Century Dictionary 9781463211257

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THE

CENTURY DICTIONARY AN E N C Y C L O P E D I C LEXICON OF T H E ENGLISH L A N G U A G E 4

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

W I L L I A M D W I G H T WHITNEY, P H . D . , L L . D . PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY

VOLUME VI

« GORGIAS PRESS 2006

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the LTnited States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

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GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Printed in the LTnited States of America

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. a., adj abbr. abl acc accom act adv AF agri AL alg Amer an at anc antiq aor appar Ar arch archseol arith art. AS astrol astron attrib aug Bav Beug biol Bohem bot Braz. Bret bryol Bulg carp Cat Cath caus. ceram cf ch Chal chem Chin chron colloq com comp compar conch conj contr Corn craniol craniom. crystal D Dan dat def deriv dial diff dim distrib dram dynam E E eccl., eccles econ e. g Egypt E. Ind elect embryol Eng.

adjective. abbreviation. ablative. accusative. accommodated, accom» modation. active. adverb. Anglo-French. agriculture. Anglo-Latin. algebra. American. anatomy. ancient. antiquity. aorist apparently. Arabic. architecture. archaeology. arithmetic. article. Anglo-Saxon. astrology. astronomy. attributive. augmentative. Bavarian. Bengali. biology. Bohemian. botany. Brazilian. Breton. bryology. Bulgarian. carpentry. Catalan. Catholic. causative. ceramics. L. confer, compare. church. Chaldee. chemical, chemistry. Chinese. chronology. colloquial, colloquially. commerce, commercial. composition, compound. comparative. conchology. conjunction. contracted, contraction. Cornish. craniology. craniometry. crystallography. Dutch. Danish. dative. definite, definition. derivative, derivation. dialect, dialectal. different. diminutive. distributive. dramatic. dynamics. East. English (usually meaning modern English). ecclesiastical. economy. L. exempli gratia, for example. Egyptian. East Indian. electricity. embryology. English.

engin entom Epis equiv esp Eth ethnog ethnol etym Eur exclam f., fem F

geom Goth Gr

engineering, entomology. Episcopal. equivalent. especially. Ethiopia ethnography. ethnology. etymology. European. exclamation. feminine. French {usually meaning modern French). Flemish. fortification. frequentative. Friesic. future. German (usually meaning New High German). Gaelic. galvanism. genitive. geography. geology. geometry. — Gothic (Mcesogothic). . . . . Greek.

gun Heb her. herpet Hind hist

gunnery. Hebrew. . . . .heraldry. . . . . herpetology. Hindustani. history.

Flem fort freq Fries fut G Gael. galv gen geog

Hung hydraul. ... Icel

Hungarian. hydraulics.

. . . .Icelandic (usually meaning Old Icelandic, otherwise call• ed Old Norse). ichth . .ichthyology. i. e . .L. id est, that is. impers .. impersonal. impf .. imperfect. impv .. imperative. improp .. improperly. Ind. .. Indian. ind .. indicative. Indo-Eur . .Indo-European. indef. .. indefinite. inf. . .infinitive. instr .. instrumental. interj . .interjection. intr., intrans.. . .intransitive. Ir. .. Irish. irreg .. irregular, irregularly. It .. Italian. . .Japanese. L .. Latin (usually meaning classical Latin). Lett .. Lettish. LG .. Low German. lichenol .. lichenology. lit . .literal, literally. lit .. literature. Lith . .Lithuanian. lithog . .lithography. lithol .. lithology. LL . .Late Latin. m., masc . .masculine. M Middle. mach .. machinery. mammal .. mammalogy. manuf . .manufacturing. math . .mathematics. MD ..Middle Dutch. MP, . Middle English (othervxise called Old English).

mcch med. niensur metal metaph m eteor Mex MGr MTIG mil it mineral ML MLG mod mycol myth ii n., neut. N N N. Amer. nat naut nav NGr NHG

NL nom Norm north Norw numis 0 obs. obstet OBulg

OCat OD ODan odontog odontol OF. OFlem OGaeL OHG Olr. Olt OL OLG ONorth OPruss orig ornith OS OSp osteol OSw. OTeut p. a. paleon part pass pathol perf Pers pers persp Peruv petrog Pg phar Phen philol philos phonog

mechanics, mechanical. medicine. mensuration. metallurgy. metaphysics. meteorology. Mexican. Middle Greek, medieval Greek. Middle High German. military. mineralogy. Middle Latin, medieval latin. Middle Low German, modern. mycology. mythology. noun. neuter. New. North. North America. natural. nautical. navigation. New Greek, modern Greek. New High German (usually simply G., German). New Latin, modern Latin. nominative. Norman. northern. Norwegian. numismatics. Old. obsolete. obstetrics. Old Bulgarian (otherwise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). Old Catalan. Old Dutch. Old Danish. odontography. odontology. Old French. Old Flemish. Old Gaelic. Old n i g h German. Old Irish. Old Italian. Old Latin. Old Low German. Old Northumbrian. Old Prussian. original, originally. ornithology. Old Saxon. Old Spanish. osteology. Old Swedish. Old Teutonic. participial adjective. paleontology. participle. passive. pathology. perfect. Persian. person, perspective. Peruvian. petrography. Portuguese. pharmacy. Phenician. philology. philosophy. phonography.

photog phren phys physiol pl., plur poet polit Pol poss pp ppr Pr

pref prep pres. prêt. priv prob pron pron prop pros Prot prov psycliol q. v refl reg repr rhet Rom Rom Russ S S. Amer se Sc Scand Scrip. sculp Serv sing Skt Slav Sp subj superl surg surv Sw. syn Syr technol teleg teratol term Teut theat theol thcrap toxicol tr M trans trigon. Turk typog ult v var. vet v. i v. t W "Wall Wallach W. Ind zoogeog zool zoot.

photography. phrenology. physical. physiology. plural. poetical. political. Polish. possessive. past participle. present participle. Provençal (usually meaning Old Provençal). prefix. preposition. present. preterit. privative. probably, probable. pronoun. pronounced, pronunciation. properly. prosody. Protestant. provincial. psychology. L. quod (or pl. quœ) vide, which see. reflexive. regular, regularly. representing. rhetoric. "Roman. Romanic, Romance (languages). Russian. South. South American. L. gcilicet, understand, supply. Scotch. Scandinavian. Scripture. sculpture. Servian. singular. Sanskrit. Slavic, Slavonic. Spanish, subjunctive. superlativ e. surgery. surveying. Swedish. synonymy. Syriac. technology. telegraphy. teratology. termination. Teutonic. theatrical. theology. therapeutics. toxicology. transitive. trigonometry. Turkish. typography. ultimate, ultimately. verb. variant. veterinary. intransitive verb. transitive verb. Welsh. Walloon. Wallachian. West Indian. zoogeography, zoology. zootomy.

KEY T O A a a & & a e e 6 i l o o o 6 u &

as ID fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard. as in fall, talk, naught. as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, Bpoon, room. as in nor, song, oif. as in tub, son, blood. as in m u t e , acute, few (also new, tube, d u t y : see Preface, p p . ix, x).

ñ ü oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, w i t h o u t absol u t e loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : $ as § as 9 as ü as

in in in in

prelate, couragc, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in t h e m o u t h s of t h e best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary u t t e r a n c e actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, p u n , etc.). See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a fi j, o a e ij

as in as in as in as in as in as in as in

errant, republican, prudent* difference. charity, density, valor, actor, idiot, Persia, peninsula, the book, nature, feature.

A m a r k (•-•) u n d e r t h e consonants t, d, s, z indicates t h a t they in like m a n n e r are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

£ 4 s %

as as as as

in in in in

nature, adventure. arduous, education, pressure. seizure.

t h as in thin. ï H as in then. 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing it, as in ton, en. ly (in F r e n c h words) F r e n c h liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not m a r k e d if at its regular interval of two syllables f r o m t h e primary, or f r o m another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + = y * t

read from; i. e.f derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or w i t h suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted b u t unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed a f t e r a title-word indicates t h a t t h e word so m a r k e d is distinct etymologically from o t h e r words, following or preceding it, spelled in t h e same manner and m a r k e d w i t h different numbers. Thus :

b a c k 1 (bak), n. T h e posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. To f u r n i s h with a back, etc. b a c k * (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k e t (bak), n. T h e earlier form of bat2. b a c k ^ (bak), n. A large fiat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in t h e credits t o t h e quotations, as " N o . " for number, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, *f for paragraph, " f o l . " for folio. T h e m e t h o d used in indicating t h e subdivisions of books will be understood by reference t o t h e following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter P a r t and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page •. Volume and p a g e Volume and c h a p t e r Part, book, and c h a p t e r Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or U Volume, part, and section or IT Book, chapter, and section or H

xiv. iii. N

)-

iii. 10.

, I I . 34. I V . iv. I I . iv. 12. I I . iv. 12. vii. § or If 3. I. i. § or If 6. I. i. § or H 6.

Different grammatical phases of t h e same word are grouped u n d e r one head, and distinguished by t h e Rom a n n u m e r a l s I., I I . , I I I . , etc. This applies t o transitive and intransitive uses of t h e same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to n o u n s used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

T h e capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates t h a t t h e words so distinguished are discriminated in t h e t e x t immediately following, or u n d e r t h e title referred to. T h e figures by which t h e synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate t h e senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. T h e title-words begin w i t h a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. W h e n usage differs, in t h i s m a t t e r , w i t h t h e different senses of a word, t h e abbreviations [cap. ] for " c a p i t a l " and [¿. c. ] f o r " lowercase " are used to indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard to t h e capitalizing of t h e second element in zoological and botanical t e r m s is in accordance w i t h t h e existing usage in t h e two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific n a m e consisting of twp words t h e second of which is derived from a proper name, only t h e first would b e capitalized. But a n a m e of simil a r derivation in b o t a n y would have t h e second element also capitalized. T h e names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h t h e present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O A a a & & a e e 6 i l o o o 6 u &

as ID fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard. as in fall, talk, naught. as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, Bpoon, room. as in nor, song, oif. as in tub, son, blood. as in m u t e , acute, few (also new, tube, d u t y : see Preface, p p . ix, x).

ñ ü oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, w i t h o u t absol u t e loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : $ as § as 9 as ü as

in in in in

prelate, couragc, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in t h e m o u t h s of t h e best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary u t t e r a n c e actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, p u n , etc.). See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a fi j, o a e ij

as in as in as in as in as in as in as in

errant, republican, prudent* difference. charity, density, valor, actor, idiot, Persia, peninsula, the book, nature, feature.

A m a r k (•-•) u n d e r t h e consonants t, d, s, z indicates t h a t they in like m a n n e r are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

£ 4 s %

as as as as

in in in in

nature, adventure. arduous, education, pressure. seizure.

t h as in thin. ï H as in then. 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing it, as in ton, en. ly (in F r e n c h words) F r e n c h liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not m a r k e d if at its regular interval of two syllables f r o m t h e primary, or f r o m another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + = y * t

read from; i. e.f derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or w i t h suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted b u t unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed a f t e r a title-word indicates t h a t t h e word so m a r k e d is distinct etymologically from o t h e r words, following or preceding it, spelled in t h e same manner and m a r k e d w i t h different numbers. Thus :

b a c k 1 (bak), n. T h e posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. To f u r n i s h with a back, etc. b a c k * (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k e t (bak), n. T h e earlier form of bat2. b a c k ^ (bak), n. A large fiat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in t h e credits t o t h e quotations, as " N o . " for number, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, *f for paragraph, " f o l . " for folio. T h e m e t h o d used in indicating t h e subdivisions of books will be understood by reference t o t h e following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter P a r t and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page •. Volume and p a g e Volume and c h a p t e r Part, book, and c h a p t e r Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or U Volume, part, and section or IT Book, chapter, and section or H

xiv. iii. N

)-

iii. 10.

, I I . 34. I V . iv. I I . iv. 12. I I . iv. 12. vii. § or If 3. I. i. § or If 6. I. i. § or H 6.

Different grammatical phases of t h e same word are grouped u n d e r one head, and distinguished by t h e Rom a n n u m e r a l s I., I I . , I I I . , etc. This applies t o transitive and intransitive uses of t h e same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to n o u n s used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

T h e capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates t h a t t h e words so distinguished are discriminated in t h e t e x t immediately following, or u n d e r t h e title referred to. T h e figures by which t h e synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate t h e senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. T h e title-words begin w i t h a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. W h e n usage differs, in t h i s m a t t e r , w i t h t h e different senses of a word, t h e abbreviations [cap. ] for " c a p i t a l " and [¿. c. ] f o r " lowercase " are used to indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard to t h e capitalizing of t h e second element in zoological and botanical t e r m s is in accordance w i t h t h e existing usage in t h e two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific n a m e consisting of twp words t h e second of which is derived from a proper name, only t h e first would b e capitalized. But a n a m e of simil a r derivation in b o t a n y would have t h e second element also capitalized. T h e names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h t h e present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O A a a & & a e e 6 i l o o o 6 u &

as ID fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in far, father, guard. as in fall, talk, naught. as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, Bpoon, room. as in nor, song, oif. as in tub, son, blood. as in m u t e , acute, few (also new, tube, d u t y : see Preface, p p . ix, x).

ñ ü oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, w i t h o u t absol u t e loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : $ as § as 9 as ü as

in in in in

prelate, couragc, captain. ablegate, episcopal. abrogate, eulogy, democrat, singular, education.

A double dot u n d e r a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in t h e m o u t h s of t h e best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary u t t e r a n c e actually becomes, the short «-sound (of but, p u n , etc.). See Preface, p. xi. T h u s : a fi j, o a e ij

as in as in as in as in as in as in as in

errant, republican, prudent* difference. charity, density, valor, actor, idiot, Persia, peninsula, the book, nature, feature.

A m a r k (•-•) u n d e r t h e consonants t, d, s, z indicates t h a t they in like m a n n e r are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

£ 4 s %

as as as as

in in in in

nature, adventure. arduous, education, pressure. seizure.

t h as in thin. ï H as in then. 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch, n French nasalizing it, as in ton, en. ly (in F r e n c h words) F r e n c h liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not m a r k e d if at its regular interval of two syllables f r o m t h e primary, or f r o m another secondary.)

SIGNS. < > + = y * t

read from; i. e.f derived from. read whence; i. e., from which is derived. read and; i. e., compounded with, or w i t h suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted b u t unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed a f t e r a title-word indicates t h a t t h e word so m a r k e d is distinct etymologically from o t h e r words, following or preceding it, spelled in t h e same manner and m a r k e d w i t h different numbers. Thus :

b a c k 1 (bak), n. T h e posterior part, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. b a c k 1 (bak), v. To f u r n i s h with a back, etc. b a c k * (bak), adv. Behind, etc. b a c k e t (bak), n. T h e earlier form of bat2. b a c k ^ (bak), n. A large fiat-bottomed boat, etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in t h e credits t o t h e quotations, as " N o . " for number, " s t . " for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, *f for paragraph, " f o l . " for folio. T h e m e t h o d used in indicating t h e subdivisions of books will be understood by reference t o t h e following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter P a r t and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page •. Volume and p a g e Volume and c h a p t e r Part, book, and c h a p t e r Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or U Volume, part, and section or IT Book, chapter, and section or H

xiv. iii. N

)-

iii. 10.

, I I . 34. I V . iv. I I . iv. 12. I I . iv. 12. vii. § or If 3. I. i. § or If 6. I. i. § or H 6.

Different grammatical phases of t h e same word are grouped u n d e r one head, and distinguished by t h e Rom a n n u m e r a l s I., I I . , I I I . , etc. This applies t o transitive and intransitive uses of t h e same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to n o u n s used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

T h e capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates t h a t t h e words so distinguished are discriminated in t h e t e x t immediately following, or u n d e r t h e title referred to. T h e figures by which t h e synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate t h e senses or definitions w i t h which they are connected. T h e title-words begin w i t h a small (lower-case) letter, or w i t h a capital, according to usage. W h e n usage differs, in t h i s m a t t e r , w i t h t h e different senses of a word, t h e abbreviations [cap. ] for " c a p i t a l " and [¿. c. ] f o r " lowercase " are used to indicate this variation. T h e difference observed in regard to t h e capitalizing of t h e second element in zoological and botanical t e r m s is in accordance w i t h t h e existing usage in t h e two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific n a m e consisting of twp words t h e second of which is derived from a proper name, only t h e first would b e capitalized. But a n a m e of simil a r derivation in b o t a n y would have t h e second element also capitalized. T h e names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance w i t h t h e present usage of scientific writers.

pharmacolog-y

+

Of

-ic-al.]

or

[
It. far- with great straining of their voice they use to set up geal slits, the postoral visceral clefts or gill-slits which any vertebrate or chordate animal may possess, to the nummaco = S p . fdrmaco), < G r . (pap/MKOv, a d r u g , when they joine battaile. Holland, tr. of Camden, ii. 75, ber of not more than eight, temporarily or permanently. whether healing or noxious, a healing drug, a pharology (fa-rol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ydpoc (see The whole tendency is to the reduction in number of these medicine, remedy, a potion, charm, spell, a pharos) + -Aoyia, < Atytiv, s a y : s e e -ology.] T h e slits in ascending the vertebrate scale, and to their imperdeadly drug, poison, a dye, color, etc.] A art or science of directing the course of ships manence in the development of the embryos of the higher vertebrates. In adult reptiles, birds, and mammals they drug; a medicine. Also pharmacum. by means of light-signals from the shore. have all disappeared, excepting the trace of the first one, pharmacopoeia (far^ma-ko-pe'iU.), n. [ = F . Pharomacrus (fa-rom'a-krus), v.. [ N L . (De L a which persists as the auditory passage. In batracliians pharmacopee = S p . It. farmacopea = P g . jjhar- Llave, 1832), < Gr. armac.opola=.lt.farmacopohi, ready to launch on the ocean of life, still stands like a pharyngeus (far-in-je'us), n.; pi.pharyngei (-i). [ N L . ,