Century Dictionary 9781463211271

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THE

CENTURY DICTIONARY AN E N C Y C L O P E D I C L E X I C O N OF T H E ENGLISH L A N G U A G E 4

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

W I L L I A M D W I G H T W H I T N E Y , PH.D., LL. D. PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN Y A L E UNIVERSITY

V O L U M E VIII

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GORGIAS PRESS 2006

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the LTnited States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

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ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. a., adj abbr. abl acc accom

ablative. . . . .accommodated, accommodation. active. adverb. . . . . Anglo-French.

act. adv AF agri AL . . . . Anglo-Latin, alg algebra. Amer a n a t . . . . ' . . . . . . . .anatomy. anc antiq . . . .antiquity. aor . . . . aorist. appar apparently. Ar. arch . . . . architecture. archajol. . . . archocology. arith . . . . arithmetic. art article. AS Anglo-Saxon. astrol . . . . astrology. astron . . . .astronomy. attrib attributive. aug . . . . augmentative. Bav Bavarian. Beng biol . . . .biology. Bohem bot, botany. . . . .Brazilian. Braz Bret . . . . Breton. bryol —bryology. Bulg . . . .Bulgarian. carp Cat . . . .Catalan, Cath . . . .Catholic. caus . . . .causative. ceram ceramics. cf. . . . . L. confer, compare. ch church. Chal . . . .Chaldee. . . . .chemical, chemistry. chem Chin . . . .Chinese, chron . . . . chronology. colloq . . . .colloquial, colloquially. com . . . .commerce, commercial. . . . .composition, comcomp pound. compar . . . .comparative. conchology. conch conjunction. conj contracted, contraccontr tion. . . . .Cornish. Corn . . . . craniology. craniol craniometry. craniom. . . . crystallography. crystal . . . . Dutch. D Dan Danish. dat dative. def definite, definition. deriv derivative, derivation. dial dialect, dialectal. diff different. dim diminutive. distrib distributive. dram dramatic. dynam dynamics. E East. E English (usually meaning mod em English). eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. econ economy. e. g. L. exempli gratia, for example. Egypt Egyptian. E. Ind East Indian. elect electricity. embryol embryology. Eng T.. English.

engin en torn. Epis equiv esp Eth ethnog ethnol etym Eur. exclam f., fem F

engineering. entomology. Episcopal. equivalent. especially. Ethiopic. ethnography. ethnology. etymology. European. exclamation. feminine. French (usually meaning modern French). Flem Flemish. fort fortification. freq frequentative. Fries Friesic. fut future. G German (usuallymeaning New High German). Gaelic, Gael galv galvanism. . . . .genitive. gen geog geography. geol geology. geom geometry. Gothic (Mcesogothic). Goth Gr. . . . . Greek. gram . . . . grammar. gun gunnery. Hebrew. Heb her heraldry. . . , .herpetology. herpet Hind . . . . Hindustani hist history. horol horology. hort horticulture. Hung Hungarian. hydraulics. hydraul, .. hydros hydrostatics. ....Icelandic . (usually Icel meaning Old Icelandic, otherwise called Old Norse). .. ichthyology. ichth .. L. id est, that is. i. e . .impersonaL impers impf .. imperfect. . .imperative. impv improp . .improperly. Ind ..Indian. ind .. indicative. . .Indo-European. Indo-Eur . .indefinite. indef. inf . . .infinitive. instr . .instrumental. interj . .interjection. intr,, intrans.. . .intransitive. Ir .. Irish. irreg . .irregular, irregularly. It .. Italian. . .Japanese. Jap L .. Latin (usually meaning classical Latin). Lett .. Lettish. LG . .Low German. lichenol . .lichenology. . .literal, literally. lit .. literature. lit Lith. .. Lithuanian. .. lithography. lithog lithol . .lithology. . .Late Latin. m., masc . .masculine. ..Middle. M . .machinery. mammal .. mammalogy. . .manufacturing. manuf. math . .mathematics. MD . .Middle Dutch. ME . .Middle English (otherwise called Old English).

mech med mensur m ctal metaph m eteor Mex MGr MUG milit. mineral ML MLG. mod mycol myth n. n., neut. N N N. Amer nat naut nav NGr NHG

NL nom Norm north Norw numis O obs obstet OBulg

OCat. OD ODan odontog odontol OF OFlem OGael OHG Olr Olt OL OLG ONorth OPruss orig ornith OS OSp osteol OSw OTeut p. a pal eon part pass pathol perf. Pers pers persp Peruv petrog Pg phar Phen phiJol philos phonog

mechanics, mechanical. medicine. mensuration. m etallurgy. metaphysics. meteorology. Mexican. Middle Greek, medieval Greek. Middle High German. military. mineralogy. Middle Latin, medieval Latin. Middle Low German. modern. mycology. mythology. noun. neuter. New. North. North America. natural. nautical. navigation. New Greek, modern Greek. New High German (usually simply G., German). New Latin, modern Latin. nominative. Norman. northern. Norwegian. numismatics. Old. obsolete. obstetrics. Old Bulgarian {otherwise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). Old Catalan. Old Dutch. Old Danish. odontography. odontology. Old French. Old Flemish. Old Gaelic. Old High German. Old Irish. Old Italian. Old Latin. Old Low German. Old Northumbrian. Old Prussian. original, originally. ornithology. Old Saxon. Old Spanish. osteology. Old Swedish. .Old Teutonic. participial adjective. paleontology. participle. passive. pathology. perfect. Persian. person. perspective. Peruvian. petrography. Portuguese. pharmacy. Phenician. philology. philosophy. phonography.

photog phren phys physiol pl., plur poet. polit Pol poss pp ppr Pr

pref prep pres. prêt. priv prob pron pron prop pros Prot. pro v. psychol q. v refi reg repr rhet Rom Rom Russ S S. Amer se Sc Scand Scrip sculp Serv sing Skt Slav Sp subj superl surg surv Sw syn Syr technol teleg teratol term Tout theat theol therap toxicol tr., trans trigon. Turk typog ult v. var vet v. i v. t W. Wall Wallach W. Ind zoogeog zool zoot

photography. phrenology. physical. physiology. plural. poeticaL political. Polish. possessive. past participle. present participle. Provençal (usually meaning Old Provençal). prefix. preposition. present. preterit. privative. probably, probable. pronoun. pronounced, pronunciation. properly. proBody. Protestant. provincial. psychology. L. quod (or pi. quce) vide, which see. reflexive. regular, regularly. representing. rhetoric. Roman. Romanic, Romance (languages). Russian. South. South American. L. scilicet, understand, Bupply, Scotch. Scandinavian. Scripture. sculpture. Servian. singular. Sanskrit. Slavic, Slavonic. Spanish. subjunctive. superlative. surgery. surveying. Swedish. synonymy. Syriac. technology. telegraphy. teratology. termination. Teutonic. theatrical. theology. therapeutics. toxicology. transitive. trigonometry. Turkish. typography. ultimate, ultimately. verb. variant. veterinary. intransitive verb. transitive verb. Welsh. Walloon. Wallachian. West Indian. zoogeography. zoology. zootomy.

KEY T O a ä

as In fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale. as in far, father, guard. & as in fall, talk, naught, à as in ask, fast, ant. ä as in fare, hair, bear, e as in met, pen, bless, è as in mete, meet, meat. è as in her, fern, heard, i as in pin, it, biscuit. Ì as in pine, fight, file, o as in not, on. frog. ô as in note, poke, floor. Ö as in move, spoon, room. Ô as in nor, song, off. u as in tub, eon, blood, û as in m u t e , acute, few (also new, tube, d u t y ; see Preface, pp. is, x).

ú ü oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. aa in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, w i t h o u t absol u t e loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : $ § Q ij

as as as as

in in in in

prelate, courage, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in t h e m o u t h s of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary u t t e r a n c e actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, p u n , etc.). See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a e i o a ft fj

as in errant, republican, as in p r u d e n t , difference, as in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot, as in Persia, peninsula. as in the book, as in nature, feature.

A m a r k (w) u n d e r t h e consonants t, d, s, z indicates t h a t they in like m a n n e r are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

J 4 8 Z

as as aa aa

in in in in

nature, adventure. arduous, education. pressure. Beizure.

t h as in thin. TH as in then. Oh as in German ach, Scotch loch. A Trench nasalizing n, as in ton, en. ly (in F r e n c h words) F r e n c h liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not m a r k e d if at its regular interval of two syllables from t h e primary, o r f r o m another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > -f= Y * t

read from; i. e., derived from. read whence; 1. e., from which is derived, read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; L e., theoretically assumed, or asserted b u t unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed a f t e r a title-word indicates t h a t t h e word so m a r k e d is distinct etymologically from o t h e r •words, following or preceding it, spelled in t h e same manner and m a r k e d w i t h different numbers. T h u s :

b a c k 1 (bak), n. T h e posterior p a r t , etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. To f u r n i s h w i t h a back, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k 2 ! (bak), n. T h e earlier form of batf*. b a c k s (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in t h e credits to t h e quotations, as " N o . " for number, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, ^f for paragraph, " f o l . " for folio. T h e m e t h o d used in indicating t h e subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter P a r t and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part, book, and c h a p t e r Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or 1" Volume, part, and section or Book, chapter, and section or

xiv. iii. N

>•

iii. 10.

y

I I . 34. IV. iv. I I . iv. 12. I I . iv. 12. vii. § or % 3. I. i. § or 1" 6. . . . . I. i. § or If 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped u n d e r one head, and distinguished by t h e Rom a n n u m e r a l s I., I I . , I I I . , etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of t h e same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of t h e words in a synonym-list indicates t h a t t h e words so distinguished are discriminated in t h e text immediately following, or u n d e r t h e title referred to. The figures by which t h e synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate t h e senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. T h e title-words begin w i t h a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. "When usage differs, in t h i s m a t t e r , w i t h t h e different senses of a word, t h e abbreviations [cap.] for " c a p i t a l " and c.]for " l o w e r case " are used t o indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard t o t h e capitalizing of t h e second element in zoological and botanical t e r m s is in accordance with t h e existing usage in t h e two sciences. Thus, iri zoology, in a scientific n a m e consisting of t w o words t h e second of which is derived f r o m a proper name, only t h e first would be capitalized. But a n a m e of similar derivation in b o t a n y would h a v e t h e second element also capitalized. T h e names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., h a v e been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h t h e present usage of scientific writers.

technicality

6209

tectrices

•ma il, a vessel of peculiar shape, + xochitl, flow- tectibranchiate itek-ti-brang'ki-at), a. and n. er.] A genus of gamopetalous plants, of the [< N L . tectibranehiatus. < L . tectas, covered, + order IVignoniacae, type of the tribe Teco me ¿e. branchix, gills. Of. tectibranch. ] I . a. HavIt is characterized by usually pinnate leaves; by racemose or panieled flowers with an equallyfive-toothedcalyx and ing the gills covered; pertaining to the Tectifour perfect stamens; and by a narrow, often laterally branchiata, or having their characters. compressed capsule with a flat partition, and numerous I I . n. A gastropod belonging to the Tectiseeds each with an undivided hyaline wing. There are They have been styled by CarpenA School (of Art] as melodramatic as the French, with- about 25 species, natives of warm regions, mostly either branchiata. ter crawlers with sheltered gills. out its perfection in technicalities. north or south of the tropics, widely distributed in both Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 53. hemispheres. They are shrubby climbers or twiners, tectiform (tek'ti-form), a. [ < L . tectum, a roof, sometimes erect shrubs, or rarely arborescent. Their + forma, form.] L i k e a roof in form or use; technically (t.ek'ni-kal-i), adv. In a technical leaves arc opposite or rarely scattered, with -usually covering, or forming a cover; lid-like; specifimanner; according to the signification of terms toothed leaflets which are often covered with stellate hairs, especially underneath. Theflowersare commonly cally, in entorn., ridged in the middle and slopof art or the professions. Warton. ing down on each side: as, the tectiform elytra They orange, red, or reddish-brown, and often very showy. technicalness (tek'ni-kal-nes), n. The charare known, from their shape, as trumpct-jl-"wer(which see). of some homopterous insects. actor or state of "being technical; technicality. Two species occur within the I'nited States, of which T. 2 Secretly; Imp. Diet. roá'MíW, native from Pennsylvania to Illinois and south-tectlyt (tekt'li), adv. [< tact + -ly .] technician (tek-nish'an), n. [< technic + -ian.] ward. is commonly cultivated, often, like T. grandiflora covertly; privately. of Japan and ("'bina, under the name Bianonia. (See cut He laid verie close & tectlie a companie of his men in an A technicist. Imp. Diet. underBignoniaccte.) The South African T. Cape/mx, somefast by the castell. technicist (tek'ni-sist), n. [< technic + -isi.] what naturalized iu the West Indies, is known in cultiva- old house Staiiihurst, Ireland, an. 1581 (Ilolinshed's Chron., I.). One who is skilled in technics, or in the practi- tion by the name West Indian honeysuckle, and also, from its large orange-redflowers,asflre-JJoiccr. Several Aus- tectocephalic (tek-to-se-fal'ik or -sef'a-lik), a. cal arts. Imp. Diet. Amcr. jfat., XXII. technicon (tek'ni-kon), n. [ N L . , < Gr. Texvifivu, tralian evergreen climbers of the subgenus Pandorea are Same as scaphocephalic. cultivated for their handsome white and violet or pinknout. of rt-xfiKor, pertaining to art: see technic.] spotted flowers, as T. awtralix, known as -wonga-wonga 614. A n apparatus invented by J. Brotherhood for vine and as Churchill Island jasmine or creeper, and T. jas-tectological (tek-to-loj'i-kal), a. [< tectoiog-y Of or pertaining to tectology. the gymnastic training of the hands for organ- minoides, the bower-plant or trumpet-jasmine. T. stans, + -ic-aL] of Texas, Arizona, and southward, with nine other erect tectology ( t e k - t o l ' o - j i ) , N. [< Gr. T£KTO)V, a ists and pianists, shrubby species, is sometimes separated as a genus, Tecotechnics (tek'niks), n. [PI. of technic (see -ics).] maria. Many species with digitate leaves, formerly re- builder (sec tectonic), + -Aoyia, < ?,eyt-o>ia, < '/.¿ye/v, nous, represented by variakin to r ^ r ? , art, handicraft: see technic. Cf. speak: sec -ology.] That branch of knowledge ous species in the tropical architect, architectonic.] Of or pertaining to which deals with the various industrial arts; seas. A typical example is building or construction.-—Tectonic axes, in crysthe science or systematic knowledge of the T. pagoda, of the Pacific, tal. See axisi. industrial arts, as spinning, metal-working, or tec-tec (tek'tek), n. [ A f r i tectonics (tek-ton'iks). n. s-ing. or pi. [ P L of tecbrewing. can.] A kind of whinchat, tonic (see -ics).] Building, or any assembling Tectaria pngoda. technonomic (tek-no-nom'ik), a. [< technon- Pratíncola sybil la, of some of materials in construction, considered as an omy + -ic.] Of or pertaining to technonomy. of the islands off the eastern coast of Africa, art: sometimes restricted to the shaping and [Kare.] as Reunion. Encyc. Brit., X X . 492. ornamentation of furniture, cups, and weaptechnonomy (tek-non'o-mi), n. [< Gr. rtxyrj^ tectibranch (tek'ti-brangk). a. and n. [< L . ons, including the different processes of inlayart, + voaoc, a law.] The laws or principles of tectus, covered (see tcct), + branchiie, gills.] iug, embossing, application, casting, soldering, tectibrauchiutc. technology; the final stage of technology, when Same as etc. these laws and principles may be deduced, and tectibranchian (tek-ti-braug'ki-ai)), a. and n. tectorial ( t e k - t o ' r i - a l ) , a, [< L . tectorium, a applied to the future as well as to the present. [< tectibranch + -w^.] Same as tcctibranchiate. covering (see tectorium), + -at.] Covering, as 0. T. Mason, Smithsonian Rcp. r 1881, p. 501. Tectibranchiata (tek-U-brang-ki-a'ta), n. pi. if roofing over; forming a structure like a roof [Rare.] [ N L . : see tectibranch i ate."] A division of gas- over some tiling ; roofing; tegmiiial: as, the tectechy,tetchy(tech'i), a. [Formerlyalso teehey; tropods, usually held as an order or a suborder torial membrane of the ear (which see, under a var. of tachy, < tache$, a blemish, fault, vice, of Gastropoda, which have a single lateral gill, membrane). bad habit, + -y1: see tachy and tachcThe tectorium (tek-to'ri-um), n.: pi. tectona (-a). word has been confused with touch, for which [ N L . , < L . tectorium, a covering, cover, prop, tech is a common dial, variant, and in present neut. of tec tori us, < tegere, pp. tectus, cover: see use is now pronounced accordingly, spelled tect,] 1. A covering; a tegminal part or ortouchy, and understood as 4 sensitive to the gan; the tectorial membrane.—2. In ornith., touch, easily irritated': see touchy. Some conthe coverts of the wing or of the tail, collecsider techy itself a corruption of touchy; but tively considered. See covert, n,, G, and tecthis view is quite untenable.] Peevish; frettrices. ful ; irritable. tectrices (tek-tri'scz), n. pi. [ N L . , pi. of Uctrix, q. v . ] In orvith,, the covering feathers of I cannot come to C'resaid bat by Pandar; the wings and tail; the coverts; wing-coverts And he's as techy [var. tetchy 1 to be woo'd to woo or tail-coverts. Tectrices are divided first into upper As she is stubborn-chaste against all suit. Shak., T. and 0., i. 1. 99. and under coverts, according as they overlie or underlie Tectibranchiata. the reniiges and rectriees. The upper tectrices of the wing .Now, God is never angry without a cause; he is no i. Ple.urobritnchuspunctatus. -2.1 he shell that is concealed within are divided into primary and secondary, according as they froward God, of no tetchy and pettish nature; a cause llm nuuitlc. % A species of Bulla, with shell partly exposed. cover the primaries or the secondaries. The secondary there must be, or he would never be angry. tectrices are divided into greater, median, and lesser rows lie v. T. Adam*, Works, ITT. 266. covered by the mantle (whence the name), and or orders. See cuts under covert, and peafowl.— tecnology (tek-nol'o-ji), N, [< Gr. TIKVOV, a child, whose shell, varying in size according to the Tectrices alse, wing-coverts.—Tectrices caudaa, tail+-?.oyia, < Aiye/v, speak: see -ology.] A treatise genus, is very small and sometimes concealed. coverts.— Tectrices inferiores, under coverts, especialThe group is marine, and includes such families as Tornaon children. tellidte, Bullid&, Aplysiidfp., PI e vro branch id ¿e, and Phylli-ly of the wing, those of the tail being the crissum.—TecTecoma (te-ko'ma), n. [ N L . (Jussieu, 1789), < dtidtp. Among them are the sea-hares and bubble-shells. trices majores, the greater secondary coverts.—Tectrimediae, the median secondary coverts, also called tecAztec lecomaxoch i tl, name of Solandra guttata, Also ealled Pleurobranchiata and Monople11robrtivehiata,ces trices perversa1, from the fact that they usually ai-e imbribut at first thought to refer to Tecoma, < teco- See also cuts under Aplyda, B'tdla, and Scaphander. cated one over another in the reverse of the way in which 390 technicality (tek-ni-kal'i-ti), pi. technicalities \-tv/,). [< tech meal + -ity.~\ 1. TechnicalTie ss; tecInliciil charactor or quality.—2. That which is technical, or peculiar to any science, art, calling, sect, etc.; a technical expression or method: as, legal technicalities.

teemer

6210

tectrices the greater and lesser coverts are imbricated,—Tectrices minores, the lesser secondary coverts.—Tectrices superiores, upper coverts, especially of the wing,

Some there are that would hear often, maybe too often, tee 3 (te), r. t. [< tec3, n.] In golf-playing, to till edification turn to tedifieation. place (a ball) on the tee preparatory to striking Rev. T. Adams, Works, I I . 412. off. tedifyt (te'di-fl), v. i. [Irreg. < L . tssdium, teWhile, in starting from the hole, the ball may be teed dium, + -fieare, < faeere, make (see - f y ) . ] T o (i. e., placed where the player chooses, with a little pinch of sand under it called a tee), it must in every other case become tedious. [ A nonce-word.] be played strictly from its place as it chances to lie — in An odious, tedious, endloss inculcation of things doth sand, whin, or elsewhere—a different club being necesoften tire those with whom a soft and short reproof would sary in each particular difficulty. Encyc. Brit*, X . 765. find good impression. Such, whiles they would intend to [< ME. AS. te, < L . te, the name of edify, do in event tedify. lten. T. Adams, Works, I. 848. tee 4 (te), « .

tectricial (tek-trisli'al), a. [< tectrices + -ial.] Covering, as feathers of the wings or tail; tectorial; of the nature of, or pertaining to, the tectrices. tectrix (tek'triks), « . [NL., fem. of tector, < L. tegere, pp. tectus, cover, conceal: see iect.] A n y one feather of those composing the tectrices. teding-pennyt, n. Same as tithing-penmj. [Bare.] tediosity (te-di-os'i-ti), » . [< OF. tediosite = tecum (te'kum), v. See tucum. 1 ted (ted), )•. t.; pret. and pp. tedded, ppr. ted- It. iediositd, < M L . hdiosita(t-)s, < L L . tsediosus, ding. [Early mod. E. tedde, teedc ; prob. a dial, tedious: see tedious.'] Tediousness. [Rare.] Fie, fie! var. of tcathe, *lathe, tath (ef. sued, var. of What tediosity and disensanity sueathe, snathe, snath), < ME. *teden, *tethen, < Is here among ye! Icel. tedhja, manure, spread manure upon (cf. Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, in. 5. Icel. faiMo, hay from the home field, todhuverk, tedious (te'dyus), a. [Early mod. E. tedyouse; making hay in the home field), = Sw. dial, tiida < ME. tediose, < OF. tedious = Sp. It. tediosa, < = Xorw. tedja, manure; prob. orig. in a more L L . Imdiosus, wearisome, irksome, tedious, < L . general sense, 'scatter,' = OHG. zettan, MHG. tiedium, woarisomeness, irksomeness: see tedizetteu, G-. dial, zetten (G. freq. in comp. verzetum.'] 1. Wearisome; irksome; tiresome. teln), scatter, strew, spread: see tath. The All the day long, I'll be as tedinus to you derivation from W . teddu, spread out, tedu, As lingering fevers. stretch out (tedd, a spread, display), does not Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iv. 1. suit the sense so well, and is contradicted by My woes are tedious, though my words are brief. the early mod. E. form teede.~] T o turn over Shale., Lucrece, 1. 1309. and spread out to the air to d r y : as, to ted But> scholar, have you nothing to mix with this disnew-mown grass or hay. Tedding that with a forke in one yeare which was not gathered together with a rake in twentie. Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 228. The smell of grain, or tedded grass, or kine. Müton, P. L., ix. 450.

iseeDuteh.]

German: in occasional use to note German art, influence, etc., in relation to Italy or Italian interests.

Specifically — ( a ) A pipe-joint or branch-coupling in the shape of the letter T ; a pipe-coupling having three bells or mouths, one being at right angles with the other two. (b) A long bar with a cross-bar at the top, used to withdraw a valve from a pump : sometimes called a tee-iron. (ic) A rolled-iron beam in section like the letter T ; a T-beam.

tee® (te), n. [Also htec; < Burmese h'ti, an umbrella.] A n umbrella-shaped metallic ornament, usually gilded, and often hung with bells, which crowns a dagoba in Indo-Chinese countries. It represents the gold umbrella as an emblem of royalty. Our landscape waa all alight with fire-balls floating over the town, [audi the bursting of shells around the tinkling tee of the Golden Dagon Ipagoda], J. W. J'idmer, Up and "Down the Irrawaddi, p. 111.

tee-iron, « . See 1 '-iron. teekt, n. A n old spelling of tealc. See tit2. 2f. Annoying; disagreeable; offensive; uncon- teel-oil (tel'oil), n. See nil. teel-seed (tel'sed),)!. Sesame- or til-seed. genial. course, which now grows both tedious and tiresome ? 157. teel (tel), n. I. Walton, Complete Angler, p.

1 And the mayr and the slieriffe of the sayd cite were t e e m ( t e m ) , v. [ < M E . tcrnen, < A S . teman, tyIn fayn to arere a power to resyst the sayd riotts, which to man, p r o d u c e , < team, o f f s p r i n g : sec team. hem on that lloly tyme was tediose and lieynous, con- the sense 'abound, overflow,' the word is apsedryng the losse and lettyng of the holy service of that par. confused with i e m 3 , pour, etc.] I . trans. holy nyght. Paston Letters, I. 279.

ted 2 (ted), 11. A Scotch form of toad. tedder 1 (ted'ér), « . [< ME. t.eddere; < ted1 + -er 1 .] One who or that which teds; specifically, Perfumed with tedimis sauours of the mctalles by him Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. a an implement that spreads and turns newly [the carver] yotcn. mown grass or hay from the swath for the pur- 3. Slow; slow-going: as, a tedious course. pose of drying. See ]tay-tcdder (with cut). Except he be . . . tedious and of no despatch. tedder 2 ( t e d ' é r ) , « . and v. An obsolete or diaBacon, Advancement of Learning, i. lectal form of tether. Tlio' thou hadst on Lightning rode, tedet, teadt (ted), n. [< OF. tede = Sp. tea = Still thou tedious art and slow. Pg. teda = It. teda, < L . tíeda, teda, a piteh-pine Congreve, Semele, ii. 1. tree, also a torch made of the wood of this tree.] = S y n . 1. Tiresome, Irksome, etc. See wearisome. A torch. tediously (te'dyus-li), adv. In a tedious or irkHymen is awake, some manner; so as to weary; tiresomely. And long since ready forth his maske to move, tediousness (te'dyus-nes), n. The state or With liis bright Tead that flames with many a flake. quality of being tedious; wearisomeness; proSpenser, Epithalamion, 1. 27. lixity; tiresomeness; slowness; tedium, The tead of white and blooming thorn, tediousome (te'dyu-sum), a. [Irreg. < tedious 111 token of increase, is borne. B. Jomon, llasque of Hymen. + -some, prob. sifter the supposed analogy of t e d e s c o ( t e - d e s ' k o ) , a. [ I t . , G e r m a n :

the letter! 1 .] 1. The name of the letter T, or t. — 2 . Something having the shape of the letter T -

wearisome.] Tedious. [Scotch.] " I t was an unco pleasant show," said the good-natured Mrs. Blower, "only it was a pity it was sae tediousome." Scott, St. Ronan's Well, xxii.

tediSUCX (te'di-sum), a.

Excessively minute works in the semi-tedesco style, then diousome. [Scotch.] ill fashion. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 51, note. tedium (te'di-um),»i. A l i a tedesca, ill music, in the German style.

A corruption of te-

1. T o produce; bring forth; bear.

Mai. What's the newest grief ? . . . Ross. Each minute teems a new one. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. 176. Tak'st thou pride To imitate the fair uncertainty Of a bright day, that teems a sudden storm? Middleton (and another), Mayor of Quceuhorough, iv. 3. The earth obey'd, and straight Opening her fertile womb, teem'd at a birth Innumerous living creatures. Milton,P. L.,vii,454.

2f. T o bring; lead; take; reflexively, to betake one's self; appeal. He tcmed him to the king. Tristrem, 1. 431 (Stratmann, ed. Bradley).

I I . intrans.

1. T o b e o r b e c o m e

pregnant;

engender young; conceive; bear; produce.

If that the earth could teem with woman's tears, Each drop she falls would prove a crocodile. Shak., Othello, iv. 1. 256.

2. T o be full as if ready to bring forth; be stocked to overflowing; be prolific or abundantly fertile.

A gath'ring Storm he sccm'd, which from afar [Formerly also tiedium; Teem'd with a Deluge of destructive War. Te Deum (te de'um). [So called from the first = OF. tedie = Sp. Pg. It. tcdio, < L. tedium, M L . Congre ve, Birth of the Muse. words, " Te Deum laudaruus," 'Thee, God, we tedium-, wearisomeness, irksomeness, tediousThe Latin language teems with sounds adapted to every praise': te ( = E. thee), acc. sing, of the pers. ness, < tiedet, it wearies.] Irksomeness; wearisituation. pron. tu, thou ( = E. thou)-, deum, acc. sing, someness ; tediousness. Goldsmith, Poetry Distinguished from Other Writing. of deus, god: see deity.} 1. An ancient hymn, The tedium of fantastic idleness. 2 in the form of a psalm, sung at matins, or morn[< ME. temen (not found in Wordsworth, Excursion, v. teem t (tem), v. t. ing prayer, in the Koman Catholic and in the A S . e x c e p t as i n s u f f i x -teme, -tyme i n luf-tyme, Anglican Church, and also separately as a ser- tee 1 !, v. [ME. teen, ten (without inf. ending witlier-tyme) = O S . teman = M L G . temen, L G . vice of thanksgiving on special occasions. The tee, te) (pret. tigh, teig, teg, teh, pi. tun-en, tugen, temen, tainen, b e f i t , = D . tamen, b e c o m e l y o r Te Deum is first mentioned early in the sixth century. Its tuhen, pp. towen, togen), < AS. teoii, tion. (pret. fit (beta-men, b e s e e m , b e t e e m ) , = O H G . soman, authorship is popularly attributed to St. Ambrose and St, tedh, pi. tugon, pp. togen) = OS_. tiohan, tion, M H G . semen, G . ziemen Augustine, but it probably assumed nearly it« present G o t h , ga-timan, befit. thai = OFries. tia — M L G . tien, ten, L G . teen = form in the fourth century, during the Arian and MacedoC f . beteem.] 1 . T o b e fit f o r ; b e b e c o m i n g or nian controversies, though in substance it seems to be still OHG. ziohan, MHG. G. Ziehen = Icel. *tjiiga (in older, St. Cyprian in A. D. 252 using words closely similar pp. toginn) = Goth, tiuhan, draw, lead, = L . appropriate t o ; befit. A1 was us never brochene ring, to the seventh, eighth, and ninth verses, and several of the ducere, draw, lead: see duct, adduce, conduce, Nc elles nought from wimmen sent, latter verses ("Day by day," etc.) agreeing with part of an educe, etc. This obs. verb is represented in mod. Ne ones in her herte yment ancient Greek hymn, preserved in the Alexandrian Codex, 1 1 To make us only frendly chere, the begiuning of which is a form of the Gloria in Exeelsis. E. by the derived tow , tug, tuck ; the pp. exBut mighte temen us on here. Originally it was obviously modeled on the preface and ists unrecognized in the second element of wanChaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1744. great intercession of a primitive liturgy, probably African, ton. Hence also ult. team-, teem1.] I . trans. 2. T o think fit, [Bare.] of the type of the liturgy of St. James (see liturgy). In To draw; lead.

the Koman Catholic hour-offices the Te Deum is sung at I could teeme it to rend thee in peeces. A thousend men ne mowe hire enes of the stede teo. the closc of matins on Sundays and feast-days, but not in Giffirrd, Dialogue on Witches (1603). (Halliwell.) Early Eng. Poems (ed. Furnivall), xxi. 112. (Stratmann.) Advent nor from Septuagésima to Easter, except on feasts, t e e m 3 ( t e m ) , v. [ < M E . temen, < I c e L tsema (= and also in the ferial office from Easter to Pentecost. In I I . in trans. T o draw away; g o ; proceed. S w . tomma = D a n . tomme), e m p t y , < tomr = S w . the Anglican morning prayer, condensed from the Sarum I wyl me sum other waye, that he ne wayte after; D a n . torn: s e e toom.] I . trans. T o p o u r ; e m p matins, lauds, and prime, the Te Deum marks the close I schal tee in-to Tarce, & tary there a whyle. of matins. The Benedicite, taken from lauds, is used Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), iii. 87. t y ; toom; specifically, to pour in the casting of as its alternate, and in many churches the Te Deum is crucible steel. not sung in Advent or Lent. Also, more fully, Te Deum tee 2 (te), v. A dialectal form of tie1. Teem out the remainder of the ale into the tankard, and Laudamus. tee 3 ( t e ) , » . [Perhaps ult. < Icel. tja, point out, fill the glass with small beer. Smft. akin to AS. tiecan, point out, teach: see teach1.] T w o or three hours after, the kiln is teemed—that is, the God fought for us. . . . Do we all holy rites; 1. A mark toward which missiles, as balls, ) A delicate membranous web or thin sheet of scarcely nervous tissue found in the brain in connection with its cavities, consisting both of pia mater and of endyma, with little or no nerve-tissue intervening. — Tela aranea. Same as spidcr-iccb.—Tela cellulosa, areolar tissue.—Tela choroidea cerebelli, the membranous roof of the lower section of the fourth ventricle, continuous above with the velum medulläre posterius. Also

called tela choroidea inferior ventrieidi qnarli. — Tela chO-

roidea superior, the velum intcrposituiu, or membranous roof of the third ventricle. Also called velum Irian'

are confined to America, aud some of them are called te- gulare. guexins. The family is also named Aweividie. Also Tei- t e l s e s t h e s i a (tel-es-the'si-M).->*. [ N L . , < Gr. rf/'/c, due., Tejidse. afar, + aicth/oii', perception.] Perception at a S e e t h e q u o t a t i o n u n d e r telepathy, t e i l ( l e l ) , « . [ F o r m e r l y also teile; < O F . tei!, teill, d i s t a n c e . I'd, F . title, < L. tit ¡a, a l i n d e n . Cf. dim. teylet, telamon (tel'a-inou), -«.; pi. tot am ones (tel-am ö ' n e z ) . [< L . telamon, tela mo, < Gr. T£Aa^>v, UlletS] 1 . T h e l i n d e n or Lime-tree. b e a r e r , < r'h~jvai, b e a r . ] In arch., t h e figure of From purple violets and the teile they bring a man performing the function of a column or Their gather'd sweets, and rifle all the ppring. pilaster to support an entablature, in the same Addison, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, iv. •¿'¿'•I.

m a n n e r as a caryatid. T h e y were called ato r shoulder-tippet, (b) A l i t t l e m e m - 2. T h e t e r e b i n t h . lant.es b y t h e G r e e k s . S e e a flat it es. As ateil tree [terebinth, R. V.], and as an oak. Isa. vi. 13. t e l a n g i e c t a s i a ( t e - l a n ' j i - e k - t ä ' s i - ä ) , n. t [ N L . , b r a n e covering the metathoracic spiracle of d i p t e r ou s i 11 s e c t s : a l s o c aile d sq uam a, p reh a Iter, t e i n d (tend), n. [< l e d . tiund, a tenth, a t i t h e : a l s o telangiectasis, < Gr. rt'/.og, t h e end, 4- ay^eiov, s e e tenth, tithe.'] I n S c o t l a n d , a t i t h e , it is paid v e s s e l , + curatja;, e x t e n s i o n . ] I n med., a dilaand covering-scale. t e g u l a r ( t e g ' u - l a r ) , a. [ = F . tégulaire, < L. from the produce of land or cattle only. After the Refor- tation of t h e small vessels, mation the whole teinds of Scotland were transferred to t e l a n g i e c t a s i s ( t c - l a n - j i - e k ' t ä - s i s ) , n. [NL.: le g nia, a t i l e : s e e tegula, tile.] 1 . O f o r perthe crown, or to private individuals called titulars, to taining to a t i l e ; resembliug a t i l e ; consist- whom they had been granted by the crown, or to feuars s e e telangiectasia.'} Same as telangiectasia. i n g of t i l e s . — 2 . I n entom., c o v e r i n g , a s a «(de- or renters from the church, or to the original founding t e l a n g i e c t a s y (te-lan-ji-ek'tji-si), n. [< N L . terite, the base of an insect's wing; of or per- patrons, or to colleges or pious institutions. By a suc- langiectasia.] S a m e as telangiectasia. cession of decrees and enactments these tithes were gen- t e l a n g i e c t a t i c (te-lan^ji-ek-tat'ik), a. P e r t a i n taining t o a tegula. erally rendered redeemable at a fixed valuation, but the ing to or exhibiting telangiectasia, clergy have now no right to the teinds beyond a suitable t e g u l a r l y (teg'u-lar-li), adv. I n the m a n n e r of provision, called a stipend; so that teinds may now be de- t e l a p o i n t , •«-. A n obsolete form of talapoin. Diet. tiles on a roof, scribed as that part of the estates of the laity which is imp. t e g u l a t e d (teg'û-lâ-ted), a. [< L . tegulaf a tile, liable to be assessed for the stipend of the clergy of the + -atei + .¿(fi.J Composed of plates or scales established church. telar 1 ( t e ' l ä r ) , a. [< tela + - w 3 . ] Having the At every seven years overlapping like t i l e s : used specifically of a character of a tela, web, or tissue j tei a r y : as, They pay the teind- to hell; t y p e of a r m o r — T e g u l a t e d armor, armor made of t h e telar m e m b r a n e s of t h e b r a i n . S e e tela. And I am sae fat and fair of flesh, overlapping plates sewed to a foundation of textile fabric t e l a r 2 f , n. All obsolete form of tiller2. Arch. I fear 'twill be mysell. scapula,

or leather. During the years immediately preceding the perfected armor of plate this was the armor adopted as the best by those who could aiford the expense. tegumen (teg'ù-mcii), n.\ pi. tegumina (te-gii'mi-na). [ N L . : see tegmen.] S a m e a s tegmen.

t e g u m e n t (teg'u-uient), n.

[ M E . tegument,


. P g . tegumento, < L . tegumentum, teg ¿men turn, tegmentum, < tegere = G r . arh^iv, c o v e r , c o n c e a l : s e e tect. Cf.

X I X . 71. The Young Tamlane (Child's Ballads, I. 120). Jour.. Court Of Teinds (in full, Court- of Lords Commissioners t e l a r i a n (te-la'ri-an), a. and n. [< telary + -an.] for Teindu), a court in Scotland consisting of five judges of the Court of Session (four lords of the inner house and I . a. S p i n n i n g a w e b , as a spider. S e e retiteorbitelarian. the lord ordinary on teinds), who sit as a parliamentary larian, tubitelarian, commission, with jurisdiction extending to all matters reI I . n. A spinning spider, specting valuations and sales of teinds, augmentations of telarlyt (te'lär-li), adv. [< telar (cf. telary) + stipends, tlie disjunction or annexation of parishes, etc.— -7//2.] In t h e m a n n e r of or so as to make a web Decree of valuation of teinds. See decree. or t e l a : a s , 4 ' tetarly i n t e r w o v e n , " Sir T. Browne. t e i n d - m a s t e r ( t e n d ' m a s t e r ) , n. In Scotland, telary (tel'a-ri), a. [< ML.*telarius, < L . tela, a one "who is entitled to teinds. w e b : s e e tela.] 1 . Of or p e r t a i n i n g to a w e b , teinet, n. See tain. tissue, or t e l a ; w o v e n ; s p u n . — 2 f . Spinning a

integument.'} A c o v e r ; an e n v e l o p ; a natural covering or protection of t h e body or a part of i t ; a tegmen or tegmentum. t e i n - l a n d ( t e n ' l a n d ) , n. Thane-land. S e c thane. web, as a spider; telarian. t e i n o s c o p e (ti'no-skop), n. [< Gr. Tslvsiv (see Over ther thai stonde The picture of telary spiders, and their position in the ten (ft), stretch, extend, + oko-xuv, view.] An web, is commonly made lateral, and regarding the horizon. A tegument of broni or such extende Hem fro tempest and coldes to defende. optical instrument invented b y Sir David Sir T. tirovme, Vulg. ETT. , v. 19. (liichardson.) J'alladius> Husbondric (E. E. T. S.), p. 218. Brewster, consisting of two prisms so comt e l a u t o g r a p h (te-lä'tö-gräf), u. [< Gr. rrfi,e, Specifically—(a) Inzool. andfirmi.,skin ; the general cover- bined as to correct, the chromatic aberration, a f a r , + avrog, self, + ygdeiv, w r i t e . ] T h e n a m e ing of the body ; the integument, (b) In enUrm. : (1) A teg- while the dimensions of o b j e c t s seen through men ; the wing-cover or elytrum of orthopterous insects: them are increased or decreased in the plane given b y E l i s h a Gray to Iiis form of writing- or c o p y i n g t e l e g r aph. This telegraph can be used to an erroneous use, apparently by confusion with tegmen, 5. l'roperly, the crust, or chit in ou s integument, of the of refraction. Amici'sprisin-tcleseopeconsists of two reproduce in facsimile either the handwriting of the body, as distinguished from the hairs, scales, etc., which such teinoscopes arranged consecutively, with their planes person sending the message, or any picture or drawing of refraction perpendicular to each other. may grow upon it. which can be made with a pen. The transmit ting-pen is

telautograph connected l)y cords to mechanism by means of which the motions of the pen cause a pulsatory current to pass into two telegraph-line wires. These pulsatory currents produce rapid pulsatory motion of the arm attires of a system of electromagnets, by means of which the receiving-pen is caused to follow the mo( ions of the transmitter. Another electromagnetic arrangement lifts the receiving-pen off the paper at the end of each word or line, and still another serves to move the paper forward for the next line. teldH ( t e l d ) , v. [ M E . teld, < A S . told, qe-leld M D . ¿el.de = (}. selt = I c e l . tjaJd = S W . idlt = D a n . frit, a t e n t . H e n c e tilt2.] A tout. teldH ( t e l d ) , r. t. [ < M E . teldeu; < teld\ •«.] 1. T o s e t u p ( a t e n t ) ; p i t c h ; in g e n e r a l , t o set lip. Theiine thay teldet, taldez [on] trcstcs aloftc. Sir Gmvayne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1648. 2 . To lodge in a tent. Vn-to me tolde god on a tydc, "VVher I was telde vnder a tree, He saide my sectle shulde multyplye. York Plays, p. 56.

teld 2 t.

A n obsolete preterit and past participle o f ft 111. ( t e ' l e - a ) , )). [ N L . (TTubner, 1816).] A g e n u s ot bonibyoid moths, erected for the polyp h e m u s s i l k w o r m - m o t h , 1\ poh/phennis, a large and handsome A m e r i c a n species, which produces a coarse and durable silk. See pohjpheIllltS, f).

Telea

teleanemographCtel^e-ii-nern'o-gTaf),«. [< Gr.

rvy/.c, a f a r , f a r , f a r o f f , f a r a w a y , + E . anenwgraph.] A n a n e m o g r a p h that r e c o r d s a t a dist a n c e b y m e a n s of e l e c t r i c i t y , telebarograph ( t e l - e - b a r ' o - g r a f ) , II. [< O r . rii?.F, a f a r , + E . barograph.] A barograph that records at a distance by m e a n s of electricity, telebarometer ( t e F f - b a - r o m ' e - t e r ) , [< G r . rijAr, a f a r , + E . barometer.'] A barometer that registers its indications at a distance by means of electric registering apparatus, teledu ( t - c r o - d o ) , v . T h e s t i n k i n g b a d g e r o f J a v a a n d S u m a t r a , Mt/dans mcliccpa.

Teledu {Myd'ii'S niclueps).

telega

( t e - l a ' g a ) , n. [ R u s s . telicga, a cart or wagon.] A cart or sort of box, about six feet

East Siberian Telega. long, unprovided with springs, and set upon the wheels: a Kussiau vehicle. Small nnpaintcd one-horse telegas, which look like longitudinal halves of barrels mounted on four wheel?. The Century, X X X V I . 11.

telegram

( t e l ' e - g v a m ) , w. [ = F . telegram me = S p . telegram a = P g . I t . telegram ma = D . telegram = G . telegram in = S w . D a n . telegram = K u s s . telegram ma = N G r . rrf/.kypaupa (all after E . ) ; < G r . rfj/e, a f a r , + ypduua, a writing. The correct form would be *(elegrapheme, from a Gr. t y p e r e f l e c t e d i n t h e N G r . - r / / 1 } paw/yci, a t e l e g r a m , < Tif/fypatiriv, t e l e g r a p h , < G r . afar, 4- ypatyav, write.] A communication sent by t e l e g r a p i i ; a t e l e g r a p h i c m e s s a g e or d e s p a t c h . A New Word.—A friend desires us to give notice that he will ask leave, at some convenient time, to introduce a new word into the vocabulary. T h e object of this proposed innovation is to avoid the necessity, now existing, of using two words for which there is very frequent occasion, where one will answer. I t is Telegram, instead of Telegraphic Despatch, or Telegraphic Communication. . . . Telegraph means to write from a distance - Telegram, the writing itself, cxccuted from a distance. Monogram, Logogram, etc., arc words formed upon the same analogy and in good acceptation. Albany Evening Journal, April 6,1852.

I sent a telegram (oh that I should live to see such a word introduced into the English language!). Bulu-er, W h a t will he Do with it? (1858), xii. 11. To Milk a telegram, to make use surreptitiously of a telegram designed for another. See milk, v, t, f>. ["Slang, 1 telegrammic ( t e l - e - g r a m ' i k ) , a. [< telegram + -4c.] Of or p e r t a i n i n g to a t e l e g r a m ; h a v i n g

6213 the characteristics of a telegram: hence, brief; concise; succinct. [Kecont.] Imp. Diet.

telegraph (tel'e-gra-f), n. [ = F. f/degrapite = $p.

lelr-grafo — P g . telegrapho — I t . telegrafo = I). telegraaf = G . telegraph= Sw. Dan. telegraf = K u s s . telcgrafti = N G r . TrfAt-ypayoc; ( a l l a f t e r E . ) , < G r . rf//,F, a f a r , 4- ypdtpctv, w r i t e . ] 1. An apparatus for transmitting intelligible mess a g e s t o a d i s t a n c e . I n this general souse it includes t h e original semaphore-telegraphs; mechanical telegraphs for sending messages short distances, as from the pilot-house to the engine-room of a s t e a m e r ; pneumatic telegraphs, iu which compressed air in a, tube serves to transmit a message; hydraulic telegraphs, in which a column of water takes t h e place of the air in the t u b e ; flashing lights, as from a heliotrope, and any appliance for signaling, as flags or lanterns. Nearly all of these appliances are recognized as signaling apparatus, and are now so called. (See signal and annunciator.) In its later and more restricted sense, the name is applied to some form of apparatus employing electricity and transmitting more than mere calls or'signals. Telegraphs may be divided into two classes : tlic electromechanical telegraphs, or those in which the messages are received by means of some meelianicaldevice operated by electricity; and the electrochemical telegraphs, in which the message is received and recorded by means of some chemical effect produced by electricity, the messages in both systems being sent or transmitted by some mechanical menus. The electromechanical telegraphs may be again divided into two classes: those in which t h e message is received or read by sight (including those iu which it is pr inted or recorded), and those in which it is read by sound. TilQ electromechanical telegraphs are in some instances actuated by means of an electromagnet, and for this reason they are called electromagnetic telegraphs. This name has sometimes been given to all electrodynamie telegraphs, but it. appears properly to belong to the electromechanical telegraphs which employ electromagnet ism, and particularly to the Morse system. There is also an electromechanical telegraph actuated by magneto-electricity, and called the m a git cto-alectric telegraph. The telegraph consists essentially of (1) a lintuire, or main conductor; (2) a battery, or other sourcc of electricity; (S) a transmitting i n^t runicitt, or device for connecting or disconnecting the line-wire with the battery, or for changing t h e polarity of the current sent over the linewire ; and (4) a receiver, or indicating or recording apjjaratus. T h e line-wire is, for land lines, most commonly of iron, but sometimes of steel covered with a copper tube, and frequently also (especially on the rapid circuits in England) of hard drawn copper and, for tlic local connections with the battery or instruments, of copper. The sourcc of clcctricity may be a battery or a dynamo. The transmitter or receiver may vary greatly according to the system in which it is used. In the electromechanical systems in which the message is read by sight, two different receivers are employed. The first of these, the needle-telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone of England, has a linewire, a battery, and a simple device for reversing the current by t h e movement of a handle. The receiver is a needle supported on a horizontal bar, free to turn to the right or left, and provided with an index needle, placed in front of a dial, to show t h e deflections. The needle is within a coil of wire through which t h e current from the line passes, the whole forming an electric multiplier or galvanoscope. The message is indicated by an alphabet of motions, deflections to one side being read as the dots and to the other as the dashes of t h e Morse alphabet. This system is still used on some unimportant circuits and on some of t h e railway lines in England. I t is largely in use for long submarine cables, Thomson's mirrorgal van oscope being used. This receiver consists Essentially of a galvanometer, the needle of which carries a small mirror that reflects a beam of light from a lamp upon a screen. The minute movements of the needle are thus rendered visible on a large scale, and t h e vibrations of the spot of light serve to spell the message. The second sight-reading system is the dial-telegraph; it employs a dial and index or pointer for a receiver. The letters are placed round the edge of the dial, and the index travels round the dial from letter to letter till t h e right one is reached, when a slight pause indicates that the letter was signaled from the transmitting end of t h e line. This system is used for private lines and for local circuits where speed of transmission is notimportant. The Morse system employs a line-wire, battery, and circuit-breaker or Morse key as a transmitter, and now very commonly usesasowntfer as a receiving instrument, t h e slight clicking sound of the instrument clearly indicating the letters of the alphabet. This system has developed from the recording telegraph which was invented by Morse of New York, and was first tried on a commercial scale between Baltimore and Washington in 1844. (Sec Morse telegraph, below.) The electromechanical systems in which the message is automatically recorded as it is received include the Morse system using the Morse receiver, the chcmical telegraphs, the printing telegraphic systems, t h e stock-reporting telegraphs. the syphon recorder, and the writing-telegraphs. A number of telegraphic-prin.ting systems have been invented, t h e o b j c c t being to p r i n t ' t h e message directly on paper as fast as received. Of these, the systems of [louse and Hughes were successfully worked in the bnitcd States, and a modification of Hughes's apparatus, the electromotor printing-telegraph of Phelps, is still used by the Western Union Company. Hughes's apparatus is still used in Europe, especially in France. Several simpler forms of type printing-telegraphs are used as stock-printcrs and privateline telegraphs. The telegraph of Cowpcr, and the telautograph (which see) of Elisha. Gray are examples of facsimile- or writing-telegraphs. I n the former system two wires are used, and the message is transmitted by varying the intensity of the currents in the double line. The transmitter consists of a pencil connected by means of light rods with metal plates joined together through resistancecoils. The message is written on a band of paper passing under the pencil, and every movement of the pencil causes one or both of the rods to move over the plate3, and change the resistance in the circuits. The receiver consists of a pen held upright, and joined by means of threads to t h e armatures of two magnets placed so that variations of t h e

telegraph currents through the two circuits give motions in two rectangular directions to the pen. The pen thus gives a trace in one direction or the other, or in a curve that is the resultant of both movements, and this trace is a literal copy of the message written by the transmitting pencil. The electrochemical systems of telegraphy all give a record of the message, and the transmitting device, whether a M orse key or some automatic mechanism, breaks or doses the circuit and thus cither spells t h e message in t h e Morse alphabet, or copies it from writing or a drawing properly arranged at the transmitting end. The receiving apparatus in all these systems depends on the fact that if a current of electricity is made to pass through a piece of paper moistened in ccrtain chemicals, a discoloration of the paper appears wherever t h e current passes. The first practical system is that of Bain of Edinburgh, which was used for s o m e t i m e both in England and in America. Several forms of copying telegraphs exist, but are little used. I t was early recognizcd in the history of telegiapliy that tlic cost of sending messages could be reduced if more than one message could be sent over a line-wire at one time, or if the speed of transmission could be made very great. Of the many systems designed to accomplish this, five arc in actual use. and two have been adopted throughout the United States and more or less in other countries. These systems arc the duplex of Stearns, 1872 ; the quadrvplex of Edison, 1874 (see duplex telegraph, below); the harmonic of Gray, 1874; the rapid system-, 1880; and the synchronous system-, 1884. The harmonic system depends on the property possessed by sonorous bodies of responding to vibrations corresponding to their own pitch or rate of vibrations. A vibrating reed is used to transmit over (lie line a series of electrical impulses exactly corresponding to its rate of vibrations. At the receiving end of the linu is another reed that vibrates at the same rate as long as connected with the line, giving to the ear of the operator an apparently continuous note. Uy means of a Morse key this continuous tone in both reeds m a y b e broken up into the letters of a message. Besides Ibis, if two or more reeds are placed at t h e sending end of t h e line, and an equal number having the same pitches at t h e receiving end of the line, all may transmit their rate of vibration to the current, and each receiving reed will select its own note and no other. 15y the use of a Morse key to each pair, it thus bccomcs possible to transmit as many messages as there arc pairs of reeds over the same wire at the same time. The so-called rapid system of telegraphy is an electrochemical system, with automatic transmitting and receiving instruments. The message is first prepared by punching a series of holes in a strip of paper, each perforation or group of perforations representing a letter. This strip of paper is then made to pass rapidly under metal points connected with the line. At each perforation, one of the points passes through the paper and closes the circuit through the line-wire. At the receiving end, each closing of the circuit, makes a stain on a band of prepared paper drawn rapidly under a stylus in connection with the line. "Roth the transmission and the rewording of the message are automatic, and a laige number of messages can be sent over one wire in a short time. The synchronous system is wholly electromechanical, and is based on the phonic wheel of LaCour. This invention employs a wheel divided radially into a number of sections, every alternate section being connected wiih the battery, and the alternating sections being connected by wire to the earth. A trailing needle connected with the line-wire rests on the upper side of the wheel, and as the wheel revolves it touches every section in turn, connecting t h e line with the battery at one section and being cut out at the next. Two wheels are used, one at each end of t h e line, and as each needle on the two wheels touches t-h« same scction the circuit is closed through the line, and then broken as the needles touch the next sections. In the synchronous system branch wires extend from each wheel, every branch being connected with a number of sections, and, as the wheels turn, these branches are connected with the line a number of times i n a s e c o n d , o r often enough to be practically always joined to the line, and thus messages may be sent by t h e Morse or other system. Upward of seventy branch wires may be connected with each end of a line-wire, every pair having the line to itself in succession, and yet with sufficient rapidity to be, as far as sight or sound is concerned, wholly independent of all others. The phonic wheel is in this system made useful on a commercial scale in telegraphy.

2 . A telegraphic m e s s a g e or d e s p a t c h ; a telegram. TroUope. [11 a r c . ] — A c o u s t i c t e l e g r a p h .

See acoustic.—Autographic telegraph. See autograph-

ic.— Automatic signal telegraph, a system used for transmitting fire-alarms, in which the number of t h e box from which the alarm is sent is automatically struck or r e g i s t e r e d . — A u t o m a t i c telegraph, a system in which the signals are transmitted automatically, generally by the use of bands of paper perforated with boles which in form and arrangement represent the message to be sent. The paper moves rapidly between two parts or poles of the circuit, which is complete during the passage of a perforation, but broken at other times. The perforated slips may be quickly prepared and by persons not skilled in telegraphy, so that economy as well as great rapidity is secured by their use.—Automatic typewriter telegraph, a telegraphic system in which the transmitter consists of a keyboard similar to that of a type-writer, and which prints the message at the receiv-

ing end.—Chemical telegraph. Sec def. i.—Copying t e l e g r a p h . Same as autographic, telegraph.—Dial-telegraph. See def. 1.—Duplex telegraph, a telegraphic

system arranged for double transmission, or the sending of two messages at the same time over one line, in opposite directions. Several methods for accomplishing this have been devised, one of the most successful being the differential system, in which the electromagnet at each end is so wound that if the key at the distant station is not closed, the current divides equally, one half going to earth and the other half to the distant point, while the instrument at hand is not affected. In this way each receiving instrument is active only when the distant operator closes his key. Each operator has thus control of the receiving instrument of the other, and double transmission without interference becomes possible. In the quadruples telegraph four messages are transmitted on one line at the same time. Various systems of multiplex telegraphy have

telegraph

6214

been devised, by means of which many messages may he is s h o w n a t d. T h e e l e c t r o m o t o r is s h o w n a t c, a n d a n e l e c t r o m a g transmitted over one line at the same time. Among these cnleotsi ec r kd,e ya, nadc tuusaetde dto bsye ntdh eo uct u trhr ee nltisn ew- ci nu cr rhe nptas s, sis t shhr oo wu gnh a tt ha.e ciinr c ul liiteis the harmonic telegraph. (See def. 1.) Other systems of r e c e i v i n g a p p a r a t u s h is t h e p a p e r - d r u m w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e roll o f multiplex telegraphy depend on the synchronous move- p a p e r m mi w h i c h t h e m e s s a g e is p r i n t e d n s i t is d r a w n p a s t t h e t y p e ment of parts, such as revolving disks, by means of which w h e e l a t J , T h e m c t o r is s h o w n a t t, a n d is s i m i l a r t o t h a t s h o w n a t c. local circuits at the extremities of the main line are regularly and rapidly placed in connection with each other in ordinary Roman characters by the receiving instruthrough the main conducting wive.—Electric telegraph., ment.— Recording t e l e g r a p h , a telegraph provided with the instrument, apparatus, device, or process by means of an apparatus which makes a record of the message transwhich electricity is utilized for the rapid transmission of mitted.— S o l a r t e l e g r a p h , a telegraph in which the rays intelligence between distant points. All varieties of elec- of the sun are projected from and upon mirrors; a heliotric telegraph have in common one or more conducting stat. The duration of the rays makes the alphabet^ after wires joining the points between which transmission takes the manner of the dot-and-dash telegraphic alphabet.— place. At one end is a sending instrument, or transmitter, S u b m a r i n e t e l e g r a p h . See submarine cable, under caand at the other a receiving instrument. By the sending lie.— S u b m a r i n e T e l e g r a p h Act, a British statute of instrument electric impulses are transmitted through the 1885 (48 and 49 Vict., c. 49) confirming the Convention of line to the receiver, where they produce visible or audible the Powers for the protection of telegraph-cables.—Telesignals capable of translation into words and sentences. g r a p h Act, a British statute of 1S68 (31 and 82 Vict., c. Batteries, dynamos, or any other convenient source may 110) which authorized the purchase and operation of telesupply the electricity. The conducting wire may be sup- graph lines by the fost-ofiice. Other British statutes reguported in the air upon insulators attached to poles, or it may lating the construction and maintenance of telegraphs are be buried underground or snnk under water (being first cov- also known by this title. ered with some good insulating material). Many different [ = F . telegraphier = systems of telegraph have been devised, depending on dif- t e l e g r a p h ( t e l ' e - g r a f ) , v. ferent methods of transmitting and receiving the electric S p . telegrafiar = P g . telegraphiar = It. telegraimpulses. The latter may be of the simplest kind, and so Jiare ( N G r . rrf/zypa^iiav o r rrf/.eypatfiuv), telerelated to each other in time and character as to produce signals which conform to the requirements of a conven- g r a p h : s e e t h e n o u n . ] I . trans. T o t r a n s m i t tional alphabet, as in the Horse system of telegraphy; or o r c o n v e y , a s a c o m m u n i c a t i o n , s p e e c h , i n t e l l i they may be made to operate a mechanism at the receiv- g e n c e , o r o r d e r , b y a s e m a p h o r e o r t e l e g r a p h , ing end so as to write or print the message. See def. 1. e s p e c i a l l y b y t h e e l e c t r i c t e l e g r a p h . — F a c s i m i l e t e l e g r a p h . Same ¡is md>¡graphic telegraph. - F i r e - a l a r m t e l e g r a p h . See fire-alarm.—Harmonic A little before sunset, however, Blackwood, in theF.uryt e l e g r a p h . See def. 1.— M a g n e t i c t e l e g r a p h , the elec- alus, telegraphed that they appeared determined to go to Southey, Nelson, II. 24-0. tric telegraph.—Mechanical t e l e g r a p h . Sec mechani- the westward. cal, and def. l. — Morse t e l e g r a p h , a telegraphic sys" M a k e Buell, Grant, and Pope Major-generals of voltem consisting essentially of a transmitting key oper- unteers" he [Halleck] telegraphed the day after the surated by the hand, together with an electromagnetic re- render. Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, V. 199. ceiver or register which records the signals in the form of dots and dashes, The registering apparatus is usually II. intrans. 1 . T o s e n d a m e s s a g e "by t e l e dispensed wiLb and the signals read " b y sound," the re- g r a p h . — 2 . T o s i g n a l ; c o m m u n i c a t e b y s i g n s . ceiving magnet with its armature being known as a sounder. I now observed that Bellaal was standing very near me. The currents from the line are passed through the magnet a (sec cut) and cause it to attract its armature b, which . . . The fellow had his gun in his band, and he was telegraphing by looks with those who were standing near him. Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, xvi. I didn't see — I didn't understand. Besides, I hate smirking and telegraphing. Also I'm very shy — you won't have forgotten that. Now we can communicate comfortably. The Century, X X X V I . 128. t e l e g r a p h - b o a r d ( t e l ' f - g r a f - b o r d ) , n. A b o a r d on w h i c h a r e h o i s t e d o r o t h e r w i s e m a r k e d t h e n u m b e r s o f h o r s e s a b o u t t o r u n i n a r a c e , tog e t h e r with t h e n a m e s of t h e i r j o c k e y s . When the race is all over we may look at the telegraphboard in vain to find her officially-printed number. Daily Ciirirnicle, Sept. 14,1885. (Encyc. Diet.) Morde T e l e g r a p h S o u n d e r . t e l e g r a p h - c a b l e ( t e l ' e - g v a f - k f i / b l ) , n. A c a b l e brings the stop c against the anvil (i, giving out a clear c o n t a i n i n g w i r e s u s e d f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g t e l e click for eaclt current sent. The audible signals consist g r a p h i c m e s s a g e s . In the accompanying cuts a repof short anil long intervals of contact, corresponding to resents a single-conductor cable, sheathed with iron or dots and dashes, and are interpreted by means of the Morse alphabet (which see, under alphabet). When the line is more than a mile or two in length, the signals are usually received first on a relay, which is similar in form to a sounder, but so constructed that its armature responds to feeble currents. The end of this armature acts as a key in a local circuit which operates the sounder or register.—Needle-telegraph. See def. 3.—OctOp l e x t e l e g r a p h , a telegraph by which eight messages can be sent at the same time over a single wire.—Optic a l t e l e g r a p h . (a) A semaphore. (b) An electric telegraph o f the needle or pointer class.—Phonoplex t e l e Telegraph-cables, graph, a telegraph in which multiplex telegraphy is secured by combining telephonic communication with an wires, such as is UBed for submarine work (the ordinary telegraph system.—Pneumatic telegraph, (a) steel is shown at d, and is usually surrounded by a A form of telegraph, formerly in use, in which messages conductor or india-rubber tube for insulation) ; b shows were transmitted by the agency of a column of water un- gutta-percha the end of a multiple-wire cable suitable for aerial susder pneumatic pressure. (&) A system of transmission for pension; while c is a similar multiple cable inclosed in a signals in which a bell is sounded and a pointer caused to metal tube, usually of lead, suitable for underground work. indicate a message by the compression of air in a reservoir at one end of a long tube, the compression being t e l e g r a p h - c a r r i a g e ( t e r ë - g r à f - k a r ^ â j ) , v . A transmitted to the opposite end of the tube. This system v c h i c l e c a r r y i n g t h e a p p a r a t u s n e c e s s a r y f o r is used in hotels, manufactories, etc., and to transmit e s t a b l i s h i n g t e m p o r a r y c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h a steering anil steaming directions on shipboard.—PolyKnight. g r a m m a t i c t e l e g r a p h . See polygram m atic.—Printing- p e r m a n e n t t e l e g r a p h - l i n e . E. H. t e l e g r a p h , a telegraph in which the message is printed t e l e g r a p h - c l o c k ( t e l ' e - g r a f - k l o k ) , n. A clock whose r a t e controls t h a t of others, or is itself controlled, b y electric impulses transmitted through telegraph-wires, telegraph-dial (terë-gràf-dî//al), A dial b e a r i n g t h e l e t t e r s o f t h e a l p h a b e t , figures, e t c . , a r r a n g e d in a c i r c l e , w i t h a p o i n t e r a c t u a t e d by electro magnetism. t e l e g r a p h e r ( t e l ' ë - g r a f - è r or t ë - l e g ' r a - f è r ) , n. One who is skilled in telegraphy ; one whose o c c u p a t i o n is t h e s e n d i n g of t e l e g r a p h i c m e s sages, especially by the electric telegraph; a t e l e g r a p h - o p e r a t o r — T e l e g r a p h e r s ' c r a m p or p a l sy, an occupation neurosis of telegraphers, similar to writers' cramp. t e l e g r a p h i c (tel-ê-graf'ik), «. [ = F. télégraphique = S p . telègrâfic-o = P g . telegraphico = Phelps's Electromotor Printing-telegraph. I t . telegrafico; a s telegraph + -ic.~] 1 . Of o r T h e t r a n s m i t t i n g a p p a r a t u s is s h o w n o n t h e l e f t - h a u d s i d e a n d t h e p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e t e l e g r a p h ; m a d e b y a t e l e r e c e i v i n g a p p a r a t u s o n t h e ri^flit — t h e t w o b e i n g s e p a r a t e d b y a g l a s s g r a p h ; used i n t e l e g r a p h i n g : as, telegraphic partition/«. In the a p p a r a t u s here shown the receiving a n d transmitting parts arc separate, and are driven by independent motors. A s i g n a l s ; telegraphic a r t . — 2. C o m m u n i c a t e d o r c o m b i n e d a p p a r a t u s is a l s o m a d e , in w h i c h b o t h s e t s o f m e c h a n i s m a r e d r i v e n b y o n e m o t o r ; in o t h e r r e s p e c t s t h e m e c h a n i s m i s p r a c t i t r a n s m i t t e d b y a t e l e g r a p h : a s , telegraphic incally the same. T h e m e s s a g e is t r a n s m i t t e d b y m a n i p u l a t i n g a s e t telligence. o f k e y s s h o w n a t b. T h e s e k e y s m o v e a s e t o f v e r t i c a l r o d s a r r a n g e d in a c i r c l e w i t h i n t h e c y l i n d e r e. T h e t o p s o f t h e s e r o d s c a r r y a s e t o f t e l e g r a p h i c a l ( t e l - e - g r a f i - k a l ) , a. [< télés e c t o r s a r r a n g e d to f o r m a d i s k r o u n d t h e r e v o l v i n g s h a f t of t h e s e n d graphie + -«?.] S a m e as telegraphic. i n g m e c h a n i s m . T h e p a r t o f a n y r e v o l u t i o n a t w h i c h a c u r r c n t is s e n t to l i n e d e p e n d s o n t h e k e y p r e s s e d , a n i l , a s t h e r e c e i v i n g m e c h a n i s m is t e l e g r a p h i c a l l y ( t e l - e - g r a f ' i - k a l - i ) , adv. 1. In k e p t moving in synchronism (the t y p e - w h e e l m a k i n g t h e s a m e n u m b e r a telegraphic m a n n e r ; b y means of the teleo f revolutions a s t h e revolving s h a f t h e r e r e f e r r e d to), t h e current sent by a n y particular key c a n be m a d e to print the corresponding letter g r a p h . — 2 . A s r e g a r d s t e l e g r a p h i c c o m m union the p a p e r ribbon. T h e c i r c u i t - c l o s i n g a r r a n g e m e n t , w h i c h is c a t i o n : a s , a t o w n telegraphically isolated. w o r k e d b y a v e r t i c a l r o d p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e t o p o f t h e c y l i n d e r e.

telekinesis t e l e g r a p h i s t ( t e l ' e - g r a f - i s t . o r t e - l e g ' r a - f i s t ) , n. {.< telegraph + 4st.'\ A t e l e g r a p h e r , t e l e g r a p h - k e y ( t e l ' e - g r a f - k e ) , n. A device for m a k i n g a n d b r e a k i n g an e l e c t r i c c i r c u i t b y t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e fingers and h a n d . Tt usually consists of a bar or lever pivoted in the middle, having a button of some insulating material attached at one end, below which are two platinum-points whose contact at r. in the figure completes the circuit. The insulating but-

T e legraph-key.

ton is held by the tbumb and first two fingers, and stops arc arranged to control the play or movement of the lever. The two ends of a break in the line-wire are connected to the terminals t, t, and the break is bridged over by the lever 6 each time it is depressed during the transmission of the message. When the key is not being used the lever is held against its back-stop s by the spring p, and the break is bridged over by putting the lever I in the position shown. t e l e g r a p h o p h o n e (tel-e-graf'o-fori), n. [< G r . a f a r , -I- E . graphophone.'] An apparatus for reproducing at a distance the sounds which produced a g r a p b o p h o n i c r e c o r d ; also, an apparatus for producing n graphophonic record at a d i s t a n c e b y m e a n s of a telephonic circuit. t e l e g r a p h - p l a n t ( t e l ' e - g r a f - p l a n t ) , n, T h e E a s t gyrans, a p l a n t with trifoliI n d i a n Desmodium o l a t e l e a v e s , of w h i c h t h e l a t e r a l l e a f l e t s a r e very small and remarkable for their spontaneous j e r k i n g m o t i o n , s u g g e s t i n g s i g n a l i n g . Tn a warm humid atmosphere they alternately rise and fall, quickly changing their position, sometimes almost 180 degrees, while they also rotate on their own axes. Also movingplant and se mapho re -plant. t e l e g r a p h - p o l e (tel'e-graf-pol), One of a series of poles or posts for supporting an elev a t e d t e l e g r a p h - l i n e . Where there are more wires than one, they are usually fixed to cross-bars on the posts, an insulator being interposed in each case between the post or bar and the wire. t e l e g r a p h - p o s t ( t e l ' e - g r a f - p o s t ) , n. A telegraph-pole. t e l e g r a p h - r e e l ( t e l ' e - g n i f - r e l ) , n. I n a r e c o r d i n g t e l e g r a p h , t h e r e e l o n w h i c h is w o u n d t h e e n d l e s s s t r i p o f pax>er on w h i c h t h e m e s s a g e s are printed or otherwise indicated, t e l e g r a p h - r e g i s t e r ( t o V e - g r a f - r e j ^ i s - t e r ) , n. A f o r m of r e c e i v i n g i n s t r u m e n t which m a k e s a p e r m a n e n t r e c o r d of t h e signals received. S e e cut under recorder. t e l e g r a p h y ( t e l ' e - g r a f - i or t e - l e g ' r a - i i ) , n. [= F. telegraphic; a s telegraph 4' The art or p r a c t i c e of c o m m u n i c a t i n g i n t e l l i g e n c e b y a t e l e g r a p h ; t h e s c i e n c e or a r t o f c o n s t r u c t i n g o r m a n a g i n g t e l e g r a p h s — A e r i a l t e l e g r a p h y . See atrial. — Duplex t e l e g r a p h y . Bee duplex and telegraph. t e l e h y d r o b a r o m e t e r ( t e l - e - h i - dro - b a - r o m ' e t e r ) , n. [< G r . rff/.e, a f a r , + iSop, ' w a t e r , + E . barometer.'] A n instrument for recording electrically at a distance t h e h e a d of water, or of any liquid contained in a reservoir, t e l e i a h t h o u s (tel-i-an'thus), [ X L . , < Gr. 7e.'Aeioc? finished, p e r f e c t , -I- hvBnc, a flower.] I n hot., p e r f e c t - o r h e r m a p h r o d i t e - f l o w e r e d . teleiconograph J t e l - ' e - i - k o n ' o - g r a f ) , «.. [< G r . rr/Ae, a f a r , + HIKCJV, a n i m a g e , + yp, d e n t a r y ; EO, c x o c c i p and s o n of H e r c u l e s . ] A g e n u s of p o l y p e t a i o u s i r a l ; F-pO, epiotic ; Fr, f r o n t a l ; HM, h y o m a n d i b u l a r ; 10p, intero p e r c i d u i n ; Mxs m a x i l l a r y ; ,1//, m e t a p t r t r y ^ o i d ; o p e r c u l u m : Pa, plants, of the order Fico'idae and tribe MolUujip a r i e t a l ; PI, p a l a t o q u a d r a t e a r c h ; Pmx, pro m a x ill a : Prf, j j r e f r o n t a l ; PrO, p r o o t i c ; PrOp, p r i c o p e r c u l u m ; PrS, p r c s p h e n o i d ; Ptf, nCcP. I t is characterized by flowers with five petals, Ave i x x s t f r i m t a l ; Qu, q u a d r a t e ; .SO, s u p r a - o c c i p i t a l ; SOp, s u b o p e r c n l u m ; stamens, a three-celled ovary, becoming in fruit a threeSOr, s u b o r b i t a l ; Sq, s q u a m o s a l ; Sjy, s y m p l e c t i c ; l-'o, v o m e r . angled papery pod included in the calyx, many-seeded at its

base, and loculicidally three- to four-valved. There are one or, as some regard them, three species, natives of the Mediterranean region. They are spreading glaucous herbs, often from a perennial rootstock, bearing alternate twin or opposite leaves, which are oval or oblong and without nerves, and are minutely stipulate. The small white flowers form terminal cymes. T. 1 mpcraH is the tree-orpinc, formerly sometimes cultivated.

t e l e p h o n e ( t e r e - f o n ) , v. [ = F. telephone = G-. tchphou = Sw. Dan. tckfon (all after E . ) ; < Gr.

diaphragm d, on the back and at t h e center of which rests the point of a spring carrying a small spherical-shaped piecc of platinum, s, which presses against a carbon block, b. The current, passing through the primary of the induction-coil i, passes through the contact between tho platinum and the carbon, and variations in the resistance of this contact, due to t h e vibrations of the diaphragm, cause currents to lie induced in the secondary of the coil i which are sent into the line circuit. Any form of microphone may be used as a telephone t r a n s m i t t e r . — C h e m i c a l t e l e p h o n e , a telephone the receiver of which is Edison's monograph.— D o l b e a r ' s t e l e p h o n e * a kind of telephone in which the eJl'euts are produced by electrostatic forces, and there is no permanent electromagnet iti the receiver. The latter consists of two thin metallic plates near to but insulated from each other, constituting in effect a condenser. Tire varying charge in this condenser, due to the action of the transmitting telephone, cause3 variations in the mutual attraction of the plates, and in this way the vibrations of the membrane of the transmitter are reproduced. - - M e m b r a n e t e l e p h o n e , a telephone using a membrane of any substance, but usually of thin sheet-iron, as t h e part acted upon directly by t h e sound-vibrations.—Multipolar t e l -

ephone.

Sec 'multipolar.—Pulsion telephone, a me-

ohanical telephone having attached to its diaphragm a a f a r , -\-vT/, v o i c e , s o u n d . ] A n i n s t r u m e n t nnmbcr of vibrators for the purpose of reinforcing the o r a p p a r a t u s f o r t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f s o u n d t o vibrations.— T e l e p h o n e - h a r p , an instrument, used in connection with a telephone, to enable large audiences to a d i s t a n t p o i n t . The word is generally restricted to distinguish musical sounds. devices for the transmission of articulate spoccli by the agency of electricity. The process consists essentially of the transmission of electric waves or impulses which agree t e l e p h o n e ( t e r e - f o n ) , v. t. arid i.; pret. and pp. telephoned, ppr. lelephoninfi. [< (e(ej)hone, n. in period and phase with atmospheric waves produced by sound. These in turn, by means of an electromagnet, Hence, by abbr.,_2?/•1.] One who uses a telephone for communicating with another. T. I). Locktvood, E l e c t . , Mag., and Teleg., p. 207. t e l e p h o n i c (tel-e-fon'ik), a. [= F . teh'phonique; as U'-lephone + -?r.] Of or relating to the telep h o n e ; communicated by the telephone : as, a telephonic communication, t e l e p h o n i c a l l y (tel-e-fon'i-kal -i), a dv. W i th r e f e r e n c e to the telephone; by means of the telephone. t e l e p h o n i s t ( t e r e - f o - n i s t ) , n. [< telephone + -i$t.~] A person versed in telephony, or who uses the telephone. t e l e p h o n o g r a p h (tel-e-fo'no-graf), 1}, [< telephone + Gr. yfxiyrtv, write.] A device for making a permanent record of a message received b y telephone. t e l e p h o n o g r a p h i c (tel-e-fo-no-graf'ik) ? a. [< tele phonograph 4- -?'.

telepolariscope (teFë-pô-lar'i-skôp), n. rrf/. i:, afar, + E. pol arise ope.'] A n opti c al ment consisting of a combmation of the scope with the telescope, teleradiophone (tel-ë-m'di-ô-fôn), T7//.Z, a f a r , 4- E . radiophone.'}

[< Gr. i n s t rupolari[< Gr.

A n adaptation of

telegraphy to the radiophone. Telerpeton (të-lér'pe-lon), n. [NL., < Gr. ri;?.e, afar, + ¿pk?tôi>, a reptile. < ïfjnnv, creep, crawl.] 1. Â genus of fossil lizards of the Mesozoic per i o d , b e l o n g i n g t o t h e ot&qt

Rhynchocephalia.—

2. [Z. c.] A member of this genus, telescope (tel'e-skôp), n. [ = F. télescope = Sp. P g . I t . telescopio = t ) . teleakoop teleskop, etc,., < N L . telexeopiiu» mov), < G r . rj/Xe, a f a r . -1- ctkottùv,

telescope eyepiece. In the Gregorian telescope (fig. 4) the rays reflected from the speculum are a second time rellectcd by a small concave mirror in the center of the tube, and just beyond the focus. The large mirror is perforated, and the eyepiece, placed behind the perforation, receives the rays thus twice reflected. In theCassegrainian theconstruction is precisely similar, except that the small mirror is convex, and is placed within the focus; this shortens the instrument a little, but restricts the field of view. I n both these foims the observer looks toward the object just as with a refractor. In the Newtonian form, which is the most used, the small mirror is plane, and set at an angle nf 40", so that the rays arc reflected out at the side of the tube. Finally, in the front-viewor llcrschelian form the small mirror is dispensed wit.li, the speculum being slightly tilted so as to throw the image to one side of the mouth of the tube. This saves the loss of light due to the second reflection, but involves some injury to the definition. Although the reflecting telescope is free from chromatic aberration, it seldom gives as perfect definition as an achromatic instrument, and is much more subject to atmospheric disturbance ; the image also is less brilliant than that given by a refractor of the same aperture: but the speculum is much easier and less costly to construct than an achromatic object-glass of the same size, so that the largest telescopes ever made have been reflectors. A t the head of the list stands the six-foot " l e v i a t h a n " of Lord Rosse, erected in 1845, and still in use: it is of the! Newtonian form. The five-foot, silver-on-glass Casscgrainian reflector of Mr. Common, erected in stands next, and there arc in existence a number of instruments with apertures of aur, C o i n p . acid of tellurium which is formed when tellurium is de- -id.] flagrated with niter. The pure acid forms a white pow- A n a t . ( t r a n s . ) , p . 1.37. der soluble in hot w a t e r . — T e l l u r i c b i s m u t h , the min- t e l o t r o c h o u s (te-1 o t ' r o - k u s ) , a , [< G r . r f : / o r , e r i d , eral t e t r a d y m i t e . — T e l l u r i c Silver, hessite. + Tpoxof, a w h e e l : s e e trochus.] Surrounded telluride ( t e l ' u - r i d o r - r i d ) , n. [< tcllur-ium + b y t e r m i n a l cilia, a s a n a n n e l i d o u s l a r v a ; h a v -ide2.] A c o m p o u n d of t e l l u r i u m w i t h a n e l e c - i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r oi' a t e l o t r o c h a . Huxley, Anat. tropositive element. Also called telluret. I n v e r t . , p . 171. telluriferous ( t e l - u - r1 i f ' e - r u s ) , a. [< telluri-um telotype ( t o l ' o - t . i p ) , n . [ I r r e g . < G r . afar, + 4- L . fcrre = E . bear .] C o n t a i n i n g o r y i e l d - Tvnog, t y p e . ] 1. A p r i n t i n g electric telegraph. ing tellurium. — 2. An automatically printed telegram, tellurion ( t e - l i i ' r i - o n ) , n. [ A l s o tellurian; < L . telpher ( t e l ' f e r ) , a. [ i r r e g . < iel(egra.p]i) + G r . tellus {tellur-) + -i-on.] A n instrument for show M É . temperare), F . tem- empirical methods, and by utilizing a large mass of ob- E. II. Knight. [ M E . , a l s o temperourc, temperature = P r . temp radar a = S p . templadura served data. The diminution of temperature with alti- t e m p e r u r e t , n. < O F . * temper ure, < L . temperatura, due = P g , temperatura, tempratura = It. tempera- tude is a further variation that can often be indepen- prxre, dently treated. m e a s u r e , t e m p e r , t e m p e r a t u r e : s e e temper atura, < ]J. te?nperatura, due measure, proportion, a n d pat-hoi., t h e d e g r e e o f h e a t o f ture.] Tempering; temperament. c o m p o s i t i o n , o r q u a l i t y , t e m p e r , l e m p e r a m e n t , 8 . I n physiol. The temprure of the mortere t e m p e r a t u r e , < temperare, moderate, t e m p e r : a living body, especially of t h e h u m a n body. I t i s u s u a l l y t a k e n , c l i n i c a l l y , i n t h e a x i l l a , u n Was maad of lycour wonder dere. s e e temper. C f . temper ure.] I f . Mixture, or Horn, of the Rose, 1. 4177. d e r t h e t o n g u e , o r i u t h e r e c t u m . t h a t w h i c h is p r o d u c e d b y m i x t u r e ; a c o m An other suche as Arionc, The pulse, respiration, and temperature may improve. pound. Whiche had au harpe of suche temprure J. M. Carw/chan, Operative Surgery, p. 398. Made a temperature of brass and iron together. . . . that he the bestes wilde Absolute t e m p e r a t u r e . See absolute.—Absolute zero Holland. Made of his note tame and mild«. o f t e m p e r a t u r e . Seedef. Cand a bxolvte.—Animal t e m Gcncer, Conf. Amant., Prol. {Richardson.) A proper temperature of fear and love. Abp. Seeker. p e r a t u r e , the temperature of an animal, which in coldblooded animals is but slightly above that of their sur- t e m p e s t ( t e m ' p e s t ) , n. [< M E . tempest, tempeste, 2. Constitution; state; temperament. roundings, but in warm-blooded animals is maintained at a < O F . tempeste, F . tempête = P r . tempesta (< L . The best composition and temperature is to have open- more or less constant point considerably above that of their a d j . ) = S p . temness in fame and opinion, secrccy in habit. Burroundings. In the latter it is under the control of a a s i f * tempest a ; c f . tempestas, pestad = P g . tempestade = I t . tempesta, < L . iemnervouB (thermotaxic) mechanism, and is dependent on Bacon, Simulation and Dissimulation (ed. 1887). the coordinated regulation of the production of heat by time, esp. t i m e with respect to phys• 3 f . M o d e r a t i o n ; f r e e d o m f r o m p a s s i o n s o r e x - vital metabolism (thermogenesis) and the loss of heat pesta(t-)s. ical conditions, weather, and specifically bad cesses. by conduction, by radiation, by evaporation, and otherIn that proud port which her so goodly graceth . . . wise (thermolysis"). The temperature of a man in health, w e a t h e r , a s t o r m o r t e m p e s t , h e n c e a l s o c o m tempos-), Most goodly temperature ye may descry. taken in the mouth or axilla, varies from about 98s to m o t i o n , d i s t u r b a n c e , < temp u s ( te mpor-, Spenser, Sonnets, xiii. 9i>° Temperature above this is called pyrexia.—Crit- t i m e : s e e temporal1.] 1. A very violent storm; A difficult tiling it is for any man that is rich not to sub- ical t e m p e r a t u r e . Same as critical point (6). See un- an e x t e n s i v e c u r r e n t o f w i n d , r u s h i n g w i t l i g r e a t mit his minde and affection vnto his money ; and, passing der critical.—Mean t e m p e r a t u r e , a mean for any given v e l o c i t y a n d v i o l e n c e , a n d c o m m o n l y a t t e n d e d many a Croesus in wealth, to beare a modest temperature period of air-temperatures systematically observed each w i t h r a i n , h a i l , or s n o w ; a f u r i o u s g a î e ; a h u r r i with Numa. Iley wood, Hierarchy of Angels, p. 590. day at a given place; or, without reference to time, the c a n e . mean of a series of temperature observations extending 4 f . T e m p e r , as of m e t a l s . over a long number of years. The latter is, more specifiWhan thei in ese wene best to lyve, The due temperature of stiff steel. cally, the mean annual temperature, and is the average of They ben with tempest alie fordryve. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 95. a series of annual means. The annual mean for any year is Rom. of the Rose, 1. 3782. usually taken as the average of all the monthly means; 5f. Temperateness; mildness. What at first was callcd a gust, the same the monthly mean is the average of the daily means; and This teritory being 15. myle from the shoare, for pleas- the daily mean is obtained from some combination of inHath now a storm's, anon a tempest's name. Donne, The Storm. antnest of seate, for temperature of climate, fertility of dividual observations.—Perverse t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n s a soyle, and comoditieof the Sea, . . . is not to be excelled tions. See sensation. 2 . A violent t u m u l t or c o m m o t i o n ; perturbaby any other whatsoeuer. Quoted in Capt. John Smith's Works, I. 87. temperature-alarm (tem' per-a-tur-a-larm^), n. t i o n ; v i o l e n t a g i t a t i o n : a s , a tempest o f t h e p a s A n a d j u s t a b l e apparatus for indicating auto- s i o n s ; a popular or political tempest. 6. T h e s t a t e o f a s u b s t a n c e w i t h r e g a r d t o s e n s i The tempest in my mind ble h e a t ; t h e degree or i n t e n s i t y of the sensible m a t i c a l l y t h e variation f r o m a c e r t a i n p o i n t of h e a t o f a b o d y . Primarily the conception of tempera- t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e p l a c e w h e r e i t i s fixed, Doth from my senses take all feeling else ture is based on the different sensations produced by bodies t e m p e r a t u r e - c u r v e ( t e m ' p e r - a - t u r - k e r v ) , n . A Save what beats there. Shak., Lear, iii. 4. 12. when termed hot, warm-, or cold, the hotter body being said c u r v e e x h i b i t i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n s o f t e m p e r a t u r e A t e m p e s t in a t e a - p o t , a great disturbance over a small to have the higher temperature. Again two bodies are said d u r i n g a g i v e n p e r i o d , matter. = S y n . 1. Hurricane, etc. See wind%. to have the same temperature when, by being placed in 1 . H a v i n g a c e r t a i n t e m p e s t ( t e m ' p e s t ) , v. [< M E . tempesten, < OF. contact, neither is heated or cooled by the other. But t e m p e r e d ( t e m ' p e r d ) , a. = F . tempêter — P r . S p . tempestar these conceptions are relative. The absolute physical t e m p e r o r d i s p o s i t i o n ; d i s p o s e d : o f t e n u s e d i n tempester, condition implied by temperature depends upon the na- c o m p o s i t i o n : a s , a g o o d -tempered man. P g . tempestear = I t . tempestare, storm; from ture of heat. Ileat being considered to be molecular moWhen was my lord so much ungently temper'd, t h e n o u n . ] I . trans. T o d i s t u r b v i o l e n t l y , a s tion, temperature (or the degree of heat) is the expression b y a t e m p e s t ; r o u s e ; t h r o w i n t o a s t a t e of To stop his ears against admonishment ? of the velocity of the motion. The absolute scale of temShak., T. and C., v, 3. 1. c o m m o t i o n ; a g i t a t e . perature recognizes this property, and preserves it in Loath was he to move numerical measures which are proportional to the square Tempest thee noght al croked to redresse, From the imprinted couch, and, when he did, of the corresponding molecular velocities. Thus temperaIn trust of hir that turncth as a ball. 'Twas with slow, languid paces, and face hid ture has the same dimensions as heat. The absolute zero Chaucer, Truth, 1. 8. In muffling hands. So tempe-r'd, out he stray'd. of temperature is the point at which molecular motion Part huge of bulk, Keats, Endymion, ii. ceases and all heat vanishes. This point is computed to Wallowing unwieldy, enormous ill their gait, be at — 278® on the centigrade scale. Sir \Y. Thomson Tempest the ocean. Milton, P. L., vii. 412. has shown that the changes in either volume or pressure 2 . I n music, n o t i n g a n i n s t r u m e n t , s c a l e , o r i n Your last letters betray a mind . . . tempested up by a of an ideal gas would give an absolute scale of tempera- t e r v a l t h a t is t u n e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h s o m e o t h e r t e m p e r a m e n t t h a n j u s t o r p u r e t e m p e r a thousand various passions. ture which would give true relative measures of absolute Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xlvii. amounts of heat. In this system the temperature t is de- m e n t , s p e c i f i c a l l y o n e t u n e d i n e q u a l t e m p e r a fined by the equation E = kt,, in which U is the average m e n t . S e e temperament, 5 — T e m p e r e d clay, clay I I , intrans. T o descend as a tempest ; be kinetic energy per molecule of a perfect gas which has prepared for molding by moistening and kneading.—Tem[Rare.] that temperature, and k a constant. This is called the p e r e d - c l a y m a c h i n e , in brick wanuf., one of a class of t e m p e s t u o u s ; s t o r m . thermodynamic definition of temperature. It should be machines by which tempered or moistened clay is molded And, by their excess noted that temperatures of actual masses of matter, when Of cold in virtue, and cross heat in vice, Thunder and tempest on those learned heads, expressed on this scale, are true relative measures of the into bricks or tiles.—Tempered glass. See glass. Tn a t e m p e r e d Whom Cœsar with such honour doth advance. absolute amounts of heat which they contain so far as t e m p e r e d l y ( t e m ' p e r d - l i ) , adv. the specific heat of the bodies remains constant. In m a n n e r . B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1. practice temperature is measured by the changes pro- t e m p e r e r ( t e m ' p e r - e r ) , n. [< temper + -er1.] duced in bodies by heat, atid thermometry is the instru- O n e who o r t h a t w h i c h t e m p e r s , in a n y s e n s e . t e m p e s t a r í a n ( t e m - p e s - t á ' r i - a n ) , n. A s o r c e r e r mental art employed. Experiments show that the air- or who p r o f e s s e d t o r a i s e t e m p e s t s b y m a g i c a l They are weighed out in quantities of about 30 lbs., a r t s . Bingham, gns-thernioinetcr approximates most closely to the therA n t i q u i t i e s , x v i . 5. modynamic requirement that its indications shall bear a which contain from 200,000 to 500,000 needles, and are t e m p e s t - b e a t e n ( t e m ' p e s t - b ë ^ ' t n ) , a. Beaten Ure, Diet., I I I . 410. linear relation to successive increments of heat. In the carried in boxes to the temperer. o r d i s t u r b e d b y o r as by a tempest. next instance, the normal mercurial thermometer posIt is the duty of the temperer to see that sufficient water sesses this property to a high degree, and the small de- is let to the clay to soak it. In the calm harbour of whose gentle breast partures of its indications from the linear law have been My tempest-beaten soul may safely rest. C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 113. made the subject of elaborate investigation. Other therDryden, Aurengzebe, i. 1. [ V e r b a l n . o f temmometers differ more or less widely in their indications t e m p e r i n g ( t e m ' p e r - i n g ) , n. t e m p e s t i v e t ( t e m ' p e s - t i v ) , a. [< O F . *tempestif from the foregoing, and it is important to note that with- per, i\] 1 . T h e process of giving to a n y m e t a l out the thermodynamic conception the definition of t h e d e s i r e d h a r d n e s s a n d e l a s t i c i t y . < L . tempestivus, timely, S e e tem- = S p . P g . I t . tempestivo, temperature is dependent on the particular instrument or t i m e : see 2 . In mv.sie, s e a s o n a b l e , o p p o r t u n e , < tempestas, method employed for its measurement. After consider- per, 9. A l s o c a l l e d annealing.— tempest.] T i m e l y ; s e a s o n a b l e . ing the thermodynamic scale and its absolute zero, it will t h e a c t , p r o c e s s , o r r e s u l t of t u n i n g a n i n s t r u This despised and dejected shrub . . . was left standbe recognized that the system of numeration of the usual m e n t , s c a l e 7 or i n t e r v a l in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Fahrenheit and centigrade scales is entirely arbitrary. s o m e o t h e r t e m p e r a m e n t t h a n j u s t o r p u r e ing alone, neither obscured from the comfortable beams Numerical temperatures on these scales have only a rela- t e m p e r a m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h e q u a l t e m p e r a - of the Sunne, nor couered from the chearefull and tempestiue showres of the Heauens. tive significance, and cannot be made to serve in any abment. S e e temperament, 5. Hey wood, Hierarchy of Angels, p. 532. solute sense. See thermometry. I love good wine, As I love health and joy of heart, h\it temperately. Fletcher, Wit without Money, iii. 1. (!») Without over-indulgence in eating, drinking, or the like ; abstemiously ; soberly. God esteems it part of his service if we eat or drink; so it be temperately, and as may best preserve health. Jer, Taylor. (c) Without violence or extravagance; dispassionately; calmly; sedately. Temperately proceed to what you would Thus violently redress. Shak., Cor., iii. 1. 219.

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t e m p e s t i v e l y t ( t e m ' p e s - t i v - l i ) , adv. Seasonably. Dancing is a pleasant recreation of body and mind, if tempeátioely used. Burton, Anat, of Mel., p. 499. t e m p e s t i v i t y i ( t e m - p e s - t i v ' i - t i ) , n. tcmpestmdad = O l t . tempesfm-ta, < L. vita{t-)s, timeliness, seasonahleness, < vas, t i m e l y , s e a s o n a b l e : s e e tempestivo.] sonableness.

[ = Sp. tempesUtempestiSea-

Since their dispersion, and habitation in countries whose eonstitutions adniit nut such tempestio-ity of harvests, . . . there will be found a great disparity in their observations. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 3.

temple = S p . P g . ternplo = I t . tempio, < L. templum, a n o p e n s p a c e , t h e c i r c u i t o f t h e h e a v e n s , a c o n s e c r a t e d p l a c e , a t e m p l e , p r o b . f o r ''temulum, a k i n t o G r . r tpevog, a p i e c e o f g r o u n d cut o r m a r k e d o f f , a s a c r e d i n e l o s u r e , < re/xveiv, ra/neiv, c u t ( s e e temenos).] 1. A n edifice dedicated to t h e s e r v i c e o f a d e i t y or d e i t i e s , a n d c o n n e c t e d w i t h a s y s t e m o f w o r s h i p . The most celebrated and architecturally perfcct of the ancient temples were those of the Greeks, as that of Zeus at Olympia, that of Athena Parthenos(the Parthenon) at Athens, and that of Apollo at Delphi. The form ordinarily given to classical temples was

tempest-tossed, tempest-tost (tem'pest-tost), a. T o s s e d b y o r as b y a t e m p e s t . Though his bark cannot be lost, Yet it shall be tempest-tout. Shale., Macbeth, i. 3. 25. t e m p e s t u o u s ( t e m - p e s ' t ü - u s ) , a. [ < O F . tempestueux, F. tempétueux = P r . tempestuos, tempestas = S p . P g . tempestuoso = I t . tempestoso, < TJJ. tempestuos us, s t o r m y , t u r b u l e n t , < L . tempestas, t e m p e s t : s e e tempest.'] 1. V e r y s t o r m y ; t u r b u l e n t : r o u g h w i t h . w i n d ; s t o r m y : as, a tempestuous n i g h t . A l s o used figuratively. We had now very tempestuous Weather, and excessive Rains, which so swcll'd the River that it overflowed its Ranks; so that we had much ado to keep our Ship safe. Dumpier, Voyages, I. 360. Her looks grow black as a tempestuous wind. jyrydan, Indian Emperor, iv. 4. High in his hall, rock'd in a chair of state, The king with his tempestuous council sate. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Epistles, xi, 70. 2. S u b j e c t t o fits o f s t o r m y p a s s i o n ; i m p e t u ous. Bruno was passionate, tempestuous, and weak.

Ouida.

t e m p e s t u o u s l y ( t e m - p e s ' t ü - u s - K ) , adv. In a tempestuous m a n n e r ; with great v i o l e n c e or commotion; turbulently. t e m p e s t u o u s n e s s ( t e m - p e s ' t ü - u s - n e s ) , n. The s t a t e o r c h a r a c t e r of b e i n g t e m p e s t u o u s ; s t o r ininess; turbulence. t e m p l a r ( f c e m ' p l a r ) , n. [ F o r m e r l y a l s o templer; < M E . temple,re = D . tempelier = G . templer, < O F . ( a n d F . ) templier — P r . templier = S p . P g . templario = I t . tempiere, < M L . templarius, a t e m p l a r , p r o p , a d j . , < L . templum, a t e m p l e : s e e temple1.] 1 . [eap.] A m e m b e r of a m i l i t a r y order, also called K n i g h t s T e m p l a r s or K n i g h t s o f t h e T e m p l e , f r o m t h e e a r l y h e a d q u a r t e r s of the order in the Crusaders' palace at Jerusalem ( t h e s o - c a l l e d temple of Solomon). The order was founded at Jerusalem about 1118, and was confirmed by the Pope in 1128. Its special aim was protection to j>ilgrims on the way to the holy shrines, and the distinguishing garb of the knights was a white mantle with a red cross. The order took a leading part in the conduct of the Crusades, and spread rapidly, acquiring great wealth and influence in Spain. France, England, and other countries in Europe. Its chief seats in the East were Jerusalem, Acre, and Cyprus, and its European headquarters was a foundation called the Temple, then just outside of Paris. The members were composed of knights, men-at-arms, and chaplains; they were grouped in commanderies, with a preceptor at the head of each province, and a grand master at the head of the order. The Templars were accused of heresy, immorality, and other offenses by Philip I V . of France in 1IU)7, and the order was suppressed by the Council of Vieiine in 1312. In that Temple duellen the Knyghtes of the Temple, that weren wont to be elept Templetes; and that was the foundacioun of here Ordre. Mande mile, Travels, p. 88. 2 . A s t u d e n t of t h e l a w , o r a l a w y e r , so c a l l e d f r o m h a v i n g c h a m b e r s in the T e m p l e in L o n d o n . S e e temple1, 5. The reader cannot but observe what pains I have been at in polishing the style of my book to the greatest exactness : nor have I been less diligent in refining the orthography by spelling the words in the very same manner as they are pronounced by the chief patterns of politeness at court, at levees, at assemblies, at play-liouses, at the prime visiting places, by young templers, and bygentlemen-coinmoners of both universities, who have lived at least a twelvemonth in town, and kept the best company. Swift, Polite Conversation, Int. The Whigs answered that it was idle to apply ordinary rules to a country in a state of revolution; that the great question now depending was not to be decided by the saws of pedantic Templars. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x. Good Templar, a member of the Society of Good Templars, organized for the promotion of total abstinence from intoxicating drinks, and modeled in some respects upon the system of freemasonry.— KnightsTemplars, (a) See def. 1. (&) See kniyht. t e m p l a r ( t - e m ' p l a r ) , a. [ < L L . templaris, o f or p e r t a i n i n g t o a t e m p l e , < L . templum, temple: s e e temple1.] O f , p e r t a i n i n g to, o r p e r f o r m e d in a temple. [Rare.] Solitary, family, and templar devotion.

Coleridge.

t e m p l a t e ( t e r n ' p l a t ) , n. S a m e as templet. t e m p l e 1 ( t e m ' p l ) , -«. [ < M E . temple. < A S . tempi, tempel = D . (x. S w . D a n , tempel = O F . ( a n d F . )

templify The true Christian . . . loves the good, under whatever temple, at whatever altar he may find them. Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii. 4 . M e t a p h o r i c a l l y , a n y p l a c e in which the divine presence specially resides. Know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own? 1 Cor. vi. 19. My chamber were no temple, my body were no temple, except God came to it. Bonne, Sermons, iv. 5 . [cap.] T h e n a m e of t w o semi-monastic establishments of t h e m i d d l e ages, one in L o n d o n , the o t h e r i n Paris, occupied by the K n i g h t s T e m p l a r s . The Temple Church, London, is the only part of either establishment now existing. On the site of the London Temple the two Ituis of Court called the Middle Temple and Inner Temple now stand; they have long been occupied by barristers, and are th e j oint property of th e two societies called the Societies of the Inner and of the Middle Temple, which have the right of calling candidates to the degree of barrister. The Temple in Paris was the prison of l.ouis X V I . and the royal family during their sufferings in 1792 and 1793. 6 f . A n i n n of c o u r t .

iple of Athena, /fcriiiii. A, stereobate. i s stylobatc. C, C, columns of peristyle. D, interior columns of cella. !£, capital of column: A, abacus; t, c c h i n u s ; / , hypotriiehelkirrj. F, entablature: a, a r c h i t r a v e ; lr, f r i e z e ; r, eornicc ; d, t r l g l y p l i ; e, metope ; f , j , niutules; regitk» with G, acTOterium. H, I I , portions of the pediment. /, I, walls of cella. A', A" hypothetical apertures in the roof for tlie admission of light to the cella.

that of a rectangle, but sometimes the construction was circular, or even of irregular plan. Vitruvius divides temples into eight kinds, according to the arrangement of their columns: namely, temples in antis (see anUii), proxtyle, o.mphiprostyle, peripteral, dipteral, pseudodipteral, hypethral, and monopteral. (See these words.) In regard "to intercolumniation, they are further distinguished as -pycnost,yle, gystyle, eustyle, diastyle, and areostyle structures, and in regard k> the number of columns in front, as tetrastyle, hexastyle, octaxtyle, and decastylc. (See these words.) Circular temples are known as monopteral, with or without a cella. The temples of ancient Egypt are impressive from their great size and from the number and mass of the pillars ordinarily introduced in their construction; those of India are remarkable for the elaborateness of their plan and elevation, and the lavishnuss of their sculptured decoration. See also cuts under dipteral, cella, monopteron, octastyle, pantheon, opisthodomos, and prostyle.

A gentle maunciple was tlier of a temple. Chaucer, Gen. I'rol, to C. T., 1. 507. M a s t e r of the temple. See nmxteri.—Temple j a r , temple vase, a jar or vase such as arc used for the decoration and ceremonial of religious temples in China, Japan, etc.—Temple jewelry. Sue jewelry. t e m p l e 1 ( t e m ' p l ) , v. t.; p r e t . a n d p p . templed, p p r . templing. [ < temple^, >«.] T o b u i l d a t e m p l e f o r ; a p p r o p r i a t e a t e m p l e t o ; inclose in a temple, [liare.] The heathen (in many places) templed and adored this drunken god. Feltham, Kesolves, i. 84. t e m p l e 2 ( t e m ' p l ) , n. [ < M E . iemplc, < O F . temple, F. tempc, d i a l , temple = P r . templa = I t . lemp'ta, < L . tempora, t h e t e m p l e s , p i . o f tcmpus, t e m p l e , head, f a c e . ] 1. T h e r e g i o n o f t h e h e a d o r s k u l l b e h i n d the e y e and f o r e h e a d , a b o v e a n d m o s t l y i n f r o n t of t h e e a r . This area corresponds to the temporal fossa above the zygomatic arch, where the skull is very thin and is covered by the temporal muscle. King Helenus wav'd high the Thracian blade, And smote his temples with an ami so strong The helm fell oif, and roll'd amid the Ihrong. Pope, Iliad, xiii. 729. 2. I n en torn., t h e p o s t e r i o r p a r t o f t h e g e n a , o r that i m m e d i a t e l y beneath the e y e . — 3 . One o f t h e b a r s s o m e t i m e s a d d e d t o t h e e n d s of s p e c t a c l e - b o w s t o g i v e t h e m a firmer h o l d o n the h e a d of the w e a r e r . S e e spectacle, 5.—4. A n o r n a m e n t w o r n a t t h e s i d e o f t h e h e a d or c o v e r i n g t h e s i d e of t h e h e a d , m e n t i o n e d i n t h e f i f t e e n t h c e n t u r y as a p p a r e n t l y s o m e t i m e s of n e e d l e w o r k , s o m e t i m e s set w i t h j e w e l s . Fairholt.

In this connection the term "house of God" has quite a different sense from that which we connect with it when we apply it to a Christian place of worship. A temple is not a meeting-place for worshippers; for many ancient temples were open only to priests, and as a general rule the altar, which was the true place of worship, stood not within the house but before the door. The temple is the dwelling-house of the deity to which it is consecrated, t e m p l e 3 ( t e m ' p l ) , n. [ < l\ temple, t e m p l e t . ] A n whose presence is marked by a statue or other sacred sym- a t t a c h m e n t t o a l o o m f o r k e e p i n g t h e c l o t h bol; and in it his sacred treasures, the gifts and tribute of his worshippers, are kept, under the charge of his at- s t r e t c h e d , w h i l e t h e r e e d b e a t s t h e t h r e a d s i n t o tendants or priests. Encyc. Brit., X X I I I . 165. p l a c e a f t e r e a c h t h r o w o f t h e s h u t t l e . ' O n e f o r m is a u t o m a t i c , r e l e a s i n g t h e c l o t h a n d t h e n 2 . T h e r e l i g i o u s e d i f i c e o f the J e w s i n J e r u s a l e m . s t r e t c h i n g it a f t e r each stroke of the l a y . There were three buildings successively erected in the t e m p l e l e S S ( t e m ' p l - l e s ) , a. [ < temple1 + same spot, and entitled, from the names of their builders, Bulwer, C a x t o n s , i v . 2. the temple of Solomon, the temple of Zerubbabel, and D e v o i d o f a t e m p l e . the temple of Herod. The first was built by Solomon, and t e m p l e r t ( t e m ' p i e r ) , v. See templar. was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar about 58G B. C. The t e m p l e t ( t e m ' p l e t ) , n. [ < F . templet, a s t r e t c h e r , second was built by the Jews on their return from the 1. A captivity (about 537 R. 0.), and was pillaged or partially < L . templum, a s m a l l t i m b e r , a p u r l i n . ] destroyed several times, as by Antiochus Kpiphanes, Pom- p a t t e r n , g u i d e , o r m o d e l u s e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e pey, and Herod. The third, the largest and most magnifi- s h a p e a n y p i e c e o f w o r k is t o asfinished. I t may also be cent of the three, was begun by Herod the Great, and was s u m e w h e n completely destroyed at the capture of Jerusalem by the used as a tool in modeling plastic material, Komans (A. D. 70). Various attempts have been made to- or as a guide placed in a mil ling-in act line, ward the restoration of the first and the third of these shaper-lathe. or other automatic cuttingtemples, but scholars are not agreed in respect to archi- machine. In these applications it may be tectural details. The ornament and design were in any a thin piece of wood or metal, with one or case of severe and simple character, though rich materials all the edges cut in profile to the shape oi were used. The successive temples all consisted of a com- the baluster, cornice, part of a machine, or bination of buildings, comprising courts separated from other object to be wrought to shape. Temand arising one above another, and provided also with plets are also used as guides in tiling sheetr chambers for the use of the priests and for educational mctal to shape, as in making small brass purposes. The inelosure of Herod's temple covered ninegears for clocks, sheets of brass being ' teen acres. I t comprised an outer court of the Genclamped between steel templets, and all the tiles, a court of the women, a court of Israel, a court of parts projecting beyond the edges being Templet for a the priests, and the temple building, with the holy place, Baluster, and within all—entered only once a year, and only by tiled away. Templets arc used in foundthe high priest—the holy of holies. Within the court of ing as patterns in forming molds in loam. the priests were the great altar and the laver, within the holy place the golden candlestick, the altar of incense, 2 . A s t r i p o f m e t a l u s e d i n b o i l e r - m a k i n g , and the table for the showbread, and within the holy of p i e r c e d w i t h a s e r i e s o f h o l e s , a n d s e r v i n g as a holies the ark of the covenant and the mercy-seat. guide in m a r k i n g out a line of r i v e t - h o l e s . — 3 . I n building: (a) A s h o r t p i e c e o f t i m b e r o r a Out of that seyd Temple oure Lord drof the Hyggeres l a r g e s t o n e p l a c e d i n a w a l l t o r e c e i v e t h e i m and the Selleres. Mandeirille, Travels, p. 86. p o s t o f a g i r d e r , b e a m , e t c . , a n d d i s t r i b u t e i t s (b) A b e a m or p l a t e s p a n n i n g a d o o r And he sware, By this Ilabitacle—that is, the Themple. w e i g h t , Purehan, Pilgrimage, p. 138. o r w i n d o w - s p a c e t o s u s t a i n j o i s t s a n d t h r o w t l i e i r w e i g h t on t h e p i e r s , ( c ) O n e of t h e w e d g e s 3 . A n e d i f i c e e r e c t e d as a p l a c e of p u b l i c E. H. Knight.—4. Same w o r s h i p ; a c h u r c h ; in F r a n c e , s p e c i f i c a l l y , a i n a b u i l d i n g - b l o c k . 5 . I n a b r i l l i a n t , s a m e as bezel, 2. P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h , as d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m a "Ro- a s temple— See cut u n d e r brilliant. m a n C a t h o l i c p l a c e o f w o r s h i p , w h i c h a l o n e is Also template. u s u a l l y s p o k e n of as a church (eglise). t e m p l i f y ( t e m ' p l i - i l ) , v. t; p r e t . a n d p p . ternThat time ffur the outward service] to me towards you pliHed. p p r . lemplifyiug. T o make into a temple. is Tuesday, and my temple the Rose in Sniitlitield. [Rare.] Donne, Letters, xxiv.

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That shall we come to, if we can take order t h a t while we bo here, before we go hence, our bodies, we get them templlfied, as X may say, procure they be framed after the similitude of a Temple, this Temple in the text [John ii. 19]. Bp. Andrews, Sermons, II. 361. {Da vies.)

temporariness

p o r a l a r t e r i e s , two branches, the anterior and the pos- separate element (see tympanic, tympanohyal). The soterior, of the internal maxillary, supplying the temporal called styloid process is also a distinct element, belongmuscle.—Deep t e m p o r a l n e r v e s , two blanches, ante- ing to the hyoidean arch, its ankylosis with the temporal rior arid posterior, of the inferior maxillary nerve, distrib- of man being anomalous. The general character of the uted to the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal temporal bone is maintained throughout mammals, b u t is fossa.—Middle t e m p o r a l a r t e r y , a branch of the supermodified in other v e r t e b r a t e s . — T e m p o r a l c a n a l , t e m p l i n - o i l (tem'plin-oil), n. [< lemplin (?) + ficial temporal, arising close above the zygoma, and dis- greatly a small canal leading from t h e orbital to the temporal suroil.] Oil of pine-cones; an oil isomeric with tributed to the temporal muscle.— M i d d l e t e m p o r a l face of the malar bone, for the passage of one of the divia n d very similar to oil of t u r p e n t i n e , obtained v e i n , a large vein which receives the blood from the sions of the temporomalar n e r v e . — T e m p o r a l c o n v o l u substance of the temporal muscle, and unites above the t i o n s , the three convolutions of the temporal lobe on the b y distillation of the cones of Pin us Pumilio. t e m p o 1 (tem'po), w. [Tt., < L. tempus, t i m e : see zygoma with the temporal vein.— P o s t e r i o r t e m p o - convex surface of the hemisphere, numbered first, second, 1 r a l a r t e r y , the larger of t h e two terminal branches of and third from above d o w n w a r d ; the temporal gyri.— tense%, temporal .] 1. I n music, t h e relative ra- the superficial temporal, ramifying on the side of t h e Temporal fascia, fossa, ganglion. See the nouns.— pidity of r h y t h m ; t i m e ; movement, it is indi- head, and distributed to the coverings of the skull.— Temporal Assures. Same as temporal sulci.—Tempo-

cated either by such terms as grave, lento, adagio, moderato,Superficial temporal artery, the temporal artery allegro, presto, etc. (see these words), with various modifying proper, one of the two terminal branches of the external adverbs, like tnolto, non troppo, piu. etc., or by reference to carotid, beginning a little below the condylc of the jaw, through the substance of the parotid gland, and a machine called the metro/unne (which see). A modifica- passing dividing above the zygoma into the anterior and posterior tion of the original tempo of a given piece is indicated by temporal. It gives branches to the parotid gland, the

r a l gyri. See gyrus.—Temporal lines. See line'¿, and

raise, tempo di menuetto, etc—Senza tempo. See

r a l ridges. Same as temporal lines.—Temporal sulci.

cut under parietal.— T e m p o r a l l o b e . Same as temp orotsphenoidal lobe, (which see, under lobe).—Temporal muscle, that muscle of mastication of man and many other vertebrates which arises from the surface of the temporal fossa, above and in f r o n t of t h e ear, and is inserted into terms like accelerando, xtringendo. rallentando, rite nut o, masseter muscle, and the articulation of the jaw.— T e m - the coronoid process of the lower jaw. But its relative etc. After such modification, a return to the original tem- poral aponeurosis, the temporal fascia,—Temporal size, its shape, and to some extent its site vary much in po is marked by a tempo or a tempo pri.mo. Ati irregular a r c h . Same &&zygomatic arch (whichsee, under z,ygomatic). different a n i m a l s . — T e m p o r a l p l a n e . See' planel.— or capricious tempo is marked by ad libitu m, a piacere, or — T e m p o r a l a r t e r y , an arterial branch supplying the T e m p o r a l p o i n t , a tender point on the back part of the region or muscle, especially the superficial tem- temple or the auriculotemporal nerve, or a little lower tempo ruhato. A change from one kind of rhythm to an- temporal poral artery. — T e m p o r a l b o n e , in human anat., a com- down just above the zygoma. I t is developed in neuralgia other without change of speed is marked by Vinteaso tempo. plex and composite bone, representing several distinct and of the inferior division of the fifth n e r v e . — T e m p o r a l 2. The characteristic r h y t h m i c a l and metrical independent bones of many vertebrates, situated at the r e g i o n , the temple and adjacent parts: practically the same as t h e temporal fossa and its c o n t e n t s . — T e m p o movement or p a t t e r n of a d a n c e : as, tempo di senza.—Tempo

primo.

See »ulcus.— T e m p o r a l s u t u r e . Same as petrofiquamom suture (which see, under petrosquamous).— T e m p o r a l v e i n , the vein associated with the superficial temporal artery, forming by union with the temporomaxillary vein the beginning of the principal external jugular vein.

See primo.

t e m p o 2 ( t e m ' p o ) , n. [ J a p . , < Chinese tienpao, ' h e a v e n l y recompense.'] A n oval brass coin, w i t h a s q u a r e hole in t h e middle, first coined in J a p a n during t h e period " t e m p o " (1830-43 inclusive), a n d now equal to eight r i n or cash, or eight t e n t h s of a sen. One h u n d r e d and twentyfive tempos 1 m a k e one yen.

I I . n. The bone of the temple, or os temporis. See temporal bone, above, t e m p o r a l e (tem-po-rá'le), n. [ML., licut. of L. temporal (tem'po-ral), a. and n. [< ME. temtemporalis, of the t i m e : see temporal1.] That poral, < OF. temporal, temporel, F. femporel = p a r t of t h e b r e v i a r y a n d missal which c o n t a i n s P r . Sp. P g . temporal — I t . temporale, < L . temt h e p r o p e r portions of t h e daily offices, in t h e poralis, < tempus {tempor-), season, time, oppororder of t h e ecclesiastical year, b e g i n n i n g with t u n i t y : see tense'2.'] I . a. 1. Of or p e r t a i n i n g Advent. to t i m e ; expressing relations of t i m e : as, a temt e m p o r a l i t y (tem-po-ral'i-ti), n.; pi. temporaliporal c l a u s e ; a temporal a d v e r b . ties (-tiz). [Early mod. È. also temporaiitie ; < OF. temporolite, F . temporalità = Sp. tempoTemporal Use.—By far t h e most frequent use of the A. S. absolute participle is to indicate relations of time, a fact ralidad = Pg. tempor alidade = It. temporalità, t h a t is not surprising, since in Latin all t h e uses of the ab< LL. tempor alita\t-)s, temporariness, present lative absolute sprang from the tcmjioral use of the ablacustom, fashion, < L. temporalis, of t h e t i m e : tive. Amer. Jour. PhiloL, X. 334. see temporal1.] 1. I n Eng. law, t h e s t a t e or Right Tempor.il Rone, inner Surface. 2 . Of or p e r t a i n i n g to time in t h e sense of character of being t e m p o r a r y : opposed t o p e r t h e p r e s e n t life or this w o r l d ; secular: distin- side and base of the skull, in the region of the ear, whose petuitif.— 2 f . The laity. internal organs it contains within its substance. I t is usuguished f r o m spiritual. With t r u e prayers . . . From fasting maids, whose minds are dedicate To nothing temporal. Shak., 11. for M., ii. 2.155. Torlton, was this thy spiritual prctcnce? But 0 ! thy actions were too temporal. Drayton, Barons' Wars, iii. 34. She took more effectual means than any of her predecessors to circumscribe t h e temporal powers of t h e clergy. PrescMt., Fei'd. and Isa., ii. 26.

ally described as being composed I t . diere, died = S p . dies = I can allow in clergymen, through all their divisions, P g . dez = F . dix) = G r . Mm = S k t . ddya, t o n . some tenaciousness of their own opinion. H e n c e u l t . -teen, teens, -ty1.] I . a. B e i n g t h e Burke, Rev. in France, s u m o f n i n e a n d o n e ; o n e m o r e t h a n n i n e ; tenacity ( t e - n a s ' i - t i ) , v. [< F . ten ante = S p . twice five: a cardinal numeral. icnacidad = P g . icnacidade = I t . tenacitd, < L. tenacila(t-)s, a h o l d i n g f a s t , < tenax (tenac-), holdTen slow mornings past, and on the eleventh i n g f a s t : s e e tenacious.] 1. T h e p r o p e r t y or Her father laid the letter in her hand. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. c h a r a c t e r o f b e i n g t e n a c i o u s , i n a n y s e n s e . [Ten is often used indefinitely for many. Specifically—(a) Firmness of hold or of purpose; obstiThere's a proud modesty in merit, nacy. Averse from begging, and resolv'd to pay I find to my grief that the misunderstanding tenacity of Ten times the gift it asks. some zealous spirits hath made it a quarrel. Dryden, Cleomenes, ii. 2.] Bp. Hall, The Reconciler. Council Of Ten. See council.—Hart o f t e n . See hart^. Old associations cling to the mind with astonishing te—Ten commandments. See commandtnent.—TenHawthorne, Old Manse, p. 114. hour law. See hour.—Ten-pound Act. See pounds. nacity. —Ten-wheeled locomotive. See locomotive.—The t e n Their moral notions, though held with strong tenacity, hones. See bonei.—To face i t with a c a r d of tent. seem to have no standard beyond hereditary custom. See facel.—Upper t e n thousand. See upper ten, under George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, iv. 1. upper. The tenacity of the English bull-dog . < . was a subject I I . n. 1 . T h e s u m o f n i n e a m i o n e , o r o f five of national boasting. Lccky, Eng. in 18th Cent., iv. a n d f i v e . — 2 . A figure o r s y m b o l d e n o t i n g t h a t (b) Retentiveness, as of memory, (c) Adhesiveness; that n u m b e r o f u n i t s or o b j e c t s , a s 10, o r X , o r x . — property of matter by virtue of which things stick or adhere toothers; glutinousncss; stickiness, (d) That property of 3 . A playing-card with t e n spots. material bodies by which their parts resist an effort to force But, whiles he thought to steal the single ten, or pull them asunder; also, the measure of the resistance The king was slyly fmger'd from the deck ! of bodies to tearing or crushing : opposed to brittleness or Shah., H Hen. VI., v. 1. 43. fragility. Tenacity results from the attraction of cohesion 4 , T e n o ' c l o c k i n t h e m o r n i n g o r e v e n i n g : a s , which exists between the particles of bodies, and the I w a s t o b e t h e r e a t t e n . — 5 . A c e r t a i n w e i g h t stronger this attraction is in any body the greater is the tenacity of the body. Tenacity is consequently different of c o a l u s e d i n t h e c o a l - f i e l d s of D u r h a m a n d in ditferent materials, and in the same material it varies N o r t h u m b e r l a n d . E n g l a n d , f o r r e c k o n i n g t h e with the state of the body in regard to temperature and r o y a l t y t o b e p a i d b y t h e l e s s e e t o t h e l e s s o r . other circumstances. The resistance offered to tearing is I t v a r i e s b e t w e e n 4 8 a n d 50 t o n s . Grcsley.— called absolute tenacity, that offered to crushing retroactive tenacity. The tenacity of wood is much greater in the diCatch t h e ten. See catch^.— Upper ten. See upper. rection of the length of its fibers than in the transverse t e n t , adv. Ten times. direction. "With regard to metals, the processes of forging Forbede a love, and it is ten so wood. and wire-drawing increase their tenacity in the longitudiChaucer, Good Women, 1. 736. nal direction; and mixed metals have, in general, greater tenacity than those which are simple. See cohesion. t e n . A b b r e v i a t i o n f o r fenuto. tenacity of a substance may be defined as the greattenability ( t e n - a - b i l ' i - t i ) , n. [< tenaNe + -ity estThe longitudinal stress that it can bear without tearing ( s e e -bility).] T h e s t a t e o r c h a r a c t e r o f b e i n g asunder. J. D. Everett, Units and Physical Constants, p. 56. tenable; tenableness. tenable ( t e n ' a - b l ) , a. [< F . tenable, < tenir = t e n a c u l u m ( t e - n a k ' u - l u m ) , it.; p i . tenacnla ( - l a ) . P r . tener, tenir = S p . tener = P g . ter = I t . te- [ N L . , < L L . tenaculum, an instrument for holdnere, h o l d , k e e p , < L . tenere, h o l d , k e e p : s e e i n g , < L . tenere, h o l d : s e e tenant1.] 1 . A sharp tenant!.] 1. C a p a b l e o f b e i n g h e l d , m a i n t a i n e d , h o o k , s e t i n a h a n d l e , u s e d f o r p i c k i n g u p a r o r d e f e n d e d s u c c e s s f u l l y a g a i n s t a n a s s a i l a n t ; t e r i e s in s u r g i c a l o p e r a t i o n s , a n d i n d i s s e c t i o n s . successfully defensible against a t t a c k s or arguThese | arterial branches] are difficult to tie, even when m e n t s o r o b j e c t i o n s ; a s , a tenable f o r t r e s s ; a picked up by the tenaculum. J. M. Carnockan, Operative Surgery, p. 62. tenable theory.

tenaculum

6228

tend

2 . I n entom., t h e p a i r of m i c r o s c o p i c c h i t i n o u s admitted tenant of any lands, ctc.. within a manor. —Ten- a length of from 10 to 12 inches. Tt has very small smooth ant by courtesy. See under courtesy.—Tenant by the scalcs. The color is generally a greenish-olive above, alight p r o c e s s e s o n t h e u n d e r s i d e of t h e a b d o m e n verge. See verge.—Tenant for life, life tenant, see tint predominating below. It is very sluggish, inhabits of p o d u r a n s o r s p r i n g t a i l s , s e r v i n g a s a c a t c h estate for life, under estate.—Tenant in capite, t e n a n t bottom-waters, and feeds on refuse vegetable matter. It t o h o l d t h e e l a t e r o r s p r i n g i n g - o r g a n in p l a c e . in chief. See in capite. — Tenant in common, one who holds lands or chattels in common with another or other A. S. Packard. persons. See tenancy in common (under tenancy) and estate t e n a c y t ( t e n ' a - s i ) , n. [< L . tenax (tenac-) (see in joint tenancy (under estate).—Tenant in dower, a wiuow who possesses land, etc., by virtue of her dower.— tenacious) + Tenacity; obstinacy. pour auter vie. See auter w*?.—Tenants by Highest excellence is void of all envy, selfishness, and Tenant See entirety.—Tenant to the precipe, the tenacy. Barrow, Sermons, II. xii. {Latham.) entireties. person to whom a tenant in tail granted an estate for the express purpose of being made defendant in proceedings tenail, tenaille ( t e - n a l ' ) , n. [< F. tenaille = to alienate the land by a recovery. P r . tenalha = S p . tenaza — I t . tanaglia, < M L . *tenacuhi, f., o r i g . L L . n e u t . pi. of tenaculum, a t e n a n t 1 ( t e n ' a n t ) , v. [< tenant1, n.] I . trans. h o l d e r : s e e tenaculum.'] I n fort., a n o u t w o r k 1 . T o h o l d o r p o s s e s s a s a t e n a n t ; o c c u p y . or r a m p a r t r a i s e d i n t h & m a i n d i t c h i m m e d i a t e The greatest part of Sir Roger's estate is tenanted by ly in f r o n t of t h e c u r t a i n , b e t w e e n t w o b a s t i o n s . Tench {Tinea vulgaris). In its simplest form it consists of two faces forming with persons who have served himself or his ancestors, Steele, Spectator, Xo. 107. is very tenacious of life, and may be conveyed alive in damp cach other a reentering angle; but generally it consists Goblins, to my notions, though they might tenant the weeds for long distances. The liesh is somewhat coarse of three faces forming two reentering angles, in which case it is called a double tenail. Any work belonging dumb carcasses of beasts, could scarce covet shelter in the and insipid. The tcnch was formerly supposed to have some healing virtue in the touch. I. Walton ("Complete either to permanent or to field fortification which, on the commonplace human form. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xii. Angler," p. 175) says: "The Tench . . . is observed to be plan, consists of a succession of lines forming salient and a Physician to other fishes, . . . and it is said that a Pike We bought the farm we tenanted before. reentering angles alternately, is said to be d tenaille. will neither devour nor hurt him, because the Pike, beTennyson, The Brook. ing sick or hurt by any accident, is cured by touching the t e n a i l l o n ( t e - n a l ' y o n ) , n. [ F . : s e e tenail.'] In Tench." 2f. To let out to tenants. fort., a w o r k c o n s t r u c t e d o n e a c h s i d e of t h e Three acres more he converted into a high way; . . . t e n c h - w e e d ( t e n c h ' w e d ) , n. T h e c o m m o n p o n d ravelins, like t h e lunettes, b u t differing in t h a t and the rest he tenanted out. w e e d . Potamogetonnatans: so n a m e d f r o m s o m e o n e of t h e f a c e s of t h e t e n a i l l o n is i n t h e d i Strype, Hen. VIII., an. 1530. association with the tench (according to Forby, r e c t i o n of t h e r a v e l i n , w h e r e a s t h a t of t h e H . t in trans. T o l i v e a s a t e n a n t ; d w e l l . f r o m i t s c o a t i n g of m u c i l a g e, supposed to b e l u n e t t e is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o i t . W o r k s of t h i s In yonder tree lie tenanteth alone. v e r y a g r e e a b l e t o t h a t fish). kind are seldom adopted. 1 Warren, The Lily and the Bee, ii. t e n d ( t e n d ) , v. [< M E . * ten den, < O F . ( a n d F . ) t e n a n c y ( t e n ' a n - s i ) , n. [< O F . tenance, p o s s e s 2 sion, = S p . P g . tenencia = M L . tenenUa, < L . t e n a n t t ( t e n ' a n t ) , n . a n d v. A c o r r u p t i o n of tendre, s t r e t c h , s t r e t c h o u t , h o l d f o r t h , o f f e r , 1 t e n d e r , = P r . tendre = S p . P g . tender = I t . tentencvi{t-)s, a t e n a n t : s e e tenant .] 1. Inlaw: tenon. der e, < L . tendere (•>/ ten), s t r e t c h , s t r e t c h o u t , They be fastened or tenanted the one to the other. (a) A holding by private ownership; estate; Bp. Andrews, Sermons, II. 81. (Dairies.) e x t e n d , s p r e a d o u t , i n t r . d i r e c t o n e ' s c o u r s e , t e n u r e : as, tenancy i n f e e s i m p l e ; tenancy i n a i m , s t r i v e , go, t e n d , = G r . reivuv ( -\f rev, rav) = t a i l , ( b f ) A h a b i t a t i o n o r d w e l l i n g - p l a c e h e l d t e n a n t a b l e ( t e n ' a n - t a - b l ) , a. [< tenant^+ S k t . V tan, s t r e t c h : a r o o t r e p r e s e n t e d i n T e u t . of a n o t h e r , -able.] B e i n g in a s t a t e of r e p a i r s u i t a b l e f o r F r o m t h e L . tendere a r e a l s o b y thin: s e e thin1. The said John Scrips had in like sort divided a Tene- a t e n a n t ; t h a t m a y b e t e n a n t e d o r o c c u p i c d . u l t . E . tend2, tender2 ( a d o u b l e t of tend1), tenment in Shordich into or about seventeene Tenancies or To apply the distinction to Colchester : all men beheld der^, tendon, tense2, tension, tent1, tentf, tent^, dwellings, and the same inhabited by divers persons. it as tenantable, full of fair houses; none as tenable in a attend, contend, extend, intend,portend, pretend,, Proc. in Star Chamber, an. 40 Queen Elizabeth, quoted in hostile way for any long time against a great army. [Ribton-Turner's Vagrants and Vagrancy, p. 123. extension, intention, e t c . ; Fuller, Worthies, Essex, I. 544. superintend, contention, 1 f r o m t h e Gr., tone , tonic, time, e t c . ] I.f trans. He even gave her permission to tenant the house in 2 . T h e p e r i o d d u r i n g w h i c h l a n d s or t e n e m e n t s are held or occupied b y a t e n a n t Entire tenan- which she had lived with her husband, as long as it should T o r e a c h o u t ; o f f e r ; t e n d e r . Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, ix. cy. See entire.—Estate in joint tenancy. See estate. be tenantable. Then Cassivelaunus . . . sent Embassadour to Caesar by tenancy.—Severance — Several tenancy. Sec entire of a joint tenancy. See severance.—Tenancy a t will. tenantahleness (ten'an-ta-bl-nes), n. The Conius and Arras, tending unto him a surrendry, Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 37. (Dames.) s t a t e of b e i n g t e n a n t a b l e . See estate at will, under estate.—Tenancy by entireties. See entirety.—Tenancy by the courtesy of England. t e n a n t - f a r m e r ( t e n a n t - f a r m e r ) , n. A f a r m e r I I . intrans. 1. To m o v e or b e directed, litSee courtesy of England, under courtesy.—Tenancy from w h o is o n l y a t e n a n t , a n d n o t t h e o w n e r of t h e e r a l l y o r figuratively; h o l d a c o u r s e . year t o year, a tenancy which is implied by law sometimes, f a r m h e c u l t i v a t e s . If I came alone in the quality of a private person, I on the termination of a lease for a year or years and a conWe may relieve this country from all responsibility, must go on foot through the streets, and, because I was a tinuance of the possession without a new agreement.— Tenancy in common, a holding in common with others; real or imaginary, for the misfortunes of the Irish tenant- person generally known, might be followed by some one Nineteenth Century, XXII. 729. or other, who would discover whither my private visit an estate consisting in a right to a share of an undivided farmers. tended, besides that those in the inn must needs take thing; a tenancy in which all have or are entitled to a common or joint possession, but each has a separate or tenant-farming (ten'aiit-far'ming), n. The oc- notice of my coming in that manner. Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Life (ed. Howells), p. 158. several title to his undivided share which he can dispose c u p y i n g of a f a r m o n l e a s e , a n d n o t a s o w n e r . See from above the bellying Clouds descend, of without affecting the others: distinguished from joint Tenant,-farming is unprofitable. And big with some new Wonder this "Way tend. tenancy. See estate. Sometimes called coparcenary. Edinburgh Rev., CLXVI. 301. Conyreve, Semele, iii, 8. tenant1 (ten'ant), [< M E . tenant, tenaunt, < t e n a n t l e s s ( t e n ' a n t - l e s ) , a. [< tenant1 + I know not whither your insinuations would tend. O F . tenant, a t e n a n t , = P g . I t . tenente, a l i e u - H a v i n g n o t e n a n t ; u n o c c u p i e d ; v a c a n t ; u n Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 2. t e n a n t , < L . tenen(t-)s, p p r . of tenere, hold, t e n a n t e d . It further illustrates a very important point, toward keep,, p o s s e s s . Cf. lieutenant. F r o m the L. Leave not the mansion so long tenantless. which the argument has been for some time tending. tenere a r e a l s o u l t . E . tenable, tenacious, tenacy, Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4. 8. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 118. tempt, temptation, e t c . ] 1 . I n law: {a) A p e r s o n w h o h o l d s r e a l p r o p e r t y b y p r i v a t e o w n e r - t e n a n t - r i g h t ( t e n ' a n t - r i t ) , a. 1 . T h e r i g h t of 2. T o h a v e a t e n d e n c y t o o p e r a t e i n s o m e p a r s h i p , b y a n y k i n d of t i t l e , e i t h e r i n f e e , f o r l i f e , t e n a n c y of a t e n a n t o n a m a n o r , w h o h o l d s n o t t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n o r w a y ; h a v e a b e n t o r i n c l i f o r y e a r s , o r a t w i l l . The term is sometimes used a t t h e w i l l of t h e l o r d b u t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c u s - n a t i o n t o e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n i n s o m e p a r t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n ; a i m or serve m o r e or less effectively in reference to interests in pure personalty, as when we t o m of t h e m a n o r . The customary tenants enjoy the ancient custom called a n d d i r e c t l y : c o m m o n l y f o l l o w e d b y a n i n f i n i speak of one as tenant for life of a fund, (ft) M o r e tenant-right: namely, "To have their messuages and tenet i v e : as, e x e r c i s e tends t o s t r e n g t h e n t h e m u s s p e c i f i c a l l y , o n e w h o h o l d s u n d e r a s u p e r i o r ments to them during their lives, and after their deceases clcs. o w n e r , a s a l e s s e e o r o c c u p a n t f o r r e n t : u s e d to the eldest issues of their bodies lawfully begotten." By this time they were got to the Enchanted Ground, thus as correlative to landlord. H. Hall, Society in Elizabethan Age, App. I. where the air naturally tended to make one drowsy. I have been your tenant, and your father's tenant, these 2 . T h e r i g h t , o r c l a i m of r i g h t , in v a r i o u s f o r m s Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. fourscore years. Shak., Lear, iv. 1. 14. o r d e g r e e s , o n t h e p a r t of a g r i c u l t u r a l t e n a n t s , To make men governable in this manner, their precepts [The word always implies indirectly the existence of a p a r t i c u l a r l y i n G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d I r e l a n d , t o c o n - mainly tend to break a nation all spirit. paramount right, like that of a feudal lord or the mod- t i n u e t h e t e n a n c y so l o n g a s t h e y p a y t h e r e n t Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii. ern right of eminent domain. States or nations are not a n d a c t p r o p e r l y , t o h a v e t h e r e n t n o t r a i s e d so No advantage was deemed unwarrantable which could spoken of as tenants of their own property; subjects and h i g h a s t o d e s t r o y t h e i r i n t e r e s t , t o b e a l l o w e d tend to secure the victory. Fremiti, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 1. citizens are.J to sell t h e i r i n t e r e s t on l e a v i n g to a p u r c h a s e r Natural selection tends only to make each organic being (