Century Dictionary 9781463211301

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THE

CENTURY DICTIONARY AND

CYCLOPEDIA A WORK

OF UNIVERSAL

REFERENCE

IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE WITH A NEW ATLAS OF THE W O R L D

VOLUME XI A •V GORGIAS PRESS 2006

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

ÔP GORGIAS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Printed in the United States of America

THE CENTURY DICTIONARY SUPPLEMENT 9

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A.M., L.H.D. MANAGING EDITOR OF THE C E N T U R Y DICTIONARY AND EDITOR OF THE C E N T U R Y CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES AND THE C E N T U R Y A T L A S

PUBLISHED BY

Ci)e Century Co, NEW Y O R K

LIST OF

COLLABORATORS: EDITOR-IN-CHIEF,

B E N J A M I N E. S M I T H , A . M . , L . H . D .

E D I T O R I A L CONTRIBUTORS, J O H N M A S O N CLARKE, Ph.D., LL.D.

C L E V E L A N D ABBE, A.M., LL.D. P r o f e s s o r of M e t e o r o l o g y , U n i t e d Weather Bureau.

States

M ctcorology. L I B E R T Y H Y D E BAILEY, M.S., LL.D. D i r e c t o r of t h e N e w Y o r k S t a t e College . of A g r i c u l t u r e , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y .

Horticulture.

N e w Y o r k S t a t e Geologist and tologist; D i r e c t o r of the S t a t e a n d of the S c i c n c c Division of p a r t m e n t of E d u c a t i o n of t h e New York.

Paleontology;

PaleonMuseum t h e DeS t a t e of

Ethnology

G E O R G E B R U C E H A L S T E D , Ph.D.

Systematic

and

and Economic

Botany.

D i r e c t o r of t h e M u s e u m of the P e n n s y l v a n i a M u s e u m a n d School of I n d u s t r i a l A r t .

Ceramics;

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL,

P r o f e s s o r of P h y s i c s a n d C u r a t o r of M i n e r a l o g y in Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y .

Mineralogy.

W I L L I A M M O R R I S DAVIS, M.E., Sc.D., Ph.D.

S A M U E L A. B I N I O N , M . D . Hebrew

P r o f e s s o r of Geology in University.

Terms.

Physiography;

F R A N Z BOAS, Ph.D. P r o f e s s o r of A n t h r o p o l o g y Columbia University.

Anthropology; American

in

Harvard

Glaciology.

Printing

A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r of P h y s i c s in Yale U n i v e r s i t y .

Radioactive

Substances.

Legal Terms,

WILLIAM K E I T H BROOKS, Ph.D., LL.D * P r o f e s s o r of Zoology in J o h n s University.

General

Hopkins

Biology.

Apparatus.

L a t e l y P r e s i d e n t of St. J o h n ' s College.

COLONEL,

UNITED

Terms.

ARMV.

P r o f e s s o r of E n g i n e e r i n g and the A r t of W a r in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s M i l i t a r y Academy.

ROBERT FREDERICK Card

and the Art

of

* Deceased.

Economy,

FREDERICK REM SEN H U T T O N , E . M . , Ph.D., Sc.D. E m e r i t u s P r o f e s s o r of M e c h a n i c a l Eng i n e e r i n g in C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , a n d lately P r e s i d e n t of the A m e r i c a n Soc i e t y of M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s .

Mechanical Engineering; General Technology.

Machines;

Petrology. D A V I D S T A R R J O R D A N , Ph.D., LL.D. President

Ichthyology. FOSTER.

of L e l a n d S t a n f o r d University,

Junior

J A M E S F U R M A N K E M P , E.M., Sc.D.

Games.

P r o f e s s o r of

RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D*

Geology in University.

Columbia

the

HENRY GRATTAN KITTREDGE* Textiles; Textile Materials,Processes, and Machinery.

F R A N K L I N H E N R Y GIDDINGS, Ph.D., LL.D.

G E O R G E W I L L I A M K N O X , D.D..LL.D.

Astrology. in

Columbia

Geologist in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Geological Survey.

STATES

K e e p e r of P r i n t e d Books of British Museum.

J O H N B A T E S CLARK, Ph.D., LL.D.

Political

Entomology,

Geology.

THOMAS J O S E P H CAMPBELL, S J .

P r o f e s s o r of Political E c o n o m y Columbia University.

Chief E n t o m o l o g i s t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e ; H o n o r a r y C u r a t o r of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l M u s e u m ; C o n s u l t i n g E n t o m o l o g i s t of the United States Public Health and M a r i n e H o s p i t a l Service.

J O S E P H P A X O N I D D I N G S , Sc.D. GUSTAV J O S E P H FIEBEGER,

Council.

Athletics; Foot-ball, and other Outof-door Games (except Golf and Cricket).

Roman Catholic

Chemical

Military Engineering War.

W A L T E R CAMP, M.A. M e m b e r of t h e Yale U n i v e r s i t y

Zoology.

Photography;

LELAND OSSIAN HOWARD, M.S., Ph.D.

C H A R L E S W . H Ü L S T , A.M. Legal Terms, A—L.

L a t e l y A c t i n g P r o f e s s o r of C h e m i s t r y in t h e College of the City of N e w Y o r k .

L—Z.

Explo-

Machinery.

CHARLES AVERY DOREMUS, A.M., M.D., Ph.D.

I R A H. B R A I N E R D .

Arms;

P r o f e s s o r of M e t a l l u r g y in University.

P r o f e s s o r of Biology in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Rochester.

Invertebrate

Military

Metallurgy.

C H A R L E S W ' R I G H T DODGE, M.S. BERTRAM BORDEN BOLTWOOD, Ph.D.

Ordnajice; sives.

H E N R Y M A R I O N H O W E , A.M., LL.D.

T H E O D O R E L O W D E V I N N E , A.M. Printing;

Ethnology; North Archceology.

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT, UNITED STATES ARMY.

C o m m a n d i n g Officer of t h e Rock I s l a n d Arsenal.

E D W A R D S A L I S B U R Y DANA, A.M., Ph.D.

Glass-making.

CHARLES BARNARD. Tools and Appliances.

P r o f e s s o r of M a t h e m a t i c s in t h e C o l o r a d o S t a t e N o r m a l School.

Mathematics.

F R A N K E. H O B B S ,

S T E W A R T CULIN. Numismatics.

E D W I N A T L E E B A R B E R , A.M., Ph.D.

Columbia

Photography.

F R E D E R I C K V E R N O N COVILLE, A.B.

L e c t u r e r on A m e r i c a n Archaeology in Columbia U n i v e r s i t y .

South American Archeology.

P r o f e s s o r of P h y s i c s in University.

Color

Stratigraphy.

C u r a t o r of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l ITcrbariu m.

ADOLPH FRANCIS BANDELIER,

W I L L I A M H A L L O C K , Ph.D.

P r o f e s s o r of Sociology in University.

Sociology.

Columbia

P r o f e s s o r of P h i l o s o p h y a n d t h e Hist o r y of Religion in U n i o n Theological S e m i n a r y .

Theology;

Ecclesiastical

History.

vi

LIST OF COLLABORATORS

GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph.D., Sc.D.

EDWARD LEAMINGTON

Special A g e n t in C h a r g e of P r e c i o u s S t o n e s , U n i t e d S t a t e s Geological S u r vey and Twelfth United States Census.

Gems;

Jewelry.

OLIN HENRY LANDRETH, A.M., C.E., Sc.D. P r o f e s s o r of E n g i n e e r i n g Union University.

Civil

in

Engineering,

P r o f e s s o r of Physics, University.

Physics (with Electricity, in Physical Units; Physical ratus.

Cornell

part); Appa-

C H A R L E S E D M U N D S I M O N , M.D. P r o f e s s o r of Clinical P a t h o l o g y B a l t i m o r e M e d i c a l College.

Physiological Chemistry; Serumtherapy.

in

Immunity;

E D W A R D R. S M I T H , A.M.

WILLIAM ALBERT NOYES, A.M., Ph.D. P r o f e s s o r of C h e m i s t r y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s ; E d i t o r of t h e J o u r n a l of t h e A m e r i c a n Chemical Society.

Organic

J O H N A. L E S T E R , Ph.D. Cricket.

NICHOLS, Ph.D., LL.D.

L i b r a r i a n of t h e A v e r y A r c h i t e c t u r a l L i b r a r y , Columbia U n i v e r s i t y .

Painting; Sculpture; Decoration.

Engraving;

E D W I N C H A P I N ST ARKS. A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r of Zoology in L e l a n d Stanford Junior University.

Chemistry.

Assistant

in

Ichthyology.

L O U I S A T W E L L OLNEY, A.C., M.S. F R E D E R I C K L. L E W T O N , A.B. Assistant Botanist, U n i t e d States D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .

Economic

Botany. States Navy.

Construction.

F R E D E R I C A U G U S T U S LUCAS, D.Sc. Curator-in-Chief of the M u s e u m s of t h e Brooklyn Institute.

Vertebrate Zoology; Comparative Anatomy; Osteology. R . E . B. M c K E N N E Y , P h . D . Plant Physiology.

P r o f e s s o r of C h e m i s t r y in t h e of V i r g i n i a .

University

Music; Musical

Chief of tiie P a t h o l o g i c a l Division of the U n i t e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of A n i m a l I n dustry.

Pathology.

Physiologist a n d Algologist, U n i t e d Algology. B u r e a u of P l a n t I n d u s t r y .

States

MORLEY, Ph.D., LL.D.

E m e r i t u s P r o f e s s o r of C h e m i s t r y Western Reserve University.

Weights

in

and

H E N R Y S M I T H M U N R O E , Ph.D., Sc.D. Mining.

P r o f e s s o r of M i n i n g in University.

Columbia

D i r e c t o r of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s R e c l a m a t i o n Service.

Irrigation. * Deceased.

Scream."

Sports.

G E O R G E W I L L I S R I T C H E Y , A.M. A s t r o n o m e r a n d S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of I n : s t r u m e n t C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e S o l a r O b s e r v a t o r y of the C a r n e g i e Institution.

Instruments.

Record."

Anatomy.

EDWARD STRIEBY STEELE. United States National H e r b a r i u m .

Agricultural

Botany;

Agriculture.

CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ, A.M., Ph.D. E l e c t r i c i a n of t h e G e n e r a l Electric Comp a n y a n d P r o f e s s o r of Electrical Eng i n e e r i n g in U n i o n U n i v e r s i t y .

(in

part).

CHARLES WARDELL STILES, Ph.D., D.Sc. Zoologist of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P u b l i c H e a l t h a n d M a r i n e H o s p i t a l Service, a n d L e c t u r e r on Medical Zoology in Johns Hopkins University.

Medical

Zoology.

E D W A R D B R A D F O R D TICIIENF.R, Ph.D., D.Sc.. LL.D. Psychology.

W A L T E R J. T R A V I S , Golf. L E S T E R F R A N K W A R D , A.M., LL.D.

ABBOTT LAWRENCE ROTCH, S.B., A.M. P r o f e s s o r of M e t e o r o l o g y in University.

Harvard

Aeronautics.

Geologist, U n i t e d S t a t e s Geological S u r v e y ; Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants, United States National Museum.

General Editor of the Terms.

Botanical

WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, Ph.D.

WILLIAM E D W I N SAFFORD, Assistant Botanist, United States Bureau of P l a n t I n d u s t r y . Tropical Botany.

C H A R L E S P A Y S O N G U R L E Y SCOTT, Ph.D., Litt.D. Dictionary.

Etymologies. C O R N E L I U S L O T T S H E A R , Ph.D. P a t h o l o g i s t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of P l a n t I n d u s t r y .

Vegetable

Human

P r o f e s s o r of P s y c h o l o g y in Cornell University,

E t y m o l o g i s t of t h e C e n t u r y

F R E D E R I C K H A Y N E S N E W E L L . B.S.

Surgery;

R U S S E L L S T U R G I S , A.M., Ph.D.* Architecture.

Instruments.

L a t e l y E d i t o r of " F o r e s t a n d

Astronomical

G E O R G E T H O M A S M O O R E , Ph.D.

in

CHARLES BINGHAM REYNOLDS, A.M. Field

J O H N R O B B I N S M O H L E R , V.M.D.

Physical Chemistry; Measures.

W A L D O S E L D E N P R A T T , A.M., Mus.D. P r o f e s s o r of M u s i c a n d I l y m n o l o g y l l a r t f o r d Theological S e m i n a r y .

Industrial

E d i t o r of the " M e d i c a l

Electricity

Chief of t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e in t h e U n i t e d D e pLumbeiing. a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .

Botany.

EDWARD WILLIAMS

Metaphysic.

States Forestry;

A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r of B o t a n y , U n i t e d States National Museum.

Animal

CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE, A.M., Sc.B.

G I F F O R D P I N C H O T , A.M.

W I L L I A M R A L P H M A X O N , A.B.

Cryptogenic

Terms.

Logic;

J O H N WILLIAM MALLET, Ph.D., LL.D. Inorganic Chemistry; Chemistry.

F o r m e r l y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a v y , P r e s i d e n t of the N e w Y o r k X a u t i c a l College.

Nautical

THOMAS L A T H R O P STEDMAN, A.M., M.D. Medicine;

HOWARD PATTERSON.

J O S E P HN aH. LINNARD. val Constructor, United Naval

P r o f e s s o r of C h e m i s t r y a n d h e a d of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of T e x t i l e C h e m i s t r y a n d y e i n g Dyeing. in t h e Lowell T e x t i l e School. Dyes Dand

Pathology;

Mycology.

P r o f e s s o r of E c o n o m i c E n t o m o l o g y Harvard University.

Cytology;

in

Embryology.

W I L L I A M F R A N K L I N W I G H T , A.M. A s s i s t a n t Botanist, U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e .

Systematic

Botany.

C H A R L E S A U G U S T U S YOUNG, Ph.D., L L . D * P r o f e s s o r of A s t r o n o m y in University.

Astronomy.

Princeton

P R E F A T O R Y NOTE. HE C E N T U R Y D I C T I O N A R Y (1889-91) was much the largest collection of the words of the English language that had been published. In it the number of words and 'phrases' at that time defined in general dictionaries of English was increased by upward of one hundred and twenty thousand. This additional collection included not a few words which had appeared in special glossaries and technical dictionaries, but much the greater part of it was obtained by a systematic search through English literature, especially the literature of science and the arts. The labor and cost of effecting this very notable enlargement of the recorded English vocabulary have amply been justified by its utility to the many thousands of users of the book during the past twenty years. The compilers of the CENTURY were, however, aware that a dictionai'y record, whatever might be its degree of completeness at the date of publication, would in the future need to be enlarged on account of the continuous and rapid increase of the vocabulary of English, both common and technical. I t was, in particular, very obvious that in many branches of science and technology the coinage of new terms and the development of new meanings would proceed — as they have in fact done — at a greatly accelerated pace. Accordingly, the work of collection was not ended by the publication of the dictionary, but lias been continued ever since. The result of this labor is presented in these two volumes, which supplement the original work. They contain additional words, senses, and defined 'phrases' representing the increase in scientific and technological terminology, as well as in the ' common' vocabulary, during the past twenty-five years, and possessing a high degree of technical importance and general interest. During this period — a period probably more productive of neologisms than any other of the same length in the history of the language — not only have many special sciences, or branches of sciences, been created, and remarkable extensions of the older sciences been effected, but the practical arts also (with commerce, exploration, and the like) have found innumerable new applications, methods, and objects; and with all of these advances have come new vocabularies, often of great extent, or new uses of old terms, which the dictionary must record. It is necessary to mention only such topics as radioactivity, aeronautics, immunity and serumtherapy, experimental psychology, the recent studies in heredity and organic development, the advances in cytology and embryology, and the progress in telegraphy and electrical technology in general, in order to indicate the extent and importance of these accretions. Much the same is true of the increase in the vocabularies of scientific and practical agriculture, of physiological chemistry, of medicine, and of many other subjects, scientific or practical. It should also be noted that a very considerable number of foreign (Spanish, French, etc.) words (names of plants, fabrics, materials, implements, institutions, and so on), especially terms in use in Hawaii, the Philippines, Porto Rico, and Spanish America generally, have of late acquired a quasi-English value (or, at least, interest) which the dictionary must recognize. In addition to this superabundant new growth there have also been included many words and senses of earlier origin, and also extensions of many encyclopedic articles and definitions. The total number of words, senses, and 'phrases' thus collected and here defined is about one hundred thousand — an addition comparable to that made by the original edition of the dictionary. It should be added, however, that the words and forms included, ¡rreat as their number is. are still a selection, made under the

viii

PREFATORY NOTE

general rules stated in the preface to the original edition (Vol. I.), to which for this and other prefatory matter the reader is referred. Many chemical and mineralogical terms, for example, have been added, but, of course, not all; important New Latin names in zoology and botany have been admitted, but (relatively) only a few; the obvious derivatives (which — actual and possible — are many thousands in number) from names of families, orders, etc., in zoology and botany are, with a few exceptions, not given; and provincialisms (except Americanisms and Australianisms) and obsolete words and expressions have, as a rule, been excluded. As regards method of treatment and typographical style, it is enough to say that in these matters the plan of the main work has been closely followed. The various definitions and articles are designed to fit into the text of the earlier volumes without diversity of form, interruption of continuity, or repetition of matter. In accordance with this plan the fact that a given tvord in the supplementary vocabulary is additional or 1 new' is indicated simply by the fact that it is followed by the respelling for pronunciation and, generally, by an etymological note; in the case of an additional sense or phrase, on the other hand, the title-word is not followed by the pronunciation and derivation; and the same is true of mere additions to articles in the main text. Cross-references to material in the supplementary volumes are distinguished by a star (*) placed before the word under which the material will be found. References not so distinguished are to the original volumes. The various definitions and articles have been written by the contributors whose names are given in the list of collaborators and in the second paragraph below. Of the etymologies it should be said that in only a few cases has more than a brief explanatory statement been necessary, since most of the words are scientific coinages or other terms of simple and often obvious formation, or are foreign words (introduced into English in some special sense) of which, as a rule, in accordance with the custom of the dictionary, only the proximate source (as French or Italian or Spanish, etc.) is indicated. During the progress of the work upon these volumes, but after the completion of their portions of it, several of the contributors have been removed by death. Dr. Richard G-arnett, keeper of pi'inted books of the British Museum, an early friend of the dictionary, died on April 12, 1906. On January 6, 1907, the eminent astronomer Professor Charles A. Young, also a kind and helpful friend of the CENTURY from its earliest days, passed away. The death of Professor William K. Brooks, of the Johns Hopkins University, long distinguished for his services to biology, followed on November 12,1908. On February 11,1909, came the announcement of the death of Mr. Russell Sturgis, a learned student of architecture and connoisseur of art, one of the earliest and most important contributors to the dictionary. Mr. Henry G. Kittredge, an authoi'ity upon the textile industries, died on June 5, 1909. They were men eminent for scientific and scholarly attainments and all that makes for nobility of character. It remains only to thank the very numerous helpers who have contributed special items of information or material, or have aided in the work of the editorial office or the press. Without the assistance of all, such completeness and accuracy as may have been attained would have been impossible. Special mention should be made of the assistance of Professor John Dewey, of Columbia University, in the defining of pragmatism and related terms; of the Bureau of Forestry and the Society of American Foresters, in granting through Mr. Gifford Pinchot the use of the manuscript of their glossary of terms in forestry and lumbering; of Dr. Robert Lilley, in contributing many definitions of Oriental (especially Chinese and Japanese) and other terms, and in aiding editorially in putting a part of the first volume through the press; of Mr.- David White, of the United States Geological Survey, and Dr. Herbert J. Webber, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in defining various botanical terms; of Professor J . Bishop Tingle, of McMaster University, and Dr. Campbell E. Waters, of the United States Bureau of Standards, in assisting in the work on organic chemistry; of Dr. Whitman Cross, of the United States Geological Survey, in writing certain of the earlier definitions in petrography; of Professor Pierre A. Fish, of Cornell University, in defining various neurological terms; of Dr. Frank H. Chittenden, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in giving valued aid in the work on the entomological terms and illustrations; of Professor Harold Jacoby, of Columbia University; of Mr. H. C. Cassell, in contributing the definitions

ix

P K E F A T O R Y NOTE

relating to chess; of the late Mr. W. N. Fitzgerald, editor of " The Hub," in defining a large number of terms relating to vehicles and harness; of Mr. Benjamin G-arno, in supplying definitions in billiards; of Mr. Charles Do Kay, in defining terms in fencing; of Professor E d m u n d K. Alden, of the Packer Institute, in the definition of terms in general and political history; of Mr. Herbert H. Smith, in contributing, with definitions, a number of West Indian words; of Mr. E. C. Hinckley, in supplying the definitions of terms relating to tanning and leather-making; of Professor J . 0 . Schlotterbeck, of the University of Michigan, in defining a number of pharmaceutical terms; of Miss Edith M. Greer, of P r a t t Institute, in defining terms in cooking; of Mrs. C. A. M. Hall of the Drexel Institute, in furnishing information with regard to needlework and embroidery; of Mr. James Means and Mr. Augustus Post, in furnishing valuable material relating to aeronautics; of Mr. Philip S. Smith, in the subject of physiography; of Miss Katharine B. Wood, in collecting much valuable material relating to common words; and of Miss Margaret Jackson and Miss Florence Gilmour, in most efficiently aiding in the work of the editorial office. I n the selection and criticism of the illustrations, which are about one thousand nine hundred in number, aid has been given by nearly all of the collaborators and also by many others. For the use of valuable material especial acknowledgment is due to Macmillan and Company, who have granted the use of cuts from their English edition of von Zittel's " Paleontology "; to the Metropolitan Museum of A r t ; to the American Museum of Natural History; to the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory; to the New York Institute for the Blind; to the Westinghouse Company; to the Forest Service, Washington; to the British School at A t h e n s ; to the British Museum ; and to the J o u r n a l of Hellenic Studies. To the second volume has been added a supplement to the Cyclopedia of Names (Vol. I X . of the Dictionary and Cyclopedia) of ninety-two pages, comprising a large number of new articles and also of additions to the articles contained in the various editions of that work. B E N J A M I N E. SMITH. November 1, 1909.

ABBREVIATIONS U S E D IN T H E E T Y M O L O G I E S a., adj abbr abl acc accom

adjective. abbreviation ablative. accusative. accommodated, accommodation. act active. adv adverb. AF. Anglo-French. agri agriculture. AL Anglo-Latin. alg algebra. Amer American, anat anatomy. anc ancient. antiq antiquity. aor aorist. appar apparently. Ar Arabic. arch. architecture. archseol. archeology. arith arithmetic. art article. AS Anglo-Saxon. aatrol astrology. astron astronomy. attrib. attributive. aug augmentative. Bav Bavarian. Beng. Bengali. biol biology. Boh em Bohem ian. bofr botany. Braz. Brazilian. Bret..Breton. bryol bryology. Bulg Bulgarian. carp carpentry. Cat. Catalan. Cath Catholic. cans. causative. ceram ceramics. cf. L. cornier, compare. ch church. Chal Chaldee. chem chemical, chemistry. Chin Chinese. chron chronology. colloq. colloquial, colloquially. com commerce, commercial. comp. composition, compound. compar comparative. conch conchology. conj conjunction. contr - ..contracted, contrac. tion. Com Cornish. craniol craniology. craniom craniometry. crystallography. crystal D Dutch. Dan Danish. dat dative. def. definite, definition. derlv derivative, derivation. dial dialect» dialectal. diff diff erent. dim.. diminutive. distrib distributive. dram dramatic. dynam dynamics. E East. E English (usually meanin^modern English). eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. econ economy. e. g L exempli gratia, for example. Egypt. Egyptian. E. Ind East Indian. elect electricity. embryol embryology. Eng. English.

engin entom Epia. equiv esp Eth ethnog. ethnol etym Eur eye lam f., fem F. Flem fort freq Fries, fut G.

Gael gen geog. geol geom Goth Gr.

engineering. entomology. Episcopal. equivalent. especially. Ethiopie. ethnography. ethnology. etymology. European. exclamation. feminine. French (usually mean• ing modern French). Flemish. fortification. frequentative. Friesic. future. GeTmaxi(usudllymeaning New High German). Gaelic. —genitive. . . . .geography. geology. . . . . geometry.

MHG. milit mineral ML. MLG mod mycol myth n n., neut N. N N. Amer nat naut. nav NGr. NHG

Heb

Hind hist

mech med mensur metal metaph meteor Mex MGr

NL

history.

Hung Hungarian. hydraul. . . . — h y d r a u l i c s . Icel meaning Old Icelandic, otherwise called Old Norse). . .ichthyology. ..L. id est, that is. . .impersonal impf. . .imperfect. . .imperative. .. improperly. Ind . .Indian. . .indicative. Indo-Eur. . .Indo-European. . .indefinite. inf . .infinitive. instr .. instrumental interj .. interjection. intr., intrans. .. intransitive. Ir. .. Irish. lrreg. . .irregular, irregularly. It . .Italian, . .Japanese. L .. Latin {usually meaning classical Latin). Lett . .Lettish. LG .. Low German. lie henol . .lichenology. lit .. literal, literally. lit... . .literature. Lith . .Lithuanian. . .lithography. lithol .. lithology. LL .. Late Latin. m., masc. . . . . .masculine. M. . .Middle. . .machinery. mammal . .mammalogy. . .manufacturing. math .. mathematics. MD ..Middle Dutch. ME . .Middle English (otherwise called Old English).

nom Norm north Norw numis 0 obs obstet OBulg.

OCat OD. ODan odontog odontol OF OFlera OGael OHG. Olr. Olt OL OLG ONorth OPruss. orig ornith OS. OSp osteol OSw OTeut. p. a paleon part. pass pathol perf Pers pers persp Peruv petrog Pg phar. Phen philol philos phonog

AND

DEFINITIONS.

mechanics, mechanical. medicine. mensuration. metallurgy, metaphysics. meteorology. Mexican. Middle Greek, medieval Greek, Middle High German. military. mineralogy. Middle Latin, medieval Latin. Middle Low German. modern. mycology. mythology. noun. neuter. .New. North. North America. natural, nautical. navigation. New Greek, modern Greek. New High German (usually simply G., German). New Latin, modern Latin. nominative. Norman. northern. Norwegian. numismatics. Old. obsolete. obstetrics. Old Bulgarian (otherwise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). Old Catalan. Old Dutch. Old Danish. odontography. odon tology. Old French. Old Flemish. Old Gaelic. Old High German. Old Irish. Old Italian. Old Latin. Old Low German. Old Northumbrian. Old Prussian. original, originally. ornithology. Old Saxon. Old Spanish. osteology. Old Swedish. Old Teutonic. participial adjective. paleontology. participle, passive. pathology. perfect. Persian. person. perspective. Peruvian. petrography. Portuguese. pharmacy. Phenician. philology. philosophy. phonography.

photog phren phys physiol pl.,plur. poet polit Pol poss pp ppr. Pr pref. prep près prêt priv prob pron pron prop pros Prot prov psychol q. v refl reg repr rhet Rom. Rom Russ, S S, Amer se Sc Scand Scrip sculp Serv. sing Skt Slav Sp subj. su perl surg surv Sw syn Syr technol. teleg teratol term Teut theat. theol therap toxicol tr., trans trigon Turk. typog ult v. var vet v. i v. t W. Wall Wallach W. Ind zoogeog zoôl zoOt

photography. phrenology. physical. physiology. plural. poetical. politicaL Polish. possessive. past participle. present participle. Provençal (usually meaning Old Provençal). prefix. preposition. present. preterit. privative. probably, probable. pronoun. pronounced, pronunciation. properly. prosody. Protestant. provincial. psychology. L. quod (or pi. quae) vide which see. reflexive. regular, regularly. representing. rhetoric. Roman. Romanic, Romance (languages), Russian. .South. South American. L. scilicet, understand. supply. Scotch. Scandinavian. Scripture. sculpture. Servian, singular. Sanskrit. Slavic, Slavonic. Spanish. subjunctive. superlative. surgery. surveying. Swedish. synonymy. Syriac. technology. telegraphy. teratology. termi n ation. Teutonic, theatrical. theology. therapeutics. toxicology. transitive. trigonometry. Turkish. typography. ultimate, ultimately verb. variant. veterinary. intransitive verb, transitive verb. Welsh. Walloon. Wallachi an. West Indian. zoogeography. zoology. zootomy.

KEY T O PRONUNCIATION. a a a a a a

as as as as as as

in in in in in in

0 e 6

as in met, pen, bless. as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard.

1 i

as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file.

o o o o

as in as in as in as in

oi as in oil, joint, boy. ou as in pound, proud, now.

fat, man, pang, fate, mane, dale, far, father, guard, f a l l , talk, naught, ask, fast, ant. fare, hair, bear.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a e 0 ü

not, on, frog, note, poke, floor, move, spoon, room, nor, song, off.

as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, f e w (also new, tube, duty: see Preface, pp. is, x ) as in pull, book, could. German ii, French u.

as in as in as in as in

prelate, courage, captain, ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a e 1 g

as in errant, republican, as in prudent, difference. as in charity, density. as in valor, actor, idiot.

a ê u

as in Persia, peninsula. as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark ( » ) under the consonants t, à, s, s indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch,j, sh, zh. Thus: t d s z

as in as in as in as in

nature, adventure, arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

th as in thin. ®H as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. ( A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + =

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with.

read root. * read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form. * read obsolete. references so marked are to the supplementary volumes.

SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS. A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus: back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), a. L y i n g or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. T o furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), adv. Behind, ctc. back 2 t (bak), The earlier form of baft. back 3 (bak), n. A large fl&t-bottomed boat, etc. Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " N o . " for nnmber, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for pnga, i l l . " for line, % IOT paragraph, u f o l . " for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference tc the following plan: Section only. Chapter only Canto only Book only . . . ,

«...

$ 5. xiv. xiv. iii.

Book and chapter A Part and chapter I Book and line [ Book and page > iii. 10. Act and scene I Chapter and verse I No. and page / Volume and page II. 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter II. iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza I I . iv. 12. Chapter and section or T vii. $ or 1T 3. Volume, part, and scetion or IT . .1. i. $ or H 6. Book, chapter, and section or IF. .1. i. $ or IF G. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., IT., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc. The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discrimi-

xi

nated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonvm-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lowercase) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and (7. c.] for " l o w e r - c a s e " are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O PRONUNCIATION. a a a a a a

as as as as as as

in in in in in in

0 e 6

as in met, pen, bless. as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard.

1 i

as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file.

o o o o

as in as in as in as in

oi as in oil, joint, boy. ou as in pound, proud, now.

fat, man, pang, fate, mane, dale, far, father, guard, f a l l , talk, naught, ask, fast, ant. fare, hair, bear.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a e 0 ü

not, on, frog, note, poke, floor, move, spoon, room, nor, song, off.

as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, f e w (also new, tube, duty: see Preface, pp. is, x ) as in pull, book, could. German ii, French u.

as in as in as in as in

prelate, courage, captain, ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a e 1 g

as in errant, republican, as in prudent, difference. as in charity, density. as in valor, actor, idiot.

a ê u

as in Persia, peninsula. as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark ( » ) under the consonants t, à, s, s indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch,j, sh, zh. Thus: t d s z

as in as in as in as in

nature, adventure, arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

th as in thin. ®H as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. ( A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + =

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with.

read root. * read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form. * read obsolete. references so marked are to the supplementary volumes.

SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS. A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus: back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), a. L y i n g or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. T o furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), adv. Behind, ctc. back 2 t (bak), The earlier form of baft. back 3 (bak), n. A large fl&t-bottomed boat, etc. Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " N o . " for nnmber, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for pnga, i l l . " for line, % IOT paragraph, u f o l . " for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference tc the following plan: Section only. Chapter only Canto only Book only . . . ,

«...

$ 5. xiv. xiv. iii.

Book and chapter A Part and chapter I Book and line [ Book and page > iii. 10. Act and scene I Chapter and verse I No. and page / Volume and page II. 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter II. iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza I I . iv. 12. Chapter and section or T vii. $ or 1T 3. Volume, part, and scetion or IT . .1. i. $ or H 6. Book, chapter, and section or IF. .1. i. $ or IF G. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., IT., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc. The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discrimi-

xi

nated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonvm-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lowercase) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and (7. c.] for " l o w e r - c a s e " are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O PRONUNCIATION. a a a a a a

as as as as as as

in in in in in in

0 e 6

as in met, pen, bless. as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard.

1 i

as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file.

o o o o

as in as in as in as in

oi as in oil, joint, boy. ou as in pound, proud, now.

fat, man, pang, fate, mane, dale, far, father, guard, f a l l , talk, naught, ask, fast, ant. fare, hair, bear.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a e 0 ü

not, on, frog, note, poke, floor, move, spoon, room, nor, song, off.

as in tub, son, blood, as in mute, acute, f e w (also new, tube, duty: see Preface, pp. is, x ) as in pull, book, could. German ii, French u.

as in as in as in as in

prelate, courage, captain, ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: a e 1 g

as in errant, republican, as in prudent, difference. as in charity, density. as in valor, actor, idiot.

a ê u

as in Persia, peninsula. as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A mark ( » ) under the consonants t, à, s, s indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch,j, sh, zh. Thus: t d s z

as in as in as in as in

nature, adventure, arduous, education, pressure, seizure.

th as in thin. ®H as in then. ch as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. ( A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + =

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with.

read root. * read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form. * read obsolete. references so marked are to the supplementary volumes.

SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS. A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus: back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), a. L y i n g or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. T o furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), adv. Behind, ctc. back 2 t (bak), The earlier form of baft. back 3 (bak), n. A large fl&t-bottomed boat, etc. Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " N o . " for nnmber, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for pnga, i l l . " for line, % IOT paragraph, u f o l . " for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference tc the following plan: Section only. Chapter only Canto only Book only . . . ,

«...

$ 5. xiv. xiv. iii.

Book and chapter A Part and chapter I Book and line [ Book and page > iii. 10. Act and scene I Chapter and verse I No. and page / Volume and page II. 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter II. iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza I I . iv. 12. Chapter and section or T vii. $ or 1T 3. Volume, part, and scetion or IT . .1. i. $ or H 6. Book, chapter, and section or IF. .1. i. $ or IF G. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., IT., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc. The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discrimi-

xi

nated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonvm-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lowercase) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and (7. c.] for " l o w e r - c a s e " are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

measure?, and consisting either of a general character in ( a - b a ' s i - a ) , n. [ N L . , < G r . *a,Saaia ( c f . the start witli a figure above, or simply of a figure iu the aparog, n o t t r o d d e n ) , < a - p r i v . + jSowf, s t e p - stalf denoting the intended number of measures, thus: p i n g : s e e basis.] I n med., i n a b i l i t y t o w a l k , t h r o u g h d e f e c t of m u s c u l a r a c t i o n , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p a r a l y s i s or i n c o o r d i n a t i o n . abasic ( a - b a ' s i k ) , a. [abasia + -io.] Of, p e r - (2) Various horizontal dashes, lines, rows of dots, etc., int a i n i u g to, or affected w i t h abasia, dicating that the force of some preceding character is to abask ( a - b a s k ' ) , adv. [ < " 3 + ¡'-] B a s l ; - continue as far as tile dashes, linee, or dots e:-tend. thus : i n g ; b a t h e d in sunlight or genial w a r m t h . J. M. Xeale. abastardt ( a - b a s ' t a r d ) , v.t. [ O F . abastardir, t o É Z f = F stigmatize as b a s t a r d or d e g e n e r a t e . ] T o bas7 — t a r d i z e ; r e n d e r s p u r i o u s or c o r r u p t ; d e b a s e . 4 3 Donne, P s e u d o - M a r t y r , p . 22G. V. K. D. abaton ( a b ' a t o n ) , » . ; p i . abata (-tii). [ N L •7W---Ì » •J V a b c i s s ( a b ' s i s ) , «. S a m e a s ¿complement, 8. < G r . aSarw, p r o p . n e u t . of a.iaroç, n o t t o b e j ^ n t o m ! , ( a b ' k S - l o i n ' ' ) , [absolute) + cow< ;iaivetr, go, w a l k , lomb.~\ A n a m e p r o p o s e d f o r t h e c. g. s. elect r o d d e n , < à- p r i v . T lia s t e p . ] A p l a c e t r o m a g n e t i c u n i t of e l e c t r i c a l q u a n t i t y ; 10 cousacred from lombs. Also abscoulomb. c o m m o n e n t r y ; Abdominal b r a i n , the solar plexus (which see, under plexus). — Abdominal ganglion, the semilunar ganglion a shrine. Same (which see, under ganglion). — Abdominal g e s t a t i o n , a s ad ¡ft mu. gestation occurring outside of the uterus.—Abdominal a b a t - c o n f a - b i i ' - m a t , a padded framework, with a stretcher for the feet, s o n ) , H. [ F . , < used in gymnasiums for exercising the abdominal musabattre, t h r o w cles—Abdominal p h t h i s i s , tuberculosis of the peritodown ( s e e neum, mesenteric glands, or mucous coat of the intestine. abate), + son, —Abdominal p r e g n a n c y . Same as ¿abdominal gestas o u n d . ] A d e - tío».—Abdominal s t a l k , in emlinjol., the tube of mcsoblast which envelops the stem of the 'allantóla in the Aachenian ( a - k e ' n i - a n ) , a. a n d n. [G. Aachen v i c e f o r t h r o w - young human and mammalian embryo.—Abdominal ( P . Aix-la-ChapeUe) + -in«.] In stratigraphy, i n g d o w n wv aa irnd s w e e t b r e a d , the pancreas. See sweetbread. n o t i n g f o r m a t i o n s u n d e r l y i n g the Chalk in Bels o u n d , ae t h a t abdominalianXab-dom-i-nu'li-an), a. [Abdomg i u m : n o w k n o w n ¡is+Bernissartianiwhich see). of a b e l l . inales + 4011.] P e r t a i n i n g t o o r h a v i n g t h e A . A . G. A n a b b r e v i a t i o n of Assistant AdjutantA b a t t o i r scales c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e Abdominales. scales adapted tó abdominothoracic ( a b - d o m " i - n o - t h o - r a s i k ) , tiGeneral. the rapid weigh- R e l a t i n g to b o t h t h e a b d o m e n a n d t h e t h o r a x . aal, it. S e e *al1. ing i„„ of ,,f ,dressed 1 ^ 0 , 1 abdominovesical ( a b - d o m " i - n o - v e s ' i - k a l ) , a. Aalenian ( a - l e ' n i - a n ) , a. a n d ». [G. Aalen i n meat in markets, Wiirtemberg.] I n stratigraphy, noting Eua b a t t o i r s , and R e l a t i n g t o t h e a b d o m i n a l w a l l a n d t o t h e Abdominovesical pouch, the r o p e a n s u b d i v i s i o n of t h e L o w e r O o l i t e b e d s of cold-storage ware- u r i n a r y b l a d d e r lionses. Thenieat, concave surface of the peritoneum where it is deflected the Jurassic^ from the anterior abdominal wall to the distended blada a l i i ( a / a - l e ' e ) , n. [ H a w a i i a n ; < aa ( = M a o r i suspended from hooks attached to ¡1 tr< illey traveling on a alia, e t c . ) , r o o t s , + lii (— M a o r i riki), s m a l l . ] telpherage system or overhead track, is run upon ashort der. section of track which forms the weighing-platform of the Abducens muscle, the external rectus muscle of the I n H a w a i i , a s m a l l t r e e , Dodotuea riscosa, 12 t o scales. The leveyeball.-Abducens n u c l e u s , the center in the me2o f e e t h i g h . It is one of the commonest trees of that er system may dulla oblongata from which the abducens nerve seems to region and is found oil all the islands. It also occurs in be above the take its origin. tropical America, New Zealand, and Australia, and on track, with the abduction, «• 3. Ill t h e l o g i c a l s y s t e m ot (_.. - see probably all of the volcanic island groups of Polynesia. weighing S. P e i r c e , r e a s o n i n g f r o m c o n s e q u e n t t o a n t e tion suspended It is valued for its hard-grained, dark wood. Called apiri from the levcedent ; t h e a c c e p t a n c e on p r o b a t i o n (or more in Tahiti. a b s o l u t e l v ) of a h y p o t h e s i s t o e x p l a i n o b s e r v e d ers, and the aannerodite, n. S e e *annerddite. weigliing-beam f a c t s ; t h e d e r i v i n g of a s u g g e s t i o n f r o m o b s e r aback 1 , adv. All aback [naut.), said of sails when may be below v a t i o n — F o r m a l a b d u c t i o n , a logical process which they are all flattened against the masts by the wind act- ataconvenient has the form of abduction but does not involve any posiing on them from in front. All aback forward (naut.), distance from tive assertion, and is not, therefore, like positive abducthe floor. A said of the square sails on the foremast when the wind tion, subject to error. Such is the process of adopting a coming from ahead has laid the sails against the mast.— single trolley new word and that of forming an abstraction. its load Flat aback (.naut.). said of sails when the wind is nearly with Trolley-scale. may be at a right angle to them, so that they are neither bellied Abelicea ( a b - e - l i s ' e - a ) . n. [ N L . ( R a f i n e s q u e , forward nor pressed against the mast, but just fluttering weighed, or as many a3 the weighing-section of track 1836), < G r . a-s/uicea, t h e n a m e of t h e C r e t a n or lifting. will hold may be weighed together. Another form of scale employs a trolley for weighing materials in transit, s p e c i e s . ] A g e n u s of d i c o t y l e d o n o u s p l a n t s of Abacola (a-bak'o-la), h. [NL.: origin not ob- with S e e Zelltova. a scale-beam attached directly to the trolley and t h e f a m i l y Ulmacese. v i o u s . ] T h e t y p i c a l g e n u s of t h e f a m i l y AbaAbe Lincoln bug. See *///i, trate.] In hot., not furnished with a ealyptra; sented by genera which occur in geologic for- a wedge.] A term applied by Mackintosh to mations from the Silurian to the Permian. in entom., of or belonging to the Acahjptrat.se. the spines of ICchinoidea. which are shown by acamp (a-kamp'), "dt'- [ f 3 + camp.] T o the Acanthocottus(a-kan-tho-kot'us). u. [ N L . , < transverse section to consist of a number of camp; cauip ward. J. Barlow, Columbiad, vi. Gr. anavda, spine, 4- norroc, a river-iish (the wedge-shaped portions radiatingfrom a central 637, bullhead?): see Cottus.] A genus of sea-scul- axis and separated by bands of porous tissue. a candelliere. 2. Said of a style of decoration pius. Earlier called Myoxocephalus. acanthosphere ( a - k a n ' t h o - s f é r ) , [Gr, frequently found on the majolica of Urbino, Acanthocybium (a-kan-thd-si'bi-um), r>. [ N L . , anavda, thorn, + Gfyalpa. sphere.] One of the Castel Durante, and other manufactures, con- < Gr, anavda, spine, + (?) nb,3oc, a die, a verte-peculiar spiny bodies contained in the cells of sisting of anknal grotesques arranged symmet- bra.] A genus of mackerels, family Scombridse, Nitella: the Staclielkiujeln of the Germans. rically around the border or on either side of a of the tropics, remarkable for the elongate form Acanthostigma (a-kan-tho-stig'ma), n. [ N L . central design. and serrate teeth. The peto or wahoo of the (De Notaris. 1863). named in allusion to the acanth (a-kanth'), n. [acanthus*] Same as West Indies, A, petus or J . solandri, belongs spine - like , to this genus. acanthus'^ 2. bristles of .fii^jh acanthad (a-kan'thad), n. [ N L . , (Acanthus + acanthocyst (a-kan'tho-sist), n. [Gr. anavda, the periiV. * -ad.'] A plant of the Acanthus family. thorn, 4- kvgtu:, bladder.] In the yemertini, thecium, < i M ^ l Acantharchus (ak-an-thiir'kus), n." [ N L . , < a sac or an enormous cell containing one or Gr. anavGr. anavda, a thorn, 4- (?) apxoc, rectum.] A more calcareous stylets. da, thorn, Acanthodei, n. pi. 2. Ill Agassiz's classifica- 4* (jriy/xa, tion, an order of selachians or sharks having mark, dot. the endoskeleton and parts of the skull calci- spot.] A a fied ; pterygoquadrate articulated with the genus of cranium and sometimes bearing teeth; tins, ex- pvrenomy- 'S? cept the caudal, with stout anterior spines; cetous funAcauthatigma fierpusUlH»I. and shagreen scales quadrate and compactly gi hav- a, two perithecia 'J'elow, one enlarged fabove); «amall '• tu'° sp'.>re-cascs cut longitudinally to show the a r r a n g e d . The members of this order are all fossil and inn* lUg hinail {usiform sep..aie spores. belong wholly to the Paleozoic formations. T w o families superficial are distinguished, the Acanthodidse and the Diplamn- perithecia beset with short, stiff bristles. The thidse. spores are mostly fusiform and hyaline with several septa. acanthodian (ak-an-tho' rii-au), a. and n. [Aca n - The species are mostly saprophytic. A. paraaiticvm is thodes.] I , a. Belonging to or having the said to cause a disease of the silver fir, Abies Picea, in characters of the genus Acanthodes orthe order Europe. Mud-suufish y.ííimlrmrchus pomotis). Acanthostracion ( a - k a n - t h o - s t r a ' si-on), it. (l'-rorn Bull. 47 U. S. Nat, Museum.) Acan thodei. I I . n. A fossil fish of the genus Acanthodes. [ N L . , < Gi'. ánai'da, spine, + oarpániov, dim. of genus of sunfishes of the family Centrarchidse, Acantholabrus (a-kan-thd-la'brus), v. [ X L . , oorpanov, a shell.] A generic name applied to including the mud-simfish, A. pomotis. < Gr. anavda, spine, + L . labrnm, lip (see the three-angled box-fishes with horn-like A genus of labroid fishes of the spines above the eyes. Acantharia, n. pi. 2. One of the four sub- Labrus).] orders into which Haeckel divides the Radio- north of Europe, having an increased number Acanthotelson (a-kau-tho-tel'son), v. [Gr. anavda, spine, + ré'Áaov, limit: see tehon."] A laria: characterized by having the capsule- of anal spines. The species is A. cxoletus. membrane uniformly perforated and the acanthology (ak-an-thol'o-ji). •}}. [Gr. anavda, genus of extinct amphipod Crustacea from the thorn, spine, + -/.oyia, < /.¿yeiv, speak,] The Carboniferous rocks. skeleton composed of acánthine spicules. [Gr. A c a n t h e p h y r a ( a k - a n - t h e f ' i - r a ) , n. [ N L . ] study of the structure and functions of spines, acanthozooid ( a - k a n - t h o - z o ' o i d ) , « . anavda, thorn, + zooid.~\ The narrow hookThe typical genus of the family Acanthephyri- especially of those of sea-urchins. bearing posterior end of the proscolex of cerAcanthomeridae (a-kan^tho-mer'i-de), n. pi, dse. Milne-Edwards, 1881. tain Cesto-idea, as Bipylidium caniuum. See A c a n t h e p h y r i d a e (a-kan-the-fi'ri-dé), n. pi [ N L . , < Acanthomera, a genus (< Gr. anavda, a [ N L . , < AcatUhephyra- + -idtv.] A family of ma- thorn, spine, + utpoc, apart (or fi7/po acculturized, ppr. acculturizing. [accullure + merite at any stage. T h e y are chiefly coelomic hyde.] S a m e dehyde C H 3 C H O , f o r m e d b y the oxidation of -ize.] T o make the culture of a p e o p l e similar parasites. Monocystis is an e x a m p l e . c o m m o n or ethyl alcohol. I t boils at 21° C., to that of another; to b r i n g about assimilation as Monocystid^a. a c e p h a l i n e ( a - s e f ' a - l i n ) , a. [ N L . acephalmus and has a disagreeable p e n e t r a t i n g odor. of culture. < Gr. cuii(6aAof, headless: a c e t a m i d i n e (as-et-am'i-din), The arts and industries of the partially acculturized ( n e u t . p l . Acephalina), Same as Papago Indians. Smithsonian Report, 1895, p. 44. see acephalous.] R e s e m b l i n g the Acephalina, -kacediamme. A c e t a m i n o a c e t i c acid. Same as *aceturic a c c u m b e n t , a. 3. I n entom., l y i n g closely, as or h a v i n g no epimerite, a s c e r t a i n Gregarinida. A small sporozoite penetrates into a blood corpuscle acid. the scales on a butterfly's antenna, and there grows, assuming all the characters of a small a c e t a m i n o l (as-et-am'i-nol), K. [ « c e i (ic) + a c c u m p a n i m e n t , n. A simplified spelling of acephaline nGregarine. t., Ena-ic. Brit., XXXII. 814. am{monia) + -in2 + -ol.] A trade-name f o r accompaniment. -acetaminobenzoyleugenol, NH(CoHoO)OfiT h e opinions a c c u m p a n y , v. t A simplified spelling of ac- a c e p h a l i s m ( a - s e f ' a - l i z m ) , n. and practices of the acephalists, or those who H 4 C 0 2 . C 6 H 3 ( 0 C H 3 ) C 3 H 5 . I t is a crystalline company. a c k n o w l e d g e d n o ecclesiastical superior. See substance h a v i n g antiseptic properties, a c c u m u l a t o r , fl. 3, (c) In the pressure accumulator the displacement plunger is forced into the hydraulic Acephali. a c e t a n i l i d e (as-et-an'i-lid), « . [acet-yl + anicylinder by a piston which fits a second cylinder and a c e p h a l o c y s t , n. 2. A sterile echinococcus lide.] A substance, C 6 H 5 N H . C 2 H 3 0 , f o r m e d ©n whose acting face a pressure of steam or air is mainb y heating aniline a n d glacial acetic acid f o r tained from a steam-boiler or from a compressed-air pump cyst. or reservoir of large capacity. The name accumulator a c e p h a l o p h o r o u s (a-sef-a-lof'o-rus), a. [ G r . several hours, or b y the action of a c e t y l chloiB also given to a storage battery, iu electrical engineer- a- p r i v . + Kefa'Aq, head, + -yopos, < tpepeiv, b e a r . ] r i d or acetic anhydrid on aniline. Fowrics.

achromatic

acetenyl

.Vl (a-set'e-nil), n. [ « « * ( * » + -ene + used in composition, indicating S a compound contains & e group CH:C derived from acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), as acetenylbenzene, C 6 H 5 C;CH. It has also been erroneously used to designate the group CH 2 :CH, styrene fffl OTCM having also b e e i called aeetnavm6 enylbensene. * , j D a c e t e n y l b e n z e n e . See *acetenyl. a c e t h e m i n . acethaemin (as-et-he'min), «. + ( X a h Z b l o o d ! The term applied [oce««,) + DWOIJ i m le fp to e of hemin 4 H 3 3 0 group, 4 N 4 U i GH saida preparation, to contain anC 3acetyl It 3 GO. is derived from the coloring matter of the

acetenyl -m. i A term

acetoxyl(as-e-tok'sil), n. lacet(ic)+ox(ygen) + -yl.) 1. Kolbe s name tor aceicy.i. . ^ e f o r f t e S™up CH^(OH)CO^ a s g c g o x y U glycohc acd ^ O ^ ^ S h & V S aceA name for the group tmylbutync ester CH 3 CH 2 Ctt(U 0 2 l i 3 u ; w 2 C 2 H 5 . [Commonly used as a prefix-J acetozone(a-set'o-zon), M. [acet(ic) + ozone.] A trade-name for *benzmilacetulperoxid (which A ™ a e name 101 i««^ JI flrst see). „.„,-,,,.„,> v ; n P rT a c e t r a c t (as'e-trakt), n. [L. ace(tum), vine(extract] A solid extract ot a drug gar maae ™ ^ »^ menstruum ,containing j 6 5 8 acetic

, the warm breeze grown achill I

. . . ^ w u m t a « grown ^ 30 n. All argument, otherAchll es ^ ( ^ and ^ was proposed by Zeno of Elea to prove that Suppose that Achilles runs m o t i £ n is impossible. ™ t 0 t h e tortoise, which to moving slowly in the d i r e c t i o n and is at the start some distance ahead o f A c h i U e a . The argument is that Achilles never will overtake the tortoiBe, because in order to do so he must move to the point at which the tortoise started, and when he arrives there the tortoise-will againibe a certain d i s t ^ c e a h e a d a n d the same condition of things will be Hence Achilhss will not overtake the tortoise repeIlted. until he completed or end ended The a series of advances which hashas no completion argument is absurdfromboth the logical and the mathematicalpoi,it (a.kii'ez),

Acetin b l u e See *blue usually made by percolating a drug with di- a c h i U e t i n ( a k-i-le'tin), «. [aeMU(ein) + -et a c e t i z e (as'^-tiz), v. ¿.; pret. and pp. acetized, lute acetic acid. + .¿,¡2.] A compound C n H 1 7 0 4 N , formed by nnracetilinq To undergo acetous fermenta- a c e t u r i c (as-e-tu'rik). a the action of dilute sulphuric acid on achillem. Ho^'-become sour E F Burton. Noting an acid, the acetyl derivative (C 2 H«dark-brown powder and is not bitter. J e X ' a r S Lacetoa0 . N H C H 2 C 0 2 H ) of glycocoll or glycm. I t a c h i U o d y l l i a ( a - k i l - 6 - d i n ' i - a ) , n. [AchiU(eS + -«fei.l A saW of acetoacetic acid. melts at 206° C. Also called acetylglynn and ¡»fmixo y + ^ , ^ -painj pain in heel. a c e t o a c e t i c (as*e-to-a-se'tik), a. Noting an acetaminoaceUc actd. Achirinse (ak-i-ri'ne), n, p i [NL., < Ackirus a S ^ H 3 C 0 C H 2 € 0 >,, scarcely known in the ^ t y l ^ o n a «> ( a s ' e ^ ^ ^ J ™ ] A subfamily of soles, typifiedby the + free state because of its instability, itisfound tytaeeione -r me . j i » ' " 1 1 " ™ » Achtrus. genus in the urine of persons suffering from diabetes and some- acetone. rmvtfiVI a c h l o r h y d r i a (a-klor-hi'dn-ii), n, [NL.., „ ( a .kat-i-nel'i-de), n.pi. [NL., jumper, < xoF&mv, dance.] A genus of collem\ , A f a r a i l y o f gtylomma- bolan insects of the family Fodundie. It is re, , m o r , „ t i Gasteropoda. They have a markable for the fact that certain of its species, as_4 — ^ l ^ e l l t u ^ ^ n X T ^ occrnfrequeMg^n gr^x a l l d a r a d u l a o l two types, one having the teeth in veiy Ta-kre'ma-tit[Gr. oussmall denticles (asin Achatinella, proper, Aunmlella, money: m 0 n e v , < a- priv. + XPVfia, -tv and Tornalellina), the other having the central tooth ckrematistic.1 A mineral of doubtful chara c e t o n y l a c e t o n a t e (a-set'o-nil-a-set'o-nat), ^ „ d n a i r o w , laterals bicuspid, and marginals as in m i n e s o f Guanacere, Mexrnretfmvlaeetone + -ate1.! A salt formed from Helix (Amastra and Carelia). a i u j i muiiu m „-,.„_, *„ „h acetonylaceton^ S^ee A c e t y l . achenocarp, Same as a ^ o c a r p S S J S ' S . W M . K d a c e t o p h e n i n e (as"e-to-fe'nin), [aceioplieA c h e r n i a n (a-Mr'm-an), « and «. Actooma unguium, in ^«ftoi, the presence of white n(i)l) + -ine'2.] A weak base, C 2 3 H 1 7 N, formed the name of a star, + - ! « . ] I . Noting A c m o m j i L g m u , iby the action of ammonia and phosphorus pen- s t, a rs similar to Achernar, m the spectrum ot a e ] i r o m a t ( a k'ro-mat), « . [G. achromat, < Gr. toxid on acetophenone. It crystallizes in nee- which hydrogen, helium, asterram, oxygen, aypQiui-Toi;, colorless: see achromatic.] In oodles which melt at 135° C. nitrogen, and carbon are predominant: sup- ^ & l e n g o r s y s t e m 0 f lenses corrected for a c e t o p h e n o n e (as"e-to-fe'non), [acei(ic) + posed by Lockyer to be cooling. chromatic aberration.—New achromat, an achronheii(vl) +-one.] A compound, C 6 H 6 COCH 3 , H . ». An Achernian star. m a t constructed on modern principles^(the theory being formed by the distillation of a mixture of cal- Acheson graphite, process. See *grapMte, far ad^ced beyond those wMch^ctemined the co^ eium acetate and benzoate. it melts at 20.5 and *process. ( . • • , „ Te„riilass which renders it possible to give the achroboils at 202- C. It is used as a hypnotic and m the prepa- A c h e u l i a n (ii-she'll-an), a. Of or pertaining ^ t a a X t \ e U . _ 0 1 d achromat, an achromat made of ration of a great variety of compounds. Also *ethyl