y r i c P o e m s " works. w r i t e r . H e was graduated a t De P a u w University, I n d i a n a , i n 1885, a n d w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e b a r . iTe w a s e l e c t e d U n i t e d S t a t e s s e n a t o r f o r I n d i a n a in 1899 a n d a g a i n in 1905. H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e " T h e R u s s i a n A d v a n c e " (1903). " T h e Y o u n g M a n a n d t h e "World " (1905), e t c .

Bezold (bet'zdld), Wilhelm von.

Born at

Munich, Juno 21,1837 : died at Berlin, Feb. 17, 1907. A noted German meteorologist, professor of meteorology and director of the Meteorological Institute at Berlin from 1885. lie is best k n o w n f o r h i s s t u d i e s in t h e p h y s i c s of t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d in terrestrial magnetism. H e published n u m e r o u s scientific works and papers.

Bickerdyke (bik'ér-dïk), John. nym of Charles Henry Cook.

The pseudo-

Bickersteth*, Edward Henry. Died Mav 16,

(1894), " P o e m s "(1895), " L o n d o n V i s i o n s " (1895, 189S), " T h e PraiBe of L i f e " (1896), " P o r p h y r i o n a n d O t h e r P o e m s " {1898}, " O d e s " (1900), " T h e D e a t h of A d u m " (1903), " P e n t h e s i l e a " (1905), " P a r i s a n d ( E n o n e " (1906), a n d " A t t i l a " (1007). I l e h a s a l s o c o m p i l e d a catalogue of E n g l i s h d r a w i n g s in t h e B r i t i s h i l u s e u m .

Bird (be d), Arthur.

Born in Cambridge,

Mass., July 23, 3856. An American composer, resident in Berlin since 1886. I l e lias c o m p o s e d a s y m p h o n y a u d other orchestral works, a comic opera, " D a p h n e , " a n d m a n y p i a n o p i e c e s . I n 1901 h e r e c e i v e d t h e P a d e r e w s k i p r i z e f o r t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t of A m e r i c a n composers.

1906. B i c o l (bë'kol). The chief river of Ambos Birmingham, University of. See University Camarines, southeastern Luzon, Philippine of Birm ingham. Islands. I t flows f r o m L a k e B a t o n o r t h w e s t t o San B i r o n (bë'rôn: F. pron. bë-rôn')» E r n e s t Jooriginally, perhaps, Buìiren. M i g u e l bay, a n d is n a v i g a b l e b y s t e a m e r s of 9 f e e t d r a f t hann : also Biren; Born Dec. 1, 1690: died Dec. 28, 1772. Duke t o N u e v a C a c e r e s , a d i s t a n c e of 15 m i l e s . A l s o Inaya. of Courland : the scm of noble parents, in CourBida*, Alexandre. Died Jan. 2,1895.

e x p o s i t i o n s a t Chicago, 1893, B u f f a l o , 1901, a n d St. L o u i s , 1904. H e w a s e l e c t e d a m e m b e r of t h o N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of D e s i g n i n 1902.

Bitterroot Range. A range of mountains extending from Clark's Fork, OIL the northwest, to Monida, the crossing of the Oregon Short Line on the southeast, including all mountain spurs.

V. S. Oeog. Board,

F e b . 6, 1907.

Björnson*, BjÖrnstjerne. In 1903 he received the Nobel prize for literature.

Black*, William. Died at Brighton, Dec. 10, 1898.

Blackmore*, Richard Doddridge.

Died at

Teddington, Jan. 20, 1900. His latest works include " Perleverosa" (1894). " F r i n g i l l a " (1895), " T a l e s ' from the Telling House" (1896), "Dariel" (1897).

Blackwell

Blackwell (blak'wel), Elizabeth. Barn at

B r i s t o l , E n g l a n d , F e b . 3, 1821. A n E n g l i s h A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i a n . H e r family emigrated to the United States in 18&>. In 1849 she was g r a d u a t e d at the Geneva l l e d i e a l College (Geneva, N. Y.), being1, it is said, t h e first woman to obtain a medical diploma in th« United States. After two years of study abroad she began t h e practice of medicine in Now York City. In 1SOO she r e t u r n e d to England.

Blackwood*, Frederick Temple Hamilton.

D i e d F e b . 12, 19D2. H e w a s a m b a s s a d o r t o F r a n c e 1891-96. Blaikie (blâ'ki), William. Born at York, N . Y., M a y 24, 1 8 4 3 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , D e c . 6, 1904. A n A m e r i c a n l a w y e r , a n d w r i t e r o n physical training. H e was g r a d u a t e d a t Harvard in 1866 and at t h e Harvard Law School in 18(is, and accompanied t h e Harvard crew to England in 1869. He wrote " H o w to get strong and how to stay s o " (1879), " Sound Bodies for our Hoys and Girls " (1883). etc. Blake (blák), Francis. Born at Needham, M a s s . , D e c . 25, 1 8 5 0 . A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i s t , i n v e n t o r ( 1 8 7 8 ) of a w i d e l y u s e d t e l e phone transmitter which bears his n a m e .

10 (1886), " T h e Ascent of M a n " (1S88). " D r a m a s in Miniat u r e " (1891), '-Songs and S o n n e t s " (1893), " B i r d s of P a s s a g e " (1895). She translated Strauss's " T h e Old F a i t h and t h e New " (1873-74) and " T h e Journal of Marie Bashkirtseft' " (1890). and wrote biographies of George Eliot (1883), and Madame -Roland (1880).

Bliss (blis), Cornelius Newton, Bornât Fall

R i v e r , M a s s . , J a n . 26, 1833. An American m e r c h a n t a n d c a b i n e t officer. H e w a s t r e a s u r e r of t h e N a t i o n a l R e p u b l i c a n C o m m i t t e e s of 1892, 1896, 1900. a n d 1904, a n d w a s s e c r e t a r y of t h e i n t e r i o r 1 8 9 7 - 9 8 .

Bliss (blis), Frederick Jones.

Born on

M o u n t L e b a n o n , S y r i a , J a n . 22, 1859. An American archeologist, explorer for the Palest i n e E x p l o r a t i o n F u n d ( L o n d o n ) 1S91-1900. H e excavated t h e site of Lachish (Tel-el-Hesy), and conducted explorations at Jerusalem and other localities. H i s publications include " A Mound of Many Cities" (1894), "Excavations at Jerusalem 1894-97" (1S98), " E x cavations in Palestine, 189S-1900" (1902), and " T h e Development of Palestine Exploration" (1900).

Boer War, The Biowitz (blö'vits), Henry Georges Stephane

A d o l p h e Opper de. Born at BJowitz, near P i l s e n , B o h e m i a , D e c . 28, 1 8 2 5 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 18, 1 9 0 3 . A journalist, the Paris repr e s e n t a t i v e of t h e L o n d o n " T i m e s . ' ' * His pitrents were Austrians of Hebrew descent, but h e adopted t h e name of his birthplace and was naturalized a Frenchman in 1870. He commenced life in France as a teacher of German at Tours, Marseilles, e t c . ; became a contributor to " La Gazette d u Midi " a n d other papers ; and in 1871 became connected with t h e London " T i m e s . " H e was decorated (1871) with t h e badge of t h e Legion of Honor (officer of t h e Legion in 1878). H e wrote " F e u i l l e s volantes" (1858), " M i d i k quatorze h e m e s : l'Allemagne et la P r o v e n c e " (1869), " Le nmrinjie royal d'Espagne " (1878), " Uno course ä i-onstantinople " (1884), " M e m o i r s " (1903), etc. H e retired in 1901.

Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory. A

meteorological observatoiy at H y d e Park, Massachusetts, founded by Abbott'Lawrence R o t c h in 1885 a n d d i r e c t e d b y h i m . Blue Mountains*. 3. These include all t h e mountains of north eastern Oregon with t h e exception of t h e Wallowa Mountains, and extend into Washington. U. S. Geoy. Board, 1907.

Block*, Maurice. Died at Paris, Jan. 9, 1901. Blodget*, Lorin. Died March 24, 1901. Blakelock (blak'lok), Ralph Albert. Born Blomfield (blum'feld), Sir Arthur William. Blue Eidge\ a t N e w Y o r k , O c t . Í 5 , 1847. A n A m e r i c a n l a n d s c a p e p a i n t e r . H e was destined for the medical profession b u t became instead a self-taught artist and musician. H e traveled in t h e f a r W e s t and embodied his study of Indian life in his work. His painting is notable for its dignity and power, and for its rich color and strong individuality.

Blanc (bloii), Mme. (Marie Thérèse de Solms) : pseudonvm Th. Bentzon. Born at

S e i n e - P o r t , S e i n o - e t - M a r n e , S e p t . 21, 1 8 4 0 : d i e d F e b . 5, 1 9 0 7 . A F r e n c h n o v e l i s t , j o u r n a l i s t . a n d c r i t i c . She was for a n u m b e r of years on t h e staff of t h e " R e v u e politique et l i t t é r a i r e " (-'Revue b l e u e " ) and t h e " R e v u e des deux mondes." She wrote many novels, among t h e m " U n R e m o r d s " (1878), and " Tony" (18S4), both of which were crowned by t h e French A c a d e m y ; and a n u m b e r of her contributions to the " H e v u e des deux m o n d e s " were collected and published under t h e titles " N o u v e a u x romanciers a m é r i c a i n s " (1885), " l i t t é r a t u r e et m œ u r s é t r a n g è r e s " (1837), and " Les américaines chez elles " (1895).

Blanchard*. Emile. 1900.

B o r n a t F u l h a m P a l a c e , L o n d o n , M a r c h 6, 1829: d i e d a t Broadwav, Worcestershire, E n g l a n d , O c t . 30, 1899. A n English archit e c t , f o u r t h s o n of C h a r l e s J a m e s B l o m f i e l d , B i s h o p of L o n d o n . H e was articled for three vears (1853-5«) t o Philip Charles Hardwick, architect of t h e Bank of England, whom he succeeded in this office in 1883. H e was especially identified w i t h t h e Gothic revival of t h e middle of t h e n i n e t e e n t h century, his best buildings being churches. At various times he had charge of restorations at t h e cathedrals of Salisbury, Canterbury, Lincoln, and Chichester. Iiis reconstruction of the Church of 8 1 Mary Overie in Loudon is especially notable.

Blomfield (blum'feld), Reginald. Born Dec.

20, 1 8 5 6 . A n E n g l i s h a r c h i t e c t a n d w r i t e r , a n e p h e w o f S i r A r t h u r B l o m f i e l d . His practice is mainly conttned t o residential architecture and gardens. Among his published works are " The Formal Garden in England " (1892), " History of Renaissance Architecture in England " (1897), " Studies in Architecture " (lix)fi), and numerous contributions t o architectural periodicals.

Died at Paris, Feb. 10, Blondel (blon-del'), Jacques François.

Blanco y Arenas, Ramón, Marquis de Peña Plata. B o r n i n 1832 : d i e d A p r i l 4, 1906. A Spanish general, appointed governor-general of C u b a i n O c t o b e r , 1 8 9 7 . H e fought- in tlie Carlist war ; served in Cuba during t h e rebellion of 1868-78, and was captain-general of t h a t island 1880-81 ; was captaingeneral of Catalonia 1877-79, 1882, and 18S7-93, and was captain-general of t h e Philippines in 1894.

Bland (bland), Mra. (Edith Nesbit).

Born

a t L o n d o n , A u g . 15, 1858. A n English noveli s t , p o e t , a n d "writer of c h i l d r e n ' s s t o r i e s . Among h e r works are " A Pomander of "Verse" (1895), " S o n g s of f.ove and E m p i r e " (1897). '-'The Story of the Treasure-Seekers" (1899), " T h e Wouldbegoods " (1901), " The Rorl House " (1903), " Oswald Unstable " (1905), " An Incomplete A m o r i s t " (1906), " T h e Enchanted Castle" (1908), etc.

Bland (bland), Richard Parks. Born near

H a r t f o r d , K y . , A u g . 19, 1 8 3 5 : d i e d n e a r L e b a n o n , M o . , J u n e 15, 1 8 9 9 . A n A m e r i c a n polit i c i a n . H e was a d m i t t e d t o t h e (Utah) bar in 18)50, and was a Democratic m e m b e r of Congress f r o m Missouri 1873-95 and 1897-99. Throughout his congressional career he was a conspicuous champion of t h e f r e e coinage of silver and was t h e a u t h o r of t h e Bland Silver Bill (1878).

Blashfield (blash ' fold;, Edwin Howland.

B o r n a t N e w Y o r k , D e c . 15, 1 8 4 8 . A n A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r . I n 1867 h e w e n t to Paris and entered t h e atelier of Léon Bonn at, coming also u n d e r t h e influence of Gérôme and Chapu. He has been especially successful in the execution of m o n u m e n t a l decorations, among which are a dome in t h e Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building a t t h e Chicago Exposition in 1893; t h e central dome of t h e Congressional Library in "Washington ; " Westward," a large picture in the State Capitol, Des Moines, I o w a ; and a ballroom ceiling in t h e Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City. H e has been a m e m b e r of t h e National Academy of Design since 1888. B l a s s (bias), F r i e d r i c h . Born atOsnabrück. J a n . 2 2 , 1 8 4 3 : d i e d a t H a l l e , M a r c h 6 , 1907. A n o t e d G - e r m a n p h i l o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r of c l a s s i c a l p h i l o l o g y a t H a l l e f r o m 1892. He w a s e s p e c i a l l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d f o r h i s s t u d i e s of the Greek language a n d his work upon Greek texts. B l e r i o t (ble-ri-o'), Louis. A French inventor a n d a v i a t o r . H e crossed t h e English Channel in a monoplane invented by himself on July 25, 1909, starting f r o m Calais and landing at t h e Shakspere Cliff near Dover. The t i m e occupied by t h e flight was about 40 minutes. H e was awarded t h e £1,000 prize offered by t h e " L o n d o n Mail" for t h e first aviator to make an unbroken flight across the Channel by daylight.

Blind*, Karl. Died at London, May 31, 1907.

B l i n d (blind), M a t h i l d e . Born at Mannheim, M a r c h 21, J 8 4 1 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , N o v . 2 6 , 1 8 9 6 . A n A n g l o - G e r m a n p o e t , d a u g h t e r of a b a n k e r n a m e d C o h e n , a n d s t e p - d a u g h t e r of K a r l B l i n d . She published ' ' P o e m s by Claude L a k e " (1807), " T h e Prophccy of St. Oran " (1881), " The H e a t h e r on Fire "

Bom

According to the ü. S. Geog.

B o a r d (1907), this includes t h e ridge extendi n g f r o m a f e w m i l e s n o r t h of H a r p e r ' s T e r r y to northern Georgia.

Blumenthar, Leonhardt, Count von. Died D e e . 22, 1 9 0 0 .

Blumenthal (blö'men-täl), Oskar. Born at

B e r l i n , M a r c h 13, 1852. A G e r m a n d r a m a t i s t . H e founded t h e Lessing Theater in Berlin in 1888 and conducted it until 1897. His works include a large n u m b e r of comedies, many of which have been successful. Among t h e best known are " D i e p-rosse Glockc," " D e r schwarze Schleier." '• Ein Tropfen Gift," " Als ich wiederkam " (with Kadelburg). B o a c ( b ö ' ä k ) . 1 . A m u n i c i p a l i t y of M a r i n d u q u e island in T a y a b a s p r o v i n c e in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s . Civilized p o p u l a t i o n ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 1 5 , 8 2 3 . — 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of Marinduque subprovince, situated in the n o r t h w e s t e r n p a r t of t h e i s l a n d of Marind u q u e , i n lat. 13° 2 7 ' N . , l o n g . 121° 4 9 ' E .

Boardman*, George Dana. Died at Atlantic

a t R o u e n , F r a n c e , J a n . 8, 1 7 0 5 : d i e d J a n . 9 , C i t y , N . J . , A p r i l 2 8 , 1 0 0 3 . 1 7 7 4 . A n o t e d F r e n c h a r c h i t e c t . He executed B o a z ( b ö ' a s ) , F r a n z . Born at Minden, Westseveral i m p o r t a n t works in Paris and in 1773 designed p h a l i a , J u l y 9 , 1 8 5 8 . A German-American an extensive scheme of reconstruction in the city of a n t h r o p o l o g i s t a n d p h i l o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r of Metz, according to which were built t h e Hôtel de Ville a n t h r o p o l o g y i n C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y f r o m (1765), t h e Place d'Armes, and t h e portal of t h e cathedral (1771). n e also designed similar improvements in Stras- 1 8 9 8 . H e studied a t Hie universities of Heidelberg, burg. I n 1789 h e opened an architectural school in Paris Bonn, and Kiel ; visited tile United States 1884-85 ; was which was merged, in 1756, w i t h t h e Académie d'Archi- assistant at the Eoyal Ethnographical Museum, Berlin, tecture in which he became professor. H e is best known and docent at t h e University 1880-80; was instructor in from his books " D c la distribution des maisons de anthropology at Clark University 1888-92 ; and was assisplaisauuce " (1737-3S), " A r c h i t e c t u r e f r a n ç a i s e " (the t a n t curator (later curator) of t h e anthropological collec" G r a n d Blondel," 1752-50), and " C o u r s d'architecture tion of the American Museum of N a t u r a l History, y e w civile " continued by P a t t e (the " P e t i t Blondel,".1771-77). York, 1896-1905. H e has published many papers upon Blondin*, Charles (Émile Gravele). Died t h e Eskimo and other northern tribes, and has issued Chinook texts, etc. a t E a l i n g , L o n d o n , F e b . 22, 1 8 9 7 . Blondlot (blond-lö ' ), Prosper René. Born at B o c c a r d o , G i r o l a m o . D i e d a t B o m e , M a r c h N a n c y , F r a n c e , J u l y 3, 1 8 4 9 . A F r e n c h p h y s i - 20, 1 9 0 4 . cist, a p p o i n t e d a d j u n c t p r o f e s s o r i n t h e U n i - B o c k * , F r a n z . Died at Aix-la-Chapelle, April v e r s i t y o f N a n c y i n 1 8 8 0 a n d f u l l p r o f e s s o r i n 30, 1 8 9 9 . t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n i n 1 8 9 6 . H e is t h e author of a B ö c l « l i n *, A r n o l d . D i e d a t F i e s o l e , I t a l y , J a n . treatise on static electricity ( " I n t r o d u c t i o n à l'étude de 16, 1 9 0 1 . l'électricité statique ": 1SS5), of a volume on thermodyBorn at Calvörde, namics ( " I n t r o d u c t i o n à l'étude de la t h e r m o d y n a m i q u e " : B o d e ( b ö ' d e ) , W i l h e l m . 18S8), and also of n u m e r o u s papers on physics and par- B r u n s w i c k , G e r m a n y , D e c . 10, 1 8 4 5 . A n o t e d G e r m a n c r i t i c a n d h i s t o r i a n of a r t , d i r e c t o r of ticularly on electric waves. Blondlot's announcement in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in Berlin. March, 1908, of t h e discovery of a n e w type of obscure Among his publications are " Geschichte der deutschen rays, which he named iN"-rays, a f t e r his birthplacc Nancy, P l a s t i k " (1887 and 1893), " I t a l i e n i s c h e Bildhauer der a t t r a c t e d wide attention and his observations have since Kenaissance" (1887), " F l o r e n t i n e r Bildhauer d e r K c n a i s been a s u b j e c t of lively discussion among physicists. sance " (1902), " Denkmäler der Renaissanee-skulptur TosB l o o d (blùd), Sir B i n d o n . B o r n N o v . 7 , 1 8 4 2 . c a n a s " (1892-), " K e m b r a n d t " (1897-1900), etc. A B r i t i s h l i e u t e n a n t - g e n e r a l , c o m m a n d e r of Bodmer*, Karl. Died at Paris, Oet. 31, 1893. the forces in the Pan jab (northern command, Born at Berlin, T n d i a ) . H e served in t h e Jowaki expedition (1877-78), B o e c k h ( b e c h ) , E i c h a r d . the Zulu War (1879), the Afghan W a r (1880), t h e cam- M a r c h 28, 1 8 2 4 : d i e d a t G r u n e w a l d , n e a r B e r paign in E g y p t (1882), and t h e relief of Cliitral (1895); l i n , D e e . 6 , 1 9 0 7 . A n o t e d G e r m a n s t a t i s t i c i a n , was commander of the Malakand field forco and t h e p r o f e s s o r o f s t a t i s t i c s ( 1 8 5 2 - 9 2 ) a n d d i r e c t o r Buner field force (1897-98) ; was lieutenant-general in of t h e c i t y s t a t i s t i c a l d e p a r t m e n t ( 1 8 7 5 - 9 2 ) i n command of t h e troops in t h e eastern Transvaal in 1901 ; Berlin. Ho edited the Berlin "Jahrbuch" and retired in 1907. and published numerous technical works and Bloody Angle. A salient at Spottsylvania papers. Court House, which received this name from t h e s e v e r e fighting w h i c h f o l l o w e d t h e c a p t u r e Boehm von Bawerk (bem fon bä'verk), B o r n a t B r ü n n , A u s t r i a , F e b . 12, t h e r e b y G e n e r a l H a n c o c k of a b o u t 4 , 0 0 0 C o n - E l l g e n . 1851. A n Austrian political economist, prof e d e r a t e s o l d i e r s u n d e r G e n e r a l E d w a r d J o h n - f e s s o r i n t h e U n i v e r s i t } ' of V i e n n a . In 1884 he s o n , M a y 12, 1 8 6 4 . was appointed professor at Innsbruck ; in 1889 entered Bloomfield (blöm'feld), Maurice. Born at t h e ministry of finance in Vienna ; and for a short t i m e B i e l i t z , A u s t r i a , F e b . 2 3 , 1 8 ü 5 . A n A m e r i c a n in 1895, f r o m November, 1897, to March, 1898, and again s c h o l a r ^ p r o f e s s o r of S a n s k r i t a n d c o m p a r a t i v e 1900-04, and 1906-, was minister of finance. He has pubp h i l o l o g y i n J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y . H e was lished " K a p i t a l u n d K a p i t a l z i n s " (1884-89), " E i n i g e graduated at F e n n a n University, Granville, S.*C., in 1S77. strittige Fragen der Kapitalstheorie " (1900), etc. H e has edited the Käugika-Sütra f r o m t h e original manuscripts (1890), translated t h e h y m n s of t h e Atharva- B o e r W a r , T h e . 1 . T h e w a r w h i c h f o l l o w e d t h e veda (in Max M tiller's " Sacred Books of the East "), and p r o c l a m a t i o n of t h e T r a n s v a a l B e p u b l i e , D e e . , edited, w i t h Professor Garbe of Tübingen, t h e Kash- 1 8 8 0 , b e t w e e n t h a t c o u n t r y a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n . miriati Paippaladaveda (1901). Among his other pub- Its chief events were t h e defeat of t h e British a t l a i n g ' s lications are " T h e Atliarva-Veda and t h e Gopatha- Neck J a n . 28, 1881, and at Majuba Mountain Feb. 27, 1881 B r ä h m a n a " (1S99) ; " C e r b e r u s the Dog of Hades " (1905), (the British commander Colley being killed). By t r e a t y a concordance of t h e entire literature of the Veda (1907), of March, 1881, the independence of the republic was recognized, b u t t h e Boers acknowledged t h e suzerainty of and numerous technical articles. t h e queen. Blouet*, Paul. Died at Paris, May 24, 1903. 2. A war waged by the Transvaal and the

Orange Free State against Great Britain, beg u n . i n O c t . , 1899. The chief events were the siege anrl relief of Ladysmith Oct, 29, 1899,-Feb. 28, 1900; the siege and relief of Kimberley Oct. 14, 1899,-Feb. 15, 1900; the siege and relief of Mafeking Oct. lft, 1899,-May l(j, 19'>J ; the capture of Cronje's army at the Modder River Feb. 27, 1900 ; and t h e capture of Pretoria June 5, 190,>. Peace was signed Hay 31, 1902.

BÖgh% Erik, 1899.

Died at Copenhagen, Aug. 17,

Bogoslof (bo'gos-lof) Island.

Boston University

11

Boer War, The

A small vol-

canic island in the Aleutian group (Alaska) n o r t h w e s t of C n a l a s k a , i n l a t . 5 4 ° N . , l o n g . 168° W . The Bogoslof volcano was discovered by the Russian admiral Bogoslof in 1790. A second island, 2.V miles distant, appeared in the winter of 1886-87 and became connected with the original island. Since then various changes have occurred, new peaks having ap-

V à s à r h e l v , J a n . 27, 1860. A d i s t i n g u i s h e d w o r k e r , c o m m a n d e r of t h e S a l v a t i o n A r m y i n H u n g a r i a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n , s o n of P a r k a s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s 1 8 9 6 - 1 9 0 5 . He married Emma B o l y a i . Ilis most famous work is an appendix to the first Moss Booth (died 1903), a daughter of William Booth, in volume of the "Tentameli " of liis father, entitled "Appen- 1888, and prefixed the name • Booth' to his own. He esdix scietitiam spatii absolute veram exhibens," in which tablished the Salvation Army in India in 11562, retaining he develops the idea of a geometry which is independent com in and of it until 1891, when lie went to London and served as secretary in the international work of the Army, of Euclid's axiom of parallels. l i e has written a "Life of General William Booth," " In Bombon ( b o m - b o n ' ) , o r Taal ( t i i - a l ' ) , Lake. Darkest India," etc. A l a k e i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of B a t a n g a s p r o v - B o r c h g r e v i n k (borch ' gre -vingk), Carsten i n c e , s o u t h w e s t e r n L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e I n l a n d s , E g e b e r g . B o r n a t C h r i s t i a n i a , N o r w a y , 1864. of a b o u t 12 m i l e s m e a n d i a m e t e r . I t discharges A N o r w e g i a n a n t a r c t i c e x p l o r e r . l i e emigrated to through the Pansipit river into the Ouli of Balayai), a Australia in 18S8 and worked there for several years as distance of about 6 miles. The northern part of tile lake surveyor and teacher; made a voyage to the antarctic is volcano. seas on a whaler in 1894 ; and commanded an antarctic is occupied occupied by by Taal l a a l volcano. (in the Southern Cross) 1898-1900, attaining lat. Bombon O n ( b o m - b o - n o n ), Port. A b a y a n d expedition 73s «7 S. (in Xing Edward V I I . Land), the farthest then p o r t Oil t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t of N e g r o s I s l a n d , m reached. He also determined the position of the south t h e-•«•"--•'•----P h i l i p p i n e s , I t i s s a f e f o r l a r g e v e s s e l s i n magnetic pole. He has written First on the Antarctic all weather. Continent: being an Account of t h e British Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900 " (1901). etc.

B P ohe^a^ llS IPtPhas 130 representatives in the Bonaparte

(bo'na-part),

Charles

Joseph. Borghi-Mamo*, Adelaide. Died at Bologna,

A u s t r i a n l i e i c h s r a t a n d h a s a l a n d t a g of 242 B o r n a t B a l t i m o r e , J u n e 9, J 851. A n A m e r i e a n l a w y e r a n d c a b i n e t o f f i c e r , g r a n d s o n of members. Jérôme Bonaparte. He was graduated at Harvard B o h o l (bo-hol'). A p r o v i n c e of t h e P h i l i p - University in 1871 and at the Harvard Law School in p i n e s , s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n C e b u a n d L e y t e , a n d 1874. He has been prominent in reform movements, was c o n s i s t i n g of n u m e r o u s i s l a n d s , t h e l a r g e s t of secretary of the navy ]i)Of.-O0, and was attorney-general w h i c h i s B o h o l . Most of the rivers are unimportant 1905-09. for navigation, A few are navigable by boats of light Bonaparte", Mathilde Lsetitia Wilhelmine. draft for distances of f"om 3 to 12 miles. The population i)ie< -..-^i. p t o i 0,-14. is chielly Visavau. The capital, Tagbilaran, is in Bohol, 1 alis, J o * . A 1 in lat, 9 38' JS"", long. 123= 50' E., on the strait of the same Bond ( b o n d ) , S i r Edward Augustus. Born

j™

Bôhtlingk 1904.

I t a l y , O c t . , 1901. ( b ô r ' g l u m ) , John Gutzon de la M o t h e . B o r n i n N e v a d a , M a r c h 25, 1867. A n A m e r i c a n s c u l p t o r a n d p a i n t e r . l i e was educated at t h e school of the Art Association in San Francisco and at the Julien Academy and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. His bronze group, '-The M ares of Diomedes," won a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1004 and has been secured for the Metropolitan Museum in 5 e w York City. ' " " c o m t e de. B o r n 5, 1 8 2 5 : d i e d French poet and d r a m a t i s t , lie succeeded Xavier Marinier as member of the French Academy in lfciW. Among his works are "Les premières feuilles," a volume of poems (1848) ; the plavs " L e mariage de L u t h e r " (1845), " D a n t e et Uéatiïx'" (185:$). " L e monde renverse" (1853), " L e s noces d'Attila " (1870), " L a m o a b i t e " (1SS0), " L'Apôtre" (1881), " M a h o m e t " (1890), " L e fils de l'Arétiii " (1895), " F r a n c e d'abord ! " (1809), etc. He published his collected verse, " Poésies complètes," in 18S8.

Borglum

183H he entered the Record Office as an assistant and w; transferred to the British Museum in 18JS. In conjunction with Sir E. Maundo Thompson he founded the geographical Society in 1873. He was knighted a few Boissier (bwa-sya'), Marie Louis Gaston: Pal days before his death. known as Gaston. Born at Nîmes, France, B o r n at St. J o h n ' s , A u g u s t 1.5, 1823 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J u n e 10, 1908. B o n d ( b o n d ) , S i r R o b e r t . A Canadian A F r o n c h c l a s s i c a l s c h o l a r , h i s t o r i a n , a n d N e w f o u n d l a n d , F e b . 25, 1857. He was elected to the Newfoundland •critic, p e r p e t u a l s e c r e t a r y of t h e French statesman. House of Assembly in 1882 and became speaker of that A c a d e m y f r o m 1895. H e became professor of Latin was B o n i U * . I t is n o w e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e B r i t i s h literature in the Collège de France in 1801. Jn 18,0 ho body in" i s ^ * wui coloniafsecr^^^^ premier and colonial secretary of Newfoundland 1900-09. was elected to the French Academy, succeeding Patin, In 1902 he negotiated the ITay-Bond Treaty in the interest p r o t e c t o r a t e of N i g e r i a . -------and Canada.* Borodin (bo'ro-den), Alexander Porphyrieand in 188fi to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles- of reciprocal trade between the United States Lettre?. Among his works are "Cieéron et ses amis" He was knighted in 1902. vitch. B o r n a t S t . P e t e r s b u r g , N o v . 12, 1 8 3 4 : • in the Bulgarian-Servian war (1885), in A l n w i c .k ,, E tnt ig l a in d , 1 1848. A n English philo1905, a treaty was negotiated between Bolivia and Chile the Macedonian uprising (1890), in the Chino-Japanese war s o p h i c a l w r i t e r , p r o f e s s o r of m o r a l p h i l o s o p h y whereby Chile agreed to build a railway from Arica to (185)5), in the Cuban insurrection (1897), in the SpanishLa Paz and Bolivia was to have free transit to the Pacific American war (189S), with the China relief expedition a t S t . A n d r e w s 1 9 0 3 - 0 8 . He was graduated a t ports, The question of the boundary with Pern was sub- (1900), in the Philippine Islands (1901), in Venezuela (1903), Oxford and was lecturer at University College ther e 1871mitted to the president of the Argentine Republic for and in tho Balkans, Albauia, Macedonia, Montenegro, etc. 81. Among his publications are "Loffic, or Morphology arbitration in 1908. (15)04). He was in the diplomatic service of the United of Knowledge " (1888), " The Philosophical Theory of the States as secretary of legation and chargé d'affaires in Pe- State" (1899V and a translation of Lotze's "System of B o l l e s (bolz), A l b e r t S i d n e y . B o r n a t M o n t - king, Madrid, Tokio, and Korea 185)1-96. He is the author Philosophy.' v i l l e , C o n n . , M a r c h 8, 1 8 i 6 . A n A m e r i c a n of " Morocco as it is " (1892), " The Real Condition of Cuba" "With H e r z e g o v i n a i t w a s a n n e x e d l a w y e r a n d w r i t e r o n f i n a n c e . He has been pro- (1897), " The Fight for Santiago " (1899), and " The Golden B o s n i a * . b y A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y i n O c t o b e r , 1908. fessor of mercantile law and banking in the Wharton Horse Shoe " (1900). School of Finance and Economy in t h e University of B o s s (bos), L e w i s . B o r n a t P r o v i d e n c e , R . I., Pennsylvania; chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics B o o t h ( b o t h ) , B a l l i n g t o n . B o r n a t B r i g h o u s e , O c t . 26, 1846. An American astronomer, of the State of Pennsylvania; and editor of the " Bankers' Y o r k s h i r e , E n g l a n d . J u l y 28, 1859. A r e l i g i o u s d i r e c t o r of t h e D u d l e y O b s e r v a t o r y , A l b a n y , Magazine." His works include " A Financial History of w r i t e r a n d s p e a k e r , p r e s i d e n t a n d g e n o r a l - i n - N e w Y o r k , f r o m 1876, a n d a l s o d i r e c t o r of t h e the'Unit cd States for the periods 1774-1789" (18791, "1780- e h i e f of t h e V o l u n t e e r s of A m e r i c a : s e c o n d S o u t h e r n O b s e r v a t o r y of t h e C a r n e g i e I n s t i 1860" (1883), and "1800-1885" (188(5), "Practical Bank- s o n of W i l l i a m B o o t h , f o u n d e r of t h e S a l v a t u t i o n f r o m 1906. He was graduated at Dartmouth ing" (1884), " I n d u s t r i a l History of the United States" t i o n A r m y . He commanded the Salvation Army (1878), "Conflict Between Labor and Capital" (1876), " A in Australia 1885-87 and in the United States 1887-96, College in 1870; was astronomer of the northern boundary commission 1872-76; and was chief of the United States History of Pennsylvania" (1S99), "American Finance" and in the latter year founded an independent organiza- government expedition sent to Chile in 1882 to observe (15)01), etc. tion, the Volunteers of America, having its centers of the transit of Venus, lie has published " Declinations of Boltzmann ( b ö l t z ' m ä n ) , Ludwig. B o r n a t Christian and philanthropic operation in different parts Fixed Stars " (1878), " Catalogue of 8,241 Stars " (1890), V i e n n a , A u s t r i a . F e b . 20, 1 8 4 4 : d i e d a t D u i n o , of the country. "Positionsand .Motionsof (327 Principal Standard Stars" S e p t . 5, 1906. A n A u s t r i a n p h y s i c i s t , p r o f e s B o r n a t L i v e r p o o l , (1904). and numerous scientific papers. He was awarded s o r of p h y s i c s i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of V i e n n a B o o t h ( b o t h ) , C h a r l e s . the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of LonHe f r o m . 1902. He became professor of mathematics and M a r c h 30, 1840. A n E n g l i s h s t a t i s t i c i a n . physics at Grata in 1869, of mathematics at Vienna in was president of the Royal Statistical Society 1392-94, and don in 1905. in 1904 served on the tariff commission. He has taken an 1873, of experimental physics a t Gratz in 1876, and of Boston Public Library. A building, in the physics at Munich in 1890, at Vienna in 1895, and a t active part in t h e agitation in England for old age pen- R o m a n R e n a i s s a n c e s t y l e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e Leipsic in 1900. His investigations were chiefly in ther- sions, a subject on which lie has written extensively. His w e s t s i d e of C o p l e v S q u a r e , B o s t o n , i t was publications include, " Life and Labour of fihe People in modynamics and electricity. Among his works are London " (18851-1903), a standard work in twelve volumes, erected 1888-515 at a cost of $2,48«,000, from t h e designs of " Vorlesungen über Maxwells Theorie der Elektricität " P a u p e r i s m and Endowment of Old Age"(lS92), " T h e the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and"Whitc. I t is und des Lichts " (185)1-93), " Vorlesungen über Gastheorie " Aged Poor Condition " (1894), and " Old Age Pensions " 228 feet long, 225 feet wide, and 68 feet high (to the cor(1896-98), " Vorlesungen über die Prinzipe der M echanik " (185)9). nice), and incloses an open court 13(1 feet long and 100 (1897; 2nd vol., 1904), and " Populäre Schriften" (1905). wide. The decorations are notable and include Booth (both), Mrs. (Maud Charlesworth). feet sculpture bv MaeMonnies and Augustus and Louis SsiintB o l y a i (böl'yö-i), F a r k a s . B o r n a t B o l y a , B o r n n e a r L o u d o n , 1865. A l e c t u r e r , w r i t e r , Gaudens, and paintings by Puvis de Chavannes. Edwin H u n g a r y , F e b . 9, 1 7 7 5 : d i e d N o v . 20, 1850. A a n d l e a d e r of t h e V o l u n t e e r p r i s o n w o r k : w i f e A. Abbey, John S. Sargent, and others. It contains over H u n g a r i a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n , p r o f e s s o r i n t h e of B a l l i n g t o n B o o t h , p r e s i d e n t of t h e V o l u n - 900.000 volumes and pamphlets. Among its valShe has written "Branded." uable collections are the Ticknor Collection of R e f o r m e d C o l l e g e of M a r o s - V a s a r h e l y 1 8 0 2 - 4 9 . t e e r s of A m e r i c a . Spanish and Portuguese books, the Barton Library H i s c h i e f w o r k w a s u T c n t a m e n j u v e n t n t e m "Look up and Hope," " A f t e r Prison, What?," "Sleepy (containing Shaksperiana). the Prince Library (MSS. s t u d i o s a m i n e l e m e n t a m a t h e s e o s p u r s e i n t r o - Time Stories," etc. arid early New England books), the Barlow Library d u c e d " (1832-33). Booth-Tucker ( b ô t h ' t u k ' ë r ) Frederick St. (Americana), etc. B o l y a i (böl'yö-i), J a n o s . B o r n a t K l a u s e n - George de Lautour. B o r n a t M o n g h v r , B e n - Boston University". I t comprises departments of A n English religions the liberal arts (founded 1873), theology (1871), law (1872), b u r g , H u n g a r y , D e e . 15, 1802 : d i e d a t M a r o s - g a l , M a r c h 21, 1853.

Boise*, James Robinson. 111., F e b . 9, 1893.

Died at Chicago,

12

Boston University medicine (1873), arts and sciences (a grad uate school) (1874), and agriculture (Massachusetts Agricultural College) (1867).

Bostonians, The. A novel by Henry James, published in 1886. Botha (bo'tha), Louis. Born at Greytown, Natal, Sept. 27, 1802. A noted Boer general

and statesman. He commanded the Roer forces a t Colenso (Dec. 15, 1809) and Spion Kop (Jan. 22-24, 1900), and on t h e death of Joubert became commander-in-chief of the Boer forces. In 1907 he became the first prime minister of the Transvaal Colony.

Botta (bot'ta), Mrs. (Anne Charlotte Lynch). Born at Bennington, Vt., 1820 : died at New York, March 23, 1891. An American

w r i t e r . I n 1855 she married Yinconzo Botta, and their house in New York City became a literary center. She wrote " Leaves from the Diary of a Recluse " (1845), " Poems " (1848), '' A Hand-book of Universal Literature " (1800), etc.

graduated at Yale University in 18S3 and was professor of history at Adalbert College 1890-95. His works include " T h e History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837" (1885), "Essays in Historical Criticism" (1901), an historical introduction to ' T h e Philippine Islands (1903), "Spain in America" (1904), "Discovery, Conquest, and Early Hist/MiTi f\f fVin T'Viilmnin.» Tclorulo " i 1QT11 ^ »iTrovjalo r,f Tnno.

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rations of Dc Soto, of Cham plain, and of Columbus, etc.

Boutetde Monvel (bo-ta'dè mon-vel'), Louis Maurice. Born at Orléans, France, 1851. A French painter and illustrator. Hefirstexhibited in the Salon in 1874. Between 1876 and 1880 he made several visita to Algeria, and he has painted numerous portraits and Algerian subjects ; b u t is best known as an illustrator. His colored drawings for books, especially those for children, have a peculiar simplicity and naiveté.

Boutwell*, George Sewall. Died at Groton, Mass., Feb. 27, 1905. Bowditch (bou'dieh), Henry Pickering. Born at Boston, Mass., April 4, 1840. An Botta (bot'ta), Vincenzo. Born at Caval- American physiologist, professor in the Medilerraaggiore, Italy, Nov. 11, 1818: died at New cal School of Harvard University 1871-1906. York, Oct. 5, 1894. An Italian-American He has made numerous contributions to the educator. He was graduated a t the University of Turin and held the post of professor of philosophy there. science of physiology. I n 1849 h e was elected to the Sardinian parliament, Bowdler (bod'ler), Thomas. Born at Ashley, For more than thirty years he waa professor of the Italian near Bath, July 11, 1754: died at Ehvddings, language and literature in the University of the City of near Swansea, Wales, Feb. 24, 1825. An New York. He wrote "Discourse on the Life, Character, English editor of Shakspere. He published "The and Policy oí Cavour" (18(52), " D a n t e as Philosopher, Patriot, and P o e t " (1865), etc.

Bottesini*. Giovanni. Died July 7,1889. Botticher (bet'i-éhér), Karl. Born at Nordhausen, Germany, May 29, 1806: died at Berlin, June 21, 1889. A German archaeologist, assistant director of the sculpture gallerv of the Berlin Museum 1854-68, and director 1868-76. His chief work, " Tektonik der Hellenen" (1844-52), was an important contribution to the knowledge of Greek architecture. Bottome (bo-tom'), Mrs. (Margaret McDonald)- Born at New York, Dec. 29, 1827: died Nov. 14,1906. Au American writer, founder and president of the international order of the King's Daughters and Sons. She

Bredichin D. C., Jan. 22? 1892. An eminent American jurist, appointed an iissoeiate justice of theUnited States Supreme Court in 1870. ÏÏ& was a member of the Electoral Commission in 1877. Brady (brâ'di ), Gyrus Townsend Born at. Allegheny, Pa., Dec. 20, 1861. An American

c l e r g y m a n a n d a u t h o r . He was graduated from theUnited States Naval Academy in 1883; was ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1890 ; wasarchdeacon of Kansas 1892-95, and of Pennsylvania 189599; was rector at Overbrook, Philadelphia, in 1899, and of Trinity Church, Toledo, Ohio, in 1905; and served as chaplain of the First Pennsylvania Volunteers during theSpanish-American war. He has written "Recollections of a Missionary in the Great "West " (1900), "American Fights and Fighters Series," and many volumes of fiction and biography. - -

' " In 1908 Dr. Sven Hedin anBrahmaputra*. nounced that he had determined in Tibet the true sources of the river Brahmaputra. Brahms*, Johannes. Died at Vienna, April 3, 1897. Brainard (bra'nard), David Legge. Born in Norway, Herkimer County, N. Y., Dec. 21, 1856. An American arctic explorer. He enlisted

Family Shakespeare" (1818), and his method of expurgating the text gave rise to the term bowdlerize. He prepared, on similar lines, an edition of Gibbon's " H i s t o r y " (completed 1825 and published 1826).

in t h e United States Army in 1876 and was promoted sergeant ; fought in the Indian campaigns of 1877-78 under General Miies ; and was a member of Greely's expedition to Lady Franklin bay 1881-84. With Lieutenant J. B. Lockwood he reached l a t 83° 24' N., the highest then attained, in May, 1882, and in 1883 explored Grinnell Land and the northwestern coast of Greenland with him. I n 1S86 he was commissioned second lieutenant in the United States Army, " f o r distinguished and meritorious services in connection with the Arctic Expedition 1881-1884,'" and was promoted lieutenant-colonel, in the Subsistence-

the construction of the new navy of the united States from its foundation. In 190 a he resigned from t h e navy to engage in private ship-building.

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are trained largely by means of military drill and discipline, and companies are formed in connection with religious organizations. The membership in t h e United Kingdom is 58,000 and the total strength of t h e brigade, including t h e members in the United States, is about 105,000.

He exhibited a t the Royal Academy in London as early as 1886 and a t the Chicago Exposition in 1S93 won a medal with his picture " T h e Convict Ship." His etchings are printed in small editions and are highly valued by connoisseurs. Among his most notable decorations are a series in the great hall of the Skinners' Company and a wall picture a t Lloyd's Registry.

Bowles (bolz), Francis Tiffany» Born at Springfield, Mass., Oct. 7, 1858. An American naval officer, chief constructor of the United States Navy, with the rank of rear- Department, in 1905. admiral, 1 9 0 1 - 0 3 . n e was gradunted from the United Brampton, Baron. See Hawkins, Sir Henry. States Naval Academy in 1879, and has been engaged in Brand (brand), Sir HenrV BoUVerie William, t

vis^nmit Viscount

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Baron Dacre. Born i ) ee. 24, 1814: died at. Pau, France, March 14, 1892, An English

Bowman (bo'man), Sir William. Born at s t a t e s m a n . He was Liberal member for Lewes 1852-68, Nantwich, England, July 20, 1816: died near and for Cambridgeshire 1868-84 ; was parliamentary secreDorking, March 29, 1892. An English surgeon tary to the treasury 1859-60; and was speaker of the noted especially for his work in ophthalmology House of Commons 1872-84. H e was knighted in 1881, wa3 a member of the editorial staff of the "Ladies' Home and for his investigations relating to the created Viscount Hampden of Glynde in 1884, and sucmucous membranes, muscular fiber, and the ceeded to the title of Lord Dacre in 1890. Journal," and contributed many articles to religious and structure of the kidney. Brandis (bran ' dis ), Sir Dietrich. Born at other papers. Among her publications are " Crumbs from the King's Table," " A Sunshine Trip to the Orient," etc. Boxers (bok'serz). A Chinese secret society, Bonn, March 33, 1824: died there, May 28, 1907. An eminent German botanist and Boughton*, George Henry. Born near Nor- the members of which took a prominent part in authority on forestry. In 1856 he went to India and wich, England, 1836: died at London, Jan. 19, the attack upon foreigners and native Chris- was placed in charge of t h e teak forests of Burma, and in 1905. He became a royal academician in 1896. tians in China 1899-1900. The Chinese name of the 1864 was appointed the first inspector-general of t h e is I-ho-chuan —League of United Patriots ; but Bouguereau*, William Adolphe. Died at La society since the last part of the name can be so accented as to forests of India. He retired to Bonn in 1883. Knighted Rochelle, France, Aug. 20, 1905. mean "lists," and since athletic exercises are much prac- in 1887. Boulger (bul'jér), Demetrius Charles. Born tised by members of the socicty, the name " Boxers" was Brandon (bran'don). A manufacturing city, at London, July 14, 1853. An English given to them by foreigners. the capital of Brandon County, Manitoba. It historian and writer on Asiatic affairs, in 18S5, Boyesen*, Hjalmar Hjorth. Died Oct. 4,1895 has an industrial school for Indians. Populawith Sir Lepel Griffin, he founded the " Asiatic Quarterly Review," of which he was editor for several years. His Boys' Brigade. A boys' organization, estab- tion (1901), 5,380, works include " E n g l a n d and Russia in Central Asia" lished in 1883 by W. A. Smith of G-lasgow, the Brangwyn ( brang ' win), William Francis, (1879), " Central Asian Portraits " (1880)," History of China " aim of which is "the promotion of all that tends Born of Welsh parents at Bruges, Belgium, (1881), "Central Asian Questions" (1885), " T h e Story of t o w a r d s a t r u e C h r i s t i a n m a n l i n e s s . " The boys 1867. A British painter, etcher, and decorator. I n d i a " (1897), " T h e Congo S t a t e " (1898), " I n d i a in the Nineteenth Century " (1901), " History of Belgium " (1902-), "Belgian Life in Town and Country " (1904), "Life of Sir Halliday Macartney" (1908), etc.

Boulle or Boule (bol), Charles André. Born at Paris, Nov. 11, 1642 : died there Feb. 29, Bracquemond (brâk-môn'), Félix Joseph 1732. Tho leading member of a large family of French cabinet-makers. He learned his trade Auguste. Born at Paris, May 22, 1833. A Branner ( bran ' èr ), John Casper. Born at from his father, Jean Boulle, and in 1672 was granted French painter, etcher, ceramist, and orna- Newmarket, Teno., July 4, 1850. An Ameriquarters in the Louvre palace, where he built up an estab- m e n t e v . He was a pupil oi Joseph Guichard, who was a can geologist, protessor in Leland Stanford lishment for the manufacture of fine furniture and inlaid pupil of Ingres. He exhibited first in t h e Salon of 1852. University from 1891, and vice-president since work, which in 1720 was destroyed by Are. H e was a protégé of Louis XIV., for whom his best work was done. His characteristic effects are secured by inlaying metals, tortoise-shell, m o t h e r - o f - p e a r l , and other colored materials on ebony or ebonized wood. Modern boule is an imitation of this. Erroneously, Buhl.

Bourbaki*, Charles Denis Sauter. Died at Bayonne, France, Sept. 22, 1897. Bourdillon (b8r'di-lon), Francis William. Born March 22, 1852'. An English poet. He

has written "Among the Flowers, and Other P o e m s " (1878), "Ailcs d'Alouette" (189U), " A Lost God"(lS91), "Sursum Corda " (189:5), " N e p h e l é " (1896), "Minúscula " (1897), etc. ; and has edited and translated " Aucassin and Nicolctte" (1S87).

Bourgeois (bor-zhwa')> Léon Victor Auguste. Born at Paris, May 21, 1851. A French

s t a t e s m a n . He was deputy for Marne in 1888; was undcr-secretary of state in the ministry of the interior 1SS8-39; was elected deputy for Rheims in 1889; was minister of the interior 1890, of public instruction 189092 and 189S, and of justice 1892; was premier 1895-96; was president of the Chamber of Deputies 1902-03; and was ministerof foreign affairs March-Oct,, 1906. In politics he is Republican Radical. He was delegate to the Hague Peace Conference in 1S99 and in 1907. His works include " D e s t r a v a u x publics communaux " (1877), "Les chemins de fer economiques k voie étroite ct les accotci n e n t s " (1878).

His chief successes have been in etching,

Braddock (brad'ok). A borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, named in memory• •of --s -in in t i i mi j • at. g e n e r a l r s r a a a o c K, WHO w a s i n u e a . m m e v i c m i t y i n 1755. I t has manufactures of steel and of other articles used in the construction of railroads and railroad cars. Population (1900), 15,654. Bradford ( b r a d ' f o r d ) , Gamaliel. B o r n a t B o s t o n , M a s s . , J a n . 15, 1831. A n A m e r i c a n b a n k e r a n d p u b l i c i s t . H e i s t h e a u t h o r of

The Lesson of Popular Government" (1898), and of various essays and monographs. Bradley (brad'li), Arthur Granville. Bom Nov. 11, 1850. An English historian and w r i t e r . Among his publications are a " l i f e of Wolfe" (1895), "Highways and Byways of North Wales'' (1898}, " Highways and Byways of the English Lake District" (1901), "Owen Glvndwr"(1901), "Highways and Byways of South Wales" (1903), "Marches of South Wales"(1905), " T h e Romance of Northumberland" (1908), etc.

Bradley (brad'li), Henry. Born at Manchester, England, Dec. 3, 1845. An English histo-

r i a n a n d p h i l o l o g i s t . H e w a s educated atOxford and Heidelberg, and was employed as a clerk and foreign correspondent at Sheffield until 1884, when he removed to London. He was president of the Philological Society 1891-93 and 1900-03. I n 1889 he became joint editor with Dr. Murray of " The Oxford English Dictionary." His publications include " T h e Story of the Goths " (1888), " T h e Making of English" (1904), etc. He was made fellow of the British Academy in 1907.

1899. He was graduated a t Cornell University in 1874 ; was geologist of the Imperial Geological Commission of Brazil 1875-77, and agent of the United States DepartFnenii 01 ment of Amicuii.uie Agriculture in DfMii Brazil ico^-oo, 1882-83 ; was uonueuwsu connected w l t h t h e geological survey of Pennsylvania 3883-85; was professor of geology in the University of Indiana 1885-91;, was state geologist of Arkansas 1887-93; and conducted an expedition to Brazil in 1899. He has published numerous scientific reports and papers. Brassey* H e was born Feb. 11, t Thomas, L o r d . 188 « i was civil lord.9? the admiralty 1880-84; was secretaryto t h e admiralty 1884-85; became a peer in 1886; was president of the Institute of .Naval Architects 1&93-95; and was governor of Victoria 1895-1900. He was t h e founder and first editor of the "Naval Annual." Among his works are " W o r k and Wages " (1872), "British Navy" (1881), "Sixty Years of Progress, and t h e New Fiscal Policy" (1904), etc. B r a z i l * . The republic contains20states : Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Espirito Santo. Goyaz, Maranhao, - - • Grosso, ---Tara, Parahyba do Norte, - • Matto Minas Geraes, Parana, Pernambuco, Piauhy, Rio Grande do Norte, Bio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catharina, and SaoPaula; one national territory, known as the Acre country, and acquired from Bolivia by treaty in November, 1903, in consideration of $10,000,000; and the federal district. A national exposition was held at Rio de Janeiro, in 1908. In April, 1907, a boundary treaty was signed with Colombia, by which the frontier is traced from Cuchuhy on t h e Rio Negro to the confluence of the Apaporis and Yapura. From this point southward tothe Amazon, the boundary is still unsettled.

Bourne (born), Edward Gaylord. Born at Br azza*, Count Pierre Savorgnan de. Died Strykersville, N. Y., June 24, 1860: died at at Fort Dakar, Senegambia, Sept. 14, 1905. New Haven, Conn., Feb. 24,1908. An American historian and educator, professor of his- Bradley (brad'li), Joseph P. Born in Berne, Bredichin (brä'di-chin), Fedor Alexandrotory in Yale University from 1895. He was N. Y., March 14, 1813: died in Washington, vitch. Born at Nikolaief, Russia, Dec. 8 r

Bredichin [ N . S . ] , 1 8 3 0 : d i e d a t S t . P e t e r s b u r g , M a y 14, 1904. A n eminent Russian astronomer, direct o r o5: t h e o b s e r v a t o r y of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of M o s c o w 1873-18y0, a n d o f t h a t of P u l k o w a 1890-94. H i s p r i n c i p a l w o r k w a s h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e f o r m s of c o m e t s , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h h i s t h e o r y of m e t e o r s . Breeches Bible, The. S e e Geneva Bible.

Brehm

( b r â m ) , Christian Ludwig. B o r n a t Sehonau, n e a r Gotha, Germany, J a n . 24,1787 : died at Renthendorf, near Neustadt-on-theO r l a , S a x e - W e i m a r , J u n e 23, 1 8 6 4 . A G e r m a n n a t u r a l i s t , a u t h o r of n u m e r o u s w o r k s o n ornithology. Breton*, Emile Adélard. D i e d N o v . 2 6 , 1 9 0 2 . Breton*, Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis. D i e d at Paris, J u l y 5,1906. Brewer ( b r o ' è r ) , David Josiah. B o r n J u n e 20, .1837: died March 28, 1910. An A m e r i c a n j u r i s t , n e p h e w of S t e p h e n J . F i e l d . H e was graduated a t Yale in 1856 and at t h e Albany Law School in 1858 ; was justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas 1870-84 ; was j u d g e of t h e Circuit Court of the United States 1884-S9 ; and was appointed associate justice of t h e United States Supreme Court in 1889. In 1897 he was president of t h e British-Venezuelan Boundary Commission appointed by President Cleveland and was a member of t h e Arbitration Tribunal to determine t h a t boundary (Paris, 1899). H e has written " T h e Pew to t h e Pulpit'" (1897), " T h e Twentieth Century f r o m Another View P o i n t " (1899), "American Citizenship" (1902), " T h e United States a Christian Nation " (1905).

Browning

13

Brink

( b r i n g k ) , Jan ten. B o r n a t A p p i n g e dam, Netherlands, J u n e 15,1834: died at Leyd e n , J u l y 19, 1 9 0 1 . A D u t c h a u t h o r , e d u c a t o r , a n d c r i t i c . I n 1889 he was appointed professor of t h e history of Dutch literature at Ley den. Amoug his critical works are " Schets eener geschiedenis der Xederlandsche l e t t e r k u n d e " (1807-69), " V o n d e l bekroond " (1868), " Buiwer Lytton : biografie en kritiek " (1873). " Letterkundige schetsen " (1874-75), " É m i l e Zola" (1S79), "Onze hedendaagsche l e t t e r k u n d i g e n " (18S2-87 : reprinted in 1902 as "Geschiedenis der Noord-Xederlandsche letteren in de X I X . ecuw "), " Causerien over moderne romans " (1884), and " De Roman in bricven 1740-1840 " (1889). l i e is also t h e author of a n u m b e r of novels.

Brinton*, Daniel Garrison.

Died at Atlantic C i t y , N . J . , J u l y 31, 1899. A m o n g his later works are " R a c e s and Peoples" (1890), " A m e r i c a n R a c e " ( 1 8 9 1 ) , " R e l i g i o n s of P r i m i t i v e P e o p l e s " ( 1 8 9 7 ) , " B a s i s of S o c i a l R e l a t i o n s " (1902), e t c . Brisson*, Eugène Henri. H e w a s e l e c t e d p e r m a n e n t p r e s i d e n t of t h e C h a m b e r o f D e p u t i e s i n J u n e , 1906.

British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical, and Philological

Studies, The. A n association incorporated b y r o y a l c h a r t e r , A u g u s t 8, 1 9 0 2 . Its formation was due to a suggestion made at t h e assembling of the International Association of Academics at Wiesbaden in 1899 and a consequent meeting of representative scholars a t t h e British Museum in 1901. T h e fellowship is limited to one hundred. I t s first p r e s i d e n t was Lord Keay. British Columbia*. T h e p r o v i n c e s e n d s 7 Brewster (brô'stôr), Benjamin Harris. Born m e m b e r s t o t h e D o m i n i o n H o u s e of C o m m o n s i n S a l e m C o u n t y , K J . , O c t . 13, 1 8 1 6 : d i e d a t a n d 3 m e m b e r s to the Senate. P h i l a d e l p h i a , A p r i l 4, 1888. An American j u r i s t . H e was graduated at Princeton in 1834 and ad- British East Africa CompanyImperial. 1 8 9 3 i t r e s i g n e d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of m i t t e d t o the Philadelphia bar m 1833. I n 1867 h e was I n appointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania, and was U g a n d a a n d W i t u t o t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t . Britton (brit'on), Nathaniel Lord. Born attorney-general of t h e United States 1881-85. Brialmont*, Henri Alexis. D i e d a t B r u s s e l s , a1 8t 5 9N. e wA nD oArmp ,e r Si ct aa nt e nb oIt salnains dt ,, dNi .r eYc .t ,o rJ aofn . t15, he J u l y 21, 1903. N e w Y o r k B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n f r o m 1 8 9 6 . H e was Briand ( b r i - o n ' ) , Aristide. B o r n a t N a n t e s , graduated at t h e Columbia School of Mines in 1879, and M a r c h 28, 1 8 6 2 . A F r e n c h s t a t e s m a n , a m e m - was professor of botany in Columbia University 1888-96. b e r o f t h e S o c i a l i s t p a r t y , i n March, 1905, h e be- Among his publications are " Illustrated Flora of t h e came minister of instruction and public worship in the Northern United States and Canada," and " M a n u a l of the cabinet of Sarrien and remained in t h a t position under Flora of t h e Northern United States and Canada." Clemenceau from Oct., 1906, to July, 1909. In -Tan., 1908, he (brôd'land). A name for the became also minister of justice. I l e secured the passage B r o a d l a n d of the law effecting t h e separation of church and state. r e g i o n of t h e N o r f o l k B r o a d s , E n g l a n d . I n July, 1909, h e became premier. Broca ( b r ô ' k a ) , Paul. B o r n a t S a i n t e - F o y - l a Brice ( b r ï s ) , Calvin Stewart. B o r n a t D e n - G r a n d e , G i r o n d e , F r a n c e , J u n e 2 8 , 1 8 2 4 : d i e d m a r k , O h i o , S e p t . 17, 1 8 4 5 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , a t P a r i s , J u l y 9 , 3 8 8 0 . An eminent French D d e . 15, 1898. A n A m e r i c a n politician. He a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , f o u n d e r of t h e A n t h r o p o l o g i was graduated from the Miami University (Oxford, Ohio) c a l S o c i e t y of P a r i s ( 1 8 5 9 ) , of t h e S c h o o l in 1803 and was a d m i t t e d t o the bar in 1800, H e served of A n t h r o p o l o g y ( 1 8 7 G ) , a n d of t h e F r e n c h with t h e Union Army in t h e Civil W a r ; was identified A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e A d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e S c i w i t h railroad interests in t h e United States and China ; H e became a m e m b e r of t h e Senate in was chairman of the Democratic campaign committee e n c e s ( 1 8 7 2 ) . which conducted t h e national campaign in 1888 ; and was 1880. Among his works are " I n s t r u c t i o n s g é n é r a l e s pour les recherches anthropologiques" (1865), " I n s t r u c t i o n s United States senator from Ohio 1&91-97. et craniométriqués "(1875), " Mémoires sur Bridges ( b r i j ' e z ) , Robert: p s e u d o n y m Droch. craniologiques les caractères physiques de l'homme préhistorique " (1869), B o r n a t S h i p p e n s b u r g , P a . , J u l y 13,1858. An A m e r i c a n author, editor, a n d critic. H e was and " Mémoires d'anthropologie " (1871-88 : fifth vol., graduated a t Princeton in 1879 ; was a reporter for t h e edited by Pozzi, 1888). Rochester " Democrat and Chronicle " in 18a0 ; was assis- Brockway (brok'wâ), Zebulon Heed. Born t a n t news-editor of t h e îs'ew York " Evening Post " 1881- a t L y m e , C o n n . , A p r i l 2 8 , J 8 2 7 . An American 87; was literary reviewer for " L i f e " 1883-1900 ; and since p e n o l o g i s t , s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e N e w Y o r k 1887 has been assistant editor of " S c r i b n e r ' s Magazine." S t a t e R e f o r m a t o r y a t E l m i r a 1 8 76-1900, a n d I l e is the author of " Overheard in Aready " (1894), " S u p pressed Chapters and Other Bookishness " (1895), " B r a m - m a y o r of E l m i r a 1 9 0 6 - 0 7 . ' He wasappointed deputy superintendent of the Albany Penitentiary in 1851, suble Brae," a volume of poems (1902), etc. p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e Monroe County (New York) PenitenBridges (brij'ez), R o b e r t . Born Oct. 23,1844. tiary in 1854, and of the Detroit House of Correction in A n E n g l i s h p o e t , critic, a n d physician. H e 1861. H e has writteu numerous papers on t h e subject of h e l d v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s i n t h e L o n d o n h o s p i t a l s penology. u n t i l 1882, w h e n h e r e t i r e d f r o m p r a c t i c e . He has written several volumes of poems, a study of " Milton's Brodrick ( b r o d ' r i k ) , William St. John Fremantle, n i n t h V i s c o u n t M i d l e t o n . B o r n D e c . Prosody," " The Growth of Love," a n u m b e r of plays, in- 1 4 , 1 8 5 6 . A B r i t i s h C o n s e r v a t i v e s t a t e s m a n , cluding " N e r o , " "Palicio," "Ulysses," " C h r i s t i a n Cap- l i e was educated a t Eton and Balliol College, Oxford ; tives,'" " Achilles in Scyros," " H u m o u r s of the Court." and represented Surrey (West 1880-85 and South-west 1385" T h e Feast of Bacchus," and also an oratorio entitled 190ii) in t h e House of Commons ; and was financial secre"Eden." tary t o t h e W a r Office 188A-92, under-seoretary of state Bridgman, Laura Dewey. B o r n a t H a n o v e r , for war 1895-98, under-secretary of state for foreign N . H . , D e c . 2 1 , 1 8 2 9 : d i e d a t S o u t h B o s t o n , affairs 1898-1900, secretary of state for war 1900-03, and secretary of state for India 1903-Dec., 1905. M a s s . , M a y 24, 1889. A b l i n d d e a f - m u t e n o t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h e d u c a t i o n a l m e t h o d s f o r Brodsky ( b r ô d ' s k i ) , Adolf. B o r n a t T a g a n r o g , u n f o r t u n a t e s of h e r c l a s s . Having lost sight and P r o v i n c e o f t h e D o n C o s s a c k s , R u s s i a , M a r c h hearing and having been partially deprived of t h e senses 2 1 , 1 8 5 1 . A d i s t i n g u i s h e d R u s s i a n v i o l i n i s t . of taste and smell by scarlet fever a t t h r e e years of age, He was a m e m b e r of t h e Hellmeaberger Quartet in she was placed in t h e Blind Asylum at South Boston, at Vienna, and from 1868 t o 1870 of the imperial opera t h e age of eight, w h e r e she was educated by means of a orchestra there, and later was a professor at t h e conraised alphabet devised by the principal, Br. S. G. Howe. servatory of Moscow (1875-79). i'rom 1879 to 1S81 he was conductor of t h e symphony orchestra in "Kief; made Briggs\ Charles Augustus. He was ordained concert tours in Austria, Germany, and England 1881-83 ; a p r i e s t of t h e E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h i n 1 8 9 9 . and was professor at t h e Leipsic Conservatory 1883-91. I n u 1891-94 he was in t h e United States and Canada. I n 1895 A m o n g his recent works are I n c a r n a t i o n of t h e L o r d " ( 1 9 0 2 ) , " E t h i c a l T e a c h i n g of J e s u s " he was appointed professor, and later principal, a t t h e Manchester Royal College of Music in England. ( 1 9 0 4 ) , " N e w L i g h t o n t h e L i f e of J e s u s " ( 1 9 0 4 ) , " T h e P a p a l C o m m i s s i o n a n d t h e P e n - Broglie*, Jacques Victor Albert, Duc de. t a t e u c h , " w i t h B a r o n F r i e d r i c h v o n H i i g e l D i e d J a n . 19, 1 9 0 1 . (1906), e t e . Brohan*. Emilie Madeleine. B o r n a t P a r i s , Bright ( b r ï t ) , Mynors. B o r n 1 8 1 8 : d i e d F e b . O c t . 2 1 , 1 8 3 3 : d i e d t h e r e , F e b . 25, 1 9 0 0 . 23, 1883. A n E n g l i s h s c h o l a r , p r o c t o r a n d Bronzino ( b r o n - z ë ' n ô ) , Angiolo Allori : c a l l e d p r e s i d e n t of M a g d a l e n e C o l l e g e , C a m b r i d g e , B r o n z i n o . B o r n a t M o n t i c e l l i , n e a r F l o r e n c e , a n d e d i t o r of P e p y s ' s " D i a r y . " His edition of 1 5 0 2 : d i e d a t F l o r e n c e , 1 5 7 2 . A F l o r e n t i n e Pepys (1875-79), which is based upon a complete re- p a i n t e r a n d p o e t . H e was a pupil of Raffacllino del decipherment of t h e original manuscript, corrects many Garbo and Jacopo Carrucci, callcd Pontormo. H e was errors in t h e earlier editions and includes a large n u m b e r also m u c h influenced by Michelangelo, whose style of drawing h e affected. Bronzino was t h e favorite painter of passages previously suppressed.

of Cosimo I., Duke of Tuscany, and has l e f t a fine series of portraits of t h e Medici family. His best works are in Florence and Pisa. Brooke ( b r u k ) , John Mercer. B o r n a t T a m p a , F l o r i d a , D e c . 1 8 , 1 8 2 6 : d i e d a t L e x i n g t o n , "Va., D e c . 14, 1 9 0 6 . A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i s t . l i e was graduated f r o m the J^aval Academy a t Annapolis in 1847, b u t resigned from the U. S. Navy in 1860. I n lStil he entered the Confederate service and became chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography. H e invented a gun, named for him, and made the plans which were used in refitting t h e " M e n i m a c " ( " V i r g i n i a " ) . H e was professor of phvsics in the Virginia Military I n s t i t u t e 1865-99. Brooke ( b r u k ) , John Butter. B o r n a t P o t t s v i l l e , P e l . , J u l y 21, 1 8 3 8 . A n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r , p r o m o t e d m a j o r - g e n e r a l in t h e r e g u l a r a r m y i n 1 8 9 7 . H e enlisted in t h e N o r t h e r n Army iri 1861 and attained the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers in 1864. I n April, 1898, during t h e Spanish-American War, he was placcd in command of t h e troops in Chickamauga Park and in J u l y was sent to Porto Rico, where he WHS head of t h e military commission and governor-general until December, when he bccame governor-general of Cuba. In 1900 he was placed in command of t h e departm e n t of the East. He retired in 1902. Brooklyn*. B r o o k l y n b e c a m e o n e of t h e b o r o u g h s of t h e G r e a t e r C i t y of N e w Y o r k i n 1 8 9 8 . S e e New York. Brooks ( b r u k s ) , Noah. B o r n a t O a s t i n e , M e . , O c t . 24, 1 8 3 0 : d i e d a t P a s a d e n a , C a l . , A u g . 16, 1903. A n A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t a n d w r i t e r of biography, history, and fiction, particularly f o r b o y r e a d e r s . H e was editor of the Newark (>"ew Jersey) " A d v e r t i s e r " 1884-94. l i e published " T h e Boy Emigrants " (1876), " The Life of Abraham Lincoln " (1889), " American Statesmen " (1S93), " The Storv of Marco Polo " (1890), etc.

Brooks

( b r u k s ) , William Keith. Born at C l e v e l a n d , O h i o , M a r c h 25, 1 8 4 8 : d i e d a t L a k e R o l a n d , n e a r B a l t i m o r e , N o v . 12, 1 9 0 8 . An American biologist, associate professor (and l a t e r p r o f e s s o r ) of z o o l o g y a t J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y , B a l t i m o r e , f r o m 1 8 7 6 . H e was graduated a t Williams College in 1870 and was assistant in t h e Boston Society of Natural History 1875-70. Among his published works are " H a n d b o o k of I n v e r t e b r a t e Zoologv " (1H82), " H e r e d i t y " (1884), " L u c i f e r : a Studv in Morphology " (1881), " T h e Stomatopoda of H. M. S. Challenger" (1886), " F o u n d a t i o n s of Zoology" (1898), etc.

Brosch

( b r o s h ) , Moritz. Born at Prague, April 7, 1 8 2 9 : d i e d a t V e n i c e , J u l y 15, 1907. A German historian and journalist. His works include " P a p s t J u l i u s I I . u n d die Griindung des Kirchenstaata " (1878), " CJeschichte des Kirchenstaats " (1880-82), " L o r d Bolingbroke und die Whigs u n d Tories seiner Zeit"(1883), "Oliver Cromwell und d i e p u r i tanischc Revolution " (1886), " G e s e h i c h t e von England, 1603-1860" (1890-97).

Brown

( b r o u n ) , Alice. Born at Hampton P a l l s , N . H . , D e c . 5, 1857. An American a u t h o r . H e r work includes " Meadowgrass" (1895), " By Oak and Thorn " (1896), " Tiverton Tales " (1899), " K i n g ' s E n d " (1901), " M a r g a r e t W a r r e n d e r " (1901), " T h e M a n n e r i n g s " (1903), " J u d g m e n t " (1903), " H i g h Noon " (1904), " The Court of Love " (1900), " The Story of Thyrza " (1909), etc.

Brown

( b r o u n ) , Francis. B o r n a t H a n o v e r , N . H . , D e c . 26, 1849. A n A m e r i c a n s c h o l a r , c l e r g y m a n , a n d e d u c a t o r , p r e s i d e n t of U n i o n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y 1 9 0 8 - . l i e was instructor in biblical philology in Union Theological Seminary, New York, 1879-81, and associate professor 1881-90; and was appointed professor of Hebrew and cognate languages in 1890. H e is t h e a u t h o r of " Assyriology; I t s Use and A b u s e " (1885), and " The Christian Point of View "(1902: with George William K n o x and A r t h u r C. McGilfeit); and has compiled, with S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, a " H e b r e w and English Lexicon of the Old T e s t a m e n t " (1891-1906).

Brown

( b r o u n ) , Henry Billings. Born at S o u t h L e e , M a s s . , M a r c h 2, 1 8 3 6 . A n Americ a n j u r i s t . He was graduated at Yale in 1856 and was admitted to t h e (Michigan) b a r in 1800. He was United States j u d g e for t h e Eastern District of Michigan 1875-90, and associate justice of t h e United States Supreme Court 1891-1906. His publications include "Admiralty R e p o r t s " (1870), and sundry articles in legal magazines.

Browne*, Henriette. Died in 1901. Browne*, Junius Henri.

Died at New York,

A p r i l 2, 1 9 0 2 . Browne ( b r o u n ) . Thomas Alexander: p s e u d o n y m Rolf Boldrewood. B o r n a t L o n d o n , E n g l a n d , A u g . 6, 1826. An Australian n o v e l i s t . Among his works are " Robbery U n d e r A n n s " (1888), " T h e Miner's i i i g h t " (1S90), " T h e Squatter's Dream " (1895), " T h e Crooked Stick " (1895), " W a r to tlie K n i f e " (1899). " T h e Ghost C a m p " (1902), " The l a s t Chance" (1905), " A Tale of t h e Golden W e s t " (1906), etc.

Brownell (brou-nel'), William Crary.

Born

a t N e w Y o r k , A u g . 30, 1851. A n A m e r i c a n critic, author, a n d editor. H e was graduated at Amherst College in 1871 and became in 1888 a literary adviser to t h e publishing house of Charles Scribner's Sons. Besides his contributions to periodicals he has written " F r e n c h T r a i t s " (1889), " F r e n c h A r t " (1892), and " V i c t o r i a n Prose M a s t e r s " (1901).

Browning

( b r o u ' n i i i g ) , Oscar. B o r n a t L o n d o n , E n g l a n d , J a n . 17, 1 8 3 7 . A n E n g l i s h h i s -

14

Browning

Burias B u l l i o n State, The, A nickname of the State Missouri. B ü l o w (bii'lo), Prince Bernhard H e n r y Mart i n Charles von. Born ¡it Kknu-Mottbeck, Holstein, Germany, May 9, 1849. A German 1858- CO statesman, chancellor of the empire 1900-09.

torian, critic, and writer. He is the author of Biichner*, Friedrich K a r l Christian Ludwig. 1;.wi 1820-1874 icon iw7.i"" (1878), /IVITW* ""Modern Mnrl^rn France, Krsinpp Died "Pkl^rJat o r t e (both separated from it by the Cordillera Norte) on the west. Capital, Tuguegarao. The province is bordered on the eastern coast by t h e Sierra Madre Mountains. The mountains are densely wooded. The central plain of the Rio Grande de Cagayan, which intersects the province from north to south, is very fertile and produces large quantities of tobacco. The native races are chiefly Cagayanes and Ilocanos. Area, 5,052 square miles. Population (1903), 156,239.

Cáceres*, Andrés Avelino. Since 190G he has been minister to Italy. A town, the capital of Misamis province Cabel* (properly Cabu), Mmc. (Marie Jo- Cadiz, 2. A municipality in the northern 6. Mindanao, Philippine Islands, situated near sèphe Dreullette). She was born Jan. 31, part of Negros Occidental province, Negros in the mouth of the Rio Grande de Cagayan,

1827, and died at Maisons Lafitte, May 23,18851 Island, in the Philippines. Civilized popula- approximately in lat. 8° 11' N., long. 124° C a b i c u n g a n (ka-be-kon-gan'). A volcano in tion (1903), 1G.429. 41' E. Civilized population of municipality Cagayan province, in the northern part of Cadorna*, R a f f a e l e . Died at Turin, Feb. 6, (1903), 7,108. Luzon, Philippine Islands. Height, 4,326 feet. 1897. Cagayan de Jolo (ka-ga-yan' da h o - 1 o ' ) and adCable *, George Washington. He has also writtenC a g a y a n (ká-gá-yán'). 1. A river in Misamis jacent islands. A group of islands lying in the " J o h n March, Southerner" (1894), " T h e Cavalier" (1901), province, Mindanao, Philippine Islands, 11 ow- Sulu (Jolo) Sea, in lat. 7° 2' N., long. 18° 32' "Bylow Hill " (1902). "Kincaid's Battery" (190S), etc. ing north into Macajalar Bay.—2. A lake in E., ceded by Spain to the United States by a Cabot*, J o h n . His second voyage was made the northeastern part of Cagayan province, treaty signed November 7, 1900. The islands are in the spring of 1498. Luzon. Area, about 70 square miles.—3. See a part of the Jolo district of Moro province. Area, 29.1 miles. Population of largest island (1903), 2,000. Cabrillo (ka-brèl'y 6), Joào or Juan Rodriguez. Bio Grande do Ca¡an.— 4. See Cagayanes square Born toward the end of the loth century : died Islands.— 5. The most northeasterly province Formerly Cagayan de Suit'..

Caran d' Ache

16

Cagayanes

C a g a y a n e s (ka-ga-ya'nas) and adjacent islands Cuba (formerly Puerto Principe) situated beof the Sulu (Jolo) Sea. A group of small is- tween the provinces of Santa Clara and lands lying between Negros and Paragua, and Oriente. Area, 10,064 square miles. ' Populabelonging to Paragua province, Philippine tion (1907), 1 1 8 , 2 6 9 . - 2 . The capital (formerly Islands. It consists of 8 Cagayanes, 4 other named Puerto Principe) of the province of Camagiiey, islands, and 10 unnamed islets and rocks. Tile largest of Cuba. Population (1907), 29,616. t h e srroup is Cagayan. T o t a l area, 8.2 square miles. Vopulation of Caffayan (1003), 2,448.

v e r s i t y a n d T r i n i t y College, C a m b r i d g e , a n d w a s L i b e r a l m e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t f o r S t i r l i n g B u r g h s f r o m 1868. H e was financial s e c r e t a r y t o t h e w a r office 1871-74, 1880-82; s e c r e t a r y t o t h e a d m i r a l t y 1882-84; chief s e c r e t a r y f o r I r e l a n d 1884-85; s e c r e t a r y of s t a t e f o r w a r 1886,1892-95; l e a d e r of t h e Liberal p a r t y in t h e H o u s e of C o m m o n s 1899-; a n d p r e m i e r a n d first lord of t h e t r e a s u r y December, 1905,-April, 1908. I n 1895 h e w a s k n i g h t e d (G. C. B.). H e was p o p u l a r l y r e f e i r e d t o as " C . - B . "

Cambridge* (George William Frederick Charles), Duke of. Died March 17, 1904. Camphausen*, Otto. Died May 17, 1896.

G a g u a (ka'go-a), or O a u a (ka'o-a). A volcanie He was couimander-in-ehief of the army 1856- Campidoglio, Piazza del. See Fiazza del peak in Cagayan province, northern Luzon, 95. Campidoglio. Philippines, about lat. 18° 13' N., long. 122° C a m p o s (kam'p03), M a r t i n e z . Born at SegoCambridge*, University of. There are over 4' E. Height, 3,920 feet. via, l)ec. 14, 1834: died at Zarauz, near San C a i m a n e r a (ki-mii-na'ra). A town in the 3,500 undergraduate students and about 120 Sebastian, Sept. 23, 1900. A Spanish genera). H e s e r v e d in M o r o c c o ; was s e n t t o Cuba in 1S64 as c o l o n e l ; province of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, situated instructors. n d in 1870 r e t u r n e d t o Spain t o h e l p t o s u p p r e s s t h e Caron Guantanamo Bay. It is connected by rail C a m i g u i n ( k a - m i - g o e n ' ) , 1. A very fertile alists, a n d was m a d e a b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a l . On t h e a b d i c a t i o n mountainous island in Mindanao Sea, north with Gruant.anamo. K i n g A m a d e o h e s u p p o r t e d t h e r e p u b l i c , w a s p u t on t h e of Mindanao, Philippine Islands. It belongs to of r e t i r e d list, a n d soon a f t e r was a r r e s t e d on a c h a r g e of

Caine*, Thomas Henry Hall. His later works

i n c l u d e " T h e M a n x m a n " (1893). " T h e C h r i s t i a n " (1897), " T h e E t e r n a l Citv " (1001), " T h e P r o d i g a l S o n " (1904), " D r i n k " (1907), " M y .Story " (1909), etc. " 'J'he D e e m s t e r " was d r a m a t i z e d (as " B e n - m a ' - C h r e e " ) in 1889, " T h e M a n x m a n " in 189ft, " T h e C h r i s t i a n " in 1898 a n d l a t e r in 1907, " T h e E t e r n a l C i t y " in 19(12, " T h e P r o d i g a l Soil" in 1905, ' T i l e B o n d m a n " in 1907, a n d " P e t e " ( w i t h L o u i s a . P a r k e r ) in 1908.

M i s a m i s province, a n d c o n t a i n s C a m i g u i n volcano. H i g h e s t elevation, 5,388 f e e t . Area, 94 s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 30,554.

conspiracy. H e w a s soon r e l e a s e d m a n d of t h e 3d division of t h e A r m y t h e Carlista. F r o m 1877 t o 1879 h e chief of t h e S p a n i s h f o r c e s in Cuba. in April, 1895, as go v e r a or-gen e r a l ; J a n u a r y , 1896.

"American

t e e on A p p r o p r i a t i o n s in t h e 55th, 56th, a n d 57th Congresses (1897-1903), a n d s p e a k e r of t h e 58th, 59th, 60th, a n d 61st Congresses (1903-).

a n d p l a c e d in comof t h e N o r t h a g a i n s t was commander-inH e was s e n t t o C u b a b u t w a s r e c a l l e d in

2. A voleano on Camiguin Island, approximately in lat. 9° 12' N., long. 124° 42' E. Its last great eruption took place in 1871, activity continuing into 1875. New solfataras appeared C a n a d a \ It comprises Quebec, Ontario, „ „ „ iNov. „ in 1897 and 1902. Height, 2,392 feet. UU11111U W¥. ^ New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Caird*, Edward. Died 1, 190& He „was ^ o f e s s o r " " m o r a l ' philosophy I t ' G t a s g o w " i l n i v e r " i t ^ Camiglling (kii-mi-goeng'). A volcanic island Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, 1866-93, a n d m a s t e r of Balliol College, Oxford, 1893-1907. o f t h e B a b u y a n g r o u p , n o r t h o f L u z o n , P h i l i p - Saskatchewan, the district of Keewatin, and H i s l a t e r w o r k s i n c l u d e ^'The E v o l u t i o n of Theology in p i n e I s l a n d s . I t b e l o n g s t o Cagayan province, a n d con- the Northwest and Yukon Territories. ™m H u l o s o p h e r s ( t i f l o r d L e c t u r e s a t Glasgow, & l n s a v o i c a n o , C a m i g u i n d e BabiTyanes. H i g h e s t elevaCanal Zone, Isthmian. See Isthmian Canal 1901 02). , , cw. tion, 2,790 f e e t . Area, 61 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n Zone. Caird , J o h n . Died July 30, 1898. ( 19 ok fe. C a i s s a (ka-is'a). [NL.,artificiallyformedfrom C a m i l i n g (ka-me-ling'). 1. A municipality of C a n d o n (kan-don'). A municipality in llocos 2 chess, appar. on the model of chase = F. caisse, Tariac province, in the southwestern part of Sur province, on the west coast of Luzon, Civilized population with -issa conforming to the L. and Gr. fern. Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- Philippine Islands. suffix -issa (E. -ess).] The goddess of chess: a tion (1903), 25,243.— 2. A town of Tarlae prov- (1903), 18,828, C a n l a o n (kan-la-on'), or M a l a s p i n a (ma-lamodern invention of chess-players. The name ince. Population (1903), 7,149. is said to have originated with Sir William C a m o t e s ( k a - m o ' t a s ) I s l a n d s . A group of spe'na). A volcano in the northwestern part Jones, the Orientalist (1746-94). islands lying between Cebu and Leyte, in the of Negros Oriental province, Negros, PhilipC a l a b r i a * . It was visited by a most destruc- Philippines, and belonging to Cebu province, pine Islands, approximately in lat. 10° 30' N . , tive earthquake Dec. 28, 1908, which also de- The largest is Pasijan. Area, 90,1 square long. 123° 6' E. It is a picturesque mountain, always steaming. A notable eruption took stroved Messina. _ miles. Population (1903), 21,123. place in 1902. Height, 8,192 feet. C a l a s i a o (ka-la-se-a'o). Amunicipality of Pan- C a m p (kamp), W a l t e r . Born at N e w Britain, Cannon (kan'on), Joseph Gurney. Born at gasman province, in the western part of Luzon, Conn., April 7, 1859. A n Ameriean business Guilford, N. Ó., May 7, 1836. A n American Philippine Islands. Civilizedpopulation(1903), man and authority on athletics, treasurer of s t a t e s m a n . H e w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e (Illinois) b a r in 16,539. Yale Field and a member of Yale University 1858, a n d w a s R e p u b l i c a n m e m b e r of Congress f r o m IlliCalbayog (kal-ba'yog). A municipality in Sa- Council. H e is t h e a u t h o r of " B o o k of College Sports,'' nois 1873-91 a n d 189iK H e was c h a i r m a n of t h e C o m m i t mar

province,

on the

west

c o a s t of

Samar,

Philippine Islands. Civilized population (1903), qok io,BJO.

a nd

.

.Football,"

"Football i'acts

and

Figures,"

"lvi n OaOd"V m r a/Il .rvi l no! troops. He was a member of the Boer commission which M e t h o d i s t Episcopal Church, situated at arranged the terms of submission and afterward one of a G r e e n c a s t l e , I n d i a n a . I t is the outgrowth of the He was graduated from the United States >"aval Academy deputation which visited Europe and the United States Indiana Asbury University (chartered in 1837), the name in 1858 ; served under Farragut as lieutenant on the Misto raise funds for the assistance of their countrymen. of which was changed in 1884 owing to the financial and sissippi in 1862 ; and took part in the attack on Fort Fisher 1864-65. He was promoted lieutenant-commander in D e l b œ u f (del-bèf'), Joseph. B o r n a t L i è g e , other aid given to it by W . C. DePauw. The university March, 1865 ; commander in 1872 ; captain in 1884 ; comB e l g i u m , S e p t . 30, 1831 : d i e d a t B o n n , A u g . offers courses in the liberal arts, music, and art and is modore in 1896 ; rear-admiral in 1898 ; and admiral in 1899. attended by about 1,000 students. I t has an endowment He has served on the Lighthouse Board, and has been 13, 1896. A B e l g i a n p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t e r a n d p s y c h o l o g i s t , p r e s s o r of classical p h i l o l o g y « ¿ „ y M i ^ e i L " ï i c w a s p r e s i - chief of the Bureau of Equipment and president of the Board of Inspection and Survey. Having been placed in command of the Asiatic Station, on i l a y 1, 1898, a few comme science "lraturelle" d e ^ t o f t h e N e w Y o ^ C e n t r a l K a i l r o a d 188^-99, days after the outbreak of the war with Spain, he de(1ST«), "Questions de philosophie et de science" (1883), a n d w a s e l e c t e d s e n a t o r t r o m JNew Y o r k m stroyed the Spanish fleet off Cavitò in the Bay of Manila. " Examen critique de la loi psychophysique " (1883), and 1899 a n d r e e l e c t e d i n 1905. On Aug. 13 his fleet aided the troops under General Merritt in the capture of Manila, La matière brute et la matière vivante " (1887). p e y s t e r ) j o h n WattS. H e died at X e w D e

Delbrück*, Martin Friedrich Rudolf.

a t B e r l i n , F e b . 1, 1903. at D e l c a s s é (del-käs-sä'), Théophile. Born P a m i e r s , A r i è g e , F r a n c e , M a r c h 1, 1852. A F r e n c h statesman and journalist. He was under-secretary for the colonies in 1893, colonial minister 1894-95, and minister of foreign affairs 1898-1905 (under premiers Brisson, Dupuy, Waldeck-Rousseau, and Combes). When holding this office he adjusted the "Faahoda affair" ; negotiated the agreement with Great Britain as to the Nile Valley and Central Africa ; and, with Lord Lansdowne, prepared the Anglo-French agreement of 1904. H e retired on account of the difficulty with Germany over Morocco. In politics he is a radical Republican.

Y o r k , M a y 4, 1907.

Deschanel*, Martin.

Emile

Augustin

Étienne

D i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 26, 1904.

Deschanel (dà-shà-nel'),Paul Eugène Louis.

D e w e y (du'i), John. B o r a at Burlington, V t . , O c t . 20, 1859. A n A m e r i c a n philosopher, p r o f e s s o r of p h i l o s o p h y in C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1904. He was professor in the University of Minnesota 1888-89. in the University of Michigan 188994, and in the University of Chicago 1894-1904. He has published a number of works upon psychology, ethics, logical theory, and pedagogics. T ) e w e V C d û ' i ) , Melvil. B o r n a t A d a m s C e n t e r , t r ' Vv. . V « i o c i a -ut N . Y.~, D e c . 10, 1851. A n A m e r i e a n l i b r a r i a n , d i r e c t o r of the N e w Y o r k S t a t e L i b r a r y and N e w Y o r k S t a t e L i b r a r y S c h o o l a t A l b a n y 18881905. He waB graduated at Amherst College in 1874; was acting librarian at Amherst 1873-76 ; was chief librarian and professor of library economy in Columbia University 1883-88; and was secretary of the University of the State of New York 1888-1900. He organized, in 1876, the Spelling Reform Association, of which he has been secretary from 1876, and the Metric Bureau for the introduction of the international system of weights and measures. In 1887 he founded at Columbia the first library school, which later became the New York State Library School. He was New York State director of libraries 1904-05.

B o r n a t B r u s s e l s , B e l g i u m , F e b . 13, 1856. A F r e n c h statesman a n d author, son of É m i l e Augustin Étienne Martin Deschanel. H e was secretary to two ministers of the interior, de Marcère and Simon, 1876-77; and after filling various minor offices was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1885, of which he was president 1898-1902, and reelected in 1901. In 1899 he was elected a member of the French Academy, succeeding Hervé. His published work includes " L a question du Tonkin" (1883), " L a politique D e l i b e s ( d ê - l ë b ' ) , C l é m e n t P h i l i b e r t L é o : française en Océanie" (1884), " L e s intérêts français dans k n o w n as L é o . B o r n a t S a i n t - G e r m a i n - d u - le Pacifique" (1885), "Orateurs et hommes d'état" (1888 : crowned by the French Academy), "Figures de femmes" V a l , S a r t h e , F r a n c e , F e b . 21, 1836: d i e d a t (1889: also crowned), "Figures littéraires" (1889), P a r i s , J a n . 16, 1891. A F r e n c h c o m p o s e r . "Questions actuelles," a collection of his principal ' He was a chorus conductor at the Opéra, and in 1881 speeches (1891), " L a décentralisation" (1895), " L a queswas appointed professor of composition at the Conserva- tion sociale" (1898), "Quatre ans de présidence" (1902), toire. His music consisted chiefly of operettas and bal- "Politique intérieure et étrangère" (1906), " A l'institut" lets, of which latter two, " Coppélia " (1870) and " Silvia " (1907), etc. (1876), have been Yery popular. He also wrote a few D e s Groseilliers. See Chouart. SOMgS. D e W i n d t (de-wint'), H a r r y . B o r n at P a r i s , Delisle (dè-lël')» L é o p o l d Victor. Born at D e s h a y e s (dâ-zà'). G é r a r d P a u l . B o r n a t 1856. A n E n g l i s h t r a v e l e r a n d e x p l o r e r . He 1 9 1 < 7 f t K was educated at Cambridge ; was aide-de-camp to Rajah N a n c y , "M"a "y 13, 1795: n , Oise, V a l o g n e s , M a n c h e , F r a n c e , O c t . 24, 1826. A - d i e d a t B o i r a— A F r e n c h n a t u r a l i s t , e s p e c i a l l y Brooke of Sarawak, his brother-in-law, 1876-7« ; traveled n o t e d F r e n c h h i s t o r i a n , " b i b l i o g r a p h e r , a n d J u n o 9,1875. as a paleontologist (studies o f from Peking to France by land in 1887 ; rode from Russia paleographer. In 1852 he was appointed assistant k n o w n Mollusca). Among his works are "Description des to India through Persia in 1889; and attempted to travel in the manuscript department of the National Library at from New York to Paris by way of Alaska but nearly lost Paris, of which he later became conservator and, in 1874, coquillages fossiles des environs de Paris" (1824-37), his life in Bering Strait, where he was rescued by a administrator general. He was made chevalier of the "Traité élémentaire de conchyliologie" (1834-58), and whalor. In 1901-02 he made the trip from Paris to New Leffion of Honor in 1857, officer in 1877, and commander " Description des animaux sans vertèbres découverts York ; traveled through the Balkan states in 1905 ; and in 1883. He has written many important papers on the dans le basin de Paris" (1857-65). crossed Lapland in the winter of 1908. He has published history of France, particularly that of Normandy, and on ^ Périers*, Bonaventure. See Heptam- a number of books of travel, including " F r o m Paris to paleography and bibliography. New York by Land"(1903), "Through Savage Europe" G™n(1905), " M o l e s and their Meaning" (1908), ''Notes of a D e l i t z s c h * , F r i e d r i c h . S i n c e 1899 h e h a s b e e n Restless Life " (1908), etc. p r o f e s s o r of A s s y r i o l o g y at the U n i v e r s i t y of d E s p r i t . See ¿ s p r i t B o m at Berlin De Vere*, Aubrey Thomas. D i e d a t Cur- D e w i n g ( d ü ' i n g ) , T h o m a s W i l m e r . B o s t o n , M a s s . , M a y 4, 1851. A n A m e r i c a n D e l s a r t e (del-sârt'), François Alexandre r a g h C h a s e , C o u n t y L i m e r i c k , J a n . 20, 1902.

Dewing p a m t e r . H e studied art under Jules L e f e b v r e in Paris 1876-1879 ; was elected associate of the National A c a d e m y of Design in 1887 and academician in 1888 ; and won the Clarke prize at the Academy ( N e w Y o r k ) in 1887. H i s work is composed of figure pictures and interiors expressing much delicacy and refinement.

Dexter (deks'têr), Timothy. Born at Maiden, Mass., Jan. 22,1743: died at Newbuiyport, Mass., Oct. 26, 1806. An American merchant, noted for his eccentricities. He accumulated a large fortune ; assumed the title of " L o r d " ; maintained a p o e t laureate; and adorned Iiis garden w i t h colossal images of famous men, including one of himself labeled " I am t h e greatest man in the East." H e published a book entitled " A Pickle f o r t h e K n o w i n g Ones," and, being annoyed by the printers about punctuation, wrote a pamphlet entirely unpunctuated, but w i t h a mass of points of all kinds at the end, and i n v i t e d readers to " p e p p e r the dish to suit themselves."

Diana of the Crossways. A novel by George Meredith, published in 1885. Diaz (de'ätk), Melchior. A Spanish captain in M e x i c o . F r o m about 1536 to 1539 he commanded Culiacan. I n N o v e m b e r , 1539, he was sent by t h e V i c e r o y Mendoza t o v e r i f y the tale of Friar Marcos as t o wealthy cities in the north. Going as f a r as " C h i c h i l t i c a l l i " he was forced back by cold. H e rejoined Coronado at Chiamctla, sending a report t o t h e viceroy. This was not favorable to Marcos, but secrecy was preserved by his superiors and the expedition proceeded. Later he escorted the discredited friar back. Executing, then, orders to explore northwest f r o m Corazones, he crossed w i t h twenty-five men northwest M e x i c o and southwest Arizona (the first to do this) to the Colorado liver, which he reached (1540) about e i g h t y miles above its mouth, soon after Alar^on, t h e first to aBcend, had passed on hia return. Crossing the river, which he called R i o del Tizon, he w e n t west four days. T h r o w i n g a spear at an unruly dog Diaz was accidentally so injured t h a t ' h e died (about Jan. l, 1541). H e was one of the most judicious and trusted officers of the period.

27 Drake Vincent, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1863. An American Doremus (do-rë'mus), Charles Avery. Bom naturalist, professor of biology at the Univer- at New York, Sept. 6, 1851. An American sity of Rochester from 1892. He was gradu- chemist, son of Eobert Ogden Doremus. He ated from the University of Michigan in 1886. was professor of chemistry and toxicology in the UniHe has published an "Introduction to Ele- versity of Buffalo, Medical Department, 1877-82, and in the American Veterinary College of N e w Y o r k 1882-92 ; admentary Practical Biology" (1894), etc. junct professor in Bellevue H o s p i t a l Medical College Dodge*, Mary Abigail: pseudonym Gail 1879-97 ; assistant professor of chemistry in the College of Hamilton. Born at Hamilton, Mass., 1830 : the City of H e w Y o r k 1897-03, and acting professor there 1903-04. H e has published a " R e p o r t on Photography, died at Wenham, Mass., Aug. 17, 1896. Dodge*, Mrs. (Mary Elizabeth Mapes). Vienna Exposition"(1873), " G a s e o u s P o i s o n s " in " T e x t Born at New York, Jan. 26. 1831: died at book of Legal Medicine and T o x i c o l o g y " (1903), etc. Onteora Park, Tannersville, N. Y., Aug. 21, Doremus (do-re'mus), Robert Ogden. Born at New York, Jan. 11,1824: died there, March 1905. She was editor of the " St. Nicholas " magazine 22, 1906. An American chemist, professor of 1873-1905. She wrote also « T h e l a n d of Pluck " (1894), chemistry and toxicology and medical juris" W h e n L i f e is Y o u n g " (1894), " R h y m e s and J i n g l e s " prudence in the Bellevue Hospital Medical (1874, 1903), and numerous short stories and sketches. College, and of chemistry and physics in the Dodge ( . A., in Florence, Italy, and for six years in Paris at the École des Beaux-Arts, and u n d e r Oarolus Duran. He is a member of t h e National Academy of Design, and was a m e m b e r of t h e Society of American Artists.

Frankland*,

Fraunces's Tavern

Garcia y Iniguez

33

with his brother Ichitaro, in 1883, and entered F r e n c h (french), F r a n k . Born at Loudon, States, Yale University and on his return in 1890 took u p t h e N. H., May 22,1850. An American engraver. management of the ".Jiji'' newspaper, founded by his His work has appeared for many years in father. the "Century," "Harper's/'and "Scribner's" F u k u z a w a (fö-kö-zä'wä), Y u k i c h i . Born in Buzen province, Japan, 1834: died Feb. 3, magazines. 1901. A Japanese author and journalist, one Charles (Edouard). Died at Paris, of Died May 31, Frère*, the most noted educationalists of Japan. Nov. 3, 1894. In 1858 he went to the United States and in 1862 to

evacuation of New York ; and was the place where he said farewell to his officers on Dec. 4, 1783. The New York Chamber of Commerce was organized in t h e building in 17GS. The Society of t h e Sofia of the Revolution was organized in the long room of the tavern Dec. 4, 1883, and in 1904 it purchased the property for use as its headquarters.

Préchette*, Louis Honoré.

1908. Frère-Orban", Hubert Joseph Walther. Europe to study Occidental institutions. The resulta of F r e d e r i c (fred'ër-ik), H a r o l d . Born at Utica, Died at Brussels, Jan. 2, 1896. his observations were published, in 1866, in a voluminous N. Y., Aug. 19, 1856: died at Henley, Engon Western manners and customs which had a great land, Oct. 19, 1898. An American journalist Fresenius*, Karl Remigius. Died at Wies- work influence upon t h e modernization of Japan. Later he baden, June 11, 1897. a n d n o v e l i s t . He was London correspondent of t h e established t h e " J i j i " newspaper. F r e s n o (fres'nö). A city and the capital of New York " T i m e s " 1884-98. His works include "Seth's Maitland. Brother's W i f e " (1887), " I n t h e Valley " (1890), " T h e New- Fresno County, California. Population (1900), Fuller-Maitland. See Exodus : a Study of Israel in Russia" (1892), " T h e Cop- 12,470. Funston ( f u n ' s t o n ) , Fred. Born in Clarke perhead " (1894), " The Damnation of Theron Ware," pub- F r e u n d * , W i l h e l m . Bora at Kempen, Jan. County, Ohio, Nov. 9, 1865. An American soldier, appointed brigadier-general in the lished in England as " I l l u m i n a t i o n " (1896), " M a r c h 27, 1806: died at Breslau, June 4, 1894. Hares " (1896), " Gloria Mundi " (1898), and ' ' In the Market- Freycinet*, Charles Louis de Saulces de. United States Army in 1901. He joined the insurgent army in Cuba in 1896 ; was commissioned colonel of place " (1899). He was minister of war Nov., 1898,-May 6, t h e Twentieth Kansas Volunteers in 1898 ; was sent to the F r e d e r i c k I . * Grand Duke of Baden. Died 1899. Philippines; was promoted brigadier-general of volunat Mainau Island, Sept. 28, 1907. Frederick "VIII. : full name Christian Fred- F r i e d l ä n d e r \ F r i e d r i c h . Died June 14,1901. teers in 1899 for establishing a ferry across the Bio Grande

erick William Charles. Born at Copen- Froberger

(fro'ber-gèr),

Johann

Jakob.

River at Calumpit in t h e face of a heavy Are; and captured Aguinaldo, the chief of the Filipino insurgents,

Born in Halle, Germany: died at Héricourt, in l l a r c h , 190L H e waB commander of the Department France, May 7, 1667. A German composer of California 1905-07, and is in charge of the army school and organist, one of the pioneers in the early of t h e line at Fort Leavenworth. development of instrumental composition. Furness, Horace Howard. Born at PhiladelNov. 2,1833. An American Shaksperian Front Range According to the United States phia, scholar and legal writer. He is editing a variorum Geographic Board (1907), it includes on the edition of Shakspere's plays, which includes : " Romeo and t h e throne upon t h e death of his father, King George, north the Laramie Range as far as the crossJuliet"(1871), "Macbeth"(1873), "Hamlet"(1877), " K i n g October 15,1904. He married Princess Louise of Tuscany ing of the North Platte, and on the south the Lear " (1880), " Othello" (1886), " The Merchant of Venice " in 1891 : the marriage was dissolved in 1903. (1888), " A s You Like i t " (1890), " T h e T e m p e s t " (1892X Pike's Peak group. "Midsummer-Night's D r e a m " (1895), " T h e W i n t e r s F r e e s t o n e s t a t e . A popular name of the State of Connecticut, from the brownstone quarries Frothingham Octavius Brooks. Died Nov. T a l e " (1898), " M u c h Ado About Nothing" (1899), " T w e l f t h N i g h t " (1901), "Love's Labor Lost" (1904), 27, 1895. which it contains. hagen, June 3, 1843. King of Denmark, eldest son of Christian IX., whom he succeeded January 30, 1906. He married Louise, daughter of Charles XV. of Sweden, July 28, 1869. F r e d e r i c k A u g u s t u s H I . Born at Dresden, May 25,1865. King of Saxony. He succeeded to

Tremantle

(frê'man-ti), William Henry. Frothingham*, Richard. Died Jan. 29,1880.

Born 1831. An English theologian, dean of Frye (fri), William Pierce. Born at LewisRipon from 1895. He was canon of Canter- ton, Maine, Sept. 2,1831. An American lawbury 1882-95. He is the author of "The Gos- yer and statesman, United States senator (Republican) from Maine from 1881. He was pel of the Secular Life T ' (1882), etc. graduated a t Bowdoin College in 1850; was attorneyF r e m o n t ' s P e a k * . Its height has been deter- general of Maine 1807-69 ; and was a member of Congress mined (1906) as 13,720 feet, slightly less than 1871-81. He was president pro tempore of the Senate that of Gannett peak (13,775) a short distance after the death of Vice-President Hobart and also after the death of President McKinley. to the north. French (french), Alice: pseudonym Octave F u k u s h i m a (fö-kö-she'mä), Baron Y a s u m a s a . T h a n e t . Born at Andover, Mass., March 19, Born in .Matsumoto, Japan, Sept., 1853. A 1850. An American novelist, and writer of Japanese soldier, promoted major-general in s h o r t s t o r i e s . She was educated at the Abbot Acad- 1900 and lieutenant-general in 1906. He was emy, Andover, and has lived west of the Mississippi, t h e field of much of her work. She has published " T h e Bishop's Vagabond " (1884), " Knitters in the Sun " (1887), " E x p i a t i o n " (1890), "Stories of a Western Town " (1893), " A Book of True Lovers" (1898), " M a n of the H o u r " (1906), etc.

French (french), Edwin Davis.

Born at

military attaché of the Japanese legation at* Peking in 1883 ; held a similar position at Berlin 1887-92 ; returning to Japan, made the journey through Siberia on horseback in 1893 ; served with distinction as chief of the second section of the general staff in the Russo-Japanese war 1904-05 ; and became vice-chief of the general staff of the army in 1906, succeeding General Kodama. He has been knighted (K. C. B.), and in 1907 was created baron.

North Attleboro, Mass., June 19, 1851: died Dec. 8, 1906. An American engraver. He F u k u z a w a (fö-kö-zä'wä), S u t e j i r o . Bora at studied with William Sartain, and for many years made a Tokio, 1863. A Japanese journalist, second son of Yukichi Fukuzawa. He came to the United specialty of the art of book-plate engraving.

abo (ga-bo'), Port.

A bay

and harbor at the southeastern extremity of Dinagat Island, Philippines: safe in all weather. G a b r i e l i (ga-bre-a'le), A n d r e a . Born at Venice, about 1510: died there, 1586. A noted Italian composer and organist. His nephew and pupil, Giovanni, was born at Venice in 1557: died probably in 1612, and was equally noted. Both were organists in St. Mark's, Venice.

Gadow (ga'do), Hans Friedrich.

n o v e l i s t a n d d r a m a t i s t . His most notable work is a Beries of romances entitled "Episodios nacionales," dealing with the history of Spain from 1808 to 1834 (1873-1907). He has also written many other novels aud a number of plays.

Galicia*. It sends 106 representatives to the Austrian Reichsrat and has a diet of 161 members.

Born in Gallagher*, William Davis. Died in 1894.

G a e t a n o (ga-a-ta'nd), G i o v a n n i . Flourished about 1542. An Italian pilot in the service of

S p a i n . He was sent on the expedition from Mexico to t h e Philippines commanded by Lopez de Villalobos. To this expedition the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands is attributed.

Gage (gaj), Lyman Judson. Born at Deruyter, N. Y., June 28,1836.

An American finan-

cier. He was president of the Civic Federation of Chicago and of t h e Chicago Exposition Company ; has been three times president of the American Bankers' Association, and in 1891 became president of the First Na-

c a t u r i s t . He went to London a t the age of nineteen and has been employed on leading English periodicals (the London " N e w s , " "Graphic," "Dramatic News," etc.). In 1880 he joined t h e Btatf of " P u n c h . " He has illustrated many books and has published accounts of journeys, a novel, etc.

Furtwängler (fört'veng-ler), Adolf. Born

at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Germany, June 30, 1853: .died in Athens, Oct. 10, 1907. A German classical archeeologist, professor in the University of Munich from 1894, and director of the Glyptothek. He was educated

at the universities of Freiburg, Leipsic, and M u n i c h ; held a traveling Stipendium of t h e German Archaeological Institute 1876-78; and was attached to the expedition t o Olympia 1878-79. Among his many works on ancient art and archceology are "Mykenische Tongefässe" (1879), " D i e Sammlung Sabouroff" (1883-87), "Mykenische Vasen " (1886), " Die Bronzen und die übrigen kleineren Funde von Olympia" (1890), " D i e Sammlung Somzce" (1897), " N e u e r e Fälschungen von A n t i k e n " (1899), " D i e Antiken Gemmen, Geschichte der Steinschneidekunst im Klassischen Altertum " (1900), etc.

tional Bank of Chicago. H e was secretary of the treasury G a l l i - M a r i é * , C é l e s t i n e . Died Sept, 22,1905. 1897-1901, 1901-0-2. G a l v e s t o n " . It was devastated by an inundaG a l d h o p i g g e n (gald-he-pig'en). The highest tion in September, 1900. In 1906 it was the mountain of Norway, situated in Jotnnheimen, fourth city in size in the State. 4 about lat. 61° 40' N. Height, 8,400 feet. . Area of colony proper, 4 square miles, popuGaldos (gal-dos')> Benito Perez. Born at Las Gambia lation, 8,807; area of protectorate, 3,615 square miles, Palmas, Canary Islands, 1845. A Spanish population, 137,516. Both banks of the Gambia are now

Pomerania, March 8, 1855. A German-English Gallaudet", Thomas. Died at New York, naturalist, curator of and lecturer on zoology Aug. 27, 1902. in the University of Cambridge from 1884. Gallifet (ga-le-fa'), Gaston Alexandre AuHe lias published " A Classification of Vertebrata "(1898), guste, Marquis de. Born at Paris, Jan. 23, t h e volumes on birds in Brown's "Animal Kingdom," 1830: died there, July 8, 1909. A French and those on amphibia and reptiles in the "Cambridge Natural History," " T h r o u g h Southern Mexico" (1908), etc.

"Antony and Cleopatra " (1907),," Richard I I I . " (1908), etc.

F u r n i s s (fér'nis), H a r r y . Born at Wexford, Ireland, 1854. A British illustrator and cari-

g e n e r a l . He entered the army in 1848, was commissioned colonel in 1867, and was promoted general of division in 1875. He served in the Crimea, Mexico 1863, Algeria 1860, 1-864, 1865, 1868, and with the Army of the Rhine through t h e Franco-German war. He was taken prisoner at Sedan, and on his release was placed in command of a brigade of the Army of Versailles during the second siege of Paris, when he was distinguished for his severity to the Communard prisoners. He commanded the expedition against El-Golea, Africa, 1872-73. On the reorganization of t h e French army he became commander of a brigade of infantry in the Eighth army-corps, and held various other commands until his retirement in 1894. He drew u p t h e cavalry regulations of 1882. He was minister of war June, 1899,- May, 1900.

under British control up to t h e Anglo-French boundary. The colony is administered under a governor.

Gandara y Navarro*, José de la. Died in 1885. G a n n e t t (gan'et), H e n r y . Born at Bath, Maine, Aug. 24, 1846. An American statistician, geographer of the United States Geological Survey from 1882. He was geographer of

the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth censuses and was assistant director of the census of the Philippine Islands 1902-03 and of the census of Cuba 1907-08. He has published " A Manual of Topographic Methods," statistical atlases of t h e tenth, eleventh, and twelfth censuses, "Commercial Geography," "Buildingof a Nation," and nuraerous other geographical and statistical works.

G a n n e t t (gan'et) P e a k . The highest peak of the Wind River Mountains, situated in Wyoming a short distance north of Frémont's Peak. Height, 13,775 feet. Garcia*, M a n u e l . Born at Zafra, Spain, March 17, 1805: died at London, July 1, 1906. He went to London in 1848 and was professor at the Royal Academy of Music until 1895.

Garcia y Iniguez, Calisto. Born at Holguin,

Cuba, Oct. 14,1836: died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 11,1898. A general of Cuban insurgents. With C'espedes and Marmol he planned the rebellion oi

Garcia y Iniguez

Gardiner*, Samuel Rawson. Born at Rop-

l e y , H a n t s , M a r c h 4, 1 8 2 9 : d i e d a t S e v e n o a k s , K e n t , F e b . 2 3 , 1 9 0 2 . His l a t e r works include " H i s tory of t h e Great Civil W a r " (1886-91), " History of t h e Commonwealth ami P r o t e c t o r a t e " (1894-1904), " W h a t Gunpowder Plot Was " (1897), " Cromwell's Place in Hist o r v " (1897), "Oliver Cromwell" (1899), etc.

Gardner (gard'ner), Ernest Arthur. Bom

a t L o u d o n , 1862. A n E n g l i s h classical archaeologist, professor of archaeology i n U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , L o n d o n . H e was director of the British School of Archaeology at Athens 1887-95. Among t h e explorations which he lias conducted are those at Haucratis, E g y p t (1885-86), Paphos, Megalopolis, and o t h e r sites in Greece. H e has written " C h a p t e r s on Inscriptions in N i u e r a t i s " (1886-88), " H a n d b o o k of Greek S c u l p t u r e " (.1896-97), ¿Lnd numerous articles on archaeological topics.

Gardner (gard'ner), Percy.

Born at Hack-

n e y , L o n d o n , N o v . 2 4 , 1846. A n E n g l i s h archaeologist, professor of classical archasology i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f O x f o r d f r o m 1 8 8 7 . H e was editor of t h e " Journal of Hellenic Studies " (1880-96), and an editor of t h e coin catalogues of t h e British Museum 1873 86. Among his works are " T h e P a r t h i a n C o i n a g e " 0877), " S a m o s and Samian Coins" (1882), " T y p e s of Greek Coins" (1883), " N e w Chapters in Greek History " (1892), " M a n u a l of Greek A n t i q u i t i e s " (1895: with J'evons), " S c u l p t u r e d Tombs of H e l l a s " (1896), " Gramm a r of Greek A r t " (1905), etc. Garfield ( g a r ' f e l d ) , Harry Augustus. B o r n a t H i r a m , O h i o , O c t . 11, 1863. An American e d u c a t o r , s o n of P r e s i d e n t J a m e s A . Garfield. H e was graduated a t Williams College in 1885; studied and practised law ; was professor of politics in Princeton University 1903-08; and h a s been president of Williams College since 190S. Garland*, Augustus Hill. D i e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , D . C., J a n . 26, 1899.

Garland (gar'land), Hamlin.

Giffard

34

1868, and on t h e r e t i r e m e n t of Gomez was made commander-in-chief of t h e forceB of Cuba. He was c a p t u r e d in 1873 and imprisoned in Spain until 1878. H e r e t u r n e d t o Cuba in Aug., 1879, led an unsuccessful uprising, and was again carried t o Spain. He lived in Madrid (as a teacher, etc.) u n d e r police surveillance, b u t escaped in Sept., 1895, reached New York, and finally landed w i t h a large expedition near Baracoa. The provisional governm e n t immediately placed him in command of an army, with which he gained several i m p o r t a n t victories before u n i t i n g with t h e United States forces in t h e c a p t u r e of Santiago, J u n e 21-July 17, 1898.

N a t u r a l H i s t o r y at P a r i s f r o m 1872 ( a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r 1 8 5 3 ) . H e published numerous reports, monographs, and papers on paleoutological and geological topics, of which t h e best known is " Animaux fossiles e t géologie de l'Attique " (1802-07). I n 188'2 h e was elected a m e m b e r of. t h e French Academy of Sciences. Gayangos*, Pascual de. D i e d a t L o n d o n , O c t . 4, 1897. Gebhart ( g e b - M r ' ) » Emile Nicolas. B o r n i n N a n c y , J u l y 19, 1 8 3 9 : d i e d a t P a r i s , A p r i l 2 1 , 1908. A F r e n c h scholar, b e s t k n o w n a s a h i s t o r i a n of a r t . H e became prof essor of foreign l i t e r a t u r e a t Nancy in 1860, and of Romance literature at t h e Sorbonne in 1880. He was elected a m e m b e r of t h e French Academy in 1904. His works include " H i s t o i r e d u s e n t i m e n t poétique de la n a t u r e dans l ' a n t i q u i t é grecque et romaine " (1875), " P r a x i t è l e " (1864), "Essai sur la peinture de genre dans l ' a n t i q u i t é " (1868), " L e s historiens florentins de la Renaissance " (1875), "Rabelais " (1876), " D e l ' I t a l i e " (1876), " L a Renaissance italienne et la philosophie de l'histoire" (1887), " L ' I t a l i e m y s t i q u e " (1890), " C o n t e u r s florentins d u m o y e n - â g e " (1901), "D'Ulysse à Pauurge " (1902), " S a n d r o Botticelli" (1907),

Geddes

( g e d ' e s ) , Patrick. B o r n O c t . 2, 1 8 5 4 . A British biologist, professor of b o t a n y i n University College, Dundee. H e has written " E v o l u t i o n of S e x " (1889: w i t h J. A . T h o m son), and m a n y scientific and educational papers.

Geer af Finspâng\ Louis Gerhard von.

D i e d a t H a n a s k o g , S e p t . 24, 1 8 9 6 . Died at Heidelberg, June 14, 1903. Geiger\ Nikolaus. D i e d a t "VVilmersdorf, n e a r B e r l i n , N o v . 28, 1897. Geikie\ S i r Archibald. H e was director-general of t h e geological survey of t h e United K i n g d o m 1881-1901. His later works include " Field Geology " (5th ed., 1900), " M e m o i r of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay " (1895), " T h e Ancient Volcanoes of B r i t a i n " (1897), " T h e Founders of Geology" (1897), "Geological Map of England and W a l e s " (1897). " T i r p e s of Scenery, and t h e i r Influence on Literat u r e " (1898), " T h e Geologv of Central and Western Fife and Kinross " (1901), " T h e Geology of Eastern Fife "(1902), "Scottish Reminiscences" (1904), " L a n d s c a p e in History" (1905), etc. H e has been secretary t o t h e Royal Society since 1903.

Gegenbaur*. Karl.

Born at West Geikie (gë'ki), John Cunningham.

S a l e m , W i s . , S e p t . 16, I 8 6 0 . An American n o v e l i s t . H e has f o u n d his material chiefly in t h e Mississippi valley and t h e m o u n t a i n West. His works include "Main-traveled R o a d s " (1890), " A Little N o r s k " (1891), " R o s e of Dutcher's Coolly" (1895), " H e r Mountain L o v e r " (1901), " T h e Captain of t h e Grayhorse T r o o p " (1902), " H e s p e r " (1903), " T h e Tyranny of t h e D a r k " (1905), " T h e Long T r a i l " (1907), " T h e Shadow W o r l d " (1908), etc. He has also written a biography of Ulysses S. G r a n t (1898), a volume of verso, " Prairie Songs " (1893), and various pieces of criticism. Garnett*, Richard. D i e d a t H a m p s t e a d , A p r i l 13, 1906. H e w a s k e e p e r of p r i n t e d books i n t h e British M u s e u m 1890-99.

Gamier*, Jean Louis Charles.

Born at

E d i n b u r g h , Scotland, Oct. 26,1824: d i e d April 1, 1 9 0 6 . A B r i t i s h c l e r g y m a n a n d w r i t e r . He was t h e son of a Presbyterian minister of Toronto, Canada ; entered t h e Presbyterian ministry in 1848 ; and took orders in t h e Church of England in 1876. Until 1860 h e lived in Canada and Nova Scotia, and a f t e r t h a t in England, except f r o m 1879 t o 1881, when h e was rector of a church in PariB. Ilis works include " T h e L i f e and Words of C h r i s t " (1876), " T h e English Reformation " (1884), " H o u r s w i t h t h e Bible " (1894-96), " L a n d m a r k s of Old T e s t a m e n t History " (1894), " The Vicar and Ilis Friends " (1901), etc.

Geinitz*, Hans Bruno. J a n . 28, 1900.

Gemunder*, George.

Died at Dresden,

Died Jan. 15,1899,

Bible. A n E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e Died at Geneva B i b l e i s s u e d f r o m G e n e v a i n 1560 b y s e v e r a l

P a r i s , A u g . 3, 1898. Gary ( g a ' r i ) , James Albert. B o r n a t U n c a s v i l l e , C o n n . , O c t . 22, 1833. A n American m a n u f a c t u r e r a n d C a b i n e t o f f i c e r . H e was deleg a t e to t h e Republican national conventions of 1872,1876, 1880, 1884, 1892, and 1896, and was postmaster-general March, 1897,-May, 1898.

E n g l i s h d i v i n e s w h o h a d fled t h i t h e r t o e s c a p e t h e p e r s e c u t i o n o f t h e r e i g n o f M a r y , i t was t h e first complete Bible to appear in R o m a n type, t h e first to omit t h e Apocrypha, and t h e first to recognize t h e division into verses. This translation was in common use in England till the version m a d e by order of K i n g J a m e s was introduced iri 1611. The Geneva Bible has also been the Breeches Bible, because Gen. iii. 7is translated, Gaspar (gas'par), or Kaspar. The legendary- called n a m e o f o n e o f t h e t h r e e M a g i w h o c a m e f r o m " Then the eyes of t h e m b o t h were opened, and they knew t h a t t h e y were naked, and t h e y sewed fig leaves together the East to worship the infant Jesus. See and made themselves breeches." " B r e e c h e s " occurs in Cologne, Three Kings o f , a n d Magi. translations, t h o u g h the name is given espeGasser von Valhorn*, Joseph. Died at previous cially to t h i s one. P r a g r a t e n , T y r o l , O c t , 2 8 , 1901. Gatacre (gat'a-kr), Sir William Forbes. Born Gen-san. See Yuen-san. D e c . 3 , 1 8 4 3 : d i e d a t G a m b e l a , A f r i c a , M a r c h 4 , George I.* (Christian Wilhelm Ferdinand 1906. A B r i t i s h m a j o r - g e n e r a l . H e served in Adolphus). T h e p r i n c i p a l e v e n t s of h i s B u r m a (1889-90), and Chitral (1895); commanded t h e r e i g n h a v e b e e n t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n 1 8 8 1 , British troops in t h e Sudan, in t h e lirat advance on Atbara t h r o u g h t i i o i n t e r v e n t i o n of t h e g r e a t p o w e r s , (1898); and led a division in t h e attack on K h a r t u m and O m d u n n a n (1899). H e commanded t h e t h i r d division of of t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of T h e s s a l y a n d a s m a l l t h e South African field force 1899-1900; was defeated in p a r t o f E p i r u s w i t h G r e e c e , a n d t h e w a r w i t h an attack on Stormberg J u n c t i o n Dec. 11, 1899 ; occupied T u r k e y i n 1 8 9 7 . Burghersdorp in March, 1900; and was ordered home in George ( . j ô r j ) : f u l l n a m e , George Frederick April. I n June, 1900, h e was appointed major-general Ernest Albert. Born at Marlborough House, in command of t h e E a s t District, and retired March 19, L o n d o n , J u n e 3, 1865. P r i n c e of W a l e s , s e c 1904. o n d s o n o f E d w a r d V I I . I n 1892, by t h e death of his Gatling*, Richard Jordan. Died Feb. 26, elder brother, t h e Duke of Clarence, h e became t h e heir t o t h e throne of Great Britain and Ireland. H e was 1903. created Duke of York in 1892 ; married Princess Victoria Gatschet ( g a - s h a ' ) < Albert Samuel. B o r n a t Mary (May) of Teck, d a u g h t e r of Queen Victoria's first S t . B e a t e n b e r g , S w i t z e r l a n d , O c t . 3, 1 8 3 2 : cousin, J u l y 6, 1898 ; succeeded his f a t h e r as Duke of d i e d M a r c h 16, 1 9 0 7 . A n A m e r i c a n a n t h r o - Cornwall in 1901 ; and on Nov. 9,1901, was given t h e title p o l o g i s t , l i n g u i s t o f t h e B u r e a u o f A m e r i c a n of Prince of Wales. E t h n o l o g y f r o m 1 8 7 9 . H e was ethnologist of t h e George*, Henry. D i e d a t N e w Y o r k , O c t . 2 9 , United States Geological Survey 1877-79. H i s investiga1897. tions were concerned chiefly w i t h t h e languages of t h e Georgetown University. A n i n s t i t u t i o n o f N o r t h American Indians. higher learning for m e n situated at GeorgeG a t u n (ga-ton'). A t o w n n e a r C o l o n o n t h e t o w n , D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . Since 1805 it has been P a n a m a railroad. F o r t h e G a t u n d a m , s e e u n d e r t h e control of t h e Society of Jesus. The university consists of Georgetown College (founded in 1789), t h e School Panama Canal. Medicine (opened in 1851), t h e School of Law (opened Gaudry (go-dri'), Albert. Born at Saint- of in 1870), and t h e Dental School (opened in 1901). Congress G e r m a i n - e n - L a y e , S e p t . 15, 1 8 2 7 : d i e d a t authorized t h e conferring of degrees in 1815, and in 1833 P a r i s , N o v . 2 7 , 1908. A n e m i n e n t F r e n c h t h e authorities a t Rome granted t h e p o w e r of conferring p a l e o n t o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r i n t h e M u s e u m o f degrees in philosophy and theology in t h e name of t h e

Holy See. The n u m b e r of students is a b o u t 850. university library contains nearly 100,000 volumes.

The

George Washington University. The name under which Columbian University has been k n o w n s i n c e 1904. S e e Columbian University. There are 146 counties. In 1 9 0 7 - 0 8 i t w a s t h e s e c o n d S t a t e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n of cotton. Georgia, University of. S e e University of Georgia. Germany*. The foreign dependencies are Togoland, Kamerun, German Southwest Africa (protectorate), German East Africa (protectorate), Kaiser Wilhclm's l a n d (a protectorate in Papua), Bismarck Archipelago (protectorate), Klao-Chau (lease), a p a r t of t h e Solomon Islands, Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Pelew Islands, and Upolu and Savaii in the Samoan Islands. Gérôme*, Jean Léon. D i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 10, 1904. Geronimo*. H e d i e d a t F o r t S i l l , O k l a . , F e b . 1 7 , 1909.

Georgia*.

Gerster*, Etelka.

Born June 16, 1856.

Getty", George Washington.

D i e d at F o r e s t G l e n , M d . , O c t . 1, 1901. Gevaërt ( g e - v â r t ' ) , François Auguste. B o m at H u v s s e , n e a r O u d e n a r d o , B e l g i u m , J u l y 31, 1 8 2 8 : d i e d a t B r u s s e l s , D e c . 2 4 , 1908. A Belg i a n m u s i c a l h i s t o r i a n a n d c o m p o s e r . He lived in Paris f o r a t i m e and b r o u g h t out several operas there. I n 1871 he was made director of t h e Brussels Conservatory, succeeding Fétis. His principal literary works are his Traité générale d'instrumentation " (1863 : revised as " Nouveau traité d'instrumentation " 18S6), " Les origines du chant liturgique de l'église latine " (1890), " La mélopée antique dans l'église latine " (1895), etc. Gherardi ( g e - r â r ' d i ) , Bancroft. B o r n a t J a c k s o n , L a . , N o v . 10, 1 8 3 2 : d i e d at S t r a t ford, Conn., Dee. 10,1903. A n American naval officer, a p p o i n t e d r e a r - a d m i r a l i n 1887. H e e n t e r e d t h e n a v y a s m i d s h i p m a n i n 1846, a n d served t h r o u g h t h e Civil War. H e retired in 1894. Giacosa ( j a - k o ' s a ) , Giuseppe. B o r n i n C o l leretto-Parella, n e a r Ivrea, Turin. Italy, Oct. 2 1 , 1 8 4 7 : d i e d t h e r e , S e p t . 2, 1906. A noted I t a l i a n d r a m a t i s t . His works include " Una p a r t i t a a s c a c c h i " (1873), " T r i o n f o d ' a m o r e " (1875), " I flgli del marchese " (1874), " L a s i g n o r a d i Challant " (1891), " T r i s t i a m o r i " (1891), " C o m e le foglie" (1900), etc.

Gibbon", John. Died Feb. 6, 1896. Gibbs ( g i b z ) , Josiah Willard. B o r n

at N e w H a v e n , Conn., Feb. 11,1839 : died there, April 28, 1903. A d i s t i n g u i s h e d A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i s t a n d m a t h e m a t i c i a n , son of J o s i a h Willard G i b b s ( 1 7 9 0 - 1 8 6 1 ) . He was g r a d u a t e d at Yale College in 1858 and became professor of mathematical physics t h e r e in 1871. The series of i m p o r t a n t papers in which t h e results of h i s investigations were embodied began w i t h two, published in 1873, entitled " Graphical Methods in t h e Thermodynamics of F l u i d s " and " A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces. ' These were followed by a p a p e r on t h e " E q u i l i b r i u m of Heterogeneous S u b s t a n c e s " (two parts, 1876 and 1878), one on " Multiple Algebra " (1886), etc. n i s work was most f r u i t f u l for t h e physicist, t h e chemist, and t h e mathematician. In 1900 his "Scientific P a p e r s ' ' were published in two volumes. Gibbs ( g i b z ) , Oliver Wolcott. B o r n a t N e w Y o r k , F e b . 21, 1 8 2 2 : d i e d a t N e w p o r t , R. I., D e e . 9, 1908. A n A m e r i c a n c h e m i s t , p r o f e s sor of applied s c i e n c e i n H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1863 ( e m e r i t u s 1887). H e was professor of physics and chemistry in t h e College of t h e City of New York 1847-63. His publications include numerous import a n t papers on chemical topics. In 3884 h e was elected an honorary member of the German Chemical Society, and was the first American w h o received this honor.

Gibson (gib'son), Charles Dana. Bom at

Roxbury, Mass., Sept. 14,1867. A n American i l l u s t r a t o r . He received his artistic education at t h e Art Students' League in New York and t h e Julian Academy in Paris. He h a s produced a large n u m b e r of illustrations for " L i f e " and other pictorial magazines, his subjects being taken chiefly f r o m American social life.

Gibson*, Edward,

first B a r o n A s h b o u r n e . He w a s l o r d c h a n c e l l o r of I r e l a n d , w i t h a s e a t i n the cabinet, 1885-86, 1886-92, a n d 1895-1906.

Gibson"6, William Hamilton.

Died July 16,

1896.

Gibson's Desert.

A desert region in Western Australia, lying b e t w e e n the Great Victoria Desert and the Great Sandy Desert. Giddings ( g i d ' i n g z ) , Franklin Henry. B o r n a t S h e r m a n , C o n n . , M a r c h 23, 1855, A n A m e r i c a n s o c i o l o g i s t , H e was g r a d u a t e d f r o m Union College in 1877 ; worked as a journalist until 1888 ; was lecturer on political science a t Bryn Mawr 1888-91, and professor 1891-94 ; and since t h e n h a s held t h e chair of sociology a t Columbia University. H e h a s w r i t t e n "Principles of Sociology" (1896), " E l e m e n t s of Sociology" (1898), " D e mocracy and E m p i r e " (1900), " I n d u c t i v e Sociology" (1901), "Descriptive and Historical Sociology" (1907), etc.

Giffard ( g i f ' â r d ) , Earl of English

S i r Hardinge Stanley, first Halsbury. B o r n S e p t . 3, 1825. An s t a t e s m a n . H e was educated at Merton Col-

Giffard

35

lege, Oxford; was called to the bar at t h e Inner Temple in 1850 ; and was appointed queen's counsel in 1865. In 1875 he was created a knight, in 1S85 a baron, and in 1898 an earl (Viscount Tiverton and Earl of Halsbury). He was Conservative member of Parliament for Launceston 1877-85, and lord high chancellor 1885-86, 1886-92, and 1895-Dec., 1905.

Christian League of Connecticut " (1883), " Applied Christianity" (1887), " W h o Wrote the Bible" (1891), "Tools and the M a n " (1892), " T h e Christian Pastor" (1898), " How Much is Left of the Old Doctrines " (1899), " Social Salvation " (1902), " When Does the Sky Begin " ~or ; and • H a v a r d (â-vâr'), H e n r i . B o r n at Charolles, 1905-08, when he explored the high tableland of Tibet, de- H e r m i t e ( e r - m ë t ' ) , C h a r l e s . B o r n at D i e u z e , S a ô n e - e t - L o i r e , F r a n c e , S e p t . 5, 1838. A termined the sources of the Brahmaputra, and the Sutlej, i n Lorraine, D e c . 24, 1822 : d i e d at Paris, J a n . F r e n e h writer a n d c o n n o i s s e u r . For participa- discovered the true Bource of the Indus, and established 14, 1901. A n e m i n e n t F r e n c h m a t h e m a t i c i a n , tion in the events of the Commune in 1871 he was forced the continuity of the Transhimalayan range, the most a m e m b e r of t h e f a c u l t y of S c i e n c e s of t h e U n i into exile. After the amnesty he became art editor of massive in the world. He has published accounts of his versity Of P a r i s 1869-1901. Among his publications " Le Siècle," a post which he held for fifteen years. He is journeys and scientific observations, and various scientific are " Sur la théorie des fonctions elliptiques " (1863), " Sur l'équation du V. degré " (1866), " Sur quelques applications a prolific writer on many matters relating to the fine and papers. industrial arts. His chief bookB are "Amsterdam et H e g e l * , K a r l . D i e d a t E r l a n g e n , D e c . 6,1901. de la théorie des fonctions elliptiques " (1877-82), "Cours Venise" (1876), "L'art'et les artistes hollandais" (1879- H e i m (him), A l b e r t . B o r n at Zurich, A p r i l d'analyse de l'école polytechnique " (1873), and "Cours à 81), "Dictionnaire de l'ameublement et de la décoration 12, 1849. A n o t e d S w i s s g e o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r la Faculté des Sciences " (1882). depuis le XIII® siècle Jusqu'à nos jours" (1887-90), "Les at t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Zurich f r o m 1875. H e H e r r e s h o f f ( h e r ' e - s h o f ) , J o h n B r o w n . Born fcoulle" (1893), "L'œuvre de E. V. Galland" (1895), "Hisa t Bristol, R . I., April 24, 1841. A n A m e r i c a n toire de l'orfèvrerie française " (1896), and " Histoire et h a s p u b l i s h e d n u m e r o u s g e o l o g i c a l w o r k s a n d ship-builder. At the age of fifteen he lost his sight papers. philosophie des styles " (1899-1900). In 1864 he engaged in yacht-building at Bristol with Hawaiian Islands*. The islands were annexed to Heir of Redclyffe, The. A story for the young, his father, and later became associated with Dexter E. the United States by act of Congress, July 7, 1898, and w i t h a moral purpose, b y Charlotte M . Y o n g e . Stone under the firm name of Herreshoff and Stone. For many years the business was confined to sailing-vessels; organized as a territory June 14, 1900. They have a legis- I t w a s p u b l i s h e d m 1853. but later Bteam-vesBels, steel yachts, torpedo-boats, and lature of two houses — a senate of 15 members and a house H e l h e i m ( h e l ' h i m ) . I n Old N o r s e m y t h o l o g y , naval vessels were undertaken. In 1879 he became presiof representatives of 30 members. The governor and secretary are appointed for four years by the President of t h e a b o d e of t h e dead, t h e h o m e of H e l ( w h i c h dent of the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, which under his management has gained the reputation of builds e e ) . It is a wide land of shadows, containing gloomy the United States. terribly high palaces, and valleys of venom, all ing the fastest vessels in the world. Haweis*, Hugh Reginald. Born 1838 : died rivers, guarded by a dog with blood-stained breast. Herreshoff (her'e-shof), Nathaniel Greene. 1901. Helper (hel'per), Hinton Rowland. Born in B o r n at Bristol, R . I., March 18, 1848. A n Hawkins*, Anthony Hope. His later works in- N o r t h Carolina, D e c . 2 7 , 1829: died at W a s h - A m e r i c a n n a v a l a r c h i t e c t , b r o t h e r of J . B . clude "A Man of Mark" (1896), "Comedies of Courtship" iDgton, D . C., M a r c h 9, 1909. A n A m e r i c a n Herreshoff. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute (1896), "Phroso" (1897), "Simon Dale" (1898), "Rupert of author a n d promoter. He is best known as the of Technology 1866-0& ; became a draftsman at the Corliss Hentzau" (1898), "The King's Mirror" (1899), " Quisante " author of " The Impending Crisis of the South " (1857), a Engine Works in Providence, Rhode Island ; and studied (1900), "Tristram of Blent" (1901), "The Intrusions of engineering both in America and abroad. In ]879 he Peggy" (1902), "Double Harness" (1904), "A Servant of book which exerted a considerable influence upon affairs joined the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company at Bristol, the Public" (1905), "Sophy of Kravonia" (1906), "Helena's immediately preceding the Civil War. He endeavored to Rhode Island, of which he later became superintendent. secure the building of a railroad (the " Three Americas Path" (1907), "The Great Miss Driver" (1908), "Love's has designed many high-speed torpedo-boats and Railway") to extend, eventually, from Bering Strait to He Logic " (1908), etc. racing yachts, including the Vigilant (1893), the Defender the Strait of Magellan. (1895), the Columbia (1899), and the Reliance (1903), which H a w k i n s ( h â ' k i n z ) , Sir H e n r y , first B a r o n B r a m p t o n . B o r n S e p t . 14, 1817: d i e d Oct. 6, H e m p l ( h e m p l ) , G e o r g e . B o r n at W h i t e w a t e r , successfully defended the America's cup. 1907. A n e m i n e n t E n g l i s h jurist. He was called W i s . , J u n e 6 , 1 8 5 9 . A n A m e r i c a n p h i l o l o g i s t . H e r t z (hertz), H e i n r i c h . B o r n at H a m b u r g , to the bar of the Middle Temple in 1843 ; was appointed p r o f e s s o r of G e r m a n i c p h i l o l o g y in L e l a n d qneen's counsel in 1858; was a judge of the High Court S t a n f o r d J u n i o r U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 3 906. He was F e b . 22, 1857: d i e d J a n . 1, 1894. A n e m i n e n t 1876-99; and was knighted in 1876 and raised to the connected with the Johns Hopkins University as instruc- G e r m a n p h y s i c i s t , p r o f e s s o r of p h y s i c s at B o n n In 1880 he was an assistant of Helmholtz in peerage in 1899. His "Reminiscences-," edited by Richard tor in German 1884-86, and with the University of Michi- 1889-94. Berlin, and in 1885 became professor of physics in the Harris, were published in 1904. gan as professor of English philology and general linguis- Polytechnic Institute at Karlsruhe. He is noted for his 1889-1906; and was president of the American Dialect investigations of the relation between electricity and Hawley\ Joseph Roswell. Died at Wash- tics Society 1900-05, of the Modern Language Association light, and especially for his discovery (188T-88) of the i n g t o n , D . C., March 17, 1905. 1902-03, and of the American Philological Association electric waves of largo amplitude which have been utilized Hawthorne (hâ'thôrn), Charles Webster. 1903-04. in., wireless telegraphy. Among his publications are B o r n i n Illinois, J a n . 8, 1872. A n A m e r i c a n Henderson (hen'der-son), David Bremner. " Über die Beziehungen zwischen Licht und Elektricität," p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of W i l l i a m M. Chase and H . B o r n at Old D e e r , S c o t l a n d , March 14, 1840: " Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen S i d d o n s Mowbray. He won the first Hallgarten died at D u b u q u e , I o w a , F e b . 25, 1906. A n Kraft," etc. His collected works were published in 1894. prize at the National Academy of Design in 1904. He has A m e r i c a n l a w y e r a n d s t a t e s m a n . He enlisted in Hertzberg*, Gustav Friedrich. Died at specialized the lisherfolk of the Massachusetts coast, and the Union army in 1861; was discharged, owing to the H a l l e , N o v . 16, 1907. His later works include loss of a leg, in 1863; reenlisted as colonel of infantry " Griechische Geschichte " (1884), "Athen, historisch-topohas also painted many pictures of still life. H a y * , J o h n . D i e d a t N e w b u r y , N . H . , J u l y (Forty-sixth Iowa) in 1864 ; and served till the end of the graphisch dargestellt" (1885), "Geschichte der Stadt 1, 1905. H e w a s a m b a s s a d o r t o Great B r i t a i n war. In 1865 he was admitted to the bar. He was a Halle" (1889-93), "Die historische Bedeutung des Saalemember of Congress from Iowa 1883-1903, and in 1899 was tales" (1894), "A. H. Francke und sein Waisenhaus" 1897-98, a n d s e c r e t a r y of s t a t e 1898-1905. H a y a s h i ( h a - y a ' s h i ) , Count T a d a s u . B o r n at elected speaker of the House of Representatives, succeed- (1898), etc. Tokio, F e b . , 1850. A J a p a n e s e d i p l o m a t i s t , ing Thomas B. Reed. Hervé (er-vä'), Aimé Marie Édouard. Born m i n i s t e r a t t h e Court of St. J a m e s 1900-05 a n d Henderson (hen'd6r-son), William James. at Saint-Denis, R é u n i o n Island, M a y 28, 1835: a m b a s s a d o r i n 1906. He was appointed minister to B o m i n N e w a r k , N . J . , D e c . 4, 1855. A m u s i - died at Paris, J a n . 4, 1899. A F r e n c h journalPeking in 1896 and to St. Petersburg in 1897 ; was a dele- cal writer a n d critic. He became critic on the Btaff ist. He founded with J. J. Weiss, in 1867, the " Journal gate to the peace conference at The Hague in 1899 ; and of the New York "Times" in 1887, and on that of the de Paris " and published in it criticisms of the Imperial was minister for foreign affairs 1906-08. He was created " Sun " in 1902. He has published " Preludes and Studies " Government. In 1873 he established "Le Soleil," and as (1891), "What is Good Music" C1898), "How Music De- a supporter of a liberal constitutional monarchy exercised baron in 1895, viscount in 1902, and count in 1907. veloped " (1898), "Modern Musical Drift" (1904), "Pipes a notable influence on public affairs. He was elected to the French Academy in 1886. He wrote " Une page Hayes (häz), Henry. T h e p s e u d o n y m of Mrs. and Timbrels " (1905), " Art of the Singer " (1906), etc. Henley*, William Ernest. Born Aug. 23,1849: d'histoire contemporaine" (1869), and "La crise irlandaise E l l e n O l n e y Kirk.

Hervé depuis la fin du XYIII® siècle jusqu'à nos jours ' (1885). In his articles in "Le Soleil" he made use of the pseudonym Raoul Valnay. H e r v e y (hèr'vi), J a m e s . Born at Hardingstone, near Northampton, Feb. 26,1713(1714?): d i e d at "Weston F a v e l l , n e a r N o r t h a m p t o n , D e c . 25, 1758. A n E n g l i s h E p i s c o p a l c l e r g y m a n a n d d e v o t i o n a l w r i t e r . He published "Meditations and Contemplations" (in two parts : 1746-47), and " Dialogues between Theron and Aspasio " (1755). The Calvinistic doctrines taught in the " Dialogues ' involved the writer in a controversy with John Wesley and his " Eleven Letters" written in reply to Wesley's " Remarks " were published posthumously in 1766. His collected works (six volumes) were published in 1769.

Hervieu (er-vyè'), Paul Ernest: pseudonym

E l i a c i n . Born at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, S e p t . 2, 1857. A F r e n c h a u t h o r , d r a m a t i s t , a n d j o u r n a l i s t . Among his novels are "Les yeux verts et les yeux bleus " (1886), " L'inconnu " (1887), "Flirt " (1890), "L'exorcisée" (1891;, " Teints par eux-mêmes " (1893), and "Amitié" (1900). His plays include 41 Les paroles restent" (1892), "Les tenailles " (1895), " La loi de l'homme " (1895), " La course de flambeau" (1901), " Point de lendemain " (1901), "L'énigme" (1901), " Théroigne de Méricourt" (1902), "Le dédale" (1903), and "Le reveil" (1905). In 1900 he was elected to the French Academy, succeeding Pailleron. H e r z e g o v i n a * . W i t h B o s n i a it w a s a n n e x e d b y A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y i n O c t o b e r , 1908. H e u r e a u x * , u i i s s e . B o m a b o u t 1846 : a s s a s s i n a t e d at M o c a , S a n t o D o m i n g o , J u l y 2 6 , 1 8 9 9 . H e w a s p r e s i d e n t of t h e D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c 1882-83 a n d 1887-99.

Hewitt*, Abram Stevens. Died at New York, J a n . 18, 1903.

Hewitt (hù'it), Peter Cooper. Born at New

41 1889 the Great Northern Railway Company was formed and it leased the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway and other lines (about 3,750 miles). Since that time the Great Northern Railway has been extended by purchase of other lineB and construction to about 6,100 miles.

Hillis (hil'is), Newell DWight. Bom at Magn o l i a , I o w a , S e p t . 2, 1858. An American c l e r g y m a n a n d a u t h o r . He was graduated at Lake Forest University in 1884, and at McCormick Theological Seminary in 1887 ; was pastor at Peoria, Illinois, 1887-90, at Evanston, Illinois, 1890-94, and of the Central Church in Chicago 1894-98, succeeding Professor David Swing; and in 1899 became pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, succeeding Dr. Lyman Abbott. Among his works are " A Man's \ alue to Society " (1896), " The Investment of Influence" (1896), "Foretokens of Immortality" (1897), "How the Inner Light Failed" (1898), "The Influence of Christ in Modern Life" (1900), "The Quest of Happiness" (1902), "Suecess Through Self Help" (1903), "Building a Working Faith " (1903), " T h e Quest of John Chapman" (1904), " Great Men as Life Teachers" (1906), "Fortune of the Republic, and other addresses " (1906).

Hilprecht (hil'precht), Hermann Vollrath.

Born at Hohenerxleben, Anhalt, Germany, J u l y 28, 1859. A G e r m a n A s s y r i o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r of c o m p a r a t i v e S e m i t i c p h i l o l o g y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a f r o m 1886, a n d c u r a t o r of t h e S e m i t i c s e c t i o n of i t s m u s e u m . He accompanied an expedition sent by this university to explore Nippur in Babylonia in 1888, and in 1900 took charge of it (after a year's absence); and has made numerous explorations in Asia Minor and Syria. Hehasalso had charge of the Babylonian department of the Imperial Museum in Constantinople. Among his publications are "Recent Researches in Bible Lands," " Ausgrabungen in Assvrien und Babylonien," etc.

Hind*, John Russell. Died Dec. 23, 1895.

Hohnes ing up the U n i t e d S t a t e s collier Merrimac i n a n a t t e m p t t o b l o c k t h e c h a n n e l of t h e h a r b o r of S a n t i a g o d e C u b a J u n e 3, 1898. H e w a s p r o m o t e d n a v a l c o n s t r u c t o r J u n e 23, 1898, a n d c a p t a i n F e b . 26, 1901; r e s i g n e d F e b . , 1903. H e h a s b e e n a D e m o c r a t i c m e m b e r of Cong r e s s f r o m A l a b a m a 19Ô7-.

Hoder (ho'der), or Hôdur (hè'dor). [ON.

H ô d h r . ] I n Old N o r s e m y t h o l o g y , a b l i n d g o d w h o , a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n of L o k i , s l a y s B a l d u r b y m e a n s of a t w i g of m i s t l e t o e . He is in turn slain by Vale, the son of Odin. The story of the death of Baldur has been said to personify victory of darkness over light, the killing of summer by winter, the slaying of innocence by physical strength guided by sin, etc.

Hodge (hoj), Frederick Webb. Born at Plym-

An American o u t h , E n g l a n d , Oct. 28, 1864. a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , e t h n o l o g i s t of t h e B u r e a u of A m e r i c a n E t h n o l o g y 1889-1901, a n d f r o m 1905. He has published numéro«« papers on ethnological topics, and is editor of " The American Anthropologist."

Hodgson (hoj'son), Shadworth Hollway.

B o r n a t B o s t o n , L i n c o l n s h i r e , D e c . 25, 1832. A n E n g l i s h p h i l o s o p h i c a l writer. He has written "Time and Space" (1885), " The Theory of Practice" (1870), " The Philosophy of Reflection " (1878), " The MetaphyBicB of Experience ' (1898), etc.

Hoff (hôf), Jacobus Hendrikus van't. Born

a t R o t t e r d a m , A u g . 30, 1852. An eminent D u t c h c h e m i s t , p r o f e s s o r i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of B e r l i n f r o m 1896. In 1878 he was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at Amsterdam. He is especially noted for his researches in physical chemistry and as the founder of stereochemistry. H o f m a n n ( h o f ' m a n ) , J o s e f . B o r n a t Cracow, A u s t r i a , J a n . 20, 1877. A P o l i s h p i a n i s t a n d c o m p o s e r . As a child he attracted great attention in his concerts from 1883 to 1888. He was then withdrawn from public notice for study under Rubinstein, and made his début as an artist in 1894, winning high rank. He has composed a number of works for the pianoforte.

H i r o s h i g e (he-ro-she'ga). B o r n 1793: d i e d Y o r k , March 5, 1861. A n A m e r i c a n e l e c t r i c i a n 1859. A J a p a n e s e p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of T o y o h i r o . a n d i n v e n t o r , s o n of A b r a m S t e v e n s H e w i t t , He was one of the leading masters of the Okioye, or later a n d g r a n d s o n of P e t e r Cooper. He is best known naturalistic school of .Japan. His work is based on a key for his work with vapor conductors of electricity. Among of color rather than on line and mass. His tones are flat, the more important of his inventions are the mercury- producing effects in a simple way. He was especially vapor lamp, static converter, interrupter, and circuit- clever in the representation of atmospheric effects. breaker. Prince of H i r o s h i m a ( h e - r o - s h o ' m a ) . A c i t y of J a p a n , Hohenlohe-SchiUimj sfiir st *, Hewlett (hû'let), Maurice Henry. Bom at s i t u a t e d o n t h e i s l a n d of H o n d u , n e a r i t s (Chlodwig Karl Victor), Prince of Latibcv L o n d o n , J a n . 22,1861. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r of h i s - s o u t h w e s t e r n e x t r e m i t y , o n t h e i n l a n d s e a . a n d K o r v e i . D i e d at l i a g a z , J u l y 0. 1001. t o r i c a l r o m a n c e s a n d s k e t c h e s , iris works include I t is the capital of the province of Aki, and has an impor- H e w a s c h a n c e l l o r of t h e G e r m a n Kir- Ire " Earthwork out of Tuscany " (1895), " A Masque of Dead tant trade in lacquered ware, bronzes, and other art ob- Oct., 1 8 9 4 - O c t . , 1900, s u c c e e d i n g Caprivi.^ Florentines" (1895), "Songs and Meditations" (1096), jects. Population (1903), 121,196. " The Forest Lovers "(1898), "Tan and the Young Shep- H i r s c h ( h i r s h ) , B a r o n M a u r i c e d e ( B a r o n M a u - H o k u s a i ( h o ' k o - s a - i ) . B o r n i n Y e d o , J a p a n , A n o t e d J a p a n e s e artist. h e r d " (1898), "Little Novels of I t a l y " (1899), "Life and rice de Hirsch de Gtereuth). Born at Munich, 1760 : d i e d 1849. Death of Richard Yea-and-N'ay " (1900), "New Canterbury D e c . 9, 1 8 3 1 : d i e d a t O g v a l l a , n e a r K o m o r n , He vvas at first apprenticed to an engraver, but after a Tales " (1901), " The Queen's Quair " (19CH). " The Road in H u n g a r y , A p r i l 21, 1896. A n A u s t r i a n finan- few years abandoned engraving and studied designing Tuscany" (1904), "Fond Adventures" (1905), "The Fool cier, c a p i t a l i s t , and p h i l a n t h r o p i s t , of H e b r e w with Shunsho, a noted artist of the period. Later lie deErrant " (1905), " The Stooping Lady " (1907), " Half-way d e s c e n t . His great wealth was partly inherited from voted himself to book-illustration, and finally became an House" (1908), "Spanish Jade" (1908), "Artemizion" his father, partly increased by marriage, and to a great artist and teacher of great repute. His works are very numerous, amounting to over thirty thousand drawings. (1909), etc. gained by banking and by transactions in railroads, Hichens (hich'enz), Robert Smythe. Born extent chiefly Turkish. He contributed upward of $25,000,000 Holden (hol'den), Edward Singleton. Born a t S p e l d h u r s t , K e n t , N o v . 14, 1864. A n E n g a t S t . L o u i s , M o . , N o v . 5, 1846. A n A m e r i l i s h n o v e l i s t . His works include "The Green Carna- for charitable purposes, largely for the education and c a n a s t r o n o m e r , l i b r a r i a n of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s tion" (1894), " New Love "(1895), " A n Imaginative Man" alleviation of the sufferings of the Jews. Among the M i l i t a r y A c a d e m y f r o m 1901. He was graduated gifts by which he is best known is that to the Jewish (1895), " T h e Folly of Eustace" (1890), " F l a m e s " (1897), from this academy in 1870; was astronomer in the United "Byways " (1898), "The Londoners" (1898), "The Slave " Colonization Association ($10,000,000), and the I)e Hirsch States Naval Observatory 1873-81 ; was director of the (1899), "Tongues of Conscience" (1900), "The Prophet of Trust for the United States ($2,500,000). Washburn Observatory 1881-85 ; was president of the UniBerkeley Square" (1901), " F e l i x " (1902), "The Woman H i s ( h e s ) , " W i l h e l m . B o r n a t B a s e l , J u l y 9, versity of California 1885-88 ; and was director of the With the Fan" (1904), " T h e Garden of Allah" (1904), 1 8 3 1 : d i e d a t L e i p s i c , M a y 1, 1904. A n e m i - Lick Observatory 1888-98. The Lick Observatory was " The Black Spaniel, and Other Stories " (1905), " The n e n t G e r m a n h i s t o l o g i s t a n d p h y s i o l o g i s t , pro- built according to plans prepared by New comb and HolCall of the Blood " (1906), " The Daughters of Babylon " f e s s o r of a n a t o m y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of L e i p s i c den 1874-85. He is the author of numerous astronomical (with "Wilson Barrett), "A Spirit in Prison " (1908), " Egypt 1872-1904, e s p e c i a l l y n o t e d f o r h i s r e s e a r c h e s and other papers. and its Monuments " (1908), etc. He has collaborated in i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e n e r v o u s s y s t e m . Born two plays, "The Medicine Alan," and "Becky Sharp." Hitchcock (hich'kok), Charles Henry. Born Holder (hôl'dèr), ChaTles Frederick. An American Hicks-Beach*, Sir Michael Edward. He at A m h e r s t , M a s s . , A u g . 2 3 , 1 8 3 6 . A i i A m e r i - aa ut t hLoyrn, n ,a Mlai ns se.a, l A ud ge s. c e5,n d1851. a n t of C h r i s t o p h e r w a s c h a n c e l l o r of t h e e x c h e q u e r 1895-1902, c a n g e o l o g i s t , s o n of E d w a r d H i t c h c o c k . He H o l d e r . He was assistant curator of zoology in the a n d w a s c r e a t e d V i s c o u n t S t . A l d w y n i n D e - was graduated at Amherst College in 1856 ; was assistant American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1871-75. c e m b e r , 1905. H e w a s m e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t geologist of the State of Vermont 1857-61; waa geologist Among his publications are "The Ivory K i n g " (1887), of the State of Maine 1861-62 and of the State of New " Living Lights " (1889), "Louis Agassiz " (1892), " Charles f o r W e s t B r i s t o l 1885-1906. Hampshire 1868-78; and has been professor of geology in Darwin " (1893), "Big Game Fishes of the United States " Hill*, David Bennett. He waa United States Dartmouth College from 1868. He has published numer- (1903), " The Pioneer Quakers " (1905), " Life in the Open s e n a t o r 1891-97. ous geological reports and papers. in Southern California " (1906), " The Log of a Sea Angler Hill (hil), David Jayne. Born in Plainfield, (1906), "Big Game at Sea" (1908), "Fish Stories" (1909: N . J . , J u n e 10, 1850. A n A m e r i c a n e d u c a t o r Hitchcock (hich'kok), Ethan Allen. Bom at with D. S. Jordan), etc. a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He was president of Bucknell Uni- M o b i l e , A l a . , S e p t . 1 9 , 1 8 3 5 : d i e d a t W a s h i n g - Holder (hôl'dèr), Christopher. Born at "Winversity 1879-88, and of Rochester University 1K88-9G ; as- t o n , D . C., A p r i l 9 , 1 9 0 9 . A n A m e r i c a n d i p l o - t e r b o u r n e , E n g l a n d , i n 1631. O n e of t h e sistant secretary of state 1898-1903 ; minister to Switzer- m a t a n d c a b i n e t officer. He was minister (1897-98) f o u n d e r s , i n 1656, of t h e first s o c i e t y of F r i e n d s land 1903-05 ; minister to the Netherlands 1905-07 ; and and ambassador (1898) to Russia, and was secretary of the i n N e w E n g l a n d . He was repeatedly banished from ambassador to Germany 1907- In 1907 he was a delegate interior 1898-1907. Boston and persecuted for his faith. He wrote in the to the second Peace Conference. Hitchcock (hich'kok), Frank Harris. Born Boston jail, in 1057, the first declaration of faith of the Hill (hil), George Birkbeck Norman. Born at A m h e r s t , O., Oct. 5, 1867. A n A m e r i c a n Quakers. a t T o t t e n h a m , M i d d l e s e x , E u g l a n d , J u n e 7, l a w y e r a n d g o v e r n m e n t official. He was grad1835 : d i e d F e b . 24, 1903. A n E n g l i s h author, uated from Harvard in 1891, was admitted to the bar in Holland (hol'and), William Jacob. Born at b e s t k n o w n a s a J o h n s o n i a n s c h o l a r a n d e d i - 1894, and was in the service of the government in the De- B e t h a n y , J a m a i c a , A u g . 16,1848, of A m e r i c a n tor. lie was graduated at Pembroke College, Oxford, in partments of Agriculture, Commerce and Labor, etc. lie p a r e n t a g e . A n A m e r i c a n n a t u r a l i s t , d i r e c t o r 1858, and in the following year succeeded his father as was first assistant postmaster-general 1905-08, and in 1909 of t h e C a r n e g i e M u s e u m , a t P i t t s b u r g , f r o m head-master of Bruce Castle School at Tottenham, resign, was appointed postmaster-general. He was chairman of 1898. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1869; ing in 1876. Among his publications are " Dr. Johnson, the Republican national committee in 1908 and conducted was naturalist of the United States eclipse expeditions to Japan in 1887 and to Africa in 1889; and was chancellor His Friends and His Critics " (187G), an edition of Boswcll's the presidential campaign of that year. "Life of Johnson" (1887), "Boswell's Correspondence" Hoar", George Frisbie. Died at "Worcester, of the Western University of Pennsylvania 1891-1901. (1879), " Footsteps of Dr. Johnson in Scotland " (1890), M a s s . , S e p t . 30, 1904. H e w a s U n i t e d S t a t e s He has published " T h e Butterfly Book" (1898), "The Moth Book " (1903), and numerous scientific memoirs on "Harvard College, by an Oxonian" (1895), "Talksabout s e n a t o r 1877-1904. entomology and paleontology. He has been editor of the Autographs" (1896), "Johnsonian Miscellanies" (1897), Hobart, Garret Augustus. Born at Long " Annals" and "Memoirs " of the Carnegie Museum from " Memoirs of Edward Gibbon " (1900), etc. B r a n c h , N . J . , 1 8 4 4 : d i e d a t P a t e r s o n , N . J . , 1900. Hill (hil), James Jerome. Bom nearGuelph, N o v . 21, 1899. A n A m e r i c a n l a w y e r a n d R e - Holmes (hôms), Mrs. (Mary Jane Hawes). Ontario, S e p t . 16, 1838. A n A m e r i c a n b u s i - p u b l i c a n p o l i t i c i a n . He was educated at Rutgers n e s s m a n , p r e s i d e n t of t h e G r e a t N o r t h e r n College, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. In 1872 he B o r n at B r o o k f i e l d , M a s s . : d i e d at B r o c k p o r t , Bystem of r a i l w a y s 1893-1907. He went to St, served in the State assembly of New Jersey; in 1876 was N . Y . , Oct. 7, 1907. A n A m e r i c a n n o v e l i s t , Paul, Minnesota, in 1856, and early connected himself elected a member of the State senate, and in 1881 its w h o s e s t o r i e s f o r y o u n g p e o p l e h a v e a t t a i n e d w i d e p o p u l a r i t y . Among the best known of her earwith the business of transportation, n e secured control, lier works are " Tempest and Sunshine " (1854), and " Lena through a syndicate, of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ; president; and in 1896 was elected vice-president. reorganized it as the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba H o b s o n ( h o b ' s o n ) , R i c h m o n d P e a r s o n . B o r n Rivers" (1856). Among her later works are " G retch en " Railroad ; and was its general manager 1879-82, vice- a t G r e e n s b o r o , A l a . , A u g . 1 7 , 1 8 7 0 . A n A m e r i - (1887), " Dr. Hathern's Daughters " (1895), " The Cromppresident 1882-83, and president from 1883. In the year c a n n a v a l officer, n o t e d f o r h i s e x p l o i t i n b l o w - tons " (1902), and " The Abandoned Farm " (1905).

42 Hughes Holmes Holmes (homs), Oliver Wendell. Bora at language belonging to the Shoshonean lin- gist, son of Samuel G. and Julia Ward Howe: Boston, Mass., March 8, 1841. An American guistic family, occupying six pueblos in north- processor of metallurgy in Columbia University f r o m 1897. H e was graduated a t Harvard University in jurist, son of Oliver Wendell Holmes. He -was eastern Arizona. See Ttisayan. graduated a t Harvard in 1861 and a t the Harvard Law Hopkins (hop'kinz), Johns. Born in Anne 1869 and a t the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1871. H e has published "Metallurgy of Steel " (1891), School in 1866. He served with the 20th Massachusetts Arundel County, Md., May 19, 1795 : died at "Metallurgical Laboratory Notes " (1902), " I r o n , Steel, volunteer regiment in t h e Civil War 1861-64 ; was associate justice U882-99) and chief justice (1899-1902) of the Baltimore, Md., Dec. 24, 1873. An American and Other Alloys " (1903), etc. In 1901 he was made a Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, and has been merchant and philanthropist, founder of the chevalier of t h e Legion of Honor. associate justice of t h e United States Supreme Court university in Baltimore which bears his name. Howell (hou'el), John Adams. Born at New from 1902. He edited Kent's Commentaries (1873), and At the age of seventeen he removed to Baltimore, and York, March 16, 1840. An American naval has published " The Common L a w " (1881), and a volume rose to be one of the leading business men of that city. officer, promoted, rear-admiral in 1898. He was of speeches. Holmes, Sherlock. See Sherlock Holmes. Holmes (homs), William Henry. Born in Harrison County, Ohio, Dec. 1, 1846. An American anthropologist, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology from 1902, and honorary curator of the division of prehistoric archaeology in the United States National Museum from 1903 and of the National Gallery of Art from 1907. Hoist*, Hermann Eduard von. Died at

On his death he left $7,000,000 for the founding of a university and a hospital.

graduated from t h e United States Naval Academy in 1858; was promoted captain in 1884 and commodore in 1895;

sayist, a n d scholar.

(1902), " T h e K e n t o n s " (1902), "Questionable Shapes" (1903), " T h e Son of Royal Langbrith " (15+04), "London Films " (1905), " Miss Bellard's Inspiration " (1905), " Certain Delightful English Towns " (1906), " Through the Eye of the Needle " (1907), " Between the Hark and the Daylight " (3907), " Roman Holidays, and others " (1908), " f e n nel and R u e " (1908), " Christmas Every Day " (1908), and " Mother and F a t h e r " (1909).

in the Civil War (Mobile Bay); commanded the paHoppin*, Augustus. Died at Flushing, N. Y., served trol squadron during t h e Spanish War (1898), and the Apnl 1, 1896. blockading squadron before Havana; and was retired in Hornet Islands. See Ziancourt Bocks. 1902. "He is t h e inventor of an automobile torpedo and Hornsey (hôrn'zi). A northern suburb of of the gyroscopic steering-gear for torpedoes. London, situated in Middlesex on New River. Ho we lis*. William Bean. His later works include Population (1901), 72,056. "Stops of "various Quills " (1895), " A Parting and a MeetHorsley*, John Callcott. Died Oct. 19,1903. ing " (1896), " T h e Day of Their Wedding' r (189(5), " I m pressions and Experiences" (1896), " T h e Landlord at Hosmer*, Harriet G. Died at Watertown, Lion's Head " (1897), " A n Open-eyed Conspiracy" (1897), Mass., Feb. 21, 1908. " A Chance Acquaintance " (1898), " The Story of a Play " (1898), " T h e i r Silver Wedding J o u r n e y " (1899), " H e r o J a n . 20, 1904. He was professor of his-, Housman (hous ' man), Alfred Edward. ines of Fiction " (1901), " A Pair of Patient Lovers " (1901), University of Chicago 1892-99, and returned Born March 26, 1859. An English poet, es" Literature and Life " (1902), " The Flight of Pony Baker " in 1900. He wrote also " John Brown" (1888),

Freiburg, tory at the to Freiburg and "The French Revolution Tested by Mirabeau's Career" (1894).

Holt (holt), Henry. Born at Baltimore, Md., Jan. 3, 1840. An American author and pub-

l i s h e r . He has been prominent in university settlem e n t and municipal reform work. His works include " T a l k s o n Civics " (1901), " O n the Civic Relations" (1907), and two novels dealing with religious and social questions, " Calmire " (1892), and * Sturmsee " (1905).

He was graduated at Oxford,

ancl in 1892 was appointed professor of l a t i n at University College, London. He is the author of " A Shropshire l a d " (1896), by which he is best known.

Housman (hous'man), Laurence, Born July 18, 1867. An English illustrator and author.

His publications include "Gods and their Makers" {1897}, " S p i k e n a r d " (1898), " R u e " (1899), " A n Englishwoman's Love Letters " (1901), " A Modern Anteeus " (1901), " Bethlehem," a nativity play (1902), "Sabrina W a r e h a m " (1904), " The Blue M o o n " (1904), " T h e Cloak of Friendship " (1905), " The .Chinese Lantern " (1908), etc.

Holt (holt), Joseph. Born in Breckenridge County, Ky., Jan. 6, 1807: died at Washington, D. C., Aug. 1,1894. An American jurist. Houssaye*, originally Housset, Arsène. Died In 1857 Buchanan appointed him commissioner of patents, in 1859 postmaster-general, and in 1860 secretary of at Paris, Feb. 26, 1896. war. In September, 1862, Lincoln appointed him judge- Houston (hus'tou), Edwin James. Born at advocate general, and upon the establishment of the Bu- Alexandria, Va., July 9, 1844. An American reau of Military Justice in 1864 he was kept a t its head electrician, emeritus professor of physics at the with the same title. H e was brevetted major-general in Franklin iDstitute, Philadelphia, and consult1865 and was retired in 1875. H e was Judge-advocate and ing electrical engineer. He is one of the inventors recorder of the military commission which tried t h e assassins of Lincoln, Hay-June, 1865.

of the Thomson-Houston system of electric lighting. His publications include a " Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms, and Phrases," and many books on electrical subjects, general and applied physics, etc.

Howison (hou'i-son), George Holmes. Born in Montgomery County, Md., Nov. 29, 1834. An American philosophical -writer and educator, professor of philosophy in the University of California from 1884. He has published " Treatise on Analytic G e o m e t r y " (18t>9), " T h e Conception of God " (1897 : with Royce, Le Conte, and Mezes), " Limits of Evolution " (1901), etc.

Hozumi (ho-zo'mi), Yatsilka. Born Feb., 1860. A Japanese scholar, professor of constitutional and administrative law in the Imperial University of Tokio from 1889, and director of the College of Law. Huascaran ( J u u e 19> 1851. IpYr An •^BKfeÄi American clergyman, auj^^JK^^a-J^ thor, editor, and educator, professor of church history in New York University f r o m 1 8 9 5 . H e was graduated at the College of the City of N e w Y o r k in 1870, and at Union Theological Seminary in 1873. H e has been engaged in editorial work on various encyclopedias and other works of reference, and is t h e author of " H u l d r e i c h Z w i n g l i " (1901) and editor of the series of " Heroes of the R e f o r m a t i o n " and of " Handbooks f o r W o r k e r s in Church and Philanthropy."

Jackson Park. A park in Chicago, situated on the lake front in the southern part of the city; the site of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. It is connected with Washington Park by the Midway Plaisance. Area, 523 acres. Jacque (zhäk), Charles Émile. Born at Paris, May 23, 1813: died there, May 7, 1894. A French painter and etcher. At the age of thir-

teen he began w o r k w i t h a m a p - e n g r a v e r ; served w i t h the army f o r a number of y e a r s ; and was later engaged as a draftsman f o r illustrated publications. H e is best known f o r his etchings and dry-points, and excelled in pictures of rural life. A m o n g the best of his etchings are " Paysage : t r o u p e a u d e p o r e s , " " L e matin," " La rentrée," " La labourage," and " Paysage et a n i m a u x " ; and among his dry-points may be mentioned " L e tueur de cochons." H e exhibited f o r many years at the Salon, and was awarded a number of medals. I n 1867 he received the cross of the L e g i o n of Honor. H e was interested in the breeding of fowls, and published an illustrated handbook on the subject, " Le poulailler " (1858).

Jamaica*. The island was visited by an earthquake Jan. 14, 1907, which caused great damage in the city of Kingston. James (jàmz), Edmund Janes. Born at Jacksonville, 111., May 21, 1855. An American educator, president of the University of Illinois f r o m 1 9 0 4 . H e studied in Northwestern and Harvard Universities and in the University of Halle ; was professor of finance in the W h a r t o n School of the University of Pennsylvania 1883-95, and of political and social science in that university 1884-95; was professor of public administration in the University of Chicago 1896-1901 ; and was president of Northwestern University 1902-1904. H e was founder and first president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ; also founder and first president of the American Society f o r the Extension of Univer-

sity Teaching. H i s publications include a large numln-r of treatises and papers upon economic, historical, and educational topics.

James (jämz), William. Born at New York, Jan. 11,1842. An eminent American psychologist and philosophical writer, professor of philosophy in Harvard University from 1897. H e became an instructor in Harvard in 1872 ; was assistant professor of philosophy 1880-85 ; was professor of philosop h y 1885-89; and was professor of psychology 1889-97. During 1900-02 he was Gifford lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. He has written " Principles of Psycholo g y " (1890), " T h e W i l l t o Believe, and Other Essays" (1897), " Talks t o Teachers " (1899), " Human I m m o r t a l i t y " (1898), " T h e Varieties of Religious Experience'' (1902). " P r a g m a t i s m " (1907), " A Pluralistic U n i v e r s e " (1909), " T h e Meaning of T r u t h : A Sequel to Pragmatism'' (1909), etc.

Jameson (ja'me-son), John Franklin. Bom at Boston, Mass., Sept. 19,1859. An American historical writer and educator, director of the bureau of historical research in the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D. C., and managing editor of the "American Historical Rev i e w " from 1905. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1879; studied at Johns Hopkins U n i v e r s i t y ; and was professor of history in Brown University 188-81901, and in the University of Chicago 1901-05. He has

Jameson published " A History of Historical Writing in America' (1891). " A Dictionary of United States History" (1894), etc. Ä

45 America " (1866), " Art Thoughts; The Experience and Observations of an American Amateur in Europe " (1869), "Glimpses at the Art of Japan' (1S76), and "Italian

Jolo Sea founded the London School of Medicine for Women, and in 1878 went to Edinburgh, where she opened a dispensary for women and children in 1878, and the Cottage Hospital in 1885. In 1886 she founded the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women, which was recognized for graduation by the University of Edinburgh in 1894. She is the author of " American Schools and Colleges " (1867), " Medicine as_a Profession for Women " (1869), etc. J i m é n e Z * , J e S Ù S . D i e d a t S a n J o s é , F e b . 17,, J 897, T n ^ i m * . Joseph. Died at Charlottenburg, " a „ „ i T ì an7 - ^ n g . 1 - aìjuj . John H a l i f M , Gentleman A story b y Dinah

Ä ' Ä S i i J a s t r o w Cjas'tTö), J o s e p h . ; B o m at W a r s a w , P o l a n d , J a n . 30, 1863. A n A m e r i c a n p s y c h o l s t a t e s m a n . He practised medicine in Kiniberley, Cape Colony, and was appointed administrator of the British o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n South Africa Company ; in this capacity he organized an sin f r o m 1888. He has published "Time-relations of attack upon the Matabele in 1893. In 1895, at the insti- Mental Phenomena " (1S90), " Fact and Fable in Psycholgation of Cecil Rhodes and others, he prepared to lead an o g y " ( 1 9 0 0 ) , " T h e Subconscious" ( 1 0 0 6 ) , and numerous armed force to Johannesburg. He started (Dec. 29) from articles in scientific and popular magazines. Pitsani, Bechuanaland, with about 600 men (chiefly drawn J a s + r o w ( i a s ' t r o )•, M —o r r i s " . J~r . Born at W a r from the Bechuanaland and Matabele mounted police), " s" a" w , -P o l a n d-, A. u" g . 13, - - 1861. A n American before the preparations were complete, and was obliged h a s a W to surrender to the South African Republic at Doom O r i e n t a l i s t , ¿ r o f e f s o r 'of S e m i t i c l a n g u a g e s t y of " " f c ^ S ^ t B , ' « ^ ^ Kop, Jan. 2,1896. President Kriiger sent him to Great a n d . l i b r a r i a n i n t h e ™ Britain for trial. In July, 1896, he was condemned to v i l l a . He came to America in 1866 ; was graduated at ot,„q„-nta serve a ten months' term of imprisonment for having infringed the foreign enlistmentiact, but was released Dec. the University of Pennsylvania in 1881 ; and studied later a r e g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s . D i e d A p r i l o , 1900. 3, 1896, on account of ill health. He returned to South in Germany and France. His publications include " The J o h n S O n , E a s t m a n . Africa; was elected a member of the Cape legislative Grammatical Works of H a y y u g " (1897), "Religion of the J o h n s o n ( i o n ' s o n ) , R o b e r t U n d e r W O O d . B o r n assembly for Kimberley in 1900; was appointed a director Babyloniansand Assyrians ' (1898 i rewritten and enlarged a t W a s h i n g t o n J ' D . C., J a n . 12, 1853. A n Airieredition in German in course of publication since 1903), of the De Beers Consolidated Company in 1900 and of the ican journalist and poet, associate editor of the British South Africa Company in 1902 ; and was premier " T h e Study of Religion" (1902), etc. " C e n t u r y M a g a z i n e " f r o m 1881. He originated J a u r è s ( z h o - r â ' ) > J e a n L é o n . B o r n a t C a s t r e s , the movement which resulted in the establishment of the of Cape Colony 1904-08. T a r n , F r a n c e , S e p t . 3, 1859. A F r e n c h s o c i a l - Yosemite National Park, and was made a chevalier of the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition. An ist a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He entered politics in 1885 as e x p o s i t i o n h e l d a t S e w e l l ' s P o i n t , n e a r N o r - member of the Chamber of Deputies from Tarn, and is Legion of Honor in 1891 and of the Order of the Crown of Italy in 1895 for his services ill the cause of international f o l k , V a . , f r o m A p r i l 26 t o N o v . 30, 1907, t o noted for his defense of Captain Dreyfus and for his efforts copyright. He is the author of " T h e Winter Hour and c o m m e m o r a t e t h e t h r o e - h u n d r e d t h an n i v e r s a r y to unite the factions of French Socialists. Ile is editor Other Poems " (1892). " Songs of Liberty and Other Poems " o f t h e first p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t o f E n g l i s h - of " L a Petite République" and is one of the founders of (1897), and " Collected Poems " (1902). " L'Humanité." His publications include " Les preuves " speaking p e o p l e in A m e r i c a , a n d the b i r t h of J o h n s o n (,ion'son), T h o m a s G e o r g e . B o r n at the A m e r i c a n nation. The grounds fronted on (1898), " Action socialiste " (1900), " Études socialistes " L o n d o n , E n g l a n d , 1 8 4 4 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , Hampton Roads, opposite Old Point Comfort, and covered (1902), "Discours parlementaires" (1904-), etc. O c t . 29, 1904. A n A n g l o - A m e r i c a n woodrnTr'ea* of between'three and four hundred acres. The J e a f f r e S O n * , J o h n Ç o r d y . D i e d F e b . 2, 1901. engraver. He came to New York in 1872. He was espeprincipal buildings were grouped about a square called J e b b ( j e b ) , b i r R i c h a r d C l a V e r l l O l l S e . c o r n cially noted for his engraved portraits, and won a medal at Raleigh Court. The style of architecture was of the a t D u n d e e , A u g . 27, 1 8 4 1 : d i e d D e c . 9, 1905. the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 and exhibited colonial period and most of the buildings were permanent A n o t e d British scholar. In 1875 he became pro- at the Paris Exposition in 1900. structures. Many of those erected by the different States were reproductions of places famous historically. The fessorof Greek in Glasgow University-, and in 1889 regius J n h n s t O H ( i o n ' s t o n ) , S i r H a r r y H a m i l t o n . w r n w He represented Ins ^ T a t K e n n i n g , L o n d o n , J u n e 12, 1858. exhibits were chiefly historical and industrial in char- professor of Greek „at iCambridge, university in the House of Commons 1891-1905. A TI T' n^fl nìi.1 ivi A fin /»Q acter, acrer, and anu were planned piamieu to uu represent i t j i M t n L all >the great — - - events ., -, A n English explorer and official m A f r i c a . and every phase of development pertaining to the growth J e f f e r s o n , J o s e p h . D i e d a t P a l m iSeactl, f l a . , He was educated at King's College, London ; made various of the American nation. They were divided into the A p r i l 23, 1905. journevs in Africa 1879-84 (Portuguese West Africa, Kongo 1 following eight groups: historic art; education and soA J„l-f "Rnrn at Knnip-s- River, Mt. Kilimanjaro) ; occupied consular positions in various parts of Africa 1885-89. led the expedition which cial economy; manufactures and liberal arts (including J e n s e n ( y e n s e n ) , A d O l i . B o r n at l i o n i g s graphic arts); machinery and transportation (including b e r g , P r u s s i a , J a n . 12, l o d i : d i e d a t B a a e n - founded the British Central Africa Protectorate in 1889; electricity): agriculture and horticulture; food products B a d e n , J a n . 23, 1879. A G e r m a n c o m p o s e r , was commissioner and consul-general 1891; was consuland accessories; forestry, fish, and game; and mines and b e s t k n o w n f o r h i s s o n g s a n d p i a n o p i e c e s , es- general, Tunis, 1897-99; and was consul-general and comnietolliir-gv. The amusement features were grouped about ----. - , , -. , : mander-in-chief for the Uganda Protectorate 1899-1901. the so-called " W a r Path." I t was here that the repre- p e c i a l l y s e v e r a l s e t s f o r p i a n o ( f o u r h a n d s ) , He has published a number of works 011 Africa, including ™ v Born at " K i l i m a n j a r o " (1885) "British Central Africa" (1897)v sentations of historical events took place. A feature of J e r o m e ( j e r o m ' ) , J e r o m e K l a p k a . the exposition was the great naval and military display, W a l s a l l , ' " E - n g l a n d , M a y 2, « 1859*. A n E n g l i s h " A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races " in which most of the nations of the world were invited to h u m o r i s t , w r i t e r , a n d l e c t u r e r . He has been at (1899), " T h e Uganda Protectorate" (1902), " T h e Nile participate. various times clerk, teacher, actor, and journalist. His Quest' (1903), " L i b e r i a " (1906), "GeorgeGrellfelland the Congo" (1908). etc. J a n a u s c h e k * , F a n n y ( o r i g i n a l l y F r a n z i s k a stage experiences are embodied in " On the Stage — and O f f "

t

••

ir, ., tLowell (1799- iiuce (ius), ¡Stephen Bleecker. Born at Alm Tinct^,, Boston, Massachusetts. tJohn 1836) provided in his will t h a t one half of his property bany, N. Y., March 25, 1827. An American (amounting to about $250,000) should go " to the mainte- naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1885. nance and support of public lectures . . . in Boston . . . for l i e was appointed midshipman in 1841; served in the the promotion of the moral and intellectual and physical Union navy during the Civil "War (commanding the moniinstruction and education of the inhabitants. ' The man- tor Nantucket and other vessels); and retired in 1889 ^ e n t r f t h e (ind"™ lrftto one trustee, preferably a i rom 1884-86 he was president of t h e Naval War College male descendant of John Lowell (grandfather of the tes- of which he was the founder. He is the author of "Seatator). The free lectures were begun, December 3l""l839 nianship " (1866), and " Naval Songs " (1902)

D i l l o n . On October 24,1903, she won the world's championship a t Memphis, Tennessee, by trotting a mile in one minute and lifty-eight and a half seconds.

of B a t t e n b e r g .

Born

at Plymouth, Mass., March 25, 1852. An American naturalist, curator-in-chie£ of the Museums of the Brooklyn Institute from 1904.

L o w e l l Institute. An educational institution T ^ f ' n f i o i

Lou Dillon (13 dil'on). T An American trotting

¡ ^ ^ S S ^ i S ^ ^ " ^ ^ he married Princess' Victoria of Hesse, granddaughter oi Queen Victoria. H e was director of naval intelligence

Lucas (lu'kas), Frederic Augustus.

(1006), (1907) (1908) Paris"

p h i l a n t h r o p i s t , She was the sister of Robert Gould H e was curator of anatomy in the United States Rational Shaw, and the wife (married 1863) of Charles Russell Museum 1893-1904 and acting curator of vertebrate fossils Lowell, who was killed a t the battle of Cedar Creek, 1901-04, He has published papers upon osteological topics, Oct., 1S64. After her husband's death she devoted her besides books and articles in a popular style on paleontolife, to charitable r k ;• was a member of the New York logical subjects. , „ w o.,. State Board of Chanties 1876-89; and was largely instru- T,ii/./.A" P a u l i n o I N M OT * -IOC A p n l 25 mental in founding the Charity Organization Society and ^ E 4? 1?: , ! . f , a ^ l i n e ' t ^ ^ o ' the New York State Charities Aid Association. She also J f t h e r e , F e b . 28, 1908. S h e m a r r i e d aided in prison reform, etc. She published " Public ReBaron Eahden in 1865, and was divorced from lief and Private Charity " (1884), " Industrial Arbitration and Conciliation " (1893), etc. him. Later she married M. de Wallhof en (died

ZiOrne*, Marquis of (John Douglas Sutherland

Campbell), ninth Duke of Argyll.

McClellan Charles Lamb "(1905), "A Wanderer in London" "Listener's L u r e " (1906), " T h e Hambledon M e n " " T h e Gentlest A r t " (1907), " H e r Infinite Variety" "Over Bemerton's" (1908), "A Wanderer in (1909), etc.

L

„7^1^®g„i2?T(offi-oial ^ . JjpglOU

t

itit: S R P S ?

0 r d e r

province

1. A river in Tavabas

southeastern Tmynr, PfcilS^To • ? m ihlhPPlne » f > flowing s o u t h t o T a y a b a s B a y : n a v i gable tor 3 miles to L u c e n a . — 2 . A town, the

lsl

nd

capital of Tayabas province, situated on the Lucena river near Tayabas bay in lat. 13° 55' N., long. 121° 26' 30» E. Civilized population ooff m u n i c i p a l i t y (1903) " municipalit" 9,375. L u d w i g ' k a r i r r i e d i i c h Wilhelm.

Died at

oi the United States). Leipsic, April 23, 1895. society organized at Philadelphia, April 15, Lumber State, The. A popular name of the 1865, to commemorate the services and perpet- State of Maine. „ate the memory of those who served in the Lummi*. They are now on the Lummi reserUmon army, and to afford relief to soldiers vation, on Bellingham Bay, Whatcom County who survived the war. Membership descends to the Washington. They number about 300 primogSutare" d e 8 0 ™ d a a t r s o u t h e r n p a r t of L u z o n , P h i l l p p m e Islands. C i v i l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n (1903)

19,063 Lubbock* Sir John

yumu™^

f„ and editor. He w-as graduated a t Harvard TtaS^i^^TdVastLlh^editor oXuVwes^ < u n t i l 1 9 0 2 " The Land of Sunshine ") from 1893 He was appointed librarian of the Los Angeles public library in 1906. Among his works are " Bircli Bark P w m » " n 8 7 S ? " A New Mexico David "(1891) " A T r i m p across the Con t i n e n t " (1892), " Some S t r a n g Comers o f o T Com. t™ " (1892), " The Land of Poco S i p S ™ ( 1 8 9 3 " The S n S h Pioneers" (1893), " T h e Man whS M i S i e d ' t h e Moon and other Pueblo Folk Stories" (1896), " T h e Gold Fish of g u m u • (1896) ;; The King of t h e Broncos, and other »tones (1897), " The Enchanted Bnrro'• (1898)' Awakening of a N a t i o n ; Mexico Today"

B a r n r i ATOVIITI-TT TT„„ TV.^J'» HeUnT was Lund*. raised to the peeragfTin 1900. H eATV ee D pU ^ er yd. tiTe " " n d t oa sS 0OTOr ¿ o sf t f ie s t sh " V e r versity of London 1880-1900. His later works include T .j? ™ » -

f

°

U n d e d

"

1666

" The Beauties of Nature and the Wonders of the World LuriStan . An earthquake occurred here on

Short History of Coins and Currency »'- ° V. „ Lowell (lö'el), Abbott Lawrence. Born at was with the " A c a d e m y " 1896-1901, and is on the staff of Iiydekker (li-dek'er), Richard. Born 1849. Boston, Mass., Dec. 13, 1856. An American "Punch." He is the compiler of "The Open Boad" (1899), A British geologist, connected with the Geoeducator, president of Harvard University and the author of "Wisdom While You Waif (1903: logical Survev of India 1874-82 7T„ !,„» ..„v. irom 1909. He was graduated at Harvard in 1S77 ; l ^ i S t M ^ f e so^^tc.^ (v^th Ai^ichoi-

aasin (mM'sen). 1. A river Work and C u l t u r e " (1898), " T h e Life of t h e S p i r i t " Seymour expedition for t h e relief of the legations in Pe(1898), "Shakespeare, Poet, Dramatist, and Man"(1900) "A king. He was appointed commandant of the Mare Island in the southern part of Leyte Child Nature " (1901), " W o r k s and Days " (1902)," Para- Navy Yard (California) in 1903. H e retired in June, Island, in the Philippines, bles ofofLife (1902), " I n Arcady" (1903), "Backgrounds of 1906. flowing south to the Suri- Literature '(1903), and " The Great W o r d " (1905). gao Sea. - ^ 2 . A municiJustin. He was a Home Rule member MacArthur (mak-ar'ther), Arthur. Born at M'Carthy*, pality of Leyte province, Parliament 1879-1900 and was chairman of the Irish Springfield, Mass., June 2, 1845. An Ameri- of Leyte Island. Civilized pop- can Parliamentary Party 1890-96 (resigned). His later works soldier, lieutenant-general in the United ulation (1903), 16,805. " P o p e Leo X I I I . " (1896), "Story of Gladstone's army from 1906. He served in the Union include Life" (1897), "Story of t h e People of England in the 19th Mabie (ma'bi), Hamilton States in the Civil War, rising to the (volunteer) rank of C e n t u r y " (1899), "Reminiscences" (1899), "Mononia" Wright. Born at Coldspring, N. Y., Dec. 13, army in 1865; entered t h e regular army in (1901), " R e i g n of Queen A n n e " (1902), " P o r t r a i t s of the 1846. An American author, critic, editor, and lieutenant-colonel 1866 as lieutenant; served in t h e Philippines 1898-1901 * Sixties" (1903), " A n Irishman's Story " (1904), and " His-

l e c t u r e r . He was on t h e editorial staff of the " Christian Union" (later t h e "Outlook") from 1879, and became its associate editor in 1884. His works include " My Study Fire " (1890: second series 1894), " Short Studies in Literature " (1891), " L nder the Trees and Elsewhere " (1891), " In t h e Forest of Arden " (1891), "Memorial Story of America" (1892 : with M. H. Bright), " Essays in Literary Interpretation " (1892), " Old English Ballads" (1896), " Essays on Nature and Culture" (1896), "Essays on Books and Cult u r e " (1886), " Old English Love Songs " (1897), " Essays on

and was military governor of the Philippines May, 1900,July, 1901. He was promoted brigadier-general in 1900 and major-general in 1901. Retired in 1909.

tory of Our Own Times " (vols. 4 and 5, 1905).

McClellan (ma-klel'an), George Brinton.

Born at Dresden, SaxoDy, Nov. 23, 1865. An Camden, N. J., June 19, 1844. An American eral George B. McClellan. He was graduated at naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1903. Princeton in 1886; was admitted to the bar in 1892 ; was

McCalla (ma-kal'a), Bowman H. Born at American Democratic politician, son of GenHe was graduated from t h e United States Naval Academy in 1864 ; was promoted captain in 1898, and commanded the cruiser Marbleheaddnringthe war with Spain ; served in the Philippines in 1899; and in 1900 took p a r t in t h e

president of t h e New York board of aldermen 1893-&4; served as representative in Congress 1895-1903; and was elected mayor of New York in 1903 and again in 1905, He has published " The Oligarchy of Venice " (1904).

McClernand McClernand*, John Alexander. 20, 1900.

M'Olintock*, Sir Francis Leopold. Bom at D u n d a l k , I r e l a n d , J u l y 8, 1 8 1 9 : d i e d a t d o n , N o v , 17, 1907.

McCook*, Alexander McDowell.

Lon-

Died June

12, 1903. H e was promoted brigadier-general 1890, a n d m a j o r - g e n e r a l 1894, a n d r e t i r e d 1895.

MacCracken

( m a - k r a k ' e n ) , Henry Mitchell. B o r n a t Oxford',' O h i o , " S e p t . 2 8 , 1840. An A m e r i c a n clergyman, author, and educator, v i c e - c h a n c e l l o r a n d c h a n c e l l o r of N e w Y o r k U n i v e r s i t y s i n c e 1885. H e was graduated at Miami University in 1857, and at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1863 ; was chancellor and professor of philosophy in t h e Western University of Pennsylvania 1881-84 ; and has been professor of philosophy in New York University since 1884. Among his publications are " A Tercentenary of Presbyterianism " (1870), " L e a d e r s of t h e Church Univ e r s a l " (1879), " K a n t and Lotze " (1885), " A Metropolitan University " (1892), " Hall of F a m e " (1901), etc.

Macdonald (mak-don'ald), Sir Claude Maxwell. B o r n J i i n e 1 2 , Ì 8 5 2 . A B r i t i s h s o l d i e r

and diplomatist, ambassador to Japan from 1905 ( m i n i s t e r 1 9 0 0 - 0 5 ) . H e served in t h e Egyptian campaign (1882) and in the Suakin expedition (1884-85) ; held various diplomatic positions 1887-9G ; and was minister at Peking 189ti-1900. During t h e siegeof t h e f o r e i g n legations in Peking, J u n e - A u g u s t , 1900, he was in command, and was promoted colonel for his services. Macdonald*, George. D i e d S e p t . 1 8 , 1 9 0 5 .

MacDowell (mak-dou'el), Edward Alexan-

der. B o r n a t K e w Y o r k , D e c . 18, 1 8 6 1 : d i e d t h e r e , J a n . 24, 1908. A n A m e r i c a n p i a n i s t and composer. His studies were carried on in New York and Paris, and in Frankfort, where h e was much influenced by Raff. I n 1888 he r e t u r n e d t o America, and in 1896 was appointed professor of music in Columbia University, a post which he resigned in 1904. His compositions show imagination and originality. T h e most important are t h e orchestral tone poems " H a m l e t and Ophelia," " L a n c e l o t and Elaine," " L a m i a , " " T h e Sara« cens," and " T h e Fair A l d a " ; two suites, of which t h e second, Op. 48, is based largely on Indian m e l o d i e s ; choruses ; and many songs and piano pieces, among which are t h e sonatas "Eroica," "Tragica," and " K e l t i c , " two suites, and two concertos w i t h orchestra. Maceo ( m a - s à ' ò ) , Antonio. B o r n a t S a n t i a g o d e C u b a , J u l y 14, 1 8 4 8 : d i e d n e a r M a r i e l , D e c . 2,1896. A C u b a n military leader, distinguished i n t h e t e n y e a r s ' w a r a g a i n s t S p a i n . H e defeated Martinez Campos at D e m a j a g u a a n d La Galleta, and Santocildes at San Ulpiano. At t h e peace of Zanjon, in 1878, h e refused to lay down his amis, and continued fighting for two months. He lived successively in Jamaica, t h e United States, South America, and Costa Rica, r e t u r n i n g t o Cuba in 1895 t o support t h e rebellion of t h a t year. Until his death in t h e following year he conducted a brilliant campaign in t h e province of Pinar del Rio. Maceo ( m à - s à ' ó ) , José. B o r n a t S a n t i a g o d e Cuba, 1846 : d i e d a t L a L a m a del Gato, J u l y 5, 1896. A C u b a n patriot, of m u l a t t o p a r e n t a g e , b r o t h e r of A n t o n i o M a c e o . He fought in t h e t e n years' war (1868-78) ; was one of t h e leaders of t h e insurrection of 1879 ; and was deported t o Spain b u t escaped from the Balearic Isles, where h e was imprisoned, and went to Costa Rica in 1885. I n 1895 h e w e n t t o Cuba, raised a large force, and, with h i s brother, defeated t h e Spaniards at Jobito in May, and a t Sao del Indio in September, 1895. He bore t h e rank of colonel. McEwen ( m a k - u ' e n ) , Walter. B o r n a t C h i c a g o , 1860. A n American painter. H e was trained in Munich, a t the Academy of Art and u n d e r F r a n k Duveneek, and in Paris u n d e r Robert-Fleury. He has painted portraits and many landscapes and genre subjects, notably a series done in Holland, and h e assisted in t h e decoration of t h e buildings of t h e Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. He was created a chevalier of t h e Legion of Honor in 1896, and was elected a m e m b e r of t h e National Academy of Design in 1903. McFall ( m a k - f a l ' ) , M r s . (Frances Elizabeth Clarke) : p s e u d o n y m Sarah Grand. B o r n a t Donaghadee, County D o w n , Ireland. A n English novelist. She is actively interested in woman suffrage and social work. Among her books are " Ideala " (1888), " T h e Heavenly T w i n s " (1893), " T h e Beth Book" (1897), " T h e Modern Man and M a i d " (1898), " B a b s t h e Impossible " (1900), " Emotional Moments " François Paul. Born at Miller (mirer), Mrs. (Harriet Mann): penP a r i s , F e b r u a r y , 1820 : d i e d t h e r e , D e c . 10,1905. name Olive Thorne Miller. Born at Auburn, M i s a m i s ( m ë - s a ' m ë s ) . A p r o v i n c e of t h e P h i l A F r e n c h a u t h o r a n d d r a m a t i s t . HiB first drama, N . Y . , J u n e 25, 1831. A n A m e r i c a n w r i t e r i p p i n e s , i n n o r t h e r n M i n d a n a o . It is hounded by the Mindanao and Surigao seas on the north, Surigao " Falstaff," written with Théophile Gautier and Vacquerie, appeared in 1842. After this followed " Le Capitaine Pa- a n d l e c t u r e r o n birds. Among her works are "Little province (separated by mountains) on the east, Cotabato the south, and Lanao and Dapitan on the west. Capiroles " (1843), and " Antigone," from Sophocles (1844), both People of Asia" (1882), "Bird Wavs" (1885), "Four-handed on Cagayan. lligan bay separates the eastern from the in collaboration with Vacquerie, and a metrical version Folk" (1890), "Our Home Pets" (1894), "The First Book tal, part of the province. Port Misamis, or Panguil of Shakspere's "Hamlet," written with Dumas and Ma- of Birds" (1899), "The Second Book of Birds" (1901), western bay, is a deep inlet from the southwestern part of this quet(1847). In 1848 he became editor of Victor Hugo's "With the Birds in Maine" (1904), "Kristy's Surprise bay. Macajalar bay indentB the northern coast. The paper "L'Événement''; assisted in founding the new Party" (190ft), "Bird Our Brother" (1908), etc. province is mountainous, the highest peaks being the Journal of the Hugo family, " Le Rappel," in 1869 ; and Gran Malindang, 8,580 feet, and Camiguin Island, 5,383 He represented feet was one of the executors of Ilugo, having charge of the Mills*, Roger Quarles. in height. Coal and gold are found. Cocoa, coffee, definitive edition of the latter'a works (1830-85). He has T e x a s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t e 1892-98. hemp, corn, copra, rice, and sugar-cane are among the written, besides the works mentioned, "Benvenuto Cel- M i l n e ( m i l n ) , J o h n . B o r n a t L i v e r p o o l , E n g - productions. Large numbers of domestic animals are lini" (1852), "Schamyl" (1855), "Struensee" (1898), and l a n d , 1850. A n E n g l i s h s e i s m o l o g i s t , f o r raised. The native race is Visayan. The census of 1903 other dramas; the romances "La famille Aubry" (1854), m a n y y e a r s e m p l o y e d b y t h e J a p a n e s e g o v e r n - gave also 3,418 Subanos. Area of province, including "Le songe de l'amour" (1869) ; etc. m e n t as geologist and m i n i n g engineer. He Camiguin and other adjacent islands, 3,017 square miles. M e x i c o * . I t is divided into 27 states, 3 territories, and lias traveled widely in Asia, Australasia, the United Population (1903), 153,707. the federal district. Representatives to the lower house States, etc. His most notable work was the establishment of congress are elected in the proportion of 1 to 40,000 in- of the seismic survey of Japan, with nearly a thousand M i s a m i s ( m ë - s â ' m ë s ) , P o r t . A d e e p i n l e t f r o m t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n part of l l i g a n b a y , n o r t h habitants. stations, and the projecting of a similar survey of the Mindanao : a g o o d harbor in all weather. Meyer (mï'èr), George vonLengerke. Born world. He has published "Earthquakes" (1883), "Seis- Mern i s c h i a n z a (mis-ki-an'za), T h e . A farewell a t B o s t o n , J u n e 24, 1858. A n A m e r i c a n d i p l o - mology " (1898), and numerous scientific papers. b a n q u e t a n d f e s t i v a l g i v e n in P h i l a d e l p h i a , m a t i s t . lie was graduated at Harvard in 1879 ; was a Milne Edwards", Alphonse. Born at Paris, M a y 18, 1778, i n h o n o r of Sir W i l l i a m H o w e , member of the Massachusetts legislature 1H92-96 ; and Oct. 13, 1835: d i e d t h e r e , A p r i l 21, 1900. t h e n c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f of t h e B r i t i s h a r m i e s speaker of the house 1894-96 ; was United States ambassa, S i r A l f r e d , first V i s c o u n t i n A m e r i c a . It consisted of a regatta on the Delaware dor to Italy 1900-05 ; was appointed United States am- M i li lnnee rr . ( mBi lo' rnne r ) M a r c h 23, 1854. A British bassador to Russia, March 6, 1905-07 ; was postmaster- M a d m i n i s t r a t o r . He was educated at King's College, river to which four hundred persons were invited. They general 1907-09 ; and was secretary of the navy 1909-. London, and at Balliol College, Oxford, and was called to the landèd at the country-seat of Thomas Wharton and there Meyer*, Jürgen Bona. Died at Bonn, June bar of the Inner Temple in 1881, He was under-secretary took part in a mock tournament, a banquet, and a ball. for finance, Egypt, 1889-92 ; was governor of Cape Colony Major André took a prominent part in the festival and 22, 1897. 1897-1901; was administrator (1901-02) and governor wrote two accounts of it. Meyer*, Leo. He was professor at Dorpat 1865-99, (1902-05) of the Transvaal and Orange River colonies; M i s s i o n R a n g e . A r a n g e of m o u n t a i n s e a s t and since 1899 has been honorary professor of compara- and was high commissioner for Soutli Africa 1897-1905. a n d s o u t h e a s t of F l a t h e a d L a k e , M o n t a n a . tive languages at the University of Gottingen. He was knighted in 1895, raised to the peerage as Baron Meyer (mï'ér), Lothar Julius. Bom at Varel, Milner in 1901, and created a viscount in 1902. The M i s s i s s i p p i . I t h a s 78 c o u n t i e s , s e n d s 2 s e n A u g . 19, 1830: d i e d a t T ü b i n g e n , A p r i l 1 1 , 1 8 9 5 . last two honors were bestowed upon him in recognition a t o r s a n d 8 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o C o n g r e s s , a n d of his services in South Africa, particularly in the h a s 10 e l e c t o r a l v o t e s . A n o t e d G e r m a n c h e m i s t , p r o f e s s o r i n t h e U n i - peace settlement. He has written "England in Egypt" M i s s o u r i % I t h a s 115 c o u n t i e s , s e n d s 2 s e n a v e r s i t y of T ü b i n g e n f r o m 1876. (1892). M e y e r ( m î ' è r ) , V i c t o r . B o r n a t B e r l i n , S e p t . M i n d a n a o * . I t c a m o i n t o t h e p o s s e s s i o n of t o r s a n d 16 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o C o n g r e s s , a n d h a s 18 e l e c t o r a l v o t e s . 8, 1848 : d i e d a t H e i d e l b e r g , A u g . 8 , 1 8 9 7 . A n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s in 1898. e m i n e n t G e r m a n c h e m i s t , p r o f e s s o r of c h e m - M i n d a n a o ( m e n - d a - n a ' o ) S e a . A s e a i n t h e M i s t i ( m ë s - t ë ' ) , E l . T h e m o u n t a i n of A r e N e a r its summit w a s i s t r y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of H e i d e l b e r g f r o m P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , l y i n g n o r t h of M i n d a n a o q u i p a ( w h i c h s e e ) . 1889. a n d s o u t h of B o h o l , a n d c o n n e c t e d o n t h e e a s t e s t a b l i s h e d a m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s t a t i o n ( d i s c o n t i n u e d ) c o n d u c t e d b y t h e A r e q u i p a b r a n c h of Meynell (men'ei), Mrs. (Alice Christiana •with t h e S u r i g a o S e a a n d o n t h e w e s t w i t h t h e the Harvard Observatory. Thompson). B o r n a t L o n d o n , 1853. An Jolo (Sulu) Sea. E n g l i s h p o e t a n d e s s a y i s t . Her works include Mistral*, Frédéric. In 1904 he received, with Eche"Preludes" (1875: later published as "Poems," 1893), M i n d o r o . 2 . A p r o v i n c e of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , garay, the Nobel prize for literature. His later works "The Rhythm of Life, and Other Essays" (1893), "The c o n s i s t i n g of M i n d o r o a n d a d j a c e n t i s l a n d s include "La Reino-Jano" (1890), "Lou pouèmo dou Colour of Life, and Other Essays on Things Seen and l y i n g s o u t h of t h e w e s t e r n p a r t of L u z o n Rose " (1897), and a volume of memoirs (1906).

Mitchell 58 Morton Mitchell", Donald Grant. Died at Edge- life. He produced a large number of easel pictures ex- frequently dropped into uniform conventional ways of hibiting great brilliancy and harmony of color. He painted representing details (as hair, ears, fingers, etc.), which are wood, near New Haven, Conn., Dec. 15, 1908. with a palette-knife and also directly from the tubes with- useful in identification. Mitchell (mich'el), John. Bora at Braid- out the assistance of brushes. wood, 111., Feb. 4, 1870. An American labor Monvel, Louis Maurice Boutet de. See Morgan (mdr'gan), Conwy Lloyd. Born at London, Feb. 6, 1852. An English biologist, l e a d e r . H e worked for several years in the coal-mines ; Boutet de Monvel. principal of University College, Bristol, from joined the Knights of Labor in 1885 ; and waB president of the United Mine-Workers of America from 1898 to Moody*, Dwight Lyman. Died Dee. 22,1899. 1887. H e was appointed professor of zoology and geol1908. He directed the strikes of the anthracite coal-min- Moody (mo'di), William Henry. Born at ogy there in 1884 and of psychology in 1901. Among his era in 1900 and 1902, and the negotiations with the opera- Newbury, Mass., Dec. 23, 1853. An American publications are " A n i m a l B i o l o g y " (1887), " A n i m a l Life lawyer, attorney-general of the United States and Intelligence" (1890), "Introduction to Comparative tors in 1906. H e wrote " Organized Labor " (1903). Psychology" (1895), " H a b i t a n d Instinct" (1896), " Animal Mitchell*, Silas Weir. His later works include 1904-06. H e was graduated at Phillips Academy, An- Behaviour" (1900), " The Interpretation of Nature "(1905), " When A l l the Woods are Green " ((1894V " A Madeira Party " (18S5), " Collected Poems " (189«), " Hugh Wynne " (1897), " The Adventures of François " (serially, 1898), " Autobiography of a Quack " (1900), " Dr. North and His F r i e n d s " (1900), " T h e Wager, and other p o e m s " (1900), *' Circumstance " (1901), " C o m e d y of Conscience " (1903), " L i t t l e Stories" (1903), " M r . Kris Kringle "(1904), " N e w Samaria" (1901), " Y o u t h of Washington" (1904), "Constance Trescot " (1905), " A Diplomatic Adventure " (1906"), " The Red City " (1908), " Venture in 1777 " (1908), etc.

Mitra (më'trâ). A peak near the western boundary of Lepanto-Bontoc province, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Height, 5,699 feet. Mitre*, Bartolome. Died at Buenos Aires, Jan. 19, 1906. Mivart*, St. George Jackson. Died at Lond o n , A p r i l 1, 1900. H e was professor of the philosophy of natural history in the University of Louvain in 1890.

M. Lecocq. A detective story by Ëmile Gaboriau, published in 1869. Möbius (mè'bi-ôs), Karl. Born in Eilenburg, Germany, Feb. 7, 1825: died in Berlin, April 26, 1908. A German zoologist, director of the Museum of Natural History in Berlin 18871905. Modder (mod'èr). A river in the Orange River Colony, South Africa, which empties into the Riet, a tributarv of the Vaal The passage of the Modder was forceä by Lord Methuen against the Boers under Cronje, with great loss, on Nov. 28, 1899, in his unsuccessful attempt to relieve Kirnberley.

Modjeska*, Helena. Born Oct. 12, 1839 : died at Bay City, Orange Co., Cal., April 8, 1909. Mogollon (mö-go-yon') Mesa. An extensive mesa or plateau in east-central Arizona, north of the Salt River and east of the Rio Verde. Elevation about 8,000 feet above the sea, and 5,000 feet above the Rio Verde. Möhler (mô'iér), John Bobbins. Born at Philadelphia, May 9, 1875. An American bacteriologist, chief of the pathological division of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry from 1902. Moissan (mwä-sän'), Henri. Born at Paris, Sept. 28, 1852 : died there, Feb. 20, 1907. A noted French chemist, professor of chemistry in the Sorbonne : best known for the artificial production of diamonds. He wrote "Reproduction du diamant" (1893), etc. In 1906 he received the Nobel prizeforchemistry. Molesworth (môlz'wèrth), Mrs. (Mary Louisa Stewart) : pseudonym Ennis Graham. Born at Rotterdam, Holland, May 29, 1839. An English author, best known as a writer of c h i l d r e n ' s s t o r i e s . Among her works are " T e l l me a Story" (1875), " Carrots " (1870), " T h e Cuckoo Clock' (1877), " T h e Grim House" (1899), " T h e Woodpigeons and Mary " (1901), and " The Wrong Envelope ' (1906).

Möllhausen", Balduin. Died at Berlin, May 28, 1905. Molo (mô'lô). A town in the southern part of Iloilo province, Panay, Philippine Islands. Population (1903), 8,551. Molokai". À noted leper settlement is maintained here. Mombasa*. Nairobi is now the administrative center of the British East Africa Protectorate. Mommsen*, Theodor. Med at Charlottenburg, Nov. 1, 1903. Montana*. I t has 27 counties The chief metals are

dover, in 1872, and at Harvard University in 1876. H e was district attorney for the Massachusetts Eastern District 1890-95, a Republican member of Congress 1895-1902, and secretary of the navy 1902-1904. In December, 1906, he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court. Moody ( m o ' d i ) , William Vaughn. Born at

Spencer, Ind., July 8, 1869. An American poet and critic. From 1895 to 1903 he served as in-

structor in the department of English in the University of Chicago. Among his works are " Poems " (1901), including the " O d e in Time of Hesitation" (1900); " T h e FireBringer" (1904), " T h e Masque of Judgment" (1900), the first and second parts respectively of a dramatic trilogy; " T h e Sabine Woman,'1 a play (1906); with Robert Morss Lovett. A History of English Literature" (1902), " F i r s t V i e w of English Literature " (1905); " The Great Divide," a play (1906), and " The Faith H e a l e r " *apoleon, f o r t h e p u b l i s h i n g of a p a m p h l e t ( " D e u t s c h l a n d in s e i n e r t i e f e n E r n i e d r i g u n g "), by a n o t h e r h a n d , in w h i c h t h e F r e n c h e m p e r o r a n d t h e c o n d u c t of t h e F r e n c h t r o o p s in G e r m a n y were attacked.

Palma (päl'mä), Tomas Estrada. Born near

Bayamo, Cuba, J u l y 9, 1835: died a t Santiago, Nov. 4,1908. A Cuban s t a t e s m a n , first presid e n t of t h e C u b a n republic. He studied law at the U n i v e r s i t y of S e v i l l e ; f o u g h t in t h e i n s u r g e n t a r m y in t h e ten y e a r s ' w a r b e t w e e n Spain a n d C u b a (1868-78); g a i n e d t h e r a n k of g e n e r a l ; a n d w a s m a d e p r e s i d e n t of t h e provisional r e p u b l i c b u t w a s c a p t u r e d a n d i m p r i s o n e d in Spain. A f t e r hia r e l e a s e h e w e n t t o H o n d u r a s a n d b e c a m e postm aster-general. L a t e r h e s e t t l e d in C e n t r a l Valley, N e w Y o r k , a n d e s t a b l i s h e d a school f o r Latin-Americans, lie w a s e l e c t e d P r e s i d e n t of C u b a Feb. 24,1902, w a s r e e l e c t e d M a r c h 19, 1906, a n d r e s i g n e d in Sept., 1906.

Palmer (päm' er), Mrs. (Alice Freeman).

Born a t Colesville, N . Y., F e b . 21, 1855: died a t Paris, Dec. 6,1902. A n A m e r i c a n educator.

She w a s g r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of M i c h i g a n in 1876; w a s p r o f e s s o r of h i s t o r y a t Wellesley College 18798 1 ; w a s a c t i n g p r e s i d e n t of W e l l e s l e y in 1881, a n d p r e s i d e n t 1882-87; a n d w a s d e a n of t h e w o m a n ' s d e p a r t m e n t ( n o n - r e s i d e n t ) of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago 1892-95. I n 1887 s h e m a r r i e d G e o r g e H e r b e r t P a l m e r , p r o f e s s o r of p h i l o s o p h y in H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y .

Palmer*, Charles Ferrers. Died Oct. 27,1900. Palmer*, Edwin. Died Oct. 17,1895. Palmer*, Erastus Dow. Died at Albany, N. Y., March 9, 1904.

It is now one of the Federated Palmer*, John McCanley.

Malay States. Area, 14,000 square P o p u l a t i o n , 100,000.

An

t w e e n t h e w e s t e r n b a n k of t h e Nile a n d t h e B a h r Yftsuf in l a t 28° 6 ' N. The modern village of

1900.

Died Sept. 25,

Palmer (päm'er), John Williamson. Born at

Baltimore, Md., April4,1825: died t h e r e , F e b . 26, 1906. An A m e r i c a n journalist a n d a u t h o r .

H e w a s g r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of M a r y l a n d in 1847; w a s first city p h y s i c i a n in San Francisco in 1849; t r a v e l e d in t h e F a r E a s t ; w a s C o n f e d e r a t e c o r r e s p o n d e n t of t h e N e w Y o r k " T r i b u n e " d u r i n g t h e Civil W a r ; a n d l a t e r w a s e n g a g e d in g e n e r a l e d i t o r i a l work. H e w r o t e " T h e Golden Dagon ; or, U p a n d Down t h e I r r a w a d d i " {18U0), " T h e N e w a n d t h e Old " (1850}, " A f t e r h i s K i n d . B y J o h n C o v e n t r y " (1886), " F o r Charlie's Sake, a n d o t h e r Lyrics a n d B a l l a d s " (1901), etc. H i s ballad " S t o n e w a l l J a c k s o n ' s W a y " w a s p o p u l a r in t h e South.

P a n a m a * . 1. A Central American republic, formerly a d e p a r t m e n t of Colombia, comprisi n g (nearly) t h e I s t h m u s of P a n a m a . Panama

p r o c l a i m e d its i n d e p e n d e n c e o n Nov. 3, 1903, a n d its gove r n m e n t was r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s on Nov. 13, a n d l a t e r b y o t h e r p o w e r s . I t is g o v e r n e d by a president* elected f o r f o u r y e a r s (and ineligible for t h e s u c c e e d i n g t e r m ) a n d a C h a m b e r of D e p u t i e s consisting of 32 m e m b e r s . T h e r e a r e also t w o v i c e - p r e s i d e n t s a n d a c a b i n e t of five m i n i s t e r s . T h e c o u n t r y is d i v i d e d i n t o Beven provinces. By a t r e a t y s i g n e d Nov. 18,1903 (ratified J'eb. 23, 1904), P a n a m a c e d e d t o t h e U n i t e d States f o r $10,000,000 t h e p e r p e t u a l control of a s t r i p t e n miles w i d e ( t h e Canal Zone) u p o n w h i c h t h e i n t e r o c e a n i c c a n a l is b e i n g constructed. T h e cities of P a n a m a a n d Colon (lying w i t h i n t h e zone) w e r e p l a c e d u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l of t h e U n i t e d States as regards sanitation and quarantine only; b u t t h e coast-line of t h e zone a n d t h e o u t l y i n g iBlands w e r e c e d e d t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r p u r p o s e s of d e f e n s e . Area, 32,380 s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n , 361,000. A f t e r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e Rep u b l i c of P a n a m a (1903) a t r e a t y b e t w e e n it a n d t h e U n i t e d States w a s n e g o t i a t e d b y w h i c h t h e l a t t e r u n d e r took t o b u i l d t h e canal, t h e r i g h t s of t h e F r e n c h comp a n y h a v i n g b e e n a c q u i r e d by p u r c h a s e . T h e a m o u n t p a i d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r t h e p r o p e r t y a n d rights of t h e F r e n c h c o m p a n y w a s $40,000,000. T h e c o n t r o l of a s t r i p of l a n d t e n m i l e s wide, c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e Canal Zone, was o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e R e p u b l i c of P a n a m a f o r $10,000,000. W o r k was o r g a n i z e d in 1904 f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a canal of t h e lock t y p e , a n d t h i s t y p e , w h i c h h a d b e e n acc e p t e d b y Congress in 1901, was a d o p t e d b y i t in 1906. T h e p l a n i n c l u d e s a c h a n n e l f r o m d e e p w a t e r on t h e C a r i b b e a n t o G a t u n , w h e r e a n a s c e n t to t h e 85-foot level is t o b e m a d e b y m e a n s of t h r e e (twin) locks, each lock b e i n g 110 f e e t w i d e a n d 1,000 f e e t long ; a d a m a t G a t u n a b o u t 7,700 f e e t long, o n e half m i l e w i d e a t t h e base, 100 f e e t w i d e a t t h e top, a n d 135 f e e t above m e a n t i d e ; a lock a t P e d r o M i g u e l ; a n d t w o l o c k s a t Miraflores. T h e l a k e f o r m e d b y t h e G a t u n d a m is a b o u t 171 s q u a r e m i l e s in extent. T h e d e e p e s t p a r t of t h e c u t is a t Culebra (4£ m i l e s l o n g a n d 300 f e e t w i d e a t b o t t o m ) . T o t a l l e n g t h of canal 49.72 miles.

Panama Canal*.

Panama Canal Zone. See Isthmian Canal Zone.

Pan-American Congress, 2. A similar congress h e l d in t h e city of Mexico, October, 1901,-January, 1902.—3. A congress held in Kio de J a n e i r o in July, 1906.

Pan-American Exposition. An exposition of

t h e work of the peoples of North a n d South America, h e l d at Buffalo, N. Y., iu 1901. P a l m i e r i * , L u i g i . Died at Naples, Sept. 9,1896. P a n a m i n t Mountains. A range of mountains P a l o A l t o ( p ä ' l ö ä l ' t ö ) . A post-town of S a n t a in Inyo County, California, b o u n d i n g D e a t h racas, Aug. 18, 1900. Clara County, California, on San F r a n c i s c o Valley on t h e west. Palacio Valdés (x)á-la'thé-ó vál-dás'), Ar- Bay, n e a r Redwood C i t y : t h e seat of L e l a n d P a n a o n ( p a - n a - o n ' ) . A n island lying south of m a n d o . B o r n a t E n t r a l g o , Spain, Oct. 4, S t a n f o r d J u n i o r University. L e y t e Island, in t h e Philippines, a n d belong185B. A Spanish novelist a n d critic. Among A southern prov- i n g to L e y t e province. Area, 71 square miles. h i s novels are " E l Señor O c t a v i o " (1881), " M a r t a y P a m p a n g a ( p ä m - p ä n ' g ä ) . ince of L u z o n , Philippine Islands. It, is bounded P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 8,61.0. M a r i a " (1888), " E l idilio de u n e n f e r m o " (1884), " J o s é " A province in (1885), " R i v e r i t a " (1886), " ì l a x i m i n a " (1887), " L a h e r - b y T a r l a c ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d b y t h e P a r u a o river) on t h e P a n g a s i n a n (pan-ga-se-nan')m a n a de San S u l p i c i o " (1889), " E l c u a r t o p o d e r " (1888), n o r t h ; N u e v a E c i j a ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d by t h e R i o Chico t h e western p a r t of L u z o n , Philippine Islands.

Palace of Peace. See Peace-, Palace of. Palacio*, Raimundo Andueza. Died at Ca-

" L a e s p u m a " (J892), " L a f é "0892), " L o s m a j o s do C a d i z " (1896), " La Alegría del C a p i t á n R i b o t " (1899), a n d " T r i s t á n o el p e s i m i s m o " (1906).

P a l a n a n (pa-la-nàn')- A t o w n in Isabela province, e a s t e r n L u z o n , in t h e Philippine

de l a P a m p a n g a ) on t h e n o r t h e a s t ; Bulacan on t h e e a s t a n d t h e s o u t h e a s t ; M a n i l a Bay on t h e s o u t h ; a n d B a t a a n ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d b y t h e Aba) a n d Z a m b a l e s ( s e p a r a t e d b y t h e A b a r i v e r a n d t h e Z a m b a l e s m o u n t a i n s ) oil t h e west. Capital, Baeolor. T h e s o u t h e r n p a r t b o r d e r i n g M a n i l a b a y is a b r o a d d e l t a e x t e n d i n g b e y o n d t h e o r i g i n a l coast-

I t ia b o u n d e d by t h e China Sea, Lingaven Gulf, La l-nion, a n d B e n g u e t on t h e n o r t h ; X u e v u Yizcaya a n d X u e v a E c i j a ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d by t h e Agno) on t h e e a s t ; >"ueva Ecija, T a r l a e ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d b y t h e Agno), a n d Z a m b a l e s on t h e s o u t h ; a n d t h e C h i n a Sea o n t h e w e s t Capital

Pangasinan Lingayen. The northern part of the Zambales range, formerly the boundary between Zambales and JPangasinan, now lies wholly within the latter province. In the northeast the land is mountainous, sloping to the center and to the low flat coast of Lingayen Gulf, which deeply indents t h e province. The Agno traverses Pangasinan, flowing into Lingayen Gulf. The soil is very fertile. Among the productions are pineapples, bananas, mangos, sweet potatoes, betel-nuts, corn, sugar-cane, and rice, the last two being especially important. Gold, copper, and Bait are found. The native races are mainly Pangasinanes and Ilocanos. The census of 1903 gives also 3,386 Igorrotes. Area of province, 1,193 square miles. Population (1903), 397,902.

P a n g l a o (pan-gla'o). An island southwest of Bohol, Philippine Islands. Area, 31 square miles. Population (1903), 14,437. P a n g O - P a n g O * . I t was ceded to the United States as a naval and coaling-station in 1872, was occupied in 1887, and in Jan., 1900 (with t h e island of Tutuila), was annexed. This annexation by the United States was in accordance with the Anglo-German agreement of Nov. 14, 1899.

Paolo and Francesca (p&'o-lo and franches'kà).

A drama by Stephen? Phillips, pub-

l i s h e d i n 1899. The theme, the love of Paolo for his elder brother's wife, Francesca, is a favorite one in literat u r e and has been used by many writers from Dante onward. See Francesca da Rimini.

Papua (pap'5-a, or pa-po'a), Territory of.

The official title, since Sept. 1,1906, of British New Guinea. P a r a g u a (pa-ra'gwa). 2. A province of the Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Mindoro

64 1858-69, and of the City Temple, London, 1869-1902. E e published several books on religious subjects and his autobiography, " A Preacher's Life " (1899).

Parkes (parks), Sir Henry. Born in War-

wickshire, May 27, 1815: died at Sydney, April 27, 1896. Ail Australian statesman. He

emigrated to Sydney, Australia, in 1839 ; founded and edited (1850-57) the " E m p i r e " newspaper as t h e organ of Liberalism in New South Wales ; and was colonial secretary lS66-(ië and premier of New South Wales 1872-75, 1878-82, and 1887-89. He was knighted in 1877. In 1891 he presided over the Federation Conference. He published volumes of poems, political Bpeeches, " Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History " (1892), etc.

Parks, Mrs. George Richmond. See Robins, Elizabeth.

Parliament*.

The House of Lords comprises peers who hold their seats by hereditary right, or by creation of the sovereign, or by election for life (Irish peers), or by election for a given parliament (Scottish peers), or by virtue of their office (English bishops). The number in 1908 was 615. Of the elected peers 1G are Scottish and 28 are Irish. Tha House of Commons consists of representatives of county, borough, and university constituencies in England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1908 the total number was 670, of which 377 represented counties, 284 boroughs, and9 universities. There were 465 English, 30 Welsh, 72 Scottish, and 103 Irish members.

Parrish

(par'ish), Maxfleld. Born at Philadelphia, July 25, 1870. An American painter

Peary was Liberal member of Parliament for South Edinbu-gh 1892-95 and for Northampton 1906-. He has published " M e n and Letters" (1901), "Life of Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone" (1901), "Matthew Arnold" (1902), "History of Modern England " (vols, i, ii, 1904; iii, 1905; iv, v, 1906), "Lord Acton" (1904), "Life of F r o u d e " (1905), "Stray Leaves " (1906), "Queen Anne " (1906), etc.

Paulsen (poul'sen), Friedrich. Born at Lan-

genhorn, North Friesland, July 16, 1846: died at Steglitz, near Berlin, Aug. 14, 1908. A German scholar, professor of philosophy and pedagogics in the University of Berlin from

1878. His works include "Gründung, Organisation, und Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitäten im Mittelalter" (1881), "Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitäten " (1885), "Einleitung in die Philosophie"(1891), " I m m a n u e l K a n t " (1898), etc.

Pauncefote (päns'fut), Sir Julian, Lord

Pauncefote. Born Sept. 13, 1828: died at Washington, D. C., May 24, 1902. An English

d i p l o m a t i s t . He was knighted in 1874 and raised to the peerage as Baron Pauncefote in 1899; was British minister to t h e United States 1889-93 and ambassador 1893-1902; conducted the negotiations a t Washington which led t o the settlement of the Bering Sea controversy, the Anglo- Venezuelan boundary arbitration, etc.; and was senior British delegate at the Hague Peace Conference in 1899. Throughout his life h e did much for t h e cause of international arbitration.

a n d i l l u s t r a t o r . H e studied art a t t h e Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and under Howard Pyle ; was Pauwels*. Ferdinand.- Died at Dresden, elected associate of the National Academy of Design in March 26, 1904. New York in 1905 and member in 1906 ; and is also a fel- P a v i a * . The university is attended by over low of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. He has 1,600 students and has a library of over 250,000 developed a style of dignity and power in color and devolumes. sign which is best shown in his colored illustrations.

(separated by Mindoro Strait) oil the north ; the Visayan Sea and the Sulu (Jolo) Sea on the east ; Balabac Strait (separating it from islands north of Borneo) on the south ; Bora at Phila- P a y n * , J a m e s . Died at London, March 25, and the China Sea on the west. Capital, Puerto Princesa. P a r r i s h (par'ish), S t e p h e n . I t includes Paragua (Palawan) and more than 500 other delphia, July 9,1846. An American landscape- 1898. islands, the most important of which are t h e Calamianes p a i n t e r a n d e t c h e r . He first exhibited pictures a t Payne*, Henry B. Died Sept. 9, 1896. on the north, the Oagayanes and Cuyos groups, and Du- the Pennsylvania Academy in 1878 and a t the National Payne (pan), Henry Clay. Born at Ashmaran on the east, and Balabac and adjacent islands on Academy in New York in 1879. His first plate was etched field, Mass., Nov. 23, 1843: died at Washingthe south. The southern part of the province was for- in December, 1879. He belongs to the New York Etching merly a military district, Paragua Sur. The principal Club, and to the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers, Lon- ton, D. C., Oct. 4, 1904. A n American business man and politician, ne was a member of the harbors are Puerto Princesa (Port Royalist) on t h e eastern, don. Republican National Committee from 1880; and was postMalarapaya and Port Barton on the northwestern, and Sir Charles Hubert Hastings. master of Milwaukee 1876-86 and postmaster-general Ulugan on the western coast of Paragua (Palawan), all Parry*, lie was professor of music at Oxford University 1899-1908. safe for large vessels in all weather. A mountain-range 1902-04. of considerable altitude, except near lat. 10° N., extends He was Knighted in 1898 and created a baronet in 1902. through the island from northeast to southwest. The Parsons*, Alfred William. He was created Payne*, John Howard. Bom at New York, June 9, 1791: died at Tunis, April 9,1852. loftiest peaks are Cleopatra's Needle, 5,200 feet, Landar- a member of the Royal Academy in 1897. gun, 5,397 feet, Victoria, 5,680 feet, Mantalingajan, 6,843 Partridge (par'trij), William Ordway. Born Peace Conference. 1. A conference proposed feet, and Cautarag, 5,868 feet in height. The mountains at Paris, France, April 11, 1861. An Ameri- by the Czar of Russia which met at The Hague, are covered with forests of valuable woods. The rivers can sculptor and author. He studied art in Rome, M a y 18, 1899. I t urged the avoidance of force as far are short. Pineapples, sweet potatoes, nutmegs, rice, and Florence, and Paris ; was professor of fine arts in Colum- as is possible in international relations, adopted rules for tobacco are produced. Cattle, goats, and fowls are raised. bian University, Washington ; and has executed an eques- international arbitration, and established a permanent The inhabitants are chiefly Tagbanuas, Bataks, and Moros. trian statue of General Grant and a statue of Hamilton for court of arbitration. Area of Paragua (Palawan) Island, 4,027 square mileB; Brooklyn, a statue of Shakspere for Chicago, and a large population (1903), 10,918 ; area of province, 5,238 square number of other statues and busts. His published works 2. A n international conference, proposed by miles; population (1903), 35,696. include " Art for America" (1895), " T h e Song of Life of a the president of the United States in 1904, sat at The Hague June 15-Oct. 18,1907: P a r i s * . It is the third largest city in the Sculptor" (1895), "Technique of Sculpture" (1895), " T h e which Angel of Clay" (1900), " N a t h a n Hale"(1902), and " T h e the invitation was given by the Czar of Russia. world. Population (1906), 2,763,393. Conventions relating to the following subjects were Paris*, G-aston Bruno Paulin. Died at Czar's G i f t " (1906). agreed u p o n : the pacific settlement of international disCannes, March 5, 1903. He became administrator P a s i g (pa'sig). 1. A river in Luzon, Philip- putes ; an international prize court; the rights and duties of the Collège de France in 1S95. He was elected a mem- pine Islands, connecting Laguna de Bay with of neutrals on land, and a t sea; t h e laying of submarine ber of t h e Academy of Inscriptions in 1876 and of the Manila Bay. The city of Manila is situated at its m i n e s ; the discharge of projectiles and explosives from French Academy in 1896. mouth. It is navigable, even at low water, by cascos and balloons; the bombardment of towns from the sea; the forcible collection of d e b t s ; the use of merchantmen as Park*, Edwards Amasa. Died at Andover, by launches of 5 or 6 feet draft. Mass., June 4, 1900. 2, A town, the capital of Rizal province, Lu- war-ships; the extension of the Geneva Convention and the Red Cross to warfare a t sea; and t h e regulation of zon, Philippine Islands, situated in lat. 14° Parker (par'kér), Alton Brooks. Born at Cortland, N. Y., May 14, 1852. An American 33' N., long. 121° 5' E. Civilized population land warfare. Peace, Palace of. A building at The Hague, j u r i s t . H e was graduated from the Albany Law School ; of municipality (1903), 11,278. to be occupied by the International Arbitrawas surrogate of Ulster County, New York, 1877-85 ; was Died at Turin, Dec. 15, t i o n C o u r t . The money for its erection was given by chairman of the New York State Democratic committee Pasini*. Alberto. Andrew Carnegie. The foundation stone was laid July in 1885 ; was elected justice of the Supreme Court of 1899. New York in 18«G ; was a member of the Court of Patin (pâ-tan'), Henri Joseph Guillaume. 30, 1907. Appeals, second division, 1889-92, of the general term Born at Paris, Aug. 21, 1793: died there, Feb. 1893-96, and of the appellate division, 1896-97 ; and was 19,1876. A French writer. He was elected amem- P e a r l Islands*. They now belong to the RechieJf justice of t h e Court of Appeals, New York, from ber of t h e French Academy in 1843 and became its per- public of Panama. Jan. 1, 1898, until August 5, 1904, when he resigned to petual secretary in 1871. His most noted work is " É t u d e s Pearson (per'son), Karl. Born 1857. An accept the Democratic nomination for the Presidency. sur les tragiques grecs ou examen critique d'Eschyle, etc." English mathematician, professor of applied He polled a popular vote of 5,082,754 against the 7,624,489 (1841-43). mathematics and mechanics in University cast for President Roosevelt and resumed (in New York London, from 1885. He has written "The Patmore*, Coventry Eearsey Dighton. College, City) the practice of law. at Lymington, Hampshire, Nov. 26, Ethic of Free T h o u g h t " (1888), " G r a m m a r of Science" Parker (pàr'kèr), Sir Horatio Gilbert Died (1892: enlarged 1899), " T h e Chances of Death and Other His later work included " T h e Unknown Eros and G e o r g e : known as G i l b e r t . Born at Camden 1896.odes " (1877), " Amelia " (1878), collected poems (1886), Studies in Evolution" (1897), "National Life from the East, Ontario, Nov. 23, 1862. A Canadian au- other Standpoint of Science" (1901), "Scope and Importance to "Principle in A r t " (1889), "Religio P o e t œ " (1893), and t h o r . He established aresidence in England and has been the State of the Science of National Eugenics" (1907), etc. Conservative member of Parliament for Graves end since "Rod, Root, and Flower" (1895). He was one of t h e editors of " B i o m e t r i k a " 1902-04. 1900. He was knighted in 1902. His works include "Pierre Paton*, Sir Joseph Noel. Died at Edinburgh, Peary*, Robert Edwin, i n July, 1893, he sailed and his People" (1893), " T h e Translation of a Savage" Dec. 26, 1901. in the Falcon, intending to survey the northeastern (1893), " A Lover's Diary: Songs in Sequence" (1894), She married Baron Ceder- again, coast of Greenland, and if possible to push on toward the " W h e n Valmond Came to Pontiac " (1895). " T h e Seats of P a t t i * , A d e l i n a . north pole. H e was unsuccessful and returned in Septhe Mighty" (1896), " T h e Pomp of the Lavilettes" (1S97), strom in 1899. " T h e Battle of the Strong" (1897), " T h e Lane t h a t Had Pattison (pat'i-son), Dorothy Wyndlow: tember, 1895. In 1898 he again returned to the attack no Turning " (1900), " T h e Right of W a y " (1901), " Dono- known as S i s t e r D o r a . Born at Haukswell, upon the pole. He made his winter quarters at Etah, van Pasha (1902), "Old Quebec " (1903 : with Claude G. Yorkshire, Jan. 16, 1832: died at "Walsall, near Smith Sound, and established caches of supplies as as Fort Conger. In the spring of ]900 he set out from Brvan), " A Ladder of Swords" (1904), " T h e W e a v e r s " Staffordshire, Dec. 24, 1878. An English far Fort Conger, and traced the northern limit of the Green(1907), " N o r t h e r n Lights' (1909), etc. philanthropist, sister of Mark Pattison. She land archipelago, reaching the highest latitude (83" off N.) Parker (par ' kèr), Horatio William. Born joined the sisterhood of the Good Samaritan a t Coatham, then attained on t h e western hemisphere. His intention at Auburndale, Mass., Sept. 15, 1863. An Yorkshire, in 1864 ; was connected with its cottage was to renew t h e a t t e m p t to reach the pole each spring American composer, organist, and teacher. hospital a t Walsall ; and became an excellent surgical until he should succeed. But he returned in Sept., 1902, His first work was a cantata, " King Trojan," brought out nurse and devoted herself to the care of the poor. In having reached lat. 84® 17' N. His wife, Josephine Diein Munich in 1885. He has been organist in a number of 1877 she took charge of the Municipal Epidemic Hospital bitsch Peary, author of " M y Arctic Journal " (1893), accompanied the expeditions of 1891-92,1893-94, and 1900-01 churches in New York City. In 1894 he was made profes- in Walsall. (relief expedition) as far as the winter quarters. In JuJy, sor of music in Yale University. His most important Patton*, Francis Landey. He was president of 1905, he again set out for the pole in the Roosevelt H e works are " H o r a Novissima," an oratorio (1893), " S t . Princeton University 1888-1902, and became president wintered on the northeast coast of Grant Land and in Christopher " (1898), and a concerto for organ and or- of Princeton Theological Seminary in 1903. February, 1906, started north. He reached lat. 87° 6' N. chestra. P a u e r * . E r n s t . Died at Jugenheim, Darm- on April 21. He was obliged to return owing to lack of supplies. During this expedition he traced the north P a r k e r (pàr'kèr), J o s e p h . Born at Hexham- stadt, May 9, 1905. coast of Grant Land and discovered new land at about on-Tyne, Northumberland, April 9,1830 : died Paul (pâl), Herbert Woodfield. Born 1853. long. 100 W. H e planned another attempt to reach the at London, November 28, 1902. An English An English essayist and historian. He was pole in 1907, b u t was obliged to postpone it until 1908. Gongregational minister and pulpit orator. educated at Eton and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; He set sail in the Roosevelt from Sydney, Cape Breton, He was minister of the Cavendish Chapel, Manchester, was admitted to the bar of Lincoln's Inn in 1878 ; and on July 17, intending t o winter in the north of Grant

65

Peary

Pflüger

D i e d J u l y 9, 1905. Land. On his return he announced, by wireless message river. The Muskrat river flows through the town and P e r r y % A r t h u r L a t h a m . from Indian Harbor, Labrador, 011 Sept. 6, 1909, that he supplies power for sawmills, flour-mills, etc. Population p e r r y ( p e r ' i ) , B U S S . B o r n a t W i l l i a m s t o w i i , had reached the pole April 6, 1909. He arrived in the (1901), 5,156. Roosevelt at Cape Sheridan, Grant Land, where he win- P e n c k (pengk), A l b r e c h t . Born a t R e u d n i t z , Mass., Nov. 25, 1860. A n A m e r i c a n editor, tered, 011 Sept. 1, 1D08. The Bledge expedition (including a s u b u r b of Leipsic, Sept. 25, 1858. A noted author, a n d critic, son of A r t h u r L a t h a m P e r r y . He was professor of English in Williams Col7 members of the exploring party and 59 Esquimos) was begun Feb. 15-22, Peary himself starting 011 t h e latter G e r m a n geographer, professor of g e o g r a p h y lege 1886-93, and in Princeton University 1893-1900. In date, and arrived a t Cape Columbia. On March 1 t h e i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of V i e n n a f r o m 1885-1906 1906 he was appointed professor of English literature a t dash from Cape Columbia for t h e pole was begun. The and in t h e University of Berlin 1906-, He has Harvard University, a chair which replaced the one held pole was reached by Peary, Henson, and four Eskimos written "Morphologie der Erdoberflachej" (1894), etc., and by Ticknor, Longfellow, and Lowell. He has been editor of the " Atlantic Monthly "since lfc99. He was appointed on April 6 and was left on April 7, and Cape Columbia Harvard lecturer a t t h e University of Paris for the year was reached on April 23. He has written "Northward numerous scientific papers. Over the Great Ice " (1898), and " Nearest the Pole " (1907). P e n d e r ( p e n ' d e r ) , Sir J o h n . Born Sept. 10, 1909-10. Among his works are " The Broughton H o u s e " 1816: died a t F o o t s c r a y P l a c e , K e n t , J u l y 7, " Salem Kittredge, and Other Stories " (1894),44 The P e a r y ( p e ' r i ) C h a n n e l . T h e c h a n n e l which ] 896. A n English m e r c h a n t , one of t h e earliest (1890), Plated City" (1895), " T h e Powers at Play" (lfe99), a chaps e p a r a t e s M a r k h a m Island a n d Melville L a n d p r o m o t e r s of s u b m a r i n e t e l e g r a p h y . He was one ter on poetry in "Counsel Upon the Reading of Books" f r o m northern G r e e n l a n d : n a m e d f o r t h e of t h e contributors to the formation of the first Atlantic (1900), " A Study of Prose Fiction " (1902), " The Amateur 4 arctic explorer R. E . P e a r y . Cable Company in 1856, and was a liberal supporter of t h e Spirit" (1904), " W a l t W h i t m a n " (1906),and 'Park Street P e c h t * , F r i e d r i c h . Died a t Munich, April enterprise through the- difficulties which for many years Papers" (1908). beset it. Its final success was largely due to his efforts. Perry*, W i l l i a m S t e v e n s . Died May 13,1898. 24, 1903.

P e c k (pek), A n n i e S m i t h . B o r n a t Provi- P e n f i e l d ( p e n ' f e l d ) , S a m u e l L e w i s . Born a t P e r s i a * . Until 1906 the government was an absolute " regarded * ' as the dence, Rhode Island. An A m e r i c a n explorer, Cat skill, N . Y., J a n . 16, 1856: died Aug. 12, monarchy, t h e Shah, who is generally of the Prophet, being BUbject only to the rules especially noted a s a mountain-climber. She 1906. A n A m e r i c a n mineralogist, professor vicegerent of t h e Mohammedan faith. In t h a t year a National Counwas graduated a t t h e State Normal School, University of of mineralogy in Yale U n i v e r s i t y 1893-1906. cil was established, consisting of 156 (elected) members,

Michigan, in 1878, and studied in t h e American School He was instructor and assistant professor 1880-93. He of Classical Studies a t Athens. She climbed the Matter- published " d e t e r m i n a t i v o Mineralogy and Blowpipe horn in 1895, and Popocatepetl and Orizaba in 1897, and Analysis" (1898: with Brush), and numerous scientific in 1908 made the first ascent of IIuascarAn in Peru papers. (height 24,000 feet ?). She had previously (1904) climbed P e n n e l l * . J o s e p h . H e was elected a member of the TLIO N N N + NIN FFT >1 OLRTVLF N I 1G L"UV) FFLFLT TM > . , * . N . .J . . XT I AAA TT 1 the last-named IVT mountain to t h e height of 19,000 feet. In National Academy of Design in May, 1909. He has this year she also attained an altitude of about 20,500 feet written " A Canterbury Pilgrimage " (1885), " A n Italian on Sorata, in Bolivia. Pilgrimage" (1&H6), "Two Pilgrims' Progress" (1887), P e c k h a m ( p e k ' h a m ) , R u f u s W i l l i a m . B o r n " Our Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy " Nov. 8, 1838: died Oct, 24,1909. An A m e r i c a n (1888), " Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen " (18S9), " Our j u r i s t . He was admitted to the bar in 1859 ; was justice Journey to the .Hebrides " (1889), " The Stream of Pleasure " of the Supreme Court of JS'ew York 1883-86; was associate (1891), " T h e Jew a t H o m e " (1392), " P l a y in Provence" judge of the Court of Appeals, New York, 1S86-95; and (1892)? " T o Gypsyland" (1893), "Modern Illustraassociate justice of the United States Supreme Court t i o n " (1895), " T h e Illustration of Books" (189H), " T h e ''(1896), " T h e Work of Charles Keene" (1897), 18Q5-1909. He was a delegate to the Democratic national Alhanibra "Lithography and Lithographists" (1900), and, with Mrs. conventions ,. . , ,of 187tf- -and - i n18X0., . ,TT, x t» i Pennell, " Life of James ¿lcNeil W h i s t l e r " (1908).

P e e l - , A r t h u r W e l l e s l e y , first Viscount Peel. P e n n s y l v a n i a * , H c w a s r a i s e d t o t h e p e e r a g e m 1895.

P e g W o f f i n g t o n (wof'ing-ton). A story b y Charles R e a d e , p u b l i s h e d i n 1852. See Woffington, Margaret. P e i r c e ' , J a m e s M i l l s . Died M a r c h 21,1906. H e was p r o f e s s o r of m a t h e m a t i c s in H a r v a r d University 1869-1906. P e k i n g * . I t w a s c a p t u r e d b y t h e allied E u r o p e a n a n d A m e r i c a n f o r c e s Aug. 14, 1900. P e l a s g i c o n (pe-las'ji-kon). A k i n d of t e r r a c e d outwork a t t h e w e s t e r n e n d of t h e Acropolis at A t h e n s : also called Enneapylon, from its n i n e gates. P e l é e (pe-lä'), M o u n t . [ F r . Montagne Pelée, ' b a l d m o u n t a i n . ' ] 1. A volcano in t h e n o r t h e r n »\r»»f r\f f VIÜ iclo-n/l M o t*H « \ m i a O n \ f a t r 8, p a r t of t h e island of Martinique. On May 1902, an e r u p t i o n of Pelée destroyed t l i e c i t y o f S t . P i e r r e a n d a b o u t 40,000 people.—2. See Point Pelée. P e l e w * I s l a n d s . They-were p u r c h a s e d f r o m Spain "by G e r m a n y in 1899. P e l l e g r i n i * , Carlos. Died J u l y 17, 1906. P e l l e t i e r (pe-le-tya'), Sir C h a r l e s A l p h o n s e P a n t a l é o n . Born a t Bivière Ouelle, Quebec, J a n . 22, 1837. A Canadian L i b e r a l s t a t e s m a n , l i e u t e n a u t - g o v e r n o r of t h e P r o v i n c e of Quebec

it sends 2 senators and 32 repre-

60 for Teheran and 96 for t h e provinces. Provision was made later for a senate of 60 members, 30 to be appointed by the Shah and 30 to be elected by the National Council. The constitution as finally adjusted was signed by the Shah on Oct. 8, 1907. Conflict between the Council aud the Shah (Mohammed Ali) resulted in the dissolution of the parliament on J u n e 23, 1908, the parliament-house being attacked and destroyed b j the military. A Council of State was then established in the place of the National Council. Ill 1909 a proclamation was issued by the Shah establishing a representative assembly and appointing the date of a.general election. On July 16, 1909, the Shah was dethroned by the constitutionalists and the Crown Prince, Ahmed Mirza. was chosen as his successor. An agreement between Great Britain and Kussia, with regard to their respective spheres of influence in Persia, was reached in May, 1907, each country limiting its sphere in the provinces adjoining its frontier.

sentatives to Congress and lias 34 electoral votes

P e r u * . Including Tacna, it comprises 19 departments and 3 provinces. Tacna and Arica are still occupied by Chile. A boundary dispute with Bolivia which was referred to the president of the Argentine Republic was began in 1740 as a charity school and became an academy decided by him in favor of Peru in 1909. and college in 1749 and a university in 1771. I t has de- P e r u v i a n Corporation*. (See Grace Contract, partments of arts and science, education, medicine, law, 27ie.) Oil April 2,1907, an agreement was signed (annuldentistry, veterinary medicine, mechanical and electrical ling the terms previously in force) by which the lease of engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering, and the corporation was extended for 17 years, the governchemistry, and a graduate school. I t has 372 instructors ment to pay annually, for 30 years, £80,000 and to receive and 4,000 students. one half the net receipts. Provision was made for t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a A c a d e m y o f t h e F i n e A r t s . continuation of the work on the Oroya-Huancayo and A n institution, f o u n d e d in 1805, consisting of a Secani-Cuzco lines, and the construction of the Jon anline. The works at Mollendo, the Chiro canal, m u s e u m of paintings, sculptures, a n d engrav- Chiletc the silver-mines at Cerro de Pasco, and a debt of £200,000 i n g s , a n d a n a r t s c h o o l . Its building stands on to Chile were reserved. Cherry and North Broad streets, Philadelphia. Annual 1. T h e y w e r e ceded b y China e x h i b i t i o n s ^ t h e works of living artists are held here iu J r e S C a u O r e S winter. to J a p a n b y t h e t r e a t y of Shimonoseki in 1895.

P e n n s y l v a n i a " , U n i v e r s i t y jof. A n institution of l e a r n i n g s i t u a t e d in Philadelphia, it

People's Party*.

In 1S90 they accepted the Demo-

P e t e r ( p e ' t ^ r ) I. Born a t Belgrade, J u n e 29 ft nominee : „ . . „ „ ¡ . - i x vW. " .T. T Bryan, bK,i+ cratic for president, u t nomina- (O.S.), 1844. K i n g of Servia, 1903-. He is the ted their own candidate, Thomas E. Watson, for t h e vice- son of Alexander Karageorgeviteh, and was proclaimed presidency. Among their aims are an increase of the king by the army after the murder of King Alexander I. circulating medium, free coinage of Bilver, free trade, an and Qneen Draga, J u n e 10, 1903. He married Princess income tax, suppression of monopolies, etc. In 1Ö04 and Zorka of Montenegro in 1883. 1908 they nominated Thomas E. Watson for president.

Pepper*, W i l l i a m . Died a t P l e a s a n t o n , Cal., P e t r i e W i l l i a m M a t t h e w s F l i n d e r s . His excavations in Egypt, 1880-1906, covered the exploration J u l y 28, 1898. of the Greek city at Nankratis and the towns of Am and P e r a k * . I t is now a p a r t of the F e d e r a t e d Daphnie, the discovery of prehistoric Egyptians at Nagada, the discovery at Medum of the earliest temple, exMalay S t a t e s . of the temples at Tanis, Koptos, and Thebes, P e r c h , P h i l e m o n . A p s e u d o n y m of Richard cavations records of kings of the earliest dynasties at Abydos, etc. Malcolm J o h n s t o n . He has been Edwards professor of Egyptology at Univer1 9 0 8 - . He was graduated at Laval University in 1858 ; P e r e d a (pá-rá'• p r i e s t a n d- musical petty-Fitzmaurice*, Henry Charles Keith, -Italy, — — -1872. ---

• He was judge of the superior court of the Province of P e r e i r a d a b i l v a , J oao> j a a n u e i . Quebec from 1905-08.

"

P e l o u b e t (pe-lö'bet), F r a n c i s N a t h a n . B o r n a t N e w York, Dee. 2, 1831. A n A m e r i c a n clergyman a n d a u t h o r of works on t h e Bible for Sunday-school t e a c h e r s a n d scholars. He was graduated at Williama College in 1853, and at the Bangor Theological Seminary in 1857; and was minister to various Congregational churches from 1857 to 1883. H e is best known for his "Select Notes on the International Sunday School Lessons " (1875-). His other works include " T h e Teacher's Commentary on Matthew and oil Acts," " T h e Book of Job, a Drama," etc.

include " H i s t o r y of E g y p t " (1894-1905), " E g y p t i a n Tales" (1S95), "Religion and Conscience in Ancient E g y p t " (1898), " M e t h o d s and Aims in Archajology" (1904), "Religion of Ancient E g y p t " (1906), " J a n u s in Modern Life " (1907), " Personal Religion in Egypt Before Christianity " K(1909), and many volumes of special reports. T ™

R i o J a n e i r o , A u g . 30, 1 8 1 7 : d i e d 1 8 9 8 .

c o m p o s e r . From 1897 to 1903 he wasi musicali director M a r q u i s of L a n s d o w n e . He was governorfiftll a t S t Mark's, Venice, and was then taken to S t P e t e r s India e r a l o f Canada 1883-88, governor-general of by Pope Pius X. His most important works are The f g g g , ^ 8 e c r e t a r y of state for war 1895-1900, secretary of i Transfiguration," «" The Res.irResurPassion of Christ,' " The Transfiguration, f • foreign affail.9 190(M)5. and h e0 Birth of , the Redeemer. Redeemer." p f l e i d e r e r ¿ f l r d e r . e r ) , OttO. Born at S t e t t e n , P e m b e r t o n * , J o h n Clifford. After the surrender ^ rection of Lazarus, _ _ " TThe of Vicksburg he returned on parole to Richmond, where P e r O W _ n e , J 0 I U l ' J a m e S ! 5 t e w a r T . B o r n March Germany, Sept. 1, 1839: died at GrosslichterJ 1 1 nA>l he remained until he was exchanged. He then resigned, 13,"1823": " " «.-, o, S -e-d Nov. ^ " 1904. 6, b u t was reappointed as inspector of artillery, with t h e P e r r a u d (pe-rô'), A d o l p h e L o u i s A l b e r t . felde, near Berlin, J u l y 20, 1908. A G e r m a n L i b e r a l theologian, professor of p r a c t i c a l therank of colonel, in which capacity he served until the end Born a t Lyons, F e b . 7, 1828: died F e b . 11, ology in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Berlin f r o m 1875. of the war. He published "Moral und Religion" (1872), "Geschichte 1906. A F r e n c h p r e l a t e a n d ecclesiastical T e m b e r t o n (pem'ber-ton), M a s . B o r n at Birmingham, England, .JULIO 19, 1863. A n writer, bishop of A u t u n , Châlons, and Mâcon. der Religionsphilosophie von Spinoza bis auf die GegenE n g l i s h n o v e l i s t a n d e d i t o r . He has been editor In 1865 he was appointed professor of ecclcsiastical his- w a r t " (third edition 1893), " D e r Faulinismus" (1873), of "Cassell's Magazine" since 1896. Among his works tory a t the Sorbonne, from which he retired in 1874 to " Das Urchristentum " (1887), " The Development of Theology since K a n t " (1890), "Philosophy and Development are " T h e Iron P i r a t e " (1893), " T h e Impregnable City" become bishop of Autun. H e was elected to the Trench of Religion " (1894), " Das Christusbild des urchristlichen (1895), " The Little H u g u e n o t " (1895), " A Puritan's Academy in 18S2, succeeding Auguste Barbier. In 1884 Glaubens in religicnsgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung" (1903), W i f e " (1896), " T h e Garden of Swords" (1899), " P r o he became superior-general of the Oratory, and was created " Die Vorbereitung des Christentums in der griechischen Patria " (1901), " My Sword for Lafayette " (1906), " Wheels cardinal by Pope Leo X I I I . in 1893. Among liis works Philosophie " (1904), " Die Entstehung des Christentums " are " É t u d e s sur l'Irlande contemporaine " (1862), "L'Oraof Anarchy " (1908), "Sir Richard Escombe " (190S), " T h e toire de France aux XVIIn et X I X " siècles " (1865), " Les (1905), etc. Show Girl" (1909), etc. paroles de l'heure présente" (1872), " L e Cardinal de P f l ü g e r (pilü'ger), E d u a r d F r i e d r i c h W i l P e m b r o k e ( p e m ' b r u k ) . 3 . A town, t h e capi- Richelieu" (1882), " Œ u v r e s pastorales et oratoires " (1883tal of R e n f r e w County, Ontario, Canada. It is 86), " Le Cardinal Lavigerie " (1893), " Le Père Gratry " h e l m . B o r n a t H a n a u , J n n e 7, 1829. A Germ a n physiologist, professor in t h e U n i v e r s i t y in the northeastern part of the county, on the Ottawa (1900), etc.

66

Pfliiger

Poole

Pilbarra Goldfield. A gold-mining region in the northwestern part of Western Australia. PhaoiL (fa'on). A boatman of Mytilene, the Pilot, The. A nautical romance by James favorite of the poetess Sappho. According to the Fenimore Cooper, published in 1823. legend, when old and ugly he carried the goddess AphroDied at Munich, Dec. dite across the sea and would accept no payment. For Piloty*, Ferdinand. 21, 1895. this she rewarded him with youth and beauty. Phelps % Edward John. Died at New Haven, Pinar delRio (pe-nar'delre'o). The westernmost province of Cuba. It is bounded on the north Conn., March 9, 1900. by the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the provPhilip, John Woodward. Born at Kinder- ince of Havana, on the south by the Caribbean hook, N. Y., Aug. 26, 1840: died at Brooklyn, Sea, and on the west by the Yucatan Channel. Capital, N. Y., June 30, 1900. An American naval Pinar del Rio. Area, 5,206 square miles. Population

cated at Warsaw and at St. Petersburg and held various positions in the ministry of justice, becoming prosecutor at St. Petersburg. In 1881 he was appointed director of the state police, in 1883 assistant to the minister of tho interior, and in 1894 secretary of state for Finland, and A member of the council of the empire. As governor of Finland he was hostile to the Finnish nationalists and inaugurated a policy of repression. In 1902 he became minister of the interior. His administration was marked by the massacre of the Jews at Kishinef, the spoliation of the Armenian Church, the exile of Russian noblemen holding liberal opinions, and a policy of ruthless severity toward the peasantry and working-classes. H e was killed by a bomb thrown under his carriage as he was leaving Warsaw to make his weekly report to the Czar.

Pinatubo (pe-na-to'bo), or Pinalubo. A volcano in the northwestern part of Pampanga rovince, southern Luzon, Philippine Islands, [eight, 6,040 feet, Pinchot (pin'cho), Gifford. Born at Simsbury, Philippine Islands*. The group was ceded to the Conn., Aug.11,1865. An American naturalist, U n i t e « States by Spain by the treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, forester of the United States Department of 1898. The sum of $20,000,000 waB paid to Spain by the Agriculture from 1898, and later chief of the

Plimsoll*, Samuel. Died June 3, 1898. Plummer (plum'èr), William Edward. Bom at Deptfoçd, England, March 26, 1849. A n English astronomer, director of the Liverpool Observatory. In 1895 he became examiner in astronomy to the University of Edinburgh. Pobiedonòstsef (pô-bë-dô-nôst'sef), Constant tini Petrovitch. Born at Moscow, 1827 : died, at St. Petersburg, March 23,1907. A Russian jurist and statesman, procurator of tho Holy Synod of Russia 1880-1905. He studied at the Im-

a t B o n a f r o m 1859. He .founded and edited from 18(58 the " Archiv fur die gesamte Pliysiologie."

o f f i c e r . H e was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1856; and was promoted commander in 1874, captain in 1889,' commodore Aug. 10, 1893. and rear-admiral in 1899. H e commanded the Texas in the battle off Santiago, July 3, 1898; was temporary commander of the North Atlantic Squadron; and on Jan. 15,1899, took command of the navy-yard, N e w York.

United States. See Spanish-American War. A native insurrection against Spanish rule broke out in 1896, was quelled by Jan., 1898, but again broke out under the leadership of Aguinaldo, after the battle of Manila, in Hay, IS98. In Feb., 1S99, the insurgents turned their arms against the United States; the insurrection came to an end with the capture of Aguinaldo, March 23, 1901. Civil government was established in July, 1902. A Philippine Assembly was elected in July and opened on Oct. 16, 1907. The government consists of a governor-general, appointed by the president of the United States, and a legislative assembly. The assembly comprises an upper house consisting of the Philippine Coinmi&ion (nine members, including the governor, three of them Filipinos), and a lower house of 79 representatives. There are four executive departments. The islands are divided into 39 provinces,

Phillips, Stephen. Born at Somerton, near Oxford, July 28, 1868. An English poet and playwright. He was on the stage 1886-92. H e has written " Poems " (1897), " Paolo and Francesca" (1899), 41 H e r o d " (1900), " U l y s s e s " (1902), " T h e Sin of David " (1904), " Nero " (1906\ " The Last Heir " (1908), etc.

Phillpotts (fil'potz), Eden. Born at Mount Abu, India, Nov. 4,1862. An English novelist.

H e is the author of " Down Dartmoor "Way " (1895), " Lying Prophets " (1897), " Children of the M i s t " (1898), " Sons of the Morning" (1900), " The Good Red E a r t h " (1901), " T h e Striking Hours " (1901), " T h e R i v e r " (1902), " M y Devon Y e a r " (1903), " T h e Golden Fetich " (1903), " T h e American Prisoner " (1904), " The Farm of the Dagger " (1904), " T h e Secret W o m a n " (1905), " K n o c k at a V e n t u r e " (1905), " T h e Portreeve" (1906), " T h e Sinews of W a r " (1906: with Arnold Bennett), " T h e Mother of the M a n " (1908), " T h e Virgin in J u d g m e n t " (1908), " T h e Statue," with E. A. Bennett (1908), " T h e Three Brothers " (1909), etc.

(1907), 240,372.

P

F o r e s t S e r v i c e . H e was graduated at Yale University in 1889; began the first systematic forest work in the United States at Biltmore, North Carolina, 1892-94 ; was a member of the national forest commission 1895-90; and was appointed by the President a member of the committee on organization of government scientific work in 1903, of the commission on the public lands in the same year, and of the committee on department methods in 1905. H e was appointed a member of the Inland Waterways Commission in 1907. He has published " The White Pine " (1896: with H. S. Graves), " T h e Adirondack Spruce" (1898), " A Primer of Forestry " (1899), etc.

Pinero (pin'e-ro), Sir Arthur Wing. Bom at London, 3iay 24, 1855. An English dram-

atist. H e was an actor 1874-81. His plays include " T h e Squire" (1881), " T h e Magistrate" (1885), "Sweet Lavender" (1888), " T h e Profligate" (1892), " T h e Cabinet Minister" (1890), " L a d y Bountiful" (1891), " T h e Second Mrs. Tanqueray " (1893), " T h e Notorious Sirs. Ebbsmith" (1895), " T h e B e n e f l t o f the Doubt" (1895), " T h e Princess and the Butterfly" (1897), "Trelawney of the ' W e l l s ' " (1898), " T h e Gay Lord Quex" (1899), " I r i s "(1901), " L e t t y " (1903), " A W i f e Without a S m i l e " (1904), " I l i s House in O r d e r " (1906), " T h e Thunderbolt" (1908), and others. Pines*, Isle of. In April, 1907, the United States Supreme Court decided that the Isle of Pines (Cuba) is not United States territory. I t is now a municipality of the province of Havana.

perial School of Law at St. Petersburg ; became an official of the senate in Moscow ; was professor of civil law in the University of Moscow 1860-65 ; was instructor in thetheory of law and administration to the sons of Alexander I I . ; and became a senator in St. Petersburg in 1868, and. a member of the Council of the Empire in 1872. H e wasalways an active and uncompromising advocate of absolutism in government and an opposer of all liberal reform, and he did much to strengthen the influence of the Orthodox Greek Church on Russian policy. H e was t h e author of " K u r s u s des Civilrechts " (1868), and " Gerichtsleitfaden " (1872).

Poincaré (pwàn-kâ-râ'), Jules Henri. Born at Nancy, April 29, 1854. An eminent French mathematician, professor in the Faculty of Sciences at Paris from 1881. He has written

"Cours de physique mathématique'' (1890), " É l e c t r i c i t é et optique" (1890-91), " T h e r m o d y n a m i q u e " (1892), " L e » méthodes nouvelles de la méchanique céleste(1892-99), " Théorie des tourbillons " (1893), " I.es oscillation», électriques" (1894), " C a p i l l a r i t é " (1895), "Calcul d e » probabilités" (1896), " L a science et l'hypothèse " (1902),. etc. He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1908, succeeding Sully-Prudhomme.

Pirsson (per'son), Louis Valentine. Born at Point Loma (lô'ma). A promontory on the New York, Nov. 3, 1860. An American geolo- southern coast of California, projecting intogist, professor of geology in the Sheffield Sci- the Pacific in a southerly direction and formentific School of Yale University from 1897. ing a part of the northern boundary, and covH e was graduated from Yale in 1882; studied in Heidelering on the west the entrance of the bay of berg and Paris; and has been connected with the faculty San Diego. of the Sheffield School since 1885. He is assistant editor A French illustrator, of the "American Journal of Science," and is connected Poiré, Emmanuel. Piazza del Campidoglio (pe-at'sa del kam-pi- with the United States Geological Survey. His publica- li n own under his pseudonym of Car an d'Achedol'yo). [It., 4 oil market.'] The open square tions include " R o c k s and Rock Minerals" (1908), and (which see). on the Capitotine Hill in Rome, the Area numerous geological and mineralogical papers. O a p i t o l i n a o f t h e o l d c i t y . Until 1477 it was the Pisa*. The university has over 100 instructors Pollock (pol'ok), Sir Frederick. Born at London, Dec. 10, 1845. An eminent English general market of the city and remained the center of and 1,160 students. jurist and philosophical writer. He waB professor civic life after the market was removed to the Piazza Navona. The Senatorial Palace or city hall is mentioned Pitcher, Molly. The wife of a Revolutionary of jurisprudence in University College, London, 1882-83 ; as early as 1150. In 1538 the equestrian statue of Marcus soldier who distinguished herself at the battle of common law in the In us of Court 1884-90 ; and of jurisAurelius was placed in its present position and in 1559 a of Monmouth, June 28,1778. she took the place of prudence in the University of Oxford 1883-1903. H e wag. plan was made, under the direction of Michelangelo, according to which the present arrangement of the buildings has been carried out,—the Senatorial Palace in the center, the Palace of the Conservatori on the right, and the Museum of the Capitol on the left.

her husband, who was killed while discharging a cannon. Washington commended her bravery and gave her a commission as sergeant.

elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1902. He isthe author of " Principles of Contract " (1876), " Digest of the Law of Partnership" (1877), s, Spinoza " (1880), " T h e Land Laws " (1882), " Introduction to the History of the: Science of Politics" (1890), etc.

Pitlochry (pit-loch'ri). A village and healthresort in the county of Perth, Scotland, near Pomeroy (pom'e-roi), Seth. Born at NorthPicciola (pet-che-o'la). The story of the love ampton, Mass.,'May 20, 1706: died at Peekof a prisoner for a flower, written by Saintine the Pass of Killiecrankie. (J. Xavier Boniface) andpublished about 1836. Pitman*. Sir Isaac. Died at Bath, Jan. 22, skill, N. Y., February, 1777. A noted American, s o l d i e r . H e was by trade a gunsmith, and entered theThe sketch won for its author the Montyon prize and the 1897. cross of the Legion of Honor. I t haB been translated into Pittsburg. 2. A city in the southeastern part military service of the colony early in life. H e was a. major in the Massachusetts forces at the capture of Louismany languages. of Crawford County, Kansas. It is situated in a burg in 1745, and in 1755 was a lieutenant-colonel under Piccolomini*, Maria. Died at Florence, Dec. coal-mining district and has zinc-works, iron-works, mills, Ephraim Williams, at whose death he succeeded to themachine-shops, etc. Population (1900), 10,112. 25, 1899. command of the regiment and gained a victory over* Pickering (pik'er-ing), William Henry. Born Pius X. (Giuseppe Sarto). Born at Kiese, Baron Dieskau iu the battle of Lake George. From 1774 at Boston, Mass., Feb. 15, 1858. An American near Treviso, Italy, June 2, 1835. Pope since to 1775 he served as a delegate to the Massachusettsastronomer, assistant professor of astronomy A u g u s t , 1903. He was ordained priest in 1858; was provincial congress, by which he was elected a general at the Harvard Observatory from 1887. He es- made bishop of Mantua in 1SS4 ; cardinal and patriarch of officer in 1774 and a brigadier-general in 1775. He served tablished the Arequipa station of the Harvard Observatory in 1891 and a station in Jamaica in 1900, and led eclipse expeditions in 1878 (Colorado), 1886 (West Indies), 1889 (California), 1893(Chile), and 1900 (Georgia). The Lalande prize of the French Academy was awarded to him in 1905 for the discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of the planet Satum.

Venice in 1893; and was elected pope August 4, 1903.

as a volunteer private in the battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, and a few days later was named by Congress senior

Pivot City. A nickname of Goelong, in Vic- brigadier-general, but declined the appointment. In 1776> toria, Australia: so named from its supposed he led a force of militia to the relief of the army under Washington, and marched to the Hudson river. importance in the future of the colony. Plancus (plang'kus). ARoman soldier, orator, Ponce. 2. A department in the south-central' a n d c o n s u l (42B. C.).

H e served under Julius Ctcsar

in the Callic and civil wars; attached himself successively Picou*, Henri Pierre. Died at Nantes, July to Brutus, Antony, and Octavius; and proposed in the 18, 1895. senate that the title of Augustus should be bestowed on Picquart (pe-kar'), Marie George. Born at the last named. Horace addressed to him Ode vii., Book I. Strasburg, Sept. 6, 1854. A French general and statesman, minister of war under Cleuien- Piatt (plat), Orville Hitchcock. Born at c e a u 1906-09. H e was prominent in the defense of Washington, Conn., July 19, 1827: died there, Dreyfus, in connection with which he was retired from April21,1905. An American lawyer and statesthe army in 1898 and later imprisoned. H e was restored man, United States senator (Republican) from to active service in 1905, with the rank of brigadier-gen- Connecticut 1879-1905. eral. Piatt*, Thomas Collier. U. S. senator from Pierola*, Nicolas de. He was president 1895- New York 1897-1909. Died March 6, 1910. 99. Play fair % Sir Lyon, first Lord Playfair. Died Pike's Peak*. Its height, according to the at London, May 29, 1898. determination of 1907, is 14,107 feet. Pleasonton*, Alfred. Died at Washington, Pilar (pe-lar') Islands. A group of 24 islands D. C., Feb. 17, 1897. in the Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago. The largest of them is only 8.2 square miles in area. They belong to Plehve (pla/ve), Vjacheslaf Konstantinothe Zamboanga district of Moro province. Area of group, vitch. Born about 1846: died at Warsaw, 17.1 square miles. July 28, 1904. A Russian official. He was edu-

p a r t o f P o r t o R i c o . I t is bounded by Arecibo, San Juan, and (iuayama on the north ; Guayama on the east ;' the Caribbean Sea on the south ; and Mayaguez and Aguadilla on the west. Capital, Ponce. Area, 822 squaremiles. Population (1S99), 203,191.

Pooh-Bah (po'ba/)- A character in the comic opera ''Tho Mikado," byGilbcrtand Sullivan, who fills a large number of offices. Poole (poi), Reginald Lane. Born at London, March 29, 1857. An English historian and

e d u c a t o r . H e was assistant in the department o f manuscripts at the British Museum 1880-81 ; has been assistant editor, later joint editorwith S. R. Gardiner, and finally sole editor, of the "English Historical R e v i e w " from 1885 ; and has been lecturer on modern history atJesus College. Oxford, from 1886. I n 1904- he was made afellow of the British Academy. Among his publications are " A History of the Huguenots of the Dispersion at the Recall of the Edict of Nantes " (1880), " Sebastian Bach " (1882), " Illustrations of the History of Mediaeval Thought (18S4), and " Wycliffc and Movements for Reform " (1889). H e has edited a " Historical Atlas of Modern Europe "

Poole (1897-1902), and is one of t h e editors of " The Political History of England " (1906-07). Popayan*. I t i s n o w t h e c a p i t a l of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of P o p a y a n . Pope ( p o p ) . Franklin Leonard. B o r n a t G r e a t B a r r i n g t o n , M a s s . , D e c . 2, 1 8 4 0 : d i e d there, Oct. 13,1895. A n A m e r i c a n electrician. He became assistant engineer of the American Telegraph Company in 18(52, and of the Russo-American Telegraph Company in 1864, and while in the latter service made t h e first exploration of the country between British Columbia and Alaska in surveying a route for an overland telegraph. He was one of the inventors of t h e ' ticker' used in stock-exchanges, and was the inventor of the rail circuit for automatically controlling electric block-signals on railroads. Iu 1884 he became editor of the " Electrical Engineer."

Puccini

67

Portuguese Hymn.

S e e Adeste

P o t o c k a (pó-tots'kji), Sophie.

fiddles.

Born at Con-

s t a n t i n o p l e , a b o u t Ì 7 6 6 : d i e d a t B e r l i n i n 1822. T h e w i f e of t h e P o l i s h c o u n t S t a n i s l a s F e l i x Potocki. She was the child of Greek (Fanariot) parents. Her mother sold her at the age of twelve for 1,500 piasters ($875) to the French ambassador at Constantinople, who adopted her as his ward. She married Count de Witt, the commandant of Kemenets, Podolia, who some three years later divorced her a t the request of Potocki and on the receipt of two million gulden. She then (1790) married Potocki and became noted throughout Russia and Germany for her beauty and cleverness. Pototan ( p ô - t ô ' t à n ) . 1 . A m u n i c i p a l i t y i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of I l o i l o p r o v i n c e , P a n a y , Philippine Islands. Civilized population (1903), 2 0 , 9 6 4 . - 2 . A t o w n of I l o i l o p r o v i n c e , Populists. S e e People's Party. s i t u a t e d o n t h e J a l a u r r i v e r . P opulation Portaels*, Jean Francois. D i e d a t B r u s s e l s , ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 5,062. F e b . 8, 1895. 5 Potter" , Eliphalet Nott. D i e d F e b . 6 , 1 9 0 1 . P o r t a l a . See Portold. Henry Codman. Died at CoopersPort Arthur ( p o r t a r ' t h e r ) . A t o w n a n d n a v a l Potter*, s t a t i o n n e a r t h e e x t r e m i t y o f t h e L i a o - t u n g t o w n , N . Y . , J u l y 21, 1908. His later works included " Sermons of tfie Citv " (ISSI), "Way m a r k s " (1892), p e n i n s u l a , Manchuria, t h e t e r m i n u s of a b r a n c h " T h e Scholar and the State " (1897), " T h e East of To-day of t h e S i b e r i a n R a i l w a y . I t was captured by the and To-morrow" (1902), " T h e Citizen in his Relation to Japanese Nov. 24, 1894. It was leased to Russia in 1898 the Industrial Situation" (1902), " L a w and Loyalty" and the lease was transferred to Japan by the Treaty of (1903), "Modern Man and his Fellow Man" (1908), " T h e Portsmouth in 1905. The Russians under General Stossel Drink Problem in Modern Life" (1905), "Reminiscences were successfully besieged here by the Japanese under of Bishops and Archbishops" (1906), " M a n , Men, and General Nogi July, 1904,-Jan. 1, 1905. their Master" (1907).

Porter*, F i t s - J o h n . M a y 21, 1901.

Porter*, Horace.

Born Aug. 31,1822: died Powell*, John Wesley.

He was ambassador to

F r a n c e 1897-1905, a n d a d e l e g a t e t o t h e S e c o n d P e a c e C o n f e r e n c e a t T h e H a g u e i n 1907.

Port Gabo. S e e G-abo, Port. Port Gubat. S e e G-nbat, Port. Port Libas. S e e Libas, Port. Portold ( p o r - t o - l a / ) , D o n Gaspar de.

A Spanish captain serving in Mexico and California: s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d " f i r s t g o v e r n o r " of t h e l a t t e r . By government order he transferred the Baja California missions, 1767-68, from the expelled Jesuits to t h e Franciscans, and went with Father Junipero Serra, Franciscan president, from Loreto overland to San Diego when the latter place was founded in 1769. Thence he led a party to Monterey but arrived a t the bay of San Francisco by mistake. He returned to San Diego by Monterey and in 1770 reached Monterey again. San Carlos Mission being then organized he departed for Mexico by ship in July of t h a t year, having been in Alta California little more than a twelvemonth assisting Junipero. Since no government existed and the settlements were barely started t h e title "governor" is hardly appropriate. Also Portala.

Porto N O V O * . Porto Rico*.

I t i s t h e c a p i t a l of D a h o m e y . I t was ceded by Spain to t h e United State9 in 1898. See Spanish-American War. A constitution was granted to it by Congress in 1900. The government consists of a governor and executive council (6 heads of departments and 5 natives) appointed for 4 years by the President of the United States, and a House of Delegates of 35 members elected for 2 years. The Council and the Ilouse of Delegates form the assembly. Port Royalist. S e e Puerto Princesa, 1. Portsmouth, Treaty of. A t r e a t y o f p e a c e between Japan and Russia, signed at Portsm o u t h , N e w H a m p s h i r e , S e p t e m b e r 5, 1905. The Czar and the Mikado signed duplicate copies Octob e r 14, 1905. The conference was held in t h e United States in response to an invitation issued by President Roosevelt. Russia sent as peace commissioners Count Witte and Baron Rosen ; Japan sent Baron Komura and Kogoro Takahira. The treaty contains 15 articles and 2 additional articles in conformity with provisions of articles I I I . and IX. Article I. established peace between J a p a n and Russia; II. established Japanese supremacy in Korea; If I. (with addition I.) engaged Japan and Russia to have evacuated Manchuria (except the Liao-tung peninsula) 18 months after the signing of the treaty and to restore to t h e administration of China all portions under occupation; IV. engaged Japan and Russia not to obstruct any general measures, common to all countries, which China may take for the development of the commerce and industry of Manchuria; V. transferred from Russia to Japan, with the consent of China, the lease of Port Arthur, Ta-lien, and adjacent t e r r i t o r y ; YI. transferred, with the consent of t h e Chinese government, from Russia to Japan the railway and its branches between Chang-chun (Kwang-cheng-tsze) and Port A r t h u r ; VII. engaged both powers to exploit their railways in Manchuria for commercial and industrial purposes only; V I I I . provided for t h e regulation of t h e connecting railway services of J a p a n and Russia in Manchuria; IX. ceded from Russia to Japan the island of Saghalin and adjacent islands south of lat. 50' N. on condition t h a t neither power shall erect fortifications on the island; X. established t h e status of Russian subjects in the ceded territory ; XI. arranged for Japanese fishing rights along the coasts of the Russian possessions in the Japan, Okhotsk, and Bering seas; XII. provided for temporary commercial and navigation relations between t h e two powers; X I I I . arranged for the restoration of prisoners of war and for expenses connected with t h e m ; XIV. arranged for the ratification of t h e t r e a t y ; and XV. provided t h a t the treaty should be signed in duplicate in French and in English, and that in cases of discrepancy of interpretation the French text should prevail. Port Subic. S e e SuUc, Port.

Portugal*.

Continental Portugal is divided into 6 provinces and 17 districts; the Azores have 3 districts and Madeira has one. Carlos I. and his elder son, Luiz Philip, were assassinated Feb. 1, 1908, and the younger son succeeded to t h e throne as Manoel II.

D i e d at H a v e n , Me., S e p t . 23, 1902. His later works include "Studies in Sociology" (1387), "Canyons of t h e Colorado" (1895), " T r u t h and E r r o r " (1898), and many special scientific reports. Poynter*, S i r Edward John, in November, is9g, he was elected president of the Royal Academy, and h e was director of the National Gallery 1894-1905. H e was knighted in 1896 and created a baronet in 1902. Poynting ( p o m ' t i n g ) , John Henry. B o r n a t M o n t o n , n e a r M a n c h e s t e r , E n g l a n d , S e p t . 9, 1852. A n E n g l i s h physicist, p r o f e s s o r of p h y s i c s i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of B i r m i n g h a m ( f o r m e r l y M a s o n U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e ) f r o m 1880 a n d d e a n o f t h e f a c u l t y o f s c i e n c e . He has published " A Text-book of Physics" (with J . J. Thomson), etc.

Prado*, Mariano Ignacio. Died 1901. Prague*. The university contains two departments,

German and Czech (the former with about «8 instructors and 868 students, and the latter with about 126 instructors and 2,300 students), and has a library of over 354,000 volumes. Prairie City. A p o p u l a r n a m e of C h i c a g o , a s the chief c i t y of t h e Prairie State. Premier Diamond. A "White d i a m o n d , w e i g h ing in the rough 3,024f carats, f o u n d by the s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e P r e m i e r Mine, J o h a n n e s b u r g , J a n u a r y , 1905.

Prentiss*, Benjamin Mayberry. Died Feb. 8, 1901.

Academy in 1879 and academician in 1894. In 1877 h e was commissioned to paint " T h e Declaration of Victoria as Empress of India " in commemoration of the Durbar a t Delhi. He was also professor of painting a t the Royal Academy. His work is distinctly English and academic in style. He published several plays.

Pritchett

( p r i c h ' e t ) , Henry Smith. B o r n a t P a y e t t e , M o . , A p r i l 16, 1857. A n A m e r i c a n a s t r o n o m e r a n d g e o d e s i s t , s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 0 0 . He was assistant astronomer in the United States Naval Observatory 1878-80 ; was astronomer of the Morrison Observatory, Glasgow, Missouri, 1880-81 ; was professor of astronomy in Washington University, St. Louis, 1881-97 ; was president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston) 1900-06 ; and has been president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching from 1906.

Prix de Borne. S e e Grand Prix Proctor ( p r o k ' t o r ) , Edna Dean.

de Rome. B o r n at H e n n i k e r , N . H . , Ò c t . 10, 1888. A n A m e r i c a n a u t h o r a n d p o e t . During t h e Civil War she did much to arouse public sentiment in the North by her patriotic prose and verse. Among her works are *' Poems " (1807), " A Russian J o u r n e y " (1872), " T h e Song of the Ancient People " (1893), " A Mountain Maid, and Other Poems of New Hampshire" (1900), "Songs of America" (1906), etc.

P r o c t o r ( prok ' tor

Redfield.

Borri at Proc-

t o r s v i l l e , V t . , J u n e 1, 1831 : d i e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , D . C.j M a r c h 4, 1908. A n American s t a t e s m a n . He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1851 and a t the Albany Law School in 1859 ; was appointed a lieutenant in the Union army in 1801, and rose to the rank of colonel ; was several times a member of the Vermont legislature ; was lieutenant-governor of Vermont 1876-78 and governor 1878-80 ; was secretary of war 1889-91; and was United States senator (Republican) from Vermont from 1891. He visited Cuba in 1898 and his speech on t h e condition of affairs in the island strongly influenced the policy of t h e United States government.

Prohibition Party.

A political party in the U n i t e d States f o u n d e d upon the demand for the prohibition b y the Federal Constitution, a s w e l l a s b y t h a l a w s of t h e s e v e r a l S t a t e s , of the u manufacture, sale, importation, exportat i o n , o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of a l c o h o l i c l i q u o r s f o r beverage purposes." Organization was begun i n 1868 a n d t h e first n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n w a s h e l d i n 1872.

Prothero (proth'e-rò), George W a l t e r . Born

i n W i l t s h i r e , E n g l a n d , O c t . 14, 1848. A n E n g l i s h h i s t o r i a n , w r i t e r , a n d e d i t o r . He was university lecturer in history and tutor at King's College, Cambridge, 1876-94 ; was professor of history at the University of Edinburgh 1894-99 ; and was Rede lecturer at Cambridge in 1903. In 1899 he succeeded his brother, Rowland Edmund Prothero, as editor of the "Quarterly Review," retiring in 1907. He was made a fellow of the British Academy in 1903. Among his publications are " Life and Times of Simon de Montfort" (1877), "Memoir of Henry Bradsliaw " (1889), and "British History Reader" (1898).

Prestwich*, S i r Joseph. D i e d at S h o r e l i a m , Prothero (proth'e-ro), Rowland Edmund. Born at Clifton on T e m e , Worcestershire, EngK e n t , J u n e 23, 1896. Prévost ( p r a - v o ' ) , Eugène Marcel. B o r n a t l a n d , S e p t . 6 , 1 8 5 2 . A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r . He was P a r i s , M a y 1 , 1 8 6 2 . A F r e n c h n o v e l i s t . H e was educated by t h e J e s u i t s ; studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris ; and followed the profession of civil engineer until 1S90. In 1909 he was chosen a member of tile French Academy, succeeding Victorien Sardou. Among his works are " L e scorpion" (1887), "Mademoiselle Jauffre " (1889), " Lettres des femmes " (1892), " Lea demivierges" (1894), " L e s vierges fortes" (1900), "L'heureux ménage" (1901), "Lettres à Françoise" (1902), "T.e pas révélé" (1903), " L a plus faible" (1904), " L a Princesse d ' E r m i n g e " (1904), "L'accordeur aveugle" (1905), "Monsieur et Madame Moloch" (1900), " F e m m e s " (1907), " Lettres à Françoise mariée " (1908), etc.

Pribylof, or Pribilof (prib'i-lof), Gerassim.

A R u s s i a n n a v i g a t o r w h o i n 1786 d i s c o v e r e d t h e g r o u p of i s l a n d s i n B e r i n g S e a w h i c h b e a r s his name. Price ( p r i s ) , Bruce, B o r n a t C u m b e r l a n d , M d . , D e c . 12, 1 8 4 5 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a y 29, 1903. A n A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t , i n 1897 lie was elected president of t h e Architectural League of America and in 1889 follow of the American Institute of Architects. Among his more important works are the St. James Building, the Century -Building, and the H u n t Memorial in New York City; Georgian Court at Lakewood, New Jersey; several dormitories of Yale "Lniversity; the Château Frontenac hotel in Quebec ; and the Royal Victoria College in Montreal.

Prime*, William Cowper. Died Feb. 13,

1905. He edited the New York " «Tournai of Commerce " 13(31-69, and was professor of the history of art at Princeton Cniversity 1884-1905. Prince Edward Island*. I t s e n d s é m e m b e r s to the Dominion senate, 4 members to the H o u s e of C o m m o n s . Princeton*. I t i s t h e s e a t o f P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y ( s e e New Jersey, College o f ) . Pringle Pattison. S e e Setk, Andrew.

Prinsep (prin ' sep), Valentine

Cameron.

B o r n a t C a l c u t t a , F e b . 14, 1838 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , N o v . 11, 1904. A n E n g l i s h p a i n t e r . He abandoned the Indian civil service for art at the suggestion of G. F. Watts, aud was elected associate of the Royal

editor of the "Quarterly Review" 1894-99. Among his works are " L i f e and Correspondence of Dean Stanley" (1893 : with G. G. Bradley), " Letters and Journals of Lord B y r o n " (1898-1901), " T h e Psalms in Human Life" (1903), "Letters of Richard F o r d " (1905), " T h e Pleasant Land of France "(1908), etc.

Prudden (pro'den), Theophil Mitchell. Born

a t M i d d l e b u r y , C o n n . , J u l y 7. 1849. A n A m e r ican pathologist and bacteriologist, professor of p a t h o l o g y i n t h e C o l l e g e of P h y s i c i a n s a n d S u r g e o n s of C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1891. He has published " A Manual of Normal Histology " (1881), " A Handbook of Pathology " (seventh edition, 1904), "Story of Bacteria" (1889), " D u s t and its Dangers" (1890), and results of researches, in technical journals, and popular articles on science and travel.

Prudhomme*, René François Armand Sully-. D i e d n e a r P a r i s , S e p t . 7, 1907. He was

elected a member of the French Academy in 1881. and in 1901 received the Nobel prize for literature. His later works include "L'expression dans les beaux arts " (1884), " L e bonheur" (1888), "Réflexions sur l'art des vers " j L892), " Q u e sais-je? Examen de conscience. Sur l'origine do la vie t e r r e s t r e " (1895), and "Psychologie du libre arbitre " (1907). Pryor ( p r ï ' o r ) , Roger Atkinson. B o r n n e a r P e t e r s b u r g , V a . , J u l y 19, 1828. A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t . He was graduated from Hampden Sidney College in 1845 ; was special minister to Greece under President Pierce in 1855 ; sat in Congress 1857-59 ; and was again elected in I860 b u t did not take his seat on account of the secession of Virginia. lie entered the Confederate service as colonel in 1861 and was brevetted brigadier-general in 1863 : b u t resigned his commission and entered the service as a private soldier. He was a member of the Confederate Congress in 1862. In 1865 he began the practice of law in the city of New York, and in 1890 was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas, to which office he was elected in 1891 for fourteen years. By the revised constitution of 1894 the Court of Common Pleas was abolished and for the remainder of his term after Jan. 1, 1896, he was a justice of the Supreme Court of New York.

Puccini ( pot - che ' ne ), Giacomo. Lucca, June

22, 1858.

An

Italian

Bom at

operatic

Puccini

68

c o m p o s e r , a p u p i l of P o n c h i e l l i at t h e M i l a n Con s e r v a t o r y . His most important operas are " Manon Lescaut" (1893), "La Boheme " (189(5), " Tosca" (1900), and "Madame Butterfly" (1904; revised 1905). He is considered one of the most talented and original of the younger school of Italian composers. P u e r t o G-alera ( p o - a r ' t o g a - l a ' r a ) . 1. A s m a l l "bay o n t h e n o r t h e r n c o a s t of M i n d o r o I s l a n d , P h i l i p p i n e s : s a f e f o r l a r g e c r a f t iu a l l w e a t h e r . — 2 . A t o w n , t h e c a p i t a l of M i n d o r o p r o v i n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e b a y of t h e s a m e n a m e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n l a t . 13° 3 2 ' N . , l o n g . 120° 5 6 ' E .

a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r of A m e r i c a n archaeology and ethnology in Harvard University f r o m 1886, a n d p r o f e s s o r of a n t h r o p o l o g y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a f r o m 1903. He has been curator of the Peabody Museum (Harvard) from 1875, and was curator of the department of anthropology in the American Museum of Natural History (New York) 1394-1903. He has published numerous papers on anthropology, in the reports of the Peabody Museum and in various scientific journals. Putnam ( p u t ' n a m ) , George Haven. B o r n a t L o n d o n , E n g l a n d , A p r i l 2,1844. A n A m e r i c a n p u b l i s h e r a n d w r i t e r . He studied in the universities of Paris and of Göttingen 1860-62; served in the United States army, from private to major, 1862-65; and was a prisoner in Libby Prison and at Danville, Virginia, during the winter of 1864-65. He was a leader in the reorganization of the American Copyright League and was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the international copyright bill of March, 1891. In 1891 he received the cross of the Legion of Honor. He is the author of " Authors and Publishers " (18S3), "Question of Copyright" (1891-90). " Authors and Their Pnblic in Ancient Times ' (1893), "The Artificial Mother" (1894), "Books and Their Makers During the Middle Ages" (1896), and " T h e Censorship of the Church and its Influence on the Production and Distribution of Literature " (1906).

Puerto Princesa (po-ar'to pren-tha'sa). 1.

A b a y a n d h a r b o r o n t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t of Paragua (Palawan) Island: safe for large vess e l s in all w e a t h e r . A l s o c a l l e d Port Royalist.— 2 . A t o w n , t h e c a p i t a l of P a r a g u a p r o v i n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t of P a r a g u a ( P a l a w a n ) Island, P h i l i p p i n e s , a t t h e e n t r a n c e of P u e r t o P r i n c e s a B a y , a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n lat. 9 ° 41' 30"' N . , l o n g . 118° 4 5 ' E . i t was the capital of Paragua Bur before the union of that district with Paragua province. Civilized population of municipality (1903), 1,208. P u l i t z e r (pu'lit-z&r), J o s e p h . B o r n a t B u d a p e s t , H u n g a r y , A p r i l 10, 1847. A n A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t , p r o p r i e t o r of the N e w York " W o r l d " f r o m 1883. He came to the United States in 1864; served in the Union army during the last year of the Civil W a r ; and after its close devoted himself to journalism in St. Louis. In 1903 he endowed a school of journalism in Columbia University.

Rambaud legislature; was aide to General Benjamin Lincoln during Shay's Rebellion in 1787; formed the Ohio Land Company and in 1788 founded the town of Marietta, Ohio, the first permanent settlement in the eastern part of the Northwest Territory ; became judge of the supreme court of that territory in 1789; was appointed a brigadier-general under General Wayne to act against the Indians, and as United States commissioner concluded an important treaty with eight tribes at Port Vincent (now Vincennes) in 1792 ; was surveyor-general of the United States 1793-1803; and in 1803 was a member of the Ohio constitutional convention. To him was due the credit of the ordinance of 1787 which excluded slavery from the settlement of Ohio, and he has been called " the founder and father of Ohio."

Puttkamer", Robert Victor von. Died at

Karzin hi Pomerania, Mareh 15,1900. H e w a s l o r d - l i e u t e n a n t of P o m e r a n i a 1891-99.

Puvis de Chavannes*. Pierre. Died at Paris, Oct. 24, 1898.

P u - y i ( p o ' y e ' ) ; reign title H s i i a n - t ' u n g . Born F e b . 11. 1906. E m p e r o r of China. H e s u c c e e d e d t o t h e t h r o n e u p o n t h e d e a t h of h i s u n c l e , N o v . 14,1908. H i s f a t h e r , P r i n c e Ch'un, i s r e g e n t of t h e e m p i r e .

Pyeshkof (pyesh'kof), Aleksyei MaksimoPutnam (put'nam), Herbert. Born at New vitcli: pseudonym Maxim Gorky. Born at Y o r k , S e p t . 20, 1861. A n A m e r i c a n l i b r a r i a n . He was librarian of the Minneapolis Athenäum 1884-89; of the Minneapolis Public Library 1889-91, and of the Boston Public Library 1895-99. He was admitted to the bar in 1885 and practised law in Boston 1892-95. Since 1899 he has been librarian of Congress.

Putnam*, Mrs. (Mary Lowell). Pied at Bos-

N i j n i N o v g o r o d , M a r c h 14, 1868. A R u s s i a n w r i t e r . He led a vagabond life for many years, working and tramping with the poorest classes in Russia, and his writings record the tragedy of poverty and crime as he found i t A mong the best known of his works are " Makar Chudra" (1890), "Emili.n Pibgai," "Chelkasli," "Oshybka" (1895), "Tyenovya Kartinki"1 (1895), " Toska," " Konovalov'' (1896), " Malva " (1896), ' Foma Gordyeev " (1901), " Mujiki" (1901), three volumes of short stories (1898-99), "Miestchanye" (1902), "Comrades"(1907), "The Spy " (1908), and " In the Depths," a play.

t o n in 1898. P u t n a m (put'nam), R u f u s . Born at Sutton, M a s s . , A p r i l 9, 1738: d i e d a t M a r i e t t a , Ohio, M a y 1, 1824. A n o t e d A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r a n d m i l i t a r y e n g i n e e r . He served aB a private through Pyle (pil), Howard. BornatWilmington, Del., the campaign of 1757-60, and in 1775 entered the Conti- M a r c h 5, 1853. A n A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r , i l l u s nental army as a lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed t r a t o r , a n d writer. He was educated in private chief engineer of the army, with the rank of colonel, in schools, and studied at the Art Students' League in New 1776; had charge of the defense of New York by fortifica- York City. The greater part of his work has been done tions, and superintended the construction of the fortifica- for magazines, the subjects being usually chosen from the tions at West Point, with his cousin, Israel Putnam ; was Colonial and Revolutionary periods, which he treats with placed ill command of the 5th M;i ^ site li up Otts regiment, sympathy and knowledge. He has written and illustrated serving with distinction in the campaign against Bur- many stories. Putnam (put'nam), Frederic Ward. Bom at goyne; and in 1783 was appointed brigadier-general. He Pyne*, Louisa Fanny. Born at London, Aug. S a l e m , M a s s . , A p r i l 16, 1839. A n A m e r i c a n was for several t e r n s a member of the Massachusetts 27, 1832: d i e d t h e r e , M a r c h 20, 1904.

Pupin (pu'pin), Michael Idvorsky. Born at

I d v o r , H u n g a r y , Oct. 4, 1858. A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i s t , p r o f e s s o r of e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c s i n C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1901, e s p e c i a l l y k n o w n f o r h i s w o r k i n e l e c t r i c i t y . He was graduated at Columbia in 1883 ; studied in Berlin; and became instructor at Columbia in 188». He has published numerous technical papers. By an invention involving the use of non-uniform conductors he has greatly increased the distance over which telephonic and telegraphic messages can be transmitted.

T h e p s e u d o n y m of A r t h u r T h o m a s Quiller-Couch,

Quay", Matthew Stanley. Died at Beaver, Pa., May 28, 1904. Q u e e c h y (kwe'chi). A story b y Susan Warner, published i n 1852.

Queensland*. It is now a

s t a t e of t h e C o m m o n w e a l t h of A u s t r a l i a . It sends 6 senators and 9 representatives to the federal parliament.

d^*»awBa«rtg.l|adcliffe College*.

It has

Queiroz*, José Maria E?a de. Died at Paris,

(1895), " Poema and Ballads " (1896), " Fairy Tales from A u g . 16, 1900. His later works include " O primo Ba- Far and Near " (1896), " Adventures in Criticism " (1896), silio " (1877), " A reliquia " (1886), " Os Maias " (1889), " A " The Ship of Stars*' (1899), " Old Fires and Profitable correspondencia de Fradique SIendeB " (1891), "A ¡Ilustre Ghosts " (1900), " Hetty Wesley " (1903), " George Eliot" (1906), "The Mayorof Troy" (1906), " Major Vigoureux" casa Ramires " (1900), " Cidades e serras " (1903), etc. (1907), etc. In 1897 he waB selected to finish Robert Louis Quiller-Couch ( k w i l ' ér - k o o h ) , A r t h u r Stevenson's uncompleted novel "St. Ives." T h o m a s : p s e u d o n y m Q. B o r n i n C o r n w a l l , N o v . 21, 1863. A n E n g l i s h author. He was Q u o V a d i s ( k w o v a ' d i s ) . [L., 'whither goest lecturer in classics at Trinity College, Oxford, 1886-87; t h o u ? ' ] A s t o r y of l i f e a t R o m e i n t h e t i m e was on the editorial staff of the "Speaker" from its start of N e r o , b y H e n r y k S i e n k i ewicz. The licenuntil 1899; and Bince 1891 has lived in Cornwall. Among his publications are " The Splendid Spur " (1889), " The t i o u s n e s s of p a g a n i s m a n d t h e s p i r i t u a l b e a u t y Blue Pavilions " (1891), "The Warwickshire Avon '' (1892), of C h r i s t i a n i t y a r e d r a w n i n s t r o n g c o n t r a s t . "The Delectable Duchy" (1893), "Wandering H e a t h " A n E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n w a s p u b l i s h e d i n 1896.

F e b . 16, 1860. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r a n d l i t h o g - E n g l i s h e s s a y i s t a n d b i o g r a p h e r . He was edur a p h e r . His first collection of lithographs appeared in cated at University College, London, and at King's College, 1827. He was much employed to illustrate the popular ; and has been professor of modern literature s l I E r a ! ^ Kadisson(rä-de-son'),Sieur books of the period. His reputation rests mainly upon Cambridge at University College, Liverpool, of the English language Pierre Esprit: known as his lithographs of military scenes and battle-pieces. He and literature at Glasgow University, and since 1904 of English literature at Oxford. Ho has published " The y ^ E f l B w E s f Pierre d'Esprit. Born at was also an excellent caricaturist. Novel " (1894), "Robert Louis Stevenson " (1895), S a i n t - M a l o , T r a n c e : d i e d , R a g a y ( r a - g i ' ) , G u l f o f . A g u l f w h i c h i n d e n t s English "Style" (1897), "Milton" (1900), "Wordsworth" (1903), p r o b a b l y i n E n g l a n d , a f t e r t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t o f L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , "English Voyages of the Sixteenth Century" (1905), a n d p a r t l y s e p a r a t e s A m b o s C a m a r i n e s f r o m "Shakespeare" (1907), etc. e x p l o r e r . He was the brother- T a y a b a s p r o v i n c e . Ralik Islands*. T h e y w e r e a n n e x e d b y Gerin-law of Medard Chouart (Sieur des Groseilliers), with whom he discovered the Upper Mississippi and explored Ragozin (ra-gô'zên), Zénaïde Alexéievna. m a n y i n 1885. the Hudson Bay region. He wrote an account of his B o r n i n R u s s i a , 1835. A R u s s i a n - A m e r i c a n R a l p h ( r a l f ) , J u l i a n . Born at N e w York, travels and experiences among the North American In- a u t h o r , h i s t o r i a n , a n d O r i e n t a l i s t , she came to M a y 27, 1853: d i e d t h e r e , J a n . 20, 1903. An dians, which was published from the manuscript by the the United States in 1874 and became an American citi- A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t a n d a u t h o r . He was with Prince Society in 1885. zen. Among herworks are "Chaldea," "Assyria," "Vedic the Turkish army as correspondent in the war of 1897 and Kaffaelli (rä-fä-el'li), Jean François. Born India," "History of the World," "Siegfried," "Beowulf," in 1899 went to South Africa as war correspondent. He wrote "On Canada's Frontier" (1892), "Chieago and the at P a r i s , A p r i l 20, 1850. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r , of "Frithjof," "Roland," " Salammbô," etc. I t a l i a n p a r e n t a g e . He began as a singer at a lyric R a i m o n d , 0 . E . A p s e u d o n y m of E l i z a b e t h World's Fair" (1892), "Our Great West" (1893), "People We Pass " (1895), " Towards Pretoria " (1900), " An Ameritheater ; studied at the atelier Gérôme in leisure hours ; R o b i n s . and made his début at the Salon in 1870. He has been Raine, Allen. The pseudonym of Mrs. Beynon can with Lord Roberts " (1901), " War's Brighter Side " (1901), "The Millionairess" (1902), etc. especially attracted by the effects found in the streets and suburbs of Paris. He has also produced many litho- P u d d i c o m b e ( d i e d 1907), a w r i t e r of W e l s h Rambaud (ram-bo'), Alfred Nicolas. Born stories. graphs and etchings. at B e s a n ç o n , F r a n c e , J u l y 2, 1 8 4 2 : d i e d a t Raffet (rä-fä'), Denis Auguste Marie. Born R a i n i e r * , M o u n t . I t i s 14,526 f e e t h i g h . P a r i s , N o v . 10, 1905. A F r e n c h h i s t o r i a n a n d a t P a r i s , M a r c h 2, 1804 : d i e d a t G e n o a , I t a l y , R a l e i g h ( r â ' l i ) , W a l t e r . A c o n t e m p o r a r y a u t h o r . He was minister of public instruction in the

Kambaud

69

J u l e s Ferry cabinet 1879-80, and in the SIéline cabinet 189t>-98. In 1883 he was appointed professor of contemporary history in t h e University of Paris. He was elected a m e m b e r of t h e Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1897, succeeding the Due d'Aumale. Among his works are " L a domination française en Allemagne 1792-1804" (1873), " H i s t o i r e de la Russie'" (1878), " H i s t o i r e de la révolution française 1789-1799 " (1883), " H i s t o i r e de la civilisation française' 1 (1885-87), " L a France coloniale" (1886), " H i s t o i r e de la civilisation contemporaine en F r a n c e " (1888), " L ' a n n e a u de César" (1893), " R u s s e s et P r u s s i e n s " (1895), " J u l e s Ferry, 1832-1893" (1903), etc. W i t h Lavisse, he edited t h e " Histoire générale du IV. siècle jusqu' à nos j o u r s " (1S93-1901).

Ramée, Louise de la. See De la Ramée. Rampolla (ràm-pôl'là), Mariano, Márchese

del Tindaro. B o r n a t P o l i z z i , S i c i l y , A u g . 17, 1843. A n I t a l i a n p r e l a t e , a r c h - p r i e s t of t h e V a t i c a n B a s i l i c a a n d c a r d i n a l . He entered the service of the Pope in 1870 and was appointed councilor of the Papal Embassy a t Madrid in 1875, secretary of t h e Propaganda (Oriental rites) in 1877, secretary of ecclesiastical" affairs in 1880, nuncio at Madrid in 1882, and secretary of state in 1887. He retired in 1903. R a m s a y (ram'zi), Sir W i l l i a m . Born at Glasg o w , S c o t l a n d , O c t . 2, 1852. A British chemist, p r o f e s s o r of c h e m i s t r y i n U n i v e r s i t y Coll e g e , L o n d o n , f r o m 1887. H e is especially noted for t h e discovery (with Lord Rayleigh) of argon, and of helium, neon, krypton, and xenon (atmospheric gases). Among his publications are text-books of chemistry and numerous scientific papers. H e wrote also "Essaya, Biographical and Chemical " (1909). Ramsey*, Alexander.

Died April 22,1903.

Rand, The. See Witwatersrand. Randall*, James Ryder. Died at Augusta, G a . , J a n . 14, 1908.

Randall", Samuel Jackson. Died at Washi n g t o n , D . C . , A p r i l 13, 1890.

Ranger (rân'jèr), Henry Ward.

Born in

Raoult (ra-ôl'), François Marie.

Born at

w e s t e r n N e w Y o r k , J a n u a r y , 1858. A n A m e r i can landscape-painter. He received his technical training during several years of study in France, England, and Holland. His work is m a r k e d by richness of effect and d e p t h of tone. In 1901 he was elected associate of t h e National Academy of Design in New York, and a m e m b e r in 1906.

F o u r n è s , N o r d , F r a n c e , M a y 10, 1 8 3 0 : d i e d a t G r e n o b l e , A p r i l 1, 1 9 0 1 . A n e m i n e n t F r e n c h c h e m i s t , p r o f e s s o r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of G r e n o b l e f r o m 1870. H e is best known for his work in physical chemistry, and especially for his researches on t h e freezing-point and the boiling-point of solutions. Raphael of Figs, The. A n a m e given to the F r e n c h painter and etcher Charles Emile Jacque. R a r e y (râr'i), J o h n S . Born in Franklin C o u n t y , Ohio, 1828 : d i e d a t C l e v e l a n d , Ohio, O c t . 4, 1866. A n o t e d A m e r i c a n h o r s e - t a m e r . H e had g r e a t success in managing horses a f t e r a training system of his own, and gave many exhibitions both in America and Europe. In 1863 h e was employed by t h e g o v e r n m e n t to inspect t h e horses of t h e Army of t h e Potomac. H e was t h e author of a " Treatise on Horse-Taming " (1858). R a s l e (ral), S é b a s t i e n . Born at D o l e , F r a n c e , 1 6 5 8 : d i e d a t N o r r i d g e w o c k , M e . , A u g . 12, 1724. A F r e n c h m i s s i o n a r y . A f t e r completing his studies at Dijon, he jotnud t h e Order of the J e s u i t s ; t a u g h t Greek for a time in t h e college of t h a t society at Nîines; became attached to t h e missions of Canada in 1689 ; and was placed in charge of t h e station at Norridgewock in 1689. Here he studied t h e Abenaki language, of which he compiled a valuable dictionary in three volumes (now preserved in the library a t Harvard). He had m u c h influence with t h e Indians, which he exerted t o secure t h e i r allegiance to the French against the English. Public opinion in New England was aroused against him, a n d a price was placed upon his head. H e was attacked a n u m b e r of times and escaped, but finally was surprised in 1724 by a party f r o m F o r t Richmond and s h o t A m o n u m e n t t o his memory was raised by the citizens of Norridgewock in 1833.

Rathbun (rath'bun), Richard.

Born at Buf-

f a l o , N . Y . , J a n . 25, 1852. A n American zoologist, assistant s e c r e t a r y of t h e Smiths o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n f r o m 1897 a n d i n c h a r g e of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l M u s e u m f r o m 1899. H e was geologist on t h e I m p e r i a l Geological Commission of Brazil 1875-78, and scientific assistant of t h e United States Fish Commission 1878-96. H e has written various scientific, papers on paleontology, marine invertebrates, and fisheries.

R a t P o r t a g e (rat pôr'tâj). A f o r m e r n a m e of K e n o r a , a t o w n of A l g o m a , O n t a r i o , s i t u a t e d on the Canadian Pacific R a i l w a y a t t h e northern e n d of t h e L a k e o f t h e W o o d s . Population (1901), 5,202. R a v e n s h o e (râ'venz-hô). A romance by Henry K i n g s l e y , p u b l i s h e d i n 1862.

Rawlinson*, George. Born Nov. 23, 1812: d i e d a t C a n t e r b u r y , O c t . 6, 1 9 0 2 .

Rawnsley (rânz'li), Hardwicke Drummond. B o r n a t H e n l e y - o n - T h a m e s , S e p t . 28, 1850. A n E n g l i s h clergyman, author, and poet, grandn e p h e w of Sir J o h n F r a n k l i n , the arctic explorer. H e was educated at Balliol College, Oxford ;

S.— 97

Rendall

took orders in 1875 ; was curate in charge of Clifton Col- f e s s o r , a n d p r o f e s s o r of a s t r o n o m y i n C o l u m b i a lege Mission ; was vicar of Wray, "Windermere, 1878-83; U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1881. H e was graduated a t C o l u m has been vicar of Crosthwaite, Keswick, and rural dean bia in 1872 and was professor of mathematics in Washingsince 1883 ; and is honorary canon of Carlisle. Among his ton University, St. Louis, 1870-81. I n 1902 h e was m a d e works are " V a l e t e Tennyson, and Other P o e m s " (1893), " Literary Associations of t h e English Lakes " (1894), " L i f e a chevalier of t h e l e g i o n of Honor. and N a t u r e at t h e English Lakes "(1S99), "Memories of Reeve*, Henry. Died Oct. 21, 1895. the Tennysons" (1900), " A Rambler's Note-book at t h e Reeves*, John Sims. Bom Sept. 26, 1818 : English Lakes " (1902), 44 Sermons on the Sayings of Jesus " d i e d O c t . 2 5 , 1900. (1905), " M o n t h s a t the L a k e s " (1906), " A Sonnet Chron- R e g e r ( r â ' g è r ) , M a x . B o r n a t B r a n d , B a v a r i a , icle " (1906), Round the Lake Country " (1909), etc. M a r c h 19, 1873. A G e r m a n c o m p o s e r . From Raymond (ra'mond), Andrew Van Vranken. 1901 to 1906 he was professor of counterpoint in t h e B o r n a t V i s e h e r F e r r y , S a r a t o g a C o u n t y , X . Y . , Munich conservatory. H e has composed many organ A u g . 8, 1854. A n A m e r i c a n e d u c a t o r , p r e s i - pieces, chamber works, songs, and a sinfonietta. His d e n t Of U n i o n C o l l e g e 1 8 9 4 - 1 9 0 7 . I l e was grad- music is m a r k e d by extreme complication in counterpoint uated f r o m Union College in 1875, and from New Bruns- and by the avoidance of t h e prevailing tendency toward wick Theological Seminary in 1878, and held pastorates in the use of imposing mass effects and instrumental color. Patersou and Plainfield, New Jersey, and Albany, New Reggio di Calabria*. It was destroyed, with York. g r e a t l o s s of l i f e , b y a n e a r t h q u a k e , w h i c h Raymond (ra'mond), Mrs. (Annie Louise a l s o d e s t r o y e d M e s s i n a , D e c . 28, 1908. Gary). B o r n a t W a y n e , M e . , O c t . 2 2 , 1842. R e g i n a ( r e - j ï ' n a ) T h e f o r m e r capital of A n o t e d A m e r i c a n c o n t r a l t o . She made her d é b u t Assiniboia, Canada, a n d p r e s e n t capital of at Copenhagen, and in 18(58 was engaged in H a m b u r g at S a s k a t c h e w a n . P o p u l a t i o n (1901), 2,645. t h e opera. A f t e r t h a t she sang in t h e a t e r s at Brussels, Born at HonLondon, and, from 1870, in New York ; in 1875 in St. Peters- R é g n i e r ( r â - n y â ' ) , H e n r i d e . burg. After her marriage w i t h C. i l . Kaymond of New fleur, F r a n c e , D e c . 2 8 , 1864. A n o t e d F r e n c h York she retired. p o e t , o n e o f t h e l e a d e r s of t h e m o d e r n S y m Raymond (ra'mond), Bradford Paul. Born b o l i s t s . His verse includes " L e n d e m a i n s " (]8S(5), at Stamford, Conn., April 22,1846. A n A m e r i - " Sites" (1887), " Episodes " (1888), " P o è m e s anciens et roc a n e d u c a t o r a n d M e t h o d i s t c l e r g y m a n , p r e s i - m a n e s q u e s " (1900), " Tel qu'en songe " (1892), " Aiéthuse " d e n t o f W e s l e y a n U n i v e r s i t y 1 8 8 9 - 1 9 0 8 . He has (1895), " L e s médailles d'argile " (1900), " L a cité des eaux " held pastorates in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Provi- (1902), " L a sandale ailée " (1 £06), etc. He is also known dence, R h o d e Island, and Nashua, New Hampshire, and as a critic, and has published several books of fiction. " L a was president of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis- canne de jaspe " (1895), " Le trèfle blanc " (1899), " La double maîtresse " (1900), " Les amants singuliers " (1901), " Le bon consin, 188M-89. l a i s i r " (1902), " L e s vacances d'un j e u n e h o m m e s a g e " Raymond (ra'mond), Rossiter Worthington. p(1903), " L e passé v i v a n t " (1900), " L a p e u r de l ' a m o u r " B o r n a t C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o , A p r i l 2 7 , 1840. A n (1907), etc. A m e r i c a n m i n i n g e n g i n e e r . H e was United States Reid*, Sir George. He was president of the commissioner of m i n i n g statistics 1808-76 ; editor of t h e New York 4 ' American J o u r n a l of M i n i n g " (later called R o y a l S c o t t i s h A c a d e m y 1 8 9 1 - 1 9 0 2 . t h e " E n g i n e e r i n g and Mining J o u r n a l ' ' ) 1867-93; presi- Reid (red), George Houstoun. Born at Johnd e n t of t h e American I n s t i t u t e of Mining Engineers 187'^- s t o n e , S c o t l a n d , F e b . 2 5 , 1 8 4 5 . A n A u s t r a l i a n ; 75, and vice-president in 1871,1876, and 1877 ; and secretary L i b e r a l s t a t e s m a n . He w e n t to Melbourne ill and editor of its " Transactions " since 1884. Among his was called t o t h e bar of New South Wales in 1879 ; was a works, besides official reports and numerous essays on the m e m b e r of t h e Legislative Assembly of New South Wales United States mining laws, are " A Glossary of Mining 1880-99 (except 1884-85), and was elected to t h e Commonand Metallurgical T e r m s " (1881) and " L i f e of Peter wealth Parliament in 1901; and was prime minister and colonial treasurer of New South Wales 1894-99, and preCooper" (1901). Reagan*, John Henninger. Died at Palestine, mier of t h e Commonwealth 1904-0fi. He has published " Five Free Trade Essays," " N e w South Wales," etc. T e x a s , M a r c h 6, 1905. Mayne. His later works include " T h e Ocean Reay (râ), Donald James Mackay, eleventh Reid*, W a i f s " (1871), " T h e Death S h o t " (1874), " T h e Flag of Baron. B o r n a t T h e H a g u e , D e c . 2 2 , 1839. A Distress" (1875), " T h e T e e Boers" (1880), " C a s p a r t h e British s t a t e s m a n a n d scholar. He was governor Gaucho" (1880), " T h e Free L a n c e s " (1881), etc. of Bombay 1885-90 ; president of the Royal Asiatic Society ; Reid (red), Sir Robert Threshie, first Baron first presidentof the British Academy (1902); and delegate L o r e b u r n . B o r n A p r i l 3, 1 8 4 6 . A British to t h e second Peace Conference 1907. j u r i s t . H e was educated at Cheltenham College and at Reclus*, Jean Jacques Elisée. Died at Thou- Balliol College, Oxford ; was called to the bar of t h e I n n e r Temple in 187Î ; was appointed queen's counsel in 18b2; r o u t , W e s t F l a n d e r s , J u l y 4, 1905. Red Cross Society. A philanthropic society and was knighted in 1894. H e was Liberal member of t h e f o u n d e d t o c a r r y o u t t h e v i e w s of t h e G e n e v a House of Commons for Hereford 3880-85 and for Dumfries C o n v e n t i o n o f 1864. Its objects are to care for t h e 1886-1905. H e was solicitor-general in 1894 ; attorneywounded in war and secure t h e neutrality of nurses, hos- general 1894-95 ; lord high chancellor Dec., 1905- ; and was pitals, etc., and t o relieve suffering occasioned by pesti- one of t h e British counsel before t h e Venezuelan Commislence, floods, fire, and other calamities. The society was sion. He was created Baron Loreburn, Dec. 30. ]90r>. established t h r o u g h t h e efforts of I l e n r i Dunant. The Reid", Whitelaw. He was editor-in-chief of the founder and first president of the American National Red New York " T r i b u n e " 1872-1905. He was T i n t e d SUites Cross Society was Clara Barton. The distinctive flag is a minister to France 1889-92, was appointed special ambassador to England to represent t h e P r e s i d e n t a t t h e Queen's red cross on a white ground. jubilee 1897, was member of t h e Spanish Peace CommisR e d o n d a (re-don'da). A s m a l l i s l a n d o f t h e sion 1898, and lias been ambassador to Great Britain from L e e w a r d g r o u p l y i n g b e t w e e n M o n t s e r r a t a n d 1905. l i e has written " Ohio in the War " (1808), " Schools Nevis. It belongs to Great Britain. of .Journalism" (1870), " O u r New Duties," " Later A s p e d s of Our New Duties' (1899), " A Continental ITnk>n"(1900), Red Peak". I t s h e i g h t i s 13,333 f e e t . Reds of the Midi, The. An English transla- " Problems of Expansion " (1900), " G r e a t e s t F a c t in Modt i o n , b y M r s . T h o m a s A . J a n v i e r , o f t h e P r o - ern H i s t o r y " (1907), etc. vençal tale " L i B o u g e dôu Miejour," written R e i n e c k e (ri'nek-e), K a r l . Born at Altona, b y F é l i x G r a s i n 1896. i t was published in 1898, J u n e 23, 1 8 2 4 . A G e r m a n p i a n i s t , c o m p o s e r , before t h e appearance c i t h e original or of its author's c o n d u c t o r , a n d t e a c h e r o f m u s i c . A f t e r filling French translation, " L e s Rouges du Midi." The scene is various posts in smaller cities, h e became conductor of laid in t h e south of France, and t h e time is t h a t of t h e t h e Gewandhaus concerts in Leipsic in 1860, and at the same time was m a d e professor of t h e piano and of comFrench Revolution. position at t h e Conservatory. In 1895 he was succeeded Red Sunday. J a n u a r y 2 2 , 1905. On this date t h e as conductor by Nikisch and in 1902 retired f r o m his post workmen of St, Petersburg, disappointed by t h e Czar's at t h e Conservatory. His compositions are very numerous. manifesto of December 26,1904, and led by F a t h e r Gapon, Reinhart*, Charles Stanley. Died at New a t t e m p t e d t o hold a mass-meeting before t h e W i n t e r Palace in order t h a t t h e y m i g h t petition t h e Czar Y o r k , A u g . 30, 1896. for liberty of assembly, speech, self-government, etc. Reinkens*, Joseph Hubert. Died at Bonn, The military refused admission to the square, and fired J a n . 5, 1896. on the people, causing considerable loss of life. Reiss*, W i l h e l m . Died near Pôssneck, SaxeReed*, Sir Edward James. Died Nov. 30, M e i n i n g e n , S e ç t . 2 9 , 3908. 1906. Réjane*, Gabrielle Charlotte Réju, called. Reed*, Thomas Brackett. Died at Washing- S h e f o u n d e d i n 1 9 0 5 t h e T h é â t r e R é j a n e , o f t o n , D . C „ D e o . 7, 1 9 0 2 . H e w a s s p e a k e r o f w h i c h s h e i s t h e d i r e c t r i x . A n American racing yacht, the suct h e H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s 1889-91, 1 8 9 5 - R e l i a n c e . c e s s f u l d e f e n d e r , i n 1903, of t h e A m e r i c a ' s c u p 97, a n d 1 8 9 7 - 9 9 . R e e d (red), W a l t e r . Born in G l o u c e s t e r a g a i n s t S h a m r o c k I I I . She was b u i l t by t h e HerC o u n t y , V a . , S e p t . 13, 1 8 5 1 : d i e d i n W a s h i n g - reshoffs, sailed by Captain Barr, and owned by a syndicate t o n , D . C . , N o v . 23, 1 9 0 2 . An A m e r i e a n represented by C. Oliver Iselin. p h y s i c i a n , s u r g e o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s A r m y R e m e n y i ( r â - m e n ' y i ) , E d l i a r d . B o r n at H e v e s , with t h e r a n k of m a j o r (1893). During t h e H u n g a r y , i n 1 8 3 0 T d i e d a t S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l . , Spanish-American war he was t h e head of a board ap- M a y 1 5 , 1 8 9 8 . A H u n g a r i a n v i o l i n i s t . He pointed t o study t h e causation and spread of typhoid fever in t h e camps of the volunteer troops in t h e United t r a v e l e d i n m a n y p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . Remsen*, Ira, He was professor of chemistry at States. In J u n e , 1900, he was sent to Cuba at t h e head of a commission to study yellow fever. As a result of de- Johns Hopkins University 1876-1901 and president 1901-. cisive experiments instituted by him it was proved t h a t His later works include " Inorganic Chemistry " (1SS9), the germs of t h e disease are t r a n s m i t t e d by a mosquito, "Chemical E x p e r i m e n t s " (1S95), "College Text-book of Stegomyiafasciata. Chemistry "(1901), etc.

Rees (rës), John Krorn. Bom at New York, Remy*, Jules. Dipd Dec. 5, 1893. O c t . 27, 1851 : d i e d t h e r e . M a r c h 9, 1 9 0 7 . A n Rendall (ren'dal), Gerald Henry. Born at A m e r i c a n astronomer, instructor, adjunct pro-

H a r r o w , M i d d l e s e x , 1851.

A n English classi-

Kendall cal scholar, headmaster of the Charterhouse School from 1897. H e w a s g r a d u a t e d a t t h e U n i v e r -

s i t y of C a m b r i d g e in 1874 ; w a s v i c e - c h a n c e l l o r of V i c t o r i a U n i v e r s i t y 1S90-94 ; a n d w a s t h e f i r s t p r i n c i p a l of U n i v e r s i t y College, L i v e r p o o l . H i s w r i t i n g s i n c l u d e . " T h e C r a d l e of t h e A r y a n s " (1889), a t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e 41 M e d i t a t i o n s " of Marcuii A u r e l i u s (1897), etc.

70

Rio Grande de Cagayan R i d g e w a y (rij'wâ), William. Born in Ireland, 1853. A British archaeologist, professor of archaeology in the University of Cambridge Rhondda (ron'thä). A district and munici- from 1892. H e h a s w r i t t e n " T h e O r i g i n a n d I n f l u e n c e pality in Glamorganshire, Wales. I t is s i t u a t e d of M e t a l l i c C u r r e n c y a n d W e i g h t S t a n d a r d s " (1892), l a n d ) a n d N o r t h e a s t e r n R h o d e s i a ; t h a t s o u t h of t h e Z a m b e s i is S o u t h e r n R h o d e s i a . S i n c e 1889 i t h a s b e e n a d m i n istered by the British South Africa Company.

i n a n i m p o r t a n t i r o n - m i n i n g c e n t e r , a n d h a s l a r g e i r o n int e r e s t s . P o p u l a t i o n (1901), 113,735.

"The

E a r l y A g e of G r e e c e " (1901), " T h e

Origin

and

ï&ensselaer (ren'se-lér). A city in Rensselaer Ribbeck*, Johann K a r l Otto. Died at Leip- I n f l u e n c e of t h e T h o r o u g h b r e d H o r s e " (1905), etc. County, New York, I t is s i t u a t e d o n t h e H u d s o n sic, July 18, 1898. H i s l a t e r w o r k s i n c l u d e " F r i e d - Ridgway (rîj'wâ), Robert. Born at Mount Carmel, 111., July 2,1850. An A m e r i c a n natuo p p o s i t e A l b a n y , w i t h w h i c h i t is c o n n e c t e d b y b r i d g e s . r i c h W i l f i e l m H i t a c h i " (1879-81), " K o l a x " (1888), " Ag- ralist, curator of the division of birds of the I t lias l a r g e f r e i g h t - y a r d s a n d r o u n d - h o u s e s , a n d m a n u r o i k o s ' ' (1885), a n d " R e d e n u n d V o r t r ä g e " (1899). United States National Museum from 1876. f a c t u r e s of l e a t h e r , f e l t , c o a l - e l e v a t o r s , colors, etc. P o p u Ribot (rë-bô'), Théodule Armand. Born at H e w a s z o o l o g i s t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s g e o l o g i c a l e x p l o r a l a t i o n (1900), 7,446. Guingamp, Côtes-du-Nord, Trance, Dec. 18, t i o n of t h e 40th p a r a l l e l 1867-19. A m o n g h i s p u b l i c a t i o n s Rensselaer (ren'se-lèr) Polytechnic Insti- 1839. A noted French psychologist, professor a r e " A H i s t o r y of F o r t h A m e r i c a n .Birds ' arid " W a t e r tute. A school at Troy, X. Y., founded in in the College de France from 1888, and B i r d s of N o r t h A m e r i c a " (3 v o l u m e s , 1874, a n d 2 vols., 1824 by the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer. founder (1876) and editor of the "Revue 1884 : w i t h Haird a n d B r e w e r ) , " . N o m e n c l a t u r e of Colors " I t w a s r e o r g a n i z e d u p o n t h e b a s i s of a g e n e r a l p o l y t e c h n i c Philosophique." H e h a s p u b l i s h e d " L a p s y c h o l o g i c (1886), " A M a n u a l of N o r t h A m e r i c a n B i r d s " (1887), " T h e i n s t i t u t e in 1849. I t o t t e r s c o n r s e s of f o u r y e a r s each, l e a d i n g t o t h e d e g r e e s of civil e n g i n e e r , m e c h a n i c a l engin e e r , e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r , a n d b a c h e l o r of s c i e n c e , a n d is a t t e n d e d b y a b o u t 700 s t u d e n t s .

Repplier (rep'li-ér), Agnes. Born at Philadelphia, Pa., April 1, 1858. An American essayist. S h e h a s w r i t t e n " B o o k s a n d M e n " (1SS8), " P o i n t s of V i e w " (3891), " E s s a y s in M i n i a t u r e " (1B92), " E s s a y s in I d l e n e s s " (1893), I n t h e Dozy H o u r s " (1895), " V a r i a " (1897), " P h i l a d e l p h i a : t h e P l a c e a n d t h e Peop l e " (1898), " T h e F i r e s i d e S p h i n x ' (1901), " C o m p r o m i s e s " (1904), " 111 O u r C o n v e n t D a y s "' (1905), " P h i l a d e l p h i a " (1907), " H a p p y H a l f - c e n t u r y " (1908), e t c .

Representatives*, House of. There are at present (J909) 391 members Reszke*, Jean de. H e s a n g in A m e r i c a i n 1892, 1393-

a n g l a i s e c o n t e m p o r a i n e " (1870), " L ' h é r é d i t é " (1873), " L a p h i l o s o p h i e d e S c h o p e n h a u e r " (1874), " L a p s y c h o l o g i e a l l e m a n d e c o n t e m p o r a i n e " (1S79), " L e s m a l a d i e s d e l a v o l u n t ó " (1883), " L e s m a l a d i e s d e l a p e r s o n a l i t y " (1885), " L a p s y c h o l o g i e d e l ' a t t e n t i o n " (1889), " L a p s y c h o l o g i e d e s s e n t i m e n t s ' (1896), " L ' é v o l u t i o n d e s i d e e s g é n é r a l e s " (1897), " E s s a i s u r l ' i m a g i n a t i o n c r é a t r i c e " (1900), " L a l o g i q u e d e s s e n t i m e n t s " (1904), " E s s a i sur l e s p a s s i o n s " (1906), e t c .

Ricci (rët'chë), Corrado. Born at Ravenna, Italy, April 18, 1858. An Italian connoisseur

a n d c r i t i c . H e w a s f o r m a n y y e a r s d i r e c t o r of t h e B r e r a G a l l e r y i n M i l a n , a n d in 1903 w a s a p p o i n t e d d i r e c t o r of t h e m u s e u m s of F l o r e n c e . A m o n g h i s m a u y p u b l i c a t i o n s o n t h e h i s t o r y a n d a r t of I t a l y a r e " R a v e n n a e s u o i d i n t o r n i " (1878), " C r o n a c h e e d o c u m e n t i p e r l a s t o r i a R a v e n n a t e d e l secolo X V I . " (1852), a n d " A n t o n i o A l l e g r i da Correggio " (English translation by Florence Simmonds,

O r n i t h o l o g y of I l l i n o i s " (1889), " T h e B i r d s of N o r t h a n d M i d d l e A m e r i c a " (1901-1904), etc.

Ridpath (rid ' pàth), John Clark. Born in Putnam County, Ind., April 26, 1841: died at New York, July 31, 1900. An American educator and h i s t o r i a n . H e w a s g r a d u a t e d f r o m A s b u r y

( n o w D e P a u w ) U n i v e r s i t y , a n d i n 1869 w a s a p p o i n t e d t o a professorship in t h a t institution and l a t e r became its v i c e - p r e s i d e n t . ITe w a s o n e of t h e e d i t o r s of t h e " P e o p l e ' s Cyclopaedia " (1881), a n d p u b l i s h e d " A c a d e m i c Hist o r y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s " (1874-75), " A P o p u l a r H i s t o r y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s " (1877), " C y c l o p e d i a of U n i v e r s a l H i s t o r y " (1880-84), " O r e a t R a c e s of M a n k i n d " (1893), " H i s t o r y of t h e W o r l d " (1898), " H i s t o r y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s " (1900), e t c .

R i e h l \ W i l h e l m Heinrich. Died at Munich, Nov. 16, 1897. Riemann (rë'mân), Hugo. Born at GrossReturn of the N a t i v e , The. A story by (1896). mehlra, near Bondershausen, Germany, July Rice (ris), Mrs. (Alice Caldwell Hegan). 18, 1849. A German musical historian and Thomas Hardy, published in 1878. Reveries of a Bachelor. A book by Ik Marvel Born at Shelbyville, Ky., Jan. 11, 1870. An c r i t i c . I n 1878 lie b e c a m e u n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e r on m u s i c American novelist. S h e h a s p u b l i s h e d " M r s . W i g g s a t Leipsic, a n d , a f t e r t e a c h i n g e l s e w h e r e , r e t u r n e d t o (Donald Grant Mitchell), published in 1850. of t h e C a b b a g e P a t c h " (1901), " L o v e v M a r y " (1003), A m o n g his m a n y works are " S t u d i e n Réville, Albert. Pied at Paris, Oct, 25, 1906. " S a n d y " (1905). " C a p t a i n J u n e " (1907), " M r . O p p " Lz ue ri p sGi ce s cinh i c1895. h t e d e r N o t e n s c h r i f t " (1878), " M u s i k a l i s c h e R é v i l l o n \ Antoine. Died Feb. 12, 1898. (1909), etc. D y n a m i k u n d A g o g i k " (1884), " G e s c h i c h t e d e r M u s i k Revolution of February. The French revo- Richards (rich'ärdz), Sir Frederick W i l l i a m . t h e o r i e i m i x . - x i x . . T a h r h n n d e r t " (1898), " G e s c h i c h t e d e r lution of 1848 which overthrew the government B o r n N o v . 30, Ï833. A B r i t i s h n a v a l o f f i c e r , M u s i k s e i t B e e t h o v e n " (1901), " G r o s s e K o m p o s i t i o n s of Louis Philippe. p r o m o t e d a d m i r a l i n 1 8 9 3 . H e s e r v e d i n t h e Z u l u l e h r e " (1902-03), a n d a " M u s i k l e x i k o n " t h a t h a s b e e n a n d in t h e B u r m e s e w a r 1885-8fi ; p u b l i s h e d (1882-1904) i n s i x r e v i s i o n s . Reyer( râ-yâr'),LouisÉtienneErnst. (Origi- wa nads cBoomemr awnadresr -1879-81, i c f o n t h e I n d i a s t a t i o n 1885-88, a n d R i g g \ James Harrison. Died April 18,1009. nally Rey.) Born at Marseilles, Dec. 1, 1823: o n t h e C h i n a s t a it ni o- nc h 1890-92 ; a n d w a s a d m i r a l of t h e fleet Riggs*, Elias. Died Jan. 17, 1901. died Jan. 15, 1909. A Frenchu composer. His 1898-1903. Riggs (rigz), Mrs. (Kate Douglas Smith) : m o s t i m p o r t a n t w o r k s a r e t h e o p e r a s S i g u r d " (1884), a n d Died June 29, pen-name Kate Douglas Wiggin (from her " S a l a m m b ô " (1890). F o r s o m e y e a r s h e w a s m u s i c a l c r i t i c Richards*, Thomas Addison. first marriage). Born at Philadelphia, Pa. of t h e " J o u r n a l d e s D é b a t s , " a n d in 1875 p u b l i s h e d " N o t e s 1 9 0 0 . H e w a s c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y of t h e A c a d e m y d e m u s i q u e . " H e w a s m a d e a m e m b e r of t h e F r e n c h 1852-92, a n d w a s p r o f e s s o r of a r t in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of .N'ew A contemporary American author, she has been 94, 1895-90, 1896-97, 1898-99, a n d 1900-01. g a g e d in t e a c h i n g a t P a r i s .

H e is n o w en-

Y o r k 1867-1900 ( e m e r i t u s 1887).

A c a d e m y in 1876.

Reyes (râ'yâs), Rafael. A South American Richards", W i l l i a m Trost. Died Nov. 8, e x p l o r e r , s o l d i e r , and statesman. H e e x p l o r e d 1905. t h e A m a z o n a n d i t s t r i b u t a r i e s w i t h h i s b r o t h e r s , H e n r y Richardson (rich'ard-son), Sir Benjamin a n d N e s t o r ; b e c a m e c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f of t h e C o l o m b i a n Ward. Born at SomerbvJ Leicestershire, Oct. a r m y ; was sent t o W a s h i n g t o n to r e p r e s e n t Colombian i n t e r e s t s in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e n e w R e p u b l i c of P a n a m a ; 31, 1828: died at London, Nov. 21, 1896. A noted English physician, practising in London a n d w a s officially p r o c l a i m e d p r e s i d e n t of C o l o m b i a , J u l y 4, 1904, a n d i n a u g u r a t e d A u g u s t 7, 1904. B y a r e s o l u t i o n from 1853. H e w a s a p r o l i f i c w r i t e r a n d m a d e m a n y of t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y i n M a r c h , 1905, h i s t e r m of office w a s e x t e n d e d u n t i l D e c e m b e r 31,1914. H e r e s i g n e d J u l y 28, 1909.

Rheinberger (rïn'bèr-Gèr), Joseph Gabriel. Born at Vaduz, Liechtenstein, March 17,1839 : died at Munich, Nov. 25, 1901, A German composer and teacher.

From 1859 to the time of

h i s d e a t h h e w a s p r o f e s s o r of t h e t h e o r y of m u s i c i n t h e M u n i c h Conservatory, w h e r e h e trained m a n y well-known m u s i c i a n s , i n c l u d i n g a n u m b e r of A m e r i c a n s . A m o n g h i s chief w o r k s a r e t h e s y m p h o n i c k m « p o e m " W a l l e n s t e i n , " several c h a m b e r compositions, a n d organ pieces, a m o n g which are t w e n t y sonatas and t w o concertos.

i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e s c i e n c e of m e d i c i n e .

Richardson (rich 'ärd- son), Rufus Byam. Born at Westford, Mass., April 18, 1845.' An American classical archseologist and educator, director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 1893-1903. H e w a s g r a d u a t e d Riley*, Charles Valentine. a t Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y in 1869 ; s t u d i e d i n B e r l i n ; s e r v e d i n t h e U n i o n A r m y 1862-63 ; a n d w a s p r o f e s s o r of G r e e k i n 1895. t h e U n i v e r s i t y of I n d i a n a 1880-82, a n d in D a r t m o u t h Col- Riley*, James Whitcomb. l e g e 1882-93. H e h a s c o n d u c t e d e x p l o r a t i o n s a t E r e t r i a a n d o n t h e s i t e of a n c i e n t C o r i n t h . H i s p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e " V a c a t i o n D a y s in G r e e c e " (1903), " G r e e c e T h r o u g h t h e S t e r e o s c o p e " (1907), a n d n u m e r o u s archaeological papers.

Rhode Island*. Capital, Providence, and formerly also Newport. (rich'mond), Sir W i l l i a m B l a k e . Rhodes*, Cecil John. B o r n a t B i s h o p S t o r t f o r d , Richmond H e r t s , E n g l a n d , J u l y 5, 1853 : d i e d a t C a p e T o w n , M a r c h Born at London, Nov. 29, 1842. An English painter. H e w a s t r a i n e d in t h e s c h o o l s of t h e R o y a l 26, 1902. H e r e s i g n e d h i s p o s i t i o n a s p r i m e m i n i s t e r of C a p e C o l o n y in 1890, a s also t h a t of c h a i r m a n of t h e B r i t i s h S o u t h A f r i c a C o m p a n y , o n a c c o u n t of h i s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e J a m e s o n r a i d i n t o t h e T r a n s v a a l . (See Jameson, L. S.) H e w a s c r e a t e d a m e m b e r of t h e P r i v y C o u n c i l i n 1895.

i n t e r e s t e d in k i n d e r g a r t e n w o r k a n d o r g a n i z e d t h e first f r e e k i n d e r g a r t e n on t h e Pacific coast. A m o n g h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e " T h e B i r d s ' C h r i s t m a s C a r o l " (1886), " T i m * o t h y ' s Q u e s t " (1890), " A C a t h e d r a l C o u r t s h i p " (1893), " P e n e l o p e ' s E n g l i s h E x p e r i e n c e s " (1893), " P e n e l o p e ' s P r o g r e s s " (1898), " P e n e l o p e ' s I r i s h E x p e r i e n c e s " (1901), " R e b e c c a of S u n n y b r o o k F a r m " (1903), " R o s e o' t h e R i v e r " (1905), " N e w C h r o n i c l e s of R e b e c c a " (1907), a n d " T h e Old P e a b o d y P e w " (1907). R i i S * , J a c o b . ITis l a t e r w o r k s i n c l u d e " A T e n Y e a r s W a r " (1900; r e w r i t t e n a s " T h e B a t t l e W i t h t h e S l u m , " 1902), " T h e M a k i n g of a n A m e r i c a n " (1901), " C h i l d r e n of t h e T e n e m e n t s " (1903), " T h e P e r i l a n d t h e P r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e H o m e " (1903). " I s T h e r e a S a n t a C l a u s ? " (1904), a n d ' ' T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t t h e C i t i z e n " (1904).

A c a d e m y ; w a s SI a d e p r o f e s s o r of a r t a t O x f o r d 1879-82 ; a n d b e c a m e a n a s s o c i a t e of t h e R o y a l A c a d e m y in 1888, a n d a m e m b e r in 1895. A m o n g h i s w o r k s a r e m a n y c o m p o s i t i o n s of classic a n d p o e t i c a l s u b j e c t s in a n a c a d e m i c s t y l e a n d s e v e r a l n o t a b l e p o r t r a i t s . H e also d e s i g n e d t l i e m o s a i c d e c o r a t i o n s of t h e c h o i r of St. P a u l ' s C a t h e d r a l . K n i g h t e d 1897.

Died Sept. 14,

B o r n 1854. Among h i s l a t e r w o r k s a r e " C h i l d - W o r l d " (1397), " R u b â i y â t of l>oc S i f e r s " (1897), " C h i l d - r h y m e s " (1899), " L o v e L y r i c s " (1899), " F a r m - r h y m e s " (1901), " B o o k of J o v o u s C h i l d r e n " (1902), " A n O l d S w e e t h e a r t of M i n e " (1902), " A Defect i v e S a n t a C l a u s " (1904), " O u t t o Old A u n t M a r y ' s ' (1904), " H i s P a ' s R o m a n c e " (1904), " S o n g s o' C h e e r " (1905), " W h i l e t h e H e a r t B e a t s Y o u n g " (19CN3), " M o r n i n g " (1907), " T h e R a g g e d y M a n " (1907), " RoyB of t h e Old Glee C l u b " (1908), " H o m e A g a i n W i t h M e " (1908), " O r p l i a n t A n n i e B o o k " (1908), " S o n g s of S u m m e r " (1908).

Rimsky-Korsakof (rimz'ki-kôr-sâ-kôf'), N i k olas Andreievitch. Born at Tikhvin, Russia, March 18 (N. S.), 1844: died at St. Petersburg, Jnne 22, 1U08. A Bussiau composer, professor of instrumentation at the St. PetersRhodes (rôdz), J a m e s Ford. Born at Cleveland, Ohio, May 1, 1848. A noted American Richmond and Gordon', D u k e of (Charles burg Conservatory from 1871, and inspector of historian. H e w a s e d u c a t e d a t t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s of N e w n a v a l b a n d s 1873-1884. Among his compositions Died at Gordon a r e s e v e r a l o p e r a s , i n c l u d i n g " L a n u i t d e m a i " ( 1 8 8 0 ) , Y o r k a n d Chicago, a n d p u r s u e d s p e c i a l s t u d i e s in F r a n c e Henry Gordon Lennox). Castle, Banffshire, Sept. 27, 1903. a n d G e r m a n y . F r o m 1870 t o 1885 h e w a s e n g a g e d in " S n e g o r o t c h k a " (1882), " M l a d a " (1892), " L a n u i t d e b u s i n e s s in C l e v e l a n d . I n 1901 h e w a s a w a r d e d t h e L o u b a t Richter*, Eugen. Died at Berlin. March 10. N o e l " (189&), " L e c o n t e d u r o i S a b t a n " (1900), 1 1 L a fiancée p r i z e b y t h e B e r l i n A c a d e m y of Science. H e is k n o w n a s d u t s a r " (1901). " S e r v i l i a " (1902); t h r e e s y m p h o n i e s ; 1906. t h e a u t h o r of a " H i s t o r y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f r o m t h e I l o w a s first c o u r t k a p e l l m e i s t e r a t s y m p h o n i e p o e m s , i n c l u d i n g " S a d k o " a n d " S c h e h e r a C o m p r o m i s e of 1850 t o t h e F i n a l R e s t o r a t i o n of H o m e R i c h t e r H a n s . V i e n n a 1393-9S, a n d h a s c o n d u c t e d t h e H a l l é c o n c e r t s in M a n c h e s t e r , E n g l a n d , s i n c e 1900.

z a d e " ; a n d a o n g s . H e also w r o t e a t r e a t i s e o n h a r m o n y , a n d w a s n o t e d as a c o n d u c t o r .

Rhodesia (rô-dë'gia). A region in southern Africa, under British domination, i t e x t e n d s Rico*, Martin. Died 1908. f r o m t h e K o n g o State a n d G e r m a n East Africa on t h e n o r t h Lawson t o t h e T r a n s v a a l on t h e s o u t h , a n d is b o u n d e d o n t h e e a s t Riddell*, Mrs. (Charlotte Eliza b y P o r t u g u e s e ! E a s t A f r i c a , N y a s a l a n d , a n d G e r m a n E a s t Qowan). B o r n S e p t 30, 1832: d i e d S e p t . 24, 1906.

first n o r t h e a s t and t h e n n o r t h Ïb sya bwe leas tp rtoov i nAcpea rarnid oflows n t h e n o r t h e r n c o a s t of C a g a y a n

R u l e a t t h e S o u t h in 1877" (1892-1908).

Rhodes Scholarships. Scholarships established at Oxford University by the will of Cecil J. Rhodes (died 1902), to be held by students (78 in all) from the most important British colonies ; from each of the states and territories of the United States (2 each) ; and from G-ermanv (5). T h e y a r c h e l d f o r !i c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s . T h e v a l u e of t h e C o l o n i a l a n d A m e r i c a n s c h o l a r s h i p s is J£300 a y e a r ; t h a t of t h e G e r m a n , £ ¿ 5 0 .

Africa, and on t h e west by t h e K o n g o State, P o r t u g u e s e W e s t A f r i c a , a n d B e c h u a n a i a n d . T h e p o r t i o n n o r t h of t h e Z a m b e s i is d i v i d e d i n t o N o r t h w e s t e r n R h o d e s i a ( B a r o t s e -

Richthofen (richt'hô-fen), Baron Ferdinand Rio de Janeiro* (city). T h e city, w i t h i t s e n v i r o n s , von. Born at Karlsruhe, in Silesia, May f o r m s t h e f e d e r a l d i s t r i c t . T h e d i s t r i c t is g o v e r n e d b y a 1833: died at Berlin, Oct. 6, 1905. A noted p r e f e c t , a s s i s t e d b y a c o u n c i l . A r e a , 538 s q u a r e m i l e s . German geologist and traveler. H e a c c o m p a n i e d , P o p u l a t i o n , 730,951. a s g e o l o g i s t , t h e P r u s s i a n e x p e d i t i o n t o J a p a n , C h i n a , arid The present capital Siam, a n d viBited J a v a , t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , I n d i a , C a l i f o r n i a , Rio de Janeiro* (state). is Nictheroy. Nevada, and again China and Japan, returning to Europe in 1872. I n 1875 h e b e c a m e p r o f e s s o r of g e o g r a p h y in Rio Grande de Cagayan (rë'ô ^riin'dà dâ kaB o n n , in 1833 a t Leipsic, a n d in 1880 a t B e r l i n , H e w r o t e gâ-yan'). The largest river in Luzon, Philip"China, Ergebnisse eigener Reisen u n d darauf gegrüniine Islands. I t rises in t h e s o u t h e r n m o u n t a i n s of d e t e r S t u d i e n " (1877-83), e t c .

H e r l a t e r w o r k s i n c l u d e " T h e H e a d of t h e F i r m " (1892), " A S i l e n t T r a g e d y " (1893), " A R i c h M a n ' s D a u g h t e r ' (1897), " i ' o o t f a l l o f F a t e " ( 1 9 0 0 ) , " P o o r F e l l o w " ( 1 9 0 2 ) , etc.

p r o v i n c e . I t lias a d r a i n a g e of a b o u t 10,000 s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d is t h e m e d i u m of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o t h e c o a s t of a l l t h e p r o d u c t s of b o t h p r o v i n c e s . L e n g t h , a b o u t 220 m i l e s . I t is n a v i g a b l e b y vessels of 3 f e e t d r a f t as f a r as T u g u e g a r a o , t h e c a p i t a l of C a g a y a n ; b y n a t i v e b o a t s a b o u t 160 m i l e s ; a n d b y r a f t s 40 m i l e s f a r t h e r .

Rood

Bio Grande de la Pampanga

71

Bio Grande de la Pampanga (re'ö grän'dä j - T_» ^ \ il.„ ¿ dâ la pam-pün'gii). A* river, the second in size in Luzon, Philippine Islands. Rio Grande de Mindanao (rê'ô gràn'dà dâ men-dà-na/o), or Pulangui (po-làn'ge). A river, the largest in Mindanao and the second in size in the Philippines. Rio Negro . 4. A territory of the Argentine Republic. Capital, Viedma. Area, 75,924 square miles. Population, 28,166.—5. A department of Uruguay. Capital, Fray Bentos or Independencia. Área, 3,269 square miles. Population, 39,667. Ripley (rip'li), William Zebina. Born at Medford, Mass., Oct. 13, 1867. An American economist and ethnologist, professor of political economy in Harvard University from 1902. He

Roberts*, Ellis Henry. He was treasurer of o n e mni=: the United Q+^^nn States i1897-1905. Roberts*, Frederick Sleigh, first Earl Roberts.

v a s graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technolo g y in 1890. and was a m e m b e r of its faculty 1893-1902. I n 1900 he served as expert on railroads f o r the United States Industrial Commission, drafting its final report on that subject. Ilia works include a " F i n a n c i a l History

author. H e studied at B e r l i n ; became editor of the Paris " R e v u e Contemporaine " in 1884 ; and was professor of comparative literature in the University of Geneva 1887-98. A m o n g Ills critical works are " Études sur le X I X « s i è c l e " (1888-). and " L e s idées morales du temps p r é s e n t " (1891); and his novels include " L a course à la mort"(1885), " L e sens de la v i e " (1889), " L a v i e privée de M i c h e l T e s s i e r " (1893), " L a seconde v i e de M i c h e l T e s s i e r " (1894), " L e ménage du pasteur N a u d i é " (1898), " A u m i l i e u du c h e m i n " (1900), " M l l e . A n n e t t e " (1901), " L ' e a u c o u r a n t e " (1902), " I n u t i l e e f f o r t " (1903), " U n v a i n q u e u r " (1905), " L ' i n c e n d i e " ( 1 9 0 6 ) , " L e s u n i s " (1909),

H e waB appointed field-marshal in 1895. H e was commander of the forces in Ireland 1895-99, commander-inchief in South A f r i c a 1899-1900, and commander-in-chief of the British army 1901-04. l i e was created a baronet in 1881, Baron Roberts 1892, and Earl Roberts of Kandahar, Pretoria, and W a t e r f o r d in 1901.

Roberts (rob'erts), Morley. Born at London, Dec. 29, 1857. An English novelist and jour-

n a l i s t . For many years he led an adventurous l i f e as a cattleman and railroad-man in Australia, the United States, Canada, and South Africa, and as a sailor in various parts of the world. H i s works include '' T h e Western Avernus"(1887), " S o n g s of E n e r g y " (1891), " R e d E a r t h " (1894), " A Son of E m p i r e " (1899), " T h e Colossus" (1899), " T h e P l u n d e r e r s " (1900), " T h e W a y of a Man "(1902), " T h e Promotion of the A d m i r a l " (1903), " R a c h e l M a r r " (1993), " A Tramp's N o t e b o o k " ¿1904), " T h e I d l e r s " (1905), " T h e P r e y of the Strongest" (1900), " T h e Blue Peter " (1907), " T h e F l y i n g C l o u d " (1907), " L a d y A n n e " (1907), " C a p t a i n Spink " (1908), " David Bran ' (1909).

Robeson", George Maxwell. ai

Rogers \ lairman. Died Aug. 23,1900. Rogers*, John. Died July 26, 1904. Rogers*, William Augustus. Died at Waterville, Me., March 1, 1898. Rogers (roj ' érz), William Barton. Born at Philadelphia, Dec. 7, 1804: died at Boston, May 30, 1882. A » American educator and geologist. H e was professor of natural philosophy in W i l l i a m and M a r y College 1828-K5 ; in 1885 was appointed head of tho V i r g i n i a State geological survey ; was professor of natural philosophy in the University of V i r g i n i a 1835-53 ; in 1858 w e n t to Boston, where he was instrumental i n f o u n d i n g the Massachusetts Institute of Technolo g y ; and was the president of this institution 186G-CÌ8 and 1878-81, holding the chair of physics and geology. H e wrote " S t r e n g t h of Materials " (1838), " Elements of M e chanical Philosophy " (1852), and many scientific papers.

Born in 1829:

T r e n t o n , N . J . , S e p t . 27, 1897.

i ^ ' l X » « ^ ® *oWj?B 0-ob'h.z) Elizabeth (Mrs. George lems"(1907),etc. Richmond Parks): pseudonym C. E. KaiEisley (riz'li), Sir Herbert Hope. Born 1851. mond. A contemporary American actress An English anthropologist, home secretary of and author. She has played principally in dramas Ibaen. H e r wworks include " B e l o w the Salt l t t m hbvy !»"•»• the government of India from 1902, and direc- wwritten ™*« ™iinie "Below the Salt- Rohlfs (rolfs),Mrs. (Anna Katherine Green). (1896), " T h e Open Question" (1898), " T h e M a g n e t i c tor of ethnography for India from 1901. His N o r t h " (1901), " A Dark L a n t e r n " (1905), " C o m e and Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 11, 1846. An American novelist, known chiefly as a writer works include " P r i m i t i v e Marriage in Bengal," " W i d o w Find M e " (1908), " T h e Mills of the G o d s " (1908), etc. of stories of crime. Among her works are "The and I n f a n t Marriage," " T r i b e s and Castes of B e n g a l , " Robinson*, George Frederick Samuel, first Leavenworth C a s e " (1878), " H a n d and R i n g " (1883), etc. H e was knighted in 1907. Marquis of Ripon. Died July 9, 1909. He was Ristorr, Adelaide. Died at Rome, Oet. 9, first lord of the admiralty in 1886, secretary f o r the colo- " T h e Forsaken I n n " (1890), " T h e F i l i g r e e B a l l " (1903), 1906.

I n 1847 she married the Marchese Capranica del

" T h e Millionaire B a b y " (1905), " T h e W o m a n in the A l c o v e " (1906), " T h e Circular S t u d y " (1906), " T h e

nies 1892-95, and lord privy seal 1905-08.

was p u b h s h e ! l i Ä r a p h y ( " K i c o r d i e stu< " '"> Robinson4, John Cleveland. Died at Bing. Mayor's W i f e " (1907), and others, including a volume of poems, " T h e Defense of the Bride " (1882). Ritchey (rich'i),' George Willis. Born at hamton, N . T . , Feb. 18. 1897. . Tuppers Plains, Ohio, Dee. 31, 1864. An Robmson Crusoe 3 Island. An (imaginary) Rohlfs*, Friedrich Gerhard. Died at GodesAmerican astronomer, superintendent of in- uninhabited island on the northern coast of berg, Prussia, June 2, 1896. as Paul*, José Pablo. Died July 23,1905. strument construction and astronomer of the South America, oil the mouth of tho Orinoco, Roj lioshesfvensky. ojestvensky. See Solar Observatory of the Carnegie Institution described in Defoe's tale of " T h e Life and R Rolfe (rolf), William James» Born at NewStrange Surprising Adventures of Robinson f r o m 1905. H e was optician of the Y e r k e s Observatory buryport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1827. An American 1890-99, superintendent of instrument construction 1899- Crusoe, of Tork, Mariner." Often erroneously scholar, editor, author, and edu1904, instructor in practical astronomy 1901-04, and asidentified with Juan Fernandez. See S e l k i r k , cShaksperian a t o r . I l i s editorial w o r k includes " H a n d b o o k of Latin sistant professor 1904-00.

Alexander.

Rittershaus*, Friedrich Emil. Died at Barmen, Prussia, March 8. 1897. Riva PalaciO*, Vicente. Born Oct. 16, 1832: died Nov. 22 1896. • Rivas*, Patricio. Born 1798: died 186v. Rives (rëvz), Amélie. See Troubetzkoy. Rizal (rë-thal' ). Aprovince in southern Luzon,

Robson*, Stuart. Died at New Tork, April 29, 1903. j u i j 0 A . He was again president of the Argentine Republic 1898-1904. -Roche - (rosh), Sir "Boyle. Born 1743: died at Dublin, June 5, 1807. An Irish politician.

north, Infanta and La Laguna (partly separated by mountains) on the east, l a g u n a de Bay and Cavité on the south, and Manila Bay and Bulacan on the west. I t includes T a l i m and other small islands in Laguna de Bay. Capital,

Union in 1801; and was created a baronet in 17S2 f o r his services to the government, which later were particularly valuable in connection with the volunteer convention of 1783. H e is known chiefly of 'bulls. . as a perpetrator . _

Philippine Islands.

P o e t r y " (1865 : w i t h J. H. Hanson), Craik's " E n g l i s h of Shakespeare" (1867); select poems of Goldsmith (1875}, Gray (1876), R o b e r t B r o w n i n g (1886), and Wordsworth (1889) ; t h e complete works of Shakspere (1870-83 : revised ed. 1902-06), poems of Scott (1887), and of Tennyson (180598) ; a series of English classics f o r school reading (188791), a students' scries of standard poetry (1882-87), and various English classics. H e is the author of " A Satchel Guide t o Europe " (1872-1906), " T h e Elementary Study of E n g l i s h " (1896), "Shakespeare the B o y " (1896), and " L i f e of Shakespeare " (1902).

H e entered the army and served in the American w a r ;

It is bounded by Bulacan on the was a member of the Irish Parliament f r o m 1777 until the

Roll (rol), Alfred Philippe. Born at Paris, Marchio, 1847. A French painter and sculptor.

Pasig. The surface is diversified by short mountain-ranges Roche (rôsh), JameS Jeffrey. Born at Mounte d fertile plains. The highest mountain is Mini, an ex- m e n i 0 t Queen's County, Ireland, May 31, 3 1** S s f g / S S ^fun£fLmBhay,gand ^ A* A m e r W iour1847: ^ died'April 3, 1908." An American journalist and author. He was editor of "The Pilot" mouths into Manila Bay. I t has numerous tributaries, and is an important means of communication w i t h the interior of the island. Coal is found in the southern, and g o l d in the northern part of Rizal. A m o n g the productions are mangos, corn, and sugar-cane. T h e inhabitants are Tagalos. Area, 733 square miles. Population (1903), 150,923.

(Boston) 1890-95; U n i t e d States consul at Genoa 1904-07; and consul at Berne, Switzerland, 1907-08. His works include " Songs and S a t i r e s " (1886), " L i f e of John Boyle O ' R e i l l y " (1891), " T h e Story of the F i l i b u s t e r s " (1891), " Ballads of Blue W a t e r " (1S95), " ITer M a j e s t y the K i n g " (1898), " B v - w a y s of W a r " (1901), etc.

H e was trained in the atelier of Léon Bonnat, and first exhibited in the Salon of 1870. Some of his most important paintings are " Don Juan and Haydée, " in the M usée d ' A v i g n o n ; " Halte-là," a souvenir of the Fran c o Prussian war, in t h e Musée de Laval ; the " F ê t e de Silène," in t h e Musée de Gano ; the " G r è v e des Mineurs," in the Musée de V a l e n c i e n n e s ; and the " J o i e s de la V i e , " a décoration of t h e H ô t e l de V i l l e in Paris. H e is a pleinairiste and brilliant technician.

Romany Rye, The. A story by George BorRizal (re-thai')» José. Born at Calamba, La Roche (ròsh), Mrs. (Regina Maria Dalton). row, published in 1857. It is a sequel to Laguna, Luzon, Philippine Islands: died at Born in the south of Ireland, about 1764: died "Lavengro." Manila, Dee. 30, 1896. A Filipino patriot and at Waterford, May 17, 1845. An Irish novelist, Romblon (rôm-blôn'). 1. An island of the Philippines, the third in size in the province on+hrtv i t ea received degrees in She published many romances, the best known of w h i c h a uthor. H in tn^Snin* medicine and and nVninar*. philosoto which it gives the name. It lies between is " T h e Children of the A b b e y " (1798). phy f r o m the University of M a d r i d and was elected a Sibuyan and Tablas of the same group. Area, member of the Berlin Anthropological Society. H e re- Rochefort*, Henri (Victor Henri, Comte de turned t o the Philippines and published a political story, 37 square miles. Population (1903), 9,347—2. RochefOrt-Luçay). H e was editor of "L'intransi" N ' o l i me tangere," on account of which he was f o r c e d g e a n t " f r o m its f o u n d i n g in 1880 to 1907, and of " L a A province of the Philippines. It is situated in by the party in p o w e r t o emigrate. W h e n abroad h e wrote another political novel, " E l Filibusterismo." He subsequently practised medicine in Hong-Kong, and obtained permission t o visit the Philippines, but on his arrival there was arrested. A native insurrection against Spain having broken out, he was accused of being its instigator, and was condemned and shot.

P a t r i e " 1907H i s memoirs, " L e s vie," appeared 1895-96.

width of about 120 feet.

Chicago and o v e r $53,000,000 to the General

aventures d e

ma

Rochet*, Louis. Died at Paris, Jan. 21, 1878. Rockefeller (rok'e-fel-èr), John Davison. Born at Richford, N. Y., July 8,1839. An American merchant and philanthropist, founder Roanoke. A manufacturing city of Roanoke and president of tho Standard Oil Company. County, Virginia. Population (1900), 21,495. H e went t o Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853 and later established in the oil business there. T h e Standard Oil ComRobben Island. A small island in the Sea of himself pany was f o r m e d in 1870 and in 1882 was transformer! into Okhotsk in lat. 48° N., long. 144° E., near a trust (dissolved in 1892). A m o n g his g i f t s to public inSakhalin Island. It has a length of 1,900 feet and a stitutions are upward of $10,000,000 to the University of I t contains a fur-seal rookery.

Education

the Visayan Sea, and is bounded by Marindnque and Luzon on the north, Masbate on the east, Panay on the south, and M i n d o r o on the west. I t consists of Tablas, Sibuyan, Romblon, and other islands. Capital, Romblon. The best harbors are Romblon Bay, on the western coast of Romblon Island, and P o r t Loog. on the western coast of Tablas Island. T h e surface of the province as a whole is elevated. T h e highest peak is Guitiguitin, in Sibuyan Island. Gold is found in the province. Among t h e productions are tobacco, hemp, copra, corn, and sweet potatoes. The inhabitants are Visayans. Area, 573 square miles. Population (1903), 52,848.

3. A town, the capital of Romblon province, situated on Romblon Bay in lat. 12° 35' N., long. 122° 17' E. Civilized population of municipality (1903), 10,095. diplomat, and author. He was secretary of legation Romero*, Matias. Died at Washington, D, C., in Peking 1885-80; first assistant secretary of state of the Dee. 30, 1898. He was minister to the United United States 1896-97; minister t o Greece 1897-99; special States 1863-68 and 1882-98. envoy t o China July, 1900; minister to China 1905-09; Rontgen (rènt'gen), Wilhelm Konrad. Born and ambassador to Russia 1909-. H e has written " T h e at Lennep, March 27, 1845. An eminent GerLand of the L a m a s " (1891), etc.

Roberts (rob'erts), Charles George Douglas. Board. H e has also endowed the Rockefeller Institute f o r Medical Research in N e w York City. Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick, Jan. 10, Rockhill (rok'hil),WilliamWoodville. Born 1860. A Canadian poet and prose writer. at Philadelphia in 1854. An Amorican traveler, H e was editor of the Toronto " W e e k " 1883-34 ; was professor of the English and French literatures at K i n g ' s College, N o v a Scotia, 1885-87, and of English and economics 1887-96; and was associate editor of the N e w Y o r k " Illustrated A m e r i c a n " (1897-98). H i s verse includes " O r i o n , and Other Poems "(1880), " I n Divers Tones " (1887), " A v e : an Ode f o r the Shelley Centenary " (1892), " Songs of the Common Day "(1893), " T h e Book of the N a t i v e " ) and " Hein rich's Tod " (1867). combined as " K a i s e r Heinrich TV"

(1872); " D i e b e i d e n . d e W i t t " (1875), " T e m p e s t a " (1881), "Novellen aus Österreich" (1877), " Gedichte " (1882). " Schicksale " (1888), " Frauenbilder " (1892), " N a c h k l ä n g e " (1899), " G i n e v r a " (1904), " T r a g i k des L e b e n s " (190G). H e committed suicide.

of St. Francis

Xavier.

Sàint-Gaudens*, Augustus. Died at Cornish,

N. H., Aug. 3, 1907. S t . G e o r g e (sant jôrj), The second island in i m p o r t a n c e of t h e Pribylof group in Bering S e a . I t is famous for its fnr-seal rookeries, which are about one third as populous as those of St. Paul. The village of St. George numbers about 100 Aleuts, t h e sealers and t h e i r families. I t has a Greek-Russian church, a company store, and an English school. Length, 12 miles. Breadth, 4A miles. Area, about 39 square miles.

St. Helier.

See Jeune.

St. Gotthard*, Tunnel of the.

It is sur-

S a b a t i e r (sä-bä-tyä'), P a u l . Born a t S a i n t passed by t h e Simplon tunnel, 12£ miles in Michel-de-Chabrillonoux, F r a n c e , Aug. 3,1858. length. A noted F r e n c h theologian a n d historian. Tie S t . J o h n * ( W e s t Indies). T h e island belongs to became vicar of t h e Church of St. Nicolas at Strasburg in 1885, and pastor at Saint Oierge in 1889, retiring f r o m Denmark. active pastoral work four years later. H i s best known S t . J o h n ' s C o l l e g e . A R o m a n Catholic instiwork is t h e " V i e de Saint François d'Assise" (1893), based tution of l e a r n i n g s i t u a t e d in F o r d h a m , New on long-lost documents discovered by him. In 1S99 he York City. It was opened in 1841, and in 1846 was was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Rome and in 1902 founded t h e Société Internationale des É t u d e s Franciscaines. Among his o t h e r publications are " L a Didaché " (1885), "Collection d'études et de documents Burl'histoire religieuse et littéraire du moyen-âge" (19 )0-), " Disestablishment in France ' (English translation, ]906), " L e s m o d e r n i s t e s " (19i>9}, etc.

raised t o the rank of a university and passed u n d e r t h e control of t h e F a t h e r s of t h e Society of Jesus. I t offers classical and non-classical courses and has about 110 collegiate and 440 academic and grammar students. St. Lawrence*, The g r e a t bridge under construction across t h e river below Quebec collapsed on Aug. 29, 1907, killing a n u m b e r of workmen. The Dominion Governm e n t has u n d e r t a k e n its reconstruction.

Born states-

m a n , p r e m i e r 1 9 0 6 - 0 8 . H e studied in Paris 1870-80 ; was appointed minister to Austria in 1885 and to Germany in 18S7; was minister of education 1894-90, and again in t h e third administration of Marquis I t o ; and has several times been p r i m e minister ad interim.

Sakhalin. See Saghalin. Sala*, George Augustus Henry. Died Dec. 8, 1 8 9 5 . He wrote also " Things I Have Seen and People 1 Have Known " (1894) and " Life and Adventures of George Augustus Sala" (1895).

S a l i s b u r y (salz'bu-ri). T h e capital of southern Rhodesia, in South Africa, s i t u a t e d a b o u t l a t . 1 8 ° S . , l o n g . 3 1 ° E . I t is on t h e railway from t h e Cape and is also connected with Beira on t h e coast of Lorenzo Marques. Formerly Fort Salisbury.

Salisbury*, Third Marquis of (Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne Cecil). Born Feb. s,

1830: died a t TTatfield House, Herts., Aug. 22, 1903. H e held office as p r i m e minister in four administrations — June, 1885,-Feb., 1886, Aug., 1836,-Aug., 1892, July, 1885,Nov., 1900, and Nov., 1900,-July, 1902. In the first, d u r i n g the greater p a r t of the Becond, and t h e third he was foreign secretary as well as premier.

Salisbury (salz'bu-ri), Rollin D.

Born at

Spring P r a i r i e , Wis., Aug. 17, 1858. A n American geologist, professor of geographic geology in t h e University of Chicago f r o m 1892, d e a n of t h e Ogden School of Science f r o m 1897, and h e a d of the d e p a r t m e n t of geography

S a c h s (sächs), J u l i u s v o n . B o r n at Breslau, Oct. 2, 1832 : died at W ü r z b u r g , May 29,1897. S t . Louis*. I t is t h e f o u r t h city in size i n t h e A noted G e r m a n botanist, p r o f e s s o r i n t h e Uni- U n i t e d States. f r o m 1903. He was professor in the University of versity of W ü r z b u r g from 1868, the f o u n d e r of experimental vegetable physiology. He wrote S t . P a u l (sânt pal). The principal island of Wisconsin 1891-92, and in Bcloit College 1884-91. H e has " H a n d b u c h der Experimentalphysiologie der Pflanzen " t h e Pribylof group in Bering Sea. It is famous published a treatise on geology (with Chamberlin). sev(1865), " Lehrbuch der Botanik " (1868), " Vorlesungen über Tiianzenphysiologie " (1882), " Geschichte der Botanik " (1875), " G e s a m m e l t e n Abhandlungen über Pflanzenphysiologie " (1892-98), etc.

Sackville-West*, Lionel Sackville, second

for its fur-seal rookeries, which occupy about seven miles of its coast line. T h e village of St, Paul numbers about 200 inhabitants, natives of t h e Aleutian Islands b r o u g h t over t o carry on t h e fur-seal industry. I t has a church of t h e Greek-Russian faith, an English school, and a company store. E x t r e m e length, miles. Breadth, about 7§ miles. Area, about 43 square miles.

Baron Sackville. Died a t Sevenoaks, Sept. S t . P a u l ' s School. A n English public school 3, 1908. by J o h n Colet (1466-1519), d c a o of St. S a d d l e M o u n t a i n * . I t s chief p e a k (Greylock) founded P a u l ' s Cathedral. The design of the founder was to is 3,635 f e e t high. establish a school where 153 boys of good capacity, with-

Saenz Pena*, Luis. Died Dec. 4, 1907. Safford*, Truman Henry. Died at Newark, N. J . , J u n e 13, 1901.

Sagasta*, Praxedes Mateo. Died at Madrid,

J a n . 5, 1903. He was premier 1872, 1874, 1881-83, 188590, 1893-95, 1897-99, and March, 1901.-1902.

Sage-hen State.

State of Nevada.

A popular nickname of the

Saghalin*.

out restriction as to nationality, should receive a sound Christian education and a knowledge of Greek as well as of Latin. The first head-mas ter, William Lily (1468-1522), was appointed in 15] 2. The school was removed from its original site in St. Paul's Churchyard, London, to Hammersmith Road, W e s t Kensington, in 1884. Capitation scholars (paying a tuition fee) have been added t o t h e foundation scholars, and t h e n u m b e r of pupils is now about 580.

T h a t p a r t of t h e island south of lat. 50° N. was, with a d j a c e n t islands, ceded back to J a p a n by t h e Treaty of P o r t s m o u t h in 1905.

S t . P e t e r s b u r g * . The university is a t t e n d e d b y over 9,000 students. S a h a r a * . I n accordance w i t h a convention St. P i e r r e * . It was totally destroyed by a n eruption of Mount Pelée on May 8,1902. A b o u t b e t w e e n Great Britain a n d F r a n c e t h e l a t t e r 40,000 people in St. P i e r r e a n d vicinity wore controls all t h a t p a r t of t h e Sahara, w i t h W a d a i , killed. which lies w e s t of t h e b a s i n of t h e Nile. Saintsbury*, George Edward Bateman. His S a i d Pasha*, M e h e m e t . B o r n a t E r z e r u m , later works include " Miscellaneous Essays " (1892), 1835. H e w a s g r a n d vizier 1882-85 and 1901-03. " C o r r e c t e d I m p r e s s i o n s " (1895), " N i n e t e e n t h Century L i t e r a t u r e " (1896), " T h e Flourishing of Romance and the S t . A l d w y n , Viscount. See Hicks-Beach.

Saint Andrews*. The university is attended

by over 300 s t u d e n t s . University College, at Dundee, has b e e n affiliated w i t h it since 1897.

St. Andrew's Night. The 29th of November.

I t is celebrated in some p a r t s of Germany by forms of divination very similar to those which are practised in Scotland on Hallow E'en. Taylor, Notes to Faust.

Rise of Allegory" (1897), " S i r Walter S c o t t " (1897), " A Short History of English L i t e r a t u r e " (189S), " M a t t h e w Arnold" (1899), "A History of Criticism" (3 vols.. 1900-04), " T h e Earlier Renaissance" (1901), "Loci Critici " (1903), " M i n o r Caroline P o e t s " (2 vols., 1905-06), " H i s t o r y of Elizabethan L i t e r a t u r e " (1906), " A History of English Prosody " (Vol. I., 1906 ; Vol. II., 1908), " H i s t o r y of X f X . Century Literature "(1906), " T h e Later Nineteenth Century " (1907), etc.

S a i n t e C u n é g o n d e (sant kö-nä-gond'). A city S t . T h o m a s * (West Indies). I n 1902 a t r e a t y in Hochelaga County, Quebec, Canada, adjoin- ceding t h e Danish W e s t Indies to t h e U n i t e d ing Montreal. P o p u l a t i o n (1901), 10,912. States was d e f e a t e d in t h e Rigsdag. St. Elias*, Mount. 2. This peak is in Alaska, close St. V i n c e n t * . I n 1902 there was a violent to the Canadian boundary. I t is surpassed in height by i l t . McKinley (20,464 feet). The first ascent of it was a n d d e s t r u c t i v e e r u p t i o n of t h e Soufrière volcano. made by t h e Duke of t h e Abruzzi in 1897.

eral volumes on t h e geology of New Jersey, etc.

Salmon*, George. Died at Dublin, Jan. 22,

1904. S a l o m e . 3. A n opera (4 d r a m a ? ) in one act, music bv Richard Strauss, founded on a play

b y O s c a r W i l d e . The leading characters are Salome (the dauKhter of Herodias) and John the Baptist. I t was first produced in Dresden, Dec. 9, 1905, and in New York in 1907.

Salona*. Phocis.

I t is t h e capital of t h e n o m a r c h y of

Salt Lake City*. The capital of the State of

U t a h . I t is the seat of t h e University of U t a h (formerly of D e s e r e t ) . S a l t o n S e a . A l a k e in southern California (Colorado desert) f o r m e d by t h e overflow of t h e Colorado river. The valley in which the

Salton Sea lies is, at its lowest point, about three hundred feet below sea-level, and t h e waters of t h e Colorado have often found t h e i r way into it. A notable incursion occurred in 1891, forming a lake about 30 miles long, 10 miles wide, and very shallow, which rapidly diminished. In the spring of 1905 the river, in flood, enlarged a passage which had been cut, for purposes of irrigation, four miles below the Mexican border, and by August was discharging t h e greater p a r t of its waters into the Snlton Sea, wliich enlarged until it attained an area of over 400 square miles and a d e p t h of about 90 feet. After several unsuccessful a t t e m p t s and t h e e x p e n d i t u r e of vast sums of money (required for die protecting of agricultural property and t h a t of the Southern Pacific Railroad), t h e inflow of water was stopjied in July, 1907. Salvador". The republic is divided into 14 departments : Aliuachapan. Cabafias, Clialatenanga, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz. La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador. San Vincente, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, and TJsulutan. The capital is San Salvador. See also Central American Arbitration Treaty.

Salvini (sai-ve'ne), Allesandro.

Born at

Rome, Dec. 21, 1861: died at Florence, D e c . 15, 1896. An actor, son of Tommaso Salvini*

He was educated in Switzerland and at Florence as a. civil e n g i n e e r ; came t o America in 1881, and made his, first appearance on t h e stage in New York at t h e Union

Salvini Square Theater in 1882. His best known rôles were those of the Count in " M o n t e Cristo," D'Artagnan in " T h e Three Guardsmen," and Hamlet. Salzburg*. 1. I t has 7 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s in the A u s t r i a n R e i c h s r a t , a n d h a s a L a n d t a g o f 28 members. S a m a l (sa'rnal). A n i s l a n d i n t h e G-ulf o f Davao, southern Mindanao, Philippine Islands. A r e a , 147 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 1,096. Samar (sa'mar). 2. A p r o v i n c e of t h e P h i l ippines consisting of Samar and numerous s m a l l i s l a n d s , of w h i c h D a r a m i s t h e l a r g e s t . It is bounded by the Strait of San Bernardino (separating it from Luzon) on the northwest ; the Pacific Ocean on the north and east ; the Pacific Ocean and San Pedro and San Pablo bay (separating it from Ley te) on the south ; and San Pedro and San Pablo bay, the Strait of San Juanico (separating it from Leyte), Daram Channel (separating it from Biliran Island), aiid the Visaran Sea (separating it from Masbate) on the west. Capital, Catbalogan. The coast of Samar Island is indented by many bays. The principal harbors are Borongon bay, Port Libas, and Pambujan hay, all on the eastern coast and all safe for large vessels in all weather. The surface is mountainous, but without great elevations. Few of the rivers are navigable even for native boats. Iron, lead, and gold are found. Cocoa, hemp, bananas, copra, corn, sugar-cane, and sweet potatoes are the chief productions. The inhabitants are Visayans. Area of the province, 5,276 square miles. Population (11)08), ¿«6,237. S a m o a n I s l a n d s \ After the death of Malietoa. in 1898, trouble arose over the succession, which resulted in the bombardment, in March, 1899. of Apia and villages along the coast by American and British war-ships. Later Great Britain withdrew from the islands and Upolu and Savaii were ceded to Germany Í1899), and Tutuila and the other islands east of long. 171° W. to the United States (1900).

74 . Sanford (san'fòrd), E d m u n d Clark. B o r n at O a k l a n d , C a i . , N o v . 10, 1859. A n A m e r i c a n psychologist. H e was assistant professor 1892-1901, a n d p r o f e s s o r o f e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d comparative psychology in Clark U n i v e r s i t y 1901-09, a n d w a s e l e c t e d p r e s i d e n t i n 1909. He has published " A Course in Experimental Psychology " (1898), etc.

Saskatchewan C i v i l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n (1903), 3 5 , 0 3 0 . - 2 . A t o w n , t h e capital of L a L a g u n a p r o v i n c e , Luzon. I t is situated on the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay in lat. 14° 18' N., long. 121° 24' 30" E. Civilized population of municipality (1903), 12,747. 3 . A m u n i c i p a l i t y of M a r i n d u q u e s u b p r o v i n c e i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , i t is situated on Port Santa Cruz, in the northern part of Marinduque Island. Civilized population (1903), 16,350.

S a n Francisco*. It was, in large part, deIt was founded by s t r o y e d b y e a r t h q u a k e a n d fire o n A p r i l 18, S a n t a F é * ( N e w M e x i c o ) . 1906, a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g d a v s , t h e l o s s a m o u n t - t h e S p a n i s h i n 1605. i n g t o u p w a r d o f $250,000,000. S a n t a F é ( s a n ' t a f a 7 ) T r a i l . A route of t r a v e l S a n g r e de Cristo R a n g e * . According to the i n t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s , o f g r e a t United States Geographic Board, the range extends from i m p o r t a n c e b e f o r e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Poncha Pass, Colorado, to the neighborhood of Santa Fé, t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l railways, extending from New Mexico, thus including the southern portion, locally F o r t L e a v e n w o r t h , K a n s a s , t o S a n t a F é , N e w known as the Oulebra Range. Bianca Peak, in this range, M e x i c o . I t passed south of Topeka and after reaching is 14,390 feet high, and is surpassed by Mount Massive the Arkansas river near Great Bend followed approxi(14,424). mately the course later taken by the Atchison, Topeka, S a n g s t e r ( s a n g ' s t è r ) , M r s . ( M a r g a r e t E l i z a - and Santa Fé railroad. From Cimarron Crossing, near Fort Dodge, a branch trail followed a more southerly and beth Mnnson). Born at N e w Rochelle, N . Y . , F e b . 22, 1838. A n A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t , p o e t , direct route to Santa ï'é. a n d w r i t e r o f j u v e n i l e s . She was associate editor of S a n t a y a n a ( s a n - t â - y à ' n â ) , G e o r g e . B o r n at "Hearth and Home " 1871-73, of " The Christian at Work " M a d r i d , S p a i n , D e c . 16, 1863, o f S p a n i s h p a 1873-79, and of " T h e Christian Intelligencer" 1879-; r e n t a g e . A n A m e r i c a n p o e t , e s s a y i s t , educa'Postmistress' of "Harper's Young People" 1882-89; and editor of " Harper's Bazaar " 1889-99. She has been on the t o r , a n d p h i l o s o p h e r , a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r of staff of the " Christian Herald " since 1894, of the " Ladies' p h i l o s o p h y i n H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1889 Home Journal" 1899-1904, and of the "Woman's Home a n d p r o f e s s o r 1907-. He was Hyde lecturer at the Companion " 1904-. Among her works are " Poems of the Sorbotme, Paris, 19i)5-(Xi. Among his works are " Sonnets Household " (1882), " Winsome Womanhood " (1900), and Other Verses" (1894), " T h e Sense of Beauty: Out"Lyrics of Love " (1901), "Good Manners forali Occasions " lines of .¿Esthetic Theory " (1896), " Lucifer : a Theological (1905), " T h e Story Bible" (1905), " H a p p y School Days" Tragedy (1899), " Interpretations of Poetry and Reli(1909> etc. gion '' (1900), " The Hermit of Carmel, and other Poems " S a n Isidro (san é-se'dro). A t o w n , t h e c a p - (1901), and " The Life of Reason," a work in five volumes : " Reason in Common Sense " (1905), " Reason in Society " ital of N u c v a E c i j a province, L u z o n , Philippine I s l a n d s . It is situated on the Rio Grande de la Pam« (1905), '-Reason in Religion" (1905), "Reason in A r t " (1905), and " Reason in Science " (1906). 0 S a m p a l o c ( sam-pâ'1 ok). A s u b u r b o f t h e c i t y panga, in lat. If. 18' 30" K , long. 120° 51' 30" E. Civilized S a n t e e ( s a n - t ë ' ) . [ D a k o t a I-san-a-ti.'] A diof Manila, L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e Islands. C i v i l - population of municipality (1903), 9,800. vision of the Dakota Indians. i z e d p o p u l a t i o n (1903), 18,772. S a n J o s é de B u e n a v i s t a (san n o - s à ' dà b w à de Cuba*« 1. I t is now the capital of the Sampson, William Thomas. Born at Pal- n a - v e s ' t i i ) . A t o w n , t h o c a p i t a l of A n t i q u e Santiago province of Oriente (formerly Santiago de Cuba). I t surm y r a , N . Y . , F e b . 9,1840 : d i e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , p r o v i n c e , P a n a y I s l a n d , in t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . rendered to the United States troops July 17, 1898. The D . C., M a y 6, 1902. A u A m e r i c a n n a v a l o f f i c e r . I t is in lat. 10 44' >•'., long. 121s 54' E. Civilized popula- campaign lasted from June 20, and included the battles He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1857, tion of municipality (1903), (5,768. of Las Guasimas, June 24, and of San Juan and El Canev, served in the Union navy during the Civil War, and was A d e p a r t m e n t i n t h e July 1-2. Population, about 40,000. promoted lieutenant-commander in 18(56, commander S a n J u a n ( s a n h o - ì ì i i ' ) . in 1874, captain in 1889, commodore July 3, 1898, and n o r t h e r n p a r t o f P o r t o R i c o , b o u n d e d b y t h e A t - 2 . T h e f o r m e r n a m e of t h e p r o v i n c e o f O r i rear-admiral Aug. 10, 1898. l i e was superintendent of l a n t i c O c e a n o n t h e n o r t h , H u m a c a o o n t h e e n t e , C u b a . e a s t , G u a y a r a a a n d P o n c e on t h e s o u t h , a n d S a n t l e y * , S i r C h a r l e s . the Naval Academy 1S86-90; chief of the Bureau of H e w a s k n i g h t e d in Naval Ordnance 1893-97 ; and president of the board of A r e c i b o o n t h e w e s t . A r e a , 542 s q u a r e m i l e s . 1907. inquiry into the Maine disaster 1898. He was appointed P o p u l a t i o n (1899), 160,040. Formerly Baya- S a n t o s - D u m o n t ( s a n ' t o s - d u - m o n ' ) , A l b e r t o . commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic naval station in mon. B o r n a t S â o P a u l o , B r a z i l , J u l y 20, 1873. A April, 1898 ; bombarded San .Tuan de Porto Rico May 12 ; B r a z i l i a n a e r o n a u t . He made his first ascent at A l o c a l i t y a b o u t 4 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t Paris in 1897, and in 1898 began the construction of his and conducted the blockade of Santiago. The fleet under S a n J u a n . o f S a n t i a g o d e C u b a . I t w a s a t t a c k e d a n d his command destroyed the Spanish squadron under Cerfirst dirigible air-ship, consisting of a cylindrical balloon c a p t u r e d b y U n i t e d S t a t e s t r o o p s J u l y 1,1898, vera off the latter port July 3, 1898. Retired 1902. propelled by a motor. Since then he has invented many Juan Range*. I t includes all the mountains of improvements in steering devices, propelling mechanism, San Bernardino (san bor-nâr-dê'nô), Strait San southwest Colorado south of Gunnison river, west of San etc. In 1900 he received the prize of 4,000 francs from the of. A s t r a i t i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , s e p a r a t i n g Luis Valley, and east of the Rio Grande Southern Rail- Paris Aëro Club, and in 1901 was awarded the Deutseh L u z o n a n d S a m a r i s l a n d s a n d c o n n e c t i n g t h e road. U. S. Geographic Board. prize of 100,000 francs for the first dirigible balloon or flying-machine to make a prescribed circuit between V i s a y a n Sea w i t h t h e P a c i f i c Ocean. S a n k e y * , I r a D a v i d , Died at Brooklyn, N . Y . , Saint-Cloud and the Eiffel Tower in a maximum time of Sanborn (san'bom), Franklin B e n j a m i n . A u g . 13, 1908. thirty minutes, receiving at the same time 125,000 francs B o r n a t H a m p t o n F a l l s , N . H . , D e c . 15, 1831. San Marino*. I t is governed by a great council of 60 and a gold medal from the government of Brazil. Later A n A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t , a u t h o r , a n d s o c i a l r e - members, two of whom (appointed every six months) are he turned his attention to the construction and use of f o r m e r . He was graduated at Harvard in 18Ó5 ; was a captains regent, with executive power. The ancient Ar- aeroplanes, and on Sept. 1(3, 1909, in a monoplane, made member of the Free Soil Party in .New Hampshire and ringo, a general council of heads of families, was revived the fast speed of about five miles in seven minutes. He Massachusetts ; became secretary to the Massachusetts as a part of the constitution in 1906. has written " M y Air-ships" (1904). State Kansas Committee in 1856; and was one of the S a n - m u n B a y ( s à n - m o n ' b à ) . A bay on the 1. A b a y on founders of the American Social Science Association, of c o a s t o f C h e - k i a n g , C h i n a , c o n t a i n i n g s e v e r a l S a n t o T o m a s ( s â n ' t ô t é - m i l s ' ) • the coast of L a U n i o n province, western L u the National Prison Association, and of the National Coni s l a n d s , a m o n g t h e m N i u - t a u . On February 28, ference of Charities. He was an editor of the .Boston zon, P h i l i p p i n e Islands : safe in the northeast 1899, Italy presented to China a demand for its lease as a " Commonwealth' 1863-67, of the Springileld "Republim o n s o o n f o r v e s s e l s n o t e x c e e d i n g 15 f e e t can " 1868-1906, and of the " Journal of Social Science " coaling-station and naval base, with the adjacent territory d r a f t . — 2 . A p e a k i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t o f L a The demand was supported by 1876-97. In 3879 he founded, with Bronson Alcott and as a sphere of influence. Union province. Luzon. H e i g h t , 7,298 f e e t . "VV. T, Harris, the Concord School of Philosophy (closed in the British minister, Sir Claude Macdonald, but was not S a r a n g a n i (sa-rân-ga'në) Islands. A group 18S8). Among his works are biographies of Emerson, granted by the Chinese government. Thoreau, Alcott, Dr. S. G. Howe, and Dr. Pliny Earlo, S a n N i c o l a s ( s a n n è ' k o - l a s ) . 1. A division of of small islands in the P h i l i p p i n e s , l y i n g 44 Life ami Letters of John Brown " (1885), " The Personalthe c i t v of Manila, L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e Islands. south-southeast of the m o s t southern p o i n t of ity of Thoreau" (1901), " T h e Personality of Emerson" C i v i l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 2 9 , 0 5 5 . - 2 . A Mindanao, f r o m w h i c h they are separated b y (1903), a "History of New Hampshire" (1904), " L i f e and. S a r a n g a n i C h a n n e l . They belong to Davao district, Earliest Writings of Thoreau " (1906), " Bronson Aleott at t o w n i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f I l o c o s N o r t e p r o v Moro province. Balut, the largest, contains Sarangani P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 8,527. Alcott House, England, and Fruitlands, New England " i n c e , L u z o n . (1908), " Hawthorne and his Friends " (1908), and " Recol- S a n P a b l o ( s a n p a b ' l o ) . A m u n i c i p a l i t y i n volcano, 3,100 feet in height. Area of group, about 05 lections of Seventy Years " (1909). t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f L a L a g u n a p r o v i n c e , L u - square miles. S a n C a r l o s (san kâr'lôs). A m u n i c i p a l i t y of P a n g a s i n a n p r o v i n c e i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t of L u z o n , Philippine Islands. Civilized populat i o n (1903), 27,166. San Cristobal*. It was of t h e state of Chiapas.

f o r m e r l y the capital

S a n d a y (san'dâ), W i l l i a m . B o m at H o l m e P i e r r e p o n t , N o t t i n g h a m s h i r e , A u g . 1, 1843, A n English theologian and historian, professor of d i v i n i t y and canon of Christ Church, O x f o r d , f r o m 1895. His works include " Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel" (1872), " T h e Gospels in the Second Century "(1876), " T h e Oracles of CSod " (1891), " Commentai-)'on the Epistle to the Romans " (1895), etc. S a n F e r n a n d o (sân fâr-nan'dô). 1. A port and the capital of L a Union provinco, in the w e s t e r n p a r t of L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e Islands. I t is situated on San Femando Bay in lat. 16° ZW N., long. 120° IV 30" E. Civilized population of municipality (1903), 16,095. 2 . A municipality of Cebu province, in the P h i l i p p i n e Islands. I t is s i t u a t e d i n t h e e a s t ern p a r t of C e b u I s l a n d . P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 15,451.

zon, Pbilippine Islands. ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 22,612.

Civilized population

Sarasate y Navascues*, Pablo Martin Mel-

iton. D i e d a t B i a r r i t z , S e p t . 21, 1908. Sarcey*, Francisque. D i e d a t P a r i s , M a v 15, ( s a n - s ó - v é ' n ò ) , o r Sansavino, Ja- 1899. copo, or G i a c o m o ( J a c o p o T a t t i ) . Born near S a r d o u * , V i c t o r i e n . D i e d a t P a r i s , N o v . 8, F l o r e n c e , 1479: d i e d a t V e n i c e , N o v . 27, 1570. A n Italian sculptor and architect. His first 1908. His later works include "Madame Sans-Gêne" (1893), "GiBmonda" (1894), " M a r c e l l e " (1895), "Spirimaster was Andrea Sansovino, whose name he assumed. tisme" (1897), " Pamela " (1898), "Robespierre" {1899), About 1507 he went to Rome and entered the service of " L e Dante " (1903), " L a sorcière" (1908), " L a P i s t e " Pope Julius II. and Bramente. On the sack of Rome in 1527 he went to Venice, where he spent the remainder of (1900), " Le drame des poisons " (1907). his life, and designed a large number of splendid build- Sarrien (sa-rian'), Jean Marie Ferdinand. ings. He had charge of the Piazza di San Marco with the B o r n a t B o u r b o n - L a n c y , F r a n c e , O c t . 13,1840. church, campanile, and adjacent public buildings, except A F r e n c h s t a t e s m a n . He was minister of posts and the Doges' Palace. telegraphs April C-Dec. 28, 1885, in the ministry of BrisS a n t a B a r b a r a (san'ta bar'ba-ra). A m u n i - son; minister of the interior Jan. 7-Dec. 11, 1886, in the cabinet of Freyeinet ; and again Dec. 12, 1887,-April 3, cipality in the southeastern part of I l o i l o 1888, in that of Tirard ; and again under Bourgeois, in province, Panay, Philippine Islands. C i v i - 1896 ; was minister of justice under Brisson in 1898 ; and was premier and minister of justice, March-October, 1906. l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 15,149. D i e d at P h i l a d e l p h i a , Oct. Santa C l a r a (san'ta klà'ra). A p r o v i n c e of S a r t a i n * , J o h n . C u b a , s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e p r o v i n c e s o f M a - 25, 1897. 2. A f o r m e r district constitanzas and Caniagiiey. Capital, Santa Clara. S a s k a t c h e w a n . A r e a , 8,257 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1907), t u t e d i n 1882 f r o m p a r t o f t h e N o r t h w e s t T e r r i t o r i e s of C a n a d a . I t lay north of Manitoba and 457,431. Assiniboia and east of Alberta. The province of SasS a n t a C r u z (san'ta krSth). 1 . A d i s t r i c t o f katchewan, comprising the eastern half of Athabasca and t h e c i t y of M a n i l a , L u z o n , P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s . the greater part of the old districts oi Assiniboia and

Sansovino

Saskatchewan

75

Saskatchewan, was created Sept. 1, 1905. I t sends 4 sen- B o r n a t A n n A r b o r , M i c h . , S e p t . 1, 1865. An ators to the Dominion Parliament and 6 representatives. A m e r i c a n p h a r m a c i s t , c h e m i s t , a n d e d u c a t o r , Capital, Regina. Area, 250,650 square miles. Population p r o f e s s o r o f p h a r m a c o g n o s y a n d b o t a n y i n t he of district (1901), 25,679; of province (1901), 91,400. U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n f r o m 1896. Since 1905 h e Satolli (sa-tôl'lê), Francesco. B o r n a t M a i - has been dean of t h e School of Pharmacy there. H e has scieno, near Perugia, July 21,1839. A n Italian p r e l a t e . I n 1880 he was appointed professor of theology published various technical papers upon t h e chemistry of in t h e College of t h e Propaganda at Home ; was appointed p l a n t alkaloids. titular archbishop of Lepanto in 1883 ; and was papal S c h o f i e l d * , J o h n M c A l l i s t e r . D i e d at St. representative at t h e centenary of t h e establishment of A u g u s t i n e , F l a . , M a r c h 4, 1906. t h e see of Baltimore in 1889. H e r e t u r n e d to t h e United S c h o m b u r g k L i n e . T h e b o u D d a ry between States in 1892 as appellate j u d g e w i t h extraordinary discretion ; and in t h e same year was made p e r m a n e n t B r i t i s h G u i a n a a n d V e n e z u e l a a n d B r a z i l s u r apostolic delegate to the United States. In 1895 h e was v e y e d b y S i r R o b e r t S c h o m b u r g k 1 8 4 1 - 4 4 . T h e p a r t bounding Venezuela r u n s from a point west of t h e elevated to t h e eardinalate. m o u t h of t h e river Barima, in about long. 60° 30' W., in a S a t o w ( s a t ' ö ; , S i r E r n e s t M a s o n . B o r n J u n e generally southerly direction to Mount Roraima, I t was 30, 1843. A B r i t i s h d i p l o m a t i s t , m i n i s t e r a t not accepted by t h e Venezuelans, w h o claimed all t h e P e k i n g 1 9 0 0 - 0 6 . H e was envoy extraordinary and territory held by t h e British to t h e river Esscquibo ; nor minister plenipotentiary to Morocco in 1893 and was did the latter hold t o it, b u t enlarged their claims t o intransferred to Tokio, Japan, in 1895. I n 1907 h e was a clude a large t r a c t extending as far west as long. 63". The delegate to the Second Peace Conference. He has written settlement of t h e boundary dispute by arbitration was a handbook of J a p a n (with A. G. S. Hawes), an English- urged by t h e United States government, most forcibly in Japanese dictionary (with I I . Ishibashi), " J e s u i t Mission 1395-96, and its a t t i t u d e for a time t h r e a t e n e d serious complications with England. Arbitration was agreed to Press in Japan, 1501-1610," etc. by England in t h e latter year, and a decision was reached in Saturn*. I t has 10 satellites : Mimas, Enceladus, 1899 which established t h e Schomburgk Lineas t h e bounTethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, Themis, dary, w i t h t h e exception of Barima Point, at t h e m o u t h and Phœbe. of the Orinoco, and a strip of land between t h e W e n a m u Sank. S a m e a s Sac. and Cuyuni rivers, w h i c h g o to Venezuela. Sault Sainte Marie (so s ä u t m ä ' r i : F . pron. Schräder*, Eberhard. D i e d at Berlin, J u l y s o s a i i t m ä - r e ' ) C a n a l s . T w o c a n a l s , s i t u a t e d 4, 1 9 0 8 . in Michigan and Ontario near the falls in the S c h r ä d e r * , J u l i u s . D i e d at Grossliehterfelde, S a i n t M a r y ' s R i v e r . They connect l a k e Superior and Lake Huron and lower or raise vessels from one level n e a r B e r l i n , F e b . 16, 1900. to another i 2!U feet). One (in Michigan) was begun S c h r e i n e r * , O l i v e (Mrs. S . 0 . C r o n w r i g h t in 13.">3 and opened in 1855. I t was enlarged by t h e United States government 1870-81. The improvements S c h r e i n e r ) . H e r later works include " T r o o p e r Peter included the Weitzel lock (515 feet long). T h e Stat« oi Halket of Mashonaland " (1897), " The Political Situation " ; written jointly w i t h her husband), " An English Michigan relinquished control in 1881 and in 1887 t h e (1895 South African's View of t h e Situation " (1S9S). state locks were torn down and replaced by a single lock (the Poe lock, 800 feet long, 11» f e e t wide, and 22 feet S c h r e y e r * , A d o l f . D i e d a t K r o n b e v g , P r u s s i a , deep on the sills), opened in 189(5. The American canal J u l y 3 0 , 1 8 9 9 . is 13 miles in length, is to be widened to 295 feet by June, B o r n a t Cin19li, and is 25 feet in depth. The other (Canadian) S c h u c h e r t ( s l i u k ' e r t ) , C h a r l e s . An American canal was built 1S8S-95. I t is 11 miles long, 150 feet c i n n a t i , O h i o , J u l y 3, 1858. n a t u r a l i s t , p r o f e s s o r of p a l e o n t o l ogy in Yale wide, and 2-2 feet deep, with a lock 900 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 22 feet deep on t h e sills. I n 1908, 9,891 vessels U n i v e r s i t y a n d c u r a t o r o f t h e g e o l o g i c a l c o l passed through t h e American canal and 5,290 through the l e c t i o n s a t t h e P e a b o d y M u s e u m f r o m 1 9 0 4 . Canadian. H e was assistant paleontologist of t h e United States Geological Survey 1893-94, and assistant curator of t h e United Saunders*, Frederick. D i e d Dee. 12,1902. S a u s s i e r * , F é l i x G u s t a v e . D i e d i n L u z a r c l i e s States National Museum 1894-1904. n e a r P o n t o i s e , D e c . 20, 1 9 0 5 . I l e r e t i r e d i n S c h u m a n n * , Madame (Clara Josephine Wieck). D i e d a t F r a n k f o r t , M a y 2 0 , 1896. 1898. S c h u r m a n ( s h u r ' m a n ) , J a c o b G o u ld. Boru Savage (sav'aj), Richard Henry. Born at U t i e a , N . Y . , June 12, 1 8 4 8 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , a t F r e e t o w n , P r i n c e E d w a r d I s l a n d , M a y 22. 1 8 5 4 . A n A m e r i c a n s c h o l a r , a u t h o r , a n d eduO c t . 11, 1 9 0 3 . A n A m e r i c a n author and milit a r y e n g i n e e r . He was graduated a t W e s t Toint in c a t o r . He was professor of English literature, political 1808 ; served in t h e corps of engineers ; wa.s in the Egyp- economy, and psychology at Acadia College 1880-82 • was t i a n army 1871-74 ; and later became a railway engineer. professor of metaphysics and English literature at DalI n 1898 lie was appointed senior major of t h e Second housie College 1882-86 ; and since 1886 has been connected United States Volunteer Engineers and served t h r o u g h with Cornell University, as Sage professor of philosophy t h e Spanish-American war. î l e published a large num- 18SG-92, as dean of the Sage School of Philosophy 1891, and as president Bince 1892, I n 1399 h e was apppointed chairber of stories. man of t h e United States Philippine Commission. Among Savaii*. I t h a s b e l o n g e d t o G e r m a n y s i n c e his published works are " K a n t i a n Ethics and the Ethics of 1899. Evolution " (1881), " The Ethical I m p o r t of Darwinism " S a y * , Jean. B a p t i s t e L é o n . D i e d a t P a r i s , (1888), "Belief in G o d " (1890), "Agnosticism and Religion "(1896), " R e p o r t of t h e Philippine Commission,"of A p r i l 3 0 , 1898. which he was joint a u t h o r (1900), and " Philippine Affairs Saypan. O n e of t h e L a d r o n e I s l a n d s . —A Retrospect and Outlook" , " La question d'orient au XVIIIe events were the breaking oif of diplomatic relations by siècle : origine de la triple alliance (1878), and " L'Europe Spain April 21 ; beginning of the blockade of Cuba April et la révolution française " (1885-1903), for the last of which 22 ; declaration of war by Spain April24, and by the United the French Academy awarded him the Gobert prize in States April 25 ; destruction of Spanish fleet in the Bay of 1887 and 18S8. He is the author also of two novels, " L a Manila May 1 ; arrival of Cervera's squadron at Santiago grande Falaise" (1872), and "I.e docteur E g r a " (1878); May 19 ; sinking of the Merrimac in the entrance to San"Essais d'histoire et de critique" (1S82, 1888); and biog- tiago harbor J u n e S ; landing of United States troops at raphiesof Montesquieu (1887) and Madame de Staël (1891). Baiquiri J u n e 20-22 ; battles of San Juan and El Caney He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1885, July 1-2 ; attempted escape and destruction of Cervera's squadron July 3; surrender of Santiago July 17; camand received the Prix Osiris in 190G. paign in Porto Rico July 25-Ang. 12 ; signing*of peace Sorolla y Bastida (sô-rôl'và i bas-të'da), Joa- protocol Aug. 12; capture of Manila Aug. 13; signing of quin. B o r n a t V a l e n c i a , S p a i n , F e b . 2 7 , 1 8 6 3 . treaty of peace a t Paris Dec. 10. By the treaty Spain A n o t e d S p a n i s h p a i n t e r . He studied in Valencia relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, and ceded Porto and Madrid, and later in Home, Paris, and again in Italy. Rico, Guahan in the Ladrones, and the Philippines to the In 1909 a large number of his paintings were exhibited in United States. New York and elsewhere in the United States. Spartanburg (spar'tan-berg). A city, the Sorsogon ( s ô r - s ô - g ô n ' ) . 1 . A p r o v i n c e of t h e c a p i t a l of S p a r t a n b u r g C o u n t y , S o u t h C a r o P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , s i t u a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n l i n a . Tt contains Converse College, Woft'ord College, a e x t r e m i t y of L u z o n , a n d i n c l u d i n g s e v e r a l public library, and the State Institute for the Deaf, Dumb, s m a l l a d j a c e n t i s l a n d s . I t is bounded by Albay and Blind ; and has cotton- and lumber-mills, iron-works, (partly separated by mountains) on the north ; the Pacific and manufactures of rope, brooms, etc. Population (1900). Ocean on the east ; the Strait of San Bernardino (separat- 11,395. ing it from Samar) on the southeast ; and the Visayan Sea Died at Brighton, Dec. on the south and west. Among its bays are Port Gubat Spencer*, Herbert. on the eastern and Port Sorsogon on the southwestern 8, 1903. coast, the latter a fine harbor safe for large vessels in all Spencer*, John Poyntz, fifth E a r l S p e n c e r . weather. Sorsogon is in an active seismic center, and He was lord lieutenant of .Northamptonshire 1872-1908; earthquakes are frequent. The volcano Bulusan, 4,053 was keeper of the privy seal of the Duke of Cornwall 1901feet in height, is solfataric, and there are numerous hot 07 ; and in 1902 was appointed Liberal leader in the House springs near its foot. The chief r f v e r s a r e t h e Donsol, the of Lords to succeed the Earl of Kimherley. Putiao, and the Irocin, which are navigable by native Sperry ( s p e r ' i ) . Charles Sfcillman. B o r n a t boats for from 10 to 13 miles. Coal is found in several B r o o k l y n , N . Y . , S e p t . 3, 1847. A n A m e r i c a n parts of the province. Lead, sulphur, and gypsum are n a v a l o f f i c e r . He was graduated from the United also reported. Almost half of the laud (45.5 per cent.) is States Naval Academy in 1866 ; was promoted captain in agricultural. Among the productions are sweet potatoes, 1900 and rear-ad in irai in 1906; and was in command of sugar-cane, and hemp, the last abundant in yield and ex- the battle-ship fleet in its cruise around the world (1908-09) cellent in quality. The inhabitants are Bicols, Area of from its departure from San Francisco. July 7, 1908. He has been president of the Naval War College, and was a province, 755 square miles. Population (1903), 120,495. 2. A t o w n , t h e c a p i t a l of S o r s o g o n p r o v i n c e , delegate to the second peace conference in 1907. Res i t u a t e d a t t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n a n g l e of P o r t tired 1909. S o r s o g o n i n l a t . 1 2 ° 5 8 ' N . , l o n g . 1 2 3 ° 5 8 ' E . Spiegel*, Friedrich von. D i e d a t M u n i c h , C i v i l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 13,511. D e c . 15, 1 9 0 5 .

Sothern (suTH'êrn), Edward H. Bom Dec. Spofford*, Ainsworth Rand. Died at Hol6, 1859. A n A m e r i c a n a c t o r , s o n of E d w a r d

A s k e w S o t h e r n . Among the nlavs in which he has d e r n e s s , N . H . , A u g . 11, 1908. H e w a s l i b r a appeared are "One of Our Girls," " T h e Highest Bidder," r i a n of t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l L i b r a r y 1 8 6 5 - 9 7 . " T h e Maister of Woodbarrow," '-The Dancing Girl," Spooner ( s p ô n ' è r ) , John Coit. B o r n a t L a w "Lord Olmmley," " T h e Prisoner of Zenda," " U n d e r the r e n c e b u r g , I n d . , J a n . 6, 1843. A n A m e r i c a n Red Robe," and " H e n r y Esmond,' and he is well known l a w y e r a n d s t a t e s m a n . He was graduated at the as an interpreter of Shakspere. In 1896 he married Vir- • University of Wisconsin in 1804 ; served in the Civil War ; ginia Harned, the actress. was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; and was (Republican) United States senator from Wisconsin 1835-91, and 1£97-. Sousa ( s o ' z i i ) , John Philip. B o r n a t " W a s h - Sprague ( s p r â g ) , Frank Julian. B o r n a t i n g t o n , D . C . , N o v . 6, 1854. A n A m e r i c a n M i l f o r d , C o n n . , J u l y 25, 1857. A noted b a n d - m a s t e r , b e s t k n o w n a s a c o m p o s e r of A m e r i c a n e l c c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r a n d i n v e n t o r . m a r c h e s . Tn 1880 he was appointed director of the He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in Lnited States Marine Band and in 1S92 organized Sousa's 1878 ; resigned from the navy in 1888 ; and later formed Band. Among his marches are " T h e Stars and Stripes the Spragiie Electric Railway and Motor Company, and Forever," " T h e Washington Post," " T h e High School actively developed electric motors. He is recognized as Cadets," " K i n g Cotton, " M a n h a t t a n Beach," " H a n d s the pioneer of the m o d e m electric trolley system because Across the Sea,'' and "Liberty Bell." He has also written of his installation of the road at Richmond, Virginia, t h e comic operas " T h e Smugglers," "Désirée," " T h e 1S87-8S, the first on a large scale, the features of which Queen of Hearts," " El Capitan," " The Bride-Elect," " The becamegeneralstandards. H e t h e n introducedhigh-speed Charlatan," and " C h r i s and the Wonderful L a m p " ; or- and automatic electric elevators; formed the Sprague chestral suites; and a large number of miscellaneous Electric Company ; and in 1887 invented t h e 'multiplecompositions. unit system'of electric train operation, now generally South Africa*. The chief political divisions are Cape adopted. Colony, Natal (including Zululand), the Transvaal Colony, Springer*, "William M. D i e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , t h e Orange River Colony, Southern Rhodesia, Basutoland, D . C . , D e c . 4, 1 9 0 3 . Bechuanaland, and Swaziland. Hill ( s p r i n g h i l ' ) . A t o w n i n C u m b e r South Africa, United States of. S e e United Spring l a n d C o u n t y , N o v a S c o t i a , C a n a d a , i t is situStates of South Africa. ated a few miles from t h e Spring Hill coal-mines. Its South African Republic*, now Transvaal main interests are in t h e mining and transportation of Colony. A British colony. I t is bounded on the north coal. Population (1901), 5,178. by Rhodesia, on the east by Portuguese Bast Africa, on Spuller*, Eugène. Died at Combernon, t h e south by Natal and the Orange River Colony, and ou the west by Cape Colony and the Bechuanaland protec- C ô t e - d ' O r , J u l y 23, 1896. torate. I t contains 16 districts. A constitution granted Squatter State, The. A p o p u l a r n a m e of t h e in 1906 provides for a legislative council of 25 members S t a t e of K a n s a s , (elected by the governor), and a legislative assembly of 69 members (elected by registered vote). In 1900-01 it stabiae*. C a s t e l l a m a r e o c c u p i e s i t s s i t e . was conquered and annexed by Great Britain, Area, Stainer*, Sir John. Died March 31, 1901. 111,196 square miles. Total population, 1,347,227. He was organist of the University of Oxford 1863-72, and

Stainer

79

Strang Stilli*, Charles Janeway. Died at Atlantic City, N. J., Aug. 11, 1899. Stanford*, Sir Charles Villiers. He was conStillinan (stil'man), William James. Born ductor of t h e Cambridge University Musical Society 1872at Schenectady, "N. Y., June 1, 1828: died at 93, of t h e Bach Choir 1886-1902, of t h e Leeds Philharmonic Steinthal*, Heymann. Died at Berlin, March Frimley Green, Surrey, England, July 6, 1901. Society, and of the Leeds Festival since 1901. He was 14, 1 8 9 9 . His later works include " Grammatik, Logik, An American painter, journalist, and critic. knighted in 1902. Psychologie " (1855), " G e s c h i c h t e der Sprachwissenschaft H e was g r a d u a t e d a t Union College, Schenectady, in 1848, Stanford (stan'förd), Mrs. (Jane Lathrop). bei den Griechen und Römern " (1863), " Die Mande-Ne- and studied art in England and Paris, being much influBorn at Albany, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1825 : died at g e r s p r a c h e n " (1867), " Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft " enced by t h e Prerapliaelites and by Ruskin. H e edited (1871), " Allgemeine E t h i k " (1885), " Z u Bibel u n d ReliHonolulu, Feb. 28, 1905. An American phil- gionsphilosophie" " T h e Crayon," an art journal, 1855-57 ; was United States (1890), etc. anthropist, wife of Leland Stanford. She joined consul at Rome 18ljl-65, and at Crete 18(>5-ti8; and was Stengel (steng'el), Frau (Praxede Marcelline correspondent of t h e London " Times " 1876-98. H e wrote her husband in founding the Leland Stanford J u n i o r Kocnanska) : known as Marcella Sembrich. " T h e Cretan Insurrection of 1866-68 " (1874), " Herzegovina University and after his death aided it liberally. the late Uprising " (1877). " On t h e Track of Ulysses " Stanford University. See Leland Stanford Born at Wisniowczyk, Austria, Feb. 15, 1858. and A noted soprano singer. She made her début at (1888), "Old Italian M a s t e r s " (1892), " Francesco Crispi" Junior Vniversity. Athens in " I P u r i t a n i " in 1S77 ; has sung in opera in (1899), " Autobiography of a J o u r n a l i s t " (1901), "Billy and Stanley*, Frederick Arthur (Earl of Derby). Dresden, London, Milan, Vienna, Warsaw, St. Petersburg, Hans " (1902), etc. Died at London, June 14, 1908. etc. ; and has made a n u m b e r of tours in America. The Stirling*, James Hutchison. Died March 19, Stanley*, Sir Henry Morton (originally John name of ' Sembrich ' was t h a t of h e r maternal grandfather. 1909. Rowlands). Died at London, May 10, 1904. Stephen*, Sir Leslie. Died at Kensington, Stockton*, Frank Richard. Born April 5, H e was m a d e K. G. C. K in 1S99. Feb. 22, 1904. He was knighted in 1902. 1834: died at Washington, D. C., April 20,1902. Stanley, Sir Hubert. An impoverished squire Stephens*, George. Died at Copenhagen, Stoddard*, Charles Warren. Died at Monin Thomas Morton's comedy "A Cure for the Aug. 9, 1895. t e r e y , C a l . , A p r i l 2 4 , 1 9 0 9 . His later works include H e a r t i \ c h e " ( 1 7 9 7 ) . T h e p h r a s e "Approbation f r o m " A Troubled H e a r t " (1885), " H a w a i i a n L i f e : Lazy LetStephens*, James. Died March 29, 1901. ters f r o m Low L a t i t u d e s " (1894), " T h e "Wonder Worker Sir H u b e r t Stanley is praise indeed " occurs in Act v., Stepniak*, Sergius. Died Dec. 23, 1895. from P a d u a " (1896), " A Cruise Under t h e Crescent from scene 2. to San Marco " (1898), " Over t h e Rocky Mountains Stannard (stan'ärd), Mrs. (Henrietta Eliza Sterling*, Antoinette. Died at Iiampstead, Suez to Alaska" (1900), " I n the Footprints of t h e P a d r e s " Vaughan Palmer): pseudonyms John England, Jan. 10, 1904. Strange Winter and Violet Whyte. Born Sternberg (stèrn'bèrg), George Miller. Born (1902), " E x i t s and E n t r a n c e s " (1903), " F o r t h e Pleasure at York, England, Jan. 13, 1856. An English at Hartwick Seminary, Otsego County, N. Y., of His C o m p a n y " (1903), " F a t h e r Damien— A S k e t c h " n o v e l i s t . She lias written many tales of army life, June 8, 1838. An American bacteriologist, (1903), " T h e Island of Tranquil Delights" (1904), " T h e some of which attained wide popularity. Among lier surgeon-general and brigadier-general in the Confessions of a Reformed P o e t " (1907), and " T h e Dream L a d y " (1907). works are l *Houp-la" (1885), " Booties' B a b y " (1885), " B e a u t i f u l J i m " (18SS), " A Blameless W o m a n " (18Ü5), United States Army 1893-1902. He was connected Stoddard*, Mrs. (Elizabeth Barstow). Died " A Name to Conjure W i t h " (1899), " A Self-made Coun- w i t h t h e army as surgeon f r o m 1861. During t h e war at New York, Aug. 1, 1902. Spain in 1898 h e had charge of t h e medical service. t e s s " (1900), " A Blaze of Glory" (1902), " M a r t y " (1903), with His researches have related chiefly to the ¡etiology of in- Stoddard*, Richard Henry. Died at New and " A Simple Gentleman " (1906). fectious diseases. Among his works ale " A Text-hook York, May 12, 1903. Bacteriology " (1895), " I m m u n i t y " (1-97), etc. H e r e Stanton*, Mrs. (Elizabeth Cady). Died at of Stokes*, Sir George Gabriel. Died at Camtired in 1902. New York, Oct. 26, 1902. bridge, Feb. 1, 1903. He represented CamStevens**, Stark (stärk), Mrs. (Elizabeth Page). Born 12, J 897. Abel. Died at San José, Cal., Sept. bridge University in Parliament 1887-92. Feb. 16, 1737 (1738?): died June 29, 1814. Stokes*, Whitley. Died at London, April 13, The wife of General John Stark (1728-1822). Stevens*. Alfred. Died at Paris, Aug. 24, 1 9 0 9 . H e was joint editor of t h e " I r i s c h e Texte," t h e Her name has become historic from t h e words (variously 1906. " T h e s a u r u s Pal&ohibernicus," and the " Archiv f u r kelreported) said to have been spoken by General Stark to Stevens", Benjamin Franklin. Died at Surtische Lexicographie." his soldiers a t t h e battle of B e n n i n g t o n : " M y men, Stolypin (sto'li-pin), Peter Arkadevitch. yonder are t h e Hessians. They were bought for seven biton, Surrey, March 5, 1902. Born Born in 2863. A Russian statesman, presipounds and ten pence a man. Are you w o r t h m o r e ? Stevens (sti'venz), Durham White. Prove it. To-night t h e American flag floats from yonder at Washington", Feb. 1, 1802: died at San dent of the council and minister of the inFrancisco, March 25, 1908. An American t e r i o r 1906—, H e has served in various official positions hill or Molly [sic] Stark sleeps a widow ! " diplomatist. H e was secretary of the United States since 1884, when he obtained a place in the ministry of Stark (stärk), Molly. See Stark, Mrs. legation at Tokio 187:s-8:ì, and in t h e latter year resigned h e interior. An a t t e m p t was made, Aug. 25, 1906, to Star of the Sea. A title given to the Virgin to enter t h e Japanese diplomatic service, as counselor, tassassinate h i m by exploding a bomb in his residence. in which h e remained until his death, serving in Japan, Mary. T h e explosion killed 28 persons, b u t he escaped. at Washington, and in Korea. I n 1904 he hocame diploStarr (star), Frederick. Born at Auburn, matic adviser of the Korean government, u n d e r its agree- Stone (ston), William Joel. Born in Madison N. Y., Sept. 2, 1858. An American anthropol- m e n t w i t h Japan. l i e was shot in San Francisco by a Count}', Ky., May 7, 1848. An American lawogist, assistant professor 1892-95 and associate y e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He was graduated at t h e Univerprofessor from 1895 in the University of Korean. sity of Missouri; was a member of Congress 1885-91; was C h i c a g o . H e was curator of ethnology in t h e Ameri- Stevens Institute of Technology. A college governor of Missouri 1893-97; and has been Democratic can Museum of Natural History (New York) 1889-91. His ot mechanical engineering at Hoboken, New United States Senator f r o m t h a t State since 1903. investigations have related chiefly t o the ethnology of Jersey, founded by the will of Edwin A. Stesouthern Mexico. l i e is the a u t h o r o f " American Indians " v e n s i n 1870. I t has ail e n d o w m e n t of $850,000, an an- Stone*, William Leete. Died at Mount VerY., June 11, 1908. (1899), -'Strange Peoples"(1900), " T h e T r u t h About t h e nual income of about $119,000, and a s t u d e n t body of about non, Congo" (1907),.etc. 400. I t confers t h e degree of mechanical engineer (M. E. ). Storrs*, Richard Salter. Died at Brooklyn, Staten Island*. It forms the borough of An academic d e p a r t m e n t is associated with the institute. N. Y., June 5, li>00. Richmond in the enlarged city of New York. Stevenson", Adlai Ewing. He was vice- Story*, William Wetmore. Died at VallomStedman*, Edmund Clarence, Died at New president of the United States 1893-97. brosa, Italy, Oct, 7,1895. Y o r k , J a n . 18, 1908. His later works include " T h e Stevenson*, Robert Louis Balfour. His later N a t u r e and. Elements of Poetry " (1892), collected poems works include " V a i l i m a L e t t e r s " (If.95), " F a b l e s " (1890), stosch*, Albrecht von. Died Feb. 29,1896. (l!»9i), " Mater Coronata " (1900), and " The Inland City " " I n t h e South S e a s " (1896), " A Mountain Town in Stdssel (stes'el), Anatoli Mikhailovitch. (1900). H e edited also " A Victorian A n t h o l o g y " (1895), France " (1897), and "St. Ives " (unfinished : completed by Born at St. Petersburg, July 10 (N. S.), 1848. of St. Paul's, London, 1872-88, and was professor of music a t Oxford University 1889-99.

" A n American Anthology" (1900), " H i s t o r y of the Hew York Stock Exchange " (1905), " Poems " (1908), etc.

Stedman (sted' man), Thomas Lathrop. Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 11, 1853. An American physician, editor, and author, l i e has written " A Chinese and English Phrase Book in t h e Canton Dialect" (1888 : w i t h K. P". Lee), and " M o d e m Greek Mastery " (1S9C), and has edited " The Twentieth Century Practice of Medicine " (1895-1903) and "Dunglison's " Medical Dictionary " (1903). Since 1904 he has been editor of t h e New York Medical Record."

Steel (stel), Mrs. (Flora Annie Webster). Born at Harrow, April 2, 1847. An English n o v e l i s t . I n 1867 she w e n t to India, where she was connected with t h e government schools of t h e Pan jab for a number of years. Many of h e r stories deal with AngloIndian life. Among h e r publications are " Tales of the P u n j a b " (1894), " T h e Potter's T h u m b " (1895), " R e d Rowans " (1895), " O n the Face of t h e W a t e r s " (189C), " In t h e T i d e w a y " (1897), " V o i c e s in t h e N i g h t " (1900), " I n d i a " (1906: with Mortimer Menpes), "Sovereign Remedy " (1906), " India T h r o u g h t h e Ages " (1908), etc.

Elements of Electrical E n g i n e e r i n g " (1900-02), " G e n e r a l Lectures on Electrical E n g i n e e r i n g " (1908), " T h e o r y and Calculations of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscillations " (1909), and numerous technical papers.

A. T. Quiller-Couch, 1S97).

Stevenson (stë'ven-son), Thomas. Born at Edinburgh, July 22, Ï818: died there, May 8, 1887, A noted Scotch engineer and meteorologist, son of Robert Stevenson and father of Robert Louis Stevenson. n e was engineer, with

A Russian general.

He was educated at the Pavlov

Military School at St. Petersburg anil entered the army in •1SG4; served w i t h distinction in t h e Russo-Turkish war 1S77-78; and, a f t e r holding various positions in t h e army, became commander of t h e n i n t h brigade of t h e East Siberian Sharpshooters. H e was made a lieutenant-general for his services during t h e Boxer campaign in 1900, his brother David, to the board of northern lighthouses and at t h e outbreak of t h e Russo-Japanese war in 1904 was 1853-85 ; was one of t h e originators of the Scottish Meteoro- appointed commander of P o r t Arthur, and later of t h e logical Society in 1805 ; and m a d e improvements in light- entire force sent to t h e defense of t h a t fortress. After a house illumination. H e was t h e author of " Lighthouse long siege he surrendered Port Arthur to t h e Japanese I l l u m i n a t i o n " (1859: expanded into " L i g h t h o u s e Con- J a n . 1, 1905. For this h e was condemned by court martial struction and Illumination " in ISSI), " Design and Con- and imprisoned, but was released in May, 1909. struction of Harbours " (1864), " Proposal for t h e Illu- Stout (stout), George Frederick. Born at mination of Beacons and Buoys " (1870), etc. South Shields, England, Jan. 6, 1859. A Brit-

Stewart*, Alexander Peter. Died at Biloxi, ish philosophical writer and psychologist, professor of logic and metaphysics at St. Andrews Aliss., Aug. 30, 1908. Steyn ( s t ï n ) , Martinus Theunis. Born a t f r o m 1 9 0 3 . H e has written " A n a l y t i c a l Psychology" Wiriburg, Orange River Colony, Oct, 2, 1857. (189«), " M a n u a l of Psychology" (1899), " G r o u n d w o r k of A South African statesman, the last president Psychology" (1903), etc. of the Orange Free State. He was called to the Stowe*, Mrs. (Harriet Elizabeth Beecher). bar of t h e I n n e r Temple in 1882 ; practised as an advo- Died at Hartford, Conn., July 1, 1896. Steffens (stef'enz), Joseph Lincoln. Born at cate in Bloemfontein 1883-89 ; was appointed state attor- Strait See Tanon, Strait of. San Francisco, April 6, 1866. An American ney for the Orange Free State in 1889 ; was second puisne StraitsofTanon. Settlements*. The colony includes also t h e j o u r n a l i s t . H e has been city editor of t h e New York j u d g e 1889-93 and first puisne j u d g e 1893-96; and was " Commercial A d v e r t i s e r " ; waB managing editor of "McOlnre's M a g a z i n e " 1901-06; and is associate editor of t h e " American Magazine." He is t h e a u t h o r of " T h e Shame of t h e Cities," " T h e Struggle for Self-government," etc.

State president 1S9C>-1900. U n d e r his leadership t h e Orange Free State joined t h e Transvaal in t h e war against Great Britain. H e took p a r t in t h e peace conference in 1902.

Cocos Islands (annexed, 1903), Christmas Island (1900), and t h e colony of Labuan (1907). Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan. and Pahang have been amalgamated as t h e Federated Malay States. Strang ( s t r a n g ) , William. Born at Dumbar-

Stiles (stïlz), Charles Wardell. Born at Steinitz*, "William. Died at New York, Aug. Spring Valley, N. Y., May 15,1867. An Ameri- ton, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1859. A noted Scotch 12, 1900. can medical zoologist, zoologist of the United e n g r a v e r , e t c h e r , a n d p a i n t e r . H e has practised many forms of graphic reproduction, especially etching, Steinmetz (stm' metz), Charles Proteus. States Public Health and Marine Hospital and has produced a large n u m b e r of illustrations and inBorn at Breslau, Germany, April 9, 1865. A S e r v i c e f r o m 1 9 0 2 . H e has been special lecturer on d e p e n d e n t pieces, among which are illustrations to Bunzoology in J o h n s Hopkins University from 1897 yan's " P i l g r i m ' s Progress," Milton's " Paradise Lost," and German-American electrician, professor of medical in t h e United States Navy Medical School f r o m 1902. Coleridge's " R h y m e of the Ancient M a r i n e r " (his masterelectrical engineering in Union College and Since 1896 h e has been secretary of t h e international com- piece), and portraits of Robert Louis Stevenson, Thomas (Schenectady, New York) from 1903, and mission on zoölogical nomenclature. His works include Rudyard Kipling, Cosmo Monkhouse, and others. electrician of the General Electric Company " S h e e p Scab" (1898), "Trichinosis in G e r m a n y " (1901), Hardy, H e has p a i n t e d easel pictures, and for a private library a (Schenectady) from 1893. He has published " H o o k w o r m Disease " (1902), etc. decoration of fifty pictures f r o m t h e " L i f e of Adam and " A l t e r n a t i n g Current P h e n o m e n a " (1897), "Theoretical Stillé*, Alfred. Died Sept. 24, 1900. Eve."

Straus Straus (strous),Oscar Solomon.

Suttner

80

Born at Otterb e r g , G e r m a n y , D e e . 23, 18»0. A n Americ a n d i p l o m a t i s t . H e was b r o u g h t t o Georgia b y h i s p a r e n t s in 1854, r e m a i n i n g t h e r e u n t i l 18U5, a n d was g r a d u a t e d a t C o l u m b i a College in 1871 a n d a t C o l u m b i a L a w School in 1H78. l i e was United States m i n i s t e r t o T u r k e y 1887-89, 1898-1900, a n d 1909I n 1902 h e w a s a p p o i n t e d b y P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e l t t o All t h e v a c a n c y in t h e p e r m a n e n t c o u r t of a r b i t r a t i o n a t T h e H a g u e c a u s e d by t h e d e a t h of B e n j a m i n H a r r i s o n . H e was s e c r e t a r y of comm e r c e find labor 1906-09. H e h a s w r i t t e n " T h e Origin of t h e R e p u b l i c a n F o r m of G o v e r n m e n t in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s " (1885), " R o g e r Williams, t h e P i o n e e r of Religious L i b e r t y " (1894), " T h e D e v e l o p m e n t of R e l i g i o u s L i b e r t y in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s " (189G), " R e f o r m in t h e Consular Service " (1897), " T h e U n i t e d State3 D o c t r i n e of Citiz e n s h i p a n d E x p a t r i a t i o n "(1901), " O u r D i p l o m a c y ; A S u r v e y " (1902), " I n d u s t r i a l P e a c e " (1903), " T h e H a g u e T r i b u n a l , its Scope a n d M e a n i n g " (1904), a n d " T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d Russia, t h e i r H i s t o r i c a l R e l a t i o n s " (1905).

Suez Canal*.

Land a n d t h e L a b o u r e r s " (1884-85), " C h r i s t u s I m p e r a t o r " I t is 99 miles long (66 a c t u a l canal a n d 21 (1894), " H i s t o r i c a l M e m o r i a l s of E l y C a t h e d r a l " (18y7), miles lakes), ]21 feet, 5 i n c h e s wide, a n d 28 f e e t d e e p . " H a n d b o o k of E l y C a t h e d r a l " (lb98), " In a M i n s t e r Gar- . T h e cost of c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i t h e n l a r g e m e n t s , was ¿£24,d e n " (1901), " C a m b r i d g e a n d its Story " (1D03), " C a s t l e s in 000,000. T h e c a n a l was e x e m p t e d f r o m b l o c k a d e b y a t h e Air. a n d O t h e r P o e m s " (1904), " T h e Christ of E n g l i s h c o n v e n t i o n s i g n e d in 1888, a n d vessels of all nations, P u e t r y ( H u l s e a n l e c t u r e s : 1905), etc. a r m e d or u n a r m e d , a r e t o be a l l o w e d t o p a s s t h r o u g h it D i e d a t C u d d e s d o n , O x - a t all t i m e s . I n 1907 t h e n u m b e r of vessels p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e canal w a s 4,273, gross t o n n a g e 20,553,241, f o r d s h i r e , A p r i l 22, 1901. r e c e i p t s ¿¿4,640,000. (stök), Born at Tettenweis, B a v a r i a , F e b . 2 3 , 18G3. A B a v a r i a n p a i n t e r . Suffren de Saint-Tropez (su-fran' dé san-troHe made his first success as a draftsman for t h e comic pa'), Pierre André de. Born at Saint-Cannat, paper " F l i e g e n d e Blatter," and as a painter made his F r a n c e , J u l y 1 3 , 1 7 2 6 : d i e d a t P a r i s , D e c . 8 , 1788. A F r e n c h v i c e - a d m i r a l . He entered t h e debut at t h e Munich international exhibition of 1889, w h e r e he won a medal. H e was early appointed professor F r e n c h n a v y in 1743 ; w a s t w i c e c a p t u r e d by t h e E n g l i s h ; in t h e Royal Academy of Art. Ilia pictur e of the " Cruci- a n d was m a d e c a p t a i n in 1772. F o r t e n y e a r s h e was in fixion" ia in t h e Museum of Stuttgart ; t h e " Allegory of t h e service of M a l t a . I n 1781 h e was s e u t t o p r o t e c t F r e n c h i n t e r e s t s in t h e E a s t Indies. A f t e r an action a t W a r " in t h e Munich Pinakothek; t h e " S p h i n x " in t h e National Museum at B u d a p e s t ; and a bronze statue of an t h e Cape V e r d e I s l a n d s ( A p r i l 16,1781), h e outsailed Comathlete in the National Gallery in Berlin. H e is one of m o d o r e J o h n s t o n e t o t h e Cape of Good n o p e , a n d so p r e v e n t e d a n a t t a c k of t h e E n g l i s h u p o n Cape Town. H e the leaders in t h e Munich ' Secession.' f o u g h t five h a r d b u t i n d e c i s i v e b a t t l e s a g a i n s t t h e E n g l i s h (stön'dists). [< G . stunde, hour, u n d e r A d m i r a l H u g h e s : off Sadras (Feb. 17, 1782), off lesson; from their meetings for Bible-reading.] Trinconialee (April 12 a n d Sept. 3, 1782), off N e g a p a t a m A R u s s i a n s e c t w h i c h o r i g i n a t e d a b o u t 1860. ( J u l y 6, 1782), off C u d d a l o r e ( J u n e 20, 1783). He" w a s r e Its tenets and practices are in the main evangelical and called to F r a n c e b y t h e t r e a t y of Versailles, a n d w a s reP r o t e s t a n t in character. Since 1870 the S t u n d i s t s have ceived w i t h t h e h i g h e s t h o n o r s a n d c r e a t e d a vice-admiral. been obj acts of persecution by t h e government. The sect The highest point is has rapidly increased in numbers. 11,300 f e e t high. (ster'jis), Born in Baltimore C o u n t y , M d . , O c t . 16, 1 8 3 6 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , F e b . 11, 1908. A n A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t a n d L o n d o n , N o v . 22, 1 9 0 0 . writer. H e was g r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e College of t h e City (sul'i-van), B o r n at of N e w Y o r k in 185Ö; s t u d i e d a r c h i t e c t u r e in E u r o p e ; B o s t o n , M a s s . , ¡ é e p t . 3 , 1 8 5 6 . An American a n d p r a c t i s e d i t in N e w Y o r k u n t i l 1880. A m o n g t h e a r c h i t e c t . His most interesting designs have been b u i l d i n g s w h i c h h e d e s i g n e d a r e B a t t e l l Chapel, F a n i a m t h o s e f o r h i g h office b u i l d i n g s in w h i c h he h a s allowed Hall, D u r f e e Hall, a n d L a w r a n c e Hall, in Yale Univer- t h e e x t r e m e h e i g h t a n d v e r t i c a l l y t o d o m i n a t e tlie scheme. sity, a n d t h e H o m e o p a t h i c M e d i c a l College a n d F l o w e r T h e b e s t k n o w n of t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s is t h e B a y a r d H o s p i t a l in N e w Y o r k . Since 1890 h e h a s d e v o t e d h i m - B u i l d i n g in B l e e c k e r Street, N e w Y o r k . H e also b u i l t self t o critical a n d o t h e r w r i t i n g on art. H e h a s e d i t e d t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n B u i l d i n g a t t h e W o r l d ' s l ' a i r a t Chi" A Dictionary of A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d B u i l d i n g : B i o g r a p h i - c a g o in 1893. cal, Historical, a n d D e s c r i p t i v e " (3 vols., 1901-1902), a n d S e e Prudhomme, Sully-. has written " European Architecture : a Historical Study " (1890), " A n n o t a t e d B i b l i o g r a p h y of F i n e A r t " (1897), Sulu Islands*. They were acquired by the " H o w t o J u d g e A r c h i t e c t u r e " (190.3), " T h e A p p r e c i a t i o n U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1 8 9 8 . of S c u l p t u r e " (1904), " T h e I n t e r d e p e n d e n c e of t h e A r t s S a m e a s Jolo Sea. of D e s i g n " (1905), " T h e A p p r e c i a t i o n of P i c t u r e s " (1905), A popular name for " A S t u d y of t h e A r t i s t ' s W a y of W o r k i n g " (1905), " A H i s t o r y of A r c h i t e c t u r e " (Vol. 1, 1906; Vol. 2, 1909; Vol. K a n s a s . 3 t o b e c o m p l e t e d b y A. 1 . F r o t h i n g h a m ) , " A S h o r t HisI n 1895 i t w a s a m a l g a m a t e d , w i t h t o r y of A r c h i t e c t u r e " C1908). Sri M e n a n t i , Johol, J e l e b u , R e m b a u , and T a m p i n , to f o r m t h e c o n f e d e r a t i o n of N e g r i Sembilan, n o w a p a r t of L e i p s i c , M a y 2 , 1 8 9 6 . H i s later works include " Zwei t h e F e d e r a t e d M a l a y States. 1 . A p r o v i n c e of t h e R o s e n " (1854), " N e u e Gedichte" (1850), " N e u e fromme S u r i g a o ( s o - r c - g à ' o ) . Lieder und Gedichte" (1858), ''Für das H a u s " (1862), P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f M i n d a n a o a n d n u m e r o u s adja"Israelitische Lieder" (1881), " V o n der Pilgerfahrt" (1868), "Lieder und Bilder" (1870), "1870. K a m p f - u n d c e n t i s l a n d s o f w h i c h D i n a g a t , S i a r g a o , a n d B u c a s a r e t h e m o s t i m p o rtant. I t is b o u n d e d by Siegesgedichte" (1S70), "Spiegel der Zeit in F a b e l n " (1872), " G o t t grüsse d i c h " (1876), " D a s .Buch für m e i n e t h e Pacific Ocean on t h e n o r t h a n d e a s t ; Davao on t h e s o u t h ; a n d M i s a m i s ( s e p a r a t e d b y m o u n t a i n s ) , t h e SuriK i n d e r " (1877), " I m m e r g r ü n " (1879), " M ä r c h e n " (1881), " A u f w ä r t s ! " (1881), " D e m Herrn mein Lied" (1884), gao Sea, a n d t h e S t r a i t of Surigao ( s e p a r a t i n g i t f r o m P a n a o n a n d L e y t e ) o n t h e west. Capital, Surigao. Butuan "Natur, Liebe, Vaterland " (1884), " B u n t e B l ä t t e r " (1885), " P a l m e und K r o n e " (1887), " N e u e lyrische Gedichte" Bay i n d e n t s t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n coast. I t s s o u t h e a s t e r n angle, P o r t Nasi pit, is a n e x c e l l e n t h a r b o r , safe f o r l a r g e (1894), and " I n Freud und Leid" (1896> vessels in all w e a t h e r . P o r t Surigao, o n t h e n o r t h e r n Styria\ It h a s 30 m e m b e r s i n the Reichsrat, coast of M i n d a n a o , P o r t Gabo, on t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n a n d a L a n d t a g of 71 m e m b e r s . coast of Dinagat, a n d P o r t Sibonga, on t h e e a s t e r n coast It n o w t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e R e d of Bucas Grande, a r e also good h a r b o r s . T h e m o u n t a i n S e a p r o v i n c e of t h e A n g l o - E g v p t i a n S u d a n . r a n g e of t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y is p a r a l l e l e d b y a r a n g e Subic Bay. S a m e a s Port Subic. n e a r t h e Pacific coast e x t e n d i n g t o t h e n o r t h e r n e x t r e m i t y (sö'bek), A b a y o n t h e s o u t h - of t h e m a i n island. T h e l o f t i e s t p e a k s a r e Legaepi, T e n w e s t e r n coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, dido, a n d U r d a n e t a , all in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e r a n g e s . p a r t l y s e p a r a t i n g B a t a a n a n d Z a m b a l e s p r o v - Coal is f o u n d in t h e eastern, s o u t h e a s t e r n , a n d s o u t h e r n i n c e s : a s a f e h a r b o r f o r l a r g e v e s s e l s i n a l l p a r t s of t h e p r o v i n c e , a n d gold in m a n y places in t h e weather. A l s o c a l l e d Subic May. n o r t h , a m o n g t h e e a s t e r n m o u n t a i n s , a n d in D i n a g a t One of the p r i n c i p a l A m e r i c a n horse- I s l a n d . A m o n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n s a r e cacao, h e m p , copra, races. I t is for horses three years old and upward. T h e corn, sugar-cane, s w e e t potatoes, a n d mangos. T h e indistance is 1J miles. T h e winners from 1895 have been : h a b i t a n t s a r e chiefly Visayana. A r e a of proviuce, fl,988 1895, l a z z a r o n e ; 1896, Henry of N a v a r r e ; 1897, Ben s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1903), 115,112. B r u s h ; 1898, Tillo ; 1899, I m p ; 1900, K i n l e y Mack ; 1901, 2 . A t o w n , t h e c a p i t a l o f S u r i g a o p r o v i n c e , A l c e d o ; 1902, Gold H e e l s ; 1903, A f r i c a n d e r ; 1904, H e r m i s ; s i t u a t e d i n l a t . 9 ° 4 8 ' N . , l o n g . 1 2 5 ° 3 0 ' E . 1905, B e l d a m e ; 1900, G o - B e t w e e n ; 1907, N e a l o n ; 1908, C i v i l i z e d p o p u l a t i o n o f m u n i c i p a l i t y ( 1 9 0 3 ) , 7,749. B a l l o t ; 1909, F i t z H e r b e r t . Sucker state, The. A nickname of the State S u r i g a o ( s o - r e - g a ' o ) S e a . A b r a n c h o f t h e Mindanao Sea, in the Philippine Islands, lying of Illinois. e a s t of t h a t s e a a n d w e s t of t h e e a s t e r n p e n i n The Eastern or Egyptian Sudan extends s u l a o f M i n d a n a o I s l a n d . I t is c o n n e c t e d on t h o s o u t h w a r d f r o m t h e f r o n t i e r of E g y p t t o L a k e A l b e i t N y a n z a , e a s t w a r d t o t h e R e d Sea a n d Abyssinia, a n d west- e a s t b y Surigao S t r a i t w i t h t h e Pacific Ocean. A strait in the w a r d t o W a d a i . I t is d i v i d e d i n t o 13 p r o v i n c e s (mudi- Surigao (so-re-ga'o) Strait. r i a s ) : Bahr-el-Gliazal, Berber, Blue Nile, Dongola, Haifa, P h i l i p p i n e s s e p a r a t i n g M i n d a n a o f r o m P a n a o n , Kassala, K h a r t u m , K o r d o f a n , Mongalla, R e d Sea, Sennar, D i n a g a t , B u c a s , a n d o t h e r i s l a n d s , a n d f o r m i n g U p p e r Nile, a n d W h i t e Nile. I t s a r e a is a b o u t 950,000 the northeastern passage between the Surigao s q u a r e miles, a n d i t s i>opulation a b o u t 10,000,000. Of t h e central Sudan states Wadai, Baghirmi, and K a n e m are S e a a n d t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n . I t i s n o w a p a r t of N i a g w i t h i n t h e F r e n c h s p h e r e of influence, a n d a p a r t of B o r a u , w i t h Sokoto a n d Gando, w i t h i n t h e British. Ada- a r a F a l l s . m a w a falls w i t h i n t h e G e r m a n K a m e r u n H i n t e r l a n d . T h e b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n t h e E n g l i s h a n d t h e F r e n c h possessions a n d s p h e r e s of influence b o t h w e s t a n d e a s t of t h e 8 , 1 ^ 9 8 . H e w a s e l e c t e d m a y o r of S a n F r a n N i g e r w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by a c o n v e n t i o n b e t w e e n t h e c i s c o i n 1 8 9 4 . U n i t e d K i n g d o m a n d F r a n c e ratified J u n e 13,1899. (sud'bu-ri). A t o w n i n N i p i s s i n g d i s - Suttner (sot'ner), Baroness von (Bertha von B o r n a t P r a g u e , A u s t r i a , J u n e 9, t r i c t , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a . I n t h e v i c i n i t y arc d e p o s i t s A n A u s t r i a n n o v e l i s t , w i f e of B a r o n of n i u k e l i f e r o n s ore w h i c h yield a l a r g e p a r t of t h e world's 1 8 4 3 . Arthur v o n Suttner (1850-1902). i n m i she s u p p l y of nickcl. P o p u l a t i o n (1901), 2,027. H i s l a t e r w o r k s i n c l u d e t h e f o u n d e d t h e A u s t r i a n Society of Peace-lovers and, as its p r e s i d e n t , took p a r t in t h e p e a c e congresses a t R o m e d r a m a s " D i e S c h m e t t e r l i n g s s c h l a c h t " (1894), " Das Glück (1891), Berne (1892), A n t w e r p (1894), mid H a m b u r g (1897). i m W i n k e l " (1895), t h r e e one-act p l a y s — " T e j a , " " F r i t z - I l e r w o r k s i n c l u d e " I n v e n t a r i u m e i n e r S e e l e " (1883), " Die c h e n , " a n d " Das ewig M ä n n l i c h e " — p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e W a f f e n X i e d e r " (1889: t r a n s l a t e d as " L a y down y o u r t i t l e of " M o r i t u r i " (1896), " J o h a n n e s " (1898), " D i e d r e i A r m s " ) , f o r w h i c h s h e w a s a w a r d e d t h e iSobel p e a c e R e i h e r f e d e r n " (1899), " J o h a n n i s f e u e r " (1900), " E s lebe p r i z e in 1905, " D a s l l a c h i n e n z e i t a l t e r " (1S91), " D i e d a s L e b e n " (1902), " S t u r m g e s e l l e S o k r a t e s " (1903), I l a a p e r F r i e d e n s k o n f e r e n z . " a j o u r n a l (1900), " M a r t h a s " S t e i n u n t e r S t e i n e n " (1905), ^ Das B l u m e n b o o t " (1905), f o u r one-act p l a v s — " Rosen " (1907). H i s p r o s e i n c l u d e s K i n d e r " (1992: a s e q u e l to " D i e W a i f e n N i e d e r " ) , a n d " Kriefe an einen T o t e u " (19M). She is t h e e d i t o r of t h e " F r a u S o r g e " (1888), " D e r K a t z e n s t e g " (1889), " I m Z w i e l i c h t " (1890), " I o l a n t h e s H o c h z e i t " (1893), a n d " E s m o n t h l y organ of t h e p e a c e m o v e m e n t , " D i e Waffen N i e d e r , " e s t a b l i s h e d in D r e s d e n in 1892. w a r " (1894).

Stubbs*» William. Stuck Franz.

Strauss*, Johann ( s o n o f J o h a i m S t r a u s s , Stundists 1804-49). D i e d a t V i e n n a , J u n e 3, 1899, Strauss ( s t r o u s ) , . Richard. B o r n a t M u n i c h , J u n e 11, 1864. A noted German composer, c o n d u c t o r of t h e R o y a l O p e r a i n B e r l i n f r o m 1 8 9 8 . I n 1885 h e b e c a m e c o u r t m u s i c d i r e c t o r a t Meiningun, a n d in ISStf was a p p o i n t e d t h i r d c o n d u c t o r of t h e Royal Opera a t Munich. H e has developed t h e d e m a n d s m a d e u p o n t h e n u m b e r s a n d sonority of t h e o r c h e s t r a ; h a s w r o u g h t o u t a style of g r e a t c o m p l e x i t y in o r c h e s t r a l w r i t i n g , a s well as a bold a n d r a d i c a l use of h a r m o n i c discords ; a n d h a s c a r r i e d t h e d e l i n e a t i v e a n d p i c t o r i a l p u r pose in m u s i c t o i t s e x t r e m e . H i s s y m p h o n i c p o e m s are " Aus I t a l i e n " (1889), " Don J u a n " (1888), " Tod u n d Verk l ä r u n g " (1890), " M a c b e t h " (1801), " T i l l E u l e n s p i e g e l " ns95), " Also Sprach Z a r a t h u s t r a " (139(5), " Don Q u i x o t e "

(1897), " E i n I l e l d e n l e b e n " (1898), a n d " S i n f o n í a dom e s t i c a " (1904). H e h a s c o m p o s e d t h r e e operas, " G u n t r a m " (1894), " F e u e r s n o t " (1901), a n d " S a l o m ó " (1905), a n d m a n y songs. (strö'tor). A city in Lasalle County, I l l i n o i s . I t is s i t u a t e d in a f a n n i n g d i s t r i c t on t h e e a s t b a n k of t h e V e r m i l i o n river, w h e r e t h e r e a r e coal- a n d clay-beds, a n d h a s r a i l r o a d a n d coal i n t e r e s t s , brick- a n d tile-yards, a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s of glass, h a r d w a r e , vehicles, etc. P o p u l a t i o n (1900), 14,070.

Streator

Stretfcon*, Hesba. Died Jan. 21, 1909. Strindberg (striñd'berg), August. Born at

S t o c k h o l m , J a n . 22, 1849. A Swedish dramatist a n d novelist, a leader of m o d e r n S w e d i s h literature. A m o n g his p l a y s a r e " MästerOIof " (1872), " G i l l e t s h e m l i g h e t " (1880), « F a d r e n " (1887), " F r ö k e n .Tulie" (1888), " G l ä u b i g e r " (1889), " T i l l D a m a s k u s " (1898), a n d a series of historical d r a m a s , i n c l u d i n g " G u s t-avus Wasa," " E r i k X I V . , " " G u s t a v u s A d o l p h u s , " a n d "Carol X I I . " H e h a s w r i t t e n also " R o d a r u m m e t " (1879); " D e t n y a r i k e t " (1882), w h i c h p r o v o k e d so m u c h criticism t h a t t h e a u t h o r l e f t Sweden f o r a n u m b e r of y e a r s ; " Svenska f o l k e t i h e l g och soken " (1882); " G i f t a s " (1884); " D i e B e i c h t e e i n e s T h o r e n " (1893); " I n f e r n o ' (1897), w r i t t e n a f t e r o n e of h i s p e r i o d i c a l a t t a c k s of ins a n i t y ; " E i n s a m " (19 )3), an a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l n o v e l ; " Die G o t i s c h e n Z i m m e r " (1904); a n d m a n y o t h e r volumes. H e h a s b e e n called " t h e S h a k s p e r e of S w e d e n . '

Strong (strong), Josiah.

Sturgis

Strutt*, John William,

Sfcruve*, Otto Wilhelm von.

Stuart*, John Patrick Orichton-,

Stuart (stu' art), Mrs. (Ruth McEnery).

Born at Marksville, Avoyelles Parish, La., 1856. A n A m e r i c a n a u t h o r , c h i e ñ y of s t o r i e s o f S o u t h e r n l i f e . She h a s w r i t t e n " A Golden W e d . d i n g , a n d O t h e r T a l e s " (1893), " Carlotta's I n t e n d e d , a n d O t h e r T a l e s " (1894), " T h e S t o r y of B a b e t t e " (1894), " S o n n y " (1894), " S o l o m o n Crow's C h r i s t m a s P o c k e t s " (1896), " G o b o l i n k s " (189(5: w i t h A l b e r t Bigelow Paine), " I n S i m p k i n s v i l l e " (1897), " M o r i a h ' s M o u r n i n g " (1898), " H o l l y a n d P i z e n " (1898), " T h e S n o w c a p S i s t e r s " (1901), " N a p o l e o n J a c k s o n , t h e G e n t l e m a n of t h e P l u s h R o c k e r " (1902), " G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n J o n e s " (1903), " T h e R i v e r ' s C h i l d r e n " (19Ö4), a n d " T h e Second Wooing of Salina Sue, a n d O t h e r Stories " (1905).

Stubbs (stubz), Charles William.

Born at

L i v e r p o o l , S e p t . 3? 1 8 4 5 . A n English clergym a n and a u t h o r , d e a n of E l y f r o m 1894 t o 1 9 0 6 a n d b i s h o p o f T r u r o f r o m 1 9 0 6 . H e was e d u c a t e d a t C a m b r i d g e ; was vicar of Granboro, Bucki n g h a m s h i r e , 1871-74, a n d of S t o k e n h a m , s o u t h Devon, 1884-88; a n d w a s r e c t o r of W a v e r t r e e , Liverpool, 1888-94. H e is t h e a u t h o r of " Christ a n d Democracy"(1884), " T h e

Sullivan*, Sir Arthur Seymour. Sullivan

Died at

Louis Henry.

Sully-Prudhomme.

Sulu Sea. Sunflower State, The. Sungei TJjong*.

Sturm*, Julius Karl Reinhold.

Born at Naperville, Suakim*".

111., J a n . 19, 1 8 4 7 . A n American clergyman, s o c i a l e c o n o m i s t , a n d a u t h o r . H e was graduated a t W e s t e r n R e s e r v e College in 1809; in 1871 w a s o r d a i n e d t o t h e Congregational m i n i s t r y ; a n d w a s c h a p l a i n t o W e s t e r n R e s e r v e College 187.H-7Ö a n d i n s t r u c t o r in n a t u r a l theology a n d r h e t o r i c . F r o m 1886 t o 1898 h e wa3 g e n e r a l s e c r e t a r y of t h e E v a n g e l i c a l Alliance f o r t h e U n i t e d States, a n d h a s b e e n p r e s i d e n t of t h e A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e of Social Service since its o r g a n i z a t i o n in 1898. A m o n g his works a r o " O u r C o u n t r y " (1886), " T h e N e w E r a " (189.5), " T h e T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y C i t y ( 1 8 9 8 ) , " R e ligious M o v e m e n t s for Social B e t t e r m e n t "(1900), " E x p a n sion " (1900), " T h e T i m e s a n d Y o u n g M e n " (1901), " T h e N e x t G r e a t A w a k e n i n g " (1902), " T h e C h a l l e n g e of t h e C i t y " (1908), etc. Strong-Bows (stróng'boz). An Athapascan tribe located near the Liard river. third Baron Rayleigh. He was lord l i e u t e n a n t of E s s e x 1892-1901; w a s professor of n a t u r a l p h i l o s o p h y a t t h e Royal I n s t i t u t i o n 1887-96; a n d in 190S was a p p o i n t e d lord c h a n c e l l o r of C a m b r i d g e University. I n 1895 he, w i t h Professor W i l l i a m R a m s a y , discovered a r g o n in t h e a t m o s p h e r e . Died at Karlsr u h e , A p r i l 14, 1905. third Marquis of Bute. D i e d O c t . 9, 1900.

Suliman Mountains*.

Russell.

Subic

Died at

is

Port.

Suburban*.

Sudan*.

Suspension Bridge*.

Sutro*, Adolph Heinrich Joseph. Died Aug.

Sudbury

Sudermann*,Hermann.

Kinsky).

81 Svendson Svendson (sv end'sön), Johann Severin. Born wife of Hermanric, famous for her beauty, she at Cbristiania, Sept. 30, 1840. A Norwegian composer, conductor at Copenhagen from 1883.

He has composed t w o symphonies and other orchestral w o r k s ; but t h e music by w h i c h h e is best known is his octet for strings and his romance for violin.

was guilty of adultery and was torn in pieecs 'by four horses. In t h e northern l e g e n d she is the daughter of Sigurd and Gndrun.

Swarth (swârt), Hélène.

See Lapidotk.

Swarthmore College". It has about 36 inSverdrup (svar'dröp), Otto. Born in the dis- structors and over 300 students. trict of Helgeland, Korwav, Oct. 31, 1854. A Swaziland*. I t became s u b j e c t to Great Britain in Norwegian arctic explorer.

He was a member of

Natisen's expedition to Greenland in 1888 and of his polar expedition 189-3-90, bringing t h e " Frani " back to Norway after Nansen started north over t h e ice. From 1898 t o 1902 he conducted an expedition t o t h e northern extremity of Baffin Bay. He is t h e author of " N y t Land " (1003).

S w a h i l i (swä-he'le). [Properly, Waswahili, coast people.] 1. An African people who inhabit the island of Zanzibar and the neighbori n g c o a s t s . They are t h e descendants of t h e original Bantu inhabitants of t h e region, mixed with Arab traders and slaves from all parts of the continent.

2. The language of the Swahilis. It is a Bantu tongue with a very large admixture of foreign, mostly Arabic, words. Properly Kmvahili. Swainson*, W i l l i a m . Died in H ü t t Valley, New Zealand, Dec. 7, 1855. S w a n h i l d (svän'hild). In German legend, the

1900. The administration is under the control of t h e H i g h Commissioner for South Africa, but jurisdiction in civil matters b e t w e e n natives is allowed the native chiefs. The capital of the protectorate is Mbabane. Area, 0,536 square miles. Population, about 86,000.

Tarr Anglo -Saxon " (1897), " The Practical Study of Languages ' (1899), " A History of Language " 13,400 and an annual income of over $200,000. The special object of t h e school is t o train negroes to educate their own race. Tutuila* (to-to-e'lli). I t was annexed by the United StateB in 1900. A naval station has been established there, and t h e c o m m a n d a n t ot' the station is also governor of t h e islands.

Tubigon (to-bë'gôn). A municipality of Bohol province, in the Philippines, situated in the western part of Bohol Island near the coast. Twachtman (twocht' man), John Henry. Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1853 died Civilized population (1903), 15,168. Tübingen*. The university has over 100 in- at Gloucester, Mass., Aug. 8, 1902. AnAmeri c a n p a i n t e r . He studied a r t in t h e Academy at structors and about, 1,600 students. Munich, u n d e r Professor Lotftz, and was also a pupil of Tuburan (tö-bö'rän). A town of Cebu prov- F r a n k Duveneck. His work is based on modern impresince, situated on the western coast of Cebu, sionist principles treatod with g r e a t breadth and fine Philippine Islands. Population (1903), 6,859. feeling. Civilized population of municipality (1903), Tweedmouth, Lord. See Marjoribanks 19,158. Two Thousand Guineas. A race for threeTucker (tuk'èr), William Jewett. Born at year-old colts and fillies, established in 1809 Griswold, Conn., July 13, 1839. An American and run annually at Newmarket, England, on Wednesday during the Spring Meeting. The educator and Congregational clergyman, aname does not represent the entire value of the stakes, president of Dartmouth College 1893-09. He which is usually about five thousand pounds. I t is run was graduated at D a r t m o u t h in 1861, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1866 ; has held pastorates in Manchester, New Hampshire, and New York City (Madi-

over t h e Rowley Mile (which see).

Tyler*, Moses Ooit. Died Dec, 28, 1900.

Ubangi-Shari-Chad Colony bangi-Shari-Chad Colony.

85

union were carried by the assemblies of the colonies and confirmed by the referendum held in June, 1909. A bill A c o l o n y of t h e F r e n c h was referred to the Imperial Parliament at London for K o n g o , f o r m e d in 1906. Cap- ratification and passed Aug. 19,1909. Provision was made for the future admission of Rhodesia. ital, F o r t - d e - P o s s e l . U g a n d a * ( ö - g ä n ' d ä ) . A pro- University College'*. It is now incorporated in the t e c t o r a t e i n British E a s t . University of London. Africa, at the northwest end U n i v e r s i t y of A l a b a m a . A State institution nf T.iltfl V i c t o r i a bordering o f l e a r n i n g , s i t u a t e d n e a r T u s c a l o o s a , A l a . e n c J i n 1 S 3 1 a n d n o w c o n s i g t s of three departoOtn Liaise G e r m aVnî uEo ar isdt , ADoraermg f r i c a o n Ifc w a s :o pthe department of academic instruction ; the t h e south a n d t h e K o n g o S t a t e o n t h e w e s t . ments department of professional instruction, comprising the It was definitely placed in the British sphere of influence in departments of education, engineering, law, medicine (at 1890. In March, 1893, the British East Africa Company re- Mobile), and pharmacy (at Mobile) ; and the summer tired from Uganda. It is divided administratively into 5 school for teachers (established in 1904). I'here are about provinces : Eastern Province (Karamojo, Busoga, Bukedi, 600 Btudents in the first two departments and about 300 and Lobor), Rudolf Province (Turkwel, Da- in the summer school. __ Turkana,and ; bossa), Northern Province ( Bari, Ûnyoro, Achole', Latuka, University of Birmingham. A u n i v e r s i t y at and Lango), Western Province (Toro and Ankole)^and. the B i r m i n g h a m , E n g l a n d , i n c o r p o r a t e d b y royal kingdom of Uganda. The seat of government is Entebbe. The capital of Uganda proper is Kampala. A railway has charter March 24, 1900. it is an outgrowth of been built between Ugandaand Mombasa in the East Africa Mason University College, Birmingham (founded in 1875), Protectorate. Area, about 117,681 square miles. Popula- and has besides the endowment of that university (£200,tion, estimated, over 3,000,000. Altitude of plateau, about 000) upward of £500.000. The university includes faculties of science, arts, medicine, and commerce, and is attended 4,000 feet. See Ganda. by about 1,000 students. It grants degrees to women.

Uifalvy*, Charles Eugène. Died at Florence, University of California, A state university J a n . 31, 1904.

e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1868 as t h e o u t g r o w t h of the U k a m b a (Ô-kàm'bâ). A p r o v i n c e of t h e E a s t College of California ( e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1860). Africa Protectorate. I t c o m p r i s e s t h e dis- It comprises the following departments: at Berkeley, t r i c t s of K i t u i , K i k u y u , a n d U l u . Capital, California, philosophy, education, jurisprudence, history, political science, economics, anthropology, music, Semitic Nairobi. languages, Oriental languages, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, U n d e r c l i f f . A r e g i o n i n t h e I s l e of W i g h t , English, German, Romanic languages, Slavic languages, l y i n g a l o n g t h e E n g l i s h Channel f r o m B o n - mathematics, physics, astronomy, geography, chemistry, c h u r c h t o B l a e k g a u g Chine. It is a rocky plateau botany, zoology, physiology, hygiene, geology, mineralogy, from one quarter to one and one half miles in width and mechanical and electrical engineering, civil engineering, irrigation, mining and metallurgy, drawing, architecture, from six to seven miles in length, due to a series of land- agriculture, horticulture, entomology, military science and slides. It is remarkable for its beauty and mild climate. tacticB, and physical culture; at Mount Hamilton, the U n g a v a ( u n g - g â ' v a ) . A p r o v i n c e of Canada, Lick Observatory; at Santiago, Chile, the D. O. Mills Obc o m p r i s i n g t h e northern p a r t of t h e L a b r a d o r servatory ; at Davis, Cal., the university farm; at San P e n i n s u l a e x c e p t t h e A t l a n t i c s e a - c o a s t . A r e a , Diego and Pacific Grove, marine laboratories; and at San 349,109 square m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1901), Francisco, the San Francisco Institute of Art and the colleges of law, medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy. About 5,113. 3,600 students are in attendance. The endowment exU n i o n ( û ' n y o n ) . A t o w n i n H u d s o n County, ceeds $5,000,000 ; the annual income exceeds $1,250,000. N e w J e r s e y . It has manufactures of silk, cotton, Tfnitrpr«it.v nf flinrinnn+.i A university at cotton-seed oil, etc. The water-works and the electric- UCincinnati, J f 1 V ? r S 1 * 7 Ohio, y « l Cfionunna d Tei ld. b y t h e w i l l of light plant are owned by the town. Population (1900), Charles M c M i e k e n i n 1858 a n d o p e n e d ( w i t h 15,187. aid f r o m t h e c i t y ) i n 1873. i t comprises the college Union, La. See La Union. of liberal arts, the graduate department, the college of Union College. A c o l l e g e a t S c h e n e c t a d y , engineering, the college of medicine, the college of law, N e w York, chartered i n 1795 w i t h full uni- and the department of clinical medicine. It is attended v e r s i t y p o w e r s . In 1873 the Albany Medical College, by about 1,300 students and has an endowment of $1,600,000 the Albany Law School, and the Dudley Observatory (at and an annual income of over $250,000. Albany) were incorporated with Union College as Union U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o r g i/-ai . A S t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n r. TKa AHinrnr Pnllaira rvf Phririn n/»r tiro a inni^r. University. The Albany College of Pharmacy was incor- s i .t .u a t e. d 1a t I A.t h, ie n s , Georgia, i t consists of the porated as a department in 1881. The number of students Franklin College (the college of arts: chartered in 1785, in the university is 690, in the college over 334. The col- and established in 1801), the Georgia State College of Agrilege offers courses leading to the degrees of A.B., Ph.B., culture and the Mechanic Arts (the college of science: B.S., B.E., M.C.E., and M.E.E. established 1872), graduate schools, a law department, and a pharmacy department The enrolment of students Union University. S e e Union College. United African Company*, i t became the na- at Athens is 500. The following are branches of the unitional African Company in 1882, and the Royal Niger versity and under the general control of its trustees : the Company in 1886. In 1900 the territories under its ad- Georgia Medical College, at Augusta (established in ministration came under the protection of Great Britain. 1829); the North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlo(established in 1871); the Georgia School of TechUnited States*. There are in all 46 States and 4 Ter- nega ritories {New Mexico, Arizona, District of Alaska, and nology, at Atlanta (established in 1885); the Georgia Hawaii), besides the District of Columbia, Porto Rico, the Normal and Industrial College for Girls, at Milledgeviile in 1889); the Georgia Industrial College for Philippine Islands, Guahan, Tutuila (including the other (established Youths, near Savannah (established in 1890); and Samoan Islands east of long. 171" W.), and the Isthmian Colored State Normal School, near Athens (established in Canal Zone. Oklahoma and Indian Territory were ad- the 1895). The total enrolment of students is about 8,500. mitted to the Union as the State of Oklahoma Nov. 16, The largest cities are New York, Chicago, Phila- U n i v e r s i t y Of K a n s a s . A S t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n delphia, and St. Louis. Congress consists of a Senate, 2 of learning, at L a w r e n c e , K a n s a s , o r g a n i z e d members of which are returned by each State, and a i n 1864 a n d o p e n e d i n 1866. Besides the college House of Representatives, at present (1909) of 391 mem- of liberal arts and sciences it comprises schools of enbers, returned by the States in the proportion of one gineering, law, pharmacy, the fine arts, medicine, a for about every 194,182 inhabitants. The Spanish-Amer- graduate school, and a summer Bession. About 2,260 ican War took place in 1898, resulting in the acquisition of Porto Rico, Guahan, and the Philippine Islands. students are enrolled. Tutuila and the other Samoan Islands were assigned to U n i v e r s i t y o f N e b r a s k a . A S t a t e u n i v e r s i t y the United States in 1900. The Panama Canal Zone was s i t u a t e d a t L i n c o l n , N e b r a s k a , f o u n d e d i n 1869. ceded to the United States by the Republic of Panama in It comprises a graduate college, a teachers' college, a 1904. Population (1909), including Alaska, Philippines, college of arts and sciences, a college of agriculture, a Porto Rico, Hawaii, Guahan, and American Samoa, esti- college of engineering, a college of law, a college of medimated, 96.250.000. cine, a Bchool of fine arts, an affiliated school of music, a summer session. Under the charge of the regents United States Christian Commission. An and of the university are also the Nebraska agricultural exorganization, f o r m e d i n N o v e m b e r , 1861, b y periment stations, the State museum, the botanical and m e m b e r s of t h e Y o u n g Men's Christian Asso^ geological surveys, and the superintendency of the ciation, f o r t h e purpose of p r o m o t i n g t h e farmers'institutes. The students number over 3,400. p h y s i c a l a n d spiritual w e l f a r e of t h e F e d e r a l U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a r o l i n a . A non-sec. soldiers and sailors i n t h e A m e r i c a n Civil "War, t a r i a n i n s t i t u t i o n of l e a r n i n g s i t u a t e d a t Chnpel The public responded to the request for contributions, Hill, N o r t h Carolina, f o u n d e d i n 1789 a n d and besides money, etc., nearly $3,000,000 worth of stores o p e n e d in 1795. i t offers courses in arts, philosophy, were given. About a million and a half Bibles and Testa- science, law, medicine, and pharmacy. In 1908-09 the ments were distributed, besides much other reading teaching staff numbered 92 and the Btudentbody 794. matter, and upward of 6.000 delegates carried on the active work of the organization, It received'government University Of Sheffield. A u n i v e r s i t y s i t u a t e d at Sheffield, Yorkshire. E n g l a n d , chartered support. May 31, 1905. It is the outgrowth of University ColUnited States of South Africa. The lege, Sheffield (incorporated in 189"), which was formed f e d e r a l u n i o n of t h e British s e l f - g o v e r n i n g by the amalgamation of Firth College (founded in 1879), c o l o n i e s i n S o u t h A f r i c a , t h e T r a n s v a a l Col- the Sheffield School of Medicine (founded in 1828}, and ony, Cape Colony, Orange R i v e r Colony, and the Sheffield Technical School. The new buildings, situN a t a l . A convention, attended by delegates from the ated near Weston Park, Sheffield, were opened in 1905. different colonies, was held in 1908 for the purpose of The university, while offering courses in arts, science, drafting a constitution, etc. Resolutions in favor of the medicine, and law, specializes in applied science (metal-

S.—93

Utah lurgy and engineering). It is attended by 784 day and 1,43(5 evening students, and degreeb are granted without distinction of sex.

University of Tennessee. A State university s i t u a t e d a t K n o x v i l l e , T e n n e s s e e . Blount College (chartered in 1794) was merged with East Tennessee College (chartered in 1807), which became East Tennessee University in 1840 and the University of Tennessee in 1879. It comprises a graduate department, a college of liberal arts, a college of engineering, a college of agriculture, an industrial department for colored Btudents in Knoxville College, a law department, a medical department, a school of pharmacy, and a dental department. The departments of medicine and dentistry are situated in Nashville. It is attended by more than 700 students.

University of Texas. A State coeducational

i n s t i t u t i o n of learning, o p e n e d in 1883. It consists of the main university, situated at Austin (made up of the College of Arts and the departments of engineering, law, and education), and the department of medicine, situated at Galveston. The total attendance of students is 2,462.

University of Toronto.

An institution of

l e a r n i n g i n Toronto, Canada, e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1827 by royal c h a r t e r as King's College, t h e n a m e b e i n g c h a n g e d to t h a t of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o in 1849. It has six faculties: arts, medicine, applied science and engineering, household science, education, and forestry. The following universities and colleges are federated or affiliated with i t : (federated) the universities of Victoria and Trinity; (federated) the colleges of Knox, "VVycliffe, and St. Michael's; and (affiliated) Albert College, Ontario Agricultural College, Itoyal College of Dental Surgeons, Toronto College of Music, Ontario College of Pharmacy, Toronto Conservatory of Music, Hamilton Conservatory of Music, Western Canada College, Columbian Methodist College, Ontario Veterinary College, Ontario Ladies' College, Alma College, and St. Hilda's College. The number of students is about 3,900. Unyoro*. It is now a district of the Northern Province of the Uganda Protectorate. U p h a m ( u p ' a m ) . W a r r e n . Born a t A m h e r s t , N. H . , March 8, 1850. A n A m e r i c a n g e o l o g i s t , secretary a n d librarian of t h e M i n n e s o t a H i s torical S o c i e t y (St. P a u l ) f r o m 1895. He was assistant on the Geological Survey of Few Hampshire 1875-78; of Minnesota 1879-85, and 1893-94; and of the United States 1885-95. His investigations have been concerned chiefly with glaciology. Among his publications are "The Glacial Lake Agaseiz" (1895), " Greenland Ice-fields " (1896: with G. F. Wright), and many geological reports and papers in scientific magazines. Hehasedited the Minnesota Historical Society " Collections," vols. 8-10 (1898-1905), contributing papers on Groseilliers and Radisson, the first white men in Minnesota, and the progress of the discovery of the Mississippi river.

Upjohn (up'jon), Richard. Bom at Shaftes-

bury, E n g l a n d , J a n . 22, 1802: died at Garrison's, P u t n a m County, N . Y., A u g . 16, 1878. A n A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t . He came to America in 1829 and in 1839 came to New York to undertake alterations in the old Trinity Church building. This project was soon abandoned, however, and the construction of the present church was intrusted to him. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Architects and its first president 1857-1876.

Upjohn (up'jon), Richard Mitchell. Born

at S h a f t e s b u r y , E n g l a n d , March 7, 1828: d i e d at B r o o k l y n , N . Y . , March 4, 1903. A n A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t , s o n of R i c h a r d U p j o h n . Among the buildings which he designed are St. Paul's Church in Brooklyn, the Central Congregational Church in Boston, St. Peter's Church in Albany, the Capitol building in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Cathedral in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. UpolU*. Upolu and Savaii were awarded to Germany by the Anglo-German agreement of Nov. 14, 1899.

Upper Nile. One of the provinces of the Ang l o - E g y p t i a n Sudan. Capital, K o d o k . Upper Senegal and the Niger. S e e SenegalNiger Colony, Upper. U r d a n e t a (or-da-na'ta). A m u n i c i p a l i t y i n t h o e a s t e r n part of P a n g a s i n a n p r o v i n c e , L u z o n , Philippine Islands. Civilized population (1903), 20.544.

Uriu, or Uryu (o'ri-o), Sotokichi. Born at

K a n a z a w a , 1854. A J a p a n e s e vice-admiral. He studied at the United States Naval Academy; was promoted captain in the Japanese navy in 1891, and rearadmiral in 1900; commanded the squadron which attacked the Russian vessels, the Variag and Korietz, in the harbor of Chemulpo, Feb. 9, 1904 ; took part in the battle of the Sea of Japan May 27-28, 1905; and was promoted vice-admiral in that year.

Urso (or'so), Camilla (Mme. Frederic Luere).

B o r n at N a n t e s , F r a n c e , J u n e 13, 1842: d i e d at N e w York, J a n . 20, 1902. A n I t a l i a n violinist. She studied at the Paris Conservatoire, and was a pupil of Massart. She came to America in 1852, playing with great success in the concerts of Mines. Albani and Sontag. After her marriage 8he retired, but reappeared in 1863 and played till her later years. U t a h * . It contains 27 countieB. It has 3 electoral votes.

Vacherot

86

l i K j l V r S ï m :,^>i||aoherot*, Etienne. Died at Paiis< Jnly28'1897'^KfmiM'jtiValkyrie III. A cutter built ™ Lord Duuraven to compete for the America's Î S S n ^ B ^ T ^ » " CU P' T h e c u p w a s "J«'6"11«1! by t h e Defender. I n the first race, S e p t 7, the Defender won ; in the ' = 4 1 second, Sept. 10, the yachts fouled and therace was awarded to the Defender, which was injured, though the Valkyrie's time was 47 seconds less ; in the third race the V a l k y r i e w i t h d r e w immediately after crossing the line, while t h e Defender sailed over the course. T h e cup was awarded t o the latter.

land, Oct. 24, 1829 : died there, Sept. 3, 1894. A Scotch philosophical writer and historian, professor of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics at St. Andrews 1860-64 and of logic and rhetoric at Glasgow 1864-94. He wrote "The Tweed, and Other P o e m s " (1875), " T h e F e e l i n g f o r N a t u r e in Scottish P o e t r y " (1887), " M e r l i n , and Other P o e m s " (1889), " T h e H i s t o r y and Poetry of the Scottish B o r d e r " (1893), " D u a l ism and Monism " (1895), etc.

Vivien de Saint-Martin 1870 he went t o Taris and found e m p l o y m e n t on the illustrated papers. I n 1876 his illustrations (1,000 drawings) f o r Michelet's " History of France " were published. B y a paralytic stroke he lost the use of his r i g h t hand, substituted the left, and t h e r e a f t e r produced several of his most important works — illustrations f o r " P a b l o de Segovia." " On the Trail of Don Quixote " (published in America), " Lazarillo de Toi-mes," " B a c h e l i e r de Salamanque," and a 4-volume edition of " Don Quixote."

Vigan (vê'gân). A town, tho capital of llocos Veitch (vêch), William. Born at Spittal-on- Sur province, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on Ru.le, Roxburghshire, 1794 : died at Edinburgh, the Abra river not far from the coast, in lat. July 8, 1885. A Scotoli classical scholar. He 17° 35' N., long. 120° 25' E. Population (1903), 5,749. was educated at Edinburgh, and w o r k e d as a private tutor at the university. H e is best known f o r his work on Vilas*, William Freeman. Died at Madison, Valnay, Raoul. A pseudonym of A. M. É. " G r e e k Verbs, Irregular and D e f e c t i v e " (1848). Wis., Aug. 27, 1908. He was senator from Venables (ven'a-blz), George. Born 1821: Wisconsin 1891-97. Hervé. died Dec. 30, 1906. An English clergyman, Villari ", Pasquale. Born at Naples, Oct. 3, 1827. Valparaiso*. It was visited by a destructive canon of Norwich from 1881. H e published s numF r o m 1866-1906 he was professor at the Institute of earthquake Aug. 17, 1906. ber of works on ecclesiastical and religious themes. H i g h e r Studies at Florence. H e was elected senator in Vanderbilt University*. It has 115 instructors Venezuela*. I t is now d i v i d e d into 13 states, Aragua, 1884, was minister of public instruction 1891—92. H i s Bermudez, Bolivar, Carabobo, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, 900 students. works include " A r t e , storia, e fllosofla " (1884), Vand a n over der Poorten-Schwartz*, Joost Marins Merida, Miranda, Tachira, T r u j i l l o , Zamora, and Zulia ; later " S a g g i storici e c r i t i c i " (1890), 14 I primi due secoli della '

Willem.

Born at Amsterdam, Aug. 15, 1858.

His

later works include " M y Lady N o b o d y " (1895), " H e r M e m o r y " (1898), " Some "Women T H a v e K n o w n " (1901), " M y Poor R e l a t i o n s " (1903), " D o r o t h e a " (1904), " T h e Healers " (1906), " T h e "Woman's V i c t o r y " (l!)0(i), and " T h e N e w R e l i g i o n " (1907). H i s " T h e Jail-bird," a one-act play, was produced in 1904.

five territories, Amazonas, Colon, Cristobal Colon, Delta Amacuro, and Yuruari ; and a federal diBtrict, the city of Caracas. T h e executive is vested in a president chosen f o r 6 years and 7 responsible ministers. See Schiymlturgk line. Population, 2.644,298.

Venn*, John. Born 1834: died 1883. Van Dyck (van dik'}, Cornelius Van Alen. Verde (vâr'dâ) Island Passage. A strait in Born 1818 : died 1895. An eminent American the Philippin e Islands, separatingthe southern Orientalist and Congregational missionary. He coast of Luzon and the northern coast of was stationed at Beirut, Syria, and after the death of Eli Mindoro. Smith in 1857 undertook t h e completion of the latter's Verdi*, Giuseppe. Died at Milan, Jan. 27, translation of the Bible into Arabic. H e was manager of the 1901. Mission Press at Beirut 1857-80. He g a v e instruction in H e b r e w in Union Theological Seminary, N e w Y o r k , Vereshchagin*, Vasili. Died off Port Arthur, 1868-67. April 13, 1904. He was killed in the destrucVan Dyke (vandik'), Henry. Born atGer- tion of the Russian battle-ship Petropavlosk. mantown, Pa., Nov. 10, 1852. An American Verhaeren (vàr-hâ 'ren), Emile. Born at clergyman, educator, and author, professor of Saint-Armand, Belgium, May 21, 1855. A Englis h literature in Princ e t on l : niversity from noted Flemish poet and dramatist. His verse 1900. H e was pastor of the United Presbyterian Congregational Church, N e w p o r t , R. I., 1878-8-2 and of the Brick Presbyterian Church, N e w Y o r k , 1883-1900, and in 190-2. H e is the author of " T h e P o e t r y of T e n n y s o n " (1889), " Little Rivers " (1895), " T h e Story of the Other W i s e M a n " (1896). " T h e Gospel f o r an A g e of D o u b t " (1896), " The FirBt ChristmaB T r e e " (1897), T h e Builders, and Other P o e m s " (1897), " S h i p s and H a v e n s " (1897), " T h e Lost W o r d " (1898), " T i l e Gospel f o r a W o r l d of S i n " (1899), " F i s h e r m a n ' s L u c k " (1899), " T h e Toiling of Felix, and Other P o e m s " (1900), " T h e R u l i n g Passion'" (1901), " T h e Blue F l o w e r " (1902), " M u s i c , and Other P o e m s " (1904), " The School of L i f e " (1905), " Essays in Applicat i o n " (1905), " H o u s e of R i m m o n " (1908), " O u t oi Doors ill the H o l y Laud " (1908), etc.

includes " Les flamandes " (1880), " Les moines '" (1886) ; a trilogy of life, " L e s s o i r s " (1887), " L e s d é b â c l e s " (1888), and " Les flambeaux noirs " (1890) ; " Les apparus dans mes c h e m i n s " (1891), " L e s campagnes h a l l u c i n é e s " (1893), " Les villages illusoires " (1895), " Les villes tentaculaires " (1895), " Les heures claires " (1899), " Petites lógendes '" (1900), and " F o r c e s tumultueuses'' (1902). H e has also written lyrical dramas, " L e s a u b e s " (1898), " L e cloitre " (1900), and " P h i l i p p e I I . " (1901).

of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1894.

liament b y 6 senators and 22 representatives.

stona " Area, » — about -I • 170,000 " » " » square miles. Population, about 2,000,000.

half a mile in length by a few hundred yards in width, W a l f o r d (wäl'förd), Mrs. (Lucy Bethia Col- the home of countless sea-birds and once occupied by the quhoun). Born at Portobello, Scotland, April walrus as a breeding-ground. 17, 1845. A British novelist. Her works include Walter (wäl'ter), Thomas Ustick. Born a t l l r . Smith" (1874), " P a u l i n e " (1877), " T h e Baby's Philadelphia, Sept, 4, 1804: died there, Oct. 30, 1887. An American architect. He designed Grandmother" (1885), " A Mere Child" (1888), " O n e of Ourselves" (1900), " C h a r l o t t e " (1902), " T h e H o m e s " (1903), "Leonore Stubbs " (1908), etc.

Girard College, in Philadelphia, one of the finest monuments in America, in 1833, and, by appointment of President Fillmore, superseded Robert Mills as architect of the United States Capitol in Washington, June 10, 1851. T o the old building of Charles Bulfinch he added the two wings for the sessions of the Senate and House of Representatives. H e rebuilt the western front, added the library, and in 1855 began the new dome. Suspension of work on the Capitol was ordered in 1861, hut the contractors continued until 1865, when the building was completed and Walter retired.

Stay-at-

Walke", Henry. Died March 8, 1896. Walker*, Francis Amasa. Died at Boston, Jan. 5, 1897. Walker (wa'ker), Frederick. Born at London, May 26, 1840: died at Saint Fillans, Perthshire, Scotland, June 4, 1875. An English painter and illustrator. In 1863 he exhibited his first oil-painting at the Royal Academy, and in 18*1 was elected an associate of that institution, Two of his pictures are in tile National Gallery. W a l k e r ( w a ' k e r ) , Henry Oliver. B o r n a t

Warburton (wâr ' bér -ton), Peter Egerton. Born at Northwich, Cheshire, Aug. 15, 1813: died at Adelaide, Australia, Dec. 16, 1889. A Boston, Mass., May 14, 1843. An American British military officerand Australian explorer. artist, a pupil of Bonnat, He is best known He entered the army in 1829 ; went to Australia ill 1853 Waganda (wa-gan'da). The most important for his mural paintings. and was appointed commissioner of police for South Australia ; was colonel commandant of volunteers 1S69-72; of the native Bantu tribes of the former kingWalker (wa'ker), Horatio. Born at Lis- and in 1872-74 led an exjiedition to open up overland comdom of Uganda, now included in the Uganda towel, Canada, 1858. An American painter, munication between South and Western Australia. Protectorate. the son of an English army officer. He has found W a r d ', AdolphUS William. H e was principal of Wagner (vag'ner), Charles. Born in Alsace, his material in Caiiaifa, where he lias been attracted^by 0 l l e n s C o llege, Manchester, 188S-97, and liasbeen master Jan. 3, 1852. A Protestant pastor and author. the French inhabitants, who have retained much of the of Peterhouse, Cambridge, since 1900. In 189S be was H e was graduated at the Sorbonne in 18G9; studied theology character of the peasantry of France. The formation of in Strasburg and Gottingen ; and went to preach in Paris his style has been most influenced by Millet and Troyon, in 1882. In 1904 he made a lecture-tour of the United especially the latter. He was elected a member of the States. Translations of his works have been published as National Academy of Design in Nf'.v York in 1S91, and is " Youth," " T h e Soul of Tilings," " B y the Fireside," " T h e also a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in WaterBetter W a y , " " The Simple L i f e , " " On Life's Threshold," colour in London, and was a member of the Society of " The Gospel of Life," " Wayside Talks," etc. American Artists in N e w York, etc. Wahsatch Mountains . According to the United Wallace*, Alfred Eussel. His laterworks include States Geographic Board, the Wahsatch range includes " D a r w i n i s m " (1889), " T h e Wonderful Century" (1898), on the north the Bear River Range, extending to the bend studies, Scientific and Social" (1900), " Man's Place ill of Hear river at Soda Springs, Idaho, and on the south t h e Universe" (1903), " M y L i f e " (1905), " I s Mars Habitextends to the mouth of San Pete river near Gunnison, ^ b l e ? " (1908), etc. Utah. The highest point, Mount Nebo, is 11,680 feet high. • \ V a . l l a c e , S i r D o n a l d M a c k e n z i e . Born Nov. W a i n Wright (wan rit), Richard. Born at 1 L 1 8 4 L He was knighted in 1887. n e wrote also " Egypt W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , D e e . 17, 1849. A n A m e r i and the Egyptian Question" (1883), and " T h e W e b of c a n n a v a l o f f i c e r , p r o m o t e d r e a r - a d m i r a l i n 1908. Umpire" (1902), and edited the tenth edition of the " E n l i e was graduated at the United States Naval Academy cyclopedia lintannica. in 1808; was executive officer of the Maine when she was Wallace , LeWlS. Died at C r a w l o r d S V l l l e , blown up in the harbor of Havana; and commanded the I n d . , F e b . 15, 1905. Gloucester in the battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898, beiiii Wallace (wol'as), William Vincent. Bom engaged with the Spanish destroyers.

Ford lecturer at Oxford.

Ward*, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. Her later

works include "Jack, the Fisherman" (1887), "Austin Phelps, a m e m o i r " (1891), " A Singular L i f e " (1894), "Chapters From a L i f e " (1896), " T h e Story of Jesus Christ" (1897), " W i t h i n the Gates"(1901). "Successors to Marv the F i r s t " (1901), " A v e r y " (1902), " T r i x y " (1904), " The Man in tile Case " (l»0fl), "Walled in " (1907), " Though Life Do Us P a r t " (1908), " Jonathan and David " (1909), etc.

Ward*, Genevieve (Lncia Genoveva Teresa Ward, Countess Guerbel). „she ap-

peared with Sir Henry Irving in " B e c k e t , " " K i n g Arthur." "Richard I I I . , " etc. She appeared as the "Blind Queen " in " Tile Virgin Goddess ' at the Adeiphi in 1906, and as " V o l u m n i a " in "Coriolanus" at the Shakspere Festival at Stratford-on-Avon in 1907.

Ward*, Mrs. Humphry Arnold). Her later works

(Mary

Augusta

include " T h e Story of Bessie Costrell" (1895), " S i r George Tressady" (1896), " Helbeck of Bannisdale " (1898), " Eleanor " (1900), " Lady Rose's Daughter " (1903), " The Marriage of William Ashe " (1905), "Fenwick's Career" (1906), " W i l l i a m Thomas Arnold, journalist and historian" (1907), " T h e Testing of Diana Mallory " (1908), " Marriage á la Mode " (1909), etc.

at Waterford, Ireland, July 1, 1813: died at W a k e (wäk) Island. An island in the Pacific Chateau de Bagen, in the Pyrenees, France, Ocean, situated in lat. 19° 12' N., long. 167° Oct. 12, 1865. A violinist and composer. His 35' E. It belongs to the United States. English operas, " M a r i t a n a " (1S45) and " L u r l i n e " (I860), Walcott (wal'kot), Charles Doolittle. Born were the most successful of his works, though many- clhífi W a r d (ward), James. Born at Hull, Jan. 27, at New York Mills, N. Y., March 31, 1850. An piano pieces were popular at one time. 1843. An English philosophical writer, proAmerican geologist and paleontologist, secre- Wallace Collection, The. A collection of fessor of mental philosophy in the University tary of the Smithsonian Institution 1907-. He paintings and other works of art at Hertford of Cambridge from 1897. He has written " Nathas been connected with the Survey since 1879; was director of the United States Geological Survey 1894-1907; was secretary of the Carnegie Institution 1901-05; and has been honorary curator of the department of paleontology in the United States National Museum since 1892. His researches have related chiefly to the stratigraphy and paleontology of the Lower Paleozoic formations.

"Waldeck-Rousseau (väl-dek'rö-sö'), Pierre Marie. Born at Eennes, Dec. 2, 1846: died at Paris, Aug. 10, 1904. A French barrister

a n d s t a t e s m a n . Tie was counsel for de Lesseps in the Panama ease; was member of the Chamber of Deputies for Rennes 1879-89; and in 1891 was elected to the Senate. H e was minister of the interior under Gambetta 1881-82 and under Ferry 1883-85, and president of the council (premier) and minister of the interior 1899-1902.

H o u s e , L o n d o n , p r e s e n t e d t o the B r i t i s h na-

tion by the will of Lady Wallace (died 1897)

I t was formed by Francis Charles, third Marquis, ana Richard, fourth Marquis of Hertford, and was willed to and enlarged by Sir Richard Wallace. I t is especially famous for its fine examples of French paintings of the eighteenth century, and contains also good Italian paintings (including important works by Canaletto and Francesco Guardi), and Spanish, Dutch, English, and . modct ern French pictures. The collection is especially strong

ffifflX.

^

A« 5 S X S

n L d a i

Pari,

WallOlT, Henri Alexandre. Died at Paris, Nov. 13, 1904. "Walfish Bay*. The territory of Walfish Bay W a l r u s Island. A small islet of the Pribvlof is a part of Cape Colony. Area, 430 square group, lying about seven miles off the shore of miles. Population, 997. St. Paul Island. It is a narrow ridge of rock about

™

J , . , , .. , XieSter X railK. H e was geologist of the Uuited States Geological^Survey ]88S-1905, and m 1906 became professor of' sociology" in" Brown l'niversity. His " ' later works include "Psychic Factors of Civilization" (1893), "Outlines of Sociology "(1898), "Principles of Sociology "(1898), " P u r e Sociology"(1903), " A p p l i e d Sociology " (1906), etc.

Ward

in its examples of the secondary arts of France (Limoges "V^ârillg ("wâr'ing), George Edwin.

enamels, Sèvres porcelains, snuff-boxes, etc). % There are many miniatures and fine bronzes by French sculptors of the eighteenth century.

Wallis (wol'is) Archipelago. A group of islands in the South Pacific, northeast of Fiji, forming a dependency of New Caledonia. The Waldersee*, Count Alfred von. Died at Han- islands were placed under French protection in 1887. nover, March 5,1904. He was inspector-general of the Area, 40 square miles. Population, about 4,-300. 3rd anny corps in 1898, became field-marshal in 1899, and was commander-in-chief of the European forces in China in 1900.

uralisin and Agnosticism " (18S9), and numerous articles

P o r r i d g e ,

N. y „

Born at

J u l y 4, 1 8 3 3 : d i e d a t

York, Oct. '29, 1898.

New

Ail American sanitary

engineer. In 1861 he joined the army; served with distinction through the Civil W a r ; and was mustered out with the rank of colonel. He installed improved methods of drainage and sewerage in many cities, notably in Memphis, Tennessee, after the outbreak of yellow fever in 1878, and the system adopted there, called the 'Waring System,'has been widely copied; was for several years a member of the National Board of Health ; and in 1894 was appointed commissioner of street-cleaning f o r N e w York City. In 1898 he was made a member of the commission for improving the sanitary condition of Havana and during his stay in that city contracted yellow fever,

88

Waring of w h i c h h e died. A m o n g h i s p u b l i s h e d w o r k s a r e " Sanit a r y Condition of Citv a n d C o u n t r y D w e l l i n g H o u s e s " (1877), " H o w t o Drain a H o u s e " (1885), " M o d e r n M e t h o d s of S e w a g e Disposal f o r T o w n s " (1804), e t c .

t h e A t e l i e r B o n n a t in P a r i s ; w a s e l e c t e d a s s o c i a t e of t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of D e s i g n i n 1894, a n d a m e m b e r in 1895; a n d s i n c e 1898 h a s b e e n c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n . H e won t h e C l a r k e p r i z e a t t h e Acade m y in 1894, and a g o l d m e d a l a t t h e L o u i s i a n a P u r c h a s e E x p o s i t i o n in St. L o u i s in 1904.

West African Colonies t h e b a r i n 1868 ; and w a s m a d e a q u e e n ' s c o u n s e l in 1878. H e was k n i g h t e d i n 1885, a u d c r e a t e d a b a r o n e t in 1899 a n d a baron in 1900. H e was C o n s e r v a t i v e m e m b e r of t h e H o u s e of C o m m o n s f o r L a u n c e s t o n in 1885 a n d for t h e I s l e of W i g h t 1885-1900 ; was a t t o r n e y - g e n e r a l 1885, 1880-92, a n d 1 8 9 5 - 1 9 0 0 ; a n d h a s b e e n l o r d c h i e f j u s t i c e of E n g land s i n c e 1900.

W a r m a n (wâr'man), Oy. Born a t Greenup, 111., June 22, 1855. An American author and journalist, best known as a writer of railroad W a t s o n (wot'son), J o h n . Born a t Glasgow, W e e l k e s (welkz), T h o m a s . Born probably Scotland, Feb." 25, 1847. A Scotch philostories. A m o n g h i s w o r k s a r e " T a l e s of a n E n g i n e e r " sophical writer, professor of moral philosophy between 1570 and 1 5 8 0 : died before 1041. An (1895), " T h e E x p r e s s M e s s e n g e r " (1897), " T h e S t o r y of English madrigal writer. In 1600 he was orin Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. In t h e R a i l r o a d " (1898), " T h e W h i t e M a i l " (1898), " S n o w on ganist of Winchester College and in 1608 or1872 h e was a p p o i n t e d p r o f e s s o r of logic, m e t a p h y s i c s , t h e H e a d l i g h t " (1899), - S h o r t R a i l s " (1900), " F r o n t i e r ganist of Chichester Cathedral. a n d e t h i c s , and, u p o n t h e d i v i s i o n of t h e c h a i r , t o h i s S t o r i e s " (1901), a n d " T h e L a s t S p i k e " (1906).

Warner*, Charles Dudley, Died at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 20, 1900.

Warner*, Olin Levi. Died at New York, Aug. 14, 1896.

Warren (wor'en), Sir Charles.

Born at Ban-

gor, Wales, F e b . 7, 1840. A British general and engineer, commander of the fifth division in the Boer W a r 1899-1900. He was engaged as

c o m m i s s i o n e r ( G r i q u a l a n d W e s t ) and in m i l i t a r y operat i o n s i n S o u t h A f r i c a 1 8 7 6 - 7 9 ; s e w e d in t h e E g y p t i a n c a m p a i g n in 1882 ; c o m m a n d e d t h e B e c h u a n a l a n d expedit i o n 1 8 8 4 - 8 5 ; l e d t h e t r o o p s in t h e Suakirn e x p e d i t i o n 1886; and commanded t h e Metropolitan Police force ( L o n d o n ) 1886-88. H e served u n d e r G e n e r a l B u l l e r in t h e c a m p a i g n f o r t h e r e l i e f of L a d y s m i t h .

W a r w i c k (war'wik o r w o r ' i k ) . Atownincluding several villages in K e n t County, Rhode

p r e s e n t position. He has published " K a n t and his Engl i s h C r i t i c s " (1881), " S c h e l l i n g ' s T r a n s c e n d e n t a l I d e a l i s m " (1882), " T h e P h i l o s o p h y of K a n t " (1888), " C o m t e , M i l l , a n d S p e n c e r " (1895), " H e d o n i s t i c T h e o r i e s ' ' (1895), " A n O u t l i n e of P h i l o s o p h y " (1898), ' T h e P h i l o s o p h i c a l B a s i s of R e l i g i o n " (1907), " T h e P h i l o s o p h y of K a n t E x p l a i n e d " (1908), e t c .

Watson (wot'son), John: pseudonym IanMac-

l a r e n . Born a t Manningtree, Essex, Nov. 3, 1850: died atMovmtPleasant,Iowa, May 6,1907. A Scottish clergyman aud author. Ho was assis-

t a n t in c h u r c h e s in E d i n b u r g h a n d G l a s g o w ; p a s t o r of t h e F r e e Church, Logiealinond, Perthshire ; and from 1880 t o 1905 p a s t o r o f " t h e E n g l i s h P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u r c h , Sefton Park, Liverpool. He wrote " B e s i d e t h e Bonnie B r i e r B u s h " (1894). " T h e D a y s of A u l d L a n g S v n e " (1895), " T h e U p p e r R o o m " (1896), " T h e M i n d of t h e M a s t e r " (1890), " K a t e C a r n e g i e " (1896), " T h e C u r e of S o u l s " ( 1 8 9 6 : Y a l e l e c t u r e s on P r a c t i c a l T h e o l o g y ) , " A D o c t o r of t h e Old S c h o o l " (1897), " T h e P o t t e r ' s W h e e l " (1897), " A f t e r w a r d s , a n d o t h e r s t o r i e s " (1898), " Y o u n g B a r b a r i a n s " (1901), " T h e L i f e of t h e M a s t e r " (1901), " T h e H o m e l y V i r t u e s " (1902), « O u r N e i g h b o r s " (1903), " God's M e s s a g e t o t h e H u m a n S o u l " ( 1 9 0 7 : Cole l c c t u r e s f o r 1907), " T h e S c o t of t h e E i g h t e e n t h C e n t u r y " (1907), e t c . T h e U n i v e r s i t y of S t . A n d r e w s c o n f e r r e d upon h i m t h e d e g r e e of D o c t o r of D i v i n i t y in April, 1896.

Weems (wemz), Mason Locke.

Bom at

Dumfries, V a . , about 1760: died at Beaufort, S. C., May 23, 1825. An American clergyman

and author. H e s t u d i e d t h e o l o g y in L o n d o n a n d t o o k orders in t h e Protestant Episcopal Church, and was for s e v e r a l y e a r s r e c t o r of P o h i c k c h u r c h , n e a r M o u n t V e r n o n , V i r g i n i a , of w h i c h W a s h i n g t o n was a m e m b e r . H e is b e s t k n o w n f o r h i s " L i f e of W a s h i n g t o n " ( p u b l i s h e d as a p a m p h l e t in 1800, a n d e n l a r g e d in l a t e r editions), w h i c h i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m a n y of t h e p o p u l a r a n e c d o t e s a b o u t W a s h i n g t o n , i n c l u d i n g t h a t of t h e c h e r r y - t r e e and t h e h a t c h e t . H e p u b l i s h e d a n u m b e r of t r a c t s w h i c h b e c a m e very p o p u l a r , a m o n g t h e m " T h e D r u n k a r d ' s L o o k i n g Glaes," " G o d ' s R e v e n g e A g a i n s t M u r d e r , " a n d " H y m e n ' s R e c r u i t i n g S e r g e a n t " ; and h e was t h e a u t h o r of lives o f General F r a n c i s Marion, B e n j a m i n Franklin, W i l l i a m Penn, etc.

Weierstrass (vi'er-sträs), Karl.

Born at Os-

tenfelde, in Westphalia, Oct. 31,1815 : died a t Berlin, F e b . 19, 1897. A noted German mathematician, professor of mathematics in Washington*. The State has 37 counties, the University of Berlin from 1864. He is best sends 2 senators and 3 representatives to Conknown from his studies on the theory of funcgress, and has 5 electoral votes. tions. Washington*. T h e W h i t e H o u s e b e c a m e t o o s m a l l f o r t h e official a n d social n e e d s of t h e c h i e f of t h e govW e i - h a i - w e i (wä'i-hi-wä'i). A seaporton the Watson (wot'son), John Crittenden. Born north shore of the Shan-tung peninsula, China, e r n m e n t a n d was r e m o d e l e d in 1902, t h e offices b e i n g at Frankfort, K y . , Aug. 24, 1842. An Ameri- leased to Great Britain in 1898. r e m o v e d t o a n e w e x e c u t i v e b u i l d i n g . P o p u l a t i o n of t h e can naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in Weingartner (vin ' gärt - ner), Paxil Felix. city, e s t i m a t e d (1909), 340,000. 1899. H e was graduated at t h e United States Naval Washington (wosh'ing-ton), Booker Talia- A c a d e m y in 1 8 6 0 ; served t h r o u g h t h e Civil W a r , t a k i n g Born at Zara, Dalmatia, J u n e 2,1863. A noted f e r r o . Born near Hale's Ford, Va., about p a r t i n t h e fighting b e l o w N e w Orleans, t h e p a s s a g e of German conductor and composer. He was con1858. A n Afro-American educator, author, t h e V i c k s b u r g b a t t e r i e s , t h e b a t t l e of M o b i l e B a y , e t c . ; d u c t o r a t t h e R o y a l O p e r a in B e r l i n 1 8 9 1 - 9 8 ; b e c a m e c o n I s l a n d . I t is s i t u a t e d on N a r r a g a n s c t t B a y a n d is d i v i d e d b y t h e P a w t u x e t a n d P r o v i d e n c e rivers. I t h a s l a r g e cotton m a n u f a c t u r e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1900), 21,316.

and lecturer. H e w a s b o m a slave ; w o r k e d h i s way t h r o u g h H a m p t o n I n s t i t u t e ; and, a f t e r t e a c h i n g a n d s t u d y i n g f o r s e v e r a l years, f o u n d e d (1881) t h e T u s k e g e e I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e p r a c t i c a l t r a i n i n g of n e g r o e s , t h e g r o w t h a n d s u c c e s s of w h i c h is l a r g e l y d u e t o h i s efforts. l i e is t h e a u t h o r of " T h e F u t u r e of t h e A m e r i c a n N e g r o " (1899), " S o w i n g and R e a p i n g " (1900), " U p F r o m S l a v e r y , " a n a u t o b i o g r a p h y (1900), " C h a r a c t e r B u i l d i n g " (1902), " T h e S t o r y of M y L i f e a u d " W o r k " (1903), " W o r k i n g W i t h t h e Hands : Experiences W i t h Industrial Training at Tuskeg e e " (1904), " T u s k e g e e a n d I t « P e o p l e " (19011), a " L i f e of F r e d e r i c k D o u g l a s s " (1906), " T h e îs'egro i n B u s i n e s s " (1907), " T h e S t o r y of t h e N e g r o " (1909), e t c .

Washington*, Mount. feet.

The height is 6,290

Washington and Jefferson College*. It is non-sectarian, and is attended by about 440 students.

Washington and Lee University*. It has about 560 students.

Washington University.

A non-sectarian

institution of learning at St. Louis, Missouri, chartered in 1853 as Eliot Seminary. The name

w a s c h a n g e d t o "Washington I n s t i t u t e , a n d t h i s b e c a m e iri 1857 W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e college, t h e i n s t i t u t i o n c o m p r i s e s a l a w school ( o r g a n i z e d in 1867), a school o i e n g i n e e r i n g a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e ( f o u n d e d in 1870), a s c h o o l of l i n e arta ( f o u n d e d i n 1879), a n d a s c h o o l of b o t a n y ( f o u n d e d in 1885). T h e St. L o u i s M e d i c a l College ( f o u n d e d in 1842) w a s a d m i t t e d in 1891, and i n 1899 t h e M i s s o u r i M e d i c a l College ( f o u n d e d in 1840) was u n i t e d with it to form the medical department. T h e Missouri D e n t a l C o l l e g e w a s a d m i t t e d in 1892. A b o u t 8 5 0 s t u d e n t s a t t e n d t h e u n i v e r s i t y a n d n e a r l y 1,000 a t t e n d t h e t h r e e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s u n d e r u n i v e r s i t y c o n t r o l . T h e endowm e n t is $5,200,000, a n d t h e a n n u a l n e t i n c o m e about$400,000.

Wasielewski

( va - syà-lef ' ski ), Wilhelm

J o s e p h v o n . Born at Cross Lessen, near Dantzig, Germany, J u n e 17, 1 8 2 2 : died at Sondershausen, Dec. 13, 1896. A German violinist and musical biographer and historian. He

w r o t e t h e first b i o g r a p h y of S c h u m a n n (1858), " D i e V i o l i n e u n d i h r e M e i s t e r " (1869), " D i e V i o l i n e i m 17. J a h r h u n d e r t " ( 1 8 7 4 ) , " G e s c h i c h t e d e r l u s t r u m en t a l m u s i k i m 16. J a h r h u n d e r t " (1878), " S c h u m a n ni a n a " (1883), a b i o g r a p h y of R e i n e e k e (1892), a n d " A u s 70 J a h r e n . L e b e n s e r i n n e m n g e n " (1897).

Waters (wâ'têrz), Mrs. (Clara Erskine), Born at St. Louis, Aug. 28, 1834.

W a t e r v l i e t (wâ'tèr-vlët). A city in Albany County, New York. It is situated on the Hudson north of Albany. Population (1900), 14,321.

Watrous (wot'rus), Harry Wilson. Born at can painter.

Watson (wot'son), Thomas Edward. Born

in Columbia County, Ga., Sept. 5, 1856. An American politician and historian. He was ad-

m i t t e d t o t h e b a r in 1875, a n d was a D e m o c r a t i c m e m b e r of t h e G e o r g i a l e g i s l a t u r e 1882-83, a n d P o p u l i s t m e m b e r of Congress 1891-93. H e w a s n o m i n a t e d f o r V i c e - P r e s i d e n t a t t h e St. L o u i s P o p u l i s t c o n v e n t i o n w h i c h i n d o r s e d W . J . B r y a n f o r P r e s i d e n t in 1896, a n d w a s n o m i n a t e d f o r P r e s i d e n t b y t h e P e o p l e ' s P a r t y i n 1904 a n d p o l l e d a p o p u l a r v o t e of 117,935. H e p u b l i s h e d a t A t l a n t a " T h e P e o p l e ' s P a r t y P a p e r , " i n 1905 b e g a n t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of " T o m W a t s o n ' s M a g a z i n e " in N e w Y o r k , a n d s i n c e 190(1 h a s p u b l i s h e d " W a t s o n ' s .Teffersonian M a g a z i n e " and " T h e W e e k l y .Teffersonian." He has published " T h e S t o r y of T r a n c e " (1899). " N a p o l e o n " (1902), " L i f e and T i m e s of T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n " (1903), " B e t h a n y , a S t u d y a n d S t o r y of t h e Old S o u t h " (1904), " L i f e and S p e e c h e s " (1908), " P o l i t i c a l a n d E c o n o m i c H a n d b o o k " (1908), " W a t e r l o o " (1908), e t c .

Watts*, George Frederick. Born Feb. 23, 1817: died at London, J u l y 1, 1904. Watts-Dunton (wotz ' dun' ton), Walter Theodore. Born at St. I v e s " Huntingdon, 1836. An English poet, critic, and novelist.

H i s f a m i l y s u r n a m e is W a t t s , t o w h i c h h e a d d e d i n 1S96 h i s m o t h e r ' s n a m e of D u n t o n . l i e s t u d i e d law, a n d p r a c t i s e d i t f o r m a n y y e a r s , a n d h a s b e e n c o n n e c t e d as c r i t i c w i t h t h e L o n d o n " E x a m i n e r " s i n c e 1874, a n d w i t h t h e " A t h e r i i e u m " s i n c e 1875. H e m a d e a s p e c i a l s t u d y of t h e f o l k - l o r e a n d c u s t o m s o f t h e E a s t A n g l i a n and W e l s h gipsies, a m o n g w h o m h e h a s lived. H e is t h e a u t h o r of " A y l w i n , " a r o m a n c e (1883), " T h e C o m i n g of L o v e , " a c o l l e c t i o n of p o e m s (1897), " T h e C h r i s t m a s D r e a m , " a d r a m a t i c idvl (1901), " T h e R e n a s c e n c e of W o n d e r , " a t r e a t i s e o n t h e r o m a n t i c m o v e m e n t (1903), a n d " S t u d i e s of S h a k e s p e a r e " (1903).

Weatherford (weTH'er-ford), William. Born

A n Ameri-

H e s t u d i e d a t t h e A c a d é m i e J u l i a n and

d u c t o r o f t h e K a i m c o n c e r t s in M u n i c h in 1898 ; and in 1907 w a s a p p o i n t e d d i r e c t o r of t h e R o y a l Opera in V i e n n a . H e h a s c o m p o s e d t w o s y m p h o n i e s , s y m p h o n i c poems, songs, a n d t h e o p e r a s " S a k u n t a l a " (1884), " M a l a w i k a " (1886), " G e n e s i u s " (1892), a n d " O r e s t e s , " a t r i l o g y (1902).

Weir*. Harrison William. dore, Kent, J a n . 3, 1906.

Died at Apple-

Welch (welch), William Henry.

Born at

Norfolk, Conn., April 8, 1850. An American pathologist and bacteriologist, professor of pathology in J o h n s Hopkins University from 1884 a n d pathologist of Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore) from 1889. Among his publicat i o n s a r e " T h e G e n e r a l P a t h o l o g y of F e v e r " (18S8), a n d numerous scientific papers.

Wellesley College*. It has a library of about 60,000 volumes, about 100 instructors, 1,200 students.

and

Wellman (wel'man), Walter. Born at Men-

tor, Ohio, Nov. 3 , 1 8 5 8 . An American journalist and arctic explorer. He led an expedition to S p i t z b e r g e n in 1894 a n d in 1898-99 o n e t o F r a n z J o s e p h L a n d , a t t a i n i n g l a t . 82° 45' X . I i i s v o y a g e t o t h e pole in a d i r i g i b l e balloon, p l a n n e d in 1906, b u t d e f e r r e d t o 1907, h a d t o be abandoned through unfavorable weather conditions. A n o t h e r a t t e m p t wa9 m a d e i n A u g u s t , 1909, b u t i t f a i l e d t h r o u g h an a c c i d e n t t o t h e balloon soon a f t e r s t a r t i n g .

Wells*, David Ames. Died at Norwich, Conn.T Nov. 5, 1898.

Wells (welz), Herbert George.

Born at

Bromley, Sept. 21,1866. A n English writer of romances dealing chiefly with imaginary future

scientific results. A m o n g t h e b e s t k n o w n of h i s works a r e " T h e T i m e M a c h i n e " (1895), " T h e "War of t h e W o r l d s " (1898), " A n t i c i p a t i o n s " (1901), " T h e F o o d of t h e G o d s " (1904), " K i p p s " (1905), " I n t h e D a v s of t h e C o m e t " (1906), " N e w W o r l d s f o r Old " (1908), " F i r s t a n d L a s t T h i n g s " (1908), " T o n o - B u n g a y " (1909), e t c . H e h a s also w r i t t e n s e v e r a l s c i e n t i f i c t e x t - b o o k s .

about 1780: died 1826. A chief of the Creek W e n d e l l (wen'del), B a r r e t t . Born a t Boston, Indians, of mixed blood, leader in the Creek Mass., Aug. 23, "1855. An American m a n o f letters, professor of English in Harvard Uniwar of 1813-14. He attacked Foit Mims, Aug. 30, v e r s i t y f r o m 1 8 9 8 . H e was i n s t r u c t o r in E n g l i s h a t 1813, and w a s d e f e a t e d in t h e b a t t l e of H o r s e s h o e B e n d , J a n . 27, 1814, a n d s u r r e n d e r e d t o G e n e r a l J a c k s o n .

An Ameri- W e b b (web), S i d n e y . Born at London, J u l y 13, 1859. An English writer on sociology and Clement (died

can author. S h e m a r r i e d .Tames Hazen 1881), and E d w i n F o r b e s W a t e r s ( d i e d 1894), p u b l i s h e r of t h e B o s t o n " D a i l y A d v e r t i s e r . " S h e is t h e a u t h o r of " Handbook of L e g e n d a r y a n d M y t h o l o g i c a l Art," " P a i n t e r s , S c u l p t o r s , A r c h i t e c t s , E n g r a v e r s , and t h e i r W o r k s , " " A r t i s t e of t h e N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y " (in collabo r a t i o n w i t h L a u r e n c e H u t t o n ) , " S t o r i e s of Art a n d A r t i s t s , " " V e n i c e , t h e Q u e e n of t h e A d r i a t i c . " " N a p l e s , t h e City of P a r t h e n o p e , " " C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , " " R o m e , t h e E t e r r i a ï C i t y , " " E l e a n o r M a i t l a n d , " a novel, a n d " W o m e n in t h e F i n e A r t s . "

San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 17,1857.

was p r o m o t e d c o m m o d o r e in 1 8 9 7 ; d u r i n g t h e w a r w i t h S p a i n (1898') c o m m a n d e d t h e b l o c k a d i n g s q u a d r o n on t h e n o r t h c o a s t of Cuba, M a y - J u n e ; a n d o n J u n e 27 w a s p l a c e d i n c o m m a n d of t h e E a s t e r n S q u a d r o n . F r o m J u n e 1 5 , 1 8 9 9 , - A p r i l 19,1900, h e w a s c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f on t h e E a s t e r n S t a t i o n . H e r e t i r e d in 1904.

economics. l i e was f o r a t i m e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e W a r Office a n d t h e Colonial Office, a n d is a m e m b e r of t h e e c o n o m i c f a c u l t y of L o n d o n U n i v e r s i t y . H i s p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e " S o c i a l i s m i n E n g l a n d " (1890), " T h e London P r o g r a m m e " (1892), a n d " L o n d o n E d u c a t i o n " ( 1 9 0 4 ) ; a n d w i t h h i s wife, B e a t r i c e P o t t e r , h e w r o t e " T h e H i s t o r y of T r a d e U n i o n i s m " (1.894), " I n d u s t r i a l D e m o c r a c y " (1897), " P r o b l e m s of M o d e r n I n d u s t r y " (1898), " H i s t o r y of L i q u o r L i c e n s i n g " (1903). " T h e P a r i s h a n d t h e C o u n t y " (1906), " T h e M a n o r a n d t h e B o r o u g h " (1907), e t c .

Weber*, Albrecht Friedrich. Died at Ber-

H a r v a r d 1880-88 and a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r 1888-98 ; and w a s C l a r k l e c t u r e r a t T r i n i t y College, C a m b r i d g e , E n g l a n d , 1902-03, a n d l e c t u r e r a t t h e S o r b o n n e a n d o t h e r F r e n c h u n i v e r s i t i e s 1904-05. H i s works i n c l u d e " T h e D u c h e s s E m i l i a ' ' (1885), " " H a n k e l l ' s R e m a i n s " (1686), " C o t t o n M a t h e r , t h e P u r i t a n P r i e s t "(1891), " E n g l i s h C o m p o s i t i o n " (1891), " S t e l l i g e r i , a n d O t h e r E s s a y s C o n c e r n i n g A m e r i c a " (1893), " W i l l i a m S h a k s p e r e : a S t u d y in E l i z a b e t h a n L i t e r a t u r e " (1894), " A L i t e r a r y H i s t o r y of A m e r i c a " (1900), " R a l e i g h in G u i a n a , " " R o s a m o n d , " and " A ChristmasM a s q u e " (1902), " T h e T e m p e r of t h e S e v e n t e e n t h C e n t u r y in E n g l i s h L i t e r a t u r e " (1904), " H i s t o r y of L i t e r a t u r e i n A m e r i c a " ( 1 9 0 4 : w i t h C h e s t e r N. G r e e n o u g h ) , " T h e F r a n c e of T o - d a y " (1907), " T h e P r i v i l e g e d C l a s s e s " (1908), e t c .

The lin, Nov. 30. 1901. He was professor at the W e r n e r (ver'ner), E . University of Berlin 1856-1901. Elisabeth Bürstenbinder.

pseudonym

of

Webster (web'ster), Sir Richard Everard, Wesleyan University*. It has about 34 infirst B a r o n Alverstone. Born Dec. 22, 1842. An English jurist. He was educated at the Charterh o u s e and a t T r i n i t y College, C a m b r i d g e ; w a s c a l l e d t o

structors and over 300 students.

West the N o r t h e r African n N i g e r i a P r oColonies*. t e c t o r a t e , S o u t h eTrhne y N i gceorm i ap, rtihsee Gold.

West African Colonies Coast Colony w i t h Ashanti and Northern Territories, Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, and the Gambia Colony and Protectorate.

Westcott*, Brooke Foss. Died July 27, 1901.

H e w a s b i s h o p of D u r h a m 1890-1901. ( w e s t ' k o t ) , Edward Noyes. Born at ¡Syracuse, N . Y . , S e p t . 24, 1847: d i e d t h e r e , M a r c h 3 1 , 1 8 9 8 . A n A m e r i c a n a u t h o r . His only work, " D a v i d I l a r u m " (1898), published a f t e r his death, achieved wide popularity.

Westcott

Westermarck (ves'ter-mark), Edward Alex-

a n d e r . B o r n a t H e l s i n g f o r s , F i n l a n d , N o v . 20. 1862. A F i n n i s h a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r o f s o c i o l o g y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n , 1907-. He was connected w i t h t h e faculty of t h e University of Finland (Helsingfors) 1890-97. His publications include " T h e Origin of H u m a n Marriage" (1889), " The History of H u m a n Marriage " (181)1), " T h e Origin and Development of t h e Moral Ideas " ivol. 1, 1906; vol. 2, 1908), etc. Western Australia*. I t is now a state of the Commonwealth of Australia. I t is represented in t h e Federal Parliament by (j senators and 5 representatives. Western Reserve. T h e p o p u l a r n a m e f o r t h a t p a r t of O h i o * o n L a k e E r i e , r e s e r v e d b y C o n n e c t i c u t . ( S e e Ohio.) It c o n t a i n s C l e v e l a n d .

Western Reserve University. A non-secta-

r i a n i n s t i t u t i o n of l e a r n i n g s i t u a t e d a t C l e v e l a n d , O h i o . I t consists of Adelbert College (formerly Western Reserve College, f o u n d e d at Hudson, Ohio, in 1826, and removed to Cleveland in 1882), a college for women (established in 1888), t h e g r a d u a t e school (established 1892), a medical d e p a r t m e n t (founded in 1843 and formerly known a3 Cleveland Medical College), a law school (opened in 1892), a library school (opened in 19M), and a school of p h a r m a c y (formerly the Cleveland School of Pharmacy). T h e total attendance is about 1,011, t h e faculty and officers 214, and t h e resources $4,000,000.

West Hoboken

(west ho'bo-ken). A town in Hudson County, N e w Jersey, adjoining Hobok e n a n d J e r s e y C i t y . Its chief industry is t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of silk. Other m a n u f a c t u r e s are artificial flowers, braid, buttonB, sashes, doors, etc. Population (1900), 23,094. West Indies*. In 1898 Cuba was freed from t h e domination of Spain, and Porto Rico passed to the United States.

Westinghouse (wes'ting-hous), George. Born a t C e n t r a l B r i d g e , N . Y . , O c t . 6. 1846 A noted American inventor and manufacturer, b e s t k n o w n f o r h i s i n v e n t i o n s (1868) of a n airb r a k e e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d o n r a i l w a y s , a n d of a u t o m a t i c r a i l w a y s i g n a l s . H e has also made important improvements and applications of electrical machinery. Westminster*. A c i t y a n d b o r o u g h o f L o n don.

West Point*: United States Military

A c a d e m y . Since 1779 a military school has existed at "West Point. In 1794 t h e grade of cadet was created and a few cadets were traiued here in t h e years 1794-179«, and again in 1801. T h e founders of the school were Washington, Hamilton, and Knox. In 1802 an act of Congress organized t h e United States Military Academy as a p a r t of t h e Corps of Engineers, with ten cadets. In 1812 the Academy was re-organized and 250 cadets authorized. In 1817, uuder Major Sylvanus Thayer as Superintendent, t h e present era of t h e Academy began. Acta of Congress of 1900,1902, and 1903 authorized t h e a p p o i n t m e n t of 523 cadets. These are all appointed by t h e P r e s i d e n t : forty f r o m the United States at l a r g e ; one f r o m each Congressional d i s t r i c t ; one f r o m each t e r r i t o r y o n e from the District of Columbia; one from Porto Kico; two from each State a t large. The academic instruction is given by permanent professors assisted by officers detailed for t h e purpose. The four years' course of study is t h a t of a scientific school with especial reference to war. Practical military training is given t h r o u g h o u t t h e course. Graduates receive commissions as lieutenants in the army. T h e total n u m b e r of graduates 1802-19 J8 is 4,749.

Westralia

(wes-tra'lia). A popular a t i o n of W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a .

West Superior*.

abbrevi-

It is now a part of the city

ot' S u p e r i o r .

West Troy*.

It is n o w Watervliet city.

See

WatervUet.

West Virginia*.

I t h a s 55 c o u n t i e s , s e n d s 2 senators and 5 representatives to Congress, and has 7 electoral votes.

Weyler (wi'ler) y Nicolau, Valeriano, Mar-

q u i s of Tenerrffe. B o r n at P a l m a of M a j o r c a (Baleares), Sept. 17,1838. A Spanish general. He served in the Carlist war and the war against the Moors, and for two years f o u g h t for Spain in t h e Cuban insurrection of 1808-78. Tie was recalled from Cuba on account of t h e charges of extreme cruelty made against him, b u t was sent there again to succeed Campos as captain-general of t h e Spanish forces in Jan., 1890. He was succeeded by Blanco in Oct., 1897. He was minister of war in t h e Liberal government u n d e r Sagasta and was re-appointed in December, 1906. H e completed a volume of memoirs in 1909.

Weyman*, Stanley John.

His later works include " From the Memoirs of a Minister of France " (l$9n>, 14 The Red Cockade" (1895), " T h e Man in Black" (1896), " F o r t h e CaiiBe" (1897), " S h r e w s b u r y " (1897), " T h e Castle I n u " (1898), " S o p h i a " (1900), " C o u n t H a n n i b a l " (1901), " I n Kings' Byways" (1902), " T h e Long N i g h t " (1903), " T h e Abbess of V l a y e " (1904), "Starvecrow F a r m " (1905), " C h i p p i n g e B o r o u g h " (1906), " L a i d Up in Lavend e r " (1907), and " T h e Wild Geese" (1908).

89 Wilde Wharton (hwâr'ton), Mrs. (Edith Newbold W h i t e (hwit:), Horace. Born at Colebrook J o n e s ) . B o r n at N e w Y o r k , 1862. A n A m e r i c a n n o v e l i s t . She is the author of "Decoration of Houses" (1S97: w i t h O. Codman), " T h e Greater Inclinat i o n " (1899), " T h e T o u c h s t o n e " (19001, "Crucial Ins t a n c e s " (1901), " T h e Valley of Decision" (1902), "Sanctuary " (1903), " T h e Descent of Man, and Other Stories " (1904), " The House of Mirth ' (1905), " Italian Villas and their G a r d e n s " (1904), " I t a l i a n B a c k g r o u n d s " (1905), " F r u i t of the T r e e " (1907), " A Motor-flight T h r o u g h France " (1908), " Artemis to Actceon, and other verse " (1909), and various shorter stories and sketches. Wheeler ( h w c ' l ô r ) , Benjamin Ide. B o r n a t R a n d o l p h , M a s s . , J u l y 15, 1854. An American c l a s s i c a l s c h o l a r , p r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a f r o m 1899. He was graduated at Brown University in 1875; was instructor there 1879-81, and at Harvard 1885-86; was professor of comparative philology and later of Greek in Cornell University 1886-99; and was professor of Greek in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 189,">-96. Among his works a r e " Introduction to the History of Language' (1890), and " L i f e of Alexander t h e G r e a t ' (1900).

Wheeler (hwë'lèr), Joseph.

Born Sept. 10,

1830 : d i e d J a n . 2 5 , 1 9 0 6 . A n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1859, and entered t h e Confederate army in 1861, rising t o t h e rank of lieutenant-general in Feb., 1865. From 1881 to 1900 he was a member of Congress from Alabama. He was appointed major-general of volunteers in May, 1398, and commanded t h e dismounted cavalry in t h e Santiago campaign. Appointed brigadiergeneral U. S. A. in 1900. Retired in 1900.

Wheeler (hwë'lèr), William Morton.

Born

Whipple (hwip'l), Harry Benjamin.

Born

a t M i l w a u k e e , "Wis., M a r c h 1 9 , 1865. A n A m e r i c a n n a t u r a l i s t , p r o f e s s o r of e c o n o m i c e n t o m o l o g y a t H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y f r o m 1 9 0 8 . He studied a t Clark University, Wiirzburg, Liège, and the Zoological Station at N a p l e s ; was successively instructor and assistant professor of embryology in the University of Chicago 1892-99 ; was professor of zoology in t h e University of Texas 1899-1903; and curator of invertebrate zoology in the American Museum of Natural History (New York) 1903-08. His researches and publications have been concerned chiefly w i t h insects, comparative psychology, and cytology.

a t A d a m s , J e f f e r s o n C o u n t y , Is. Y . , F e b . 15, 1 8 2 2 : d i e d a t F a r i b a u l t , M i n n . , S e p t , 16, 1901. A n A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n , first E p i s c o p a l b i s h o p o f M i n n e s o t a 1 8 5 9 - 1 9 0 1 . H e was rector of Zion Church in Rome, New York, 1850-57, and of the Church of t h e Holy Communion in Chicago 1857-59. H e was interested in educational work, especially among t h e Indians, and took an active p a r t in t h e reform and direction of t h e conduct of Indian affairs by t h e national government. He published ' ' Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcop a t e " (1899), etc. Whipple ( h w i p ' l ) , William. B o r n a t K i t t e r y , Me., J a n . 14,1730: died at P o r t s m o u t h , N , H . , N o v . 28, 1785. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n , o n e of t h e s i g n e r s of t h e D e c l a r a t i o n of I n d e p e n d e n c e . He was a m e m b e r of t h e provincial congress of New Hampshire in 1775, and of t h e Continental Congress 1776-79 ; was general of one of t h e brigades of New Hampshire troops in 1777, serving with distinction a t t h e battles of Stillwater and Saratoga ; was one of t h e two representatives of General Gates who arranged the terms of capitulation at t h e surrender of Burgoyne ; and assisted General Sullivan at t h e siege of Newport in 1778.

Whistler*, James Abbott McNeill. Died a t L o n d o n , J u l y 17, 1903.

White*, Andrew Dickson.

He was ambassador to Germany 1897-1902. His later works include " Democracy and E d u c a t i o n " (1891), " A History of t h e Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom" (1896), " T h e W a r f a r e of H u m a n i t y with Unreason" (1903-07), " A u t o biography "(1905).

White

( h w ï t ) , Charles David. B o r n a t P a l myra, N. Y., July 1,1862. A n American paleob o t a n i s t . He has been connected, as assistant paleontologist, assistant geologist, and geologist, with t h e United States Geological Survey from 1886, and is associate curator of paleobotany a t t h e Smithsonian Institution. His researches have been concerned chiefly w i t h Paleozoic fossil plants and geological climate. White ( h w i t ) , Edward Douglass. B o r n i n t h e p a r i s h o f L a f o u r c h e , L a . , N o v . 3, 1845. An A m e r i c a n jurist. H e served in t h e Confederate army during a p a r t of t h e Civil W a r ; was a d m i t t e d to t h e (Louisiana) bar in 1868 ; was State senator 1874-78 ; was associate justice of t h e Supreme Court of Louisiana 1878-91 ; was United States senator (Democratic) from Louisiana 1891-94; and was associate justice of the United States S u p r e m e Court 1894-. White ( h w ï t ) , S i r George Stuart. B o r n J u l y 6,1835. A British field-marshal, n o t e d for the d e f e n s e of L a d y s m i t h , N a t a l , a g a i n s t the B o e r s f r o m N o v . 2, 1 8 9 9 , t o F e b . 28, 1 9 0 0 . H e served in the Afghan W a r 1879-80, in t h e Nile expedition 1884-85, and in Burma 1885-89, and was commanderin-chief in I n d i a 1893-97. During t h e Boer war, 18991900, he commanded the troops in Natal. Ho was governor of Gibraltar 1900-04. White ( h w i t ) , Henry. B o r n a t B a l t i m o r e , M d . , M a r c h 2 9 , 1850. A n A m e r i c a n d i p l o m a t i s t . He was secretary of t h e American legation at Vienna 1883-84 ; second secretary (1884-86) and secretary (1886-93) of legation at London; secretary of embassy at London 1897-1905 ; and ambassador to Italy 1905-07 and to France 1907-.

N. H., A u g . 10,1834. A n American journalist and author. Ho became city editor of t h e Chicago " Evening J o u r n a l " in 1854 and agent of the Associated Press in 1855; joined the editorial staff of t h e Chicago " T r i b u n e ' in 1857 ; accompanied Abraham Lincoln in his campaign against Stephen A. Douglas in 1858 ; and was Washington correspondent 1861-65, and editor and one of t h e proprietors of t h e Chicago " T r i b u n e " 1865-74. I n 1884 he purchased an interest in t h e New York " E v e n i n g P o s t " and became president of t h e company and a member of the editorial staff, succeeding E. L. Godkin as its chief editor in 1S99 and retiring in 1903. He is t h e author of " Money and Banking, Illustrated by American H i s t o r y " (1895), and the translator, from t h e Greek, of Appian's history of Rome (1899). White", Stanford. D i e d a t N e w Y o r k , J u n e 25, 1906. H e w a s s h o t i n t h e r o o f - g a r d e n of the Madison Square Garden b y Harry K. Thaw. White ( h w i t ) , Stewart Edward. B o r n a t G r a n d R a p i d s , M i c h . , M a r c h 12, 1 8 7 3 . An American novelist. His works include " The Westerners ' (1901), " T h e C l a i m J u m p e r s "th was made in 38 S t a t e n I s l a n d , N . Y . , O c t . 16,1904. A n Ameriminutes and 3 seconds, the machine making a speed of 38 miles an hour and only stopping on account of exhauscan soldier, son of General W i l l i a m Jenkins Worth. H e entered the army in 1861 ; served w i t h t h e tion of fuel. In 1908 W i l b u r W r i g h t went t o France and made flights at the Camp of Auvours, near Le Mans, and A r m y of the Potomac f r o m 1862 ; was engaged in f r o n t i e r at Pau. On Dec. 31, 1908, he won the Michelin trophy by duty 1872-91} and rose t o the rank of colonel in 1898. making the longest flight (2 hours and 20 minutes) of the H e served in t h e Santiago campaign, was severely wounded year, covering 124 kilometers. H e then w e n t t o R o m e .

the rank of marshal. H e played an important part in the ale University*. T h e library civil w a r of 1877, being chief of staff of the army of subjuc o n t a i n s a b o u t 550,000 v o l gation. I n 1888-89 he visited the United States and umes. T h e university has Europe. On the outbreak of the Chinese war (1894) he a b o u t 400 i n s t r u c t o r s and took command of the First Army, but was obliged to retire on account of ill-health. Since 1896 his career has been 3,450 s t u d e n t s . chiefly that of a diplomat and statesman. He has t w i c e Yalu ( y a - l o ' ) . A river been premier, 1889-91 and 1898-1900. A t the beginning w h i c h f o r m s t h e b o u n d a r y of the war w i t h Russia he was appointed chief of the between Korea and Mangeneral staff. churia f r o m about lat. 42° Y a p " . I n 1899 t h e C a r o l i n e g r o u p w a s p u r N., southward. I t flows south, then west> and then chased by Germany. southwest and empties into K o r e a Bay. YailCO (ya-o'ko). A city in the southwestern Y a l u R i v e r , B a t t l e of the. A battle fought part of P o n c e department, Porto Rico. PopM a y 1,1904, b y t h e J a p a n e s e u n d e r K u r o k i a n d u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 9 ) , 6,108. t h e R u s s i a n s under Sassulitch, on t h e ManY e a t s (yatz), W i l l i a m Butler. Born at Dubchurian b a n k of t h e Y a l u at a n d a b o v e A n - t u n g . l i n , J u n e 13, 1865. A n Irish poet, dramatist, T h e Japanese concentrated a t W i j u , crossed the river arid a n d critic, s o n of J o h n B u t l e r Y e a t s , t h e artist. its affluent the A i , and attacked the Russians in fortified H e was one of the founders of the Irish Literary Theatre positions, driving them out and inflicting h e a v y loss upon and of the National Theatre Society in Dublin, and is them. identified w i t h the m o v e m e n t for the revival of Irish national literature. H e is a representative exponent of Yamagata (ya-ma-ga'tii), Prince Aritomo. the " l i t e r a r y drama." His works include " T h e Celtic B o r n i n C h o s h u , A p r i l , 1838. A J a p a n e s e solT w i l i g h t " (1893), " P o e m s " (1895), ' ' T h e Secret H o s e ' dier and statesman, o n e of the ' elder states(1897), " T h e W i n d among the R e e d s " (1899), " T h e m e n . ' H e was promoted lieutenant-general in 1872 ; Shadowy W a t e r s " (1900), " Ideas of Good and E v i l " (1903), " W h e r e There is Nothing " (1903), " I n the Seven Woods " became minister of war in 1873 ; and was later raised to

Orville W r i g h t remained in America to f u l f i l a contract which had been made w i t h the United States government. This called f o r a flight of one hour w i t h a passenger, and a cross-country speed-test of five miles and return. T h e preparations f o r these tests were terminated on Sept. 17, 190S, by an accident to the machine (the breaking of one of its propellers), which resulted in the death of the passenger, Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge. W r i g h t returned to Washington in 1909 and successfully completed the required government tests. On July 27, 1909, w i t h Lieutenant Frank P. Lahm as a passenger, he made a world's record flight of one hour, 12 minutes, and 40 seconds. On July HO, 1909, w i t h Lieutenant Benjamin D. .Foulois as a passenger, he flew 10 miles (from i t . M y e r to Sh liter's H i l l near Alexandria and return) in 14 minutes and 40 seconds, at an average speed of 42A miles an hour. On Oct. 4, 1909, W i l b u r W r i g h t flew f r o m Governor's Island, N e w Y o r k city, up the Hudson to Grant s T o m b and return, a distance of 20 miles in 33 rain. 33 sec., ami in the flights at the Signal Corps School of Instruction at College Park, Md., Oct. 9, he attained a speed of 55.82 miles an hour.

Wundt*,Wilhelm.

H i s later works include " System der Philosophie " (1889), " Grundriss der Psychologie " (¿s'Jti), " V o l k e r p s y c h o l o g i e " ( V o l . 1, " Die S p r a c h e , 1 9 0 0 ; Vol. 2, " M y t h u s und R e l i g i o n , " 1905-06), and " E i n l e i t ung in die Philosophie " (1901). H e has edited t h e series of " Philosophische Studien " 1883-1902 and 1905-. W u Ting F a n g (wo ting fang). B o r n in the p r o v i n c e of K w a n g t u n g , China. A contemporary Chinese scholar and diplomat. H e was educated at Canton, H o n g - K o n g , and Lincoln's Inn, London, and was called to the English bar. H e was appointed viceroy of Chi-li in 1882, was minister of China to the United States, Spain, and Peru, 1897-1902, and was minister to the United States 1907-09. Wyckoff (wi'kof), W a l t e r Augustus. Born a t M a i n p u r i , I n d i a , A p r i l 12, 1 8 6 5 : d i e d a t P r i n c e t o n , N . J . , M a y 15, 1908. An American political economist, assistant professor of political e c o n o m y in P r i n c e t o n University f r o m 1898. H e is best known f r o m his practical studies (as a worker and t r a m p ) of the l i f e of the wage-earners and "tramps." H e published " T h e W o r k e r s — T h e E a s t " (1897), " T h e W o r k e r s — T h e W e s t " (1898), « A Day w i t h a T r a m p and Other D a y s " (1900), etc. W y m a n (wi'man), Walter. B o r n at St. Louis, M o . f A u g u s t 17, 1848. A n American physician and sanitarian, surgeon-general of the P u b l i c H e a l t h a n d M a r i n e - H o s p i t a l S e r v i c e s i n c e 1891 ( p r i o r t o J u l y 1, 1902, k n o w n a s M a r i n e - H o s pital Service). H e administers the quarantine laws and establishments, the national laboratory f o r the investigation of infectious and contagious diseases and matters pertaining to the public health, the leprosy investigation station at l l o l o k a i , Hawaii, and the marine hospitals, including a sanatorium f o r consumptives at Kort Stanton, N e w M e x i c o ; and has charge of the medical examination of immigrants. H e was president of tlio first and second international sanitary conventions of American republics (1902-1905); is chairman of the International Sanitary Bureau of American R e p u b l i c s ; and is the author of numerous articles on public health and sanitation. W y n d h a m * , Sir C h a r l e s . Since 1376 he has managed the Criterion Theatre. H e was knighted in 1902. W y n d h a m (win'dam), George. Born at Lond o n , A u g . 2 9 , 18G3. A British statesman. H e has been Conservative m e m b e r of Parliament tor Dover since 1889. H e was educated at Eton and at Sandhurst; served in the Sudan in 1885; was private secretary t o A . J. Balfour when the latter was chief secretary f o r Ireland 1887-92 ; was Under-Secretary of state for war 1S981900; and was chief secretary for Ireland 1900-05. He carried the Irish Land A c t through the House of Commons in 1903, and resigned his place in the cabinet in March, 1905.

Wyoming*.

I t has 13 counties (besides the Rational Park Reservation). I t has 3 electoral votes.

(1903), " T h e H o u r Glass, and Other P l a y s " (1904), " T h e K i n g ' s Threshold, and Other P l a y s " (1904), " S t o r i e s of R e d Hanrahan " (1904), " Deirdre " (1907), etc. Yellowstone National Park*. a b o u t 3,500 s q u a r e m i l e s .

It

contains

Yentai (yen-ti'). A t o w n in M a n c h u r i a , about t w e l v e miles northeast of L i a o - y a n g , n e a r the r a i l w a y . I t was an important position in t h e battle of Liao-yang and subsequent operations in t h e Russo-Japanese war. There are coal-mines near it. Yerkes (yer'kez), Charles Tyson. B o r n at P h i l a d e l p h i a , J u n e 25,1837: d i e d at N e w Y o r k , B e e . 29, 1905. A n A m e r i c a n business man, prominent in the d e v e l o p m e n t of street railways in Chicago and underground railways in London. H e founded the Yerkes Observatory of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o . Yerkes (yer'kez) Observatory. T h e astronomical observatory of the University of Chicago, founded b y Charles T y s o n Yerkes in 1 8 9 2 a n d c o m p l e t e d a b o u t 1 8 9 6 . i t is situated at W i l l i a m s B a y , Wisconsin. I t possesses a fine equipment, including a 40-inch telescope. G. E. H a l e was its director until 1905, when he was succeeded by E. B. Jfrost.

Yi Hi

92

Zululand

Y i H i (ye he). B o m Sept. 8, 1852. The Emperor of Korea. He ascended the throne Jan. 21, 1864, and assumed the title of emperor in October, 1897. In July, 1907, he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Yi Syek. Y i l d i z K i o s k . A pleasure resort of the sultans of Turkey, adopted as a permanent .abode by Abdul-Hamid II. soon after his accession in

Young*. Charles Augustus. Died at Han-

1855, the first American city association in Boston in 1866, and the first student association in the Illinois Normal University in 1873. Seventeen national associations are now affiliated in the world'B association, formed in 1892. The headquarters are in London. The total world's membership is 460,000. The American headquarters are at 125 East 27th Street, New York City, and there are 187 associations in cities and industrial centers and 601 student associations with a combined membership of 185,501. The official organ of the American associations is the "Association Monthly." The National Board conducts a training school for secretaries in New York City.

1876. I t stands on a hill on the northern border of Constantinople, overlooking t h e Bosporus. Within t h e park walls are numerous buildings (an observatory, armories, etc.) and within a second wall t h e kiosk, designed by t h e Sultan, which he occupied with his four principal wives.

Yonge*, Charlotte Mary. Died at Otterbourne, England, March 24, 1901.

York*, Duke of.

The title is at present borne by t h e second son of Edward VII., through the death of his elder brother heir to t h e crown of England. Yosemite Valley*. Its length is about 8 miles. In 1905 the State ceded it back to the United States Government, and it was accepted by Congress in 1906. Yosemite National Park includes the water-sheda and basins of the rivers of the Yosemite Valley. Yoshiwara ( y o - s h i - w a ' r a ) . T h e q u a r t e r of T o k i o w h i c h i s o c c u p i e d b y c o u r t e z a n s . The name is sometimes applied by foreigners to similar districts in other Japanese cities, b u t is not so used by the Japanese themselves.

Youmans (yd'manz), William J a y .

Born at

Milton, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1838: died at Mount Vernon, N. Y., April 10, 1901. An American scientist, brother of Edward Livingstone Youmans. He became the associate editor of "The Popular Science Monthly " in 1872, and editor in 1887.

alinski*, Edmund

Louis

G r a y . Died at New York, March 10, 1909.

Zambales (tham-ba'las). 1.

A province in western Luzon, Philippine Islands. it is

over, N. H., Jan. 4, 1908.

Young*. John Russell. Died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 17, 1899.

Younghusband (yung'huz-band), Sir Francis E d w a r d . Born at Murree, Panjab, India, May 31, 1863. A British soldier, traveler, and writer, head of the British mission to Tibet

1 9 0 2 - 0 4 . In 1882 he joined the army and in 1900 was promoted major. He was knighted in 1904. He was resident of Indore, Central India, 1902-03; British commissioner to Tibet 1903-04; Rede lecturer at Cambridge Y r i a r t e (e-ri-är'tä), C h a r l e s . Born at Paris, in 1905; and resident of Kashmir 1906-. He has trav- Dec. 5, 1832: died there, April 5, 1898. A eled in Manchuria, China, Turkestan, the Pamirs, and French litterateur. He was a prolific writer, and was South Africa, and was political officer in Chitral 1893-94. especially interested in the Italian Renaissance. Among Among his works are "The Relief of Chitral" (1895), his works are " Venise, histoire, art, industrie ; la ville, la "The Heart of a Continent" (1896), " South Africa of To- vie" (1877), "Florence, l'histoire, les Medicis, les humanistes, les lettres, les arts '' (1880), " Un condottiere auXVe day" (1898), etc. siècle; Rimini" (1882), "Françoise de Rimini dans la Young Men's Christian Association. An légende et dans l'histoire " (1882), " Matteo Civitali, sa vie organization formed in London in 1844 by (Sir) et son œuvre " (1885), " Paul Veronese " (1888), " César BorGeorge Williams. The first associations in North gia" (1889), "J. F. Millet" (1885), "Fortuny" (1886), America were organized in 1851, and the first international etc. convention was held at Buffalo, N Y June 7, 1854. The Y u e n - s a n (yö-en'sän')- A treaty-port in eastobject of the organization is to promote the spiritual, intellectual, physical, and social well-being of young men. ern Korea, situated on Broughton Bay about There are nearly 8,000 associations in the world, of which l a t . 3 9 ° N . i t has a considerable commerce, which is 2,000 are in North America. The total membership in mostly in the hands of the Japanese. Population about North AmericaiB about 450,000; in the world, over 800,000, 15,000. Also Won-san, Gen-san. Active controlling membership is limited to men in communion with some evangelical church; associate mem- Y u k o n . A territory of British North America, situated in the extreme northwest. It was orbership is not so limited. Abbreviated Y.M.C.A. in. 1898. It has large mineral deposits. It sends Young Women's Christian Association. A ganized to the Dominion Parliament one representative. It is v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t h e p h y s i c a l , s o c i a l , administered by a commissioner and a council of 10 memi n t e l l e c t u a l , a n d s p i r i t u a l d e v e l o p m e n t of y o u n g bers. Area, 196,327 square miles. Population (1901}, 27,219. w o m e n . The first association was formed in London in

Moriah, the Temple Hill. It has also been applied to the Upper City, and to Jerusalem as a whole. prominently identified with the Zionist movement. He is u Z Born at Bonn, the author of " The Big Bow Mystery " (1891), Children of i r k e l (tsër'kel), F e r d i n a n d . the Ghetto" (1892), "Merely Mary Ann" (1893), "Ghetto May 20, 1838. A German mineralogist and Tragedies" (1893), "The King of the Schnorrers" (1894), geologist, professor in the University of Leip" Without Prejudice " (1896), " Dreamers of the Ghetto," s i c f r o m 1870. His works include "Lehrbuch der a series of sketches of great Jewish thinkers (1898), They pétrographie " (1866, 1893-95), " Die Mikroskopische that Walk in DarknesB " (1899), " The Mantle of Elijah ' Beschaffenheit der Mineralien und Gesteine" (1873), (1900), "The Grey Wig " (1903), "Blind Children," a book "Microscopical Petrography" (1876), "Über Urausscheiof verse (1903), " The Celibates' Club " (1905), "The Melt- dungen in rheinischen Basalten " (1903), etc. He retired ing Pot" (1908), a number of plays, etc. Zanzibar*. The sultanate comprises the islands of from active service in 1909. Zanzibar, Pemba, and smaller islands, and the coaBt of the Zittel (tsit'tel), Karl Alfred von. Born at British East Africa Protectorate up to 10 miles inland. Bahlingen, Baden, Sept. 25, 1839: died at

turer, and man of letters, of Jewish birth. He is

bounded by Pangasinan on the north; Pangasinan, Tarlac, and Pampanga (separated by the Zambales Mountains) on the east; Bataan and the China Sea on the south; and the China Sea on the west. Capital, Iba. Port Subic indents the southern coast and separates Zambales from Bataan, the boundary-line coming to the northeast angle of the bay. It is an excellent harbor for Died at Stuttgart, March large vessels in all weather. The Zambales Mountains on Z e l l e r * , E d u a r d , the eastern boundary contain several peaks exceeding 19, 1908. 3,000 feet in height. The loftiest are Abu, 5,540, Iba, 5,262, Zeller % Jules Sylvain. B o r n a t P a r i s , April and Lingo, 5,530 feet. The rivers flow west to the China 23, 1820 : d i e d t h e r e , J u l y 25, 1900. Sea or south to Port Subic. Rice, sugar, mangos, and Zenger ( z e n g ' e r ) , John Peter. B o r n i n G e r pineapples are among the productions. The inhabitants m a n y , a b o u t 1 6 9 7 : d i e d 1746. A n A m e r i c a n are chiefly Zambalans and Ilocanos. Area, 2,125 square p r i n t e r a n d p u b l i s h e r . He was brought to America miles. Population (1903), 104,549. in his childhood, and in 1726 engaged in the printing 2. A civilized and Christianized Malay people business in New York. In 1734 he was arrested and tried living in the province of the same name in for libel because of the criticisms which appeared in his Luzon, Philippine Islands. paper, the New York "Weekly Journal," on the occasion Zambales (tham-ba'las) Mountains. A moun- of the removal from office of Chief-justice Lewis Morris tain-range in western Luzon, Philippine by Governor William Cosby. The defense was conducted Islands, parallel with the coast, it extends from by Andrew Hamilton and resulted in the acquittal of lingayen Gulf on the north to the southern extremity of Zenger, the decision being regarded as momentous in esZambales province, and reappears in Bataan as the tablishing the freedom of the press in America. Mariveles Peaks. Mount Iba, near the middle, and Mount Lingo, in the southern part of the range, exceed 5,000 feet Zeppelin (tsep'e-lin), Count Ferdinand von. in height. A I B O called Cabusilan. Born in Constance, July 8, 1838. A German

Z a m b o a n g a (tham-bo-an'ga). 1. A district of Moro province, Philippine Islands, embracing the southwestern part of Mindanao, the Basilan group, most of the Pilas group, and many small islands on the southwest coast of

general of cavalry and aeronaut. He came to the United States in 1863, during the Civil War ; took part in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; and has been a member of the Bundesrat (1885-90). He is the inventor of a large dirigible balloon which {after many experiments and mishaps) has been shown to be capable of long flights under good control.

Munich, Jan. 5, 1904. A German paleontologist, professor in the University of Munich f r o m 1866. He published "Handbuch der Paläontologie " (1876-93 : with Schimper and Schenk), etc.

Zogbaum(zög'boum), Rufus Fairchild. Born at Charleston, S. C., Aug. 28,1849. AnAmerican artist and writer. He studied at the Art Stu-

dents' League, New York, 1878-79, and under Bonnat at Paris 1880-82. He is best known as a delineator of military and naval subjects. Among his historical pictures are "Manila Bay," and "The First Minnesota Regiment at Gettysburg" (the latter painted by commission of the State of Minnesota for the Capitol at St. Paul). He has written "Horse, Foot, and Dragoons," "All Hands," and

"Ships and Sailors." Zola*, É r n i l e . Died at Paris, Sept. 29, 1902.

His "Trilogy of the Three Cities" includes "Lourdes" (1894), " Rome " (1896), and " Paris " (1808). On Feb. 23, 1898, he waB sentenced to a year's imprisonment and the payment of a fine of 3,000 francs for libeling the court martial which tried and acquitted Major Esterhazy, The sentence was annulled by the Court of Cassation. He was again tried and sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment and the payment of a fine. He left France before notification of judgment in order to Becure a retrial later, but soon returned.

M i n d a n a o . It is bounded by Dapitan and Misamis (separated from both by mountains) on the north ; Lanao Z o r n (tsörn), A n d e r s . Born at Mora, Sweden, (partly separated by Illana Bay) and the Celebes Sea on Z e r r a h n (tser-ran'), C a r l . Born at Malchow, Feb. 15, 1860. A Swedish painter. At the age the east; the Celebes Sea on the south ; and the Sulu (Jolo) Germany, July 28, 1826. A well-known Gcr- of fifteen he entered the Academy in Stockholm to study Sea on the w e s t Capital, Zamboanga. The southern man-American conductor. He came to America in sculpture, but soon turned his attention to water-color 1848 as a member of the orchestra of the Germania Mupart of the mainland is indented by three large bays, painting, in which he has been especially successful. He Illana, Dumanquilas, and Sibuguey, in the shores of which sical Society and later established himself in Boston. In has traveled and painted in Spain. England, France, Italy, are smaller bays affording good harbor. Of the bays on 1854 he became conductor of the Handel and Haydn So- North Africa, Russia, and Poland. In 1SÖ3, the year of the western coast Sibuco and Panabutanare safe for large ciety; was conductor of the Harvard Symphony Concerts the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, he visited the vessels in the northeast monsoon. The mountain-range 1866-82; and for many years conducted the Worcester United States and painted many portraits there. In 1890 that forms the northern boundary of Zamboanga extends Music Festivals. he joined the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris through the western peninsula and sends spurs of hills Zimmermann*, Reinhard Sebastian. Died and assisted in the organization of the first Salon du into the central and eastern peninsulas. Coal is found at Champ de Mars. The picture which he contributed to at Munich, Nov. 16, 1893. the head of Sibuguey Bay and elsewhere, gold in the this exhibition now hangs in the Louvre. He is a realist western peninsula. The forests contain valuable woods. Zimmern (zim'ern), Helen. Born at Ham- of great power. Considerable sugar-cane is produced. Fruits grow in burg, Germany, March 25, 1846. An English abundance. The inhabitants are Subanos and M0"0S. a u t h o r , t r a n s l a t o r , a n d a r t c r i t i c . She was Zuloaga (thö-lö-ä'gä), Ignacio. Bom at Eibar, Area of province, 6,085 square miles. Population (1903), taken to England as a child, and became a British sub- Spain, July 26,1870. A noted Spanish painter, ject at her majority. She has been a correspondent for son of Placidio Zuloaga, famous as the redis98,078. various English, German, and Italian periodicals. Her coverer of the art of damascening. Among hiB 2 . A town, the capital of Zamboanga district works include "Life and Philosophy of Schopenhauer" works are "Daniel Zuloaga and his Daughters," "A Spanand of Moro province. It is situated on the Strait (1876), " Life and Works of Lessing " (1878), " Sir Laurence ish Gipsy," "Promenade After the Bull-fight," "Spanish of Basilan at the southern extremity of the western penin- Alma-Tadema" (1886), "HanBa Towns" (1889), "Irish Dancers,""El Coriano," "SegoviansDrinking,"and "The sula of Mindanao, in lat. 6° 53 N., long. 123° 5' E. Civilized Element in Mediaeval Culture ' (1891), "Italy of the Ital- Penitents." population of municipality (1903), 3,281. ians " (1906), and various translations. In Dec., 1897, it was incorporated with Z a n g w i l i (zang'wil), I s r a e l . Born at London, Zion\ The name was probably given originally to the Zululand*. Natal, of which it forms a province. The Amaputaland Feb. 24, 1864. An English novelist, poet, lec- Lower City or Acra, and then transferred to Mount Protectorate was annexed to Zululand in 1897.

aalzow (piiit'so), Frau (Henriette Wach). Born at Berlin, 1788: died there, Oct. 30, 1847. A German novelist. Her works inchido "Godwie-Castle" (1836), "St.-Roche"(1839), etc. Pabna (piib'na). A town in Bengal, British India, on an arm of the Ganges north of Calcutta. Population, 15,000. Paca (pa'ka), 'William. Born at Wyehall, Harfo'rd County, Md., Oct. 31, 1740died there, 1799. An American politician, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was governor of Maryland 1782-85. Pacaguaras (pa-ka-gwa'ras). An Indian tribe of northern Bolivia and Brazil, living about tho rapids of the upper Madeira, Beni, and Mamore. They are savages of a rather low grade, living in small villages and subsisting mainly by hunting and Ashing. They have always been friendly to the whites, and during the 18th century some of them were gathered into mission villages, whiull were subsequently abandoned. D'Orbigny believed that they were allied to the Mojos, but Dr. Brinton has referred their language to the Pano stock (which see). A few hundreds remain. Also written Pa-

cavaras, Paeauaras.

Pacajas (pa-ka-zhas'). An Indian tribe of the lower Amazon, which formerly occupied much of the mainland on both sides of the island of Marajo. They were of Tupi stock, lived in large villages, and were agriculturists. Their descendants are merged in the country population of the same region.

band Juan de Padilla, in the defense of Toledo by the insurrectionists 1521-22. Pacheco, Ramon. Born at Santiago, Dec. 14, 1845: died at Iquique, May 22,1888. A Chilean novelist. His first romance, "ElPuftalylaSotana/'was published in 1874, and was followed by several others. Pacheco, Toribio. Born in 1830: died at Lima, 1868. A Peruvian jurist and politician, minister of foreign affairs in 1865, and author of a standard work on Peruvian civil law. Pacheco y Osorio (e o-so're-o), Rodrigo de, Marquis of Cerralvo. Born about 1580: died after 1640. A Spanish administrator. He was governor of Galicia, and viceroy of Mexico Oct. 31,1624, to Sept. 16, 1635, succeeding the Marquis of Gelves, who had been deposed by the audience (sec Carrilln de Meiuioza y Pimentel). He was an able and efficient ruler, and on his return was made a councilor of the Indies.

NL. Marc Pacificum ('pacific sea'),G. Stilles Meer ('still sea'), or Siidsee ('south sea').] That part of the ocean which extends westward from North America and South America to the eastern coast of Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia: so named by Magalhaes, the first to navigate it (1520), who found it calm after his experience of storms.

I t communicates by Bering

Strait with the Arctic Ocean on the north. Its southern boundary is arbitrary, some separating it from the Antarctic Ocean by the Antarctic Circle, while others interpose a "Southern Ocean " the northern limit of which is lat. 40" S. I t is regarded as divided by the equator into the North and South Pacific. Its chief gulfs, etc., are Bering Sea, Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound, Gulf of California, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Bay of Panama,Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, and Sea of Okhotsk. The principal currents are the equatorial, Peruvian, and Japanese. The Pacific was first seen by Balboa in 1513; was first navigated by Magalhaes in 1520; and was explored by Drake, Dampier, Anson, and numerous later navigators. Several steamer lines (Pacific Mail, Canadian Line, etc.) traverse it. Greatest breadth from east to west, about 10,000miles. Area, estimated, about70,000,U00 square miles. Greatest known depth, 27,930 feet.

Pachino (pa-ke'no). A town in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, situated on the coast 24 miles south-southwest of Syracuse. Population (1881), 7,430; commune, 8,274. Pachmann (pach'niiin), Vladimir de. Born Pacini (pa-clie'ne), Giovanni. Born at Syraat Odessa, July 27, 1848. A noted Russian cuse, Sicily. Feb. 11, 1796: died near Peschia, pianist. He was a pupil of his father, an amateur vioIinist, and of Daclis at Vienna. He made his first appearance in 1869, but did not play regularly till 1871, since which time he lias had much success both in Europe and in the United States, especially as an interpreter of Chopin, Pachomius (pa-ko'mi-us). S a i n t . Born proba-

D e c . 6, 1867. A l l I t a l i a n c o m p o s e r . He wrote about 80 operas, among the best of which arc " Niobe " (1820), "Saffo " (1840), " M e d e a " (1843), and " L a E e g i n a d i Cipro" (1846). He organized a musical institute at Viareggio, and afterward removed to Lucca, where he trained many pupils who became celebrated,

bly in Lower Egypt, about 292: died about 349. Packard (pak'iird), Alpheus Spring. Born at One of the founders of monasticism. He estab- Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 23,1798: died at Squirlished a monastery on the island of Tabenna in tho Nile,

r e l I s l a n d , M a i n e , Jul v 13, 1884.

and establish strict rules of government for the commu-

f

and was the first thus to collect the monks under one roof

A n American

educator, p r o f e s s o r i n B o w d o i n College, M a i n e

" ¿»lame, Pacaraima (pa-ka-ri'mii), Sierra or Serra de. A range of low mountains between Venezuela Pachuca (pii-cho'ka), or Hidalgo (e-diil'go). Packard, Alpheus Spring. Born at Brunswick, on the north and Brazil on the south, extendMaine, Feb. 19,1839. An American naturalist, ing into British Guiana. They are continuous with The capital of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. 8011 of APackard (1798-1884). He graduated the Parima Range, and probably both are edges of a table- situated about 50 miles northeast of Mexico. at Bowdoin in 1861, and at Maine Medical School in 1864; Population (1894), 40,500. land. The highest peak is Boraima, on the confines of was curator of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem Guiana (about 8,500 feet).

Shortly after the Conquest a shepherd discovered the

1

r o m

1868-76, and State entomologist, of Massachusetts 1871-73;

silver workings here [at Pachuca], and a milling eamp and has been professor of zoiilogy and geology at Brown Pacasas(pa-ka-siis'). An oldnameforabranch rich at once sprang up that about 1534 was made a town. Here X7niversity since 1878. His works include "Guide to the of the Aymara Indians of Bolivia, on the east- was invented in 1557, by Bartolom6 de Medina, the so- Study of Insects" (1869), "Our Common Insccts" (1873), called "patio process " f o r the amalgamation of silver ore. ern side of Lake Titicaea. See Aymaras. "Half-Hours w ith Insects " (1877), "Zoology for Students Among the more famous of the ancient mines was the and General Headers " (1879), " Zoology " (1880: American Pacauaras, or Pacavaras. See i'acaguaras. Trinidad, whence was extracted 840,000,000in silver in ten Science " lintomology for Beginners " (1888), etc. Pacayas(pa-ka-yas'). 1. Same as Pacajas.—2. years. The period of the revolt against Spain, and of the P a r > l r p Series), Aao Tin™ i f f l m t n n p « n „ r (n'ik'ór) An Indian tribe of northeastern Peru and Bra- subsequent civil wars, reduced the fortunes of the city to n W ™ ? ' i TO- ^ ^ i ? t 0 n > t r m " l > 1 8 0 b : d l e d a t zil, on the river Javary. They are apparently a very low depth. I t was seized and sacked by revoluP h i l a d e l p h i a , M a y 17, allied to the Pevas (see Perns), and are presu- tionists, April 23,1812, when j?30ft,ooo worth of silver was 1879. A n A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l i s t a n d p o l i t i c i a n , taken from the Caia, and the records of the city were de- He was member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1853-57, mably of Tupi stock. stroyed. Until 1850 its fortunes continued to decline, and founded Lehigh University in I860. He was the proPacca (pak'ka), Bartolommeo. Born at Bene- and its population greatly diminished. In this year the jeetor of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. vento, Italy, Dec. 25,1756: died at Eome, April Eosarip Mine came into bonanza—at once reviving the Packer, William Fisher. Born at Howard, 19,1844. A Roman cardinal and politician, au- city s dormant prosperity. Janvier, Mex. Guide, p. 442. p a . ; A p r i l 2 , 1807 : d i e d a t W i l l i am s p o r t , P a , thor of various historical memoirs. Pachynus (pa-ki'nus). [Gr. n&Xvvoc.~\ In an- Sept. 27, 1870. An American politician. He Paccaritambo (pak-kii-re-tam'bo). [Quichua: c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , t h e e a p e a t t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n w a s g o v e r n o r o f P e i m s v l v a n i a 1838-61. paccari, dawn, and tampu, house.] A cave situated a few miles south of Cuzco, Peru, in the e x t r e m i t y o f Sicily: t h o m o d e r n Cape Passaro. Pacolet ( p a k ' o - l e t ) . A d w a r f i l l t h e r o m a n c e " Valentine arid Orson." The name has been given valley of the Vilcamayu River, it was a sacred Pacific (pa-sif'ik), The. See Pacific Ocean. plaee of the Incas : according to one of their legends, Pacific, W a r of the. [Sp. Guerra del Pacifico.'] to other dwarfs in literature. Sir Walter Scott gives it to Maneo Capac issued from it with three brothers.

Paccaritampu.

Also

Pachacamac (paeh-ii-kii'mak). [Quichua, 'founderof the world.'] Oneof thenamesgiven by the ancient Peruvians to the supreme deity, otherwise called Uiracocha (which see). Pachacamac. A town and temple of ancient Peru, on the coast, at the mouth of the river Lurin, about 20 miles south of Lima. The temple was dedicated to Pachacamac. who, in this case, had perhaps come to be regarded as a local deity. Old historians state that it was much frequented by pilgrims from all parts of the country. The shrine and wooden image of Pachacamac were destroyed by Hernando Pizarro in 1533. The existing ruins of the building are very extensive, and, according to Squier, are not of the Inca type of architecture and appear to be very ancient. There are other and more modern ruins of Iricarian type, including what is supposed to have been a house of the virgins of the sun. A small village remains on the site.

Pachacutec Yupanqui. See Tupanqvi. Pacheco (pa-cha'ko), Francisco. Born at Seville, Spain, 1571: died at Seville, 1654. A Spanish painter and writer on art, author of " A r t e de la pintura" ( " A r t of Painting," 1649). Pacheco, Gregorio. A Bolivian politician, president 1884-88. Pacheco, Maria. Lived in the first part of the 16th century: died in Portugal in 1531. A Spanish woman, leader, after the death of her hus-

T h e name c o m m o n l y g i v e n t o the w a r w a g e d b v

Chile against Bolivia and Pera 1879-83. ft arose

a claracter in

" T h e Pirate," and Steele uses it for afam-

- «

™

1T ,

from claims made by Chile to the nitrate regions of Ata- í . 3 ^ ® d e f a m i n e ( p a k t d e f a - m e n ' ) . [ F . , ' F a m cama, Bolivia, and, later, to adjoining regionsin Peru. In m e C o m p a c t . ' ] A m o n o p o l y formed b y certain Feb., 1879, the Chileans seized Antofagasta, Bolivia. Bo- r i c h m e n i n P r a n c e , a t t h e e n d o f t h e r e i g n of livia declared war March 1 Peru offered^her mediation JjOU¡s X V . , f o r the punióse of raising the price 1 wasmctbydcmandswhichsherefused.andChiledeclared ,• , . ,.1 . . . . ~, „K, war on Peru April 5. Thereafter Peru and Bolivia acted J * c 0 ™ b y c a u s i n g a f a c t i t i o u s s c a r c i t y of i t . as allies. The principal subsequent eventswere: Iquique PactO de Chinandega. b e e Confederación Cen. blockaded, April 5; naval engagement there, May 21; Petro-Amcricana.

InanAsia

at Tarapacá, Nov. 27; Chilean victory at Los Angeles, near M i n o r , a t r i b u t a r y o f t h e H e r m u s . It was long Moquegua, March 22, 1880; Chilean victory at Tacna, May c e l e b r a t e d f o r i t s g o l d . 26; Callao blockaded April 10, bombarded May 26 ; Arica Like most gold-fields, that of the Paetolus, so celebrated bombarded by the Chileans June 5, taken June 7; Chilean victory at Chorrillos, Jan. 13, 1881; at Miraflores, Jan. 15; at an early period, was soon exhausted. By the time of Lima taken, Jan. 17. There were many subsequent en- Augustus it had ceased to produce gold. Rawlinson, Herod., III. 301. gagements, often bloody, but unimportant in their results. A preliminary treaty of peace betw'ecn Chile and Peru was p „ /„„ / v : ,,„i M m v i i c Born i t signed at Ancon Oct. 20, 1883, and ratified April 4, 1884. , , • VP®.™ ' 7%|TfarCUS-,. , .

(See Iglesias, Miguel.) A treaty of peacc between Chile and

Bolivia was signed Dec. 11,1883. By these treaties all the coastregion of Bolivia, and Tarapacà in Peru, were permanently ceded to Chile. She was to hold Arica and Tacna f or

Brundisium, I t a l y , about 220 B. C. : died about

129 B. c . A celebrated R o m a n tragic poet, O n l y f r a g m e n t s of h i s p l a v s h a v e b e e n p r e oP1,vPd

ten years. Chile obtained other importantadvantagesre- n , , . „ „ lating to the guano deposits. The Chileans evacuated Jraaan-aram (pa dan-a ram). Apparently the Lima, Oct. 22,1883. same as Aram Xaharmm. See Aram. Pacification of Ghent. See Ghent, Pacifica- Padang (pa-dang'). A seaport on the western tion of. coast of Sumatra, situated in lat. 0° 58' S., long. Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. [P. Océan Pad- 100° 20' E. It is the capital of the Dutch govfique, or Océan Austral ('southern ocean'), or ernment of the west coast. Population, estiMer du Sud ('south sea'), Sp. Mar Pacifico, mated, 15,000. 771

Paddington

772

Paget, Violet

P o p u l a t i o n (1890), Scenes in South America " (1862), "Ambas Americas " (1872), P a d d i n g t o n (pad'ing-ton). A w e s t e r n division a m a n u f a c t u r i n g center. etc. of L o n d o n , s i t u a t e d n o r t h of H y d e P a r k , i t 12,797. returns 2 members to Parliament. Population (1891), P a d u l a ( p a - d 5 ' l à ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Paezes. S e e Paes. 117,838. S a l e r n o , I t a l y , 52 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of S a l e r n o . P a g a n i ( p a - g a ' n e ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of S a l e r n o , I t a l y , 21 m i l e s e a s t - s o u t h e a s t of N a p l e s . Paddock (pad'ok), Benjamin Henry. Born at P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 8,938. N o r w i c h , Conn'., F o b . 29. 1828: d i e d a t B o s t o n , P a d u s ( p à ' d u s ) . T h e a n c i e n t n a m e of t h e P o . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 13,290. M a s s . , M a r c h 9 . 1 8 9 1 . A n A m e r i c a n b i s h o p of P a e a n ( p e ' a n ) . I n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , a s u r n a m e P a g a n i a ( p a - g a ' n i - a ) . S e e t h e e x t r a c t . t h e P r o t e s t a n t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h . H e "became of A p o l l o a n d of o t h e r g o d s . In the 10th century one Dalmatian district, the Narenb i s h o p of M a s s a c h u s e t t s i n 1873. P s e o n i a ( p é - ò ' n i - a ) . I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a tine coast between Spalato and Ragusa, together with some of the neighbouring islands, bore the significant name of P a d e r b o r n ( p a ' d e r - b o r n ) . A c i t y i n t h e p r o v - r e g i o n i n t h e i n t e r i o r of M a c e d o n i a . Pagania. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 25. i n c e of W e s t p h a l i a , P r u s s i a , 43 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t Pseonius ( p e - o ' n i - u s ) . [ G r . Haiòvioq.] A Greek of C a s s e l . The cathedral is chiefly in the style of the s c u l p t o r of M e n d e i n T h r a c e . His statue of Kike P a g a n i n i ( p a - g a - n e ' n e ) , N i c o l o . B o r n a t G-enoa, transition: the west end, with tower and crypt, is of the on a pillar, described by Pausanias, was discovered in O c t , 27, 1782 r d i e d a t N i c e , M a y 27, 1840. A middle of the 12th century; the eastern parts are a century 1875 with its inscription, and gives a perfect idea of this c e l e b r a t e d I t a l i a n v i o l i n i s t . He first appeared in later. Population (1890), 17,986. master's style. The eastern pediment of the Ze*is temple public In 1793 at Genoa. In 1795 he went to Parma, with father, to study with Holla. On his return, after a few Paderborn, Bishopric of. A bishopric and discovered at the same time, and ascribed by Pausanias to his months, to Genoa he began to compose his "Studies," m e m b e r of t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e , n o w i n - Pceonius, is much inferior. which were extraordinarily difficult. He commenced his e l u d e d i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e p r o v i n c e of P a e r ( p a - a r ' ) > F e r d i n a n d o . B o r n a t P a r m a , foreign tours alone in 1798; from 1801 till 1805 he did not W e s t p h a l i a , P r u s s i a . I t was founded about 800 in I t a l y , J u n e 1, 1771 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a y 3, 1839. play in public; he then resumed his concert tours, and soon the land of the Saxons; was secularized in 1803, and given A n I t a l i a n c o m p o s c r o f caperà. He was appointed after became solo player to the court at Lucca. It was to Prussia; was made part of the kingdom of Westphalia maitre de chapelle by àapoleon, and went to Paris in here that he became famous for his execution on the single 1807 ; was director of the Italian opera there 1812-27 ; and G-string. From this time his success was remarkable, and in 1807; and was regained by Prussia in 1813. director of the king's chamber nmsic in 1832. His his bizarre and mysterious appearance added to his fame. Paderewski (pa-de-ref'ske), Ignace Jan. Born was works include "Camilla" (1801), "Sargino" (1803), and I t was currently reported that he was a son of the devil, i n P o d o l i a , R u s s i a n P o l a n d , i n 1860. A R u s s i a n ''Eleonora" (1804). whom he was fancied to resemble. p i a n i s t . He went to Warsaw in 1S72, where he studied with Roguski and Janotha, and when about 16 years old P a e s ( p a - a s ' ) , o r ( b y a d o u b l e p l u r a l ) P a e z e s But, after all, the extraordinary effect of the playing made a concert tour in Russia, at the close of which he ( p i i - a ' z a z ) . A n I n d i a n t r i b e of C o l o m b i a , i n could have had its source only in his extraordinary genius. went back to Warsaw and took his diploma from the Con- t h e m o u n t a i n s of t h e C e n t r a l C o r d i l l e r a , d e - If genius, as has been justly remarked, is " the power of servatory. lie also studied later at Berlin. In 1878 he p a r t m e n t s of T o l i m a a n d A n t i o q u i a . Theywere taking infinite pains," he certainly showed it in a wonderwas made professor of music there, and in 1883 occupied formerly powerful, and were at war with the Chibchas ful degree in the power of concentration and perseverance the same position at Strasburg. He made his debut at before the Spanish conquest. At present about 2,000 re- which enabled him to acquire such absolute command of Vienna in 1887, and at >Tew York in 1892. He is particu- main in a semi-independent state. They have fixed vil- his instrument» Mere perfection of technique, however, larly successf ulin his interpretation of Schumann, Chopin, lages, practise agriculture on a small scale, and are noted would never have thrown the whole of musical Europe Rubinstein, and Liszt. With the first notes his audience was hunters ; though living at high altitudes, they go nearly into such paroxysms. there was in him — though certainly not the naked. Their language is closely related to that of the spell-bound; Padernal. S e e Pedemal. evil spirit suspected by the superstitious — a daemonic elePaniquitas (which see). See also Pijaos. ment which irresistibly took hold of those that came within P a d i h a m (pad'i-ham). A town in Lancashire, his sphere. Grove, Diet, of Music, etc., II. 630. Paisicllo. E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e C a l d e r 23 m i l e s n o r t h Paesiello. S e e Psestum (pes'tum), originally Posidonia (posof M a n c h e s t e r . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 11,311. ( p a g ' a s e ) . [ G r . IIayaoai.'] I n a n c i e n t Tiocuóavia.'] I n a n c i e n t Padilla, Agustin Davila. Bee DavUa y f'adilia, ig-edoog' nr ai -pah)y. , [aG rc.i tYlalorov, y i n L u c a n i a , M a g n a Grascia, g e o g r a p h y , a s e a p o r t i n t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of T h e s Padilla (pa-Tiiel'ya), Juan Lopez de. Born at I t a l y , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e s e a i n l a t . 40° 25' N . , s a l y , G r e e c e , s i t u a t e d a t t h e h e a d of t h e P a g a T o l e d o , S p a i n : e x e c u t e d A p r i l , 1521. A S p a n - l o n g . 15° E . I t was a Greek city, a colony of Sybaris, ssean G u l f , s o u t h w e s t of P e l i o n . I t w a s t h o i s h r e v o l u t i o n i s t , l e a d e r of t h e i n s u r r e c t i o n of founded about G00 B. C., and brought under Roman domi- m y t h i c a l s t a r t i n g - p o i n t of t h e A r g o n a u t s . The nation after the failure of Pyrrhus's invasion in 273 B. C. t h e c o m m u n e s a g a i n s t a b s o l u t i s m i n 1520. H i s Tinder Roman rule Picstum dwindled, and it w;is Anally r u i n s of t h e c i t y a r e v i s i b l e n e a r Y o l o . a r m v w a s d e f e a t e d a t V i l l a l a r , A p r i l 23,1521. destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. The site is P a g e ( p a j ) . I n S h a k s p e r e ' s c o m e d y *' T h e M e r r y now deserted. The Greek walls are still standing through- W i v e s of W i n d s o i * , " t h e e a s y h u s b a n d of M i s Padilla, Maria de. S e e Paciwco. their circuit of 2.V miles, with 8 towers and 4 gates P a d i s h a h ( p a - d e - s h a ' ) - [ ' F a t h e r of t h e k i n g . ' ] out more or less ruined : the plan is approximately trapezoidal. t r e s s P a g e w h o c o n s p i r e s w i t h M i s t r e s s F o r d A t i t l e of t h e s u l t a n s of T u r k e y a n d of t h e k i n g s Within the walls the three archaic Doric temples form, t o f o o l F a l s t a f f , a n d t h e f a t h e r of 4 i s w e e t A n n o from their remarkable state of preservation, the most im- P a g e n w h o i s i n t e n d e d b y h i m t o m a r r y t h e of P e r s i a . Greek architectural group existing, cxcept the f o o l i s h S l e n d e r , a n d b y h e r m o t h e r t o m a r r y Padma Purana ( p a d ' m a p i j - r a ' n a ) . [ S k t . , ' L o - pressive t u s P u r a n a . ' ] I n S a n s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e , a P u r a n a monuments of Athens. Besides these beautiful temples, D r . C a i n s , b u t w h o m a r r i e s F e n t o n . little is visible except remains of a Roman amphitheater, of 55,000 s t a n z a s , s a i d t o b e s o c a l l e d a s c o n t a i n - theater, and temple, all very ruinous. The temples of Page, John. Born at Haverhill, N. H., May 21, i n g a n a c c o u n t of t h e p e r i o d w h e n t h e w o r l d Psestum are not mentioned by ancient writers, and were 1787: d i e d S e p t . 8, 1865. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i w a s a g o l d e n l o t u s ( p a d m a ) . Of its five books, unknown to modern scholars until described by Antonini the first treats of creation, the second of the earth, the in 1745. The temple of Neptune, so called, is one of the t i c i a n . He was Democratic United States senator from third of heaven, the fourth of the regions below the earth, three best-preserved Greek Doric temples, retaining all its Xew Hampshire 1836-37, and governor of K ew Hampshire while the fifth is supplementary. A sixth division, also exterior columns and most of those of the interior, and 1839-42. current, treats of the practice of devotion. The different majestic in its aspect. I t is peripteral, hexastyle, with Page, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Shelly, sections are probably distinct works brought together. 14 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, mea- G l o u c e s t e r C o u n t y , V a . , J a n . 4 , 1 8 0 8 . A n A m e r i None is older than the 12th century A. 1). The tone is suring 85 by 190 feet. The columns are 7A feet in base c a n n a v a l officer. As lieutenant-commander he was enVishuuite. diameter and 29 feet high. Entablature and pediments gaged 3853-56 in explorations in the Platine region, South Padouca. S e e Comanche. are practically intact. Both pronaos and opisthodomos America. In Feb., 1855, his vessel, the "Water Witch (then Padua ( p a d ' u - a ) . A p r o v i n c e i n t h e c o m p a r - have two columns in antis. The cella has two double in charge of Lieutenant Jeffers), was fired upon by a t i m e n t o of V e n e t i a , I t a l y . A r e a , 790 s q u a r o ranges of 7 Doric columns, the lower tiers of which arc Paraguayan fort, and one man was killed: the fire was restill complete. The temple is built of the local travertine, turned. Page resigned early in 1861; entered the Confederm i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 434,322. Padua, It. Padova (pa/do-vii), F. Padoue (pa- which has assumed from age a rich yellow color. I t dates ate service; was commissioned commodore; and in 1862 d o ' ). T h e c a p i t a l of t h e p r o v i n c e of P a d u a , from the 6th century R. C. The temple of Ceres, so called, was sent to England to take charge of a cruiser. His ship I t a l y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e "Bacchiglione i n l a t . 4 5 ° is Greek Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 13 columns on was not permitted to leave, and he took command of a 2 4 ' N . , l o n g . 11° 51' E . : t h e R o m a n P a t a v i u m . the flunks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, measuring 47 by 107 small ironclad at Copenhagen, but it was soon after seized Among the chief objects of interest are the churches of feet, There was an interior portico before the pronaos, in a Spanish port, thus ending his Confederate service. San Antonio, Eremitani, andSantaGiustina, cathedral, uni- and no opisthodomos ; the cella, however, had a rear Subsequently he resided in the Argentine and in Florence, versity, botanic garden, Sciiolo del Santo, picture-gallery, chamber occupying about one third of its length, with a Italy. He is the author of "La Plata, the Argentine ConLoggia del Consiglio, and Palazzo Municipio (noted for its door in the back. Though many architectural details ap- federation, and Paraguay" (1859). great hall). The Baptistery of the Duomo, an early- pear debased, the temple probably dates from the early Page, Thomas Nelson. Born in Hanover B. c. The Basilica, so called, is a Greek Doric Hoinanesque building, is chiefly remarkable for its beau- 6th centurystructure of 9 by IS columns, measuring 80 by C o u n t y , V a . , A p r i l 23, 1853. An American tiful early frescos of the school of Giotto. The Church peripteral 178 feet, on a stylobate of 3 steps. There are 5 columns l a w y e r a n d a u t h o r . He is chiefly noted for his tales of the Eremitani, now the University Chapel, a large between antse in the pronaos, and the cella is divided church of 1260, restored, contains many interesting me- longitudinally by a contrai range of columns. A reason- and verses in the negro dialect. Among his works are dieval and Renaissance tombs, notably those of the Car- able explanation of this unusual plan is that the tem- " I n Ole Virginia, or Marse Chan and Other Stories " (1887), raras. The Loggia del Consiglio, an interesting early- ple was double, one half being dedicated presumably to "Two Little Confederates" (1888\ "On Jsewfound River" Renaissance building, begun 1493, has below an open Demcter and the other to Persephone. Despite some poor (1890V"The Old South" (essays, 1892),"Meh Lady" (1893). vaulted hall with widely spaced columns, and above a architectural details which have been thought to indicate Page, William. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. finely decoratcd saloon with three monumental windows. a late date, the temple probably belongs to the first part 23, 1811: d i e d a t T o t t e n v i l l e , S t a t e n I s l a n d , O c t . 1,1885. A n A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r , b e s t k n o w n The Palazzo della Ragione was begun in 1172 as a court of the 6th century li. C. f o r h i s p o r t r a i t s . Among his other works are "Veof justice. The lower story consists of open vaults surnus," " Moses and Aaron on Mount Horeb," "Flight into rounded by arcades left open for trading-booths. Above is Paestum, Gulf of. S e e Salerno, Gulf of. Egypt," etc. an »raided gallery with a sculptured frieze. In the Becond Paetus ( p e ' t u s ) . S e e Arrla. story is the famous Salone, a hall 295 feet long, 88 wide, Paez ( p a ' à t h ) , José Antonio. Gamier-Pages. B o r n i n t h e Pag&s. S e e and 79 high, whose enormous arched roof is entirely with- p r o v i n c e of B a r i n a s , J a n e 13, 1790: d i e d i n Paget (paj'et), Henry William, first Marquis out intermediate supports. The walls of the Salone are N e w Y o r k c i t y , M a y 7, 1873. A V e n e z u e l a n of A n g l e s e y . B o r n 1768 : d i e d 1854. A n E n g covered with very curious mystical frescos; and the hall g e n e r a l a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He was a distinguished cav- l i s h g e n e r a l a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He served with distincitself serves as a pantheon for Paduan worthies, contain« alry leader in the war for independence; captured Puerto tion in the Low Countries and in Spain 1808-09; and comitig among other relics the reputed bones of Livy. Padua Gabello, the last Spanish post in Venezuela, in 1823 ; and manded the British cavalry at Waterloo. lie was lord wasaveryimportant Roman town; sided with the Guelphs under the Colombian republic was military commandant lieutenant of Ireland 1828-29 and 1830-33. l a t e r lie was in the middle ages, and was a center of literature and a r t ; of Venezuela from 1828, and jefe superior, with military made field-marshal. and came under Venetian rule in 1405. Population (1892), and civil powers, from 1827. In 1829-30 he headed the P a g e t , S i r J a m e s . B o r n a t Y a r m o u t h , J a n . 11, 79,500. movement by which Venezuela separated from Colom- 1814, A n E n g l i s h p h y s i c i a n . He became a member bia; was president March 18, 1831, to Feb. 9. 1835, and of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1836, and has been its Padua, University of. One of the oldest and again Feb. 1,1839, to Jan. 28,1843 : in the interval between president. He is sergeant-surgeon to the queen, surgeon m o s t c e l e b r a t e d u n i v e r s i t i e s of E u r o p e , f o u n d e d these terms he commanded the army and put down two to the Prince of Wales, consulting surgeon to St. Bari n t h e 13th c e n t u r y : e s p e c i a l l y f a m o u s f o r i t s rebellions. In Jan.. 1848, he declared against Monàgas, tholomew's Hospital, and vice-chancellor of the University f a c u l t i e s of l a w a n d m e d i c i n e . I t h a d 63 t e a c h - but was eventually defeated, imprisoned Aug., 1849, to of London. He was created a baronet in 1871. He has March, 1850, and banished for some years. On the deposi- published " Lectures on Surgical Pathology " (1858), " Cline r s and 1,316 s t u d e n t s i n 1890-91. tion of Guai (Aug. 29,1860), General Paez was proclaimed ical Lectures "(1875), etc. Paduca, o r Paducah. S e e Comanche. dictator by the army. He assumed the office Sept. 9, and P a d u c a h (pa-du'ka). [ F r o m t h e I n d i a n t r i b e held it until his final defeat by Falcon and Guzman Paget, Violet: pseudonym Vernon Lee. Bom n a m e . ] A c i t y , c a p i t a l of M c O r a c k e n C o u n t y , Blanco, May, 1863. His autobiography was published at i n 1857. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r a n d c r i t i c . She has written much on the art, literature, and drama of Italy, K e n t u c k v , s i t u a t e d o n t h e O h i o , a t t h e m o u t h New York in 1867. where she has lived for many years; and has contributed of t h e T e n n e s s e e , i n l a t . 37° 5 ' N., l o n g . 88° 3 6 ' P a e z , R a m o n . B o r n a b o u t 1825. A n a u t h o r , esthetic and philosophical criticisms to the principal Eng. s o n of G e n e r a l J . A . P a e z . He has written "Wild W. It h a s au extensive river trade, a n d is lish reviews.

G u a p o r é a n d B a u r é s . They were numerous, forming many small independent villages, and subsisting mainly by agriculture. The Jesuits induced some of them to join their mission of Conception, where about 500 remained in 1831. They belong to the Arawak or Maypure linguistic stock. Probably the Paunacas, a tribe mentioned by Fernandez, but located further south, were the same

Paijanne (pâ-yâii'ne). A lake in southernFinland, 70 miles north by east of Helsingfors. Length, 80-90 miles. Paillamacu (pâ-ël-yà-mâ'ko). Born about 1525 : died in 1603. An Araucanian Indian of Chile, toqui or war-chief from about 1593. He attacked the Spaniards in 1595, 1596, and 1597, and in 155)8 headed the most successful rising of his tribe : the governor of Chile. Oîiez de Loyola, was surprised and killed (Nov. 22, 1598), Villarica, Imperial, and other places were besieged for several years and finally taken, and the Spaniards were driven beyond the Biobio. Also written FaUlamacku,

Pailleron (ps-yo-rôn'), Êdouard Jules Henri. Born at Paris, Sept. 17, 1834. A French poet

a n d d r a m a t i s t . He began life as a notary's clerk, incidentally writing poems and plays. On his first appearance before the public he brought out a short comedy entitled " L e parasite" and a volume of satires, " L e s parasites " (1860), followed in 1861 by " Le mur mitoyen." Further plays are " Le dernier quartier "(1863), " L e second mouvement" (1865), " L e monde où l'on s'amuse" (1868), " L e s faux ménages"(1869), "L'Autre iijotif " (1872), ; 'H6lène" (1872), "Petite pluie" (1875), " L ' A g e ingrat" (1878), "L'Entincelle " (1879), " L e monde où l'on s'ennuie " (1881), " L a souris" (1887), " L e s cabotins" (1894). Three of his c o m e d i e s — " L e chevalier Trumeau," " L e narcotique,1' and " Pendant le b a l " — w e r e published together as " L e théâtre chez Madame" (1881). H e married the daughter of M. Buloz, general manager of the " R e v u e des Deux Mondes," and many of his poems appeared in that publication . Among them are " Le départ ' ' (1870), ' ' Prière pour la France" (1871): and tlie collection entitled "Amours et haines " (1888). Pailleron was elected to the French Acaderay in 1881. His inaugural speech, together with his addresses to that body on other occasions, appeared as "Discours académiques " (1886). More recently he wrote the "Biographie d'Émile Augier" (1889).

Palais, Le

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Pago

Pago (pa'gò). An island in the Adriatic, be- imprisoned in 1794 ; and returned to the United States in longing to Dalmati a, Austria-Hungary, inter- 1802. His " Age of Reason " was published in 1794. sected by lat. 44° 30' N., long. 15° E. 'itissepa- Painesville (pânz'vil). The capital of Lake rated from*Croatia by the Canale della Morlacea. Length, County, Ohio, situated on Grand River 30 miles northeast of Cleveland. Population (1890), 3(> miles. Population (1890), commune, 6,203. 4,755. PagO-PagO. See Fango-Pango. Pahang (pa-hang'). A native state under Brit- Painter (pân'tèr), Gamaliel. Born at New ish influence, in the eastern part of the Malay Haven, Conn., May 22, 1743: died at Middlepeninsula, north of Johore. bury, Vt., May 21, 181.9, An American politiPahlanpur, or Pahlampoor. See Falanpur. cian, chief founder of Middlebury College. Pahouins. See Fan. Painter, William. Born in Middlesex about Pah-Utah. See Faiute. 1540: died at London in 1594. The author of P a i c o n e c a s (pa-ë-kô-nâ'kas). A r a c e o f I n d i - a collection of translations called " The Palans in northeastern Bolivia, between the rivers a c e of P l e a s u r e . " He entered St. John's College,

Cambridge, in 1554, and in 1561 was made clerk of the ordnance in the Tower of London. In 1066 he published the first volume of " T h e Palace of Pleasure," containing 60 novels. He originally intended it to contain only translations of tales from Livy and the older writers, but altered his plan and added talcs taken from Boccaccio, Bandello, Straparola, and other Italian and French novelists. The second volume was published in 1567, containing 34 novels ; a third volume, although announced, did not appear. In later editions 6 more novels were added, so that there were 100 novels in all. I t is the largest prose work between "Morted'Arthur " and North's "Plutarch," and is the source from which the Elizabethan dramatists took many of their plots.

Pakhoi (pak-hoi'); or Peihai (pì-hì'), or Peihoi (pi-hoi'). A seaport in the province of Kwangttmg, China, situated on the Gulf of Tongking in lat. 21° 29' N., long. 109° 6' E. It was opened to foreign commerce in 1876. Population, about 25,000. Pakht (pacht). In Egyptian mythology, a lioness-headed or c a t - h e a d e d goddess, w i t h difficulty distinguishable f r o m Bast, she was honored at Memphis as the wife of Ptah, and was identified with Isis as a bringer of misfortune, and by the Greeks, like Bast, with Artemis.

Pakington (pa'king-ton), Sir John Somerset, first Baron Hampton. Born Feb. 20,1799 : died April 9,1880. An English Conservative politician. He was colonial secretary in 1852 : first lord of the admiralty 1858-59 and 1800-67 ; and war secretary 1S67-6S. He was created a baronet in 1846, ^ d raised to the peerage as Baron Hampton in 1874.

Paks (poksh). A town in the county of Tolna, Hungavv, situated on the Danube 60 miles south of Budapest. Population (1.890), 11,803. Palace of Honour, The. A poem by Gawain Douglas, written in 1501. It is an imitation of Chaucer's "House of Fame." Palace of Justice. See Palais de Justice. Paisiello (pii-ë-zë-el'lô), or PaesiellO (pa-â-zë- Palace of Pleasure, The. See Painter, William. cl'lo), Giovanni. Born at Taranto, Italy, May Palaces of the Caesars. A vast congeries of 9,1741: died at Naples, June 5,1816. An Ital- c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n R o m e , b e g u n b y A u g u s t u s a n d ian composer of operas and church music. He a d d e d t o b y s u c c e s s i v e e m p e r o r s , o c c u p y i n g t h e went to Naples when young, and in 1776 to St. Petersburg, where he produced "11 Barbiere di Siviglia." About 1784 he returned to Naples by way of Vienna, where he wrote " I l Ré Teodoro," and was made chapel-master to Ferdinand I V . Here he remained for about 13 years, producing some of his best music : after this he went to Paris to organize the music of the chapel of Napoleon, where he excited much jealousy. He returned to Italy in 1804. He composed between 90 and 100 operas, and more than 100 masses, etc. Among the operas, besides those mentioned above, are " I I Alarchese di Tulipano" (written before he went to Russia), " N i n a , o la Pazza d'Amore," " L a Molinara," etc.

Paisley (pàz'li). A city in Renfrewshire, Scotland, situated on theWhite Cart, near the Clyde, 6 miles west by south of Glasgow. It is noted for the manufacture of thread, cotton and worsted goods, muslins, prints, starch, soap, corn-flour, machinery, etc., and for bleaching and dyeing, and was formerly famous for its manufacture of shawls. Its abbey church is of interest: the abbey (at first a priory) was founded about 1164. Population (1891), 6(5,420.

Paititi. See Paytiti. Paiute, or Piute (pï'ut).

Palatine Hill. Though in very ruinous condition, the plans have been in large part recovered by excavation, with architectural fragments sufficient for a far-reaching restoration ; and many imposing walls and vaults, with interesting wall-paintings and graffiti, remain in position.

Palacio, Diego Garcia de. iamo.

See Garcia de Pa-

Palacio (pa-la'thè-o), Raimundo Andueza. Born about 1840. A Venezuelan politician. He was the principal minister of Rojas Paul 1888-90, and succeeded him as president for two years, March 19,1890. In 1892 the elections were postponed, Palacio remaining in office until deposed by the revolt of Crespo, June, 1892, and banished.

Palacio, Vicente Riva. See Riva Palaeio. Palacky (pa-lats'ké), Frantisek. Born at Hodslawitz, Moravia, June 14, 1798: died May 26, 1876. A Bohemian historian, president of the Slavic congress in 1848. He WHS parliamentary leader of the autonomist Czech party. His chief work is a " History of Bohemia " (5 vols. 1836-67). He also wrote various other works on Bohemian history and literature.

[Also Pah-Ede, PahFah-Utah, Payucha, Piede, PiuUih, Fyeed. Paladilhe (pa-la-dèy'), Émile. Born at MontThe name is fromjwi or pi, true, and Ute.'] A tribe pellier, June 3,1844. A French composer. He or group of North American Indiana. The name produced "Susanne," an opéra eomujue (1878), " D i a n a " nute,

Paimboeuf (pan-bèf ' ). A decayed seaport in the strictly belongs to a small tribe on Corn Creek, southdepartment of Loire-Inférieure, France, 23 miles western Utah, but is generally given to a number of Showest of Nantes. Population (1891), commune, shonean tribes, eight of which are in southwestern Utah, seventeen in southeastern Nevada, four (including the 2,180. Chemehuevi) in northern and western Arizona, and ninePaine (pan). Elijah. Born at Brooklyn, Conn., teen in southeastern California from Owens valley along the Jan. 21, 1757: died at Williamstown/Vt., April sierras to the south of Tulare Lake and east of the Coast 28, 1842. An American jurist and politician, Range. Theynumberabout'2,500: inUt-ah, 500 ; in northern United States senator from Vermont 1795-1801. and western Arizona, .500 ; in southern Nevada, 1,000 ; in Paine, Halbert Eleazar. Born at Chardon, southeastern California, 500. See Digger and Shoshonean. Ohio, Feb. 4, 1826. An American general in Paix des Dames (pâ dâ dam). [F., 'Ladies' th e C i v i l " W a r . He was Republican member of Congress Peace.'] A name often given to the treaty of from Wisconsin 1865-71, and United States commissioner Cambray (1529). See Cambray. of patents 1879-81. He has published " A T r e a t i s e on the Paixhans (pâks'anz; F.pron.pâk-sons'),Heiiri Law of Elections to Public Offices " (18>8). Joseph. Born àt Metz, Jan. 22, 1783: died at Paine, John Knowles. Born at Portland, Maine, Jouy-aux-Arches, near Metz, Aug. 19, 1854. A Jan. 9,1839. An American composer and organ- F r e n c h g e n e r a l o f a r t i l l e r y . He invented the Paix-

(1885), the music for Sardou's drama " Patrie " (1886), etc.

Pala d'Oro (pà'làdó'ro). [It., 'golden retable.'] The retable of the high altar of St. Mark's in Venice, probably the finest existing specimen o f B y z a n t i n e m e t a l - w o r k . I t was made in Constantinople in 970, but has later alterations ; is 55 inches high and 137 long ; and is of silver gilt studded with jewels and with ornament in enamel. I t has 85 panels with reliefs of scriptural scenes and personages, angels, portraits, and emblems.

Palaemon (pa-lé'mon). [Gi\IIa/toi/wjv.] In Greek mythology, a sea divinity into which Melicertes was metamorphosed. PalaeologUS (pà-lé-ol'o-gus). [Gr. UaAaiohjyor. ] A Byzantine family which furnished the rulers of the Eastern Empire during nearly the whole i s t . He went to Berlin in 1858 to study, and in 1861 re- hans gun, and published "Nouvelle force maritime" period from the accession of Michael in 12G1 turned to America, where ho gave several organ concerts. (1822), etc. until the death of Constantine in 1453. H e was instructor of music at Harvard University in 1862, and professor from 1876. Among his works are a mass Pajol(pa-zliôr),Comte01audePierrede. Born P a l a f o x y MelziCpa-la-fòH'émàl'thè), José de, and the oratorio "St. Peter." l i e has also written a at Besançon, France, 1772 : died at Paris, 1844. Duke of Saragossa. Born 1780: died Feb, 16, " Symphony in C M i n o r " and another called "Spring," be- A French general. He was distinguished in the cam- 1847. A Spanish general, captain-general of paigns of Napoleon, and was prominent in the revolu- Aragon, and commander in the defense of Sarsides chamber-music, cantatas, songs, etc. agossa against the French in 1808. Paine, Marbyn. Born at Williamstown, Vt., tion of July against Charles X. (1830). y Mendoza (men-do'ths), Juan de. Pajon (pâ-zhôn'), Claude. Born at Romoran- Palafox July 8, 1794 : died at New York, Nov. 10,1877. Born at Fitero, Navarre, June 24,1600 : died at An American physician, son of Elijah Paine. tin, France, 1626: died 1685. A French Prot- Osma, Oct. 1, 1059. A Spanish prelate, adminestant theologian, founder of the liberal theoHis works include "Cholera Asphyxia of New York "(1832), s t r a t o r , a n d a u t h o r , n e was councilorof the Indies ; " Medical and Physiological Commentaries "(1840-44),'' In- logical system named from him Pajonism. He iwas consecrated bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in Dec., 1639; stitutes of Medicine "(1847), " Review of Theoretical Geology "(1856), etc.

Paine, Robert Treat. Born at Boston, Marcii 11,1731 : died there, May 11,1814. An American patriot, politician, and judge : a signer of the Declaration of Independence as member of Congress in 1776. Paine, Robert Treat. Born at Taunton, Mass., Dec. 9,1773 : died at Boston, Nov. 13,1811. An American poet, son of R. T. Paine. His collected works were published in 1812. Paine, Thomas. Born at Thetford, Norfolk, England, Jan. 29,1737: died at New York, June 8, 1809. An Anglo-American political writer a n d f r e e - t h i n k e r . He emigrated to America in 1774 ; published in 1776 the political pamphlet " Common Sense, " in which he advocated the independence of the American colonies ; took a prominent part in support of the American Revolution; published the periodical " Crisis" 1776-83 ; went to Europe in 1787 ; published the "Rights of Man " 1791-92, for which he was outlawed from England; was elected to the French National Convention in 1793 ; was

denied all immediate and special interferences by God in either the course of events or the spiritual life of the individual.

and at the same time was made visitador-general of New Spain. In the latter capacity he had a dispute with the viceroy Escalona, and by order of the king succeeded him as viceroy June,-H"ov,, 1642. Owing to quarrels with the Jesuits he was deposed in 1647, and in 1649 returned to Spain. In 1653 he was made bishop of Osma. He published numerous historical, judicial, and theological works.

Pajou (pâ-jîhtJ'), Augustin. Born at Paris, Sept. 19, 1730: died there, May 8, 1809. A French sculptor. Pakamali. See Atsugé. Pakawa (pS-ka-wa'), or Pinto (pën'tô). [Sp. Pinto, painted.] A tribe of North American Palaihnihan (pa-lih'ni-han), or Pit River InIndians which formerly lived on the lower Rio dians. A linguistic stock of North American Grande in Texas and in Taraaulipas, Mexico. Indians which formerly occupied the territory Of the tribe but two women were known to survive in 1886. drained by Pit River and its tributaries, from These lived at LaVolsa, near Reynosa, Tamaulipas. The Goose Lake to the mouth of Squaw Creek, northname Pinto was applied by the Spanish in allusion to their custom of tattooing. See Coahuiltecan.

Pakenham (pak'en-am), Sir Edward Michael. Born in Ireland, March 19. 1778: killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. A British general, brother of the Earl of Longford. He served in the Peninsular war, commanded the expedition against New Orleans in 1814, and was defeated by Jackson in the battle of New Orleans.

e a s t e r n C a l i f o r n i a . The tribal divisions are Achomawi, Atsugé, Atuainih, Chumawa, Estakewach, Hantiwi, Humawhi, and Ilmawi : they are almost extinct. A few representatives of the stock are on Round Valley reservation. The name is adapted from the Klamath word p'likni, meaning 'mountaineers'or 'uplanders.'

Palaik. Same as Paia ih n Hum. Palais (pìi-là'), Le. The chief town of the island of Belle-ile-en-Mer, off the coast of Brit-

Palais, Le

774

Palermo

1620 embraced two separate regions, the Rhine (or Lower) this region became subsequently known as the Pale, but Palatinate (distinctively the Palatinate), and the Upper the limits varied at different times. Palatinate (see below). The palsgraves on the Rhine, PaleariO ( p a - l a - a ' r e - o ) , o r della Paglia (del'whose original seat was at Aix-la-Chapelle, were impor- l a p a l ' y a ) , or d e g l i P a g l i a r i c c i ( d e l ' y e paltant princes of the empire as early as the 11th century. Early in the 13th century the Palatinate passed to the ya-ret'che), Aonio or Antonio. Born at VerBavarian dynasty of Wittelsbach,whichsoon after branched oli, I t a l y , a b o u t 1500: e x e c u t e d at R o m e , J u l y , off into the Bavarian and Palatine lines. The Palatinate 1570. A n I t a l i a n R e f o r m e r a n d h u m a n i s t , arwas enlarged early in the 14th century with a part of Ba- r e s t e d b y t h e I n q u i s i t i o n on a charge of h e r e s y , varia (the Upper Palatinate). The Golden Bull of 1356 designated the Palatinate as one of the seven electorates. a n d e x e c u t e d . H e p u b l i s h e d t h e o l o g i c a l works, In the 16th century Heidelberg, the capital of the electors a d i d a c t i c p o e m i n L a t i n , etc. palatine, became a great center of Calvinism. The elector Frederick V., having accepted the Bohemian crown in 1619 P a l e m b a n g ( p a - l e m - b a n g ' ) . 1 . A r e s i d e n c y in and having been overthrown in 1620, was stripped of his t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n part of Sumatra, D u t c h E a s t dominions. The electoral dignity was transferred to Ba- Indies. I t corresponds in the main to the former kingvaria in 1023, and the Upper Palatinate was annexed to it. dom of Palembang and the kingdom of Jambi. Population By the treaty of 1648 the Rhine Palatinate was restored to (1890), 065,625. its former rulers, and an eighth electorate created for it, the Upper Palatinate being confirmed to Bavaria. The 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of P a l e m b a n g , s i t u a t e d o n t h e Rhine Palatinate was terribly ravaged by the French in river M u s i i n lat. 2° 59' S.,"long. 104° 45' E. 1674 and 1689. The Palatinate and the Bavarian lands were I t was taken by the Butch in 1821. Population, about united in 1777. In 1801 the Rhine Pahitinate was divided : 50,000. all west of the Rhine was eeded to France; Baden received P a l e n c i a ( p a - l a n ' t h o - a ) . 1 . A p r o v i n c e i n Old Heidelberg, Mannheim, etc.; and the rest fell to HeBseDarmstadt, Nassau, etc. By the treaties of 1814-15 the Castile, Spain, b o u n d e d b y S a n t a n d e r on t h e Trench portion west of the Rhine was restored to Ger- north, B u r g o s o n t h e east, V a l l a d o l i d o n t h e many : Prussia and Hesse-Darmstadt received portions, south, a n d V a l l a d o l i d a n d L e o n o n t h e w e s t , i t but the greater portion fell to Bavaria. This part is the is mountainous in the north and a plateau in the south. present Rhine Palatinate, or Lower Palatinate (G, Rhein* Area, 3,126 square miles. Population (1887), 188,954. pfalz or Unterp/alz): it is bounded by the Rhine on the 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e p r o v i n c e of P a l e n c i a , situeast, and borders on Hesse, Prussia, and Alsace-Lorraine. It forms a " Regierungs-bezirk " of Bavaria, with Spires as a t e d on t h e Carrion i n l a t . 42° N . , long. 4° 35' W . : capital. It is traversed by the Hardt Mountains, and pro- t h e a n c i e n t P a l l a n t i a . It has linen and other manuduces grain, wine, coal, etc. Area, 2,289 square miles. factures. The first Spanish university, founded here about Population (1890), 728,339. The Upper Palatinate (G. Ober- 1209,was removed to Salamanca in 1239. It has a cathedral, pfalz) forms a " Repierungs-bezirk " of Bavaria, under the chiefly of the 14th century. Population (1SS7), 15,028. title Upper Palatinate and Ratisbon (Regensburg). It borders on Bohemia. Capital, Ratisbon. It has extensive Palencia, Diego Fernandez de. S e e Fernandez de Palencia. forests and flourishing industries. Area, 3,729 square PalenCLlie ( p a - l a n ' k a ) . [ S o c a l l e d f r o m a n e i g h b o r i n g m o d e r n v i l l a g e . ] A g r o u p of r u i n e d Palais du Trocadéro (dû trô-kâ-dâ'rô). A1 ong miles. Population (1890), 537,954. b u i l d i n g i n P a r i s , c o n s t r u c t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n Palatine ( p a l ' a - t m ) Hill. [Ij. Mons Palatinus, b u i l d i n g s i n t h e s t a t e of Chiapas, Mexico, a b o u t w i t h t h e e x h i b i t i o n of 1878, a n d c o m b i n i n g sov- It. Monte Palatino,'] One of t h e " s e v e n h i l l s " 60 m i l e s n o r t h - n o r t h e a s t of S a n Cristobal. They cral m u s e u m s a n d a l a r g e concert-hall. The latter of R o m e , s i t u a t e d s o u t h e a s t of t h e Capitoline are of calcareous stone, and consist of a large ccntral buildoccupies a central pavilion of horseshoe shape 190 feet in a n d n o r t h - n o r t h e a s t of t h e A v e n t i n e . It borders ing, commonly called the "palace," with various smaller diameter and 180 feet high, flanked by 2 towers 270 feet on the Roman Forum ; is the traditional seat of the city buildings, pyramids, etc. Hieroglyphic tablets and two high. From each side extends a low curved wing b y D r y d e n i n a v e r s i o n of " T h e a court, with superposed tiers of pilasters formed of blocks dell' Ammiraglio, a picturesque Saracenic bridge built K n i g h t ' s T a l e " c a l l e d " P a l a m o n a n d A r c i t e , " alternately large and small. It is at once a royal palace across the Oreto (which has since changed its course) in 1113 by King Roger's Greek admiral, rises toward the midb y F l e t c h e r a n d a n o t h e r ( p e r h a p s S h a k s p e r e ) i n and the home of a world-famous gallery of paintings. dle in gable form, and consists of 11 pointed arches so disa p l a y c a l l e d " T h e T w o N o b l e K i n s m e n " (1634), Palazzo Pubblico. S e e Siena. posed that those of narrow and wide span alternate. San a n d b y others. Edwards produced a play entitled Palazzo Valentino. See Turin. Giovanni degli Eremiti, a notable foundation of King 1 "Palamon and Arcite"at Christ Church Hall, Oxford, 1566, P a l a z z o V e c c h i o ( p à - l â t ' s o v e k ' k ë - ô ) . [ I t . , old Roger (1132), of T-plan with 3 shallow apses, is roofed by in honor of Queen Elizabeth's visit there; and a play wîtïi p a l a c e . ' ] A p a l a c e i n F l o r e n c e , b e g u n i n 1298 5 domes supported on squinches, and possesses a quaddomed tower and a cloi ster. Palermo was founded the same name is mentioned by Henslowe in 1594. b y A r n o l f o as t h e official s e a t of the chief rangular apparently by the Phenicians, and was one of the strongPalanpur, or Pahlanpur (pâ-lan-por'). l. A m a g i s t r a t e s of F l o r e n c e . It is an imposing castle- holds of Carthage. It was taken by Pyrrhus in 276 B. C., n a t i v e s t a t e i n India, u n d e r B r i t i s h protection, like building, with small windows, a heavy projecting and passed from Carthage to Rome in 254. The Carthamachicolated and battlemented gallery above, and a great i n t e r s e c t e d b y lat. 24° 20' N . , long. 72° 20' E . — square tower rising from it, also having a machicolated ginians under Hasdrubal were defeated under its walls by Romans under Ctecilius Metellus in 251 or 250. I t was 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e s t a t e of P a l a n p u r . P o p - gallery, and supporting a belfry resting on i cylindrical tiie taken by the Vandals and East Goths about 440 A. D.; was u l a t i o n (1881), 17,547. columns. The total height is 307 feet. The picturesque captured by Belisarius in 535 ; was taken by the Saracens P a l a p r a t ( p à - l â - p r â ' ) , J e a n , S i e u r do B i g o t . interior court has 9 rich Renaissance columns carved in about 830, and became one of their chief cities; later beB o r n at T o u l o u s e , F r a n c e , 1650: d i e d at Paris, arabesques. The apartments are extremely interesting, came the capital of Sicily; was captured by the Normans about 1072 ; passed to the Germans and to the bouse of Oct. 14,1721. A F r e n c h dramatist, collaborator displaying fine coffered ceilings, historical paintings, and Anjou; was the scene of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, and sculptures. with Brueys. came under the rule of Aragon; followed the later fortunes P a l e (pal), T h e E n g l i s h . T h a t part of I r e l a n d Sicily; was the scene of an insurrection in 1820, andthe Palatinate ( p a - l a t ' i - n â t ) , The. [ F . Palatinat, i n w h i c h E n g l i s h l a w w a s a c k n o w l e d g e d , a n d of of a revolutionary government in 184^-49 ; was bomG. r/. ; from that the Syriac "Kalilag and Damnag " (570) and the Arabic "Kalilah and Dimnah " (750); from the Arabic, the unknown intcrmediary of Baldo's "Alter ^Esopus " of the 12th century, the Latin intermediary of Don Alfonso's Spanish version of 1299, the Hebrew of Rabbi Joel of 1250, the Persian of Nasr Allah 1180, and the Greek of Symeon Seth 1080; from Rabbi Joel's Hebrew version, John of Capua's 'Directorium hutnanee vitse" 1270, a Spanish version ('' Exemplario ") in 1493, an Italian by Doni in 1552, and from that again the English of Sir Thomas North of 1570, while from Rabbi Joel's Hebrew through John of Capua's "Directorium " came also Duke Eberhard's "Bach der Beispiele" of 1480; from the Persian of Nasr Allah 11,30 came Abul Fazl's revision for Akbar of 1590, andthence a Turkish rendered into French, and the "Anwari Suhaili," or "Lights of Canopus," translated into English by Eastwick 1854 ; from the Greek of Symeon Seth 1080 came a Latin version published in Rome 166G, and an Italian published at Ferrara 1583. This tabulation by Lanman of the results of Benfey, given by him in the introduction to his Panchatantra (Leipsic, 1859), and in Benfey's introduction toBickell's "Kalilag und Damnag" (Leipsic, 1876), shows the importance of the work in the history of folk-lore. It is the origin of the fables known throughout Europe as those of Pilpay or Bidpai. (See Pilpay.) Besides the German version of Benfey, there is a French translation by Lancereau with a discussion of the history of the fables.

foundation.

'

Hallam, lit., p. 53.

Pandemos (pan-de'mos). [Gr. ?ravS7/fiog, common to ail the people.] A surname of Aphrodite, alluding both to her sensual character and to her function as the uniter of the scattered population in one social body.

Panderpur(pun-der-por'),orPandharpur(pun- Panipat, or Paniput (pan-i-put'). A town in dar-por'). A town in Stiolapur district, Bom-

the Pan jab, British India, 56 miles north of bay, British India, situated on the Bhima about D e l h i . Here, in 1526, a victory was gained by Baber the lat. 17° 41' N., long. 75° 23' E. It has a temple of Mogul conqueror over the Sultan of Delhi, which laid the foundation of the Mogul empire; bore, in 1556, a victory Vishnu. Population (1881), 16,910. was gained by Akbar; and here, in Jan., 1761, the AfPandies (pan'diz). [From Hind, panda, a Brah- ghans under Ahmed Shah Durani defeated the Mahrattas man.] The Hindus; the Sepoys: especially and broke their power. Population (1881), 25,022. applied by the British troops to the Sepoys in the Paniquitas(pa-né-ké'tás). [So called from their Indian mutiny of 1857-58. principal modern village. ] Indians of Colombia, Pandion (pan-di'on). [Gr. IIavdiov."] In Greek department of Cauca, in the mountains near Popayan. They are perhaps descended from legend, a king of Athens, father of Procne and the ancient Panches (which see). Philomela. Paniquita stock (pá-né-ké'tíi stok). The name Pandora (pan-do'ra). [Gr. Tlavdcdpa, all-gifted, proposed by Dr. Brinton for a linguistic stock or all-giver.] In Greek mythology, tlio first of I n d i a n s i n C o l o m b i a . Besides the modern Paniwoman, created by H e p h s s t u s at the command quitas and Paes or Paezes, he refers to it, provisionally, of Zeus in revenge for the theft of fire from several old tribes whose languages are lost, including the

h e a v e n b y P r o m e t h e u s . The gods endowed her with Musos, Panches, Colimas, and Pijaos. Nearly all of these beauty, cunning, and other attributes fitted to bring mis- were at war with the Chibchas before the conquest, and fortune to man. She was given U) Epimetlieus, who, in ac- they were less advanced in civilization than that tribe. cepting the gift, brought down all the evils of life upon the human race. According to some accounts slie became Many of them flattened the head artificially. See Musos, the mother of Pyrrha and Deucalion ; according to others Pijaos, and Panches. she was their daughter. In a later form of the legend she Panixer (pa/nik-ser)Pass. A pass on the border received from the gods a box containing the blessings of of the cantona of Glarus and Grisons, Switzerlife, which she opened, thus allowing all the blessings (ex- land. It was the scene of the retreat of Suvacept hope) to escape. r o f f s army in Oct., 1799. Height, 7,907 feet.

P a n c h a v a t i (pan'cha-va-te). In Sanskrit mythology, part of the great southern forest near the sources of the Godavari, where Rama during his exile passed a long period. Panches (pan'chas). A name given by early Pandosia (pan-do'shi-ji). [Gr. Havdoaia.'} In historians of Xew Granada to Indian tribes in ancient geography, a place in Bruttium, Italy, the valleys south of Bogota included in the near the modern Cosenza. Here, 326 B. C., Alexmodern departments of Tolima, Cundinamarca, ander, king of Epirus, was defeated by the Bruta n d C a u c a . They were described as very savage and as cannibals. Probably the name was given to them by the tians. Chibchas, and it may have been applied to many distinct Pandosto (pan-dos'to), or the Triumph of tribes. Ilerrcra states that the Panchc language was Time. A romance by Robert Greene, published widely extended, nearly surrounding the Chibcha territory in 1588. Itwas based on a Polish romance. The second — a statement which lias led Dr. Brinton to include these title is "The History of Dorastus and Fawnia" : the later editions give this as the title. Shakspere founded his Indians, with others, in the Paniquita stock (which see). "Winter's Tale" on this story: the character of Pandosto P a n c h M a h a l s (panch ma-halz'). A district was the original of Polixenes, king of Bohemia, in Shakin Guzerat, Bombay, British India, situated spere's play.

about lat. 22° 50' N., long. 73° 50' E. Area, Pandrosos (pan'dro-sos). [Gr. Havdpococ.'] In 1,613 square miles. Population (1881), 255,479. Greek mythology, a daughter of Cecrops. She Also Punch Mehsls. had a sanctuary at Athens. Panckoucke (pon-kok'), Charles Joseph. Bom P a n d u ( p a n ' d o ) . [Skt., ' t h e pale.'] Brother of at Lille, France, Nov. 26, 1736: died at Paris, Dhritarashtra, king of Hastinapura and father Dec. 19,1798. A French publisher, translator, of the Pandavas or Pandu princes. See Mahaand writer. bharata.

Panckoucke, Charles Louis Fleury. Born at Pandulf, or Pandulph (pan'dulf). Died 1226. Paris, Dec. 23, 1780: died there, July 12, 1844. A French publisher, translator, and writer, son of C. J. Panckoucke.

Pancras (pan'kras), L. Pancratius (pan-kra's h i - u s ) , S a i n t . A m a r t y r a t R o m e u n d e r Dioc l e t i a n . He was only 14 at the time of his death, and was subsequently regarded as the patrou saint of children.

A cardinal in the papal service, prominent in English politics in the reigns of John and Henry III. P a n e a s (pan-e-as'). See Csesareu Philippi, P a n g a n i (pang-ga'ne). A seaport on the eastern coast of Africa, at the mouth of the R u f u or Rufa, about lat. 5° 30' S.

P a n c s o v a (pan'chd-vo). A town in the county Pangaum. See Goa, New. of Torontal, Hungary, situated on the Temes 10 miles e a s t - n o r t h e a s t of B e l g r a d . Here. July 30, Pangloss (pan'glos), Doctor, ['All-tongues.'] 1739, the Austrians defeated the Turks, and in 1849 the 1. In Voltaire's "Candide," an obstinately opAustrian» defeated the Hungarians. Population (1890), timistic philosopher, the tutor of Candide. His favorite maxim is that " all is for the best in this 17,948. best of possible worlds."—2. In Colman the P a n d a (pan'd&). See Igbira. Pandareos (pan-da're-os). [Gr. JJavSaptcjc,~] In younger's play " T h e Heir-at-Law," a pedantic Greek legend, a native of Miletus who stole the but gay and amusing prig, the tutor of Dick golden dog made by Hephaestus from the tem- Dowlas: a satire on the mercenary and disrepuple of Zeus in Crete, and gave it to Tantalus. table private tutors of the period. For denying its possession Tantalus was buried under Pango-Pango (pang'go-pang'go). A large haven Mount Sipylus, and Pandareos was slain. His daughters on the southern side of Tutuila in the Samoan were brought up by Aphrodite. Islands. It has been occupied by the United Pandarus (pan'da-rus). [Gr. UdvSapoi;.'] In States as a coaling station since 1872. Greek legend, an ally of the Trojans during the Pangll (pang'go). See Kongo Nation. siege of Troy, leader of the Zeleians or Lycians. He Is represented in medieval romance, and by Chaucer, Shakspere, etc., as a procurer. See Cressid.

Pano stock the key to which must be acquired to make the rules intelligible. The first adhyaya or lecture explains the tech nical terms and their use. The whole work is, in fact, a sort of grammatical algebra. Thegreatsignificaticeof it lies in the circumstance that the whole of the more modern Sanskrit literature has been pressed into the mold prepared by Panini and his school. Patiini has been edited, translater), and explained by Bóhtlingk in his " Paninis Grammatik "(new edition, Leipsic, 1887). See also Coldstiicker's "Panini: His Place in SanskritLiterature"(London, 1861).

Pangwe (pang'we). See Fan. Panhandle, or Pan Handle (pan'han'dl).

A

Panizzi (pa-net'sé), Sir Anthony. Born at

Brescello, Modena, Sept. 16.1797: died at London, April 8, 1879. Chief librarian of the Brit-

i s h M u s e u m . He took his degree at the University of Parma, and became an advocate. Implicated in the revolutionary attempt at Modena in 1821, he fled to England in 1823. He was made professor of Italian in University College, London, in 1828, and in 18.-J1 was appointed assistant librarian in the British Museum. In 1837 he became keeper of the printed books, and devised the catalogue. He was made principal librarian in 1856. The construction of the great reading-room from his design was finished in 1857. He retired in June, 1866. He was also active in the interests of the revolution in Italy.

Panjab, or Punjab (pun-jab'), or Punjaub

(pun-jab'), orPenjab (pen-jab'). [Hind., 'five rivers/] The country of the five rivers, tributaries of the Indus — the Sutlej, Bias, Ravi,Chenab, and Jhelum; in an extended sen se, a lieutenant-governorship of British India, including the P a n j a b proper and adjacent regions, and situated northwest of the Northwest Provinces. C a p i t a l , L a h o r e . The surface is generally a plain. The Panjab is the seat of the Sikhs. It formed part of the Mogul empire, and was invaded by Nadir Shah and other conquerors in the 18th century. The Sikh power was consolidated under Itanjit Singh (died 1839). The first Sikh war with the British was fought in 1846; the second in 1848-49. The Panjab was annexed by Great Britain in 1849. Area, 110,667 square miles. Population (1891), 20,866,847.

Panjandrum (pan-jan'drum), The Grand. A fictitious

Foote.

personage, invented by the dramatist

Panjim. See Goa, New, Pan mure, Baron. See Ramsay, Fox Maule. Panna, o r Punnah ( p u n ' a ) . A s t a t e in Bundelkhand7 India, u n d e r British control, inters e c t e d b v l a t . 24° 4 0 ' N . , l o n g . 80° 15' E . A r e a ,

2,568 square miles. Population (1881), 227,306.

Pannonia ( p a - n o ' n i - a ) . [Gr. Havvovta.~\ In

ancient geography, a Roman province, bounded b y t h e D a n u b e on t h e n o r t h a n d east, Mcesia a n d I l l y r i c u m o n t h e south, a n d N o r i c u m on t h e w e s t . Itcorresponded to Hungary south and westof the Danube, Slavonia, and parts of Lower Austria, Styrla, Carniola, Croatia, and Bosnia; was made a Roman province by Tiberius ; was divided by Trajan into Upper Pannonia in the west and Lower Pannonia in the east; was subdivided by Dioclctian: and passed later to the East Goths, Lombards, Huns, Slavs, and Magyars.

Pandataria (pan-da-ta/ri-li). [Gr. IIavdarapia.'] popular name f o r : (a) The northern part of In ancient geography, one of the Ponza Islands, "West "Virginia, a projecting strip lying between Panom-Penh, or Panompeng. See Pnom-Penh. situated in the Mediterranean west of Naples: Pennsylvania and Ohio, (b) The northern ex- Panopolis (pan-op'o-lis). [Gr. Uavcnro/i/g, city the modern Yandotena. It was the place of tension of Texas. (c) The northern extension of Pan.] The ancient name of Akhmim. of Idaho. Panoptes (pan-op'téz). [Gr. IWóírr^, all-seer.] banishment of Julia, Agrippina, and Octavia. P a n d a v a s (pan'da-vaz). [Skt.] Descendants Panhellenius (pan-he-le'ni-us). [Gr. Tiave?ly- A surname of Argus. vioq, of all the Greeks.] In Greek mythology, a of Pandu. See Pandit, Panormus (pa-nor'mus). [Gr. IIávopfiog, allhaven.] The ancient name of Palermo. Pandects of Justinian. [From Gr. TTavdkKrm, surname of Zeus. Panos (pa/nos). Indians of Peru, in the forests all-containing.] A collection of Roman civil Pani. See Pawnee. near the Ueayale River, northeast of Cerro de law made by the emperor Justinian in the 6th Panicale. See Masolino da Panicale. century, containing decisions or judgments of Panini(pa'ni-rii). The great est of Sanskrit gram- P a s c o . They were formerly numerous, and during the m a r i a n s . He is said to have been born at Shalatura in lawyers, to which the emperor gave the force the Gandhara country (Kandahar! northwest of Attock on 17th century many of them were gathered into mission a n d a u t h o r i t y of l a w . This compilation, the most important of the body of Roman civil law, consists of 50 books. Also called the Digest. Compare Corpus Jutis. The popular story, already much discredited, that the famous copy of the Pandects now in the Laurentian Library at Florence was brought to Pisa from Amalfl, after the capture of that city by Roger, king of Sicily, with the aid of a Pisan fleet in 1135, and became the means of diffusing an acquaintance with that portion of the law through Italy, is shown by him iSavigny] not only to rest

villages. The missionaries described them as savages of the Indus. "Respecting his period nothing really trust- a rather low grade, but practising agriculture and possessworthy is known, but he is with much probability held to ' ing, it is said, the art of hieroglyphic writing on bark. The have lived some time (two to four centuries) before the missions were broken up in 1767, and most of the Panos Christian era" (Whitney). His grammar consists of eight lectures, each divided into four chapters, and each of these returned to their wild life, forming numerous petty tribes. into a number of sutras or aphorisms, the whole number The few remaining arc friendly to the whites. of these being 3,996 or3,997. It traces phenomena wherever Pano Stock (pá'no stok). A linguistic stock of found instead of classifying material, and is accordingly a South American Indians, mainly in northern sort of natural history of the language. To attain greater Peru near the Ueayale and Huallaga Rivers. conciseness an arbitrary symbolical language is coined, It includes, among others, the Panos, Cachibos, Conibos,

Pano stock

Pansa (pan'za), CaiusVibius. Died43b.c. A Roman consul 43 B. c., tlie colleague of Hirtius. He was killed in tlie war against Antony.

Pansa, House of. See Pompeii.

PantaenUS (pan-të'nus). [Gr. Tiàvraivnç.] Lived at the end of the 2d c e n t u r y A . D. The leader of the catechetical school in Alexandria. P a n t a g o r o s (pftn-tâ-gô'rôs). All Indian tribe of Colombia, formerly populous and powerful in the valley of the Magdalena, about lat. 7° N, T h e y resisted t h e Spaniards with great courage, and m a n y of t h e m w e r e k i l l e d or enslaved. A f e w remain in t h e m a r s h y lands near t h e river. T h e y h a v e b e e n referred t o t h e Paniquita l i n g u i s t i c stock.

P a n t a g r u e l (pau-tag'ro-el; F . p r o n . poñ-tli-grüel'). The king of the Dipsodes and son of Gargantua, in Rabelais'» u History of Gargantua and Pantagruel."

See

Papinian

779

Setibos, Romos, etc., in Peru, t h e Mayoranas on t h e river Javary, t h e Pacaguaras of the Beni, and possibly t h e Oarip u n a s of t h e Madeira. M o s t of t h e tribes aro very savage, and e n e m i e s of the whites.

Gargantua*

P a n t a l o n (pan'ta-lon), or P a n t a l o n e (pân-talô'ne). A typical character in Italian comedy, of Venetian origin, represented as an old m a n ; t h e English Pantaloon.

Pantelleria _(pan-tel-la-rë'a), or Pantelleria

(pan-tel-le-re'a), or P a n t a l a r i a (pan-ta-liirë'â). 1. An island in tlie Mediterranean Sea, situated in lat. 30° 48' X., long. 12° K : the ancient Cosyra or Cossura. I t b e l o n g s to the provi n c e of Trapani, Sicily. The surface i s volcanic. 58 square miles. P o p u l a t i o n (18:il), 7,178.

Area,

Marches, TJmbria, and R o m a g n a ) w a s a n n e x e d to Italy P a n u r g e (pa-nôrj'; F . pron. pii-mirzh'). [Gr. tinh e1860; and t h e r e m a i n d e r (including R o m e and neighboriravovpyoç, a rogue, lit. 'all-doer. 7 ] A character ing districts) w a s a n n e x e d t o I t a l y in 1870. in Rabelais's ' ' H i s t o r y of Gargantua and Pan- Papal Tyranny in the Reign of King John. tagruel." Cibber's alteration of Shakspere's'' King J o h n / ' A very i m p o r t a n t personage in " P a n t a g r u e l " is Panurge, produced in 1745: it had been " b u r k e d " in a singular companion w h o m Pantagruel picks up at Paris, and w h o is p e r h a p s t h e g r e a t e s t single creation of Rabe- 1736-37. lais. Some ideas may have b e e n t a k e n for h i m from t h e P a p a n a z e s (pa-pa-na'zas). [Probably a double Cingar of Merliuus Uoecaius, or F o l e n g o , a Macaronic plural from Papana.'] Indians on or near the I t a l i a n poet, b u t ou t h e w h o l e h e is original, and is hardly Brazilian coast of Espirito Santo and Porto Secomparable to any o n e else in literature e x c e p t Falstaff. guro at the time of the Portuguese conquest. T h e main idea in Panurge is t h e absence of m o r a l i t y in t h e w i d e Aristotelian sense, w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e of a l m o s t They were of the Tupi race. See Tapis. all o t h e r g o o d qualities. Saintslmry, French Lit., p. 185. P a p a n t l a (pa-pant'la). A town in the state of Panyasis (pa-iiï'a-sis). [Gr. Uavvaocç.] Lived Vera Cruz, Mexico, 112 miles north-northwest in the first half of the 5th century B. c. A of Vera Cruz. Most of the i n h a b i t a n t s are T o t o n a c Indians. Isear Papantla t h e r e is an a n c i e n t pyramidal strucGreek poet of Halic-arnassus. Panyasis, u n c l e of Herodotus, a m a n of political n o t e at Halicarniissus, w h e r e he f o u g h t for t h e f r e e d o m of t h e t o w n against t h e t y r a n t Lygdamis, g a i n e d a g o o d deal of temporary celebrity by a n o t h e r " Ileracleia," in f o u r t e e n books. Considerable f r a g m e n t s of a social nature are quoted from it b y Stobseus and Athenrcus. w h i c h specially refer t o t h e use and abuse of wirie-drinking. T h e y are e l e g a n t l y written, and r e m i n d u s strongly of t h e elegiac f r a g m e n t s on t h e s a m e s u b j e c t by X e n o p h a n e s and Theognis. He w a s also, according to Suidas, a u t h o r of elegiac poems, in six books, c a l l e d " I o n i c a . " o n t h e a n t i q u i t i e s of Athens, and especially on t h e Ionic migration. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 145.

P a n t h é o n (poñ-ta-óñ' ). The Church of Sto. Geneviève in Paris, a large classical building in the form of a Greek cross 276 by 370 feet, with a central dome 272 feet high and 75 in diameter.

The Corinthian c o l u m n s of t h e entrance portico are 81 f e e t high. The p e d i m e n t is filled w i t h a s c u l p t u r e d group, by David d'Angers, representing France distributing laurels to her d e s e r v i n g children. T h e i n t e i i o r is s i m p l e and w e l l proportioned. I t s walls are in large part c o v e r e d with paintings, by s o m e of the chief of modern artists, ill u s t r a t i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of French history and civilization. There ave also s o m e s t a t u e s of d i s t i n g u i s h e d men. CI ovia built on t h i s spot the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, w h e r e h e was buried, as w e r e afterward Ste. Clotilde and Ste. Geneviève from w h o m it took i t s later n a m e . This c h u r c h w a s probably destroyed by t h e N o r m a n s in t h e 9th century. T h e m o n k s of St. V i c t o r established their cloister here in 1148. in t h e papacy of E u g u n i u s I I I . Their R o m a n e s q u e church w a s r e p l a c e d by a late-Cothic b u i l d i n g after 1489. I n 1764 t h e present c h u r c h w a s beg u n u n d e r Louis XV., and in 1791 w a s first set apart for its present purpose,— t h a t of a m a u s o l e u m for f a m o u s Frenchmen,— t h o u g h it has since at t i m e s b e e n u s e d as a church.

Pantheon of tlie British, The. Westminster Abbey. p a n t i b i b l a (pan-ti-bib'la).

See the extract.

F r o m t h e earliest period t h e literature of Chaldea w a s stored in p u b l i c libraries. According to Berosos, Pantibibla, or ' b o o k - t o w n , ' w a s o n e of t h e a n t e d i l u v i a n c i t i e s of Babylonia, and X i s u t h r o s had buried h i s books at Sipp a r a — p e r h a p s in reference t o t h e S e m i t i c sepher, ' b o o k ' — b e f o r e t h e Flood. Sapee, Anc. E m p i r e s , p. 166.

P a n t i c a p s e u m (paiv ,/ ti-ka-pe'um). [Gr. IlayrinÚTraiov.] The ancient name of Kertch. Pantschatantra. See Pavchatantra. P á n u c o (pa'nô-kô). [Probably from the name of an Indian chief.] The name given by the Spanish conquerors of Mexico to a region on the Gulf Coast, about the Pánuco River (northern Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas). Tfc w a s partially conquered by Cortés in 1">22 ; w a s claimed by Francisco de Garay in 1523 ; and in 1526 was assigned to H u n o de Guzman. Somewhat- later it w a s l i m i t e d t o 50 Snanish leagues in l e n g t h and breadth, t h o u g h Guzman c l a i m e d t h a t it e x t e n d e d w e s t w a r d to t h e Pacific.

Population, about 10,000.

s t a n t i n o . Born at Constantinople, 1815: died at Athens, April 26,1891. A Greek historian.

H e b e c a m e professor of history in t h e University of A t h e n s in 1S51. I l i s chief work is a ''History of t h e Greek Peop l e " (1860-74). _

PapSiti (pii-pa-e'te), or Papeete.

A seaport in

Tahiti, capital of the Society Islands, Pacific Ocean, situated in lat. 17° 32' S., long. 149° 34' W. It has a considerable export trade. Population (1881), 3,224. P a n z a ( p a n ' z a ; Sp. pron. piiu'tha), S a n c h o . P a p e n b u r g (pit'pen-bora). A town in the provThe famous esquire of Don Quixote in Cer- ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on a canal vantes's romance of t h a t name. near the Ems, 57 miles west of Bremen. PopuTo complete h i s chivalrous e q u i p m e n t — w h i c h h e [Don lation (1890), 6,933. Quixote] had begun by fitting u p for himself a suit of armor A surname given to J o h n strange to his c e n t u r y — h e took an esquire [SanchoPanza] P a p e r K i n g , T h e . o u t of his n e i g h b o r h o o d : a middle-aged peasant, ignorant Law, from h i s financial schemes.

2, The chief town of the island, situated on t h e and credulous to excess, b u t of g r e a t good-nature ; a g l u t northwest coast. Population, about 3,000. t o n and a liar ; selfish and gross, y e t a t t a c h e d to h i s masP a n t h a y s (pan'thâz). The Mohammedans of ter ; shrewd e n o u g h occasionally to s e e t h e folly of their position, b u t always amusing, and s o m e t i m e s mischievous, the province of Yunnan, China. They pro- in h i s interpretations of it. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I I . 140. claimed their independence in 1855, but were Panzer (pant'ser), Georg Wolfgang. Bom at p u t down about 1872. Sulzbach, March 16, 1729: died at Nuremberg, Pantheon (pan'thf-on). [Gr. Tlávdpi.ov, lient, of July 9,1804. A German clergyman and bibliogÎTàvdeioç, of all gods, j A building at Rome, now dedicated as the Church of Santa Maria rapher, noted for researches in the history of chief pastor at Nuremberg, Rotonda, completed by Agrippa in 27 B. C., and the art of printing: consecrated to the divine ancestors of the Ju- l i e published 44 Annales tvpographici " (1793lian family. I t is preceded by an o c t a s t y l e p e d i m e n t e d 1803). Corinthian portico, w i t h 2 ranges of 4 c o l u m n s inside. T h e plan is circular, with large alternating rectangular P a o l a (pâ'ô-lâ). A seaport in the province of and s e m i c i r c u l a r niches, w h o s e e n t a b l a t u r e is u p h e l d by Cosenza, Calabria, Italy, situated on the westcolumns. T h e interior diameter i s l 4 2 i feet, and t h e h e i g h t ern coast 13 miles northwest of Cosenza. It to t h e a p e x of t h e g r e a t h e m i s p h e r i c a l coffered d o m e is has a trade in oil and wine. Population (1881), t h e same. T h e l i g h t i n g of t h e interior is solely f r o m an 8,097. o p e n circle, 28 f e e t in diameter, at t h e s u m m i t of t h e See Sarpi. dome. The effect of t h e interior is u n i q u e and h i g h l y Paola, Fra. A place in Chester County, i m p o s i n g . T h e construction is of concrete, l i g h t l y f a c e d P a o l i (pâ-ô'lë). w i t h brick, and i n c r u s t e d (now a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n t h e Pennsylvania, 20 miles west by north of Philinterior) w i t h marble. The d o m e is practically solid concrete, the familiar s y s t e m of inset arches b e i n g m e r e l y o n e brick deep, and h a v i n g served as a scaffolding during t h e erection. Raphael, Annibale Caracci. and Victor E m m a n u e l I I . are buried in t h e Pantheon. I t h a s been proved t h a t t h e temple never w a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e baths of Agrippa.

t u r e (teocalli), w i t h other ruins.

Paparrhigopoulos (pa'pii-re-gop'o-los), Con-

adelphia. Here, Sept. 20, 1777, t h e Americans under W a y n e w e r e surprised and d e f e a t e d by t h e British.

P a o l i (pa'ô-lë), P a s q u a l e . Born at Morosaglia, in Corsica, 1725: died near London, Feb. 5, 1807. A Corsican patriot and general. He be-

c a m e generalissimo and h e a d of t h e g o v e r n m e n t in 1755 ; carried on war w i t h G e n o a ; w a s driven from Corsica t o England by t h e F r e n c h in 1769 ; r e t u r n e d as lieutenantgeneral in 1790 ; f o r m e d a conspiracy w i t h t h e aid of Great Britain against France, and b e c a m e g e n e r a l i s s i m o i n 1793; and l e f t Corsica finally in 1796. Veronese.

Paolo Veronese. See Paouting (pa-o-ting'), or Paoting, orpauting.

One of the chief cities of the province of Chihli, China, situated on the river Yungting about 90 miles southwest of Peking. P a p a (pâ'po). A town in the county of Veszprom, Hungarv, 59 miles south bv east of Presburg. Population (1890), 14,261. PapagO (pà'pâ-gôj. [Pl., also Papagos. Corrupted from their own name for themselves.] An agricultural tribe of North American Indians, closely allied to the Pima, inhabiting the territory south and southeast of the Gila River, on Gila Bend reservation, especially south of Tucson, southern Arizona, and extending into Sonora, Mexico. Number in United States, 5,163 : there are probably as many more in Mexican territory. See Piman.

Papal States, or States of the Church. S ta to delta Chiesa, États de V Église ;

Statu

Pontijlcio,

etc.;

Paphian (pa'ii-an) Goddess, The. An epithet

of Aphrodite, from the worship paid her in Pa-

Paphlagonia (paf-la-go'ni-a). [Gr.

Tla?ui}ovia,']

In ancient geography, a country in Asia Minor, bounded by the Black Sea on tbe north, Pontus (separated by the Halvs) on the east, Galatia on the south, and Bithynia on the west. The surface is g e n e r a l l y m o u n t a i n o u s . T h e country w a s semi-ind e p e n d e n t u n d e r Persian and Macedonian rule. I t p a s s e d later t o Pontus, a n d w i t h t h a t to R o m e in 65 B. c.

P a p h o s (pa'fos). [Gr. ILipof.] In ancient geography, the name of two cities in Cyprus. Old

P a p h o s w a s s i t u a t e d near t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n coast. The celebrated t e m p l e of Astarte, or Venus, here w a s b u i l t of unburn ed brick and w o o d on a s t o n e f o u n d a t i o n m e a s u r i n g 164 by 220 feet. T h e f a m o u s i m a g e of the g o d d e s s w a s a bcetylus. T h e t e m p l e stood in a large inclosure w h o s e w a l l s w e r e l i k e w i s e of sun-dried brick on a m a s s i v e s t o n e foundation. K e w P a p h o s w a s s i t u a t e d on t h e w e s t e r n coast 8-10 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of O l d P a p h o s . I t w a s a c o m m e r c i a l center.

P a p i a s (pa'pi-as). [Gr. H a m a s . L i v e d about 130 A. D. An early Christian writer, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrvgia. H e w a s t h e a u t h o r of a work (lost e x c e p t in f r a g m e n t s ) " E x p o s i t i o n of t h e Oracles of t h e Lord." S e e the extract.

W h a t h a s g i v e n celebrity to t h e n a m e of Papias is h i s a u t h o r s h i p of a treatise in five books called " E x p o s i t i o n s of Oraclcs of t h e L o r d " ( A o y i W Kvpiatcon' e l ^ ^ o - e i ? ) . . . w h i c h t i t l e w e shall m a k e f u r t h e r remark p r e s e n t l y . T h e o b j e c t of the b o o k s e e m s to h a v e b e e n to t h r o w l i g h t on t h e Gospel history, and i n particular to d o so by t h e h e l p of oral traditions w h i c h Papias h a d been able to c o l l e c t from t h o s e w h o had c o m e in contact with surviving m e m bers of t h e Apostolic circle. T h e f a c t t h a t Papias lived at a t i m e w h e n it w a s still p o s s i b l e t o m e e t s u c h p e r s o n s has g i v e n s u c h i m p o r t a n c e to h i s t e s t i m o n y t h a t t h o u g h only some very f e w f r a g m e n t s of h i s work remain, t h e y h a v e g i v e n occasion to w h o l e treatises : every word of t h e s e fragm e n t s b e i n g rigidly scrutinised, and, w h a t is l e s s reasonable in t h e ease of a book of w h i c h so l i t t l e is known, arg u m e n t s b e i n g b u i l t on t h e s i l e n c e of Papias about sundry matters w h i c h it is s u p p o s e d h e o u g h t to h a v e m e n t i o n e d and a s s u m e d t h a t h e did not. Smith and Wace} Diet, of Christian Biography, IV. 185.

P a p i n ( p a ' p i n ; F. pron. pa-pan'), D e n i s . Born at Blois, France, Aug. 22, 1647: died 1712. A French physicist, inventor of " Papin's digester."

Papineau (pa-pe-no'), Louis Joseph. Born at Montreal, Oct., 1786: died Sept. 23, 1871. A [It. French-Canadian politician. H e was elected to t h e F.

G. Kirch ois taat.'} A former dominion of Italy, governed directly by the papal see. I n 1859 it w a s b o u n d e d on t h e n o r t h by t h e Lomb a r d o - V e n e t i a n k i n g d o m , on t h e east by t h e Adriatic, on t h e southeast by t h e k i n g d o m of Naples, on t h e southw e s t by the Mediterranean, and on t h e w e s t by Tuscany and the duchy of Modena. I t comprised t h e Romagna, t h e Marches, TJmbria, and t h e p r e s e n t province of Rome. It originated in t h e grant of t h e exarchate of Ravenna m a d e by Pepin t h e Short t o S t e p h e n II. in 755, confirmed by Charles t h e Great ; received important territories by t h e w i l l of Matilda of Tuscany in t h e 12th c e n t u r y ; b e c a m e independ e n t of t h e empire a b o u t 1200-; acquired Bologna, Aricona, Ravenna. andFerrara in t h e 16th centui-y ; and was o b l i g e d to cede Avignon, Venaissin. Romagna, Bologna, and Ferrara in 1797. A R o m a n republic w a s proclaimed in 1798 ; the papal power was partly restored in 1801 ; t h e r e m a i n i n g territories were incorporated with France in 18(18-09 ; t h e Papal States were restored in 1814 : t h e revolution of 1848 w a s s u p p r e s s e d in 1849 ; nearly all t h e territory ( i n c l u d i n g

legislative a s s e m b l y of Lower Canada in 1809; w a s admitt e d t o t h e bar in 1811; and w a s c h o s e n speaker of t h e h o u s e in 1815. H e was o n e of t h e leaders of t h e FrenchCanadian insurrection of 1837. H e escaped capture, and resided chiefly in Prance till 1847, w h e n h e r e t u r n e d u n d e r t h e general a m n e s t y of 1840. H e w a s afterward a m e m ber of t h e U n i t e d Parliament.

Papinian (pa-pin'i-an), L. ^milius Papinia n u s . Executed b y Caracalla, 212 A. D. A Koman jurist, pretorian prefect under Septimius Severus.

A friend of Severus and of a l m o s t t h e same age w i t h h i m w a s t h e great jurist ^Emilius Papinianus. U n d e r Severus he w a s prsefectus preotorio, b u t w a s e x e c u t e d soon after Caracalla's accession t o t h e throne, on account of h i s loyalty t o t h e o t h e r son, Geta. Papinian was remarkable n o t only for h i s juridical genius, for t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e of judgm e n t , t h e l u c i d i t y and firmness, m a n i f e s t e d in t h e j u d i c i a l decisions on individual cases w h i c h he s a v e w i t h the aid of h i s large experience, but also for his quick s e n s e of r i g h t and morality, by w h i c h h e f r e q u e n t l y rose above t h e barriers of n a t i o n a l prejudices, and m e r i t e d t h e h i g h e s t

Papinian

Parchim

780

veneration of succeeding centuries. Tile most important martyrs, saints, and angels. The ñne companion pieces of his works are tile ::7 books of Quasstiones and the 19 are the Last Judgment" and Hell." books of Responsa, both of which have been much used P a r a d i s e . A painting by Tintoretto, the largest in Justinian's collections. Ilis diction is conspicuous for conciseness and exactness, but for that very reason is fre- picture ever painted on canvas (84 by 25-J feet), covering the east wall of the Sala del Maggior quently difficult to follow. Teujfel and Schwabe, Hist, of .Roman Lit. (tr. by WaiT), Consiglio in the ducal palace at Venice. It is darkened by inj udicious restoration, but is highly impres[II. 252. sive in composition, and full of beauties of detail.

supreme, dtman, soul.] In Sanskrit,the supreme spirit, soul of the universe.

Paramatta.

See Parramatta.

Paramushir (pa-ra-mo-sher'), or Poromushir

(po-ro-mo-sher'). One of the larger islands in t h e northern p a r t of the Kurile group, south of Kamchatka. Papiocos (pa-pe-o'kos), or Piapocos (pe-u-po'- P a r a d i s e Lost. An epic poem by J o h n Milton, P a r a n ( p à ' r a n ) . In Bible geography, a wilderkos). An Indian tribe of southwestern Vene- p u b l i s h e d i n 1667, i n t w e l v e b o o k s . The subject is ness south of Palestine and north of Sinai, it zuela, on the river Guaviare near its junction the fall of man. This is his greatest work, and the chief was the scene of the wanderings of the Israelites before they entered Canaan. with the Orinoco. They are o£ A r a w a k or May- epic in the English language. pure stock. Paradise of Dainty Devices, The. A collec- Paraná, (pa-ra-nii/). A r i v e r of South America, P a p i r i a n L a w (pa-pir'i-an la). A supposed col- tion of poems compiled by Richard Edwards in flowing into the Plata, which forms the estuary of t h e P a r a n á a n d U r u g u a y . It is divided physilection of tho ancient S o m a n Leges Iiegitf, of 1576. It was very popular, and went through cally into the Upper and Lower Paraná. The latter is early date, made by a certain Caius (or Sextus) nine or ten editions before 1600. properly a continuation of the Paraguay, the Upper PaPapirius. raná being an eastern affluent. It has a general southerly Paradise of Fools. Limbo. course, entirely in the Argentine Republic, and its princiPapirius Cursor (pa-pir'i-us ker's6r), Lucius. P a r a d i s e R e g a i n e d . An epic poem, in four pal affluent is the Salado in the west. The Upper Paraná A Roman consul and dictator, general in the books, by J o h n Milton, published in 1671. Tho is formed by the junction of the Rio Grande and l'aranasecond Samnite war. As dictator he won a subject is the redemption. liyba in Brazil (near lat. 20" S.. long. 50° 50' W.). I t revictory over the Samnites in 309 B. c. P a r a d i s o (pá-ra-dé'só), II. [It., ' P a r a d i s e . ' ] ceives several large Brazilian rivers (üic Pardo, Tieté, PaPapirius Cursor, Lucius. A Roman consul and The third p a r t of the " D i v i n e Comedy," b y raiiapanenia, Ivahy, etc.) ; flows southward between Brazil and Paraguay ; turns westward between Paraguay and general in the third Samnite war. Dante. the Argentine Republic ; and by its junction with the PaPappenheim (pap'pen-him), Gottfried Hein- Paragua. See Palawan. raguay (lat. 27° 17' S., long. 58° 30' W.) forms the Lower Parich, Graf zix (G., 'Count a t ' ) . Born a t Pap- Paraguay (par'a-gwi), raná. The central portion is obstructed by rapids and Sp. and Pg. Paraguaya penheim, Bavaria, May 29, 1594: died at (par-a-gwi'a). A river of South America, prop- falls, the highest being the Set*! Quedas (which see). Leipsic, Nov. 17, 1632. An Imperialist gen- erly the upper portion of tho P a r a n á . It rises in Length of the Upper Paraná, about 1,200 miles (or, with the e r a l in t h e T h i r t y Y e a r s ' W a r .

He became chief

of the Pappenheimer regiment in 1623 ; suppressed the peasant insurrection in Upper Austria in 1626 ; took part in the storming of Magdeburg and in the battle of Breitenfeld in 1631; and was mortally wounded at Llitzen in 1632.

Pappenheimer (piip'pen-him-er) Regiment. A

the table-land of western Brazil near lat. 14° 15' S., flows Paranapanema, 1,730 miles); navigable to the Apipé rapids south, and unites with the Upper Paraná to form the Lower (about 150 miles). Length of the Lower Paraná, 850 miles Paraná in lat. 27° 17' S., long. 58" 30' W. It Sows succes- (or, with the Plata, 1,080 miles) ; entirely navigable. sively through Brazil, between Brazil and Bolivia, through northern Paraguay, separating the Paraguayan Chaco from P a r a n á . A maritime state in southern Brazil, the main portion, and finally between Paraguay and the separated f r o m P a r a g u a y by the river P a r a n a . Argentine Republic. In Brazil it is bordered by the vast Capital, Curityba. The surface is mountainous and swampy region called the Chames marshes (see Charaex), table-land. Area, 85,453 square miles. Population (l888), The principal tributaries are the Sao Louren^o (receiving 187,548. the Cuyabá) and Taquary oil the cast, and the Pilcoinayo P a r a n á . The capital of E n t r e Rios, Argentine and Vermejo on the west. Length, about 1,500 miles (with Republic, situated on the P a r a n á . Formerly the Lower Paraná and Plata, 2,580 miles); navigable to called Bajada dn Santa Fé or del Parana. PopVilla Maria, 300 miles from its source.

regiment of cuirassiers in the Imperialist service in the Thirty Years' War. P a p p u s ( p a p ' u s ) . [Gr. nainrof.] Lived about the close of the 4th century. An Alexandrian geometer. H e wrote a mathematical work, the " C o l l e c t i o n " (edited by Hultsch 1875-78). P a r a g u a y . An interior republic of South Amer- ulation (1889), 18,000. P a p s of J u r a (jo'ra). Three mountains in t h e ica, between the P a r a n a on t h e east and south P a r a n á , M a r q u i s Of. See Carneiro Lfiio. Honosouthern part of the island of J u r a , Scotland. and the Paraguay on the west, with a westward rio Ber me to. e x t e n s i o n b e t w e e n t h e P a r a g u a y a n d P i l c o m a y o : P a r a n a g u á (pa-ra-nii-gwa'). A seaport in t h e Highest point, 2,566 feet. b o u n d e d n o r t h by Bolivia and Brazil, eastby S r a - state of P a r a n á . Brazil, situated in lat. 25° 31' Papua. See New Guinea. zil, and south and west by the Argentine RepubP a p w i t h a H a t c h e t . A scurrilous t r a c t against l i c . C a p i t a l , A s u n c i o n . The main portion is hilly S., long. 48° 27' f i F W. Population, about 5,000. " Martin Marprelate," published in 1589 anony- or undulating, with a line of high hills, called mountains, in Paranahyba (pii-ra-na-e'bá), or Parnahyba mously : attributed by Gabriel H a r v e y to J o h n the interior; the part west of the Paraguay, included in (pár-na-e'ba). 1. A river in Brazil, one of the the Gran Chaco region (which see), is fíat, partly swampy, chief head streams of the P a r a n á . It forms Lyly. and has few inhabitants except wild Indians. The climate part of the boundary between the states of is semi-tropical. The principal products are hides, fruits, Goyaz and Minas Geraes.— 2. A river in Brazil Paqotce. See Iowa. P a r 4 (pa-ra'). A river of northeastern Brazil, a little sugar, tobacco, and mate or Paraguay tea. Most of which flows into the Atlantic about lat. 2° 50' S. inhabitants are a mixed race, descended from Spaniards physically the estuary of the Tocantins, b u t re- the and Guarany Indians ; the common language is a corrupt Length, about 830 miles.—3. A seaport in the ceiving a large amount of water f r o m the Ama- form of Guarany, but Spanish is spoken in the larger places. province of Piauhy, Brazil, situated on the lastzon through a n e t w o r k of narrow channels on The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Executive auriver near its mouth. Population, the southern side of the island of Marajo. it is thority is vested in a president clected for four years, and mentioned about 5,000. therefore commonly called one of the mouths of the Ama- congress consists of a senate and a chamber of deputies. zon. "Width, where it enters the Atlantic, 40 miles.

Pari,. The northeastermnost state of Brazil, bordering on Guiana and the Atlantic. The surface is generally level. ulation (1888), 407,350.

Area, 443,653 square miles.

Pop-

Para, or Belem: in full Santa Maria de Belem do Grao P a r a (san'tii ma-re'ii de ba-lan' do groun p a - r a ' ) . A seaport, capital of the state of P a r i , Brazil, situated on the river P a r 4 in lat.

1° 2 7 ' S., l o n g . 48° 3 0 ' W . It is the center of the river trade of the Amazon system; and exports rubber, cacao, copaiba balsam, hides, nuts, eto. It was founded in Dec., 1615. Population, about 65,000.

Paraboseo (pa-ra-bos'ko), Girolamo. Born at

P l a c e n t i u m : died a t Venice about 1557. A noted Italian musician and poet. He was organist and chapel-master at St. Mark's in Venice. He published " R i m e " (poems, 1547), " I I Progne" (1548: a tragedy), "L'Oracolo ' (1551-52), " I ' Diporti" (1552: a collection of 17novels), six comedies which were collected and published at Venice (1560), etc.

Paracelsus (par-a-sel'sus), Philippus Aureolus (originally Tlieophrastus Bombastus von

The country has a very imperfect railroad and telegraph Paranhos, José Maria da Silva. See Silva system. Paraguay was settled by Spaniards in 1536, and the Paranhos. colony at first included all the Platine region ; the southern part was separated in 1620, and the country, as a prov- Pararauates. See Parentintims. ince, approximately with its present limits, was attached P a r a s h u r a m a (pa-ra-sho-ra'ma). [ ' R a m a w i t h to the viceroyalty of La Plata in 1776. Jesuit iniiuence the ax.'] The fiist of the three Ramas, and the became predominant in the 17th century, and the order sixth avatara or incarnation of Vishnu, Vishnu had here its most celebrated missions until it was expelled having appeared in this incarnation to repress in 1767- The colony declared its independence in 1811, the t y r a n n y of the Kshatriya, or military caste. refusing to unite with the Argentine Confederation. He typifies theBrahmans in tlieir contests with the KshaI t was successively under the absolute dictatorship of triya. He was a Brahman, the fifth son of Jamadagui, Francia (1814^0), C. A. Lopez (1841-62), and F. L. Lopez and on his father's side descended from Bhrigu, whence he (1862-70). The last in 1865 provoked a war with Brazil, is the Bhargava, while on the maternal side he was of the the Argentine, and Uruguay (see Triple Alliance, War of race of the Kushikas. In the Mahabharata he instructs the), which terminated with his death after the country Arjuua in the use of arms, and fight« with Bhishraa; is had been completely impoverished and a great part of the present at a war council of the Kauravas ; and is struck adult male population had been killed. The present con- senseless by Ramachandra, the seventh avatar. In the stitution was adopted in 1870. The territory west of the Ramayana, Parashurama, aggrieved by Rama's breaking the Paraguay (Paraguayan Chaco) was claimcd by the Argen- bow of Shiva, challenges him to a trial of strength, and tine, but was awarded to Paraguay by the arbitration of is defeated by him, President Hayes of the United States in 1878. Area, about 95,000 square miles. The very imperfect census of Parasitaster (par-a-si-tas'tér), or the Fawn. 1886 gave a civilized population of 329,645, mostly Christianized Indians. Number of resident foreigners, about A play b y Marston,"acted at Blackfriars in 1604, and p r i n t e d in 1606. 17,000.

H o h e n h e i m ) . Born at Maria-Einsiedeln, Swit- P a r a g u a y a n W a r . See Triple Alliance, War zerland, Dec. 17, 1493: died at Salzburg, Sept. of the. 23, 1541. A celebrated German-Swiss physi- Parahyba, or Parahiba, or Paraiba (pii-ra-e'c i a n a n d a l c h e m i s t . He entered the University of ba). 1. A r i v e r in the state of P a r a h y b a , Brazil. Basel at the age of sixteen, but left without a degree, and Length, over 200 miles. Also called Parahyba spent many years in travel and intercourse with distinguished scholars. He lectured on medicine at Basel from do iforte.—2. A river which rises in t h e state of about 1526 to 1528, when he was driven from the city by the Sao Paulo, separates Minas Geraes f r o m Rio medical corporations, whose methods he had severely criti- de Janeiro, and flows into the Atlantic northcized. He is important in the history of medicine chiefly east of Rio de Janeiro. Length, 658 miles. Also oil account of the impetus which he gave to the development of pharmaceutical chemistry. He was also the called Parahyba do Sul.—3. A maritime state author of a visionary and theosophic system of philosophy. of Brazil, situated north of Pernambuco. Area, The first collective edition of his works appeared at Basel 28,854 square miles. Population (1888), 496,in 1589-91. Among the many legends concerning him is 618. — 4. The capital of the state of P a r a h y b a , that of his sword in the hilt of which he kept a familiar or situated on the river Parahvba, near its mouth, small demon. in lat. 7 o V S., long. 34° 53' W. Population, P a r a c e l s u s . A poem by Robert Browning, pub- about 15,000. lished in 1835-36. P a r a l l e l L i v e s . T h e chief work of Plutarch. P a r a c l e t (pa-rii-kla'). A hamlet near Nogent- See Plutarch. sur-Seine, A u b e . F r a n c o . It was formerly the seat of P a r a m a r i b o (par-a-mar'i-bo). The capital of a nunnery, founded in 1123 by Abelard, of which Hdloise Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, situated on the Suriwas abbess. P a r a d i s e . A fresco by Orcagna, in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, notable for the solemnity a n d h a r m o n y of i t s composition.

Christ and the

Virgin are enthroned above great companies of apostles,

n a m in l a t . 5° 50' N., long. 55° 13' W .

Ithasim-

P a r a m a t m a n (pa-ra-mat'man). [Skt.:

parama,

portant commerce, and exports sugar, rum, molasses, cotton, etc. I t was found ed by the French about 16Ü0. Population (1890), 28,831.

The writers of .Tonson's days seem to have connected, I know not why, the idea of a spy or splenetic observer with that of a faun. Marston calls on e of his plays " The Fawne, " in allusion to a character in disguise who watches and exposes all the persons of the drama in succession. Gitford, Jiote to Jonson's Poetaster, p. 245.

P a r a v i l h a n a s (pa-ra-vel-yii'nas). A tribe of Indians in northern Brazil, on the confines of Venezuela and British Guiana, about the h e a d w a t e r s of t h e R i o B r a n c o .

Formerly numerous,

they are now nearly or quite cxtinct. They have been referred to the Carib stock.

P a r a y - l e - M o n i a l (pa-ra'lè-mó-nyal'). A town in the department of Saóne-et-Loire, Prance, situated on the Bourbince 33 miles west by

n o r t h of M a c o n . I t is noted as a place of pilgrimage, and for its convent of the Visitation and its church. Population (1891), commune, 3,855.

Parcae (pàr'se). The Latin n a m e of the F a t e s . See Mcerse. Parc-aux-Cerfs (park'ó-sàr'). A house in Versailles, France, which was notorious as a harem of Louis XV. P a r c h i m (paréh'im). A town in MecklenburgSchwerin, Germany, on the Elde 24 miles southeast of Schwerin. It was the birthplace of Von Moltke. Population (1890), 9,960.

Parcival

781

P a r i s , Sieges a n d Capitulations of

P a r c i v a l . See Parsifal, ParzivaJ, and Percival. with early mosaics of the Virgin and saints* and friezes of m e o and J u l i e t , " a y o u n g n o b l e m a n t o w h o m P a r d o ( p a r ' d o ) , M a n u e l . Born at L i m a , A u g . flowers, tishcs, shells, and foliage. Population (1890), Capulet b e t r o t h e d his daughter Juliet against her w i l l . 12, 1834: assassinated there, N o v . 16, 1878. A 3,126. P e r u v i a n statesman. He was a banker, and was min- P a r e p a - R o s a ( p ä - r ä ' p ä - r o ' s ä ) , M a d a m e ( E u - P a r i s ( p a r ' i s ; F . pron. p a - r e ' ) . [ME. Paris, ister of the treasury under Balta, 1866-68. From Aug. 2, p h r o s y n e P a r e p a d e B o y e s k u ) . B o r n at E d i n - Parys, A S . Paris ( = Sp. Paris, P g . Paris, G. 1872, to Aug. 2,1876, he was president of Peru. He was the burgh, M a y 7, 1836: d i e d at L o n d o n , Jan. 21, Paris, e t c . ) , f r o m O F . Paris (pron. p a - r ë s ' ) , F . first civilian who attained this position, and was one of 1874. A n English soprano singer i n oratorio Paris = I t . Parigi, f r o m L L . Parisii, L . Lutetia the host presidents the republic ever had. At the time and opera. She made her debut at Malta in 1855, and Par-monm, L u t e t i a of t h e Parisii, a Celtic t r i b e . first appeared in England in 1857, and in the United States Lutetia has b e e n r e f e r r e d , w i t h o u t evidence, t o of his death he was president of the senate. in 18. She married Carl Rosa in 18ii7, and they estab- L . lutum, m u d . ] T h e capital of F r a n c e , sitP a r d o e ( p a r ' d o ) , J u l i a . B o r n at B e v e r l e y , Y o r k lished an opera company in which she was successful. uated on b o t h banks of the Seine in lat. 48° 50' shire, E n g l a n d , 1800: d i e d 1862. A n E n g l i s h N . , l o n g . 2° 20' E. ( o b s e r v a t o r y ) . I t is the second P a r e r g o n . Bee Ayliffe. historical and miscellaneous w r i t e r . largest city in the world ; is considered the finest city in P a r g a ( p ä r ' g ä ) . A seaport i n A l b a n i a , in P a r d o n d e P l o e r m e l (par-dfin' d e p l o - e r - m e l ' ) , the world; and has long been celebrated as a center of L e . A n opera b y M c y e r h e e r , first produced at t h e Turkish v i l a y e t of Janina, situated on the fashion, literature, art, the drama, and scholarship. Its I o n i a n Sea i n l a t . 39° 17' N . , long. 20° 25' E . boundaries are the fortifications, 22 miles Jong, including Paris, 1859. See Dinorah. It was under Venetian protection from 1401 to 1797 ; was P a r d o n e r ' s T a l e , T h e . One of Chaucer's " C a n - besieged by Ali Pasha ir-1814 ; was taken under British 30 square miles. The nucleus of the city is Tie de la Cité, an island in the Seine. It is the commercial and manufact e r b u r y T a l e s . " I t is a discourse on gluttony protection ; and in 1815 was delivered by the British to turing center of France, and the center of the French railt a k e n f r o m a L a t i n treatise of P o p e I n n o c e n t Turkey. The inhabitants abandoned the town in 1819. waysystem. Amongtheleadingmanufacturesare clothing, Population, about 4,000. III. Lottnslntry. furniture, "articles de Paris," machinery, jewelry, clocks, P a r d u b i t z ( p ä r ' d ö - b i t s ) . A t o w n in Bohemia, P a r i a ( p ä ' r e - ä ^ o r pä-re-ä')- . A peninsula of gloves, tapestries, carriages, etc. (For various localities situated at the junction of the Chrudimka w i t h northeastern V e n e z u e l a , p r o j e c t i n g eastward and objects of interest—«, g. the Bois de Boulogne, the the E l b e , 59 miles east of P r a g u e . P o p u l a t i o n b e t w e e n the Caribbean Sea and t h e Gulf of Champs-Elysées, the churches of Notre Dame and the Panthéon, the Théâtre Français, the Louvre and the LuxemP a r i a , and t e r m i n a t i n g i n Cape P a r i a opposite bourg, the Sorbonne, etc.— and for many local details, see (1890), commune, 12,367. the separate articles.) The Grand Opéra is the most sumpP a r é (pa-ra/)> L a t i n i z e d Paraeus ( p a - r e ' u s ) , T r i n i d a d . A m b r o i s e . B o r n at L a v a l , M a y e n n e . F r a n c e , P a r i a , G u l f of. A n a r m of the Caribbean Sea, tuous existing theater. The chief façade is enriched with polychrome materials, and adorned with statues and groups 1517: d i e d at Paris, Dec. 22, 1590. A F r e n c h b e t w e e n V e n e z u e l a and T r i n i d a d . of sculpture. The grand staircase is of great beauty, and surgeon, t h e f o u n d e r of scientific surgery in P a r i a h s ( p a ' r i - a z ) . [ L i t . ' d r u m m e r s ' ( t h e P a - the grand foyer, a hall 175 feet long, 42 wide, and 59 high, F r a n c e . He introduced Improvements in the treatment riahs b e i n g the h e r e d i t a r y d r u m - b e a t e r s ) . ] T h e displays on its walls and ceiling the celebrated paintings of gunshot-wounds, the use of ligatures, etc. His works m e m b e r s of a l o w caste of H i n d u s in southern by Baudry, representing the Muses, music, dancing, Mount India. They are lower than the regular castes of the Parnassus, and the ancient poets. The city contains many were published in 15G1. Brahmanical system, by whom they are shunned as un- hospitals and museums, and is the seat of many societies, P a r e c i s (pli-ra-ses'). A t r i b e or race of Indians clean, yet superior to some other castes iu the Tamil in western B r a z i l (state of M a t to Grosso), on the country, where they constitute a considerable part of the including the Institute of France. Paris belongs to the department of Seine, and Is governed by the municipal plateau called Campos dos P a r e c i s , about the population. The Pariahs are commonly employed as labor- council, the prefect of Seine, the prefect of police, and head waters of the r i v e r s P a r a g u a y , Guaporé, ers by the agricultural class, or as servants to Europeans. the mayors of arrondissements. It was the ancient capiand Tapaios. They live in fixed villages practise agri- p a r i a n C h r o n i c l e , T h e . S e e Chronicle of tal of a small Gallic tribe, the Parisii; was the capital of J culture, and are generally friendly to the whites, though 1 ® u a u v ' Constantius Chlorus 292-306 ; was made the capital of the having few relations with them. Formerly the tribe was -rdYOS, _ _ . . . . . . . . Frankish kingdom by Clovis in 508 ; was ruled by counts one of the most powerful of this region, but so far as is P a r i a S (pa-re-8.fi )J or P a r i a g O t O S (pa-re-a-gO - under the Carolingians ; became again the capital under known only a few hundreds survive. They belong to the tos). Indians w h o f o r m e r l y occupied the penintheCapetians ; was largely developed under Philip AugusMaypure or Arawak linguistic stock. The Guachis, Ba- sula of PaTia i n northeastern V e n e z u e l a . They tus and St. Louis ; suffered from civil strife under Charles cairis, and other tribes classed with the Parecis by Martius were among the first of the continental tribes seen by VI.; was entered by Henry V. of England in 1420, but are now known to be widely separated by their languages. Columbus : later many of them were enslaved. The rem- expelled the English in 1436 ; was the sccne of the massanants were gathered into missions, and are now merged cre of St. Bartholomew in 1572 ; becamc the center of the Also written Parexis, Parim, etc. P a r e c i s , C a m p o s dos. See Campos dos Parcel?. in the country population of the coast. They were of Carib League; was opened to Henry IV. in 1594 ; and was the stock. Also written Pariaeotoes, etc. scene of many of the leading events in the first revoluP a r e c i s , S e r r a dos. A n a m e g i v e n to the southw e s t e r n e d g e of the B r a z i l i a n p l a t e a u (Campos P a r i e u ( p a - r y e ' ) ? M a r i e L o u i s P i e r r e P é l i x tion and in those of 1830 and 1848. International expositions were held here in 1855,1807,1878, and 1889. (For the dos P a r e c i s ) , w h e r e i t f a c e s the r i v e r Guaporó. E Svilir OU de. B o r n at A u r iliac, F r a n c e , A p r i l more important sieges and treaties of Paris, see below.) P a r e d e s ( p à - r à ' d à s ) , José G r e g o r i o , B o r n at 13,1815: d i e d A p r i l 9,1893. A F r e n c h politi- Population (1S91), 2,447,957. L i m a , 1779: died there, D e c . 16,1839. A P e r u - cai economist and p o l i t i c i a n . Hew: minis- p a r i s . A city, capital of E d g a r County, eastern v i a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n . He was appointed official cos- t e r of instruction 1849-51. Illinois, 106 m i l e s east b y south of Springfield. mographer in 1812, and under the republic held various P a r i m a ( p a - r e ' m a or p a - r e - m a ' ) . A m y t h i c a l P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,996." A c i t y , capital of Bourbon County, K e n high offices, including the ministry of the treasury. ^ Pare- l a k e l o n g s u p p 0 S e d to e x i s t in the northern part P a r k des published several works on mathematics and physics, Population but is best known for his "Almanacs," 1810-39, which con- of South A m e r i c a . At first it was associated with the tucky, 34 m i l e s east of F r a n k f o r t . story of El Dorado (which see); later, when the search for (1890) 4 218 tain numerous historical and geographical notes of much tte^dedWngh^.^^MU^g^ph^nRto ¿ „ ^ f c ^ 0 f (1814). . S e e Montmartre._, value. the lake. Maps of the 18th century, and even some later - — — ¥ « . A>C\~ A1, P a r e d e s , M a r i a n o . B o r n about 1800 : d i e d at ones, represented it as a large body of water in Guiana. P a r i s , C o m t e d e (LOUIS P h i l i p p e A l b e r t Û U r Granada, N i c a r a g u a , D e c . 2,1856. A Guatema- Schomburgk's explorations proved that the only lakes in l é a n s ) . Born at P a r i s , A u g . 24, 1888: died in lan g e n e r a l and politician. HewaspresidentofGua- this region were small areas of flooded grass-land. The E , d g t g 1894. H e a d of the L e g i t i m i s t temala Jan. 1,1849, t o Jan. 1,1852, but was practically a tool h b ent*a™***m°U3* * n ™ p a r t y m F r a n c e and claimant of the F r e n c h of Carrera, who succeeded him. At the time of his death s a m e r e g i o n he was fighting against Walker. P a r i m a , S i e r r a or S e r r a d e . Mountains of throne, eldest son of FeTrd|nand, P a r e d e s y A r r i l l a g a ( e ar-rel-yii'ga), M a r i a n o . southern V e n e z u e l a , o n the confines of Brazil, and grandson of Louis P h i l i p p e . lie became heir apparent to the French throne on the death of his father B o r a at M e x i c o , Jan. 6,1797: d i e d there, Sept., 1849. A M c x i e a n g e n e r a l . He led the revolution b e t w e e n the upper Orinoco and its branch the in 1842. lie was educated in England, where his mother V e n t u a r i o . Their true nature is little understood, and against Herrcra, and after an overthrow of the latter was they arc perhaps edges of a high plateau, though some sought refuge after the overthrow of his grandfather in elected president « 4 interim Jan. 3,1846, serving until July points are said to exceed 8,000 feet in altitude. The Ori- 1848. In 1852 he served as a captain of volunteers on the 28, when he was forced to resign. During this period the noco takes its rise on the southwestern side. The name is staff of (¡encrai McClellan. lie subsequently took up his residence in France, but returned to England on the paswar with the United States began : the republic was prac- sometimes extended to all the highland region on the fron- sage of the expulsion bill of 1886. On the death of the tically in a condition of anarchy. tiers of Venezuela and Brazil and in British Guiana, thus Comte de Chambonl, grandson of Charles X., withont P a r e j a ( p a - r à ' i i à ) , J u a n de. B o r n at Seville including the Pacaraima Sierra (which see). Often written issue, in 1883, lie was recognized by the Legitimists as the about 1606: d i e d at Madrid, 1670. A Spanish Parime. head of the royal house of France, uniting in his person painter, a p u p i l and o r i g i n a l l y a slave of V e l a s P a r i n i (pa-re'ne), Giuseppe. B o r n at Bosio, the claims of the older and the younger (Orleans) line quez. He was most successful in portraits. Velasquez of the house of Bourbon. He published "Histoire de la near M i l a n , M a y 22,1729: d i e d at Milan, A u g . guerre civile en Amérique" (1874-87). freed him, but he remained in his service. The portrait 15,1799, • " of him by Velasquez represents a mulatto. " ' ' ~~ ~ '), G a s t o n B r u n o P a u l i n . Born cal poems M a r n e , A u g . 9, 1839. A n eminent P a r e j a y S e p t i e n (é sep-tè-àn'), José M a n u e l . giorno " (" F r e n c h E o m a n e e philologi st. Since 1S72 he lias occupied a chair of French language and literature at the Born at L i m a , P e r u , 1812 : d i e d at Valparaiso, notte" ("Night"), etc. Chile, N o v . 28, 1865. A Spanish n a v a l officer. P a r i s ( p a r ' i s ) . [ G r . I L d p i 1 . I n G r e e k le- College de France. At the present time (1804) he is tho He commanded the fleet which, in Sept., 1865, provoked gend, the second son of P r i a m , k i n g of T r o y , director of the Romance language department in the Ecole hostilities with Chilo and blockaded the Chilean ports. and H e c u b a : also called A l e x a n d e r . Before his des Hautes Études at Tal is. His first publication of note One of his gunboats having been taken by the Chileans, birth Hecuba dreamt that she had given birth to a firebrand was a " Histoire poétique de Charlemagne "(1805). His ediPareja committed suicide. which caused a conflagration of the city. The dream was tion of " l a vie de Saint-Alexis " is truly epoch-making in the annals of French philology. He has also published P a r e n i s (pil-rà-nès')j or P a r e n a s ( p a - r a - n a s ' ) . interpreted to mean that she would give birth to a son who "La littérature française au moyen âge," etc., and is conIndians of V e n e z u e l a , on the Orinoco a b o v e the would bring disaster on Troy. Paris was accordingly ex- nected with many important philological publications in" junction of the A p u r e . They were gathered into posed on Mount Ida, but was for a time nourished by a she- the French language, among others the " Romania," the missions in the 18th century, and as a tribe are now prac- hear, and was ultimately taken home and brought up by the "Revue critique," the "Collection d'anciens textes frantically extinct. They belonged to the Arawak or Maypure shepherd who was intrusted with his exposure. His paren- çais," and the " Bibliothèque française du moyen âge." was discovered; he was to the linguistic stock, and their language was closely allied to tage t. 1. .,1accidentally Jof Priam, married m.-iwiA/^ n?«Anfl A nil admitted rrl>f £of »*» A? t^arirDI*household (Enone, daughter thenverT> • J u d g m e n t of. See Judgment of Paris. that of the true Maypurcs. Also written Par cms. god Cebren, and became celebrated far and wide for his ""ft""«" " „r Pnrin MnJi,„,„ P a r e n t i n t i m s , or P a r e n t i n t i n s (pa-ren-ten- beauty of person, his gallantry, and his accomplishments. P a n s , M a t t h e w Of. bee Matthew Oj lat IS. t e n s ' ). W a n d e r i n g Indians of the A m a z o n val- During the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis, Eris, who alone P a r i s , S i e g e s a n d C a p i t u l a t i o n s 01. i c e most J.1 —.. FKVNYI* O FVNLRLOTI ORIRTLA O M A P R I I I 1 ... . C I.1. « 4>T> ^ /\TTTIM r* / C I I ~~ l e y , l i v i n g on b o t h sides of the T a p a j ó s n e a r among the gods was excluded, threw a golden apple among n o t e w o r t h y ot these are the f o l l o w i n g , (a) Siege t h e l o w e r falls, and r a n g i n g w e s t w a r d t o t h e the marriage guests with the inscription " To the Fairest" by the Northmen in 88S-886. It was unsuccessful. (6) M a d e i r a . They go in small bands, and subsist by hunting A dispute arose between Hera, Aphrodite, and Athene over Sie»e by Henry IV. in 1590. The city was successfully deand fishing, or by stealing from the plantations of other the apple, and Zeus ordered Hermes to take the goddesses fended by the forces of the League, (c) Surrender to the tribes. The Mundurucus call them, or some of them, to Paris, who tended his flocks on Mount Gargarus, a Allies, MaTcli 31,1814. (d) Surrender to the Allies, July 7,1815. (r) Siege of 1870-71 by the Germans. It was comPararauates, and wage a constant war against them. It is height oil Mount Ida, and who was to adjudge the apple. menced Sept. 19,1870 ; ineffectual sorties were made Nov. To influence his decision Hera offered him power, Athene probable that Indians of different races have been con- martial glory, and Aphrodite the most beautiful of women. 30-Dec. 3, Jan. 10-15, and Jan. 19, 1871; the city capitufounded under this name. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, who in return assisted lated by the convention of Versailles Jan. 28; the entry P a r e n z o ( p a - r e n d ' z o ) . [ L . Pareiitium.'} A sea- him in carrying off from Sparta Helen, the wife of Menelaus. of German troops took place March 1, and the evacuation p o r t in Istria, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , situated on the The rape of Helen gave rise to the Trojan war, duringwhich March 3. (/) Siege of 1871 by the troops of the National Gulf of V e n i c e 31 miles south b y w e s t of Triest. he brought down upon himself the detestation of his own Assembly commanded by MacMahon, Paris being defended The cathedral is a very curious building, founded in 543. friends by his cowardice and his stubborn determination by the Communists. It began April 6, and the city was entered by the besiegers May 21: many buildings (H6tel It is preceded by an atrium and baptistery, and has 3 naves not to give up Ilel en. He was fatally wounded by Philoc- de Ville, Tuileries, etc.) were destroyed by the Communists. divided by marble columns with sculptured capitals. The tetes with a poisoned arrow at the taking of Troy. The insurrection was finally suppressed May 28, 1871. 2 . A character in Shakspere's t r a g e d y " R o apse is incrusted below with marbles and lined above

Paris, Treaties of

782 European to accomplish that feat) at Sego in July, 1796, after many adventures, and ascended to Bammaku. In 1799 he published a narrative of his journey, entitled "Travels in the Interior of Africa." After having practised for some years as a country surgeon at Peebles, Scotland, he undertook a new expedition to the Niger in 1805. He started from Pisania in May, 1805, with a company of thirty-five Europeans and a number of natives, reaching the Niger in Aug. with only seven companions. Sending back his journals and letters from Sansanding on the Niger in Nov., 1805, he embarked with four European companions in a canoe, and was drowned with them near Boussa during an attack by the natives.

Parma

B r i t a i n a n d I r e l a n d , it consists of the three estates Paris, Treaties of. A m o n g the various treaof the realm—namely, the lords spiritual, the lords temt i e s n e g o t i a t e d or c o n c l u d e d a t P a r i s , t h e f o l poral, and the commons : the general council of the nal o w i n g a r e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t , (a) Between Great tion, constituting tho legislature, summoned by the sovBritain on one side and France, Spain, and Portugal on ereign's authority to consult on the affairs of the nation the other, Feb. 10, 1763. France ceded to Great Britain and to enact and repeal laws. Primarily, the sovereign Canada, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, Mobile, all may be considered as a constituent element of Parliathe territory east of the Mississippi, Dominica, Tobago, St. ment : but the word as generally used has exclusive referVincent, and Grenada ; England restored to France Guadeence to the three estates above named, ranged in two disloupe, Martinique, St. Pierre and Miyuelon, and Ponditinct branches—the House of l o r d s and the House of cherry, and ceded St. Lucia to her ; Spain ceded Florida to Commons. The House of Lords (numbering 560 at the Great Britain ; England restored Havana to Spain ; and end of 1893) includes the lords spiritual (26) and lords temFrance ceded Louisiana to Spain, (b) Between Great Britain poral (534). The House of Commons consists at present on one side and France, Spain, and the United States on the (1891) of 670 members : 495 for England and Wales, 72 for other, Sept. 3,1783. The independence of the United States P a r k e r ( p ä r ' k e r ) , I s a a c . B o r n a t B o s t o n , J u n e Scotland, aud 103 for Ireland—377 being representatives was acknowledged ; navigation of the M ississippi was made 17, 1768: d i e d a t B o s t o n , M a y 26, 1830. A n i>f county constituencies (counties or divisions of coun ties), He was a Federalist member of 284 of boroughs, and 9 of universities. The authority of free to both powers ; Minorca and Florida were restored to A m e r i c a n j u r i s t . Spain ; the region of the Senegal was granted to France ; Congress from Massachusetts 1797-99, and in 1806 was ap- Parliament extends over the United Kingdom and all its and mutual restitution was made of conquests in the West pointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, colonies and foreign possessions. The duration of a ParIndies, (c) Between France on the one side and Great of which he was presiding justice from 1814 until his liament was fixed by the Septennial Act in 1716 (superseding the Triennial Act of 1G94) at 7 years, but it seldom Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia on the other, May 30, death. He was professor of law at Harvard 1816-27. even approaches its limit. Sessions are held annually, 1814 : called also the First Peace of Paris. The indepen- Parker, Joel. Born at Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, usually from about the middle of Feb. to the end of Aug., dence of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and German and and are closed by prorogation. Government is adminisItalian states was acknowledged. " F r a n c e was allowed 1799: d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , M a y 2 , 1 8 7 3 . A n A m e r - tered by the ministry, which is sustained by a majority in to retain the boundaries of 1792, with some additions. i c a n P r e s b y t e r i a n c l e r g y m a n a n d r e l i g i o u s the House of Commons. Should the ministry be outvoted Great Britain was to keep Malta, but to restore all the w r i t e r . • in the house on a question of vital importance, it either colonies held by Prance on Jan. 1, 1792, except Tobago, Parker, John Henry. Born 1806: died Jan. 31, resigns office or dissolves Parliament and appeals to St. Lucia, and Mauritius, and to restore all the Dutch col- 1884. A n E n g l i s h a r c h a e o l o g i s t . He began as a the country. The precursors of the Parliament were the onies she licld cxcept Ceylon, the Cape, and part of (now bookseller in Oxford in 1832. In 1836 he published a Witenagemot in the Anglo-Saxon period, and the National British) Guiana. A general congress was to meet at Vienna " Glossary of Architecture," and in 1849 an " Introduction Councils in the Norman and Angevin periods. The composition and powers of Parliament were developed in the within two months to complete the arrangements." (Acland and Ransome, English Political History, p. 166.) (i2) to the Study of Gothic Architecture, etc." His lateryears 13th and 14th centuries. The right of representation from Between the same parties as the treaty of 1814, Nov. 20, were devoted to explorations in Rome. His " Archaeology shires and towns dates from 1295, and the separation of the two houses dates from the middle of the 14th century. 1815 : called also the Second Peace of Paris. France was of Rome" began to appear in 1874. reduced nearly to the limits of 1790. " £28,000,000 was to P a r k e r , M a t t h e w . B o r n a t N o r w i c h , E n g l a n d , Parliamentary government was in largemeasure suspended be paid to the Allies for the expenses of the war. The A u g . 6, 1 5 0 4 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , M a y 17, 1575. from 1461 to the middle of the reign of Henry VIII. Profortresses of the northern frontier were to be occupicd by A r c h b i s h o p of C a n t e r b u r y . He graduated at Cam- longed struggles between the Parliament and the crown the Allies for five years, and the garrisons paid by France. bridge (Corpus Christi College) in 1525, and was appointed took place under James I. and Charles I.,which led to the war and the Commonwealth. The right of British All works of art requisitioned by Napoleon were to be re- chaplain to Anne Boleyn. He was selected to preach at civil subjects to vote in the election of members of Parliament stored to their owners." (Acland and Ilansome., English Paul's Cross by Thomas Cromwell. In 1545 he was ap- has been and regulated by the Reform Acts of Political History, p. 166.) (e.) Between Russia on the one pointed vice-chancellor of Cambridge. On the accession 1832, 1867,extended and 1884, and the Redistribution Act of 1885. hand and Turkey, Great Britain, France, and Sardinia on of Mary Tudor he resigned, and lost all his preferments. the other, March 30,1850. Russiarcstored Kars, and ceded He was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury Dee. 17,1559. part of Bessarabia and the Danube mouth ; Sebastopol was As primate he devoted himself to the organization and dis- P a r l i a m e n t , H o u s e s o f . T h e b u i l d i n g s o c c u restored to Russia: the neutralization of the Black Sea cipline of tho English Church, and was a firm opponent of p i e d f o r l e g i s l a t i v e p u r p o s e s "by t h e B r i t i s h P a r was proclaimed ; and Russia abandoned its claim to a pro- puritan isn). l i a m e n t , a t W e s t m i n s t e r , L o n d o n . They were betectorate over Christians in Turkey, to whom the sultan Parker, S i r Peter. B o r n 3 7 2 1 : d i e d 1811. A n gun in 1840 from plans by Barry. The style is ornate late was to grant more favorable terms. n g l i s h a d m i r a l . He served in the American war, and Perpendicular : the area 8 acres. The structure comprises Paris, University of. T h e o l d e s t of t h e E u - Emade an unsuccessful attack on Fort Moultrie, Charles- 11 courts, some of large size, 1,100 rooms, and 100 stairr o p e a n u n i v e r s i t i e s . Schools had been established ways. The Thames front is 940 feet long, with low square ton, in 1776. here under the successors of Charlemagne. They multitowers at the extremities and flanking the raised central plied rapidly, and in the year 1200 an edict of Philip Au- Parker, Theodore. Bom at Lexington, Mass., portion. The square Victoria tower at the southwest gustus united them under one management and created A u g . 2 4 , 1 8 1 0 : d i e d a t F l o r e n c e , I t a l y , M a y 10, angle is 340 feet high ; the middle tower, and the pointed the University of Paris, called the Studium till 1250. More 1860. A n o t e d A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n , l e c t u r e r , Clock-tower at the north end, are slightly less lofty. The than 30 colleges were included. I t degenerated, and was r e f o r m e r , a n d a u t h o r . He studied at the Cambridge House of Commons is toward the north end of the great rehabilitated by Henry IV. in 1595. Under Louis XIV. Divinity School 1834-80; became a Unitarian clergyman at structure : it measures 75 by 45 feet and 41 high, and is the university did not share in the general revival of arts E ox bury, Massachusetts, in 1837; became the head of an solidly and simply furnished, and paneled with oak. There and letters, the Sorbonne or Faculté de Théologie alone independent rationalistic society at the Melodeon (1846), are 12 windows of colored glass. The House of Lords. 90 retaining itsprestige. In 1680courses of lectures in French and later at Music Hall, Boston ; and was a conspicuous by 45 feet and 45 high, is very richly decorated : its walls civillawwere given forthe first time. On Sept. 15,1793, the advocate of tho abolition of slavery. Among his works are adorned with historical frescos. Among other notable faculties of theology medicine, law, and arts were sup- are "Discourse on Matters Pertaining to Religion "(1842), rooms are the Central Hall, between tho House of Lords pressed throughout the republic by tlie Convention. See "Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and the Popular Theology" and the House of Commons, octagonal in plan and finely Université Nationale de France. (1853), " Ten Sermons of Religion" (1853), besides a large ornamented ; and the queen's robins-room and the royal P a r i s G a r d e n . A c i r c u s f o r b u l l - a n d b e a r - b a i t - number of addresses, etc., and "Great Americans"(this gallery, used by the sovereign when she opens or proi n g , o n t h e B a n k s i d e , n e a r t h e G l o b e T h e a t r e , was published after his death). His complete works were rogues Parliament in person. St. Stephen's Hall affords communication between the Central Hall and Westminster L o n d o n . I t is said to have derived its name from one Do edited by i \ P. Cobbe (12 vols. 1863-65). Hall on tlie west. About 500 statues, inside and outside, Paris who built a house there in the reign of Richard II. Parker, Willard. Born in New Hampshire, adorn the buildings. I t was in use at the beginning of Henry VIII.'s reign, and S e p t . 2, 1 8 0 0 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , A p r i l 2 5 , 1 8 8 4 . was afterward fitted up and used for a playhouse also. A n A m e r i c a n s u r g e o n , p r o f e s s o r of s u r g e r y i n P a r l i a m e n t , M a d . [ S o n a m e d i n d e r i s i o n b y t h e Parish (par'ish), Elijah. B o r n a t L e b a n o n , t h e C o l l e g e of P h y s i c i a n s a n d S u r g e o n s , N e w p a r t i z a n s of I l e n r y I I I . ] A g r e a t c o u n c i l h e l d C o n n . , N o v . 7 , 1 7 6 2 : d i e d a t B y f i e l d , M a s s . , O c t . Y o r k , 1839-69, a n d l a t e r p r o f e s s o r of c l i n i c a l a t O x f o r d i n 12;18 i n o r d e r t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e 1 5 , 1 8 2 5 . A n A m e r i c a n C o n g r e g a t i o n a l c l e r g y - s u r g e r y t h e r e . He became president of the New York d i f f e r e n c e s w h i c h h a d a r i s e n b e t w e e n t h e b a r m a n a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l w r i t e r . State Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton in 1865. He pub- o n s a n d t h e k i n g , o w i n g t o t h e p e r s i s t e n t e v a s i o n b y t h e l a t t e r of t h e o b l i g a t i o n s i m p o s e d o n H e p u b l i s h e d a " H i s t o r y of X e w E n g l a n d " lished various medical monographs. t h e s o v e r e i g n b y M a g n a C h a r t a . I t enacted the (1809), e t c . P a r k e r s b u r g ( p ä r ' k e r z - b e r g ) . A c i t y , c a p i t a l Provisions of Oxford, requir ing the faithful observance by Parish, Sir Woodbine. Born Sept. 14, 1796 : of W o o d C o u n t y , W e s t V i r g i n i a , s i t u a t e d o n the king of the Great Charter, and providing for the asd i e d A u g . 16, 1882. A B r i t i s h d i p l o m a t i s t . He t h e O h i o 73 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of W h e e l i n g , i t is sembling of a Parliament three times a year, and regular was chargé d'affaires at Buenos Ayres 1824-32, and after the socond city in the State: leading industry, the refining control over the chief justiciar, chancellor, and other high his return published " Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of of petroleum. Population (1890), 8,408. officers. the Kio de la Plata" (1839 : 2d ed. 1852). He brought to England an important collection of the large fossil ani« Parkhurst (pärk'herst), Charles Henry. Born Parliament, The Good. See Good Parliament. a t F r a m i n g h a m , M a s s . , A p r i l 17, 1842. A n Parliament, The Long. Seo Long Parliament. mais of the pampas. American clergyman and reformer. H e came P a r i s i i ( p a - r i s ' i - I ) . I n a n c i e n t h i s t o r y , a G a l l i c t o N e w Y o r k i n 1880 a s p a s t o r of t h e M a d i s o n Parliament, The Rump. See Long Parliament. t r i b e d w e l l i n g i n a n d n e a r P a r i s ; a l s o , a n a n - S q u a r e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h . I n 1891 h e b e - Parliament of Bats ('bludgeons'). A Parliam e n t u n d e r I l e n r y V I . , 1426. c i e n t n a m e of P a r i s . c a m e p r e s i d e n t of t h e S o c i e t y f o r t h e P r e Orders had been sent to the members that they should P a r i s i n a ( p a - r ë - s ë ' n â ) . A n o p e r a b y D o n i z e t t i , v e n t i o n of C r i m e . His exposure of the corruption of first p r o d u c e d a t F l o r e n c e , 1833.— 2. A p o e m the police department of New York city led to its investi- not wear swords, so they came, like modern butchers, with long staves. When these were prohibited they had reb y B y r o n , p u b l i s h e d i n 1816. An overture for it gation by a committee of the State legislature ("Lexow course to stones and leaden plummets. was composed by Sterndale Bennett in 1835, and performed Committee"), and its reorganization, and to the defeat of Gurdon, Hist, of Parliament. Tammany Hall in 1894. by the Philharmonic Society in 1840. Parliament of Dunces. A parliament conP a r i s o t . See Valette. parkman (pärk'man), Francis. Born at BosP a r j a n y a ( p a r - j à n ' y a ) . [ A c c o r d i n g t o B e n f e y , t o n , S e p t . 1 6 , 1 8 2 3 : d i e d a t J a m a i c a P l a i n , n e a r v e n e d a t C o v e n t r y b y H e n r y I V . i n 1404: s o n a m e d b e c a u s e a l l l a w y e r s were excluded from B o s t o n , N o v . 8, 1893. A n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r i a n . f r o m y sphurj, r u m b l e ; a c c o r d i n g t o GrrassHe graduated at Harvard in 1844, and began the study of i t . A l s o c a l l e d t h e Unlearned Parliament and m a n n , f r o m pre, i n s e n s e of H o fill,; a n d s o ' t h e law, but ultimately abandoned this study in order to de- t h o Lack-learning Parliament. filled c l o u d / ] T h e V e d i c g o d of r a i n , i d e n t i f i e d vote himself to literature. He was professor of horticulParliament of Fowls, or Assembly of Fowls. "with G o t h i c F a i r g u n i , N o r s e F i o r g v n , a n d L i t h - ture in the agricultural School of Harvard 1871-72. His u a n i a n P e r k u n a : s t i l l t h o n a m e of t h e t h u n d e r . historical works include "Conspiracy of Pontiac" (1851), A p o e m b y C h a u c e r , m o s t l y t a k e n f r o m I t a l i a n "Pioneers of France in the New World" (1865), "Jesuits s o u r c e s . Sixteen of the 98 stanzas are from Boccaccio's Park (park), Edwards Amasa, Born at Provi- in North America " (1867), '' Discovery of the Great West" "Tcseide." It is a poetical abstract of Cicero's "Dream d e n c e , R . I . , D e c . 2 9 , 1 8 0 8 . A n o t e d A m e r i c a n (1869), "The Old R^gimein Canada" (1874), "Count Fron- of Scipio." C o n g r e g a t i o n a l t h e o l o g i a n , p r o f e s s o r of s a c r e d tenac and New France under Louis XIV." (1877), "Mont- Parliament of Love, The. A play by Masr h e t o r i c a t A n d o v e r T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y calm and Wolfe " (1884), "A Half Century of Conflict" (1S92). s i n g e r , l i c e n s e d i n 16LÍ4. 1836-47, a n d of t h e o l o g y 1847-81. He was the lead- He wrote also " T h e California and Oregon Trail"(1849), "Vassall Morton," a novel (1856), and "Historic Handbook P a r l i a m e n t o f P a r i s . T h e c h i e f of t h e F r e n c h ing editor of the "Bibliotheca Sacra," and published va- of the Northern Tour " (1885). p a r l i a m e n t s ; t h e p r i n c i p a l t r i b u n a l of j u s t i c e of rious memoirs. the F r e n c h monarchy, f r o m its origin in the P a r k , M u n g O , B o r n i n S e l k i r k s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , P a r k R a n g e . A c h a i n of t h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n s k i n g ' s c o u n c i l a t a v e r y e a r l y d a t e t o t h e R e v o S e p t . 2 0 , 1 7 7 1 : d i e d i n A f r i c a p r o b a b l y i n 1806. i n C o l o r a d o , w e s t of S o u t h P a r k . M o u n t L i n - l u t i o n . From about 1300 the parliament was constituted A c e l e b r a t e d A f r i c a n e x p l o r e r . HevisitedBencoolen c o l n i s 14,297 f e e t i n h e i g h t . as assistant surgeon on an East-Indiaman in 1792, contrib- P a r l e y ( p ä r ' l i ) , P e t e r . T h e p s e u d o n y m of S a m - in 3 divisions — the grand' chambre, the chambre des requêtes, and the chambre des enquêtes. It played a uting on his return a description of eight new Sumatran fishes to the Transactions " of the Linnean Society. As u e l G r i s w o l d G o o d r i c h : i t h a s a l s o b e e n u s e d prominent political part at different times in the 17th and b y o t h e r s . 18th centuries. agent of the African Association he undertook in 1795 to 1. A province in t h e comexplore the course of the Niger. Leaving Pisania on the P a r l i a m e n t ( p a r ' l i - m e n t ) . T h e s u p r e m e l e g i s - P a r m a ( p a r ' m a ) . Gambia in Dec., 1795s he reached the Niger (being the first l a t i v e b o d y of t h e "United K i n g d o m of G r e a t p a r t i m e n t o of E m i l i a , I t a l y . A r e a , 1,250 s q u a r e

Parma 783 miles. Population (1891), 271,621.-2. A city, Parnell (pâr'nel), Charles Stewart. Born at capital of the province of Parma, Italy, situated Avondale, County Wicklow, Ireland, 1846: died on tke river Parma in lat. 44° 48' N., long. 10° at Brighton, Oct. 6,1891. Ân Irish statesman. 20' E. : the Roman Parma, it is the seat of a flour- He was the fourth son of John Henry Parnell (whose an.

iBhing trade, and has manufactures of felt hats. The cathedral is an interesting Romanesque building, essentially of the 11th century. The façade has 3 round-arched portals below 3 tiers of arcades : arcades are freely and picturesquely used throughout the exterior. There is an octagonal domed tower at the crossing. The three-aisled interior is spacious, with much excellent sculpture and painting, notably the famous frescos by Correggio in the dome, representing the Assumption of the Virgin. The baptistery of the cathedral, one of the finest in Italy, begun in 1196, ia octagonal, with 7 stories : the 4 intermediate ones form galleries supported by little columns, closely set. There are 3 beautiful sculptured doors. The interior is sixteen-sided, with arcades and a pointed, ribbed dome. The walls are covered with curious medieval paintings, and there is much good sculpture both without and within. Other objects of interest are the churches of Madonna della Steccataand San Giovanni Evangclista, ducal palace, library, museum, art gallery, and university. Parma was founded by the Romans as a colony on the .¿Emilian Way about 183 B. C. After its capture by Mark Antony, it was restored and called Colonia Julia Augusta. I t had important woolen manufactures in early times. I t took part in the strife of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, and belonged later to the Visconti. Here, in 1734, an indecisive battle was fought between the French and the Imperialists. (See Parma, Ducky of.) Population (1892), 51,500.

cestors emigrated from England to Ireland in the 17th century) and Delia Tudor Stewart, daughter of Admiral Charles Stewart of the United States navy. He studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, without taking a degree, and was elected to Parliament in 1875. He became the first president of the Irish Land League in 1879, visited the United States in the interest of the Irish agitation for home rule 1879-80, and succeeded Shaw as leader of the Home Rule party in 1880. He was imprisoned under the Coercion A c t 1881-82. In 1886 Mr. Gladstone formed a parliamentary alliance with Parnell, and proposed a Home Rule Bill which secured the support of all the Irish mem. bers (85), but caused a split in the Liberal party and restored Lord Salisbury to power. Toward the close of the session of 1887 the " T i m e s " sought to discredit home rule before the country by publishing a scries of articles entitled " Parnellism and Crime," in which it tried to connect Parnell with the Phtenix Park murders and other assassinations. In support of its allegations it published a number of letters alleged to have been written by Parnell, which were proved, before a committee appointed by Parliament to investigate the " T i m e s " charges, to have been forged by one Pigott. Parnell brought suit for libel against the " T i m e s , " recovering£5.000 damages. In Nov., 1890, Captain O'Shea obtained a grant of divorce from his wife—Parnell(whoafterwardmarriedMrs. 0'Shea)having figured as the corespondent in the suit. He was in consequence deposed from the leadership, at the instance of the Liberal leaders, by a majority of his party, but refused to submit, and led a minority until his death.

Parma, Duchy of, properly the Duchies of Parma and riacenza. A former duchy in northern Italy, comprising in later times the Parnell, Henry Brooke, first Baron Congleton. modern provinces of Parma and Piacenza. it was Born July 3, 1776: committed suicide, June 8, obtained by the Pope 1511-13 ; was under the Farnese dy- 1842. A British politician, secretary at war nasty from 1045 to 1731; passed to Don Carlos (Bourbon of 1831-32. He wrote " Financial Reform" (1830), Spain) in 1731, to Austria in 1735, to Don Philip (Bourbon etc. of Spain) in 1748 ; and was annexed to Franco in 1802. The duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were given to Parnell, Thomas. Born at Dublin in 1679 : died Maria Louisa by the Congress of Vienna in 1814-15, and fell to the Duke of Lucca in 1847. There was an unsuccessful revolution in 1848-49. The duchy was incorporated with the kingdom of Italy in 18(50.

i n 1718. A B r i t i s h p o e t . He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in lti97; was ordained in 1700; was archdeacon of Clogher in 1706; and was presented to the vicarage of Finglas in 1716. He was a member of the Scriblerus Club. Among his poems are " T h e Hermit," "Night-Piece on Death," " H y m n to Contentment,"ana "Allegory on Man. " He translated Homer's " Battle of the Frogs and Mice."

Parma, Duke of (Alexander), See Famese, Alessandro. ParmegianOjOrParmeggiano. See Parmigiano. Parmelan (parm-lon'). A mountain near An- Parnellite (par'nel-ït) Party. In British polinecy, in the Alps of Savoy. Height, 6,085 feet. tics, the Irish Nationalist party as it came unParmenides (pâr-mcn'i-dëz). [Gr. ïlapfieviôjjç^ der the leadership of Parnell about 1879. its only important aim was the securing of home rule for Ireland. Born at Elea; lived about 450 B. c. (about 500 In 1S35 it became allied for this purpose with the English B. c. ?). A celebrated Greek philosopher, head Liberal party, and contributed to the pailiameutary maof the Eleatic school. He wrote his opinions in a di- jority of the third and fourth Gladstone administrations. dactic poem," Nature" (fragments edited by Karsten and After the judgnfent in the O'Shea case, 1890, the party diby Stein). His central thought is the unity and permanencevided, a small fraction of it, called now distinctively the of being : there is no not-being or change. A celebrated Pamellites, being led by John Redmond, while the great dialogue of Plato was named from him. majority of the N ationalists (often called Anti-Parnellites)

Parsis years old when he died. Mr. Thorns, the editor of " N o t e s and Queries," examined the evidence and found it untrustworthy, though Parr was certainly very old and was a celebrity for many years before his death.

Parramatta, or Paramatta (par-a-mat'a). A town in New South Wales, Australia, situated on the Parramatta River 34 miles northwest of Sydney. It lias a flourishing fruit trade. Population (1891), 11,677. Parret (par'et). A river in Somerset, England, which flows into the Bristol Channel 6 miles north of Bridgwater. Length, about 40 miles. Parrhasius (pa-ra'shi-us). [Gr. napfr&otoc.'] Born at Ephesus: lived about 400 B. c. A celebrated Greek painter, considered one of the g r e a t e s t o f a n t i q u i t y . The anecdotes of Pliny about all the painters of this time indicate extraordinary realism carried to the point of actual illusion. (Compare Zeuxis.) There were many pen-and-ink sketches by Parrhasius still in existence in the time of Pliny. Among his principal works were " T h e Personification of the Demos of Athens," probably suggested by Aristophanes; a Prometheus; the Hercules at Lindus; the Theseus at Athens, afterward on the Capitol at R o m e ; and a Contest of A j a x and Odysseus for the weapons of Achilles.

Parris (par'is), Albion Keith. Born in Maine, Jan. 19, 1788: died at Portland, Maine, Feb. 11,1857. An American Democratic politician.

He was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1815-19; governor of Maine 1822-26; and United States senator from Maine 1826-28.

Parris, Samuel. Born at London, 1653: died at Sudbury, Mass., Feb. 27, 1720. An American Congregational clergyman, notable in connection with the Salem witchcraft delusion of

1692-93. He studied at Harvard, without taking a degree, became a merchant at Boston, afterward entered the ministry, and in 1689 became pastor of the church at Danvers (then part of Salem), Massachusetts. In 1692 his daughter and his niece, Abigail Williams, both about 12 years of age, accused Tibuta (a South American slave living with the family as a servant) of bewitching them. H e beat Tibuta into confessing herself a witch. The delusion spfead, many persons were tried for witchcraft, and in the course of 1(5 months 20 persons were put to death. He was dismissed by his congregation in 1G96 for his share in these judicial murders. Appletons' Vyc. of

Amer. Mog. Parrot (pa-ro'), Johann Jakob Friedrich W i l helm. Born at Karlsruhe, Baden, 1792: died at Dorpat, Russia, about 1840. A German traveler in the Caucasus, Ararat, etc. Parrott (par'ot), Robert Parker. Born at Lee, N. H., Oct. 5,1804: died at Cold Spring, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1877. An American inventor, superinchose Justin M'Carthy as leader. tendent of the West Point iron and cannon founParmenides, a native of Elea, who flourished about the Parny (pâr-në'), Evariste Désiré de Forges, year 503 B.c., enjoyed a reputation in liisnative city scarcely dry, Cold Spring, New York. He invented the inferior to that of Pythagoras at Crotona, of Empedocles at Vicomte de. Born on the Isle of Bourbon, Feb. Parrott gun. Acragas, or of Solon at Athens. Speusippus, quoted by 6,1753: died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1814. A French Diogenes Laertius, asserts that the magistrates of Elea were poet. Among his "best-known works are " Poé- Parry (par'i), Cape. A cape on the northern yearly sworn to observe the laws enacted by Parmenides. sies érotiqnes" (1778) and 1 ' L a guerre des coast of North America, projecting into the Cebes talks about a "Pythagorean or Parinenidean mode Arctic Oeean about lat. 70° N., long, 123° 30' W. of life," as if the austere ascesis of the Samian philosopher dieux" (1799). had been adopted or imitated by the Eleatic. Born at Parny's best piece, a short epitaph on a young girl, is one Parry, Charles Hubert Hastings. Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 193. of the best things of its kind in literature. His merits, Bournemouth, Feb. 27,1848. An English comare confined to his early works. In his maturer poser. He was made professor of musical hisParmenio (pâr-më'ni-ô), or Parmenion (pâr- however, years he wrote long poems, on the model of the "Pucelle," më'ni-on). [Gr. IIapfieviuv."] Born about 400 against England, Christianity, and monarchism, which tory and composition at the Royal Academy of B. c. : assassinated by order of Alexander, 330 are equally remarkable for blasphemy, obscenity, extrava- Music in 1883. B.C. A Macedonian general. He was the leading gance, and dullness. Saintisbury, French Lit., p. 399. Parry, Sir William Edward. Born at Bath, councilor and general of Philip and Alexander the Great, England, Dec. 19,1790: died at Ems, Germany, and commanded the left wing at the battles of Granicus, Parolles (pa-rol'es). A character in Shakspere's July 8,1855. An English navigator and arctic Issus, and Arbela. " A U ' s Well that Ends Well," a braggart whose e x p l o r e r . In 1806 he was midshipman in the Tribune frigate, and in 1808 on the Vanguard in the Baltic. As Parmigiano (pâr-më-ja/nô), or Parmegiano poltroonery is humorous and droll. lieutenant of the Alexander he served at Spitzbergen and (par-mâ-jâ'nô), I l ( ' T h e Parmesan'): usual Paropamisus (par-o-pam'i-sus or par^ô-pa-mï'- on La Hogue in the North American station until 1817, name of Francesco Maria Mazzuola (mat-so- sus). [G-r. ÏÎ.apoTrâuiaoç.'] In ancient geography,He accompanied Ross's polar expedition, and took como'la) (Mazzola, orMazzuoli). Born at Parma, a mount a in-range lying west of the Hindu- mand of an expedition himself in May. 1819. He explored and named Barrow Strait, Prince Regent's Inlet, and Jan. 11, 1504: died at Casal Maggiore, Italy, Kush. Aug. 24,1540. An Italian painter. Among his works Paros (pâ'ros). [Gr. Ilapoç.] An island of the Wellington Sound, reaching Melville Island Sept., 1819. are " V i s i o n of St. J e r o m e " (National Gallery, London), Cyclades, Greece, situated in the .¿Egean Sea By crossing long. 110° W. he won the £5,000 prize of"Madonna with St. Margaret" (Bologna), ''Madonna del west of Naxos, intersected by lat. 37° N., long. fered by Parliament. A narration of the expedition appeared in 1821. In May, 1821, he started on a second exCollo L u n g o " (Pitti Palace, Florence), "Madonna della Rosa " (Dresden Gallery), etc.

25° 10' E . I t is composed of a single mountain, famous in ancient times for its white marble. I t was unsuccess-

pedition, and in May, 1824, on a third, which were not specially successful. Another expedition, by way of »Spitz-

fully attacked by Miltiades after the battle of Marathon bergen, was likewise unsuccessful, f r o m Dec., 1823, to Parnahyba. See Paranahyba. 1829, he was acting hydrographer to the navy. In Parnassus (par-nas'us). [Gr. Jlapvaaôç, later 490 B. c., and joined the confederacy of Delos. Length, May, 1852 he was made rear-admiral, and in 1853 governor of Tlapvaaaôç.'] A mountain-ridge in Greece, 83 15 miles. Greenwich Hospital. miles northwest of Athens, near the ancient Parq.net, Jacques Diel du. See Diel du ParDelphi, and situated mainly in ancient Phocis: quet. Parry Islands. [Named from Sir W. E. Parry.] the modern Liakoura. it was celebrated as the hauntParr (par), Catharine. Born at Kendal Castle, A group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, includof Apollo, the Muses, and the nymphs, and hence as the Westmoreland, England, about 1512 : died at ing Melville Island, Bathurst Island, and others. seat of music and poetry. Highest summit, lycoreia Sudely Castle, Gloucestershire, England, Sept. Parsdorf (pars'dorf), Armistice of. A truce (8,068 feet). 7, 1548. Sixth wife of Henry VIII., whom she between France and Austria, concluded in July, Parnassus. 1. A fresco byRaphaelMengs (1760), married in 1543. She married Lord Seymour in 1800, at Parsdorf, a village 10 miles east of Muin the Villa Albani, Rome, it is a group of Apollo 1547. nich. and the Muses, with Mnemosyne, the mother of the MuseB. 2. A fresco by Raphael, in the Stanza della Seg- Parr, Samuel. Born at Harrow-on-the-Hill, Parsifal, or Parsival (par'se-fal). A musical natura of the Vatican, Rome. The subject is the England, Jan. 15, 1747: died at Hatton, March drama by Richard Wagner. The poem was comtriumph of ancient art under the enlightened and poetic 6, 1825. An English scholar, son of Samuel posed by him in 1877, the music in 1879. It was first perinfluences of the Renaissance. Apollo and the Muses pre- Parr, a surgeon, whose assistant he was 1761-64. formed at Bayreuth, July 28,1882. See Perceval and Parside ; nomer, Vergil, Dante, Sappho, Anacreon, Petrarch, H e studied at Harrow, and was at Cambridge for a short zival. and Corinna,with Raphael himself, figure with their fellow- time in 1765. From 1767 to 1771 he was chief assistant to Parsis, orParsees (par'sez). [From Pers. Parsi, artists in the attendant company. I t is a garden festival Dr. Sumner at Harrow School, and in 1783 was made vicar of 16th-century Rome. of Hatton, near Warwick. He was a warm friend of Por- a Persian.] The descendants of those Persians He was famous for the variety of his knowledge and who settled in India about the end of the 7th and Parnassus, Mount. A p a i n t i n g by Mant egna, i n son. the beginning of the 8th century, in order to esfor his dogmatism. t h e L o u v r e , P a r i s . Mars and Venus stand on a rockarch, with Cupid, who is shooting darts into Vulcan's cave : Parr, Thomas, called 11 Old Parr." Died at Lon- cape Mohammedan persecution, and who stillrein the foreground the Muses dance while Apollo makes don, 1635. A reputed centenarian. He was said tain their ancient religion, now called Zoroastri music, and Mercury stands beside Pegasus. to have been born in 1483, and hence would have been 152anism. See Guebers.

Parsons P a r s o n s (pilr'sonz). A city in Labette Connty, s o u t h e a s t e r n K a n s a s , 123 m i l e s s o u t h b y e a s t of Topeka. P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 6,736. Parsons (pár'sonz), A l f r e d W i l l i a m . Born i n S o m e r s e t , T>'ea. 2, 1847. A n E n g l i s h l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t e r . He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1871, and paints both in oil and in water-colors. Among his works are " T h e First Frost " (1883)." In a Cider Country" (1886), " When Nature Painted all Things G a y " (1887), a series of watcr-color drawings of the Warwickshire Avon (exhibited in 1885), etc. P a r s o n s , or P e r s o n s ( p ô r ' s o n z ) , R o b e r t . Born a t N e t h e r S t o w e y , S o m e r s e t , 1546 : d i e d a t R o m e , A p r i l 18,1610. A n E n g l i s h J e s u i t , n e graduated at Oxford (Balliol College) in 1568, and was subsequently a fellow, bursar, and dean of his college. In 1575 be entered the Jesuit Society at Rome. He intrigued actively against Elizabeth and the Protestants in England until his death. He published many polemical works. Parsons, TheophihlS. Born at Byfield, Mass., F e b . 24, 1750: d i e d a t B o s t o n , O c t . 30, 1813. A n A m e r i c a n jurist. H e was a member of the Essex Junto in 1778, and chief justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts 1806-13. Parsons, Theophilus. Born at Newburyport, M a s s . , M a y 17, 1 7 9 7 : d i e d J a n . 26, 1882. An A m e r i c a n l e g a l a n d religious w r i t e r , son of T . P a r s o n S. He publish ed ' ' Law of Contracts " (1853), " l i e r cantile Law "(1856)," Maritime Law " A f o r m e r c o m m u n e , s i n c e 1860 a part of Paris, s i t u a t e d e a s t of t h e B o i s d e Boulogne.

The first [of these special chronicles], according to the date of its events, is the "Passo Honroso," or the Passage of Ilonor, and is a formal account of apassage at arms which was held against all comers in 1434, at the bridge of Orbigo, near the city of Leon, during thirty days, at a moment when the road was thronged with knights passing for a solemn festival to the neighboring shrine of Santiago, The challenger was Suero de Quiñones, a gentleman of rank, who claimed to be thus emancipated from the service of wearing for a noble lady's sake a chain of iron around his Pasta (pas'tâ), Madame ( Giuditta Negri ). Born neck every Thursday. The arrangements for this extra- at Como, Italy, 1798: d i e d near t h e L a k e of ordinary tournament were all made under the king's'au- Como, A p r i l 1, 1865. A n I t a l i a n opera-singer, thority. Nine champions, mantenedores, we are told, stood of H e b r e w birth, o n e of the l e a d i n g s o p r a n o s i n with Quiñones ; and at the end of thirty days it was found that sixty-eight knights had adventured theni selves against P a r i s a n d I t a l y f r o m 1819 t o a b o u t 1835. his claim,that sixhundredandtwenty-sevenencountershad P a s t a s a ( p â s - t a s ' â ) , or P a s t a z a ( p a s - t â ' t h â ) . taken place, and that sixty-six lances had been broken; — A river i n E c u a d o r w h i c h j o i n s t h e Maranon one knight, an Aragonese, having been killed, and many ( A m a z o n ) a b o u t l o n g . 76° 30' W . Length, wounded, among whom were Quillones and eight out of his a b o u t 400 m i l e s . nine fellow-champions. Ticknor, Span. Lit., 1.174. a s t e r z e ( p a s - t e r t ' s e ) . One of t h e l a r g e s t AlPassages from the Diary of a Late Physician. Ppine glaciers, s i t u a t e d i n t h e Glockner g r o u p A c o l l e c t i o n of short s t o r i e s b y S a m u e l Warren, o n t h e border of T y r o l a n d Carinthia. first p u b l i s h e d i n " B l a c k w o o d ' s M a g a z i n e . " in 1831 in America (1832 in England) two volumes were pub- P a s t e u r (pas-tèr'), L o u i s . B o r n at D o l e , Jura, lished, and in 1838 a third was added. They had mostly a F r a n c e , D e c . 27, 1822. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h c h e m i s t a n d microscopist. He is famous especially morbid interest, but were extremely popular. Passaguates (pa-sá-gwa/tás). [Origin un- for his researches in bacteria, fermentation, the "Siberian pest," hydrophobia, etc. He has published "Etudes surlo k n o w n . ] A n o m a d tribe of s o u t h e r n Chihuahua, m e n t i o n e d i n 3582 b y Espejo. I t is n o w vin " (1866), " Etudes sur le vinaigre " (1868), "Etudes sur e x t i n c t , a n d n o t h i n g is k n o w n of i t s l a n g u a g e . la maladie des vers à soie" (13W), "Etudes sur la bière" P a s s a i c (pa-sa' i k ) . A river i n N e w J e r s e y w h i c h (1876), etc. Hebeganthepracticeof inoculation for hydroflows i n t o N e w a r k B a y b e l o w N e w a r k , i t forms phobia in 1885, a cataract of 72feet, with a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, at P a s t o ( p l i s ' t ô ) . A t o w n i n t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t of Colombia ( d e p a r t m e n t of Cauea), 100 Paterson. Length, about 100 miles. P a s s a i c . A m a n u f a c t u r i n g c i t y i n P a s s a i c Coun- m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of P o p a y a n , o n t h e e a s t e r n Populat y , N e w J e r s e y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e river P a s s a i c flank of a v o l c a n o of t h e s a m e n a m e . tion, a b o u t 10,000. 11 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of N e w York. Population P a s t o n L e t t e r s . A s e r i e s of l e t t e r s w r i t t e n or (1890), 13,028. P a s s a m a q u o d d y ( p a s ' a - m a - q u o d ' i ) . A tribe of r e c e i v e d b y m e m b e r s of t h e P a s t o n f a m i l y , of P a s t o n , c o u n t y of N o r f o l k , E n g l a n d . The series N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , c h i e f l y i n Maine, S e e commenced in 1424, and ended in 1509. They are valuable Ábnaki. _ for 15th-century history, and were first published in part a q u o d d y B a y * [ F r o m t h e I n d i a n tribe by Sir John Fenn in 1787. The best edition is by James Paso de Chocolate (pa'sô dá chô-kô-la'tà). A Pnaasms aem . ] A n arm of t h e A t l a n t i c , s i t u a t e d o n t h e Gairdner (3 vols. 1872-75), increased by more than 500 letp a s s i n n o r t h w e s t e r n Chihuahua, b e t w e e n t h e t o w n s of G a l e a n a a n d C a s a s Grandes, f a m o u s f o r border b e t w e e n M a i n e a n d N e w B r u n s w i c k . I t ters, with notes, etc. t h e atrocities c o m m i t t e d t h e r e b y t h e A p a c h e s r e c e i v e s t h e St. Croix. L e n g t h , a b o u t 1 5 m i l e s . Pastoral Symphony, The. 1. A short moved u r i n g t h e p a s t a n d p r e s e n t c e n t u r i e s . The last P a s s a r o ( p a s ' s a - r o ) , o r P a s s e r o ( p a s ' s e - r o ) , m e n t i n H a n d e l ' s " M e s s i a h . " — 2 . T h e t i t l e of action fought there was in 1882, when nearly all the able- C a p e . T h e m o d e r n n a m e of P a c h y n u m . in a B e e t h o v e n ' s 6 t h s y m p h o n y . H e a d d e d a s e c o n d bodied men of Galeana were slain by a superior force of sea-fight off thiscape. Aug. 11,1718, the British under Byng title, " o r R e c o l l e c t i o n s of Country L i f e . " annihilated the Spanish fleet under Castañeta. Indians, after a desperate resistance. P a s t o r P i d o (pas-tôr' f ê ' d ô ) , I I . [ ' T h e F a i t h (pás-sá'ró-vits), or Posarevatz f u l S h e p h e r d . ' ] A p a s t o r a l d r a m a b y G i a m Paso del Norte (pa'so del nôr'tâ),El. [Sp., Passarowitz ' T h e P a s s of t h e N o r t h / ] A t o w n (officially ( p ó - s á ' r e - v á t s ) , or P o s c h a r e w a t z (po-sha're- b a t t i s t a Guarini, p l a y e d a t T u r i n i n 1585, b u t J u a r e z ) in n o r t h e a s t e r n Chihuahua, Mexico, on vftts). A t o w n i n Servia, 38 m i l e s e a s t - s o u t h - n o t p r i n t e d till 1590. It was composed to celebrate t h e s o u t h b a n k of t h e R i o Grande opposite E l e a s t of B e l g r a d . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 11,134. the marriage of a duke of Savoy, and has been six times P a s o i n T e x a s . I t was founded as an Indian mission P a s s a r o w i t z , P e a c e o f . A t r e a t y c o n c l u d e d at translated into English. in 1659. Until 1680 it was only an Indian village, and the P a s s a r o w i t z , J u l y 21, 1718, b e t w e e n T u r k e y o n The southernmost only relay between Parral in southern Chihuahua and o n e s i d e a n d A u s t r i a a n d V e n i c e o n t h e other. P a t a g o n i a (pat-a-gô'ni-a). Santa Fé in New Mexico. In 1680, when the Pueblo In- Venice ceded the Morea to Turkey; Turkey ceded to Aus- portion of S o u t h A m e r i c a , i n c l u d i n g all of t h e A r g e n t i n e R e p u b l i c s o u t h of t h e R i o N e g r o , todians of New Mexico drove the Spaniards from Santa Fé, the retreating colonists and afew soldiers halted at El Paso tria part of Bosnia, Little Wall achia, part of Servia (in- g e t h e r w i t h t h e a d j a c e n t p a r t s of Chile. The western partis traversed fromnortn to south by the Andes ; east del Norte, and established their camp. Thereafter it be- cluding Belgrad), and the Banat of Temesvár. came the seat of government for the province of New P a s s a u ( p a s ' s o u ) . A c i t y in L o w e r Bavaria, B a - of them much of the country is occupied by highandmore Mexico until 1693, and the base of operations against the varia, s i t u a t e d at t h e j u n c t i o n of t h e I n n a n d Ilz or less arid plains. The shores of the Chilean portion hostile Pueblos. A Spanish town gradually arose, and the w i t h t h e D a n u b e , c l o s e t o t h e A u s t r i a n frontier, are borderecf by an infinity of islands. The interior is Indian settlements became merged in that place it» the i n lat. 48° 34' N . , l o n g . 13° 27' E . It is noted for its sparsely populated by Indians (Patagonians, Araucanians, course of time. It remained attached to New Mexico until picturesque location. The cathedral, of very early foun- etc.), but there are now flourishing Argentine and Chilean after the war between the United States and Mexico, when it dation, but often restored, and finally rebuilt in 1665, is settlements along the coasts. In 1881 JPatagonia was divided by treaty, Chile taking the portion west of the Andes, was, after the conclusion of peace, included in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. During tho latter part of the reign one of the best examples of the German florid rococo style. together with the shores of the Strait of Magellan from of Maximilian, El Paso del Norte formed the headquarters It was the capital of the bishopric of Passau. Population lat. 52° S., and the Argentine Republic retaining all the rest. Both portions have been subdivided into territories of the national forces and of President Juarez. The Mexi- (1890), 16,033. can Central Railroad has there its northern terminus. P a s s a u , B i s h o p r i c o f . A f o r m e r G e r m a n prin- and provinces. The name is now used only as a convegeographical term, and is commonly restricted to the Population, about 8,000. , c i p a l i t y , i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d of P a s s a u . It was nient Argentine portion : Tierra del Fuego is sometimes in* P a s q u i e r (pas-kyâ')> É t i e n n e . B o r n at Paris, foundecf in the 8th century, was secularized in 1803, and eluded. Total area (excluding Tierra del Fuego), about 235,000 square miles, of which about one fifth is in Chile. 1529: d i e d t h e r e , 1615. A F r e n c h j u r i s t a n d passed to Bavaria in 1805. a u t h o r . His chief works are "Recherches sur la France " P a s s a u , P e a c e o f . A t r e a t y c o n c l u d e d at P a s a t a g o n i a n s (pat-a-gô'ni-anz). The principal ("Researches on France": publication commenced about sau, J u l y 16,1552, b e t w e e n t h e e l e c t o r Maurice PIndian r a c e of P a t a g o n i a . They call themselves of S a x o n y a n d K i n g F e r d i n a n d i n behalf of 1560) and "Letters." t h e e m p e r o r Charles V . T h e principal provision Chonek, Tzoneca, or Inaken ; the Pampean Indians, and the whites of Argentina, give them the general desPasquier, Étienne Denis, Baron (later Due) w a s t h e g r a n t i n g of f r e e d o m of r e l i g i o n t o t h e hence ignation of Tehuelchcs, or 'southern people,' a name more d e . B o r n a t Paris, A p r i l 22, 1767 : died there, L u t h e r a n s . particularly applied to those between the rivers Chubut J u l y 5, 1862. A F r e n c h p o l i t i c i a n . He served as and Santa Cruz. They are wandering hunters, their sin all an official under Napoleon I. ; wasacabinet minister dur- Passavant (pa-sa-von'), Johann David. Born villages being frequently changed; at present they are ing the restoration, and president of the Chamber of a t Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 18, 1787: d i e d friendly to the whites, bringing skins, etc., to «ell at the Peers under Louis Philippe ; received the titular dignity a t Frankfort, A u g . 12, 1861. A G e r m a n art settlements. The Tatagonians are noted for their great of chancellor in 1837 ; and was created duke in 1844. He h i s t o r i a n a n d artist. His works include a life of Ra- stature, many of the men being over six feet high : the retired to private life after the revolution of 1848. He was phael (1839-58: French ed, 1860), "Le peintre-graveur" early explorera represented them as giants. Their language the joint author with M. de Randon of a vaudeville, (1860-64), etc. indicates a distinct stock, though Martius believed that it had some relation to that of the Tapuyas of Brazil. They "Grimou, ou le portrait à faire"; published "Discours Passeier. See Passeur. prononcés dans les chambres législatives de 1814-36" P a s s e s ( p a s - s a s ' ) . A tribe of I n d i a n s i n the number about 20,000. (1842) ; and left a memoir in manuscript, the first volume B r a z i l i a n s t a t e of A m a z o n a s , o n t h e north side P a t a l a ( p â - t â ' l a ) . [ S k t . pâtâla, a word of obof which appeared in 1893 under the title of "Histoire de of t h e A m a z o n , about t h e m o u t h of the Japurá. scure d e r i v a t i o n . ] I n H i n d u m y t h o l o g y , a submon temps." they were numerous, ranging eastward to the t e r r a n e a n or i n f e r n a l region, or, more properly, Pasquin ( p a s ' k w i n ) , I t . Pasquino ( p à s - k w ë ' n ô ) . Formerly Eio Xegro and westward to the I^á. They are a gentle t h e n a m e of o n e of i t s s e v e n s u b r e g i o n s or [ F . pasquín, a l a m p o o n , a l s o t h e s t a t u e so race of agriculturists, and have never resisted the whites. stories, s u p p o s e d t o b e i n h a b i t e d b y various c a l l e d ( C o t g r a v e ) , f r o m l t . 2 x w ^ m ? o , a l a m p o o n . ] During the 18th century many of them were gathered into c l a s s e s of s u p e r n a t u r a l b e i n g s , e s p e c i a l l y NdA tailor (or a cobbler, or a b a r b e r ) w h o lived gas, or s e r p e n t s . Patala is not a place of torment. a b o u t t h e e n d of t h e 15th c e n t u r y i n R o m e , mission villages. Very few remain in a wild state. The Under it are the hells (narakas), ûf which Manu enumern o t e d f o r h i s c a u s t i c w i t , a n d w h o s e n a m e , Passes are a branch of the great Arawak or llaypure stock. A ates 21 and the Buddhists 136. s o o n a f t e r h i s d e a t h , w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o a m u t i - - P a s s e y r (pás'ír), or P a s s e i e r (pas'i-er), l a t e d s t a t u e w h i c h h a d b e e n d u g u p o p p o s i t e h i s ' r o m a n t i c A l p i n e v a l l e y i n Tyrol, a b o u t 30 m i l e s P a t a n i ( p a - t â ' n ë ) . A small n a t i v e s t a t e in t h e s h o p , o n w h i c h w e r e p o s t e d a n o n y m o u s l a m - s o u t h b y w e s t of Innsbruck, w h i c h u n i t e s w i t h M a l a y p e n i n s u l a , f e u d a t o r y t o Siam, s i t u a t e d on t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t a b o u t l a t . 6 ° - 7 ° N . p o o n s . At the opposite end of the city from the statue t h e v a l l e y of t h e A d i g e at Meran. mentioned above, there was an ancient statue of Mars, P a s s i o n P l a y . A m y s t e r y or m i r a c l e - p l a y rep- P a t a n j a l i (pa-tan'ja-li). 1 . T h e r e p u t e d f o u n d called by the people Marforio ; and gibes and Jeers pasted r e s e n t i n g t h e different s c e n e s i n t h e p a s s i o n of er of t h e Y o g a s y s t e m of H i n d u p h i l o s o p h y . — upon Pasquin were answered by similar effusions on the Christ. The passion play is still extant in the periodic 2 . The author of t h e M a h a b h a s h y a ( w h i c h s e e ) . part of Marforio. By this system of thrust and parry the representations at Oberammergau, in tho Bavarian high- He was born at Gonarda in the east of India, and lived for most serious matters were disclosed, and the most dis- lands, perhaps the only example to be found at the pres- some time in Kashmir. According to Guldstiicker he wrote between 140 and 120 b. c., but Weber places him about 25 tinguished persons attacked and defeuded. I. D'Israeli. ent day. after Christ. Panini, Katyayana, and Patanjali are Pasauin. A d r a m a t i c s a t i r e b y F i e l d i n g , p u b - Passow (pás'só), Franz Ludwig Karl Fried- years the great triad of Sanskrit grammarians. l i s h e d i n 1786. r i c h . B o r n at L u d w i g s l u s t , Mecklenburg, Sept. 50

Patapsco

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tains, The. A surname given to John Charles Frémont, from his work as an explorer. Pathfinder, The. The third in chronological order of Cooper's "Leatherstocking" novels, published in 1840. It is so called from a nickname of the hero, Bumpo. See Leatherstocking. Pathros. See Mizraim. Patiala (put-e-ä'lä). 1. A native state in the Patavium (pa-tâ'vi-um). The ancient name Panjab, India, under British influence, interof Padua. sected by lat. 30° N „ long. 76° E. Area, 5,951 Patawat (pât'a-wat). A tribe of North Ameri- square miles. Population (1891), 1,583,521.— can Indians living on lower Mad River, Cali- 2. The capital of the state of Patiala. Popufornia. See Wishoskan. lation (1891), 55,856. Patay (pâ-tâ'). A village in the department of Patience (pa'shens). An English comic opera, Loiret, Franco, 13 miles northwest of Orléans. music by Sullivan, words by W . S. Gilbert, proHero, June 18, 1429, the French under Dunois duced in 1881. and Joan of Arc defeated the English. Patch (pach), Samuel. Born in Rhode Island Patient Grissel. A play by Dekker, Chettle, about 1807: killed at Rochester, N.Y., Nov. 13, and Haughton, produced in 1599, entered on the 1829. An American, noted for leaping from "Stationers' Register" in 1600, and published bridges, etc. He was killed in attempting to jump from i n 1603. The songs " A r t Thou Poor?" and " Golden Sluma height of 125 feet into the Genesee River at Genesee bers Kiss Thine Eyes" are Dekker's. See Griselda. Patinamit (pä-te-nä'met). The ancient capiFalls. Patchogue (pat-chog'). A villago in Suffolk tal of the Cakchiquels of Guatemala, probably County, Long Island, New York, situated on on or near the site of the first Spanish city of Guatemala. Tt is described as a large and Great, South Bay, 51 miles east of Brooklyn. Patelin (pat-Ian'). A conventional character strongly fortified place. It was also called in French comedy. He is a supple,insinuating flatterer,Iximché. one who tries to accomplish his ends by indirect means. Patino. See Fatmos. He seems to have had his origin in a 14th-century farce, Patkul (pät'köl), Johann Reinhold or Regi-

PatapsCO fpa-tap'skô). A river in Maryland which flows into Chesapeake Bay 14 miles southeast of Baltimore. Length, nearly 80 miles. Patara (pat'a-ra). [Gr. nâ™pa.] In ancient geography, a city of Lycia, Asia Minor, situated on the coast in lat. 36° 15' N., long. 29° 22' E. There are romains of a theater of the date of Hadrian.

"L'Avocat Pathelin."

Pater (pâ'têr),'Walter. Born at. London, Aug. 4, 1839 : died at Oxford, July 30, 1894. An English writer. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford. He published "Studies in the History of the Renaissance " (1873), ''Mariusthe Epicurean "(1885), " I m aginary Portraits " (1887). "Appreciations " (1889), etc.

Paterculus (pa-tér'ku-lus), Caius Velleius. Born about 19B.c. : diedafter30 A. D. ARoman historian, author of an epitome of Roman history.

The Monarchy occupies the principal place in the abridgment of Roman history in two books by C. Velleius Paterculus, A. L>. 30. This writer had been in military service under Tiberius, whom he then learned to admire ; but he soars to such fervour of loyalty and extravagance of style that he lauds and magnifies everything connected with his general beyond all bounds, and vilifies all that was opposed to him. Teutfel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. t i t . (tr. by Warr), 11.15.

Paterno (pa-ter'nô). A town in the province of Catania, Sicily, situated 11 miles northwest of Catania, on the site of Hybla. Population (1881), 15,230; commune, 17,354. Paternoster Row (pat'ôr-nos"tér rô). A street in London, north of St.. Paul's, long famous as a center of book-publishing. It is said to be so named from the prayer-books or rosaries formerly sold in it. Paterson (pat'èr-son). [Named from William Paterson (1744-1806) : see below.] A eity, capital of Passaic County, New Jersey, situated on the Passaic 17 miles northwest of New York. It

nal von. B o r n 1660: e x e c u t e d O c t . 10, 1707. A L i v o n i a n a d v e n t u r e r . He became a captain in the Swedish army. Having been condemned to death in 1694 for participating in the opposition of the Livonian nobility to a reduction of the crownlands, he entered the service of Augustus I I . , elector of Saxony, king of Poland, in 1698. He negotiated the alliance of 1702 between Augustus and the czar against Sweden. He entered the Russian service in 1703, and in 1704 became Russian ambassador at the court of Augustus. He was also made commander of the liussian troops sent to the aid of the latter. He was imprisoned by Augustus in 1705 on the suspicion of conspiring against bini. He was surrendered to the Swedes by the treaty which Charles X I I . dictated to Augustus at Altranstädt in 1706. He was court-martialed and executed.

Pattieson nomarchy of Achaia and Elis, Greece, situated on the Gulf of Patrie iu lat. 38° 15' N., long.

2 1 ° 4 5 ' E . : t h e a n c i e n t P a t ™ ( G r . n â r p m ) . I t is one of the largest cities of Greece, the chief commercial center, and the terminus of a railway line to Corinth. I t was a flourishing ancient city ; was the capital of the medieval duchy of Achaia ; was nearly destroyed by the Turks in 1821 ; and was the point of outbreak of the Greek revolution. Population (1889), 33,529.

Patriarch of Dorchester. John White (15741648), the English preacher. Patriarch of Perney. Voltaire. Patrick (pat'rik), Saint,L.Patricius (pa-trish'ius). [L.,'noble,''patrician.'] Born,according to tradition, at Nemthur (now Dumbarton), Scotland, about 396 : died probably 469. The patron, saint of Ireland, son of the deacon Calpurnius, son of Potitus, a priest. After the withdrawal of the Roman garrisons, Calpurnius retired to the country south of the Wall of Severus, where Patrick was captured by the Picts about 411, and sold as a slave into Ireland. After six years he escaped,and, devoting himself to the conversion of Ireland, prepared for the priesthood. About 425 he entered upon his mission. In 441 he was consecrated bishop. He wrote a "Confession " and an "Epistle."

Patrimonium Petri (pâ-tri-mô'ni-um pë'trï). [L., 'Peter's patrimony.'] An ancient administrative division of the Papal States, situated in central Italy northwest of the Roman Campagna. Capital, Viterbo. Patriots (pà'tri-ots or pat'ri-ots). In English politics, a faction of the Whig party in the reigns of George I. and George II., opposed to Sir Robert Walpole. Patroclus (pa-trô'klus). [Gr. TlarpoK'Ao;.'] In the Iliad, the intimate friend of Achilles. When Achilles withdraws from the fight, and the Greek host is in danger of being routed, he gives Patroclus his armor and sends him at the head of the Myrmidons against the Trojans. Patroclus at first succeeds, hut at last is met by Hector and slain. Achilles then, to avenge his friend, reappears in the battle, drives the Trojans within their walls, and vanquishes Hector.

Patron (pâ'tron or pat'ron), The. A comedy by Foote, produced in 1764. Patschkau (pâtsh'kou). A town in the provPatmore (pat'mör), Coventry Kearsey Digh- ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Glatzer ton. Born at Woodford, Essex, England, July Neisse, 46 miles south of Breslau. Population 23, 1823. A n E n g l i s h p o e t a n d w r i t e r . He was (1890), 5,757. assistant librarian at the British Museum 1847-68. He A tourist center in published " Poems "(1844),"Tarnerton Church Tower,"etc. Patterdale (pat'êr-dal). T (1853), " The Angel in the House " (in four parts, 1854-62), Westmoreland, England, near L llswater, eight miles north of Ambleside. etc. Patterson, Elizabeth. Born at Baltimore, Md., Patrnos (pat'mos). [Gr. nár/zof.] An island of the Sporades, belonging to Turkey, situated in Feb. 6, 1785 : died there, April 4, 1879. An the jEgean Sea about 20 miles southwest of American lady, daughter of a Baltimore merSamos: the modern Patmo or Patino. A monas- chant, who married Jérôme Bonaparte, brother tery bears the name of John the Divine, and a cave is of Napoleon, Dee. 24, 1803. Kapoleon refused to recpointed out where, according to legend, the apostle saw ognize the marriage, and prevented her from landing on the visions of the Apocalypse. Apostle).

Compare John (the

the Continent when she went to Europe with her husband.

tures of opium, cotton, etc. In the 18th century Patna hecame the capital of an independent state, and in 1763 there was an outbreak of hostilities, during which a number of the English were seized and massacred by order of the nawab. Several Sepoy regiments here took part in the mutiny of 1867. Population (1891), 165,192.

in the Mexican war ; was a commander of Pennsylvania troops in 1861 ; and commanded near Harper's Kerry at the time of the battle of Bull Run, July, 1861.

She accordingly sought refuge in England, while Jérôme Patna (pat'nä). [Pattana, city.] Anative state went to Paris andfinallyyielded to his brother's demand in India, under British control, intersected by for a divorce. lat. 20° 30' N., long. 83° E. Area, 2,400 square Patterson, Robert. Born in Ireland, May 30, 1743 : died at Philadelphia, July 22, 1824. An miles. Population (1881), 257,959. American politician and scientific writer. He is the third city in the State. The Passaic .Falls supply it Patna. 1 . A division of Bengal, British India. with water-power. I t is called " t h e Lyons of America" became director of the United States mint in A r e a , 23,647 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), from its manufacture of silk. I t has manufactures also of 1805. engines, machinery, cotton goods, woolens, velvets, jute, a b o u t 15,000,000.— 2 . A d i s t r i c t i n t h e d i v i s i o n Patterson, Robert. Born in Pennsylvania, flax, hemp, paper, iron, etc. I t was founded in 1792 under o f P a t n a , i n t e r s e c t e d b y l a t . 2 5 ° 2 0 ' N . , l o n g . 8 5 ° the patronage of Alexander Hamilton, andbeeame a city in E . A r e a , 2,079 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 1753: died near Dayton, Ohio, Aug. 5,1827. An American pioneer. He served in the expedi1 , 7 5 6 , 8 5 6 . - 3 . T h e capital of the district of 1851. Population (1890), 78,347. P a t n a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e G a n g e s , n e a r t h e j u n c - tions against the Shawnees and other Indians. Paterson, William. Born in Dumfriesshire, t i o n o f t h e G a n d a k a n d S o n , a b o u t l a t . 2 5 ° 3 5 ' Patterson, Robert. Born in Tyrone County, April, 1658 : died in 1719. A Scotch adventurer. In 1695 the Scottish Parliament authorized him, with oth- N . , l o n g , 85° 12' E . : t h e a n c i e n t P a t a l i p u t r a . Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792: died at Philadelphia, ers, to plant colonies, and a charter was obtained from I t is an important center of river traffic, and has manufac- Aug. 7, 1881. An American general. He served William I I I . A company was formed to settle the Isthmus of Darien (called in the charter Jiew Caledonia) ; the stock was taken up in a spirit of wild speculation, and thousands volunteered as colonists. Paterson sailed from Leitli July 20,1698, with l,200men; landed on the Isthmus ; and founded the settlement of New St. Andrew, at the port of Acla. After terrible sufferings it was abandoned on June 22, 1699, and Paterson became fur a time insane. Other colonists, to the number of 1,600, who had not heard of the disaster, arrived later : they were attacked by the Spaniards, capitulated after a siege of six weeks (March 31,1700), and were allowed to leave the country, but very few ever reached home. He originated the plan of the Bank of England. See Montagu, Charles. Paterson, o r Patterson ( p a t ' è r - s o n ) , William.

Born about 1744 : died 1806. An American polit i c i a n a n d j u r i s t . He was United States senator from is'ew Jersey 1789-90 ; governor of ^ ew Jersey 1791-93 ; and justice of the United States Supreme Court 1793-1806.

Patey (pâ'ti), Madame (Janet Monach W h y tock). Born at London, 1842: died at Sheffield, Feb. 28,1894. A noted English contralto singer. She made lier début in Birmingham as a mere child, and before her death was considered the leading contralto of tile English stage. She went to the United States in 1871, and to Australia in 1890. She married John George Patey in 1865.

Pathans (pa-thanz'). Persons of Afghan race settled in Hindustan, or those of kindred race in eastern Afghanistan. Pathelin. See Patelin. Pathfinder, or Pathfinder of the Rocky Moun-

Patterson, William (1744-1806). See Paterson, William.

Patteson, John Coleridge. Born at London, April, 1827: murdered Sept. 20,1871. An English missionary in the Pacific, made bishop of Melanesia in 1861. p a i n t e r . He was originally a designer of patterns for damask-weaving; went to London about 1841; and studied Patti (pat'të orpa'të). Acathedral city and seain the Royal Academy schools. He settled at Edinburgh port in the province of Messina, Sicily, situated in 1857, and was knighted in 1867, He is also a sculptor, on the Gulf of Patti 35 miles west by south of arcllfflologist, and poet. Messina. Population (1881), 5,999. Patoqua (pä-tö-kwä'). [Jemez of New Mex- Patti (pat'ë), Adelina. Born at Madrid, Feb. ico, signifying ' pueblo' or ' village of the bear.'] 19, 1843. À celebrated soprano opera-singer. The ancient and now ruined Jemez pueblo of She was taken to America as a child by her parents, both San Joseph de los Jemez, situated 5 miles north singers, and first appeared at New York in 1859 and at of the present Jemez village. It was abandoned London in 1861, where she made a brilliant success. She has since sung constantly, and has been perhaps the most after the uprising of 1680, and was never reoccupied. Its popular singer of the time. Her repertoire contains beruins contain those of the old church of San Joseph of tween 30 and 40 parts, including Linda, Noi itia. Luisa MilJemez, founded previous to 1617, abandoned in 1622, and ler, Lucia, Violetta, Zerlina, etc. She married the Marquis again occupied in 1627. de Caux in 1868, and in 1886 M. Mcolini. PatOS (pä'tös), Lagoa dos. A lake in the east- Patti, Carlotta. Born at Florence, 1840 : died ern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, com- at Paris, June 27,1889. A concert-singer, sister municating with the Atlantic by the Rio Grande of A d e l i n a P a t t i . She made her début at F e w York in do Sul. It is the largest lake in Brazil. Length, 1861, in England in 1863. She married Ernst de Munck, violoncellist, in 1879. 140 miles. Patrse (pä'tre), or Patras (pä-träs'), It. Pa- Pattieson (pat'i-son), Peter. An imaginary trasso (pä-träs'sö). A seaport, capital of the schoolmaster, the assumed author of the "Tales

Paton (pät'n), Sir Joseph Noel, commonly called Sir Noel Paton. Born at Dunfermline, Scot-land, Dec. 13, 1821. A British historical

Pattieson

787

of my Landlord," by Sir Walter Scott. He has a brother, Paul Pattieson, who publishes his manuscripts for his own advantage. PattiSOn (pat'i-son), M a r k . Born at Hornby, Yorkshire. 1813: died at Harrowgate, July 30,

sinated March 23-24,1801. Czar of Russia, son of Peter III. and Catharine II. He succeeded his

1884. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r . H e graduated at Oxford (Oriel College) in 1837, and became a fellow of Lincoln College in 1839, and later tutor and (1861) rector. He wrote a " R e p o r t on Elementary Education in Protestant Germany" (1859), " M i l t o n " (1879), etc. His essays were collected in 1889.

Patton (pat'n), Francis Landey. Bom in Bermuda, Jan. 22, 1843. A n American Presbyterian clergymanandeducator. He became professor in Chicago Presbyterian Theological Seminary in 1871, and in Princeton Theological Seminary in 1881; and was appointed president of Princeton College in 1888. H e has published a "Summary of Christian Doctrine " (1874), etc.

Pausias

folksmote. From it great public assemblies were addressed and sermons preached. The " P a u l ' s Cross Sermother in 1796, and joined the coalition against Prance mons " are still preached on Sunday mornings in St. Paul's. 1798-1800, but withdrew from it later. In 1801 he annexed Thomas Kempe, bishop of London from 1448 to 1489, replaced the early wooden erection by a stone cross and pulGeorgia. His murder was the result of a conspiracy, pit, which was one of his most famous structures in old P a u l , the Deacon. See Paiilus Biaconus. London. Paul, Brother. See Sarpi. Paul's W a l k . T h e n a v e of o l d St. P a u l ' s , w h i c h Paul, Pablo Rojas. See Rojas Paid. d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e 15th a n d t h e first Paul, Saint Vincent de. See Vincent de Paul. p a r t o f t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y b e c a m e a r e n d e z v o u s Paul of Samosata, Bom probably at Samo- f o r t h e t r a n s a c t i o n o f b u s i n e s s a n d f o r s e c u l a r sata, Syria. A Monarchian heretic, bishop of a m u s e m e n t s o f e v e r y d e s c r i p t i o n , i t was freAntioch from 260 to his deposition in 272. He quented by disreputable characters and men out of employment, and is frequently alluded to in old plays. A denied the personality of the Logos and of the " Paul's man " was a frequenter of Paul's Walk, and preHoly Spirit. sumably disreputable. I t was also called Duke HumPaula, Francis of. See Francis. phrey's Walk.

Paul Clifford. A novel by Bulwer, published Paulus (pou'lös). Heinrich Eberhard G-ottlob. in 1830: so called from the name of its hero. Born at Leonberg, near Stuttgart,'Würtemberg, Paul et Virginie. 1. A novel by Bernardin de Sept. 1,1761: died at Heidelberg, Aug. 10,1851. Saint-Pierre, published in 1788. The scene is A German Protestant theologian, a leading exlaid in Mauritius.— 2. An opera by Masse, first ponent of rationalism, professor at Jena and later at Heidelberg. His works include a commen. produced at Paris in 1876. Paulding (párding), Hiram, Born at New tary on,£the New Testament(1800-04) and other exegetical York, Dec. 11, 1797: died at Huntington, L. I., works( Exegctische3 Handbuch" (1830-33),"Leben J e s u " Oct. 20, 1878. An American admiral, son of (1828), etc.). County, California, to Suisun Bay, and from Sacramento Paulding. lie distinguished himself in the vic- Paulus (pä'lus), Julius. Lived at the beginRiver on the east to the boundary of the Jloquelumnan, John ning of the 3d century A. D. A Roman jurist. tory of Lake Champlain in 1814; and suppressed a filibusYukian, and Kulanapan stocks on the west. See Copehan. tering expedition against Nicaragua by arresting the leader He was pretorian prefect under Alexander Patzcuaro (pat'thkwa-ro), or Pascuaro (pas'- Walker at Punta Arenas in 1857, an act for which he was Severus. Many excerpts from his works are kwa-ro). A town in the state of Michoacan, censured by President Buchanan, inasmuch as the arrest contained in the i 'Digest." Mexico, 130 miles west of Mexico. Population, took place on foreign soil. Ulpian was surpassed in fertility by his (older ^^contemabout 8,000. Paulding, James Kirke. Born at Nine Part- porary Julius Paulus, who was likewise praifectus prsetoPau (po). [Prov. j>an, a pale, with reference ners, Dutchess Countv, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1779: rio under Alexander Severus and possessed much influto the pale or palisade of the old castle.] died at Hyde Park, Ñ. Y., April 6, 1860. An ence. H e enjoyed no less authority than Ulpian as a juThe capital of the department of Basses- American novelist, poet, historian, and poli- rist. . . . The most comprehensive of his works was his " A d edictum" in 80 books; the one most largely used, his Pyrenees, France, situated on the Gave de t i c i a n . n e was secretary of the navy 1838-41. His chief brief text-book "Scntentiee ad filium." W e possess an novels are " T h e Dutchman's Fireside " (1831), " W e s t w a r d Pau in lat. 43° 17' N., long. 0° 22' W. It is a H o " (1832) ; chief historical work, " L i f e of George Wash- abridgment of the latter. The extracts from his works Patuxent (pa-tuks'ent). A river in Maryland which flows into Chesapeake Bay 53 miles southeast of Washington. Length, over 100 miles. Patwin, orPatweeil (pat-wen'). ['Man.'] The southern division of the Copehan stock of North American Indians, formerly embracing 23 small tribes. Its habitat extended from Stony Creek, Colusa

favorite winter health-resort, on account of its equable climate. I t has some trade and manufactures. The square (the Place Royale) is noteworthy. The chateau, rebuilt about 1300 by Gascon Phrebus, count of Foix, is of interest as a chief residence of the sovereigns of Navarre and the birthplace of Henry I V . I t has 5 tall towers joined by massive walls, and a small but handsome Renaissance court. The interior, restored by Louis Philippe and Napoleon I I I . , contains very beautiful and interesting apartments with splendid Renaissance furniture. Pau was the ancient capital of Navarre, and was a celebrated center in the time of Margaret of Valois, Jeanne d'Albret, and Antoine de Bourbon. Population (18^1), 33.111.

ington " (1835); poem, ' ' The Backwoodsman " (1818) ; satires, " T h e Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan" (1812), " L a y of the Scottish F i d d l e " (1813), " Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham " (1826); H e was associated with Irving in " Salmagundi" (1807-08), and published a second series alone (1819-20).

constitute one sixth of the Pandects of Justinian. Teufel and Schwabe, nist. of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), [II. 270.

Paulus, Lucius -¿Emilius. Killed at Cannfe, 216 B. c. A Roman consul, colleague with Yarro in the defeat at Cannre. Pauli (pou'le), Greorg Reinhold. Born at Ber- Paulus, Lucius £¡milius, surnamed Macelin, May 25, 1823: died at Bremen, June 3,1882. donicus ('the Macedonian'). Born about 229 A G e r m a n h i s t o r i a n . H e lived many years in England. His works are chiefly on English history. They include B. c.: died 160 B. C. A Roman general, son of " K b n i g A l f r e d " ( " K i n g Alfred," 1851), "0e3chichte von Paulus (died 216). He was distinguished as pretor in Spain 191-189, and as proconsul against the Ingauni in

(1853-58: a continuation of Lappenberg's " H i s Pail, Gave de. A river in southern France which England" 181; was consul in 168; defeated Perseus at Pydna and tory of England "), " Geschichte Englands " (1864-75 : " Hisjoins the Adour 14 miles east by north of Ba- tory of England " f o r the period 1814-52), and "Simon von overthrew the Macedonian kingdom ; pillaged Epirus in yonne. Length, about 105 miles. 167: and triumphed at Rome in 167. H e was censor Montfort "(1867). H e also published an edition of "Oonin 1G4. Paucartambo (pou-kar-tam'bo). A frontier fessio Amantis." fort and station of the Incas of Peru, on a river Paulians (pá'li-anz). A Unitarian bodyfounded Paulus -Egineta (ej-i-ne'ta). A celebrated of the same name, a branch of the Ucayale, in the 3d century by Paul of Samosata (see Greek medical writer who lived probably in the latter half of the 7th century after Christ. He about 40 miles northeast of Cuzco. The ruins above) in Syria. wrote a number of works, the chief of which is still extant: still exist, and there is a modern village on the Paulicians (pa-lish'anz). A sect probably it is commonly called " í>e re medica libri septem." site. founded by Constantino of Syria during the lat- Paulus Diaconus (dl-ak'ö-nus) (Paul the DeaPauer (pou'er), Ernst. Born at Vienna., Dec. t e r h a l f o f t h e 7 t h c e n t u r y . They held the dualistic con). Born about 720-725: died at Monte Cas21,1826. An Austrian-English pianist, teacher doctrine that all matter is e v i l ; believed that Christ, s i n o , I t a l y , b e f o r e 800. T h e first i m p o r t a n t h i s having a purely ethereal body, suffered only in appearance; of the piano, and musical editor. His chief works are a and rejected the authority of the Old Testament and reli- t o r i a n o f t h e m i d d l e a g e s . Pauillac (po-e-yak'). A town in the depart- gious ordinances and ceremonies. The sect is said to have " H i s t o r y of the Lombards," and a continuation of the ment of Gironde, France, situated on the Gi- become extinct in the 13th century. The name is proba- Ptoman history of Eutropius. His works were edited in "Monumenta Germanise histórica " (1878-79). ronde 27 miles north by west of Bordeaux. It bly derived from their high regard for the apostle Paul. T h e name given formerly to is the chief entrepot for Medoc wines. Popu- Paulinus (pá-lí'nus) of York. Died 644. A P a u l u s H o o k . t he site of J e r s e y City. A British garrison there lation (1891), commune. 4,564. missionary to England, sent thither by Pope was defeated and captured by Americans under Henry Gregory the Great in 601. He was instrumental in Paul (pal), Saint (originally Saul). [Gr. IlaiMof, Lee, Aug. 19, 1779. introducing Christianity into Northumbria, and wasmade L . Paulasi f r o m paulax, paullus, little.] The Paul Veronese. See Veronese. great apostle to the Gentiles. He was born at Tar- bishop of York in 025, and of Rochester in 633. Paumben (pam-ben'), or Pamban (päm-bun'), sus, a " H e b r e w of the Hebrews " ; was taught the trade Paulinzelle (pou'len-tsel-le). A village in Passage. A strait connecting the Gulf of of tent-maker ; went to Jerusalem and studied " a t the feet of G a m a l i e l " ; was at first a vehement persecutor of the Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 22 miles Manaar and Palk Bay, and separating KaIt is noted for meshwaram Island from continental India. Christians, and held the clothes of those who stoned south-southwest of Weimar. Stephen ; was miraculously converted on his way to Da- its ruined monastery and convent. Paumotu, or Paumota, Islands. See Low Armascus ; and became the most earnest preacher and the Paulists (pá'lists). A body of Roman Catholic chipelago. greatest expounder of Christianity. H e made missionary monks who profess to follow the example of the tours in Syria, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece, and Paunacas. See Paiconecas. elsewhere, mention of some of which is made in the N e w a p o s t l e P a u l . Specifically, in the United States, the ConSee Bannock. Testament. H e was imprison ed at Ceesarea; wastried before gregation of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apos- Paunaque. tle, a Roman Catholic organization founded in New York Pausanias (pä-sa'ni-as). [GT. Tiavaaviag.'] Died Felix, in whose custody he remained until he was handed city in the year 185S for parochial, missionary, and educa- in Sparta about 466 B. C. A Spartan general, over by Felix to his successor Festus; appealed to Ca;sar; and was sent to Rome, where he arrived in 61. H e lived for about two years in comparative freedom in his own hired house. H e appears to have been tried and acquitted; to have made various journeys; to have returned to R o m e ; and to have suffered martyrdom there, probably by decapitation about 67.

tional work.

Also called Pcuditca, or Hermit* of St. Paul.

Paullu (pa-ol' yo), called Paullu Inca or Paullu Tupac Yupanqui. Born about 1500: died at Cuzco, May, 1549. A Peruvian chief, son of the Inca Huaina Capac, and younger brother of Huascar and Manco.

After the fall of Cuzco he re-

P a u l I. Pope 757-767, a friend of Pepin, king mained faithful to the Spaniards, accompanied Almagro of the Franks. to Chile 1535-36, and fought for him and for Gonzalo P a u l I I . (Pietro Barbo). Born at Venice, Feb., Pizarro, but was pardoned. H e was baptized in 1543 with 1418: died July, 1471. Pope 1464-71. He en- the name of Cristóbal. couraged luxury, and persecutedthe humanists. PauloAffonso(pou'lo af-fon'so). Acelebrated P a u l I I I . (Alessandro Farnese). Born Feb. cataract, called " the Niagara of Brazil," on the 28,1468: died Nov. 10.1549. Pope 1534-49. He river Sao Francisco, 193 miles above its inouth. excommunicated Henry V I I I . of England in 1538; approved the order of Jesuits in 1540; and convoked the Council of Trent in 1545. I n 1545 he made his son Pier Luigi Farnese duke of Parma and Piacenza.

I t is 265 feet in total height, but is broken by ledges and rocks; the volume of water is nearly equal to that of Niagara.

soil of C l e o m b r o t u s . He commanded at the victory of Platcea in 479 ; continued the war against Persia in 478; conducted a treasonable correspondence with Xerxes; and was starved to death by order of the ephors as a punishment for his treason.

Pausanias. Lived in the 2d century. A noted Greek geographer and writer on art. He wrote a " Periegesis of Greece," devoted to a description of Grecian antiquities. Pausanias, who is generally known as " the cicerone and tourist," and whose work, " the gazetteer of Helias," is our best repertory of information for the topography, local history, religious observances, architecture, and sculpture of the* different states of Greece. Of the personal history of Pausanias we know nothing. I t has been inferred, from his reference to Pelops as having dwelt " w i t h us," that he was a native of Lydia; and there is evidence to show that he had lived long near Mount Sipylus. Passages in his work prove that lie was a contemporary of Hadrian and the Antonines. K. O. Müller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, I I I . 259. [(Donaldson.)

PaulPry(pri). A comedy by John Poole, attribuP a u l I V . (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa). Born ted to Douglas Jerrold, produced in 1853. The imJune 28. 1476: died Aug. 18,1559. Pope 1555- pudent, meddlesome adventurer who gives his name to the play was drawn from a Thomas Hill, at one time con1559. nected with the press. Pausias (pä'shi-as). [Gr. ILavuíaq.] Lived in Paul V . (Camillo Borghese). Born at Rome, the middle of tlie 4t,h century B. C. A Greek Sept. 17,1552: died Jan. 28,1621. Pope 1605-21. Paul's, St. See St. Paul's. H e weakened the papal authority in a contcst with Ven- Paul's Cross. A cross situated near the north- painter of Sicyon, a pupil of Pamphilus and a ice, which he placed under an interdict in 1606. eastern angle of old St. Paul's in the church- contemporary of Apelles. He made a special study Paul I. Petrovitch. Born Oct., 1754: assas- yard ; originally the place of assembling of the of foreshortening, and was the first to paint ceilings. A

Fausias

788

large picture of a sacrifice was famous for a big black ox it is now on a reservation in Oklahoma. The confederacy directly foreshortened. A famous picture was the "Ste- consists of 4 tribes, together numbering 824 persons : t h e phanoplocus" or "Stephanopolis," painted from Glycera Tcawi or Grand Pawnee, the Pitahauerat or Tap age, the t h e flower-girl of Sicyon. He was especially attracted by Republican Pawnee, and t h e Skidi or Pawnee Loup. See the possibilities of encaustic, and developed it to a high Caddoan. degree of perfection. Several of these wax pictures were P a w n e e L o u p . S e e Skidi a n d Pawnee. taken to Rome by Scaur us. Their technical refinement and P a w t u c k e t ( p a - t u k ' e t ) . See Pennacooh. cleverness seem to have had a special attraction for the Pawtucket. [ F r o m t h e I n d i a n t r i b e . ] P a r t of later Romans. _ Pauthier (po-tyà')> Jean Pierre Guillaume. t h e l o w e r c o u r s e o f t h e B l a c k s t o n e , n e a r P a w t u c k e t . B o r n a t B e s a n ç o n , F r a n c e , O c t . 4, 1801 : d i e d [ F r o m t h e r i v e r of t h e s a m e a t P a r i s , M a r c h , 1873. A F r e n c h Sinologist. P a w t u c k e t . A town in Providence County, Rhode Among his works are " L a C h i n e " (1837), " Q u a t r e livres n a m e . ] Island, situated on the P a w t u c k e t River four de philosophie morale de la Chine " (1841), etc. P a u w ( p o u ) , C o r n e l i u s d e . B o r n a t A m s t e r - m i l e s n o r t h b y e a s t of P r o v i d e n c e . I t has impord a m , 1 7 3 9 : d i e d a t X a n t e n . d u e h y of C l e v e s , tant manufactures of cotton goods, engines, machinery, J u l y 7, 1799. A D u t c h a u t h o r . H e joined the thread, etc. Cotton-manufacturing was established here order of Franciscans, b u t devoted most of his life to liter- by Slater in 1790. Population (1890), 27,633. ary work, residing at Xanten. He published " Recherches P a w t u x e t ( p a - t u k ' s e t ) . A river in R h o d e Islphilosophiques sur les Américains " (3 vols. 1768-70 ; enlarged editions, ,1770 and 1774), "Recherches philoso- a n d w h i c h flows i n t o P r o v i d e n c e R i v e r b e l o w phiques sur les Égyptiens et les Chinois" (1774), and P r o v i d e n c e . " R e c h e r c h e s philosophiques sur les Grecs" (1778). A P a x o ( p a k ' s o ) . A s m a l l i s l a n d of t h e I o n i a n collected edition of his writings was published a t Paris, I s l a n d s , G r e e c e , 8 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of C o r f u : t h e 1795, and there is an English translation of t h e first- one. a n c i e n t P a x o s ( G r . Ha^oq). I t is noted for the proDe Pauw's works are characterized by a spirit of criticism which would be valuable if it were less violent. duction of olive-oil. This and the neighboring small island of Antipaxo were called in ancient times Paxi. His views excited m u c h controversy. P a u w e l s (pou'els), F e r d i n a n d . Bom atEeckcren, n e a r A n t w e r p , April 13,1830. A Belgian h i s t o r i c a l p a i n t e r . Among his works are "Banished by Alva," " Citizens of Ghent," " T h e Youth of Luther, "etc.

Pavement of Martyrs, The. See the extract,

d e s c r i p t i v e of t h e " b a t t l e n e a r T o u r s . Charles cut through the ranks of t h e Moslems with irresistible might, dealing right and left such ponderous blows t h a t from t h a t day he was called Charles Martel, ' K a r l of t h e Hammer.' His Frankish followers, inspired by their leader's prowess, bore down upon t h e Saracens w i t h crushing forco ; and the whole array of the Moslems broke and fled in u t t e r rout. The spot was long and sliudderingly known in Andalusia by the name of t h e " P a v e m e n t of Martyrs." Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 30. P a v i a (pâ-vë'â). 1. A province in t h e comp a r t i m e n t o of L o m b a r d v , I t a l y . A r e a , 1,290 square miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 4 9 4 , 7 4 8 . - 2 . A c i t y , c a p i t a l of t h e p r o v i n c e of P a v i a , I t a l y , situated on t h e Tieino, n e a r t h e P o , in lat. 45° 11' N., l o n g . 9° 9 ' E . : t h e a n c i e n t T i c i n u m . it lias considerable trade. The chief buildings are t h e cathedral (with tomb of St. Augustine), the basilica San Michele, and the Visconti palace. I t is the seat of a university, founded in 1361, with £¡6 instructors and about 1,100 students and a library of 175,000 volumes, in 189L < The Carthusian monastery Certosadi Pavia (see Certosa) is near t h e university. Pavia wasan important city in t h e Roman Empire ; was conquered by Attila in 452, and by Odoacer in 476 ; was developed by Theodoric after 489 ; was taken by Alboin about 572 ; and was made the Lombard capital until its conquest by Charles the Great in 774. Ot-ho the Great was crowned there as Lombard king in 951. I t sided with t h e Ghibellines ; passed under the Visconti in the 14th century ; was sacked by the French in 15*27 ; rose in insurrection and was seized by the French in 1796 ; was the scene of an outbreak in 1848 ; and was annexed to Sardinia in 1859. I t is sometimes called " the City of the H u n d r e d Towers." Population (1892), about 37,000. P a v i a , B a t t l e of. A victory g a i n e d n e a r P a v i a , F e b . 24, 1525, "by t h e I m p e r i a l i s t s u n d e r Lantioy over the F r e n c h u n d e r F r a n c i s I., who was taken prisoner. P a v i o t s o (pa-vë-ô'tsô). ['Strong/ 'able,' i.e. 'athletes.'] A c o n f e d e r a c y of 2 8 s m a l l t r i b e s of N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , i n w e s t e r n N e v a d a a n d s o u t h e r n O r e g o n . Their territory formerly extended into eastern Calif ornia, where they were wrongly regarded as Paiufce. Number, about 3,000. See Shoshonean. P a v l o g r a d (pav'lô-grad). A t o w n in the gove r n m e n t of Y e k a t e r i n o s l a f f , R u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e V o l t c h y a 33 m i l e s e a s t - n o r t h e a s t of Y e k a t e r i n o s l a f f . P o p u l a t i o n , 15,519. P a v l o v s k (pâv-lovsk')* 1. A t o w n in t h e gove r n m e n t of V o r o n e z h , R u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e I ) o n 9 5 m i l e s s o u t h - s o u t h e a s t of V o r o n e z h . Population, 5.692.—2. A royal palace andsmall t o w n a b o u t 18 m i l e s s o u t h of S t . P e t e r s b u r g . P a v o (pâ'vô). [L., the 'peacock.'] A southern c o n s t e l l a t i o n , t h e P e a c o c k , s i t u a t e d s o u t h of Sagittarius. A s m a l l r i v e r of t h e p r o v i n c e P a v o n (pa-vôn'). of S a n t a F é , A r g e n t i n e R e p u b l i c , a n a f f l u e n t of t h e P a r a n a , a b o u t 30 m i l e s b e l o w R o s a r i o . i t gave its name to a battle fought on its banks, Sept. 17,1861, in which the army of Buenos Ayres, under Mitre, defeated the provincial forces under Urquiza. This battle decided t h e supremacy of Buenos Ayres aud the union of the Argentine Republic. P a v o n i a (pa-vô'ni-a). A name formerly given t o a p o r t i o n of e a s t e r n N e w J e r s e y , n e a r N e w York city. P a v u l l o n e l F r i g n a n o (pâ-vol'lô nel frën-yâ'no). A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of M o d e n a , I t a l y , 2 1 m i l e s s o u t h b y w e s t of M o d e n a . Population ( 1 8 8 1 ) , 10,499. P a w n e e , or P a n i (pâ-në'). [Pl., also Pawnees.] A c o n f e d e r a c y of t h e C a d d o a n s t o c k of N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s . I t s habitat was formerly in Nebraska and Kansas, on the Platte and Republican rivers ;

Paxton (paks'ton), Sir Joseph, Born at Mil-

Peace, The power from the vernal to t h e autumnal equinox. B u t in all important matters of religion he is superior to the win* ter cacique, and is really the religious head of t h e tribes. P a y s a n d ú (pl-san-do'), formerly S a n B e n i t o (san ba-ne'tó). A town and port in Uruguay, s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r U r u g u a y 160 m i l e s n o r t h of B u e n o s A y r e s . It w a s tafeen b y t h e Brazilians a f t e r a b o m b a r d m e n t , J a n . 2,1865. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 13,000. P a y s - B a s (pa-e'ba')» [ F . , ' L o w Countries.7] T h e F r e n c h n a m e of t h e N e t h e r l a n d s .

Pays de Vaud. See Yaud.

P a y s o n (pa/son), E d w a r d . Born at Rindge, N . H . , J u l y 25, 1 7 8 3 : d i e d a t P o r t l a n d , M a i n e , O c t . 22, 1827. A n A m e r i c a n C o n g r e g a t i o n a l d i v i n e , p a s t o r i n P o r t l a n d . His sermons, with memoir by Cummings, were published in 1846. These sermons are said to be read more t h a n those of any other New England divine, except Dwight. P a y t a ( p i ' t a ) . A s e a p o r t i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of P i u r a , P e r u , s i t u a t e d i n l a t . 5° 12' S. Populat i o n ( 1 8 8 9 ) , '3,500.

Paytiti, or Grran Paytiti (gran pa-e-te'te). A fabled empire said to have been established b y I n c a s w h o fled f r o m P e r u a f t e r t h e c o n q u e s t . Reports located it somewhere in the forests of northeastern Peru, and described a magnificent capital city called Yurachuasi. Various expeditions were made in search of it during t h e 17th and 18th centuries, and belief in its present or former existence has not yet entirely died out. Also written Paititi.

t o n B r y a n t , n e a r W o b u r n , E n g l a n d , 1803: d i e d at S y d e n h a m , E n g l a n d , J u n e 8,1865. A n E n g lish architect, landscape-gardener, and hortic u l t u r i s t . H e obtained emi>loymcnt as a gardener at Chatsworth, and ultimately became superintendent of t h e Duke of Devonshire's gardens there, which he remodeled. A conservatory which he erected there formed the model Payucha. See Paintc. for the exhibition building of 1S51 ut London. He de- Paz, La. S e e La Paz. signed the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, which was built Paz, Mariano Rivera. See Rivera Pas. mainly from the materials of the exhibition building. He also designed t h e mansion of Baron Rothschild at Fer- Paz Soldán (path sol-dan'), Mariano Felipe. r i ores, France. He organized t h e army work corps in the B o r n a t A r e q u i p a , A u g . , 1 8 2 1 : d i e d a t L i m a , A Peruvian geographer, histoCrimea. From 1854 he was member of Parliament for Cov- D e c . 31, 1886. entry. n e published a " Pocket Botanical Dictionary " in r i a n , a n d j u r i s t . He held various civil offices; was for many years director of public works; and was twice 1845. minister of justice. The Peruvian penitentiary system P a x Vobis (paks vo'bis). [ L . , ' p e a c e b e w i t h was reformed by him in 1856. During the Chilean occuyou/] A s m a l l h a l f - l e n g t h p i c t u r e of C h r i s t pation he was exiled, residing in Buenos Ayres. His works, c r o w n e d w i t h t h o r n s , u n d r a p e d , b y R a p h a e l , i n which are very valuable, include " A t l a s geográfico del the Palazzo Tosio at Brescia, Italy. T h e S a - P e r ú " (Paris, 1861; F. edition, 1865), accompanying t h e viour points to t h e w o u n d in his side. "Geografía del Perú "of his brother Mateo ; "Historia del P a y a g u a s (pi-yá-gwas')A n I n d i a n t r i b e of Perú I n d e p e n d i e n t e " (1866); "Diccionario geográfico esP a r a g u a y , n o w r e d u c e d t o a f e w h u n d r e d s i n t h e tadístico del P e r ú " (1877); "Diccionario de la República C h a c o r e g i o n , o p p o s i t e A s u n c i o n . They are very Argentina " (1884); a n d ' ' Historia do la Guerra del Pacifico " degraded savages, wandering in the swamps and subsisting principally on Ash and alligators; their color is re- P a z S o l d a n , M a t e o . B o r n a t A r e q u i p a , 1814: markably dark (perhaps deepened by the use of pigments), d i e d a b o u t 1872. A P e r u v i a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n and their language indicates a distinct stock. Parties of a n d a u t h o r , b r o t h e r of M . F . P a z S o l d a n . He thein are frequently seen a t Asuncion. At the time of the published several mathematical works a n d a treatise on conquest a tribe called Payaguas or Agaces lived on the Paraguay from the site of Asuncion to t h e junction with the geography of Peru. the Paraná. They were very numerous and warlike, rarely Paz Soldan y Unanue (e on-a'no-a), Pedro. leaving their canocs, from which they fought. Sebastian B o r n a t L i m a , 1839. A P e r u v i a n p o e t , b e t t e r Cabot was attacked by them in 1527 ; Ayolas had a fierce k n o w n b y t h e p e n - n a m e of J u a n d e A r o n a . His struggle with them in Aug., 1536; and they were long t h e verses are generally descriptive of Peruvian country life, most formidable enemies of the colonists. The missiona- and many of t h e m a r e humorous. He has published a ries could make little or no impression on them. I t is work " P c r u a n i s m o s " (on local words and phrases). somewhat doubtful if the modern Payaguas are descended P a z z i ( p a t ' s e ) . A p o w e r f u l f a m i l y of F l o r e n c e , from these. noted for their unsuccessful conspiracy against P a y e r (pi'er), J u l i u s von. Born at Schonau, n e a r T e p l i t z , B o h e m i a , S e p t . 1 , 1 8 4 2 . A n A u s - t h e M e d i c i i n 1478. P e a b o d y (pe'bod-i). A town in Essex County, t r i a n a r c t i c e x p l o r e r a n d p a i n t e r . He took part in the expedition to Greenland 1869-70, and in t h e exploration M a s s a c h u s e t t s , 14 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of B o s t o n . I t has manufactures of leather, morocco, etc. I t was of the Arctic Ocean east of Spitsbergen in 1871, and with Weyprecht led the I'egethotf expedition (1872-74), which separated from Dan vers in 1S55. The name was changed in 1868 from South Ban vers to Peabodv in honor of George discovered Franz Josef Land. P a y e r n e ( p a - y a r n ' ) , G-. P e t e r l i n g e n ( p á ' t e r - Peabody. Population (1890), 10,158. l i n g - e n ) . A t o w n i n t h e c a n t o n o r V a u d , S w i t - Peabody, Andrew Preston. Born at Beverley, z e r l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e B r o y e 2 5 m i l e s n o r t h - M a s s . , M a r c h 19, 1 8 1 1 : d i e d M a r c h 1 0 , 1 8 9 3 . A n e a s t of L a u s a n n e . I t w a s f o r m e r l y a r o y a l B u r - A m e r i c a n U n i t a r i a n c l e r g y m a n a n d a u t h o r . H e was professor of Christian morals a t Harvard 1860-81, gundian residence. P a y n ( p a n ) , J a m e s , B o r n a t C h e l t e n h a m , E n g - when he was elected professor emeritus. He was for many l a n d , 1830. A n E n g l i s h n o v e l i s t a n d p o e t . He years editor of the " N o r t h American Review." Among his works are "Lectures on Christian Doctrine " (1844), "Conbecame editor of "Chambers's Journal" in 1858, and of the versation " (1856), "Christianity the Religion of N a t u r e " "Cornhill Magazine "in 1882. H e has published poems (1804), "Reminiscences of European Travel "(18(18), "Man(1855), and about 100 novels, including "By Proxy," "The ual of Moral Philosophy "(1873), "Christianityand Science " Heir of the Ages," etc. (1874), "Christian Belief and L i f e " (1875), "Moral Philosophy "(1887), "Building a Character " (1887), and " H a r v a r d P a y n e ( p a n ) , H e n r y B . B o r n i n M a d i s o n C o u n t y , Reminiscences " (1888). N . Y . , N o v . 30,1810. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n . He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor P e a b o d y , G e o r g e . Born at Danvers, Mass., of Ohio in 1857; was Democratic member of Congress from F e b . 1 8 , 1 7 9 5 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , N o v . 4 , 1 8 6 9 . A n Ohio 1875-77; was a member of t h e Electoral Commission A m e r i c a n m e r c h a n t a n d b a n k e r , c e l e b r a t e d a s in 1877 ; and was United States senator from Ohio 1885-91. a p h i l a n t h r o p i s t . H e settled in London as a banker Payne, John Howard. Born at New York, in 1837. Among his benefactions are the Peabody InstiJ u n e 9,1792: d i e d a t T u n i s , A p r i l 10,1832. A n t u t e in Baltimore (1857), a f u n d for education in the South, A m e r i c a n d r a m a t i s t , a c t o r , a n d s o n g - w r i t e r . gifts to Harvard and other colleges, to the working-men H e first appeared on the stage a t New York in 1809, and of London, etc. fulfilled a number of engagements in other cities as " T h e P e a b o d y , N a t h a n i e l . B o r n a t T o p s f i e l d , M a s s . , American Juvenile Wonder," etc. H e played also in Eng- M a r c h 1 , 1 7 4 1 : d i e d a t E x e t e r , X . H . , J u n e 27, land and Ireland, p a r t of the time with Miss O'Neill. He A n A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n a r y officer, a retired from t h e stage in 1832, and was in Tunis as Ameri- 1823. can consul 1843-45 and 1851-52. He is famous as t h e d e l e g a t e t o t h e C o n t i n e n t a l C o n g r e s s . P e a b o d y B a y . A n a r m of S m i t h S o u n d , o n t h e author of "Home, Sweet Home " (originally in t h e opera of i l Clari"), and was author and translator and adapter of n o r t h w e s t e r n c o a s t of G r e e n l a n d . more than 60 plays. Peabody Institute. A n institution at BaltiP a y o j k e (pá-yon-ká/). [Tehua, ' s u m m e r peo- more, founded b y George Peabody, and containple.'] O n e of t h e t w o v e r y a n c i e n t s u b d i v i i n g a l i b r a r y , c o n s e r v a t o r y of m u s i c , a r t s i o n s of t h e T e h u a t r i b e of N e w M e x i c o , s a i d to h a v e originated w h e n the T e h u a s c a m e out gallery, etc. A c o m e d y of A r i s t o p h a n e s , e x u p o n t h e s u r f a c e of t h o e a r t h a t t h e l a g o o n o r P e a c e , T h e , c a v e r n of C i b o b e : a l s o t h e n a m e of t h e s u m - h i b i t e d i n 4 1 9 B. C. Its aim was to commend the anm e r c a c i q u e , o r c h i e f p e n i t e n t f o r s u m m e r , of ticipated peace of Mcias. I n it an Athenian, Trygeeus, t h e T e h u a t r i b e s . Every pueblo has its summer ca- mounts to heaven on a beetle, finds t h e gods pounding cique, as well as its ojique or winter cacique. He is in the Greek states in a mortar, and succeeds in freeing the imprisoned goddess of peace.

789 Peace of Monsieur Peace of Monsieur (mc-sye')- [F.Paixde Mon- Peary fpe'ri), Robert Edwin. Born in 1854. sieur.~\ A p e a c e f o r c e d u p o n H e n r y III. of F r a n c e in 1576 b y a c o m b i n a t i o n of H u g u e n o t s , t h e P o l i t i q u e s , a n d t h e D u e d ? Alen?on ( " Monsieur")» concessions were made to the H u g u e n o t s a n d t o the D u e d'Alen^on.

Peebles i n e a s t e r n central N e w Mexico, a n d t h e o t h e r n o r t h w e s t of A b i q u i u in northern N e w Mexico. The latter is distinguished by its form, which is that of a truncated cone, and by the abundance of arrowheads of flint found on and about it.

A n A m e r i c a n arctic explorer, a n d civil e n g i n e e r in the U n i t e d S t a t e s n a v y . In 1886 he made a journey of reconnoissance to Greenland, advancing for a hundred miles or more upon the interior ice. In June, 1891, as chief of the arctic expedition of the Academy of pedo, Albinovanus (al-bi-no-va'nus pe'do). A Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, he sailed from New York R o m a n poet, of t h e A u g u s t a n a g e : author of a P e a c e Of M i i n s t e r (mtin'ster). A fine p a i n t i n g in the Kite, and made his headquarters at McCormick Hay, p o e m e n t i t l e d " T h e s e i s , " of an epic p o e m o n on the northwest coast of Greenland. He made sledge exb y G-erard Terburg (1648), a d i s t i n g u i s h e d D u t c h cursions along Whale Sound, Inglefield Gulf, and Hum- c o n t e m p o r a r y h i s t o r y , a n d of epigrams. master. The Spanish plenipotentiaries and the delegates boldt Glacier; traversed the inland ice from McCormick P - e d r a r i a s . _ S e e Avild, Pedro Arias de. of the United Provinces are assembled, and are listening Bavto the northeast angle of Greenland (Independence PedraZSfe (pad-ra'tha), Manuel Gomez. B o r n to the reading of the ratification oath. There are about 30 Bay, lat, 81° 37'N.); and proved the convergence of the east- a t Queretaro about 1788: died in M e x i c o City, figures, all portraits, and admirably characterized in their ern and western coasts of northern Greenland, and almost N.f.-.Ti ia T Q S I A NR,-.-^ OT.RL minute scale. with positiveness the insularity of the mainland. He dis- M a y 14, 1851. A M e x i c a n g e n e r a l a n d p o l i t i i a n . He was secretary of war under Victoria, 1825-29, P e a c e R i v e r . A river i n B r i t i s h A m e r i c a w h i c h covered new lands (Melville Land. Ileilprin Land) lying be- cand was elected to succeed him, but the election was anrises in B r i t i s h Columbia a n d flows into L a k e yond Greenland, and named many glaciers. In Sept., 1892, nulled. Pedraza took part in the revolts of 1832, and was he returned. In July, 1893, he sailed again, in the Falcon, A t h a b a s c a . L e n g t h , a b o u t 1,000 m i l e s . intending to survey the northeastern coast of Greenland, eventually president during the last months of his legal P e a c h t r e e C r e e k ( p e c h ' t r e krek). A s m a l l and if possible to push on toward the north pole. In term, Dec. 26, 1832, to April 1, 1833. He held cabinet positributary of t h e C h a t t a h o o c h e e , n e a r A t l a n t a , July, 1895, he had not returned. His wife, Josephine tions under Santa Anna; was a senator 1844; and was a Georgia. Here, July 19-20,1864, the Federals under Sher- Diebitseh-Peary, author of "My Arctic Journal" (1893), presidential candidate in 1845 and 1850. accompanied the expeditions of 1891-92 and 1893-94 as far Pedro f p e ' d r o " S p pron pa'dro) I I K i n g of man defeated the Confederates under Hood. as the winter quarters. A r a g o n 1196-1213.' P e a c h u m ( p e c h ' u m ) . A n o t e d character i n 4 P e a s a n t B a r d , T h e . R o b e r t Burns. P e d r o I I I . K i n g of A r a g o n 1276-85. H e beTi . i -rrj ' mi . ,. « , , P e d r o I I I . K i n g of A r a g o n 1276-85. Gay's ' B e g g a r ' s Opera." lie is a receiver of stolen A goods, and the father of Polly Pcachuin, the principal fe- P e a s a n t s W a r , T h e . A n insurrection of t h e c a m e 0 f ^ H y o n t h e e x p u l s i o n of t h e p e a s a n t r y i n southern G e r m a n y a g a i n s t the noF r e n c h i n 1282. male character, who marries the highwayman Macheatli. P e a c o c k ( p e ' k o k ) , G e o r g e . B o r n n e a r D a r l i n g - b l e s a n d clergy, i t broke out in 1524, and spread p e d r o I V . K i r i g of A r a g o n 1336-87, son of A l t h o u g h Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia, and Alsace, being Tio n n n p y w l thfl R a l e n r i p "MAS in Ti W V ton, E n g l a n d , April 9, 1791: died N o v . 8. 1858. suppressed with great cruelty in May and June, 1525. See f ' 1 1 0 a n n e x e a m e Balearic isies in A n E n g l i s h m a t h e m a t i c i a n . He graduated at Cam- Miinzer and Frankenhausen. 1343. bridge (Trinity college), in 1837 he was appointed Low«- peas-blossom ( p e z ' b i o s ' o r a ) . A f a i r y i n " A Pedro I. (Doin Antonio Pedro de Alcantara dean professor of astronomy, and was made dean of Ely m M ; , j q i i m r n r , r XivhV* D i W f n » b v fthnl^nere " ~ ' T " ' ~ ' — - B o u r b o n ) . B o r n at L i s b o n , Oct. 1 2 , 1 7 9 8 : d i e d 1839. He wrote a l< Treatise on Algebra " (1830), etc. Midsummer i n earn, Y)y fcnaKSpere. there, S e p t . 24, 1884. F i r s t emperor of Brazil. C a l v i n . B o r n at Canaan, Conn Peacock, Thomas Love. Bom at Weymouth, PAe ua gs e. 1(pez)» He was the second son of Bom Joao, who became John VI. 2 , 1 8 1 3 : died a t B u r l i n g t o n , V t , , S e p t . 17, of Portugal in 1816; and. by the death of his elder brother, E n g l a n d , Oct. 18,1785: died a t London, J a n . 23, 186G. A n E n g l i s h satirical n o v e l i s t and poet. 1863. A n A m e r i c a n C o n g r e g a t i o n a l (later Pres- was heir apparent. In 1S07 he was taken to Brazil with He was intimately associated with She]ley and Byron. b y t e r i a n ) c l e r g y m a n , p r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i v e r - the royal family. His father assumed the crown there, and His style is egotistic and Rabelaisian. In 1816 he pub- s i t y of V e r m o n t 1855-61. returned to Portugal April 26, 1821, leaving Dom Pedro lished "Headlong Hall, "followed by 4 'Mel in court" in 1817. Peaslee (pez'le), Edmund Randolph. Born as regent of Brazil. Early in 1822 the prince assumed the He published ".Nightmare Abbey" and "Rhododaphne," i n N e w H a m p s h i r e , J a n . 2 2 , 1 8 1 4 : died at N e w leadership of the party of opposition to Portugal, defia volume of verse (1818). In 1819 he was made assistant nitely pronounced for independence Sept. 7, and was proexaminer at the India House, and in 183(5 he succecded York, J a n . , 1878. A n A m e r i c a n p h y11s i c i a n , n o t e d claimed emperor Oct. 12 and crowned Dec. 1. The only Mill as chief examiner. " Maid Marian " appeared in 1822, as a g y n e c o l o g i s t . H e p u b l i s h e d Ovarian Tu- serious resistance made by Portugal was in the northern "The Misfortunes of Elphin " in 1829, " Crotchet Castle" m o r s " (1872), etc. provinces, and was soon overcome; in 1825 Portugal recogin 1831, and " Gryll Grange " in 186fl. He was much internized the independence of Brazil. The popularity of the ested in steam navigation to India. P e c h i l i . S e e PetcJiili. emperor, at first very great, was weakened by his reactionP e c h t (pecht), F r i e d r i c h . B o r n at Constance, ary policy in 1823, and especially by his forcible dissolu« P e a c o c k , T h e . S e e Pavo. B a d e n , Oct. 2, 1814. A G e r m a n painter a n d tion of the constituent assembly Nov. 12, 1823, and the P e a k ( p e k ) , T h e . A h i l l y region, p r i n c i p a l l y i n writer o n art. A m o n g Iiis w o r k s is " G a l l e r i e s banishment of the Andradas. On March 25, 1824, he accepted a constitution which had been prepared by a counD e r b y s h i r e , E n g l a n d , i t extends from Glossop to Ashbourne north and south, and from Chesterfield to 1 Jux- of Characters f r o m Schiller, Goethe, L e s s i n g , cil of state, and which remained in force during the empire. In 1828 the Cisplatinc Province, or Uruguay, beton east and west, and contains some picturesque scenery. a n d S h a k s p e r e . " independent after three years of war with Brazil. Highest point, Kinderscout (2,0S0 feet). Pechuel-Lösche (pesh'wel le'she), Moritz Ed- came The increasing opposition to the emperor's policy at length P e a k C a v e r n . A n o t e d s t a l a c t i t e c a v e i n t h e u a r d . B o r n n e a r Merseburg, J u l y 26,1840. A provoked popular tumults. Convinced that he could no G e r m a n traveler. He visited the "Wust Indies, Oceania, P e a k of D e r b y , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d near Castlelonger rule, he abdicated in favor of his son, April 7,1831, and the Arctic and Antarctic seas. He was a member of the and soon after sailed for England. On the death of .John ton. L e n g t h , 2,000 f e e t . (1826) he had been proclaimed king of Portugal, but P e a k s of o t t e r ( o t ' e r ) . T w o p e a k s of t h e B l u e German scientific expedition toLoango, West Africa, 1874- VI. 1876. In 1882 he was Stanley's substitute on the Kongo. had resigned the crown in favor of his daughter, whom the R i d g e i n V i r g i n i a . H e i g h t , a b o u t 4,000 f e e t . usurpation of Dom Miguel had deprived of her rights. In 1884 he was in Damaraland. Peale (pel), Charles Willson. Born at Chester- Peck (pok), John James. Born at Manlius, On his arrival in Europe Bom Pedro at once headed a t o w n , Md., A p r i l 1 6 , 1 7 4 1 : died at Philadelphia, N . Y . , J a n . 4,1821: died at S y r a c u s e , N . Y . , April movement in his daughter's favor, taking a personal part in the war in Portugal. He was finally successful, and his F e b . 22, 1827. A n A m e r i c a n portrait-painter. 21,1878. A n A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l . He served in the daughter was crowned, but he died two days after. He P o a l a P o m Viva-nHf "Rnm in TWk