Century Dictionary 9781463211240

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THE

CENTURY DICTIONARY AN E N C Y C L O P E D I C LEXICON OF T H E ENGLISH L A N G U A G E t

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH.D..LL.D. PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY

VOLUME V

•A

«

GORGIAS PRESS 2006

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright © 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the LTnited States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

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GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Printed in the LTnited States of America

ABBREVIATIONS U S E D IN T H E E T Y M O L O G I E S A N D a., adj abbr abl acc accom. act ad Y AF agri AL alg Amer anat anc antiq aor appar Ar aroh archtcol arith art AS astrol astron attrib aug Bav Beiig biol Bohem bot. Braz Bret bryol Bulg carp Cat Cath caus ceram cf ch Chal chem Chin chron colloq com comp compar conch con j contr Corn craniol craniom crystal D Dan dat def. deriv dial diff dim distrib dram d y nam E E eccl., eccles econ e. g. Egypt E. Ind elect embryol Eng.

adjective. abbreviation. ablative. accusative. accommodated, accommodation. active. adverb. Anglo-French. agriculture. Anglo-Latin. algebra. American. anatomy. ancient. antiquity. aorisfc. apparently. Arabic. architecture. archreology. arithmetic. article. Anglo-Saxon. astrology. astronomy. attributive. augmentative. Bavarian. Bengali. biology. Bohemian. botany. Brazilian. Breton. bryology. Bulgarian. carpentry. Catalan. Catholic. causative. ceramics. L. confer, compare. church. Chaldee. chemical, chemistry. Chinese. chronology. colloquial, colloquially. commerce, commercial. composition, compound. comparative. conchology. conjunction. contracted, contraction. Cornish. craniology. craniometry. crystallography. Dutuh. Danish. dative. definite, definition. derivative, derivation, dialect, dialectal. different. diminutive. distributive. dramatic. dy n amies. East. English (ustially meaning modern English). ecclesiastical. economy. L. exempli gratia, for example. Egyptian. East Indian. electricity. embryology. English.

engin Epis equiv esp Eth ethnog ethnol etym exclam. . . . f., fem F Flem fort freq fut G

engineering. entomology. Episcopal. equivalent. especially. Ethiopic. ethnography. ethnology. etymology. exclamation. feminine. French (usually meaning modern French). Flemish. fortification. frequentative. future.

ing New High German). Gaelic. galvanism. genitive. geography. geology. geometry. Gothic (Mcesogothic). Greek. grammar. gunnery. Hebrew. heraldry. herpetology. Hindustani. history. horology. horticulture. Hungarian. hydraulics. hydrostatics. Icelandic {usually meaning Old Icelandic, otherwise called Old Noree). ichth .. ichthyology. i. e . ,L. id est, that is. impers .. impersonal. .. imperfect. impf . .imperative. improp .. improperly. Ind . .Indian. ind .. indicative. Indo-Eur . .Indo-European. iodcf .. indefinite. inf. . .infinitive. instr . .instrumental. . interjection. intr., intrans,. . .intransitive. Ir .. Irish. irreg. . . . ; .. irregular, irregularly. It .. Italian. Gael galv gen geog geol geom Goth Gr gram gun Heb her herpet Hind hist horol hort Hung hydraul hydros Icel

L Lett LG lichenol lit lit Lith lithog lithol LL m., masc M mach mammal manuf math MD ME

..Latin (usually meaning classical Latin). ,. Lettish. .. Low German. .. lichenology. .. literal, literally. . .literature. . .Lithuanian. .. lithography. . .lithology. . .Late Latin, . .masculine. . .Middle. . .machinery. .. mammalogy. . .manufacturing. .. mathematics. . .Middle Dutch. .. Middle English (otherwise called Old English).

mech. med mensur metal metaph meteor Mex. MGr MHG milit mineral ML MLG mod mycol myth n n., neut. N X N. Amer. nat naut nav NGr NHG

NL nom Norm north Norw. numis 0 obs obstet OBulg

OCat. OD. ODan odontog odontol OF OFlem OGael OHG Olr Olt OL OLG ONorth OPruss..! orig ornith OS OSp osteol OSw OTeut p. a paleon part pass pathol peri Pers pers persp Peruv. petrog Pg phar. Phen philol philos phonog

DEFINITIONS.

mechanics, mechanical. medicine. mensuration. metallurgy. metaphysics. meteorology. Mexican. Middle Greek, medieval Greek. Middle High German. military, mineralogy. Middle latin, medieval Latin. Middle Low German. modern. mycology. mythology. noun. neuter. New. North. North America. natural. nautical. navigation. New Greek, modern Greek. New High German (usually simply G., German). New Latin, modern Latin. nominative. Norman. northern. Norwegian. numismatics. Old. obsolete. obstetrics. Old Bulgarian (otherwise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). Old Catalan. Old Dutch. Old Danish. odontography. odontology. Old French. Old Flemish. Old Gaelic. Old High German. Old Irish. Old Italian. Old Latin. Old Low German. Old Northumbrian. Old Prussian. original, originally. ornithology. Old Saxon. Old Spanish, osteology. Old Swedish. Old Teutonic. participial adjective. paleontology. participle. passive. pathology. perfect. Persian. person. perspective. Peruvian. petrography. Portuguese. pharmacy. Phenician. philology. philosophy. phonography.

photog phren pliys physiol pl., plur poet polit Pol poss pp ppr. Pr

pref prep près prêt priv prob pron pron prop pros Prot. prov psychol q. v refl reg repr rhet. Rom Rom Russ. S S. Amer se Sc Scand Scrip sculp Serv sing Skt Slav. Sp subj superl surg sun' Sw syn Syr. technol teleg teratol term Teut theat theol therap toxicol tr.> trans trigon. Turk typog ult v var vet v. i v. t W. Wall Wallach W. Ind zoogeog. zool. août

photography. phrenology. physical. physiology. plural. poeticaL political. Polish. possessive. past participle. present participle. Provençal (usually meaning Old Provençal). prefix. preposition. present. preterit. privative. probably, probable. pronoun. pronounced, pronunciation. properly. prosody. Protestant. provincial. psychology. L. quod (or pi. quce) vide, which see. reflexive. regular, regularly. representing. rhetoric. Roman. Romanic, Romance (languages). Russian. South. South American. L. scilicet, understand, supply. Scotch. Scandinavian. Scripture. sculpture. Servian. singular. Sanskrit. Slavic, Slavonic. Spanish. subjunctive. superlative. surgery. surveying. Swedish. synonymy. Syriac. technology. telegraphy. teratology. termination. Teutonic. theatrical. theology. therapeutics. toxicology. transitive. trigonometry. Turkish. typography. ultimate, ultimately. verb. variant. veterinary. intransitive verb. transitive verb. Welsh. Walloon. Wallachian. West Indian, zoogeography. zoology. zootomy.

KEY T O a à ä â â à e ë é i ï o ô ö Ô u ft

as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in fai*, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room. as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in urate, acute, few (also new, tube, duty : sec Preface, pp. ix, x).

a ii oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: $ $ 9 y

as in prelate, courage, captain. as in ablegate, episcopal as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, as in singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and iri ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short -«-Bound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: ft e i o £ e ii

as in errant, republican, as in prudent^ difference. as in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot. as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book. as in nature, feature.

A mark (•-) under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

$ as in 4 as in I as in 3 as in

nature, adventure. arduous, education. pressure. seizure.

th as in thin. TH as in then. 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch, h French nasalizing n, as in ton, en, ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < y -(= y * t

read from ; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which iB derived. read and; i, e,, compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus:

back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), adt . Behind, etc. b a c k s t (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k 3 (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat> etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " No." for number, "at." for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, for paragraph, "fol." for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part* book, and chapter Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or U Volume, part, and section or IT Book, chapter, and section or ^

II. 34. IV. iv. II. iv. 12. II. iv. 12. vii. § or IT 3. I. i. § or 6. I. i. § or 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital" and [2. c. ] for " lowercase" are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, ete., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O a à ä â â à e ë é i ï o ô ö Ô u ft

as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in fai*, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room. as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in urate, acute, few (also new, tube, duty : sec Preface, pp. ix, x).

a ii oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: $ $ 9 y

as in prelate, courage, captain. as in ablegate, episcopal as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, as in singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and iri ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short -«-Bound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: ft e i o £ e ii

as in errant, republican, as in prudent^ difference. as in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot. as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book. as in nature, feature.

A mark (•-) under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

$ as in 4 as in I as in 3 as in

nature, adventure. arduous, education. pressure. seizure.

th as in thin. TH as in then. 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch, h French nasalizing n, as in ton, en, ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < y -(= y * t

read from ; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which iB derived. read and; i, e,, compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus:

back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), adt . Behind, etc. b a c k s t (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k 3 (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat> etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " No." for number, "at." for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, for paragraph, "fol." for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part* book, and chapter Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or U Volume, part, and section or IT Book, chapter, and section or ^

II. 34. IV. iv. II. iv. 12. II. iv. 12. vii. § or IT 3. I. i. § or 6. I. i. § or 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital" and [2. c. ] for " lowercase" are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, ete., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

KEY T O a à ä â â à e ë é i ï o ô ö Ô u ft

as in fat, man, pang, as in fate, mane, dale, as in fai*, father, guard, as in fall, talk, naught, as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hair, bear, as in met, pen, bless, as in mete, meet, meat, as in her, fern, heard, as in pin, it, biscuit, as in pine, fight, file, as in not, on, frog, as in note, poke, floor, as in move, spoon, room. as in nor, song, off. as in tub, son, blood, as in urate, acute, few (also new, tube, duty : sec Preface, pp. ix, x).

a ii oi ou

PRONUNCIATION.

as in pull, book, could, German ii, French u. as in oil, joint, boy. as in pound, proud, now.

A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: $ $ 9 y

as in prelate, courage, captain. as in ablegate, episcopal as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, as in singular, education.

A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that,

even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and iri ordinary utterance actually becomes, the short -«-Bound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: ft e i o £ e ii

as in errant, republican, as in prudent^ difference. as in charity, density, as in valor, actor, idiot. as in Persia, peninsula, as in the book. as in nature, feature.

A mark (•-) under the consonants t, d, 8, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zh. Thus:

$ as in 4 as in I as in 3 as in

nature, adventure. arduous, education. pressure. seizure.

th as in thin. TH as in then. 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch, h French nasalizing n, as in ton, en, ly (in French words) French liquid (mouillé) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

SIGNS. < y -(= y * t

read from ; i. e., derived from. read whence; i. e., from which iB derived. read and; i, e,, compounded with, or with suffix. read cognate with; i. e., etymologically parallel with. read root. read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified, form, read obsolete.

SPECIAL A superior figure placed after a title-word indicates that the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same manner and marked with different numbers. Thus:

back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), a. Lying or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), adt . Behind, etc. b a c k s t (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. b a c k 3 (bak), n. A large flat-bottomed boat> etc.

Various abbreviations have been used in the credits to the quotations, as " No." for number, "at." for stanza, " p . " for page, "1." for line, for paragraph, "fol." for folio. The method used in indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood by reference to the following plan :

Section only Chapter only

§ 5. xiv.

EXPLANATIONS.

Canto only Book only Book and chapter Part and chapter Book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page Volume and page Volume and chapter Part* book, and chapter Part, canto, and stanza Chapter and section or U Volume, part, and section or IT Book, chapter, and section or ^

II. 34. IV. iv. II. iv. 12. II. iv. 12. vii. § or IT 3. I. i. § or 6. I. i. § or 6.

Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, to nouns used also as adjectives, to adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc.

The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distinguished are discriminated in the text immediately following, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym-lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage differs, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap. ] for "capital" and [2. c. ] for " lowercase" are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second element in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two sciences. Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting of two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. But a name of similar derivation in botany would have the second element also capitalized. The names of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, ete., have been uniformly italicized, in accordance with the present usage of scientific writers.

3

1. The thirteenth letter m a a (ma), n. A dialectal form of mew1. [Shetand tenth consonant in the land.] English alphabet, it had a m a a d f . An obsolete past participle of make 1 . corresponding position in t h e Latin and Greek alphabets, and Chaucer. in t h e i r source, t h e Phenician. m a a l i n (ma'lin), n. A dialectal form of merlin. T h e conspectus of f o r m s in these [Shetland.] t h r e e alphabets, w i t h t h e Egyptian m a ' a m (mam), n. [Also mam., vulgarly marm, characters f r o m which m a n y be- mum ; contr. of madam.] A common colloquial lieve t h e i l t o b e derived (see A), contraction of madam, used especially in anis as follows: swers, a f t e r yes and no, or interrogatively, when one expects or has not distinctly heard a question. m a ' a m - S c h o o l (mam'skdl), n. A school kept PheniEarly by a woman; a dame-school. [New Eng.]

Egyptian. Hieroglyphic. Hieratic.

cian.

Greek and Latin.

I f o u n d a girl some eighteen years old keeping a ma'am-

4 . The so-called yellow lemur or kinkajou, Cercoleptes caudivolvulus: a misnomer. See cut tinder Jcinkajou. m a c a c o 2 (ma-ka'ko), n. [Formerly macaquo (Marcgrave, 1648); said to be of African (Congo) origin. See macaque, Macacus.] A macaque. See Macacus. m a c a c o - w o r m (ma-ka'ko-werm), n. The larva of a dipterous insect of South America, Dermatobia noxialis, which infests the skin of animals, including man. M a c a c u s (ma-ka'kus), n. [NL. (F. Cuvier) (Macaca, Lacepede, 1801), < F. macaque (Buffon), from a native name, macaco: see macaco2.] A genus of Old World catarrhine monkeys of the family Cvrcopithecidce or Cynopithecidce; the ma-

M represents a labial nasal sound, the corresponding nasal school for a b o u t t w e n t y scholars. c a q u e s . T h e g e n u s formerly included monkeys b e t w e e n 5. G. Goodrich, Recollections of a Lifetime, iv. t h e doucs(Semnopithecince) and t h e baboons or drills (Cynoto b and p, as n to d and t, and ng to g and k. That ia to 2 Chaucer. say, in its production the lips are pressed together, or m a a t t , a. A form of mate . cephalince). I t was n e x t restricted t o species inhabiting t h e 1 form a mute closure, as in p and 6, and the vocal chords m a b (mab), n. [A dial. var. of mob .] A slat- East Indies, having cheek-pouches, ischial callosities, and are set in sonant vibration, as in 6; but the passage from tern. [Prov. Eng.] a fifth t u b e r c l e on t h e back molar, such as t h e wanderoo mobbed, ppr. mob- (M. silenus), the bonnet-macaque (-V. dnicus), the rhesus the pharynx into the nose is open, so that the tone rings m a b (mab), v. i.', pret. and pp. 1 in the nasal as well as in the oral cavity, and this gives bing, [A dial. var. of mob ', cf. mab, «.] To monkey (M. rhesus), t h e common t o q u e (M. cynomolgm), the peculiar quality which we term nasal. (See nasal.) dress negligently; be slatternly. [Prov. Eng.] etc. I t is now restricted to species resembling t h e lastSince the nose is incapable of complete closure (except by M a b a (ma'ba), h. [NL. (J. R. Forster, 1776), named, T h e leading genera which have been dissociated external means, as the fingers^ the sound thus produced the name of the plant in Tonga-Tabu.] A ge- from Macacus are Cercocebus, Inuus, Theropithecus, Cynois resonant and continuable, and hence m and n are ordi- nus of dicotyledonous gamopetalous plants be- pithecus, and Cercopithecus. narily reckoned as semivocal, or liquid, or the like. But longing to the natural order Ebenacew, the m a c a d a m (inak-ad'ain), n, [Short for Macadm does not win, like n, an actual vowel value in English ebony family, characterized b y dioecious flow- am pavement: see macadamize.] Macadamized syllabication; though in vulgar pronunciation words like ers, almost always three-parted, from three to •elm, spasm, etc., are sometimes resolved into el-um, spaz-an indefinite n u m b e r of stamens, and three pavement. itm, etc. The sound m, especially as initial, is a very sta- styles, sometimes united below. They are shrubs There are m a n y varieties of p a v e m e n t in London, f r o m ble element in Indo-European language-history: compare or trees, usually of very h a r d wood, w i t h small entire primitive macadam t o t h e noiseless asphalte. Contemporary Rev., LIV. 432. •merttti, mind, Latin me/is, Greek nevos, Sanskrit / man; or leaves, and flowers e i t h e r solitary or in cymes. Fifty-nine 'mother, oldest traceable form matar (compared with the species are known, natives of t h e w a r m regions of t h e Macadamia ( m a k - a - d a ' m i - a ) , n. [NL. ( F . v o n altered father, brother, oldest pátar, bhrdtar). M has no globe. T h e ebony-wood of Cochin-China a n d Coromandel M i i l l e r , 1 8 5 7 ) , n a m e d a f t e r o n e Mac Adam.] "varieties of pronunciation, and is silent only in a few for- is believed to be t h e p r o d u c t of a t r e e of this genus. M. g e n u s of d i c o t y l e d o n o u s a p e t a l o u s p l a n t s b eAeign words, as mnemonic; it is doubled under the same geminate, and M. laurina, called Queensland ebony, fur-l o n g i n g t o t h e n a t u r a l o r d e r Proteaceai a n d t h e circumstances as the consonants in general, as in dimmer, nish, w i t h o t h e r species of t h e region, desirable substi- t r i b e Crrevilleeie, c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y h a v i n g t w o t u t e s for ebony. M. buxif(ilia has been called East Indimming, dimmed, etc., from dim. equal and fleshy 2. As a numeral, in the Roman system, M_de- dian satimvood. T h e g e n u s is f o u n d in a fossil state in p e n d u l o u s o v u l e s , s e e d ss wh oi tr ht u nfilaments inserted notes 1,000. "With a dash or stroke over it (M), many Tertiary deposits, t h e f r u i t i n g calyx on its peduncle ca o tlyi lt teldeo nbs e, l ao nwt h et hr se o nl a m i n a ? , a a ring-like it stands for a thousand times a thousand, or being all t h a t is usually preserved. E i g h t species are f o u r - l o b e d o r f o u r - p a r t e d d i s k n. d There are t w o t h u s known. They h a v e been described u n d e r t h e name 1,000,000.-3. As a symbol: (a) In the mnefound only in eastern Australia. They are tall monic words of logic (see mood2), m indicates a Macreightia, now regarded as a section of Maba. One of species, shrubs or trees w i t h wborlcd leaves, either entire or sertransposition (metathesis) of the premises in these fossil species occurs in Colorado. rate, and flowers pedicellate in pairs, in terminal or axilt h e reduction, (b) Formerly, M was a brand lary racemes, the pedicels not connate. M. t.ernifolia is impressed on one convicted of manslaughter m a b b l e t , v. t. A variant of moble^, Queensland nut-tree, a small t r e e w i t h dense foliage, and admitted to t h e benefit of clergy.—4. As m a b b y (mab'i), n. [Formerly also mobby; Bar- tah efirm, wood, and an edible n u t w i t h t h e taste a n abbreviation: (a) In titles, M. stands for bados.] A spirituous liquor distilled from po- of hazel,fine-grained an inch or m o r e in d i a m e t e r . Magistcr or Master, as in A. M.; for Medidme tatoes in Barbados. or Medicine, as in M. I).; or for Member, as in M a c . (xael. mac = Ir. mac = W. map, mab, m a c a d a m i z a t i o n ( m a k - a d ^ a m - i - z a ' s h o n ) , n. [< M. C., member of Congress, and M. P., mem- also ap, ab, a son, = Goth, magus, a son: see macadamize + -ation.] Tlie process of laying ber of Parliament. (b) In mech., m. stands for may2. Cf. ap.] An element, usually a con- carriage-roads according to the system of John til ass. (c) In dental formula?, in zooL, m. stands joined prefix, in many Scotch and Irish names Loudon Macadam, a Scottish engineer (1756f o r molar, and dm. for deciduous molar, (d) In of Celtic origin, cognate with the Welsh Ap-, 1836), who carried it out very extensively in mathM o r / / stands for modulus; in higher signifying ' s o n / and being thus equivalent to England. In the common process, the top soil of the geom.f m or /¿ for t h e degree of a curve. (e) In the Irish O', the English -son or -s, and the Nor- roadway is removed to the depth of 14 inches. Coarse astron. and motrol., m. stands for minute (of m a n Fitz-. T h e prefix is either written in full, Mac-) or cracked stone is then laid in to a depth of 7 inches, and time), and for meter; mm. for millimeter; and ¡.i abbreviated to 3/c- or M c -, which in works printed in t h e the interstices and surface-depressions are filled with f o r micron or micro millimeter. ( / ) In musical British Isles almost invariably appears as M ' — t h e con- fine cracked stones. Over these as a bed is placed a layer notation, M. stands for mano {main), mezzo, tracted form being followed by a capital letter, while Mac- 7 inches deep of road-metal or broken stone, of which no metronome, and in organ-music for manual. See takes a capital a f t e r it b u t rarely. Thus a name may b e picce is larger than inches in diameter. This is rolled M. D., M.M., M. S. (g) In a ship's log-book, variously spelled as Macdonald (rarely MacDonald), M'Don- down with heavy steam- or horse-rollers, and the top is finished with stone crushed to dust and rolled smooth. m. is an abbreviation of mist.— 5. In printing, ald, or McDonald; so Mackenzie, M'Kenzie, or McKenzie, •the square or quadrate of any body of t y p e : etc. I n catalogues, directories, etc., n a m e s w i t h this prefix, Also spelled macadamisation. more commonly spelled out, em (which see).— w h e t h e r written Mac^M'-. or Mc-, are properly entered in m a c a d a m i z e (mak-ad'am-iz), v. t.) pret. and pp. To have an M under (ortoy)the girdle t, to have the t h e alphabetical place of Mac-. Sometimes used separate- macadamized, ppr. macadamizing. [< Macadam, courtesy of addressing by the title Mr., Miss, Mrs., etc.; ly for persons whoso names begin w i t h this preiix. the name of the inventor, + -ize. The F . macashow due respect by using the titles Mr., Mrs., etc. [ColThe Fitzes sometimes p e r m i t t e d themselves to speak da-miser is from E.] To cover (a road or path) loq.] with scorn of the O's and Macs, and the O's and Macs with a layer of broken road-metal. See macsometimes repaid t h a t scorn w i t h aversion. Macaulay. adamization. Also spelled macadamise. Miss. T h e devil t a k e you, N e v e r o u t ! besides all small curses. Lady A.

Marry, come u p ! "What, plain N e v e r o u t ! me-

thinks you might haoe an M under your girdle, miss.

Sicift, Polite Conversation, i.

maM, 0. and adv. A Middle English form of wo. m a 2 (ma), n. [A childish name, usually mania: see mama.] A shorter or childish form of mama. m a 3 (mil), conj. [It. ( = F. mats), but, < L. ma gis, more: see magister.] In music, b u t : used especially in the phrase ma non troppo, but not too much, to limit various indications of musical tempo and style, as allegro ma non troppo, quick, but not too much so, etc. m a 4 (ma), n. [Polynesian.] A sling used by Polynesian islanders, made from finely braided fibers of cocoanut-husk or of similar material. M. A. See A. M. (a). 224

Macaberesque (ma-ka-b£r-esk')> a. [< Macabermacadamizer (mak-ad'am-i-zer), n. One who (seedef.) + -esque. Cl.^LL.MachabcEorum chora,

lays macadamized roads. Also spelled macadas if the ' d a n c e of the Maccabees. 5 ] Pertain- amise)'. ing to or of the character of the so-called Macaja butter. See Cocos. " D a n c e of Death," a favorite subject in the m a c a q u e (ma-kak'), n. [< F . macaque, < maliterature, art, and pantomime of Europe in the caco, macaquo, a native n a m e : see macaco2, middle ages and early Renaissance: apparently Macacus.] A monkey of t h e genus Macacus; based on a series of dialogues of death attrib- one of the several kinds of monkeys coming uted to Macaber, an old German poet of whom between baboons and the African inangabeys. nothing is known. See clance of death, under The t e r m h a s undergone t h e same restriction of m e a n i n g as Macacus; and most of t h e macaques, in a f o r m e r sense dance. of t h e word, h a v e received special names. The J a v a n mam a c a c o 1 (ma-ka'ko), n. [Formerly also man- caque, M. cynomolgus. w i t h beetling brows and tail about cuuco, mocairk; from a Malagasy name.] 1. as long as t h e body, is a fair example of t h e arboreal forms. The ring-tailed lemur or cat-lemur, the speeics T h e munga, M. ainicux of India, is known as t h e bonnetfrom t h e top-knot which p a r t s in t h e m i d d l e . 't h e of Lemur earliest known, described under fhis macaque, bunder, or rhesus macaque, M. rhesus, is a very common name by Buffon; t h e Z . catta of Linnaeus.—2. I n d i a n species. The bruh, or pig-tailed macaque, M. rnemeThe technical specific name of the ruffed lemur, strinus, is a l o n g - l i m b e d form inhabiting the Philippines, L. macaco. H e n c e — 3 . Any lemur) a maki.— w i t h t h e tail of moderate length. I n t h e Borncse black 3557

macaque 3558 mace macaque, M. maxima, the tail is a mere stump. Some of d a n d y ; a m e m b e r of t h e Macaroni Club. See these monkeys reach the snow-line in Tibet, as M. thibetamts. A remarkable species, the wanderoo, M. dlenm, II., 1. Lady Falkener's daughter is to be married to a young with a tufted tail and the face set in an enormous frill of long gray hair, inhabits Malabar. Sometimes spelled ma- rich Mr. Crewe, a macarone, and of our loo. Walpole, To Hertford, May 27, 1764. cake. You are a delicate Londoner; you are a macaroni; you M a c a r i a (ma-ka'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. uanapios, Boswell, Tour to Hebrides, p. 84. fianapj blessed, h a p p y . ] Iri zool., a n a m e of va- can't ride. Sure never were seen two such beautiful ponies; rious g e n e r a , (a) A genus of spiders. Koch, 1795. (&) Other horses are clowns, but these macaronies. 'l'he typical genus of Macariid.ce or Macariince, erected by Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2. Curtis in IS-Jtj. They are delicate, slender-bodied moths of jvayish color, whose larva are slender with heart-shaped [Hence arose the use of the word in the contemporary doghead. Itis alarge and wide-spread genus, occurring abun- gerel oi '1 Yankee Doodle "— dantly in Europe and America. M. liturata is the tawnyLne] stuck a feather in his cap, barred angle of English collectors, to whom M. notata is And called it macaroni — known as the small peacock-moth, (c) A genus of lady- and its application as a name, in. the American revolution, birds or eoecinellids, confined to South America, having to a body of Maryland troops remarkable for their showy the third and fifth joints of the antennae very small. Also uniforms.] Micaria. Dejean, 1834. 4 . A crested p e n g u i n or r o c k - h o p p e r : a sailors' M a c a l l a n (ma-ka'ri-an), a. [< Macarius (see n a m e . See penguin, and c u t u n d e r Eudyptes. clef.) (< Gr. fiaKapias, "blessed) H- -an.] 1. A folI l . f a. 1 . Consisting of g a y or stylish y o u n g lower of t h e m o n a s t i c system or customs of t h e m e n : specifically [cap.] applied to a London elder Macarius of E g y p t , or of t h e younger Ma- club, f o u n d e d a b o u t t h e middle of t h e eighRed-and-blue Macaw (sira macao. carius of Alexandria, c o n t e m p o r a r y m o n k s of t e e n t h century, composed of y o u n g m e n who t h e f o u r t h century, who were n o t e d f o r t h e i r h a d traveled a n d sought t o i n t r o d u c e elegances voice is exceedingly harsh. The species severe a s c e t i c i s m . — 2 . A follower of t h e Mo- of dress a n d b e a r i n g f r o m the continent. are numerous, all inhabiting tropical or subtropical America, especially the former. nothelite Macarius, p a t r i a r c h of Antioch in t h e On Saturday, at the Maccaroni Club (which is composed See Ara%. seventh c e n t u r y . of all the travelled young men who wear long curls and m a c a w - b u s h ( m a - k a ' b u s h ) , n. A Macariidae (mak-a-ri'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,< Maca- spying-glasses) they played again. Walpole, To Hertford, Feb. 6,1764. W e s t I n d i a n p l a n t , Solatium mammosum, a someria + -idee,'] A f a m i l y of geometrid moths, typiw h a t shrubby, prickly weed. fied b y t h e g e n u s Macaria. Also called Maca- 2. Of or p e r t a i n i n g to macaronis or f o p s ; exm a c a w - p a l m (ma-ka/pam), n. Same as maridce. They are also classed as a subfamily, quisite. caw-trce. Ye travell'd tribe, ye macaroni train, Macariinw, of Geomctridw. m a c a w - t r e e ( m a - k a ' t r e ) , n. A South A m e r i Of French friseurs and nosegays justly vain. m a c a r i s m ( m a k ' a - r i z m ) , n. [< Gr. fxanapuj/uog, Goldsmith, Epilogue spoken by Mrs. Bulkley and Miss c a n palm, Acrocomia sclerocarpa. Also called blessing, n• [Origin n o t ascer- with one h a n d : b y b, mace of the type known as 'holywater sprinkler' or ; morning-star t a i n e d . ] A rope a t t a c h e d to t h e h a c k a m o r e . extension, a n y simi- c, mace of the 15th century. M a c a r t n e y p h e a s a n t . See pheasan t. lar w e a p o n . The head is often spiked, and sometimes m a c a r y - b i t t e r (mak'a-ri-bit^ér), n. The s h r u b consists of six, eight, or more radiating blades, grouped Ficramnia Antidesma, which yields medicinal around a central spike, all of steel. bitters. [West Indies.] Arm'd with their greaves, and maces, and broad swords. Macassar oil. See oil. Ueyivood, Four Prentices. m a c a s s e (ma-kas')s n. [Origin obscure.] I n a They were divided into large parties, and meeting tosugar-mill, one of t h e two side rollers (the other gether eombatted with clubs orwaccs. beating each other Strutt, Sports and rastimes. p. -202. one b e i n g called distinctively the side roller) soundly. placed in t h e same horizontal p l a n e b e n e a t h 2 . A s c e p t e r ; a staff of office h a v i n g somet h e t h i r d roller, which is called t h e king-roller. w h a t t h e form of t h e w e a p o n of w a r defined m a c a w ( m a - k á ' ) , « . [ F o r m e r l y a l s o maccaiv,ma- above. Maces are borne before or by officials of various cao, machao; I t . macerare

[< L . maceratus, = P g . Sp. P r .

p p . of macerar

= F. macérer), make soft or tender, soften by steeping, weaken, harass; prob. akin to Russ. moehitl,

macaroni,

s t e e p , G r . fiâcaeiv,

macaroon,

knead.

Cf.

mass2,

ult. f r o m t h e s a m e r o o t . ]

m a c h e c o l e t , v. t.
o t e is closed in til it be ripe, and after s t e e p , m a c e r a t e : see macerate.] 1. T h e a c t , republic of Florence; conforming to the prinfalleth out, righte so it is of the Notemuge and of the process, or operation of softening and almost ciples imputed to Machiavelli (see I I . ) ; hence, Maces. Mandevitte, Travels, p. 187. destitute of political morality; cunning in poOil o f m a c e . S arae as nutmeg- butter or oil of nutmegs. See dissolving by steeping in a fluid. See macerate, 1.—2. The act or process of macerating or litical management; habitually using duplicity nutmeg. mace 3 (mas), n. [Formerly also mess; < Malay making lean or thin; the state of being macer- and bad faith; astutely crafty. mas.] 1. A small gold coin of Atchin in Su- ated; leanness. I I . n. One who adopts the principles exmatra, weighing 9 grains, and worth about 26 The faith itself . . . retaineth the use of fastings, ab- pounded by Machiavelli in his work entitled cents. stinences, and other macerations and humiliations of the " T h e Prince," a treatise on government in body, as things real, and not figurative. Of these [cash], 1500 make a Mess, which is their other Bacon, Advancement of Learning, ii. 185. which political morality is disregarded and tysort of Coin, and is a small thin piece of Gold, stampt with For about two centuries the hideous maceration of the rannical methods of rule are inculcated. Malayan Letters on each side. Dampier, Voyages, I I . i. 132. body was regarded as the highest proof of excellence. Machiavellianism (mak^i-a-veri-an-izm), n. Lecky, European Morals, I I I . 114. The principles or system of statesmanship of 2. The tenth part of a Chinese tael or ounce: macerator (mas'e-râ-tor), it. [< maccrate + Machiavelli; the political doctrines attributed as a money of account it is equal to 58 grains -or.] A n y suitable vessel in which substances to Machiavelli — namely, the pursuit of success of pure silver. S e e tael, Hang, a n d candareen. are macerated. at any price, and the systematic subordination mace-ale (mas'al), n. A drink consisting of ale of r i g h t t o e x p e d i e n c y ( s e e Machiavellian, n.): sweetened and spiced, especially with mace. mace-reed (raâs'rêd), n. Same as reed-mace. macest, n. A Middle English form (singular) of the theory that all means may be justifiably Kares. employed, however unlawful and treacherous 2 mace . mace-bearer (mas'bar^er), n. A person who in themselves, for the establishment and maincarries a mace of office before a public func- macfarlanite (mak-far'lan-ït), n. [Named af- tenance of the authority of the ruler over his t e r T . Macfarlane.] A silver ore found in the tionary whose badge of office it is; a maeer. mines of Silver Islet, Lake Superior, it contains subjects; political cunning and unscrupulous mace-cup (mas'kup), n. A drinking-cup form- chiefly silver and arsenic, with some cobalt, nickel, etc., artifice. ing the large ornamental top of a ceremonial but it iB not a homogeneous mineral. Machiavellic (mak^i-a-veTik), a, [< Machiavel mace when the crown, if there is one, is re- macgilpt, ft" An obsolete form of magilp. 4S a m e as Machiavellian. moved. The cup is used to drink from, some- Macnaerium (rnâ-kë'ri-um), n. [ N L . (Persoon, ( I t . Machiavelli) [Also times after removing the staff of the mace. 1807), < Gr. ¡xâxàipa, a sword, saber.] 1. In hot., Machiavellism (mak^i-a-vel'izm), •>?. ; = F.MachiareIisme; as Machiavel Macedonian (mas-e-do'ni-an), a. and n. [< L . a South American genus of leguminous plants Machiavelism Macedonius,

< G r . Manedovioc, o f M a c e d o n i a ,

a

Macedonian (also a man's name), < M«/I£&JI>, a M a c e d o n i a n , Matiedovia., M a c e d o n i a . ]

longing or relating to Macedonia.

I . a. B e -

I I . n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient Macedonia, north of

Greece.

The Macedonians,

the conquerors of Greece and of many other countries, were not Hellenes or genuine Greeks, although they used the Greek language.

2. A follower of Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople in the fourth century, who denied the distinct existence and Godhead of the Holy Spirit, which he conceived to be a creature or merely a divine energy diffused through the univ e r s e . Members of this sect were also known as MaraThe Semi-Arians were thonians and Pneumatomachi. often called by this name, and the name of Semi-Arians was also given to the Macedonians in the proper sense.

Macedonianism (mas-e-do'ni-an-iziu), n. Macedonian,

2, 4- -ism.']

b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s u b o r d e r Papilionaceœ, the t r i b e Dalbcrgieœ, a n d t h e s u b t r i b e Pterocarpeœ :

probably so named from the shape of the fruit. I t is characterized by versatile anthers, opening longitudinally; a calyx obtuse below; and a legume with one seed at the base, the upper part tapering into a rcticulated wing which is terminated by the style. They are erect trees or shrubsjor sometimes tall climbers, with unequally pinnate leaves, and usually small white or purple flowers fasciclcd in the axils or in terminal panicles. About (¡0 species have been described, some of which are supposed to yield a portion of the rosewood of commerce. M. Schomburgkii,, a species of British Guiana, produces the beautiful streaked itaka- or tiger-wood. See itaka-wood.

2. In entom,, a genus of dipterous insects. HaJidaij,

1 8 3 1 . — 3 . I n ichth.,

s a m e as

to which the name was changed in consequence of i t s p r e o c c u p a t i o n i n e n t o m o l o g y .

son, 1843. [< machaerodont (mâ-kê'rô-dont). a.

T h e doctrines pecu-

Congrôgadus,

Xatpa, a s w o r d , s a b e r , 4- ôôovç (qôovt-)

Richard-

[< Gr. ¡m= E.

tooth.]

liar to Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople Saber-toothed; having teeth of the pattern of Machœrodus. in the fourth century; the denial of the divin- t h o s e o f t h e g e n u s ity of the Holy Spirit. The second ecumenical Machserodontinse (mâ-kë'rô-don-tï'në), n. ph c o u n c i l ( s e e Constautinopolitan)

was summoned

[ N L . , < Machœrodus

(-odont-)

4- -iuœ.]

A

sub-

family of Fel/da', including fossil forms from Miocene and later formations, having the upper canine teeth enormously developed, falcate and K£?,Aa, a p i c k a x , 4- bfiovc {otiovr-) = E . tooth.] A trenchant, and the lower canines correspondgenus of lacertilians described by Owen (1854) ingly reduced; the saber-toothed tigers. from remains found in the Purbeck beds, of Ju- Machaerodus (mâ-kë'rô-dus), n. [ X L . , < Gr. tooth.] rassic age, and regarded as one of the earliest tiâx.aipa, a s w o r d , s a b e r , 4- oôovç = E . The typical genus of Machœrodontinœ. Also f o r m s o f t r u e Lacertilia. Also Macellodus. Kaiqj,lS33. S e e c u t u n d e r sa berM a c e M o n d a y (mas mun'da). The first Mon- Machairodus. toothed. day after St. Anne's day: so called in some mainly to combat this heresy. See Macedonian, n., 2. Macellodon (ma-sel'o-don), n. [NL., < Gr. pa-

( I t . Machiavelli)

S a m e as

( s e e Machiavellian)

Machiavellizet, V. i. (Minsheu); = Machiavel

4-

-ism.]

Machiavellianism.

[Erroneously Maehevalize

F . Machiavelizer

( I t . Machiavelli)

Machiavellianism.

(Cotgrave);

4- -ize,]

as

T o practise

Cotgrave.

machicolate (ma-chik'o-lat), v, t.; pret. and p p . machicolated, p p r . machicolating. •machicolatus, p p . o f *macMcolare, < O F . machecoUer,

machecoidcr,

[< M L . machicollare,

machicoller,

etc.,

furnish with a projecting gallery, < machecolie, machicolie,

maschecoidis,

a projecting gallery:

see machicoulis.] T o f o r m with machicolations. machicolation (ma-chik-o-la'slion), n. [< M L . *maehicolatio{n-), < *machicolare, m a c h i c o l a t e : s e e machicolate.]

machicollare, 1. I n medieval

arch., an opening in the vault of a portal or passage, or in the floor of a projecting gallery, made for the purpose of hurling missiles, or pouring down molten lead, hot pitch, etc., upon an enemy essaying to enter or mine, in the gallery type machicolations arc formed by setting out the parapet or breastwork, B, supported on corbels: beyond the face of the wall, G, spaces between the corbels are left open, and constitute the machicolations. (See cut on following page.) Machicolations of permanent construction in stone were not introduced until toward the end of the twelfth century; but in the hoarding of \vood with which walls and towers were crowned in time of need from the earliest period of the middle ages, their use was constant.

2. The act of hurling missiles or of pouring burning liquids upon an enemy through apertures such as those described above.— 3. By extension, a machicolated parapet or gallery, or a projection supported on corbels, in imita-

machicolation

3560 though not uniformly, called a motor. The distinction be. tween the words tool and machine becomes quite indefinite with increased complication of parts. Such machines as are used in shaping materials in the construction of the parts of other machines, and many of those which perform work, such as sawing, boring, planing, riveting, etc., formerly done only by hand and still performed manually to a greater or less extent, are variously called machines, machine-tools, engine-tools, or simply tools, although their structure may involve much complexity; the terms machine-tool and engine-tool are more frequently employed, the latter being preferable as being more in accord with best usage. Machines receivo general or special names from the work they perform or are designed to execute, either with reference to departments of the arts or of industry, as agricultural machines, hydraulic machines, wood-working machines, etc., or to their specific work, as planing-machines, sawing-machines, mowing-machines, etc.

Machicolations.— Castle of Coney, France; 13th century. t i o n of m e d i e v a l m a c h i c o l a t e d without openings.

construction,

m a c h i c o u l i s ( m a - s h i - k o ' l e ) , n. [< F . mdchicoulis, mdchecoulis, O F . maschccoulis ( i n M L . machicollamenlum), p r o b . < masche, F . mdche, m a s h ( m e l t e d m a t t e r ) ( c f . machefer, i r o n - d r o s s , s l a g ) , + coulis, a flowing: s e e mashX a n d cullis1.] S a m e as machicolation. m a c h i n a ( m a k ' i - n a ) , n. [ L . : s e e machine.'} A m a c h i n e : u s e d o n l y a s a L a t i n w o r d . — D e u s ex machina. See machine, 5.—Machina Electrica, an obsolete constellation, formed by Bode in 1797 out of parts of the Whale, Sculptor, Fornax, and Phoenix, and intended to represent an electrical machine. m a c h i n a l ( m a k ' i - n a l ) , a. [ < L . machinalis, pert a i n i n g t o m a c h i n e s , < machina, a machine: s e e machine.'] Pertaining to a machine or machines. Bailey. m a c h i n a t e ( m a k ' i - n a t ) , v.; p r e t . a n d p p . machinated, p p r . machinating. [ < L . machinatus, pp. o f machinaH ( > O F . F . machiner, > E. machine: s e e machine, v.), c o n t r i v e , p l a n , d e v i s e , p l o t , s c h e m e , < machina, a machine, contrivance, dev i c e , s c h e m e : see machine.'] t, trans. T o p l a n , c o n t r i v e , o r f o r m , a s a p l o t o r s c h e m e : as, t o machinate mischief. Such was the perfidiousness of our wicked and restless Countrymen at home, who, being often receiv'd into our Protection, ceas'd not however to machinate new Disturbances. Milton, Letters of State, June, 1658.

This science will define a machine to be, not, as usual, an instrument by means of which we may change the direction and intensity of a given force, but an instrument by means of which we may change the direction and velocity of a given motion. Ampere, tr. by Willis. 3 . A v e h i c l e o r c o n v e y a n c e , s u c h as a c o a c h , cab, gig, tricycle, bicycle, etc. [Great Britain.] A pair of bootikins will set out to-morrow morning in the machine that goes from the Queen's Head in the Gray's Inn Lane. Walpole, Letters, I V . 12. (Davies.) He had taken a seat in the Portsmouth machine, and proposed to go to the iBle of Wight. Thackeray, Virginians, lxii. 4 . A iire-engine. [Colloq., U . S . ] — 5 . I n the ancient theater, one of a n u m b e r of contriv a n c e s i n u s e f o r i n d i c a t i n g a c h a n g e of s c e n e , as a r o t a t i n g p r i s m w i t h d i f f e r e n t c o n v e n t i o n a l s c e n e r y p a i n t e d on its t h r e e sides, or a device f o r expressing a descent to the infernal regions, as the " Charonian steps," f o r representing t h e p a s s a g e of a g o d t h r o u g h t h e air a c r o s s t h e s t a g e ( w h e n c e t h e d i c t u m deus cx machina, applied t o the m o c k supernatural or providential), etc. Such machines w e r e v e r y numerous in the f u l l y d e v e l o p e d G r e e k t h e a t e r , and w e r e c o p i e d in the R o m a n . Juno and Iris descend in different Machines: Juno in a Chariot drawn by Peacocks; Iris on a Rainbow. 3, Semele, ii. 1.

machine-gun centrifugal.—Duck machine, in Cornwall, a kind of ventilating-machine on the same principle as the ordinary bio wing-engine, furnished with a piston and valves, and usually worked by the pump-rod. Also called Ilartz blower. —Dynamo-electric machine. See electric machine, under electric.—Effect of a machine. See «/fret.—Electric, funicular, geocyclic machine. Sea the adjectives.— Extemporizing-machine. See extemporize.—Holtz machine. See electric machine, under electric.—Hungarian, hydro-electric, infernal, etc., machine. See the adjectives.— Logical machine, a machine which, being fed with premises, produces the necessary conclusions from them. The earliest instrument of this kind was the demonstrator of Charles, third Earl Stanhope; the most perfect is that of Professor Allan Marquand, which gives all inferences turning upon the logical relations of classes. The value of logical machines seems to lie in their showing how far reasoning is a mechanical process, and how far it calls for acts of observation. Calculating-machines are specialized logical machines.—Reduced inertia of a machine, according to Hankine, the weight which, concentrated at the driving-point, would have the same energy as the machine itself.—To r u n Witll the machine, to accompany a fire-engine to a fire, either as a member of the fire-company or as a hanger-on: a phrase used when the members of fire-companies (in large cities) were volunteers, and service at fires was gratuitous. [U. S.] m a c h i n e ( m a - s h e n ' ) , v,\ p r e t . a n d p p . machined, p p r . "machining. [ < O F . machiner, F. machiner = P r . machinar — S p . P g . maqimiar = I t . macchinare, < L . machinaH, M L . a l s o machinare, c o n t r i v e , p l a n , d e v i s e , e t c . , < L . machina, a m a c h i n e , c o n t r i v a n c e : s e e machine, n. Cf. machinate.] I . trans. If. T o contrive. Palsgrave. (Salliwell.)—2. To apply machinery to; f o r m o r e f f e c t b y the aid of m a c h i n e r y ; especially, t o p r i n t or s e w b y m e a n s of a m a c h i n e . This side then serves as a basis from which the body may be machined square and true. W. W. Greener, The Gun, p. 240. 3 . T o f u r n i s h w i t h tho m a c h i n e r y of a p l o t . I t is not, as a story, very cunningly machined. The Academy, June 1, 1889, p. 374. I I , intrans. 1. T o b e e m p l o y e d upon or in m a c h i n e r y . — 2 . T o a c t as o r i n t h e m a c h i n e r y of a d r a m a ; s e r v e as t h e m a c h i n e or e f f e c t i v e a g e n c y in a l i t e r a r y plot. The stage with rushes or with leaves they strew'd; 2io scenes in prospect, no machining god. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Art of l o v e , i. 120.

6 . A literary c o n t r i v a n c e f o r the w o r k i n g out of a p l o t ; a supernatural a g e n c y , or artificial m a c h i n e - b o l t ( m a - s h e n ' b o l t ) , v . A b o l t w i t h a a c t i o n , i n t r o d u c e d i n t o a p o e m o r t a l e ; m a - t h r e a d a n d a s q u a r e o r h e x a g o n a l h e a d . E. H. Knight. chinery. [Archaic.] m a c h i n e - b o y ( m a - s h e n ' b o i ) , n. In English His [Milton's] design is the losing of our happiness; . . . I I . intrans. T o lay plots or schemes. his heavenly machines are many, and his human persons p r i n t i n g - o f f i c e s , a ' b o y w h o s e r v e s as h e l p e r t o a are but two. Dryden, Orig. and Prog, of Satire. m a c h i n e m a n . I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s k n o w n as Though that enemy shall not overthrow it, yet because press-toy. it plots, and works, and machinates, and would overthrow 7 . A n y o r g a n i z a t i o n b y w h i c h p o w e r n o t m e - feeder o r it, this is a defect in that peace. Donne, Sermons, xii. manchineel. c h a n i c a l i s a p p l i e d a n d m a d e e f f e c t i v e ; t h e m a c h i n e e l ( m a c h - i - n e l ' ) ? n. S a m e as A gun which, m a c h i n a t i o n ( m a k - i - n a ' s h o n ) , n. [ = O F . ma- w h o l e c o m p l e x s y s t e m b y w h i c h a n y o r g a n i z a - m a c h i n e - g u n ( m a - s h e n ' g u n ) , n. chination, F . machination = P r . machination = t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n i s c a r r i e d o n : as, t h e v i t a l b y m e a n s of a v a r i o u s l y c o n t r i v e d m e c h a n i s m , d e l i v e r s a c o n t i n u o u s fire o f p r o j e c t i l e s . Such S p . maquinacion = P g . maquinaqao = It. macchi- machine; t h e machine of g o v e r n m e n t . a gun may have a single barrel, or a series of barrels arnazione, < L . machinatio{n-), < machinaH, conMachineThine evermore, most dear lady, whilst this machine is ranged horizontally or about a central axis. t r i v e : s e e machinate.] 1 . T h e a c t o f m a c h i n a t - to him, HAMLET. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2.124. guns may be divided into two classes: those firing smallarm ammunition (also called mitrailleuses), and those firing, or of c o n t r i v i n g a scheme f o r e x e c u t i n g The human body, like all living bodies, is a machine, all s o m e p u r p o s e , p a r t i c u l a r l y a f o r b i d d e n o r a n the operations of which will, sooner or later, be explained ing shot and shell (called revolving cannon). The rapidity e v i l p u r p o s e ; u n d e r h a n d p l o t t i n g o r c o n t r i - on physical principles. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 389. of fire of the most rapid machine-guns of the first class is about 1,000 shots a minute. (See Gatling gun, under gun^.) v a n c e . — 2 . T h a t w h i c h is p l a n n e d o r c o n - 8 . A s t r i c t o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g m e m t r i v e d ; a p l o t ; an artful design f o r m e d with bers of a political party, which enables its mandeliberation; especially, a hostile or treacheragers, through the distribution of offices, c a r e f u l l o c a l supervious s c h e m e . sion, a n d s y s t e m a t i c c o r r e s p o n m a c h i n a t o r ( m a k ' i - n a - t o r ) , n. [ = F. machinadence, to maintain control of teur = S p . P g . maquina'dor = It. macchinatore, conventions and elections, and < L . machinator, a c o n t r i v e r , i n v e n t o r , < mato secure a predominating influence in the party f o r themchinaH, c o n t r i v e : s e e machinate.] One who selves and their associates f o r m a c h i n a t e s ; one w h o schemes w i t h evil detheir o w n e n d s ; also, t h e b o d y signs. of m a n a g e r s of such a n organHe hath become an active and earnest agitator, a murization. [ U . S.]—Atwood's mamurer and a machinator. Scott, Ivanhoe, xxxv. chine, an apparatus for illustrating uniformly accelerated motion, consistm a c h i n e ( m a - s h e n ' ) , n. [ = D . machine — G-. maing of a pulley-wheel turning with very schine=Dsi£.maskine= S w . masking F . machine slight friction in a vertical plane and Maxim Field-gun. -with bullet-proof shield. — S p . mdquina — P g . maquina, machina = It. carrying a cord with equal weights susmacchina = T u r k , makina, < L . machina, a mapended from its ends. In the common The Maxim gun is a single-barreled machine-gun invented chine, engine, contrivance, device, stratagem, experiment there is an excess of weight by Hiram Maxim, an American. In it the force of recoil t r i c k , < G r . {¿yxavf?, a m a c h i n e , e n g i n e , c o n t r i at one end of the cord, due to a plate is utilized to load and prepare the next charge for firing, v a n c e , d e v i c c ; ef.[iijx°S? m e a n s . Perhaps akin which rests on the weight and is caught and a water-chamber surrounding the machinery keeps the t o A S . macian, ~E. maJce: see make1. C f . mechanparts cool. I t is a very ingenious and efficient invention. when the latter passes through a fixed The Lowell battery-gun has four barrels capable of being ic, e t c . ] 1 . A n e n g i n e ; a n i n s t r u m e n t o f f o r c e . ring; the weight is set free from a state rotated by a lever, independently of the lock- and breechWith inward arms the dire machine [wooden horse] they of rest at a measured position above this mechanism. The flringis confined to one barrel ata time, load. Dryden, iEneid, ii. 25. ring, so that the acceleration takes place until this becomes heated or disabled, when it may be through a known distance; and the ve- rotated to one side in order to bring another barrel into locity per second after the removal of action. One lock only is used. The Taylor machine-gun 2. I n mech., i n g e n e r a l , a n y i n s t r u m e n t f o r t h e the excess of weight is observed to be c o n v e r s i o n of m o t i o n . Thus, a machine may be deproportional to the square root of the signed to change rapid motion into slow motion, as a crowdistance through which the acceleraban or it may be intended to convert a reciprocating rectition takes place. The machine is named linear motion into a uniform circular motion, etc. The from its inventor, George At\vood(l746lever, the wedge, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the screw, 1807), an English mathematician.— and the inclined plane are termed the simple machines. In Bulldog macMne, a combined soundpractical mechanics the word has a restricted meaning: a ing- and dredging-machine invented single device, as a hammer, chisel, crowbar, or saw, or a during the voyage of H. M. S. Bulldog very simple combination of moving parts, as tongs, shears, in 1860, under the command of Sir Franpincers, etc., for manual use, although comprised in the Atwood's Machine. cis Leopold M'Olintock. I t is an adapstrict technical definition of machine, is always called a tation of Sir John Ross's deep-sea clam, with the addition tool (which see); a device for applying or converting nat- of Brooke's principle of the disengaging weight. The chief ural molar motion, like that of falling water, or of winds credit of the invention is given to Mr. Steil, assistant engi(as a water-wheel or windmill), or for converting molec- neer on board the Bulldog.—Centrifugal machine. See Two-barreled Gardner Gun on Tripod. ular motion into molar motion (as a steam-engine, gasengine, air-engine, or electric engine), is more generally,

machine-gun has five parallel barrels arranged horizontally. The Gardner machine-gun has two to five barrels arranged horizontally. Its mechanism is simple, strong, and effective, but it can fire only about 350 shots a minute. The Far-well machine-gun consists of a group of ten steel barrels of 0.45 inch bore, each barrel having its own magazine, containing 50 cartridges. The operations of firing, extracting the empty shells, and reloading are accomplished by a single revolution of a crank. The Hotckkiss revolving cannon is the type of the second class of machine-guns. It combines the advantages of long-range shell-firing with rapidity of action. I t has five barrels arranged around a central axis; and the breech is fixed and contains the loading-, firing-, and cxtracting-mechanism. The rotation is intermittent, and the loading, firing, and extraction of the empty shell are performed while the barrels are at rest. This gun fires from 30 to 80 rounds of explosive shells in a minute, thus delivering from 750 to 2,000 fragments of shell with sufiicientforce to destroy life. There arc many forms of this gun, each designed for a special object. One form, designed for flank defense of the ditches of fortifications, has every barrel rifled with a different twist, so arranged as to produce five different cones of dispersion, thus sweeping the ditch from end to end. The Nor den felt machine-gun was designed as a defense against torpedo-boats. It is made with 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, or 12 barrels, and it can fire either volleys or single barrels. In case a barrel becomes clogged or disabled, the supply of cartridges can be cut off from it and the firing continued with the other barrels.

3561 forming operations formerly accomplished by m e a n s of h a n d - t o o l s , a s p l a n i n g , d r i l l i n g , s a w ing, etc., a n d t a k i n g its special n a m e f r o m t h e k i n d of w o r k p e r f o r m e d , a s planing-machine, drilling-machine, etc. Also called engine-tool. m a c h i n e - t w i s t ( m a - s h e n ' t w i s t ) , n. A t h r e e c o r d silk t h r e a d m a d e w i t h a t w i s t f r o m r i g h t to left, intended especially for use in t h e sewing-machine. m a c h i n e - W O r k (rna-shen'werk), n. 1. W o r k done by a machine, as distinguished from that done b y h a n d ; specifically, in English printingoffices, p r e s s - w o r k d o n e o n a m a c h i n e , i n d i s tinction f r o m press-work done on a hand-press. — 2 . T h e p r o d u c t of s u c h w o r k ; a r t i c l e s m a n u f a c t u r e d wholly or chiefly b y m a c h i n e r y . machinist ( m a - s h e ' n i s t ) , n. [< F . machiniste = S p . P g . maquinista = I t . macchinista; a s machine 4- -ist] 1 . A c o n s t r u c t o r of m a c h i n e s a n d e n g i n e s , o r o n e v e r s e d i n t h e p r i n c i p l e s of m a c h i n e s ; in a g e n e r a l sense, one w h o i n v e n t s o r c o n s t r u c t s m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s of a n y k i n d . Has the insufficiency of machinists hitherto disgraced the imagery of the poet? or is it in itself too sublime for scenical contrivances to keep pace with? Stecvens, General Xote on Macbeth. 2 . One w h o t e n d s or w o r k s a m a c h i n e . [ R a r e . ] — 3 . I n t h e r a t i n g of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s n a v y , a n e n g i n e - r o o m a r t i f i c e r or a t t e n d a n t . — 4 . I n Z7. S. politics, a n a d h e r e n t of t h e m a c h i n e , o r a s u p p o r t e r of i t s m e t h o d s . The Nation, XXXVI. 5 2 0 . — 5 . I n t h e h i s t o r y of a r t , o n e of t h o s e I t a l i a n p a i n t e r s of a b o u t t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y (a p e r i o d of a r t i s t i c d e c l i n e ) w h o w o r k e d m e c h a n i c a l l y or according to rigid r u l e s . He [Francescliini] is reckoned among those painters of the decline of art to whom the general name of machinist is applied. Encyc. Brit., IX. 687.

mackerel makrel S w . makrill = W . macrell = I t . macreil, < O F . makerel, maquerel, maquereau, macquereau, macareau, macrcau,F. maquereau,OF. also mackerel, < M L . macarellus, a m a c k e r e l , p r o b . f o r *mac-ulellus, lit. ' s p o t t e d , ' so c a l l e d f r o m t h e d a r k s p o t s w i t h w h i c h i t is m a r k e d , CL.macula, a s p o t : see macula, macule, macle. C f . W . brithyll, a t r o u t , < brith, s p e c k l e d . Cf .mackerel2.] O n e of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t fishes of t h e f a m i l y Scombridce, a n d e s p e c i a l l y a n y fish of t h e g e n u s Scomber. The common mackerel, S. scombrm, is one of the bestknown and most important of food-Ashes, inhabiting the

M a c k e r e l (Scomber

scombrus).

North Atlantic on both sides. It attains a length of 18 inches, though visually less; it is lustrous dark-blue above, with many wavy blackish cross-streaks, and is silvery below, with the base of the pectorals dark. The Easter, tinker, or chub mackerel is a closely related species, S. pneumatophorus, so called from possessing a small airbladder which is lacking in S. scombrus; it is found in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The big-eyed, bull, or coly mackerel is S. colias, a variety of the last, locally named Spanish mackerel in England. The Spanish mackerel of the United States is a scombrid of a different genus, Scomber omorus macidatas, of both coasts of North America, north to Cape Cod and California. It is one of the most valued food-fishes, reaching a considerable size, bluish and silvery above, with bright reflections, the sides with many rounded bronzed spots, the spinous dorsal fin white at base, dark above and anteriorly. Other mackerel of this genus are the cero, S. rcgalis, and the sierra, S. caballa. Frigatemackerels are scombrids of the genus Auxin, as A. thazard or A. rochei, of less value as food-fish. The borse-mackerel properly so called is the tunny, Orcynus thyrtnus, the largest of the scombrids, sometimes attaining a length of over 10 feet and a weight of half a ton, found on both sides of the Atlantic; but this name is extended to various other fishes. (See horse-mackerel.') Several carangoid fishes are loosely called mackerel, as the yellow mackerel, Caranx chrysos. (See mackerel-scad.) The bluefish or skipper, Pomatomus saltatrix, is sometimes called snapping-mackerel.

m a c h i n e - h e a d ( m a - s h e n ' h e d ) , n. A r a c k a n d pinion s o m e t i m e s u s e d in stringed m u s i c a l instruments, like t h e double-bass a n d the guitar, i n s t e a d of t h e u s u a l t u n i n g - p e g s , m a c h i n e - m a d e ( m a - s h é u ' m á d ) , a. Made b y a machine or b y machinery, m a c h i n e - m a n ( m a - s h e n ' m a n ) , n. I n E n g l i s h printing-offices, t h e w o r k m a n who m a n a g e s or c o n t r o l s t h e o p e r a t i o n s of a p r i n t i n g - m a c h i n e . I n the United States known as the pressman. m a c h i n e - m i n d e r ( m a - s h e n ' m i n M e r ) , ft. T h e m a n o r b o y w h o h a s c h a r g e of a p r i n t i n g - m a c h i n e w h i l e i t is i n o p e r a t i o n . [Eng.] m a c h i n e - o v e n ( m a - s h e n ' u v / / n ) , n. A b a k e r s ' o v e n , a f r u i t - e v a p o r a t o r , o r a n o v e n f o r a n y m a c h i n i z e ( m a - s h e ' n i z ) , v. t.; p r e t . a n d p p . mao t h e r u s e , fitted w i t h a t r a v e l i n g a p p a r a t u s , chinized, p p r . machinizing. [< machine + -ise.] r o t a t o r y t a b l e , r e e l , o r a n y o t h e r m e c h a n i c a l d e - T o b r i n g i n t o f o r m o r o r d e r l i k e t h a t of a m a v i c e f o r a i d i n g t h e p r o c e s s of b a k i n g , o r f o r c h i n e , o r b y t h e u s e of m a c h i n e r y ; e l a b o r a t e economizing t i m e or s p a c e , or s y s t e m a t i z e . m a c h i n e r (ma-shé'nér), n. A coach-horse; a The Times newspaper, . . . by its immense corresponMackerel, on account of its perishable nature, was alhorse that draws a stage-coach. [Eng.] dence and reporting, seems to have machinized the rest of lowed to be sold on Sunday, as Gay notes: " Ev'n Sundays the world for his [the traveler's! occasion. are prophan'd by Mackrell cries." Is it not known that steady old machinery broken for Emerson, English Traits, iii. Ashton, Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, 1.189. years to double harness, will encourage and countenance their " flippant" progeny in kicking over the traces? machinule ( m a k ' i - n u l ) , n. [< N L . macMmda, Banded m a c k e r e l , a carangoid, Seriola zanata, the rudLawrence, Sword and Gown, xi. d i m . of L . machina, a m a c h i n e : see machine.'] der-fish, [Atlantic coast, u, s. ]—Bay-mackerel, the mackerel. [Chesapeake Bay, U. S.] — Blackmachine-ruler (ma-shen'ro*lér), n. 1. Ama- A s u r v e y o r s ' i n s t r u m e n t f o r o b t a i n i n g a r i g h t Spanish s p o t t e d S p a n i s h m a c k e r e l , the cero or kingfish, Scornchine which l i n e s or r u l e s p a p e r a c c o r d i n g t o a n g l e . beromortis regalis.—Eel-grass m a c k e r e l , mackerel of macho ( m a ' k o ) , n. A fish, Mugil carema, of t h e inferior quality taken inshore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, p a t t e r n s . — 2 . A m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h i s m a c h i n e — Fall m a c k e r e l , a variety of the common mackerel [Florida.] f o r subdividing a c c u r a t e l y scalcs a n d t h e like, mullet f a m i l y . has been described as a distinct species under the machinery ( m a - s h e ' n e - r i ) , n. [< F. machinerie, m a c h o p o l y p ( m a k ' o - p o l - i p ) , n . [< G r . naxv* which name of Scomber grex. In this case the true mackerel is A d e - called spring mackerel, S. vernalis. But fall mackerel are m a c h i n e r y , < 'machine, m a c h i n e : s e e machine, fight, 4- TToAvrrovg, a p o l y p : s e e polyp.] n.] 1. T h e p a r t s of a m a c h i n e c o n s i d e r e d f e n s i v e p o l y p i t e ; a h y d r o i d zooid w h i c h b e a r s simply tinkers, about 10 inches long, of wandering or irregular habits.— Green m a c k e r e l , a carangoid fish, Chloc o l l e c t i v e l y ; a n y c o m b i n a t i o n of m e c h a n i c a l c n i d o c e l l s o r s t i n g i n g - o r g a n s , a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d roscombrns chrysitrus. [Southern coast, IJ". S. J — Mackerel m e a n s d e s i g n e d t o w o r k t o g e t h e r so a s t o e f f e c t f r o m a n o r d i n a r y n u t r i t i v e o r r e p r o d u c t i v e gale. See gale.". — M a c k e r e l - l a t c h , in fishing-tackle, a clamp for holding fast the inner end of a line.—Mess a g i v e n e n d : a s , t h e machinery of a w a t c h , o r of z o o i d . a canal-lock. m a c i g n o ( m a - c h e ' n y o ) , n . [ I t . ] A d i v i s i o n of m a c k e r e l , scraped mackerel with the heads and tails cut off, losing in weight 26 pounds on the barrel, but increasing It is most probable that the rain waters were conveyed t h e U p p e r E o c e n e i n t h e s o u t h e r n a n d s o u t h - in value: a trade-name. Th ey are assorted as Nos. 1,2, and from the building, . . . possibly to the temple, where it e a s t e r n A l p s . I t is a s a n d s t o n e c o n t a i n i n g f e w 3.—Mized m a c k e r e l . Same aa thimUe-eyed mackerel.— might be necessary to raise the water to a certain height; f o s s i l s o t h e r t h a n f u c o i d s : t h e e q u i v a l e n t of Net-mackerel, mackerel of the right size to be meshed.— or it might relate to some machinery of the antient super- t h e flysch. Overgrown m a c k e r e l , mackerel 15 inches or more in length. [Fishermen's term.]—Racer mackerel, a slink stition. Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 107. maeilencyt ( m a s ' i - l e n - s i ) , n. [ = F . macilence = mackerel. — R o u n d m a c k e r e l , any variety of the common 2. M a c h i n e s c o l l e c t i v e l y ; a c o n g e r i e s o r a s - I t . macilenza; a s macilen(t) 4- -cy.] T h e q u a l - mackerel, as distinguished from horse-mackerel, Spanish s e m b l a g e of m a c h i n e s : a s , t h e machinery of a i t y o r c o n d i t i o n of b e i n g m a c i l e n t ; l e a n n e s s . mackerel, etc. [Fishermen's term.] — Slink m a c k e r e l , a poor, thin mackerel taken among schools of fatonesin the c o t t o n - m i l l is o f t e n m o v e d b y a s i n g l e w h e e l . Sandys, O v i d , P r e f . fall of the year. [Nova. Scotia.1—Soused, m a c k e r e l , In an insurance policy, machinery includes tools and m a c i i e n t t ( m a s ' i - l e n t ) , a. [ = S p . P g . I t .mad- mackerel either fresh or canned by the usual process, and implements of manufacture. lento, < L . macilentus, l e a n , m e a g e r , < maccre, preserved after an old German recipe employing a pickle of vinegar, spices, and other ingredients.— S p a n i s h m a c k Buchanan v. Exchange Fire Ins. Co., 61 N. Y., 26. b e l e a n : s e e emaciate, meager.] L e a n ; t h i n ; erel. (a) See def. 1. (6) The bonito, Sarda chilensis. All kinds of labor-saving machine 'y are in fullest opera- h a v i n g l i t t l e flesh. [California. J — S p o t t e d m a c k e r e l , the Spanish mackerel. tion. if. M. Baker, New Timothy, p. 172. —Spring m a c k e r e l , the ordinary cominercial mackcrcl of Lesse venerous then being macilent. 3 . A n y c o m p l e x s y s t e m of m e a n s a n d a p p l i Topsell, Beasts (1607), p. 231. (HalliweU.) good size and quality, sometimes technically named Scombervernalis: distinguished from/aW mackerel.—Thimbleances, not mechanical, designed to carry on eyed m a c k e r e l , the mized, coly, or chub mackerel. [Local, macintosh, n. S e e mackintosh. a n y p a r t i c u l a r w o r k , or k e e p a n y t h i n g in ac1 I". S.] — Tinker m a c k e r e l , (a) The chub mackerel, (b) mack ! ( m a k ) , n. [< O F . macqite, maque, make, t i o n . o r t o e f f e c t a s p e c i f i c p u r p o s e o r e n d : as, common mackerel of next t the hand.] 1. A genus of large mai- cosm; of the nature of a macrocosm; compreoid crabs, having enormously long legs and a hensive; immense. 1

£l

comparatively small body.

The giant Bpider-crab

of Japanese waters, a species of this genus, has legs which span 18 feet or more, though the body is only a foot broad and 18 inches long. Black-rat Blister-beetle ( M a c r o b a sis miertna). a, m a l e b e e t l e (line s h o w s n a t u r a l s i z e ) ; b, e n l a r g e d

2. A genus of dipterous insects, macrochiran (mak-ro-ki'ran), a. and n. [As macrochire + -an.] t , a. Long-handed; having a long manus or pinion of the wing, as a swift or a humming-bird; specifically, of or pertain-

The world w i t h which alone consciousness has to do is t h e world as it has been organised and registered in the brain by experience, and t h e journeys which it makes are no more than the microcosmic representatives of macro• cosmic distances. Maudeley, Mind, X I I . 508.

macrocyst (mak'ro-sist), n. [< Gr. panpog, long or large, + E. cyst.] A cyst of large size: applied particularly to the cyst or spore-case of certain algse, notably Pyronema. Macrocystese (mak-ro-sis'te-e), n. pi. [NL. i n g to t h e Macrochires. (Kuetzmg, 1849), < Macrocystis + -ew.] A diII. n. Any member of the Macrochires; a vision of marine algse belonging to the Zaminamacrochire. named from the genus Macrocystis, and macrochire ( m a k ' r o - k i r ) , n. A bird of the riacece, containing also the generaZessonia, Nereocystis, Macrochires. The Thessalian mountaineers were the m-acrobiotes, the group a n d Finn aria. Macrochires (mak-ro-ki'rez), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. long-livers par excellence, of t h e Roman Empire. (mak-ro-sis'tis), n. [NL. (Agardh, panpoxeip, long-handed (long-armed): see Ma- Macrocystis F. L. Omuld, P o p . Sci. M o . , X X I . 590. 1824), < Gr. p.aKpog, long, + Kcor/.r, abladder, bag: crochira.] A group of birds, so named from see macrobiotic (mak # ro-bi-ot'ik), a. [< macrocyst.] A monotypic genus of gigantic seabiote + -ic.] Long-lived; having a strong hold the length of the terminal as compared with weeds belonging to the Zaminariacew. w h e n fully the proximal portion of the wing. As originally grown the frond consists of a much-branched root, from on life: specifically applied to the Macrobiotidce. macrobiotics ( m a ' k / / r o - b i - o t ' i k s ) , n. [PI. of used by Nitzsch, 1829, it included the humming-birds and which arise many filiform simple or branched stems, naked b u t furnished above with numerous unilateral lanmacrobiotic: see -¿e.